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eta
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PART II. ror 1823.

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THE

MONTHLY MAGAZI NE.

No. 385. ]

AUGUST 1, 1823.

{1 of Vol. 56.

m sie ii
a 1 -

a

at saps

nm

CROSBIE HALL, BISHOPSGATE STREET ;
THE RESIDENCE OF RICHARD THE THIRD.

)PeNNANT, after Fabian, who lived ncar to the period, states that.on these premises
Jodged Richard Plantagenet, then Duke of Gloucester; at the time when he had
the infant sons of his deceased relative and sovereign conveyed to the Tower. The
site of land on which the house and adjacent buildings stand, was. originally a part of
the ‘possessions of the priory of female religious, :dedicated to St.. Helena, the disco-
‘verer of the Cross. It was leased to Sir Jolin Crosbie, grocer and woulman, and'sheriff of
London, in 1470, by Alice Ashfield, then the prioress of that house. By Sir John, a
diberal benefactor to the city, this hall and:the bouse was built, and has been, as well

ts the”
” wholgs

joining aquare, ever since known by’his name.
e woollen-draper and wool-merchant, and is constantly visited by the curious,

It is now occupied bya

‘who oti ce its claims for its ancient magnificence,

-Toithe
Sit,
OU cannot be indifferent to the
4riumph which . civilization has
hae /ov.er. barbarism, in the late
‘acquisition of the important fortress of
li di Romania by the.Greeks. ‘I
ccordingly thought that a state-
f the event, by an eye-witness,
not be devoid of interest to you.
‘Aware of the partial reports which find
their way into the other parts of
Burope,1 think it necessary to give a
» \MontH_y Mac, No. 385.

itor. of the Monthly Magazine.

thay,

into their power:

Serr

description .of sthis fortress, and. ito
enter into adetail.of the circumstances

«which. preceded its:surrender.

Napoli de Romania, Situated al the

-extremity of the gulf bearing that

name, was one of the lastfortresses in
the Morea .which submiited to the
Turks; and it-was only after'a siege of
(L. believe,) about thirty yeays, and
during which the Mahometans lost:a
hundred thousand men, that it fell
The town, which is
heck of land

small, is situated on a
B projecting

2

jecting to» the » southward, sand
whieh forms the port. The shore on
the inside is low; but, about half-way
“across, it rises abruptly into a hill,
which is nearly perpendicular on the
outside: this hill slopes down towards
the land-side; and that part by which
the town communicates with the Pala-
mede or citadel is low, but protected
by strong forts. About twenty feet
distant from the gates of the town
rises the precipice on which is placed
the Patamede: this roek is perpendi-
cular on the side facing the town and
the sea, and is about 500 feet high; on
the pinnacle is placed this fortress,
which entirely commands the town, or
any approach to it; and may be called
impregnable. ‘

Besides the formidable batteries,
which render all approach to the har-
bour dangerous, if not impossible,
there is a fortress mounting fifteen
cannon, which is construeted on a
rock in the middle of the harbour,
distant about 300 feet from the walls
of the town. This harbour was for-
merly, I understand, ofa considerable
depth, but it has been gradually filled
up by the mud which the winter-

“torrents carry from the plain of
Argos; and it is now inaccessible,
except to boats. Ever since the
commencement of the Greek revolu-
tion, this important fortress has been
blocked more or less strictly ; and, in
the winter of last year, an assault was
attempted,—which, however, did not
succeed. Last year, in the month of
July, the Turks, despairing of all suc-
cour, capitulated: the terms were,
that the Greeks should be put in pos-
session of the ‘fortress on the rock. in
the middle of the port; that hostages
should be delivered on each side ; that
all the property in the town should be
divided into three parts, —one of
which should go to the army, the other
to the government, and the third to
the Turks. Another condition obliged
the Greeks to furnish the inhabitants
with provisions until they should be
embarked. These stipulations were
rigorously observed by the Grecks:
how faithfully the Turks executed
them will be shortly seen.

Whilst the Greeks were occupied
in preparing the vessels to embark
the garrison, a Turkish army of
22,000 men entered the plain of Argos;
and the garrison of Napoli not only

refused to fulfil the terms of the capi-

Original Account of the Capture of

[Aug. !,

tulation,» but; eommenced ¥ ruc-
tive fire on the snail. fortres in ithe
harbour. This breach of faith gave
the “Greeks every right to hang up
their hostages: they did not do so. At
length the Turkish army, notwith-
standing its numbers, was defeated,
and obliged to retreat under the guns
of the castle of Corinth; and Napoli
Was once more invested.

On the 20th of September, last year,
the Turkish fleet of eighty sail,—of
which six were of the line; and twelve
frigates,—on their return from Patras,
entered the gulf of Napoli, accompa-
nied by two Austrian vessels, loaded
with provisions. ‘The Greek fleet,
consisting of about fifty sail, the largest
of which did not mount twenty guns,
drew up on the defensive, between the
island of Spetzia and the main. The
Turks came down before the wind to
attack them: some Elydriote vessels,
being separated from the main body
of the fleet, found theinselves menaced
with being cut off by the Algerine
squadron, when «a eertain Pepino
(who has distinguished himself upon
several occasions,) ran his fire-ship on-
board an Algerine frigate, and saved
the Greek vessels; the Algerine-de-
tached himself from the fire-ship, and
thus escaped destruction: in the
mean while, the ships of the lire ap-
proached Spetzia, and commenced
their cannonade, which lasted till the
evening ; however, intimidated appa-
rently by the cross-fire of a battery on
the island of Spetzia, they retreated,
steering to the northward, as if they
had abandoned Napoli, and were on
their return to Constantinople; but
this was only a feint,—for, on the eve-
ning of the 23d, they returned, steer-
ing this time into the gulf outside of
the island of Spetzia.

On the 24th the Greek fleet, which
kept skirmishing in the rear of the
enemy, succecded in making him haul

his.wind, at the same time that a fire- -

ship, that had been detached for the
purpose of burning the vessels loaded
with provisions, should they succeed
in approaching Napoli, took pos-
session of an Austrian brig loaded
with corn. The Turkish fleet, - in
great disorder, effected its retreat;
and thus Napoli was once more de,

~~

ey

vey

ceived in its hopes of receiving asup- _

ply of provisions. So soon as the

Turkish fleet had made its appearance, —

the garrison had re-commenced -the

4

te

attack

m5

=
.

~1823.]
attack on the small fortress situated
in the middle of the harbour. ‘Phey
now abandoned all hope of being re-
lieved by their fleet; nevertheless, they
still expected that the army at Co-
rinth would make another effort in
their favour. In fact, partial attempts
were. made ; but the presence of Capt.
Colokotroni inspired his troops with
such enthusiasm, that they all failed.
Things being in this, state, on the
12th of December last, Capt. Stcyko,
who commanded before Napoli, hav-
ing reason to suppose that the Pala-
mede was negligently guarded, esca-
Jaded it; and made himself master of
this fortress with little opposition.
The Tarks in the town, seeing them-
selves at the mercy of the Greeks,
proposed a capitulation; which se-
cured to them a safe passage to
Vurkey, but without any property, (an
article which has becn-intringed, as it
as certain they have embarked a con-
Siderable quantity of money and
jewels.) ‘These terms were liberally
accepted by the Greeks,—I say /ibe-
rally, because tiie Grecks, in posses-
sion of the Palamede, could have
exterminated, the Turks, without ex-
posing a manof their own; or, if they
had a repugnance to destroy the town,
they had only to leave them to die of
hunger,—a death which would soon
have overtaken them, as all possibility
of relief was excluded by the Joss of
the Palamede; and who could say that
the Turks did not deserve the utmost
rigor of the laws of war, after having
thus broken their capitulation? The
Greeks daily supplied the town with
_provisions ; and, so soon as the vessels
were prepared for the reception of the
Turks, the boats were sent to embark
them. These unfortunate people,
pressed by hunger and terror, rushed
F down to the quay; and the force of the
crowd was such, that the foremost
were thrown into the sea, and several
enfeebled by discase, were trampled
under foot. In this state of things,
the Greek officers charged with the
embarkation invited Capt. Hamilton,
of his Britannic Majesty’s ship the
‘Cambrian, to embark some of the
_ ‘Turks, to which that officer willingly
acceded, and received on-board 500
of those people: it is unnecessary to
=e add, that they were treated with the
greatest humanity. The rest of the
inbabitants were embarked in Greck
_ vessels; and they all sct sail on the

Sth of January.

.

> a

eto e+
a Lal

Napoti di Romania by the Grecks. 3:

The Grecks have been: frequently
and severely reproached with their
inhumanity towards the 'Turks, always
forgetting, that it was only the law of
reprisal of which they made use; but,
if this could not excuse them, (and it
could not de so entirely,) it must be —
recollected from what a condition the —
Greeks were emerging,—that they

were without a government, without

laws, without organization. ;

To the gencrous interference of the
British commodore, Capt. Hamilton,
we sec the Greeks almost in the same —
measure indebted for the step they
took from barbarism to civilization, as
their prisoners of war, the Turks, were -
for the generous protection granted
them by him; whose exertions and —
assistance facilitated the success of
the Greek chiefs in stifling the rage of
the numerous multitude that had _
flocked froin all quarters to Napoli for —
revenge; and the example of the hu-
manity of the Cambrian frigate made
them the easier get over their struggle
with a just hatred which they bore an —
enemy, who had always so cruelly
dealt with them; and, even on the
present occasion, deserved their pity -
the less, for having so shamefully —
broken his capitulation.

May we hope, that those who have
judged unfavourably of the Greek re-
volution, from the excesses which
were committed in the first moments —
of fermentation, wili recall that judg-
ment, now that the cause no longer
exists. May we hope, that all the
friends of humanity will unite with
one ‘voice in favour of this long op-
pressed people; and that the English
will not be found less prompt than the
other nations of Europe, at the call of
civilization and philanthropy.

A PHILO-HELLENE,
reece ; Jan. 16, 1823.
a
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
SIR, i.
N noticing Dr, Murray’s History
of European Languages, &c. the
Doctor is represented as saying, that,
“‘at the time of the Jast Chincse em-
bassy, Britain had not a man who —
could officiate in it as an interpreter.” —
This statement is not correct: Dr,
Morrison, who is now at Canton, has
translated the Seriptures into the —
Chinese language ; and was with the
embassy as the interpreter, bts

‘Tuly 7, 1823. Ot

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a a ee

6 Topic of the Month.

. For the Monihly Magazine.

_. TOPIC OF THE MON TH.
: _ The Session of Parliament,

‘ seen are two months in the
’ year in which the British public
have no room for seleeting the topic
‘which shall be most interesting to
them: these are the months in which
the Senate begins and ends its annual
Jabours. ‘To the one event we all look
forward with the fondest hope. But
‘almost in the same proportion that we
Jook forward to the coming session
with hope, we regularly look back
upon the past one with disappoint-
ment. We find that all those plans and
promises, which look so fair and so
fascinating at a distance, deccive us
when they como near: like the devils
in Milton’s hell, we snatch the apples
fondly from the tree, but, like as they
‘did, we find in ovr mouths nothing
hut soot and cinders. We are like
pilgrims travelling across the wide
and thirsty desert of Sabara,—parched
and: impoverished, worn out with
fatigue, and wasted with thirst,—we
Took toward every point of the inter-
aminable horizon: we gaze upon the
thirsty and unprofitable sand, and the
fondness of our gaze converts it into a
Tand, green with all the richness of
vegetation, and lovely with streains of
Jiving water: we hurry forward,—our
hearts gain new life, and our limbs
new strength; but the treacherous
‘Paradise elides on before us: we
xppreach the place where the date and
the palm seemed to expand their
-shade and display their clusters, and
where the fountain seemed to send
forth its stream; but, alas! the
treacherous cnjoyments are still at a
‘distance; they hang upon the verge of
a horizon as remote as before: we
‘ehace them, but they come not near,
—ibe sun changes his position ; they
are gone; and the darkness sets around
ws upon one unbroken expanse of
sterility.

There is, as says Holy Writ, “a
delay of hope which maketh the heart
‘sick ;” and perhaps the sickness is not
‘so speedy or so sore in any way as in
Ahat of a political opposition. When
the crown has so much inflaenc> as in
this eountry,—when the underlings of
‘office arc, as with us, so widely spread,
'__when’ they meet a man at every
turning “ef fife, and come, like the
frogs in the land of Nile, into his very

‘bedchamber,—then it is almost out of

i

‘[Aug. 1,
the power of human nature to be
proof against them. The old members
of the opposition died away, and were
succeeded by those who had their
birth and education in times less pure ;
and this concurred to give to their re-
sistance of the ministers more the
appearance of a ~~ weapon-showing
for the sake of name, than an ear-
nest and determined battle for the
good of their country. To add to the
evil, the opposition have not, since the
days of Fox, bad any body who could’
be called a leader, or almost any
principle upon which they were cor-
dially and thoroughly united. Their
efforts were consequently reduced to
those displays of eloyuence called
“field-days,” something analogous to
the “sham fights and reviews” in
which our tradesmen and yeomen
were in use to show-off daring the
war, for the purpose of delighting the
maids and matrons of eur towns and
villages with scarlet cloth and glitter-
ing steel; but which condaced to no
purpose of national strength and nati-
onal prosperity ;—nay, which rather
weakened the nation, by distracting
the attention of the people from their
work, and by relaxing and consuming
the sinews of war. During all this
lime, however, the rallying point of
the ministers continued as clear in
their view as ever; and, though they
wriggled along towards it by different
tracks, and with varied bias, still they
contrived to get to it by some means
or other. At one point of their course
they were wide of each other; and at
another there was a collision: but
they still contrived to convene and
repose together at the end; and this
very inertia of their’s,—which is no
more am active force than the physical -
inertia of bodies,—kept them steady
intheir places; so that, upto the close -
of the session of 1822, any change in —
the system was rather a matter of
imaginary hope than: of real expee-
fation.

Events, however, which had hap-
pened after the close of that session,
eave rise to fresh speculations, if not -
to better hopes. He who was on alk ~
hands reckoned to be the great dead- ©
weight upon liberal poliey at home, and
\-ho, by his familiarity with the kings’
and ministers of the Continental states, —
and who, from the favour into which ~
he had gotten with them, was supposed
tu desire most the assimilation of this_
, country |

—<——_

1823.}

country to them,—retired. at once
from office and from the world; and,
by accessions and promotions,’ the
cabinet gained in talent, and, it was
hoped, in liberality. The state of the
Continent, too, was such as naturally
led us to believe that a new line of
policy would be pursucd. Spain and
Portueat had formed for themselves
representative constitutions; and they
had made at least an attempt at break-
ing the fetters of their mental slave-
masters. These changes were some-
what of an approach toward the Con-
Stitution ef this country ; and, as our
ministers, had always the-word ‘ Con-
stitution” in their mouths, joined to all
the epithets of love and admiration, it
was very natural to suppose that both
the people of those countries and of
this would regard them as friendly to
those scions from that tree, of which
theobject of their professed regard was
the parent stock.

While it was bclieved that these
dawnings of the light of liberty in
the south of Liurope would have
been hailed as something kindred and
dear to our ministers, it was as fondly
believed, that the clouds which had
been lowering and gathering in the
north would have been objects of their
hatred and aversion. It was not

_ exactly supposed that. they would
have gone to war on the Continent;
but it really was hoped, that they
would have used to the instigators
and: the tool of the aggression upon
Spain the very strongest language of
remonstrance that the diplomatic vo-
ceabulary permitted ; but the event has
showed that this hope, too, was wrong,
—lor the language which they used, if

it deserved at all the name of dissua-
jon, certainly did not amount to any

ting in the form of aremonstrance. ,

— ~While there was thus danger to this
country from the conduct of the Con-
_ tinental powers, it was concluded
‘that every means would be taken to
‘conciliate the people at home ; that all
‘those religious fetters and restrictions,
which fend to alicnate the minds of
Tumerous classes of the British peo-
ple, and which, at this time of day,
appear to be very absurd in them-
selves, would have been removed;
that a reasonable improvement would
have been made in the representation ;
and that the burdens of the people
would have been lightened and
equalized. ‘

-

| Topic of the Month.’ —~ v4

Such were the hopes which it was
but reasonable to entertain at the
opening of the session, and each‘of
those hopes has but led to disap-
pomtment at its close. With regard
to our for¢ign policy, there is. stil!
either a fear of the Holy Alliance, or
a leaping to their views... Not ene
measure which could have tended in
the least to fan the new fire of liberty,
or scare away the cold extinguishing

hand of the despots, has been earried 5.

not one has been named but has been
resisted by the ministry; ard on the
partofthe opposition, though Brougham
opened the session with a thunder of
promise, Mackintosh closed it by .a
cold fog of disappointment. «With
regard to religious disqualifications,
nothing has been done in the way of
removal ; and the Catholics of Ireland;
and the Dissenters of England, are
really in a worse situation than they
were before. ‘The debates and divyi-
sions in beth Houses kave shown that
they will not, and the case of the
sheriff of Dublin has perhaps shown
that they dare not, be liberal upon
those matters. In the repeal of taxes,
they have done litile, considering: the
length of time that the country has
now been at peace; and in the article
of retrenchment, they haye done abso-
lutely nothing. Looking, in short, at
the foreign relations and internal
State of the country at the beginning
and end of the session, we find them
so very much the same, that it looks

as if the existence of Parliament had

been a mere chimera. Still the walls
of St. Stephen’s have rung, and the
press has groaned, with abundance of
words. We have had motions of
mighty promise debated for whole
nights, and then withdrawn; we have
had long speeches about the holy state
of wedlock, and heavy ones in defence
of usury ; and when there appeared to
be no other subject upon which much
could be said, and nothing done, then
we have had Ireland—Ireland—Ire-
land! ue
a .
To the Editor of the Mouthly Magazine.
SIR. i
iv is to be regretted that machinery
has nearly superseded the employ-
ment of females in this country; and
they are, in consequence, siffering
considerably more than men. Thou-

sands used to be employed ia the).
process of spinning and weaving lace,

which

ap

& Employment of Females.— Butterflies. — Bahama Islands? [ Aug. 1,

which is now performed by the aid of
machinery. Liven the needle is now
superseded by a machine in the manu-
factory of gloves. I propose, there-
fore, the introduction of the manufac-
ture of Turkey carpets, for which we
are entirely dependant on Turkey,
India, and Persia. These could be
made in England far superior to those
imported, and their manufacture
would give employment to many thou-
sands of women and girls. ‘Ibis
opinion is not a speculation, but is the
result of several years’ practice. The
employment could be advantageously
connected with any establishments
in which the inmates are females,
and the whole could take parts.
—-—
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
SIR,

HAVE taken the liberty of send-

ing a list of the butterflies found
about Epping; andI have beeninduced
to do so, as I have found some rare
species there.

Papilio Antiopa, Camberwell beauty.
Very rare. ;

P. Polyclora, elm tortoise-shell. Rare.

P. Urtica, common tortoise-shell. Very
common.

P. lo, peacock. Common.

P. Atulunta, scarlet admirable. Common.
} P.C. Album, coma. Rare.

P. Cardui, painted lady. This was not
uncommon in the year 1818, but has not
been seen since.

P. Adippe, violet silver-spot, fritillary.
Rare.

P. Paphia,
Common.

P. Euphrosyne, April. Common.

P. Euphrasia, May.

P. Janira,male 1 Meadow-brown.

P. Jurtina,female § Very common.

P. ZEgeria, wood-argus. Common.

P. Hyperantus, ringlet. Common.

P. Megera, wall-argus. Common.

P.Tithones, great gate-keeper. Common.

P. Pamphilus, small. Common.

P. Galatea, marbled argus. Common.

P. Brassica, large garden, white, Very
common.

P. Rapa, small ditto,

P. Napi, green veined,

P. Sinapis, wood ditto, Common.

P. Cardamines, orange-lip. Common.

P. Rhamzi, brimstone-yellow. Common.

P. Argiolus, wood-blue, Rare.

P. Icarus, common blue. Common.

P. Machaon, common swallow-tail. Rare.

P. Elecira, clouded yellow, Very rare.

silver-streak, fratillary.

P.Tages, dingy skipper. Not uncommon.
P. Thaumos, small skipper. Common.
P. Sylvanus, large skipper.
P. Idas, brown-blue. Not uncommon.
P. Phicas, small copper. Common.
P. Betula, brown hair-streak, Rare.
P. Quercus, purple hair-streak. Rare.
P. Rubi, green hair-streak. Rare.
P, Malva, spotted skipper. Common.
Epwarp DousLepay.
Epping ; July 5, 1823.
oe
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
SIR,
S the Bahama islands are placed
in a favourable situation for com-
merce, and as the soil and climate of
those islands are well adapted for the
cultivation of cotton, tobacco, oranges,
the vine, hemp, &c.; and as those
islands contain many thousand acres
of unemployed land; is it not sur-
prising that some of the many thou-
sands of persons who have emigrated
from England should not have settled
in these islands? Indeed the neglect
of the Bahamas can only be accounted
for on the supposition, that their
almost peculiar advantages are un-
known in this country. In this view
I now address you, desiring you to
have the kindness to insert the follow-
ing queries in your next Number :—
ist. What portions of the Balama
islands remain ungranted, and what. are
the conditions upon which land is usually
granted.
2d. What is the extent and population
of the different islands, and what- is the
nature of their local government ?
3d. What rivers and harbours do they
possess, to what extent are coffee, cotton,
&c. now cultivated; and what is the value
of their exports and imports? —
4th. What is the rate of rent, wages,
interest, and the expense of building, &c.?

As many other articles, besides
those already enumerated, might be
cultivated in these islands, and import-
ed into England, as they are not pro-
duced in any of our colonies in sufli-

cient abundance to supply the British ©

market, there seems an eligible oppor-

tunity for the employment of some
part of that immense capital which —
remains unemployed in England, and .

likewise for some thousands of our
fellow countrymen, especially if pro-
visions for our West Indian colonie:

were produced in the Bahamas, m- —

stead of recourse being had to the
United States for a supply. R.
July 1823.

hho hs taal atest

ay
a

;

7

* £823.]
For ihe Monthly Magazine.
LETTERS ON THE
MEDICAL SCHOOL OF LONDON.
LETTER II.

To Frederick William Maitland, esq.
Trinity College, Oxford.

AM very, very glad, my dear

friend, that my last letter afforded
you so much amusement and edifica-
tion. Your eagerness for a continua-
tion ot my correspondence,—which is
too fervently expressed to be merely
assumed,—convinces me that you do,
indeed, experience pleasure from the
lucubrations of your humble servant;
and I need not observe, that this is at
once a reward and an excitement
to me.

I concluded my last letter by pro--

mising an account of the Medical
School of St. Bartholomew’s Hospital ;
and I proceed to fulfil this promise,—
premising, however, that the brief
notice which a letter can convey must
be necessarily imperfect and incom-
plete ; however, such as it is, I send it
to you.

St. Bartholomew’s Hospital. was
founded by that convivial and mirth-
loving monarch, Henry the Eighth,
whose rotund and portly efligy graces
the western entrance of the building,
which forms a handsome quadrangle,
with the theatre, dissecting rooms, and
other offices behind the principal
structure. It is capable of containing
between 4 and 500 patients, and the
business of each department is con-
ducted in the most regular and bene-
ficial manner. Nothing can exceed
the cleanliness of the wards, the atten-
tion of the nurses, and the whole
management of the establishment: in
short, every thing that can be done to
contribute to the comfort of the pa-
tientsis done. But it is of the medical
and surgical department that 1 would
_ chiefly speak ; and this subject I shall
‘preface by a few general observations
on the exclusive benefit arising to a
practitioner from belonging to any of
our public hospitals. So far as I can
understand, there is no actual salary
given either to asurgeon or physician ;
tt they possess advantages which
‘more than compensate for this defi-
ciency. In the first place, it gives
t a consequence in the estimation of
the world, thereby increasing their
notoriety, and, of course, their prac-
tice; in the second, it affords them
facilities for acquiring professional
___ Moxtuy Mas, No. 385,

Letters on the Medical School of London. 9

knowledge, of which their. fellow-
Tabourers are deprived; and thirdly,
it is a source of very considerable
profit in a pecuniary point of view, as
it enables them to take pupils, by
whom they are handsomely fee’d.
Besides, most of our public practi-
tioners are lecturers; and this, again,
is a most decided advantage to a pro-
fessional person; for, independent of
the actual pecuniary profit, he derives
an extensive practice by ensuring the
assistance of his pupils, who, when
established in practice, resort to their
preceptor in cases of difficulty, and
thus “call him in” to his own manifest
advantage. Again, the public natu-
rally imagine, that a person who
professes to teach others must have
acquired a more than ordinary share
of knowledge and experience himself,
to enable him to do so: a fact, how-
ever, by no means universal; but let
this pass. John Bull thinks'so; and
that is enough.

There is another subject upon which
I would say a word or two before I
proceeded to the more immediate
business of my letter ; and this is, the
suspicions which exist among the
vulgar of the practice of wantonly
trying experiments upon hospital
patients. Of this I have never yet
seen a single instance. On the con-
trary, in such hospitals as I have
visited I have witnessed with much
pleasure the care, attention, and kind-
ness, which the surgeons exercise
towards their poor patients. That this
practice might once have been preva-
lent, I will not deny; nor will I now
enter upon any vindication of it. I
shall only observe, that, although it has
now quite passed away, the prejudice
still remains; and it-was but the other
day, that a most miserable object, a
complete mass of disease and wretch-
edness, positively told me, that he
would rather die in the streets than go
to the hospital, to be killed by the
doctors. But now to business.

The lecturers belonging to St. Bar-
tholomew’s Hospital are—Mr. ABER-
NETHY, on Anatomy, Physiology, and
Surgery ; Dr. Hue, on Chemistry and
Materia Medica; and Doctors Goocu
and Conquest, on Midwifery. Of
the three last named it is not neces-
sary to say much: they are good
lecturers, and attentive to their stu-
dents ; so that they have good classes,
and answer their own ends, as well as

Cc ~~ those

10

those of their pupils. Bat it will not
do to pass over thus summarily the
merits and demerits of that strange
compound of eccentricity, il]-humour,
and benevolence, Mr. Abernethy ;
whose churlishness: has become pro-
verbial, and whose rough ungentle-
manlike exploits are as familiar as
household words in the mouths of all
here. I have been actually afraid to
mention his name in company ; for no
sooner is the subject of bis peculiari-
ties tonched upon, than a thousand
anecdotes are immediately poured
forth to illustrate the same; and every
one has heard’ of or experienced a
specimen of his rudeness, His mag-
nanimous reply to a certain noble
personage is known almost to every
ene. The Earl of had been wait-
ing for a long time in the surgeon’s
auti-room, when, becoming importu-
nate, he sent his card in. No notice
was taken of the hint: he sent another
card,—anotber,—and another; still no
answer. Atlength he gained admis-
sion in his turn; and, full of nobility
and cholor, he asked, rather aristocra-
tically, why he had been kept waiting
so long, concluding by informing Mr.
Abernethy, that he was no less a per-
sonage than the Harl of ——. ‘And
I (said Johnny, nothing daunted,) am
Sohn Abernethy, professor of Anatomy,
Physiology, and Surgery ; and, if your
lordship will sit down, I will now hear
what you have to say.”

A. droll circumstance occurred to
our old friend D. of Gray’s Inn. He
had gone one morning to consult Mr.
Abernethy for what is here termed
the lawyer's malady, which is nothing
more nor less than a derangement of
the digestive oryans, induced by seden-
tary habits, and atoo unlimited indul-
gence in the good things of this life.
As he was going along the passaye in
his way out, he met a brother solicitor,
a Mr. W. hastening into the presence
of the surgeon. ‘“‘ What the devil
brought you here?” said one. The
other echoed the question, and the
reply of each was the same. ‘ Well,
let us see what he has written for you,”
said W. The prescription was pro-
duced, and they read as follows—
“Read my book, page 72: John Aber-
nethy.” W. laughed heartily at poor
D. who expecicd something more
particularly medicinal for his money.
However, he agreed to wait for his
friend, and walk down to chambers

: 4

Letters on the Medical School of London.

[Aug. fT,

with him. In about a quarter of
an hour W, came out, much edi-
fied, as he said, by the surgeon’s
advice and exhortation, who had been
talking very seriously to him, and
laying down a very strict plan of
diet and regimen. ‘‘ Well, but have
you no prescription?” ‘Oh, yes: here
it is. J had almost forgotten that ;’—
and, producing a slip of paper, he read
thereon, to his own chagrin, and to
the infinite amusement of his friend,
“Read my book, page 72: John
Abernethy.”

Various causes have been assigned
for the existence of these strange and
repulsive eccentricities ; but those who
know Mr. Abernethy best attribute
them in some measure to affectation,
and to an impatient ill-humour, in-
duced by excessive study. We is
certainly not enthusiastically fond of
general practice: he would rather be
employed amidst his pupils at the
hospital, than amidst his patients out
of it; and this carelessness of public
patronage and favour has been so
serviceable .to his brother-practi-
tioners, that one of them has often
declared it is worth 30007. per annum
tohim. Most of our popular surgeons
have risen to eminence, not merely by
their talents alone, but by excessive
attention, and by skill in operating,—
two qualifications most assiduously
neglected by Mr. Abernethy. As to
the first, he is too indolent to attend
to it; excepting in cases of extreme
urgency; and, as to the second, he
regards it almost with contempt. An
operation, he says, is the reproach of
surgery, and a surgeon should endea-
vour to avoid such an extremity by
curing his patient without having
recourse toit. Acting upon this latter
principle, it is astonishing the good
that be has done, particularly at the
Hospital,—to the great annoyance of
his pupils, by the way, who complain
bitterly of the paucity of operations.
In fact, Mr. Abernethy is, in every
sense of the term, a man of profound —
and unrivalled science. His intimate
knowledge of anatomy, and more
especially of practical physiology, his _
comprehensive and well - informed
mind, his acute perception, and a
habit of deep and constant reflexion, —
enable him to effect that good, which,
notwithstanding his churlishness, so
many have experienced; and those
who have seen him, as I have, going

round

1823.]

round the wards of the Hospital, and
aitending to the complaints and suf-
, ferings of the poor patients with all
the tenderness of true benevolence,
would lament with myself, that he
should so studiously withhold such a
quality fromthe wealthier and more
respectable classes of socicty. Yet,
Notwithstanding the rudeness of his
manner, there is no professional man
in the world whom I would rather
consult than himself. In a case of
real danger and imporiance, he will
evinee all the anxiety and attention
that is necessary; but it must be
indeed a trial of patience to a person
whose mind is so constantly and so
deeply occupied to be eternally tor-
mented by a tiresome detail of the
imaginary complaints of a bewildered
hypochondriac.
i have hitherte spoken only of Mr.
Abernethy as a general practitioner ;
. ‘i have now to speak of him as a lec-
turer: but I will first describe his
person to you. He is, as novel-
writers say, rather above than below
the middle size; somewhat inclined
to corpulency, and upright in_ his
carriage withal; his countenance is
that of a man of great genius; anda
nose of Grecian form adds very consi-
derably to the acute expression of his
features; while his light grey eyes,
always animated by some sublime
conception, seem as if they could
pierce through the very depths and
intricacies of science. His hair is
powdered, or combed very close on
the temples: his forehead is finely
formed, and the scowl of deep thought
has cast a shade of reflection over his
brows, which is frequently dissipated
by the smile of humour or derision,
Imagine, then, if you can, such a per-
“son as I have thus described entering
a large semi-circular theatre, precisely
as the clock is striking two, and com-
- mencing his lecture before 2 or 300
students. He begins jn an uncon-
‘Strained wud distinct tone of voice,
gradually getting more animated as
Ae advances into the pith and marrow
of his subject; and, after lopping off
all the absurd and useless minutia of
the science, and after refuting all in-
~ consistent theories, he arrives at the
_ conclusion, leaving his auditors deeply
_ impressed with his instruction. He is
an excellent chemist, and never fails
to express his admiration of the illus-
_ trious John Hunter, who, he repeatedly

Letters on the Medical School of London.

1l

declares, has done more for the im-
provement of modern surgery than
any other individual whatever.

1 will give you one example of his
oratorial eloquence. Ut occurs at the
conclusion of a course of Lectures on
Comparative Anatomy, delivered be-
fore the College of Surgeons in 1817;
and if you are not pleased with the
specimen, yeu are not the man I take
you for. “I pity the man who can
survey all the wonders of the vege-
table and animal kingdoms, who can
journey through so delightful a dis-
trict, and afterwards exclaim, ‘all is
barren.’ Still more do I pity those,
though the sentiment is mixed with
strong disapprebation of their conduct,
who, after having seen much to admire,
shall, when they meet with a circum-
stance which they do not understand,
presumptuously dare to arraign the
wisdom and benevolence of Nature.
In the progress of science, many things,
which at one time appeared absurd,
and productive of evil, have afterwards,
upon an accession of knowledge, been
found to be most wise and beneficent.
I deem no apology requisite, gentle-
men, for endeavouring to impress on
your minds certain axioms relating to
philosophy iz general, when they are
directly deducible from the subjects
of our peculiar studies. I have con-
stantly and carefully avoided every
argument foreign to the subject; so
that, if occasionally I may have ap-
pearcd to sermonize, I have quoted
both the chapter and verse of my text
from the book of Nature. I address
you, gentlemen, as students of that
great book, and earnestly exhort you
to study it with such-sentiments as I
have endeavoured to inculcate. The
conviction that every thing tends to
some immediate or essential good, is
the greatest incentive to this study.
It was this conviction that excited
Hunter to sueh continual enquiry, or
involved him occasionally in the depths
and perplexitics of intense thought;

for ho was never satisfied without be- —

ing able to assign an adequate reason
for whatever he observed im the struc-
ture and economy of animals. This
conviction makes the study of Nature
highly interesting, and may, indeed,
be said to rendor labour delightfal, or
to mitigate the pains attendant on its
toil. ‘Yo those who entertain such
sentiments as 1 have endeavoured to
inculcate, every thing seems animated,

beneficent,

aa

aa

12

beneficent, and useful; they have the

happy talent of discovering even—

Tongues in the trees, books in the run-
ning brooks,

Sermons in stones, and good in every
thing.”

Such is Abernethy; and, when death
shall have buried in oblivion all the
blots and shadows of his character,
when another generation shall have
sprung up, and known him only by the
triumphant memorials which he will
bequeath to them in his works,— then
will they couple the names of Hunter
and Abernethy together, and regard
them as the benefactors of their race.

Nov. 1, 1822; Henry OAKLEY.
Charterhouse-square.

<_<

For the Monthly Magazine.
On the “CASE ABSOLUTE” tn ENGLISH.

HIS elliptical form of expression

is so familiarized by inveterate
usage, that many syntactical writers
have mistaken it for a perfect formula,
sui generis; and its name has been
invented, and almost universally
adopted, as expressive of its supposed
peculiarity of structure.

That there is no such case of the
noun as the ‘case absolnte” is main-
tained by Mr. Cobbett, in the 19ist
section of his English Grammar. A
position founded on this clear principle
of logic, (of which language is but the
vehicle,) that no proposition can be
fully enunciated, in other words, no
sentence can be complete, without the
aid of a verb: predication being that
peculiar function of the verb which no
other element of language is capable
of performing: so that every sentence
not containing a verb must necessarily
be truncated or elliptical.

But Mr. Cobbett, though correct in
his general position, altogether fails in
his attempt at illustration: he cites
“shame being lost, all virtue is lost,”
as an instance selected by Mr. Murray
of this imaginary case, and employs
the following periphrasis for the pur-
pose of elucidating its elliptical cha-
racter:—‘‘ The full meaning of the
sentence is, it being, or the state of
things being, such that shame is lost,
all virtue is lost.” Now it is obvious
that the suppletory words, ‘‘ zt being,”
or “ the state of things being,” involve
in them that specific ellipsis which
they were introduced to unfold; so
that the sentence thus expanded exhi-
bits not the one, the only, thing

On the * Case absolute” in English,

fAug. ly

required,—a development of the par-
tial suppression,—but a mere trans-
plantation of the ellipsis into a new
set of words, without any melioration
of sense, or added perspicuity of
phrase.

The sole office of grammatical ana-
lysis,as applied to elliptical sentences,
being to bring out the parts sup-
pressed, it is evident that neither
change nor rejection of those expressed
is admissible: thus, in order to com-
plete the imperfect formula called the
“case absolute,” (which always con-
stitutes a conditional, and never the
principal, proposition,) the whole pro-
cess consists in supplying the conditi-
onal particle, and the sign of predica-
tion; and, e converso, the noun in any
perfect sentence may be reduced to
the ‘‘case absolute,” by striking out
the latter, together with the former,
when present.

The verb is, throughout its inflecti-
ons, being the pure and elementary sign
of predication, all other verbs are of a
compound nature, and resoluble into
this sign, and a participial attributive.
There can be no doubt of the direct
convertibility of such phrases as,
Philip comes, and Philip is coming,
though custom and convention have
established the shade of a distinction;
that the latter is simple and rudi-
mental, the former one of those com-
plicate and artificial expedients to
which the mind of man resorts, to faci-
litate the commerce of thought. From
the latter let us expunge is, the copula
or mark of predication, and the residue
will constitute the ‘case absolute,”
with the participle. But this ellipsis
is never employed but to express some
conditional proposition; we must there-
fore connect it with some other propo-
sition, which will form the capitel one:
thus—Philip coming, James departs.
Having obtained this situation of the
noun Philip, we may open the sentence
in this manner—as Philip,7s coming
(or comes), James departs. This
example may serve as a manifestation

of the principle of development appli- —
cable to every variety of this species of

ellipses, whether the participle bes

The resolution is in some cases more

ON
“< _
ee

active or passive, simple or compound. “4

operose, but in principle and effect the
same. I forbear to exemplily the pro-
cess in a more elaborate form, lest T
should trespass too much upon your
valuable columns. i

The

cin _

4

- throughout.

1823.]

The Greek and Latin “ case abso-
lute,” though an ellipsis, is specifically
different from that here treated of, and
would therefore require a somewhat
different exposition. H.

Middle Temple ; June 18.

——_

For the Monthly Magazine.
LYCEUM OF ANCIENT LITERATURE,
NO. XXXVIII.

PHEDRUS.

O great is the force of prejudice,
and the power of early associa-
tions, that we make little doubt many
of our readers will, at first sight, expe-
rience something like a feeling of
Surprise at the name prefixed to this
article. The very simplicity which

constitutes one of the principal beau-

ties of this delightful writer, occasions
his works to be usually put into the
hands of students at a very early
period ; and this circumstance, joined
to the apparently inferior dignity of
the subjects which he ,treats, renders
many persons blind to his real merits,
and prevent their reperusing his pages
in matarer years; because with the
Narratives contained in them they
have become familiar when very
young, although they are probably
strangers to the charms of diction and
sentiment with which they abound
To any person of this
class, we would say, “Servs tamen
respice;” and he will find himself
amply repaid for following our advice.
He will be delighted with the preci-
sion, purity, simplicity, and elegance,
which characterize the productions of
Phedrus; and he will acknowledge,
upon reflection, that the name of a
man who, existing in a servile condi-
tion, was enabled by his superior ta-
Tents to gain a ready access to the
presence of Augustus, and not only to
obtain the gift of freedom, but to secure
wealth and honours, and to conciliate
the friendship of the most exalted cha-
acters; a man equally conspicuous
‘for the boldness with which he struck
at the vices of the great, and the dis-
retion and judgment by which he
ught to avoid exasperating and irri-

ig the objects of his censure; and

who, by the simple and unadorned

elegance of his fables, was equally
adapted to delight and instruct the
common people: the name of sucha
man, he will acknowledge, is justiy
‘entitled to be enrolled among the
illustrious characters of antiquity.
Some difference of opinion has

Lyceum of Ancient Literature.

13

existed among the learned respecting
the native country of Phedrus. A
great number, adopting the sentiments
of Pithou, assert that he was a
Thracian: in support of their assertion,
they cite the authority of Phedrus
himself,* and they likewise quote
Strabo,t to prove that the Picrian
movntain, mentioned by the Latin
fabulist as the place of his birth, was
in Thrace. There is; however, more
reason to imagine that our author was
a Macedonian. Besides the statement
of Pausanias,t that one of the moun-
tains of Macedonia was called Pieris,
Piiny§ and Mela|| both term Pieria a
region of Macedonia; and Strabo
himself admits, that, at a subsequent
period, the mountain Pierius was inha-
bited by Niacedonians.

The date of Pheedrus’s birth, as well
as his extraction, are likewise matters
of uncertainty; nor can it be clearly
ascertained whether he was born a
slave, or only became such hy capti-
Vity. Suetonius relates that Caius
Octavius, the father of Augustus,
when Preetor of Macedonia, reuted
the Bessi and the Thracians ina great
battle; and some writers have sup-
posed that Phedrus was among the
captives brought to Rome upon that
occasion. But this conjecture can
hardly be reconciled to facts ; for, were
it correct, our author must have been
more than seventy years of age in the
time of Sejanus, which is far from
probable, since we have the testimony
of Pheedrus himself (Epil. lib. 4.) that
he was not then even approaching to
old age.

To whatever event his slavery may
have been owing, it appears certain
that he was brought to Rome at a very
early age, and placed in the service
of the Emperor Augustus, who,
pleased with his uprightness of con-
duct, and quickness of intellect, gave
him the advantages of aliberal educa-
tion, and afterwards made him his
freedman,—a distinction of which the
poet, from his constantly annexing in
his works the title of Augusti Libertus
to his name, appears to have been
justly proud. he conjecture of some
writers, that Phedrus received his
manumission from Tiberius Augustus,

‘ is

* Prol. lib. 3, 17 and 54,
t Geog, lib. 10. page 722,
¢ Lib. 9. c. 29,

§ Nat. Hist. lib. 4, 8.

{| De Sit. Orb. 1, 2, 5.

34

is. entitled to but slight attention; for,
were it liable to no other objection, it
has been justly observed, that the inte-
grity and talent which proeured that
writer his liberty, wonld have availed
but little to obtain any favour from the
unworthy successor of Octavius. Be-
sides the frequent allusions to Octa-
vius Augustus in the fables, and the
high respect in which his memory was
held by the author, justify our previous
inference, and warrantthe assumption,
that he lived at Rome under Gesar
Octavius Augustus, and enjoyed great
prosperity during his reign. When,
upon the decease of that prince, Tibe-
rlus ascended the throne, the poet
was subjected to severe persecution,
having incurred the hatred of Sejanus,
whose influence with Tiberius enabled
hiim te exercise an absolute power in
the empire, and who procured the
eondemnation of Phedrus by means
of false accusations, as may be col-
lected from Prol. lib. 3.

From what circumstances he drew
upon himself the resentment of Seja-
wus, appears doubtful. It has been
supposed by some, that the recollec-
tion of the benefits he had received
from Augustus, having rendered him
strongly attached to the posterity of
that prince, — among whom were
Agrippa and Germanicus, objects of
the particular jealousy of Tiberius,—
the notoriety of such an attachment
would afford a sufficient opportunity
to Sejanus of drawing down upon our
author the displeasure of the gloomy
and suspicious monarch. But this
seems a very far-fetched supposition ;
and Phzdsus* moreover admits, that
he was himself the author of his cala-
mities: from which it may reasonably
be presumed, that some of his fables
had given umbrage to Scjanus, or
others. connected with the favourite.
Eudeed, though at this distance of
_time the point and ‘precise design of
many Of the apologues are necessarily
Tost to us, it appears pretty evident
that the fable of the ‘Frogs de-
mauding a King,” has reference 1o

Lyceum of Ancient Literature.

JAug. I,

author’s fables, are to be found’ in
Esop, he evidently, in translating and
versifying them, took care to adapt
them to the particular purpose he had
in view, and the events that were
passing around him.

The freeness of the allusions and
animadversions contained in seme of
his fables, subjected him to the dislike,
not only of Sejanus, but of many
others, who perceived or imagined
that their vices were censured m his
pages. Hence he was subjected to a
series of persecutions, which served
greatly to embitter his existence, as
we may infer from many passages in
his Prologues and Epilogues, and
more especially from his suppliant
appeal to the compassion of Eutychus
his patron,* at a time when, though
conscious of ;his innocence, be was
evidently labouring under some im-
pending prosecution.

The earliest of his fables appear to
have been written, or at least publish-
ed, in the reign of ‘Tiberius; and,
according to some commentators, the
last books made their appearance
under the Emperor Claudius. The
precise time of bis decease cannot be
ascertained’: there is good reason to
suppose that he lived to a considerable
age; but we cannot coincide with those
who represent him as having lived to
the time of Domitian or Vespasian, as
they adduce no satisfactory proofs of
such extraordinary longevity.

The only works of Phadrus which
we possess are fiye books of Fables, in
iambic verses, almost entively trans~
lated or paraphrased from Esop. ‘They
were a length of time a desideratum
to the modern admirers of classical
literature, having remained in oblivion
till the end of the sixteenth century,
when they were discoyered in the
library of St. Remi, at Rheims, and
published by a Frenchman, of the
name of Peter Pithou. Concerning
the merits of these Fables, great diver-
sity of opinion existed among the con-
temporaries of Phedrus: while some
lavished upon them the highest enco-

miums, others reproached them with —
excessive conciseness and frequent
obscurity ; others, while they acknow-

the mactive Juxury of ‘Tiberius, and
the.crueltics exercised in his name by
Sejanus ; and that of the “ Frogs and
the Sun,” to the arrogance of the

favourite in aspiring to the marriage
ef Livia, the daughter of Germanicus.
For, though the subjects of these, as
indced of ‘the greater pari of our

* Prol, lib, 3.

i

ledged their beauties, considered that
the having uniformly adopted Ksop —
for his model, excluded the author
from any claim to the praise of origi-

nality ;

* Epil. lib, 3,

1323.]

nality; and some malignant persons
accused him of having interwoven
into his own volumes the compositions
of ether writers of the day. This very
difference of sentiment, however, is
sufficient to demonstrate that his Fables
were matter of general notoriety and
discussion,—a fact which might, in-
deed, be inferred from the frequent
appeals made by the author to his
readers, as well as from the cenfident
hope which he often expresses of
passing with honour and reputation to
posterity.

In modern times, the favourable
judgment of the Fables of Phadrus
has been almost universal, among
those best qualified to form a correct
decision on the subject. Scriverius
is diffuse in his eulogium, both upon
the plan and execution of his work;
and Tanaquil Faber ranks him next to
Terence, for sweetness and simplicity
of diction. His Latinity is eminently
pure, and his style peculiarly neat and
elegant, bearing evidence of a writer
from his early years embued and fami-
liarised with the beauties of the lan-
guage in which he wrote. His moral
character is entitled to every praise:
he appears invariably the staunch
defender and unshrinking advocate
of virtue; and his prudence, in the
midst of his satirical allusions, was, as
we have already remarked, very con-
spicuous, though insufficient to shicld
him from the enmity of the vicious and
powerful in the depraved period at
which he lived.

Among the best editions of Phaedrus
may be mentioned, those of Hoog-
straten, 410. Amst. 1701; and of
Burman, 4to. Leyden, 1727.

—
For the Monthly Magazine.
NOTES on @ VOYAGE in the HINDOSTAN
CONVICT-SHIP (0 NEW SOUTH WALES
tn 1821,
(Continued from our last Volume.)
O give a better idea of their ma-
nagement, the usual routine of a
-day duying the passage, within the
tropics, may be mentioned. About

Voyage in a Convict-Ship to New South Wales.

15

this meal is half an hour, or three
quarters, according to circumstances.
When finished, they are again ordered
to the booms, while the main process
of the purification of the prison begins,
by scrubbing, swabbing, washing, and
additional ventilation, with the further
comfort in moist weather, or when the
decks are thoroughly washed, of a
large stove, which, by means of an
extensive range of iron funnel, carries
the heat into every corner. Every
day is the same assiduous cleanliness
practised, except that the stove is not
so often wanted. At twelve o’clock
they descend again from the booms to
dinner, and remain till one, when they
resume their station as belore on the
booms, and continue till four, five, and
six, o’clock, when they re-descend for
the night, till the return of morning
calls for the same course of humane
superintendance. Thus they are in
the open air during the whole'of the
day whenever the weather permits;
while the prison, by being kept empty,
becomes cool, is preserved perfectly
clean, and has a pure atmosphere to
receive them at night. The latter is
an essential benefit, the full effecis of
which are not so much known in our
shipping as they ought. Men-of-war,
indeed, commonly know and practise
the plan of keeping the ’tween-decks,
where the crew sleep, clear of incum-
brance in the day-time ; but even with
them the custom is not universal. To
many of the convicts, this constant
airing was an exercise with which they
would gladly have dispensed. Some,
indeed, considered it a punishment.
Indolent from nature and from habit,
they would not perhaps have stirred
once in a week from the prison, had
they not been compelled to do so; and
many would feign excuses in order to
accomplish their own scheme of com-
fort and ease. Many of these unhappy
people care not for their lives, and
others cannot understand the true na-
ture of the precautions taken to pre-
serve them.

It may be imagined by many, that

_ six q@clock in the morning they were
» roused from bed, sometimes a little
it after, and, their bed-clothes being
a rolled up, the greater part went on
deck to their usual rendezvous on the

it was running considerable risk to
admit them all on deck at once; but,
with very moderate precaution, there
is no cause whatever for apprehension,
The quarter-deck, where the, officers

booms, that is, the space between the
main and fore masts; while others put
‘the place in order for breakfast, at
which they all assembled precisely at
eight o’clock, The time allowed for

remain, is separated from the waist, or
booms, by a very strong barricade, five
feet high, with a thick netting, extend-
ing two feet higher, on the top of it.
A door on each side, through the bul-

‘ wark,

16

wark, leads forward for the seamen
who have occasion to pass;. but with
this the convicts have no business,
and never approach it without per-
mission. Any thing like a sudden
rush is therefore prevented. Inde-
pendent of this, they have neither
zrms nor indeed inclination for such
an enterprise; while the guard and
seamen are of course upon the alert,
provided with every advantage to re-
sist any thing like insubordination or
tumult. With a moderate admixture
ef vigilance and kindness, nothing
need be feared: firmness, however, is
zbsolutely necessary; for too much
good nature or leniency, where an
offence is committed, is instantly
taken advantage of; and it is sur-
prising how soon they discern the dis-
positions of those they have to deal
with. But, a still hetter defence than
all these, is their treachery toward
each other. ‘They cannot, or will not,
be faithful even in the most trifling
matters ; and a spy in the garrison is
pretty sure of finding out every thing
that passes within it. On great occa-
sions, the hopes of pardon and reward
aré necessarily irresistible. While
on deck, we always encouraged their
sports; such as singing, wrestling,
single-stick, and any thing else they
wished, within reasonable bounds. To
see them enter heartily imto such
amusements, is gratifying to conside-
rate minds, and a pretty good proof
that there is no mischief going on.

Prayers were regularly read by the
surgeon every Sunday, and attended
with due decorum, and in. some in-
stances with seeming interest, by our
offending cargo: but I am afraid there
were among these several hypocrites;
one atleast we detected in pilfering
spirits, by the exertion of more than
usual ingenuity.

A school was also established, for
the instruction of the boys: a convict,
recommended from the prison for
better conduct than usual, taught
them ; and was not incompetent to the
task. Several adults, desirous of be-
ing instructed, likewise attended: the
whole, indeed, were much in need of
it, had they been willing; for 1 never
before saw such an assemblage of the
people of our country so ignorant,—
scarcely one out of the whole being
able to write Jegibly. This, however,
is an uncommon occurrence, particu-
larly among the convicts of the metro-
polis; many of the ships contain

s

Voyage in a Convict-Ship to New South Wales.

[Aug. 1,

numbers possessed of superior. infor-
mation and talent, had these been
turned to honest account. Ourdoctor,
who, as i have remarked, has made
this journey three times, and conse-
quently enjoyed no little experience,
told me he had once a more than
usually respectable cargo: an officer
of dragoons, for making free with the
portmanteau of two foreign noblemen
(N.B. No tricks upon travellers); a
midshipman of the navy, for net com-
prehending the precise difference
between meum and tuum ; an attorney,
for administering unlawful oaths; a
clerk of a large house in London, for

pocketing some of his employer’s

money ; several dandy shopmen, ap-
prentices, and attorneys’ clerks; with
gentlemen pickpockets. ad libitum,
Some of their adventures were not a
little amusing. I advised the doctor
to try his hand upon a book, with these
vicissitudes of genius for the theme;
‘Memoirs of a Convict Ship” would
be an original and taking title.

The itch for thieving among them is
wholly unconquerable. They steal
from each other, or from any one else,
almost every thing they can, without
enquiring whether it is worth the
trouble, whether they can make use of
it, or whether they want it. On the
least probability of detection, it is
thrown overboard. Continual com-
plaints of these thefts were made, and
several punishments inflicted in con-
sequence ; but without effect in pre-
venting their repetition. Another
mode of raising the wind, made it
almost a matter of risk or obloquy to
do them an act of kindness. Several,
who had a little money on coming on-
board, deposited it for safety in the
hands of some of the officers, till the
termination of the voyage; but two
fellows, who really had none, hit upon
the expedient of boldly demanding
from one of the mates the sum (10/.)
they had given into his charge; and,
when threatened to be thrashed for
their impudence, resolutely com-
plained to the surgeon of their money
being withheld. An enquiry took
place: one fellow said he had deposit-
ed the money, the other that he had
seen it so deposited; and in a court of
law the poor mate would probably
have been compelled to disburse. But
we manage these things better at sea.
The presumption being against the
complainants, and some other suspi-
cious circumstances arising, the doc-

tor,

7

1823.}

tor, who had prebably not much trou-
bled Coke upon Lyttleton, confined
them separately on the poop, under
the charge of sentinels, for the greater
part of the day ; when at length, the
accomplice becoming weary of his
situation, and finding no profit likely
to accrue from it, in the cant language
split, and acknowledged the imposi-
tion: when tbe principal got repaid—
with the cat-o’-nine-tails.

Another species of depredation
threatened still more serious conse-
quences. When we had been at sea
about six weeks, it was discovered that
several of the convicts were intoxi-
cated, and quarrelled among them-
selves, for some days-in succession ;
and, notwithstanding a minute exami-
nation, and the utmost exertion of
Vigilance, no clue could be found to
point out how this could be accom-
plished, every care being exerted to
keep spirits out of their reach. Sus-
, picions fell upon the steward, and upon
others; the keys were taken from
them, and liqaors, taken out for other
purposes, carefully put under other
superintendance: but, to the general
surprise, the drunkenness continued.
At length a swab,—that is, a large
bunch of picked cordage, used to dry
up moisture from the decks, the same
as a mop in a house,—was observed
for several days to remain in one spot
in the boy’s prison ; and, on being re-
moved, the deck, three inches thick,
was found cut through large enough
.to admit a boy, who, being thusdowered
into the hold, broached acask of rum,
and had drawn off, as it appeared on
examination, thirty five gallons. These
ingenious thieves were of course duly
rewarded for their industry.

Sometimes they become sulky, im-
pudent, and intractable; insulting
those whom they cannot otherwise
assail. One of the officers, who had
been particularly attentive to their
comforts, found himself more than once
indirectly jostled and obstructed in
passing through the prison, from a
mere spirit of wantonness; and at
length one evening, when nearly dusk,
and being unaccompanied, received a
volley of bones, from the day’s dinner,
at his head. Pretty certain of the
guarter whence they came, he sprung
at the offender, aud collared -bim,
calling for assistance. An attempt
was made at a rescue and hustle, and
lie would have fared ijl, had not some

Mosruty Mac. No, 385.

Voyage in a Convict-Ship to New South Wales.

17

of the guard promptly arrived: the
fellow was smartly punished; and the
resolution displayed by the assailed
in securing him, inspired an awe that
prevented any future interruption.

The voyage, which was on the whole
fine, except now and then a gale, occu-
pied something more than seventeen
weeks. Madeira, and the Islands of
St. Paul and Amsterdam, in the
Southern Indian Ocean, were the only
lands seen till we made the entrance
to Bass’s Straits. On the left hand,
or New Holland shore, appeared Cape
Otway, Wilson’s Promontory, Cape
Dromedary, Rondeau’s, and Curtis’s,
and Kent’s, groups of islands; after
weathering the latter of which, you
are clear of the straits, and may then
safely shape a course direct for “Port
Jackson. To the right lay King’s
Island, aud many. others; only one
group of which, named Furneaux’s,
was visible from the ship. ‘Vhe first
sign of approaching our destination
was Macquarrie light-house, discerni-
ble forty miles distant at sea, which has
a revolving light, to distinguish it from
the numerous fires along the coast at
night, lighted by the natives, and
which have frequently misled shipping
as to their relative position. he
tower which supports it'stands on the
most eleyated part of the south head;
or left-hand entrance; is ninety feet
high, and was erected by the governor
whose name it bears. ‘The appearance
of the coast in the vicinity resembles
that near Dover in steepness and
abruptness, but differs from it in being
of a reddish colour. On entering the
harbour, the view, which without is
bleak and dreary, instantiy changes.
It is strewed with innumerable small
islands, green and pleasant to the eye;
the land of the main slopes gradually
to the water’s edge, with several coves
or small bays, and on the left-hand
side are seen some pleasant houses :
one the pilot-house; onc named Vau-
cluse, formerly the residence of Sir
Henry Brown Hayes; one Capt.
Piper’s marine villa, beside others
whose names and owners I do not
recollect.

The distance from the heads or
eulrance to Sydney Cove, the usual
anchorage, is about seven miles, si-
tuated on the south side of the har- .
bour, and of course from the name,
bordering the town. Much of this
extensive harbour, particularly on the

D north

18

north side, along with many of the
islands, are little known but to sports-
men and casual visitors; North Har-
bour is rugged on both sides, the banks
composed chiefly of sand-stone, and
Feady apparently to fall to pieces.
Our “live lumber” viewed the scene
of their future abode with no small
anxiety ; many,. I believe, with hope,
and a desire to endeavour to do better
than “in times past ;” but, before dis-
charging them, another preliminary
eeremony was to be performed,
(To be continued. )
———
For the Monthly Magazine.
On the ANCIENT HISTORY Of PERSIA.
(Coneluded from Vol, 55, page 518.)

OON after the death of Cyrus,

Cambyses became insane, and
was probably assassinated in Egypt.
The seven conspirators then placed
Darius I. the Mede, the son of Hys-
taspes, on the throne of Cyrus, whose
daughter Vashti, or Atossa, he had
espoused. Most of these conspirators
were Jews: this is certain with respect
to their chieftain Otanes, whose
writings are quoted with reverence by
the rabbies to a very late period (see
Cyprian De Idolorum vanitate); it is
certain with respect to Arioch of Elam,
the captain of the king’s guard, who,
having Aspatha, or Ispahan, within
his government, is probably the Aspa-
thines of Herodotus; and itis certain
with respect to Darius himself. Nor
can the Judaism of Gobryas be rati-
onally doubted, as his family was
doubly intermarried with that of
Darius ; or the Judaism of Megabazus
and Hydarnes, who, long after the

* establishment of this religion in Persia,

retained the confidence (Herodotus,
ii. 143. and vii. 135.) both of Darius
and Xerxes. If Intaphernes be
Haman, he was no doubt an idolater:
in the Greek Esther he is called a
Macedonian* ; yet his connexion with
the idolatrous interest in Persia would
rather lead to the suspicion of his
belonging to Babylon, where was its
chief seat.

By a severe measure, related with-
out disguise in the ninth chapter of
Esther, the Jewish religion was made
the domineering one in Persia. The
property of the idolatrous temples
was confiscated tothe state; the Jews,

* This word may well have become sy-
nonimous with idolater after the conquest
of Alexander,

Oriental Accounts of the Ancient History of Persia.

‘Although the process

[Aug. T,
it is said, (verse.16,) laid not their
hands on the prey; and it was no
doubt distributed in lots among the
officers of the army. This expulsion
of the priests of Baal, termed by
Herodotus the Magophonia, was order-
ed to be celebrated yearly ; and the
commemoration was adopted in the
temple at Jerusalem by the name of
the Feast of Purim, and is retained
throughout Jewry to this day. In the
Book of Esther is contained an ex-
ceedingly curious sceret history, not
so much of the causes which prepared
this extensive proscription, and which
must be sought in the wants of an
independent army, as of that interior
management of the harem, by means
of which the eunuchs in waiting con-
trived to superinduce upon the king
the determination of the conspirators.

That the entire edict was a measure
of finance, is evident from this, that
Hiaman, having offered to raise ten
thousand talents of silver (iii. 9.), was
at first avowedly permitted to threaten
proscription against the Jews; but the
Jews having secretly, through Morde-
cai, sent in better proposals, the
original order was reversed. It was
perhaps issued only as a method of
accelcrating their contributions. Ha-
man and Mordecai were, in fact, com-
petitors for a loan to be secured on
the confiscated property.

The Parisian orientalist, M. Langlés,
does not lightly, or without reflection,
term the Book of Esther a most iate-
resting section of the Jewish records. ~
It is on every account remarkable ;
not only because it contains authentic-
particulars of the greatest religious
revolution which the world ever saw,
and which continues to influence the
persuasions of a majority of mankind;
but because if is the earliest native
document of Persian literature. Capt.
Kennedy will net have the same diffi-
culty which Michaelis felt, to orien-
talize himself (s’ortenter,) in this book;
and will not see, in the manners of the
various personages introduced, any
discrepancy with eastern usage. Ap-
parently, it is a fragment of the Chro-
nicles of the Kings of Media and
Persia (c. x. vy. 2), faithfully extracted
for the use of the temple at Jerusalem,
where the origin of the feast of Purim
was required to be known.

This Book of Esther secms to have
been written by an atheist: no mention
of Deity occurs in the whole narrative.
commanded

had

1823.]

had a kind of precedent in the conduct
of Elijah (1 Kings, xviii. 40), it is not
announced as having a religious mo-
live; and when it is stated, that many
people of the land became Jews, the
reason assigned is simply (c. viii. v. 17),
that the fear of the Jews fell upon
them. Michaelis thinks that the chro-
nicle whence this fragment concerning
Esther has been extracted, extended
only to the nineteenth verse of the
ninth chapter ; and that the remaining
sixteen verses of the book were added
at Jerusalem, ina Hebrew less pure
and more approaching the Syriac.

The language of this book deserves
to be considered: it is Hebrew, the
tongue of those Abrahamites living
beyond tlie Euphrates, the East Aramic.
This, therefore, was the speech of the
court of Shushan, the metropolitan
dialect, in which were issued the edicts
of the Persian government, and in
which were composed the liturgic
books of the Persian church. The
West Aramic, or the Syriac, which
we improperly term Chaldee, was
spoken on this side the Euphrates, and
was at all times the vernacular lan-
guage of Jerusalem: hence those frag-
ments of the books of Ezra, of Nehe-
miah, and of Daniel, which were added
at Jerusalem, occur in West Aramic.
Now the entire Hebrew Bible, which
we possess, is drawn up in the East
Aramic, not in the West Aramic, dia-
lect; in the language of Shushan, not
in the language of Jerusalem. It is
consequently tke canon provided for
the Jewish church of Persia, a trans-
lation made by Ezra and his coadju-
tors of the sacred books previously in
use at the temple of Jerusalem, which
Jeremiah is stated to have saved from
the burning of the temple. The fol-
lowing considerations render this indu-
bitable. If the family of Abraham
brought with them into Goshen a pure
Hebrew, they must there have ac-
quired, during so long a sojourn, a
great many Coptie words and ideas,
and have quitted the country with a
specch resembling the Egyptian. If
Joseph drew up the memoir of his
family contained in the Book of Gene-
sis, if Moses wrote his Numbers and
Leviticus, and if Josliua detailed his
conquests, in this Coptic Hebrew; yet,
after the shepherd-kings had removed
with their clans into Canaan, they
must have adopted from the wives
which they took, and the subjects
whom they spured, a vast mass of

Oriental Accounts of the Ancient History of Persia.

19
Phoenician phraseology, which by de-
grees amalgamated with their own,
and may have been refined in the time
of the kings to a polite language; but
it must have differed widely from the
idiom in which Moses wrote. Let us
suppose the separation of Israel from
Judah not to have affected the lane
guage of Jerusalem, and that this en-
dured as long as royalty, still a
captivity of seventy years at Babylon
must have produced a third great
innovation. ‘To suppose that the Cop-
tic Hebrew of Moses, the Judahite
Hebrew of David and Solomon, and
the Babylonish Hebrew of Daniel and
Ezra, can be the same language, or
even so much alike as to be all at any
one period intelligible to the Jews, is
an untenable doctrine. Yet the Bible
is written from beginning to end in
one of these three dialects. ‘‘ In Veteré
Testamento, (says Leusden, in his Phi-
lologus Hebreus, ) tanta est constantia,
tanta est convenientia, in copulatione
literarum, et constructione vocum, ut
Sere quis putare posset omnes illos libros,
eodem tempore, iisdem in locis, a diversis
tamen auctoribus, esse conscriptos.”

This phenomenon can only be solved
by the hypothesis, which every sort of
evidence conspires to corroborate,
that, by command of the céurt at
Shushan, Ezra translated the sacred
books of his country into the official
language of Persia, and that our
Hebrew Bible is that translation. The
names of his assistants are, with some
corruptions, preserved in the 24th
verse of the fourteenth chapter of the
Apocryphal Esdras; whence it may be
gathered, that tradition ascribed the
translation of the Persian canon to
Ezra, Daniel, Jeremiah, Haggai, -and
Ezekiel.

One great inference more, and I
conclude. Ifit be certain that Darius
1. established pure Judaism in Persia,
if it be certain that Ezra was employed
to compile the canon of this Persian
church, it follows that there never was
any other Zoroaster than Ezra. The
twenty-one nosks of Zertusht are the
twenty-one books of our Hebrew Bi-
ble, with the exceptions, indeed, that
the canon of Ezra could not include
Nehemiah, who flourished after the
death of Ezra, or the extant book of
Daniel, which dates from Judas
Maccabeeus, or the Ecclesiastes, which
is posterior ‘to Philo; and that it did
include the Book of Enoch, now re-
tained only in the Abyssinian panees

20

At least to me, Dr. Lawrence does
not appear to have succeeded in dis-
covering marks of date in the Book of
Enoch, which refer to times posterior
to Ezra; and surely the concluding
chapter of Malachi alludes to doctrines
in that book. It has prepared the
mythology of the Koran; and Mahomet
did little more than teach to the Arabs
the prevailing opinions of the Persian
people, who from the time of Ezra to
his own remained the great deposita-
ries of Unitarianism.
—

For the Monthly Magazine.
NEWS FROM PARNASSUS.
NO. XXV.

Poetical Sketches, with Stanzas for
Music, and other Poems; by Alarie
A. Waits. ;

HE name of the gentleman who
is the author of this little volume
will probably be familiar to our poeti-

‘cal readers; the majority of whom

must, we apprehend, have met with

his very beautiful lines addressed to
the daughter of one of his friends, on
the completion of her sixth year, be-
ginning, ‘‘ Full many a gloomy month
hath past.” They appeared in most
of the periodical publications about
five years since, and were at the time

generally attributed to Lord Byron, a

circumstance of itself furnishing pre-

sumptive proof of no common degree
of talent in the writer.

The present collection contains
many descriptive sketches highly cre-
ditable to the powers of Mr. Watts.
The “‘ Profession” is a vivid and most
interesting picture of the feelings and
conduct of one of the unfortunate
victims of a gloomy and unnatural
superstition, during the performance
of the awful ceremony which consigns
the remainder of her days to the
‘monotonous and misdirected devotion
of a convent, severed from all the
beguiling cheerfulness of social inter-
course, and all the joyous impulses of
love. Such a subject is calculated to
afford ample scope for the exercise of
poetic talent, and Mr. Watts has not
neglected to avail himscif of the oppor-
tunity. His sketch is given with a
touching fidelity ; but it is too long for
transcription here, and to select any
detached passages would be to do it
great injustice. The “ Broken Heart,”
which follows it, is uncommonly beau-
tiful; the conclusion is so exquisite,
that we cannot resist laying it before

_Our readers. Had we not known it to

“ News from Parnassus, No. XXV.

[Aug. 1,

be the production of Mr. Watts, we
know but one other poet of the day to
whom we could possibly have attri-
buted it.

Master of mortal bosoms, Love!—O, Love!

Thou art the essence of the universe !

Soul of the visible world! and can’st create
Hope, joy, pain, passiun, madness, or despair,

As suiteth thy high will! To some thou bringest
A balm, a lenitixe for every wound

The unkind world inflicts on them! To others
Thy breath but breathes destruction, and thy smile
Scathes like the lightning !—Now a star of peace,
Heralding sweet evening to our stormy day;

And now a meteor, with far-scattering fire,
Shedding red ruin on our flowers of life!

Whether array’d in hues of deep repose,

Or arm’d with burning vengeance to consume
Our yielding hearts,—alike omnipotent!

The “‘ Aolian Harp” is so full of
beautiful touches, that it has power to
please even with our fayourite Thomson
in our recollection; and the con-
cluding passage need scarcely shrink
from a comparison with the cclebrated
Lxasove dt Aéywy of Euripides, of which
it forcibly reminds us. The sketch
entitled ‘‘Chamouni,” describing the
stupendous phenomenon of a falling
avalanche, is unequalled by any thing
of the kind in the compass of our
reading, for faithfulness, splendor, and
sublimity. It ought not to have been
followed by Etna, which is altogether
unworthy of appearing in the same
pages with the admirable painting of
Chamouni. Indeed we consider the
description of the Sicilian volcano as
the only decided failure in the yolume.
It exhibits one of the numerous exam-
ples of a poet, who has shown himself
on one occasion capable of the true
sublime, failing, on another, to attain
beyond turgidity.

But it is not on the descriptive me-
rits of Mr. Watts, even in his most
successful attempts, beautiful as these
undoubtedly are, that we feel disposed
to bestow our chief praise. This we
would reserve for his pathetic pieces,
which breathe the very soul of feeling
and tenderness, in language which no
contemporary poet, with the exception
perhaps of Barry Cornwall, could
equal. They are marked by an ex-
pression of pleasing melancholy pecu-
liar to the author, evidently resulting
from such a feeling being, in a great
measure, habitual to him, and not, as
is too frequently the case, the dream-
ing abortion of a sickly imagination,
occupied in enumerating passions ne-
ver cherished, woes never suffered,
and feelings never felt. And although,
in the indulgence of poetic feeling on
subjects calculated to awaken painful

associations,

1823.]

associations, Mr. Watts has occasion-
ally introduced passages which have
evident reference to his own expe-
rience of the sorrows of life, we meet
with none of that obtrusive and ridicu-
lous egotism too often perceptible in
the rhyming votaries of sober sadness,
and which involuntarily elicits from
our lips the Sezlicet id populus curat,
as we glance, with a half-closed eye
and a frequent yawn, over the details
of griefs, which affect the reader so
very differently from the narrator of
them.

The lines toa young daughter of his
friend, which we have mentioned in
the opening of this notice of Mr.
Watts’s volume, and which no one
who has read them is likely to forget,
afford an admirable specimen of the
peculiar power of describing the ten-
derer feelings of our nature, which,
indeed, we consider to be this gentle-
man’s forte. We beg leave to subjoin
two extracts from the present collec-
tion, quite worthy of the author of the
Address to Octavia. The first of these
is from some stanzas written for
music.

While [ upon thy bosom lean,
And gaze into thine eyes,

I turn trom sorrows that hive been,
To those that yet may rise.

I think on thy untiring truth,
And faster flow my tears;

I mark thy waning rose of youth,
And cannot hide my fears.

Oh! light have been the pangs we’ve prov’d,
To what may yet remain;

We've suffer’d much,—but fondly lov’d ;
Parted, but met again!

Still something speaks a wilder doom,
From which we may not flee;

Hell, dearest, let the thunder come,
So that it spares me thee!

The other is from a piece entitled,
«1 think of thee,” and is such as, in
our opinion, would do honour to any
poet.

In youth’s gay hours, ’mid pleasure’s bowers,
When all was sunshine, mirth, and flowers,
We met.——I bent th’ adoring knee,

And told a tender tale to thee.

*Twas Summer's eve,—the heavens above,
Earth, ocean, air, were full of love;
Nature around kept jubilee,

When first [ breati’d that tale to thee.

The erystal clouds that hung on high
Were blue as thy delicious eye;

The stirless shore, and sleeping sea,
Seem’d embleins of repose and thee.

I spoke of hope,—I spoke of fear,—
‘Thy answer was a blush and tear;
But this was eloquence to me,

Aud more than I had ask’d of thee.

1 Jook’d into thy dewy eye,

And echoed thy half-stifled sigh ;

1 clasp’d thy hand, and yow'd to be
The soul of love and truth to thee.
The scene und hour are past; yet still
Remains adeep impassion’d thrill;

A sun-set glow on memory,

Whiich kindles at a thought of thee.

News from Parnassus, No. XXV.

21

We loy’d !—how wikdly and how wel,

’T were worse than idle now to tell;

From love and life alike thow’rt free,

And | am left—io think of thee.

Though we do not entertain a
Johnsonian antipathy to the sonnet, we
confess that we do not hold that spe-
cies of composition in any very great
reverence. Bot here is one which we
cannot forbear transcribing, because
it proves Mr. Watts to be admirably
adapted to excel in a style of writing,
of which we regret that the present
volume affords no other specimen.

Go! join the mincing measures of the crowd,
And be that abject thing which men call wise,
In the wortd’s school of wisdom !—lI despise
Thy bet aid!—Go! thou may’st court the
proud,
With ready smile, and eyer bended knee;
But I do scorn to owe a debt to thee
My soul could not repay. There zwasa tie
(Would it existed now') which might have kept
Peace pelea between us ;—I have wept
With tears of wild and breathless agony,
That it shonld pass away; and sought to quell
The angry thoughts that in my breast would swell,
With dwelling on my injuries,—but yet,
Tho’ | forgive, 1 never can forget!

With this sonnet we must unwil-
lingly terminate our extracts from this
interesting little volume; those we
have made will, we think, sufficiently
enable our readers to perceive that
the author well merits the commenda-
tions we have bestowed upon him.

We here take our leave of Mr.
Watts, much gratified with the perusal
of his volume, and sincerely hoping

_ that we shail again have the pleasing

task of noticing his poetical labours.
The few faults are redeemed tenfold
by the general beauty of his produc-
tions.
—aa
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
STR, ;
HE Hermetic or Ansated Cross has
for many ages supplied food
for the contemplation of the mystic,
and employment for the research of
the antiquary; but certainly, without
excepting the ‘learned . visionary”
Kircher, very little novelty has been
elicited from the subject since the age
of Alexandrian philosophy. Dr. Clarke
is the last person of note who has
attempted its illustration. He has
pronounced it to he a key; an opinion
which, whatever other merit it may
possess, has certainly no claim to
originality, since it is shared with
Denon, Norden, Pocock, &c, |
A varicty of reasons induce me to
object to this hypothesis, though with
proper deference for the opinion of a
gentleman, who has united the time
labor of graceful composition to the
acumen

22

acumen of jadgment which results
from correctly-disciplined erudition;
and it must be confessed, that there is
great ingenuity in his application of
the text—‘‘The key of the house of
David will I lay upon his shoulder.”
But I believe there is no-instance of
the Crua Ausaia being so placed, al-
though there are repeated instances
of such a position conferred on the
flail and the pastoral cloak, which are
known Scriptural emblems of the
gathering and separation of judgment.
But the allusion to the keys of death
and hell, in the Revelation, are of
Mythratic or Egyptian original, there
ean scarcely be a doubt. Montfaucon
(vol. i. p. 232.) exhibits a plate of
Mythra’s mediator holding two keys,
like St. Peter, and which are of the
common kind: but it does not foilow
that the Crux Ansata is a key of this
description. I am not aware that
there are any keys extant among
Roman or other antiquities of a similar
construction; and certainly those ge-
nerally scen in the hands of Diana
Triformis ave of a form approximating
to the modern.

In reality, there appears to be as
little foundation for this opinion as for
another, supported by the Bishop of
Clogher, that it is merely a drill, or
sowing instrument; a supposition
which, at least, has this advantage—
that religious mysticism was closely
connected with the agricultural pur-
suits of the Egyptians, and the act of
sowing itself is highly calculated for
an emblematic allusion. “‘ Zou fool,
(says St. Paul,) that which thou sowest
is not quickened except it die.” But an
examination of the instrument will
Jeave little room for either of the
abuve-mentioned conclusions. One
circumstance goes to refute them en-
tirely, and it has never been previously
remarked: the 7azu in the hands of the
seated lion-headed sphynxes, at the
British Museum, could neither have
performed the operation of sowing nor
that of opening a lock. Those figures
grasp in their hands a ring, to which
a square plate is attached ; and in that,
in slight relief, appears the Tuu,. or
Crux Ansata.

The safest way, perhaps, to arrive
at a reasonable conclusion, is to go
back to tradition. It appears that
the Egyptian priests, when called upon
to explain it, merely affirmed that the
Tau was a “divine mystery.” One
opinion of several ancient writers

On the Egyptian Tau, or Crux Ansata.

[Aug. },
(Ruffinus, Nicephorus, Origen, &c.)
is, that it was the type of a “resurrec-
tion, or hope of a future life.” Clemens
Alexandrinus affirms that it signifies
“unity.” But the most general opi-
nion among the fathers was, that it
pre-shadowed the “mystery of the
Christian atonement.”

The proposition which I mean to
support is in some degree connected
with them all; viz. that it was the type
of Plorus mediator, the Dyadic deity
of the Platonists; and that it pre-sha-
dowed some great regenerative bless-
ing, traditionally anticipated from that
divinity. There seems litile reason
for considering the symbol to be a
Lingam or Phallus, as some modern
writers have done, apparently biassed
by Indian researches... The figure in
question is pure, and it may be called
geometrical. .

That an ancient tradition, such as I
have hinted, did exist, is by no means
improbable. I shall not go over the
usually beaten track to prove it. For
this purpose, Bryant, Warburton,
Cumberland, Kircher, and _ others,
may be consulted. There would be
more improbability in supposing that
Ham, and the immediate descendants
of Noah, did not preserve some graven
memento of the ‘‘ promised seed” than
that they did. Nor will it excite wonder
if the first pure stream of tradition
was subsequently muddied by super-
stition and corruption.

I proceed therefore, without delay,
to the proofs; which, in fact, are of a
nature rather to disarrange that order
which the abstruse nature of the sub-
ject requires, by their multiplicity,
than to weaken it by their paucity;
they grow around me on all sides.
The first and most striking evidence,
that the Tau was a religious memento,
like the Christian cross, is apparent
from this singular fact, that the form
enters into the grand plan of a great
proportion of the Egyptian temples ;
that mary of the Ethiopian selvi were
modelled after this figure; and, lastly,
that the general arrangement of the
sepuichral chambers (those at Lyco-
polis, for example,) implies an esta-
blished architectural rule in copying
or combining it. That keys, and other
instruments of a mixed chzracter, that
is to say, partly typical and partly in-
strumental, may have been constructed
from veneration of the archetypal cha-
racter, is not unlikely. But to argue
that they originated the figure, and
Vere-

1823.]
were not originated by it, would be as
perverted a mode of reasoning, as if
some stranger to our religion were to
refer the ground-plan of our churches
to the ornamental crosses in the jewel-
lers’ shops. .

There are, besides, some represen-
tations of altars modelled in the form
of the Crux Ansata, (a form of struc-
ture which appears to have extended
from the Egyptians to the Druids ;)
and, as these altars have nothing in
common with either a key or an agri-
cultural instrument, the fact anmihi-
lates both those inferences at once.
Looking at my argument, thercfore,
in the most sceptical point of view,
granting that the same model was
applied to objects so very dissimilar,
Still the fair inference is, that the forms
of the temple, the altar, and the tomb,
among a people so scrupulously reii-
gious as the Egyptians, preceded, if

they did not originate, the shape of .

the key and the drill; and it is most
probable that the figure employed was
a religious symbol, applied to arts,
inventions, and occupations, which
were fancifully conceived to be of a
religious character. That the cross
in question is a key or drill, is at all
events a surmise ; but that the figures
I allude to are altars, no one can
doubt. (See Denon, plate 55, 4to. ed.)

Indeed, the improbability of the
Crux Ansata being any thing but an
abstract symbol, is increased by a
further investigation of the subject. It
is not alittle curious, that this cross in
ancient times was borne as an ensign,
like that of the latter Roman empire,
or those of modern Christian princes.
With the large part extended, it was
the Egyptian banner, and served as a
support to the crest or device of the
Egyptian cities; as, a lion for Leon-
topolis, a goat for Panopolis, &e. a
circumstance, by the way, that proves
that this singular people was the in-
ventor of this, as well as of every
other, art. The old banner o/ Persia,
as appears from the sculptures at
Shapouz, was also a cross, with the
addition of a globe to each of the
three upper arms; by which, no doubt,
some picce of theology, similar to that
of the globe, the wing, and the serpent,
was implied. Vhe Lombards adopt-
ed a banner in every respect similar ;
a fact which would seem to imply
some remote connexion between the
two races. It also appears on some
reverses of Saxon coins, and has dc-

On the Egyptian Tau, or Crux Ansata.

23

scended from the Lombards to their
descendants the pawnbrokers, whose
device itis. Qn all occasions but the
latter it seems to have preserved its
religious character. Banners have
always been consecrated things ; per-
haps originally they were talismans
or palladia, stamped with the sigu of
the tutelary divinity ; but that among
the Egyptians they were of a character
decidedly religious cannot be doubted.
For there is extant in Kircher (I
believe copied from the Pamphilion
Obelisk at Rome,) a prolonved Crux
Ansata, with a horned serpent sus-
pended upon it,—which species of
serpent was a symbol, as is well
known, of creative wisdem. indeed
this representation is almost in all
respects similar to the model adopted

-by moder artists in pourtraying the

brazen serpent in the wilderness,—a
circumstance, in truth, of very extra-
ordinary coincidence; since the com-
bined symbol is admitted to have been
a type (indeed it is so stated by our
Saviour himself,) of the great Chris-
tian atonement.

From a collection of the above
evidences, I think it will be manifest
that the sign of the Tau, however dif-
ferently applied, was the memento of
some religious mystery, most probably,
from the peculiar veneration paid to
it, the most antique in the anticnt
world; and, without entering. into the
mysticism of Kircher and his disciples,
there is quite suflicient ground for
supposing that it pointed at a mystery
not very dissimilar from that of the
Christian cross. The latter, hew-
ever, is the record of an historical
miracle; the Crua Ansata must rather
be considered as tue memento of sone
predicted benefit to man.

It is not a little singular that the
veneration demonstrated for both
kinds of cross, the Christian and the
Pagan, although expressed at such
distant periods of time, should have

exhibited itself with features so
strikingly similar. The numerous

modes in which the Christian cross
has been combined in old architectural
orn&ments and carly coins, are suffi-
ciently notorious. Much the same
result occurred to the Crux Ansata. It
is the origin of those beautiful serells,
by eminence called Greek and Wtrus-
can, but in reality Egyptian; in some
of which it appears in a simple tncom-
pounded state, in others more compli-
cated and combined,

The

24

The same figure also fnsinuates it-
self into many of the carliest symbols
of heraldry, an art which has the
strongest external evidence of having
been originally derived from Egypt.
In fact, the Cress Poture, worn to this
day by the Greek priests upon their
garments, and first introduced by the
Egyptian anchorite,, St. Anthony, is
without doubt the Crux Anasta. With
its lower limb elongated, it appears
to have been used by that saint as a
crutch. The episcopal Padum, a
symbol which, as well as the mitre,
the crosier, and even the tonsorship,
may also be traced to the Egyptian
monks, appears sometimes upon escut-
cheons with its lower extremity in the
shape of the Tau. Nor is it unfrequent
to meet with the latter symbol on the

reverse of Saxon coins, placed in.

threes, after the manner of heraldic
achievements, and, beyond a doubt,
representing the arms of some Saxon
prince. Some, indeed, may be in-
clined to think, that the triple figures
here noticed pourtray the hammer of
Thor; but. this supposition will not
violate the probability of the theory
here supported; since there is great
reason to believe, that the hammer it-
self was a Crux Ansata, which is a more
reasonable inference than that the lat-
ter wasakey. Be this as it will, it is
certain that the Scandinavians vene-
rated the same sacred symbol as the
Egyptians, since they represented their
god Thor, or rather their great triple
divinity, under the form of a gigantic
Tau, constructed from the trunk and
limbs of a tree. Nor is it unworthy
of remark, that on one of the coins of
Adult, king of the East Angles, there
appears a Cross Potence, with a ser-
pent suspended upon it after the
Egyptian fashion. Heraldry also pre-
serves the sacred symbol in question
in that species of fanciful emblazonry
which is called Cuppy Very.

(To be continued.)
—_———
For the Monthly Magazine.
AN IRISHMAN’S NOTES ON PARIS.
NO. -V.
HAD doffed my dusty boots, and
refreshed myself, after the day’s
sights, with a clean sock aud shoe,
new modelled the folds of a cravat,
exchanged my surtout for a coat, and
was moving thoughtfully towards my
dinner chez Very, when, as L passed
the café of my hotel, 1 recollected I
had not seen the journal, and so tarned
i

An Irishman’s Notes on Paris, No. V.

[Aug. 1,

in to look it over: I said thoughtfully
towards dinner, for this meal was a
far more serious concern, and took
more consideration from me, during
the first six weeks I spent in Paris,
than I trust it will soon require again.
Not, indeed, from any yery fastidious
sense of epicurism on my part, but
from a great difficulty of speech,—a
convenience, by the bye, I was before
not wont to feel any lack of. For the
first week I dined with some English
friends, long resident in the gay city ;
that was very agreeable: in the second
I made an effort to cater for myself,
and fearlessly entered a restawrateur’s.
All the tables happened to be occu-
pied: the delay rather confused me,
for I stood in the observation of the
salle. Well, I got seated, had a carte
set before me; but, not yet Frenchified
in my palate, I attempted a word of
my own instruction, to abate, if possi-
ble, peculiarity. A green-pea soup,
without other vegetables, thought 1;
a natural rare steak,--I had before
got one in buttered sauce; an omelette,
—aye,—and I essayed expression;
once, twice, thrice, and in vain. A
‘don’t comprehead, sir,” in the most
mortifying excellence of piteously
varied tone from the waiter, was my
only return. A bottle of Burgundy
was more intelligible, and with that
consolation I was content to sink the
soup, and simply pronounce, ‘$ Bif-
steck—omelette,” trusting to chance for
the sauce of the one, and the composi-
tion of the other. ‘They took full
twenty minutes to dress the steak,—I
was impatient: it was noisily served,
—I wasvexed. “Omelette!” I cried,
again and again, while the company
stared in wonder at noisy John Ball.
My bottle, by this time, sank nearly
empty; and, without farther bait for
my temper, I vociferated ‘‘ Carte
payante,” in a voice that made the
Gargon fly in obedience: got it, and
flung out of the house in a rage.

After a modification or two of this
scene, during the next weck, I found
the matter, slowly and with conside-
ration, manageable. However, as I
approached the café of my hotel one
day, I saw inside an English party just
arrived, and most sadly conditioned :
their blood rudely heated by the fa-
tigue of the journey, and their temper
soured by the trials of their ignorance.
‘The long thin figure of a keen cutler
from Sheffield hung intently over the
large round table which ocempied the
middle room, but upon pecotanyeaen:

o

of a meal of British abundance. Hé
covered the naked cloth, casual knife
and fork, and long roll of bread, with
a look of most grieving silence ; every
muscle of his features was stretched in
sad intelligence, and pointed expres-
sion. O si sic omnia! was evidently
the thought,—severe, that so far, he
could get no farther. Then his mind
flew into Yorkshire, moody over a
meal of plenty and comfort; it was a
look of loss and regret far deeper,
seemingly, than any that had before
closed the high bones of his pock-pit-
ted cheeks in a skinny hollow. Near
him,—with her elbow on the table, and
her head pensively on her hand,—sat
a woman, very fair and very fat, her
large eyes flooded in tears of disap-
pointment; while, eagerly pressing
over the shoulders of a little lame man,
who held asmall book, bound in rough
calf, in his hand, and who seemed tu
pause in confusion, was the Yorkshire-
man’s wife, her flurried face all en-
couragement, and her manner ’ all
confidence. The little man stammered,
—the garcon shrugged his shoulders,
—he Anglicised a French order, but
the servant only looked miserable:
till, at last, the vain speaker fixed a
long finger on a line in the dialogue,
pushed the page under the waiter’s
eye, and exclaimed, in good tones of
northern vexation, ‘‘ Dang me, then
you're like to read it yoursel: read,
man,—read ye.” = advanced, and
at once poor Frangois cried out, “‘ Ah,
tous voila, Monsieur Irlandais. Je suis
bien content de vous voir, monsieur;
toujours vous venez sc apropos. Vos
compatriotes sont extremement ehagrinés
pour quelque chose a manger. Ayez la
complaisance, monsieur, de parler pour
eux. Vraiment c’est une grande pitié,
gu; je suis tout a fait miserable moi.” I
was soon enabled to gratify the party,
and left them busy over their desires ;
but, though I met almost daily travel-
lers in a similar predicament, I do
not remember one I obliged without
some feeling of regret: I blushed at
the time for my. country, and never,
certainly, did I think so poorly of its
inhabitants as at times during my ex-
eursion to P'rance. At home we call
ourselves a sensible people ; abroad
we exhibit any thing but the merit of
the character. We throw ourselves
into the arms of foreigners, unac-
quainted with their language, unpre-
pared for their usages, and unable to
Monrucy Maa, No, 385,

An Trishman’s Notes on Paris, No. ¥.

95

reach ¢Veh our commonest wants
withont the stranger’s civility; and
yet, though thus foolish in the onset,
we demean ourselves so ungraciously,
that we literally abuse the nation for

our own ignorance and presumption.
Apropos of dinner,—a word or two
of its expense, and on the places of
best fare, ‘may not be here amiss.
Certainly it is very unclassical, and
most inelegant, to write of money-
matters or of frugal means, unless the
affair concern the state; but a good
dinner is worth a page’s trouble, and
a good dinner within means is indeed
anattainment. A great deal hasbeen
said and published upon the compara-
tive cheapness of England and France,
London and Paris: latterly, it has
been computed that, the difference in
favour of the eastern side of our chan-
nel dees not exceed a centage of 251.
but; even in that case, there is a dis-
tinction, and a very.worthy one, too,
in favour’ of French modes; as it
regards the degrce of economy one
may practise, without variance from
custom, or degradation from rank.
The expense of gentlemanly habits in
London is high and fluctuating; in
Paris it is moderate and fixed. On
this head it were idle to remark, as in
Calais I particularly heard a clerk
from the city say,—and he looked
as though he fancied his head favoured
his assertion, as much as his spruce
coat did his figure,—that one may have
a chamber for five shillings weekly ;
that beef is sixpence a pound, and
that a dinner on a plate of it, with a
draught of porter, at an eating-house,
costs but a shilling: the way is a mean-
ness, and the confession, as an instance
of English life,is alibel. By the tavern-
cost, within and without the city, must
the expense be averaged. Now at
Paris a traveller may put up at an
hotel, respectably frequented and well
provided, at a charge of afranc and a
half for bed, another franc and a half
for breakfast, and dinner, with a pint
of wine, may be very well got over
there or elsewhere for three shillings ;
a cup of coffee and a petit verre, during
the evening stroll, is a matter of sous.
In London, at an hotel of any note
and company, it is to be apprehended
the same sum would not take one half
through the day. If for that money
you would have three meals here, and
an habitation to be owned without a
blush, you must, T doubt not, imitate
E the

26
the clerk in the city, turn a dark cor-
ner now and then, forget awhile your
mother’s habits, and for a moment for-
sake your friends. Indeed, for an
Trishman upon a first visit, it is curious
to remark, how very unfrequently.
young men, when they meet during
the day, enquire where their friend
dines or spends the night: confused
looks and eqnivocal answers soon
shamed me out of the question.

However, to return to Paris and its
restaurateurs: almost the first I was di-
rected to was the Salon Frangais, on
the left of the Palais Royal; and, in
truth, if not from choice, every travel-
ler should visit it from curiosity. The
charge is one to two francs; for them
he chooses, from no very brief bill of
fare, a soup, three dishes, desert, and
a pint of wine. The attendance, too,
is ready; service clean,—you have
silver where plate is common;. and
certainly the cookery is not bad. The
house is convenient, the rooms are
large, and for style and decoration,—
pannelled glass and gilt relief,—de-
cidedly surpass any place of public
entertainment I entered. It was built
and furnished for the chancery of the
late Duke of Orleans; but the revolu-
tion came, and it went, with all other
royal and noble property, to sale en
the public account, and became what
it still continues. ‘To pass over many
establishments of the kind, and others
of better rank, at once turn inte Very’s,
in the Palais Royal,—just now, per-
haps, the greatest resort in Paris,—
and for five francs you may have for
dinner vermicelli soup, turbot, sauce
omar, sweet- bread and green vegetable
sauce, a mutton stcak a la chevreuil,—
by the bye, it were worth a trip to
Paris to eat a chevreuil of Very’s,—
and then, if you have a sweet palate,
order beignets de pommes, and pay five
francs. As for wine, it is there at
every price: six francs enjoys Cham-
paigne, mousseaux, or iced lafitte.
Such is Paris; and what would such
fare cost at Jacquicr’s?

It was at Very’s, I think, that the
gentleman paid fora silver fork in his
bill. This circumstance reminds one
of an observation commonly made by
almost every visitor,—of the difficulty
in France of determining pretensions
to rank by behaviour and appearance.
With us, for indications of deference,
we have the proper distinction of
dvess, ease of manners, and style of
speceh; among the French, with the

An Tvishman’s Notes on Paris, No. V.

[ Aug. T,.
exception of the low order of society,
one may almost say all are alike; at
least the only presumption is dress,
and that one occurs but rarely. Hence:
the frequency of a branded knave in
the pillory, or convicted wretch at the
galleys, who has been respectably
known and fashionably entertained.
The cause of such community of men,
Manners, and conversation, offers
matter for curious enquiry: a passing
solution came inte my head, and it is
the strictness of the grammar. Our
language, from the freedom of our
habits, is quite untrammelled, and.
equally various. As every one does
what he likes and how he pleases, so
every one, in the use of words,. and
even in the way of their connexion,
follows the impulse of his own mind ;:
and, be the sound and signification
what they may, if the author appear
master of his subject, in time he will
grow an authority. That much bene-
fit has been derived from the license
is unquestionable: not only is our
tongue thus most copious and rich, but
we have a greater variety of styles for
every subject and passion, and in
styles themselves a happier diversity
for,—I might add,—every sensation
and peculiarity, than another language
can boast. During the last fifty years,
however, we have gained but little in
this respect, while many erude and
hasty additions seem to. have thrown
us back a stage to barbarism. For-
merly, when the authorities for verbal
improvement imagined a sense fon
which we had not a phrase, or disco-
vered a nicer word than an old ex-
pression, they were careful to divest
their choice from another language of
its foreign accordance, and it came
from their tongues clothed in English
accidence. This was natural and
good; but, now-a-days, the hardest
foreign words,—obseure Greek and
Latin, particularly,—are unmercifully
dealt about, like so many bastards, in
the bare sounds of antiquity ; and one
is almost maddened into a notion, that
things retrograde instead of advance.
This remark is a digression, and is here
dropped with a painful notice, that
these rude innovations are mostly
made by philosophers, as they are
termed,—at least by authors on science;
and, however creditable to the age, or
useful to the people, their ingenious
discoveries, it is a pitiful confession,
that among them a classical writer is
most rare. Now, in French, every
word

1623.J
word, every sense, every idiom, is by
tule prescriptive; hence every one of
a grammatical education, for a com-
mon object, uses the same words and
tense, makes in every respect the same
speech; and, when people talk alike,
to act alike seems an easy result.
With us a man opens his mouth to
speak, and the first sound of his voice
tells what he is: in France one may
make no such discovery; personal
distinction is almost precluded, and
the most distant classes of society
often sit most politely together. Thus
the common sharper successfully ob-
tains admission into company, and thus
a gentleman came to pay for a silver
fork in his bill. Very’s chef,—he is a
fat, round-faced, good-humoured, man,
and less clamorous than his fellows
generally are,—had missed, occasion-
ally, one of those very convenient
articles to a house in the bonne-bouche
way, with three silver prongs to it, in
a certain room; a sharp inspection was
soon set on every visitor, and, before
the week ended, an occasional cus-
tomer was observed to pocket his fork.
Not a word was said, nor a hint given;
but, when the bill was desired, the
dast item ran thus, ‘‘To a fork, the
pattern of which Monsieur honoured
Very by patronising, thirty francs.”
The money was paid, in course, and in
silence; but the chef says he was a
little chagrined, because the gentle-
aman had never called to say whether
the pattern pleased.

A few doors lower, and on the same
side, is the Trois Freres, an excellent
house, distinguished for the superiority
of its mixed dishes, and the delicacy
ef its wild fowl; it is the only place in
Paris where one may drink a glass of
port. QOnthe Bouleyard des Italiens
are several establishments, very well
attended, and very good, though not
of such epicurean note. The oldest
house of the kind, and once the fa-
-yourite resort of the celebrated Ches-
terficld, I myst except—the Café An-
gilais ; as equal to any other in charge,
yet inferior to many in cookery, and
‘certainly with an indifferent cellar.
At Hardy's, on the opposite side, the
white wines are of very gentle flavour.
It is some distance, but, to a lover of
fish, well worth the walk, to the Rocher
de Concalles, which lies a little to the
left of the Boulevard St. Antoine,
which is so called from a rock of that
name on the coast, and which is said
Ao be the property of the establissement,

An Irishnan’s Notes on Paris, No. V. ~

27
and whence daily arrives.a fresh sup~-
ply of marine dainties. The cabinets
for private parties are here most nume-
rous, are very wellattended, and rather
agreeable. From what is here told, it
is evidently particularly distinguished
for fish; but a better sample of the
French kitchen I do not know than
the one this house affords. French
cookery, like French wine, is mild and
agreeable; at our tables, every thing
esteemed good is streng and rich,
almost spirituously so: the art of our
neighbours, though not weaker, is
nicer.

Beauvilliers, in the Rue de Riche-
lieu, is no indifferent house; but it is
the Beauvilliers no longer. It is true
you have the name, charming dishes,
the largest suite of rooms in Paris,—all
brilliancy and glass; yet the master’s
hand is cold. His bedy lies with
great dignity among the other worthics
of the age, who, for high talent of the
head and hand, have been honoured
with the general voice by a sleeping-
place in the Cemetery of Pere la
Chaise. This again is an instance
which proves the nation, and at a
view comprehends the people. The
first cook of his day fills the haunts of
fame, where Abelard and his faithful
Eloisa sacredly repose in Gothic
pomp: by the hero who lies crossed in
the arms of victory, near the classical
shade of Delille, is honourably interred
the late celebrated forcer of meats
and caterer of tastes—Beauvilliers.
Encircled by the same walls, are the
remains of the great Tortoni, now
cold as any of the ices that made his
fortune; where, for one who notices
the grave of Agasse, the once impor-
tant editor of the variable Monitteur,
ten tongues bless the memory of
Viguer, who accommodated the gentle
beauties of Paris with the finest baths
in Eurgpe,—at least, so says fashion.
Who, then, shall deny that in France
the paths to fame are not more level-
ed, and the immortality ef meritorious
labour greater and more impartial,
than one may elsewhere find?

P. Senacuy.
—e
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
SIR,

R, Gitpertson states, that he
came to our manufactory, and

saw Mr. Louden’s patent apparatus
for the purpose of destroying the efilu-
via arising from the melting of tallow ;
and that the eflluvyia was merely car-
ried

28

vied off by means of a high shaft, and
so dispersed, but not destroyed. 'This
Mr. G. states he saw. Perhaps many
of your readers can recollect the story
of ‘ Eyes and noecycs:” Mr..G, clearly
cannot.

The fact is, Mr. G. saw no such
thing. The eflluvia never was carried
into a high shaft; but did then, as it
does now, pass through the fire, and
is. perfectly destroyed by a very clever
arrangement of flues, by which the fire
is made to take its draft from the sur-
face of the boiler, instead of. the ash-
pit. Our apparatus has never. been
alfered ‘sinee it was erected, and re-
mains now as it was when Mr. G. did,
or rather did not, see its

itis due to the inventor of this very
useful apparatus to say, that it has
always, and continues perfectly to
effect, its object. It is subject to little
or no wear and tear, and is extremely
simple ;:so much so, that every one is
now surprised that it was not their
own discovery. Indeed, had it been
a more complicated apparatus, the
inventor would have been better re-
warded; for, not only are there many
appropriating the merit of the diseo-
very. to themselves, but» some who,
availing themselves of itsadvantages,
xefuse the just compensation due to
Mr. Loudon.

Perhaps when: you know, sir, that
about 90,000 tons of English tallow,
and about 40,000 tons of foreign tal-
low, are annually melted in England,
you will readily allow ‘that an appara-
tus: that renders this operation per-
fectly inoffensive, is of no little public
utility: B. Hawes, jun.

Old Barge-house; June 14.

‘ —

Lo the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,

BPN drawing attention to the virtues
f of sulphur as. a medicinal, it is not
because I have much that is new on
that subject to advance, but that it is
not sufliciently appreciated by the
public; and the many advantages this
mineral possesses, when resorted to
as a medicine, deserve to be more par-
ticularized. From ages the most
remote, this has been a standard use-
ful medicine; the earliest physicians
have recorded its merits, and it is of
no mean repute in the opinion of those
of-the present day, who acknowledge
its wtility and eflicacy, and that it
possesses many excellent qualities,
and is perfectly safe.

Mr. Hawes in Defence of Mr. Loudon.

fAug. 1

Itis the opinion. of many persons,
whose learning commands feelings of
the greatest respect, that there are
perhaps few diseases for which nature
has not provided an appropriate re-
medy, either in the form of simples
or condiments, and that they are fre-
quently indicated to us when ill.
When attacked with fever, fresh air,
water, acidulated drinks, and fruits,
are uppermost in our thoughts. How
many are the instances, too, of animals
selecting various vegetables for their
use when indisposed, and for which,
at other times, they are perfectly in-
different. As vegetables contain a
portion of sulphur, some more than
others, and as its action is purgative,
cooling, and opening, to the numerous
excretions of the body, are they not
led instinctively to these remedies?
perhaps to select even the very article
containing most of that principle,
which relieves them by its safe and
varied mode of operation,

The public are not aware how many
complaints are cured by purgatives
alone; nor are the occasional doses of
aperient medicines sufficiently appre-
ciated as a preventive of disease.
There. are many, and those of the
highest medical authority, who recom-
mend the more general use of purga-
tives, more especially of late years,
even for disorders of an opposite na-
ture. For mary diseases where ob-
scurity. or complexity of) symptoms
was a leading feature in the complaint,
and where powerful. medicines are
frequently given at a‘ venture, the
Jate Dr. Warren left a valuable maxim
for the guidance of medical successors,
viz. ‘* When they were at a loss what
to do, they should then preséribe a
purgative, and they would not be far
wrong ;” and, so far is this approved,
that I believe it is very much the
practice at present with the most emi-
nent advisers.

Sulphur, moreover, not only acts as

‘a purgative, when taken for.a: short

period, but it more than any’ other
medicine cleanses the body of any la-
tent matter likely to be productive of
disease, by its increasing so much the
healthy action of the skin through the
medium of its pores. It certainly is
the best cosmetic known; and one of
its boasts is, that it is perfectly safe:
it clears the skin from that roughness
of feel, or harshness, which is.so fre-
quent with many persons, and it soon
removes those smal! unsightly appear-

ances’

1823.)

ances which’ arise from ‘exposure to
the rays of the sun. It is a medicine
that is taken in a variety of forms, and
used in as many externally; but the
smell that it) occasions, when thus
used, has always been a source of
great objection. Within these last
few years, amode of exhibiting it has
been found out in France, and is in
very general use there and throughout
the Continent, which by a-‘combina-
tion divests the medicine of the un-
pleasant odour, and still retains all
its virtues. It is in the form of a
gaseous or fumigating bath, some of
whichhave beenerected in Bury-street,
by Mr. Green,* on an improved prin-
ciple, and are resorted to for the plea-
sant and expeditious way by which
their salutary effects are developed,
more especially as applicable to chro-
nic complaints; such as liver com-
plaints, obstinate head-aches, affec-
tions of the skin, obtuse pains, &c.
Water-baths, impregnated with this
mineral, do not possess the same effi-
cacy, and communicate a smell as
unpleasant as it is permanent.

Tf there is such a thing as a specific
medicine, it would certainly seem to
be identified in this; as it pervades
almost all vegetable substances more
or less, and forms a part of all decom-
posed animal matter, evinced even in
the ovum of an egg; it is to be found
in every portion of the globe; the
atmosphere is continually being im-
pregnated with it, particularly as it
arises from the combustion and fre-
quent eruptions from volcanoes: we
are constantly receiving it into our
bodies, without being conscious of it.

P. P.
—_

For the Monthly Magazine.
account of a late SCIENTIFIC CELE-
BRATION near NEW YORK.

URSUANT to previous arrange-

ments, made by the New York
honorary members of the Paris Lin-
nean Society, the birth of the great
Swedish naturalist, Linneus, was on
Saturday, May 24, commemorated at
the beautiful village of Flushing, Long
Island, in a style worthy of the occa-
sion, At half-past cight o’clock in
the morning, a party of ladies and

* See “ Essay on the Efficacy of Fumi-
galing and Vapour Bathing,’ by Mr.
Green,

On the Medical Virtues of Sulphur.

29

gentlemen, to the mamber of about
200, embarked on board the new
steam-boat Fanny, Capt. Peck, which
plies regularly between New York

‘and Flushing, making two trips daily.

About nine o’clock the Fanny left the
wharf, with her bamners streaming,
aud to the: music of a fine band, sta+
tioned in the prow. Pleasure was at
the helm, and her merry-making vota-
ries, for a moment forgetful of the
past and the future, and mindful only
of the enjoyments of the present, soon
left the smoke and bustle, the cares
and anxieties, of the city behind them.
The countenances and hearts of all
appeared to be in strict accordance
with the bright and serene skies above
them, with the tranquil waters over
which they glided, with the verdant
landscapes which stretched on either
hand, and with the breezes of the
morning by which they were fanned.
Cleopatra’s barge, which “like a bur-
nished throne burned on the water,”
with its “ silver oars, which to the tune
of flutes kept stroke,’ did not move
upon the Cydnus with greater majesty
than did the Fanny along the Sound.

A large number of distinguished
citizens and strangers were ou board,
among whom were the Count d’ Espen-
ville, French consul-general, resident
in the United States, Mr. Ghan, Swe-
dish consul, Mr. Hauswolff, a distin-
guished naturalist of New Orleans,
Mr. Clinton, late governor of the state
of New York, Mr. Colden, former
mayor of the city of New York, with
many others eminent for sciences, li-
terature, and taste.*

On the passage up the river, which
every one thought much too short, Dr.
Mitchell amused the company by ex-
hibiting the purse of the celebrated Rob
Roy. “This identical: money-bag,”’
says a memorandum, which constitutes
the only contents of the purse, “ was
given by Rob Roy, who died at the
age of more than 100 years in 1818.
It was brought to New York in 1821

by

* The young Prince Murat, nephew of
Napoleon Bonaparte, was of the party;
but his dress and deportment were so mo-
dest and unassuming, that he was not dis-
tinguished from our own republican yomig
men, Few were apprised of his being
present, or he would otherwise have re-
ceived those marks of attention and
courtesy which are due to a distinguished
Strangers

30

by Mr: Pirnie, who reecived it from
Gordon, and who is ready to prove ils
genuineness. ‘This Peter Gordon had
been a page to Lord George Murray,
was famous ia the rebellions of 1715
and 1745, by whom he was employed
as a messenger and spy. After the
defeat of the Scots at Cuiloden, he
joined the den of Rob Roy, known by
the name of ‘the thief of Glen
Almon,” and continued with him until
his death. He afterwards lived on
the estate of Drummond of Logie
Almon for the rest of Rob Roy’s life,
following the trade of a thief and a
robber. He then removed to Perth,
where he dwelt in a cottage on the
estate of Bal-Gowan, belonging to
General Graham. Having become old
and infirm, he was supported by the
bounty of a few individuals. When
near his end, he said that, few as were
the woridly things ke possessed, there
were two of inestimable value to him,
—one, a rusty old claymore, with a
bashet-hilt ; and the other, the tough
old leathern purse, whose pocket for-
merly contained the money of Rob Foy.”
So says the memorandum, the authen-
ticity and credibility of which we will
not now stay to examine, but return
from this digression to the order of the
day..,

On arriving at Flushing, the com-
-pany,—joined~by a party from the
island, of whom were the Hon. Rutus
King, and several other gentlemen of
distinction, moved to a temporary hall
at Peck’s hotel, erected for the occa-
sion, and ornamented with a profusion
of evergreens and flowers, where the
arrangements of the exercises and
pleasures of the day was announced.
A letter was read by Dr. Mead, from
Mr. Jefferson to Drs. Mitchell and
Pascalis, in which he regrets that he
cannot join them physically on the
occasion, but will certainly be with
them in spirit; and concludes with
remarking, that he will invite some
amateurs in natural science, in his own
neighbourhood, to fraternize on the
same day with their brethren of New
York, by corresponding libations to
the great apostle of Nature.

Dr. Pascalis read an interesting
communication from the Linnean So-
ciety at Paris, addressed todhe Ame-
yican members of that institution.

The company then repaired to the
spacious botanical garden of Mr.
Prince, which is of great extent and

Account of a lute Scientific Celebration near New York. [ Aug. 1,

beauty: it has received great addi-
tions, and undergone many improve-
ments, since last year. About 20,000
tulips are in full bloom; and the eye
surveys an almost endless variety of
other plants and flowers, which add to
the picturesque beauty of the scenery,
load the air with fragrance, and throw
an air of enchantment over this de-
lightful retreat. These grounds form
decidedly the first botanical garden in
the United States, and, while they
refiect the highest credit on the enter-
prise, industry, and taste, of the
Messrs. Prinees, they remind the
spectator of the neglect of the once-
splendid botanical garden in New
York, which is now in ruins; and the
disciples of Linneus are compelled to
resort to a distant village to comme-
morate the birth-day of their master.
Having sauntered for an hour along
walks shaded with every species of
foliage, through alleys bordered with
flowers, and strewed with blossoms,
where the senses are regaled with
every thing that can interest and de-
light, the party were seated beneath
the branches of a copse of trees in the
highest part of the garden, whence
glimpses of the Sound were disco-
vered through the foliage, and where
the sweet south came breathing from
beds of violets. Here, at twelve
o'clock, Dr. Mitchell took the beneh,
with the priests of Nature on his right
hand and on his left, and surrounded
on all sides by beauty, taste, and
fashion. The band was stationed in
a neighbouring copse, whence national
airs burst forth at intervals, echoing
through the alcoves of the garden, and
mingling with the music of the birds.
Who could avoid being eloquent with
such a scene to excite enthusiasm, and
on such a theme as Dr. Mitchell had -
chosen for the entertainment of his
audience—the churacter of Linneus?
Fortunately, the Doctor treated his
subject in a way which heightened
the. romantic nature of the festival.
Instead of adopting the cold didactic
form, he introduced a novel method,
and spoke, as it were, in parables.
He ibrew himself into a state of som-
nambulism, when a series of splendid
visions rose to view; by means of
which he enjoyed, or seemed to'enjoy,
the satisfaction of conversing with the
mighty dead of all countries, who were
honoured with the friendship, or ac-
quainted with the diversified pursuits
and

1823.] Account of a late Scientific Celebration near New York.

and attainments, of Linneus. The
sketch, which is hereafter to be pub-
lished, abounded with scicnee and
erudition, — with ‘‘ thoughts — that
breathe and words that burn.” At
the clase of the eulogy, which was re-
ceived with great applause, an ode,
composed for the occasion by Mr.
James Gordon Brooks, alias Florio,
was recited by H. Ketcham, esq. to
the delight of the audience. It wasa
charming wreath, bright and redolent
as the flowers that inspired it.

Dr. Pascalis, who, as well as Dr.
Mitchell, is a member of the Paris
Linnean Society, then read an inge-
nious philosophical discourse of great
length, broaching some new theories
en the animalization of plants. He
was followed by Dr. Mead, of New
York, in an elaborate and interesting
address, containing a comprehensive
review of the rise and progress of
botanical science, with brief notices
of some of the most distinguished bo-
tanists. Dr. Mead is reputably known
as the author of a botanical work,
which procured him the honour of a
diploma from the Parisian Society, in
the hand-writing of the President him-
self. His address was well received
by the audience, and a celebrated
French naturalist present tendered his
thanks for the complimentary manner
in which France was spoken of.

After the close of the exerciscs at
this place, the assembly moved to
another part of the garden, where a
likeness of Linneus had been suspend-
ed by Mr. Prince over one of the
priscipal alleys. On the nomination
of Dr. Mitchell, one of the young
ladies was appointed to entwine the
image wiih a garland of flowers, which
was woven with much taste, and grace-
fully wreathed around the picture of
the immortal naturalist. When the
ceremony was completed, Mr. Clinton

ronounced a concise, animated, and
interesting panegyric on the character
of Linneus.

At the conclusion of Mr. Clinton’s
remarks, — which produced a very
striking effect on the audience,—the
party adjourned to the Hall, when
about 200 ladies and gentlemen sat
down to a substantial dinner, provided
for the occasion by Mr. Peck. The
pleasures of the convivial board were
greatly heightened by scientific and
literary exercises, interspersed with
sentiment and music. Dr. Akerly

3

31

read a handsome eulogy on the elder:
Michaux, the admired author of ‘a
Treatise on the Forest-trees of Ame-,
rica.” He concluded his remarks
with giving, as a sentiment, the me-
mory of this eminent French natu-
ralist. A series of fine botanical paint-
ings, from the pencil of an American
lady, were exhibited, and are to be
forwarded to the parent Society at,
Paris. The younger Mr. Prince then
rose, and returned his acknowledg-
ments to the party for the honour con-
ferred upon his family, by selecting
his garden as the place for holding
this interesting celebration. He gave
as a sentiment, ‘‘ Taomas Jefferson,—
the distinguished naturalist, and an
honorary member of the Paris Linnean
Society.”

Mr. Jefferson’s health being drank,
Mr. Hauswolff, the Swedish gentle-
man invited as a countryman of Lin-
neus, and an amateur of natural
science, lately arrived from South
America, rose, and alluded to the pro-
ceedings of the day, in the following
appropriate manner :—‘ Gentlemen,
when [ rise to thank you for the ho-
nour paid to-day io the greatest lite-
rary name at Sweden, I beg leave to
do it both on the score of national
gratitude and private gratification, as
being his countryman, and graduated
at the university of Upsal, over
which is shed the lustre of his glory.
But Linneus belongs, as a sage, to
every country; and you have glori-
ously showed to-day how eminently
you have made him your own. Qn
my early return to Sweden, with what
delight will I not recite the honours of
this day to the distinguished men, who
show that the spirit of their immortal
master hovers over his beloved disci-
ples. I beg leave to propose—the
health of the New York branch of the
Linnean Society.”

Mr. Gahn, the Swedish consul, after
a few introductory remarks, gave the
following toast: — ‘The laurels of
Linneus, now naturalized in America,
may they thrive as well as in their na-
tive soil.”

Mr. Finch, the English geologist, a
nephew of Dr. Priestly, then rose,
and, after some handsome remarks on
the salutary tendency of seientific
associations, to break down the bar-
riers of national prejudice, and to
promote a friendly intercourse be-
tween distant countrics, gave the fol-

lowmg

32 Deportation of the Circular Zodiae from Egypt into France, [Aug.1,

lowing sentiment :—‘ Dr. Torrey, the
distinguished friend and successful
cultivator of natural science.”

Mr. Thorburn then mounted the
rostrum, that he might be distinctly
seen, and explained to the guests in
what manner he was metamorphosed
from a nail-maker into a botanist.

Dr. Mitchell here exhibited a spe-
cimen of moss recently taken from
the grave of Bessy Bell and Mary
Gray, celebrated in one of the songs
of Allen Ramsay, which was recited
on the occasion. .

The festivities at the Hall were
closed with the coronation of Dr.
Mitchell by a young lady, who grace-
fally entwined his brow with a wreath
of pine, when Mr, Clinton gave the
following sentiment :—‘‘ The wreath of
honour placed on the brow of merit by
the hand of beauty.”

After dinner the company formed in
procession, and again repaired to the
garden, where they amused themselves
with dancing cotillions in the alleys,
until the declining sun admonished
them, tbat it was time to close the
exercises of the day. Having taken
leave of Mrs. Prince, and tasted a
parting glass of her delicious cherry-
wine, the party re-embarked on board
the Fanny at seven o’clock, and re-
turned ‘to New York, over waters
curled by the evening breeze, and
lumined by the splendor of the full-
orbed moon, to dream of the romantic
pleasures of the excursion.

—a—

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,

BE deportation of the circular

zodiac from Egypt into France,
does honour to the zeal, talents, and
taste, of the individuals concerned in
it. Nothing which relates to it can be
perused without a lively interest: this
has prompted me to send you a brief
report of a drawing taken of it by M.
Denon. It is paying a tribute of
respect to a most excellent writer, and
estimable man and artist.

M. Denon, actuated by the honest
warmth of a genuine virtuoso, had
attached himself to the French army
of Egypt; in his general behaviour,
supporting the firm character of a
soldicr, in unison with the feelings of
a classical antiquarian: particular
circumstances displayed those feel-
ings to high advantage.

He had taken a general view of the

zodiac, but was unable to copy a
drawing of it, on his first inspection.
It was only after his return from an
expedition to the first cataract, that
he had leisure io display his abilities
as an artist. The following is a very
artless account, which he himself
gives as an author, of his undertaking:
—‘ At Kené, T could discern from my
window the ruins of Tintyris, at the
distance of about two leagues, on the
other side of the Nile. My first visit
liad left on my mind the sentiment
and impression of objects which L
eannot too warmly praise, and more
particularly a zodiac, which reflects
lustre on the genius and habits of ob-
servation of the ancient Egyptians in
astronomy.

“The miri had not been paid at
Denderah; a hundred men were sent
there, and I went in their train. The
ruins of Tintyris are now called Berbé,
apame given indiscriminately by the
Arabs to all antique monuments. To-

‘wards evening, we arrived at the vil-

lage. On the day following, with
thirty men, I-repaired to the ruins,
and here I found every thing entitled
to my attention, in a high degree ; nor
was any thing wanting that seemed
necessary to accomplish my purpose
undisturbed.

“IT had now time thoroughly to
convince myself, that my enthusiasm,
at the first view of ihe Great Temple,
was not merely founded on the illu-
sions of novelty,—an assumption with-
out proofs; and 1 can affirm, in the
most decided manner, that every
thing about it is interesting and
amazing: in taking drawings. of it,
nothing should be omitted, or thrown
into the shade of obscurity, as every
particular is wonderful, and achieved
with a dignified simplicity, that bids
defiance to the severest scrutiny. My
time was very limited, and I wanted
no incentive to set about the main ob-
ject of my journey—copying the celes-
tial planisphere.

‘From the ceiling being very low,
and from the darkness of the chamber,
I could only work certain hours in the
day. But nothing could retard my
zeal; neither the multiplicity of the
details, nor the difficulty of not con-
founding them, where the means of
distinguishing accurately were so de-
fective. The idea of actually per-
forming a, transaction for which the
lcarned -and -scientific -part of my

country

1823.]

country would feel so highly gratified,
rendered all objections futile and un-
necessary; and urged me to exert
myself in the career of my laborious
investigation. In the privacy of soli-
tude, no ‘part of my body but was
twisted into a thousand shapes (tort7-
colis), to add to the notoriety of the
objects.

““My researches, my observations,
my labours, were interrupted by the
over-officious anxiety of the sheik of
the village, who wanted to rid the
country of our presence. On the first
day of my arrival, he made it his bu-
siness to collect the contribution, and
éarry it to the general: it was not
long ere our troops were recalled, and
my expedition was, of course, ter-
minated.”

The drawing of the circular zodiac,
by M. Denon, has doubtless its errors ;
but, all circumstances considered, the
difficulties that arose, and which he
has by no means magnified, with the
rapidity of his execution, his fidelity
in general is of an astonishing nature,
rather than otherwise.

Fig. 1.

__ Now, I submit to Mr. W. whether
his Musicus Ventusorum, as shown by
Figs. 1 and 2, isnot of a much more
convenient and elegant shape than in
Fig. 3. In Fig. 1, let a and b be the
musical cylinder and its axis; let c and
d be the ends of two slips, running
longitudinally from one end of the
machine to the other; let e and f be
flaps, one within the other, the outer
one (f) fixed with hinges to the upper
part of the box or case (at the end of
the line ¢), to open outwards in the
direction of g, to be held back by a
tape, to loop on some appropriate
pin; the inner one e opening down
(outwards), with hinges so constructed
as to prevent its falling lower than
the line h, in the figure. Thus, it will
be perceived that c and g, and d and h,
Serve as compressors. This explana-
tion extends also to Fig. 2, with a
circular outer box.
Again, the float-wheels placed on
the outside of the ends, as m Mr. W.’s
plan, are manifestly in a very preca-
Montuty Mac. No. 385,

Improvement in Mr. Weekes’? Musicus Ventusorum.

33

Not only this, but many other, draw-
ings were copied in Egypt by M.
Denon, the result of which, on the
whole, is, that the same active curi-
osity, the same ardent thirst of anti-
quarian knowledge, that uniformly
designated his character, impelled him,
distinctly, rigidly to scrutinize into
the architectural and | astronomical
systems of the Egyptians ; theiracqui-
sitions of knowledge, the stores of
their traditional wisdom, that had de-~
scended down, in their works: of art,
through the channel of ages.

SENEX.

sates :
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,
EADING in your valuable Mis-
cellany for this month, the de-
scription given by Mr. Weekes of his
new Musicus Ventusorum, 1 cannot
refrain from suggesting to that gentle-
man the following alterations, which I
think he will agree with me in consi-
dering improvements. . Figs. 1 and 2
are end-views of the instrument in its
amended shape; Fig. 3 is the view
given by Mr. Weekes.

Fig. 3.

rious situation, and certainly do not
at all improve the appearance of the
instrument. Could not these floats
be placed on the inner cylinder, con-
cealed from sight, and secure from
accident: let them be as near the ends
as possible, and formed to catch the
air rushing in through the aperture of
the compressors, If it is objected
that they will not receive sufficient
impetus to turn the cylinder, I an-
swer, that they are much more likely
to turn it.in this situation than on the
outside, because~the flat floats in the
latter position, though they are more
exposed to the wind, yet the backs, as
they come round wnderneath, will
meet the wind, and receive its impetus
just as much as those above: thus the
wheel will stand still.

I leave these things to the conside-
ration of Mr. W. and, as a fellow-lover
of the wild sweetness of olian
musio, render him thanks for his atten-
tion to the subject. J.S. K.

July 2, 1823.

F To

a oa

34°

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
SIR,
MID the useful information and
judicious remarks which your
Magazine for the present month con-
tains, I observe some animadversions
on the cruel, and now illegal, practice
of bull-baiting in general, with an
allusion to its exhibition at Woking-
ham; and, as an inhabitant of that
town and a friend to humanity, I am
happy in acquainting R. B. that this
detestable custom is at length prohi-
bited. This was determined on by
our corporation towards the close of
the last year,—when the time for its
repetition, December 21, was near;
in consequence of the Bill for pre-
Venting cruelty to animals having
passed.

As precedent influences many to
correct what might otherwise pass un-
noticed, I request you will give publi-
city to this notification, hoping it may
induce other corporations or indivi-
duals, within whose jurisdiction such
barbarity exists, to adopt measures
for the prevention of this wantonly
cruel and inhuman amusement; which
tends to harden the heart, and render
it callous to those proper feelings
which all ought to entertain towards
the brute creation, — remembering
they were given for our use, and not
for our abuse.

3 per
cent,
Consols.

5 per
cent. Re-
duced.

Not exceeding—

101. per ann.} 28,811 | 12,011
201. do. ++} 12,959 | 4,998
1001. do. ++} 32,297 | 12,133
2001. do. -+| 9,402 3,528
4001. do. -+} 6,322] 2,215
6001. do. **| 2,270 804.
10001. do. ++} 1,459 512
20001. do. + 855 300
40001. do. =» 264 105

109

Total No. of
Persons -- 1

94,748

The above stated number of persons
are exclusive of those who have depo-
sited in Sayings Banks; of the num-

Bull-baiting.— Elucidation of the Funded System.

n Account of the Total Number of Persons to whom half-a-year’s Dividend on 3 per cent.
Consols, 3 per cent. Reduced, 3} per Cents., 4 per Cents., Long Annuitics, and New 4 per
cents., were paid on the 10th of October and 5th of January last, specifying the Number
respectively of those whose Dividends did not exceed the rute of 101., 201., 1001., 2001.,
4001., 600/., 10001., 20001., 40001, and of those whose Dividends exceeded 40001. per ann.

[Aug. 1,

By Heaven’s high will the lower world is
thine!

But art thou cruel, too, by right divine?

Adwmit their lives devoted to thy need ;

Take the appointed forfeit,—let them
bleed:

Yet add not to the hardships of their state,

Nor join to servitude oppression’s weight!

By no unmanly rigors swell distress,

But, where thou can'st, exert thy powers
to bless;

Beyond thy wants ’tis barbarous to annoy,

And but from need ’tis baseness to destroy.

Wokingham ; July 16. SCA oie
—
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,

HE observation, at page 358, in

your Magazine for May last,
“That the Reports and other publica-
tions of the British Parliament vie in
utility, importance, and interest, with
those of any public society in exis-
tence,” has induced me to send you
the following statement of the number
of persons amongst whom 25,772,296/.
of the taxes collected annually are
re-distributed, in the hope that you.
will find it a place in the next Num-
ber of your: invaluable Miscellany.
The statement is compiled from a re-
turn made by the Bank of England,
dated April 12, 1823, and forms No.
252 of the Parliamentary Papers of
the present session, and is as follows,
viz.—

4 per Total
eng ee Piaget 4 | No. of
Ganabis nuities, |per cent. Bersond
9,981 8,360 | 31,359 | 90,755
5,174 3,369 }| 14,629 | 41,295
12,502 7,731 | 34,472 | 99,582
3,593 1,644 } _ 7,677 | 26,049
2,021 825 3,903 | 15,459
608 254 1,145 5,141
400 157 644 3,243
181 58 280 1,752
35 12 48 487

7 ve On 215
34,512 | 22,417 | 94,181 283,958

ber of whom, no return is made: but
the amount of 3 per cent. consols, 3
per cent, seduced, and 3% per cent.

: stock,

1823.]

stock, standing in the names-of the
commissioners for the reduction of
the national debt, on account of
Savings Banks, on the Sth of January
last, was 7,323,179/.; and the following
is a statement of the amount of the

Elucidation of the Funded System.

35

to 25,772,2961. divided amongst the
283,958 persons, as stated above; as
they stood on the 5th of January last.
Vide page 158, of the annuai volume
of Finance Accounts, being Paper
No. 220, ordered to be printed on the

seyeral denominations of stock, and
of the dividends thereon, amounting

25th of March of this present session,
1823 :—

é Unredeemed. _
3 per cent. Consolidated Annuities +--+
3 per cent. Reduced

Capitals. Dividends.
se ecesescesess se £363,775,886| £10,975,276

Do. Ceres eer sess ssesene +00 00133,411,112 4,002,333
Si per cent. DO, oe ccceneccccccevceseseeess 16,098,741 563,455
4 per cent. Consolidated Do, e-sscesessssscccceuscesses 74,843,861 2,995,754
Long Annuities (terminable in 1860) «++++seseesseseseuses -- 1,359,436
New 4 per cent, GO.: -cecccevesccececersseccneeseeersses 147,001,068 5,880,042
Totals. +++ seeeeeee++737,130,668| 25,772,296
And the following is a Statement of the other denominations of ~
Stock unredeemed, as they stood on the 5th of January last,
which make up the- aggregate of what is termed “ the
National Debi,” viz.—
South Sea Annuities, 3 per cent, «+-++eeeeeereeeersrrveee 12,192,58: 364,777
Bank Do. DO.-scecerecncesccersecseceeseess 15,685,158 470,455
Trish various ++ .-sccesesseccenessssneesessesassrsess see 25,789,293 978,581
Imperial 3 per cent.ce++seceeerssreceserecceeveeveesrses 4,723,832 141,715
5 per cent. 1797 and 1802 seve eeeerenes steteveeesreeees 1,008,608 50,430
Life Annuities payable at the Exchequer +e+++++eeseeeeer-s -- 28,944
Irish Life Annuities payable in England --.------- peeecens _ 35,461
Do. " do, in Treland «-+eccescernsvesceses Es 7,127
Life Annuities created per 48 Geo. I1I. about -++---eese. = *500,000
Charged by the Bank of England for management+++-+.-+.- —_ 284,877
Total Funded seeeeeereesceeees s+ +796,530,145| 28,634,615

Exchequer Bills outstanding on the 5th of January, 1813,

bearing an interest of two-pence per 1001, per day +++«-+ 42,209,505] Int.1,283,867

Total Funded and Unfunded -+++++.-838,829,650| 29,918,480

To the above may be added the Half-pay, Pensions, &c. as stated in
detail at pages 442 and 3 of your Magazine for June last, amounting to
5,315,7921, per annum, which itis intended to convert into a fixed an-
nuity, to expire i 1867, Of -+++++++eeeeeeeereceee cere eens Bids Wista ere

And there may also be added, as an additional Charge, and as an addi-
tional burthen of Taxation, resulting from the speculative, unmeaning,|
false, and, as it will ultimately prove, ruinous (if not speedily arrested),
system of money-jobbing, so wantonly resorted to and persevered in
by tliat authoritative and superficial minister, the late William Pitt, and
so pertinaciously adhered to by his worthy followers ; the sum, under
the specious and delusive pretext for reducing the national debt, which
has been granted annually by an Act of the present session of Parlia-

MEME, Of ceceseerreresseeeeeersesceseognsecs

2,800,000

5,000,000

Making a Total Amount of Taxation, on account of what is
termed “the National Debt,” of no Jessa sum than ++++++++|£37,718,480
FEixclusive of the charge arising from per annum more; making an aggre-
the collection of so large anamount gate amount of no less a sum than
of taxes, equal to about 2,800,000/. 40,500,000/. per annum, drawn by
taxation

* The life annuities created per 48 George ILL. are assumed at 500,000/. ; on the
5th of January, 1822, they amounted to 410,000/, and a certain portion of perpetual
annuity is progressively being converted into life annuities, under the said Act; but,
since the session of Parliament, 1822, the annual accounts have been made out ina
new form, pursuant to the suggestions of an especial committee of that session, and
one of the effects of their efficiency is, that the above stated annuities are excluded in
toto from the face of the accounts; and, on the whole, the alteration of form im which
the accounts now appear is for the worse,

36

taxation from the sweat-blood of the
active. portion of the people, for the
support of the idle (and, to a great
extent, the unworthy,) and inactive
portion; and as the proportion of this
fixed annual obligation of the greater
part of the people to a lesser part,
which existed prior to the ever memo-
rable era of February 1793, was only
9,208,496/.; which, by the expiring of
life and other terminable annuities,
and the extinction of about 700,000/.
per annum of the perpetual annuity,
for the extinction of a corresponding
amount of land-tax, and other inci-
dental means of a like nature, has
been reduced to about 7,500,000/. per
annum, it leaves the enormous amount
of no less than 33,000,000/, per annum
as the baneful fruit of the wantonness,
profligacy, incapacity, speculation,
and selfishness, of the Pitt system.

I feel desirous of directing the above
statement to the especial notice of
your numerous and intelligent readers,
and of entreating their most earnest
attention to the collusion and cajolery
. of the Bank of England with the go-
vernment, in reference to the above-
stated enormous amount of 40,500,000/.
per annum of annual obligation; and
to the delusion and imposition of the
5,000,000/.. per annum = exacted in
taxes, under the specious and delusive
pretext of reducing the debt; and also
to the gross injustice inflicted on the
holders of 140,250,828/. of 5 per cent.
annuities, converted by the Act of the
3d Geo.1V. c. 9. into 147,263,327]. of
new 4 per cents. and thereby reducing
their income 1,122,008/. per annum
out of 7,091,503/. ; whilst the holders
of 500,000,0002. of 3 per cent. stock,
with an income of 15,000,000/. per
ann. although upwards of 220,000,000/,
of itwas created at the rate of 5/. 13s. 6d.
per cent. on the money advanced,
were left to revel in wanton and inju-
rious speculation. with their extortion-
ed and collusive gains, because it is
held under the specious denomination
of 3 per cent.: together with some ge-
neral observations on the number of
persons, and their several proportions,
amongst whom the 40,500,000/. are
re-distributed. But, as 1 am fearful
of trespassing on your. invaluable
pages, to the exclusion of equally in-
teresting matter, I will reserve my
observations on these several heads
for a future opportunity.

J. M.

Mr. Graham on the Cure of Epilepsy.

[Aug. 1,
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,

HE Medical Report in your va-

luable Magazine of this month
contains some observations ona case
of epilepsy, in a young girl, in which
Dr. Uwins, after noticing the exciting
cause of the complaints, remarks,
“a disorder with which she will proba-
bly be affected, from slight causes,
during the whole of her life.” From
the age of the patient, and the appa-
rent origin of this peculiar affection, I
cannot see any just foundation for
this opinion: on the contrary, my
knowledge of the effect of remedies in
this disease strongly inclines me to
think, that this case admits of aspeedy
and perfect cure.

Epilepsy is considered for the most
part a hopeless malady; but it is an
unquestionable fact, that from time
immemorial the worst forms of it have
been frequently cured ; from which it
appears to me plain, that the ill-suc-
cess attending the present modes of
treating it, must arise from other
causes than the non-existence of an
effectual remedy. I think it would
not be difficult to prove, that it is a
much more manageable disease than
is commonly supposed, and, at the
same time, clearly to point out the
causes of the negligent and unsuccess-
ful practice in it in our day: but this
is not a proper place for the discus-
sion; and | shall therefore merely
observe, that a certain circumstance
has led me to pay a more than ordi-
nary attention to the cure of this dis-
order, which has put me in possession
of a remedy, that has been adminis-
tered in a great number of cases, often
with entire success, when the disease
appeared in its most aggravated state ;
and never without affording conside-
rable relief. It has cured several
patients, who were grievously afflicted
with it, and had consulted in vain
some of the most eminent physicians
in this kingdom. I am not at liberty
now to make the remedy known; pe-
culiar reasons constrain me to reserve
this for a future period: but the above
facts may be relied upon; and, as a
proof, I shall be happy to afford the
epileptic patients of your respectable
Reporter, and any others so afflicted,
the means of benefiting by the cura-
tive powers of this invaluable me-
dicine.
Epilepsy is a most distressing dis-

order,

1823.]

order, and, if not cured, necessarily
fatal sooner or later; it is also rather
frequent, and by the common methods
almost always incurable: therefore, to
introduce a medicine to public notice
which will invariably mitigate the suf-
ferings of epilepties, and generally
eure them, will be attaining no mean
end. This is my object in writing
this letter; which, 1 trust, will gain
me Dr. Uwins’ excuse for thus pub-
licly controverting his opinion.

1 might add, that the extraordinary
effects of the above medicine in epi-
lepsy,—which is confessedly anervous
disorder,—naturally led to its employ-
ment in cases of great nervous depres-
sion, and in convulsions; in a few of
which it has been used with the most
gratifying result.

German Place,
Brighton ; Feb. 1823.

onheeestin

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,

OUR respectable correspondent,

Mr. J. Fitch, who in page 321
ef your last volume had judiciously
ealled the attention of nautical men
to the principle of filtration by ascent,
as applicable to the purifying of foul
water at sea, has since done me the
honour, in page 400, to notice a com-
munication of mine, inserted in page
200. Yo Mr. Fitch I should earlier
have replied, had not his concluding
paragraph lave afforded reason to
hope, that ere this Capt. Layman
would have stated a few more particu-
lars (in addition to those in p. 122 of
the same volume,) as to the circum-
stances under which the Captain pro-
cured fresh water for his ships, on the
coasts of Malabar and of Sapy, by
sinking holes in the sandy sea-beach.

The water thus obtained by Capt.
L. he assumed to be sea-water, freed
from its saltness and bitterness, by
means of filtration through the sand;
and hence, in the communication re-
ferred to, he appears to infer, and give
nautical men reason to expect, that
the same means would prove success-
ful for the procuring of fresh water in
any part of a sandy beach, wherever
situated. On both of these points,—
viz. as to the source of the fresh wa-
ter, and as to the general applicabi-
lity of this method of procuring fresh
water, I have endeavoured to show
that Capt. L. has been mistaken, and
at the same time have tricd, by point-
ing out the source and principle of the

T. J. GRAHAM.

Mr. Farey in answer to Mr, Fitch and Capt. Layman.

37

supply, to enable nautical men to avail
themselves of such a supply, where-
ever attainable.

The objections are two, which Mr.
Fitch has, im page 400, urged against
my explanation of the phenomenon,
viz, Ist. That Lord Bacon and himself
have considered the «bbing and flow-
ing of water in a weltor hole on the
sea-shore, as the tide fell or rose, to
be evidence that the water in such
well or hole is sea-water; and 2d.
That the brackishness, often, of the
water so obtained, is evidence that
the whole comes from the sea. Mr.
F.’s words are, ‘‘ Its ebbing and flow-
ing with the tide, if not corclusive, is
an important fact towards proving,
that the fresh water thus obtained is
sea-water, purified by percolation
through the sand; and again, speak-
ing of the brackishness, he says, ‘ This
appears to be an additional proof that
the water in the pits is sea-water.”

I have already, in page 202, noticed
the want of any chemical principle or
experimental fact, to prove that wa-
ter, containing saline and bitter mat-
ters in solution, that is in chemical
combination, (as is the case with re-
gard to sea-water,) can in any case be
freed therefrom by mere filtration;
and [ would now remark, that tbe very
rapid filtration here contended for
would scarcely be sufficient to free
muddy water from its impurities, only
mechanically suspended in it; and
again, that sea-water, as often passed
into the sand, and being capable of
precipitating and leaving there all
its matters previously held in selu-
tion, as the tide has risen times, must
long and long ago’ have close filled
every interstice in such sand, and fil-
tration therein would now be imprac-
ticable ; because, let it be observed,
the water, returning on the cbb of the
tide, cannot be supposed capable of
again dissolving or taking up its salt
to bear it to the sea, without render-
ing its previous precipitation an ab-
surd supposition; in fine, the great
Lord Bacon knew or considered not
the essential differences which exist
between chemical solution and mecha-
nical mixture, or he would not have
advanced the doctrine quoted from
his works.

In order to show that the ebbing and
flowing of fresh water in a well near
the sea, (which is a very common
fact, and has often been noticed, as I
shall further mention,) is no proof of

such

58
such being filtered sea-water, I will
‘beg to suppose a case, in which a val-
jey, excayated in the strata to an
equal or greater depth than low-water
where it enters the sea, has its bottom
filled, to the height of high-water or
higher, with clean and uniform peb-
bles, as large, for instance, as wal-
nuts; next suppose, that, in a given
spet in such valley, above or more
inland than the high-water line, a hole
is sunk, and remains open in such
pebbies to the depth of low-water ;
and that through this mass of pebbles
occupying the valley, such a spring or
subterranean stream of fresh water
from the land is making its way to
ihe sea, as is, at the time of low-water,
sufficiently copious to fill all the inter-
stices of the stones around the hole
with slowly-moving water, to the
height of one foot above the bottom of
the hole, and the sea at the time: this
head or pen of one foot being assumed
for the purpose of causing the current
towards the sea.

Suppose, now, the tide to begin to
rise; by the time it has risen six
inches, so much of the head or fall of
the water in the interstices of the peb-
bles will have been taken away, and
the land-water will, in consequence,
begin to stagnate in these interstices,
for a certain distance back, inland,
and occasion the water in the hole to
begin to rise almost simultaneously
with ihe tide: another six inches of
rise of the tide being supposed, a
further.and more extended penning
back of the water in the interstices of
the pebbles will take place, and a
eonsequent rise of water will take
place in the hole; and so on, until at
er soon after the time of high water,
the stagnated fresh water in the -inter-
stices of the pebbles and in the hole
will have attained iheir greatest
height; and from which time the wa-
ter amongst the pebbles and in the
hole will begin to subside or ebb,
accordingly as the progressive falling
oi the tide enables it to flow out into
the sea; and thus perpetually the ebb-
ing and flowing of fresh land-water in
a hole or well evidently may be ocea~-
sioned, provided only that the sea
does not rise faster than the inland
supply-is able to fill up the interstices
between the pebbles to occasion level
stagnant water therein; because, in
such case, a head of water, or fall
(which is essential to any current,)
inland, will be wanting to the sea-

Mr. Farey on procuring Fresk Water in the Sea-Sand. [Aug. 1

water, owing to which it could have
any tendency to enter the pebbles; and
the mixture of the fresh and of the
salt water would in such case be
trifling, and be confined almost to the
surface of the pebbly beach. Imme-
diately on the retiring of the tide, this
mixed and brackish water will first low
out into the sea, and will at the mouth
of the valley be followed by fresh
water, emptying out of the interstices
of the pebbles; in quantity and with
speed proportionable to the space of
stagnated water, the rapidity of the
tide’s fall, and to the living supply
coming down out of the country,
through the pebbles, in the form of a
spring.

[f, now, we suppose a second valley,
and hole sunk therein, in all respects
like that above described, except that
the pebbles here are all of the size of
hazle-nuts, or of pease; it will on
reflection be seen, that the effects will
not be materially varied. And sup-
pose, again, a third valley, filled in
like manner with sand, either coarse
or fine ; or even a fourth valley, whose
bottom is filled with a heterogeneous
mixture of all these various sized
masses or particles of stone, we shall
then have what nature for the most
part presents at the openings of val-
leys into the sea; and where, owing to
the finer particles falling in amongst
the coarser ones, the interstices arein
general very small, and almost similar
in effect with those in fine sand, within
whose mass the fresh water is, in a
degree, held by capillary attraction
during the ebb of the tide.

If instead ofa valley, partially filled
wiih porous gravel or sand, as above,
we suppose land-waters to be making
their way to the sea through the open
and connected joints and fissures of a
thick rock ; as in the case of chalk, for
instance: the fresh water in a well
sank in such chalk, near to the sea,
would, under favourable circum-
stances, ebb and flow, owing to the
tide; but, whether simultaneously
therewith or not, would depend on the
number and capacities of the fissures
or openings from the rock into the
sea, between the high and low water
levels, compared with the adjacent
internal cavities of the rock, and the
quantities of spring-water supplied to
these cavities.

Some twenty years ago, a well of
this kind happening to be noticed in
Brighton, it caused many sage conjec~

tures

1823.] Mr. Farey on procuring Fresh Water in the Sea. Sand.

tures to be’ hazarded, and several
learned essays to be written, until at
length some one explained its pheno-
Mena as above; and the same has
more recently happened at Bridling-
ton, in Yorkshire. Around Eneland,
the cases are very numerous of wells
affected, as to the heicht of their fresh
water, by the tide; although ia many
instances the facts may have escaped
- notice, and in more instances haye
never been published. ©

I have hitherto heen considering the
cases of holes or wells left to them-
selves, and not affected _by the lading
or drawing of water from them; and
here I would remark, that with very
copious springs, passing either through
the open gravel of a valley, or the free
fissures of a rock, the ordinary draw-
ing of water could occasion little
difference in the circumstances; but,
if ever the drawing of fresh water
from a hole or well, thus situated,
near to and interruptedly connected
with the sea, exceeds for any conside-
rable time the quantity of land-supply,
and the surface of water in the hole or
well is thereby lowered below the sea-
level at the time, from that instant the
supply will in part be drawn from to-
wards the sea; and, accordingly as its
water is near or. far off, horizontally,
* and as the artificial depression of the
water is greater or less, and the fis-
sures more or less open next the sea,
will the time be which will elapse be-
fore first brackish, and at length salt,
water will begin to enter the hole or
well; where, but for this inordinate or
long-continued drawing of water, no
saltness would ever have been per-
ceived,
_ I have already intimated, that the
superficial parts of the sand of the
beach, even opposite to the mouth of a
valley, producing a good spring, will
in most cases become saturated with
brackish or salt water on the rising of
the tide; because of its water, being
nearest at hand, to first fill the inter-
stices, then become empty, through
soaking away and by evaporation,
during the ebb; and this circumstance,
as well as lessening the risk of atany
time drawing the water in a hole,
lower than the sea is at the time,
makes it advisable, whenever practica-
ble, to sink the hole intended to water
a ship, above or more inland than the
high-water line.

In the cases I have alluded to, at
the ond a page 202, wherein it may be

39
necessary for the mariner to sink his
hole on the naked beach, below high-
water line; it would, for avoiding or
lessening the soakage of the super-
ficial brackish water above mentioned.
into the hole, perkaps be advisable to
shovel off and throw away the super-
ficia} sand, as deep as it may be found
cuarged with salt water, for a consi-
derable space around the intended
hole.

A tall cask or pipe, whose bottom
and lower parts on the side next the
Jand, are pierced with numerous small
gimlet-holes, should in such case be
set in the hole, and the sand fiiled in
around it; and, to guard against being
surprised by the rising of the tide,
before the watering can be com-
pleted, especially where the spring
appears a weak one, it would be right
to sink two or three of these perfo-
rated casks, as far distant irom each
other as conveniently may be: so that,
by lading or drawing slowly from each
at the same time, the lowering of the
surface of the water in each may be as
little as possible; whereby the risk of
drawing either brackish or turbid
water into them would most likely be
prevented.

It may not be amiss to mention
here, that several. wells have been
sunk for domestic purposes near to the
sea, which at first, and for atime,
yielded good fresh water on a level
with the sea, but which wells have
come by degrees to afford water which>
is brackish and bad: the reason of
these failures has been two-fold : first,
the wells have been sunk of too con-
tracted dimensions, so that sufficieut
reservoirs of water are not held in their
bottoms to answer the sudden periodi-
cal demands; or else, second, due
care has not been observed (espe-
cially after dry seasons, when the
springs are diminished) in drawing or
pumping only such quantities at a time
as the spring supplied: but the well
has, on the contrary, been frequently
and much lowered, or perhaps emp-
tied of its water ; and owing to which,
the salt water has been able to pene-
trate from the sea, and perhaps irre-
trievably to saturate the strata around
the well; where, but for such injudi-
cious Management, a perpetual satura-
tion of fresh water might, for ever,
have prevented the access of salt
water. Every weil in the situation
alluded to, should be furnished with a
float (those of stone are the maples
an

40

and best,) with a wire and small chain
therefrom, passing over a pulley, and
carrying a counter-weight, as) an
index; whereby the height .of the
water would at all times be indicated ;
and which height should, in doubtful
cases, be compared with the tide, ‘in
order that the well. might never be
drawn lower, or even so low as the
surface of the sea. JoHN Farey,

Howland-street.

P.S. I beg to assure Mr. Cumberland

Memoirs of General San Martin.

[Aug. 1,
(see p.8,) that the “ire,” the “ indigna-
tion,” the “wrath,” &c. of which he
speaks, have been strangers to my breast ;
and, like the ‘* new Theory,” have been of
his own vention: and further, that I take
in perfect good part what le says in the
page referred to, as affording proof, that he
could not readily oppose either facts or
arguments to what I have seriously, and I
hope becomingly, advanced, in opposition
to some geological. tenets of himself and a
reverend Oxford prosessor.

BIOGRAPHY OF EMINENT PERSONS.

<i

NOTICE relative to GENERAL MARTIN ;
containing also some. PARTICULARS
respecting the NEW STATE Of PERU.

Extracted partly from Official Papers,
published by the Peruvian Government,
and partly from a Biographical Account
of General Martin, written in Spanish, by
M, Ricardo Guali Juen, and translated
from the Revue Encyelopedique,

a YHE organization of the two Ame-
rican continents appears to be
rapidly advancing. ‘The United States
exhibit the noble model of a sage and
virtuous government,and the prosperity
of the people bears a proportion com-
mensurate to the liberty established
by law. Ina few years more, Free-
dom will have fixed her dwelling
throughout the new world, from Cape
Horn to Labrador; the savage and
anti-social state will also give place
to the unrestrained exercise of all the
human faculties, and all will enjoy the
benefits of civilization. The passage,
however, from the monarchical state
torepublican governments, has seldom
been pacific; butis generally attended
with civil wars.

General Don José de San Martin is
the legislator of Peru; and this sketch
professes to trace the course of his
military and political life. He was
born in4778, at Yapegu, a hamlet of
the Missions of Paraguay, of which
province his father was governor. At
the age of eight years he was conveyed
to Europe by his family, and placed
in the College of Nobles at Madrid.
On the completion of his studies, he
immediately deyoted himself to a mi-
litary life, and was employed in all
the campaigns .of the Spaniards
against France, during the revolution.
In 1808 he was aid-de-camp to the
Marquis de Lasolana, when that ge-
neral was assassinated by the populace
at Cadiz. In features, the aid-de-

camp bore a strong likeness to his
chief; and this conformity exposed
him to great hazards. He served
afterwards under General Castanos,
and distinguished himself in the affair
of Baylen, so as to merit the eulo-
giums of his general, and honourable
mention in the official reports. He
was afterwards attached, successively,
with the grade of lieutenant-colonel,
to the armies of Andalusia, of the
Centre, of Estramadura, and of Por-
tugal. At length the provinces of Rio
de la Plata, following the example of
the other Spanish colonies in Ame-
rica, proclaimed their independence,
and recalled all their citizens to the
defence of the cause they had em-
braced.

On arriving in his country, M. San
Martin, whose reputation had already
preceded him, was directed by the
government to raise a squadron of
cavalry. In a very little time, the
army of the Republic, then called the
Argentine Republic, had a corps of
grenadiers on horseback,. whose dis-
cipline, manoeuvres, and military spi-
rit, were generally admired. At the
head of 150 men of this corps, San
Martin totally defeated 500 men that
the governor of Monte Video had dis-
patched to the Upper Parana, to
attack the new Republic in that re-
mote province. This brilliant feat of
arms procured San Martin the grade
of colonel.

The arms of the Republic were less
fortunate in the battles of Vilcapujo
and Agouma. San Martin was_ se-
lected as the fittest instrument to
retrieve these misfortunes, and check
the progress of the Viceroy of Lima,
whose army was greatly superior in
number. These expectations were
not disappointed; but the health of the
new general was impaired by i

nua

1823.]

nual fatigues, in a most unbealthful
climate; and, for a time, he was
obliged to give up the command of the
army, and retire, for some repose, to
Cordua, in the Tucuman,

When able to resume active service,
the province of Cugo, then the most
important point to defend, was con-
fided to him. While the administra-
tion of this province remained in his
hands, important and durable changes
were effected. ‘The greatest order
was introduced into the management
of civil affairs: discipline and instruc-
tion were promoted in the army-; the
facility and security of the public
ways and communications were esta-
blished; a canal was excavated, for
the conveyance of waters that now
fertilise immense plains; a new town
was erected on the banks of this canal ;
and the city of Mendoza, capital ef
the province, was adorned and embel-
lished. These benefits flowed from
a vood government, and will entitle
San Martin to the lasting gratitude of
the inhabitants. In like manner, the
memory of Turgot will be consecrated
in the Limousin, though his.services
and virtues should be forgotten in the
rest of France.

- Whilst these various events left the

fate of the Spanish colonies in Ame-
rica in a state of uncertainty, that of
Spain appeared to be decided, The
French occupation had terminated :
Ferdinand VII. was on the throne;
the province of Mexico or New Spain
had been, in a manner, pacified by the
Viceroy Apodaca; Morillo was mas-
ter in the provinces of Venezuela and
Cundina Marea; Ossorio, and his suc-
eessor Mareo, were rivetting the
chains of the Chilians; a Portuguese
garrison occupied Monte Video; the
royalists predominated in Upper Peru;
and Buenos Ayres had become the
last asylum of independence and li-
berty in Spanish America.

Two armies were menacing the
province of Cuyda at one time ; that of
Peru was more distant, but that of
Chili, consisting of 8000 men, excel-
lent troops, was not a little formida-
ble, in the situation of affairs at the
commencementof 1817. General San
Martin formed the project of attack-
ing the former; but there was a neces-
sity for dividing the enemy’s forces,
He propagated false rumours, whieh
misled the Governor of Chili, and
advanced towards the north with

Monrury Mac. No, 385.

Memoirs of General San Martin.

Al

8000 men, while he was expecied in a
contrary direction. For the first
time, a train of artillery was seen
crossing the snows of the higher Andes,
After clearing these mountains, with
infinite toil, the republican army came
up with the enemy at Chacabuco, on
the 12th of February. It was inferior
in number; but gained a victory so
complete, as to emancipate the rest of
Chili from the yoke of the metropolis.
The royalist general, Marquali, was
killed on the field of battle; the
wrecks of the vanquished army took
refuge in the fortress of Talcahuano,
and all other parts of the province en-
listed under the banners of indepen-
dence. Thus one military achieve-
ment, which in Europe would have
only passed for an affair of advanced
posts, proved the means of laying the
foundation of a new state in Amcrica.

In the effusions of their gratitude
and joy, the Chilians voted the chief
command of the army to the general
who had asserted their liberties. But
San Martin refused, notwithstanding
the most pressing solicitations; and
declared that no one appeared so fit
for that elevated station as his compa-
nion in arms, the intrepid O’Higgins,
to whose conduct he attributed a
principai part in the recent victory.
This choice was confirmed, and the
liberator of Chili returned to Buenos
Ayres, to prepare a new expedition
against Peru. Previous to his depar-

‘ture, the magistrates of St. Jago pre-

sented him with a considerable sum:
this he immediately expended in the
formation of a public library, the capi-
tal not being then provided with one.
Some time before, he had devoted
one-half of his income to the public
Service; and the lady of this public-
Spirited citizen had sacrificed her dia-
monds and jewels, for the support of
the same honourable cause.

While General San Martin was
making preparations at Buenos Ayres,
for an expedition to Peru, O’Higgins
was making arrangements to procure
from England and the United States
vessels and a marine capable of oppo-
sing any naval incursions of the Vice-
roy of Peru against the rising repub-
lic. This was a measure of prudent
precaution ; but the supplies which he
Was projecting could not arrive in
time. The Viceroy Pezuela, in al]
haste, dispatched a new army of 5000
men, which disembarked at Talea-

G huana,

42

huana. These troops, commanded by
Ossorio, and re-inforced by the’ garri-
son of the place, proceeded on their
march for the capital of Chili.’ Ere
long, they had to encounter the repub-
lican army, 9000 strong, under the
orders of San" Martin (who had re-
turned,) and O’Higgins. ‘Phe royalists
were inferior in: number, and their
general, distrusting the issue of a
battle, in open day, made an attack
by night, which sueceeded beyond his
expectations. The republicans were
surprised and put to the rout, in a
manner, without fighting; but, forte-
nately, the right wing, commaiuded by
General Las Heras, in spite of the
greatest obstacles, effected ils retreat
to the walls of the capital, more than
eighty Castilian leagues from Cancha
Rayada, where the liberties of the
Chilians had been exposed to such
hazards.

To repair these disasters, the Chi-
Jians had courage, and General San
Martin to second and invigorate it.
In the space of fifteen days, this able
general, repairing to St. Jago, had
re-established public confidence, re-
assembled an army, and was ready
to offer battle to the enemy, in
the plain of Maipo, distant three
leagues from the capital. Ossorio
was superior in numbers, and his army
was composed of chosen troops; but
the triumph of his adversary was com-
plete, and the royal army was appa-
rently annihilated. Ossorio could only
bring back seventy-three men to
Taleahuano; the rest were cithez killed
or taken prisoners.

This victory of Maipo was not de-
cisive of the fate of the American
republics. General San Martin fore-
saw dangers ever likely to arise from
Peru, and he determined to make its
“territory the theatre of war. He
repaired, then, afresh to Buenos Ayres,
to renew the preparations for the ex-
pedition which he meditated. The
state of the roads, and his own ill-
health, prevented his return to Chili
before the end of October. During
that time, the marine of the new re-
public had been formed. The Chilian
admiral, Don Manuel Bianco, had
captured, in the waters of Taleahuaho,
ihe Maria Isabella, with the greater
part of the convoy from Cattiz, for
Callao. Soon after, Lord Cochrane
arrived, and the Chilian squadron
was placed under his orders. He was

Memoirs of General San Martin.

fAug.1,
directed to go and attack, in the Bay
of Callao, the Spanish naval force; the
destruction of which could not fail to
aid essentially the success of the prin-
cipal, expedition, | But things were
not yet matured for this enterprise,
and the finances of Chili were! ex-
hausted. . Vhe indefatigable San’ Mar-
tin, who was often moving from one
seene of action to another, prepared
once more to revisit Buenos Ayres:
this was in the month of February
1819. He had been recalled by the
pressing injunctions of the govern-
ment of the Argentine Republic, then
menaced by the great preparations
making at Cadiz; and further, he was
cager to terminate, by his mediation,
the differences between his govern-
ment and the perfidious Artigas.

This journey was obstructed by cir-
cumstances. San Martin had timely
notice, that a chief of the brigands,
José Miguel Carrera, at the head of a
band, was lying in wait for him at a
certain passage ; and, doubtless, if the
general had only advanced three
Jeagues farther, he must have fallen
into their hands, at the risque of being
assassinated. He returned, therefore,
to Mendoza; intending to retrogade
to Chili, should the route of the pro-
vinces of La Plata not prove free.
His health, however, was seriously
impaired ; while, in) the: mean: time,
disorders were prevalent in the whole
range, from the foot of the Andes to
the mouth of the river La Plata.’ On
one side, the government of Chili
pressed him to put himself at the head
of the liberating army of Peru; under-
taking to remove all obstacles, and to
provide all requisite supplies for. the
expedition. On the other side, the
chiefs of the Argentine Republic in-
sisted on his re-conducting, within
their boundaries, the army of the
Andes under his command. It wasno
longer a foreign invasion to be repel-
led ; the events of Port St. Mary, at
Cadiz, had put a stop to that project ;
but enemies still more alarming,—civil
factions and anarchy. General Bel-
grano, who was at the head of an
army on the frontiers of Peru, reccived
similar orders; which he obeyed. San
Martin, after mature reflection on the
part he was to take, to serve at the
same time his own country, and to'
promote the common interest of the
grand American cause, concluded
upon not obeying. Though many

= have

1823.]

have for this condemned San Martin,
events have pronounced his abso-
lution. > :

- This general set out for Chili; car-
ried ina litter; tcr his health would
not ‘allow him’ to travel sotherwise.
While he was’ crossing «the Andes,
anarchy was ravaging the provinces to
the east of those mountains. The
army of General Belgrano refused
obedience to his orders: a squadron of
chasseurs of the Andes, one of the
best corps inthe army, disbanded,
depriving the country of the service
of a thousand veteran ‘soldiers. Ge-
neral Rudesindo Alvarado could only
keep 2000 men together, by removing
thenr from. the focus of that moral con-
tagion, and conducting them to Chili.

Factious partisans had dissolved the
general government of the Argentine
Republic. San Martin learned this on
his route, and was for resigning the
command of his: division, as the autho-
rity which had nominated him was no
longer in existence. He then made a
general halt, assembled the officers,
and announced his dismission. Una-
nimous acclamations nominated him
afresh commander-in-chief; a title and
function which he refused to accept,
unless the division would accompany
him to Peru.

All obstacles to retard the expedi-
tion were then removed. The com-
bined liberating army of Peru quitted
Valparaiso,’ August 20, 1820; San
Martin was constituted generalissimo.
To contribute to the charges of this
enterprise, he had sold, at half-price,
a domain that the Chilian government
had obliged him to accept. Admiral
Lord Cochrane was put under his
orders as commandant of the naval
forces,

This grand expeditionary army con-
sisted of about 5,700 men. It was
going to invade a country, defended
by more than 20,000 soldiers, well-
disciplined, and trained to wars. {fn
this campaign, General San Martin
particularly signalised his talents,—
political as well as military. Leaving
nothing to chanee, moving forward
with due precaution, and well second-
ed by his troops, he came off victor in
every combat. General Arenales,
whom he had detached into the Sierra,
completely defeated the Spanish ge-
neral O'Reilly, and took him prisoner.
Almost all the provinces joined in the
insurrection: the soldiers came over
by hundreds, to enlist under the co-

Memoirs of General San Martin.

43

lours of the liberators. The Viceroy
Pezuela had ‘been deposed, and re-
placed. by: General Lacerna;« and,
about the) same time, D.» Manuel
Abrou, captain ofa frigate, arrived
from ‘Europe, in the quality of, Com-
missary of the Constitutional, King of
Spain, deputed to. the provinces - of
Chili and Peru. A conference, tend-
ine to a gencral pacification, was held
at Punchauca on the 2d of June, 1820.
Had it depended on the generals San
Martin and Lacerna, hostilities would ,
have ceased, by) admitting, as it is
reasonable to: believe, the indepen-
dence of America. But the chiets of
the Spanish army rejected every pa-
cific overture, and the war continued.
At the end of six months, the forts of
Callao were the only posts occupied
by the royalists; and the capital had
opened its gates to the liberating
army.

When San Martin found himself
master of the country, his first care
was to organise a vigorous govern-
ment, and, under the circumstances of
the times, he judged it expedient to
assume an autocratic or dictatorial
power, under the title of Protector.
This sort of usurpation was not wiih-
out its advantageous results. The
enemy were yet in pessession of Cal-
lao; parties had taken refuge in the
Sierra, whence Arenales could not
chase them; there were other bodies
scattered through the province of
Arequipa, and in Upper Peru.

After some time, the royalists issued
out of the Sierra, and drew near to
Lima, expecting to enter it without
opposition., But San Martin, who
was looking out for them at some dis-
tance from the city, surprised and de-
feated them, and the foris of Callao
were soon after surrendered to the
conqueror. The Order of the Sun _
was then instituted; and a Peruvian
patriot, the Marquis de Torre Tagle,
was authorised to regulate all that
concerned the national army, and to
prepare an interview with Bolivar.
This memorable conference could not
take place till the 24th of July, 1522,
on the banks of the Guyaquil. It is
desirable that these two celebrated
interlocutors would, in due time, fa-
vour the public with the details of their
interview. As to its results, they
were not unforeseen by discerning
politicians.

As soomas General Martin had re-
turned to Lima, General Alvarado, NS

the

44

the head of 4000 selected men, drove
the enemy out of the provinces of
Arequipa and Upper Peru; while Ge-
neral Arenales, with another corps of
6,500 men, dislodged them from the
Sierra. The first Peruvian Congress
was then assembled, and the Proteetor
resigned into their hands all the
powers which he bad assumed, and
exercised, only for the public benefit.
He refused the command of the army,
which ke was solicited to accept by
the Congress; and he now lives in the
bosom of his family, at Valparaiso,
hestowing his best attentions on the
education of his daughter,—the only
fruit of his connubial union.

During the interval of thirteen
months, wherein San Martin presided
solus, he encouraged the culture of
letters, promoted general and mutual
instruction, and. took measures for
their rapid dissemination. He made

a present of his library to the city of

Lima, which was not provided with
one. He contented himself, while
Protector, with one-third of the ap-
pointment usually assigned to the
viceroy.

lt is honourable to. America to have
produced, in half a century, three
such men as Washington, San Mar-
tin, and Bolivar, even if she had not
to boast of a number of others, whose
seryices have been of utility io their
countries, in a civil or military capa-
city. The supremacy of talent is sure
to shine conspicuous, that of the vir-
tues often passes unobserved: it is the
chief praise of the three, to have united

Stephensiana, No. XX.

fAug. 3s

the fame of the one, and purity-of the
other; which gives a superior merit,
imparts a grace that raises them to
the rank, not of imitators, but ori-
ginals.

According ‘to the last news from
Lima, the Congress of Peru have de-
puted a commission ‘to present the
project of a Constitution, grounded on
the representative system. The bases
are the unity of the nation, under the
title of. the Free State of Peru. The
sovereignty is declared independent
of Spain, and of any other foreign
power ; the Catholic religion is that of
the state; the right of election is inhe-
rent in the people, and that of making
laws in its representatives. The li-
berty of the press, the security of per-
sons and property, the abolition of
confiscation, of defamatory penalties,
of hereditary dignities, of monopo-
lising privilezes, and trading in slaves,
are proclaimed and guaranteed. The
executive power not to be hereditary,
nor vested in any individuals for life.
In criminal causes, recourse to be had
toa jury. A senate to be constituted,
to watch over the Constitution, with
powers to prepose to the executive,
functionaries, eivil and ecclesiastical,
and to convoke the Congress, in ex-
traordinary cases. The ministers to
be responsible, collectively and indi-
vidually. A treaty of reciprocal assis-
tance in peace and war, and acom-
munication of the privileges of citizen-
ship, has also been recently established
between the Free State of Pern and
the Republic of Columbia.

STEPHENSIANA.

NO. XX.

The late ALEXANDER STEPHENS, Esq. of Park House, Chelsea, devoted an active and
well-spent life in the collection of Anecdotes of his contemporaries, and generally entered in a
book the collections of the passing day ;—these collections we have purchkused, and propose to
present a selection from them to our readers. As Editor of the Annual Obituary, and many
other biographical works, the Author may probubly have incorporaied some of these scraps ;
but the greater part are unpublished, and all stand alone as cabinet-piclurcs of men and
manners, worthy of a place tn a literary misccllany,

—_—
and there is an air that accompanies
it, composed by David Rizzio, musi-
cian and secretary to the queen.

Adieu, charmant pays de France,
Douce patrie,
Terre cherie,
Heureux sejour de mon enfance;
Adieu France ; adieu, mes beaux jours, |
La nef qui dejoint nos amours,
Douce patrie,
Terre cherie,

MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS.

HE following morceau, if we may

- eredit common fame, was from the
pen of Mary Stuart, queen of Scots.
It will, undoubtedly, be thought cu-
rious, as tracing one of the human
passions (regret,) in a new manner,
and as containing, in a plaintive mes-
tozo, some natural, pathetic, and beau-
tiful, touches. It has borne the name,
as T have been informed, of a Romance,

N’avoit

1823.]

N’avoit de moi que la moitié.

‘L’autre est a toi: quelle soit tienne;

Je la fie d-ton amitié;)

Que de Marie il te souvienne.

CANCER OF THE STOMACH.

There are. few) diseases,.of the
stomach more frequent, than that of
Cancer. Jt appears to depend upon
the same interior disposition as other
cancerous diseases; but its determi-
nate causes.are very numerous and
various, The chief are deep and con-
tinued grief, melancholy, or chagrin ;
immoderate use,.of wines and spiritu-
ous liquors, above all, taken in the
morning fasting; strong contusions of
the epigastrium ; a restraintlong exer-
cised on that part; the suppression of
an habitual hemorrhage,.or of a cuta-
neous affection; in fact, any thing that
can cause an irritation of the stomach.
Among these causes, there are some
which particularly belong to certain
professions, to particular. epochs of
life, &c.. Cancer of the stomach
scarcely ever shows itself before the
age of. twenty-five years: it is most
frequent between the thirty-sixth and
ibe liftieth years, Like all other can-
cers, it causes at first only local effects;
and itis not till the end of a certain time
that it occasions a progressive change
of nutrition, and of all the other func-
tions: whence it follows, that its dura-
tion exhibits generally two distinct
periods, but whose absolute and rela-
tive duration is very, variable.

A crowd of diseases may complicate
cancer of the stomach, and accelerate
its fatal termination. The principal
are—dropsy, (hydropisie, ) les squirres
du foie et d'autres visceres, Uhepatite et
la peritonité aigue ou chronique, et les
fievres ataxiques et edynamiques.

SALE OF THE LINNEAN COLLECTION.
Ina Letter from Siv James Edward Smith,

M.D. F.R.S. President of the Linnean

Svciety, to Dr. Stoever.*

London, Nov. 21,1791.

In the first place, I shall give you,
sir, an historical account of the sale
ofthe Linnean collections with as much
accuracy as I can. On the death of
the younger Linneus, in the autumn of
1783, his Majesty the King of Sweden
was, I believe, in France. The mo-
ther and sisters of the deceased were
anxious to make as large a profit as
they could of his Museum; and there-

* See the Life of Sir Charles Linneus,
translated by Joseph Trapp, a.m. from the
German of D, H, Stoever, pu.v.

Siephensiana, No, XX.

45

fore, within a few weeks after his
death, employed Dr. John Gustavus
Aerel, Professor of Medicine at Upsal,
to offer the whole collection of books,
manuscripts, and natural history, to
Sir Joseph* Banks, fer the sum of a
thousand guineas (1,050/. sterling).
Dr. Acrel wrote’ to Engelhart the
younger,» now professor at Gotten-
burgh, and who was then in London,
to make this offer to Sir Joseph. It
happened that I breakfasted at Sir
Joseph’s that very. day, which was
December 23, 1783; and he told me
of the offer he had, saying he would
decline it, and advising me strongly to
make the purchase, as a thing suitable
to my taste, and would do me honour.

At that time we knew very little of
what the collections consisted. When
the catalogue of the books, and other
particulars, were sent, they proved
much richer than either ‘Sir Joseph or
myself had any idea of; but I ought
not to omit, that Sir Joseph acted
throughout the affair with the utmost
honour and liberality,—for which, in-
deed, he is very remarkable; always
encouraging me, in every difficulty,
with his assistance and his.advice.

On the 23d of December I made my
desire known to Dr. Engelhart, witi
whom I had been intimately acquaint-
ed at Edinburgh; and we both wrote,
the same day, to Professor Acre], dc-
siring a catalogue of the whole, and
saying that, if it answered my expec-
tations, I would be the purchaser at
the price affixed. In this affair I
trusted to the honour of Dr. Acrel
alone; nor did I apply to any body
else to take care of my interest in the
matter. I never was in Sweden at
any time of my life. In due time, the
Professor sent an accurate catalogue
of books, and a general account of the
other articles. But, by this time, the
mother and sisters of Linneus began
to think that they had been too preci-
pitate: they had been in great haste to
sell the collection before the return of
the King of Sweden. Perhaps she
might be obliged to sell it to the Uni-
versity of Upsal at a cheap rate; and
they had pitched upon Sir Joseph
Banks as the most opulent and zealous
naturalist) in. Europe: thinking he
would give more for it than any body
else; and, at the same time, they fixed
a thousand guineas as probably the
largest sum that could be thought of.
But, while they were in treaty with
nic, enquiries were made, which gave

3 them

46

them an higher idea of the value of the
collection; and they had unlimited
offers from Russia. They, therefore,
wanted to break off their negotiations
with me; but the Professor would not
consent to that, and insisted on their
waiting for my refusal. For this ho-
nourable conduct, he has unfortunate-
ly incurred much censure; and all
sorts of false reports have been raised
against him: such as, that I had bribed
him with a hundred pounds; which,
however, was so far from being the
ease, that he never had a present from
me, except a few English books out of
the Linnean library, worth about six
or eight pounds ; which he desired to
purchase of me, as he could not get
them in Sweden, and which I prevail-
ed on him with some difficulty to ac-
cept. I thought this a very small and
inadequate return for the trouble he
had on my account; and it surely
could not be considered as a bribe.

At this time Baron Alstroemen

claimed of the heirs of Linneus a
debt, which the younger Linneus
owed him, and for which they agreed
to give him a small herbarium, made
‘by the said Linneus during his father’s
life ; containing only duplicates of the
great collections, and not any of the
plants he afterwards collected in his
travels. On consideration of this, they
agreed to abate one hundred of the
purchase-money : to all this L consent-
ed. I paid half the money down, and
the rest in three months; and in Oc-
tober 1784 received the collection, in
twenty-six great boxes, perfectly safe.
I paid eighty guineas to the captain
for freight, which was too much by
half: but I was careful to avoid all
delay; for the ship had just sailed,
when the King of Sweden returned,
and, hearing the story, he sent a vessel
after the ship, to bring it back: but,
happily for me, it was too late. The
English government, in consequence
of the application of my friend Sir
John Jervis, was very indulgent to me,
in suffering the whole collection to
pass the Custom-house without any
examination or expense, except a
slight duty on the books.

As to what Dr, Pauhl has mentioned
jn his “‘ Observationes Botanica,” about
a Mr. Maukle, I have authority to say
it is altogether false; and, if it had
been true, it could not have prevented
the collection coming away, unless
the heirs had aeted dishonourably to-
ward me, I donot wonder the Swedes

Stephensiuna, No. XX.

[Aug. 1,

are angry at losing such a treasure:
but they onght to stick to truth; and T
can at any time justify Dr. Acrel and
myself, by publishing our whole cor-
respondence. J have endeavoured to
do him some justice in my dedication
of my “ Reliquic Riudbechiane.”

The collection’ consists of every
thing possessed’ by ‘the two Linnei,
relating to natural history or medicine.
The library may ‘contain about 2,500 _
volumes, or many more, if all the dis-
sertations were’ reckoned separately.
The herbarium of Linnéus contains all
the plants described in Species Planta-
rum, except ‘perhaps about five hun-
dred species, (fungi and palme ex-
cepted,) and it has, perhaps, more than
five hundred undescribed. The her-
barium of young Linneus is more
splendid, and on better paper: it con-
tains most of the plants of his Supple-
mentum, except what are in his father’s
herbarium; and has, besides, about
1,500 very fine specimens from Com-
merson’s collection, most of them
new; besides vast collections from
Dombey, Lamarck, Pourrett, Guan,
Smeathman, Masson, and, above all,
a prodigious quantity from Sir Joseph
Banks, who gave him duplicates of
almost every one of Aublet’s speci-
mens, as well as of his own West In-
dian plants, with a few of those col-
lected in his own travels round the
world; of which last, however, he has
not given any away to any body.
Young Linneus also made ample cel-
lections from the gardens of Holland,
France, and England; he made his
collection a duplicate one, indepen-
dent of his father’s, and separate from
it, as I still keep it, and have added
many things to it collected by myself
in England, France, Italy, and the
Alps. I am also enriching it daily by
the kindness of my friends; and have
Jately had a fine addition frem the
East Indies.

The insects are not so numerous,
but they consist of most of those that
are described by Linneus, and new
ones. The shells are about thrice as
many as are mentioned in the “ Sys-
tema Nature,” and many of them very
valuable; as young Linneus had in-
creased that part of the collection very
much. The fossils are numerous, but
mostly bad specimens, and in a bad
condition. I have also many birds
from the South Sea; with some Indian
dresses and weapons; and a number
of dried fish, particularly all those sent

by

1823.]
by Dr. Gardeter from Carolina: some
seeds of plants, and a Herbarium Turi-
namense in spirits of wine, and several
other things.

The manuscripts are very nume-
rous: all his own works are interleaved
with abundance of: notes, especially
the “ Systema Nature,’ ‘‘ Species Plan-
tarum,” ‘‘ Materia Medica,’ ‘* Philoso-
pliaBotanice,” ‘‘Clavis Medicina,” &c.
&e. [have not yet found the ‘‘ Nemesin
Divine ;’ but I have a vast number of
papers I have not yet perused. Ihave
“Iter Laponicum,” “Iter Dalecarlium,”
and some others; also a diary of the
life of Linneus, in his own hand, for
about the thirty first years of his life.
I have also “‘ Deseriptiones Liliorum et
Palmarum,” and ‘‘ Systema Mamma-
lium,” by Linneus the son; the first of
which I shall probably publish soon.
The letters to Linneus are about 3000.
Young Linneus left all his things in
such disorder, that- I have the utmost
difficulty in arravging them, and I
every day discover something I did
not before know.

LORSTERS,

These are caught in baskets, on the
coasts of Scotland and Norway; and,
when brought into the 'CThames, are
placed in large boxes, of sufficient
width between the joints to et the
water flow freely through. They are
then carried to a place called Old
Haven, a few miles below Gravesend,
on the Essex coast, where the water
is salt. . Thence they are drafted, as
occasion may require, and sent to
Billingsgate, to be boiled alive for the
gratification of the luxurious.

TRAVELLING IN HOLLAND.

By the easy way of travelling on
canals, an industrious man loses no
time from his business; for he can
write, eat, or sleep, as he goes. . By
means of these, the people that live in
boats hold some proportion to those
that live in houses.

TOWNS OF THE ANCIENT GERMANS.

There is a passage in Tacitus some-
times quoted by the learned,—‘“‘ It is
evident that the Germans have no ci-
ties to dwell in, nor do they even admit
of habitations contiguous.” This must
be taken ,with: some exception for
countries bordering on the Rhine, as
Cesar finds -Oppida among them.
Speaking of the Ubii, he adds, “ that
many of their customs they had bor-
rowed from the Gauls, their near
neighbours.” This may, perhaps, ac-

Stéphensiana, No. XX.

47

count for the disagreement between
Tacitus and Cesar.
LADY M, W. MONTAGU.

On passing through Rotterdam, this
lady presented a manuscript copy of
her Turkish Letters to the Rey. Mr.
Sowden, the resident English elergy-
man; whose son, Capt, 8. afierwards
ascended in a balloon with Sheldon.
A few years after, an English adven-
turer borrowed them for a day; and,
by the aid of five or six amanuenses,
copied the whole ; and then, to teaze
the minister Lord Bute, the writer’s
son-in-law, the whole were published,
but with initials; and no work ever
had an equal run.

Philip Thicknesse happened by
some means to get possessed of other
Letters, and, thinking to bargain with
the minister, opened a negociation ;
but, trusting Lord B. with a personal
inspection, some powerful footmen
turned him into the street. He chal-
lenged Lord B. and published an
appeal; but was contemned or laugh-
ed at.

Forty years after, - Sir Richard
Phillips secing some Letters of Addi-
son, Pope, and others, lying in the win-
dow of a cheesemonger, bought them
for a few pence; and, on enquiring their
souree, he found that two or three
sacks-full had been bought at the office
of a deceased attorney, but that some
had been recovered by one of his
clerks, a Mr. Silverlock, in Serjeant’s
Inn. The rest had been dispersed in
wrapping up small quantities of but-
ter and cheese! Sir Richard now
hastened to Silverlock, who related
that his employer had been solicitor to
Mr. Wortley, Lady Mary’s husband ;
and that, owing to young Montagu
residing in Turkey, the family-papers
had never been claimed; that he and
his fellow clerks had filled the sacks
from the dusty shelves, and sent them
to the next cheesemonger; but that a
few accidentally remained: on one of
which seeing the name of Addison, he
found that the others consisted of let-
ters of Lady Mary, Mr, W., Lord
Bute, Addison, Pope, &c, Shocked
at what he had done, he endeavoured
to recover the whole; but the greater
part had been used, and others had
been so mixed with various papers,
that he abandoned the search, though
the recent discovery proved that he
had been too precipitate. Sir Richard
now negociated with Silverlock, who

modestly

48

modestly demanded a guinea,a letter,
for about 260 letters, and various pa-
pers. He, however, offered him 200
guineas; which the lawyer accepting,
Sir Richard instantly transferred the
whole to a hackney-coach, and pro-
ceeded to the house of the Marquis of
Bute, grandson of Lady Mary; and,
unawed by the reputed pride of that
_nobleman, and by the fate of Thick-
nesse, obtained an interview. On his
way he had picked out five or six
very peculiar letters, and other family
documents; on presenting which asa
gift, he was treated with great urba-
nity. A second interview completed
an arrangement, by which the marquis
agreed to combine his stock of similar
papers with that of Sir Richard, and
then give the whole to the world, as
the complete works of his illustrious
grandmother, under the direction of
an editor to be named by the marquis,
and paid bythe publisher. The editor
did his duty pgorly ; but we were thus
indebted for the recovery and publica-
tion of one of the most pleasing clas-
sics in our language,—the ‘“ Letters
and ,Works of Lady Mary Wortley
Montagu.”
JOHN WILKES.

The late John Wilkes was really a
wag, and so infolerably sarcastic, that
it is a wonder how he could keep so
Jong on good terms with his friends.
In ihis respect he was very justly
compared with Dr. Johnson ; although
the latter was called the Caliban of
literature, and the former a fine gen-
tleman when in gentleman’s company;
for it was chiefly at the citizens’ ex-
pense that he indulged in the satire
of his wit. When confined in the
Kine’s Bench, he was waited upon by
a deputation from some ward in the
city, when the oflice of alderman was
vacant. As there had already been
great fermentation on his account, and
much more apprehended, they who
were deputed undertook to remon-
strate with Wilkes on the danger to
the public peace which would result
from his offering himself as a candi-
date on the present occasion, and
expressed the hope that he would at
least wait till some more suitable op-
portunity presented itself. But they
mistook their man: this was with him
an additional motive for persevering in
his first intentions. After much use-
less conversation, one of the deputies
at length exclaimed, “Well, Mr.

Stephensiana, No. XX.

Aug. I,

Wilkes, if you are thus determined,
we must take the sense of the ward.”
‘With all my heart (replied Mr.
Wilkes); I will take the non-sense,
and beat you ten to one.’

Upon another occasion, Wilkes at-
tended a city dinner, not long after
his promotion to city honours. Among
the guests was a noisy vulgar deputy,
a great glutton, who, on his entering
the dining-room, always with great
deliberation took off his wig, suspend-
ed it ona pin, and with due solemnity
put on a white cotton night-cap.
Wilkes, who certainly had pretensions
to be considereda high-bred man, and
never accustomed to similar exbibi-
tions, could not take bis eyes from so
strange and novel a picture. At
length the deputy, with unblushing
familiarity, walked up to Wilkes, and
asked him whether he did not think
that his night-cap became him? “Oh
yes, sir, (replied Wilkes,) but it would
look much better if it were pulled quite
over your face.”

There was a heavy lord mayor, who,
by persevering steadily in the pursuit
of wealth, accumulated an immense
fortune, and rose from a low station
to be the first magistrate of the city:
his entrance into life was as a common
bricklayer. At one of the Old Bailey
dinners, his lordship, after a sumptu-
ous repast on turbot and venison, was
eating a prodigious quantity of butter
with his cheese. ‘* Why, brother,
(said Wilkes,) you lay it on with a
trowel.”

CRUIKSHANK THE SURGEON.

Mr. Cruikshank was born in 1746 at
Edinburgh, where his father was exa-
miner in the Excise-office. He was
scarce five years of age when he lost
his father, and he was sent soon after
to a Latin school at Culross, in Perth-
shire, which he attended more than
eight years. About the end of that
time he obtained the prize promised
by Dr. Erskine, then minister there,
for the greatest effort of memory. At
fourteen he went to the university of
Edinburgh: for two years he attended
the Latin and Greek classes, taught
by Professors Steward and Hunter;
but, being presented to a bursary in
the university of Glasgow, by the Earl
of Dundonald, he left idinburgh, and
went to Glasgow.

At Glasgow he went regularly
through all the classes of philosophy ;
and, in 1767, he there-took the degree

of

1823.]
of Master of Arts. His bursary
obliged him to study divinity, and he
felt a superior propensity to the study
of anatomy and physic, to which he
yielded: these he studied under ihe
Professors Hamilton and Stevenson,

After having remained eight years
at the university of Glasgow, he in
1771. caine to London, recommended
by Dr. Moore, then surgeon at Glas-
gow, under whom he had for some
time had*the opportunity of seeing
the practice of physic’and surgery.
By the recommendation of Dr. D.
Pitcairn, Mr, Cruikshank became li-
brarian'to the late Dt. Hunter. He
attended his Icctures, the lectures of
Dr. Fordyce, and beeame perpetual
pupil to St. George’s Hospital. The
year following he became anatomical
assistant, and then partner in ana-
tomy with Dr. Hunter. On the death
of Dr. Hunter, Mr. Cruikshank and
Dr. Baillie received an address from
eighty-six students, then attending the
lectures in Windmill-street, full of
attachment and csteem; and, about
the same time, the university of Glas-
gow, of their own accord, conferred on
Mr. Cruikshank the degree of Doctor
of Physic. Mr. Cruikshank was also
latcly elected a member of the Impe-
rial Academy at Vienna, honorary
member of the Lyceum Medicam,
Leicester-fields, and of the Royal
Medical Society at Edinburgh.

Mr. Cruikshank and Dr. Baillie
continued to teach the anatomical
school, begun and long taught, with
high and merited distinction, by the
Jate Dr. William Hunter.

In 1779 Mr. Cruikshank, at the
desire of Dr. Hunter, wrote a letter to
Mr. Clare, on the absorption of ca-
Jomel from the mouth: be was then
spitting blood, and, as he did not
expect to recover, he introduced some
experiments on respiration, and sc-
veral of his principal doctrines respect-
ing the absorbing powers of the human
hody; but that letter has never been
reprinted. -

In 1786 Mr. Cruikshank published
the “ Anatomy of the Absorbent Ves-
sels in the Human Body.” Dr. Hun,
ter and he were to have published this
work conjointly, and accordingly a
great many drawings of these vessels,
in almost every part of the body, had
been made year after year, till they
amounted to that number,’ that, when
laid before an eminent engraver, he
said they could not be engrayed for

Monty Mas, No, 385,

Stephensiana, No, XX.

49
less than 800% As Dr. Hunter died
before any other step than merely col-
lecting the drawings had been taken ;
and as he had made no. provision in '
his will for the expense of such a
publication, Mr. Cruikshank reduged:
the drawings to one, in, a general
figure of the human bedy, where the
different parts are seen im outlines,
whilst the absorbent vessels are en-
graved in their natural appearance.
This makes his first plate.

Mr. Cruikshank was one of the most
indefatigable characters ever known,
He rose every morning abont seyen
o’clack, when his hair-dresser was ,
ready io attend him; and, even
during that short imterval, he was
always reading. He never took any
regular breakfast, or ate any thizg in
the morning ; a bason of tea was his
only nourishment before he went ont.
Generally from eight o’cleck to ten ke
stopped in his house, and attended the
poor people who waited on him, very
often in suck a crowd as to fill the
lower apartment, and some of them te
remain outside of the street-door.
From ten till one in the afternoon, he
visited his patients in the several paris
of the metropolis and its environs.
From one to two he was perferming
surgical operations at home ; from two
tii four he was giving bis anatomical
lectures in his theatre in Windmill-
street: his usual dining hour was al
four o’clock, but he was often so in-
terrupted by a crowd of patients, even
at this time, that he was prevented
from taking any dinner before six ;
from seven o'clock till about teu, he
usually walked for bis exercise, and
generally be employed that time in
yisiting such of his patients as re-
quired a second visit im the day;
lastly, from ten, to twelve ‘he was
always intent on anatomi¢éal dissec-
tidns, on sundry nice experiments,
or in writing Iclters and notes for the
noxt day.

The beautiful preparations in his
Mescum in Windmill-street were all
of bis making. They display exquisite
taste and ingenuity of performance ;
and the Museum is unquestionably
one of the best of the kind in Europe.
His anatomical. lectures continued
eight months in the year,—from Octo-
ber till May, Yn the remainder of
ihe twelvemonth, evory moment whieh
was not occupied in visiting patients
was bestowed in composition of works,

He died June 27, 1800.
ii ORIGINAL

[ 30]

[Aug. 1,

; ORIGINAL POETRY.

OXFORD PRIZE POEM;
BY T. 8S, SALMON.
Stonehenge.
WwrRrrr in the veil of Time’s unbroken
gloom,
Obscure as death, and silent as the tomb,
Where cold Oblivion holds her dusky reign,
Frowns the dark pile on Sarum’s lonely
lain,
Yet think not here with classic eye to
trace
Corinthian beauty, or Ionian grace;
No pillar’d lines with sculptur’d foliage
crown’d,
No fluted remnants deck the hallow’d
ground ;
Firm, as implanted by some Titan’s might,
Each rugged stone uprears its giant height,
Whence the pois’d fragment, tottering,
seems to throw
A trembling shadow on the plain below.
Here oft, when Evening sheds her twi-
light ray,
And gilds with fainter beam departing day,
With breathless gaze, and cheek with ter-
ror pale,
The lingering shepherd startles at the tale,
How at deep midnight, by the Moon’s
chill glance,
Unearthy forms prolong the viewless dance;
While on each whispering breeze that
murmurs by,
His busied fancy hears the hollow sigh.
Rise from thy haunt, dread genius of the
clime! :
Rise, magic spirit of forgotten time!
’Tis thine to burst the mantling clouds of age,
And fling new radiance onTradition’s page;
See! at thy call, from Fable’s varied store,
In shadowy train the mingled visions pour :
Here the wild Briton, ’mid his wilder reign,
Spurns the proud yoke, and scorns th’
oppressor’s chain ;
Here wizard Merlin,where the mighty fell,*
Waves the dark wand, and chaunts the
thrilling speil.
Hark! ’tis the bardic lyre, whose harrow-
ing strain
Wakes the rude echoes of the slumbering
plain;
Lo! °tis the Druid pomp, whose Jengthen-
ing line
Tn lowliest homage bend before the shrine.
He comes—the priest--amid thesullen blaze
_ Hissnow-white robe in spectral lustre plays;
Dim gleam the torches thro’ the circling
night,
Dark cur! the vapours round the altar’s light ;
O’er the black scene of death each con-
scious star,
In lurid glory, rolls its silent car.

* On this spot it is said that the
nobles were slaughtered by Hengist+

ritis

’Tis gone! e’en now the mystic horrors

fade

From Sarum’s loneliness and Mona’s glade 5

Hush’d is each note of Taliesin’s lyre,

Sheath’d the fell blade, and quench’d the
fatal fire.

On wings of light Hope’s angel form appears

Smiles on the past, and points to happier
years ;

Points,with uplifted hand and raptur'd eye,

To yon pee dawn that floods the opening
sky?

And sees at length, the Sun of Judah pour

One cloudless noon o’er Albion’s rescued
shore.

—r

SONNET;
BY J, M. LACEY.

?T1s Sorrow’s voice! ’tisaugel-woman’s cry!
Lo! at the tomb of all her hopes she
weeps!
There her fond husband and her infants lie,
And there her nightly vigils oft she keeps.
Approach her not,—too sacred is her grief
For interruption ;: all the rustics know
Her tale of sadness, and would bring relief
Could they but find a balm for such a
woe,
Her love was great,—it looks beyond the
grave—
In fancy now she communes with the
dead ;
Tho’ Heaven has taken back what first it

gave,
She bows in humbleness her beauteous

head.

Soon may that Heav’n restore her breast to
peace,

Or take her to itself, and bid such sor-
TOw’s cease.

—a

LA FETE DIEU,

[The following lines were written at Paris, imme-
diately after witnessing the procession of La Féte
Dieu, inwhich prince, priest, and soldier,—with
the assistance of gold lace, feathers, tallow can-
dles, and black velvet,—did all in their power to
fill the canaille with awe; whilst the houses of
that enlightened metropolis exhibited a motley
display of carpets, rugs, sheets, and blankets, to
the great gratification of the ruling powers, and
the astonishment of the enquiring stranger.)

WITH one accord, let all believer’s praise

The great Creator, and our offerings raise ;

Hang out our carpets, decorate our streets

With virgin blankets and unspotted sheets;

Come, let us bow with meekness to the rod

Of priests—to gain the blessings of our

0

Who looks with mercy from on high,

Well pleas’d he sees our carpets from the
sky.

Enlightend Christians! when we now
reflect

Upon the darkness of each Pagan sect,

Well

1823.]

Well may we glorify our God, and say

Onr oft-repeated thanks for brighter day,

The Pagan age of follies now gone by,

A nobler worship reigns beneath the sky!

Hang out our carpets, decorate our streets

With virgin blankets and unspotted sheets,

Well pleas’d our God beholds the priestly
throng,

Delighted listens to the holy song;

And feathers, beads, and drums and
swords,

Must be most pleasing to the Lord of
Lords,

Tnspir’d priests and soldiers! goodly band,—

Merey and murder marching hand in
hand!

This is the work of Europe’s potent kings,

Whose armies have reviv’d these holy
things :

France has her Bourbons and her priests
again ;

Their -blood,—their money,—was not
spent in vain.

Britons rejoice! such things are cheaply
bought ;

It was for this that you so bravely fought ;

And on the page of history will be told

How British valour, join’d to British gold,

Combin’d to raise the lilied flag on high,

Triumphant o’er philosophy.

——Re

————
TO CHARLES NICHOLSON;
Occasioned by hearing him Play a Concerto
. onthe Flute, ut one of the recent Oratorios.
Nemo vir magnus, sine aliquo afflatu divius, unquam
fuit. Cicero.
O rxHov ! whose soul-enliv’ning flute
Surpasses Orpheus’ fabled shell,
What time it tam’d the fiercest brute,
And made the woods with rapture swell,
Accept this unassuming song,
In praise of thy transcendant skill,
For thou of all the tuneful throng
Remain’st the sweetest minstrel still:
Harmonious spirit ! when I hear
Thy liquid strains in their career
Of pathos and voluptuous tone,
I deem thee of that starlight sphere
Where none but angel-forms appear,
And demigods are known!

"Lis not the rapid tide of sound,

Wherein all feeling must be drown’d,
Which ev’ry tuneful dunce may reach,—

*Tis not the foreign *Flautist’s bound
From depth to height of music’s

speech,— $

Nor all the tricks and quirks of art,

Which make the dull with wonder start ;

Nor yet the loftiest notes his skill

Can plunge upon the sense at will,
That charm the tasteful ear ;

Bat that superior style and tone

Which still are thine, and thine alone,
And own no equal near,

* Drouett,

Original Poetry.

SL

"Tis that unrivall’d breathing out
Of pathos, which thy lips diffuse,
Which seems to linger round about
Thy magic flute, as loth to lose
Itself in air, or fly from thee,
The source of its divinity.
Proceed then, highly-gifted spirit!
Through all the labyrinth of sound,
And still from heavenly souls inherit
Strains which in heav’n alone abound.
Oh, breathe us still that matchless *song,
That rich and taste-attemper’d air,
Whose silvery links seem borne along,
By “‘angels ever bright and fair,”
The atmosphere, which thrills with plea»
sure
In yielding to its plaintive measure.

But, wond’rous artist! Nature’s child!
Be not by loud applause beguil’d,—
Court not the flights the scales admit,
But curb thy genius in her soarings,
And seek th’ approval of the pit,
In pref’rence to the gods’ adorings.
Yet, if thou must wanton at times through
the keys,
To astonish the vulgar, whom taste cannot
please,
And deal in chromatics, to show them the
height
And the maze thro’ which music extends;
Let it still be thy chief and peculiar delight
To reflect on the ears of thy friends,
To pluck from the brow of the critic the
sneer
That might serve to retard thy resplendent
career ;
For the shouts of the vulgar no recom-
pense leave,
And “make the judicious incessantly
grieve!”

But these are mere fancies the Muse must
reject,

For the genius thou own’st cannot err ;
Thy taste is too perfect for once to select
‘The applause which would pity incur!
Let it, therefore, O Nicholson! still be

thy aim,
Both to rival thy father in talentand fame,
To call down to the smiles of the angels in
< Heav'n,
To make the immortalst with rapture

confess,
That a part of their powers to thee has
been giv’n,
To add to thy weakness and worldly
success !
To give to new concords and harmonics
birth,
And prove that an Orpheus still paces
the earth. G.
Islington ; June 1823,

* Roslin Castle, in four flats.
+ Handel, Haydn, and Mozart,

NEW

[ 52 ]

[Aug },

NEW MUSIC AND THE DRAMA.

—a ‘

A Second Grand Military Divertimento, for
the Piano-forte; composed by A. V.
Forster. | 38..6d. “

HIS divertimento comprises , an

introductory moyement in triple

time of three crotchets, a march, an
andunte in common time of two
crotehets, an andante in triple time of
three crotchets, and an allegretto in
compound common time of six qua-
vers. In the first of these we do not
trace what we should have expected;
something annunciative of the de-
elared cast of the composition ; some-
thing of a martial air; so, at least, ina
sensible degree; and by no means of
that general kind, that it might as well
serve for a leading movement to a calm
as to a storm, to a pastoral féte as to
a battle-piece. The march by which
it is succeeded is manly and spirited ;
and the two following andanées, and
the concluding allegretto, are good in
their kind. ‘The publication, there-
fore, regarded in its totality, is respec-
table, if not of the first order of excel-
lence ; and ought to encourage Mr.
Forster to proceed in his ingenious
labours, as an instrumental composer.
Analyzing his composition, we find
many felicitous turns of thought, and
some instances of harmonical evolu-
tion and contrivance, which never
proceed from mean talents, or superfi-
ciality of science.

Five-Finger Airs ; including some Popular
Melodies, for the Study of Young Per-
formers ; by J. Green. 6s.

The principal object of this little
‘publication is that of affording diver-
sity to the study and practice of juve-
nile performers. Its variety of exer-
cises on one position of the hand,—all
of which may be executed with or
without the aid of the .chiroplast, or
hand-direetor,—forms a valuable. fea-
ture in the work; while many of the
pieces are as pleasing to the ear as
‘they are facile to the finger, and not
tess calculated to promote improve-
ment than to gratify the generality of
auditors, especially those who are
partial to short, simple, and unlaboured
movements, R
‘s Awake, my love, ere morning's, vay,” a

Glee for three Voices. 2s.

This song, or rather harmonized
ballad, is but an inartificial composi-
tion. The parts are disposed with lit-
tie of that skill necessary to the best

4

effect. of combined voices; nor is the
deficiency of the union compensated
by the succession of the intervals, The
words are so prettily, poetical, that
we have to wonder at the apparent
non-inspiration of the eomposer. No
freshness, no sweetness, pervades the
melody. It moves onward with an
unappealing tameness, and is rather
endured than enjoyed. But perhaps
our ears haye been spoiled by the
compositions of this species from the
taste and science of the Drs. Cooke
and Calcott, and the happy fancy and
contrivance of the late Mr. Samucl

Webbe and the ingenious John Staf-

ford Sinith.

Calanthus Song, from “ Glenarvon,” as sung
by Mrs, Ashe; composed by F. J, Klose.
1s. 6d.

“Calantha’s song” is a ballad of
two verses. We have not with any great
success sought for that novelty and
expression which should always cha-
racterize this species of composition.
The features of a ballad should be
few, but striking ;. simple, yet franght
with effect. But we should fear that
the present article is not sufficiently
marked by those characteristics, to
delight the generality of its hearers.
We are far, however, from meaning
to exclude it from that elass of pro-
ductions which has often pleased a
large portion of vocal practitioners, or —
to say that many amateurs are not
likely to listen to it with pleasure and
satisfaction.

* Lassie wi? the bonny e’e,” a Scotch Ballad ;
composed and arranged, with an Accompu-
niment for the Piano-forte, by William
Rogers, 1s.

The melody of this ballad is of a
common-place description, and far
from being calculated to impress
either the feelings or the ear. The
ideas, instead of being the voluntary
effusion of a prompt and ready fancy,
are evidently constrained, Hence
they are as awkward as unconnected,
and incapable of moving the heart er
of conciliating the external sense.

THE DRAMA.

. The summer theatricals, confined
as they are to one house, (except we
includeas theatricals the performances
of the Coburg, Astley’s, and the other
minor theatres,) are so inferiorly inte-
resting, after the rich treats lately

presented

1823.]

presented te us at Drury-Lane and
Covent-Garden, that we had neariy
determined to suspend our dramatic
remarks tili the’ re-commencement cf
the winter.season. But the various
and striking powers of Liston, Terry,
and Cooper, Madame Vesiris, Mrs.
Chatterly, Miss Paton, and Miss
Chester, as exhibited in Pigeons nnd
Crows, the Rivals, the Way to’keep him,
the Beggar’s Opera, the new operatic
comedy of Sweethearts and Wives, the
pleasant little musical piece of the
Padlock, and the new and lively farce
of Mrs. Smith, are too worthy obser-
- vation not to claim our acknowledg-
ment of the pleasure we have derived
from their exertion; and our thanks
in advance, for the gratification we
anticipate from their further display.
“Sweethearts and Wives” is the
production of Mr. Kenny. As an
operatic comedy, (that is, a dramatic
vehicle for music,) this picce is enti-
tled to the favourable reception with

New Patents and Mechanical Inventions.

53
which it has been honoured. The
characters, though not very novel, are
variable and well sustained; the dia-
logue is terse and animated; and the
plot, though, we must say, nut very
skilfully conducted, is far from being
bad in itself. The development of the
whole gyst of the business, before the
end of even the first act, was highly
inartificial, and proved so dangerous
to the piece, that we trembled for its
existence ; which certainly, but for the
hearty zeal of Liston in the author’s
cause, would have been of short dura-
tion, admitting even that, without his
exertion, it would have been heard
through. However, it is due to Mr.
Kenny to say, that, had that unfortu-
nately been the case, the public would
have debarred itself from the enjoy-
ment of some interesting, scenes, and
much easy and pleasant dialogue,—
features with which ‘“ Sweethearts
and Wives” as much abounds as any
drama whatever of recent production.

NEW PATENTS AND MECHANICAL INVENTIONS.

a

To Witttam Danieit, of Aborcarne,
Monmouthshire, for certain Improve-
ments in the rolling of Lron into Bars,
used for making or manufacturing
Tin-Plates.

HIS invention consists of an im-
provement in the mode of rolling

iron to be used for tin plates, and con-
sists in rolling the iron (to be used for tin
plates) perpendicularly between a. pair
of rollers, with grooves of different grada-
tions, the iron being previously cut with
a: pair of shears, or any other instrument,
into pieces of four inches and a half
square, more or less (but Mr. D. gene-
rally prefers that size), the first groove
in the rolls being so cut or formed as to
admit each cf the pieces of iron (singly)
to pass through perpendicularly, and the
successive grooves in the rolls being such
that the pieces of iron may come out of
the last groove reduced to a proper
thickness for tho future stage of the
manufacture of iron for tin plates. By
the means of rolling the iron perpendicu-
larly, in the manner described, the inside
of the picce of iron is brought to the
surface, and the imperfection it contains,
instead of being dispersed and intermixed
throughont, is foreed to the edge and
ends, ‘The quality of the iron for tin
plates is thereby much improved, and
the number of tin-plate wasters are
thereby reduced,——Repertory,

To JouN Gianstone, of Castle-Doug-
las, Engineer and Millwright ; for an
Improvement or Improvements in the
Construction of Steam vessels, and
Mode of propelling such Vessels by the
Application of Steam or other Powers.
This invention consists in axles or

shafts passing through the sides’ of the

vessel; {o these axles or shafts motion
may be communicated in the usual way _
by steam or other moving powers ;
second, that upon each of these axles or
shafts, on the outside of the vessel,
there be fixed one or more male or
female stud-wheels, drums, or cylinders,
adapted for one or more endless chains;

Which chains are to pass over wheels or

cylinders near the other end of the ves-

sel, and are so constructed as to form a

considerable curve on the side applying

in the water, and to be completely kept
from sliding on the wheels; thirdly,
across these chains, floats, or paddles of
wooll, or any other suitable material,
are fixed at such distances, as will freely
permit the application of the chains to the
surface of the wheels or cylinders, and
in such a manner, as to retain the floats
or paddles ina position nearly perpen-
dicular to the position of the chains to
which they are attached; fourthly, the
progressive motion is given the vessel by
the action of the floats or paddles in the
water, during the revolution of the

chains

o

54

chains on the wheels or cylinders. Mr.
G. claims, as his invention, the applica-
tion of floats or paddles fixed on the
chains, and applying them either on the
outside of single vessels, or between
double vessels, for the purpose of navi-
gation, as circumstances may permit.

The endless chains put in motion by
the rotation of the wheels or cylinders
round which they pass; the mode of
fixing these floats or paddles, so that the
greatest number of them in contact with
the water shall be perpendicular to the
horizon, is a circumstance which entirely
obviates that loss or waste of power,
arising from the oblique position of the
paddies on the common paddle-wheel,
both as it enters and leaves the water ;
and also the method by which the chains
steadily maintain their position, notwith-
standing the resistance of the water and
the curvature of the chains and paddles
between the wheels.

The advantages of the chain-paddles
over the wheel-paddles depend chiefly
on this principle, that the propelling
power of the paddles is in proportion to
the extent of surface, which acts upon
the water in a horizontal direction. For
it is evident, that any motion they impart
to the vessel, is always in a direction ex-
actly opposite to that in which they aot
upon the water; whence, so far as the
stroke or pressure is either upwards or
downwards, so far they only give the
vessel a shock in the opposite direction,
but impart no progressive motion.
Now, from the nearly horizontal position
of the chains, the paddles always enter
and jeave the water ina direction nearly
perpendicularly, and are all either
wholly or very nearly so, when in the
water; whence, the whole always act
upon the water, and consequently pro-
pel the vessel in a horizontal direction.
"he perpendicular position of the chain-
paddles also prevents the waste of
power, as well as the shock which the
vessel receives, and the dashing back of
the water, arising from the wheel-pad-
dles entering and leaving the water at so
small an angle with it. Also, from the
Jength and horizontal position of the
chain; so great a number of paddles are
always in the water at the same time,
that a much greater surface acts upon it,
than can possibly do so with the wheel-

paddles.— Repertory.

—
To J. Wuitcuer, of Helmet-Row, Old-
street, Mechanic; M. Pickrorp, of
Wood-street, Carrier; and J. Wuit-

New Patents and Mechanical Inventions.

[Aug. 1,

BOURN, of Goswell-street, Middlesex,

Coach-smith; for an Improvement in

the Construction of the Wheels-of all

Wheeled Carriages, and of all other

vertical Wheels of a certain size.

The invention consists in the applica-
tion of friction-rollers of certain pro-
portionate dimensions, connected toge-
ther, and revolving upon outer and inner
circles, the circumferences of which cir-
cles must bear the same proportion to
each other, as the circumferences of
the rollers bear to each other.. The
Patentees make two plates or rings,
which are to be employed as the outer
circles, of steel or iron case-hardened, or
other strong material, which are rivetted
or screwed, or otherwise attached on to
the sides of the fellies of the wheels, so
as to leave a groove or space between
such outer circles. The friction-rollers
are formed with different radii, in one
piece, but act like two rollers of different
diameters, joined together, and revolving
upon one common centre. That part
which has the larger diameter, for the
sake of explanation, is called the larger
roller (though, in fact, it is only the lar-
ger periphery of a roller), and the other
is called the smaller roller (though, in
fact, it is only the smaller periphery of a
roller). They calculate the diameter of
the outer circles, and form sets of rollers
(called the larger friction-rollers) of
steel or iron case-hardened, or of brass
coated with steel, or iron case-hardened,
or other strong material, with grooves
round their peripheries to work on the
edges of these outer circles, and reyolve
in them, The numbcr of friction-rollers
will depend on the number of revolutions
they are to make ;~ the greater the num-
ber of revolutions,.the smaller will be the
diameter of the friction-rollers, and there
will consequently be room for a greater
number of then, in the outer circle.
They then make a circular plate or ring
of iron or other strong material, called
the middle ring, to which the friction-
rollers are attached, at equal distances,
by axles or pivots, as hereinafter mention-
ed; this middle ring is to be constructed
of such a diameter, that it may stand
free of the outer and inner circles, and
so that the larger friction-rollers, being
attached, may freely roll upon the edge
of the outer circle. In holes made
through this middle ring at regular dis-
tances, they fix shafts or spindles pro-
jecting from each side, on which spindles
the friction-rollers are put, there being
a hole through their centres for that pur-

pose,

1823.]}

pose, so that one of cach set of larger
friction-rollers (which stand on each
side of the middle ring) will work upon
one outer circle, and the other upon the
other outer circle ; and part of each outer
roller, as it revolves round, wifi always
be in the groove between the inner cir-
cles after mentioned. The patentees
then make a number of such smaller
friction-rollers of the same materials as
the larger friction-rollers, equal to the
number of the larger friction-rollers, and
unite them, so that the centre may be
common to both, and that they may
compose one friction-roller with differ-
ent diameters, the spindles on the mid-
dle ring running through both. If the
calculation be made beforehand, the two
parts of the friction-roller may be made
in one piece, and this is the best way.
They then make of steel or iron case-har-
dened, or other strong material, the two
smaller or inner circles of the diameter
(calculated to their outer edges) found
as above mentioned, to be screwed on
to a circle of wood (turned solid, or com-
posed of felleys), leaving a groove or
space between such inner circles, in the
Same manner as between the outer cir-
cles. One of these inner circles is pla-
ced so, that the smaller pheriphery of
all the friction-rollers, which are on one
side of the middle ring, touch its circum-
ference, and the other the same on the
other side of ihe middle ring; and the
inner circles are then screwed on to the
wood. Then, if the inner circle were
set in motion, the smaller pheriphery of
the friction-rollers would revolve on it
in the same time as the larger periphery
of the friction-roller, on the outer circles.
The smaller pheriphery of the friction-

Proceeding's of Public Societies.

55

rollers is not grooved, but flat, for the
convenience of putting the machine to-
gether. The inner circles do not rest on
or touch that part of the friction-roller
which projects beyond its smaller diame-
ter, but are kept off from it by baving
at the bottom of the lesser friction-roller,
where it joins the larger friction-roller, a
small shoulder or circular projection
which the inner circle touches, and by
which all lateral friction between the
smaller or inner cirele and the side of
what for explanation is called the larger
friction-roller is prevented, The appli-
cation of the machinery, when thus
completed, must vary according to the
purposes for which itis used. For car-
riages there are several ways of using it;
round the wood in which the outer cir-
cle is fixed, a common tire may be put.
‘The inner circle may be bolted or other=
wise fastened on to the carriage if springs
are required ; but, if they are not required,
it may be bolted or fastened on to the body
of the carriage. An axle running through
the carriage and connecting the two
wheels is not absolutely requisite, provi-
ded the bolts or other fastenings are suffi-
ciently. strong; but we apprehend it would
be better, for the sake of strength and du-
rability, to use a square axle; or the outer
circle may be fastened to the side of or un«
derneath the carriage, and a revolving
axle run through the inner circle into a
common carriage-wheel; or the whole ma-
chinery may be put into the box or
nave of a common wheel. When used
for carriages, or any purpose which
would expose the machinery to dust or °
other obstructions, a plate of iron or
other sufficient covering should be used
to enclose the parts.x—Repertory.

PROCEEDINGS OF PUBLIC SOCIETIES.

i

SOCIETY for the IMPROVEMENT Of PRISON
DISCIPLINE.
(With an Engraving.)

Y favour of the Committee of the
Society for the Improvement of
Prison Discipline, we are enabled to in-
troduce to our readers a view of the
famous 'I'read-mill in use at the House of
Correction at Brixton, in Surrey, and
lately introduced into other similar es-
tablisbments. As manis the creature of
habit, it is palpable that nothing can be
more desirable than that persons faicly
tried and condemned to punishments,
Justly proportioned to their obduracy

and turpitude, should be employed
while in prison, or habits of idleness wil}
be engendered, instead of being cor-
reeted. It has been a problem of great
difficulty to find such employment as
adapted itself to uninstructed muscular
exertion, without entangling itself with
the details of produce and sale; but, at
length, Mr. Cubitt, of Ipswich, has con-
trived a mill to grind corn and raise
water for the prison use, to be worked
by treadles, in performing whieh no pre-
vious instruction is requisite. Benevo-
lence can object nothing to the use of
such a machine, provided it is not em-

ployed

56
ployed as an instrument of torture, or as
2 means of rendering Jabour disgusting;
for, alihough idleness is the root of all
evil, yet idleness is not the sole cause
of crime, and the inability to obtain em-
ployment as often leads to vicious
courses as the desire to evade it. When
punishments are legally apportioned to
repetitions of offences, and first trans-
gressions in many descriptions of crime
are visited with only cautionary punish-
ments, then Tess sympathy will attend
convicted persons than at present; but,
when the Jaw so little discriminates as
to inflict capital punishments on chil-
dren and on youths who have not
arrived at years of discretion, the com-
mon sense and universal sentiment of
mankind revolt, and punishments lose
their effect by their misapplication.

The engraving exhibits a party of
prisoners in the act of working one of
the tread-wheels of the discipline-mill,
recently erected at the House of Cor-
rection for the county of Surrey, sitn-
ated at Brixton. ‘The view is taken
from a corner of one of ihe ten airiay
yards of the prison, all of which radiate
from the goyernor’s house in the centre,
which is scen in the drawing at the op-
posite end of the yard, so that from his
windows he commands a complete view
into all the yards. The building which
appears in the engraving behind the
tread-wheel shed, is the mill-house,
containing the necessary machinery for
grinding corn, for which purpose there
are four pairs of stones, &e. On the
right side of this building, a pipe is seen,
passing up to the roof, on which is
placed a large cast-iron reservoir, eapa-
ble of bolding about 6500 gallons of
watcr, for the service of ihe prison.
This reservoir is filled from a well be-
hind the mill-house, nearly 200 feet
deep, by means of a forcing-pump, con-

Proceedings of Public Societies.

neeted with the principal axis which.

works the machinery of the mill. This
axis or shaft passes under the pavement
of the several yards, and by means of
universal joints* at every turn communi-
eates with the tread-wheel of cach class.

* Itis by means of these universal joints
upon the main shaft connecting the tread-
wheels with the machinery of the mill or
pumps, that the relative position of each
may be varied so as to suit the plan of
almost any prison. On this subject, it
may be proper to. observe, that the mill-
beuse should be so placed as to exclude as
much as possible any. thoroughfare in a
prisen, by the passing and repassing of

[Aug. 1,

The tread-whcel, which is represented
in the centre of the engraving, is exactly
similar to a common water-wheel; the
stepping-boards upon its circumference
are of suffivient length to allow stand-
ing rodif for a row of fifteen persons.*
The weight of these persons—the first
moving power of the machine—pro-
duces the greatest effect when applied
upon the circumference of the wheel at
or near the level of its axle; to secure,
therefore, this mechanieal advantage, a
sereen of boards i3'fixed up in an in-
clined position above the wheel, in
order to prevent the prisoners from
climbing or stepping up higher than the
level required. A hand-rail is fixed
upon this sereen, by holding which they
retain their upright position upon the re-
volving wheel.¢ ‘The nearest end is ex-
posed to view in the plate, iv order to re-
present its cylindrical form mach more
distinctly than could otherwise have
been done. In the original, however,
both ends are closely boarded up, so
that the prisoners bave no access to the
interior of the whecl, and all risk of
injury is prevented. A)light shed pro-
teets the prisoners, as well in wet wea-
ther as from the heat of the sun in sum-
mer; and it is so constructed as not to

carts with corn and flour. When the mill-

house is situated ontside’ the boundary

wall of the prison, every inconvenience of

that kind is avoided, and the security and

quiet of the prison is promoted. . Care

should, however, be taken, that sueh,
building be detached from the outer wall,

lest the security of that boundary be

impaired,

* ‘Twenty inches is the common allows
ance of standing room to each man. There
are at present ten tread-wheels erected in
this House of Correction, one in each
yard = two of these wheels are capable of
hoiding six persons each; two, nine persons
each; four, fifteen persons each; and. twa
wheels, eighteen persons each ;—making
up altogether 126 persons. aibse

+ It was discovered, in one recent ine
Stance, that, in conseqnence of the hand-
rail projecting too forward, the prisoners
had the means of leaning or resting upon
it; by which loss of weight, the working of
the wheel was checked, and the labour to
the prisoners became much lightened. To
obviate this, it was found necessary to
have the hand-rail made sufficiently nar-
row, and. so fixed upon the sereen of
boards in front of the prisoners, as fully to
afford them the means of supporting theme
selves upon the wheel, but without allow-.
ing them the means of evading - the-
labour : Y

interfere

‘ 1823. ] 4
interfere with the governor’s view of the
prisoners, nor to lessen the security of
the yards. ; ’

The tread-wheel is set to work in the
following manner. The party of pri-
soners ascend at one end by means of
steps; and, when the requisite number
are ranged upon the wheel, it com-
mences its revolution. _ The effort, then,

‘to each individual of the party, is
simply that of ascending an endless
flight of steps, the combined weight of
the prisoners acting upon every succes-
sive stepping-board, precisely as a
stream of water upon the float-boards of
awater-wheel. This operation is main-
tained without intermission during the
hours of labour, by the appointment of
a certain portion of the class to relieve
the party on the wheel. These changes
‘are performed at regular intervals dceter-
mined by signal: when the prisoner at
one end of the wheel descends for rest,
another at the same moment ascends at
‘the opposite extremity of the wheel, as
represented in the frontispiece.* By
this method, the proper number of men
on the wheel is continually kept up, and
the work is equally apportioned to
every man. The degree of labour to
each prisoner in a given time is also de-
termined with great precision, by regu-

Jating the proportion of working and
resting men one to the other; or, which
amounts to the same thing, the relative

- proportion of those required to work the
wheel with the whole number of the
class; thus, if ten out of fifteen men are
appointed to be on the wheel, each man
will haye forty minutes’ labour, and
twenty minutes’ rest, in every hour.

In order to guard against interruption
to the regular employment of the prison-
ers on the tread-wheels, which might
happen from the supply of werk in the
‘mill at any time falling short, a fly-
wheel is attached to the principal shaft
in the mill-honse, which is represented in
the frontispiece on the roof of the build-
ing. The fly-boards of this wheel are
connected with a pair of regulating balls,
which, as the velocity of the wheel in-
creases, tend by their centrifugal action
to expand the fly-boards; by these
means, ihe requisite degree of resistance
is presented to the motion of the tread-

* At the Bridewell in Edinburgh, these
changes ave announced by means of a bell
attached to the machinery; the bell is ca-

able of being set so as togive the’signal at
intervals of any length that may be
desired,
Moyrury Maa, No, 385,

‘

Prison Amelioration Society.

57
wheel machinery, and the labour of the
prisoners suffers no interruption.*

In the application of human exertion
to this species of mechanical labour,
there are two olijects to be considered
as affecting the measurement of such
exertion ; first, the rate or velocity with
which the exertion is maintained; se-
condty, its duration. The rate of exer-
tion niaintained by a prisoner on the
tread-wheel will be determined by the
velocity of its revolutions, and by the
height of the steps; thus, if a prisoner
treads upon the steps of a whee! which
are cight inches asunder, and if the
velocity of its revolution be fifty steps
per minute, lic will have to move or lift
his own weight over 334 feet per
minute, or maintain a rate of exertion
equal to 2000 feet of ascent per hour.
To complete the measure of individual
labour, the duration of this rate of exer-
lion is next to be considered. This
will be affecled by the proportion of
resting and Jabouring prisoners, in which
a class or gang may be appointed tu
work on a tread-wheel, and by the num-
ber of hours which the regulations of the
prison require for daily labour at differ-
ent seasons of the year. Thus, if two-
thirds of a class are appointed to be on
the wheel, and one-third to be off as
relays, and if the number of hours of
general labour for the day be ten, as in
the summer season, the duration of
aciual labour to each man for that day
will be 63 hours, with 34 hours of rest.
Then, if the rate of exertion, 2000 fect
per hour, be multiplied by the actual
duration of it, viz. 63 hours, we shall
have a result of 13,383 feet ascent as the
measure of each man’s labour at the
wheel for the whole day. ‘This measure
in feet ascent may, therefore, be taken
as the most simple and correct standard,
for determining any quantity of actual
exertion performed by a person working
at the tread-mill.

The quantity of mechanical power
‘exerted in this instance would, without

‘doubt, be measured more scientifically,

by taking the product of the weight
multiplied by the space over which that
_—_—_——__
* At Cold-bath Fields prison, a regu-
lating fly is attached to the tread-wheel
machinery, by which the power derived
from the action of abont 240 prisoners is
expended jn the air. The resistance pre-
‘sented by the action of a fly increases with
its velocity; and, after a certain time, that
resistance becomes so powerful as to pre-
ventall farther acceleration, when the mo-
tion of the machinery remaing uniform.
: I weight

($8
weight has been moved or lifted in a
given time; but by leaving out of the
ealculation the weight of a man, the
measure becomes far more simple, and
equally accurate for the purpose in view.
To complete, however, the above calcu-
lation, so as to indicate the mechanical
power exerted by each manon the tread-
wheel, we have to multiply his weight,
which maybe taken at. the usual
average of 150\bs. by 2000, the number
of feet that weight has passed over in the
hour, which gives 300,000 ; this number
being multiplied by 63 the length of time
that rate of action has been maintained
for the day, the result is found to be
2,000,000Ibs. raised one foot, as the

- mechanical measure of daily exertion.
The diameter of the tread-wheel does
not form any part of the above calcula-
tion. The meehanical power of course
depends upon the diameter of a wheel ;
but, as great power is not the leading ob-
ject in the erection of these machines, it
is found that the most convenient sizes
for tread-wheels are from four to six
feet diameter; and the height of the
steps from seven to eight. inches,
Wheels of larger diameter occasion
increased expense, and occupy greater
space in the prison. “Ibere might, how-
ever, be some advantage in having one
or more of the wheels in tke prison of
different diameters, as. they would
afford the means of varying the rate of
exertion to a class, when occasion might
require if.

To the principle of hard labour,
(says Sir John Cox. Hippisley in_his
recent publication on this snbject,) as
fairly intended by the Statute, so
far from being an enemy, he is a
most zealous friend ; but, during a con-
siderable portion of a long-protracted
life, having been much occupied in the
duties of the provincial magistraey in the
eounties of his usual residenee ; and
having for many years, as a Visiting jus-
tice, given an especial attention to the
most considerable House of Correction
in the county of Somerset, he has
viewed, with more than an ordinary in-
terest, the extreme to which this reac-
tion in the public feeling has led ; and,
particalarly, the popularity it has given
to the very expensive* and enormous
machinery of the tread-wheel; which he

* The expense inenrred at Cold Bath
Fields, eluding such alterations of the
prison for the reception of the machinery
as was, by Mr. Cubitt, deemed advisable,
bas exceeded 12,0001, There is, as yct, no

Proceeding's of Public Societies.

[Aug.T,.
has found from his own repeated investi-
gations, and those of many enlightened
and intelligent friends who have-en-
gaged in the same inquiry, to be highly
mischievous in its principle, and baneful
in its effects, to those who are so
indiscriminately sentenced to it; and,
consequently, .an instrument which
neither the government nor the people
of this country can countenance, when
its evils are fully laid before them.

But, desirous of ascertaining the pre-
sent state of the tread-wheel machinery
in the East-India wareliouses, Sir J. C.
Hippisley availed himself ofthe obliging
intervention of a friend who bad re-
cently presided in the chair of the East
India Company, and who procured a
minute report, drawn np by the principal
oflicers of the warchouse departmest
upon all the points of enquiry. The
chicf officer of the Bengal warehouse
states, that—‘‘of the five cranes, one
was erected in that warehouse, and is
still in use—the part of the warehouse
which it serves not being provided with
any otlier crane ;”’—but a note is sub-
joined, announcing, “ that Edward Doe
had his leg broken by working at this
crane, and that Joseph Eames. also
received a seyere injury in the Jeg from
working at the same crane, which inca-
pacitated him. fiom labour for some
wecks ; and were relieved by the East

mill-work of any sort attached to it; and,
if mills and the necessary buildings be
added, it is estimated that the additional
expenditure will scarcely fall short of a
moiety of the sum already expended. Fa
a Treatise on Mechanics by Dr. Olinthus
Gregory, (Professor of Mechanics in the
Royal Military Academy of Woolwich,)
will be found a description, accompanied
with plates, of a tread-wheel in every
respect analogous to that introduced by
Mr. Cubitt, for which Dr. Gregory states
that My. David Hardie, of the East India
Company’s Bengal warehouse, obtained a
patent. But Mr. Hardie himself, in point
of fact, had no pretension to the discovery
of the principle, it being no other than

that of a wheel long used by the Chivese

in the irrigation of their plantations. Mr.
Hardie’s machinery was applied to a
crane instead of a mill, and is described by
Dr. Gregory,—“ as a wheel, on the outside
of which are placed twenty-four steps for
the men to tread upon, at a situation
where the steps are found at a_height
equal to that of the axis, or where the
plane of the steps became horizontal.”
Five cranes of this description have, ac-
cording to Dr. Gregory, been at work at
the Zast India warehouses, and Mr, Har=
die’s patent was obtained in 1803.

India

1823:]

India Company.” He farther ‘states
“that another of the cranes was erected
in the warchouse of the assistant pri-
vate-trade warehouse-keeper ;” but a
note is here also annexed hy the officer
of that department, which tells us “ that
the men have often received bruises
when working the wheel, and that it was
considered more dangerons to work
than at the capstan: that Dennis Leary
received a severe hurt while working at
one of them, aml was pensioned by the
East India Company; and finally, that
the cranes were taken down last
summer.”

From the investigation the following
facts appear to be incontrovertibly esta-
blished :—

1, That, from the enormous height, ex-
tent,and complication, of the machinery of
the tread-wheel, there appears to be an in-
superable difficulty in constructing it of
iron, whether cast or malleable, sufficiently
pure and powerful to support the incum-
bent load or strain that is often imposed
upon its shafts, with their subterraneons
ramifications, toa perilous extent, without
breaking: that such accidents ‘have al-
ready taken place in different prisons, and
not less than four times, in littie more than
three months, in the House of Correction
in Cold Bath Fields, with precipitation,
from a considerable height, of all the pri-
soners employed at the time, who were
thrown on their backs, with considerable
injury to many of them.*

2. That, from the peculiar motion of the
limbs for which alone this machine was in-
tended, which is that of treading on tiptoe
up anendless hill, with the body bent for-
ward,t and the bands rigidly and unremit-
tingly grasping a rail for support, an exer-
tion is produced, so exhausting to the ani-
mal frame, that scarcely any committee of
Visiling magistrates have ventured to en-
force its use for more than a quarter of an
hour at a time; while at the House of
Correction at Edinburgh, seven minutes
and a half, or just half this period, is the
utmost that is risked.

3. That in consequence hereof a most
distressing thirst, debilitating perspiration,
and actual loss of flesh, are often pro-
duced, and especially in’ warm weather,
during every successive round of working,
short as the period is; as has heen fre-
quently experienced in the prison.in Cold
Bath Fields, and is admitted to have oc-

* Other similar fractures have since
taken place in’ the same prison, one of
them since part of these sliects have been
in the press,

+ Such was their position at the Cold
Bath Fields Prisou, when visited by the
writer in May, 1822,

Prison Amelioration Soctety.

59

curred at Edinbargh and various other
places; and that, in order to support suck,
exhanstion, a fuller and richer diet has
been humanely allowed in several prisons,
particularly at Edinburgh and North
Allerton.

4. That not only severe exhaustion, but
strains upon the organs and muscles imme-
diately called into exercise, in many cases
highly injarions to health, have actually
taken place on various occasions, and, in
the opinion of a large body of physicians
and surgeons of the highest rank and re-
spectability who have migutely examined
into the subject, are necessarily threatened
at all times.

5. That, in consequence of such _strain-
ing and over exertion, many of the female
prisoners have been suddenly obliged to
descend from the tread.mill in the prison
in Cold Bath Fields in the midst of their
task-work, accompanied with circum-
stances of the most repulsive indelicacy,
insomuch that the female prisoners con-
fined within these walls, as well as in most
other prisons, have been of late, alto-
gether or in-agreat degree, exempted from
this kind of labour.

6. That the concurrent testimony of nu-
merous medical practitioners, of high cha-
racter and extensive experience, has
proved that habitual labour of a like de-
scription, as that of mariners, and even of
a lighter kind, as the ladder-treading in
thatching and among masons’ labourers,
miners, &c. has a gradual tendency to
produce ruptures and varicose veins, oy
nodulous tumours on the legs ; and, in nu-
merous instances, has actually produced
them. Whence it -has been reasonably
apprehended by other practitioners of
great talents and attainments, who have
particularly attended to this machine and
its effects, that a stated and longer em-
ployment upon it than has hitherto been ex-
perimented in any prison, in consequence
of its being of novel introduction, will ne-
cessarily give a still greater tendency to
the same injuries, and, in the end, more
certainly and more extensively induce
them among those who are sentenced to
its morbid discipline.

7. That on this accoupt,. prisoners,
labouring under the above affections, and
especially under ruptures or consump-
tions, or a tendency to such complaints,
are, in the Cold Bath Fields Prison, or
were til] of late, as also in other prisons,
altogether exempted from the punishment
of the tread-wheel.

8. That for these and similar reasons,
the unhappy culprits whose fate it is to be
committed to prisons where this trying
discipline is in use, to adopt the impressive
language of the, Prisom Discipline Com-
mittee, ‘have a horror of the mill, and
would sooner undergo, as they all declare,
any fatigue, or sufler any deprivation, thau.

return

60
return to the House of Correction when
once released.”

9, That, in consequence of the above
mischiefs found practically and essentially

to appertain to the tread-wheel, its em-.

ployment, notwithstanding its enormous
expence in erecting, is of very limited ex-
~ tent, and cannot or ought not to be exer-
cised over more than one half of the de-
Nnquents to whom if was originally appro-
priated: female prisoners, as observed
above, being already considered as unfit
subjects of its discipline, as are also those
who are labouring under consumptions,
ruptures, aud various other’ weaknesses,
or a tendency to such weaknesses.

10. Vhat, while it is regarded as a lead-
ing principle of justice in all countries, to
proportion the kind and degree of punish-
nrent to the kind and degree of crimina-
lity, the discipline of the tread-wheel
offers, not merely one kind alone, but one
degree alone, of infliction upon prisoners of
every Class: so that the beggar, the
poacher, the shoplifter, and the house-
breaker, are, under its dominion, all and
equally sentenced, so long as they continue
in confinement, to the same kind and the
same undistinguished degree of severe
and perilous suffering ; though nothing can
be more manifest than their respective
gradations of delinquency.

41. That it is hence absoluiely expedi-
ent for the purposes of the first principles
of justice, as well as for those of carrying
into practical effect the salutary applica-
tion of hard prison labour, in the full

British Legislation:

[Aug. 1,)
spirit as well as letter of the Statute, that’
means of discipline of a very different de-'
scription from that of the tread-wheel
sheuld be resorted to.

12. That the discipline of the hand.
crank mill, or machinery, already employed
inthe National Penitentiary on the banks
of the Thames, as well as in numerous
other prisons, when it has received those
improvements of which it is so obviously
susceptible, and which are now in actual
preparation, with all the facilities for en-
forcing and graduating the infliction of
hard mannal labour, appears to offer a
considerable approach to this desirable
object; affords to the workers the natural
position of standing firm upon the feet, and
on firm ground ; calls into full exertion the
muscles of the hands, arms, and cliest ;
divides the exercise ¢ nally anrong those
organs that are intended by nature for
muscular motion, instead of limiting it to
those that are either never designed, or
not ordinarily designed, for such purpose ;
increases the general health and strength,
instead of counteracting them; and
hereby prepares every prisoner, so work~
ed, for applying himself, with greater
facility, to a variety of handicraft and
other trades after his discharge from con-
finement than he possessed before his com-
mitment to prison; and renders, in fact,
the habitual use of hard manual labour a
great and permanent good, instead of
what may possibly be a serious and lasting
evil.

BRITISH LEGISLATION.

=i
ACTS PASSED iz the THIRD YEAR of the REIGN of GEORGE THE FOURTH, or in the
~ THIRD SESSION of the SEVENTH PARLIAMENT of the UNITED KINGDOM,
—<I_

AP. LXXXE. To amend the Laws
relating to Bankrupts.

Comumissiouers empowered to summon
witnesses as to trading and act of bank-
yuptey.—Persons refusing to attend may
be apprehended.—Persons refusing to be
examined, or to prodace books, &c, may
be committed.—Lord Chancellor may
order bankrupts to join in conveyances.—
Lord Chancellor may vacate deeds of bar-
gains and sales, 5 G. 2. c. 30. and a new
Dargain and sale may be executed.— Joint
commissions may be issned against two or
more of the partners ina firm,— Joint cre-
ditors of three or more partners may vote
in the choice of assignees in certain cases.
— Assignees may use the names of partners
in suits.

Cap. LXXXIT. For reducing’ the
Duties of Excise payable upon Salt’
England, and repealing the Dutics upon
Salt (not being Foreign Salt ), and re-

ducing the Duties upon Foreign Salt
payable in Scotland. d

Cap. LXXXIIE. _ Zo repeal the
additional Duties and Drawbacks on
Leather, granted and allowed by Two
Acts of his late Majesty, and to grant
other Drawbacks in lieu thereof, and to
secure the Duties on Leather.

Cap. LX XXIV. . To authorize cer-
iain temporary Advances of Money, for
the Relief of the Distresses existing in
Treland.

Cap. LXXXV. To allow peremptory
Challenge of Furorsin Criminal Trials in
Scotland. ;

In criminal trials the prosecutor and
pauncl may challenge five of the jurors
without assigning any reason.— Provided
always, that after each challenge made by
any of the said parties respectively, it shall
be incumbent upon the judge to chuse

anothe

1§23.]

another juror,.so as again to complete the
number of fifteen, before the party chal-.
lenging shall be obliged to make any
second or subsequent challenge ; and the
juror or jurors to he chosen to supply the
place or places of the jurer or jurors chal-
jeriged shall be equally liable to be chal-
lenged as the jurors originally chosen.

Cap. LXXXVI. To amend Two
Acts of the Fifty-seventh Year of his
late Majesty, and the First Year of his
present Majesty, for anthorizing the
Issue of Exehequer Bills, and the Ad-
vance of Money for carrying on Public
Works and Fisheries, and Employment
of the Poor ; and to authorize a further
Lssue of Exchequer Bills for the Pur-
poses of the said Acts.

Cap. LXXXVII. To enable his
Majesty's Court of Exchequer to sit, and
the Lord Chief Baron or any other
Baron of the said Court totry Middlesex
Issues, elsewhere than in the Place where
the Court of Exchequer is commonly
hept in the County of Middlesex.

Cap. LXXXVIIT. To amend the
Laws relating to the Land and Assessed
Taxes, and to regulate the Appointment of
Receivers General in England and
Wales.

Cap. LXXXIX. To provide for the
Charge of the Addition to the Public
Funded Debt of Great Britain, for the
Service of the Year 1822.

Cap. XC. Yo revive and continue,
until the Fifth Day of July, 1823, cer-
tain additional Bounties on the Exporta-
tion of certain Silk Manufactures of
Great Britain and Ireland.
~ Cap. XCI. For regulating the Mode
vA accounting for the Common Good and

evenues of the Royal Burghs of
Scotland.

Cap. XCII. To explain an Act of
the Fifty-third Year of the Reign of his
late Majesty, respecting the Enrolment
of Memorials of Grants of Annuities.

Cap. XCIII. For carrying into
Execution an Agreement between his
maior and the Last India Company.

ap. XCIV. To provide for the
Collection and Payment of the Counter-
vailing Duties and Drawbacks granted
by an Act of this present Session on Malt
and other Articles imported and ex-
ported between Great Britain and
Ireland.

Cap. XCV. To reduce the Rate of
Duties payable in respect of certain
Carriages used and employed for the Pur-
pose of conveying Passengers for Hire,
and to make Pe pclotea and Provisions
relating to Stage Coaches and the Duties
ther con.

British Legislation.

61
1 horse without springs . td. per mile,
2 DOES. Fay este, Rca wien sad elle
1 horse with springs . .. iid,
QZ horses. -i.< (as si, erm: ode
.Sormore ditto . .. « 44d.

Plates to be placed_on such carriages.—
Plates to be affixed on each door of such
carriages.—Penalty on not baving such
plates, 201.

Every carriage or vehicle used, em-
ployed, or let out, for the purpose of con-
veying passengers for hire to or from or
from and to any place or places in Great
Britain, and travelling at the rate of three
or more miles in the honr, shall, without
regard to the number of ‘wheels or to the
number of horses by which the same may
be drawn, or to the number of passengers
which the same shall or may be able or
fitted to contain or carry, or to its being
an open or close carriage, be deemed and
taken to be a stage coach or carriage ;
provided the passenger or passengers to
be carried or conveyed by any such car-
riage or vehicle, shall be charged or shall
pay separate and distinct fares, or a sepa-
rate and distinct fare, or be charged at the
rate of separate and distinct fares.

Persous authorized to examine plates,
may enter toll-houses.—Carriages, horses,
ae made liable for the payment of the

uty.

If the coachman, guard, or other person
having the care of any such coach, mail
coach, or other carriage or vehicle as
aforesaid, or employed in, upon, or about,
the same, shall, by intoxication, or wanton
and furious driving, or any other wilful
misconduct on the public highway, injure
or endanger any person or persons what-
ever in his, her, or their, life or lives, limbs,
or property, every such coachman or per-
son as aforesaid so offending, shall for
every such offence be liable to fines of 51,
to 101, or be imprisoned three or six
months ; the fine or penalty to be levied,
mitigated, and applied, in the same or the
like manner as in and by the said recited
Act was mentioned and provided with
respect to the offences therein specified ;
provided that nothing in this Act contained
shall extend to or be construed to extend
to affect Hackney coaches or chariots, or
their owners or drivers respectively, duly
licensed by the commissioners of Hackney
Coaches,

Informations to be laid against the
nearest proprictor,—If drivers of stage
coaches take up passengers after entering
the paved streets of London, &c. they shall
be deemed persons plying for hire under
1. G. 1. ¢. 57,

Cap. XCVI.. To continue, until the
First Day of January, 1824, an Act
passed in the Efiy ninth Year of his
late Majesty, relating to imposing and
levying Duties in New South Wales ; to
authorize the imposing and levying other

Duties

62
Duties on Goods imported into the said
Colony, and to suspend, for Ten Years,
the Payment of Duty on the Importa-
tion of certain Goods, the Produce of
New South Wales. !

Cap. XCVIf. To continue for Two
Years an Act of the Fifty sixth Year of
his late Majesty, for establishing Regu-
lations respecting Aliens arriving in or
resident in this Kingdom, ~in certain
Cases.

Cap. XCVIV. For enabling his
Majesty to grant Pensions to the Ser-
vants of her late Majesty Queen
Caroline.

Cap. XCIX. To continue, until the
Fifth Day of January, 1825, the Duties
of Customs payable on British Salt im-
ported into Ireland ; to repealthe Duties
on Foreign Salt imported into Ireland ;
and to grant other Duties in liew thereof.

Literary and Critical Proémium.

Cap. C. To incorporate the Contri-
butors for the Erection of a National
Monument in Scotland, to commemorate
the Naval and Military Victories ob-
tained during the late War. :

Cap. Cl. For granting to his Ma-
jesty a Sum of Money to be raised by
Lotteries. :

Cap. CII. To repeal an Act of the
First and Second Year of his present
Majesty, for facilitating the Dispatch of
Business in the Court of King’s Bench;
and to make further provisions in lieu
thereof.

Cap. CIIil.
Constables, and to secure the effectual
Performance of the Duties of their
Office, and for the Appointment of
Magistrates, in Ireland, im -certain
Cases.

NEW BOOKS PUBLISHED IN JUNE:

WITH AN HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL PROEMIUM.
Authors or Publishers, desirous of seeing an early notice of their Works, are
requested to transmit copies before the 18th of the Month.
—

R. JONES’s long-expected Greek and
English Lexicon has at last appeared

m a well-printed octavo volume of about
900 pages, m double columns. Such a
dictionary has beenhitherto a desideratum.
We have had several Lexicons to the New
Testament, of which Parkhurst’s is the la-
test and most extensive ; but, with regard
tothe vocables of other Greek works, the
Jearner has always until now had the dou-
ble task of discovering their meaning
throngh the medium of a Latin translation,
thus giving him two chances of errer in
place ofone. Dr. Jones is well known as
an eminent Greek scholar; and from such
aman the circumstance of his being obliged
to look, in every case, for an English cor-
responding term, must have been of great
advantage to the work. The Latin trans-
lation is so familiar to the learned, that it
comes to the mind almost insensibly ; and
an explanation, in that language, would
have been to the doctor a mere matter of
rote. Here, however, with all his know-
ledge, he must have been forced to think.
The corresponding English word, which
might best express" the primary meaning
of the Greek term, could not have been
written from memory, and was not often
to be had withoutstudy and reflection. It
is this study and reflection which, in our
opinion, renders this dictionary much more
valuable to an Englishman than any other
Lexicon whatever. The words are here
in alphabetical order ; but the author pro-
misesa large quarto, arranged according
to the roots, aud furnished with an index

/

for the ease of consultation. In this pro-
mised work, the vocabulary is to be more
copious; but the volume before us will
not be found wanting in that respect by.
any learner, for he must study authors
that are not generally studied before he
meet witha word whichis not contained
in this octavo. In his explanatiens, the
doctor keeps to the principle so well illus-,
trated by Mr. Tooke, that every word has,
one fixed meaning, from which its second-
ary applications are derived. This mean-
ing he illustrates, by tracing the etymology
of each primitive to some one of the Asia-
tic tongues,—generally to the Hebrew.
This he does with great ingenuity; but
whether or not he has been always success-
ful is, in our opinion, of less consequence:
than most people imagine. The research:
in such cases goes back wards ; for it is ge-
nerally froma knowledge of the word, as.
exhibited in a multitude of situations, that
the etymologist first catches its radical
meaning, which is confirmed rather than
discovered by itsetymon. This is the usual
and the rational procedure; unless the
lexicographer could hit upon an etymology
intuitively, and then demonstrate its origin
by appealing te the applications of the de-
rivative. To do this, however, would re-
quire an intimate knowledge of the Ori-
ental tongues, a knowledge which is pos-.
sessed by few or none of the literatr of
Europe. :

M. Tulli Ciceronis de Republica is a re-.
publication of a volume which was lately.
printed in Italy, under the auspices of

Pope:

{ Aug. 1,

For the Appointment of ,

\

1823.]

Pope Pius the Seventh, from a manuseript
discovered by M. Maiin the library of the
Vatican, The circumstances under which
this long-lest work of Cicero (if it be so)
were discovered, are curious, The manu-
script is a parchment codex, containing a
Commentary of St. Augustin on the Psalms
of David; and it seems this commentary
was written upon the same parchment that

_had formerly been possessed by the de

Republica. ‘The ink, however, had been
only partially discharged, and M. Mai re-
covered the work of the Roman orator
from beneath the rubbish of the saint. Se-
yeral of these psalms, with their commen-
taries are wanting; and, unfortunately,
their loss leaves many deficiencies in the
hook before us. . That this isa genuine pro-
duction of Cicero we are by ne means cer-

‘tain.. The style is Ciceronian; but itis well

knowa that the monks of the middle ages
amused themselves with forging listories

and imitating the works of the ancient au- ,

thors. The learned will, perhaps, enter
deeply into a controversy on the subject ;
and to them we leave both the discussion
and the result, for we will not pretend to
“decide when doctors disagree.” . The
French have already got it translated into
their own language. ‘Vhe English are al-
Ways more tardy in matters of classical
literature.

Caerain ApbaAms's Remarks on the
Country extending from Cape, Palmus to the

. River Congo is a plain unadorned narrative,

written with judgment and bearing all the
marks of anthenticity. It appears that the
chief object for which he then explored the
western coast of Africa, was the selection
ofa place for colonization more fitted for
the purposes of tlie African Society than
Sierra Leone, the insalubrity of the climate
of whieh is proverbial.
mended by Capt. Adams for the scite of a
new settlement is a trading town called
Malemba, which lies midway between the
liver Loanga Luiza and Cabenda Hook,
and may he justly considered as_ the
Montpelier of Western Africa. In the
course of this coasting voyage Captain
Adams made several excursions into the
country, the topography of which, as well
as the customs and manners of the, inhabit-
ants, he describes ina style that, though
unanibitions, is very accurate and appro-
priate. In another part of our work we

have made some extracts from this: inte.
_Yesting volume, and we therefore now lay

it dows with our hearty recommendation.

Memorable Daysin America, being a Jour-
nalof a Tour to the United Stutes, by W.
Faux, an English Farmer, is a book pub-

_lished by subscription, containing a Jour-

nal of Observations made by the Author

during his trip to the New World, inclu-

ding a period of time from the 16th De-

cember 1818, the day on which he paid 151.

in part of his passage outwards, until the
BH

Literary and Critical Proémium.

‘Lhe spot recom- °

63

21st July 1820, when he reimbarked for
his native country. It is said in the title-
page, that the voyage) was ‘! principally
undertaken to ascertain, by positive evi-
dence, the condition and probable pros-
pects of British emigrants.” He returns.
with strong denunciations against that land
of republicans ; ‘‘ Finally,” says he, ‘¢ were
America, of which I now perhaps take my
leave for ever, every thing that the purest
patriotism con!d make it, yet the climate is

-an evil, a. perpetual evil, a mighty draw-

back, an almost insurmountable obstacle,
to the health, wealth, and well-being, ofall,
except the native red and black man, the
genume aboriginal, and the unstained Afri-
ean, for whom alone this land of promise,.
this vast seetion of the earth, this new and
better world, seems by nature to have been
intended, Otherwise, it is argued, would
noisome pestilence annually desolate its ci-
lies and districts, and- every where. un-
sparingly and. prematurely people the
grave?’ ‘This is only a small portion of
the rhodomontade with which he con-
cludes his volume ; and yet, notwithstand-
ing all this, Mr. Faux was not disappointed,
for his impressions were received before he
sailed. He tells us in the outset, that he
bade farewel to his good and venerable fa-
ther, whom he never expeeted to see more,
and tore himself from the embraces of his
wife and of one dear and only child; that
immediately on his arrival in London he
called on Mr. Fearon, requesting letters. to
his friends. ‘ No,” said he, “my book
has destroyed them: you will contirm my
reports.” His sea-voyage is described as
more horrible than the middle passage.
‘The weather was stormy —he was sea-sick
—The sailors swore horribly, and paid no
attention to the Lord’'s-day. The beef and
porter were bad; and -he anticipated no-
thing less than dying of hunger. At last,
to the great joy of himselt as wellas of his
captain, he got on-board another American
vessel, which was returning from the
South Sea. Here he beeame contented,
crying out, ‘‘ How merciful is the God on
whom I ealled! for, instead of drowning,

Starving, or eating each other, I am living

on the new and interesting luxuries of the
east, &c.” ‘The whole of the volume is
equally amusing, axl contains many curious
gossippings which he heard, as well as
things which he saw witha jaundiced eye;
but, with regard to any information that
can be trusted to, it is totally out of the
question. His going to America at all ap-
peared to be apenanee; during his stay
he was afflicted with paralysis, which lett
him imneediately on his return. - In short,
we have nothing but the wanderings of a
hypochondriae.

We took up Hunter's Memoirs of a Cap-
livity among the Indians of North America
with a considerable degree of suspicion.
A Young White Man eseaping from a sa-

Vase

64
vage fribe, with whom he had been reared
from a period:of infancy, of which he had
no recollection, forcibly recalied to our
memory (the adventures of Psalmanazer.
We have now read the work, and it is but
justice to say thatall our scepticism has van-
ished. he narrative is natural and un-
affected: it tells no tale that can be reckon-
ed extraordinary; and recounts nothing
of his early years that could have been be-
yond the comprehension of a boy. There
appears no motive for deceit ; and the ob-
servations are throughout, modest, rational,
and, we may Say, philosophical. Only a
hundred and thirty-four pages are devoted
to his personal adventures ; the remaining
three hundred and twelve being wholly oc-
cupied in an account of the ‘* Manners and
Customs of the several Indian tribes located
west of the Mississippi.” Mr. Hunter
left the Indiaus in 1816, when, according
to his own belief; he was about ninetcen
or twenty years of age. His previous
adventures are merely a history of the
combats and migrations of the different
tribes among which he lived; the chances
of war having tranferred him from one to
another. ‘These things are recorded from
memory, and the record is seemingly ac-
curate. ‘The second and principal part of
the volume partakes more of compilation,
In his account of the topography of the
country and the manners of the tribes;
his recollection has been evidently assisted
by subsequent enquiries, and conjoined
with the information received from other
travellers. In editing the work, he ac-
knowledges that he has been assisted by
his friend Edward Clark, both “ with tnter-
rogations respecting some of the subject
matter, and the revisal and arrangement
of the Manuscript.” Of theextent of that
assistance we are ignorant, but we know
that an interesting and instructive book
has been produced by their joint co-opera-
tiov. Some parts must certainly have been
added by Mr. Clark: for instance, the
speech of an Indian Chief, which Mr. Hun-
ter heard when he was ayoung boy, is here
given at great length, and in the first person.
This exactitude of recollection is en-
deavoured to be accounted for, from
the effect which the speech produced ; but
the following paragraph looks extremely
like an interpolation from the Fables of
fEsop. ‘ Brothers, the white people are
like poisonous serpents: when chilled, they
are feeble and harmless; bat invigorate
them with warmth, and they sting their
benefactors to death.” From other parts of
the volume, we are assured thatthe indians
are not accustomed to take serpents into
their bosoms. We do not, however, wish
to cavil: because, as we have already said,
we are persuaded that in all essential par-
ticulars the work is sufficiently faithfus.
The Antiquities of Free-Masonry, by
GeOoRGE Oniver, Vicar of Clee, Ae. isa

Literary and Critical Proémium.

[Aug. 1,

very pompous and very foolish book. Tt
is adorued with maps of Egypt, Canaav,
and Jerusalem, besides a large one of
“ Enrope, Asia, and Africa, shewing the
dispersion and settling of nations by the
descendants of Noah,” according to the
tenth chapter of Genesis ; and it pretends
to trace the-history of Masonry from the
creation of the world to the dedication of
Solomon’s Temple. The author tells us in
his preface, that he has long felt a serious
desire to defend the institutions of masonry
against envy and prejudice; and, that
since that duty had been impressed upon
his mind, he had preached and printed five
Sermons in his official capacity of Provin-
cial Grand Chaplain for the county of Lin-
coln, the tendency of all of which was
chiefly directed to that point. But those
sermons, it seems, were not sufficient; and,
therefore, this work was undertaken to ex-
pose “the pure principles of the science, as
wt actually existed in the primitive ages of
the world.” What that science is, we are as
much at aloss to know, having read his
book, as we were when we opened it.
Neither are we bettered by the following
definition of masonry, which he says is con-
tained in an ancient manuscript, in the
hand-writing of King Henry the Sixth: “Ytt
beeth the skylle of nature, the understond-
ynge of the myghte, that ys hereynue; and
its sondrye werckynges, sonderlyche, the
skylle of rectenynges, of waightes aud
metynges, and the true manereof faconynge
at thynges for mannes use, headlye, dwel-
lynges, and buildynges of all kyndes, and
al odher thynges that make gudde fo
manne.——Maconnes havethe alweys, yn
everyche tyme, from tyme to tyme, com-
munycatedde to mankynde soche of her
secrettees as generallyche myghte be use-
fulle; they hauethe kepe backe soche
alleine as shulde be harmfulle yf they
comed ynn euylle haundes.” How many
such secrets may be in the possession of
the reverend author we know not, but
sure we are that he has revealed nothing
in this volume that can be possibly of the
slightest use to mankind. ‘his we would
have pardoned had the book been amusing,
but it is as dull and uninteresting as it is
stupid and superstitions,
The Flora Domestica, or the Portable
Flower-Garden, which professes to give
directions for the treatment of plants in
pots ; is a compilation that has a probable
chance of a successful sale. The plants

‘treated of are about 200, which, with
their varieties, might, as far as their cul. .

tare is concerned, have been discussed in
the space of forty pages.. The remaining
350, are made up in part of botanical de-
scriptions and remarks, but ehiefly by
‘illustrations from the works of the po-
ets.” The poets however whom this author
has chosen to iliustrate his work, are sel-
dom those who have taken their stand in

7 “the

1823.) ”
the temple of Fame; they are chiefly recent
orlivingauthors, and, belonging toa peculiar,
class, are probably the friends of the wri-
ter. We find Wordsworth, Shelley,
Keats, John Clare, Horace Smith, Barry
Cornwall, and Leigh Hunt, in almostevery
page; but, strange to tell, althongh, the
book is a Flower-Garden, the name of
Dr. Darwin is never once. mentioned,
The Poppy serves to introduce a puffing
panegyric ou the ‘Confessions of an Opi-
nm-Eater ;” and Tobacco gives us the fol-
lowing verses by Charles Lamb.

* For thy sake, Tobacco, 1

Would do any thing but die,

And but seek to extend my days

» Long enonghi to sing thy praise.”
The Sketches in Bedlam is a catch-penny
a deserving the severest repro-
ation. ‘Lhe conduct and the ravings: of
140 maniacs are printed for the amuse-
ment of the public, without the least re-
gard to the feelings of their relatives, or to
their own, wlien they recover from their
disease. Some of the persons here held up
to the curiosity of the public, with their
names and designations, are already dis-
charged; and may have the opportnnity
of reading with horror the history of their
former degradation. ‘The writer says that
~ he is a daily witness of those scenes, which
he describes in the same vulgar language
and flippant manner as if he were the
keeper of a menagery. The book is dedi-
eated to the governors and managers of
Bethlem Hospital, and contains the known
rules of admission; besides other docu-
ments transcribed from the books of the
Institution. The whole is thus made to
assume an official air, which renders it
either a disgrace to, or a libel upon, the
managers. Some of the descriptions are
so filthy and so disgustingly obscure, that
they could not possibly have appeared
in print had the proofs been revised by the
publishers.
—__—
AGRICULTURE.

The Farmer’s Directory, and Guide to
the Farrier, Grazier, and Planter, with the
Domestic Instructor; by Leonard Towne.
1 vol. 4to. with fine engravings, 11. 10s.

The Working Bee, or Caterer for the

Hive. 1vol. 8vo. 12s.
’ ‘The Jamaica Planter’s Guide, or a Sys-
tem for Planting and Managing a Sagar
Estate, or other Plantations in that Island,
and throughout the British West Indies in
general. Jilustrated with interesting
Anecdotes; hy Thomas Roughley, nearly
twenty years a sugar-planter in Jamaica.
1 vol. 8vo, 12s.

BINLLOGRAPHY.
Part ILI, of Isaac Wilson’s, of Hull,
Catalogue of Books, new and second-
hand; in every department of Ancient
and Modern Literature. 1s. 6d.
A New Catalogue of the Books and
Monruty Mag, No, 385.

List of New Publications in July,

65

Tracts (at reduced prices) offered for Sale
to the Public by the Society for Promoting
Christian Knowledge.

BIOGRAPHY, :

The Royal Naval Biography : contain-
ing Memoirs of allthe Flag Officers: living
at the Commencement of the present
Year; by John Marshall, Lieut. r.N.
Vol. I, Parts I, and II. 8vo. 14s. each
part. “ ;
BOTANY.

Flora Domestica;. or the Portable
Flower Garden, with directions for the
treatment of plants in.pots, - 8vo. 12s.

CLASSICS. .

Part I. of Damm’s Greek Lexicon to
Homer and Pindar, to be completed in
eight parts. ito. 10s, 6d. 8vo. 7s. 6d.
boards. ‘

COMMERCE.

The Now Mercantile Assistant, General
Cheque Book, and Interest Tables: being
Calculations adapted to the General Pur-
poses of Commerce ; by William Wright.

DRAMA,
The Duke of Mantua. A Tragedy. 8vo
EDUCATION.

The Youthful Travellers; or Letters
chiefly descriptive of Scenes visited by
some Young People during a Summer
Excursion, designed as examples of the
epistolary style for Children. 18mo. half-
bound, with plates. 9s. 6d.

Remarks on Female Education, adapted
particularly to the Regulation of Schools,
12mo. 5s. 6d. boards. ,

A New Graminar of the English Lan-
guage ; including the Fundamental Princi-
ples of Etymology, Syntax, and Prosody ;
by T. O. Churchill. Royal 18mo. 5s.

Remarks on the Practice of Gramma-
rians, with an Attempt to discover the
Principles of a New System of English’
Grammar; by John-Kigan. 12mo. 3s.

Drunopedia ; or a New and Interesting
View of the Druidical System of Educa-
tion, elucidating the Obscurities in which
the early Parts of British History are in-
volved; by the Rev. Jonathan Williams,
A.M. 8vo. 4s. sewed.

Tales of Fancy, conveying Moral Truth,
designed for the Entertainment and Im-
provement of Young Persons; by the
Author of Tales of the Academy, &c.
18mo. 2s. 6d. half-bound,

The Road to Happiness. 6vo. 1s. 6d.
sewed. :

The Tutor’s Assistant ; or Complete
School Arithmetic; by Joseph Guy. 2s.
bound.

A Grammar of the Latin Language, by
C. G. Zumpt, Professor in Fredrick’s
Gymnasium, Berlin. Translated from the
German by the Rev. John Kenrick, a.m.
8vo. 9s. boards,

The Correspondent’s Assistant, or Fami-
liar Letter Writer. 12mo, 4s, 6d,

K FINE

66.

FINE ARTS.

‘Part IT. of Portraits and Biography of
the most illustrious Personages of Great
Britain : containing James First, Duke of
Hamilton; Archbishop Cranmer; Thomas
Wentworth, Earl of Strafford; Edward
Seymour, Duke of Somerset; Thomas
Howard, Earl of Arundel and Surrey: by
Edmund Lodge, esq. Norroy. King. of
Arms. 8vo. 12s. 6d. 4to. 25s,

A Guide to the Lakes of Cumberland,
Westmoreland, and Lancashire: illustrated
with twenty Views of Scenery anda Tra-
velling Map; by John Robinson, D.p.
15s. boards.

The Italian School of Design (containing
84 plates) ; being a Series of Fac-similes of
Original Drawings, by the most eminent
Painters and Sculptors of Italy ; with Bio-
graphical Notices of the Artists,and Obser-

ations on their Works; by Wm. Young
Ottley, esq. Complete in one volume,
super royal folio, 121. 12s.; in colombier
folio, 18]. 18s., and proofs, 24 guineas.

GEOGRAPHY.

Parts I. to I1I. of a New Geographical
Dictionary ; containing a Description of all
the Empires, Kingdoms, States, and Pro-
vinces, with their Cities, Towns, Moun-
tains, Capes, Seas, Ports, Harbours,
Rivers, Lakes, &c. in the known World ;
with an Account of their Natural Produc-
tions, &c.; by J. W. Clarke, esq. second
edition. _4to. with maps and plates.

The Berwick New and Improved
General Gazetteer, or Compendious Geo-
graphical Dictionary: containing a De-
scription of the Various Countries, King-
doms, States, Cities, Towns, &c. of the
Known World, brought down to the pre-
sent period, accompanied with twenty-
six Elegant Maps from the latest Authori-
ties, in 3 handsome vols. 8vo. 21. 28. or in
16 parts, 2s. 6d. each.

GEOLOGY.

Reliquie Diluviane ; or Observations on
the Organic Remains contained in Caves,
Fissures, and Diluvian Gravel, and on
other Geological Phenomena attesting tlie
action of an Universal Deluge; by the.Rev.
William Buckland, 8.b. F R.s. &c. profes-
sor of Mineralogy and Geology in the Uni-
versity of Oxford. 27 Engravings, 4to.
al. 11s. 6d.

GYMNASTICS.

Instructions in all Kinds of Gymnastic
Exercises, as taught and practised in the
gymnastie institutions of Germany. De-
signed as well for colleges, schools, and
other places of éducation, as for private
use, with plates. vo. 6s. 6d.

HISTORY,

_A History of Richmondshire, in the North
Riding of Yorkshire, together with those
parts of Everwicshire, of Domesday,
which forms the Wapentakes of Lonsdale,
Ewecross, and Amunderness, in the Coun-
ties of York, Lancaster, and Westmore-

List of New Publications in July.

{Aug. 1,
land; by T. D. Whittaker, LL.D, F.s.A.
Complete in 2 vols. folio, 251. 48s.—Large
paper, 501. 8s. ¥

Historical Tlustrations of Quentin
Durward, selected from Philip de Comines,
Brantome, and other writers, pointing out
the Coincidences, or Discrepancies, be-
tween the Novelist and the Historian.
Post 8vo. 7s.

The History of the Anglo-Saxons, from
their first appearance in Europe to the end
of their Dynasty in England ; comprising
the History of England from the earliest
Period to the Norman Conquest; by
Sharon Turner, F.s.A, The Fourth Edi-
tion, in 3 thick vols. 8vo. corrected and
improved with a map, 2l. 5s. boards,

HORTICULTURE. ;
Hints on Ornamental Gardening : con-
sisting of a Series of Designs for Garden-
buildings, useful and decorative Gates,
Fences, Railings, &c. accompanied by ob-
servations on the Principles and Theory of
Rural Improvements interspersed with
occasional remarks on Rural Architecture ;
by J. B. Papworth, 4to. 11, 11s. 6d.

MACHINFRY.

Practical Essays on Millwork and other
Machinery ; by Robert Buchanan, engi-
neer. 2 vols. 8vo. with numerous plates
and figures. 11. 6s. boards,

MEDICINE.

An Inquiry into the Action of Merenry
on the Living Rody; by Joseph Swan,
member of the Royal College of Surgeons,
and surgeon to the Lincoln County Hospi-
tal. 2nd edition, Svo. 4s. boards,

MISCELLANIES.

Dodsley’s Annual Register for 1822.
Bvo. 16s. ‘

Part IX. of Bibliotheca Britannica ; or
a General Index to the Literature of
Great Britain and Ireland; by Robert
Watt, m.p. 4to. 11. 1s, ;

Numbers [. to VI. of Le Bulletin Gene-
ral et Universel des annbdnces et des
Novelles Scientifiques, par M. Le Baronde
Ferussac. Subscription for one year, 21. 2s,

Illustrations, . Historical, Biographica',
and Miscellaneous, of the Novels by the
Author of Waverly, with Criticisms gene-
ral and particular; by the Rey. Richard
Warner, rector of Great Chalfield, Wilts.
12mo. 8s.

A Letter to the Editor of the British
Critic, occasioned by the Censure pro-
nounced in that work on the editions of
Shakspeare by Johnson, Pope, Bowdler,
Warburton, Theobald, Steevens, Reed,
and Malone, et hee genus omne, all thie
herd of these and Meibomiuses of the
British school. 8ve. 1s.

No. LVI. of the Quarterly Review,

No. XXX. of the Jouryal of Science,
Literature, and the Arts, Edited at the
Royal Institution.

The Navy List for July.

Characteristics

- 1823.]

Characteristics in the Manner of Roche-
foucault’s Maxims, Royal 8vo. 4s. 6d.

Suffolk Words and Phrases; or an
Attempt to collect the Lingual Localisms
of that Country ; by Edward Moor, F.R.s.
12mo., 7s. 6d.

The Duty of Humanity to Brute Ani-
mals, demonstrated from Reason and Re-
velation, chiefly extracted from a Treatise
by Dr. Pumatt, with Notes and Lllustra-
tions ; by the Rev. A. Broone, late of
Baliol College, Oxford. 2s. 6d.

f NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.

Elements of Natural Philosophy; by
John Leslie, esq. &c. Vol. I. including
Mechanics and Hydrostatics. 8vo. 14s,
boards.

Description of an Electrical Telegraph,
and of some other Electrical Apparatus;
with eight plates, engraved by Lowry ; by
Francis Ronelds.. 8vo. 6s. boards,

Researches about Atmospheric Phzno-
mena; by T. Forster, L.s.J. 15s. boards,
with six plates, illustrative of the clouds.

NOVELS, TALES, AND ROMANCES.

Edward Neville; or the Memoirs of an
Orphan. 4 vols. 12mo, 11. 8s. boards,

Self Delusion; or Adelaide d’Haute-
roche; by the Author of ‘ Domestic
Scenes.” 2 vols. 12mo. 14s. boards,

Historical Notices of Two Characters in
Peveril of the Peak; neatly printed in
post 8vo. uniform with that work, 2s, sd.

The Lady of the Manor ; by Mrs, Sher,
wood. 12mo. 7s. boards,

Eugenia ; or the Dangers of the World;
by Miss Moore. 12mo. 4s. boards.

The Spy Glass ; or Truths brought home
to the Mind’s Eye. Ys. 6d. boards,

The Parish Clerk,a Tale. 1s.

The Wilderness; or the Youthful Days
of Washington, a'Tale of the West. 3 vol.
1zmo. 18s.

The Foundling of Glenthorn; or the
Smugglei’s' Cave. 4 vols. 12mo. 11. 4s.
boards.

ftich and Poor. Small 8vo. 10s. 6d.

Whittingham’s French Classics. Vol. IL.
2s. 6d. sewed, contatming Elizabeth ou les
Exilés en Siberie, par Madame Cottin,

ORIENTAL LITERATURE.

Jewish, Oriental, and Classical Antiqui-
ties; containing Miustrations of the Scrip-
tures and Classical Records, from Oriental
Sources. 8vo. 12s, boards,

POETRY. ;

Specimens of Sritish Poetry, chiefly
selected from Authors of high celebrity,
and interspersed with Original Writings
by Elizabeth Scott. 8vo, 12s.

My Note Book for 1822; or the Agri-
cnliural Question, a Satirical Poem. 12mo,
6s. boards,

The Prophecy of the Tagus, from the
Spanish of Fray Luis de Lion, the Female
Pygmalion, and an Ode on a Statue in the
Louvre. 12mo, 28. sewed.

Ellen Gray ; or the Dead Maiden’s Curse:

List of New Publications in July.

67
a Poem; by Dr. Archibald Macleod.

8v0. Ss.

Whittingham’s Elegant Extracts; se-
lected from the British Poets and Poetical
‘Translations. Part III. embellished with
an engraving. Qs. 6d, )

The Sextuple Alliance: consisting of
Odes, and other Poems, onthe Exile and
Death of Napoleon. 4to. 3s. 6d,

The Social Day, a Poem, with 32
engravings ;by Peter Coxe, I, 9s.

Emaucipation, a Poem, in two Cantos,
with Notes and Caricature Designsfor the
instruction of his Holiness, Pope Pius
&vo. 5s. J *

Byzantium, a Dramatic Poem; by Edw.
Richard Poole. 8vo. 7s. 6d. 7:

Elegy on the Death of Percy Bysshe
Shelley ; by Arthur Brooke, 1s. 6d,

POLITICS AND POLITICAL ECONOMY, ,

A Visit to Spain; detailing the transac-
tions which occurred in the latter part of
1822, and first four‘ months of 1823; with
an Acconnt of the Remeval.of the Court
from Madrid to Seville, &c.; by M. J.
Quin, barrister-at-law. 8vo. 12s. boards.

A Voice from St. Peter’s and St. Paul’s;
being a few plain Words, addressed most
respectfully to the Members of both
Houses of Parliament on some late aecu-
sations against the Church Establishment,
8vo. 2s. 6d. sewed.

Recollections of the Peninsula, contain-
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ters of the Spanish Nation ; by the Author
of ‘* Sketches of India.” 4 vol. 8vo. 8s.

The Manuscript of 1814 written at the
Command of Napoleon; by Baron Fain.
8vo. 12s, :

Coronation Aneedotes ; or Select and
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Anecdotes of a Croat; comprehending
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Works, Agriculture, and Domestic Life,
2 vols. 12mo. 19s.

Campaign of the Left Wing of the Allied
Army, in. the Western Pyrenees and Sonth
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Wellington. 4to. Ql. c

The Poor and their Relief; by George
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Thoughts and Details on the High and
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Thomas Tooke, F.R.s. 153.

Questions in Political Economy, Poli-
tics, Morals, Metaphysics, &c, 8vo.
10s. 6d.

A Letter to the Earl of Liverpool on ,,
the Subject of the Greeks; by Lord
Erskine, 8vo, 1s. '6d.

THEOLOGY.

Three Letters, addressed to the Venera-
ble and Reverend Archdeacon Wrang-
ham, in-reply to his Remarks on Unitaria-
nism; by C. Wellbeloved. 3s. 6d.

Discourses on the Rule of Life, with
reference to Things Present and Things

Future ;

68

Future; by Joseph Holden Pott, a.m.
8vo. 73. 6d. boards.

The Pulpit, Parts I. I. III.: contain-
‘ing Reports of upwards of Thirty Sermons
by the most eminent and popular Divines
of the day, &c. in weekly Numbers.
2d. each.

Vol. V. of the New and Uniform Edi-
tion of Dr. John Owen’s Works, to be
completed in 16 octavo vols. Edited by
the Rev. Thomas Cloutt, A.M. 12s.

Sermons, chiefly designed for the use of
Families ; by John Fawcett, A.M. 2 vols.
12mo, 12s.

The Christian Armed against Infidelity ;
by the Author of Body andSoul, In 1 vol.
12mo. 5s. boards.

Select Chapters from the Old Testa-
ment, intended for the Use of the Church
of England Sunday Schools: with a short
Introduction ; by Thomas Bowdler, esq.
F.R.S. and s.A. 28.

Dissertations introductory to the Study
and right Understanding of the Language,
Structure, and Contents of the Apocalypse;
by Alexander Tilloch, LL.D. &c. 8vo.
12s. boards.

Lectures on the Harmony of the Scrip-
tures, designed to reconcile apparently
contradictory Passages; by John Hayter
Cox. 8vo. 7s. 6d. boards.

A Sermon preached atthe Parish
Church of Dudley, on the Death of Vis-
‘count Dudley and Ward; by Luke
Booker, Lu.p. vicar. 8vo. 1s. sewed.

A Sermon preached at Castle-street,

Swansea, on the Death of the Right Hon.
Baroness Barham; by John Barfett. 8vo.
is. sewed.
' No. I. and IL. of a Refutation of certain
primary Doctrines of Popery, in a Series
of Theological Dissertations ; by the Rev.
Robert Craig, m.a. 3s. 6d. each. The
work to be completed in six numbers,
forming 2 vols,

The Miscellaneous Works of the Rev.
Thos. Harmer, Author of Observations on
various passages of Scripture, &c. : con-
taining his Letters and Sermons, &c. &c. ;
by W. Youngman. Royal 18mo. 4s. 6d.
boards,

A Sermon, preached at Deal, on the
Anniversary, 1823, of the Dover and Sand-

Literary and Philosophical Intelligence.

{Aug. 1,
wich District of the Society for get 3
Christian Knowledge; by the Rev. J.
Maule, a.m. 1s. 6d.

Meditations on the Scriptures: chiefly
addressed to Young Persons on the im-
portance of Religious Principles and Con-
duct; by the Rev. R, Waloud, M.A.
2 vols. 8vo. il, 1s. boards.

Resignation to the Divine Will, a Ser-
mon, occasioned by the death of his daugh-
ter, Mary Brown Langdon; by Thomas
Langdon, 1s. ; :

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Original Sermons, for the Use of La
Preachers and Young Ministers; to whic
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position ofa Sermon 12mo. 4s.

No. I. of the Free ‘Thinking Christians’
Quarterly Register. 8vo. 2s.

TOPOGRAPHY.

Memorable Days in America: being a
Journal of a Tour to the United States ; by.
Mr. Faux. 8vo. 14s. boards.

A description of the Scenery of the
Lakes in the North of England; by W.
Wordsworth, esq. Foolscap 8vo. 5s. 6d.
sewed.

VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.

Part V. Vol. IX. of the Journal of

Voyages and Travels: containing—Rus-

sian Missions into the Jnterior of
Asia. 1. Nazaroff’s Expedition to Ko-
kand. g. Eversmann and Jakovlew’s Ac-

count of Bucharia. 5. Capt. Mouraview’s
Embassy to Turkomania and Chiva. Trans-
Jated from the German. 3s. 6d. sewed,
4s. boaris,

Observations made during a Residence
in the Tarentaise and various Parts of the
Grecian and Pennine Alps, in Savoy, and
in Switzerland and Auvergne in the Years
1820, 21, and 22, with Remarks on the
Present State of Society, Manners, Reli-
gion, Agriculture, Climate, &c.; by Robt.
Bakewell, esq. 2 vols. 8vo. with plates,
il. 6s. boards.

Journal of Ten Months’ Residence in
New Zealand; by Richard A, Cruise, esq.
Capt. in the 84th regt. of foot. 8vo. 9s.
boards.

Journal of a Tour in France, in the
Nears 1816 and 1817; by Francis Jane
Carey. 1 vol. 8vo. 14s.

VARIETIES, LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL;
Including Notices of Works in Hand, Domestic and Foreign.

—

HE account of the recent Voyage
round the World, by Captain
Roquefeuil of the Bordelais, having just
appeared at Paris, a faithful transla-
tion Will be given in the next Number
of the Journal of Voyages and Travels.
This will be the third Voyage round
the World which has appeared m that
well known Monthly Journal, none of

which are elsewhere to be found in
the Janguage. ‘The current Number
contains some most interesting narra-
tives of Russian missions into’ unex-
plored parts of Siberian Tartary.
Specimens of the Living Poets, with
biographical and critical prefaces, by
Mr. Atarnic A. Warts, will speedily
appear. ‘
Mr.

1823.]

Mr. J. F. DANIELL, F.R.Ss. has in the
press a volume of Meteorological
Essays: the Constitution of the
Atmosphere; the Radiation of Heat
in the Atmosphere; Meteorological
Instruments; the Climate of London;
and the Construction and Uses of a
new Hygrometer.

Mr. J. Li. Towers, who, like his
date father, the Rev. Dr. Joseph
Towers, is distiriguished for literary
industry and research, having for
several’ years bestowed much time
and study in the preparation of differ-
ent courses of Lectures, intends
shortly to deliver some of them in the
environs;of London. The very nume-
rous engravings, by which they will
be illustrated during their delivery,
‘will constitute one of their principal
novelties. His Lectures will also be
occasionally elucidated by a new spe-
cies of composition, numerous ex-
amples of which will be inserted in a
pamphlet, which he is preparing for
publication. This pamphlet will ex-
plain the general subject of the Lec-
tures, and the nature and peculiarities
of his own plans, Of his commencing
courses, two, at least, will relate to
history and chronology, and will com-
prehend much amusing information
respecting biography, antiquities, and
the arts.

The Author of “ Annals of the
Parish,” “ Ringan Gilhaize,” &é.
announces “Nhe Spaewife ;” and, in
rapidity, seems determined to keep
pace with the Waverley Club of
Scottish Authors.

A Work called The Sweepings of
My Study, is announced at Edin-
burgh.

Dr. Hissert announces Sketches
of the Philosophy of Apparitions;
or, an Attempt to trace such Illusions
to their Physical Causes.

The Third Edition of Sir AsTLEY
Coorer’s Work on Dislocations and
Fractures, is printing.—An Appen-
dix will contain a Refutation of almost
every statement made in a late cri-
tical publication, on a subject treated
of in the former edition of the above
‘Work,

Mr. Piumee has in the press, a
Treatise on the Diseases of the Skin,
intended to comprise the substance of
the Essay for-which the College of
Surgeons have awarded to him the
Jacksonian prize, a reprint of his
“Essay on Ringworm,” &c. and
copious notices of such improve-

Literary and Philosophical Inteltigence.

69

ments as have been made in the
Pathology and treatment of Cutaneous
Diseases generally, since the publi-
cation of Bateman’s Synopsis.

Travels through part of the United
States and Canada, in 1818 and 1819,
by Joun Morison Duncan, illustrated
by Geographical Cuts on Wood, will
appear in September,

A translation of GoetHes’ “Wilhelm
Meister,” is printing.

A Pulpit Orator of very extraor-
dinary powers has made his appear-
ance in London, and attracts large
and fashionable auditories. He is
of the Chalmers’ School, and from
Glasgow. His name is Irvine, and
his doctrines are Calvinistic. His
delivery, enunciation, and composi-
tion, are of the first order; and, he
has in a few months acquired great
and deserved celebrity. Some grave
persons consider his theatrical. manner
unbecoming the pulpit, but, while he
is less so than the vulgar methodists,
he combines those scholastic attain-
ments which they want, and thereby
exalts religion, instead of debasing it.

The great work called Nature Dis-
played, the richest in embellishments
which ever. appeared in England, and
made so to render the study of nature
popular, will positively appear in a
few days.

In like manner a very ufefal and
important volume of 5000 Receipts,
delayed with a view to.its perfection,
will be ready on or before the 11th.

I'he Interrogative System of liberal
Education is at length completed,
being now extended to every proper
object of Juvenile Study. It has
been 25 years in pregress, supported
alone by public approbation, and un-
aided by any Association, or by the
empirical means usually adopted to
give currency to systems.- It is now
more or less adopted in every well
conducted Seminary in the United
Kingdom, and has becn extensively
introduced into France, Belgium,
Germany, and America.

Mr. W. Wesr, of Leeds, is about
to publish in a separate form, with
additions, his Analysis of the New
Sulphur Spring at Harrowgate,

An Order in the Council of the
Linnean Society has been lately
passed, by which Mr. Donovan will
be allowed to enrie!y his New Monthly
Work, the ** Naturalist’s Repository,”
with the Ileones of those choice and
very beautiful species of the Psittacus

and

70
and Columba Tribe, which are de-
scribed in the 13th volume of the
Linnzan ‘Transactions; the greater
part of which, if not the whole, are
of such rarity, as to be found only
in the Museum of the Linnzan So-
ciety.

Early in. August will be published,
Adrastus, a tragedy, with Amabel, or
the Cornish Lover, a metrical tale
founded on fact, and other poems, by
R. C. Dattvas, esq.

A fourth Series of Sermons, in
manuscript characters, on characters
from Scripture, for the use of the
younger clergy and candidates for
holy orders, will be speedily pub-
lished, by the Rev. R. WARNER.

In the ensuing month will appear,
an.easy Introduction to Lamark’s ar-
rangement of the Genera of Shells:
with illustrative remarks, additional
observations, and a synoptic Table, by
Crarces Durots, F.i.s.

A translation of “‘ Les Hermites en
Prison,” the last and perhaps the
most interesting of all the Essays
of M. Jouy, will be published in the
course of a few days. ‘This work was
written in the prison of St. Pélagie,
where the author was recently con-
fined for a political libel.

The Revue Encyclopedique for June
last has a note by the editors, the
purport of which is to vindicate the
Bishop of London from ‘a charge
which has been brought against him
by the Edinburgh Review, of advo-
cating the cause of ignorance. The
meaning of different passages incul-
pated is stated to be, simply, that
human knowledge ought to -be,accom-
panied by religious sentiments. ‘We
are not necessarily good,’ says the
Bishop, ‘because we have acquired
knowledge and learning, and the ex-
pansion of intellect does not neces-
sarily suppose or infer a disposition
to apply it to its true ends. It is
impossible to gainsay this, as a philo-
sophical proposition; the Bishop ‘has
also quoted, as advancing that popu-
lar instruction should be. more and
more encouraged, but ‘that it should
be pointed and directed to moral and
reasonable objects.

A fourth Series of Sermons, in
manuscript characters, on characters
from Scripture, for the use of the
younger clergy and candidates for holy
orders, will be speedily published;
by the Rev. R. WAkneER, rector of
Great Chalfield, Wilts. ;

Literary and Philosophical Intelligence.

[Aug. 1,

The seventh edition of Mr. Fatr-
MAN’s Account of the Public Funds,
with considerable additions, is in the
press. The work has been completely
remodelled, the accounts of ‘the differ-
ent stocks revised, corrected, and
brought down to the present time, and
a variety of interesting and valuable
information added; the whole calcu-
lated_to furnish a complete Manual of
the Finances of Great Britain, .

A most extraordinary work has
recently made its appearance at New
York, relating to the Jews, and en-
titled, ‘‘ Israel Vindicated.” Itis one
of the most original defences of
Judaism extant, and is full of inter-
esting matter.

Mr. GroompripdcGe has published
the Apparent Places of the four Minor
Planets at and about the Time of their
ensuing Opposition.

Opposition,

Pallas 1825. Qct. 4th gob
Vesta «+» Nov.7th 47
Ceres +---- Nov. ist 11
Juno 1824. April 18th 21

The distance of Pallas and Juno at
their opposition will render their light
so very faint, that it is doubtful whe-
ther they can be scen; especially the
former, from the rapid change in
declination, which will remove it from
the field of view in the preceding night.
The succeeding oppositions will not
happen till 1825.

A new edition will shortly appear of

the Life of Dr. James Beattie, by Sir ~

‘Ww. Fortes, in two volumes, octavo.
A new edition of Hurrion’s Works

is in the press, viz. Sermons on Christ

Crucificd and Glorified, and on the ~

Holy Spirit, now first collected, with
Life of the Author,

Also a new edition of the Lime-street
Lecture Sermons.

A Manuel of Pyxotechny, or a fami-
liar System of Reereative Fire-works,
by a Pseudonymous, is.in the press.

Rivington’s Annual Register for
1822, will be ready for-delivery at the
usual time in December next.

A Portrait of the late Kdward Jen-
ner, M.D. F.R.S. &c. engraved by W.
Sarre, &c. from a painting by W.
Hobday, will soon be published.

Dr. Georce MILLER is about to
publish Lectures on the Philosophy of

History, Vols. V. and VI. bringing

down the history of this country to the
revolution.

Hi. A. MEREWETHER, esq. is print-
ing a'T'reatise.on the Law of Boroughs

and ©

1823.] |
and Corporations, including also. their
general history.

W. T. BRANDE, esq. is preparing ‘a
Manual of Pharmacy, in octavo.

W. S. Lanpor, esq. will speedily
publish Imaginary Conversations of
Literary Men and Statesmen.

We are rejoiced to find that the
operation of Mr. Martin’s late Act,
for preventing the cruel and improper
treatment of cattle, undoubtedly ex-
tends to Bulls, and that the magistrates
under it have already, in several
places, abolished the practice of bull-
baiting. ‘This brutal amusement has
been discontinued at Oakingham,
where it had existed for a long period;
and the money left by will for pur-
chasing the animal was laid out last
year in bread for the poor. Mr.
Martin deserves a statue of gold for
his persevering exertions on these
interesting subjects.

The Rev. Henry BeEvFrace is
printing a Monitor to Families, or
Discourses on some of the Duties and
Scenes of Domestic Life.

Mrs. Oom is engaged on a Classical
Assistant to the Study of Homer and
Virgil, in the translations of Pope and
Dryden.

Mrs. Saran Brearey will soon
publish Three Essays, on Regeneration
and other spiritual subjects.

A work called Anacharsis in Scot-
land, being a view of the state of the
country, with descriptious of the most
celebrated scenes and subjects of
local and histoiical interests, will soon
appear.

A new edition of Keith’s Catalogue
of the Scottish Bishops, with additions
to the present time, and a life of the
author, is preparing by Dr. Russet.

Dr, Ure will soon publish a new
edition of Berthollet on Dycing, with
notes and illustrations.

Dr. Roserr Jackson is preparing
an Outline of Hints for the Political
Organization and Moral ‘Training of
the Human Race.

T. Warernouse Kay, esq. is en-
gaged upon an English ‘Translation of
the Anglo-Saxon Laws.

Mr. WW, Brayvey, jun. is printing
the Natural History of Meteorites,
which at different periods have: fallen
from the atmosphere.

Sir Joun Matcoim is preparing a
Memoir of Central India, with the his-
tory and copious illustrations of the
past and present state of that country,
and an original map.

Literaryand Philosophical Intelligence. .

71

Mr. Lanpbseer will speedily publish
Sabean Researches, in a series of
Essays, addressed to distinguished an-
tiquaries, and illustrated by engravings
of Babylonian cylinders, &e.

Mr. Rorert BroomrieLp announces
Hazelwood-Hall, a drama, in three
acts, interspersed with songs.

Mr. Rosert MeIKLEHAM is printing
a Practical ‘Treatise on the various
Metiods of Heating Buildings, by
steam, hot air, stoves, and open fires,
with explanatory engravings: a very
desirable work.

Memoirs of the Court of Louis XIV.
and of the Regency, extracted from
the German correspondence of Ma-
dame Elizabeth Charlotte, duchess of
Orleans, mother of the Regent, pre-
ceded by a biographical notice of this
Princess, and with notes, will soon
appear.

A second volume of Mr. M‘Dian-
MID’s Scrap Book will soon appear.

A new edition is printing of the
works of Henry Mackenzie, esq. with
a critical dissertation on the tales of
the author. /

Mr. M‘DiaRMiD announces new
translations of Paul and Virginia, and
of Elizabeth, from the French of Ma-
dame Cottin.

The power of steam is now rendered
subservient to the breaking of stones
for the construction of roads. A’ma-
chine has been invented, consisting of
two fluted rollers, placed side by side,
about an inch apart, and turning dif-
ferent ways. ‘Ihe stones are put ina
kiad of hopper above, and pushed)
down with a rake, which afford a regu-
lar supply to the rollers. . The machine
is worked by one of Kay and Rout-
ledge’s rotatory engines, of one-horse
power, and will break a ton of hard
pebbles completely in from six to cight
minutes. A machine has been also
invented for the dressing of woollew
cloth, which does as much work in
fifty minutes as two men could do in
two days.

Mr. WituAMs hasin contemplation
to publish, as soon as subscriptions for
indemnity can be obtained, Designs
from a complete series of Antique
Friezes, commonly known as_ the
Phigalian Marbles, comprehending the
celebrated contest between the Lapi-
the and Centaurs, and the battle of the
Grecks and Amazones, which formerly
ornamented the cella of the Temple of
Apollo Epicurius, at Phigalia, in
Aveadia, Greece. ‘Taken from these
marbles,

72
marbles, now deposited in the British
Museum, consisting of twenty-three
tablets, the designs are made by vari-
ous young artists of rising eminence in

the British school, and are to be en-'

graven in exact imitation of the draw-
ings, in the lithographic manner, by
Mr. F. O..Finch.
object of universal admiration in the
most splendidiage of Grecian perfec-
tion (that of Pericles,) for its architec-
tural. and sculptaral magnificence ;
these designs, in the originai, are pecu-
liarly spirited and diversified, and pro-
cJaim the very high degree of sculp-
tural perfection then obtained among
the first artists of that justly cele-
brated people.) The subject of each
plate is intended to be illustrated on a
separate leaf, facing the plate, by read-
ings collected from the classic authors
of antiquity who have written upon
these subjects, and from which~ the
original artist is presumed to have
obtained the idea for his design.

Mr. J. Berpert, a gentleman re-
siding at Ottery, St. Mary, Devon-
shire, has written with the naked eye
the following pieces in a square of 3%
inchcs:—Goldsmith’s Traveller, De-
serted Village, Essay on Education,
Distresses of a Disabled Soldier, the
Tale Assem, Lissay on Justice and
Generosity, on the Irresolution of
Youth, on the Frailty of Man, on
Friendship, on the Genius of Love, and
the national anthem of God save the
King, without the slightest abbrevia-
tion, the whole comprising upwards of
one hundred thousand letters! Within
the square Mr. Beedell has described
two circles; in the inner one (which is

the compass of a sixpence,) Mr. B.-

has delineated the beautiful building of
Ottery St. Mary church, the shades and
lines of which form part of the writing.
Mr. Beedell has also written in the
circumference of a pea, the Lord’s
Prayer and the Belief, without abbre-
viation ; itis exquisitely written, and in
the centre is formed, by the writing, a
dove with an olive-branch.

M. Beuzont, the enterprising travel-
ler, is now on anotlicr journey of dis-
covery in Africa. A letter from him,
dated Fez, May 5, gives an interesting
account of the progress he has made,
and of his future views. He says, “I
informed you that I had gained per-
mission from his Majesty the Emperor
of Morocco to enter his country as far
as Fez, and that I had great hopes of
obtaining his permission to penetrate

L

Literary and. Philosophical Intelligence. .

This temple was an’

standing the great charges upon my

purse, unsupported as I am, and rely-.

ing entirely on my own resources, that
nothing should be left undone before I
quitted my attempt. I have now great
pleasure in acquainting you, my dear
friend, of my safe arrival at Fez, after

further south.—I stated also, notwith-

having been detained at Tangier till a’

letter had been forwarded from Mr.
Douglas, his Britannic Majesty’s con-
sul at Tangier, to the minister at Fez,
to obtain permission from the emperor
for me to approach his capital. As
soon as a favourable answer was re-

ceived, we started for this place, and in’

ten days arrived here in safety with
my better half, who, having succeeded
in persuading me to take her as far as
Tangier, has also enforced her infla-
ence to procced to Fez; but this,

though much against her will, must be.
Yesterday Thad the °

her ne plus ultra.
honour to be presented to his Majesty
the emperor, and was highly gratified
with his reception of me. He was

acquainted that I had letters of intro-'

duction from Mr. Wilmont-Horton, ta

the consul in Tangier, from whom [-

received the greatest hospitality, and
who did all in his power to promote my
wishes. The fortunate circumstance
of my having known the prime minister
of his Majesty whilst at Cairo, on his
return from Mecca to this country, is
also in my favour: and, though a great
deal has been said against my project’
by the commercial party, particularly
by the Jews of this country, who mono-
polise all the traffic of the interior, I
obtained his Majesty’s permission to
join the caravan, which will set out
from Timbuctoo within one month. If
nothing should happen, and if promises
are kept, I shall from this place cross
the mountains of Atlas to Taflet,
where we shall join other parties from
various quarters, and from thence,
with the help of God, we shall enter
the great Sahara to Timbuctoo. Should
I succeed in my attempt, I shall add
another ‘ votive-tablet’ to the Temple
of Fortune; and if, on the contrary, my
project should fail, one more name
will be added to the many others.
which have fallen into the River of
Oblivion. Mrs. Belzoni will remain at
Fez till she heats of my departure from
Taflet, which place is eighteen or
twenty days’ journey from hence ; and,
as soon as that fact is ascertained, she
will return to England.”

RUSSIA,

1823.]

RUSSIA.

The vessels Golounin and Baranoff,
expedited by the Russian American
Company, to explore the north-west
coast of America, have returned from
their voyage.
discovery of a pretty large island,
called Mumirak, situated, according
to their calculation,-in 59° 54! 57"
North latitude, and 190° 17’ 12” East
longitude.

Recent antiquarian researches make
it evident that Tschernigof is the most
ancient recorded town in all Russia,
properly so denominated. The Mus-
covite annals do not mention the
name of its founder; but it was in the
number of those for which, when peace
was concluded with Oleg, in 907, the
Greeks were obliged to pay a tribute.

Since 1810, there has been esta-
blished at Petersburgh a Society of
Amateurs of Russian Literature; the
president is M. Antonski, rector of
the university. They have published
twenty-one volumes of their labours,
containing poetry, and pieces illustra-
tive of the history and state of Rus-
sian literature.

The Bible Society has, throughout
the Russian empire, 54 divisions in the
different governments, and 168 auxi-
liary societies. The society of Mos-
cow published and distributed, within
the two last years, 106,000 copies, in
thirty-two languages; and, since its
first establishment in 18138, has printed
more than, 550,000.

' SWEDEN.

The legislation of Sweden is ad-
vancing in progressive .ameliorations,
The committee of the Constitution
have proposed to the states of the
kingdom to abolish the indirect cen-
sorship, which the Chancellor has long
exercised over journals and periodi-
cal writings, extending so far as to an
arbitrary right of suppressing them.
it is demanded that the responsibility
of the journals is to -be fixed by the
ordinary tribunals.

In the university of Upsal is a very
beautiful chest of drawers, made of
ebony and cypress wood, and adorned
with precious stones. It was present-
ed to Gustavus Adolphus, in 1632, by
the city of Augsburgh. Among other
curiosities, it contains a large agate:
one of the faces of the stone represents
the Last Judgment, and the others
the passage of the Red Sea by the
Israelites. The figures are well co-

Montuty Mac. No, 385.

Literary and Philosophical Intelligence.

They announce the

73

loured, and are in the style of the
German painters that succeeded to
Albert Durer. The tints of the stone
have been so skilfully adjusted, as to
represent the clouds with much effect,
as also the wall formed by the waters
opening to let the Israelities pass, and
the waves ready to swallow up Pha-
raoh and his army. The name of the
artist who drew these two designs was
John King. .
3 DENMARK.

The Bible Society of Copenhagen
have distributed in Denmark 44,169
copies of the New Testament, in the
years from 1815 to 1821. Within the
same time, the Society of Holstein-
Schleswick has distributed 24,000 co-
pies of the Bible. To these adding
the distributions of Iceland and Lauen-
burg, it will appear that more than
80,000 copies of the Sacred Writings
have been. delivered in the Danish
states in the course of six years. The
Society is now printing some detached
volumes of the Bible, translated into
the Greenland tongue by Bishop
Fabricius. win PR

A letter from the Capt. Chevalier
Abrahamson, dated Copenhagen, April
14, 1823, contains a notice that the
establishment of schools of mutual
instruction is proceeding in Denmark
with rapidity. It was on the 21st of
August, 1822, that the king first autho-
rised the introduction of the new me-
thod, by way of trial, in eighteen
schools. Four months later, M. Abra-
hamson had established it in ‘100
schools; and it is now in use in 147,

FRANCE.

M. Paravey, officer in the royal
corps of French engineers, in a pam-
phlet recently published, professes to
demonstrate that the planisphere of
Denderah is no other than the sphere
of Hipparchus, as delineated on the
Farnese globe. It appears now that
there is a Roman mark on the .Zo-
diac, which has been but lately disco-
vered.

Extract of a letter from M. Parissot,
Professor of, Physics in the College of
Epinal, a canton of the Vosges.

On the 13th of September last, at-7 in
the morning, an acrolite fell m the com-
mune of La Basse, two leagues east of
Epinal. Its noise, in falling, was. like
that of a carriage, not well greased, ra-
pidly rolling over a rugged road. Its
direction was from south-west to north-
west. Its force increased as it approached,
to a frightful degree of intensity, It

L was

74

was heard, not only by all the inhabitants
of La Basse, but in the neighbouring com-
munes, the report lasting about ten minutes,
A farmer went to visit the place of explo-
sion, and found it on the high road, not
more than twelye feet distant from his
cart. The stone had worked itself a
round hole in the paved causeway, the
sides of which were smoking, and contained
the remains of a mass of stone, black on its
outward surface, and grey within, grained,
friable, spangled with brilliant points, and
with ferrugineous lines in the metallic
State ; a great number of its fragments had
been scattered about the adjacent fields,
He took it up, and rated its magnitude
at that of a six-pounder ball.

The following is an exact list of the
Protestant journals that have been
begun, or are publishing, in France.

The Archives of the Faith in the 19th
Century, at Lausanne, 1801-2, though ap-
pearing in Switzerland, were especially in-
tended for the French churches :” this
journal did not survive a year.

The Archives of Christianity : — this
journal commenced at Paris in January,
1818, and is still continued.

‘The Protestant Annals appeared in Sep.
tember, 1819. At the end of six months,
the conductors were invited to submit to
the Censorship, by a letter from the
Minister of the Interior. This made them
renounce their project.

Miscellanies of Religion, Morals, and
Sacred Criticism, the first number of which
bears the date of January, 1820, were
originally published, and continue to be
so, at Nimes, by M. the Pastor Vincent.
This work has reached its third year ; and,
like the others here noticed, appears
monthly.

Two Protestant journals are publishing
at Strasbourg, in the German language,
one entitled “ Christian Communications,”
edited by M. Krafft, and the other,
“Timotheus, or a Journal for the Ad-
vancement of Religion and Humanity,”
which appears, in numbers, two volumes a
year. ;

SPAIN,

From the Report of a late Commis-
sion, presented to the Cortez of Spain,
it appears, exclusive of an annual re-
venue paid to the Pope of 686,000
reals, that every year 344,000 reals were
paid as St. Peter’s pence, or for the
church of St. Peter, at Rome; 13,020
reals for that of St. John de Lateran ;
and 100,000 to the Nuncio: and that
annually five or six millions were sent
out of the country to obtain bulls,
dispensations, indulgences, and apos-
tolic graces,

EGYPT,
The following is a correct copy of

Literary and Philosophical Intelligence.

[Aug. 1},

the Firman granted by the Pacha of
Egypt to M. Lelorraine, when the latter
Was introduced to him. After a gra-
cious reception, a question was pro-
posed, by the drogman, (for Mohammed
Ali does not speak the languages of
Europe,) what was the object of his
visit to Egypt? M. L. replied, that he
wished for a licence to search for anti-
quities in Upper Egypt. ‘The pacha
granted it without hesitation. At the
head of the writing is the monogram,
God; at the lower end, the seal of
Mohammed Ali.

Order.—Agreeably to the declaration

and petition of a French voyager, named ~

Lelorraine, who is desirous to repair to
Wadi-Halsa for the gratification of his
curiosity, and to make researches and ex-
cavations in certain ancient buildings, this
present order is issued, and is granted to
him, that he may travel, without fear, in
pursuance of the object here mentioned,
and that no hindrance may be thrown in
the way of his enquiries relative to ancient
monuments, On the contrary, we hereby
signify to the governors of provinces, and
other officers at the head of the administra-
tion in the different countries, that they
afford him their aid and protection. If it
please God, let these injunctions be at-
tended to, :

[Given the 20th of the month of Rebial-
thany, 1235. January 27, 1821.]

UNITED STATES.

Original works appear with great
rapidity in the United States, and the
following specimens of them have just
reached London :— .

American Medical Botany: being a
collection of the native medicinal plants of
the United States, with coloured en-
gravings; by JAcop BiGeLow, M.D.
3 vols.

An Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy
and Geology; by PRoFessor CLEAVE-
LAND,

An Essay concerning Tussis Convulsiva,
or Whooping Cough: with Observations
on the Diseases of Children; by BENJAMIN
WATERHOUSE, M.D.

A Treatise on Verminous Diseases, pre-
ceded by the Natural History of Intestinal
Worms, and their Origin in, the Human
Body; by Vatertan Lewis Brera,
Translated from the Italian, with Notes
by Dr. Bartoli, and M. Calvet; by Joun
G, CoFFIN, M.D. Wie

A Public Lecture on the Pernicions
Effects of Smoking: with Observations on
the Use of Ardent and Vinous Spirits; by
BENJAMIN WATERHOUSE, M.D.

The Elements of Chemical Science,
with plates; by Jonn GorHAM, M.D.
professor of Chemistry in Harvard Uni-
versity. ¥

Traits

1823.] “Medical

Traits of the Aborigines of America.
A poem. 12mo.

Outlines of Botany, containing an Ex-
planation of Botanical Terms, and an
Illustration of the System of Linnzas ; for
the use of schools and students ; by Dr.
JoHNn LocKE. 12mo. E

Outlines of the Mineralogy and Geology
of Boston, and its Vicinity, with a geolo-

Report. 75

gical map; by J. Freeman DANA, m.D.
and Samuel L, DANA, M.D.

Some Account of the Life of Thomas
Dormer, with Hints on Early Rising.

The Life of James Otis, of Massachn-
setts : containing, also, Notices of some
contemporary Cliaracters and Events, from
the Year 1760 to 1775; by WiLtiam
Tupor,

MEDICAL REPORT.

. —=__
Report of Diseases and Casuatti£Es occurring inthe public and private Practice

of the Physician who has the care of the Western District of the City Dispensary.
—_——

NDER a thermometrical variation of

less than five degrees through the
whole course of the last thirty days, un-
der cloudy skies, and with an ungenial sea-
son, formidable disease has been remark-
ably unfrequent. A sort of healthy reac-
tion has established itself upon the fright-
ful sickliness of April and May, and du-
ring the last six weeks less advice has been
given and less medicine required than, per-
haps, for years previously.

Some few cases of cholera have appeared
before their wonted time, and these have
proved inexplicably severe, This moment
the writer has heard of a fatal case in Ken-
sington, in the instance of the wife of a
barrister, a beautiful and interesting fe-
male, who fell a victim to the force of the
malady only a few hours subsequently to
danger haying been conceived,

It is at the coming season of the year,
especially, that slight menaces of bilious
derangement ought not to be disregarded,
lest they rapidly mount up to frightful ma-
lignity and fatal termination. Fruits have
perhaps got the diseredit of producing
what is oftener referrible to atmospheric
changes ; cherries and plums ought, how-
ever, to be carefully avoided where they
atall disagree. From the former the re-
porter has seen much stomach mischief
produced, and he has been frightened
sometimes at the quantity of this fruit that
some persons will swallow under the no-
tion of ifs comparative innocence.

One of the most formidable cases of
spasmodic asthma that the writer has ever
witnessed, has just been submitted to his
care. How dreadful are the paroxysms of
this disease! sine vita vivere—sine morti
mori, would be the most appropriate motto
tliat could be selected for a treatise on
asthma, for the patient under its influence
literally lives without life and dies without

death. The stramonium here, as in other
cases, the reporter has found the most ef:
ficacious in subduing the fits, but this isa
medicine that requires much care and cau-
tion in its use. It is apt, if given in over-
doses, to seize hold of the nervous system,
and, in supplanting one, produce another
disease, ;

The physician as well as the moralist is
furnished with many opportunities for ap-
preciating the force of habit. A young
girl has just applied for relief from an epi-
leptic seizure, who, after having been cured
by the reporter, according to her state-
ment, two years since, was seized at the
same time, and under the same cireum-
stances, that the attack had previously oc-
cwred ; viz. in a crowded place of wor-
ship, and while suffering under the feeling
of heat. Both in the prevention and
treatment of maladies, the power of habit
ought to be constantly recognized. Hoop-
ing cough was an epidemic among us some
months since, and we shall find many of
those children who have not had-an oppor-
tunity of change in residence, still, to a
certain extent, the subject of the affection,
while those who have lett their homes have
also left their complaints. ‘The writer’s
own children coughed and coughed on, in
spite of medicine, but medicine was no
longer wanted when. country air was had
recourse to ; and in this case it is rather
the specific effect of change than of air that
operates the good. One of the children
took cold in the country, after the com-
plete cessation of the cough ; and the con-
sequence was, its return with almost pris-
tine violence ; the new and healthy habit
not having acquired sufficient strength to
resist. the constitutional tendency to the
recurrence of the old ones,

Bedford-row ; D. Uwins, m.v.

July 20, 1823.

MONTHLY

[ 76 ]

[Aug. 1,

MONTHLY AGRICULTURAL REPORT. ©

—

SINCE the 2d of the month, the wind

has been in general Westerly, with
almost daily showers, and, with few ex-
ceptions, a mild temperature; in conse-
quence, all the crops have, in various
degrees, been benefited. From the
drought and cold of last month the grass
was exceedingly backward in growth,
and the scythe was withheld, perhaps
generally, in the hope of rain and increase
of bulk, The rain has fallen propitiously,
but with the drawback of unfavourable
weather for haymaking. The quantity
however, if not great, will, in the ultimate,
be much greater than was expected last
month. Take the country generally, and
the crop both of wheat, spring corn, and
pulse, will be considerable. Much smutted
wheat is expected, from the nature of
both the spring and summer _ seasons.
The warm rains have promoted the growth
of straw in the corn. Beans promise a
great crop. The potatoe-plants were
checked, and indeed injured, by the cold
winds; but have recovered, and are ina
very flourishing state, where kept clean
and aerated by the hoe. It may prove
an abundant crop, and reduce the price
of wheat. Harvest will be three weeks
later than last year. News from the bop-
districts more favourable since the rains.
The summer fruits are in universal plenty,
although deficient in flavour, from too
small a share of the genial solar heat.
Autumnal fruits promise highly. In fine,
after all the recited disadvantages of
season, the present, it is now probable,
will sustain the character of a fruitful

year. Under such signal advantages,
pauperism still disgraces the country. In
districts where weeds are literally eating
up the corn, the labourers have been
compelled to apply to the overseers! An
old Salopian Correspondent of these re-
ports, on the foregoing topic, thus ex-
presses himself: ‘God gave us a good
country, but the devil sent public manage-
ment.’ Wool sheared very badly, both as
to quantity and condition; in a great
measnre owing to defective English winter-
treatment of the flocks, Pigs have re-
ceded considerably from the late advance
in price. A reduction of price, in all
country-produce, may very well happen
after harvest, the Peninsular war affording
no longer any ground for speculation.
We shall have no settled weather until
the winds become more steady. Through-
out the month, the wind has been shifting
almost daily, between the S.W. and N.W.
the temperature changing simultaneously,
and affecting vegetation in opposite de-
grees. ;

Smithfield: —Beef, 3s. to 48s. 6d.—Mut-
ton, 2s. 8d. to 4s, 4d.—Veal, 3s, to 4s. 6d.
—Pork, 2s.6d.to 4s, 2d.—Lamb, as. 4d.
to 4s. 6d.—Bacon, —.—Raw fat, 2s. id.
per stone.

Corn Exchange: — Wheat, 46s. to 70s.
—Barley, 3is. to 58s.—Oats, 20s. to 32s.
—London price of best bread, 4ib. for
93d.—Hay, 95s. to 110s.—Clover, do.
90s. to 130s.— Straw, 42s. to 54s. 6d.

Coals in the pool, 29s. 6d. to 43s. Gd.
Middlesex ; July 21.

REPORT OF CHEMISTRY AND EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY.

——

R. JoHn Oxroryv has discovered,
that naptha, or purified essential oil
of coal-tar, on being saturated with chlo-
rine gas, is changed from a yolatile toa
fixed cil, of a claret-red colour; so much
thickened, as to form a jelly in cold wea-
ther; with this oil, two parts of white-
lead, one of washed whitning, (or purified
chalk,) and one part of the charcoal of
coal-tar, are to be ground up together, and
a paint formed. ‘Two coats of this paint
will effectually protect wood-work from
the attack of dry-rot, or other decay.
Tarpaulins, and other canvass articles ex-
posed to the weather, are alike preserved
by it; and fences, or articles of iron,
painted therewith, obstinately resist rust-
ing, according to the allegements of the
discoverer.
A dark brown snake, 43 feet long, was
lately killed at Natchez on the Mississippi,
which had two short legs within eighteen

inches of its tail; on which, when attacked,
it reared itself three feet high for resist-
ance. Another of the species was seen,
This reptile unites the snake family with
the lizard.

The London Astronomical Society has
awarded its gold medal to CHARLES BAB-
BAGE, esq. for his very ingenious and im-
portant invention of the application of ma-
chinery to the computation of tables.

Dr. BREWSTER, in some experiments
which he has described to the Royal
Society of Edinburgh, has discovered, in
the numerous minute cavities within a
specimen of the transparent mineral
called chrysoberyl, a limpid fluid, which
appears almost like water, at ordinary
temperatures, and until the specimen be
slightly heated, (as by enclosing it in the
hand for some time,) to about 88° of Fah-
renheit,. when the fluid rather suddenly
expands, (30 times more so than water

expands

ee eee ee

1823.]
' expands by the same access of heat,) and
entirely fiils the cavity above it; which,
before, seems to have been a vacuum, as
occurred to Sir H. Davy in a different
course of experiments, mentioned in p.
460 of our last volume. In some of the
cavities of Dr. Brewster’s specimen, this
new and extraordinary fluid is seen to be
accompanied by a portion of water be-
neath it, and with which it shews no dispo-
‘sition to mix: hitherto, the smallness of
the quantities of this fluid has prevented
its being chemically examined, in order to
ascertain, as Dr. B. conjectures, whether
such a flnid can be prepared by art, in
order to its being used in filling the tubes
of thermometers, of greater delicacy of
actiou than any which we at present
possess.

Mr. Rorert Hoop, attached to Capt.
Franklin’s overland journey to the Polar
Sea, when resident at their newly erected
wooden house, called Fort-Enterprise,
situated on the southern slope of the ridge
of high land which separates the head wa-
ters of the great Mackenzie river from the
smaller water called Copper-mine river, in
N. lat. 64° 28/ 24”, and W. long. 115° 6’
00", made in the severe cold weather of
December 1820, and January 1821, seve-
ral-meridional Observations on the Sun,
from whence he has (Capt. F.’s narrative,
p- 256,) calculated the horizontal refrac-
tions as following, viz.—

Temperature, Calculated
Farenheit, Horizontal

Refraction.

— 35° 48° 30'

— 41° 55° 16”
— 454° 56’ 3"

The atmosphere, at the height of seven
miles or less, in the zenith of Fort-Eater-
prise, was considered by Capt. Franklin
(pp. 544 and 553, &c. of his Narrative,) to
be, in 1821, the seat, in those latitudes, of
the Aurora Borealis; because the same as
often appeared to the southward as to the

_ northward of the zenith of that place;
and, not unfrequently, the Aurora was
seen beneath, and illuminating the onder
sides of the clouds. ‘The mean variation
of the magnetic compass was 36° 24/7”
East, and the dip N. 86° 58’ 42”; taken
when these were not disturbed by the
flashings of the Aurora.

Improved Bleaching.—In the bleaching
of common linen, quick-lime, dissolved in
water, is often made use of. Labour is
hereby abridged, as the lime destroys the
colouring matter of the linen; but the
vegetable fibres are impaired, and the
linen loses much of its solidity, however
it may appear substantial and compact.
It grows hard and rough to the touch,
does not wear durably ; aud often, after
washing, occasions an itching and pimples
on the skin, These effects are owing toa
portion of calcareous earth (carbonate of

Report of Chemistry and Experimental Philosophy.

77

calx,) that adheres to the cloth, and which
a number of washings will not eradicate.
This calx, sometimes, inheres in such
quantities, that, on beating the cloth, a
shower of dust will issue from it, which is
nothing but carbonate of calx. To distin-
guish when linen has or has not been pre-
pared by this agent, cut a sample of new
cloth, put it into a glass, and pour on it
some spoonfuls of good vinegar, or hydro-
chloric acid of water. If the cloth con-
tains calx, the acid will raise an efferves-
cence rather considerable, attended witb
a slight report; but, if otherwise, no effect
will be produced. Should any doubts re-
main as to the correctness of the experi-
ment, it may be repeated with a like
piece of bleached cloth that is not new.

Journal of the Weather and Natural History,
kept at Haréficld, by Dr. T. Forster,

Sor June 1823.
“Sle

é s 8 é i Plants begin to Flower,

S(Sise i. & hc.

Q\a | a hae
1/56/29'99| N.E |Papaver Rhaas, fi.
2)55|29°55|E..S W.| Hieracium pilosella, fl.
3)/50/29°49| S.W. |Lychnis Flos. Cuculi, fl.
4)56/29°36| S.W. |Showers.—Roses blow.
5 , W. |Showery. — Gladiolus

Communis, fl,

i
a
Ss
©
or
a
An PRM

6}51)29°91| S.W. | Papaver somniferum, fl.
7/52/29-92| S.W. |Fair.
8)/51/29°85| W. |Fair.—Showery.
9'50'29°82] S.W. |Gentle showers.
10)51|29-90| S.W. | Rosa arvensis, fl.
11/51/29-95] S.W. | Rosa micrantha, fl.
12|50 29-86|E.N.E| Cloudy.
13|zs|262. | NOR.
15|53)30-05] N. |Cloudy.
16|48|30°18] N.
17|51/30'14) N.
18/51/30 04) N.
1952\29:98) N.
20/5629'90| N. |Lychnis chalccdonica, fl.

21/52/29-98) N.,

22'50/30'00|N.E.N

23/45/29°95) N. |Papaver orientale, fl.
24|50)/29°79|S W va.|/Showery,
25)53)29:63/S W.E. |Showers.

26|52| +++ | S.W. Do.
27/52) +++» 1 S.W. |'Thunder—showers.
28)55/29°45|S W. W | Lilium bulbiferum.

5
29/53 29°75] S.W. |Convolvulus tricolor, fl.
50158 '29°78'W.S W

The observations of the barometer and
thermometer are made at 10 P.M. as that
he corresponds with the mean of the
day.

Observations. —VThe month of June this
year has been very cold, with a large pro-
portion of cloud, and some wet, Vegeta-
tion has advanced but little. Most genera -
of

’

78 Commercial Report. rAug. I,
of plants, except the poppy tribe, have’ Flora, which began to open slowly at the
been very backward. ‘The grass has not end of the month.*

grown ; particularly in Sussex, where it is
full a month behind the usual time. In * See my observations in “ Researches
short, June, this year, has been to all ap- about Atmospheric Phenomena,” third
pearance like.a cold May, from which the edition, just published hy Harding, Ma-
face of nature would not distinguish it but’ vor, and Co.; to which I have appended a
for the flowering of the Papaveru, and Calenitar of Flora, Jauna, and Pomona, in-
other. plants, belonging to the Solstitial cluding the last twenty years,

MONTHLY COMMERCIAL REPORT.
PRICES or MERCHANDIZE. June 24.

July 29.
Cocoa, W.I. common +-£5 5 0 to 4 00), 3 5 0 to 4 0 O perewt.
Coffee, Jamaica, ordinary 4 0 0 — 410 0] 4 0 0 — 415 0 do.
ee fine! 4 15114 504— 6 GO | 5° 0” OF — Ga Od? dbs

, Mocha --++++e2 5 09 O — 8 0 0 5 00 — 8 0 0. do,
Cotton, W.I.common-- 0 0 8} — 0 0 93) 0 0 9 — O O11 per lb.

, Demerara:+-++- 0 010; — 0 1 0 0 0115 — 0 1 412 do.
Currants -----+- esoeoee 5 O DO — 512 0 5 00 — 512 0 per cwt.
Figs, Turkey ++-+++-+-- 118 0 — 2 2 0 118 09 — 2.2 Operchest
Flax, Riga -+++-+-++++++- 66 0 0 — 68 0 0 |63 0 0 — 65 O O per ton.
Hemp, Riga, Rhine ----42 0 0 — 43 0 0} 4110 0 — 4210 0 do.
Hops, new, Pockets---- 4 4 0 — 512 0 8 0 0 — 1010 O perewt.

,Sussex,do. 310 0 — 4 6 01 610 0 — 710 0 do.
Iron, British, Bars ---- 810 0 — 9 0 0] 810 0 — Y O O per ton,
— a Pigs senses 6, 0. 8 —— 7 0 O° 6" O09 67°40 ROPeatD
Oil, Lucca .-+--e+eee.. 1110 0 — 0 0 0/1110 0 — O 0 0 ¥5 galls.
—, Galipol, woacececces 55 0 0 — 56 0 01/55 0 0 — 56 O O per ton.
Raga cvesearsccsscess 2.1 O-— 2 gy 6) || 24) Of. wo ewe
Raisins, bloom or jar,new 310 0 — 0 0 0 310 0 — 0 0 0 do. -
Rice, Patna sscisvcrsele wi O Ore 1 20 016 0 — 1 0 0 do,
Carolina --+----- 117 0 — 2 0 0 117 0 — 2\.0°0 ~do.
Silk, China, YaWseseeeee O16 1 — 1 1 1/016 1 — 1 1 1 per Ib
A Bengal, skein «++» 011 4 — 012 2 011 4 — 012 9 do,
eSpices, Cinnamon ------ 0 6 8 — O 6 10 0 60 — 0 7 0 do

Cloves --++-+-. O 4 4 — 0 4 9 039 — 0 4 0 do

, Nutmegs ------ 0 3 1 — 0 3 8 0 3 1 — 0 0 0° do.

, Pepper, black-- 0 0 6; — 0 0 63) 0 0 6 — 0 O 64 do
—____——,, wlite-e 0 1 3 — 0 1 34) 013 — 0 1 5% do.
Spirits, Brandy, Cogniaec 0 2 8 — O 3.4 0 210 — 0 3 4 per gal

, Geneva Hollands 0 2 0 — O @ 1 0 20 — 0 2 1 do,

, Rum, Jamaica:- 0 2 5 — O 2 8B] 0 4 4 — 0 2 6. ado.
Sugar, brown:---++---- 213 0 — #15 0 213 0 — 214 O percwt,

, Jamaica, fine ---- 310 0 — 312 0] 3 5 0 — 310 0 do.
——, East India, brown 1 20 — 1 5 0 10 0— 1 4 0 do.
Deg onsamgene ee: } 4 60— 410 0] 4 4 0— 4 7 0° do.
Tallow, town-melted.- - 118 6 — 0 0 0 118 6 — 0 0 0 do.
, Russia, yellow -- 1 14.6,.—-,.0 0 0 114 6 — 0 0 0° do.

Tea, Bohba:.:- +: seers O 2 43 — 0 2 53] 0 2 5 — O Q 5eperlb.

, Hyson, best ----- 0 5 7 — 0 60/0 5 7 — 0 6 0 do.
Wine, Madeira, old ----20 0 06 —70 0 0 {20 0 0 —70 0 O perpipe
——, Port, old ---+---- 42 0 0 — 48 0 O |42 0 0 — 48 0 O-— do.

» Sherry --++++--+-290 0 0 — 50 0 0 |20 0 0- — 50 0 O per butt

Premiums of Insurance.—Guernsey or Jersey, 25s. a 30s.—Cork or Dublin, 25s. a 30s.
—Belfast, 25s. a 30s.—Hambro’, 20s. « 50s.—Madeira, 20s.'a 30s,—Jamaica, 40s. a
50s.— Greenland, out and home, 6 gs. a 12 gs.

Course of Exchange, July 29.—Amsterdam, 12 10,—Hamburgh, 38 9,—Paris, 265.
Leghorn, 46}.—Lisbon, 52.—Dublin, 94 per cent.

Premiums on Shares and Canals, and Joint Stock Companies, at the Office of Wolfe and
Edmonds'’.—Birmingham, 3101.—Coventry, 11001.—Derby, 1401,—Ellesmere, 65/.—
Sa pone 44.—Grand Union, 18/. 10s—Gyrand Junction, 250/.—Grand Wes-
tern, s and Liverpool, 3751. —Leicester, 300/.—Loughbro’, 3500/—Oxford,
7 a and Mersey, 2000/.—Worcester, 53l.— East India Docks, 1401,—London,

116/.

1823.] -

Bankrupts and Dividends.

79

118/.—West India, 183/.—Southwark Briver, 19/.—Strand, 5/.—Royal Exchange
ASSURANCE, 2551.—Albion, 51/.—Globe, 155/.—Gas Ligut Company, 751.—City

Ditto, 1481.

The 3 per cent. Reduced, on the 28th was 823; 3 per cent. Consols, 823; 4 per
cent. Consols, 993 ; new 4 per cent. 1003 ; Bank Stock 232.
Gold in bars, 3/. 17s. 6d. per 0z.—New doubloons, 3/. 16s. 0d.—Silver in bars, 4s. 11d.

ALPHABETICAL List OF BANKRUPTCIES announced. between the 20th of June,
and the 20th of July, 1823: extracted from the London Gazettes.
—

BANKRUPTCIES. [This Month 65.]
Solicitors’ Names are in Parentheses.

ARMAND, C. P. and A. Solari, Battersea, vitriol-
manufacturers. (Brooking, L.

Baker, W.. Walcot near Bath, carpenter. (Hel-
lings, Bath

Beaumont, J. Wheathouse, Yorkshire, merchant.
(Clarke and Co. L,

Bristow, J. Bristol, ironmonger. (Clowes and Co. L.

Bunker, T. Church-street, Deptford, timber-mer-
chant. (Jones, L.

Butler, J. hitchurch,
(Watson and Co.

Certer, S. Stratford, cheesemonger.

Clancy, J. York, tailor. (Walker

Coles, S. Exeter, innkeeper. (Pearson, L.

Crabb, W. Tellisford, Somersetshire, fuller.
and Co. L.

Crowther, W. L. Green-street, Grosvenor-square,
milliner. (Lester J

Crutehley, H. Warwick and Coveutry, linen-draper.

Hertslet, L. :

Daniels, A Prescott-street, Goodman’s-fields, dia-
mond-merchant. (Isaacs

Dicas, J. Holywell, Flintshire, corn-dealer. (Clarke
and Co. L. .

Dobson, W. Gateshead, Durham, chemist. (Baker

Dods, R. High-street, Southwark, linen-draper.
(Lester } :
Emsley, W. Pudsey, Yorkshire, clothier. (Lambert
Forbes, W. Gateshead, Durham, nurserymian. (Ro-
binson, L. N
Gaisford, R. Bristol, baker and mealman. (Miller,
Frome Selwood

Glandfield, J. Strand, wine-merchant.

Gooden, J. Chiswell street, victualler. (Reeves

Harkness, J. Chapel-place, Long-lane, Southwark,
timber-merchant. (Stephens and Co. L.

Hastings, E. Lower Smith-street, Northampton-
square, milkman. (Stevens and Co,

Hague, G. Hull, haberdasher. (Sweet and Co, L.

Riyams: J. Coventry-street, Haymarket, jeweller.
(Spyer

Min: worth: J. and J. Knowles, Leeds, merchants.
Pesbrztessen

Shropshire, innkeeper.
(Argill, L.

(Dax

James, W. West Bromwich, coal-master. (Corrie,
_ Birmingham
ones, J. Brecon, maltster. (Stephenson and Co. L.

Kaines, H. Manstone, Dorsetshire, cattle-dealer.

(Holme and Co. L.

Lancaster, J. jun. Bethnal-green road, buteher:
(Norton, L.

Lucas, E. Shepherd’s Market,
milk-man. (Stevens and Co,

M‘Turk, B. Hull, grocer. (Taylor, L.

Mawe, H. M. Loughborough, coach-proprietor.
(Norton and Co.

Mawley, J. New-street, Covent-garden, boot and
shoe maker. (Bennett

M‘Allis, J. Liverpool, tailor. (Adlington and Co, L,

Hanover-square,

Martyn, E. Taunton, drugyist. (LTrenchard

Moorhouse, J. Eastworth, Yorkshire, clothier.
(Battye, L.

Mortimer, W. Manchester, joiner. (Law and
Coates

Muunton, J. Highgate, corn-chandler. (Watson
and Co

Nettleton, J. Sloane-square, ironmonger. (Free:
man and Co. L.

Nichols, E. John’s Mews, Bedford-row, cow-keeper.
(Norton

Noad, J. Clifford Mill, Somersetshire, fuller. (Mil-
ler, Frome Selwood

Owen, W. Islington, stage-master. (Denton and Co.

Phillips, W. Bristol, linen-draper. (Clabon, L

Purdie, J. Size-lane, merchant. (Kearsay and Co.

Read, J. and J. Jacob, Love-lane, clotli-workers.
(Bennett

Reynolds, T. Westbury, Wilts, clothier.

Roberts, C. Aldermaston, Berkshire,
(Ford, L. '

Robinson, F. New Malton, Yorkshire, spirit-mer-
chant. (Stockton

Smith, J. Camomile-street, tailor, (Duncan

Smith, W. T. E. Kenton-strect, Brunswick-square,
carpenter. (Sheriff

Stevens, J. Harrington Toxteth-park, near Liver-

ool, joiner. (Blackstock and Co. L.

Stephens, R. Goswell-street, saddler, (Hughes

Stilborn, J. sen. Bishop Wilton, Yorkshire, butcher.
(Cowiing, York

Sykes, T. Bath Easton, Somersetshire, clothier.
(Nind and Co, L.

Thorpe, M. Worksop, Nottinghamshire, maltster.
(Hall and Co. L. ,

Tribaudino, C. J. Cleveland-street, Mile End, silk-
dyer. (Webster and Son, L.

Welcker, M. and J. F. Leicester-square, tailors.
(Russen

Welton, N. Bredfield, Suffolk, horse-dealer. (Pear-
son and Co. Ipswich

Widger, A. Buckfastleigh, Devonshire, woollen-

(Umney
majltster.

Kenton, J. Stow-on-the-Wold,
draper. (Pritchard, L.
Ipswich, ironmonger,

King, J.
Kirby, T.

Agar, M. Walbrook

Agg, T. Water-lane, Fleet-street

Ambrose, E. King-street

Amos, J. and C. Sutherland, St.
Helen’s-place

Banton, W. Norwich

Barber, M. and Co, Liverpool

Bardsley, J. jun. Manchester

Barrow, R. and T. Liverpool

Bedford, J. Fen-Drayton, Cam-
bridgeshire

Bell, G. Brampton, Camberland

Blane, T. Wal rook 4

Boddy. W. HeUingden, Mid-
diesex

Breonand, T. Broad-street

Brown, J. Holywell, Flintshire

malin T. Buker-street, St. Mary-
e-bone

Gloucestershire,

(Jackaman
ethnal-green road, draper.

draper,

(Arden, L. and Co, L,
DIVIDENDS.

Carlen, T. and W. Wilson, Lang-
bourne Chambers, Fenchurch-
street

Carnes, W. Canal-row,
mondsey

Carr, T. Chorley, Lancashire

Carter, J. jan. Liverpool

Cattell, W. Cotten-end, Warwick

Clark, G. Blackburn

Clarke, ‘T. D, Gerrard-street

Cleghorn, J. Ratcliffe-highway

Clements, J. Newport, Mon-
mouthshire

Clough and Co, Plas Madoc, Den-
bighshire

Colverhouse, C. Walcot, Somer-
setshire

Cook, W. Wouldham, Kent

Cosser, W. Milbank-street

Ber-

(Knight and Co, L.
Wilson, T. Carlisle, coach-master.
Wood, T. Lane-end, Staffordshire, currier, (Clowes

(Birkett, L.

Cumming, A. J.
Southwark
Davies, W. Sudbury, Suffolk
Dickie, Little St. Thomas Apostle
Dipper, F. Worcester
Dowley, J. Willow-street, Bank-
side
Draper, R. J. Fleet-market
Drury, J. Snaith, Yorkshire
Dunkin, C. Shad Thames
Dunn, R. Braunceton, Northamp-
tonshire
Edwards, T. Gerrard-street, Soho
Edwards, R, and J, Cradley, Wor-
cestershire
Elam, T. W. Bradford, Wilts
Elliott, J. Farnham, Surre
Evans and Co. Aberystwit
Flack, R, Shepherd-street
Foster,

High. street,

80

Foster, J. H. and C. Dobson,
Norwich

pt aaa Cannon-street road

Freer, T. Leicester

Garland, M., M. Magnus, and B.
Benjamin, Bunhill-row

Garton, J. Hull

Gibson, W. and F. Fomm, Tri-

__ hity-square

Gibson, T. hag and J. Eaves,
Liverpoo

Gooch, W. Harlow

Good, P. P. Lioyd’s Coffee-house

Graham, R. Shorter’s-court,
Throgmorton-street

Gray, J. Kingston, Surrey

Gray, C. Upper Montag ue-street

Gregg and Phene, jun, Watling-
street :

Haffner, M. Cannon-street

Haill, M. ‘Cheltenham

Hardwidge, J. Wellington, So-
mersetshire

Hardy, W. Manchester

Harper, H. Cheltenham

Hartley, S. and W. Tadeaster

Hayley, T. Long Acre

Heming, S. Birmingham

Henderson, J. Tonbridge-place,
Pancras

Henesy, R.- White Cross-street,
St. Luke’s

Hillear, W. Winchester

Hillary, T. P. Little Tower-street

Holman, W. Totness

Holt, M, Coventry

Political Affairs in July.

ae io H. King’s Arms yard,

Joleman-street

Hudson, W. Camberwell

Humphreys, J. King’s Arms yard,
Coleman-street

Jabet, R. Birmingham

Jackson, J. Coventry

Jamison, J. Little Queen-street

Jones, R. P. Abergavenny

Kirkland, J. and J. Badenoch,
Coventry

Lee, J. Noble-strect

Leech, S. and J. Hinchcliffe, Cat- -
eaton-street

Manning, J. Clement’s Inn

Maxfield, T. Salisbury

M‘Alpine and Young, Charing
Cross, and J. Barr and W.
Maddocks, Cheapside

Miller, W. Rye

Moody, A. Long-lane, Bermond-

sey

Newell, R. Hereford

Owen, J. Madeley-wood, Shropsh,

Paradise, J. Newcastle-street,
Strand

Parry, H. and W. Caerleon, Mon-
mouthshire 4

Pattison, C. St. Neot’s, Hunting-
donshire

Peate, R. Oswestry

Penrith, W. Bath

Phillips, P. King-street, Bartho-
lomew-close

Priddy, J. Oxford-street

Ray, J. andJ, R. Clare, Suffolk

‘[Aug. I;

Rolland, F. St. Jamee’-street
Sarvis, A. Sloane-street, Chelsea
Shackle, J. Milk-st, Cheapside
Shirley, R. Bucklersbur
Slater, A. Cuddinyton,
Smith, J. Liverpool
Staff, E. Norwich
Story, T. Unworth
Stevens, R. Soulbury, Bucks
Swan, R. Gainsborough

Symes, W. Crewkerne

Tippetts and Gethen, Basinghall-

street

Tyler, W. Kinbolton, Hunting-
donshire

Underhill, J. Birmingham

Wallis, C. Cheltenham

Ward, J. Stratford-upon-Avon

Warner, R. late of Huntingdon

Warnford, J. York

Webster, R. and W.
wearmouth

Westbrook, J. Redburn, Hert-
fordshire

Wilkinson, H. Liverpool

Wilson, R. Birmingham

Winch, B. sen. Hawkhurst, Kent

Wight, T. Duke-street, St.
Jimes’s

Woodcock, C. Norwich

Worrell, S., A. rUpe> and J, Ed-
monds, Lristo

Wortley, V. Henry-strect, Hamp-
stead-road

Wri ht, R. Hatfield Broad Oake,

SSCX.

heshire

Bishop-

POLITICAL AFFAIRS IN JULY.

—=—

GREAT BRITAIN.

N Monday, the 30th of June, the
following admirable and ever-me-
morable Petition was presented to both
houses of Parliament, signed by 2047
persons, of whom 98 were ministers:
The humble Petition of the undersigned
Ministers and Members of Christian Con-
gregations,
SHEWETH,

That your Petitioners are sincere be-
lievers in the Christian Revelation from
personal conviction on examination of the
Evidences on its behalf ; and are thankful
to Almighty God for the unspeakable bles-
sing of the Gospel, which they regard as
the most sacred sanction, the best safe-
guard, and the most powerful motive, of
morality, as the firmest support and most
effectual relief amidst the afflictions: and
troubles of this state of humanity, and as
the surest foundation of the hope of a life
to come, which hope they consider to be
in the highest degree conducive to the
dignity, purity, and happiness, of socicty.

That, with these views and feelings, your
Petitioners beg leave to state to your
[Right] Honourable House, that they be-
hold with sorrow and shame the prosecu-
tions against persons who liave printed or

ublished books which are, or are presumed
to be, hostile to the Christian Religion,
from the full persuasion that such prosecu-
tions are inconsistent with, and contrary
to, both the spirit and the letter of the
Gospel, and, moreover, that they are more
favourable to the spread of Infidelity,

which they are intended to check, than to
the suppert of the Christian Faith; which
they ate professedly undertaken to up-
hold.

Your Petitioners cannot but consider
all Christians bound by their religious pro-
fession to how with reverence and submis-
sion to the precepts of the Great Founder
of onr Faith; and nothing appears to them
plainer in the Gospel than that it forbids
all violent measures for its propagation,
and all vindictive measures for its justifi-
cation and defence. ‘The Author and
Finisher of Christianity has declared, that
his kingdom is not of this world ; and, as
in his own example he shewed a perfett
pattern of conrpassion towards them that
are ignorant and ont of the way of truth,
of forbearance towards objectors, and of
forgiveness of wilful enemies,—so in his
moral laws he has’ prohibited” the spirit
that would attempt to root up speculative
error with the arm of flesh, or that would
call down fire from Heaven to consnme the
unbelieving, and has commanded the ex-
ercise of meekness, tenderness, and bro-
therly Jove, : towards all mankind, as the
best and only means of promoting his
cause upon earth, and the most accep-
table way of glorifying the Great Father
of Mercies, who is kind even to the’ un-
thankful and the evil. calla

By these reasonable, charitable, and
peaceful, means, the Christian. Religion

_was not only established originally,, but

also supported for the three first centuries:
of the Christian era, during which it tri-
umphed over the most fierce and potent

é opposition,

1822.}
opposition, unaided by temporal power:
and your Petitioners humbly submit to your
[Right] Honourable House, that herein
consists one of the- brightest evidences of
the trath of the Christian Religion ; and
that they are utterly at a loss to conceive
how that which is universally accounted to
have been the glory of the Gospel in its
beginnings, should now eease to be accoun-
ted its glory, or how it should at this day
be less the maxim of Christianity, and less
the rule of the conduct of Christians, than
in the days of those that are usually de-
nominated the Fathers of the Church—
that it is no part of religion to compel re-
ligion, which be received, not by force,
but of free choice.

Your Petitioners would earnestly repre-
sent to your [Right] Honourable House,
that our Holy Religion has borne unin-
jured every test that reason and learning
have applied to it, and that its Divine
origin, its purity, its excellence and its
title to universal acceptation, have been
made more manifest by every new exami-
nation and discussicn of its nature, pre-
tensions and claims. Left to itself under
the Divine blessing, the reasonableness
and innate excellence of Christianity will
infallibly promote its influence over the
understandings and hearts of mankind ;
but, when the angry passions are suffered
to rise in its professed defence, these
provoke the like passions in hostility to it,
and the question is no longer one of pure
truth, but of power on the one side, and of
the capacity of endurance on the other.

It appears to your Petitioners that it is
alfogether unnecessary and impolitic to
recur to penal laws in aid of Christianity.
The judgment and feelings of human na-
ture, testified by the history of man in
all ages and nations, incline mankind to re-
ligion ; and it is only when they erringly

_ associate religion with fraud and injustice
that they can be brought in any large num-
ber to bear the evils of scepticism and
unbelief. Your Petitioners acknowledge
and Jament the wide diffusion amongst
tie people of sentiments unfriendly to the
Christian faith: but they cannot refrain’
fiom stating to your Honourable Honse
their conviction that this uncxampled state
of the public mind is mainly owing to the
prosecution of the holders and propagators

_of infidel opinions. Objections to Chris-
tianity have thus become familiar to the
readers of the weekly and daily journals,
curiosity has been stimelated with regard
fo the publications prohibited, an adventi-
tions, unnatuyal, and dangerous importance
has been given to sceptical arguments, a
suspicion has been excited in the minds of
the multitude that the Christian religion
can be upheld only by pains and penalties,
and sympathy has been raised on behatt
of the sufferers, whom the uninformed and

Montucy MAG, No, 365.

,

Political Affairs in July.

81

unwise regard with the reverence and con-
fidence that belong to the character of
martyrs to the truth. ~

Your Petitioners would remind your
[Right] Honourable House, that allhistory
testifies the futility of all prosecutions for
mere opinions, unless such prosecutions
proceed the length of exterminating the
holders of the opinions prosecuted,—an
extreme from which the liberal-spirit and
the humanity of the present times revolt.

The very same maxims and principles
that are pleaded to justify the punishment
of Unbelievers would authorize Chris-
tians of different denominations to vex and
harass each other on the alleged ground of
want of faith, and likewise form an apology
for Heathen persecutions against Chris-
tians, whether the persecutions that were
anciently carried on against the divinely-
taught preachers of our Religion, or those
that may now be instituted by the ruling
party in Pagan countries, where Christian
missionaries are so landably employed, in
endeavouring to expose the absurdity,
folly, and mischievous influence of ido-
latry.

Your Petitioners would entreat your
[Right] Honourable House to consider
that belief does not in all cases depend
upon the will, and that inquiry into the
truth of Christianity will be wholly pre-
vented if persons are rendered punishable
for any given resuit of inquiry. Firmly
attached as your Petitioners are to the re-
ligion of the Bible, they cannot but con-
sider the liberty of rejecting, to be im-
plied in that of embracing it. The un-
believer may, indeed, be silenced by his
fears, but itis searcely conceivable that
any real friend to Christianity, or any one
who is solicitous for the improvement of
thehuman mind, the diffusion of knowledge,
and the establishmentof truth, should wish
to reduce any portion of mankind to the
necessity of concealing their honest judg-
ment upon moral and theological questions,
and of making an outward profession that
suall be inconsistent with their inward
persuasion, :

Your Petitioners are not ignorant that a
distinction is commonly made between
those unbelievers that argue the question
of the truth of Christianity calmly and dis-
passionately, and those that treat the sa-
cred subject with levity and ridicule; but,
although they feel the strongest disgust at
every mode of discussion which approach-
€s to indecency and profaheness, they cane
not help thinking that it is neither wise
nor safe to constitute the manner and tem-
per of writing an object of legal visitation ;
inasmuch as it is impossible to define
where argument ends and evil-speaking
begins, The reviler of Christianity. ap-
pears to your Petitioners to be the least
fosmidable of its enemies; because bis

M scofls

82

scoffs can rarely fail of arousing against him
public opinion, than which nothing more is
wanted to defeat his end. Between free-
dom of discussion and absolute persecution
there is no assignable medium. And no-
thing seems to your Petitioners more im-
politic than to single out the intemperate
publications of modern unbelievers for
legal reprobation, and thus by implication
to give a licence to the grave reasonings of
those that preceded them in the course of
open hostility to the Christian Religion,
which reasonings are much more likely to
make a dangerous impression upon the
minds of theirreaders. Butindependently
of considerations of expediency and policy,
your Petitioners cannot forbear recording
their humble protest against the principle
implied in the prosecutions alluded to,
that a Religion proceeding from Infinite
Wisdom and protected by Almighty Power,
depends upon human: patronage for its
perpetuity and influence. Wherefore they
pray your [Right] Honourable House, to
take into consideration the prosecutions
Carrying on and the punishments already
inflicted upon unbelievers, in order to ex-
onerate Christianity from the opprobrium
and scandal so unjustly cast upon it of
being a system that countenances intole-
rance and persecution.

’ The Petition was received with the
respect which it merited, and, although
the Secretary of State equivocated in
regard to exceptions to its principles,
yet such a manly declaration from such
deservedly respected parties must have
its effect on the future practices of the
executive, and must put to shame those
who seek to introduce a Spanish In-
quisition in England.

Parliament was prorogued by com-
mission, on the 19th, when the Lord
Chancellor delivered the following
Speech :—

“ My Lords, and Gentlemen,

* We are commanded by his Majesty, in
releasing you from your attendance in
parliament, to express to you his Majesty's
acknowledgments for the zeal and assi-
duity wherewith you have applied your-
selves to the several objects which his
Majesty recommended to your attention,
at the opening of the session.

“ His Majesty entertains a confident ex-
pectation that the provisions of internal
yegulation, which ydu have adopted with
respect to Ireland, will, when carried into
effect, tend to remove some of the evils
which have so long afflicted that part of
‘the United Kingdom.

“We are commanded to assure you,
that you may depend upon the firm, but
temperate, exercise, of those powers which
you have entrusted to his Majesty, for the
suppression of violence and outrage in that

Political Affairs in July.

{Aug. I,
country, and for the protection of the
lives and properties of his Majesty’s loyal
subjects,

“Tt is with the greatest satisfaction that
his Majesty is enabled to contemplate the
floutishing condition of all branches of our
commerce and manufactures, and the
greatest abatement of those difficulties
which the agricultural interest has so long
and so severely suffered.

“ Gentlemen of the House of Commons,

“We have it in command from his
Majesty, to thank you for the supplies
which you have granted for the service of
the year, and to assure you that he has re-
ceived the sincerest pleasure fromthe relief
which you have been enabled to afford his
people, by a large reduction of taxes.

“ My Lords, und Gentlemen,

“His Majesty has commanded us to
inform you, that he continues to receive
from all Foreign Powers the strongest
assurances of their friendly disposition to-
wards this country.

“ Deeply as his Majesty still regrets the
failure of his earnest endeavours to pre-
vent the interruption of the peace of
Europe, it affords him the greatest consola-
tion that the principles npon which he has
acted, and the policy which he has deter-
mined to pursue, have been marked with
your warm and cordial concurrence as
consonant with the interests, and satisfac-
tory to the feelings, of his people.”

SPAIN.

We begin to flatter ourselves that
the fate of the Bourbon banditti
is decided in Spain. These invaders
of a peaceable country, without pro-
vocation or just cause, placed them-
selves out of the law of nations; and,
as outlaws, ought to be made a terri-
ble example. Just so with the vile
priests, nobles, and other Spanish
traitors, who invited and have aided
them: they are unworthy of their
country, and, if ever found in it, will
deserve the death which the Cortes
have decreed against them. It is
already announced, even in the jour-
nals devoted to the British, ministry,
that the French are meditating a
retreat to the Ebro; but we trust they
will not be permitted to retreat, and
that “Sauve qui peut” will soon be
their cry from Cadiz to Bayonne.

If any thing could be more base
than the unprovoked invasion of
Spain, it has been the language of the
enslaved Bourbon press of Paris. All
the murders committed in Spain have
been subjects of unblushing exulta-
tion; and the God of Justice and
Mercy has been unceremoniously de-
scribed as the ally and protector ti
the

1823.]

the foul assassins. Franée and human
nature are scandalized by such abuses
~of human intellect.

The Fabian system was the policy
of Spain, but it failed for a time,
owing to the complicated treachery of
the men placed in important com-
mands. Can we wonder at the fate
in France of Dillon, Dumouriez, Cus-
‘tine, Houchard, Pichegru, and Mo-
reau, when we view the successful
treasons of Adisbal, Morillo, and
others, whose names recent events
have consigned to infamy, without
‘even the grace of previous military
achievements to qualify their degra-
dation.

Betrayed on all hands, the noble
body of the Cortes sought refuge in
the impregnable fortress of Cadiz,—
the French banditti, in consequence,
overran the country,—armed party
against party,—countenanced or sup-
ported frightful re-actions of the
priests against the intelligence of the
nation,—and, having thus excited an
universal civil war, they announce a
design to leave the Spaniards to them-
selves, and retreat to the Ebro, coolly
to look on, and doubtless avail them-
Selves of circumstances,

Such hellish policy will, we trust,
not succeed, ‘They have, in their re-
treat, accounts to settle with Ballas-
teros, Mina, Martin, Quiroga, Sir
Robert Wilson, and an insulted nation.
Ballasteros has. an unbroken army
between Cadizand Madrid; Martin is
at the head of a body of heroes in the
centre of Spain, cutting off the com-
munications between Madrid and the
French frontiers; Mina, the ever-
memorable, has an invincible force in
the north-west, sufficient to give a
good account of the driveller Moncey ;
while Quiroga and Wilson, by their
noble and well-timed defence of Co-
yunna, have rescued Gallicia from the
treasens of Morillo; and, if the Galli-
cians prove now what they always
have been, neither Frenchman nor
traitor will escape from that pro-
vince.

To deprive the enemy of the influ-
ence of royalty over ignorance, the
Cortes had the precaution to convey
to Cadiz the precious bodies of Ferdi-
nand and his family; and the defence
of Cadiz is entrusted to an honourable
Spaniard of the name of Valdez, and
who has signified his determination to
defend it to the last extremity; and
then, rather than surrender, blow up
himself and the royal family, about

Political Affairs in July.

$3

whom so much hypocritical concern is
expressed.

At Corunna the numbers of the
banditti have been thinned in two or
three actions; and we regret that, at
the time of our going to press, the ad-
vices are imperfect. At Barcelona,
General St. Miguel has also diminish-
ed their numbers; and it appears that

_the garrison of Cadiz are not idle in

the work of destroying them. The
Paris papers are filled with a regular
tissue of the most profligate and deli-
berate falsehoods. It appears, how-
ever, that the Portuguese are lending
themselves to the infamous cause of
France ; and, if so, the Spaniards will,
we trust, unite boih countries under
one free government, as soon as they
have destroyed the French banditti.
It is most honourable to one French
regiment, that it refused to march
into Spain; and we hope the determi-
nation will be contagious.

On the defection of Morillo, Quiro-
ga issued the following proclamation :

CiT1zZeNs,—Whatever be your political,
opinions, think of the greatest of evils
which afflicts our mother-country and our-
selves. It is not a war of mere opinion
respecting the system which ought to
govern us, that which we now witness.
That this existed hitherto is certain. But
those who have declared against the Con-
stitution of the Spanish Monarchy know
that the evil which our dissensions have
drawn on us, is one of more consequence,
Spaniards of all parties see themselves in-
sulted by the French—by those same
French whom we repulsed nine years ago.

People of all classes; the armed bodies
which defend liberty and those which
defend absolutism are, indiscriminately,
the objects of the oppression and the
contempt of the French army. Thus per-
ceiving their error, and warned of the
misery and privations which they expe-
rienced, whole battalions of those which
were called of the Faith have deserted and
joined their brethren the Spaniards, to
combat the invader. Do not believe that
the Duke @’Angouleme or the Cabinet of
Paris have proposed to themselves, as
they say, to restore our King to the Throne,
which we never took from him, but which
we on the contrary defended at a high
price. TO possess themselves of Spain
is what they intend, for an object similar
to what Napoleon proposed to himself.
The latter took us after his conquest to
gain possession of the North of Enrope.
The present French Government has
offered us to Russia, to conquer with us
Turkey, which she has not been able to
subdue hitherto. We shall all be slaves,
annihilated and expatriated, if we do not
unite, Do not let Spanish blood be shed

by

84

by Spaniards. This abomination will
make us be abhorred beyond all nations of
the earth. Let us vie with each other in
combating the usurpers of our soil; and
let us forget the differences which agi-
tated us, and preserve our lives, our
spouses, our sons, and our honour,

In the name of my country, which
cannot disapprove of this means, dictated
by reason, I offer and grant a total obli-
vion of all the errors which have preci-
‘pitated so many men, seduced by the
wickedness of others.—Those who are
guilty of no other crime than having
joined a faction, shall be exempted from
the punishment due to it, excepting such
as are already tried and sentenced, pro-
vided they take solemnly, and in the
hands of a priest, an vath, not to make
any sort of war against Spaniards. This
amnesty, this benefit, unhoped for by
those who, having committed the fatal
crime of converting themselves into crael
enemies of their brethren, are now suffer-
ing the privation of their liberty, induces
me to believe, that, moved by gratitude,
and interested for their own good, they
will eagerly embrace the occasion for
joining the ranks of the Defenders of
Independence. But, if in this just war
any one shall hereafter dare to take up
arms in favour of the French army, and
against the cause of the Spanish nation,
he shal] be put to death immediately upon
being taken.

Our common mother demands our union.
Sacrifices, valour, and constancy, are
exacted by the state in which we are.
War, war, against the French. This is
demanded and hoped for from all his
fellow-citizens, by ANTONIO QuIROGA.

Incidents in and near London.

fAug. 1;
PORTUGAL. aint
The plans of the legitimates have
succeeded better in Portugal. The
Queen, who for refusing to take the
oath to the Constitution was ordered
to leave the kingdom, nevertheless was
permitted to remain ; and having, by
means of her son Miguel, corrupted a
regiment of Guards, and treason fol-
lowing treason, a counter-revolution
has been effected, the Constitution
adopted from Spain has been set aside,
and the priests and their ignorant
adherents have again set up the Abso-
lute King. In the mean time, the
King himself,.ashamed of his own
party, has wisely declined the abso-
lute power which these wretches pro-
posed to confer on him, and has
referred the arrangement of a consti-
tutional system to a. Commission
which he has nominated for the pur-
pose. If the Commission is wise and
honest, Portugal may be settled; but,
if the servile party prevail, then the
retreat of the foreign banditti from
Spain will be the signal for renewed
troubles. We fear that the men who
have placed themselves at the head of
the new governments in Naples,
Spain, and Portugal, have relied too
much on their. own good principles,
and have neglected to avail them-
selves sufficiently of that muscular
strength in the ignorant multitude
which their enemies have adroitly
arrayed against them.

INCIDENTS, MARRIAGES, anp DEATHS, 1N anp neak LONDON;
With Biographical Memoirs of distinguished Characters recently deceased.

=

CHRONOLOGY OF THE MONTH.
jane 25.—A petition signed by 2000
Catholics presented by Mr. Brougham
to the Honse of Commons, complaining of
the mal-administration of justice in Ireland.
—— 30.—The parish of St. Pancras pe-

titiened the House of Commons, com-,.

plaining of wlite slavery under the bo-
rough system, and praying for a radical
reform.

——-.——Thie householders of the parish
of St. Anne, Westminster, petitioned the
House of Commons for a total repeal of the
assessed taxes. .

Jury 3.—At the Old Bailey ten pri-
soners sentenced to death, three to trans-

ortation for life, six for fourteen, and
fifteen for seven years, and many others to
various minor punishments.

— 4,—A splendid entertainment given
at Covent Garden Theatre to assist the Spa-

nish cause : 1500 tickets were disposed of.
Numerous distinguished characters at-
tended. A respectable surplus was left.
The subscription at present exceeds
20,0000.

——- 10.—A petition from 150 mecha-
nics of London presented to the House of

- Commons, praying for the adoption of Mr.

Owen’s plan.

—- 19.—Parliament prorogned.

—— 21,—A boy of 17 for uttering
forged notes, executed before Newgate to
the great horror of the public.

28.—A splendid public dinner
given to the Marquis of Hastings in com-
pliment to his services in India.

Several inquests held within the month
at the Penitentiary, Milbank. No less
than 400 unhappy persons have recently
been in the infirmary, under the effects of
disease, ‘This subject has excited a lively

4 attention,

1823. |

attention, and the jurors evinced great spi-
rit in their investigations. If any fault has
been committed in the treatment or diet
of the prisoners, it seems likely to be cor-
rected: but there was an original sin in

building a prison in which persons were .

to be confined for years in a marsh which
until within these few years was deemed
uninhabitable: the difference in a few
acres of ground ought not to have beena
‘consideration. Those who selected such
a spot for such a purpose deserve to be
confined to it for the remainder of their
lives,

A Special Committee has been within
the month appointed to draw up a plan
for a general Penal Code for the kingdom
of Hanover.

MARRIED.

At Hillingdon, Mr. T. Murray, to Mary
Wyatt, daughter of William Wyatt Grange,
esq. of Uxbridge.

Mr. David Price, to Miss Elizabeth
Mary Anderson, of Fleet-street.

At St. Mary-le-bone church, the Rev.
Henry John Ridley, prebendary of Bris-
tol, to Elizabeth, daughter of Lee Steere
Steere, esq. of Jayes, Surrey.

George Chilton, esq. of the Inner Tem-
ple, to Miss Poore, sister to Sir Edward P.
Dart.

Capt. Booth, of the 15th Hussars, to
Elizabeth Mary, only daughter of the late
Richard Webb, esg. of Ham Common.

Rev. A. B. Michell, to Hentietta Har-
riett, daughter of the late Duncan Camp-
‘bell, esq. of Bedford-square.

Josiah Nisbet, esq. to Rachael, daughter
of Sir J. Majoribanks, bart. m.p.

Charles Oxenden, esq. to Elizabeth Ca-
therine, only daughter of the Rev. Dr.
Hollaway, prebendary of Westminster.

Mr. Quick, of London, to Miss Cruse,
of Exeter.

At Haslemere, Surrey, Robert Price,
esq. M.P. to Mary Anne Elizabeth, dangh-
ter of the late Dr. Price, prebeudary of
Durham.

Samuel Canning, esq. of Winchmore-
hill, to Miss Ann Absolem, of Blackheath,

At Nutfield, Surrey, J. A. Bailey, esq.
to Miss Ann Sandford, of Nutfield.

Charles Delacour, esq. of Burton Cres-
cent, to Caroline Cecilia, daughter of the
Rey. Dr. Nicholas, of Ealing.

John Thomas Brown, esq. of Camden-
town, to Miss Emma Bermer, of White-
head’s Grove, Chelsea.

At St. George’s, Hanover-square, John
Jarrett, esq. of Morelands, Hants, to Anne
Eliza, daughter of Sir W. Waller, bart. of
Pope’s Villa, Twickenham.

Colonel Mackinnon, to Anne Jane,
daughter of Jolin Dent, esq. M.p.

George Jolinstone, esq of Hackness, to
Miss Jane Edwards, of Guildford-street.

At St. George’s, Bloomsbury, 'T, Hol-

Marriages and Deaths in and near London.
-royd, esq. sonof Mr. Justice H, to Miss

85

Sarah Morgan, of Gower-street.

Archibaid Leslie, esq: to Eleanor,

‘daughter of J. F. Atlee, esq. of West-hill-

house, Wandsworth.

Mr. J. Rolls, of Aldersgate-street, to
Miss Hannah Fisdell, of Colchester.

Mr. D. Watney, jun. to Miss Eleanor
Langton, of Wandsworth.

John Prince, esq. of Cheltenham, to
Mary Ann, only daugliter of the late
Richard John Millington, esq. of Guild-
ford-street.

At the New Church, Paneras, Mr, Jo-
seph Conder, of the pipe othce, Somerset

‘Honse, to Emily, daughter of Mr, John

Pattinson Panton, of the same otiice.

Mr. T. Morgan, of Walbrook, to Miss
Mary Ann ‘Tulnley, of MKennington-
Green. ,

Mr. J. Lake, of Fore-street, to Miss
Augusta Daker, of Whitecross-street.

Mr, John Smedley, of Somers'-town, to
Miss Sarah Augusta Willey, of Crew-
kerne.

Robert Clare Haselfoot, esq. of Bore-
ham, Essex, to Miss Charlotte Curteis, of
Devonshire- place.

J. D. Vitzgerald, esq. Dep. Assistant
Commissary General to the Forces, to
Mary Anne, only daughter of the late R.
Fuller, esq. of York-street, Portman-
square.

Alexander W. R. Macdonald, esq. son
of Major Gen. the H. Godtrey Boville, to
Miss Bayard, daughter of the late Col. B.

The Hon. R. Lascelles, to Lady Louisa
Thynne.

Joseph Renwick, esq. to Miss Marianne
Prescott, both of Cromer-street, Bruns-
wick-square,

DIED. .

At Whitehall, Lady Lemon, wife of Sir
William L. bart.

In Devonshire-street, Ludy Staunton,
widow of Sir G. L, S. bart. well known
for his connexion with Oriental litera-
ture, :

In Montague-place, Russell-square, Ar-
chibuld Armstrong, esq. late of Grenada.

In London, J. Colby, esq. of Fynone,
Pembrokeshire.

In Bryanstone-square, Ann-Hlizabcth,
wife of Ralph Bernal, esq. M.P.

At Fulham, 82, William Townsend, esq.

In London, Mrs, Sophia Williams. ‘Vo
this lamented lady, Cheltenham is indebted
for the first institution of the old School
of Industry and Orphan Asylum,

In Bryaustone-square, 21, Frances-Char-
lotle, daughter of C. N. and Lady Sarah
Bayly.

In Brook-street, 68, Charles Freeman,
esq. formerly Secretary to the Government
of Madras.

At Brighton, 67, John
of Doctors’ Communs.

Shephard, ¢8q.
In

36

In Newgate-street, Mr. James Plummer,
common-councilman for the ward of Far-
Fingdon Within«

In Half Moon-street, John. Alewander
Treland, esq.

In Charlotte-street, Fitzroy - square,
Philip- Anglin Scarlett, esq.

In York-street, Gloucester-place, 79,
James Moss, esq.

At Paddington-green, 81, Mrs. Wright,
widow of J. W. esq.

In Upper Grosvenor-street, the Countess
de Dunstanville. ;

In Earl-street, Blackfriars, 30, Mary,
wife of Mr. P. Grant.

At Capel, Surrey, 23, Mrs. Elizabeth
Ballingall Ridgway.

At Patney-heath, Mrs. Mury-Ann Nut-
ting. :

At Kensington, 90, Slephen Day, esq.

In London, Major.-Gen. the Hon. Arthur
St. Leger, formerly much distinguished
by his personal association with the Prince
of Wales.

At Tunbridge-Wells, Isabellu, wife of
William Drake, esq. of East Dulwich.

At Limehouse, John Tebbutt, esq.

At Greenwich, the Rev. William Mor-
gan, D.D. late chaplain to the Naval Asy-
ium.

In Pall Mall-court, Mrs. Scott.

In Paternoster-row, 75, Mr. TWilliam
Bent, bookseller, conductor of the well
known monthly literary list, and formerly
editor and proprietor of the Universal
Magazine. He was a.man much esteemed
for his unassuming merit and personal
integrity.

At Walthamstow, ‘Harriet, daughter of
‘Sir Robert Wigram, bart.

At Brentford Butts, 88, Mabel, widow
of W. Pope, esq. of Hillingdon,

At Walworth, 71, the Rev. T. Stretton.

In Bermondsey-street, Southwark, 67,
the 4blé Ange Denis Macquiny formerly
professor of rhetoric in the college of
Beaux en Brie, France,

In Harleyford-place, :ennington, 21,
John Mann, jun. esq.

‘In Devonshire-street, Portland-place,
William Gordon, esq. of Cambleton, ste-
wartry of Kirkcudbright.

In South Audiey-street, Caroline-Geor-
giana, widow of Col, Evelyn Anderson,
brother to Lord Yarborough.

In Devonshire-street, Mariu- Emilia, wife
of Heniy Nassau, esq.

At Crofton-hall, Kent, 82, Gen. Morgan,
formerly of the Coldstream Guards.

In Oxford street, 42, Mrs. Anne Hum-
bert.

52, the Rev. Juhn Allinson, late of Ep-
som.

At Hastings, Anne, wife of William
Horne, esq. ef Lincoln’s Inn, King’s Coun-
sel.

’ Deaths in and near London.

[ Aug. 1,
At Carshalton, Mrs, Elizabeth Wallace.
Aged 53, Mr. George Sidney, an emi-

nent printer of Northumberland-street,
Strand ; andfor many years an active, use-
ful, and industrious man, whose resources
were never withheld from worthy men of
letters with whom his business brought him
in contact; and who was distinguished by
liberality and integrity in all his transac-
tions. An attack of epilepsy occasioned
him to seek relief at Cheltenham and Mal-
vern ; but at the latter place a second at-
tack terminated his useful life.

Lately, in Beaumont-street, 62, Miss
Carr, daughter of an eminent banker of
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, sister of the late
High Sheritf, and first cousin to the pre-
sent Lord Darlington. She wasa woman
of masculine strength of mind, and extra-
ordinary literary andscientitic attainments,
and equally distinguished for her attach-
ment to the cause of public liberty. She
was the author of many papers in this ma-
gazine bearing the signature C, and alsoa
constant correspondent of the principal
newspapers. She had travelled much, and
knew the worldand society at large better
than most persons of her time.

In Seymour-place, the Countess Dowa-
ger of Cardigan. The countess was close-
ly connected with the royal family froci
their youth, and a great personal favourite
of the late king and gueen, with whom she
lived in habits of great personal! intimacy.

Suddenly, in his 77th year, at his house
in Southampton-street, Bioomsbury, Sump-
son Perry, esq. also genevally known under
the name of Capt. Perry, from lis having
been formerly in the militia. ‘This gen-
tleman has run the career of an active and
eventful life; and at certain periods exci-
ted much public attention. He was born
at Aston, near Birmingham, educated
in the medical profession, and during the
American war was surgeon toa militia re-
giment. His intellectual attainments be-
ing considerable, and being a man of a tine
figure and comnianding address, he scon
became distinguished in the literary cireies
of the metropolis. On the breaking out
of the French revolution, he united with
every true English heart in applauding its
principles, and soon became acquainted
with Messrs. Tooke, Paine, and others,
with whom his name and labours were
identified. He united in support of this
cause with several gentlemen in bringing
out the Argus newspaper, in which he es-
poused the principles of lberty, and the
cause of France, with a degree of spirit
and energy which drew upon him several -
prosecutions. At length, by an act of
treachery, the paper was stopt, and Mr.
Perry found it necessary to seek an asy-
Jum im France. England at this time was
playing against Fiance the part which
5 France

1823.

France is now playing against Spain, and
the fury of the government-party had uo
bounds. In France Mr. Perry was re-
ceived into the circle of the revolutionary
leaders, and became a member of the po-
pular clubs. But the succession of fac-
tions, and the suspicion which attached to
every thing English (for spies appeared in
all forms), rendered hissituation souncom-
fortable during the reign of terror, that he
Yeturned to England, and submitted him-
self to the judgment of outlawry, which,
in the interim, had been obtained against
lim. He was accordingly committed to
Newgate, and remained a prisoner for 9
years. Butat length, through the interest
ofa branch of his family, he obtained the
royal pardon. During this hopeless pe-
riod, he maintained his wonted spirits,
and employed himself in translating from the
French, and ina variety of literary works:
among others he published a History of
the French Revolution, which will always
be sought as an authority upon many sub-
jects about which he wrote from personal
knowledge. Early in life he had devoted
himself to the study of diseases of the blad-
der, and had invented a powerful and effi-
cacious medicine, much respected by the
public, under thename of Perry’s Essence.
This medicine, for which there is a constant
demand, and whieh is recommended by
eminent practitioners, he continued to pre-
pare, and even to give advice, while he
was in Newgate ; and on his enlargement
he again devoted himself to this practice.
His fondness for literature induced him,
lhowever, on the death of a former propri-
etor, to purchase the Statesman, and this
he’ edited for two or three years, but re-
sold it some time ago. Since that time
he has been engaged in some political ad-
ventures, retaining the activity and viva-
city of youth till the last moment of his
life. He was sitting at dinner with his
family, when he made a sudden exclama-
tion, and fell back dead in his chair with-
outa groan. A few years since he mar-
ried a second time, and lias left a young fa-
mily ; for whose benefit, as well as that of
the afflicted, we trust his invaluable Es-
sence for curing the Stone and Gravel will
continue to be prepared, In the prece-
ding notice we have glanced at several
features of Mr. Perty’s character, and we
have only to add that he was an upright
man in every sense of the word.

At Stockbridge, near Edinburgh, Sir
Henry Raeburn, the eminent artist. Asa
portrait painter, Sir Henry, perhaps, was
second only to Sir Thomas Lawrence, in
the peculiar chasteness, depth of his co-
Jouring, and fidelity of likeness; and in
the strong and marked characters with
which he animated his pictures. When
the king was in Scotland he conterred the
honour of knighthood upon him.

Deaths in and near London.

87

At Greenwich, 76, Mr. Matthew Bell,
sen. many years principal clerk in the ex-
tensive concern of Messrs. Crowley, Mil
lington, and Co. in whose employ he had
Leen upwards of half a century.

At Kentish-town, George Jackson, esq.
in the 76th year of his age, the last but
one of the original directors of that great
national work, the Grand Junction Canal.

In London, General Sir Caarles Asgill,
Bart. G.c.z. Colonel of the 11th Foot.
This gallant officer nearly suffered the fate
of Major Andre; but he was saved by the
intervention of the late Queen of France,
who successfully applied to the American
government in his favour. He was the
son of Sir Charles Asgill, an alderman of
London. He entered into the Guards,
and with that corps embarked for America,
He was also employed in Ireland, where he
witnessed some severities, particularly ona
man of fortune, of the name of Grogan,
who was condemned to be hanged by a mi-
litary tribunal! Sir Charles married a
daughter of the late Sir Chaloner Ogle,
whom he survived.

In Upper Wimpole-street, 89, Licut.-
General Thomus Bridges, of the Hon, East
India Company’s Service. He command-
ed the right wing in the army under Lord
Harris, at the capture of Seringapatam.

At Leamington, 70, Dr. Bathurst, the
good Bishop of Norwich, a churchman of
exemplary viitue, and rare independence
of mind; of whom farther particulars will
be given in our next,

At Fleurs, near Kelso, 29,.the Duke of
Roxburgh. His Grace succeeded William
(Bellenden), who succeeded Jolm Ker,
the Duke of Roxburgh, so well known te
the literary world for his taste for old books,
which led to the foundation of the Club
which bears his name. The descent and
property of the dukedom have been the
source of much litigation; but the heir-
dom is at present undisputed in the person
of the young Marquis of Beaumont, now
Duke, aged about five years,

ECCLESIASTICAL PROMOTIONS,

Rev. E. P. Owen, to the Vicarage of
Wellingten.

Rev. J. S. Sergrove, to the united Ree-
tories of Saint Mary, Somerset, and St.
Mary, Mounthaw, London.

Rev. G. Moore, to the Rectory of Owm-
by, Lincolnshire.

Rev. W. Owen, to the Rectory of Ryme
Intrinsica, Dorset.

Rev. W. R. Gilby, to the Rectory of St.
Mary’s, Beverley.

Rev. Oswald Leicester, to the Living of
Carrington, Cheshire.

Rev, F. R. Spragy, M.A. to the Vicarage
of Combe St. Nicholas, Somerset.

Rey, C, Heuley, M.A. has been licereed

to

88

to the perpetual Curacy of Wnatesden,
Suffolk.

Rev. T. Rennel, Vicar of Kensington,
has been collated to the Mastership of St.
Nicholas’ Hospital, near Salisbury,

The Rev. Lord John Thynne, to the
Rectory of Kingston Deverell, Wilts.

The Hon. and Rev, Frederick Pleydel
Bouverie, to the Rectory of Stanton St.
Quinton, Wilts.

Rey. J. M. Sumner, of Rochford, to the
Rectory of Sutton, Essex.

Rey. John Steggall, to the perpetual
curacy of Ashfield Magna, Suffolk.

Rev. William Browne, .5.A. to the Rec-
tory of Marlesford, Suffolk.

Rev. J. D. Coleridge, to the valuable
Livings of St. Kenwyn and Kea, Corn-
wall, ‘

The Rev. W. Wood, of Highbroke, to

Northumberland and Durham, &c.

j Aug. 1,

the perpetual Curacy of Altham, Lanea-
shire, :

Rey. Mr. Hoblyn, to the Livings of
Mylor and Mabe, Cornwall, ;

‘The Rev. Nicholas Every, M.A. to the
Vicarage of St. Veep, in Cornwall.

Rev. William Darch, to the Rectory of
Huish Champflower, Somerset.

Rev. Anthony Austin, M.A. to the Rec-
of Hardenhuish, Wilts,

Rev. Francis Hungerford Daubeny, to
the Rectory of Feltwell St. Nicholas, with
the Rectory of St. Mary annexed, Norfolk,

Rev. Miles Bland, 8.p. Fellow and Tu-
tor of St. John’s College, Cambridge, to
the Rectory of Litley Hoo, Hertfordshire.

Rev. Jolin M‘Arthur, to the united pa-
rishes of Kilealmonel and Kiberry.

Rev. John Christison, to the parish of
Biggar, Lanarkshire.

PROVINCIAL OCCURRENCES,

WITH ALL THE MARRIAGES AND DEATHS,
Fwrishing the Domestic and Family History of Englund for the last tcenty-scven Years.
—

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM.
A melancholy accident lately happened

~ at Walker Colliery, near Newcastle.
Six workmen, employed in opening an old
shaft, were killed by the entire lodgement
in the shaft giving way and burying them
in the ruins.

The injudicious prosecution of Mr. John
Ambrose Williams, editor of the Durham
Chronicle, for an alleged libel on the Dur-
ham clergy, has at last been adjourned
sine die,

Marricd.] Mr. T. Johnson, of Westzate-
street, to Miss A. Willis, both of Newcas-
tle.—Mr. R. Embleton, to Miss J. Lec-
kenby ; Mr. J- Ragg, to Miss M. Brown:
ail of Gateshead.— Mr. J. Liddle, of Gates-
head, to Mrs. M. Bones, of Newburn.—
Mr, J. Wake, of Sunderland, to Miss J.
Davie, of Bishopwearmouth.— Mr. B.
Fearson, of Sunderland, to Miss Harri-
son, of Bishopwearmouth.—Mr. T.. Wil-
son, to Miss J. Patterson, both of Sunder-
Jand.—Mr. W. Johnson, to Miss M. Bro-
therton, both of Darlington —Mr. R. Bar-
nett, of Chester-le-street, to Miss Parker,
of Urpeth.— William Baird, esq. to Miss
Dixon, both of Alnwick.—At Whickham,
Mr. R. Cook, to Miss Bell, of Dunstan-hill,
—Mr. Stobart, of Pelaw, to Miss S. D.
Charlesworth, of Kettlethorpe.—Mr. Cun-
ninghame, of Sherburne, to Miss M. Shaw,
of Brancepath. — Mr. J. Dawson, of
Houghton-le-Spiing, to Miss E. Harrison,
of ‘Tatfield.

Died.] At Newcastle, at the Westgate,
Mr. J. Brantingham, one of the Society of
Friends.—80, Mr. J. Todd.—66, Mrs,
Garrett.

At Gateshead, 61, Mrs. M. Bow!t.—In
Warburton-place, 88, Mr, E. Turnbull,

At North Shields, in Charlotte-street,
64, Mrs. M. Nicholson.—75, Mr. J. Hard-
wick.—Mr. Patten.

Ai Sunderland, 86, Mrs. M. Fairley.—
48, Mr. Jon. Slack.

At Darlington, 69, Mr. D. M‘Keown.

At Bishopwearmouth, 27, Mrs, H. Car-
lisle, much respected,

At Barnardcastle, 73, Mr. G, Mather.

On Richmond-hill, near Stamfordham,
74, Mr. W. Potts.—At Wolsingham, 67,
Mrs. I, Wren.—At Whitehill-point, 25,
Mr. T. Deighton.—At Rigg, 72, Mr.
Matt. Hoggett.—At Snitter, af an ad-
vanced age, Mr. E. Pringle, deservedly
respected.—At Ednam, Mr, J. Kinghorn.

CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND.

Married.) Mr. M. Knowles, to Miss A.
Brown; -Mr. T, Dixon, to Mrs. A. Strick-
land; all of Carlisle.—Mr. P. Murray, to
Miss H. Sharp; Mr. W. Barnes, to Miss
M. Bird: all of Whitehaven. — Mr. R.
Adair, of Workington, to Miss-A. Kendall,
of Cockermouth. — Mr. Richardson, of
Penrith, to Miss E. Kilner, of Mansergh.
—Mr. Joseph Johnston, to Miss E, Bland;
Mr. Smitlison, to Miss M. Harden: all of
Cockermouth.—Mr. W. Atkinson, to Miss
A. 8. Thompson; Mr. T. Smith, to Miss
M.A. Young; Mr. J. Gibson, to Mrs. S,
Gawarth: all of Kendal.— At Dalston,
Mr. IT. Brown, of the Gill, to Miss 'Trem-
ble, of Cardew hall—Mr. J. Knubley, of
Armathwaite, to Miss H. Bellas, of Pen-
rith.

Died.] At Carlisle, 67, Mr. J. Arm-
strong, much respected.—In Scotch-street,
82, Mrs. E, Taylor.—32, Mrs. J. Wilkie.
—In English-street, 24, Mr. J. Davidson.

At Whitehaven, 28, Mr. R. Scott,—35,
Mr. James Anderson, of Sandwich,—g¢2,

¢ Mr.

1823.
Mr. J. Martin.—47, Mr. W. Martin. —25,
‘Mrs. A. Kennedy. :

At Workington, 80, Mrs. B. Stecl,_—26,
Mr. T. Harker.

At Maryport, 83, Mr. R. Smith, Sen.

At Cockermouth, 71, Mr. R. Smith,-de-
servedly regretted.—37, Mr. A. Mack-
-veth, generally respected.

At Inthington, at theextreme age of 118
years, Mr. Robert Bowman, yeoman.—At
“Stanwix, 22, Mr.-W. Blaylock, of Car-
Hisle, generally esteemed.—Gn Bromham
Common, 62, Miss Ciook.—At Easton
Bowness, 74, Mr. C.. Watson, much and
deservedly respected.—At St. Bees, 73,
Mrs. Smith, generally esteemed. ~-

[sae YORKSHIRE.

The inhabitants of York within the
‘month agreed to petition both Houses of
Parliament against the practice of prose-
-euting individuals who may publish disqui-
sitions tending to impugn the Christian re-
ligion.

Scarborough was recently visited with a
kind of hurricane. It was first seen to
commence ata small village near Fa!s-
grave; ils appearance was like a cloud—
it passed off the turnpike-road, in a direc-
tion towards -the sea; passed through a
plantation, and tore up two of the trees;
then passed on to the sea-shore, and shat-
tereda machine called a Camera Obscura,
which was just fitted for exhibition, to
pieces. It approached the bathing ma-
chines, and carried about a dozen of
‘tiem into the sea, leaving them destitute of
their wheels ; then passed into the harbour,
and cast away two or three of the ships
which happened to be in the direction,
taking one against the pier, and crushing
two or three cobles nearly to pieces, It
burst against the end of the pier.

Murried.| At York, G Pigou, esq. to
Jane, daughter of the late Rev. R. Smith,
rector of Marston.—William Catgutt, of
York, to Eliza Rountree, of Scarborough,
both of the Society of Friends.—Mr. J.
‘Ashton, to Mrs. 8. Walker, both of Hull,
—Mr: J. Pickard, to Miss M. Marshall;
Mr. J. Smith, to Miss E. Berry; Mr. J.
Brown, to Mrs. Kershaw : all of Leeds.—
Mr. W.'T. Bolland, oft Leeds, to Miss H.
Wood, of Wakefield.—Mr. ‘I’. Hisst, of
Leeds, to Miss Ainley, of Saddleworth.—
Mr. B. Thompson, to Miss A. Gilderdale,
both of Wakefield —Mr. Peace, to Mrs.
Dransfield, both of Huddersfield.—Mr. J.
Aked, of Bradford, to Miss M. Bent, of
Mytholm.—W. Parkin, esq. of Rotherham,
to Miss S. A. P. Bayley, of Elmley-park.
- Died) At Leeds, in Nile-street, 29,
Mrs. M. A. Heppor.—52, Mrs. H. Stirk,
much respected,— In Woodhouse-lane,
Mrs. E. Smith, deservedly lamented.—
Mrs. Ridley.—In Branawick-street, Mrs.
Hodgson, justly regretted.

At Wakefield, Mr. W. Srvect,
Moasruty Mae, No, 365.

Yorkshire —Lancashte:

‘

89

At Huddersfield, 66, Mr. R. Batley,
gi! Santee 3 :

t Knaresborough, 81, Mr. Charles Mar-
shall.—66, Mr. ‘T. Barr.

At Bradford, 64, Mr. Outhwaite.

At Bridlington, W. Holtby, esq. deser-
vedly regretted.

At Sandall, 55, George Webster, M.D.

At Hedon, 79, .the Rev. J. Tickell, au-
thor of the History of Hull.—At Croft, 37,
Mr. Joseph Munby, regretted.—At Easing-
‘wold, 60, Mr. T. Wrightson, generally res-
pected.—At Cottingham, Mrs, Akester.—
80, ‘the Rev. Alexander. Baynes, vicar of
Kelham-on-the-Wolds, At Mill-hill, Mrs.
Linley.—At Steeton, Mr. J. Asquith.

LANCASHIRE.

A public meeting was lately held at
Manchester, to take into consideration the
propriety of establishing an asylum in that
neighbourhood for deaf aud dumb persons ;
Sir Oswald Mosley, in the’ chair. ‘The
meeting was. respectably attended, and a
number of resolutions approving of the ob-
ject was unanimously agreed to,

Married.| Mr: W. Dickinson, of Lan-
caster, to Miss E. Winter, of Manchester.
—Mr. J. Greave, to Miss E. Corns, of
Market-street-; Mr. W. I. Gregory, to
Miss §. Wrigley; Mr. T. Shepherd, to
Miss M. Scott; Mr. G. Newby, to Miss
A.Hall ; Mr. J. Howard, to Miss E. Pass ;
Mr. J. Penny, to Miss E. Hurst; Mr. J. S.
Dodge, to Miss A. Royle; Mr. J. Carbutt
to Miss M. Linsley ; Mr. T. Hall, to Miss
E. Butler: all of Manchester.—Mr. 'T.
P. Caudelet, of Manchester, to Miss Sut-
cliffe, of Holme-house.—Mr. J. Mabbott,
of Manchester, to Miss A. Nightingale, of
Pendieton.—Mr. W. Cooper, to Miss J. _
Pemberton ; Mr. J. Gray, to Miss M.
Hart; Mr. R.S. Nixon, to Miss M. Hat-
ton; Mr. T. Wood, to Miss M. Carson ;
Mr, J. Duckworth, to Miss Wheatley ;
Mr. J. Milne, to Miss S. Ormerod; Mr.
R. Higginson, to Miss E.‘Williams: all of
Liverpool.—Mr. M, Prior, of Sankey, to
Mrs, EK, Newton, of Warrington.—Mr. J.
Carlton, to Miss Watson, both of Chorl-
ton-row.—Mr. J. Berry, to Miss M. Kay,
both of Worsley.—Mr. J. Heailcote, to
Miss L. Wordsworth, both of Cheetham.

Died.| At Manchester, in King-street,
Miss Thorp, suddenly. —38, Mrs. E;Wors-
ley.—28, Mrs. A. Brownsworth, gene-
rally and deservedly esteemed.—74, Mrs.
M. Janney, much aud justly regretted.—
65, Mrs. M‘Gauchin, greatly lamented.—
In King-street, Miss Thornyeroft, of Thor-
nycroft-hall.—Mirs. 5. Marsden.—54, Mr,
Ad. Parkinson.

At Liverpool, 80, Mrs. Alice Hamer.
—39, Mrs. $. Dickins.—66, Mr. T. Wals
thew.—In Duke-street, 74, Mrs. M. Fea-
1on.—65, Mrs. A. Bryan. Upper Pitt-
street, Mr. T. Sydebotham.—In Paradise-
street, 43, Mr, J, Hodgson,—71, Mrs. 8.

N - Rigby,

90 Cheshire— Derbyshire— Nottinghamshire— Lincolnshire, §c. (Aug. 1,

Rigby, of Farmworth.—In Port-lane, 25,
Mr. Jas. Melling, he was respectable for
many scientific pursuits.

At Denton, Mrs. M. Bond, deservedly
esteemed and regretted.—At Westleigh,
-34, Mr. Ackers, generally respected.—

CHESHIRE.

A new road from Macclesfield to Bux-
ton was lately opened. ‘This road opens
an easy and direct communication from
Liverpool, through Warrington, Knats-
ford, and Macclesfield, to Sheffield, Ches-
terfield, Hull, Nottingham, and other
great commercial towns, being nearer by
many miles: it also opens a like direct
and nearer communication from Chester,
by way of Northwich through Knutsford
and Macclesfield to the same towns.’ The
commercial and agricultural interests of
the county will also be much benefitted.

Married.| Mr. Durainville, to Miss
Levrier; Mr. Bick, to Miss Strephon ;
Mr. D. Lioyd to Miss Moss; Mr. Jas. H.
Dickson, to Miss L. Roberts: all of Ches-
ter.—Mr. G. Gregory, to Miss H. Bram-
well, both of Stockport-—Mr. W. Ashley,
to Miss A. Williams, both of Nantwich.
—Mr. W. Earle, of Aldford, to Miss M.
Leigh, of Wrenbury.—Mr. J. Rowe, to
Miss Jones, bothof Cotton.—Mr. J. Dodd,
of Brindley-hall, to Miss E, Salmon.

Died.| At Chester, in Handbridge, 68,
Mrs, A. Bannister.—In Castle-street, 25,
Mr. J. Jackson, much respected.

At Knutsford, Mr. E. Brown, respected.
—69, Mrs. E. Leigh.

At Congleton, Miss J. Martin.

At Heswall, 31, Mr. J. Lawton.—At
Tabley, Mr. C. Wallace.—At Eaton, Mr.
J. Holmes.—At Eccleston, Mrs. M. Wil-
cock, of Chester.—At Frodsham, Mr. 5.
Foden.

DERBYSHIRE.

Buxton, the charming watering-place,
exhibits that lively appearance for which,
through many seasons, it has been famed ;
ard which the quality of its waters, the
salubrity of its air, and the diversified
means of enjoyment afforded ‘o its visit-
ors, continue to increase. _

The late Rev. F. Gisborne, of Staveley,
Derbyshire, lately bequeathed 6726)..to
the Sheffield Infirmary. The Infirmaries
of Derby and Nottingham are said to have
received bequests to a similar amount.

Married.] Mr. Furniss, to Miss A. Smith,
both of Derby.—Mr. W. Wilds, of Derby,
to Miss Aston, of Birmingham.—Mr. ‘T.
Pearson, of Derby, to Miss Haines, of Wil-
lington —Mr. M. Shepherd, of Derby, to
Mrs, C. Eggleston, of Milbourn.—Mr., C,
Hewitt, of Chesterfield, to Miss C. Sidney,
of Nottingham.—Mr. W. Jennings, to Miss
H. Needham, both of Chesterfield.—Mr.
W. Cobb, of East Retford, to Miss H.
Brainbridge, of Chesterfield.— “ir, J. Ca-
low, to Miss E, Jackson ; Mr. Bridgen, te
Mrs. Hallsworth: all of Belper.—Mr. J.

Clay, Jun. of Shirland, to Miss S. Nuttalt,
of Gedling.—Mr. G. Marshall, of Hol-
brook, to Miss Oakden, of Little Eaton.

Died.] At Derby, 73, Mrs. A. Fletchez.

At Chesterfield, 41, Joseph Graham,
esq. deservedly lamented.

At Ashbourne, 78, Mrs. Pidcoek.—75,
Mr. R. Buxton.—51, Mr. W. Tomlinson,
much respected.—The Rev. W. Harding,
curate of Sawley, deservedly lamented : .
he was unfortunately drowned while ba-
thing in the Trent, near Barton.—At Saw-
ley, 39, Mr. 'T. Smith, much esteemed.—
At Hollington, 100, Mr. Henson Merley.—
74, Mrs, Rushton.

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.

A numerous public meeting, presided
by the mayor, lately took place at Not-
tingham; when it was, energetically re-
solved to assist the Spanish cause.

Married.] My. R. Dixon, to Miss E.
Porter; Mr. H. Doubleday, to Miss H.
Smith; Mr. J. Hefford, to Miss E. Doft;
Mr. J. Lees, to Miss M. Martin; Mr. W.
Blow, to Miss M. Codd; Mr. H. Ren-
shaw, to Miss C. Langley = all of Notting-
ham.—Mr. EF. Bradley, to. Miss M. Crip-
well, both of Ruddington.—Mr. 8S, Shore,
of Faindon, to Miss M.. Grattan, of
Newark. :

Died.] At Nottingham, in Long-row,
Mr. T. Wright.—In Castle-gate, 66, John
Elliott, esq. a justice of the peace for this
county.—In St. Ann’s-street, 65, Mr. S.
Newton.

At West Bridgford, 75, Mr. S. Chap-
man.—At New Radford, 62, Mrs. E. Letts,
deservedly lamented.

LINCOLNSHIRE,

A fine specimen of the dolphin tribe was
lately taken in the river Trent, near Gains-
borough. It was ten feet and a half long,
five feet in circumference, and weighed up-
wards of fifty stone.

Married.] At Lincoln, Mr. Maplis, to
Miss M. Lacey, of Lenton.—Mr, J. Howes,
to Miss Hodges, both of Stamford.—E,
Braikenbury, esq. of Louth, to Miss
Child, of Chelmsford.—The Rev. L. Pos-
nett, of Stamford, to Miss Knight, of
Boston.— Mr. Cook, of Stamford, to Miss
A. Boncer, of Rempstone. :

Died.| At Stamford, 43, Octavian Gra-
ham Gilchrist : he was distinguished for his
literary acquirements, and was a Fellow of
the Society of Antiquaries.

LEICESTER AND RUTHANDs

Married.] Mr. C. Mavius, to Miss H.
Ireland; Mr. N. Higginson, to Miss E.
Bowman; Mr. Worrad, to Mrs. Curtis ;
Mr. W. Jordan, of Belgrave-gate, to S.
Paul; Mr..Stableford, to Mrs. Aldridge ;
Mr. Sibson, to Miss J: Holmes : -all of
Leicester.—Mr. W. Iliffe, of Leicester, to
Miss J. Banester, of Wolverhampton.—
Mr. W. Hood, of Ashby-de-la-Zouch, to ~
Miss J. Oldfield, of Bath—Mr. R. F
Gibbs, of Melton Mowbray, to Miss C.

Beastall.

1823.]

Beastall, late of Eaton.—The Rev. W. J.
Nutt, of Burrough, to Miss S. Tyler, of
Pickwell. — Mr. J. Geldard, to Miss
Ronth, of Draycott, both of the Society of
Friends.— Mr. Kenton, to Miss C. Wilkin-
son, both of Kerby Muxloe.

Died.] At Leicester, in the Newark,
Mrs. H. O. Sutton.—¢4, Mr. J. E. Colt-
man.—In Hotel-street, 75, Mr. Peet.—In
the Haymarket, 66, Mrs. Hitchcock.—In
Northgate-street, Mr. J. Clifton, much re-
spected.—-88, Mr. A. Curtis.

At Loughborough, Mr. 8. Whitby.—In
Ashby-place, 26, Mr. W. Bryan.—In New-
row, Mr. Hubbard.—Mr, F. Kirk, sud-
denly.—72, Mr. W. Capp, deservedly re-
gretted.

At Castle Donington, 66, Mr. Roby,
deservedly regretted. — 36, Mr. Jos.
Cooke.

At Monntsorrel, Mrs. A. Johnson.

At Hallaton, 56, William Dent, esq.—
At Sapcote, 56, Mr. Clark.—At Malton,
Mrs. Manchester. — At Bosworth-park,
Mrs. Pochin, widow of Col. George
Pochin.—At Ratby, 76, Mr. R. Dawkin,
greatly respected.

STAFFORDSHIRE.

A mannfacturer bas recently discovered
a method of employing Prussian blue in
dyeing silk, &c. so as to procure as perma-
nent dyes from it as those usually obtained
from indigo, and with far greater advan-
‘tages in respect to the beauty and bril-
liancy of the colours, ‘Ihe same indivi-
dual has also effected a very considerable
improvement in silk throwing, by which,
in case of ene of the two threads, which
on being twisted together, breaking, the
other is instantly cut also, and in a much
simpler and better manner than hereto-
fore. An organzine mill, upon the con-
struction above alluded to, isnow working
in a manufactory at Leek; the saving
which it effects is no less than from 7s. to
a0s. in the pound, independent of the
great advantage in regard to room.

Married.] John Garrett, esq. of Staf-
ford, to Miss C. Webb, of Greenhall.— Mr.
Yates, to Miss A. Cotton, both of Wol-
verhampton.—Mr, Wilson, of Walsall, to
Miss M. A. Harris, of Lichfield.—Mr.
Oakley, to Miss Bath, both of Walsall.—

.Mr. J. Powell, to Miss S. Lowe, of ‘Voug
Norton.—Mr. W. Moore, of Beech Bank,
to Miss M. Moore, of Adderley Lodge.

Died.| At Stafford, 29, Mr. H. Shirley,
of Salisbury-square, London.

At Wolverhampton, 23, Mr. F. Ba-
nester.

At Walsall, Mrs. A. Nicholls.

At West Bromwich, 78, Mrs. M.
Parish, ee

At Wordsley, Mrs. S. Cook.—At Shel-
ton, 65, Mr, G. Ridgeway.—38, Sir John

. Fenton Bonghey, bart. m.p. for the
county, highly esteemed for many virtues,
as husband, father, and friend.— William

Staffordshire —Warwickshire—Shropshire. --

91

Shepherd Kinnersley, esq. M.P. for New-
castle-under-Lyne.
WARWICKSHIRE.

A numerous body of reformers of Bir-
mingham and neighbourhood lately gave a
grand dinner to Mr. Henry Hunt. Mr.
Edmonds, in the absence of Sir Charles
Wolseley, was in the chair. Several ex-
cellent speeches were given, and unanimity
prevailed.

Married.] Mr. H. Edwards, to Miss A.
F. Chapman, of High-street; Mr. F.
Cooper, to Miss Joyce; the Rev. Mr.
Caddy, to Miss E. Dixon, of Summer-
row : all of Birmingham.—Mr. G. Butler,
of Birmingham, to Miss Donkin, of New-
castle-upon-Tyne.—Mr. Goodwin, of Bir-
mingham, to Miss M. Haughton, of Lich-
field.— Mr. E. Everitt, of Birmingham, to
Miss H. Parkes, of Shrewsbury.—Mr. W.
Shaw, of Netherend, to Miss M. Shaw, of
Brierley-hill— Mr, J. Frost, of Summers
hill, to Miss M. Timimins, of Priery-place,
Edgbaston.

Died.] At Warwick, 29, Miss Mary
Smyth.

At Birmingham, in Hospital-street, 39,
Mrs. Betts.—In the High-street, 27, Mrs.
E. Burbidge.—In Caroline-street, 18,
Miss E. Cocks.—i9, Miss H. Walford.—
At Islington, in St, Martin’s-street, 54,
Mrs. E. Davis.—In Caroline-street, 72,
Mr. W. Haywood, regretted.—In Cole-
more-row, 84, Mrs. Mary Thomason, gene-
rally and deservedly lamented.—In War-
wick-street, Deritend, 29, Mr. W. Bolt,
greatly and justly esteemed.—In Edmund-
street, 45, Mrs, E. Payton.—74, Mrs, A.
Harrison, .

At Coventry, 79, Mr. Jos. Millbourne.

At Islington, 78, Mr. W, Pagett.—At
Michley-cottage, 79, Mrs. Hinton.—At
Whichford, 67, the Rev. J. Yeomans, rec-
tor and chaplain to the Life Guards.

SHROPSHIRE.

The Union coach, from Shrewsbury
throngh Birmingham to London, was lately
robbed of a carpet bag, containing a paper
parce], directed to Messrs, Masterman and
Co. London, in which were 500 provincial
11. notes, payable in London; one 351.
Bank post-bill, unaccepted, No. 8599;
thirty-six pensioners’ receipts, and sundry
other property.

At the late Shrewsbury fair, the Market
Hall was very full of wool :—Coarse from
7s. 6d. to 12s. per stone; fleece wool from
18s. to 21s. per stone; lamb’s wool from
did. to 15d _ per Ib.

Married.) Mr. T. Henney, to Miss J.
Roberts; Mr. Lewis, to Miss M. Powell:
all of Shrewsbury.—Mr. T. Courts, to
Miss M. A. Davies, both of Whitchurch.—
Mr. J. Gough, of Bishop’s Castle, to Miss
Edwards, of Brocton,—Mr. E. Minton, of
Knighton, to Miss Lloyd, of Bishop’s
Castle.—Mr. Teague, to Miss Turner, both
of Knighton,—Mr. T. Nicholas, of Selatyn,

to

92

to Miss 8, Jones, of the Vron.—Mr, J.
Jones, of Snailbeach, to Miss M. Garbeld,
of Pontisbury. -

Died.j] At Ludlow, 80, Mrs, Alice
Harden.

At Whitchurch, Mrs, Churton.

-At Bridgnorth, at an advanced age,
Mrs, B. Hazlewood.—Mrs, Talbot, wife of
Thos. F. T. esq. ‘

At Much Wenlock, 22, Miss M. Richards,
justly esteemed and regretted.

_At Mose, at an advanced age, Mrs.
Clare.—At Fens Wood, Mr. J. Dudleston.
—At Wenlock Abbey, 63, Mr, Pitt.—At
Castle-house, Oswestry, the Rey. Josiah
Venables, M.A. vicar of Harwell, Bucks,
and curate of Morton-chapel.

WORCESTERSHIRE,

At these assizes two prisoners, for sheep-
stealing, received sentence of death ; three
to seven years’ transportion, eleven to be
nprisoned, and ten were acquitted.

. Married.] Mr., R. Padmore, to Miss E.
Jones, both of Worcester.—Mr. D. Lundie,
of Foregate-street, Worcester, to Miss I.
Humphrys, of Nailsworth.—Mr. J. Palmer,
of» Worcester, to Miss J. Walker, of
Blackmore-park.—Mr. R. Martineau, of
Dudley, to Miss J. Smith, of Edgbaston.
—Mr. T. Mumford, to Mrs, Hollings-
worth, both of Pensax. :

Dicd.] At Powick, C, Batham, M.p.

HEREFORDSHIRE.

Ma ried.] Mr. Fras. Woodhouse, to Miss
F. Caldwall, of Leominster.—Mr. Abley,
of Leominster, to Miss S. George, of
Upton-upon-Severn.— Mr. H. Bibbs, of the
Hall-house, Ledbury, to Miss E. Fawk, of
the Flights. *

Died.| At Hereford, 80, Mrs. Williams,
widow of William W. esq. of Brecon.

At Leominster, Mr, Robt. Trotter.

GLOUCESTERSHIRE AND ‘MONMOUTH.

Married.] Mr. W. Harper, of Glouces-
ter, to Miss Byron, of: Bradford.—Mr.
Jas. Case, of Gloucester, to Miss A. J.
Curtis, of Bristol.—Mr. J. Martin, to Miss
E. Woodman, of Gloucester-lane ;.Mr. H.
Carter, to Miss L. Naish: all of Bristol.—
Mr. W. Luton, of Bristol, to Miss E. Par-
sons, of Yatton.—James Webb, of Bristel,
to Miss E, Heywood, of Devizes.—Mr. J.
F. Hewlett, of Bristol, to Miss A. C.
Hugo, late of Wolborongh,

Died.) At Gloucester, in College court,
61, Mr. Hale.—In St. Aldate’s, 79, Mr.
W. Clayton, greatly respected.

At Bristol, 82, Mr. J. Haynes, deser-
vedly respected.—In her 100th year, Jirs.
June Smyth Julius.—Miss E. M. Vickery.
—Mrs. F. F. Cook.—On Kingsdown,
Mrs. Weir.

At Cirencester, 56, Mr. W. Date, deser-
vedly regretted.

At Monmouth, at an advanced age,

Mrs. Catlendar.—In Mouk-street, 82,

dohn Pearce, esq. deservedJy regretted.
1

Worcestershire—Herefordshire—-Gloucester shire, &c.

[Aug. 1,
OXFORDSHIRE,

At the Oxford Assizes, four prisoners
were sentenced to transportation, two for
life, and thirteen to impyisonment.

Married.| ‘The Rey. Wim. Innes Baker,
rector of Lower Heyford, to Miss E.
Payne, of the High-street, Oxford.—J. P..
Birkhead, esq. of Watlington, to Miss E.
Hill, of Sutton.—Mr. W. Looseley, of
Loug Brendin, to Miss E. Walker, of
Fleet-street, London.—Mr. Jas. Osborn,
to Miss M. A. Harper, both of Yarnston.
—Mr. Jas. Wright, to Miss Nobes, both
of Curbridge.

Died.] At Oxford, in St. Giles’s, Mrs.
S. Taylor.—80, John Grosvenor, esq. an
eminent and highly esteemed Surgeon, and
one of the proprietors of the Oxford Journal,
—69, Mr. Brocklesly, deservedly lament: d.
—65, Mr. Hardiman.—75, Mrs, Carter,
much regretted. In Queen-street, 54,
Mrs. Curtis, generally lamented.

At Longworth, 74, Mr. R. Smith, for-
merly of Faringdon, deservedly regretted,
—At Tetsworth, 72, Mr. W. Hawkins,
much respected,

BUCKINGHAM AND PERKSHIRE.

Frozley-lodge, Bucks, the beautiful seat
of P. R. Wingrove, esq. was lately burnt
tothe ground, It was elegantly furnislied,
and contained a valuable library.

Married.| Mr. Woodrow, of Reading,
to Miss G. A. Fayring, of Bath—Mvr,
Sawyer, of Clewer Green, to Miss Mills,
of Old Windsor.—Lieut. Gardiner, BN.
of Whitechurch, to Miss Julia Reade, of
Tpsden-house,

Died.) At Windsor, Lieut. Col. J. W.
Beatley, c.p, Major in the Fusileers.—~
71, Mrs. North.—72, Mrs. Webb.

At Aversham, Mrs. A. Moody.

At Winslow, Miss M. Burnham.—At
Langley-park, Miss Louisa Harvey.—At
Penn, 94, Mr, E. Grove, much and de-
servedly respected,

HERTFORDSHIRE AND BEDFORDSHIRE.

The clection took place, within the
month, of a Member «for -Hertford,
in the room of Lord Chanborne, now
Marquis of Salisbary. There were
two candidates, Thomas Slingsby Den-
combe, esq. of Duncombe Hall, Yorkshire,
and Thomas. Byron, esq. of Bayford.
The show of hands was in favour of Mr,
Duncombe; but, a poll having been
granted, the following day he declined

. the contest.

The inhabitants of Dunstable, Luton,
and. Leigliton Buzzard, lately petitioned
the House of Commons, for protection
against the importation of foreign straw-
plat. ‘The petition from the Jast place
had 8000 signatures. :

Married.) Mr. T, Gutteridge, of Walkern-
place, to Miss M. Hilton, of Watford.—
The Rev, §. Walker, to. Miss E. Brown,
hoth of Harroid.—W. Fowler, esq. to
Miss M. A. Merry, of Baldock,

Dicd J

1823.] :

Died,] At Bedford, 100, Mr. John
WV hitehouse.

At Hitchin, 72, Tirothy Bristow, esq.

At Hocklitfe,
Rev. John Robinson. —At Surkett, 80,
Mr. R. Cotching.

NORTHAMPTONSHIRE,

At the late Northampton assizes, eight
criminals received sentence of death, but
were reprieved. Ten were sentenced to,
seven years’ transportation. ‘

Married.]. Mr. Gulliver, of Thornby-
lodge, to Miss A. Cowdell, of Rugby.—
Mr. S. Root; of the Grange, to Miss A,
Goedman, of Williamscote.—Mr. M. IH.
Croft, to Miss M. A. Aveling, of Whit-
tlesea. . ne “TWAS
' Died.} At Fotheringhay, 20, Miss H.
Bradshaw.—At Bilsworth, 86, Mr. C,
Gudgeon.— At Brampton, 84, Mr. J.
Cooke,—At Otley, Miss M, Ward, sud-
denly.

- CAMBRIDGE AND HUNTINGDON.

The annual prizes of 15 guineas each,
given bythe Representatives in Parlia-
ment of Cambridge for the best. disser-
tations in Latin proze, have been adjudged
as follows :—Senior Bacnetonrs: Que-
nam sunt Ecclesie Legihus Stabilite Bene-
Jicia, ct Qua Ratione maximée Promovenda?
Alfred Olivant, BA. Trinity College.—
No second: prize adjudged. — Mippie
BacueEtors:-Qui Fructus Historie Eccle-
siastice Studiosis percipiendi sunt? Charles
Edw. Kennaway, 8.4. of St. John’s Col-
lege; and G. Long, B.A- Trinity College,
+ The Porson prize for the best translation
of.a passage from Shakspeare into Greek
verse, is adjudged to’ Benjamin. Hall
‘Kennedy, of St. John’s College. Subject,
Henry VIII., Act 5, Scene 6;. beginning
with ‘¢’This Royal Infant,” and ending
with “ And so stand fix’d.” ’

Married.) Mr. J. Feaks, jun. of .Cam-
‘bridge, to Miss M. A. Poland, of Oxford-
street, London.—Mr. J. Hilfon, of Ste-
venage, to Miss. M. A. Jepps, of Bar-
rington.— Mr. Jas. Smith, of Elsworth, to
-Miss M. Payne, of Toft.

Died.) At Cambridge, Mr. Unwin

-21, Mr. Chas. Shedd.—22, Mr. D. Race.

—In Regent-street, Mrs. Henniker, wife
of the Rev. A. B. H.

At Little Abingdon, 58, Mrs. S. Hyson. -

—At Balsham, Mrs, E. Brown, suddenly,
—At Paxton-place, Mrs. Standly, widow
of H. Pr. S., esq.

NORFOLK.

A public meeting was Jately held at
Norwich, when it was resolved to ue
strenuous exertions to assist the Consti-
tutional Spaniard. .

Married.) Mr. J. Minister, to Miss R.
Chapman, both of Yarmouth.— Mr. J.

. Fuller, of Torrington, St, Jolin’s, to Miss

JH. Haigh, of Halifax.

» Died.) At Norwich, in .St.. George’s,

Northamplonshire—Cambridge— Norfolk, 8c.

Eleanor, wife of the

93

Colegate, 27, Mrs. A. Homer, deservedly
Tamented.—In St. Andrew's, 48, Mrs. D.
Bagge.—In Bethel-street, 21, Miss E.
Hayes.—In St. Giles’, 65, Eleanor, widow
of the Rev. Matm. Ward, of Truncop, —

At Yarmouth, 98, Mr. T. Woolby.—79,
Mr. M. Gouch.— 49, Mrs.’ M, Marston.—
45, Mr, Paliner-Snell. .

At Thetford, 71, Mrs. A. Scott.—69,
Shelford Bedwell, csq.—66, Mr. G. B.
Burrell, well known.as an antiquary.

At Lynn, Mrs. Baker, widow of Samuel
Baker, esq.—49, Mrs. S. Dickinson.

SUFFOLK.

Married.] Mr. ©, Cork, to Miss Cooper,
both. of Sudbury. — J. Gurdon, esqs of
Assington-hall, to Miss B. A. Lambard,
of Seven Oaks.—Mr. C, F, Shepherd, of
Belsbead, to Miss Clarke, of ‘Taltingston-
hall.~-Mr, E. Bigg, to Miss Walton, both
of Ixworth.

Died.] At Bury, 69, Mrs. Brick wood.—
In Crown-street, 21, Mrs. M. Adkin.—

54, Mr. Wicks.

At Ipswich, 63, Mr, Robt. Fitch, deser-
vedly estcemed and reeretted,

At Woodbridge, Miss J, Baxter, sud-
dently ;

At Sunbury, 76, Mr, J, King.

At Blundeston Parsonage, at an ad-
vanced age, Mrs. E, Thurtle.—At Nay-
land, 58,Mis. Potter—At Weolpit, 27,
Mr. J. Bampstead.—At Fre-ton, 68, Mr.

‘Cutting. —At Wal-ham-le-Willows, 71, Mr.

C, Rogers, deservedly. lamented.

: ESSEX.
_A meeting was lately held at Colchester,
Sir Henfy:Sinyth, Bart. in the Chair, when

.a Botanical and Horticultural Association,

was formed, entitled “The Colchester
and Essex Botanical and Horticultural
Society.”

Married.j Mr. ©. Lewis, of Magdalen-
street, Colchester, to Miss Strutt, of

.Higham.—Mr. D. Copsey, of Mount-

house, Braintree, to Miss S, Chandler, of
Tyringham-cum-Felgrove.— Mr, Ry Stokes

tu. Miss FE. Shadrack, both of Chipping
Ongar. — The Reve W. Wright, of Witham,
to Miss Georgiana Aberdeen, of Honiton,

Died.] At Colchester, 32, Mr. F
Brightwell,

At Newport, Mrs. Sutton, suddenly.

At Ridgewell, 78, Mr. J. Cock —At
Boxted, R. W. ‘Townsend, esq. — At
Hocking, 32, Mr,.S. ‘Thornton. —At Had-
leigh, 45, Mrs. E. Higham, deservedly
respected.—At Wetherficld, 35, Mr. S.
Linsell, Jamented.—At Witham, 74, Mrs,
k. Grimwood.

KENT.

Married.] Mc. D. Sedgwick, to Miss M,
A. Piper; Mr. R. Hogwood, to Mrs. A.
Marshall: all of Canterbury.—Mr. J,
Smith, to Miss A. Forth; Mr J. Grabble,
to Miss A. Griggs: allof Deal. Mr, W.

. Craudale, of Muidotone,.to Miss S¥Pearne,

of

94

of Charlton.—Mr. R. Reaks, of Sandwich,
to Miss M. Belsey, of Temple.

Died.] At Canterbury, in Grove-lane,
93, Mrs. Wood.—48, Mrs. H. Headdey.

At Deal, 32, Miss S. Terry.

At Chathani, in Best-street, 45, Mrs.
Scott.

At Margate, 59, Mr. J. Dickins.—80,
Mrs. Bateman, widow of Capt. Nathaniel
B. R.N.

At Gondhurst, 81, Mr. Scott.—At Dart-
ford, Mrs. Bullock.—At Ashford, 19, Miss
S. M. E. Elliott —At Smeeth, the Rev.
D. Ball, ru.b. deserved!y lamented.

SUSSEX.

A respectable public meeting lately

took place at Brighton; J. M. Cripps, esq.
in the chair. - The following excellent re-
solution’ was among the number unani-
mously agreed to:— That, disclaiming
every motive of party politics, they con-
sider the war to have assumed on the part
of the Turks those features of extermi-
nating barbarity, which call upon them, as
‘men and Christians, to Jend the helping
hand te their Greek brethren, and inter-
pose, as far as in them lies, to secure to
them the independence they have already
in a measure conquered ia the land of
their forefathers.” :
. Worthing has been filled with the best
company within the month; the hotels
and libraries well frequented, and the pro-
menades visited by elegant assemblages.

Married.} The Rev. G. Bliss, to Miss
E. B. Hack, both of Chichester.—Mr, R.
Smith, of Chichester, to Miss Pink, of
Hombledon.—Mr, Kennard, of Uckfield,
to Miss Hicks, of Black Lion-street,
Brighton.—The Rev. F. Acton, to Miss
Smith, both of Lewes.—Mr. C. Wills, to
Miss Stovald, of Bosham.—Mr.'T. F. Ball,

_of Ditehling, to Miss Dennett, of Wood-
mancote.

Died.] At Chichester, in the Pallant,
W. Jolmson, esq.

At Brighton, 83, Mrs. Jackson.—In
George-street, Mr. Martin, mach respect-
ed.—Mr. T. Buckwell.—At an advauced
age, S. Rollison, esq.

At Lewes, Mr. Norman,

At Arundel, Joseph Coote, esq.

HAMPSHIRE.

At the late Wiltshire assizes, there were
nine capital convicts, but one only was
sentenced to death. —

At the late annual eleetion at Win-
chester-college, the gold medals were

_ awarded to Mr. Henry Davison, for Latin
prose, * Virorum illustrium minima queque
vita statimin oculos hominum incurrunt ;”

_and Mr, Hugh Seymour ‘Tremenveere, tor

_ English verse, ‘‘ the Death of Iady Jane
Grey." The silver medals were obtained
by Mr. H. Le Mesurier, “ Hannibatis ad
Seipionem de Pace oratio ;” and Mr. James
Corry Connellan, “* Tilus Quinctius to che

Susser— Hampsh ire —Wiltshire—Somersetshire.

{Aug. 1,

Romans, when the A2qui and Volsti were
ravoging their territory to the gates of the
city.”

A commercial news-room has been
lately opened in Portsmouth. F

Married.] Mr. J. s ellmott, to Miss A.
Hill; Mr. Drury, to Miss Davison, of
Kingsland-place: all of Southampton.—
Mr. Harvey, to Miss Hunt, both of Ports
mouth.—Mr. W. White, of Portsea, to
Miss White, of Southampton.—Mr. J.
Thorpe, of Portsea, to Miss M, Kingswell,
of Portsmouth.—Mr. J. Roberts, of Wim-
bourne, to Miss M. A. Best, of Ilford.—
Mr, Jerman, to Mrs. Newman, both of
Fareham.

Dicd.] At Southamptcn, 57,.Mr. J.
Poll, deservedly lamented.—Mrs. Shayer,
lamented.—Mrs. E. Minns.

At Winchester, in the High-street, Miss
Toomer, late of Southampton.—77, Mr.
Weekes.—83, Miss Sophia Lipscomb.

At Portsmouth, 99, Mr. Meredith.—41,
Mr. W. P. Reade, deservedly lamented.

At Portsea, in Amelia-row, 54, Mr. T.
Hendy, much and deservedly regretted.—
Lient. J. Maxfield, R.w.

At Southsea, 20, Miss M. Maude.—7 2,
Mrs. C. Clarke, of Wellesbourn.

At Lymington, Francis Soane, esq.—
Miss Elizabeth Beckley.

At Newport, 19, Miss Chiverton.—63,
Mr, Jer. Self.icmMr. R. M. Knight.

The Rev. T. Butler, B.p. rector of West
Tisted, and vicar of Worldham.—At West-
over Farm, Mrs. Hamby, regretted.—At
Berry Lodge, Maria, widow of Robert
Burrow, esq. of Starbro’ Castle, Surrey.

WILTSHIRE, -

At the late Wilts assizes, sentence of
death was passed on four prisoners, but
only one of them was left for execution,
viz. Jovathan Cook, a quack doctor, for
rape.

Marricd.] Mr. T. Moors, of Mere, to
Miss P. Tabor, of Silton.— Mr. R. Essing-
ton, of Pottern, to Miss A. Wells, of Ar-
dington —Mr. E. A. Nicholson, of Barford
St. Martin, to Miss L. Barnes, of Stur-
minster Marshall.

Died.] At Trowbridge, 35, Mr. W.
Spragg.

At Marlborough, Mr. W. Sharps, re-
gretted,

At Bradford, 54, Mr. W. Munday.

At Calne, 40, Mr. J. G., Button.

The Rev. W. White, rector of ‘Veffont.

At Parton, v6 and 19, Misses Eliza and
Maria Kinnott.

‘SOMERSETSHIRE.

Married.] Capt. H. Ravenhill, to Miss
M. Webb, of the Oraage-grove, both of
Bath.—Mr. W. Davey, of Bath, to Miss
H. Davis, of Lawrence-hill, Bristol. —Mr.
Lowel, of Bath, to Miss L. Bayntun, of
Bromham. — At Bathwick-chureh, Mr.
Williams, to Mrs. Andrews, of Broad-

street,

1823.)

strect.—Mr. Leaker, of Taunton, to Miss
M. Waterman, of North-town.—Mr. R.
Hayball, of Chard, to Miss J. Cozens, of
Charmouth.— Mr. S. Hagley, to Miss S.
Hayley, both of Frome. — John Elliott
Winsloe, esq. ot Manor-house, Seaton, to
Mrs. Williams, of Gloucester. f

Died.] At Bath, Mary, widow of Major
John Charles Ker.—Mrs. Mackenzie,
widow of Alexander M. esq. writer to the
Signet. —In Pierrepont-street, Martha,
wife of Harry Gibbs, esq. late of Ports-
mouth.— George Austin, esq. of Newbury.
—In Horse-street, 89, Mr. Tucker.—71,
Mr, W. Demizong.—Escourt Creswell,
esq. of Pinckney-house, Wilts, &c.

At Frome, Mr. S. Allen, deservedly re-
gretted.—21, Miss J. Allen.

At Wells, Mr. E. Chiffence.

At Taunton, 97, Mrs. Seaman.—James
Stowey, esq- ;

At Bridgwater, Mrs. Milton.—Eliza,
wife of R. Woodland, esq. banker.

At Axbridge, Rachael, wife of P. Fry,
esq.—At Bathford, Mr. T. Wilton, late of
Box.—At Chipping Sodbury, Mr. E. Hall.
—78, Mr. S. Isaac.--At Hallabrow, Mrs,
Bath, greatly regretted.

DORSETSHIRE.

Married.| Mr. P. Woolecott, of Sher-
borne, to Miss Matthews, of Chetnole.—
Mr. J. S. Miller, of Poole, to Miss M. A,
Day, of Bristel.—Mr. F. Standerwick, of
Bourton, to Miss Dart, of Ditcheat.—Mr.
W. W. Cribb, of Corfe-castle, to Miss E.
Wills, of Salisbury.

Died.) At Dorchester, Mr. H. Swan.

At Poole, 92, Peter Jollitie, esq.
alderman,

At Sherborne, Mrs. M. Bower.

At Highbury-cottage, near Poole, 57,
Mrs. J. Moore, late of City-road, London.
—At Allington-farm, 26, Mrs. Major.

DEVONSHIRE.

It is in contemplation to construct a
chain or suspension bridge across the
Tamar, at Saltash, near Plymouth.

A public meeting was lately held at
Tiverton; Colonel Pell in the chair. It
was resolved to raise subscriptions to assist
the Spaniards,

Married.| Join Carew, esq. of Exeter,
to Miss Maria Dickenson, of Tiverton.—
Mr, W. Terry, of Ashburton, to Miss F.
Mudge, of Lindridge-hall.—Mr. Bond, of
Starcross, to Miss Quicke, of Exeter,—
Mr. T. Pearce, of Sticklepath, to Miss
Wall, of Tavistock.—Mr. J. Hutchings, of
Exwell, to Miss 8S. Rowe, of Exminster.

Died.| At Exeter, 42, Mr. J. Street.—
77, Mr. G, Rhodes.—On Fore-street hill,
56, Mr. R. Strong, suddenly.—66, Mr.
James Brown, generally respected,—At
Templar’s-lodge, on the Haven banks,
‘Thomas Henry Harbin, esq. late of Cor-
sica-hal, Sussex,

At Plymoath, in St. James’s-sireet, Mr.

Dorsetshire — Devonshire— Cornwall—Wales—Scotland.

95

Honey, suddenly.—Mr. G. Hancock.—
In Hampton-buildings, 56, Mr, Basker-
ville, generally esteemed and regretted.—
In Tin-street, 95, Mrs. Kroger, widow of
F.K, esq. Danish consul at this port.

At Dartmouth, Mrs. Jones, wife of Capt.
J.—Henry Joseph Oldsworth, esq.

At Woodcockshays, Halberton, 73, Ed-
ward Cross, esq.—At Sow ton-parsonage,
46, Mrs. Moore, widow of the Rey. G. M.

“CORNWALL,

Married.] J.W. Beckeiley, esq. to Miss
E. Beard, both of Penzance.—Mr. T.
Oliver, of Padstow, to’ Miss J. Taylor, of
Camelford.—Robert Grigg, esq. of East
Looe, to Miss C. Grigg, of Bodbrane.—
Mr. W. Tyack, of Marazion, to Miss Ste-
phens, of Galval.

Dicd.|_At Falmouth, Capt. Elphinstone,
of the Manchester packet.—In Lemon-
street, Mrs. Bass, widow of Capt. B. R.N.

At Traro, Thomas Warren, esq. lieut.-
colonel of the Pendennis Artillery Local
Militia.

At St. Michacl’s Mount, 67, Mr. W.
Jago.—At Mevagissy, Mrs. S. Jago.

WALES.

A lamentable catastrophe lately occurs
red at Swansea. ‘Phe passage-boat which
plivs across the river had taken in.thirty
persons, who had just left a place of divine
worship, and were proceeding to Britton
Ferry. A gust of wind occasioned the
upsetting of the boat, and out of the thirty
only eighteen were saved,

Married.] The Rev. James Thomas, of
Haverfordwest, to Miss Maria Gillam, of
Bristol.—Mr. 8, Thomas, of Aberystwith,
to Miss E; Jones, of Ffoespompren, Car-
diganshire.—William Beauniand, esq. of
Vronend, to Miss Sarah Maria Roberts,
ef Pyecorner-house, Radnorshire.—Evan
Griffiths, esq. of Clynioch, to Miss Jane
Walters, of Cyven, Glamorganshire.

Died.] At Swansea, Mrs, Murray, wife
of Jolin M, m.p.

At Haverfordwest, 27, Mr. J. Mathias.
—Miss Hester Skyrme.

At Brecon, 53, Miss Maybery.

At the Castie, in Builth, John Marma-
duke Cooper, esq.—At Hescomb, near
Fishguard, the Rev. David Evans, mas
—At Haken, near Milford, 57, David
Bowen, esq.

SCOTLAND.

Married.) The Rev. Alexander Mac-
pherson, of Golspie, Sutherlandshire, to
Miss Agnes Young, of Edinburgh.—At
Edinburgh, Josiah Nisbet, esq. of the Ma-
dras civil service, to Rachael, daughter of
Sir John Majoribanks, bart. of Lees Ber-
wick.—D. K. Sandford, esq. of Glasgow,
to Cecilia, only daughter of the late Ro-
bert Chermock, esq.

Died.) At Edinburgh, W. Farquharson,
M.D.—QOn Fountain-bridge, Mr, J. Caws

At Hamilton, Thomas Paterson, esq.

late

96 ‘ "

late paymaster to the 22d regt. of foot.—
In West, Lothian, Colonel Gilion, of
Wallhonse. ° eg ; :
be IRELAND.

‘Mavvied.] In Dublin, Waller O'Grady.
esq. barrister, to the Hon. Miss Massey.
—G._H. Richards, esq. of the Grange,

county of Wexford, to Miss . A. Moore, |

of Moore's Fort, county Tipperary.

** Died.j] At Dublin, Jos. Jameson, esq.
one of the barons of the Irish Exchequer,
und father of the Trish bar.

At Louth-hall, county Louth, Thomas
Lord Louth.’ He was one of those few
ineritorious Irish landlords who resided
upon his estates, giving employment and
support to his tenantry. —

DEATHS ABROAD.

At Serampore, in Bengal, of the cholera
morbus, the Rev. W. Ward, a zealous Bap-
tist missionary, who for some years has
devoted himself to the translation of the
New Tesiament into the Oriental lan-
giage; but! with how little effect or skiil is
shown by the Abbé Dubois. It appeared,
prima pene: exceedingly strange that fo-
reigne’'s should master so suddenly so many
tongues; but it is evident that, as they
were not mastered, the translations would
be ludicrous, cifensive, and, therefore,
worse than useless. How absurd it would
be, if some learned pundits were to come
to England, and affect to translate into
English some of the sacred books of the
Brahmins. In the murders they would
‘commit on the English idiom, they would
murder common sense, and render the sa-
cred volumes objects of profane ridicule.
We.refer our readers to the Abbé Dubois,
and to our Supplement.

At Stockholm, Baron Samuel Gustavus
Hermelin, born in that city in 1744’ “The
employment to which he devoted his time
and studies was that of superintending the
mines and mining establishinents, first
visiting the principal works in Sweden for
that purpose. He afterwards undertook
joumeys into Germany and France, aud
made a voyave to the American United
States, being also charged with a political
mission from the Swedish government to
the president. On his return from Ame-

‘ yica, he made the tour of England about
the end of 1784, These excursions \in-
spired him with an ardent ambition to
improve the geography and statistics of
his native country, which he considered
as less perfect than those of other coun-
tries. After many surveys undertaken at
his own expence, he was enabled to cor-

Treland— Deaths Abroad, 1 gees

tect the chart of Westro-Bothnia, and
Lapland ; this was the commencement of a
vast geographical undertaking, to which
he applied fifteen years of his life, and no
small part of his fortune. “After the
publication of these first charts, his pecn-
niary means being exhausted, he was
obliged to relinquish to a company the
sequel of his labonrs, which lie still conti-
nued, however, to direct, so as eventually
to complete an entire Atlas of Sweden.
in the course of those enquiries which the
construction of his maps rendered neces-
sary; he had occasion to observe the
poverty of the inhabitants in the north,
and he projected plans for working the
numerous ivon-mines. ‘Three forges were
established in Bothnia, roads were made;
communications facilitated, workmen in-
vited, aitd habitations and points of culti-
vation raised. All these ameliorations.
were at the charge of M. Hermelin,' but
they were not seconded. Accidental obs
structions arese, the resources of this sei-
entific philanthropist were again~ ex:
hausted, and his property herein acquired
fellinto other hands. The only indentnifi-
cation which he received was a medal,
struck by the College of Nobles, bearing
this legend: “ Presented to Hermelin by
his fellow-citizens and friends, for his
illustration of our conntry, and for peo-
pling its desert places.” In 1771, the Aca-
demy of Sciences of Stockholm admitted
him a member; and, in him, made an ac-
quisition doubly advantageons, as he was
ever ready to co-operate with his talents
and fortune in promoting wsefil under-
takings. In 1815, he quitted the admi-
nistration of the mines, afier fifty-four
years employed in it of active service.
He was, however, autliorized to retain the
salary, and the States added to it a petisiow
of 1000 rix dellars, On the 4th of May,
18Z0, he was suddenly arrested by death,
to the regret of his country, his friends;
and the sciences. His works are mostly
contained-in the Memoirs of the Academy
of Stockholm. The titles of those that
have been printed, separately, are as fol-
lows :—1. On the Melting and Casting or
Copper Minerals. 2. On the Use to be
made of the Stones furnished by the
Swedish Quarries. 3. On the Resources
of the different Provinces of Sweden. 4.
Tables of the Population and Industry of
Westro-Bothnia. 5. A Mineralogical
Besciiption of Lapland and Westro-
Fotknia; and 6. Mineralogical Cliarts of-
tl.¢ Southern Provinces of Sweden.

On the 31st of July was published the SuPPLEMENTARY NuMBER to the FIFTY-
rirtu Volime of this Miscellany, containing extracts from the most interesting
publications of the half year, and a full Analysis of the Constitution of the House

of Commons ; with Indexes, §c. &c.

MONTHLY MAGAZINE.

No. 386.] SEPTEMBER 1, 1823. [2 of Vol. 56.

Pag
i li

RESIDENCE AND GARDEN OF JOHN KYRLE.

Tut-name of John Kyrie, in the vicinity of his former residence, is still considered as
a pronomen of: public worth and private merit., ‘Though Pope in his commendation
may be thought extravagant by those who have not had the means of becoming acquaint.
ed with the “history of ‘‘the man of Ross;” yet, to them who do know it, his enlogium
is not more strange than true. Dr. Johnson bears this evidence, when, he illustrates
Mr. Pope’s verses on this extraordinary character in the following words :—“ But the
praise of Kyrle, the man of Ross, deserves particular attention, who, after a
long aud pompous enumeration of his public works and private character, is said to
have diffused those blessings from. five hundred a-year. Wonders are willingly told, and
#6 willingly heard. ‘The trath is, that Kyrle was a man of known integrity and active
benevolence, by whose solicitation the wealthy were persuaded to pay contribution to
his charitable, schemes :. this influence he obtained by an example of his liberality to the
utmost of his. power, and was thus enabled to give more than, he lad. ‘This account
Mr, Victor obtained from the minister of theplace ; I have presetved it, that the praise
of a good man, being more credible, may, be more solid. » Navrations of impracticable
Virtue will bé read with wonder, bnt that which. is unattainable is, recommended in
vain ; that good may be endvavénred, it should be shown to be possible.”—In our three
Engravings, we have given his House in Ross, now an itn; his Farm-house; and his
** MONTHLY MAG. No, 386. ; Oo Summer-

98 Topic of the Month. (Sept. 1,

-house, nearly in the same state as it was left by himself and Pope. In this
per eens sabe man usually spent his evenings with his friends, when the
seasons permitted ; also in the same summer-house, tradition has it, Mr. Pope, whilst
his guest, gave to certain of his admirable productions their form and finish. Mr, Charles
Heath, of Monmouth, in his “ Excursion to the Wye,” says, the poet came to Ross for
change of air, being indisposed; whence, he infers, it was very easy for the man of
letters and ‘the® benevolent country-gentleman to become acquainted; but Mr.
Fosbrooke ascribes the poet’s knowledge of the character of “ the man of Ross” to the
medium of a Catholic family, then living at a seat in the neighbourhood, called Over
Ross ; whereas we are assured by Mr. Brooke, on the premises, that Mr. Pope’s health
requiring a change of air, his publisher and friend, Mr. Bernard Lintot, ‘who was
related to Kyrle, recommended the poet to his friend and relation, where he was
certain he would meet with an agreeable companion and’ a hearty welcome. It was

oet became that gentleman’s guest, and from this circumstance he had the
er Peible means of scatitibe a knowledge of his character.—From the genealogy
of Kyrle, it appears that that gentleman had for his maternal grandmother a daughter
of Robert Waller, of Beaconsfield, which lady was a sister of the celebrated Edmund
Waller, the poet and patriot, and consequently related to the illustrious Hampden.

Subjoined is KYRLE’s FaRM-HOUsE, at a short distance from Ross :— = -

‘

wm eels

* For the Monthly Magazine.
TOPIC OF THE MONTH.
Spain.

PAIN is unquestionably ‘the lead-

+ ing topic of this month, and the
Quarterly Review as unquestionably
is not; but still there is some con-
nexion between them. We had flat-
tered ourselves, that, out of the pale of
the lowest hirelings of the prostituted
ortion of the daily press, and the
owest hunters for office,—who would
sell their own souls to the devil, or
their father’s bones to the maker of
hartshorn, if that would procure them
the means of living at the expense of
the public,—there was not one who
would dare to palliate, far less to de-
fend, the monstrous aggression of the
Holy Alliance upon that country, and,
through it, upon the liberties of man-
kind: but we find we were egregiously
mistaken; for, lo and behold! we find
in the Quarterly Review a sort of
whining, canting, and malignant, arti-
ele, which, while it affects to be ex-
tremely liberal, is yet; from beginning
to end, one tissue of gross abuse of the
liberal Spaniards, and of all who have
aidedthem, and one stupid and sophis-
ticated perversion of every principle
of sound and manly policy, and of

international law. One sentence o
this precious production will be quite
enough. _,

“The government,” says this learned
Theban, (quere, is he Southey?) ‘“ ge-
nerally has the initiative of measures,
and therefore chooses its course ; and,
as no men can wilfully or perversely
prefer wrong to right, it generally has
happened, and generally must hap-
pen, that the opposition have. the
wrong side of the question.”—-Page
636.

We have been particular in quoting
the page; because otherwise our
readers might have had doubts if, in
this learned and logical age, such a
sentence could have been written.
Yet here it is—‘‘No man or set of
men prefers wrong to right,” ergo, the
government must always be in the
right, and the opposition in the wrong.
“Well, but,” says the reviewer, ‘‘ you
omit one circumstance,” and that is
a material one ; ‘‘ government has the
initiative (rather an odd having) of
measures, and therefore chooses its
course.” Granted; and has not a
swindler who cheats you, a thief who
robs you, or a murderer who cuts
your throat, also the znitiatiwe, and
therefore chooses his course; and SS

nie e

1823.)

he for that reason always in the right,
and you always in the wrong? If so,
there is no need of arguing farther,—
the very same plea which the reviewer
here sets up for government, may be
set up in favour of every crime all the
world over; and so there is no need
for a single word more. But, grant-
ing that in all the measures in which
government have the initiative, they
are necessarily in the right ; then, ac-
cording to the reviewer’s own showing,
the opposition must, in all the mea-
sures in which they have the initiative,
be in the right too; and, in short,
whatever is proposed by any one per-
son or party should be instantly gone
into by every other. The claims of
the Catholics and Dissenters should
be granted, Parliament should be re-
formed, corporations and tithes should
be abolished, the taxes should be re-
duced, sinecures should be pitched to
the deuce, and, to crown all, the Fo-
reign Enlistment Bill should be re-
ealed; and Britain, instead of a
ankering, unnatural, and smuggled,
regard for the Holy Alliance, should
instantly shake hands with the Spanish
patriots,—the Spanish people: be-
cause all these have had their “ initia-
tive” with the opposition, and been
resisted by the government; therefore
in all these cases the opposition must
be in the right, and the government in
the wrong. ‘This reviewer is really a
wise one,—a wight
“To suckle fools, and chronicle small

eer.
The fact is that, to give him two of

Spain.

99
tive but the good of his country ; your
ministerial man may have that, but he
must have something else; therefore
the great bulk of the people,—discount-
ing of course those who are paid for
their opinions, and whose opinions of
course go for nothing,—have always
thought, and always must think, that
the opposition are generally in the
right, and the government in the
wrong; and in no case has this opi-
nion, — discounting as aforesaid,—
been more unanimous than in the
case of Spain.

So perfect, indeed, is this unanimity,
that we hold it as being perfectly de-
monstrative of the enormity of the
Holy Alliance. We pointed out a few
features of the enormity some time
ago, and also noticed one or two of
the probable causes; to these we shall
not accordingly revert, in the mean
time, farther than to say, that every
step which has been taken in the busi-'
ness tends to prove more clearly that
this enormity is not the voluntary and’
individual act of. the French govern-
ment; but forms.a part of that plan,
for -keeping the’ world in slavery,
which was made by the one despot (for
the others are mere tools in his hands)
of the North, who may very natu-
rally quarrel with her for so doing;
and, ere long, we may expect to see
the banks of the Seine, the Loire, and
the Rhone, peopled with Cossacks, and
the light which dawned upon France
at the Revolution veiled in the shades
of polar night. If, on the other hand,
France continues the war, she must

the words, if it be not possible to give_Aecome so exhausted, that she will not.
him any of the meaning, of logic,— have the weight of a feather in the

the measures of the government issue
from them absolute, and they are ‘right
secundum quid; and it so happens in
this case of their conduct to the Spa-
niards, that the whole evidence of
sound writers upon national law, and
rational and unfettered thinkers in the
country, are against them. Canning’s
opinion is not in itself one jot better
than the opinion of Brougham, or
Mackintosh, or Burdett, or Macdo-
nald, or Abercromby; and it cannot
be given just so freely, because there
is such a thing as a man’s losing his
place. In like manner, Liverpool’s
opinion is not a jot better than Grey’s;
and the latter is free, while the former
may be fettered. Your opposition-
man has nothing to sway him in those
measures of which he has the initia-
2

general councils of Europe. The war
against Spain is far different from her
wars at the Revolution, or under Bo-
naparte. In the former, she had the
name and the stimulus of liberty to
cheer her on; and, in the latter, the
burden of the war fell upon the
enemy. France herself was spared,
except in conscriptions of men, lived
in peace, and waxed rich, while her
armies were overrunning the territo-
ries, and consuming. the revenues, of
all the states on the Continent. Inthe
present case, it is far different: the
resources of France are exhausted by
a double, or rather by a triple, drain,
—the direct support of her own in--
vading army, the support of her parti-
zans in Spain, and the. sums that are
constantly expended in corrupting, or
attempting

109
attempting to corrupt, the Spaniards.
The aggregate of these is greater than
France,—considering the broken state
of her spirit, the exhaustion of her
treasury, and the imbecility of her go-
vernment,—can bear; and she may
depend upon it, that not oneof the nor-
thern despots will give one skilling or
one copec to assist her, The French
government, amid all. their dulness
and all their doting, seem to be aware
of this; and this consciousness, more
than any thing else, seems to have
been the cause of the Duke d’Angon-
leme’s departure (flight, shall we call
it?) from Madrid. Finding the per-
sons whom, in his own inconsiderate
folly, he had appointed members of the
Madrid regency, had private enmity
to gratify,.into which he could not
enter,—finding that they were con-
trolled by some power, as we say in
this country, “farther north” than
himself,—and finding that their suspi-
cion of him was fast taking the shape
of hatred, and would, in all proba~-
bility, have ended in hostility,—he
very naturally, and, in our opinion,
very wisely, took his departure. Upon
every view of the case, indeed, the
French are in sorry plight. They have
no plea of justification,— they are mere
tools in the hands of Russia,—they
are wasting their strength for an
ebject which they are not very likely
to obtain, and, which obtained, would
bring them nothing but disgrace.
Suppose that by fighting, or, by
what appears a more successful and
more congenial mode of proceeding,
by bribery, they were to win all the
strong places, and purchase all’ the
commanders in Spain, what would
they have gained? Every mountain
in Spain is a fortalice, and every
mountaineer is a soldier: foreign domi-
nation, though long a favourite at court,
is most hateful to the Spanish people ;
and they are jealous even of foreign
aid. Under such circumstances, we
need not wonder that the French are
becoming tired of the matter; and this
is to the friends of liberty one ground
of hope.

As to the existing state of Spain,
there are no data by which it can‘be
even fairly guessed at. Of Cadiz and
Corunna we can know something ; but
of the state of the interior we ‘have
_ only French accounts, and of these’ so

great and varying a portion has proved
- to be false, that they are unworthy of

Topics of the Month.

[Sept. 1,
record in any thing more permanent
than the columns of the daily prints,—
those ministers to the idle curiosity of.
the public, which yawn for their quan-
tity like one of Agar’s daughters of the
horseleech, and which, like her, are not
particular as to the quality.

‘The defections of the Spanish leaders,
Morillo, Ballasteros, and such men,
are matters of very small moment.
When the .liberty of a nation is at
stake, men that can be corrupted are
dangerous; and, if Spain is to bea
free state, it will be only years of
struggling that will clear her of
Arnolds and Dumouriers, and call
forth Washingtons and Carnots, upon
whom she can with safety rest her
cause.

There is another consolation to the
fricnds of liberty: if there had been
no struggle in Spain, it is probable
that, ere now, the vulture of the Neva
would have had his claws upon the
Greeks; but, while he is working at
second-hand, and very wisely as he
thinks, no doubt, upon Spain, the
Greeks are quietly raising up those
altars of freedom, which, to the dis-
grace of Europe, have so. long lain in
the dust; and’ the probability is, that
during the time that the tyrants of
Europe are occupied in extinguishing
the volcano of France by the fuel of
Spain, the Greeks shall have so far
established themselves, as to be able
to hold both Turk and Tartar at bay.
So long as, through the medium of
the press, knowledge continues. to
circulate as the life-blood of the
world, tyrants may in turn damp, and
be burned by, the fire of freedom;
but they never can extinguish it,

For the Monthly Magazine.
ANALYSIS of the JOURNAL of @ VOYAGE
round the WORLD, in the YEARS 1816-
1819, by M. DE ROQUEFEUIL, LIEUTB-
NANT in the FRENCH NAVY.*
R. Bateueriz, jun. formed a
plan to send a vessel to :the
North-west Coast of America, for the
purpose of procuring sea-otter, skins,
which it was to sell in China; and, by
this means, import into France. Chi-
nese productions, obtained by ex-
change, and without the exportation
of ready money. He offered the com-

> * A translation of this work a) ypears in
the recent Number of the Journal of Voy-
ages and Travels. r

mand:

— ee ead

1823.]
mand of this vessel, of 200 tons bur-
then, with a crew of thirty-four men in
all, to M. Roquefeuil, an officer of
the Royal Navy, to whom he likewise
confided the direction of the commer-
cial operations. The Bordelais sailed
from the mouth of the Gironde on the
9th of October, 1816, and returned on
the 2list of November, 1819. The
Bordelais arrived at Valparaiso, in
Chili, in three months and seventeen
days after leaving Bordeaux. The
second day after his arrival, news was
brought to the governor, of the passage
of the Andes by the troops of Buenos
Ayres under San Martin. The peo-
ple, that is, the Creoles, were already
ripe for revolution; and, the defeat of
the royal troops of Chacabuco entirely
discouraging the European Spaniards,
they thoughtonly of escaping on-board
the Vessels in the harbour; they had
not even the precaution to retain pos-
session of the batieries to cover the
embarkation, and keep the inhabitants
in awe, who rose, and made. prisoners
of the straggling parties of the de-
feated troops, who returned without
order, and generally abandoned by
their officers, who had been the first to
fly. M. de Roquefeuil took several
persons of distinction, among whom
were two Oydors, on-board his small
vessel, which contributed to procure
him a good reception in Peru.

From the port of Callao, where there
are about four hundred houses, M.de R.
went to Lima, the road to which can-

not be passed in the night on account
of the robbers. He was very well re-
ceived by the viceroy, without, how-
ever, being able to obtain permission
to go and purchase wheat and rice, as
he had intended, in that part of Peru
where the port of St. Pedro and
Truxillo, are situated, and which is
yery rich inproduce. He was obliged
to employ the proceeds of the sales
which he had been able to effect, in the
purchase of copper, which of all the
articles of Peru and Chili, best suits
the China market. He also took some
articles of exchange for the North
West Coast of America, and the teeth
of the whale, (cachalot,) which were to
serve him to procure sandal-wood at
the Marquesas islands.

The women of Lima wear a narrow
and plaited petticoat, which the na-
tives call saya, and which sits rather
too close to suit European notions of
decorum; on the other band, the upper
part of the figure, and the face, is

A new Voyage round the World, by M. de Roguefeuil.

101

eompletely concealed, when they walk
abroad, by the manta, which is a black
veil, closed at the waist. In point of
fact, they fear the vertical rays of the
sun, and not the looks of strangers.
They add to a pleasing countenance
great elegance of dress, and particu-
larly a decided taste for pearls, whieh
make an agreeable contrast with their
dark complexion and shining black
hair. The houses, in their internal
arrangement, show neither taste ner
splendour; the outside alone is neat.

On the eve of Palm Sunday M. de
Roquefeuil saw the procession ealled .
del Borriquito, (of the Ass,) a grotesque
ceremony, which attracts an immense
concourse of people. On occasion of
the amusements of Easter, he speaks
of the intemperance of the people of
this country, nay, even of the inhabi-
tants of Spanish origin, not excepting
the women; a vice, which is so great
a contrast to the sobriety which dis-
tinguishes the mother-country.. But
many customs, which surprised our
traveller, are, however, only a repeti-
tion of what is seen at Madrid, Cadiz,
and Barcelona. For example, at the
theatre, as soon as the curtain is drop-
ped between the acts, a general strik-
ing of flintsis heard, and every mouth,
even the prettiest, is armed with a
segar, which fills the theatre with a
cloud of smoke. Bull-feasts and
cock-fighting are favourite amuse-
ments with the inhabitants of Lima.

The population of Lima is about
80,000 souls, of which the European.
Spaniards do not form a twentieth
part. Here are also a great number of
white creoles: the rest of the inhabi-
tants are composed of African slaves,
whose number may be equal to that: of
the whites ; and people of colour of. alk
shades, a mixture of Spanish and Afri-
can blood, and of the ancient Indian
races, crossed ad infinitum.

This town has a, hydrographical
depét, which contains the best charts
of the South Sea, and several interest-
ing manuscripts. The commerce of
Peru, now that it, has become free,
will be of great importance. to, France,
which may supply that country with
wines, linens, cloth; and, above. all,
silks, for which there.is.a, considerable
demand.. We might also. send oil, as
Spain, did, though the olive. grows.in
the environs of Lima, and yields
tolerable oil. Thearticles of exporta-
tion are cocoa, copper, Peruviam bark,
Vigonia, and ether wool, chinchilla

skins;

102

skins, and also cochineal, at least when
they think fit to attend to this branch
ofcommerce. |The seas of Peru, espe-
cially about the Gallapagos, abound in
whales, and are accordingly much fre-
quented by the English and American
whalers. ‘The latter, more than the
English, employ themselves on several
parts of the coast and the neighbour-
ing isles, in the chace of Phoee of
various kinds, known by the names of
sea lions, elephants, and wolves, The
chace of these animals has been.so ac-
tive for the last thirty years in particu-
lar, that their numbers are considera-
bly reduced, except in places that have
been lately discovered. The discovery
of a rock sometimes makes the fortune
of the discoverer. ‘The apparatus re-
quired for their chace is of little in-
trinsic value, and every body on-
board has ashare in the profits. There
is on-board these vessels a spirit of
order and economy, and, at the same
time, a-degree of activity, on which M,
de Roquefeuil bestows great praise.

Our readers will perhaps enquire,
what cause may bring to the equato-
rial seas these large amphibious ani-
mals, which, in our hemisphere, appear
to prefer the cold waters of the polar
seas. It might, perhaps, be sufficient
to observe, that the temperature of the
ocean, and especially of so vast an
ocean as that which washes the west-
ern coast of America, is not sensibly
affected by the action of the solar
heat ; but, besides this, there is a strong
current, which carries the waters of the

olar seas along the coasts of Chili and

eru, towards the Gallapagos islands,
where it is at length lost in the general
current of the equatorial seas from
east to west. M. de Roquefeuil, go-
verned by the commercial object of
his voyage, was not able to examine the
Gallapagos islands, of the importance
of which he doubtless is fully sensible.
It was necessary to proceed without
delay to the coast of California.

It is generally believed, that the
west and north-west winds that pre-
vail on the coast of Mexico during
our summer, which in those seas bears,
though improperly, the name of win-
ter, are not perceived at a greater dis-
tance from the coast than 70, 100,
or, at the most, 150, leagues; but M.
Roquefeuil met with them above 200
leagues from the coast of Guatimala.
Impeded by these winds, and by éur-
rents setting to the south, it was not till
the 4th of August that he deseried the

A new Voyage round the World, by M. de Roquefeuil. (Sept. 1,

coast of California, and anchored int
the bay of Yerva-Buena, which de-
pends on the fine port of San Frae-
cisco, of which, according 1o our au-
thor, Vancouver has given a more
correct plan than that of La Peyrouse.

He learnt from the governor of this~
Spanish presidio, that, having ascended
filty leagues from its mouth, the river
San Sacramento, which comes from the
north-east, and falls into this port, as
well as that of San Joaquin, which
comes from the south-east, he had
found every-where about seven or
eight fathoms of water. The former
of these rivers always overflows in the
rainy season, and forms vast marshes,
which are inhabited by natives who
are Ichthyophagi. Several parts of
the banks are very fertile; the vine
grows spontancously, and the maize
requires very little attention. Indus-
try is still in its infancy in California ;
the only tolerable articles of furniture
seen at San Francisco are made by a
Kodiack, who was taken prisoner in
the fishing-expeditions which some
subjects of Russia made to this port in’
1809, 10, and 11, with their baidaus,
before the Spaniards had built some:
boats to repulse them. The town-of
the mission consists of a hundred
miserable huts, These natives are in
general indolent, and of very limited
understanding: but the interior of
California seems to contain tracts very
well adapted for European colonies,
and the situation of the coast makes
the sovereignty of it coveted by more
than one power.

Before M. de R. arrived at San
Francisco, which he reached on ‘the
seventeenth of October, he passed at
a small distance from a Russian esta-
blishment, called in Spanish Bodega,
situated in 38° 30’, at the mouth of a
small river, called by’ the Russians
Slavinska Ross. It is an usurpation
of territory which Spain, or, in its
place, Mexico, would be highly inter-
ested in repelling. They will doubt-
lessly embrace some favourable oppor-
tunity, when England is at war with
Russia, which is almost inevitable, if
the Russians persist in excluding Eng-
lish vessels from that part of the coast
which is to the west of Queen Char-
lotte’s islands.

M. Roquefeuil made two pretty long
visits to the port of San Francisco,
where he collected the following infor-
mation respecting California, =

The Spaniards have four arenas

a

1823.1

and nineteen missions, in California.
In 1817 and 1818, the population did
not amount to more than 20,330 per-
sons, of whom 1,300 were of Spanish
origin, and the rest native Indians.
The first class consisted of soldiers,
either in active service or retired, and
their families. The governor, an offi-
cer, and the missionaries, were the only
persons born in Spain. The name of
gente de razon is applied in Spanish
America to all who are not of Indian
origin; and even, says the author, to
the blackslaves. This Spanish part of
the population increases rapidly in the
whole province: the Spanish race had
not lost more than fifty-one individuals,
and there had been 141 births. It is
quite the contrary with the original
race, the numbers of which is only
kept up in the missions by some old
persons, who, being too weak to pro-
vide for their own subsistence, aban-
don the independent tribes, to seek
under the protection of the missiona-
ries an asylum against want. 'The
principal causes for the diminution of
this race seem to be, first, voluntary
‘abortions ; secondly, the inattention of
mothers to their children; thirdly, the
‘irregular diet; fourthly, the want of
assistance to the sick. The officers
and missionaries agree, that the indi-
genous race is almost entirely extinct
in Old California, where, for this rea-
son, the number of missiuns is re-
duced from five to two; and that in
New California, which is more fertile,
and which was at all times more popu-
lous, there is not a single mission where
the births are not exceeded by the
deaths. In 1817, there were among
the indigenous race, 1,634 deaths, and
only 762 births. In the same year the
agricultural produce of the mission
was as follows :—

. Fanégas.
_oeiteie seve eereseecseeees 52,001
Maize «-++ee-ccccceercrecesece 22,354
Various vegetables ---+++++++.-+* 18,895

Total-ceces +¢**93,250

Corn yields seventeen fold. The
vine is cultivated in the southern mis-
sions ; the wine of Santa Barbara, the
best in California, is red, luscious, and
a little heady, and resembles Cape
wine of the middle quality. The fruit
and vegetables of Europe flourish in
the gardens of the missions.

The number of cattle, though consi-
derable, has dinfinished, since the trou-
bles in Mexieo do not permit them to
receive from that country an herb for

A new Vouage round the World. bu M. de Rocusfeuil.

108

the destruction of wolves, The author.
calls this herb yerva de la puebla, and
says it is a subtle poison. What he
says of its properties would be worth
examining, because it might be useful
in France.

M. de Roquefeuil estimates that
Upper California, in its present state,
might furnish two thousand tons of
grain and vegetables, and from seven
to eight hundred tons of dry or salt
meat for exportation. To this may be
added salt of good quality, which is
found in abundance on various paris of
the coast. ‘The enormous consumption
of ox-hides, which are used for various
purposes, leaves but few to dispose of.
It need not be added, that all these
productions are susceptible of an im-
mense increase. Otter and _ seal |
skins may also be obtained at Califor-
nia. These animals are even more
numerous than in the more northern
coasts of America; but the furs of Cali-
fornia are neither so fine nor so well
dressed.

(To be continued. )
i

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
\ SIR,

OBSERVE you have noticed the

new discovery in fermentation ;
but your intelligent readers will be
gratified by receiving farther infor-
mation.

It is well known that the common
practice has been to ferment in open
vessels ; and, though it was a circum-
stance well known among chemists
that a certain portion of spirit and
flavour escaped in the form of vapour
during the process, yet no one had. an
idea that the condensatory system
could be applied,—as it appeared im-
possible to effect the fermentation in
air-tight vessels. ‘The idea, however,
occurred to Madame Gervais, a pro-
prietor of considerable vineyards near
Montpellier, who has founded a system
on the principle, that what is termed
the vinous fermentation, is a mild,
calm, and natural distillation. Hay-
ing first laid down this ground-work,
she proceeded to obtain an apparatus
that would operate in such manner as
to return into the vessel the spirit and
flavour that was evolved from the fer-
menting gyle, and let out the non-

. condensable gases, which might, by

the increasing heat, acquire too great
an expansive force, and burst the
working-tun. Her apparatus consist-
ed of a vessel resembling the head of
the ancient still, and constructed of

P such.

104

such form as to be capable of being”

placed securely in the back or vat in
which the process of fermentation isto
be carried on; the back or vat must
be closed air-tight, with a hole in the
top, communicating with that part of
the apparatus called the cone or con-
densor. ‘This cone is surrounded by
a cylinder or réservoir, which is to be
filled with cold water, so that the alco-
holic vapour or steam, evolved during
the process, may be condensed as it
comes in contact with the cold interior
surface of the cone; and, being there-
by converted into liquid, trickles down
the inside of thé condensor, and
through a long pipe is returned into
the fermenting liquor.

By the application of this appara-
tus, a considerable portion of alcohol,
which has been hitherto suffered to
escape in the form of vapour, along
with the non-condensable’ gases, is
condensed and returned into the li-
quor; and the non-condensable gases
are carried off by a pipe, which, pro-
ceeding from the interior lower part of
the cone, and running up the inside
of the cylinder in the cold water,
passes out through the side, and the
end is immersed some depth below the
surface of water contained in a sepa-
rate vessel, permitting the gases to
escape, but still under a certain de-
gree of pressure, the object of which
is to confine the alcoholic steam and
gas within the cone, and allow them
a sufficient time to cool and condense.

‘This discovery is of the greatest im-
portance, since it enables us, without
the least detriment or inconvenience
to the process, to exclude the oxygen
of the atmospheric air, which, by con-
stantly supplying the gyle in brewing
with the principle that causes and
promotes acidity, casts on it from the
first that roughness and disagreeable
flavour which spoil most of our com-
mon beverages.

The apparatus being applied to fer-
ment the must of grapes, has been
found to procure an increase of quan-
tity, amounting in some instances to
ten’ or twelve per cent. and which ne-
cessarily varies according to situation,
season, or former management; butin
no instance has it been found less than
from five or six per cent. When

applied to the fermentation of beer,

this saving has constantly been between
four and a half and five per cent. a
quantity certainly inferior to that ob-
tained from wine, but which will not
appear animportant when we consider

Improved Machine for Fermenting Wines, Se.

[Sept. 1 ’

this saving is a spirit congenial to the
nature of the beer, and an essential
oil necessary to its preservation, mild-
ness, and flavour. haw
Messrs. Deurbroucq and Nichols
having taken outa patent for the appa-
ratus, Messrs. Gray and Dacre of
Westham, have adopted it in their
brewery, and become their agents in
England for its sale. The following is

a representation of it, and description
of its parts:—

AA.—A Closed vat, in which the pro-
cess of fermentation is carried on.
B.—Condensing cone, communicating
immediately with the interior of the fer-
menting vat. ,
CC.—Smal] channel extending round
the interior base of the cone, being adapt-
ed to receive the condensed alcohol and
essential oils, from whence they are con-
ducted down the small pipe (D) into the
val. aed
EE,.—Reservoir for containing cold wa-
ter surrounding the cone. . ont
F.—Exit-pipe, communicating with the
interior of the cune, its extremity being
immersed some inches below the surface
of the water in the small tub (G), from
whence the non-condensible gasses are
permitted to escape into the atmosphere.
H.—Cock to draw off the water from the
reservoir (EE). ;
Messrs; Deurbroucg and Nichols’s.
improved system of fermentation is
conducted in close vessels, of any
form and size, but made perfectly air-
tight; the preparation of the wort for
this system in no way differs fromthe
already well-established mode, but
merely in the man#gement when in
the working-tun, by brewers, distillers,
wine-makers, &c. Pus icuvo.
For

1823.] Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism, No. XXXII.

For the, Monthly Magazine. ,

. THE PHILOSOPHY OF CONTEM-.
PORARY CRITICISM, |
NO. XXXII.

Quarterly Review, No.56, January1823.

HOULD the Quarterly Review

be read in after-times, some asto-
nishment will be excited by its glaring
anachronisms. ‘The Number before
us is entitled January 1823, although
it contains reviews of several books
that were not published until some
months after that date. We are told,
indeed, on the wrapper, that this
Number is published in July ; but the
wrapper is perishable, and the title-
pages of the work belie this assertion.
What purpose the proprietors or the
editors have in view for thus protract-
ing the period of publication, we can-
not divine; for surely there can be
no want of contributors capable of
writing such long and heavy essays as
those which it generally obtrudes upon
its purchasers. We shall see, in the
course of our analysis, if there be any
apparent circumstance that warrants
the delay. _ y's
. The first article in this Number is a
review of M. Lacretelle’s Histotre de
V Assemblée Constituante de France, a
work in two octavo volumes, published
last year in Paris. In the outset of
this review, M. Lacretelle is abso-
lutely loaded with praise, the reason
for which may be guessed from the
following extract: — ‘‘The present,
however, is not his first essay upon the
French+revolution. A narrative of
that dreadful event bad been com-
menced by Rabaud St. Etienne, a
partizan of the republic, but averse to
regicide ; and it was continued by M.
Lacretelie in the same tone of mind.
But the volumes now before us breathe
a different spirit; and we heartily
congratulate their author upon the
seyere animadversions which this
change has drawn upon him from the
French liberalists. The deviations of
M..Lacretelle from sound principles
have been in a great measure correct-
ed by years; and his former helpmates
are nettled at his . abjuration of
wickedness aud folly.” It is thus

agreed, on both sides, that this histo- '

rian has been, during one period of his
life, very foolish and very wicked,’ The

only point in dispute is, therefore, ,

whiether his career of folly and wiched-

ness Was run in his early or in his latter

days. ‘The reviewer adds, “ We could
Montucy Maa. No. 386.

105

quote numerous instances of a similar
reform among the eminent men of our
own country;” and then he mentions
Burke, Sheridan, Grattan, Curran,
and a living author,—all of whom are
Irish. As men adyance in life, -he
says, “the general tendency of their
political opinions pass from ultra-de-
mocracy in youth to. more settled forms
of monarchy in maturer age.” The
reviewer is right, and we could remind
him of other examples :—

Eager, when young, on life’s great race we start,
Yet warm with all that animates the heart;

Till, tir’d with age, we linger on the way,

And all our virtues, one by one, decay:

Prudence succeeds where hope was wont to blaze,
And Nature’s lost amid the length of days. ‘

Apostate, however, as he is, this
Frenchman, it would seem, has not
yet attained to that height of ultra-
royalism which is pleasing to the re-
viewer, who, in consequence, favours
us with forty-four pages of a history of
the Constituent Assembly, the produc-
tion of his own pen; in which Marie-
Antoinette is painted as a goddess,
and ‘Lafayette as a demon. :
The review of Burton’s Description
of the Antiquities and other Curiosities
of Rome is very well drawn up, and
forms an useful appendix to that enter-
taining work. ‘The remarks describe
many curious objects, particularly
churches, which Mr. Burton had_
omitted, and several mistakes and in-
advertencies into which he has fallen,
—without any of that impertinence and
insolence so generally resorted to by
reviewers. Whatever superstitions
may exist among ourselves, we can
seldom veneraie those of other nations.
There are few who can sympathise
with Warburton when he blames
Socrates for having endeavoured to
destroy ‘the established gods’ of
Athens.” The relics of the saints,
which are still sacred in Rome, excite
the smiles both of Mr. Burton and of
his critic. ‘The identical “chair of St.
Peter, which he occupied as universal
pastor, till he suffered death for
Christ’s sake,” 1s still preserved, and
many arguments are adduced ‘by
Bonanni to prove that it is genuine.
Calvin doubted, because it was made
of wood, so perishable ‘a material.
“ But, if this were a true ground for
doubt, (says the honest Bonanni,) the
true Cross and the cradle of our Sa-
viour are made of wood, as are several
statues of the saints; and nobody

doubts about them,” ;
P Phe

106

The review of Arago’s Narrative of
a Voyage round the World in 1817, 18,
19, and 20, undertaken by order of the
French government, is the third article,
and occupies sixteen pages, contain-
ing a number of short extracts, all of
which, by means of the appended re-
marks, are made to appear extremely
ridiculous. Not having seen M.
Arago’s work, we have no means
of knowing how far these extracts
have been garbled or caricatured to
answer the intended purpose; but, if
any sinister purpose were intended,
some of the extracts show a suflicient
extent of liberal principles to account
for that intention.

We have next an Essay on the Poor
Laws, headed by some printed reports
of the House of Commons, and by a
speech from Dr. Chalmers, delivered
about a year ago, in the General
Assembly of the Church of Scotland,
On this subject, the practical opinions
of the reviewer are consonant with
our own. However the poor-laws
may have originated, and whatever
evils they may be supposed to have
produced, it would be unwise (we say
impossible,) to abrogate them, except
by slow degrees. Dr. Chalmers calls
them ‘a moral nuisance, a bane, a
burden, an excrescence on the body-
politic, a sore leprosy, which has
spread itself over the ten thousand pa-
rishes of England;” but this language
is akin to his religious rhodomontades,
and has nothing to do with reason.
Examine it as we will, the poor-rates
will be found to have their origin in
the poverty of the multitude, and the
fear of their rulers. When, by some
concatenation of circumstances, (for
tyranny itself seldom originates in
design,) the labour of the poor is not
paid sufficiently to enable them to
exist; some means must be resorted
to that may give them an additional
income without labour; otherwise we
shouid heve to’ dread either an orga-
nized insurrection, or prowling bands
of robbers and murderers. The poor-
laws, therefore, do not spring from
kindness, but from necessity. They
are necessary to the existence of so-
ciety, if we would not return to the
law of nature; for, abstractedly consi-
dered, ‘‘ No man has a better right to
the fruits of the earth than he who
sows and reaps them.” Some of our
readers may perhaps be startled at
this language; but it does not differ
one iota in principle from the opinion

1

Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism, No. XXXII. [Sept. t,

of the reviewer. ‘‘ We contend (says
he,) that the poor laws are recom-
mended by practical utility; and we
would again repeat, that the claims of
the indigent for relief are sacred,—
sacred in the highest sense of that
solemn word ; for the blessings which
the bounty of God vouchsafes to the
more favoured is not amere gratuitous
dispensation. Religion, —or, what
some reformers will consider better
authority, the instinctive feeling of
mankind in all ages and countries,—
proves that the relief of the poor is one
of the first duties of the rich.”

The Travels of Theodore Ducas in
various Countries of Europe at the
Revival of Letters and Art, by Charles
Mills, is an imitation of the Travels of
Anacharsis, and is very fairly review-
ed. We wish to “blame where we
must, and be candid where we can;”
and, therefore, dismiss this short're-
view without animadversion.

The sixth article is the Narrative of
a Journey to the Shores of the Polar
Sea, in the Years 1819, 20, 21, and 22,
by John Franklin, which is deservedly
praised; and, being.“ published by
authority of the Right Honourable the
Earl Bathurst,” affords a convenient
opportunity for eulogizing his ma-
jesty’s government. Many of our
readers will have probably seen this
Narrative, and the general tone of
the review is merely that of extract
and praise. One part only is deser-
ving of notice on account of its cant
and vulgar abuse, which would be
totally disgraceful to any respectable
work. Franklin’s party were forced
to separate; and, on that occasion,
Dr. Richardson and his companions
were reduced to the most extreme
weakness, both of body and mind,
from the want of food: ‘ Never (says
the reviewer,) were the blessings of
religion more strongly felt than in the
case of these exccllent men, when to
all human appearance their case was:
utterly hopeless; yet nothing like
despondency, not a murmur ever
escaped from their lips.” Then comes
an extract:—“Through the extreme
kindness and forethought of a lady,
the party, previous to leaving London,
had been furnished with a small col-
lection of religious books, of which
we still retained two or three of the
most portable, and they proved of
incalculable benefit to us. We read
portions of them to each other as we
lay in bed, in addition to the mofrning~

and

1323.]

and evening service, and found that
they inspired us on each perusal with
so strong a sense of a beneficent God,
that our situation, even in these wilds,
appeared no longer destitute,” &c.
Now this would be a very fair para-
graph for the Religious Tract Society;
but the reviewer, forgetting the bene-
volent portion of Christianity, turns it
anto a vehicle of personal malignity ;—
“ Read this, (says he,) ye Hunts, and
ye Hones; and, if you be not as insen-
sible to the feelings of shame and
remorse, as to those consolations
which the Christian religion is capa-
ble of affording, think of Richardson,
Hood, and Hepburn.”

The seventh article is the Odes of
Pindar, translated from the Greek, by
Abraham Moore, of which a first part
as only yet given to the public. Pin-
dar is one of the most esteemed and
the least known of all the writers of
antiquity. Even by the learned, he
has been praised almost solely upon
the testimony of Horace; and it has
not hitherto been practicable to render
him popular by translation into any of
the modern languages. he» first
Olympic Ode is the pons asinorum of
all his translators. ‘The version of
Mr. Moore is preferred to that of

‘West; and, without deciding between
them, we copy the introductory stan-
zas of each, leaving the reader to
judge which (if any) is most deserving
of praise.
Water the first of elements we hold,
And, as the flaming fire at night
Glows with its own conspicuous light,
Above proud treasure shines transcendent gold.
Batif, my soul, ’tis thy desire
For the Great Games to strike thy lyre,
Look not within the range of day
A star more yenial to deser
Than yon warm sun, whose glittering ray
Dims all the spheres that gild the sky;
Nor lJoftier theme to raise thy strain
Than fam’d Olympia’s crowded plain, &c.
Moore.

Chief of Nature’s works divine,

Water claims the highest praise;
Richest offspring of the mine

Gold, like fire, whose flashing rays
From afar conspicuous gleam

Through the nigtt’s invotving cloudy
First in lustre and esteem,

Decks the treasures of the proud;
So among the lists of Fame

Pisa’s honour’d games excel,
Then to Pisa’s glorious name

Tune, O Muse, thy sounding shell.
Who along the desert air

Seeks the faded starry train,
When the San’s meridian car

Round illumes th’ etherial plain?
Who a nobler theme can chuse

Than Olympia’s sacred games?
What more apt to fire the Muse

When her various songs she frames?

West,

The New Navigation Laws are the
subject of the next article; in which

Quarterly Review, No. 56.

107

the reviewer, as far as his vencration
for the ministry will allow him to
express his sentiments, is decidedly
hostile te the sweeping changes of the
new political economists; and many of
his remarks appear to us to be rational
and well founded, ‘‘To speak plainly,
(says he,) we perceive too much of
abstraction in the legislation of the day.
Vhe theorists are beginning once more
to find favour against the expertmen-
talists: of old these followers of ab-
stract principles were wont to aver-
whelm opposition by the ipse dixit of
Aristotle; now-a-days they attempt
the same rational end by the use of
the word freedom,—free laws, free re-
ligion, free press, free trade: so say
they,—and so say we; but we differ
as to the just meaning of the word
free: they think nothing free as long
as there are any restraints on human
passions or human actions. We think
that there is a difference between
freedom and licence; and that, consi-
dering the infirmity of our nature,
restraints are absolutely necessary in
all cases in which the passions or
cupidity of mankind are likely to
come into play.” So far, this is well;
but the remainder of the paragraph
descends, as usual, into personality,
which we wish not to quote.

The ninth and tenth articles are
devoted to the praise of Madame
Campan’s Memoirs of Marie Antoineite,
and to the Narratives of the Duchess of
Angouléme and of Louis XVIII. Of
the accuracy and genuineness of these
several Narratives, not a single doubt
is expressed; and he who has ever
perused a single number of the Quar-
terly Review will be at no loss to
conceive the style in which the criti-
cisms are written. Royalty itself is
sufficient evidence of possessing all
the virtues, and to be a republican is
to be a villain. Madame Campan, who
belonged successiyely to all the par-
ties, is to be implicitly believed in
every thing. “It is probable (says
the writer), from much internal and
some external evidence, that these
memoranda were written by Madame
Campan, (whose former situation had
made her perfect in these matters,)
at the desire of Bonaparte, as the guide
and model of the etiquette of the
court which he was about to revive,”
The reader will bear in mind, that
this Madame Campan was waiting-
woman to Marie Antoinette, who is
characterised by the reyiewer as

“among

108

‘‘among the highest examples of ¢on-
jugal faith, maternal duty, and Chris-
‘ tian heroism.”

We have next a discussion on the
Cause of the Greeks, which is headed,
for form’s sake, by the titles of two
French works—Annuaire Historique
Universel, 1822, and Histoire des Eve-
nemens de la Gréce, par M. Raffenel.
We have seen the first of these, and
it certainly deserves a more appro-
priate notice than an essay in defence
of his majesty’s ministers,—the only
matter in this review. The Annuaire
Historique contains the best account
of the origin and progress of the
Greek revolution that has yet ap-
peared; and it is written in a style of
perspicuity and elegance which would
do honour to any historian of any age.
That our ministers ought to interfere
in favour of the Greeks, we are not
prepared to assert; that they would if
they could, is known only to them-
selves. ‘Their defence, therefore, is to
us of no interest; and our only objec-
tion to the article is, that it has not the
most distant title to be called areview.
It contains a number of extracts from
other works; but not a line from the
books that have been chosen for the
text.

The Histoire de la Théophilantropie,
depuis sa Naissance jusqu’a son Extinc-
tion, par M. Grégoire, is the next
subject brought under review. M.
Grégoire, formerly Bishop of Blois, is
well known’ in the annals of the
French revolution, and this Histoire

de la Théophilantropie is a portion of*

his ‘“‘ History of Religious Sects.” The
Theophilanthropists were a set of
well-meaning half-instructed French
philosophers, who endeavoured to
raise Deism to the rank of a sect, and
to form a church of believers out of a
congregated mass of infidels and scep-
tics. Such a scheme was, long ago,
tried in this metropolis, when David
Williams preached some excellent
moral sermons to empty pews, in a
chapel in Margaret-street; and it was
again attempted in Paris during the
reign of the Directory. Both projects
failed. The materials could not be
cemented, and were, therefore, unfit-
ted for the building of a temple. The
history of this short-lived society is
worthless, when thus taken alone,
alihough, when conjoined with M.
Grégoire’s account of religious sects,
it adds another example to the history
of human follies; but this was no part

Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism, No. XXXII. [Sept. 3,

of the consideration of the reviewer:
he seizes on the work as a convenient
excuse for venting forty-four pages of
ignorance and vulgarity upon the
progress of infidelity ; and of yililying
the characters of individuals, many of
whose names will live long after he
and his review shall cease to be re-
membered. The harangue is in the
worst style of composition,—that of a
fanatical sermon interspersed with
prayers. This, however, is merely a
matter of taste; but we will give a
single extract, and then leave itto the
reader, whatever his political or reli-
gious opinions may be, to say whether
any thing more uncalled-for and more
disgraceful was ever inserted in a
publication that pretended to be re-
spectable. The writer is giving an
account of a Parisian féte in honour of
toleration: — ‘‘The only two heads
worthy to have presided at it,were
not there; the one, to the great sur-
prise of its owner, having been taken
from the neck of Anacharsis Clootz;
and the other, which still retained its
natural connexion with the shoulders
of Jeremy Bentham, being at that
time employed in planning Panoptical
Prisons upon the principle of a spider’s
web.” The writer then adds, in a
note,—“‘ Long may it continue to
adorn those shoulders! For were the
egregious Jeremy to be deprived of
it (as the orator of the human race
was before him,) by an unlucky eflect
of his own doctrines, let us not be
suspected of flattery when we say
that—
The best of workmen, and the best of wood,
Could scarce supply him with a head so good,”
The last article, and we are glad
that we are come to if, is on the
Affairs of Spain. Of this we shall
only say, that it advocates the cause
of Spanish despotism ; and, like the
preceding, is full of abuse against
individuals, He, therefore, who loves
slavery and slander will be gratified.
by fie perusal.
; J Fi Bi
For the Monthly Magazine.
TRANSLATION of HENRY THE EIGHTH’S
FRENCH LOVE - LETTERS 140 ANN
BOLEYN.
T may not be amiss to premise to
those readers, for whose satisfac-
tion the editor requested these trans-
lations, that they have been altogether
very freely rendered, while the sense
of many asentence has of necessity
been added to, and some passages
only

1823.]

only guessed at in doubt: for the
¥rench of these letters is neither the
French of the age in which they were
written, nor indeed of any other pe-
riod; it must be designated, par ex-
cellence, Henry the Eighth’s French.
Nor was this the only difficulty: there
is scarcely a grammatical sentence,—
one of complete sense in itself,—nor a
properly-spelt line, throughout _ the
series. They are not only (as the
royal writer himself admits,) very
rude, but, in verity, most barbarous
specimens of the intelligence of a most
barbarous man. How he could have
been the learned author of the Defence
of the Faith, it were difficult to esta-
blish upon the merits of these pages.

The only internal evidence afforded
by these letters themselves, of the
precise date at which they were writ-
ten, lies in Henry’s mention of Wal-
tham, and the sweating sickness,—a
distemper of which other curious
properties have been told, besides
its compliment of feminine abhor-
rence; for it is said, that it was con-
fined to Englishmen, and extended,
by sympathy of relationship, to mem-
bers of the same family, however one
of the sufferers happened to be sepa-
rated, during its prevalence, from the
other in a distant part. Thus, at the
very time one brother took to his bed
in England, the other fell ill in Paris;
and, if the cousin in the Isle of Ely
died, the corresponding kin was sure
not to recover in Jamaica. But we
Know that Henry was at Waltham in
September 1529; he fell in love with
Anne the year before; and was there
supposed to have been determined,
by Cranmer’s bold advice, to use the
power he possessed, and do his own
pleasure. The rude dismission of
Campechio, the Pope’s legate,—and
Wolsey’s degradation, and subsequent
impeachment, — followed the inter-
views of the visit.

It was said the lovers were privately
married at Calais in 1531, during
Henry’s pompous visit to I’rancis the
First; but the ceremony was not pro-
claimed in this country until 1533.

LETYER I.

My mistress and love,—My heart
and I transmit themselves into your
hands; beseeching you to keep and
recommend them to your good graces,
that absence may not lessen your
affection for them: to increase their

Translation of Henry the Eighth’s Love- Letters.

!

109

pains were, indeed, a pity, as absence
is pain enough. The more I love, I
have thought, to make ourselves pre=
Sent to you a point of philosophy;
which is, that the longer the days, the
more distant the sun, and yet the
warmer: so is it with our love;
absence distances us, and nevertheless
preserves the warmth of our wishes.
With a hope that yours are equally
as warm as mine, I assure ye the dis-
tress of separation is too great; and,
when I think of the added burthens
to it which I must of necessity bear,
the thought were intolerable, but for
the strong reliance which I place in
your indissoluble affection for me. To
remind you of it at any time, as I
cannot personally present myself to
ye, I send ye what next most perti-
nent I at present can; which is my
picture set in bracelets, with all
known device. Wishing myself in
their place, when it shall please ye,
this is from the hand of
# +
LETTER Il.

To my Mistress.—The time has
seemed so long since I heard of you,
and your health, that the great affec-
tion I bear you persuades me to send
the bearer to ye, the better to assure
myself of that health, and your wishes.
Since my departure, I have been ap-
prised that the opinions in which I
left you have altogether changed, and
that you do nvt choose to come to
court, neither with madam your mo-
ther, nor otherwise ; a representation
which, if true, I cannot enough won-
der at, as I am satisfied I never have
been faulty towards ye. It does seem
to me to be a very poor return for the
great love I bear ye, to distance me
from the society and person of the
woman in the world I most ¢steem.
If you loved me with the kind will I
hope for, [ am sure our separation
would concern ye; although it may
not altogether so much affect the
mistress as her humble servant. Think
then, my mistress, and think well,
how grievous is your absence to me,
and I will hope it happens not of your
inclination. If, in truth, I had to un-
derstand, that voluntarily you desired
it, 1 know not what I should do with
myself, if not publicly to proclaim my
sorrows, and so by degrees lessen
their extreme folly. In want of time,
I make an end of this rude letter, be-
sceching ye to give faith to the gut

or

‘

110

for all he will say to ye in my behalf.

Written by the hand of, in all your

servant, wit Sow
LETTER III.

The doubt I have been in ef your
health, troubled and so greatly alarm-
ed me, that I could not rest quietly
without some certain knowledge of it.
As hitherto you have suffered no
attack, I trust, and indeed will go so
far as to take an assurance, you will
escape altogether. While at Wal-
tham, two ushers, two valets, and your
brother Master Jesoner, fell ill; but
are now recovered: for, since our
return to Hanson-house, we have not
(Heaven be praised!) to this moment
felt any infection. I therefore think,
if you wish to leave Surrey, as we did,
you may pass through without danger.
Another consideration may comfort
ye: it is reported here, for truth, that
few or no women have been taken ill,
particularly none of our court; and
that still fewer have died. I beseech

e, then, my love, to fear not, nor suf-
fer my absence to distress ye: where-
ever I am, Iam yours; and we must
fain obey such calls of fortune, not-
withstanding our inclinations. The
man who would struggle against such
an emergency, might find himself still
farther removed from you. Comfort
yourself, therefore, and be of good
spirit; and guard yourself, with all
possible care, from danger. I hope
soon to make ye sing me “the Re-
turn.” At this moment want of time
leaves me no more.to say, than that I
wish you were in my arms, there to
part with a few of your little unrea-
sonable thoughts. Written by the
hand of him who is, and ever will be,
immutable, is fhe

LETTER IV.

In considering the contents of your
letters, I have been thrown into the
greatest agony, not knowing how to
interpret them,—whether to my ad-
vantage or disadvantage; not a pas-
sage is there to instruct me. Be
pleased then, I beseech ye, in kind-
ness to certify to me your intentions
in the matter of our love. I am con-
strained, — necessitated, — to engage
your answer on this subject; having
been now more than a year attainted
by the dart of love, and as yet unas-
sured either of the failure of my
hopes, or that I have obtained an in-
terest in the affections of your heart.
For this reason, I have awhile back
been careful not to call ye my mistress;

Translation of Henry the Eighth's Love-Letters,

[Sept.1,
for, in case [am only regarded by you
with ordinary affection, the name for ~
you is inappropriate ; inasmuch as it .
denotes a peculiarity far from ordi-
nary. But, if it please ye to give me
the service of a truly loyal mistress
and love, and to yield yourself, body
and heart, up to one, who esteems ye,
and is himself your truly loyal ser-
vant; I promise ye (unless *P.’s
rigor forbids it,) that not merely the
name shall be yours: I will make ye
my only mistress, to the rejection of
many other great ones, who, upon your
conseut, shall be out of my thoughts
and out of my affections; £ promise to
serve only you. I beseech ye to an-
swer this rude letter, and let me
know what and how much I may rely
on; and, in case it does not please ye
to write me your answer, assign some
place at which I may receive it from
your lips, and I shall repair thither
with pleasure. Not more to trouble
ye, this is written by the hand of him
who would willingly remain yours.
* *
LETTER V.

For your pretty present,—which,
altogether, nothing can exceed,—I
thank ye very cordially; and not so
much for the fine diamond and ship,
in which the lone damsel sits troubled,
as principally for the lovely assurance
you make me, and the very humble
submission your benignity has in this
matter adopted. I weigh well the
very great difficulty I shall have to find
occasion to merit all this, even with
the aid of your kindness and favour ;
by them I have fondly sought, and
still will fondly seek, through all pos-
sible indulgence, to fix myself in the
course my hopes have long since made
almost immutable, as they whispered
out, aut illic aut nullabi, or there or no-
where. Such are the demonstrations
of your love,—the sweet words of
your letter are so heartfully couched,
as to bind me ever truly to love,
honour, and serve, ye. Be you pleased
still firm and constant to preserve
your intentions.—[ Here the original to
the Translator was utterly unintelligi-
ble. |—I pray ye, also, if in any respect
I have hitherto offended ye, that you
indulge me with that, absolution for it
which yourself you beg for; and I
assure ye, that henceforward my
heart

* An abbreviation; allusive, probably,
to her father,—perhaps to the Pope. ,

1823.]

heart shall be dedicated to you only ;
greatly, too, do I desire that my body
also could from this moment. God,
were it his pleasure, could effect the
wish; and I supplicate him, once a-
day, todo so: I hope my prayer will
at length be heard, and beg the period
may not be distant ; but I must deem
it long till we meet. Written by the
hand of the secretary, who in Shears
body, and desire,-is,
LETTER VIII.

Although it belong not a gentleman
to receive his love in a servant’s'sta-
tion, yet, ever in the pursuit of your
wishes, I willingly indulge ye in this
respect, provided you find the place
you have chosen less unpleasing than
the one I assigned. With my thanks
‘that it is your pleasure still to retain
remembrance of me, Re

LETTER X-

Although it has not pleased my
mistress to remember the promise she
made me, when [ was lately with her,
which was to receive of me,. and, in
return for my last letter, to give kind
news of herself; still, as it seems to
me to be the part of a true servant,—
particularly as otherwise he may
chance to get none,—to send and en-
quire the health of his niistress: I beg
to acquit myself of the office of such
true servant, and send ye this letter,
besceching ye to advertise me of your
prosperity, which I pray may continue
as long as I would have my own. To
induce oftener a thought of me, I
send ye by the bearer a buck killed
by these hands late yestereven. Think,
—'tis my hope,—when you eat it, of
the hunter. In want of room, I end
my letter; written by thé hand of the
servant who often ‘wishes ye in yout
brother’s stead.

LETTER Xt:

So long has the coming time seemed
to me delayed, that I rejoice at its
approach as much as if it were arrived;
but its accomplishment can never,
even slowly, take place, while two
persons are separate; than their meet-
ing, no earthly consideration-is more
desired by me; for what rejoicing in
this world canbe so great as in the
society of her who is my dearest love.
4 believe you think as fondly of your
choice, and the thought gives me great
pleasure: judge, then, what I shall be.
Your absence has given greater pains
to my heart than angel or scripture
can express; and nothing but your
presence can supply a remedy for
them, I beg of ye to tell your father

Translation of Henry the Eighth’s Love- Letters.

111
from me, that I make it a prayer with
him to advance the appointed time by
two days; so that he may be at court
before the old term, or, at least, on the
day fixed; otherwise I shall think
either that the lover’s round will
not take place at all; or, at least, not
according tomy expectations. Hoping
soon to tell ye with my lips the many
other pangs I have borne while away
from ye, I conclude in lack of time.
Written by the hand of the secretary
who at this moment wishes himself in
secret with ye, and who is, and ever
will be, your loyal and most assured
servant, he
LETTER XII.

News came suddenly to me in the
night,—the most distressing that could
arrive. For three causes touching it
must I lament: the first is, to learn the
sickness of my mistress, whom I love
more than all the world, and whose
health I desire as much as my own;
willingly would I bear half what you
suffer, to make ye well. The second
is, the fear I have to be still longer
oppressed by this painful absence,
which hitherto has given me all pos-
sible trouble to judge and settle what
best I should do: I pray God to rid
me of this so importunate rebel. My
third is, that the doctor on whom IL
most rely is absent at this hour, when
he could do me greatest pleasure; for
through him and his help I might hope
to obtain one of my principal joys in
this world,—that is to say, my mis-
tress’s health. Nevertheless, in default
of him, I send ye my second doctor,
praying God in all, that he may soon
restore ye to health, when I shall love
him more than I love now. Beseech-
ing ye to be advised by him in the
matter of your illness, I hope he wilt
soon enable me to see ye again; which
will be more cordial to me than allthe
precious stones of the world. Written
by the secretary who is, and ever will
be, your loyal and most assured ser-
vant, OS Oe

———
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
SIR,
NE of your correspondents, H. R.
in your last publication, after
regretting the universal application of
the power of steam to every species
of machinery, and stating that, in
consequence, female labour in many
trades is absolutely dispensed with,
very gallantly proposes that the fair
sex should be employed in the manu-
facture of “* Turkey carpets,” an arti-
ele,

112

cle, he observes, we at present are
indebted to India, Persia, and Turkey,
for ; and, to prove our capability of fol-
lowing his advice, assures us he speaks
’ from several years’ experience of its
practicability. H. R.’s intentions are
good, I doubt not; but of his experience
Iam compelled to doubt, because the

experiment has been tried in imita- -

tions of the Turkey carpet for many
years past. Thousands have been
expended in bringing our attempts to
the present state: Axminster carpets
are the result, and the only imitation
we can produce. The hairy wool the
Turkey carpets are made of, we can-
not procure; nor can we produce the
dull but never-fading colours they are
so eminent for. And again, after the
Axminster carpets are made, on the
most economical plan, a‘Turkey car-
pet of the same size can be purchased
(duty paid,) twenty per cent. less than
we can make the other for.

India _ carpets,—a totally distinct
article from Turkey,—are not sale-
able; much less a bad imitation of a
bad article. Persia carpets, I pre-
sume, he never saw, or he has a plan
matured for the breeding and feeding
of countless thousands of silk-worms,
who are the spinners we must employ.
All England could not manufacture a
Persia carpet in twenty years: they
are composed of a rough bad silk; and
in Persia a carpet of eight yards square
would employ ten persons for twelve
months. Breaking stones for the high-
way in England, would be a sinecure
to such employment. ‘

Should H. R. produce bis plan, and
remove the trifling objections 1 have
raised, and, in reality, prove what he
asserts, his name will be immortalised
among the weavers of this town, and
generations yet unborn will bless his
name: the lovely belles, whose cause
he so fearlessly starts in, will crown
him with never-dying laurels, and, as
in. duty bound, for his wellare will
ever pray. CHARLES W.

Kidderminster ; Aug’. 4.

—e
For the Monthly Magazine.
NEWS FROM PARNASSUS.
NO, XXVI.
Don Juan: Cantos 6,7, and 8.
T seems to have become almost an
axiom in the literary world, that
nothing is so painful to the sensibilities
of an author as the palpable neglect of
his productions. From this species
of mortification, no poet has ever,

Turkey Carpets.—News from Parnassus, No. XXVI. [Sept.1,

perhaps, been more fully exempt than
Lord Byron. None of his publications
have failed in at least exciting a suffi-
cient portion of general interest and
attention; and even those among them
which the scrutinizing eye of criticism
might deem somewhat unworthy of
his powers, have never compelled him,
like many of his poetical brethren, to
seek refuge, from the apathy and want
of discernment of contemporaries, in
the consoling anticipation of posthu-
mous honours and triumphs. But, if
we are to infer from the axiom already
alluded to, that extensive notoriety
must be pleasing in the same propor-
tion that neglect is distressing to an
author, then none of his lordship’s
productions can afford him so ample
a field for self-congratulation as the
“Don Juan.” | Revilers and partisans
have alike contributed to the popula-
rity of this singular work; and the
result is, that scarcely any poem of
the present day has been more gene-
rally read, or its continuation more
eagerly and impatiently awaited. Its
poetical merits have been extolled to
the skies by its admirers; and the
priest and Levite, though they have
joined to anathematize it, have not,
when they came in its way, ‘‘ passed
by on the other side.” How far their
conduct has been judicious in this
respect, we cannot now enquire; we
may, as we proceed, have some re-
marks to make upon the-nature of the
opposition this poem has experienced,
but our business, in the first place, is
withthe new cantosat present beforeus.
Those who have read the preceding
part of the poem will of course recol-
lect the embarrassing situation in
which the hero fmds himself placed
by the unexpected arrival of the em-
peror, at the very moment when, over-
come by the mute but resistless
eloquence of female tears, he is about
relenting in favour of the enamoured
sultana. The sixth canto, after a lit-
tle preliminary morality, gives us the
sequel of Juan’s adventures in the
seraglio. The agent by whose means
he had been introduced, not daring to
betray the sex of the new comer, is
obliged to consign him, together with
the less equivocal beauties of the
harem, ito the care of their female
superintendant, “‘the mother of the
maids,” and trust to the hero’s disere-
tion for keeping a secret, which, if
disclosed, would inevitably prove fatat
to all parties concerned in if. "The
young

1823.]

young Spaniard is, in consequence of
‘this, compelled to partake the noc-
turnal accommodation of one of the
“lovely Odalisques.” This arrange-
‘ment gives rise to some suspicious
and awkward circumstances, the full
details of which Baba deems it pru-
dent.to suppress, in his answers to, the
sultana’s’ enquiries on the following
morning. The fact, however, that
Juan did not seek a lonely pillow, he
cannot disguise; and his -mistress’s
«imagination immediately suggests the
‘worst. ‘Her jealous distress,—which
ds described in a manner most richly
‘poetical, is succeeded by indignant
and vindictive feelings: she orders the
erring pair to be brought into her
presence, and direets Baba to’ have a
‘boat ready under the palace-wall, to
execute her orders respecting them.
Phe eunuch justly regards this intima-
tion -of her intentions as not very
obscure, and earnestly deprecates the
punishment destined for the culprits ;
but to no purpose. The irritated
sultaness continues. inexorable: Baba
reluctantly retires to fulfil her man-
date, and thus the sixth canto termi-
nates. The seventh opens with an
ironical invocation of love and glory,
-and some passing allusions, “pregnant
_ with meanings,” to the consistent cen-
sors of the. poem. The poet. then
brings us before Ismail, at the period
of its being besieged by the Russians,
in the time of Catharine the infamous.
"The localities and defences of the for-
tress are described, perhaps with too
minute .a_ fidelity,. and a whimsical
enumeration of several break-jaw
Prussian names is introduced, as we
_are told, to increase the euphony.
Mention is then made of the various
“blunders committed by the besiegers
previous to Suwarrow being sent to
command them. It is an historical
fact, that this singular man would
himself engage in drilling his soldiers ;
and he is represenfed in the poem as
“thus occupied when a party of pri-
-soners are brought in by. some Cos-
sacks. The captives consist of Juan,
Johnson (thé Englishman who had
been purchased along with’ the Spa-
niard by the emissary of the seraglio),
and two females, with their attendant,
‘ Johnson is recognised by his old com-
mander Suwarrow, and assigned a
post in the army; and, at his sugges-
tion, the same honour is» bestowed
upon his companion Juan: the females
MONTHLY Mac. No, 386.

Lord Byron's ** Don Juan.”

113

of the party are ordered to the bag-
gage. No light is thrown, in any part

‘of ihe present cantos, on the manner

in whieh our hero effected his escape

from his apparently impending doom ;

but we learn from Johnson, that the
two Turkish ladies in ‘their company
have been the means of freeing him
and his companion. -The eighth
canto, with the exception of some
opening stanzas on war, admirably
characteristic of their author, is almost

-entirely filled with the taking of Ismail
-by ‘storm.

It woulé be absurd to
attempt in prose even a feeble outline
of the varied horrors which marked

that. celebrated scene of ruthless and
indiscriminate carnage:

the noble
writer has depicted them with all that
vivid and appalling fidelity which on

‘such a'theme might be expected from

his powerful muse; ‘and,’ if any thing

‘can add to tho shuddering sensation

we experience in reading these terrific
details, it is the consideration, that
poetry in this instance, instead of
dealing in fiction, must necessarily
relate a tale that falls far short of the
truth. An interesting adventure Is
introduced of Juan’s saving a female
infant from the midst of the slaughter,
—a circumstance which, we are in-

-formed in the preface, was actually

the case with the late Duke of Riche-

‘lieu, when a volunteer in the Russian
“service. \ After the completion of the

assault, the honour of carrying the
dispatch announcing its success to the
Russian government, is assigned to
Juan, who accordingly sets off for
Petersburgh, accompanied by his
young protégée.

The present continuation proceeds

.no farther; and it will immediately

occur to the minds of most readers,
that but little progress is made in the
history and adventures of thé hero in
these three additional cantos. The
fact is, however, that nothing has ap-
peared from the beginning to be farther
from the author’s intention that to ren-
der his Don Juan any thing like a
regular narrative. On the contrary,
its general appearance tends strongly
to remind us at times of the learned
philosopher’s treatise, De rebus om-
nibus et quibusdamatis. And here we
cannot avoid remarking what an ad-
inirable method those persons must
possess of reconciling contradictions,
who in the same breath censure the
poem for its want of plan, and impeach

» the

114

the writer of a detiberate design against
the religion and government of the
country. His lordship has himself, in
the fourth canto, given what appears
to us a very candid exposition of his
motives—

Some have aceus’d me of a strange desizn
Against the ereed and morals of the laud,
nd trace it in this: poem ey’ry Tine:

z don’t pretend that # quite understand
yew meaning when I would be very fine;
Unit rut the fact is, that I have nothing plann’d,
Mess itwas to be a moment merry,—
A novel word in my vocabulary.

Indeed the whole poem bas com-
pleiely the appearance of being pro-
duced in those intervals in which an
active and powerful mind, habitually
engaged in literary occupation, re-
laxes from its more serious labours,
and amuses itself with comparative
trifling. Hence the narration is inter-
rupted by continual digressions, and
the general character of the language
is that of irony and sarcastic hwmour;
an apparent levity, which however
often serves but as a veil to deep re-
flection. Nor can the talent of the
master-hand be always concealed; it
involuntarily betrays itselfy in the
touches of the pathetic and sublime
which frequently present themselves
in the course of the poem; in the
thoughts, ‘too big for utterance, and
too deep for tears,” which are inter-
spersed in various parts of it. The
three cantos just published, if we
except some parts of the assault of
Ismail, eontain a considerably less
proportion of the higher class of poe-
try, than was to be found in those
which preceded them. We can dis-
cover nothing equal to the going down
of the vessel in which Juan sailed, the
mournful end of Haidée, the ode of
the Greek laureate, or the exquisite,

though somewhat highly-coloured, de-

Scription of the interview between
Juan aud Julia. But in the keen and
pervading satire, the bitter and biting
irony, which constitute the peculiar
forte of Lord Byron, we perceive no
falling off in the present cantos. Nor
are they deficient in that vein of play-
ful humour, and that felicitous transi-
tion ‘‘ from grave to gay, from lively
to severe,” so conspicuous in their
predecessors. ‘The execution, on the
whole, we think quite equal to that
displayed in the earlier parts of the
poem, though the generality of readers
will, we suspect, be of opinion, that
there is a falling off in the way of
amusement. We proceed to give a
few extracts from the present conti-

News from Parnassus, No. XXII.

[Sept. 1,

‘nuation, though the length to which

this article has already extended must
necessarily render them very limited.
‘The: following distinction between
real and assumed Jove in a female is
equally original and beautiful :—

A Ores blush, a soft tremor, a calm kind
Of gentle feminine delight, and shown
More in the eye-lids tran the eyes, resign’d
. Rather to hide what pleases most gakpown,
Are the best tokens (to a modest mind, )

_Of love, when seated on his loveliest throne,

A sineere woman’s breast,—for over warm,
Or over cold, annihilates the charm,

There is an admirably characteristic
description of Potemkin, the notorious
paramour of the profligate Czarina,
who dispatched Suwarrow to the
command of the besieging army before
Ismail, with instructions to take the
fortress at any price,—an order that
was indeed literally complied with.
A portrait is also given of that eccen-
tric and celebrated general, which
rivals the preceding one. We have

only room for the satter :—
Suwarrow chiefly was on the alert, 4
Surveying, drilling, ordering; jesting, pon-
ering,— i
For the ae was, Wwe safely may asserf,
A thing to wouder at beyond most wondering ;
Hero, buffoon, half demon, and half dirt,— :
Praying, instructing, desolating, plundering ;
Now Mars, now Momus, and, when bent to storm
A fortress, Harlequin in uniform.

The nightly preparations for attack,
previous to storming the fortress, are
thus powerfully told—

Hark! through the silence of the cold dull night,
The bum of armies, gathering rank on rank!

Lo, dusky masses steal in dubiors sight,
Along the leaguer’d wall and bristling bank

Of the arm’d river, while, with straggling light,
The star peep through the vapours dim ant

dank
Which curl ih curious wreaths.—How soon the

smoke
Of hell shall pale them In a deeper cloak!

The last canto abounds with sub-
lime passages; but we select the
following stanza in preference, on
account of the terrific grandeur of its
conclusion :—

The night was dark, and the thick mist allow’d

Nought to be seen save the artillery’s flame,

Which arch’d the horizon like a fiery cloud,

And in the Danube’s waters shone the same,

A mirror’d hell !. The volleying roar, and loud

Loug booming of each peal on peal, o’ercame
The ear far more than thunder; for Heaven’s

Slashes >
Spare, or smite rarely,—Man’s make miilions
ashes! )

We regret that we cannot insert the
beautiful picture of Galleyaz’ distress
and agitation, as well as the interest-
ing incidents of the desperate resis-
tance of the gallant Tartar and his
five sons, and the rescuing of the in-
fant by Juan; but we must unwillingly
content ourselves with the preceding
specimens, which howeyer amply
prove the undiminished. power of the

poet;

1823.]

poet; and we need scarcely make a
superfluous apology for this paucity of
extracts from a production which no
person of poetical feeling will neglect
to peruse. That these cantos will be
assailed by the canting tribe with as
much virulence as those which pre-
ceded them, no doubt can be enter-
faincd; for nothing can be more
obnoxious to a certain class, than the
fact of one of the highest rank in the
aristocracy of the country espousing
the doctrines of liberalism, and advo-
cating the cause of the oppressed
many against the oppressing few. The
attacks on Lord Byron’s personal
character will also, most probably, be
renewed with increased vigour; but
unfortunately, besides tke recollection
that his lordship’s private faults were
never adverted to till his political
opinions became offensive, we cannot
but remark that indulgence in such
ca es varies strangely among some
very pious and respectable persons,
who have occasionally been found
among the warm partizans of men
more than suspected of ill-treatment of
their wives, and other similar pecca-
dilloes. The manner_in which the
Ithuriel touch of the“noble author’s
satire lays bare the visage that hypo-
erisy had so gracefully covered, must
incur the high displeasure of the many
who haye experienced the benefit of
adopting that convenient mask; and
his fearless exposure of “ wickedness
in high places,” though the highest
authority may be pleaded, not only in
defence, but in approbation, of such
exposure, cannot but be decidedly ob-
jectionable in the eyes of the “ friends
of social order,” and the members of
that excellent Society, which, by the
eantious restriction of all its efforts
for “the Suppression of Vice” to the
poorer classes, evidently aims at se-
curing a monopoly of that enviable
commodity to the rich, But there is
a consolation in knowing, that these
pseudo-religionists are daily decreasing
in number, and that their impotent
assaults upon the illustricus writer in
question will not have the effect of
sinking him in public estimation either
a8 a poet oF a man,

—ao-—
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
SIR,
WAS reading the other day Dod-
sley’s interesting description of
the Leasowes, the seat of the late
amiable poet Sheastoue ; and having

The Leasowes ?— Reminiscences of St. Clement Danes.

115

made enqniry in what state it now re-
mains, without receiving any satis-
factory information, 1 hope some one
of your numerous correspondents will
do me the favour of giving some
account of it, through the medium of
your publication: in so doing, a grati-
fication will be afforded, not to me
only, but to all admirers of that poet.
T. R.
ae
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
SIR,
N_ your Magazine published on the
Ist of May, you have given, in
addition to the many views of other
buildings which occasion reminis-
cences. of departed genius that have
appeared, sketches of the Receiving-
houses of the “Spectator” and ‘‘ Tat-
ler:” the latter of these, then the
Trumpet tavern, but now the Duke-of-
York alehouse, being situated very
near my own residence, and in the
parish in which I reside and was born
(St. Clement Danes), led me to think
of the wonderful change made in the
lapse of a century, or thereabouts, in
any given neighbourhood.

St. Clement Danes is now a respec-
table, and even important, parish of
Westminster ; but, as regards the pre-
sent race of inhabitants, they are, as
far as rank, and perhaps property, is
concerned, certainly inferior to their
predecessors ; for even the Act of
Parliament for paving, lighting, &c. of
the parish, provides, by one of ils
clauses, that no person shall “be a
trustee under it who is not a resident
householder, and who “shall also be,
in his own right or in the right of his
wife, in the actual possession or re-
ccipt of rents and profits of lands,
tenements, or hereditaments, either
freehold or copyhold, of the clear
yearly value of three hundred pounds,
or possessed of a personal estate to,the
amount or value of. ten thousand
pounds; or shall be hetr-apparent to a
peer”? This Act was passed in the
twenty-third year of the reign of
George the Third; and the two first
trustees mentioned in it are ‘the
Right Henourable Charles Howard,
commonly called Earl of Surrey; the
Right Honourable Thomas Pelham
Clinton, commonly called Earl of
Lincoln,” followed by thirteen esquires.
Where are we to look now, in St.
Clement Danes, for ‘‘the heir-appa-
rent to a peer?” Those days are de-
parted, and the immense spread of

London

116

London to the west has carried all
such away from us; and we must there-
fore be content with the two or three

_M.P.’s who yet condescend to be do-
miciliated in. our parish.

Yet we haye some classical and cu-
rious. recollections, which it is my
object in this letter to throw together.
To say nothing about the ensign of the
parish, a golden anchor, said to have
been dug up somewhere near.the spot
where the present church stands, and
supposed to have been left by the
Danes in one of their predatory ex-
curslons ; for I presume those gentle-
mien had not such an overplus of the
precious metal as to make anchors of
it; and presuming, too, that, if they
had, they knew the. better properties
of their own northern iron’ for the pur-
pose ;—I. shall begin with the house, a
sketch of. which yowhave given (the
Duke-of-York): itis now one of thé
low pot-houses, not at all tavernified ;
the whole of the upper part of it is let
out in lodgings.
is now called, Serle’s-place,) in which
this house is situated, was, at the time
of the publication of the Tatler, and
very long afier, a genteel residence ;
but. bad become so wretchedly changed
for the worse, that the ancient name
was altered for the very purpose of
trying to restore it to good fame.

Going westward from this, we come
presently to Spode and Copeland’s
china and earthenware depét in Portu-
gal-street, which is at any time worth
a morning’s ramble to look over; and
fT am quite sure that its liberal pro-
prietors, will feel happy in allowing
any country lady or gentleman to do
so, whether they become purchasers
or not. ,This building is now the
triumph of imitative art, as it once was
of histrionic—it was the celebrated
Lincoln’s Ton-ficlds theatre, where
the pJays of ‘‘ Rare Ben, andthe immor-
tal. Shakspeare,”, had employed the
tuicats of many able periormers, who
only live now in the page of biographi-
cal record: here the Richards, the Mac-
beths, the Othellos,—the kings, queens,
and conquerors of the earth,—tretted
and, fumed their hour upon the stage,
butnow are heard no more, Close by,
in a burial-ground on the other side
of the street, repose the bones of the
once facetious Jo, Miller; and there,
tog, is his epitaph, by Stephen Duck,
which I, some time back, sent to the
Monthly Magazine; and which was

’

Mr, Lacey's Reminiscences of St. Clement Danes:

Shire-lane, (or, as it

[Sept. 1,

from thence copied into nearly all the
newspapers.

A little farther on we reach Clare-
market; certainly, one would think,
not a very classical neighbourhood, at
least in the present day. It is princi-
pally celebrated in the parish for hay-
ing been once the property of the
Duke of Newcastle, who, when the
before-mentioned Act of Parliament
was passed, took care to have it
exempt from the operation of it, asa
great man ought to do; but this is
found. inconvenient to the parishioners,
now that it has passed into the hands
of a man who thinks that “saving
knowledge is the perfection of know-
ledge ;” for it was left so dark last
winter, that a poor fellow broke his
thigh by falling over a butcher's
block. But there is one reminiscence
connected-with this market rather of a
classical nature, and, at all events,
worth recording,—which was the fre-
quenting of a house called the Bull-
head tavern by persons of the first
rank, and by the wits and celebrated
performers of the latter part of the
seventeenth century. Amongst these
was that celebrated, facetious, irrita-
ble, but clever, Doctor Radcliffe: I
have an old book of memoirs. of him
lying by me at this moment, “ Printed
for E. Curll, at the Dial and Bible,
against St. Dunstan’s Church, in Fleet-
street, 1717,” from which I gather the
above fact; though the two instances
in which the tavern is named, both
record pieces of ill-fortune communi-
cated to the doctor while he was so-
lacing himself there. The first is the
intelligence of the loss of a vessel in
the year 1692, returning from the East
Indies, in which the doctor had a ven-
ture of 7000/. and Thomas Beitterton,
the great tragedian, and then English
Roscius, 20007. and which is desig-
nated in the book as “a loss that
broke Mr. Retterton’s back, but did
not (though very considerable,) much
affect the doctor; for, when the news
of this disaster was brought him to_
the Bull-head tavern, in Clare-mar-
ket, where he was drinking with seve-
ral persons of the first rank, and they
condoled with him en account of his
loss, without baulking his glass, he,
with a smiling countenance, desired
them to go forward with the healths
that were then in vogue, saying, That
he had no more to do, than to go up
250 pair of stairs, to make himself

whole

1823.}>
whole again.” - The other was an-ac-
count of the death of a nobleman
much beloved by the doctor,—the
Duke of Beaufort; which he took so
much to heart, that (I quote again) he
said, ‘in the hearing: of several per-
sons, at the Bull-head tavern, in
Clare-market, (whither he never came
after,) that, now he Ilad lost the only
person whom he took pleasure in
conversing with, it was high time for
him to retire from the world, to make
his will, and set his house in order;
for he had notices within, that told
him his abode in this world could not
be twelve months longer ;” and he did
die in less than twelve months after,
There is at the prescnt moment, in
Vere-street, close to Clare-market, the
sign of the Bull’s-head; but I have no
means of ascertaining whether it is the
house alluded to or not.

_ Adjoining to Vere-street is Bear-
yard, being at this time-a filthy place,
almost beyond belief; occupied, as it
is, by tallow-melters, cow-keepers,
slaughtermen, tripe-boilers, and. sta-
blings: yet here was once the play-
house where the first actress appeared
upon the stage.

Descending from Clare-market, by
Clement’s-lane,—now one of the lowest
neighbourhoods in London, though
inhabited, about and Joug after the
period I have been speaking of, by
men of consequence, and many of the
houses then having gardens~ behind
them,—you come to St. Clement’s
Church, built by Sir Christopher
Wren. At this church there are
chimes, which very inelegantly play
the 104th Psalm; but there is a clas-
sical recollection about these chimes,
as Shakspeare has incidentally men-
tioned thein in one of his plays, though
I cannot recollect which.*

Close below the church, historical

* Although I am confident I have met
with this allusion in Shakspeare, yet -it
eannot be to the present chimes which it
applies; for, upon enquiry, I find they
lave been constructed since Shakspeare’s
time: indeed, I believe that Wren only
built the body of the church, which was
in 1682, and the present steeple,—the
principal part, to be sure; but the great
entrance, beneath the steeple, is under.
stood to be much older: it is therefore
probable that there were chimes used in
the more ancient church of this parish
to which Shakspeare’s allusion may refer,

Mr. Lacey's Reminiscences of St.Clement Danes.

117
remembrances are awakened by four
streets leading to the ‘Thames, which
mark the site of the residences and gar-
dens ofsome noble families: the firstis
Essex-street, whereabouts once stood.
the house of Hlizabeth’s celebrated
favourite; and farther on are Arundel,
Norfolk, and Surrey, streets, the names
of course indicating that there the
Norfolk family used to live. Their
gardens used to stretch down to the
river; and those banks, which are now
defiled and blackened by the gloomy-
looking coal-barges, and the swarthy
labourers in them, were in those days
gay with elegant pleasure-boats; bear-.
ing in them the brave and the beau-
tiful of England. A similar recollec-
tion is awakened at the lower end of
the parish, where Beaufort-buildings
is situated, which was anciently the
residence of the duke of that name.

But, to return to the neighbourhood
of the church, we have a celebrated
reminiscence in the once well-known
place for oratorical display—the Robin
Hood. The house in which this room
is still situated is now in the posses-
sion of an industrious carpenter; and.
the place where some of the greatest
men of their day first launched out,
into the sea of debate, and tricd and
confirmed their powers, is now let out
by the carpenter to a Mr. Chivers, I
believe, who teaches grown gentlemen
and ladies to dance there; or gives an
occasional ball for the city appren-
tices and the temple clerks to show off
with their fair partners in aquadrille,
What a falling off! ‘This room was
formerly approached ‘by a narrow
court, leading out of Butcher-row, a
street no longer in existence, called
Robin Hood court; but is now shut-in
by the large new houses built in
Picket-street.

The Olympic Theatre in Wych-
street, where M. Alexaudre is now
ventriloquizing, is built upon the spot
where formerly stood one of those
great taverns, then so common, called,
I think, the Queen-of-Bohemia; in part
of which old premises, about twenty-
five or thirty years ago, a discovery
was made of a considerable quantity
of the remains of human bodies, bones,
dissections, &c. which some unknown
surgeons had deserted, upon finding
they were discovered. I remember
(though a boy at the time,) it pro-
duced a tremendous sensation in the
neighbourhood; and the crowds that
went,

118

went, for the first day or two, were so
great, as to create a fear that the old
building would fall.

Just behind the Olympic Theatre,
and issuing into Drury-lane, is Craven-
buildings, occasioning precisely simi-
lar remembrances with those produced
by Norfolk-street, &c.

J. M. Lacey.
—»——

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR

HE author or authors of “ Wa-

verley,” &c. &c. still continues,
as you perceive, to uphold his charac-
teristic attribute of fertility. The
press was scarcely cold from the rapid
production of the four volumes of
“‘ Peyeril of the Peak,” when its la-
bours were again demanded for three
more, under the title of ‘ Quentin
Durward.” I know not how the case
may stand with you and your readers,
but, for my part, I had begun to bea
little tired of this voluminous author,
‘maugre the stimulating mystery with
which it is affected to invest his iden-
tity, and the empirical cognomen of
“the Great Unknown.” Whether in
verse or prose, I have always found
him Jess entertaining on this than on
the other side of the Tweed; and, in
proportion as he advanced southward,
he scemed to lose the keen and vivify-
ing spirit inhaled from his northern
mountains. His hardy Scots (so
thought I, as I read his “ Nigel,”)
dwindle in the atmosphere of our
southern metropolis, as the myrtles of
Devon might if transplanted to the
bleak wilds of the Highlands. Even
in the midway region of Derbyshire,
either his imagination flagged from a
lack of his native stimulus, or he lack-
ed acquaintance with the romantic
beauties of the country by which the
patrimonial castle of his hero is sur-
rounded.

“Peverel of the Peak?” It might
as well have been Frogbelly of the
Fens, for any use that is made either
in characteristic scenery, or eharac-
teristic incident, to which that scenery
is so inviting. Did Sir Walter Scott,
—f beg his pardon, he says he is not he,
or. at least, his mask says so for him,
—did the author of ‘“‘ Waverley,”
then, not even know that from Peverel
Castle there is still a subterranean

communication with the awful won-

ders over which it-nods?—with ‘the
Peuk-caverns of infernal Loe!” Or

The Scotch. Novel Family.

[Sept. I,

could his imagination have suggested
no use to which so inviting a circum-
stance might have been applied? Be
this as it will, I suspect that not a.
reader acquainted with the Peak of
Derbyshire, has travelled through the
four volumes, to which it furnishes a
title, without fecling some degree of
mortifying disappointment, at not
catching one single glance of its de-
lightful and romantic scenery in all
that length of way. Nor was this my
only source of dissatisfaction: I felt
that the subject of Cavaliers and
Roundheads was already exhausted,
that the wine had been already drain-
ed from the.cup, and that little but the
lees were presented to usin this di-
luted draught. ey

Nor did the sort of apologetic por-
trait of that indolent and selfish pro-
fligate, Charles the Second, or even
the splendid imcoherencies of his
equally profligate favourite, Bucking-.-
ham, atone for the comparative want
of interest in the generality of the
other characters; while the merry-
andrew exploits of Finella, and the
pantomime impossibilities exhibited by
itinerant courtiers at country ale-
houses, outraged all credulity ; and the
tedious prosings of Sir Geoffrey Hud-
son, to me, at Jeast, were utterly
unreadable.

If we were, therefore, to have more
acquaintance with this “ Great Un-~
known,” I was glad to find that he had
shifted his ground, and chosen a scene
of action, and a period of history, that
promised something like novelty. The
hero, Quentin Durward, is indeed a
Scot; and, to say the truth, althougha
Scot, he is, upon the whole, a very
interesting sort of character,—not at
all unfit for a high-born dame of chi-
valry to fall in love with ; whichis not
always the case with the heroes of
this author. They are, in truth, not
unfrequently the most common-place
personages of the whole drama. But,
if Quentin have the good luck to be at
once the hero of the tate and of the
reader, he is not such of the author.
That honour he reserves for the noto-
rious Louis the Eleventh of France ;
upon the glossorial delineation and
sustainment of whose detestable cha-
racter he lavishes all his art; while
poor Quentin and his adventures are
sometimes almost lost sight of,—for
more than half of the third yolume in
particular. ;

The

1823.]

The outline of the story is briefly
thus:—Quentin Durward, a youth
between nineteen and twenty, as gal-
lant and as keen a spirit ‘‘as ever
breathed mountain air,” aud the sole
survivor of a race ‘“‘ harried” to exter-
mination in a feud with the Ogilvies,
finding himself in a state of orphan
destitution, and too proud of “ fifteen
descents in his family” to think of
following ‘‘any other trade than
arms,” goes upon his almost penny-
less travels with a determination to let
out his sword, in the true hero-like
style, to whatever belligerent poten-
tate he can make the best bargain
with.

Full of spirit, and empty of food,
“at the ford of a small river, or
rather a large brook, tributary to the
Cher, near the royal castle of Plessis,”
he is encountered, and somewhat

_ treacherously exposed to a dangerous
ducking, by “two substantial bur-
gesses,” as he first supposes ; or, as his
second thought suggests, ‘‘a money-
broker or a corn-merchant, and his
butcher or grazier;” but who prove, in
reality, to be no other than the noto-
rious King Louis and his chief hang-
man. With the former of these, how-
ever, who calls himself Maitre Picrre,
(and who. finds the young wanderer
not to be the Bohemian gipsy, whom
he had certain politic reasons for con-
signing either to stream or gallows, as
might be most convenient,) Durward
soon becomes better acquainted ; and
by him is treated, at’ an inn in the
neighbourhood of the castle, with a
magnificent and substantial breakfast,
—to which the hungry Scot does ample
justice. Atthisinn he becomcs some-
what smitten with the bright eye and
dark tresses of “a girl, rather above
than under fifteen years old,” whocomes
into the breakfast room to offer her
attendance on the supposed burgess,

_and whom he supposes to be the
daughter or the upper servant of the
innkeeper. With such a person, of
course the blood of fifteen descents
from the Durwards of Glen-houlakin
does not permit him absolutely to fall
in love; although he afterwards
catches a glimpse of her white arm
across a lute, and hears her sing a
Jove-ditty in no very barmaid-like
style. But, after some eccentric ad-
ventures, and a very narrow escape
from being hanged on one of the exe-
eution-oaks that surround the royal

The Scotch-Novel Family.

119

cistle of King Louis, and becoming
enrolled among the Scotch archers
who form the body-guard of that cold-
blooded and detestable tyrant; and
discovering, during his attendance in
the royal apartments, that the supposed
barmaid is no other than the fugitive
and beautifal Countess Isabelle of
Croy, whom the king had artfully in-
duced to seek from him that protection
he never meant to afford,—the scru-
ples of fifteen descents are instantly
dissipated, and the pennyless adventu-
rous Scot hesitates not to plunge over
head and ears into the most romantic
passion for so lovely, and, as it might
be supposed, so unattainable, a prize.
The prosecution of this amour, through
a variety of adventures, (some of
them very highly interesting, and -by
his conduet in which, it must be ad-
mitted, the heroic Scot shows himself
worthy of the heart and land he
aspires to,) constitutes the real action
of these volumes. The story, how-
ever, is mixed up, according to the
custom of thé would-be mysterious
author, with a large portion of histo-
rical incident, authentic and supposi-
tious, illustrative of the characters
and manners, and the state of society,
in the age and country to which the
action is assigned.

This part of the work is certainly
not without its value, though it over-
lays, as it were, (especixlly in the last
volume,) the interest of the main
action, and produces a very awkward
sort of jumbling in the very bungling
conclusion. The pictures it places
before us of the degradation and mi-
sery entailed upon mankindby certain
legitimate forms of institution, are
pregnant with instruction,—such as
would not be expected from the
courtly champion of Toryism, and the
patron of the northern ‘ Beacon.”
But this is not the only instance in
which ‘‘ the Unknown” has manifested
to the discerning eye either the
jesuitry of his principles, or the pur-
blind obscurity of his inductive facul-
ties; or, in other words, that he either
means something very different from
what he professes, or cannot perceive
the necessary inductions from his own
premises. ‘‘ Ivanhoe,” (notwithstand-
ing the caricature misrepresentations
of our Saxon ancestors,) is an histo-
rical vindication of whole-length ra-
dicalism, as ‘‘ Quentin Durward” is
tho bitterest of satires upon the mo-

narchic

120

narchic principles The character
of Louis 'the Eleventh is drawn witha
masterly hand, —softened, indeed,
considerably below the ‘truth of his-

tory, and with a sort ef attempt to_

‘render him somewhat respectable; but
‘still with all his royal propensities for

‘low ‘company and ‘hich prerogative;
insatiable'love of self, and perfeet in-

difference to the sacrifice and the ‘suf-
‘ferings of mankind; with ‘his barber
and his hangman for privy councillors,
-and ‘high nobility for his capbearers

‘and trenchermen; liberal: only to’ the
‘mercenaries who protect his person,
‘and ‘rapacious or parsimonious to all

beside;.as a son, almosta parricide ;
‘as:@ hvisband, a’contemptnous brute in
principle ; a tyrant alike to his family,

‘his nobles, and his people; an adept
‘in’ these profound politics of which

“treachery and murder are’ the ready

crown all,
‘superstitions
‘perjury, andthe’ violation of every :

instruments, and: crafty. dissimulation
is. the neverfailing ‘cloak; and, to
“the abject slave of that
devotion with which

moral ‘and social obligation, are by

“no means incompatible,.and of that

childish credulity which can be bug-
beared and led by the nose by the

‘quackery of foytune-tellers and readers

of the stars. The contrasted character

‘of Charles the Bold, duke: of Bur-
‘gundy, is not sustained with equal -
‘spirit and ability; but several of the

comparatively subordinate personages
are touched-with a master’s hand.

It will be concluded, however, ‘that
this, like ‘the former productions of
this author, besides its human per-

*sonages, ‘is not without its superna-

tural ;-that is: to say, without some

» being; acting ‘an essential part im the

drama, ‘who, though ‘professedly hu-

‘man, is such as humanity never knew.
“Some oné of the progeny of ‘* Lord
‘Cranstoun’s goblin page,”- though be-
-gétten:on mortal ‘mothers, is to be

- phrases.

2

* Whiggism and Toryism are mere cant +
The only genuine distinctions of
political principle in this country are
those of Saxon aliodialism and Norman
feudalism, that is, tle system .in- whieh .
every thing arises from the bioad basis: of
the free population, and that in which
every thing descends in dependant sub-
‘serviency from the throne. In one, the
government are the responsible servants
of the nation; in ‘the other, the people
are ‘the ‘vassal property ‘of © the °go-
vernmeut,

Fhe Scotch-Novel Family.

[Sept. 1,
found in every production of ‘his.pen.
T ‘coiifess that'I:have no great objec-
tion ‘to. these imaginative semi-super-
natural beings. This author has the
artof making them, occasionally, very
entertaining; and certainly. his stories,
in: ‘general, would) move . on rather
awkwardly without'them. The Egyp-
‘tian or Bohemian, Maugrabin Hay-
raddin, appointed by Louis to guide,
or rather to betray, ‘the “Countess
‘Isabelle, in her zetreat ‘or fugitation
‘from ‘Plessis to Liege, and who <is
amade an essential agent in bringing
-about the bungling catastrophe of the
‘present romanee, is-not the most outré
or the least amusing of these preter-
-natarals, although the atheistical phi-
‘losophy: with which the author endows
‘him, is sometimes expressed: in‘Jan-
guage which makes us ‘“ wonder how
the devil it. got there.” 1In short, I
read the: first and second. volumes of
“ Quentin Durward” with consider-
able interest, and had almost made up
-my mind to. give it:adecided.prefer-
‘ence at least over all) the recent pro-
ductions. of the supposed Unknown ;
and although, during »the’ first: two

-hundred pages of the third volume, we
-almost entirely lose sight both of the
hero and the ‘hercine,—and we see,
indeed, but little of them during ‘the
‘remainder y—~yet as the historical epi-
-sode (hitherto well mixed up and i im-
plicated with ‘the tale,) is amusing as
well as important ; and the affair of “the
rash visit of Louis to his hostile vassal
and rival, Charles the Bold, with the
subsequent danger to his royal person,
is wrought with considerable skill and
interest, [ was still disposed to extend
my crilical indulgence to the dispro-

-portioned length of the digressicn.

* But when I came-to the awkward and
comnon-place contrivance by which
‘the catastrophe .was to be brought)

about,—when the countess, who? had
fled from the preposed -nuptials_at-
tempted to be imposed upon her by
her Suzerain liege lord of- Burgundy,

cand now, ‘in the public presence, and

“before the-assembled peers, as reso-
lutely refused ithe Duke of Orleans,
the presumptive heir of France, is, in
a fit:of resolute and brutal rage, ‘held
out,” to-yse her own words, “asia
prize to the best sword-player,” or, in
‘other words, to whoever ‘shall. bring
the head of William: de Ja Mark, the
- wild-boar of Ardeus,-—L confess I lost
my patience. Charles: does, indeed,

qualify

Se, ee ee

a 2

1823.]

qualify a little the degradation of-this
condition; ‘* Your ancestress (said the
duke,) was won at a tourney,—you
shall be fought for in real melée. Only
thus far, for Count Keinold’s.sake, the
successful shall be a gentleman, of
unimpeached birth, -and unstained
bearings; but be he such, and the
poerest who ever drew the tongue of a
bucklé through the strap of a sword-
~ belt, he shall have at least the proffer
of your hand. Lswearby St. George,
by my ducal crown, and by the order
that i wear! Ha! messires, (he add-
ed, turning to the nobles present,) this
at least is, [ think, conformable to the
rules of chivalry?”

And is it thus, said I, that by the
threadbare expedient of the old chival-
rous romance, but stripped of all the
splendour and poetical consistency of
those imaginative legends, the diffi-
culties and entanglements of the fable
are to be cut through, rather than un-
ravelled?. Is it thus that the drunken
fury of Charles the Bold of Burgundy,
(or the anti-chivalrous bully whom the
author has decked out in his titles,) is
inade to spell out, at bap-hazard, the
disqualifying qualifications, and to
predict the fortunate achievement of
the pennyless Scottish archer, with
his blood of fifteen descents? Quentin
Durward, then, is to cut off the head
of the bandit murderer of the Bishop
of Liege, and to receive. the hand of
the lovely countess he had so gallantly
protected and preserved, as his unde-
signed reward. Even in this, how-
ever, we are somewhat disappointed.
The catastrophe is. still more bung-
lingly brought about., The author has
not eventhe judgment or the invention
to do justice to his own hero. He
shows him worthy of the‘ undivided
honour; but he knows not how to
eonfer it upon him. Quentin indeed,
through the means of the executed

Bohemian atheist (Maugrabin), and,

by the connivance of his geiitle coun-
tess, obtains the exclusive knowledge
of certain devices by which the dis-
‘guised Boar of Ardens may be singled
ont and-encountered in the most con-
fusedly-described conflictwhich ensues
at Liege, und engages with him; but
he is not permitted to achieve the
ultimate exploit. This is reserved
for the Ajax-Ass, his uncle Lodovic,
who, being “somewhat the worse for
wear, and Joving the wine-house bet-
‘der than « lady’s summer parlour, and,
Montuty Mac, No. 386.

~ The Scotch-Novel Family. -

121

in short, having some barrack tastes
and likings, which would make great-
ness in his own person rather an‘ in-
cumbrance to him, resigns the pre-
teusions acquired to his maternal
nephew.” sree

No words can, in short compass,
convey an adequate idea of the bun-
gling and incredible manner in which
this lame and impotent conclusion is
broughtabout. And, asthe publication
for which this is designed cannot be
expected to find space for the quota-
tion of the whole inthe words of the
author, I must refer the reader to the
original, if he hath patience enough
for the perusal. The conclusion, in-
deed, is strongly marked with the
characteristic hand of the real author.
All his productions, in verse or in
prose, (the “ Lady. of the Lake” alone
excepted,) are marred, to a certain
degree, by a halting and awkward
tameness in the denowement ; and all of
them, without exception, in some way
or other, contrive to sink the hero, or
the character who ought 'to be such,
into a sort of secondary estimation;
and even Quentin Durward, who, du-
ring so large a portion of the present
work, had maintained, in many re-
spects, his just pre-eiminence, must,
somehow or other, be shorn of his
eclat in the last adventure. Even he
must ‘be a hero who ultimately
atchieyes nothing; but owes the re-
ward and happiness he has been in
quest of to the blundering.achievement
of another. I could add another
trait which identifies the origin of the
poetical and prose romances,—the
approximation of, so many of them to
the times and the incidents of chival-
rous romance, and the total failure, in
such their approximations, of the dis-
play of the true chivalrous spirit, or the
splendour of chivalrous manners and
adventure. It is the dross, and not
the ore, of chivalry, that is presented
on all such occasions; as will be
found most especially, for example,
in the comparison of ‘‘ Marmion” and
“ Quentin Durward.”

But it will be said, that I have for-
gotten the positive denial of this
identity in the introduction to the work
under review. No, I have not forgot-
ten it. On the contrary, I have writ-
ten an examine of that very passage,
in which, if I mistake not, I have gone
far towards proving, from that yery
passage, the very fact which it pro-

R fesses

122

fesses todeny. But, as I am aware
that J have already extended this
article beyond the length usually
afforded by the Monthly Magazine to
subjects of this description, I adjourn
it to another occasion; and will com-
municate it in the next Number, if the
present critique should be deemed
acceptable from

An Honorary Member of the

Squad of Reviewers.

—e
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
SIR,
ORE than a year has elapsed
since a letter from Philo-Saxo-
nicus appeared in your Magazine. I
was much interested in his commu-
nication, as it not only pointed out the
real advantage of studying the con-
cise and nervous language of our
hardy and independent ancestors, but
assured us that several works were
preparing, by which the acquisition of
the Anglo-Saxon would be much faci-
litated. Only two of these have yet
appeared: ‘‘the Elements ofthe Saxon
Grammar,” by the Rev. Mr. Bosworth,
and a collated edition of the Saxon
Chronicle, by the Rev. Mr. Ingram.
Of the latter work, I have at present
nothing to say, only that, in my opi-
nion, it is the work of a scholar, and
does not deserve those supercilious re-
marks that have been made upon it in
a contemporary periodical.* Upon
the latter, however, I would make a
few observations; and, though I can-
not, in all points, agree with the learn-
ed author of the Saxon Elements, [
am persuaded he will not be displeased
with me, as in his preface he has
stated, in the most candid manner,
that “he invites liberal criticism, be-
ing assured that by the collision of
opposite opinions, new light, if not
truth, is often elicited; and, should
this be the case, he will have cause
to rejoice, whether it be produced by
himself, or by a more successful en-
quirer.” After this candid declaration
who can be severe?

The indefatigable author modestly
considers his work as a key to the tem-
ple. of knowledge and independence,
erected by the Saxons ; but, for varied
and extensive information, may it not
be deemed a shrine of knowledge her-
self? The text contains a comprehen-
sive Saxon Grammar ; and the copious
notes, illustrating the structure of the

“* The Gentleman’s Magazine for July
1823,

On the Anglo-Saxon Language. .

[Sept. |,
Saxon, and the formation of the Eng-
lish, language, display induditable
traces of laborious research, and a
critical knowledge of the subject. In-
deed it appears quite impossible to
obtain a thorough acquaintance with
the English tongue without a know-
ledge of the Saxon. The compositive
power and philosophical structure of
the Anglo-Saxon may be seen in the
few following examples :—

Ac, an oak, con, corn; acopin, the
corn of the oak, an acorn.

Ceap, cattle, business, man, man;
ceapman, chapman, a dealer.

Boc, a book, cnept, craft; boc-
cnet, bookcraft, learning.

1d, the midst, deel, a part ; middzl,
the mid-part or middle.

Biyceop, a bishop, pic, a kingdom ;
bipceoppic, a bishop’s dominion, or
bishoprick.

Cild, a child, hade, sex, order, office ;
cilohade, childhood.

Cniht, a knight, hade, sex, order,
office; cnihthade, knighthood.

Pneoyt, a priest, rcyne, a shire,
share ; pneoptyeye, a parish.

Sang, a song, ep, ene, from pen, a
man ; yangene, a song-man ora singer ,
as we now say farm, farmer.

Deel, a part, an, 1an, Zan, to give or
add; delan, to give a part, to deal or
divide. All Anglo-Saxon verbs have
the infinitive mood ending in an,
which is the termination that is con-
stantly added to a noun, to express
the action of the verb.

Can, care, leary, lost ; canleay, care-
lost, careless.

From these examples, we see that
those terminations which are con-
tinually used in English, without any
explanation, can alone be satisfactorily
explained ‘by examining the Saxon
fountain from which they flow.

Many important grammatical re-
marks are deduced from the analogy
of other languages. The following
observations, on the formation of the
plural number, are very satisfactory :
—‘Itis probable that the plural of
all nouns was originally formed by
annexing to the singular a word which
signified multitude, &c. This is the
case in Hebrew; for () (1m) signifies
a multitude, and is derived from DT
(em), Wort (eme), or PVT (Emun):
thus 1-719) or DiT- gémel-emiin
or -em), a@ camel multitude, became
1°91) (géméliin), cwmels. We know,
also, that the Bengalese (a branch of
the Sanscrit,) forms the plural of gar:

y

_

1823.]
by the addition of ‘lok,’ people ; thus
projaa, a peasant, becomes projaa-lok,
apeasant-people, or projaalok, peasants.”

It is also clearly proved, that the
Anglo-Saxon and its direct descen-
dant, the modern English, has not a
passive voice, nor has it any more than
two tenses; for instance, in the sen-
tence I will go, the principal verb is
ZI will, which is the present tense; I
would have, the principal verb is I
would or willed. ‘The words go and
have are verbs in the infinitive mood.
If any should doubt this, as_ these
words have no sign prefixed, let them
examine these sentences in the origi-
nal Saxon, and they will be convinced
of the truth of this assertion :—Ic pylle
fanan, and Ic polde hebban; here
Fanan and hebban are known to be
in the infinitive mood by their infinitive
termination an.

While 1 would, in general, acknow-
ledge the truth of the preceding re-
marks, I am sorry that the author
should injure the cause of Saxon lite-
rature by several unjustifiable and
sweeping conclusions; for instance,
when he affirms that ‘the present
language of Englishmen is not that
heterogeneous compound which some
imagine, compiled from the. jarring
and corrupted elements of Hebrew,
Greek, Latin, French, Spanish, and
Italian ; but completely Anglo-Saxon.”
Is not this going too far? 'The author
surely must know, that the expressive
words used in the arts and sciences
are of Greek extraction: such as
Borany, from Borayy, a herb ; GEOME-
TRY, from yn, the earth, and peteov, a
measure ; ASTRONOMY, from aoreov, a
star, and youos, a law or rule, &c. The
Romans were in possession of this
country for more than 400 years before
the Saxons, surely then they must
have left some traces of their language.
Nay, it is so evident, that I need not
give examples, unless it be mentioned
that the terms arts and sciences are
derived from the Latin ars, artis, art,
trade; and scientia, knowledge. No
proof need be given that we have re-
ceived shoals of words from the
French, and some vocables from all
the other nations of Europe.

Another assertion of this indefati-
gable Saxonist, on the same subject,
appears equally unfounded with the
preceding. ‘He aflirms—“ If we exa-
mine the most elegant specimens of
our written language, we shall find
the average of Saxon words to be not

2

Mr. Weekes on the Musicus Ventusorum.

123

less than eight out of ten.” This is
confuted by his own example from
Locke, where the words of Saxon
origin are in Roman, and the other in
Italic, letters:—‘ bt is a received doc-
trine, that men have zative ideas and
original characters stamped upon their
minds at birth.” Here are nineteen
words, out of which twelve only are
Saxon. He also asserts, ““Substan+
tives constitute the primitive words in
all languages.” Now, as things re-
ceived their names*trom their actions,
(Gen. ii. 19.) those: words, therefore,
which denoted the actions, that is
verbs, must be primitives (See Bur-
gess’s Essay, page 89). Soin Hebrew
we find the verb 3 (ba), to go, from
which is derived NID (meba), an en-
trance, &e. from the verb 52, to mix,

-is derived ban (tébél), @ mixture, con-

fusion.

By attempting to prove too much, [
think I have shown that this gentle-
man has injured the cause he intended
to serve. PHILOGRAIUS.

Aug. 9, 1823.

—_——
To the Editor of ihe Monthly. Magazine.
SIR,
i my communication on the Musi
cus Ventusorum, at page 508, No:
383, for July, the paragraph com-
mencing with line 18 from bottom: of
the paye, should! read thus—** Longi-
tudinally over the cylinder are stretch-
ed, at) about an incl’ apart, ten or
twelve cat-gut strings,” &c.

a

a

The above sketch represents. what
is termed the quadrant wind-screen of
the float-wheels which are shown in
Fig. 3. It consists of the quadrature
of a circle, represented by the shaded
part (a) in the annexed figure, of such
dimensions as will admit. the wheel to
run freely within it, and is attached to
each end of the box. of the instrument,
for the regulation of the current of air
on the floats of the respective wheels,
This quadrant. may, be made of any
thin, material, and. the breadth of its
circumference: (a) regulated by’ thie
breadth of the floats whicl are to cir-
culate within it. Its use is to. defend
the upper portion of the said floats

from

124

from the action of the wind (its cir-
cumference being on the side of the
instrament next the air-compressor,
for instance, towards ¢ in fig. 1), and
to direct it against those at b in the
annexed sketch, by which means a
due rotation of the cylinder is always
kept up in the same direction, which
would not happen without a regulator
of this description.

Sandwich ; W. H. WEEKEs.
July 10, 1823.

——= De \

For the Monthly Magazine.
THE GERMAN STUDENT.
NO. XXIX.

WIELAND (concluded ).

FTER the publication of ‘‘ Obe-

ron,” Wieland turned his atten-
tion from poetry, and undertook a
“Translation of Lucian,” which is
alike admired for its learning and its
elegance ; notes are added, beautifully
illustrative of the manners of the
times, and of the historic allusions
contained in the text; and a good
biography of the Greek author is pre-
fixed. Mr. Tooke translated into
English these comments of Wieland
on a writer who is destined in every
age to awaken some eflicacious oppo-
sition to the incessant industry of
superstition.

During the occupation of translating
Lucian, the natural tendency of
Wicland’s mind to re-produce origi-
nal imitations of those works of art,
with the contemplation of which he
was engaged, became variously appa-
rent. ‘‘ Peregrinus Proteus,” a novel
twice translated into our Janguage, by
Mr. Elkington and Mr. Tooke, was
now composed; and it was soon fol-
lowed by “Dialogues: in Elysium,”
and “ Dialogues of the Gods.” These
last agitate many questions originating
in the French revolution. The most
splendidly fanciful and philosophically
profound is the sixth, which dwells on
the abolition of Paganism, so as to
prepare the reader for the downfal of
other dynasties of imaginary gods. We
shall transcribe it.

[Jupiter and Juno, with the other inhabi-
tants of Olympus, are seated at table, in an
open hall of the Celestial Palace: Ganymede
and Antinous offer nectur to the gods, and
Hebe to the goddesses ; the Muses perform
exquisite symphonies, while the Graces and
Hours execute pantomimic dances, and Jocus
occasionally provokes the happy gods to loud
laughter. In the midst of their highest joy,
Mercury flies hastily tn.)

The German Student, No. XXIX.

[Sept. 1,

Jupiter.—Thou ait late, my son; why
so pale? What news from below?

Venus to Bacchus. — Something goes
cross. How haggard he looks.

Mereury.—My intelligence is ill-suited
to increase the pleasure that prevails here.

Jupiter.—At least thy countenance is,
Mercury.

Juno.—Whiat so unfortunate can have
happened as to trouble even the enjoy-
ment of‘the gods?

Quirinus.—Has an earthquake over-
thrown the capitol ?

Mercury.— That were a trifle.

Ceres.—Has an eruption of Etna deso-
lated my darling Sicily ?

* Bacchus,—Or an untimely frost shrivel-
led the Campanian grapes?

Mercury.—Mere nothings these.

Jupitcr.—Out, then, with thy tale of
woe. ¢

Mercury.—It is only that——(he stops
short.)

Jupiter. — Make us not impatient,
Hermes. It is cnly—what?

Mercury.—That at Rome, on a motion
made by the emperer himself, in full se-
nate, thou hast, by a majority of voices,
been formally abolished.

[The gods all rise, in great consternation,

from table. ]

Jupiter (who alone remains seated,smiling).
—Only that? I have long expected it.

All the gods at once,—Jupiter abolished!

Is it possible?

Juno.—Thou talk’st a little wildly, Mer-
cury. Feel his pulse, Esculapius.

The gods.— Jupiter abolished !

Mercury.—As 1 was saying,—by a ma-
jority of voices formally and” solemnly
declared to be a mere effigy, a man of
straw,—nay still less, for an effigy is some-
thing, but Jupiter is voted to be a non-
entity, deprived of his temples and priests,
and of the dignity of protector in chief of
the Roman empire.

Hercules.—This is mad work, Mercury ;
but, as sure as J am Hercules, (swinging
his club,) they shall not have done this
thing for nought, :

Jupiter.—Patience, Hercules. So then
Jupiter Optimus Maximus Capitolinus
Feretrius Stator, &c. has played his part
out,

Mercury.—Thy statue is overthrown,
and they are violently busy in demolishing
thy temple. The same tragedy will be
repeated in all the provinces of the Roman
empire. From every corner legions of
bearded savages will break loose, with
fire-brands and pick-axes: levelling in
their fanatic fury the venerable monu-
ments of the ancient religion of the
people.

Serapis.— Woe is me for my magnificent
temple at Alexandria, and my splendid
colossal statue. If the desert of ‘Thebais

pours

Sz

1823.]

pours forth against it but half its holy fo-
rest-devils, all is over.

Momus.—Never mind it, Serapis; who
will presume to touch thy image, when it
is notorions at Alexandria, that at the
least profanation which a sacrilegions
hand might attempt, heaven and earth
would crumble to pieces, and all nature
sink back into chaos?

Quirinus.—We cannot always depend
on these things, my. good Serapis. It
might happen to thee as to the golden
statue of the goddess Anaitis at Zela, of
which it was believed that the first who
should lay hold of it would at once be
smitten paralytic to the ground.

Serapis.—And what happened to this
image?

Quirinus.—When the triumvir Antonius
had beaten Pharnaces near Zela, the
town and the temple of Anaitis were
plundered, and no one knew what became
of the goddess of massy gold. After some
years, it chanced that Augustus supped at
Bononia with one of Anthony’s veteran
soldiers. The emperor was heartily wel-
comed; and the conversation at table
turning upon the battle of Zela, and the
pillage of Anaitis’ temple, he enquired of
his host, as an eye-witness, whether it
were true that the first who laid violent
hands on her was suddenly struck dead.
** You see the rash man before you, (said
the veteran,) and have feasted on one of
the legs of the goddess. I had the good
Inck to catch hold of her first. Anaitis is
avery easy sort of personage, and I ac-
knowledge, with gratitude, that to her I
owe the competency I possess.”

Serapis.—This is cold comfort, Quirinus.
If the world goes on as Mercury reports,
I cannot promise a better fate to my co-
lossus at Alexandria. It is quite pro-
voking that Jupiter can look on so calmly
at such misdeeds.

Jupiter.—It were well, Serapis, if thou
didst thesame. Fora god from Pontus,
thou hast enjoyed long enough the honour
of being adored from the east to the west,
and canst hardly expect it to fare better
with thy temples than with mine; or that
thy colossal statue should last longer than
the divine masterpiece of Phidias. Be
content to let another inherit thy strew-
ings of palm-leaves. If we must all go,
thou canst not think of remaining upright
alone.

Momus.— Ho! ho! Jupiter; where,
then, are thy boasted thunderbolts, that
thou bearest so patiently thine overthrow ?

Jupiler.—Witling, if I were not what I
am, I would reply with one of them to this
silly question of thine. :

Quirinus to Mercury.—Thou must. tell
me all this over again, Hermes, if I am to
believe it. My flamen abolished, my
temple shut, my festival no longer ob-
served! And are the enervate, servile,

Wieland, concluded.

125

unfeeling, Romans sunken to this degree
of ingratitude toward their founder?

Mercury.—Ji were deceiving thee to
give any other information.

Victoria.—Then need I not ask what is
become of my altar and my image in the
Julian court. It is so long since the Ro-
mans have unlearned to congner, that I
think it natural for them to bear impa-
tiently the presence of my statue. At
every glance which they cast onit, they
must feel as if it reproached them with
their shameful degeneracy. With Ro-
mans, whose very name is become among
the barbarians a word of reproach, Victoria
has Do more to do.

Vesta.—If that be the case, J am sure
they will not keep alive the sacred fire in
my temple. Just heavens! what will be-
come of my poor virgins?

Mercury.—O, not a hair of their heads
will be touch’d, venerable Vesta: they
will be suffered very quictly to starve.

Quirinus.—How times alter! Once it
was a great misfortune for the whole Ro-
man people, if the sacred fire on the altar
of Vesta went ont.

Momus.—And now a great deal more
noise would ensue, if the profane fire of a
Roman tavern were to go out, than if the
vestals let out their’s twice a-week.

Quirinus.—But who is to be the patron
of the state in my room?

Mercury.—St. Peter, with the double
key, has obtained this office.

Quirinus.—St. Peter with the double
key ! and who is he?

Mercury.—I myself do not rightly know:
ask prophet Apollo.

Apollo.—He is a man, Quirinus, who by
his successors will govern half the world
for 800 years; although he was only a
poor fisherman.

Quirinus.—How ! is the world to be go-
verned by fishermen?

Apollo.—By a certain class of them, the
fishers of men, who, in a very ingenious net
called the Decretals, will by degrees catch
all the nations and princes of Europe.
Their commands will pass for divine ora-
cles, and a piece of sheep-skin, sealed with
St. Peter’s fisher’s ring, will have the
power to make and unmake kings.

Quirinus.—This St. Peter with his dou-
ble key must be a master-wizard.

Apollo.—Very far from it. The most
surprising things in the world always take
place, as thou shouldst long ago have
known, in the most simple and natural
manner imaginable. The avalanche, which
overwhelms a whole village, was at first
but a little snow-ball; and a stream that
floats a fleet is originally a trickling rill.
Why should not the followers of this Gali-
lean fisherman have been able, in a course
of centuries, to make themselves masters
of Rome, and finally of half the world, by
means of a new religion, of which they be-

came

126

came the high-priests, assisted by the new
moral and political system which they
contrived to graft on it. Were you not
inerely herdsman to the King of Alba, who
was himself but a pigmy potentate, before
you became chieftain of all the banditti in
Latium, and patched together that eyvrie
of plunder, which, at length became the
metropolis and queen of the world. St.
Peter in his life-time, indeed, made no
great figure ; but the day will come when
emperors shall hold the stirrup for his suac-
cessors, and queens shall kiss their feet
kneeling.

Quirinus.—What may not he live to see
who is immortal!

Apollo.—Time, indeed, is requisite, and
not alittle sleight to bring the art of fish-
ing men to this pass; but the fish which
they catch are not all of them among the
wisest,

Quirinus.— Nevertheless we are, and
are to remain, abolished,

Several gods.—Rathee no immortality
than survive such events,

Jupiter.—My dear sons, uncles, ne-
phews, and cousins, jointly and severally,
I see that you receive this little revolution,
—whose approach I have long been
calmly observing,—more tragically than it
deserves. Sit down once more in your
places, and let us talk of these things over
a glass of nectar, without distemper and
without prejudice, Every thing in nature
has its period: all is changeable; and, so
are also the opinions of mankind, ‘Vbey
alter with circumstances ; and, were we to
reflect what a difference fifty. years make
between the grandson and his forefather,
it would really not astonish us. that the
world, in one or two millenniums, should
gradually seem to acquire a new face.
For, at bottom, it is but seeming: it re-
mains, though) under other masks and
names, the same comedy still. ‘Ihe weak
people below have displayed their super-
stition upon us; and, if any among you
are flattered by it, you are wrong. Why,
should we grudge to hear that mankind
are growing wiser. By heaven, it is not
too soon. As yet, however, this may not
he expected. ‘They indeed always flatter
themseives that the last folly they find
out will be the, Jast they shall commit.
Hope of better times is the eternal chimera
by which they haveever been deceived,and
ever will be; because they will not disco-
ver, that not the times, but their own in-
curable folly, is the cause of their, ill-be-
ing. Itis once for all their lot to enjoy
nothing purely; but when they get tired
of one folly, as children of a tattered doll,
they change it away, for another, with
which they, often fare worse than with
their first. his time, indeed, there is
some appearance of their gaining by the
exchange; but I know them too well not
to foresee, that in this wise they cannot be

The German Student, No, XX1X.

Sept. 1,

bettered. For, if Wisdom herself were to
descend, and visibly to dwell among men,
they would not cease to trick her out witl:
feathers and tinsel, with gaudes and bells,
until they, made her like unto Folly. Be-
lieve me, ye gods, the trinmphal song
which they are at this moment raising for
the glorious victory they have won over
our defenceless images, is a croak omi-
nous of evil to posterity. They think to
better their condition, and are flying from
the shower to the sleet. They are tired of
us, and, will have nothing todo with us:
so much the worse for them; we need
them not. If their priests proclaim that
we are impure and’ evil spirits, and that
an ever-burning sulphur-pool is. our man-
sion, what matters it to me or you? How
can it signify to us what the half-reasoning
children of earth think concerning us,
what relation they suppose to exist be-
tween us, and. whether they besmoak us
with a disgusting mixture of sacrifice and
frankincense, or with the brimstone of
hell. Neither mounts up to our abode.
They misapprehend us, you will say, since
they withdraw from our service ; did they
comprehend us better when they served
us? What these poor folks call their reli-
gion, is their affair, not ours. Only they
have to gain or to lose by conducting
themselves reasonably or unreasonably.
And) their posterity, when they. feel the
etiects of the unwise decrees of their Va-
lentinians, their Gratians, their Theodo-
siuses, will, have cause enough to regret
the rash innovations, which heap on their
giddy heads.a flood of new and intolerable
evils; of which the world, so long asit
was attached to the ancient faith, or su-
perstition, hadi no idea. It were other-
wise if, by the new institutions, they were
to he benefited. Which of us could or
would, take that amiss at their hands?
Quite the contrary: they resemble a man
who, to expel a trifling disorder, with
which he might have grown. as. old as
Tithon, biings on himself ten others. They
raise, for instance, a great outery against
our priests, because they. entertained the
people,—who are and: must, be-credulons
everywhere,—with illusions, from which,
however, the state, as well as themselves,
derived advantages. Will their priests
conduct themselves better? At this very
moment they are laying the foundation of
a superstition which will be useful to none
bunt themselves; which, instead of giving
stability.to. the political constitution, will
confuse and: undermine ail civie duties ;
a snperstition which, like lead in-the head,
will suppress and exclude everysound idea
of natural and moral things, and, under
pretence of: a:chimerical. perfection, will
in every man. kill: humanity at the bud,
When. we have said: the worst of the su-
perstition that has hitherto prevailed, it
must be acknowledged that itis far more

humane,

1823.]
humane, more innocent, and more benefi-
cent, than the new one which supplants it.
Our priests were a more harmless race
than those to whom they are now to give
way. Those enjoyed their authority and
their revenues in peace, bore with every
one, and attacked no mav’s faith. These
are ambitious and intolerant, pursue one
another with active fary for unmeaning
phrases, decide by majorities what is te
be spoken of things unspeakable, and treat
all those who think and talk otherwise as
foesof God and man. That the priests of
the gods had come into collision with the
civii magistrate, or otherwise troubled the
public repose, had scarcely happened for
a series of ages before these vehement
Iconoclasts broke loose. But the new
priesthood, since its party has become the
favourite, has never ceased to throw the
world into convulsion. As yet their pon-
tifexes work under ground; but in a short
time they will snatch at the sceptres of
kings, call themselves vicegerents of their
divinity, and under this title claim an un.
precedented authority both in heaven and
onearth. Our priests, indced, were na-
turally enough no very anxious promoters,
neither were they declared enemies, of
philosopliy ; from which, under the protec-
tion of the Jaw, they feared nothing:
much less did they aspire to bring under
their jurisdiction the thoughts and opinions
of mankind, and to prevent the free circu-
lation of them in society. ‘Theirs, on the
contrary, who as long as they were the
weaker party managed to have Reason on
their side, and to place her foremost in
every contest, now that she would be hos-
tile to their farther progress, are going to
dismiss her, and will not rest until they
have made every thing dark about them,
witlidrawn from the people all means of
information, and branded the free use of
natural judgment as the first of crimes.
Formerly, when they themselves still lived
on alms, the sleek face and courtly man-
ners of our priests was an abomination :
but now, that they glide along with swol-
len sails, the moderate income of our tem-
ples, which they have seized, is much too
little to gratify the wants of their pride
and vanity. Already have their ponti-
fexes at Rome, through the liberality of
some snperannuated rich matrons, on
whose enthusiastic sensibility they well
know how to play, obtained donations
and legacies, which put it in their power
to ouido the first personages of the empire
in splendor and expense. Yet all these
sonrces, though ever swelling by the in-
flux of new streams, will not satisfy the
insatiable. They will invent a thousand
methods to tax the simplicity of rude and
deluded meu, and even convert the sins of
the world into gold mines; and, in order to
render these more productive, they will

Wieland, coneluded.

eu? |
imagive a monstrous number of new sins,
of which the ‘Theophrastuses and Epicte-
tuses had no suspicion. But why do I
say all this? What boots it us what these
people do or leave undone, and how well
orill they may employ their new authority
over the sick imaginations of men crippled
in mind and body by slavery and de-
banchery? Even the seducers are them.
selves deceived ; even they know not what
they do. It becomes tis, who seé all this,
to treat them with gentleness and pity,
like sick and disordered persons; and,
without any view to their gratitude or in-
gratitude in future, to do them all the
service for which their own ignorance will
allow opportunity. Unhappy men, whom
but ‘yourselves are ye injuring, thus by
choice to forego that beneficent influence
ander which Athens became the school of
wisdom and of art, and Rome the Jegisla-
tress and queen of the earth? by which
both arrived at a pitch of culture whereto
even the better descendants of the barba-
rians, who are about to divide among
them the lands and the riches of these
Greeks and Romans, will never again be
able to.attain? For what must become of
men, from whom the Muses and the
Graces, Philosophy, and the embellishing
arts of life, and all the pleasures of refine-
ment, are withdrawing with tie gods,
their inventors and patrons? [see at one
glance all the evil which will burst in to
replace the good, all the deformity and
monstrosity which these destroyers of the
beautiful will heap together on the ruins
of the works of genius, wisdom, and art;
and I feel disgusted at the sight. Away
with it! for, as sure as [ am Jupiter Olym-
pius, it shall not for ever remain so; al-
though centuries must roll by before man-
Kind will have reached the lowest abyss
of declension, and centuries again before,
by our assistance, they shall have worked
themselves out of the mire.’ The time
shall come when they will seek us anew,
again call on our assistance, and acknow-
ledze that they are nothing without us.
The time shall come when, with unwearied
toil, they will lift out of the dust every
broken or disfigured remnant of the
works which beneath our influence quitted
the hands of our favourites; or dig for
them amid rabbish and ruin; and vainly
exhaust themselves in affected enthusiasin
with striving to imitate those miracles of
trne inspiration, and of the real presence
of divine power,

Apollo.—Yes, Jupiter, most assuredly
the time will come, and I see it before me
in all the splendor of reality. They shall
again exalt our statues, gaze on them with
the shudder of feeling, aud with devout
admiration make them the models of their
own idols, which in barbarian hands were
becume scare-crows; and, O what a
triumph!

128

triumph! their very pontifexes will be
proud of building to ‘us, under other
names, the most magnificent temples.

Jupiter (with a goblet of nectar in his
hand ).—Here’s a hail to futurity!—¢ To
Minerva.) Vo that period, my daughter,
when thou shalt have transformed all
Europe into a new Athens, filled with ly-
ceums and academies; aud when even
from the Caledonian wilderness the voice
of philosophy shail more freely and loudly
resound than of yore from the halls of
Athens and Alexandria.

Minerva (shaking her head ).—1 am glad,
Jupiter, to see thee so courageous under
the existing aspect of things; but thou
must pardon me if I as little believe in a
new Athens as in anew Olympia.

Quirinus to Mercury.—1 cannot forget
this St. Peter with his double key, who is
to be my successor, What is this key, an
emblematical or a real one, a natural ora
magical key? Whence has he it? What is
he to unlock with it?

Mercury.—All that I know about it,
Quirimus, is, that with this key he can,
when he pleases, unlock the gates of Hea-
ven, or of Tartarus. ,

Quirinus.—Tartarns he is very welcome
to unlock; but Heaven tco:—that is of
more consequence.

Merew'y.—In fact, they have made every
preparation for peopling heaven with so
monstrous an assortment of new divinities
of their stamp, that for us old ones there
will soon be no room left.

Jupiter. — Leave that to, my care,
Hermes. Our temples and estates on
earth they can easily take from us; but in
Olympus we have been established too
long to suffer expulsion. And, as a proof
of our complete impartiality, we will con-
cede to these new Komans a right of apo-
theosis on the same conditions as to the
ancient. As I hear that most of their can-
didates, who lay claim to this increase of
rank, are not persons of the best company,
with: St. Peter’s leave, we shall always un-
dertake a short investigation of the merits
of those whom we are desired to admit. If
his other qualities and merifs can claim a
place among us, no objection shall he
made to the golden circle about his head ;
and Momus bimself shall not be allowed to
taunt him with the miracles attributed to
his bones, or to his wardrobe.

Juno.—With the men you must do as~-

you please; Jupiter ;. but, as to the ladies,
I must beg to be excused.

Venus.—It is said there are very elegant
women among them.

Jupiter.— Of that, when the case hap-
pens, we will talk farther. A fresh goblet,
Antinous.

Many argumentative dissertations
on the French revolution were written
by Wieland between 1790 and 1796,

The German Student, No. XXIX.

[Sept. 1;
and published in the ‘“ Mercur,” a
periodical miscellany of which, until
that date, he was the editor, ‘The
‘*Aratho Demon,” a romance which
attempts a probable history of Philos-
tratus’s ** Apollonius of Tyana,” was
composed about the year 1796; and
reveals the creed: of the writer more
than any of his works. His theology
is nearly that of the Philonic. pay-
theists: he describes himself, under
the name of his prophet, as~** perpe-
tually conscious of the presence of the
universal genius of nature, or soul of
the whole, of the living provident
Father of all;” and he introduces a

hristian philosopher, who attempts to
solve the evangelical phenomena with-
out the hypothesis of supernatural in-
terposition, treating the resurrection
from crucifixion as a natural recovery.
The “Letters of Aristippus” were next
undertaken; and to these succeeded
““Menander and Glycerion,” and,
lastly, ““Krates and Hipparchia.” Of
this singular novel, a translation has
just issued from the Norwich press:
the heroine disguises herself in boy’s
clothes, and,accompanied by a female
friend similarly clad, attends the lec-
tures of Krates, with whom she falls
violently in*love. She declares her
passion, and, after many difficulties, is
united to the object of her intellectual
affection. Bayle, in the article Hip-

_ parchia, imputes to this lady a want of

common decency; but Wieland skil-
fully defends her against this charge,
accounts for the scandalous epigrams
in circulation by the jealousy of a dis-
appointed lover, and displays through-
out the story an amiable zeal for the
reputation of philosophy, a, learned
familiarity with Greek manners, and
a profound knowledge of the human
heart.

Goesche, a bookseller of Leipzig,
contracted with Wieland, in 1795, for
an edition of his collective works;
such was their popularity in Germany,
that, although they consisted of nearly
forty volumes, a quarto edition with
plates, an octavo edition, and a duo-
decimo, were issued at once; and
every rank of society was thus accom-
modated with the choice of a copy
proportioned. to its habits of literary
luxury.

* The dissertation inserted in our 55th
volume, p. 112, derives in a great degree
from Wieland’s point of view.

With

1823.]

Wieland acquired a farm at Osman-
stadt, not far from Weimar, to. which
he retired. Some particulars of his
residence and burial there were given
in our 86th volume, page 40., His
interview with Napoleon at Weimar,
in 1808, was detailed in our. 42d
volume, page 422. These form the
more prominent anecdotes of his latter
days. His last. work was. entitled
“ Ruthanasia.” He died of a para-
lytic stroke on the 13th of January,

1813; and was pompously buried, at.
the expense of his brethren of the.

Masonic lodge of Weimar.

_ OF that higher class .of writers,
whose popularity, incompressible with-
in the seanty limits of one country,
language, or age, is likely to assert a
diffusive and permanent influence over
the opinions of a refined portion of the:
whole Europeén public, Wieland is
one of the most remarkable and volu-
minous, Second only to Voiiaire in
the copiousness and variety of his
effusions, he is admirable as a com-
poser, both m verse and prose. He
has excelled in epie and didactic
poetry, and has appeared in. the dra-
matic arena without disgrace. His
varied disquisitions are admired for
elegant erudition aml philosophic
penetration; his dialogues, for poetry
ef form and urbanity of manner ;. his
novels, for the insight they display
and conimunicate of the most hidden
recesses of the human heart. A liberal
morality overspreads his pages, which
every where teach the love of the true,
the fair, and the good.

Few writers have so uniformly
walked within the precincts uf,the
beautiful. He never swells into bom-
bast, he seldom mounts, to sublimity,
and, if he sometimes tires by the gay

usion of his repeated descriptions,
he never sinks into a vulgar insipidity,
His wit, ratlier dextrous than forcible,
might satisfy the delicacy of a Ches-
terfield. Scenes .of pathos he seenis
toavoid, either as unattainable by his
powers, or as painful to his equani®
amity. Like the painter Albani, he
delights to detain the ithagiiation be-
heath groves gay with a thousand
flowers, peopled with happy. lovers
sacrificing to Cupid, or haunted by
‘choirs of nymphs, whose thin drapery
is the sport of the zephyrs, and whose
eharms are the pursuit of fawns, or the
prize of river-gods.

Moytary Mac. No, 386,

~

Wicland, concluded}—Interpreter to the Chinese Embassy.
. With the'proceeds of this edition, .

129

Possessed .of the. whole mass of
ancient and modern literature, Wie-
land has distilled from it the favourite
ornaments of his compositions, which
are throughout more remarkable for
selection than invention; he ever
delights in assisting the reader to trace
his eternal allusions to their source;
in pointing out the narrator whose
fable he embellishes, the stylist whose
epithet he transplants, or the. philo-
sopher whose tmference he impresses.
His career began with the dawn, and
extended tothe sun-set, of German
literature: he had, as he himself
expresses it, the heart-exalting satis-
faction of being the contemporary of
all. the German .poets and writers,
in whose works breathes the genius of
immortality, and the rival of none:
most of them were his friends, not one
of them was his foe. ;

alee ,
To the, Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
SIR,
A CORRESPONDENT in your
last month’s Magazine remarks,
upon the review of Dr: Murray’s
‘* History of the European Languages,”
given in your Critica Prormium,
that the doctor’s statement, respecting
the interpreter to the Chinese embassy,
was ieorrect. His statement, how-
ever, is true ; and the misapprehension
of your, correspondent must have
arisen from the absence of quotation
points, within which the assertion
ought perhaps to have been placed.
Dr. Murray died in 1813; and, of
course, could’not have alluded to the
embassy of Lord Amherst, (to which
Dr. Morrison was atiached,), but to
that of Lord Macartney. D. B
Aug. 5, 1823.
=
For the Monthly Magazine.
CHRISTIAN WARFARE against the TURKS.
Extraordinary Journal, called. “ the
Bloody Journal,” kept by William
Davidson, on-board the St. Dinian
Russian Privateer, in the Years 1788
and 9; with some Particulars of the
said William Davidson.
PREFATORY MEMORANDUM,
N the year 1791, aseaman, by name
William Davidson, who belonged
to one of the boats of the Niger frigate,
being intoxicated, and’ insolent to the
midshipman who was on duty inthe
boat, was put into confinement; and
on the following day, his offence being
of a nature which called for particular
8 notice,

130
notice, was brought on deck, and
ordered to receive a dozen lashes.
The punishment was not inflicted with
more than ordinary severity, but the
feelings of the man under it seemed
very poignant : he made the strongest
efforts to extricate himself from his
situation, and was frequently thrown
into convulsions. Such suffering be-
ing never witnessed by the bye-
standers, on the fourth or fifth lash the
punishment was stopped; when, being
almost in a state of insensibility, he
was released, and returned to his
duty.

Some months ‘afterwards he was
guilty of a similar offence, but in an
aggravated degree: he struck the
mnidshipman, and was, consequently,
put again into irons. En consequence
of the severity of his sufferings on the
former occasion, it was determined to
keep him a good while in confinement ;
and Jet that punishment, together with
his contrition,—which it was expected
he would of course manifest—plead
an excuse against further corporal
punishment. With this intention he
was ordered on deck ; but, conceiving
the nature of his offence did not admit
ef excuse, he made an effort to cut
his throat, and then attempted to rush
Overboard; in both which he was pre-
vented. It being thought equally im-
possible, under such circumstances,
either to pardon or punish the man,
he was re-ordered to his confinement ;
from which he was, after suitable ex-
hortation, released.

There was afterwards a confused
story in the ship, whieh caused a good
deal of conversation among the people,
of. some extraordinary situations in
which this man had .been; and it
was said he had in his chest a book
which recorded some wicked scenes.
His conduct haying marked a some-
thing particular in this man, his chest
was ordered to be searched; which
being done, the following journal was
found. He was at that time upwards
-of thirty years of age; had received
some education; was a north-country
man;- of a dark complexicn, gloomy,
and saturnine. When he was ques-
‘tioned concerning the Journal, he
‘always said it was a faithful record of
the events he had witnessed,

On being asked how he could be
guilty of such multiplied cruelties,
and yet himself shrink from a punish-
ment trifling compared with those he
had inflicted, he said the thought of

Christian Warfare against the Turks in 1788-9.

[Sept. } ry
punishnient was dreadful beyond de-
scription to‘his mind, and that deatle
m any shape was preferable to it. It
being enquired ‘of him if he felt any
remorse for the barbarities he had
committed, he turned aside, and said
he wislied to God he had never seen
that vessel: he protested that neither
himself nor any of his countrymen had
a thought of getting into the situation
they found themselves i in, until it was
too late to be extricated ; that at
first they viewed with horror: those
scenes of blood, and eould not be
brought to partakein the execution of
them: but their dread and repugnance-:
wore off by degrees; and he confirmed
that extraordinary remark in’ the
Journal, that “in the end our country-
men not only performed their parts,
but became volunteers in the barba-
rities,”

Davidson deserted from the Niger
at Portsmouth in 1794; and,’ it was:
reported,-he was afterwards pressed
on-board the Royal George, and
drowned by accident.

Journal of a Voyage ried by Willian
Davidson, seaman on-board a Russian
Privateer in the Year 1789.

Dec. 3, 1788.—We sailed from Leg-
horn, in a prosperous gale, on-board
the St. Dimian Russian privateer ,
bound to Messina, in Sicily, as a mer-
ehant-vessel. From thence she was
to get a clearance, and to go cruizing.

Dec. 7.—We had not been long out,
before the wind came to the eastward,
and, blowing very hard, we were
obliged to bear away for Porto Fer-
rajo, in the island of Elba. Soon got
in, and moored. At that place, we
were getting the guns and shot from
under the ballast, and fixing them on
the carriages, when, on their taking
notice from the shore that we were
fitting out as a vessel of war, they sent
an order on-board for as to sail imme-
diately: if not, that they would stop
the ship; as it is not allowed for a
ship of war to fit-out in any port be-
longing to the Grand Duke of Tus-
eany.

Dee, 22.—Sailed for Messinia witha
fair wind, and clear weather,

Dec. 25.—The wind coming a-head,
and blowing hard, obliged to bear
away for Leghorn.

Dec. 27.—Got into Leghorn, and |
moored ship. Lay there thirteen
days; in which time we got all our
guns fixed, and every thing ready far
sea.

Jan,

41823.)

Jan. 17, &789.—We, set sail for
Messina with a fair wind, and clear
‘weather. -

Jan,.24,—Arrived, safe. at our in-
tended, port,»,where all the English
would have left the ship if-they could;
but the captain would not allow them
to go until he could get to, Malta,—
thinking he ceuld_ get hands there.

Feb. 2.—Sailed fer the island of
Malta.

Feb. 9.—Got in,

Feb. 11.—Got pratique. -

Feb,, 12-—Haule d the ship up, and
moored her. . We mended all our
sails, and made new nettings ; and got
small arms on-board, in number thirty,
cutlasses fifty, blunderbusses twenty-
four, pistols eighty; but the grand
master would not allow us to take
men, which made the English very
dliscontented, as they could not get
their discharge. ‘There came on-
board us three slaves on the 14th:
they were assassins, that had made
their.escape; but our captain protect-
ed them, as they had entered with us.

Feb. 16.—Sailed for the island of
Zante, and we were obliged to go with
them, as it was said we were there to
man.our ship. his frightened us, as
the inhabitants ef that place are no-
thing but thieves, and mostly pirates,
' All this time we had a fair wind, and
clear weather, until we got as far as
Solen. Then the wind came against
us, and, blowing hard, we were obliged
to bear away for Cephalonia, where
we got safe in, and moored. We had
not been in many days before we got
sixty of these pirates on-board. ‘The
carpenters cut two port-holes between
decks, in which we put two twelve-
pounders, and then got every thing
ready for sea.

Sailed on the 7th of March for the

island of Prevesa, and on the 11th got
in, and moored ship. On the 13th,
we had not been in long, before we
heard there were some pirates in the
mountains. To them our captain wrote
seyeral letters, inyiting them to coine
on-board; and'so they did. There
came down thirty-four of them, well
armed; and we took in every one of
them, which made the Englishmen and
Italians very discontented,—as they
were all pirates.
_ March 16.—A boat came, and told
us there were four vessels in Cepha-
lonia with Turkish cargoes on-board,
hut. Greek sailong on which we un-
moored ship.

Christian Warfare against the Turks in 1789.

131

March 17.—Steered for that place.

March 18.—Spoke a, Ragusa brig,
with ‘Turkish passengers in from Can-
dia, bound to Zea; who had a great
quantity of dollars and silk, which we
took from them. The Turks we let
go, as they were taken uader neutral
colours.

March 19.—We shared the dollars,
which came to forty-three per man.
As for the silk, the captain kept it all
for himself,

March 22.—We saw a vessel going

down along shore. We hauled up the
long-boat, put three swivels and
thirty- five armed men in it, and sent
her after the vessel. It was calm, and
we soon came up with her. We fired
two guns, which she returned, and
both sides fired for the space of forty
minutes. Our lieutenant being wound-
ed, and five men killed, our boat Was
obliged to return on-board.
_ April 1.—We saw a sail a-head, and
gave chace, and soon came up with
her. She was Jaden with wine and
brandy ; which we took out, and sunk
the ship, frst killing nine Turks that
were on-board; bat the Greeks ene
tered with us,

April 2.—We sailed for Silere ; and
that same day got in, and: moored
ship. Some vessels made an attempt
to get away ; but. we armed_ the long-
boat, and sent her out in the night, to
lay in wait for them as they went out;
but, taking notice of this, they never
moved. In the mean time, the long-
boat fell in with. a vessel under Jeru-
salem colours, but Turkish property,
consisting of nine bales of silk, and
honey and soap. The rest we sunk
in the yessel,—people and all toge-
ther; fifteen Turks in number. That
same night we took another: but she
had nothing but ballast; so we let her

50.

April 6.—We got all our sails and
lumber on-shore, and all the ballast
out of the hold.

On the 8th and 9th we were working
very hard, and had but little wine
on-board, when the captain ordered
the second lieutenant to go out in the
little boat; and gave him orders to
jake the first vessel he met with, let
her be what she would, if she had wine.
on-board: which he did, for he brought
in a vessel that had seven pipes of
Cyprus wine; which we took out, and
let the vessel go. She was a Greek
settee from Samos

April 11.—We righted ship, and

took

132
took all the ballast in. We Hiauled
out from. the shore, bent all our sails,
and got the ship ready for sea.

April 13.—Unmoored, and got all
the vessels’ boats'in the harbour to tow
us out; but, before we’ went out, the
merchants ‘belonging ‘to these vessels
gave our captain 15,000 hard dollars,
for not troubling them any longer: on
which our captain told them, be would
give them three days to get away, and
no longer. We had a fair wind at
four o’clock, and came to an anchor
on the Turkish shore; where we sent
the long-boat) and ‘yawl, armed for
stock, of which they killed five bul-
locks, and thirty-four sheep, besides
leaving a number which the boats
could not bring off.

April 14,.—We saw a pirate, which
came on-board us, and told our cap-
tain, that if he lay here he would cap-
ture plenty of small vessels belonging
to Cyprus; but they carried only fire-
wood, and our captain said it was not
worth his time to go after them. ‘This
pirate had in the harbour a Ragusan
and three Venetians, which he had
taken two’ days before, and was re-
moving the best of every thing out of
them, to sink them. As for the crews,
they had killed them when they were
taken. Instead’ of our detaining this
pirate, we gave him powder, shot, and
arms ; and let him go, because he was
one of our captain’s old acquaintance.
‘We saw two ships coming towards us,
when we gotall hands to quarters, and
every thing ready for engaging ; as we
took them to be Turkish men-of-war:
‘but, as they came within gun-shot,
they hoisted Russian colours ; which
we were glad to see. They were two
privateers bound to Zante.

April 15.— We sailed for the island
of Zante ; and, the next day, got in,
and moored. "The captain went. on
shore, thinking to get pratique ; but
could not, as we ‘had been on the
Turkish shore.

* April 22.—We got all our provisions
and water on-board.

April 23.—Employed setting the
rigging fore and aft; and got every
‘thing ready for sea.

“April 24.—There was a Ragusa ship
dying in Zante, that had Turkish pas-
Seg on on-board for Smyrna, and’ had

2,500:dollars belonging to these Purks.
Our captain was resolyed to follow
her.

April 25,.--She’ sailed about ten
o'clock in the morning, and was about

‘Christian Warfare against the Turks in 1789.

[Sept. 1,
six leagues off when we got under
weigh, and gave her chace: nen she
escaped,

April 26.—This morning steoikin
for ie Turkish shore, where we saw
a vessel at anchor, and, seeing us
coming in, she got under weigh as
fast as she could. We soon followed,
and; coming within gun-shot, fired
twenty-three. guns at ther before she
hove-to. We plundered her of every
thing she had on-board; and one of
our men killed their captain and two
men, for asking him to return a small
chest of turbans and sashes.

April 28.—Saw several vessels, yet
did not go after them; but went into
an harbour in the island of Cerigo,
where we came to anchor.

April 29.—A vessel came in under
Jerusalem colours: was a good prize
for us if at sea ; but, as we wexe under
a Venetian fort, we could not take
her. This same day the captain went
on-shore, to see if he could get any
hands.

April 30.—Came in that same vessel
which engaged our long-boat on the
22d of March, and our eaptain re-
solved to be revenged ; so at night we
armed the boats, and sent them out
to lay wait for her, if she should come
out. About eleven o'clock at night
she got under weigh, and was going
out, when our boats fell in with her,
and killed all hands on-board,, except
two boys, whom we put on shore at
Thinoa.

May’ 2: — There came on-board
twenty-three sailors, which made our
compliment 215. In the afternoon our
captain came on-board, and ordered
all hands aft, and read’ his commission,
which was, that we were going against
the Turks ; and, as they were a cruel |
enemy, that we must stand true to -
cur colours, and neither give nor take
quarter, but burn and destroy all that
came in our way; and the more we
should take, the more we should have
for ourselves, besides doing ‘so much
good for the Russian empress. Alt
hands gave him three cheers, and said
there was no fear. At night we sailed
for the Archipelago.

May 8.—We hailed a Venetian
ship, bound for Smyrna; overhauled
her, and took her.

May 4.—Saw a ship; gave chitee ; -
and at five o’clock got alongside her.
She proved to be a ‘Turkish cruizer of
fourteen guns; ‘and, after engaging
her half an hour, she- struek: on
which

1823.) 0

which we put the prisoners to death,
(173 in number,) took the best of every
thing out of the ship, and-sunk her.

. May 5.—Saw)a small vessel from
the mast-head, and, it being calm, we
arméd the long-boat, and sent her
after her, She took her, and brought
her alongside: she proved to be-a
Turk, loaded with wine and brandy.
We put the prisoners to death, took
what wine and brandy we wanted out
of her, and set her on fire. In the
mean time, there was another coming
round the island; which our long-boat
boarded without any defence. She
proved to be a good prize, loaded with
cotton, silk, and honey. In the after-
noon it came on to blow and rain,
At ten o’clock we lost sight of our

i Ae

May 6.—This morning we stood in
for a-smail island belonging to the
Greeks. All hands went on-shore,
and plundered them of every thing
they had on the island.

May 8.—We heard that our people
in our late prize were prisoners in the
isiand of: Medras, to which the vessel
belonged: this so enraged our captain,
that be swore he would have them out,
or put every man, woman, and child,
to death in the island.

May 9.—We sailed for Medras, but
the next morning we saw a sail, to
which.we gave chace, and soon got
alongside: she proved to be a priva-
teer belonging to'Tunis. She engaged
us an hour before she struck. We
took all the prisoners on-board (in
- number 125); and one of them told
our captain they would have struck
sooner, only they .expected us to
board them, and they would then have
blown the ship up; on which our
captain ordered them all back. We
then took some of their small arms,
and made this man we kept on-board
goand set the ship on fire,—people
and all together. It was a dreadful
sight. We forgave the man, and put
him ashore on one of the Greck
islands.

- May 12.—-Atten o’clock at night the
wind came in our favour.

' May 13.—We got into Medras, and
fired several guns into the town, which
knocked down some of the houses,
and killed several of the people. The
governor came off to know why we
behaved in this manner, when our cap-
tain made answer, that if be did not
deliver his people up, and the vessel
he took, he would put every oug in

Christian Warfare against the Turks in 1789. '

133

the place to death. The governor
made answer, that he had never seen
or heard from her since she sailed
from thence. The governor now went
on-shore, and sent us in provisions,
and 500 sequins. That night we sail-
ed again,.and the next morning spoke
a French brig, who told us our prize
was gone down to Cerigo. We then
steered for that place, and the next
day took a:small vessel with Cyprus_
wine; from which we took what we
wanted, and sunk the vessel. Thé
Turks we put to death on-board ow
own ship,—fifteen in number.
May 15.—-We got into Cerigo, and
found our prize there, and another
which she had taken; but we eould not
make a prize of her,/as she belonged
to some Greek merchants. We took
all the silk and cotton, and most of the

‘honey, out of our prize, and, getting

ten six-pounders from the shore, put
them on-board our prize, with sixty
hands, asa tender to go with us,

May 19.—We sailed for the Arches}
that same day we saw seven sail, to
which we gave chace, and soon came
up with them. These proved to be
prizes to a Russian privateer, bound
to Trieste, under her own convoy, and
all richly laden.

May 21.—Anchored in Theans,
where they were glad to see us come
in, as a Turkish galley, on the other
side of the island, was going to plun-
der them in the night. Atene o’clock
we sent the tender after her, and at
three in the morning she took her,
without the least defence. She had
on-board eighty-five hands, which we
took on-board us, and confined them
in the hold until the next day; when
they were called up, one by one, and
had their heads cut off, in the same
manner as we cut duck’s heads off at
home, and we then threw them over-
board. This was the first time we
were obliged to take it by tarns to put
them to death: the English, when
called upon, at first refused it; but
when the captain told them they were
cowards, or people that were afraid of
their enemies, and that he could not
believe they were Englishmen, they
went, and did the same as the rest;
and, afterwards, were even worse than
the others,—for they always were first
when such work was going on; and,
at last, got quite used to its Sometimes
we had three or four in a day to put to
death for each man’s share.

May 24.—Our tender brought in a

good

134

good prize, loaded with honey, soap,
and tobacco; which we sent to
Malta. ats

May: 25.—About four o'clock saw a
sailin the offing; which we took to-be
a Turkish man-of-war: we slipped.our
cables,:\and went after her, and. got
every thing ready, for engaging her.
When we got within gun-shot of her,
we fired'a gun, and she did the same,
and hoisted her colours: she was a
French frigate, looking out for pirates.
"They sent their boat on-board, to know
where we fitted-out, and what we
were doing; but our captain would
only tell them he was a Russian
cruizer, and: that his commission was
as good as their's: when the l’rench
captain told us to mind what we were
about, and. stood out te sea; and we
into harbour, for our anchors and
cables.

May 26.—We sailed in the after-
noon, and fell in with the French
frigate again; but she said nothing
to us...

May 30.—Boarded a French ship
from Smyrna, bound to Algiers, with
Turkish passengers on-board. We
took their goods from them, and let
them go. :

May 31.—Came to an anchor at the
island of Cashio, and plundered it of
every thing we could; besides burn-
ing the town, and all the vessels in
the place.

June 2.—Sailed for the island of
Narris; which we plundered of silk,
and burnt the Turkish governor’s
palace, and a new frigate on the stocks;
besides killing twenty Turks, that had
no time to make their escspe,

June 4.—Spoke a Ragusa polacca,
which told us there was a Turkish
xebec in Scandaroon, bound to
Smyrna, with money to pay the sol-
diers, besides coffee and rice; and
that she would sail the first fair wind.
We now hauled up for the north end
of Cyprus, where we ‘knew the xcbee
must pass.

June 7.—Saw her, and gave chace ;
and, at four in the afternoon, got
alongside. She engaged us an hour
anda balf, and then struck. She had
on-board -twenty-four guns, and 250
men. We took all the prisoners on-
board,.and sent. the prize. to Malta,
Our ship’s company was now reduced
to sixty-five. é

June 8.—At two o’clock we put all
the prisoners to death. We fell in
with several merchant-vessels of all

Christian Warfare against the Turks in 1789.

[Sept. dq,
nations, and took, out of them. asymany
as made our ship’s company 115: su
that wewere ready for a:freshcruize.

June 32.—Spoke.a Venetian ‘ship,
that. came from Jaffa, bound .to Con-
stantinople. »She told us there was a
Turkish vesselthere, bound for Rhodes,
loaded. with. coffee . and _ rice ;, with
twelve guns, and»sixty, men on-board.
At four o’clock in the afternoon we
were alongside of her: she engaged us
half an hour, and then struck... We
took all. the prisoners on-board, and
sent the prize to Leghorn.

June 13.—We put all the: prisoners
to death. At six in the afternoon we
saw a sail to leeward; to which we
gave chace, and soon. came up with
her: she was a Greek ship, laden with
wood for the Turks. We took the
men out of her, and set her on. fire;
and then we steered for Syria. We
had not. sailed above three leagues
before the man at the mast-head saw
two vessels at anchor, and our tender
went in and spoke them. ‘They were
Turks: one had three bales of silk, and
nine bales of turbans; in the other was
nothing but ballast,

June 14.—We took the silk mak:

turbans out, put the people on shore,
and set the vessels on fire. Nextmorn-
ing we saw three more at anchor, and
went in after them. They were Turkish
ships loading for Alexandria. We
took all the prisoners on-board, and
burnt their ships. At four o’clock we
put them all todeath.
June 15,— We steered for Castle R,
and hoisted Venetian colours. Here
was a large town, without any appear-
ance of guns;-and, as s00n as we
came. within gun-shot,- we> fired in
among the houses, hauled down the
Venetian colours, and hoisted Russian.
All hands went on-shore, and) plun-
dered them of every thing they. had,
besides burning one-half of the town,
and killing all the Turks who could
not get away.
could tell the amount, as. we took
much gold and silver out of their

churches ; such as images and candle-'

sticks. .
June 16.—Went out, and spoke a
French brig from Smyrna, bound to
Marseilles, loaded with wool and
hemp..
June 17.—In ‘the morning spoke a
Venctian polacca, that told us there
were three Turkish ‘ships in Alexan-
dria, laden with coflee and rice for
Constantinople; on which we bore
away

As for plunder, noone *

—-° )

‘-

with a ‘Turkish -vessel,

1823.]

away. for Rhodes, as they must pass
there.
June 18. At day-light we saw’ five

sail close in with the land, which we,
went in after, thinking they were good:

prizes; but, to our great misfortune,
found them to be Turkish men- -of-war,
of fifty guns, of forty-four guns, and
three of sixteen guns each. They gave
us chace, and at seven ‘the frigate
came alongside. The captain wanted
to engage, ‘but the lieutenant would
not until the’others should be farther
astern of us. In the mean time, the
frigate kept continually firing at us.
At half past ten we hauled down the
Freneh colours, and engaged her; and
shot away ber fore-topsail yard. She
then tried to go down to the others;
but, before she had got from under
our guns, we had set her on fire. By
this time the others got up with us,
and we filled the train in the magazine,
ready to blow the ship up, if any of
them boarded. We made sure of be-
ing taken; but,as God would have it,
we got so close to the fifty-gun ship’s
stern, that our larboard spritsail yard-
arm touched her stern, and we lired as
fast as we could, until we silenced the
guns; and, taking to the small arms, we
killed most of their men,—for they
could not make any sail to get away.
The frigate had now got “her fore-
topsail yard up, and came up tous, as
she sailed better than we did: so we
were obliged to engage her oace
more; but we soon disabled her, by
carrying away her fore-topmast half
down. We then had the small ones
to keep off; but, as soon as they saw
that the two larze ships were disabled,
they made sail from us, which we were
very glad of, as it was half past eleven
at night, and we had seventeen killed
and nine wounded; and all our sails
and rigging torn to picces,—our force
being only twenty-two guns. If there
had bcon another of the same force
with us, we should have taken the
whole of them. Having got clear of
them, we began to wish ourselves
clear of ihe cruise, and ship.

June 19.—We steered for Sarpanta,
to get repaired.’

June 20.—The captain went on-

shore, and got plenty of people to help-

us; and we were ready for sea by) the
ath,

June 24,—Mt four o’clock in, the
morning sailed for ‘the island’ of
Cyprus, and in the afternoon fell in
cong ah with

Christian Warfare against the Turks in 1789.

- 135

honey, oil, and cotton; fron which we»
took alk the —— ‘and. sent: her to
Leghorn.

June 25.—We gut the prisoners ~
death; and in. the afternoon took «
large Tu rkish ship, loaded with eotton,
hemp, and three jars of honey, besides
ready money. » We put thirteen hands
on-board her, but took the prisoners
out, and sent the prize to Leghorn.

June 26.—At ten o'clock we put the
prisoners to death.

June 27.—The captain ordered that
the prisoners in future should be put
to- death in the head, as there was
such dirty decks with them always.
In the afternoon we took a small ves-
sel, laden with nuts; which we. sunk,
people and all together. We ther
steered for Jaffa to get water, for we
had very little on-board.

June 28.—We got. in, and sent the
tender and long-boat, withsixty armed
men, on shore, to fill water; but we
had only twelve butts filled, when we
saw above 2000 Turks and. Moors
coming down on horseback towards
us; and we were obliged to haul the
tender close in shore to cover our men.
Before we got it all on-board, we had
three men killed ; but hew many of the
Turks we cou'd nottell, as we could see
a great number of their horses fall by
the shot from our tender.’ As soon as
we got the water stowed, and the ship
clear, we made weigh, and steered for
Alexandria.

June 29.—We saw five sail a-head
to which we gave chace, and soon
came up with them. We took two;
the other three got on-shore. One of
them was a goud prize, loaded with
cotton and silk, besides a great deal
of money ; the other was loaded with
rice and coffee; but, as we, could not
spare any hands to send them to Leg-
horn or Malta; we took the*best of
every thing out of them, and sunk
them,—people and all together. In the
afternoon we spoke a Ragusa polacea,
which told us there were seyen sail
of Algerine xebecs cruizing in the
Arches.

Junc 20.~-We sailed for the Nile, as
it was the best way'to keep from the
Algerines, and a good place to cruize
in, At night we took a small vessel,
laden with wine and sonp ; and, taking

some of the wine ‘out'of ber, sunk the
vessel and people together. !

July 1.—At the Nile we went in,
and made three large ships and two
small onés our prize, without the least

defence ;

136

them, almost all the people jumped
overboard, and swem on-shore. These
vessels were loading with coffee and
rice fer Constantinople. We: loaded
the two largest with what was in. the
others, and sent them to Leghorn,
which made us short of hands; as,
all together, we now were but seventy-
five.

July 2. —After manning the two
prizes, we sailed for Cerigo, to get
more hands: we burnt the ships we
did not take.
afternoon we took two good prizes,
that came from Seandaroon, bound to
Rhodes, with honey, hemp, and oil.
We took what we wanted out of them,
and sunk them, prisoners and all
together.

‘July 3—We took a Jarge ship,
loaded with sheep and cattle, Turkish
property, but Greek sailors, who en-
tered on-board us.. We then took
what we wanted out of the prize, and
sunk her. - ,

July 4.—We got. into Cerigo, and
that same day we got our water on-
board, and thirty men next morning.

July 6.—At nine o’clock in the
morning we sailed with a fair wind
for Caramania; saw a large ship to
leeward, to which we gave chace, and’
at six o’clock came up with her. She
proved to be a Turkish ship from
Alexandria to Constantinople,’ laden
with coffee, rice, and hemp; she had
twenty-one guns and 200 Turks on-
board: she engaged us two hours and
a half,—then struck; having twenty-
three killed, and nineteen wounded.
We had. five killed, and thirteen
wounded. We took the prisoners on-
board us, and sent fourteen hands
en-board the prize, and sent her to
Malta.

July 7.—We put the prisoners to
death at six o’clock in the morning.

July 9.—We took a small galley
which the Turks had sent out as a spy
after us: she had eighty men and small
arms on-board. We put all the Turks
to death, except one man, whom we
put on-shore, on account of his telling
us where the Turkish fleet lay. He
told us there were three sail of the
line, and five frigates, besides a great
many Xebecs, at the island of Rhodes,
waiting for the Russians to go up the
Arches to get behind then,

July 10.—
in Sicily, to try if we could get any
eonsort a we should cruize again.

I

Christian Warfare against the Turks in 1789.
defence ; but, before we could board.

At four o’clock in the’

We bore up for Syracuse, —

[Sept. 15

' July 13.—In: the afternoon got into’
By facie! where there were three
Russian privateers ready for sea,—
oné of eighteen, and two on twenty:
guns each.

July 14—We got'in our water and
provisions, with every thing ready for
sea.

July 15.—Early in the morning
there came into harbour two privateers
from Trieste, and at six o’clock there
came three privateers from Leghorn,
which made us-nine sail. The least
of us mounted sixteen guys, and the
Commodore thirty-four; and now we
thought ourselves able to attack even
the Turkish fleet, although they had
three sail of the line, and five frigates,
besides a number of smaller vessels.

July 17.—We all sailed together for
the island of Malta.

July 18.—We fell in with the twos
Maltese frigates, and they went up
with us, in hopes of mecting with the
Turkish fleet. We cruized off the
island of Rhodes for five days, but they
never offered to come out. Inthe
mean time, one of the Malta frigates
went into the harbour’s mouth, and
fired at them lying at anchor; butthey
would not come out.

July 25.—We went round the south-
west part of the island, where we sent
all our boats on shore, armed for stock,
but they got only a few goats.

July 26.—We all parted company;

seeing that the Turkish fleet would not

come out to fight us; some for the
Barbary shore, some for the coast: of
Syria, and our ship for the coast of the
Morea.

- July 28.—At six in the morning we
saw a large ship close in under the
land; after which we made sail, think-
ing she was a Turkish frigate. We got
every thing ready for engaging her;
and ‘at ten o’clock’we came ‘alongside
of her, but she proved to be a French
frigate. He told us he was looking
out for a pirate, that had done much
mischief on that coast.’

July 29.—We spoke aVenetian
ship, that had been chaced into Cerigo
by the same pirate.

July
Cerigo, and cruaized off there for three
days, and saw no vessel of any kind;
whieh our captain said was from fear
of this pirate: there was no vessel on
the coast.

August 3.—We saw a large ship
close in the west side of the island,
which we steered after; but, to our

mis- |

30.—We made the island of

1823.]

misfortupe, found it to be the very
pirate which the French frigate was
looking after. She engaged us from
ten o'clock in the morning until half
past three in the afternoon, and then
she hauled down her colours, after
having fifty-four killed, and forty-three
wounded: she mounted thirty-two
guns, nine and six-pounders, with a
complement of 378 men, but they were
all of different nations, which created
much confusion during the action. At
six o’clock in. the afternoon we took
all the prisoners on-board, and con-
fined them in the hold.

Aug. 4.—In the, morning our captain
called all the prisoners on deck, and
examined them; when they confessed
they had taken a great many vessels
of all nations, killed all the people,
and sunk the vessels, after taking
every thing out of them worth taking:
on which our captain told them they
should all be put to the cruelest death
that could be invented ; and he was as
good_as his word.

Aug. 5.—We got whips on the main-
stay, and made one leg fast to the
whip, and the other to a ring-bolt in
the deck; and so quartered them, and
hove them overboard. As for the
wounded, we put them to death after
the ship had struck.

_ Aug. 6.—We washed the ship fore

‘and aft (above and below), which it
stood in much need of, after so much
carnage on-board; what with our own
men killed and wounded, and putting
the prisoners to death.

Aug. 6.—We went into the island
of Zante, where we sent all our
wounded men to the hospital, and got
every thing ready for sea again. :

“Aug. 7.—An order came from the
Russian consul at Trieste for us to
come up there, and join Commodore
William Colonour’s squadron.

_ Ang. 8.—In the aflernoon we got
under weigh, and steered for Trieste
with a fair wind.

Aug. 11.—We spoke the Ambuscade
English frigate, Capt. O’Hara, who
came from Leghorn, and was bound
to Smyrna.

Ang. 14.—Afier riding tifteen days

uarantine, we got pratique, when

e ship was ordered into the Mole, to

Montuty Maa, No. 386.

Christian Warfare.against the Turks in 1789.

137

be repaired as quick as possible. Jn
the mean time, the Englishmen that
were on-board got their discharge,
their wages, and their share of plun-
der besides, which came to 950 dollars
a-man ; and I was on-board only from
the 1st of December, 1788, to the 6th
of September, 1789.

Mr. Joun Tay tor, clerk of his ma-
jesty’s sloop Sparrowhawk, Capt.
Burgoyne, when lying at Malta in
January 1816, copied this morsel of
modern history from the original, in
the Seeretary’s Office, where it had
been left by Lord Hood.

Can we wonder at the butcheries
at Scio, or at the massacres which the
Turks perpetrate on the Greeks? The
above monsters appear to have held a
regular commission for their deeds of
blood from the Russian government,
and to have been duly recognized
by its authorities !

— PP
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,
1 AM in hopes of being allowed,

through the medium of your ex-
cellent and widely-circulated- Maga-
zine, to suggest to the public, and to
ship-builders in particular, a method
of. constructing vessels whereby in
stormy weather shipwreck may often
be avoided, and the destruction of life
prevented.

The method which I am desirous of
recommending, for the building of
wessels of every description intended
for sea, consists of their being made
with two bottoms; one about nine
inches within the other, and both
made very strong: If a vessel so
constructed be driven upon a rock, ‘it
is probable that the outer bottom will
be broken through, without the inner
one being injured : there will not then
be any danger from leakage; and, if
the vessel should be cleared fromthe
rock, it would float as well as ever.

There can be little doubt, I think, if
the Alert packet, which was lost a few
months ago on its passage from Dublin
to Holyhead, had been made in the
way I propose, that every life on-
board would have been preserved.

Inner Temple ; Aug:.20, E.S.

T. STEPHENSIANA,

{ 138 J

[Sept. 1

STEPHENSIANA.

NO. XXI.

The late ALEXANDER STEPHENS, Esq. of Park House, Chelsea, devoted an active and
well-spent life in the collection of Anecdotes of his contemporaries, and generally entered ina
book the collections of the passing day ;—these collections we have purchased, und propose to

present a selection from them to our readers.

As Editor of the Annual Obituary, and many

other biographical works, the Author may probably have incorporated some of these scraps ;
but the greater part are unpublished, and all stand alone as cabinet-pictures of men and
manners, worthy of a place in a literary miscellany,

—>—

LETTERS of GEORGE WASHINGTON.
Philadelphia, May 1, 1792.
i\ Y Lord,—I should have had the ho-
nour of acknowledging sooner the
receipt of your letter of the 28th of June
last, had I not concluded to defer doing
it till I could announce to you the trans-
mission of my portrait, which has been
just finished by Mr. Robinson, (of New
‘York,) who has also undertaken to for-
ward it. The manner of the execution
does no discredit, I am told, to the art-
ist, of whose skill favourable mention
had been made tome. I was farthey in-
duced to entrust the execution to Mr.
Robinson, from his having informed me,
that he had drawn others for your lord-
ship, and knew the size which would
best suit. your collection.

I accept with sensibility, and with sa-
tisfaction, the significant present of the
box which accompanied. your lordsbip’s
letter. In yielding the tribute due from
every lover of mankind, to the patriotic
and heroic virtues of which it is comme-
morative, I estimate, as I ought, the
additional value which it derives from
the hand that sent it, and my obligation
for the sentiments that induced. the
transfer.

I will, however, ask, that you will
exempt me from a compliance with the
request relative to its eventual destina-
tion. In an attempt to execute your
wish in this particular, I should feel
embarrassment from a just. comparison
of relative pretensions, and should fear
to risk injustice by so marked a pre-
ference.

With sentiments of the truest esteem
and consideration,

I remain your lordsbip’s
most obedient servant,
Earl Buchan. G,. WASHINGTON.

Philadelphia, June 20, 1792.
My Lord,—I presume you will, long
before this reaches you, have received
my letter of the Ist of May, in answer
to the honour of your Jordship’s favour of
the 28th of June, by Mr. Robinson. In

that letter, I have stated, that the reason
of my having so long delayed acknow-
ledging the receipt of it, was a wish
that the portrait, which you were
pleased to request, should accompan
the letter. f

It was not till the 10th instant that I
lad the honour to receive your lordship’s
second favour of the 15th of September,
which was enclosed in a letter from Dr.
James Anderson, and accompanied with
six volumes of the Bee. ‘These were
forwarded by a bookseller at New York,
who mentions his having received direc-
tions from Dr. Anderson to transmit
them to me.

I must therefore beg your lordship’s
acceptance of my warmest thanks for
this additional testimony of your polite-
ness. Considering myself as a sub-
scriber to the Bee, I have written to Dr.
Anderson to know in what manner I
shall pay the money, that it may get.
regularly to his hands.

With sincere prayers for the health
and happiness of your lordship, and
gratefully impressed with the many
marks of attention which I have received
from you, I have the honour to be,
with great esteem, your lordship’s
most obedient servant,

G. WASHINGTON.
Earl Buchan.

Philadelphia, April 22, 1793.

My Lord,—Y ou might, from appear-
ances, suspect me of inattention to the
honour of your correspondence; and, if
you should, I can assure you it would
give me pain. Or you might conceive,
that I had rather make excuses than
acknowledge, in time, the receipt of
your favours, as this is the second in-
stance of considerable lapse between
the dates’ of them and my acknowledg-
ments: this also would hurt me, for the
truth is, that your favour of the 22d of
Jast October, under cover of one from
Dr. Anderson of the 3d of November,
accompanying the 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th,
and 11th, volumes of the Bee, did not
comc

1823.]
come to my hands until the 18th of the
present month.

Having by me the rough draught of
the Jettér I had the honour of addres-
sing to your lordship in May, I do,
agreeably to your request, transmit a
copy thereof. It is difficult for me, how-
ever, to account for the miscarriage or
delay of the original, as it was commit-
ted to the care of Mr. Robertson at his
own request, to be forwarded along with
the portrait of me, which (for the rea-
sons therein assigned) a preference had
been given of him to take for your lord-
ship, both of which I expected you had
received long since.

The works of Dr. Anderson do him
much credit; and, when they are more
extensively known, will, I am_per-
suaded, meet a very ready sale in this
country. I have taken an occasion to
mention his wish to a respectable mem-
ber of the Philosophical Society of this
city, who has promised to bring his
name forward at the next meeting, en-
tertaining no doubt of his being readily
admitted, as his pretensions are known
to stand upon solid ground.

The favourable wishes which your
lordship bas expressed for the prospe-
rity of this young and rising country,
cannot but be gratefully received by all
its citizens, and every lover of it. One
mean to the contribution of which, and

its happiness, is very judiciously pour-

trayed in the following words of your
letter—‘“ to be little heard of in the
great world of politics.” ‘These words,
I can assure your lordsbip, are expres-
sive of my sentiments on this head ; and,
I believe, it is the sincere wish of United
America to have nothing to do with the
political intrigues, or the squabbles, of
European nations ; but, on the contrary,
to exchange commodities and live in
peace and amity with all the inhabi-
tants of the earth; and this I am per-
suaded they will do, if rightfully it can
be‘done. ‘To administer justice to, and
receive it from, every power with whom
they are connected, will, I hope, be
always found the most prominent fea-
tures in the administration of this coun-
iry; and, I flatter myself, that nothing
short of imperious necessity ‘can occa-
sion a breach with any of them, Under
such a system, if we are allowed to pur-
sue it, the agricultare and mechanical
arts, the wealth and population, of these
states, will increase with that degree of
rapidity as to baffle all calculation, and
must surpass any idea your lordship
can, hitherto, have entertained on the

Stephensiana, No. XX,

139

occasion. To evince that our views
(whether realised or not) are expanded,
I take the liberty of sending you the
plan of a new city, situated about the
centre of the union of thesé states,
which is designed for the permanent
seat of the government. And we are at
this moment deeply ,engaged, and far
advanced, in extending the inland navi-
gation of the river (Potomac) on which
it stands, and the branches thereof,
through a tract of as rich country for
hundreds of miles as any in the world.
Nor is thisa solitary instance of attempts
of the kind, although it is the only one
which is near completion, and in partial
use. Several other very important ones
are commenced; and little doubt is en-
tertained that, in ten years, if left undis-
turbed, we shall open a communication
by water with all the lakes northward
and westward of us, with which we
have territorial connections; and an ih-
land navigation, in a few years more,
from Rhode Island to Georgia inclu-
sively, partly by cuts between the
great bays and sounds, and partly be-+
tween the islands and sand-banks, and
the main from Albermarle Sound to the
river St. Mary’s. To these may also be
added, the erection of bridges over con-
siderable rivers, and the commencement
of turnpike roads, as further indications
of the improvements in hand.

The family of Fairfax’s, in Virginia,
of whom you speak, are also related to
me by several intermarriages before it
came into this country, (as I am in-
formed,) and since; and what remains
of the old stock are near neighbours to
my estate of Mount Vernon. The late
lord, (Thomas,) with whom I was per-
fectly acquainted, lived at the distance
of sixty miles from me after he had re-
moved from Belvoir, (the seat of his
kinsman,) which adjoins my estate just
mentioned ; and is going to be inhabited
by a young member of the family, as
soon as the house, which some years ago
was burnt, can be rebuilt.

With great esteem and respect, I have
the honour to be your lordship’s most
obedient humble servant, .

Earl Buchan. G. WASHINGTON.

German Town, seven miles from
Philadelphia, Nov. 8, 1793.

My Lord,—Mr. Lear, the gentleman

who will have the honour of putting this

letter into your hands, I can venture,

and therefore do take the liberty, to in-

troduce as worthy of your lordship’s
civilities,

He has lived seven or eight years in

my

140

my family as my private secretary, and
possesses a large share of my esteem and
friendship.

A commercial pursuit has oceasioned
him to resolve on a trip to Europe, and
a desire to visit some of the principal
manufactories in Scotland, will carry
him first to that country.

A wish, whilst there, to pay his re-
spects to your lordship, (with whom he
knows I have been in correspondence,)
must be my apology for recommending
him to your notice, especially as it will
afford me a fresh occasion to assure you
of the great esteem and respect with
which I have the honour to be,

Your Jordship’s most obedient
and very humble servant,
Earl Buchan. G. WASHINGTON.

Philadelphia, Feb. 20, 1796.

My Lord,— Having seen several per-
sons from the vicinity of your estate of
Dryburgh Abbey, with your lordship’s
certificates of their honest and orderly
deportment, (one or two of whom I have
employed, and found deserving the cha-
racter,) I take the liberty of troubling
your lordship with the perusal of the en-
closed annunciation of a design which I
have had in contemplation two or three
years, but lately only have resolved to
Carry it into execution.

I accompany the information, my
lord, with an unequivocal declaration,
that it is not my intention to invite emi-
grants, even if there be no prohibiting
act of your government opposed to it.
My sole objectis, if there are persons on
the move, who may incline to associate
and become tenants on such a plan as I
offer, that being apprised of the measure
they may decide how far their views
would be accommodated by it.

The staple produce of the part of the
country in which my Mount Vernon
estate lies, being wheat, I mean to fix
the rent in that article as most conyeni-
ent and equitable for both landlord and
tenant; and I set it at a bushel and
half for every acre contained in the
lease, which will be all arable, with the
privileges detailed in the printed notifi-
cation. :

In failure of a crop of this article, the
rent may be discharged in cash, at the
price it bears in the market.

I have but little expectation, I own,
of maturing this plan so as to carry it
into full effect next year; nor would I
wish’ to do it with the slovenly fanmers
of this country, if I bad a well-founded
hope of obtaining this class of men from
any other (particularly from Great Bri-

Stephensiana, No. XX1I.

[Sept. I,
tain,) where husbandry fs well under-
stood, and the language similar. _

Having had occasion lately to write to

Dr. Anderson (of Coldfield) on other
matters, I have detailed my plan much
nore at large than I choose to trouble
your lordship with; and have sent him
a sketch of the farms, with their relative
situations to each other, and divisions
into fields, lanes, lots, &c. trom whence
an idea, more accurate than can be
formed from the printed notification,
might be had; but itis not my wish that
any man, or set of men, should engage
without first, by themselves or agents,
competently qualified and instructed,
viewing the premises, and judging for
themselves.

I pray your lordship to present me in
respectful terms, in which Mrs. Wash-
ington unites, to Lady Buchan; and
that you will be persuaded of the re-
spect and consideration with which I
have the honour to be,

Your lordship’s most obedient
and humble servant,
Earl Buchan. G. WASHINGTON.
LETTER Of LORD FAIRFAX.
Mount Eagle, near Alexandria,
in Virginia, January 18,1800.

My Lord,—Although I had the ho-
nour of writing to your lordship before
my departure from London, to acknow-
ledge the many unmerited favours I had
received from you, yet I have thought,
since my arrival here, that another letter
would not be unacceptable, or too in-
truding on your leisure moments, even
though it should repeat my acknow-
ledgements, which is a theme I Jove to
dwell on sometimes, when it respects
those to whom I am greatly indebted,
and surely that is my case with respect
to your lordship and your connections.
For I could not well receive greater
proofs of friendship than I did from your
brother; and, as to Lady Ann, I consi-
dered and lived with her as with a sister.

It has pleased God to prolong my life,
and to bring me home to my family after

. many dangers, and some distress and

sickness; but he has taken away our
friend General Washington. This you
will have heard of when this reaches
your hands. Yes, he is gone; but he
died as he lived, with fortitude, so that
he was great to the last; for he said to
Dr. Craik, before he expired, ‘“‘I die
hard,” which is a great thing from him,
because he was one of the last men to
complain. One expression of that sort
from him, to me shews ‘more suffering
than a hundred groans from almost any
other man.

I Janded

1823.]

I Janded in a very weak state of
health ; and, hardly able to travel home,
I got up time enough to see him three or
four times before his death. He came
to see me, and dined once here, and I
dined with him twice before he died;
the last time only three days before.
He rode out to some or one of his
farms, got wet, and the day after was
seized with a bad sore-throat, for it be-
came dangerous in a very short time,
and continued unconquerable. He was
scarce twenty-four hours ill from the first
sensible attack. I gota bad cold at his
funeral, and have considered it as very
providential that I was let blood very
early, so as to be blooded three times
when it came to the height; for I had not
ouly a cough and cold iu the head, but
also an inflammation in the, throat,
somewhat like the general’s; but, by
means of timely bleeding, was reco-
vered in a few days. How thankful
many Of us have reason to be for a kind
Providence in the midst of dangers.. He
was well, and_looked remarkably well,
but a few days before, when I was
almost considered. as a dying man; for I
have been twice reported to be dead,
whereas he is dead and I am still alive,
to praise the God of mercy if I could
but have the true spirit to do it. May
it please God to bless and preserve your

lordship in health and prosperity. My

compliments to Capt. Erskine, and,
with all due respect, I remain,
Your lordship’s most obedient
servant, and affectionate kinsman,
£arl Buchan. Fairrax.

TURBOT FISHERY.

This is carried on solely from Bock-
ing, in Essex ; the vessels employed, in
1809, consisted of about sixty, all hay-
ing wells or reservoirs for salt-water.
Mauch has been said of our rivalling the
Dutch, of late, in this art; but truth
obliges me to declare the contrary. Our
expert and industrious neighbours have
an advantage, in fishing not only on
their own coast, but also in the salt-wa-
ter inlets which indent it. These we
are not entitled to occupy with our
small craft, and our men for the most
part are mere carriers only. The Dutch
make use of smelts, which they salt, by
way of bait. The English Dutchmen
(for so this description of vessels is
called) visit their coasts, in times of war
as well as peace, As they collect their
turbots, they place them in boxes, the
names of which I have forgot, and do

Stephensiana, No. XX1.

141°

not turn them adrift into the wells 4ill
some time after.

CHURCH-YARDS AT PARIS.

The French revolution has awakened
sentiments over which custom bad hong
gained a complete triumph, Among
other strokes of municipal polities, a
great change has been effected in the
circumstance of sepulture. Bodies are
no longer interred in the churches or
ehurch-yards: the two burial grounds
are Mont-Martre and Clomart.

CHIMNEYS.

’ Time brings up many new and slrange
things, and there are revolutions in
men’s minds as well as in their circum-
stances. Our old historiographers exa-
mined subjects with original views ;
and, though not the most respectable
of writers, expressed tleir ideas with
clearness. Hollingshead wrote during
the reign of Queen Elizabeth; bis inten-
tion was manifestly good, in noticing
the increase of luxury as prevailing in
his days ; but few, probably, will adopt
an opinion which he gives, respecting an
invention from which so many advan-
tages accrue. Among other daily
changes, he protests against ‘‘ the mul-
titude of chimnies Jatcly erected,
whereas, in the sound remembrance of
some old men, there were not above two
or-three, if so many, in most uplandish
towns in the realm.”
KING PYM.

The famous John Pym, in his day,
was recorded as a senator above the
common order. In his manner there
was a peculiar expression of solemnity,
or of awful thought, if I may so call it,
which could not pass unheeded. Con-
nected with the emotions which such
acharacter would excite, was the title of
King Pym, which those who had been
accustomed to witness gave him. Mil-
ton had probably felt the influence of it;
and, in association with such remem-
brance, dictated—“ And in his rising,
seemed a pillar of state.” In the debates
on the Petition of Right, the word sove-
reign gave rise to many reflections,
when Pym exclaimed: “ I know howto
add sovereign to the king’s person, but
not to his power.” To the above may be
added, what a’sagacious Jawyer said on
the same occasion, they are not the
words of declamation, but as true as the
law itself; “‘Take we heed what we
yield unto, Magna Charta is such a fel-
low, that he will have no sovereign !—
I kuow that prerogative is part of the

law,

14.2

Jaw, but sovereign power is no parlia-
mentary word.”—Sir Edward Coke.

FISHERY AT AND ABOUT GRAVESEND.

In the year 1714, only three fishing-
smacks, of about forty tons each, and
about twenty hands, were employed in
the cod-fishery. The Dutch not being
permitted to bring cod to Billingsgate,
these vessels had increased to twenty
sail, in 1735; and, in the course of a few
years more, amounted to 120 sail, of
from fifty 10 sixty tons each, employing
1200 men, with 500 apprentices. These
were for the London markets alone,
and might be valued at 100,000]. In
1789, the smacks had increased to 150,
eighteen of which appertained, exclu-
Sively, to Gravesend ; as the fresh water
would kill their fish, none proceed
higher. In 1809, the number of vessels
exceeded 200 sail, with a proportionate
increase of tonnage, Of these, thirty ap-
pertain to Gravesend, and fifty to
Barking.

Cod and ling are found on the deep
water of Dogger Bauk ; a smaller breed,
and haddocks, are caught on the Well
Bank, where the water is shallower.

In 1796, the smacks employed in the -

German Ocean discovered a new fish-

Original Poetry. -

[Sept. 1,
ing ground to the northward of Scotland ;
but in 1808-and 9, on account of the
war with Denmark, they frequented
every bay and inlet in North Britain.

Gravesend now is like what Philadel-
phia was formerly, not an individual
gentleman residing in it, all engaged in
trade. This became the subject of con-
yersation when I was there; and the
circumstance, if not applauded, seemed
at least to meet with approbation. After
all, it is the taxes, pensions, and gratifi-
cations, with which the revenue is sad-
dled, that have swept away our small
gentry.

Agues were much more frequent here
formerly than at present; but, at the
village of Chalk, within a mile of 'Pil-
bury Fort, directly opposite, they are
but too prevalent. ‘This is justly as-
cribed to the noxious effluvyia of the
surrounding marshes.

The manor of Gravesend was in the
possession of Sir Stephen de Graves-
ende, in the reign of Edward I. and
afterwards came to the ancient family of
Brooke, Lord Cobham. The Earl of
Darnley is now lord of the manor.

The fare formerly to London was one
halfpenny ; in 1809 it was Is. 6d.

ORIGINAL POETRY.

SONNET TO AUTUMN.
ENDING with age, his scatter’d locks
embrown’d,
Tn jovial laughter, ’mid his reaper train,
Mark mellow Autumn, from yon sunny
ground,
Beckoning the Loves and Graces to the
| plain;
How his glad looks the smiling fields adorn,
Round Plenty’s brow he twines the
purple vine,
Profusely fills mild Plenty’s spacious horn,
And bids dejected Care no more repine.
Hail, gen’rous Autumn! Nature’s guardian
kind,
Providing parent of her joyless hours,
When Winter,—ruthless hag,—who limps
_behind,
Comes forth to desolate her fruitful
bowers,
By thee protected, shall she dwell in peace,
Lord of the laughing earth, and bounteous
rich increase, ENoRT.
Cullum-street.
a

SERENADE TO LAURA.

/Toucn, Laura, touch thy lute again,
For in its chords such magic dwells,
As charms awhile my keenest pain,
And ev'ry gloomy thought dispels.

At midnight-hour, when I alone

Am wretched, and o’erwhelm’d in grief,
If on the breeze I hear its tone,

That tone affords my soul relief.

Yet, Laura, when its strains are blent
With that delicious voice of thine,
Thou seem’st an angel kindly sent
By heav’n to soothe such hearts as mine.

But, were that hand which strikes the lute
Once giv’n to mine in love sincere,
Then would this mnrm’ring tongue be
mute,
Nor force its sorrows on thine ear.

And would thy voice bnt deign to own
This heart, which thine has slighted long,
Mine then would boast a livelier tone,
My heav’n commence in Laura’s song,
Islington ; Aug. 1823. J. G.
et

THE SAILOR’s RETURN ;
BY J. R. PRIOR.

EveEN as the eve pour’d her somnific balm

On weary eye-lids and contented hearts ;

Even as the young moon rose among the
stars,

Appearing in the horizon’s gloominess,

I, through the vine-wove lattice, Mary saw

In meditation deep fixed on the fire,

Toe -

1823.}

Too low, like her, to blaze.
dreams

The sorrow-hearted maid, that eye, so dull

With grief, so soon will swim about in floods

Of joy! That step she hearsarouse the dog

To duty, and her fears to thought, is come

To welcome her, and make herhappy. But

Sweet Hope, expiring on Despair’s cold
marble,

Lives with a look, asound, or touch,and life,

Relit, thrills to its highest, dearest, tones

Of human heaven. ’Tis tedions absence
gives

The tongue complaint, and fearful fancy
shapes

The desert of the mind. Such, Mary, thou

Art breathing thro’ the records of thy spirit.

Hark? the drawn latchet sounds: her voice
within,

With timorous cadence snes, ‘ Who’s
there ?—’Tis he.”

Wide fiies the door: the self-same arms
enfold

And feeltheirhurrying pulse again.Oureyes

Meet light; our lips salute our breath, our
hearts

Pantlike the winds at venture met,anddown

And quick we sit in that old bee-hive chair

Tn which our nurse and matron cradled us.

O! blessed state of feeling; bliss more high,

Strong, warm, and pure, than teign’d words
of the tongue

Of flattery,melodised and sung for conquest

Without a throb sincere; not thus, to dwell

On shakeless love, and, when this love is
biest,

How little

To hear and tell grief’s seasons, sunn’d

with joy;
To cheer the cloudiest scenes with gentle
smiles,
And with the natural accents of the tongue
Chase with enjoyment’s power forgetfulness
Away. Notofastorm that fell, but Mary’s
Full bosom heav'd and sigh’d; a wreck
that sunk,

: But she would cling asa faint sailor round

The mast when all is dear, and Death de-
mands

Hisown. Snch sympathetic ecstacy

Convine’d us we were born for mutual zood

Long as the sand of Time should run in our

Behalf. Hence Hymen was consulted; he,

Like a pleas’d father laugh’d to be pre-
ferr’d,

Giving consent, flew to the altar, trimm’d

His torch ; while Venus, like a silent nun

Veil’d in smooth marble o’er a lady’s tomb,

Sat in her vestures, motionless, and blush’d:

For Cheerfulness was looking slily on,

And Modesty, though charm’d, with timid
eye.

Islington.

——
_ _ A SIMILE.
O wnat is Anger like? its raging frame
Resembles Etna’s “boiling breast of
flame ;”

Original Poetry.

143

While sweet Content, like the pale moon
o’ercast
With clouds, looks meek, and triumphs

gay at last. ENORT.
Cullum-street.

—

VERSES FOR AN ARBOUR,

STRANGER or friend! whoe’er thou art,
Whate’er religious creed be thine ;

Have truth and knowledge won thy heart?
Has virtue own’d thee at her shrine?

Has the mild glow of social love,
Thy little circle fondly cheer’d ;

And thence expansive hast thou strove,
That man to man should be endear’d?

Has no delusion e’er avail’d,

‘To sound the war-whoop in thy breast ;
Invariably hast thou bewail'd,

Of human biiss that deadly pest?

Come, then, enjoy this sylvan shade,
Its owner hails thy kindred mind ;
No power malign shall dare invade,
For nought but Peace shall welcome
find. J. L.

—

THE GRAVE,

Wuat, pilgrim, wilt thou fear to sleep,
To quit this scene of weary strife;

Shall Death’s dark image make thee weep.
And cling to this unhappy life;

Come now recline thy aching head,

And mingle with the peacefal dead.

Thy couch shall be adorn’d with green,
’ When Spring shall lead the laughing:
hours ;
And sweetest birds shall there be seen,
And modest incense-breathing flow’ts
There thon shalt sleep secure from pain,
And never grieve or weep again.

The wintry blasts, that rudely blow,
Shall do thy resting-place no harm,
‘But virgin wreaths of purest snow
Shall keep thy narrow dwelling warm ;
No withering frown of dark despair,
No pinching biast shall chill thee there.

Come, meet th’ inevitable doom
That frees thy soul from mortal woes ;
The peaceful tenant of the tomb
Can taste of nought bnt sweet repose ;
Then, all thy cares and troubles past,
Thy wearied frame shall sleep at last.
—~—

A HYMN TO THE SUN;

From a Volume of Dramas (in the Press, )
on the ‘‘ Gradation of the Moral and
Intellectual Character.”

Gop of the eve, whose golden ray
Gilds the vault of parting day,
Ere you drive your car away,

My Evening Hymn
Shall rise in grateful notes to heaven,
For all the good to mortals given

By Nature’s King.

Peerless

144

Peerless charioteer of light,
At thy approach the gloomy night
Is chaced away ;
Hail to the approaching dawn,
Hail to the coming morn,
Of endless day.
Angels, lend your wings to fly
Beyond the confines of the sky,
To view in cloudless majesty
The God of heaven.
Hasten, hasten,—lend your wings,—
Why retard my aspiring soul ;
Let me haste where nature sings
In harmony to God aJone.
Lend your wings,—Oh! let me fly
To bliss and immortality.
—>>.
SONNET,
TO THE SHADE OF BONAPARTE.
Napoxeon! from this far-distant strand,
Where thou liest mould’ring, sacrific’d
to please

New Patents and Mechanical Inventions.

[Sept. 1,

Tgnoble minds, from that foul noxions Jand
Where thou did’st diain life’s ¢up of
bitterest lees ; ie
Where thou dist feel ten thousand agonies,
Twines of affection,—memory could not

part;
Where thou didst linger in’ uncheck’d
disease, :
Whilst a state’s minion, watching, wrung
thy heart.
Napoleon! thy spirit walks on ev'ry breeze
That visits France ; thou hast a son, too,

—when
His mind shall sink in Sleep’s deep mys-
teries,
He shall behold thee, sire, as great as
when

Thon once didst drive leagu’d kings from
off the field,

And: twin’d them, like smali reeds, across

thy conq’ring shield,

. EnortT.

NEW PATENTS AND, MECHANICAL INVENTIONS.

—<T

To Mr. Roxsy, for certain Improve-
ments on, or Additions to, the Qua-
drant.

HIS invention and improvement

consist, First, in substituting a
rack and pinion in lieu of the tangent-
screw, by which means an accurate
observation may be taken with a qua-
drapt having such an appendage in less
time, and consequently with greater
certainty, than by any other means
hitherto known. Second, in construct-
ing, combining, and applying, certain
parts herein set forth and explained,

called a finder or director, and also a

part called a guide, by the use of which

a more certain and effectual artificial

horizon will.be obtained than was ever

before used.

The value of an artificial horizon at
sea is best known to the navigator who
has to conduct his vessel into the Eng-
lish Channel after a long and perilous
voyage in the winter season, or to the
navigator who has to cross the banks of
Newfoundland at any season of the
year; but more particularly to those
who are bound to Halifax or the Gulf
of St. Laurence. Upon those banks you
frequently see the sun as bright as pos-
sible, while the ocean, not more than
three hundred yards distant, is obscured
by fog; the bold navigator, although he
enannot obtain a correct observation, will
frequently risk his life and his ship, and
sometimes lose both, by attempting to

make his destined port; but the cautious,

navigator will keep at sea rather than

run the risk of making the Jand ; yet in

spite of all his caution he is frequently

driven upon a lee-shore, and shares the
same fate with the bold navigator who
has been unfortunate. An artificial
horizon, upon a simple and correct prin-
ciple, will, in all probability, enable the
navigator to keep clear of these dan-
gers, and will oftentimes free his mind -
from that intense anxiety, which is only
known to those who have charge of so
many lives and so much valuable pro-
perty.

The patentee has also affixed to this
quadrant a small compass, which can
be taken away and aflixed again ina
minute; which, being placed close to -
the horizon glass, enables the observer
to discover the variation of the compass
with great precision, without the assist-
ance either of books or tables. When
the sun (or any other heavenly body) is
upon the meridian, the observer can
take an amplitude or an azimath with it,
and find the variation with as much pre-
cision as he could with any amplitude or
azimuth compass, and with more ease
and facility.

——

To Tuomas Sowersy, of Bishop-Wear-
mouth, for a Chain upon anew and im-
proved Principle, suitable for Ships’
Cables and other Purposes. _
THE common round-link chain con-

sists of a number of Jinks united to-

eether; the common oval-link chain
consists of a number of oval links
joined together ; and the oval-link chain
18

2

1823.]

s sometimes supported by a pointed’
stay, or by a broad-ended stay. The
improved chain consists of links, the op-
posite sides of each of which are com-
pressed: or bent inwards, and the sides
of the link are held firmly together by a
cross-bar of malleable iron passing
through a block of cast-iron, which
eross-bar is welded to each side of the
link ; and, for the purpose of preventing
the links from entangling, there are
sniall projécting parts or protuberances
on the inner quarters opposite to each
* other. ‘The block must be about three
times the thickness of the cross-bar; its
length about two and a half times the
length of the said cross-bar; its greatest
breadth in the middle equal to the
breadth of the cross-bar, and its breadth
at the ends about equal to the diameter
of the iron from which the link is made.
The improvements consist, first, in
making a chain of a given size of iron,
more portable than the chains hitherto
used for ship cables and . moorings,
which are made of the same size of iron.
It may be brought through a smaller
hawse-pipe, may be handled much more
conveniently, and with much less dan-
ger of injary to the hands ; secondly, the
contiguous links are less liable to en-

tangle, being prevented by the project--

ing parts acting against each other;
‘thirdly, one link will rarely, if ever, act
as a receding power transversely on the
sides of the adjoining link, as is fre-
quently the case with some of the
above-described chains; fourthly, it is
more capable of resisting lateral vio-
lence, as the cross-bar which is intro-
duced becomes by the operation of
welding of one piece with the link,
thereby preventing the middle of the
link from distending, whilst the block
ahrough which the cross-bar is inserted,
together with the cross-bar, prevents the
sides from collapsing; the only space
which is left unoccupied by, the. block
and cross-bar being required for the
free playing of the adjoining links; and
the improved chain will offer less resist-
ance in getting up the anchor than any
of the other chains above described.
i
Mr. Thomas Parkes, of Fenchurch-
street, has invented steel mills for

grinding malt, beans, pease, oats, bar-
ley, &c. &e. to be worked by hand,
steam, or any other power.

The mill in the annexed drawing is
to be firm to a post, keeping the spindle
about three fect from the floor, and the
wheel-end of the spindle about one inch

‘Monruty Mac. No. 386.

New Patents and Mechanical Inventions.

145

and a half lower than the other. It is
set by the common setting-pin, to grind
fine or coarse, as required ; but there is a
small bouk or ferrule on the, spindle,
which being fixed close up to the bouk
of the mill, and fastened with the small

screw, the setting pin may then be
turned back two or three notches, so
that the ball wifl run clear of the pin,
when the false bouk: will keep the mill
up to its work, and, by running in the
manner of ‘a swivel, will cause it to go
much easier. ~The bushes should be
oiled with sweet oil.’ There is a slide
under the hopper, to regulate the feed of
the mill; and a small door on the side
plate, to take out any nails or stones
that may chance to get in.

Dressing Machine.

It is advisable not to dress the flour
until a day or two after it has been
ground, or at least not until itis perfectly
cool, otherwise the wire-work of the
cylinder may clog, as will naturally be
the case, a little, on first using the ma-
chine. ‘This must be remedied by ocea-
sionally brushing the outside of the
cylinder B with the brush sent, taking
care not to bear onso hard as to dent the
wire-work, By raising. up the. iron
catch, the cylinder will turn round so
that all parts may be brushed. To re-
gulate the feed there is a slide within
the hopper, which may be raised or low-
ered, and is fastened by means of the
thumb-scrow at the back, Care must

be

Mi
be taken not to over-feed it, otherwise
part of the flour will pass with the bran.

Occasionally, perhaps once in two or
three years, according as the machine
may be more or less used, the brushes
will want raising about the twentieth
part of an inch, which may be done by
unscrewing and taking out the half cir-
cular pieces of wood at cach end of the

cylinder, marked 4 and 3, and the top”

brass at the front of the machine which
confines the axle, The cylinder, axle,
aud brushes, will then lift out together,
and the brushes may be raised a little at
each of the screws which confine them to
the axle; be careful not to raise them
too much, as the machine will in that
ease go hard; more or less descent may
be given tothe machine, by lowering or
raising the hind legs, according as it may
be found to work best. It is immaterial
which way the windlass is turned; it
will be found best to turn it sometimes
one way and sometimes the other, the
brashes by that means will wear regularly.
Keep the spindies and cog- wheels moist
with neatsfoot or sweet oil. By making
holes through the bottom of the drawer
about five inches wide, opposite to
where the fine and coarse flour, sharps,
&e. fall from the cylinder, sleeves (as
the millers term them) may be attached
ateach hole, through which the different
sorls may be conveyed into sacks
through a floor, if not convenient to
elevate the machine to the height of a
sack. By this means the time and
trouble requisite to empty the drawer,
may be saved. The fine and coarse
flour may be conveyed into separate
sacks, or both sorts (regularly mixed)
into one sack, if but one sort of flour is
wanted.

In November, 1818, six of Mr.
Parkes’s steel mills were put up in the
poor-house at Birmingham for the pur-
pose of grinding wheat, also a dressing-
machine to dress the flour. From Sep-
tember 16th, 1820, to March 2st, 1821,
the operation of the grinding-mills conti-
nued to be favourable, the result of the
stock-taking proving highly satisfac-
tory; 939 bags of wheat (vine score
cach) were ground, producing 474 sacks
of good flour; thus the accustomed cal-
culation of two bags of Wheat producing
one sack of flour was exceeded, and the
Joss in weight was found to be considera-
bly less than what is alowed in grinding
with stunes. The people employed at
these mills are chiefly out-poor: they
are paid every evening what they have

_eamed in the course of the day; they

New Patents and Mechanical Inventions.

»

/

have 2s. per bag for grinding wheat, and
three meu at one mill will grid two
bags in about six hours, which is 1s. 4d.
to each man. The dressers have 10d.
per sack for dressing the flour. The
bran which comes from this first dres-
sing is ground over again, and is again
dressed, and the flour obtained from this
second operation is mixed with the first,
and makes very excellent bread ; 1s. 3d.
per. cwt. is paid for grinding the bran,
and 4d. for dressing it. The whole of
the flour is consumed at the workhouse
and asylum, and the bran and sharps (or
pollards) are sold at a wholesale price.
A profit is now obtained after paying
all expenses, viz. rent of premises, wages
of the persons who superintend them,
repairing the mills, &c. A wheat-mill
would last a family of twelve or four-
teen persons two or three years before it
would want re-cutting, after which it
would be as good as new; and, as it
would bear re-cutting three or four
times, it would endure eight or ten
years. The machines, if kept in a dry
situation, are still more durable.

LIST OF PATENTS FOR NEW INVENTIONS.
Robert Winter, of Fen-court, esq. for

an improved methed of conducting the

process of distillation.—April 22, 1823.

Robert John Tyers, of Piccadilly, fruit-
erer; for a machine or apparatus to be at-
tached to boots, shoes, or other covering
of the feet, for the purpose of travelling or
pleasure.

William Palmer, of Lothbury, paper-
hanger ; for certain improvements in ma-
chinery, for the purpose of painting or
staining paper for paper-hangings.

Francis Gybbon Spilsbury, of Walsall,
for certain improvements in tanning.

Francis Deakin, of Birmingham, wire-
drawer; for an improved method of manu-
facturing furniture, and for an-improvement
to the mounting of umbrellas and parasols,

James Rawlins, of Penton place, Pen-
tonville, gentleman; for a bedstead, ma-
chine, or apparatus for the relief of
invalids.

John Hall, the younger, of Dartford, en-
gineer; for an improvement im: the ma-
chisery to be employed for effecting or
producing the pressure on linseed, rape-
seed, or any other oleaginous seeds or
substances from which oil can be expres-
sed, for the purpose of expressing oil from
the aforesaid seeds or substances. ~

Joseph Taylor, of Manchester ; for cer-
tain improved machinery or apparatus to
facilitate or improve the operation of spin-
ning, doubling, and throwing, silk, cotton,
wool, dr flax, or mixtures of the said sub-
stances.

John Bourdieu, of Lime-street, esq. for

_a discovery

(Sept. 1,

ae Se a

1 823.]

a discovery and preparation of a mucilage,
or slackening matter, to be used in painting
or colouring linen, woollen, and cotton,
_ cloths, and silks, in cases in which gums,
mucilages, and other thickening matters,
are now employed. Communicated to
him by a certain foreigner residing
abroad.

William Caslon, the younger, of Burton-
crescent, proprietor of gas- works ; for cer-

New Music and the Drama.

147

tain improvements in the construction of
gasome ters.

Edward Eyre, of Sheffield, fender-manu-
facturer; for an improvement in the mann-
facture of fenders, of brass, iron, or steel.

Jacob Perkins, of Fleet-street, engineer;
for improvements in the mode of heating,
boiling, or evaporating, by steam, of fluide,
in pans, boilers, or other vessels.

NEW MUSIC AND THE DAMA.

=> -

The celebrated Medley Overture to the Siege
of Rochelle ; in which are introduced the
popular Airs of “‘ Hearts of Oak,” “ Lira,
Lira,” Se. Composed, selected, and ar-
ranged for the Piano-Forte, by W. P. R.
Cope. 2s, 6d.

NHIS publication (occupying seven
’ pages) comprises no fewer than
five different movements ; and, for the
greater diversity of these, some are in the
major, and others in the minor, key.
The piece is obviously intended more
for the use of young practitioners, whose
power of execution it is calculated to
promote, than for the gratification of
more advanced performers and critical
amateurs, whose taste, nevertheless, it is
far from being unqualified to suit. The
passages of the original matter, speak-
ing generally, are of a cast denoting that
respectable degree of talent which we
have so often acknowledged in Mr.
Cope; and, the style in which ho has
given the adopted airs, is creditable to
his judgment. As a practice for the
instrument for which it is intended, this
production forms a desirable addition to
the juvenile student's collection ; and, as
an amusement, or divertissement, for
more cultivated ears, will by no means

rove unacceptable.

he Words and Music of a Select Portion of

Psalms and Hymns, used in Portland

Chapel. 2s,

These melodics, some of which are
harmonized for two, some for three, and
others for four, voices, are selected with
a tolerable degree of judgment. They
are all, indeed, less or more popular ;
and, independently of the particular use
for which their assemblage was de-
signed, they will not fail to form an ac-
ceptable acquisition to libraries of sa-
cred music. Among those of them with
which we are superiorly pleased, are
the melodies of “O 'Thou to whom all
creatures bow,” by Haydn; “'To bless
thy chosen race,” by Millgrove; “ Ye
boundless realms of joy,” by Dr. Miller ;
“Glory to thee,” by Vallis; and “Jesus

-

Christ is risen to-day,” and “The Lord

my pasture shall prepare,” both here

said to be by Carey, but the first of

which emanated from the fertile mind of

the late Dr. Worgan.

Number II. of Monro’s Gleaner, or Select
Flute Miscellany. 2s. 6d.

The present number of this little work
consists, like the first, of airs, duetts, and
trios ; and, to the credit of Mr. Monro,
the selector, they are judiciously chosen.
Many of them are great and deserving
favourites with the public, and the
greater portion are not less eligible exer-
ciscs for the young flautist than if they
had been composed expressly for his
practice and improvement. ‘The move-
ments are from various masters and ya-
rious countries; and, while some are
given as solos, others are arranged as
duetts. On the whole, the, Gleaner
demands our approbation, and we ae-.
company that approbation with our
wishes for its encouragement and
success. |
Rousscau’s Dream, an admired French Air ;

arranged, with Familiar Variations, for

the Piano-Forte or Harp, by S. Poole. 23,

This air, as pleasing as it is simple in
its style and construction, was well
suited to the purpose to which Mr.
Poole’s ingenuity~bas turned: it.» The
four variations of which he has made it
the foundation, are conceived with taste;
and, in regard of execution, form that
climax which is beth natural and agrec-)
able. In the adjustment of his passages,
Mr. Poole appears to have every-where
consulted the convenience of the juve-
nile hand, as well as the disposition of
the young and undisciplined ear, whieh,
like the infant palate, prefers that un-
spiced sugary sweetness, rejected by
experience and maturer taste, as insipid
and unsatisfactory. The whole is re-
commended by a smooth, easy, airiness
of manner; and, to those ears which
have not been rendered fastidious by
age, or high-wrought cultivation, will,

we

148

we doubt not, afford considerable grati-

fication. }

Trio for Three Flutes Concertante ; composed

by C. N, Weiss. 48.

The piece now before us is, profes-
sedly, so constructed, that it may be
performed either as a trio or as a duett.
‘We, however, are not very ready to ad-
mit that a composition, properly framed
for the joint execution of three voices, or
instruments, can have any thing like
justice done it hy ihe union of only two.
If the whole fabric be so constructed
that the third part is superfluous, the
piece, though nominally a trio, is virtu-

‘ally no more than a duett; and, if the
inclusion of the third part be necessary
to the effect intended, its omission in
performance will be illegitimate, and
ereatly disadvantageous to the com-
poser’s repute. “After sedulously exa-
mining this little work, we cannot say,
that, with all the merit it possesses, (and
that merit is very considerable,) we
should receive as much satisfaction as
regret, from its performance with two
flutes instead of three. Indeed, it is to
the praise of this trio, that it cannot be
bearably executed without its full com-
pliment of instruments. The parts here
presented to us cotistitute a whole, too
complete in itself to admit of a separa-
tion, without destroying its frame and
character; and we are sorry that Mr.

Weiss, for the mere sake of augmenting

the demand for his publication, should

have ventured even to suggest the

mangling of his composition. As a

trio, it claims our eulogium; and, asa

trio, though not as a duett, we feel justi-
fied in recommending it to the notice of
flute- practitioners.

Russian Air ; arranged with Variations for
ihe Piano- Forte, and dedicated to Madame
la Coméesse de I'urgae's, by Ignace Mos-
cheles. 2s. 6d. p
If the melody on which these varia-

tions are founded were. to be received

as a sample of the musical genius of the
country from which it emanates, it would
reflect no great honour op that country.

What, however, ingenuity could make

of it, Mr. Moscheles bas eflected.. His

embellisbments, and supereadditions,
have converted a trivial and indifferent
tune into an agreeable and improving
exercise for the piano-forte, and young
practitioners will find their account in
adopting it as a lesson. _Mr. M. in the
formation of his passages, has obviously
consulted the convenience of the earlicr:
classes of pupils ; and we have no doubt
of his publication, if dwy applicd to,

New Musie and the Drama,

~of the composer.

[Sept. J 9

proving as. useful as agreeable. We
have only to add, that we wish com-
posers, who condescend to build on the
bases of others, would be more choice
than. we too often find them in the

“themes they adopt.. They seem not to

be aware, or not to reflect, that the

more agreeable their subject-matter, the

moreattractive will be their fanciful addi-
tions; and, by consequence, more indu=
cive to practice, and more productive of

improvemeut. l

“Why are you wandering here, I pray?”
The popular Ballad sung by Madame
Vestris, at the Theatre Royal, Haymar-
ket, in the New Operatic Comedy of
*¢ Sweet-Hearts and Wives.” 1s. 6d.
The music of this little ballad, as here

presented to us, is arranged for the

iano-forte by its composer, Mr.

Nathan, Of the melody we may justly
say, that, with the exception of _an
affectation or two in the turn of the
ideas, it is pleasingly conceived, and
simply characteristic. ‘The harmony,
though in some instances quaint and
unprepared, is, for the most part, of a
cast to suit the nature of the air, Tuis
song, however, is not without some in-
dubitable evidences of theoretical mas-
tery, nor destitute of those proofs of
skill, in the arrangement of the ideas,
which indicate the real master as wellas
the man of talent.

“ The Grace Cup,” a favourite Table Song,
sung by Mr. Braham, in the New Opera
of “A Tale of other Times,” us performed
at the Theatre Royal, Drury-Lane. Com-
posedby T. Cooke. 18. 6d.

“The Grace Cup” is set with fancy
and spirit. The passages, while easy
and natural in their’ style; partake

largely of that free and convivial mamner *

so proper to the subject of the words,
and do credit to the talent and judgment
Little display of sci-
ence is any where apparent; and, in a
composition of this kind, but little was
necessary; and the bass, if not chosen
with the utmost judgment, is, in general,
tolerably eligible. Among the second-

yate vocal composers of the present day, —

Mr. T. Cooke holds no very humble
station; and he is not too advanced in

years to give just ground for hoping, ~~

that some day he may reach a station in

the higher rank of caterers for the

stage, in the operatic department of
composition.

“ Poor Insect !” a Parody for one Voice,
with an Accompaniment for the Piano-
Forte, by J. Green. 18. 6d.
This melody is intended as a parody,

on a fayourite Scotch air ; but the gene-

. ral

1823.}

raliurn of ihe passages dges notfully
accord with the genius of the Caledo-
nian music. The seventh and fourth of
the key (notes, the omission of which
constitutes the predominant characteris-
tic of the Scotch melody,) are, indeed,
in this production, of such frequent
occurrence, as to exclude the idea of its
having either originated north of the
Tweed, or been intended as an imitation
of the highland or lowland melodies.
Attempts similar to fhis have been
so frequently made, and so often with
fittle success, that we wonder com-
posers of but moderate pretensions
should feel encouraged to repeat them.
Than the old genuine Scotch airs, none
are sweeter and more affecting ; than the
unfortunate imitation of their beauties,
nothing more ingratiating.
“ Sweet is the Murmur of the Gale,” a
Duett for Two Voices, with an Accompa-
niment for the Piano-Forte. 18. 6d-

Though there is little of the manage- _

ment of art, and certainly not much of
the sweetness of nature, in this composi-
tion, the general efiect is agrecable.
Contemplating the melody, independ-
ently of the junction of the under-part,
or considering the latter without regard
to the first, we cannot in candour say,
that we are struck with any thing like
prominent beauty, any more than we
ean profess to be delighted with the ge-
neral style of the combination: and yet
we are willing to allow that the whole is
productive of a somewhat gratifying
effect ; and that, among similar composi-
tions, there are a greater number with
which we are less, than with which we
are more, pleased.

“ Good Night,’ a Song. The Music com-

posed by Augustus Blake. 1s. 6d.

“ Good Night” isa song characterized
by the poetical style of its words, and
the easy and pathetic flow of its me-
jody. Some of the ideas are both ori-
ginal and affecting; and the goneral
result of the composer’s efforts is what it
should be, and what he evidently in-
tended. Besides being impressive in
themselves, the passages have ajust and
natufal bearing upon each other, and
announce an address in connecting the
thoughts, which in ballad-composition is
no unimportant excellence.

The Champion Waltz, or Rondo for the
Piano-Forte ; composed by J. Monro. 2s.
The Champion Waltz is a pleasant

little movement, and, converted, as it

here is, into a rondo, forms an agreeable
ractice for the unfinished performer,
nour opinion, this latter qualification

New Music and the Drama.

149

should uniformly be the predominant
object in the conposition of pieces of
this short and familiar description,
Scarcely.cyen affecting to gratify the
already-cultivated ear, they should at
least be calculated to improve the un-
practised finger; and, with the class of
executionists for whom they are in-.
tended, be useful as well as attractive.
Select French Romances fomthe Piano-Forte,
by S. F. Rimbaull. 18. 6d. ‘
This is the sixth number of the perio-
dical work, published under the title of
French Romances, aud consists of Le
Troubadour du Tage, with variations.
The melody itself; if not remarkably
novel, is easy and graceful, and Mr.
Rimbault has expatiated upon it with
success. His super-added matter is
progressively busy, and makes those in-
creased calls upon the activity of the
hand, which cannot but promote its
executory powers.

THE DRAMA.

Though it may with as much truth be
said that foul indeed must be the wea-
ther which keeps the public from the
theatres, as that it must bea very ill
wind that brings good to no-body ; and
that the summer of tijs year, so far as it
lias gone, has becn exactly that which tho
managers of Vauxhall Gardens have had
ample reason to lament, and those of
the inclosed places of amusement no
Iess cause to hail as auspicious; yet
neither can we congratulate the town,
nor praise the theatrical managers, on the
variety of which the favourableness of
the season has hitherto been productive.
If at the Lyceum, the only conspicuous
or striking novelty has been the re-ap-
pearance of Mr. Matthews, and evenin
him, nothiig eccentrically interesting
except his O'Rourke in the Polly
Packet, and his Monsieur Tonson ; so at
the Haymarket nothing new has been
produced since our last beyond the
comic piece of Twelve Precisely. It
certainly would be worth a summer-
manager's Cousideration, that, in propor-
tion as his season is transient, the less he
can afford to perpetually repeat the
same short list of pieces, with which the
public is so well acquainted, and with
the repetition of which it has Jong been
satiated. Instead of being occupied
with the worn-out articles of the Barber,
of Seville, Bluc Devils, the Beggar's
Opera, the Padloch, the Review, the
Young Quaker, the Marriage of Figaro,
Stimpson and Co, and others equally,
hacknied; and, on the whole, so much

better

150

better exhibited by the winter theatres,
the summer boards should present us
with productions of their own, with
pieces characteristically, that is, season-
ably, light ; and which, on aceount of
their particular and exclusive appropria-
tion to the time and place of their ap-
pearance, would be shielded from a dis-
advantageous comparison. Excellent
as, in many particulars, are the talents
Mr. Morrice’s judgment and liberality
have brought together, be will not deny,
that, on the whole, all the above-named
pieces have been more perfectly repre»

Academy of Sciences of France.

[Sept. 1,
sented elsewhere during the past winter ;
nor will be. insist on the good policy of
reminding the public of the superior ex-
cellence of other stages. We are con-
vineed, that future attention to these re-
marks would not be unrewarded, be-
cause we feel assured, that nothing
can be more advantageous tu a sum-
mer theatre, than its performance of its
own novelties, of pieces which only itself
exhibits, and to which its own excla-
sive representation imparts an extrinsic
value.

PROCEEDINGS OF PUBLIC SOCIETIES.

—=2__——

ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF FRANCE.
View of Commerce and its Public Re-
sults in Lingland and France.

[M. Dupin, to whom the world and the
British public are under such weighty
obligations for his splendid developments
of the naval powersand resources of this
empire, has, with the mind of an en-
lightened philosopher, ventured to draw

a picture of our natural prosperity in the

bosom of the French academy ; and iv-
stituted comparisons between the state
of industry in both countries so flatter-
ing to the people of England, that we
shall be justified in devoting to it an en-
larged space. No production of the press
has indeed for a long time claimed more
interestingly the attention of the people
of England than this important docu-
ment.
HOUGH Great Britain be elevated
to the highest pitch of naval power, a
wider ficld having been opened for its dis-
play than ever was enjoyed by any other
nation, people that live remote from the
sea have nothing to apprehend from ber
flects; and, notwithstanding her indubi-
table exertions in arms, and the apparent
grandeur of her military achievements,
there is nothing in the greatness or
manner of these exploits sufficient to
produce any quantum of false alarms in
other states. But, with respect to her
commerce, almost every resource which
the highest ambition could covet bas
been placed within her reach, and the
avidity of the mercantile passion has
only been increased by approaching and
attaining the pinnacle of power. It is
not in the nature of this ambition sud-
denly to become quiescent, or, indeed,
ever to rest satisfied with present pos-
session, however vast it may be. In
action, it has certainly led to discoveries,
enquiries, and truths, the most valuable,

and proved by experience to be of the
first utility. i

It would be of esseptial service to en-
quire, how the English have obtained
this widely extended commerce, with the
sovereignty of the seas, in preference to
any other European power; whatit is
that enables them, with superior facility
and dispatch, to furnish the means of
colonization and conquest, if necessary,
in countries so remote, to send troops
into and secure their possessions in the
east, and all parts of the world; and
why it is that other nations would strive,
in vain, to wrest from them the naval
sceptre,

Accurately to analyse and describe
the gencral principles and elements of
British political power, M, Dupin has
considered the different kinds of force,
militery and naval, the aggregate of
means offensive and defensive ; and how
far these, in the different functions of
office, trust, and manual operation, of
persons or hodies, are most conducive to
our nationa! welfare. Nature has sepa-
rated the British islands from the rest of
mankind by the sea, as a rampatt; and
nautical art has particularly applicd, to
this singalar constitution, obstacles so
great as to preserve its stability, to re-
press and defeat the machinations and
endeavours of other states and govern-
ments that would overturn it.

England possesses in all the conti-
nents a sort of advanced posts that be-
come a focus of commercial enterprise,
and are useful, in great military tinder-
takings, for the purpose of confirming
her own confidence, and of inspiring
terror incidentally into her enenties,

In Europe, the British empire borders.
on Denmark, Germany, Holland, and
France; and, by her outposts, it has con-

nexion

1823.]
nexion with Spain, Sicily, Italy, and
Western Turkey. In Gibraltar, Malta,
and the Ionian Islands, the English have
the keys of the Mediterranean and
Adriatic.

In America, they have all the North-
ern Regions to the Pole, and to the con-
fines of the Russian possessions,and those
of the United States. Under the Torrid
Zone, they cross the Gulf of Mexico,
and establish their sovereignty in the
midst of an Archipelago between the two
hemispheres of America, and where de-
pendence on the mercantile industry of
the mother-cotintry becomes an object
of indispensible necessity.

In Africa, by their forts on the Gold
Coast, and establishments at Sierra
Leone, they diminish the many and great
instances of horrors that too often mul-
tiply in Negroland. They justly con-
- sider Negroes in captivity as in a preter-
natural and degraded state; and would
have them to enjoy athome, in common
with their brethren and their neighbours
from Europe, such blessings as_ their
country affords, and would permit them
to enjoy kindred plentiful subsistence
and the natal soil. In a part more ad-
vanced towards the Austral pole, in
places whero for centuries the Spaniards
and Portuguese had only a port of re-
freshment, and the Hollanders a planta-
tion, the English are establishing an
empire, which will soon be agerandized
by subsequent colonization, and the ad-
dition of various contiguous dominions.
This will become a new focus of com.
mercial action, and perhaps of conquest,
with respect to the adjacent islands,
should any just mode and necessary
cause of carrying on warfare be shown.
At present, by its peculiar local situa-
tion, it becomes an object of the first
magnitude, as it connects Africa with
the Indies, and while it equally serves
the purposes of a naval and military sta-
tion, it forms a depository of mercantile
resources, From this it appears that
the focus of southern Africa will soon
undergo a very important change.

In India and its Archipelago, Britain
is in possession of some of the finest
countries of the cast; and indeed, on the
Asiatic continent, her factors have do-
minion over sixty millions of subjects,
Her arms have been usefully employed
on the Persian Gulf, and in the Ery-
tlirean (or Red) Sea, in putting a stop to
the unsparing ravages of marine bandits,
a horde of robbers and buccaniers, who
make no pretensions {o civilization, who
show no regard for the blood which they

4 '

Commerce of Engtand,

151

shed, or tbe desolation which they cause.
The conquests of the English merchants
commenced where those of Alexander
terminated, and where the god, Termi-
nus, of the Romans, could never arive.
We have, at this day, the spectacle of a
commercial company, embodied in a
narrow street of the city of London, em-
ployed, after reducing them to subjec-
tion, in making and establishing consti-
tutions, partly democratical, among the
conquered, in forming administrations
and systems of government suited to the
habits and genius of the people for whom
they are designed, a people previously
subject tu pillage and confiscation, and
whose servitude had been perpetuated
for ages.

Thus, from a single centre, by the
vigour of its institutions, and from the
advanced state of its arts, civil and mi-
litary, an island which, in the Qceanic
Archipelago, would scarcely be reckoned
of the third. order, exhibits the sublime
and interesting object of commanding
attention, from the movements of her in-
dustry, aud the weight of her power, in
all the extremities of the four parts of
the world. A further train of reflection
is supplied if we add the diversity of
objects connected with civilization which
follow from British inflaence, and which
we find rising to view from British co-
lonization: perhaps one fifth of the globe
will, one day, receive the laws, speak
the language, conform to the manners,
and fully participate in the commerce,
arts, and intelligence, of Great Britain.

Such an immense dispersion of colo-.
niesand people would, in several circumn-
stances, be a disadvantage to other
nations, but are well calculated to be
valuable acquisitions to a country. where
so useful a spirit. of commercial emu-
lation is excited, where attention is ever.
kept alive, where efforts are ever stimu-
lated to interest all such feelings as com-
merce can wisely take advantage of, in
the most direct manner. England is se-
parated from her exterior provinces by
enormous distances; hence, she is not
vulnerable with them; those provinces
are separated, one from another, by as
great intervals, so that, ifone part of her
territories may have been placed in
dangerous or critical circumstances,
another will not be in the same situa-
tion ; one single adversary would find it
difficult to attack and blockade them
both.

As to nations that have no settlements
on the frontiers of her possessions, the
sphere of their action would. be much

more

A52
more contracted than that of her all-com-
manding influence. On afield of battle
eqnally, remvute from the two mother-
countries, Britaim possesses-far superior
means, of transporting, rapidly ber afms
and her defenders. 3 yf

- ‘The ancient Romans drenched the
fields and towns of Harope; Asia, and
Afhiea, in blood. . Brandisbing a* torch
with one band, and a sabre with the
other, nothin® could stop them in their
eatcer by land; but, when they had com.
pleted their military arrangements, had
achieved iheir feats of wide extended
ruin and desolation,* when numberless

devoted countries had experienced the’

tiumphsof their arms and intrigaes, how
were their means of defence eficaciously
adapted to the extent of their conquests?
It required 800 years for the malignant
genius of Rome to destroy the liberties
of mankind;. at ‘length, their .armics,
scattered over an immense frefitier, de-
prived of the means of mutual commu-
nication, unable to provide and facilitate
resources, prompt for the purposes of
transport aud concentration, suik in the
conllict, after ap ‘tinavailing resistance to
barbarians altogether ignorant in the art
of war. The British empire has within
itself a principle of resistance in a com-
mercial force, in the peculiar nature,
dispositions, and manners, local situation
and Cireumstances, of the peoplé, which
must ever be taken into consideration
in estimating the value of forms of go-
vernment comparatively.

Sages of every age and country, how-
ever they may think differently, stady
the power of nations in their political
system, as a paturalist would study. any
remarkablte'phenomenon of the earth and
aimosphere, or a geometrician mathe-
matical truths, to know their principles
and discover their consequences.

As far as our knowledge of history cx-
tends, its materials exist in a greater de-
gree than usual ina nation where the
greatest corporeal and mental vigour,
the most extensive knowledge, the most
liberal! sentiments, with intrepid courage

and skill in war, are the most eminently,

conjoined. Our own times have seen,
in Great Britain, the compatibility of all
these with a very great attention to com-
merce. Britain has afforded a very
striking instance of the power of com-
meree, as a source of defence, extending
lier protection also to other parts of the
world against aggression, supported by
unparalleled power and directed by ex-
traordinary ingenuity. Philip of Ma-
eedon found a much greater difficulty in

Academy of Sciences of France.

[Sept. 1,
reducing one detached commercial city
than in humiliating Gree@e and eénquer-
ing Thrace (76k oe A MRE RN
‘Travellers. ought: to Be guided by a
philosophical: spirit, if “would give
to their récitals the anthority of history.
We must enregister history among the
sciences of observation, if we would re-
call it to its noble origin, and ‘render it
what it was in the tiniesof Herodotus
and Xenophon, Polybius, and Tacitus ;
the knowledge of things’and places ex-
panded and illustrated by the pregnant
setise which uniformly pervades the mi-
nute attention of personal inspection.*

. A question here arises, by what means,
by what labours, on’ what primitive
bases, or by what adopted innovations,
has this heteroclite species of the social
fabric been.successively raised, so. as.to
be placed at present: under the double
protection of authority and reason?
Would the like labours, would analo-
gous means, where there'is a difference
of endowments, ‘dispositions, © talents,
knowledge, inclination, and” condition,
throughout the different classes of their
society, exalt other states to the same
degree of power? “Plis ix 2 question of
national policy whieli it imports all truly
culightencd persons in other countries
to kuow. yt OS Be

{ will venture to assert that, as
Trenclimen, it would be for the honour
and interest of our country;—as friends of
humanity, sentiments of justice and ge-
nicrosity should make us take an interest
in the dignity, peace, independence, and
happiness,of all nations, in whatever part

of the globe nature may have placed the —

domicil of their natale solum.

- Successes obtained in the government |

of the arts are similar to what are ob-
tained in the government of tzen, Ac-
quisitions may be gained by suéprise,
by fraud, by violence; but, to uphold and
secure them, recourse must be had to
opposite measures. Courage, _intelli-
gence, and activity, are indispensably
requisite, but this is not all; it is by
wisdom, experience, regular economy,
extended views of ‘improvement, and,
above all, by probity, thata country will
maintain its superiority in the produc-

tions of its industry and commerce. As

far ag my observgtion and experience

* Advisenda loga, et mores. hominum
cognoscendos, peragrare, historici est. A
traveller, in the spirit ofan historian, should
pursne analogies, Compare the respe tive
laws and economy of, states, observe and
note their-manners, habits, and local cir-
cumstances,” Plutarch.” :

can

_—<—

“~

:

|
|

1823.)

can dictate, itappears to me, that, should
Britain fail in any manner in giving sa-
tisfaction by the employment of these
prudent and equitable means, innume-
rable obstacles would be seen to impede
the success of her navigation, to stint
and cramp her present enlarged and im-

" portant resources, in spite of her charac-
ter, policy, and great power, naval and
military.

Some advantage may be derived from
farther observing and penetrating into
the genius of a state which, while in
others it has remained torpid and inac-
tive, or has been exerted in but few pur-
snits, has been here aspiring to eminence
by several roads. Britain’s sons are
neither statesmen, nor soldiers, nor
sailors, nor mechanics, exclusively. Her
exertions are divided, but are not there-
fore the less successful. - With the dis-
advantage ofa small population, a great-
er proportion of her subjects are engaged

* inactive employments than those of any
other nation. With physical means so
small, and with pursnits so various and
complex, there is but little room for
idlers. Her resources are the riches of

’ all nations, which she knows how to ap-

eciate and turn to her own account.

he hopes of Incre only must give a
tinge of meanness to the mind and man-
ners, but in England the incitements to
commerce operate assisted by nobler
motives. One main spring of action is
a portion of public spirit generated by
the excellence of public order, and by
the inviolable protection of the laws.

In individuals we observe an irresist-
ible ardour, an insatiable excitement to
ontstrip every rival, and especially. to
beat down forcign competition, personal
and national. <A steady, methodical,
and even frigid, activity; a well coiicert-
ed audacity, which, in the speculator, at-
tempts whatever a provident calculation
(I had almost said divination) of chances,
can offer for suceess, and to meet re-
verses. 'To these moral causes, may be
added, rules of political and domestic
ceconomy, operating favourably for all
interests, and as a stimulus and encou-
ragement for industry and talents of
every description.

- With respect to material causes, we
may rank, in the first place, that of
ready communications by means of
public ie and the requisite establish-
ments and depots to facilitate the trans-
port of articles, as well in the interior
asin the vicinity of the coasts. In this
very business of transportation, and in
that of the exchanges effected by it,
Monrucy Mag. No. 386.

Commerce of England.

153

there is no small art employed. The
subject-matter of these exchanges are
the productions that industry creates.

A: pacific competition is incessantly
carried on between the commerce of
England and that of other nations.
Of these, one shall rise to distinction,
by premeditated -schemes of prudence
and economy, another by the delicatesse
and good taste of its productions, ano-
ther by its audacity and activity. But
they are’ separately overmatched by not
possessing and exercising the influence.
of these strong means in combination-

It is in the labours of the interior that
the example of England should be, pri-
marily, copied by France. In the be-
ginning ofthe 17th century, England had
but few practicable roads, and no canals;
and, in the ports, art had added nothing
to the bounties of nature; queen Eliza-
beth, however, had already established
an India company, and in her time the
globebad heen circumnavigated by Drake
—one of those illustrious voyagers who
routed the Spanish Armada. | This was.
the education of commerce; but what
foresight could have predicted the ho-
nours and the advantages since’ result-
ing from and attributable to it?

Under the ministry of Lord Chatham,
in the course of the seven-years’ war, the
first stimulus was given to afew experi-
ments, by which commercial business
was so advanced, as to give rise to a
brilliant assemblage of judicious and
beautiful works, public and private, the
execution and character of which every
foreigner must now look at with as much
interest as admiration. Under that
splendid ministry commerce and inter-
nal industry flourished more during’ a
most momentous period of war than in
any other preceding period of peace to
which they could be traced.

An individual of no obscure character,
the Duke of Bridgewater, enters hear-
tily into the spirit of the general impul-
sion given to the stock of national acti-
vity, by forming the subject of an under-
taking, then thought romantic, but since
illustrated as of great celebrity, and so
conspicuous as to be distinguished in
the page of history. ‘This was by exea-
vating a canal by which the produce of
his mines might be conveyed to Man-
chester. It forms a complete and at-
tractive view of art triumphing over pa-
ture.

Soon after was projected a highly res~
pectable performance in every point of
view, a work eminently caleulated to
promote the purposes of navigation, by.

xX esta-

i

154
establishing a: water-carriage eommuni-
cation between the Irish Sea, from Li-:
verpool tothe German Ocean: ) Taking:
these works for their bases, a superstrac-
ture of useful adjunets-bas beer built to
complete their general accommodation,
including the substance ‘ofdifferent :la-.
bours exceedingly expensive and diffi-
cult: «The design of uniting the Thames
and the:Severn was comprelrensive, and
the execution judicious. The enlight-
ened spirit. of modern times has: also
drawn a line of communication between
the Trent and the port of London, with
multifarious branches, and in a scientific
order of arrangement. It must be con-
fessed, .that in the short space of half a
century ithe patience and industry of a
few united individuals have undertaken
and accomplished what seems a compact
entire mass of reciprocal intercourse,
discriminated into different kinds, and
with,an.attention ably directed to every
particular consideration of utility, in its
various relations and in the most minute:
points. A conjunction has been effect-
ed-between opposite seas, hetween the
basins of opulent ports, between indus-
trious.towns, fertile countries, and mex-
haustible mines, by a double system of.
canals for navigation, great and small,
over,an extent of a: thousand leagues,
ona portion of territory not equal to a
fourth part. of France.

To distribute water snfiicient for the
use of the inhabitants, as.also the gas
which produces a pure and brilliant light,
so. ornamental fo cities, canals and con-
duits, ramified through an extent of 400
leagues, bave been excavated: undcr the
streets of London.

»The communications above ground
are.no.less an objeet of prime solicitude.
Improvements are, daily making in the
high reads, entirely new routes are’con-
certed, the sum total of, which, in point
of length, wenld exceed 46,000 leagues
in England-alone... > +
- While «these labours. are carrying on
by land, ports, basins, docks, are in a
progressive course of construction. For
the security: of anchorage and-landing,
moles, jetties, pharoses, have been raised,
of late,-over more than 600 leagues of
coast. Owing to these labours, mer-
chant vessels, to.the number of 22,300,
ma yned by.60,000 sailors, and -of two
millions: of ; tons in capacity, hardly,suf-
fice to transport, from one coast to ano-
ther, the superflux of interior circulation,
including also the importation and ex-
portation of foreign. wet national ¢om-
modities. He

’
‘

Proceedings of Public Societies.

{Sept.1;
‘Thus it:is that England has been flou-)
rishing internally, while her: enormous
expenditure abroad ‘had an ominous ap-.
pearance, and augured, by. divination,
portentous signs of ruin. Confident of
outstripping all her rivals in nautical
exertion, she has relaxed, for three years
suecessively, the restrictions of her nayi-
gation acts, leaving the: maritime arena
open to foreigners of every. country.

What has the British’ administration
done to form, witha kind of magic, these
stupendous works? comparatively speak-
ing, nothing. _ It is to the commercial
spirit that we must refer all these opera-
tions and dispositions of human art..
We need only to look at most of them
to be convineed, that a native power of
combination, in ‘individuals, merchants,
manufacturers, land-owners, by a consi-
deration of their mutual wants, has con-
ceived and planned undertakings, so.as
to secure their success, comprehensive
and original in design, judicious and
sound in arrangement, and masterly in
execution.

Labhours of this description have with-
in themselves the means of most eflec-
tually.improving the aggregate of per-
sonal estates in all the \ various relations
of business. Nature has set limits to
territorial possessions, but those of in-
dustry are intermimable. _Thus, in the
short interval of 60 years, property, to
the amount of 500 millions, has been es-
tablished in the firmest manner, and
raised upon the general foundations of
roads and turnpikes; a milliard, or a
thousand millions, on rivers and canals;
and another milliard on havens and
points of the sea-coast, Citizens. that
have made these new acquisitions are
heldand linked together, as nrembers of
the same great society, ‘by ties of inte-
rest as strong as those which influence
the proprietors of immoveable property.

In England, many of the great fami-
lies. have descended into the ranks of
personal industry, and the immense pro-
perty of some individuals, by loans on
undertakings that require considerable
advances and long sacrifices, has contri-
buted to the fund of common utility.
We mizht instance in a Duke of Port~-
land, who has created an iron railway
to a distance of ten miles, conveying the
produets of a mine, together with passen-
gers, to.an artificial harbour, with basins,
moles,. and buildings, on the sea- coast.

In. the cities‘of Great Britain, at every
step we are met by public monuments,

raised by the munificence of. a few opu-

individuals: A
wealthy

lent . and generous

-1823,) .
_ ‘wealthy’ merchant built the Royal’ Ex-
chaige of London. ‘Phe great aque-
‘duct of the New River was constructed
at the charges of a private citizen. The
families of Cavendish and Russel have
erectéd, on their own Jands, in the finest
quarters of the metropolis, squares as
extensive as that of Louis X’V.; streets
as regular as that of Castiglione, and
“more spacious ‘than the Ruedela Paix.
Whena foreigner visits the hotels aud

Literary and Philosophicat Inteltigence.

1155

mansions of these patricians and rich ple-
beians; be:is: struck with’ the contrast
‘of the expectations:he had: entertained,
compared with the ingenuous negligence
which he beboldsin their houses and fur-
niture, taking both ino collective view.
Theo general picture: may ‘be justly con-
-sidéred and concluded asmuchthe same
with that of common English gentlemen
‘who dwell nearly upomthe, same spot.

- VARIETIES, LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL;
pares Including Notices of Works in Hand, Domestic and Foreign.

—

HE property of the Morning Chi'o-

nielehas been transferred within
the month to Mr. Clement, forthe unpa-
ralleled price of 40,000/. ‘The amount
sounds high; but it is the honestest
and best-cinducted paper in London;
and, preserving its integrity, yields, as
it deserves, from 7 to 8,000/. per
annum. Twenty-fourth shares in the
Courier fetch nearly 2,000/. ; and the
Times yields about 20,000/. per an-
nam from advertisements only. The
increase of readers has rendered all
standard. literary property of higher
certain value, and must tend to improve
literature by heightening the recom-
pense of successful exertion. We
have recently experienced this in our
ewn concerns; having within the
month obtained 20,000/. for a third of
the interest in the books connected
with the Interrogative System of Edu-
eation:. We therefore consider Mr.
Clement as having made a prudent
bargain, while his liberal views
entitle him to special praise, from

their tendency to exalt the valuc.of .

literary property. Of the Morning
Chronicle we can assert, of our own
knowledge, that it is a paper sought
for and found in all reading-rooms on
the Continent, where its unvarying
integrity and much-admired principles
do more eredit to the English nation
than any other production of our
press. At the same time, although it
lost its parent in the late Mr. Perry,
yet he had trained operative persons,
hi biotin it was Jong conducted before
his death, and by whom its reputation
still continues to beupheld. ‘The sale
is second only to one of the London
journals ; and, as a paper read every
where, by every body, and universally
esteemed, we think most favourably
of Mr. Clement’s’ Spirited purchase ;
and, — + "4 Pheral character, we

anticipate the improved fortune of this
favourite journal. baat

Considerable interest has been ex-
cited in the metropolis, and in -all
great and noisy towns, by the evidence
of Mr. M‘AvAm; before a Comittee
‘of Parliament ;'in which he asserts ‘the
practicability of making streets on the
principle ‘of his fie roads. © "The @is-
tracting and overwhelming noise of
‘streéts paved with’ stones renders any
proposal worth trying, and would énti-
tle nim to the highest social-rewards
who contrived any means of’ getting
rid of so intolerable a nuisance. In
several miles of street in London, du-
ring many hours every day, no person
can converse audibly at the distance
of two yards; and often the rolling of
heavy carriages is as distracting as the
fire of artillery during an engagement
on-board of ship. Hitherto theré seem-
ed no remedy, and, if Mr. M‘Adam has
found one, he will rank among the
greatest benefactors of society. The
experiment is to be made in’ St.
James’s-square and on Westminster-
bridge ; and we hope it will soon be
extended to Fleet-street, and Bridge-
street, Blackfriars. The saving of
wear and tear in carriages and horses,
‘and the facility of enjoying equestrian
exercise, would counterbalance all
expense of watering in dry weather,
and any inereasé of unlayed dust in
windy weather.

Carrer’s Topographical Dictionary
of the United Kingdom, which has
been delayed in being put to press by
the non-completion of the p pulation-
returns for Ireland, will now bé' re-
printed with all the speed consistent
with accuracy. It will include the
last population returns of the three
kingdoms, drawn from sources not yet
before the public, accompanied by
every varicty of authentic and usefat
information.

156

information relative to, every district,
town, and place, having a name, So as
to justify the great public demand for
a new edition.. It may be expected. to

appear about January next, in large '

octavo, as before.

The continuation. of Mr. Bootu’s
excellent Analytical Dictionary of the
English Language is in the press, and
the several parts will be published
successively, at short intervals. The
printing of the Second Part was ne-
cessarily delayed for the purpose of
calculating the number of copies that
would be required,

The Governors of the Middlesex
Hospital, having long seen with much
concern the numerous applicants that
are every week refused admission into
the Hospital for want of room, unani-
mously resolved, on the 7th of August,
10 open another of the wards which
have been hitherto unoccupied for

~awant of funds. Countenanced by the
munificent and almost unparalleled
donation of 10001. from Lord Robert
Seymour for this express purpose, the
governors have ventured with greater
confidence to appeal to the liberality
of the public, and solicit their contri-
butions for forming a permanent fand
for its maintenance: the annual ex-
pense of which will not be less than
500/. Books are therefore opened for
donations ; and, as this Hospital is one
of the most efficient in the metropolis,
there can be little deubt but the object
will be speedily achieved.

Mr, H.V. Smitu js preparing for
publication, a History of the English
Stage, from the Reformation to the
present time; containing ‘a particular
account of all the theatres that have
been erccted at diflerent periods in the
metropolis, and interspersed with va-
rious amusing ancedotes,&c.

Sir Ricuary PHILLirs having com-
pleted the series of Elementary Books,
in accordance with his Interrogative
System of Education, and some other

useful publications, upon which he has_

been commercially and mentally en-
gaged for the last twenty-five years,
has transferred the future sales to the
public and the bookselling-trade to the
respectable wholesale house of Messrs.
WUirakeER; buthe purposesto continue
his long-established intercourse with
the public through the Monthly Maga-
zine, as Tong as his health and intellec-
tual vigor permit.

Hore Momenta Cravene, or ‘the
Craven Dialect exemplified in ‘Two
P 1

Literary and Philosophical Intelligence.

[Sept. 1,
Dialogues, between) Farmer Giles and
his neighbour Bridget, is nearly re
for publication ; ; to whichis annexe
a copious Glossary of the dialect of
Craven, in the West Riding.

An Asiatic Society .of ‘London is
just formed, upon a very extensive
scale, and is to comprise subjects. not
merely connected with: Asia, (though
this is the chief design,) but with all
our ‘possessions eastward of the Cape
of Good Hope.

The dishonest’ conduct of the
speculations called Reviews. has
often demanded our animadversions ;
and in twenty-seven years we have so
opened the eyes of the public in regard
to anonymous criticism, as almost en-
tirely to have destroyed its craft. To
increase the effect, we commenced an
article under the head of “ Paitoso-
PHY OF CONTEMPORARY CRITICISM,”
in which we re-reviewed the opinions
of those reviews which had acquired
an imposing influence on the. public.
Messieurs, the Critics, took alatm at
this interference with their authority ;
and we have, in consequence, been
often bespattered with their abuse.
The parties who have evinced the
greatest sorencss, have been the con-
ductors of the Edinburgh Review,
who scem to ascribe their constantly
diminishing sale, and influence, to our
animadversions, instead of referring
these effects to the progressive detcrio-
tation of their own work. We never
approved of the arrogant tone of their
compositions; but in their early vo-
lumes there was a degree of spiritand
original thinking which forced atten-
tion. At first the work was produced
by young men of genius, now better
employed ; but latterly, as is notorious,
the chief part of the articles have been
the. production of writers in London,
paid by the sheet. The principles,
too, have becn as equivocal as_ the
merit of the compositions ; and hence
a work of professedly worse princi-
ples, but decided in its. course, has
risen in circulation; while the other,
which sought to. please: every party,
has lost the confidence of all. ;
have regretted the fact, but done ‘even

less than we might to accelerate the-

result; because, of two‘evils' we pre-
ferred the least. We have nevertheless
experienced scveral instances of ran-
corous hostility from these parties ;
and, some time since, we received
an indiscreet letter from. one of the
partners of Mr. Constable, (then

absent, )

We -

*

1823.}
absent}) ‘couched in’ the following

terms :—
' Edinburgh ; Jan. 3, 1822.

Sir,—We have your Ictter of the 22d
inst. and beg ‘to decline duing what you
wish as to the agency of your books.
Were we inclined ‘to’ aid your views, we
would not do s0, on accout of the un-
founded, designing, and stupid, articles,
that find, their,.way into your Magazine,

“on the subject.of the Edinburgh Review,

—a work which has done more for tite-
#atnre, and the people in. general, than
‘any other work,
We are, sir, your most obedient,

A. CONSTABLE and Co.

—Soon after this curious epistle was
written, a regular attack was.com-
menced, in the language of low. scur-
rility, in an auxiliary Magazine of the
parties, in which the Monthly Maga-
“ine and its editor were treated as'they
used to be, some years since, in those
Billingsgate: works—the Satirist. and
the, Scourge,* As these missiles fell
short of their object, the Review itself
is now made, the direct vehicle ; and in
a London article, in the last Review,
‘# malicious .representation is intro-
‘duced of the conduct.and character of
this Miscellany; in which a pretended
comparison is.set up. between the
Monthly Magazine and some works of
mere. wiap-syllabub, which have been
opposed to it, and which doubtless
suit the taste of the writer, who hap-
pens not to be unknown tous. His
frothy communications have been re-
fused admission into our pages; and
he is known to get his daily bread by
wriling ip the two works which he
has praised, and in the weekly news-
paper which he asserts is the best in
Loudon. In a word, wo shall be
among the foremost, to hail the period

* Ini reply to.a remonstrance of ours on
these follies, Mr. Constable, iv a letter
dated Dee. 27, 1822, observes, “The
Monthly Magazine ‘has always been a
great favourite of mine; and even now, in
@pite of all contending opposition, still
maintains its own rank in utility. How-
ever, 1 think you have sometimes attacked
the Edinburgh, Review in the Monthly
Magazine, and 1.do not mean to approve
of this in-estimating the character of your
avork 5 yet, on the, whole, L have always
considered it excellent, as preserving a
vast mass of asefu) information.”—Of the
Hioral and intel ctual qualities of Mr.
Constable, we eritertain the highest opi-
vion, and think he has done more to raise
the character of Scottish literature than
any man that ever preceded Lim.

Literary and Philosophical Intelligence.

157

whén the Edinburgh Review has be-
come more settled and more firm in
its principles, and when it improves in
the energy and originality of its com-
positions ; and we hope this concession
on our parts will be received by its
conductors and proprietors as an olive-
branch of peave.

A new edition is in preparation of
W AtKINs’s Portable Cyclopedia. This

-edilion will be greatly enlarged, and

will be embellished with nearly 1000
engraved illustrations, so as to render
it a perfect book of réference on every
subject of a scientific character.

A second and very improved cdition
of Guzman d’Alfarache, or the Spanish
Rogue, translated by J. H. Brapy, is
ready for publicatiou.

The length of streets now lighted
with gas in London extends over 215
miles; the main pipes belonging to the
four Gas Light Companics in, London
reaching to this almost incredible
distance, from which ramify the
smaller pipes convcying the light to
shops, alleys, and private dwellings,
and which may be calculated at a
distance greater than the length of the
mains. 1. The London ‘Gas Light
Company have their works in Peter-
strect, Westminster, Brick-lanc, and
Curtain-road ; they supply 125 miles of
main pipes, and consume aunually
20,678 chaldrons of coals: thiscompany
lights 27,635 lamps. 2. The City Gas
Light Company, in Dorset-street, sup-
ply fifty miles of main: they consume
8840 chaldron of coals annually, and
light 7836 lamps. 3. The South Lou+
dou Company, at Bankside, supply
near forty miles of mains, consume
3640 chaldrons of coals, and light 4038
public lamps. 4. The Imperial Gas
Light Company, in Hackncy-road, is
recently established.

A Critical Analysis of the Rev. E.
Trvine’s Orations and Arguments, &e.
is preparing for publication, inter-
spersed with remarks on the composi-
tion of a sermon, by Philonous.

The death of Mr. Bent has afforded
an opening for the publication of a
New Literary Advertiser, to be conti-
nued on the first Wednesday in every
month. It is to be confined exclu-
sively to books and works connected
with literature: copious literary no-
tices will be given, and the earliest
intelligence procured, of works about
to be published.

Suggestions on Christian Education,
&c, accompanied by twe biographical

sketches,

-158

_sketches, and a Memoir of Amos
Green, esq. of Bath and York, by his
late widow, will soon appear.

The, second Part of French Classics,
edited. by L. 'T. VENTOUILLAC, com-
prising Numa Pompilius, by Florian,

_with notes, and the life of the author,

in two volumes, will be ‘published in a.

few days.

The second edition. of Mr. Goop--

win’s New System of Shocing Horses,
ds in preparation, in octavo ; contain-
ing many new and important additions,
with new plates, illustrative of the
recent invention which is the subject
of a patent, for shoeing horses. with
cast malleable iran, enabling the public
to obtain shoes correctly made of any
form. syed

Some accounts from India state, that
an alphabet has been discovered or
devised (it does not clearly appear
which), by which the inscriptions
found in the caves and on the ancient
amonuments of that country, may be
clearly understood; and which, come
bined with a similar discovery of the
Egyptian hieroglyphics now going on,
will probably throw much light.on the
ancient history of both countries.

Mr. Josery JopPLinG, architect, has
invented a Septenary System. for
Generating Curves. It is capable of
producing, with the utmost facility, an
indefinite varicty of curves, compre-
hending those which have been the
subject of mathematical research, and
numerous others, which cannot fail to
be of great utility.

» A circumstance has transpired be-
fore the Commissioners of government
respecting Ireland, which in this age
of mental illumination ean scarcely be
believed, but which fully explains all
the follies of Orangeism and Catho-
licism, and the backwardness of know-
ledge, in that unhappy ccuntry,—it is,
that in eleven countics there is not a
single bookseller’s shop!
_ In a few days will appear, in two
volumes, octavo, a new edition, much
improved, of Miss Bencer’s Memoirs
of Mary Queen of Scots, with anec-
dotes of the court of Henry. the
Second, during her residence in
France.

Shortly will be published, the
Young Naturalist, a.tale for young
people, by A. C. Mant, author of
‘« Ellen, orthe Young Godmother,” &c.

Lady MorGan is preparing a Life
of Salvator Rosa, the poct of de-
signers.

_ Literary and Philosophical: Intelligence.

A Society for literary and philoso-
phical’ purposes ‘has been established

-at, Bristol, under the name of the

Inquirer. “We are glad to vee philo-

-sophy united with its designs; ‘as a

fondness for petit-maitre or, slip-slop
literature seems at present to prevail

too much over manly and solid, pur-
_ Suits,

_ Discussions on the. last’ new
poem, or novel, seem.to supersede real

-knowledge; though such works are but

the garnish ofa feast, or the trimmings
of a lady’s dress. 'The nrost’empty-
headed coxcom)h ian England can speak
as eloquently about Walter Scott. or
Lord Byron as a man of the soundest

‘erudition ; these topics, therefore, -cen-
‘fer no - intelectual - distinction, “and

ought ‘to be tolerated only among: the
other chit-chat of the: tea-table:.

A now edition: of Braine’s* Canine
Pathology is nearly ready, with an
addition of new matter, particularly a
philosophical enquiry into the origin
of the dog, his individual varieties,
and examination of the popular sub-
ject of breeding animals ; also a very
copious account of rabies or madness.

In September will be published,
Letters’ to Marianne, by WILiiam
Compe, Esq. author of “ Dr. Syntax’s
Tour in Search of the Picturesque,”
&e. with a profile: portrait.

A volume called Sweepings. of ny
Siudy is announced at Edinburgh.

Some splendid remains of antiquity
have - been ~recently discovered in a
field at Bramdean, in Hampshire.
Six iesselated pavements! have been
already cleared; two of which are of
the most intricate and beautiful work-
manship. Previous to the discovery
of the pavements, a large excavation
in the solid chalk was cleared away,
about thirteen feet in depth, entirely
filled with mortar, rubbish, tiles, bones
of great varicty of animals, earthen-
ware, &c. Tradition has long marked
out Bramdean as the site of a palace
of Alfred. ;

Doubts having been expressed in
regard to Hunter’s Memoirs of his
Captivity among the Indians, we feel
it just to state, that we have derived’
from independant sources proofs of
his title to credence; and he has also
cireulated a notice, referring to the
most accredited parties.

Mr. L.J. A. M‘Henry has nearly
ready for publication, a new edition of
his improved Spanish Grammar, de-
signed especially fox self-instruction.

The original death - warrant of

Charles

(met ss ee

————— ee

———

~ a.

~

he a ie

> eS

1823.]

Charles I. with all the. signatures. of
the regicides, in a perfect state, is in
possession of the Rev. D. Turner, of
Norton-le-Moors, Staffordshire.

Not less than. thirty small weekly
miscellanies have been started within
these few months, and some of them’
have attained an extraordinary extent
of circulation, while they are the
means of spreading much useful know-
ledge among the middling classes of
society. 'They are sold at the’ low
price. of two-pence, and some even, so
low as a penny. ‘Thirty years ago it
was the fortune of the editor of.this
Magazine to commence this species of
low-priced miscellany, under the title
of the Museum; and, about the same:
period, a very amusing work appeared
at Sherborne, under . the name..of
Weekly Entertainer. Every house in
the kingdom can aflord its two-penny
worth of literature per week. We hope
to: hear of such works in every county ;
and, if executed with taste,.they can-.
not fail to sacceed everywhere. Their
success Is a regular consequence of
Sunday and Lancasterian schools.

Mr. €. M. Witticu has succeeded
in obtaining a great reduction in the
duty on German lithographic stones
imported into this country, viz. from
twenty shillings to three. shillings per
ewt, ;

- Many. years ago, when the mawkish:
loyalty of a Chancellor led him to _re-
fuse protection against piracy to a
Poem of the late mimitable Dr. W olcot,
we foresaw that the precedent would
be quoted on future occasions. Power,
in that instance, availed itself of the
unpopularity of Dr. W. among certain
classes; and it is by stretching the
law, in particular cases, that authority,
is enabled constantly to.cncroach on
popular rights. We have always con=
sidéred the. power of the Court of Chan-
cery; toprotcet property, as, purely
niinisterial; and. that it. was. bound
merely. to: consider applications: as be-
tween two parties, one of whom had
a right, atid the other no right. If
the nature of the property is to be
made a question, then a thousand
quibbles may arise, which enable one.
who las no right, to contend with him
who has. The intervention of an opi-
nion of any chancellor, on such points,
places all property in his discretion,
and aman may. thus be robbed even
under the sanction of law. The onus
of proof, founded on a strict legal
title, lies with the applicant, as well as

Literary and Philosophical Intelligence.

the proof of invasion; and, beyond
questions on those points, no discre-
tion ought to be allowed to @ chan-: .
cellor... The moral or intrinsic worth:
of the thing in question belongs to a-
jury, before whom. the defendant:
ought to be enabled to enforce a de-
cision. ‘These abstract views apply to:
all cases ; and:if, as in the instance of
Lord Byron’s Don Juan, the work has
no moral or intrinsic worth, the ul-
terior proceedings before a jury would
be its own punishment on the plaintiff.
Perhaps no book of merit ever ap-
peared from which passages might not
be selected that opposed some old-
fashioned. prejudices of a chancellor ;
consequently, the trade of piracy may ~
flourish with impunity. When some
knaves,' afew years since, sought fo
avail themselves of our good name,
by bringing out a work under our
title, to which, as a catch to the un-
wary, they affixed the word new; we
applied to our estimable and able
friend, the late Sir Samuel Romilly,
for his opinion on a motion for injune-
tion. He agreed with us in the un-
principled character of the attempted
robbery; but, said he, ‘‘your’s is a
liberal work, open to free enquiry on
all subjects; and the work against
which we apply ‘professes superabun-
dant devotion to ministers and. their
policy. Will they not be able to en-
list the prejudices of the chancellor
on their side, by quoting some free opi-
nions of your own, or of some of your
correspondents, atid against these set
off their own obsequiousness?” Hence,
instead of a question of right, it became.
one of calculation and expediency.
However, Sir Samuel said he would
turn it in his mind, and give. his
opinion in writing. ~'That opinion
arrived in a few days, and was in the
following terms :—** Under all the cir-
cumstances, the Chancellor may, or muy,
not, grant an injunction.” Unwilling to
be the means of advertising a knavish
project, and at the same time to be
foiled by the authority of prejudices in
ermine, we considered it expedient to
forbear, and leave the. question of an
unfair rivalry to the moral feelings of
the public. Of this result we have
had no reason to complain; but it is
evident. we, and all persons in our
situation, must suffer wrong, while any
feelings but those of pure law are allow-
ed to be mixed up with such decisions,
Dr, Grauam, of Carshalton, Surry,
is preparing for the press, AnJIntro-
duction

160

duction to the Modern Theory and
Practice of Physic. The object of the
author is to present the medical stu-
dent and junior practitioner with a
faithful picture of the present state of
medical practice. a

At the sale of Mr. Watson Tay-
Lor’s celebrated Collection, the pic~
tures in two days prodaced 25,000/.

TheVision of St.Jerome, by Parmegiano,
was purchased by the Rev. Holwell Carr,
for 3050 guineas.

The Grand Landscape with a Rainbow,
by Rubens; for Lord Orford—2603 gs.

Interior of a Stable, by Wouvermans;
by Col. Bayley-—530 guineas.

Portrait of Faustino Neve, by Murillo ¥
by Col. Thwaites—910 guineas.

Two Landscapes, by Hobbima; for Lord
Grosvenor—1750 guineas.

The Landscape with a Coach, by Rem-
brandt; by the Marquis of Hertford—350.

A Bull and two Cows, by Paul Potter,
a small landscape; by Col.’ Thwaites—1210.

The Martyrdom of St. Apollonia, by
Guido ; for Lord Grosvenor—400 guineas.

St. Panl canght up into the third Hea-
ven, by N. Poussin; by Col. Thwaites—
305 guineas.

Jason pouring the Liquor of Enchant-
ment upon the Dragon, by 8. Rosa—300.

The Virgin seated, with the Infant on
her lap. Andrea del Sarto; by Colonel
Thwaites—305 guineas,

An Upright Landscape, G. Poussin ; by
Mr. Hume—360 guineas.

A Landscape, with a stream of water,
Ruysdael ; by Lord Gower—270 guineas.

A Landscape, with a stream of water
rushing between the rains of an abbey-
mill, Ruysdael ; by Colonel Thwaites—300,

Twe Flower Pieces, Van Haysum—510.

A Calm, Van de Velde ; by, Mr. Secre-
tary Peel—390 guineas,

Exterior of a Farm-house, Teniers; by
Alex. Baring—395 guineas. ;

The Magdalen accosted by an Infant
Angel, Guido; by Mr. Bullock—310 gs.

Christ and the Woman of Samaria at the
Well, Ann. Carracci; by Mr. Seager—310.

A Bank of a River, Wouvermans; by
Mr. Hume—685 guineas.

A Lioness rolling on the Ground, Ru-
bens ; by Mr. Lawley—310 guineas.

Portrait of the Wife of De Vos, Van
Dyck ; by Mr. Seager —340 guineas.

Portrait of Dr. Johnson, Sir. Joshua
Reynolds; by Major Thwaites—470 gs.

Jan Steen and his Wife taking an after-
noon’s nap, Jan Steen; by Mr. Hume—
220 guineas,

Two small Landscapes, Ruysdael; by
Mr. Smith, of Marlborongh-street—307 gs.

‘A small fancy Head, Murillo; by the
Marquis of Lansdown—50 guineas.

Mrs. Siddons, as the Tragic Muse, Sir
Joshua Reynolds; by Lord Grosyenor—
1750 guineas.

Literary and Philosophical Intelligence.

A few weeks since, the late Mr.
Warren’s Collection of Prints, con-
sisting chiefly of his own works, toge-
ther with proofs whieh had been
presented to him by various engravers,
was brought to the hammer by Mr.
Sotherby. Many-of the finest proofs
fetched very high prices :—
~ The Heiress, after Smirke, sold for two
guineas; an inferior impression of the
same plate, 11, 18s,

The Marder of the Ennocents, by Bar-
tolozzi, 6!. 2s. 6d.

Vandyke as Paris, by Schiavonelle, 21.

Duncan Gray, after Wilkie, 61, 10s,

Tre Demolition of the China Jar, after
the same artist, 4/. 10s.

At the sale of Mr. Haydon’s Pictures,
“the Raising of Lazarus” sold for
only 350/., which was not much more
than double the value of its massive
gilt frame; and his other historical
picture, ‘“‘Christ’s Entry into Jern-
salem,” fetched only 2201. be

Garrick’s Pictures (seventy-one in
number,) produced nearly 4000/1. The
celebrated sct of election, pictures, four
in number, by Hugarth, fetched 1,650
guineas, at which price they were
purchased by Mr. Soane.

Forty thousand pounds is. granted
for a new building for the King’s
Library; such building to form part
of the structure of the British Museum.

We feel shame at being called upon
to notice the daring efforts of Char-
latanism and Imposture, in a public
narrative, called authentic, of the ex-
traordinary cure performed by Prince
ALEXANDRE Honwentone, the Para-
celsus of his age, on Miss Barbara
O’Connor, a credulous nun, in the
convent of New Hall, near Chelms-
ford. We are shocked to hear of
convents in England, and astonished
to sce this arch-quackery sustained by

the protestant, and of course inde- .

pendent, physician to the convent. On
the 7th of December, 1820, Miss’
Barbara O’Connor, a nun, in the con-
vent at New Hall, near Chelmsford,
aged thirty, was suddenly attacked,
without any eévident cause, with a
pain in the ball of the right thumb; and
the superior of the convent, having
heard of many extraordinary cures’
performed by Prince Hohenlohe, of
Bamberg, in Germany, employed a
friend to request his assistance, which
he readily granted, and sent the fol-
lowing imstructions, dated Bamberg,

March 16, 1522.
“On the 3d of May, at eight o’clock, T
will offer, in compliance with your re-
quest,

[Sept. te

1823.] -
pa ‘my. prayers for your, recovery.

aying made your confession, and com=;
riunivated, offer up your owa also, with
that férvéicy of devotion and entire faith
whith wé ‘owe to our Redeemer ‘Jesus

Christ! “Stir up'from the bottom’ of your ©

heart. the divine virtues ‘of true repen
tanee;/of Christian’ chatity fo all men; of
firm belief that “yoursprayers Will be fa~
vorably received, and a stedfast resolution
fo lead_an exemplary life,’ to the end that
you may continue in a state of grace. .

Accept the assurance of my regard.

_ Prince ALEXANDER HOHENLOHE.”
Bamberg, March 16, 1822.
We are tlien told, that on the next
day, the 3d of May, she went through
the religious process prescribed by
the prince, and, mass being nearly

ended, almost immediatcly after she

felt an extraordinary sensation through
tlie whole arm, to the ends of her
finzers. “The pain instantly left her,
and ‘the swelling gradually subsided ;
but it was some weeks before the
hand resumed its natural size and
shape!!!-’ If our English convents
make such appeals to valgar super-
stition as this, it seems high time that
they Were transferred to a more genial
soil, The world is now too old for
miracles in medicine or philosophy.
Pe CEE RUSSIA.
Translations of Sir WaLTER Scott’s
and Lord’ Brron’s works, or rather
the most ‘celebrated of them, have
appeared in Russia. ‘ In France and
Germany they are grecdily seized for
the same purpose ; and it formsia rico
among thé trade which shall bring them
out first.
' A table has becn published, from
official documents, of the population,
&e. of Russia, for 1822. 4 gives the
number of the inhabitants for cach of
the fifty governments, also the govern-
ments ‘in geographical sqnare miles.
Some of tliese may be noticed here:—

age Inhabitantss “Sq.Miles,

- Archangel +-+>+200,000 11,900 :
Astrachan (+ «+» 190,000 3,100
Courland « +» -+410,000 . 330
Noyogorod +»++675,000 2,800

- Moscow «+++1,27/5,000 420

© Pefersburgh --590,000 84

Toljolski ««'+ ++ +430,000 16,800
Sidlensko +. «950,000 1,000
Tktitsk' '-0's/.'910,000°" 126,400

—The 4umxHotal of inhabitants’ for the
wholf empite is’ stated At'40,067,000 :
the ‘‘timbér 6f" manufictorics ‘and
Workshops 'at"3,724;theé total ‘of'com-
nroial capital a 31D\660,000 youBIee *
and tite revenue from the poll-tax, and
MonTHLy Mac. No. 366.

Literary and Philosophical Latelligence.

161

that on the consumption of fiquors, at
* 169,350,000 roubles. i

riz feo boi, SEDENo.a: 0} “i

- Jn. the Royal Library,.at, Stockholm,
there €xists.a very remarkable manu-
script, the Codex Giganteus,,..Tt wa
taken: froma Benedictine monastery
at. Prague,..during the, thirty-yearg’, ,
war. It is two Swedish ells.in height, :
and of proportionate breadth, It.con-
tains, besides the Vulgate, a collection.
of writings upon the Jewish antiqui-,
ties, by Josephus, Isidorus, &c.: also
the Comes Pragensis Chronicon Bohe-
mié; and a treatise on magic, orna-
mented with an illuminated gure of
the devil.

GERMANY,

A: German writer, named FApricius,
has written a violent book against the
universities of his country; proposing,
with. a true Goth-like spirit, partly to
abolish them, and partly to subject
them to strict inspection by the police,

M.J. Kerner, a German physician,
of Stuttgard, has madehe discovery
of a new kind of poison, that arises im
smoked meats. It appears, from €.-
periments which he has made, that
they become subject to some sort of
decomposition that renders them yeno=
mous. Liver sausages are the most
susceptible of it, and the decomposi-
tion generally takes place about the
middle of April. From his enquiries
the doctor found, that of seyenty-two
persons, in the country of Wurtem-
burg, that had eaten smoked sausages,
thirty-seven died in a little time, and
the remainder were ill for some time
afters. i

FRANCE.

A small, though very ancient, vase,
from the collection of the Duke of
Brimswick, . excites much notice in
Paris. It is formed of a single onyx,
six inches. high, fincly coloured, and
ornamented with bas-ieliefs of very
high execution. Conjecture attributes
it io the age of Mithridates.

Among other associations of recent
institution in France, is one entitled
the Society of Christian Morals; tho
objeet of which is to introduce princi-
ples of justice, public order, and bene-
volence; and to apply them, to. the
social relations. No subjects of con-
troversy will enter, into their discus-
sions; but» they propose to. collect
documents of every kind, and of all
countries, tending to ameliorate man’s
mioral and physical condition; to pub-

lish

2

lish periodjcally a work characterising
the influence of philosophy on laws
and civilization, 10 recommend civic
and domestic virtues, &c.

M. Dupetit Tuovars, who has been
for some time employed in collecting
herbs and plants at Madagascar, and
in India, has also deyoted his atten-
tion to philological researches respect-
ing the languages of those couutries.
He finds a very great analozy between
the Madagascar and Malay languages;
this he traces by comparing the
names of a considerable number of
plants that are of native growth, where
these languages are spoken.

SPAIN.

The Cortes of Spain have published
a decree, purporting that vessels con-
cerned in the slave-trade shall be oon-
fiscated ; and that the owners, masters,
and crews, shall be adjudged to ten
years’ hard labour. Foreign vessels
that enter Spanish ports, with slaves
én-board, to be liable to the same
penalties, and the slaves to be set at
liberty.

The Cortes, in 1820, decreed the
establishment of a journal appropriated
to the discussions and speeches of its
members, that the public might be
truly informed on subjects so impor-
tant. Two volumes for the session of
1820, and two others for 1821, have
already been published ; and recently
the first volume of the extraordinary
session of the last-mentioned year.
Their importance to illustrate the mo-
dern history of Spain will readily be
admitted.

UNITED STATES.

An ancient manuscript volume, of
three hundred and fifty pages, has
lately been discovered at Detroit, in
ihe United States. It is in good
preservation, and the penmanship is
beautiful.—The characters in which it
is written are unknown, being neither
Hebrew, Greek, nor Saxon; the only
parts intelligible are a few Latin
quotations.

Mr. James Booru, of New York,
has invented a new printing-press,
which will throw off fifteen hundred
impressions an hour, and requires only
two hands to feed it, and the engine
which moves the whole machinery is
only a one-horse power.

In the states of the union; North
America, public instruction and the
education of youth are considered as

Literary and Philoscphical Intelligence,

national objects, requiring consider-
able'sacrifices. ‘Che state of Conneo-
ticut has appropriated a fund of a
million aud a half of dollars to the
support of public schools. In that of
Vermont, a portion of lands is allotted
to each district, for the same purpose.
The colleges throughout the union
are forty-eight in number, and in ge-
neral, are well endowed. Of these,
the most distinguished is Harvard Uni-
versity, at Cambridge, near Boston,
founded in 1698. Children of every
description, sex, and colour, are ad-
mitted to the rights of elementary
instruction. 4

The American missionaries of Ran-
goun, from the little prospect of
success in their labours, and under
apprehensions for their personal safety,
repaired to Ava, the residence of
the emperor, to solicit permission to
propagate Christianity within his do-
minions. The emperor’s answer was
forbidding, and the government of this
country, like that of China, will not
endure the profession of any novel
religion. The missionaries have, in
consequence, returned to Rangoun.

In 1804 a-house was built at the
mouth of the Delaware, near Cape
May, at the distance of three hundred
and thirty-four feet from the sea. In
1820, from the encrcachment of the
Sea, the distance was only one hundred
and eighty feet. This advancement
of the waters varies from year to year,
but is progressive. The same’ obser-
vation will apply to the coasts of
Brazil, though no measurement has
been made, and in a proportion much
more rapid than in the United States.

In the province of Ohio, near the
village of Milan, on the banks of the
river Huron, United States, there isa
spring, the water of which is inflam-
mable, and takes fire on the applica-
tion of a lighted torch. The flame,
which is very pure and very ardent,
might probably’ be used for the pur-
pose of giving light.

INDIA.

In the Calcutta journals appears the
prospectus of a new weekly publica-
tion, to be written in the Bengalese
language, and composed and conduct-
ed by natives only. It is intended to
discuss matters political, religious, and
moral, with others of an interest
purely local. The title to be Sungbaud
Cowmuddy, or Moon of ne

1823.] [

163 J

NEW BOOKS PUBLISHED IN AUGUST:

WITH AN HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL PROEMIUM.
—

Authors or Publishers, desirous of ageing an early notice of their Works, are
__- requested to transmit copies before the \8th of the Month,

—=

OR the Oracles of God, four Orations ;

for Judgment to come, an Argument,
in nine parts; by the Rev. Epwarp Ir-
VING, is the title of a work, written by a
gentleman who attracts, at present, more
attention from the inhabitants of this me-
tropolis than has been given to the head
of any religious society since the days of
Johanna Southcott. Man is a religious
animal ; he apparently dies like the beasts
of the field; but, nevertheless, the belief
in a continued existence is so necessarily
interwoven in the texture of his mind, that
he cannot possibly conceive a state in which
he shall be as though he had never been. This
never-ceasing confidence ina future life is
the source not only of the hopes and fears
of religion, but of the cherished fame
of the philosopher. Accordingly, in all
agesand nations, even in those that never
Saw the light of revelation, men have been
found teaching the doctrine of futurity to
the multitude, aud explaining the “ varie-
ties of untried being.” Horne Tooke
called those teac!:ers fortune-tellers; but
Horne Tooke was an infidel, and, besides,
he was not aware that he was actuated by
the same principle when he personally su-
perintended the erectionof his own tomb.
The public mind has been much divided
respecting the oratorical merits of Mr.
Irving. Witlings have ridiculed the man-
ner, and critics have condemned the style,
of his compositions; but thousands have
flocked to listen to his discourses, and
have read them in their closets with in-
creased devotion. There must be.some
cause for al} this; and the cause seems to
he, the apparent sincerity of his faith in the
doctrines which he inculcates, joined to the
Searless, fervid, and independent, manner in
which he usiers his tremendous denunciations.
To judge fairly of Mr. Irving’s composi-
tions, the critic must be partially inspired
by that enthusiasm which appears to have
guided his pen, To av ear that is unat-
tuned to the harmony of numbers, Milton
and Pope have written in vain, and the
energies of Mr. Irving can have their ef-
fect only upen cetiain minds ; but on such
minds they are calculated to exert
animmense power, After allowing this
much, it would be fastidious to quarrel
with the gtyle. Whateyer we might say of
commas and points, or even of grammatical
incongruities, that style is never despica-
ble which answers the purposes intended
by the writer, Believing the divine origin
of the scriptures, (and who will dare to
deny it?) the burning eloquence of Mr/
Irving is as requisite to rouse the torpidity

of modern Christians, as was the voice of
Knox at the period of the Reformation.
Whatever may be said to the contrary, the
great portion of the people of this country,
especially the rich and powerful, are Chliris-
tians only in name. We have been called
a nation of shopkeepeis, but it may be
truly said that we-are also a nation of
hypocrites. Asashort specimen of Mr,
Irving's style, we take the following ex-
tract from the beginning of’ his first Ora-
tion. It contains the axiom on which his
system is built, and to him who has a heart-
felt conviction of its truth, we repeat our
assertion, that these Orationsare models of
eloquence.—‘ There was a time when each
revelation of the word of God had an intro-
duction into this earth which neither permit-
ted men to doubt whenceit came nor where-
fore it was sent:....+... But now the
miracles of God have ceased, and Nature,
secure and unmolested, is no lounger called
on for testimonies to her Creator’s voice.
Wo burning bash draws the footsteps to
his presence-chamber ; no invisible voice
holds the ear awake; uo hand cometh forth
from the obscure to write his purposes in
letters of flame. The vision is shut up,
and the testimony is sealed, and the word
of the Lord is ended, and this solitary vo-
lume, with its chapters and verses, is the
sum-total of all for which the chariot of
heaven made so many visits to the earth,
and the Son of God himself tabernacied
and dwelt among us.”

One of the novelties of the month, and
which asa real curiosity onght to be seen
by every body, is the Prize Dissertation on
Homer, published at only half-a-crown, for
which the Royal Society of Literature have
adjudged their prize of 100 guineas. Ac-
customed to look over essays tor this mis-
cellany, we sincerely declare that, if it had
been offered to us, we should not have ad-
mitted it, even ifthe same premium had,
been offered to us for its insertion, Who.
is the author does not appear. In style
and tone of thinking, it is a mere schvol-
boy’s essay ; but, its hypotheses that Homer
was Moses; Helen, the Hebrew Dinah;
Achilles, David; &c. &c. would be wor-
thy of the Sorbonne, or of a popish coun-
cil in the worst times. George the LVth.
who is a man of taste, will blush at such
an appropriation of his bounty; and, if his
Majesty is disposed to give other pres
miums, we pledge ourselves to send him a.
dozen papers from among our deferred
communications, each worth a dozen of:
this wifle about Homer.

About two years ago (in Monthly Mag.

Octe

164

Oct. 1821) we noticed, with approbation,
a snfall volume of Notes relating to the
Crim Tartars, by Mary Hotperness.
This is now republished with additions;
and A Narrative of a Journcy from Riga to
the Crimea, with.an account of the Colonists
of New Russia, written by the same lady,
is prefixed. The whole constitutes an oc-
tavo of 320 pages, replete with interesting
information, ‘There are two views and
three coloured lithographic representations
of costume, which are well executed and
add to the value of the volume. {In this
age of book-making, itis pleasant to pe-
ruse a work of this description, Mrs.
Holderness is no imaginary traveller. She
lived among the scenes which she describes,
and she has taken care to describe only
those things that are’ not to be found in
other authors. We are not informed of
the motives that induced a female, with
her child, to accompany her husband in a
perilous journey of twelve hundred miles,
in such a country, in the middle of winter;
nor of the natuse of the engagements that,
after detaining her for four years, made her
venture to return alone; but, whatever
they were, the public have no cause for
regret, secing that they have produced the
volume before us. Nothing scems to have
escaped this lady’s observation. Besides
the prominent customs and manners of tlie
inhabitants, we have minute particulars
relative to commerce, manufactures, and
agriculture, written as if she were no stran-
ger to either of those subjects. Of the
preparation of quuss, the common drink of
the Russians, we have an account whieli is
different, in every respect, from any: that
we have’hitherto seen. It is usually de-
scribed as a subacid liquor, formed by fer-
mentation, from rye or barley-meal, mixed
with ‘water and occasionally with malt.
The process mentioned by Mrs. H. is as
follows: “ Lhe common drink of the Rus-
sians is kvass, which is not so good as our
small-beer; it is sometimes made with flour
and water, flavoured by herbs, sometimes
with different sorts of fruit ; and this latter
kind is amuch pleasanter drink, though
it is alisour. The method of making it is
very simple: a large barrel is filled with
fruit, sometimes plums, sometimes apples,
crabs, wine-souxs, or in fact any fruit of
which you have a sufficient abundance to
make it from ; there is then put into the
cask as much water as it will hold, and in
fifteen days it is fit to drink. After a few
gallons are drawn off, it is filled up again
with water, to make it last until the time
of year when it can be made again. This
sort of kvass is, however, only madein South
Russia, and where fruit is abundant and
cheap.” The Crimea, which is colonized
from all nations, seems to have had no
charms for Mrs. Holderness. ‘ The mo-
ral character of the peasantry,” she says,
“jis exccedingly depraved aud vicious ;

Literary and Critical Proémium.

and, excepting the Tartars, I never found
it possible, by any good offices, or kind-
néss, to excite any attachment in them,
that the sight of a glass of brandy would
not instantly surmount.”

A Memoir of John Aikin,M.p. by Lucy
A1kin, with a Selection of his Miscellane-
ous Pieces, has been published in two 8yo-
volumes. Dr. Aikin has been long known
in the literary world; but his life was 2
“ noiseless tenor,” and completely barren of
incident. The res angusta domi, thé evit
senins of the scholar, never haunted his
abode, and, previous to that paralysis whicir
consigned fiim to a living tomb for the last
three years of his existence, he had at-
tained the age of seventy-two, withscarce-
ly a single cross in his journey of life, His.
correspondence appears to have been li-
mited, and rather that of friendship than
of literature, and, at all events, such as,
“ delicacy towards individuals, and respect,
for the implied confidences of family inter-
course,” has induced the editor to sup~
press. ‘The Memoir (which fills ap about
two-thirds of ‘the first volume) is, in
consequence, not a life of Dr. Aikin, but a
sort of Catalogue Raisonnée of his numerous,
works, aud an account of his engagements
with booksellers in the conducting of pe-
riodical publications. With respect to
the latter, the dector seems to have en-

tered on his task in the spirit of an inde--

pendent literaiy mau, taking a deeper
interest in the’success of the different un-
dertakings than isasual with a hired edi-
tor. The remaining part of the first, and!
the whole of the second, volume, consist
of biographical memoirs, &c. published
chiefly at different times in the Mouthly
Magazine, and of criticisms on the works
of Spencer, Milton, Dryden, Pope, &e.
furnished as prefaces to an edition of the
British, Poets. For the collection of alk
these pieces we are really obliged to Miss
Aikin. They show much of talent as well
as much critical acumen, and all of them
evince an ardent love of civil and reli-
gious liberty. ‘Their style is unadorned,
but accurate and perspicuous; and they.
well deserve to be tlrus rescued frém the mass
of fugitive publications. The language of
Miss Aikin, herself, is generally plain and
simple, and seems formed on the model of
her father’s, There are, however, occasional
expressions that a chastened taste would
disapprove. For instance, should the
writer chance to peruse these remarks, we
would beg leave to refer her to the para-
graph at page 152 of the Memoirs, It
might be mistaken for a calumny, because
it contains an insinualion without pointing
to the slightest ground on which it can
rest. hy,

About fifteen months ago, Messrs. Carey
and Sons, of Philadelphia, published an
American Atlas. ‘This Atlas was a large
folio of coloured maps of the several pee

[Sept. 1,

1823.) - -

of North and South America, with letter-
press upon the margin of the maps, contain-
ing historical, geographical, and statisti-
eal, notices concerving each of the states,
This Atlas was offered for sale in this coun-
try, by the jmode of canvas ; but, as it was
dear and cumbersome, we believe few co-
pies were sold, We predicted at the time
that an edifion of this work, in which the
descriptions sbould be printed in an octavo
volame and the plates given as an accom-
panying Atlas, would be useful; and partly
on this principle we have. now before us,
the Geography, History, and Statistt.s, of
America, illustrated by Maps, Charts, and
Plutes. The letter-press of this volume
contains all that surrounded the American
maps, with corrctions and considerable ad-
ditiuns. ~ 80 far allis well, and the editor
appears to have done his duty. But the
_ Atlas, which was the only valuable part of
the American work, is woefully deficient,
Thirtcen ouly of the fifty-four Maps have
been copied; and these are folded up in the
volume, and, as usual in such modes of giv-
iug maps, must soon be useless. To make
amends for the want of forty-one maps,
we have five views of towns (Quebec, the
Havannah, Philadelphia, Rio Janeiro, and
Monte Video); put we would with picasure
give up all these for the single map of Ja-
maica. That of which we now coniplain
niay be remedied in a subsequent edition,
Tle expense would no doulst be encreased,
but it might be easily sold at a higher
price, and we should cousider the work as
. extremely valuable.

The New Mercantile. Assistant; General
Cheque Book, and Interest Tubles, by Mr.
WricHt, an Accountant of Fenchurch-
street, is a Work whici carries with it ob-
vious marks of persevering labour and pa-
tient calculation. It contains twelve co-
pious and distinct sets of tables, adapted
to the purposes of commerce, and designed
principally as a cheque on calculations

‘made inthe huyry of business. The first
series exhibit the cost per single Ib. any
fumber of pounds, stones, or quarters, of
goods of all descriptions, bought in the
aggregate, i.e. by the ton or cwt. Thus,
if a grocer, for instance, purchases a hogs.
head of sugar, and wishes is a moment to
ascertain what it costs Lim per single Ib.,
apy number of pounds,’ or stones, by a re-
ference to these ‘Tables they will give the
information without farther trouble; and
on this principle they can be adapted to
other departments of busiuess, such as
measures, liquids, &¢c. &e. ‘The second
series consist of copious and enlarged in-
terest tables, of 3, 4, and 5, per cent. per
annum, The third series iicludes pro-

gressive tables of profits, showing the net.

amounts from one penny to forty shillings,
at 5, 10,15, 20, 25, and 30, per cent. ad-
vance, Ifit be wished to add 5, 10, 16, 20,

Literary and Critical Proémium.

165
25,0130, percent.profit,tie opposite columns
exhibit the same. In addition to these
sets of tables, the book contains many
useful tables for the reference of men of
business, combined with much accuracy.
On a volume so varied in its contents, and
£0 generally useful to all persons in trade,
we need add no observation to recom-
mend it to the attention of our commercial
readers. Much praise is due to the author
for his patience and ingenuity in projecting
8o valuable a manual,

The lovers of the Fine Arts are well ac-
quainted with “Ackermann’s Repository.”
During the years 1819 and 1620, a set.of
designs for Garden Buildings appeared in
that periodical work, which are now col-
lected in a volume, with the title of “Hints
on Ornamental Gardening, &c.” by John
Buonarotti Papworth, the sane gentlenian
who produced the work entitled “ Reral
Residences,” published about five years
ago. The designs iu the work before us
(twenty-eight in number) are. tastefally
imagined, and the engravings are well exe-
cuted and finely coloured. ‘The letter-
press consists of above'a hundred pages,
and it is sufficient praise of the appearance
of the volume that it is not inferior in ele-
gance to any of the otlicr publications of
Mr. Ackermann. This, it is well known,
is NO mean praise.

While on the subject of the Fine Arts,
we must not neglect “The Beauties of
Cambria,” consisting of sixty Views in
North and South Wales, with appropriate
descriptions. The views, which are well
chosen, were taken by Mr. Hughes, and
are engraved on wood by the same inge-
nious artist, in a style of execution that
has scarcely been cxceeded, and which
prodaces impressions that vie with copper-
plate engravings of no mean celebrity.

The Memoirs of a Young Greek Lady,
which has for some months past engaged
the attention of the ceterics in Paris, is now
translated for the amusenient of the tea-
tables of this metropolis. Madaine Pauline
Adelaide Alexandre Panam, a lady still
under thirty years, is the historian of her
own misfortunes, | At the age of fourteen,
she was seduced by the present reigning
Duke of Saxe Cobourg, \the brother of
Prince Leopold; and, if her tale be true,
this Duke is the most worthless of man-
kind. Sheand her child, aboy of fourteen,
were turned pennyless upon the world, after
a series of ill usage and indignities that re-
flect disgrace not only on the duke, but
upon his whole family.. We have no op-
portunity of hearing the other side, nor
are we called upon to decide the question,
The volume appears before us merely as a
novel; and, taking it in that view, it is ex-
tremely interesting, andits mora} tendency
is unquestionable. It is preceded by the
Imprimatur of Le Marechal P, de L?***,
whio,

166

who, in a letter to Madame Panam, recom-
mends the publication of her narrative.
This letter, though written by one of the
old noblesse (thePrince deLigne), breathes
all the spirit of republican virtue. “The
twaces of a court in a nation are,” says he,
“irremoveable. That of Charles U1. of Eng-
land has left the vestiges of debauchery
imprinted on all the literary productions
of his time, and a School of Comedy, which
seems to have been intended for represen-
tationAefore Messalina, by the actors of
Caprea. In Asia, in Europe, in Spain, in
Htaly, you will find remains of the charac-
ter of the ancient courts. Sometimes
brilliant, they resemble those silvery traces
which reptiles leave on quitting ruins.
‘They impress themselves like marks, and
spread themselves like stains.” The li-
thographic portraits of Madame Panam
and her Seducer are well executed, but
the translation is as bad as possible. ~The
gallicisms are innumerable, and the refe-
rences to the letters and other documents
in the Supplemevts are so maliciously mis-
placed, as to render them almost useless,
Even the compositor seems to have com-
bined with the translator to spoil the work;
for we frequently find sentences withont
periods, and three or four lines in succes-
sion without a single comma,

Except a little slang in praise of war,
of military glory, and of the battle of Wa-
terloo, “ Influence and Example, or the Re-
cluse,a Tale,” may be safely recommended
to the readers of Novels. ‘The characters,
to be sure, are too far exalted above the
sphere of the subscribers to a circulating
library to be offered as models for imita-
tion ; but this is the fault of novels in ge-
nei:.!, and the source of the evils that
novel-writing creates. The heroes of this
volume can purchase estates at pleasure ;
and, whatever difficulties cross their path,
it is never the want of money of which
they have occasion to complain. The
dangers described as the consequence of
Influence and Example are those of the
gaming-table and hypocrisy in high life ;
evils certainly, but not such as readily
beset the linen-draper’s shop-boy, or the
milliner'’s apprentice. ‘

There have been always versifiers who
have determined,

in spite
Of nature and their stars, to write;
And of this number is Mr. James Bird.
*¢' The Vale of Slaughden,” “ Machin, or the
Discovery of Madeira,” and ‘Cosmo,
Duke of Tuscany,” have been brought for-
ward in succession, unnoticed by the pub-
lic ; and now we have “ Poetical Memoirs,”
and ‘the Exile.’ Why will Mr. Bird,who
is certainly no fool, thus persist in giving
his thoughts in measured lines? Why has
he adopted the stanza of Don Juan in his
Poeticul Memoirs, when he has too much
good sense to blaspheme, and too much-

Literary and Critical Proémium.

[Sept. 1,
morality to he obscene? Perhaps he has
chosen this measure because it comes
nearer to prose, which is his natural ele-
nent. The following stanza contains much
good advice, and shows the near approach
of the two sorts of writing :— My
Father told me, that to pen a Sonnet
or two was well enough; but, if my brain
spun out long odes, whate’er [I said
upon it, (he hoped his strictures would not
give me pain,) I tel] you, boy, said he, the
more you con it, youll find but little

leasure, and less gain: an overdose of.
- ?

verse quite sets me loathing, and will not
bring you meat, nor drink, nor clothing!”
—Our readers may amuse themselves by
dividing this extract into lives of certain
lengths and ending with @rtain syllables,
as it is printed by Mr. Bird, :

Some of the daily newspapers have as-
cribed the tragedy of the Duke of Mantua
to Lord Byron, on the strength of a
masqued portrait of the autbor in the title-
page, which they are pleased to affirm
bears a resemblance to the physiognomy
of the noble poet. Had they pernsed the
next leaf with any moderate degree of at-
tention, they would bave discovered a
dedication to Lady Byron, which would
have completely settled their seruples. A
man must be a blockhead indeed who
should publish a book with the view of
having it mistaken for the production of
Lord Byron, and dedicate it to that indi-
vidual to whom, of all others in the world,
his lordship would be least likely to in-
scribeany production of his genius,whether
in verse or prose! Without, however,
caring to be informed who is really the
author of the Duke of Mantua, we may
venture to affirm that it contains many
passages that would do honor to any poet
whatsoever, whether patrician or plebeian.
The story is interesting and skilfully ma-
naged, and the language is throughout
abundantly energetic and poetical. The
Sketch of Hermione, the Moonlight Scene
on the Terrace, and the Sybil’s Prophecy,
are eminently beautiful, and certainly by
no meaus unworthy of the most successful
efforts of the noble bard to whom the tra-
gedy has been erroneously given. ‘The
prose dialogues are conducted with infinite
spirit and humour, and remind us of those
rich and racy colloquies which are: to be
met with in the productions of the drama-
tists of the Elizabethan age. Maturin in
his tragedies has blended prose with his
blank-verse with excellent effect. It re-
quires, we should suppose, more skill to
managefsuch interludes, than it would tq
render them in blank verse; and, that it
makes a pleasing contrast with those parts
of the play which aim at a more exalted
character cannot be denied. Besides, we
have often thought it prodigigusly absurd
where the servants of the piece are repre-
sented so imperturbably ere

at

:
4
;
:

1828.]

that they cannot ‘ope their mouths but
out there flies a trope? They remind us
of Martinus Scriblerus, who, instead of or-
dering his door to be shut in good English
prose, used to transfuse his wishes into
blank verse, and say, _ i

The wooden guardian of our privacy

Quick on its axle turn.
We cannot afford space for extract, or we
eould select many beautiful passages from
the Duke of Mantna. The description of
the growing sounds of a many-voicéd echo
is adinirable :

We laughed

On that still night, until the eispering. woods
Grew loud, and thousand voices started forth

From bough and hoary stem, bursting, as if
To riotous life!

Some of the songs are also very elegant.

Characteristics, in the manner of Roche-
foucault’s Maxims, is a small volume which
is said to be the production of a Mr. Haz-
litt. The author, whoever he may be,
has given us a number of good thouglits,
such as might be the ‘* ground-work of se-
parate essays ;” but the greater part are
too long and too laboured to come proper-
ly under the denomination of Maxims.
“There is only one point,” says the au-
thor, “in which I dare even allude to a
comparison with Rochefoncault: I Aave no
theory to maintain; and [have endeavoured
to set down each thought as it occurred to
me, without bias or prejudice of any sort.”
Now, we apprehend that this theory of
Rochiefoucault’s (the selfishness of Man),
whether true or false, constitutes the very
charm of his book. It is the leading
strain that carries along the attention of
the reader, the string which threads his
pearls together; and we should have been
better pleased had the writer avoided the
want of connection in his aphorisms. Be-
sides, aphorisms require as many thoughts
as words, and in these Characteristics we
have twice or thrice as many words as
thoughts. ;

The Letter to the Mistresses of Families
on the Cruelty of employing Children in the
Sweeping of Chimnies is a small pamphlet ;
but is, notwithstanding, well worthy of at-
tention and perusal, both on account of the
subject and the earnestness with which it
is written. The author not only shows, by
irrefragable evidence, the cruelty of the
practice; but demonstrates that its con-
tinuance is owing solely to the apathy of
the “ Mistresses of Families,” and that
there are few cases in which the ma-
chine would not be equally efficacious,
The master chimney-sweep prefers the
boy, because otherwise he must work him-
self; but the lady of the house has only to
issue her commands, and they must be
obeyed.

F ——
- ARBORICULTURE,

No. I. to VIL. of Dendrologia Britan-
nica ; or Trecs and Shrubs that will live in

List of New Publications in August.

167

the open Air of Britain throughout the
Year; by P. W. Watson. Royal 8vo.
4s, 6d. each number, containing eight co-
loured plates.

BIPLIOGRAPHY,

J,and A. Arch’s Catalogue of Miscel-
laneous Books: containing a considerable
number of useful, scarce, and ‘curious,
works, and specimens of early printing.
8vo. 4s.

’ Hay’s Catalogwe of Greek and Latin
Classics, in which will be found every Edi-
tion of importance that has appeared in
this Country and on the Continents. 9s,

BIOGRAPHY,

Memoirs of William Stevens, esq. Trea-
surer of Queen Anne’s Bounty; by the
Hon. Sir James Allan Park, one of the
Judges of the Court of Common Pleas.
Third edition, 12mo. 28. 6d.

Memoir of John Aikin, mp. with a
Selection of his Miscellaneous Pieces,
Biographical, Moral, and Critical ; by Lucy
Aikin, fine portrait. 2 vol. 8vo. 11. 4s.
boards.

Memoirs of the Marchioness De Bon-
champs ow La Vendee; edited by the
Countess of Genlis, 12mo. 5s.

Sketches of the Lives of Correggio and
Parmegiano, with Notices of their principal
Works. Small 8vo. 10s, Gd. boards.

Memoirs of a young Greek Lady; or
Madame Paulive Adelaide Alexandre
Panam, versus the reigning Prince of
Saxe-Cobourg. 12mo. 10s. 6d, boards.

CLASSICS,

Plauti Comedie Superstites, 3 vols,
18mo. (Regent's Edition,) 16s. boards.

A Greek and English Lexicon, by Joln
Jones, LL.D. 8vo. 11. 10s,

DRAMA,

The Whole of the Dramatic Works of
William Shakspeare ; complete in one
pocket Volume ; being the smallest, neat-
est, and cheapest, Edition of Shakspeare’s
Dramas everprinted. Extra-boards, 11. 1s.

EDUCATION.

A Syntactical English Grammar, in
which the Rules of Composition are briefly
exemplified, &c. &c. adapted to the Use
of Schools ; by David Davidson. 3s,

An Epitome of Locke’s Essay on the
Human Understanding, in Question and
Answer ; for the Use of those who intend
to enter on the Study of Metaphysics,
2s, 6d.

Tales of Boys as They Are : with frontis-
piece. 9s. half-bound.

A Brief Treatise on the Use and Con-
struction of a Case of Instruments for the
Improvement and Benefit of Young Stu-
dents; by G. Phillips, 18mo.

ELECTRICITY.

Description of an Electrical Telegraph,
and of some other Electrical Apparatus :
with eight plates, engraved hy Lowry ; by
Francis Ronalds, 8vo. 6s. boards,

FINE

168

¢

List

FINE ARTS.

The Scenery of the Rivers Tamar and
Tavy, in forty-seven Subjects: exhibiting
the most interesting views on their banks,
including:a View of the Breakwater at
Plymouth, drawn and engraved by Fred.
C. Lewis. Imperial 4to. 21. 10s.

No. I..of the Rivers of England, from
Drawings by J. M. W. Turner, R.A. W.
Collins, ‘n.a. and‘the late Thos. Girtin:
containing Shields, Newcastle-on-Tyne,
and a View of Eton. Engraved in mez-
zotinto on steel, Each number to contain
three plates, and to be published quar-
terly, Royal 4to. 10s.

The Works of Antonio Canova, in
Sculpture and Modelling. Engraved in
outline by Henry Moses, with descrip-
tions from the Italian of the Countess
Albrizzi: published in parts monthly,
Imperial 8vo. 4s., 4to. 6s.

A Portrait of the Rev. Edward Irving,
A.M. minister of the Caledonian Church,
Hatton Garden. 9s.

_ Yhe Italian School Dosign, being a Fac-
Simile of Original Drawings by the most
eminent Painters and Sculptors ; by W. Y.
Ottley, esq. 1 vol. complete, with 84
plates, super royal folio, 12), 12s.—Colom-
bier, 181, 18s.

Part I. of a Series of Picturesque
Views of Edinburgh, engraved in the line
manner; by W. H. Lizars, with a succinct
Historical Account of Edinburgh. 4to.
5s. royal 4to. 10s, 6d.

No. Il. of Views in Provence; and on
the Rhone, engraved by W. B. Cooke, as
illustrative of an Itinerary of the Rhone ;
by Jolin Hughes, a.m. Royal 4to. 6s. 6d,

An Iilustration of the Architecture and _

Sculpture of the Cathedral Church of Wor-
cester, 12 plates; and accompanied by an
historical and-descriptive Account of the
Fabric.

GEOLOGY.

The Stratification of Alluvial Deposits,
and the Crystallization of Calcareous Sta-
lactites ; in a Letter to J. Macculloch,
m.p. &c. by H. R. Oswald. 1s. 6d,
sewed, |

MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

Number II, of Anatomical and Physio-
logical Commentaries ; by Herbert Mayo.
vol. 53.6d.. °4

Practical Remarks on Fractures at the
upper part. of ‘the ‘Thigh, &e.-&c.5; by
Henry Earle, F.R.8, 8v0. 8s.

‘The results of Experience in the sticcess-
ful Vreatment of Epilepsy and other Nev-
yous Disorders, pointing out asafe remedy
for these complainis; by T. I. Graham,
M.D. ~ 1s. 6d. ‘i

Observations on the Nature and Treat-
ment of ‘the prevailing Disorders of the
Stomach and Liver; by T. 1. Graham, M.D.
of Carshalton. 5s, boards.

of New Publications in August. ~

[Sept. 1,
MISCELLANIFS. >
No. XV. of the Retrospeetive Re-

view. 5s.

A Glossary, or Collection of Words,
Phrases, Names, and Allusions , to Cus-
toms, Proverbs, &c. which have been
thought to require illustration im the
works of English Authors, particularly
Shakespeare and his Contemporaries,
closely printed in double columns to range
with Todd’s edition of Johnson’s Diction-
ary; by Arch. Nares. 21. 15s. boards.

The Trial of ‘the Rev. Edward Irving,
M.A. minister of the Caledonian Church,
Hatton Garden: with five portraits by
Cruikshank. 8vo. 2s.

No. I. of the Mechanic’s Magazine.
8vo. 3d. Published weekly, and embel-
lished with illustrative wood-engravings.

The Wonders of Nature and Art, con-
taining an Account of the most. remarka-
ble and curious Animals, and Mineral and
Vegetable Productions, in the World ; also
the Manufactures, Buildings, and Wonder-
ful Inventions of Man; compiled from the
works of established authority; by the
Rey. W. Hutton, m.A. 12mo. 4s.

NOVELS, TALES, AND. ROMANCES.

Influence and Example ; or the Recluse :
a'Tale. Foolscap &yo. 6s.

Popular Tales and Romances of the
Northern Nations. 3 vols. post. 8vo.
il. 5s. 6d.

Legends of Scotland: Second. Series.
3 vols. 12m0. 16s. Gd.

Gulistan, or the Flower Garden of Sadi,
8vo. 10s. Gd.

Ttalian Stories, translated by Miss
Holford. Foolseap 8vo. 5s.

Precipitance : a Highland Tale.
12mo. 12s. boards,

What Shall Be, Shall Be; by Mrs.
Meeke, 4 vols. 12mo. 1], 4s,

POETRY.

The Village Schoolmaster. A Poem;
by Lancelot Raymond. 12mo,. 1s,

Poetical Memoirs; the Uxile, a Tale ;
by James Bird. 8vo. 6s. 6d.

POLITICS AND POLITICAL ECONOMY.

Remarks on the External Commerce
and Exchanges of Bengal, with Appendix
of Accounts and Estimates; by G, A.
Prinsep, esq. Svo. 5s. Gd. boards,

A Memoir of Central India, including
Jialwa and adjoining Provinces, with the

fistory and copious Ulusirations of the
past and present Condition of that Coun-
try ; with an original Map, ‘Fables of the

Revenue and Population, a Geological

Report, .and comprehensive Index; by

Major Gen. Sir John Maicolm, G.¢.B, &c,

2. vols. 8vo..11. 12s. boards,

Report of the Dehates in the House of
Lords on the Motion of. the Marquis
Lansdown, “ That a Bill for granting re-
lief-to his Majesty’s Subjects mot being
Membera of. the Church of “England, in

4 yelation

3 vols.

.
Ser} ee

tee

Seer wy

1823.]

relation to the Solemnization of Matri-
mony, be-read a second time. - 8vo. 1s.
THEOLOGY.

A Dissertation on the Fall of Man; in
which the literal sense of the Mosaic
Account of that Event is asserted and ‘vin-
dicated; by the Rev. George Holden,
M.A. Svo. 10s. 6d.

Bishop Marsh’s Theological Lectures,
Part VIL. (on the Authority of the Old
Testament.) -8vo. 2s. :

Five Lectures on-the Gospel of St. John,
as bearing ‘Testimony to the Divinity of
our Saviour; delivered on the Fridays dur-
ing Lent, 1823; by C. J. Blomfield, p.n.
Rector of St. Botolph’s, Bishopsgate, and
Archdeacon of Colchester.. Second edi-
tion. 12mo. 2s.

‘Scripture Names of Persons-and Places
familiarly explained ; intended as a Compa-
nion to the Reading of the Holy Scrip-
tures, for the Use of. Young Persons.
igmo. 4s,

Bishop. Hall's Sacred © Aphorisms, ‘se-
lected and arranged with the Texts of
Scripture to which they refer ; by Richard
Brudenell Exton, Rector of Athelington,
Suffolk. 12mo, 3s. 6d.

Parochial Instruction ; or Sermons deli-
vered from the Pulpit, at different times, in
the course of Thirty Years; by the Rev.
James Bean, m.A. one of the Librarians of
the British Museum, and Assistant Minister
of Welbeck-chapel, St. Mary-le-Bone.
The second edition. 8vo. 10s. 6d.

Devotional Exercises, extracted from
Bishop Patrick’s Christian Sacrifice;
adapted to the present Time, and to gene-
ral Use; by -Latitia Matilda Hawkins.
12mo,. 3s.

The Psalms of David, translated into
divers and sundry kindes of verse, more
rare and excejlent for the method and va-
rieties than ever yet has been done in Eng-
Jish, begun by the noble and learned Sir
Philip Sidney, knt. and. finished ‘by. the
Countess of Pembroke, his sister. Now
first printed from a copy of the original
Ms. ‘Transcribed by John- Davies, of
Hereford, in the Reign of James the First,
with two portraits, 12mo. 12s, boards.

British Legislation.

169

The Reflector, or Christian Advocate ;
in which the united efforts of modern infi-
dels and Socinians are detected, and ex-
posed, illustrated. by numerous examples :
being the substance of the Busby Lectures,
delivered on appointment. of the Lord
Bishop of London ; by the Rev. S. Piggott,

A.M. of St. Edmund’s Hall, Oxford. 8vo.
10s. 6d.
Part I. of Scientia Biblica. Being’a

copious collection of Parallel Passages,
printed in words at length for the illustra-
tion of the New Testament. 3s. .

Letters on the State of Christianity, m
India; in which the Conversion of the Hin-
doos is considered as impracticable; by
the Abbé J. A. Dubois, missionary in
Mysore. Small 8vo., 7s. boards.

TOPOGRAPHY.

A Panoramic View of the City of Edin-
burgh and Surrounding Country, compre-
hending the varied and_ picturesque
scenery, as seen from the top of the Calton-
hill, from an actual drawing on the spot by -
Mr. Tytler, will appear in a few days beau-
tifully printed in chalk by Simoneau, and
handsomely coloured. on imperial drawing-
paper.—Size, ninety inches long by twenty-
one inches broad.

A Guide to the Giant’s Causeway, and
North East. Coast. of the County of
Antrim, with a Map and Engravings after
drawings by G. Petrie; by the Rev. G. N.
Wright. Royal i8mo. 6s. boards.

A Descriptive Guide to Fonthill Abbey
and Demesne for 1823, including a List of
its Painting and Curiosities; by John
Rutter, 8vo. with a highly-finished: plate
and vignette. 4s. sewed.

Remarks on the Country extending from
€ape Palmas to the River Congo; by
Capt. J. Adams. 8vo. 7s. 6d.

. VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.

Part VI. Vol. IX. of the Journal of
Voyages and Travels :—A Voyage round
the World, between the. Years 1816 and
1819 ; by M. Camilla de Roquefeuil, in the
ship Le Bordelais.

Journal of Ten Months’ Residence in
New Zealand; by R., A. Cruise, esq.
8vo, 9s. boards.

BRITISH LEGISLATION.

—_—
ACTS PASSED in the THIRD YEAR of the REIGN of GEORGE THE FOURTH, or in the
THIRD SESSION: of the SEVENTH PARLIAMENT of the UNITED KINGDOM,
—a——

AP. CLV. To continue, until the

Bist day of December, 1824, the
Bounty to Vessels employed in the
Greenland Seas and Davis's Streights;
and to authorize his Majesty to alter the
Times for the sailing oy the said Ves-
sels, and any of the Limitations con-
~ Monruiy Maa. No, 386, .

tained in the Acts for allowing the said
Bounty.

Cap. CV. For granting Rates of
Postage for the Conveyance. of Letters
and Packets between.the Port of Liver-
pool, in the County of Lancaster, and the
Tsle of Man.

Z. Cap.

170

Cap. CVI. To continue for one Year
so much of an Act of the ni Session of
Parliament, as increases the Duties
payable on Sugar imported from the
East Indies. ,

Cap. CVII. To allow, until the \st
day of August, 1823, a Drawback of the
whole of the Duties of Customs on
Brimstone used and consumed in the
making and preparing Oil of Vitriol or
Sulphuric Acid.

Cap. CVI. For vesting all Estates
and Property occupied for the Barrack
Service in any Part of the United
Kingdom in the Principal Officers of
his Majesty’s Ordnance, and for grant-
ing certain Powers to the said Principal
Officers in relation thereto.

Cap. CIX. To repeal the Duties
and Drawbacks on Barilla imported
into the United Kingdom ; and to grant
other Duties and Drawbacks in lieu
thereof.

Cap. CX. To amend the Laws for
the Prevention of Smuggling.

Cap. CX4. To allow, until the 10th
day of November, 1824, the Exportation
of Spirits distilled from Corn for Home
Consumption in Scotland, to Parts be-
yond Seas, without Payment of the Duty
of Excise chargeable thereon.

Cap. CXIl. To authorize the fur-
ther Advance of Money out of the Con-
solidated Fund, for the Completion of
Works of a Public Nature, and for the
Encouragement of the Fisheries in
Treland.

Cap. CXIII. To amend an Act,
passed in the 50th year of his late Ma-
jesty, for directing that Accounts of
Increase and Diminution of: Public Sa-
laries, Pensions, and Allowances, shall
be annually laid before Parliament, and
for regulating and controlling the grant-
ing and paying such Salaries, Penstons,
and Allowances.

Cap. CXIV. To provide for the
more effectual Punishment of certain
Offences, by Imprisonment with hard
Labour.

Cap. CXV. To regulate the Quali-
fication of Persons holding the Office of
Coroner in Ireland.

Cap. CXVI. For the more conve-
nient and effectual registering in Ireland
Deeds execuied in Great Britain.

Cap. CXVII. To redisce the Stamp
Duties on Reconveyances of Mortgages,
and in certain other Cases ; and to amend
an Act of the last Session of Parliament,
for removing Doubts as to the Amount
of certain Stamp Duties in Great Bri-
tain and Ireland respectively.

2

British Legislation.

[Sept. 1,

Cap. CXVIII. To amend an Act
made in this present Session of Parlia-
ment, for amending an Act made in the
Ist year of his present Majesty’s Reign,
for the Assistance of Trade and Manu-
factures in Ireland, by authorizing the
Advance of certain Sums for the Support
of Commercial Credit there.

Cap. CXIX. To regulate the Trade
of the Provinces of Lower and Upper
Canada, and for other purposes relating
to the said Provinces.

Cap. CXX. To defray the Charge
of the Pay, Cloathing, and Contingent
Expenses, of the Disembodied Militia in
Great Britain; and to grant Allow-
ances in certain Cases to Subaltern Offi-
cers, Adjutants, Quarter-master's, Sur-
geons, Surgeons-mates, and Serjeant-
majors of Militia, wntil the 2th day of
March, 1823.

Cap. CXXI. To defray, until the
25th day of June, 1823, the Charge of
the Pay and Clothing of the Militia of
Ireland; and for making Allowances to
Officers and Quarter-masters of the said
Militia during Peace.

Cap. CX XII. For raising the Sum
of 16,500,0001. by Exchequer Bills, for
the Service of the Year 1822.

Cap. CXXIII. To amend an Act
of the \st year of his present Majesty,
for the Relief of Insolvent Debtors in
England.

Cap. CXXIV. Yo amend an Act
passed in the 1st and 2d years of his
Majesty’s Reign, for the Relief of In-
solvent Debtors in Ireland.

Cap.CXXV. To enable Ecclesias-
tical Persons, and others, in Ireland, to
grant Leases of Tithes, so as to bind
their Successors.

Cap. CXXVI. To amend the aes
ral Laws now in being for regulating
Turnpike-roads in that part of Great
Britain called England. aie

§ 2. enacts, that after the ist of January,
1826, the nails of the tire or tires of the
wheels of waggons, carts, and all such ve-
hicles made use of upon turnpike-roads,
shall not project above one quarter of an
inch beyond the surface of the same; and
inflicts a penalty for disobedience upon
the owner, of a sum not exceeding 40s.
and upon the driver of a sum not exceed-
ing 20s., for every such offence,—that is,
for each time the vehicle with wheels dif-
ferently constructed shall be drawn upon
a turnpike-road. <

$5. enacts, that the trustees or commis-
sioners shall, after the ist of January,
1824, continue to collect for every wag-
gon, &c. having the fellies of the wheels
of less breadth than four and a half inches, —
or

a eee

Reali

kat

1823.]

or for the horses, &c. drawing the same,
the same tolls as by such local acts are
payable in respect of such waggon, &c.
and for every vehicle having the fellies’ of
the wheels of four and a half inches, and
less than six, one-sixth less than the tolls
payable for the same; and for every vehi-
cle having the fellies of its wheels of the
breadth of six inches or upwards, or for
the horses drawing the same, one-third
less than the tolls which are payable for
the same, by any turnpike-road act.

Table of Weights allowed in Winter and
Summer to Carriages directed to be weigh-
ed. (including the Carriage and Leading ).

. , Summer. — Winter.
Tons.Cwl. Tons.€wt.
For every Waggon with

9-inch wheels -*+es*++ 6 10 -» 6 O
For every Cart with 9-inch

Wheels eccccevccsssee 3 10 +» 3 OV
For every Waggon with

6-inch wheels -++-.+++ 4 15 +» 4 5

For every Cart with 6-inch

wheels «-crerccceesss 3 0 .-- 215
For every Waggon with

wheels of the breadth

of Az inches .-++eerese 4 5 2 3
Forevery Cart with.wheels

of the breadth of 42 inc. 2
For every Waggon with

15
12 ee 2 7

wheels less than4iinc. 3 15 ++ 3 5
Forevery Cart with wheels
' less than 4Z-inches +--+ 1 15 -- 1 10

§ 6. orders that, where by the authority
of any local act of parliament, for the pre-
servation of high-ways, a scale of tolls shall
have been digested, and where the addi-
tional tolls imposed by the 13th of the late
King have not been levied, the trustees
and commissioners do after the 1st of Janu-
ary, 1824, continue to collect the tolls as
they have already collected them, without
regarding at all those imposed by the said
act.

§ 7. provides, that where the tolls shall
be inthe hands of trustees or commis-
sioners, and not leased or let to farm, and
where they have been raised, that they
shall be reduced within fourteen days
after the passing of this Act; and where
the tolls have been leased or let to farm,
authorises the trustees and commissioners
to compound with the lessee or farmer for
the rednction, in conformity with this Act,
ordering its provisions to be put into im-
mediate execution, upon the reduction
taking place, and not waiting till the 1st
of January, 1824, ;
~ § 8. releases contractors for, and far-
mers of, tolls, whose contracts and agree-
ments extend beyond the 1st of January,
1824, who shall, in consequence of this
Act, be desirous of relinquishing their un-
dertakings, from the same, provided that
they do on or before the 1st of September,
1823, give notice in writing of their inten-
Sion, to the treasurer oy clerk of the trus-

The New Turnpike Act.

171

tees or commissioners of the road whereon
they are contractors. m

§ 13. empowers trustees and commis-
sioners to. compound with individuals, for
any term not exceeding one year, for the
tolls payable upon the road under their
management.

$15. orders, under a penalty not ex-
ceeding 51. for disobedience or falsehood,
the owners of waggons, &c. from, and
after the 1st day of October, 1823, to
have the christian and surnames, and place
of abode, of the principal partner or pro-
prietor, painted at full length, in one or
more straight lines, in letters of not less
than one inch in height, upon some con-
spicuous part of the right or off side of the
vehicle, or upon the off-side shafts thereof,
hefore it shall be used upon any turnpike
road, and during the whole of the time it
shall be so employed.

§ 19. provides that nothing in the recited
Act, or in this Act, relative to the breadth
of the wheels of vehicles, or to the regula-
tions of weight, or to the tolls payable in
consequence, shall extend to chaise ma-
rines, coaches, landaus, berlins, barouches,
phaetons, sociables, chariots, calashes,
hearses, breaks, chaises, curricles, gigs,
chairs, or taxed carts, or any cart not
drawn by more than one horse or. two
oxen.

Offences for which Toll-keepers are liable to
Penalties.

Demanding or taking a greater or less
toll than they are warranted in doing. _

Demanding or taking toll of persons
exempt therefrom, and who shall claim
such privilege.

Refusing to permit persons to read the
inscriptions upon the board exhibiting the
scale of tolls. ‘

Refusing to tell their christian and sur-
names, or giving false ones, to persons de-
manding the same on paying toll.

Refusing to give to persons paying toll
a ticket denoting the payment thereof.

Unnecessarily detaining or wilfully ob-
structing a passenger or passengers, from
passing through the turnpike gates, upon
the legal toll being paid or tendered.

Making use of any scurrilous or abusive
language to any trustee or commissioner,
traveller or passenger.

§ 44. prohibits the appointment. of the
same individual to the situation of clerk
and surveyor. |

§ 45. inflicts a penalty of 50/. upon any
surveyor, who shall have any interest in
any contract for work, materials, and
tools.

§ 65. prohibits trustees or commis-
sioners, in altering or deviating the course
of any part of the turnpike-roads, to com-
mit any of the following acts, without the
consent in writing of the proprietor or
owner, or those who shall be authorized to
act for them :—

Te

172

To take or to pull down any dwelling:
house, or other dwelling.

To deviate over any inclosed lands or
grounds, more than one hundred yards
from the line of the road.

To take or to make use of any garden,
yard, or paddock. n

To take or to!make pse of any park,'
planted walk, or avenue to a house. +

To take or to make use of any inclosed
ground planted as an ornament’or shelter
to a house, or planted, or set apart, as a
nursery for trees, or any part thereof re-
spectively.

Casting or throwing rubbish, &c. into
any drain, ditch, or other water-course, 80
as to obstruct the water from running or
draining off the road.

‘Shovelling up or carrying, without autho-
tity, stone, gravel, or other materials,

.

Medical Report.

slutch, dirt, &c. from off any footpath ‘or
canseway, or any other part of tlie road. .

Wilfully preventing in any manner’ per-
sous-from passing upon the road.

Digging, making, or using,any pit or
pits for sawing timber or wood within
thirty feet of the centre of any turmpike-
road, ‘unless the same be incloséd by a
fence from the road.

§ 76. subjects drivers of vehicles, carry-
ing goods for hire or sale, to a penalty nat

exceeding 20s. for neglecting to fasten
their dogs to such vehicle, ;

Cap. CX XVII. For applying cer-
tain Monies therein mentioned for the
Service of the year 1822, and for further
appropriating the Supplies granted in
this Session of Parliament.

MEDICAL REPORT.

Report of Diseases and CASuALTIES occurring inthe public and private Practice
of the Physician who has the care of the Western District of the City Dispensary.

——

UACKERY, of any kind, the writer

of these papers has never. spared ;
not that he has thought it worth while to
go out of his. common course in order to
meet and attack the many-headed mon-
ster, conscious as he is that professional
interference with the unprincipled pro-
ceedings of nostrum proprietors, or the
lying statements of pretenders to secret
plans of cure, is both beneath the dignity
of regular medicine, and calculated to
defeat its own purpose. If the people
will be deceived, let them be deceived,
has ever been the Reporter's feeling; and
indeed, in some instances, it would seem
cruel to destroy faith, however ill founded,
when it is capable of efiecting actual
benefit.

In proportion, however, to-his indispo-
sition of thinking or caring about syrups,
or balsams, or vegetables, or tractors, is
his disposition to attend to those kind of
appeals to observation and good sense,
which some are too ready to reject as
empirical and worthless, merely because
they a little deviate from the routine of
established practice. In this predicament
isthe proposed plan of treating cancerous
and‘other disordered structure, simply by
pressure. The Reporter's observation of
Mr., Young’s: practice'has not, perhaps,
been sufficiently extensive to authorize
very decided language on the subject;
but what he has seen of it has been largely
in?its favour. He has witnessed two
cases, especially, in which open cancerous,
or fungoid; disease has been arrested in its
destructive march; and a few days since,

in company with one of the most respec-
table surgeons in London, he was called
upon to observe the decided improvement,
under this. treatment, of a very large
schirrous breast. The subject of the dis-
order is the wife of a respected medical
friend of the Reporter, who is exceed-
ingly satisfied with the result, as far as at
present manifested. The reader of these
papers shall be duly informed of its pro-
gress; mean time, the writer cannot help
again protesting against the indolent or
interested feeling which would class Mr.
Young’s manly and open appeal’ to fact

and principle, with the charlatanism of — : :

secret and superior pretension.

Disease of all kinds has, till within the
last few days, been still comparatively
infrequent. Fevers and stomach-ailments
are now beginning to appear. Some_
cases of scarlatina have lately fallen under
the writer’s notice, of more than ordinary
severity; their malignity, however, has
rather been in their sequel than in their.
first state. ‘Two cases especially are at
this moment under treatment; in one of
which there is every reason to suppose
water on the brain; in the other, water in
the chest. The inflammatory irritation
by which scarlet fever is characterized,
implicates especially that part of the or-
ganization, viz. the small terminal arteries
of either the outer skin or internal sur-
faces; from which effusion is readily ‘in-
duced. ‘Hence the dropsical Swelling of
the ‘surface, which are so commonly. the |
consequetices of the malady in question ;
and hence the pouring out of fluids into

pt internal

[Sept. i,

18233]
internal cavities when the pervading irri-
tation shal}. have happened incidentally
to fall upon internal membranes.

These effusions are the most easily. pro-
duced when the subject is of a scrofu-
lous constitution: if any one medicinal has
more controul over them than others, itis
foxglove, and the operation of this power-
ful drug bas before been referred by_the
writer to the remarkable property it ap-
pears to possess, when properly managed
in its administration, of imparting tone to
the minute vessels, It is truly astonishing
to witness the giving-way of the quick,
irritative, debilitated, pulse, under a
cautious aud gradual administration of
digitalis, and the coming on in its place
of the steady, orderly, and comparatively
slow, movement, which is the harbinger of
returning strength.

An obstinate ease of stomach-weakness
has lately been effectually remedied by
one-grain doses, twice a-day, of the sul-
pliate of zinc, with fifteen of the extract
of gentian, administered in .the form of
pills. This case here is especially alluded
to on account, of the sufferer having gone
steadily throngh the usual -routine of al-
terative stomachics with but temporary
benefit... The: zinc, with gentian, here

Report of Chemistry and Experimental Philosophy.

173

proved permanently operative; and the
Reporter must reiterate his . often-told
tale; that tonic agency upon the nervons
and muscular fibre isa more important
principle to recognize in the treatment of
disease, than some seem disposed to-ad-
mit. A case of epilepsy, which has.Jasted
many years, is now under treatment with
the sulphate of zinc and nitrate of silver;
and the visits. of the, disease, since these
medicines have been taken, are not only
Jess violent, but “fewer and farther be-
tween.” :
From some instances the writer has re-
cently met with of the incidental expulsion
of worms under the use of medicinals that
had been- administered with other views,
he is disposed to think that the mints.are
more powerful vermifuges than is. gene-
rally thonght: the lumbricus teres.seems
especially to be disturbed by them, and it
would be as well, in obscure cases of sto-
mach or nervous affection, that either the
spear-mint, or peppermint, or pennyroyal,
should constitute the vehicles of more
active materials,,as they might) prove
anthelmintic in» cases of worms. being
present.
Bedford-row.;
August 20, 1823.

D. UwInNs, M.D.

==
REPORT OF CHEMISTRY AND EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY,

<2

HE Select Committee of the House of
Commons on the subject of Gas-lights
are of opinion, that the danger likely to
arise from gasometers and gas-works is
not so great as has been supposed, and
that therefore the necessity of interference
by the legislative enactments pointed out
in the Reports referred to them, does not
tg at the present period of the session:
t is in evidence, that the carburetted hy-
drogen gas, usually supplied to the public,
is not, of itself, explosive; but that, in
order to render it so, a mixture of from
five to twelve parts of atmospheric air,
and the application of flame, is necessary ;
whilst the manner in which the gasometer-
houses are in general built, renders’ it
extremely difficult to form the mixture
requisite for explosion, and consequently
renders the chance of accident remote.
Thé danger ‘attendant on the use of gas in
the streets and passages, appears also to
be small; and that it will, probably, by
the bétter management and care of the
bean employed in these éstablishments,
e henceforth lessened, It appears that,
in some of the gas-works, safety-lamps are
used on the premises, to guard against
accidents that might occur by the appli-
cation of flame to any explosive mixture
that may have been formed by leakage
from the gasometers or pipes.”
A species of red earth, called Ter-
ras, has been found in the parish of St.
Elizabeth, in Jamaica, which turns out to

be an excellent substitute for terras or
puzzolana earth, and may therefore be of
great value to the inhabitants of the West
Indies. One measure of,this earth, mixed
with two of well-slaked lime, and one of
sand, form a cement that answers exe
tremely well for building any drain or
bridge, or any structure in water, for it
will soon harden and become like a stone.
The decay of modern paper is lament-
able, and the causes are two-fold: the
materiel, and the mode of bleaching the
rags; or the employment of sulphate of
lime, &c. in the pulp, and bleaching the
Tags previously, or the paper subsequently,
with oxymuriatic-acid gas,.or chlorine,
Nettles (says Mr. Murray) would be an
excellent substitute for linen rags, if linen
cannot be obtained in sufficient quantity.
The last number of the American Journal
of Science contains a very interesting ar-
ticle by Professor Silliman, on the defla-
grator of Professor Hare. He has not
only fused the anthracite and plumbago,
but has actually converted them into di-
amonds, “On the end of the prepared
charcoal, and occupying an area ofa
quarter of an inch or more in diameter,
were found (says he) numerous globules

of perfectly melied matter, entirely sphe-

rical in their form, having a high vitreous
lustre and a great degree of beauty. Some
of them, and generally they were those
remote from the focus, were of a jet black,
like the most perfect obsidian; others

were

-

174

were brown, yellow, and topaz-colonred;
thers were greyish white, like pearl-
stones, with the translncence and lustre of
porcelain; and others still limpid, like
flint glass, or in some cases like hyalite or
precious opal, but withont the iridescence
of the latter. I detached some of the
globules, and firmly bedding them in a
handle of wood, tried their hardness and
firmness ; they bore strong pressure with-
out breaking, and easily scratched not
only flint-glass but window-glass, and even
the hard green variety whicl/ forms the
aquafortis-bottles. ‘Vhe globules which
had acquired this extraordinary hardness
were formed from plumbago, which was
so soft that it was perfectly free from re-
sistance when crushed between the thumb
and finger.” Speaking of the globules
obtained in another experiment, he ob-
serves, that ‘‘ some were perfectly limpid,
and could not be distinguished by the eye
from portions of diamond.” The expe-
riments detailed remove every suspicion
which might be entertained that ‘these
globules were the earthy matter contained
in the plumbago, which was vitrified by
the intense heat. They were exposed in
a jar of oxygen gas to the focus of a
powerful lens; and, although they neither
melted nor altered their forms, a decided
precipitate was formed upon the intro-
duction of lime water into the vessel. The
globules of melted plumbago are absolute
non-conductors of electricity; as strictly
so as the diamond.”

Mr. Faraday, of the Royal Institution,
has made the important discovery of a
method, by which carbonic gas can be
condensed, and exhibited in a liquid form,
limpid and colourless like water: he has

also effected the same thing with the

following aériform substances, viz. nitrous
oxide, sulphurous acid, sulphuretted hy-
drogen, cyanogen and euchlorine, all of
which, except the last, produce colourless
fluids; that of chlorine being of a yellow
colour. Mr. Faraday’s mode of*operating
has been published, but only briefly, with
regard to chlorine, and a repetition thereof
by Sir H. Davy, with respect to muriatic
acid ; it appears to consist, in causing the
gases to he evolved from substances con-
taining them, in hermetically sealed glass
tubes, when the pressure of the atmos-
phere of evolved gas occasions its con-
densation into a fluid.

The same thing has been effected, by
mechanically forcing the gasses into a
strong vessel, immersed in a frigorific
mixture. Upon dividing a tube contain-
ing fluid chlorine, a report was heard, the
yellow fluid instantly disappeared, and a
strong atmosphere of chlorine gas was

Report of Chemistry and Experimental Philosophy.

[Sept. i,
produced. The fluids resulting from the
other condensed gases, seem also ex-
tremely volatile, and alike incapable of
being retained at the ordinary tempera-
ture and pressure of the atmosphere. —
Is it too much to hope and expect, that ¢
ere long our ingenious chemical philoso-
phers, will devise methods, by which the
fluids thus obtained, can be further con-
densed into solid or crystallized sub-
stances? and thus the diamond be manu-
factured, solid oxigen exhibited, &c. &e.

A new and powerful galvanic appara-
tus has been constructed at the London
Institution by W. H. Pepys, esq. It
consists of a single sheet of copper and
one of zinc, each fifty feet long, and two
feet broad. They are wound round a
wooden centre, and kept apart by pieces
of interposed hair-lines. The coil and its
counterpoise are suspended bya rope over
a tub of diluted acid. When lowered
into the tub, its electricity is so low, as
not to affect the electrometer; even a bit
of charcoal serves to insulate it, and it can
hardly ignite an inch of platinum wire of
one-thirtieth of an inch diameter; but
when the poles are connected bya copper
Wire, one-eighth of an inch diameter, and
eight inches long, it becomes hot, is most
powerfully magnetic, and admirably adapt-
ed for all electro-magnetic experiments,

Indigo has lately been submitted to a
rigid analysis by Mr. WALTER CRuM, of
Glasgow, whose experiments are detailed
in the “ Annals of Philosophy ;” whereby
it appears, that sublimed or purified indigo
is composed of one atom of azote, two
atcms of oxygen, four atoms of hydrogen,
and sixteen atoms of carbon; and in the
course of these experiments he was fortn-
nate enough to discover two new sub-
stances allied to indigo: one of them,
named by him phenicin, consisting of the
above elements of indigo, combined with
two atoms of water (or of its component
gases); and the other, which he calls
cerulin, consisting of the same elements of
indigo, combined with four atoms of wa-
ter (or its gases). Cerulin, in combina-
tion with the sulphuric salts, is found by
Mr. C. to possess the singular property of
being soluble in pure or distilled water,
but not so in impure water, of any kind
which he tried ; and hence he explains the
practice of many experienced laundresses,
who, in the washing of printed dresses,
particularly those whose colours are dark,
have found it necessary to rince them in
hard water (or else in salted or alumed
water instead,) before hanging them up to
dry, otherwise the colours run or spread
on to the white parts.

MONTHLY

1823.) : [ 175
MONTHLY COMMERCIAL REPORT.

—
PRICES or MERCHANDIZE. = July 29. Aug. 20.
Cocoa, W. I. common - -£3 5 0 to 4 00 3 5 0 to 4 0 O perewt
Coffee, Jamaica, ordinary 4 0 0 — 415 0 | 315 0 — 4 3:0 do.
gfne 9°50 '0,—) 16 40) 5 7 0 —"6' 20° do.

Mocha ---+++*> 5 0 0 — 8 0 0] 5 0 0 — 8 0 0 do,
Cotton, W.I.common-- 0 0 9 — 0 011 | 0 0 9 — O O 114 ‘per Ib.

, Demerara:--++- 0 0113 — O 1 17] 0 0117— O 1 13 do.
Currants-----+-+essee2 5 0 0 — 512 0} 512 0 — O O O perewt.
Figs, Turkey -+---+--+- 118 9 — 2 2 0} 118 0 — 2 2 O perchest
Flax, Riga --++-++++++*°63 0 0 — 65 0 0 |63 0 0 — 64 O O per ton.
Hemp, Riga, Rhine ---- 41 10 0 — 4210 0 |42 0 0 —43 0 0 do,
Hops, new, Pockets.--- 8 0 0 — 1010 0 8 0 0 — 1010 O perewt,
BSS ameSissex, do. "6 100" —"" 710 0: "| 610 0 = 71010 do.
Iron, British, Bars ---- 810 0 — 9 0 0 | 810 0 — 9 0 O per ton,
eS MDigs eee tes 1G 0 Or— 7 FOO 6" OO" 7? 0.1 Oxaida.
Oil, Lucca ---+++++++--1110 0 — 0 0 0 | 910 0 —10 0 ©O 25 galls.
—, Galipoli-«-++-++-++-55 0 0 —56 0 O 54.0 0 — O O O per ton.
Rags Evuclatetete cl che eestor ee igs Oe 0. On 20 os '4- OF =" 0+ 0 0 perewt.
Raisins, bloom or jar,ynew 310 0 — 0 0 0} 310 0 — 0 0 0 do.
Rice, Patna -+------+: 016 0 — 10 0+4;016 0— 1 00 -do.
Carolina -s-+..+.°1°17 0 — 2 0.0 |\118 0 — 2 0'90 do.
Silk, China, raw-++-+++- 016 1 — 1 1 1} 016 1 — O18 1 per Ib,
——, Bengal, skein -*+- 011 4 — 0 12 2 011 5 — 01210 do.
Spices, Cinnamon -+++-- 0 6 0 — 07 0)07 0 — 0 8 4 do.

Cloves -seeeess 0 3 9 — 0 40;03 9 — 0 4 9 do.

,Nutmegs ------ 0 3 1 — 0090 0;0 3 1— 00 0 do.

, Pepper, black-- 0 0 6 — 0° 0 64 0 0 6 — O 0 61 do.
pea TS PO Se phicese One Magia" Oa Sh io a” Se ES ea tee liga:
Spirits, Brandy, Cogniac 0 210 — 0 3 4|0 2 9 — O 3 3 per gal,
———, Geneva Hollands 0 2 0 — 0 2 1 0°? 1° — 0 2 2 do,

,Rum, Jamaicas» O 2 4 — 026,02 4 — 0 2 6 do,
Sugar, brown:--++----- 213 0 — 214 0 214 0 — 215 O percwt.

, Jamaica, fine +--+» 3 5 0 — 310 0 my Ol a=.) Rene ea

, East India, brown 1 00 — 1 4 O AO FON Sal ge aaa e ods
'——,lump,fine.-.++5+» 44 0— 47 0/4 4 0 — 4 8 °0 ‘do.
Tallow, town-melted---- 118 6 — 0 0 O 253 Ot —— YO 0 Odes

, Russia, yellow: 114 6 — 0 0.0 1 TF 08 SS orr"'o. “Odo.
Tea, Bohea:-------+-+- 0 2 5 — 0 2 53] 0 2 5 — O @ 53perlb.
=——, Hyson, best'-»----,0 5 7 — 0 6 0 O57. — +. 0 6, O°. do.
Wine, Madeira,old ----20 0 0 —70 0 0 |20 0 0 —70 0 O perpipe
——,, Port, old --++---- 42 0 0 — 48 0 0 |42 0 0 — 48 0 0 do,
-—, Sherry --**-+----20 0 0 — 50 0 0 !20 0 0 — 50 O O per butt

Premiums of Insurance.—Guernsey or Jersey, 25s. a 30s.—Cork or Dublin, 25s. a 30s.
—Belfast, 25s. a 30s.—Hambro’, 20s. a 50s.—Madeira, 20s. a 30s.—Jamaica, 40s. a
50s.—Greenland, out and home, 6 gs.a12 gs.

Course of Exchange, Aug, 19.—Amsterdam, 12 10.—Hamburgh, 38 9,—Paris, 26 5.
Leghorn, 46%.—Lisbon, 523.—Dublin, 93 per cent.

Premiums on Shares and Canals, and Joint Stock Companies, at the Office of Wolfe and
‘Edmonds’.—Birmingham, 310l.—Coventry, 11001.—Derby, 140/—Ellesmere, 65/.—
Grand Surrey, 44/.—Grand Union, 18. 10s.—Grand Junction, 250!.—Grand Wes-
tern, 4l.—Leeds and Liverpool, 3751.—Leicester, 3001.—Loughbro’, 35001.— Oxford,
745l.—Trent and Mersey, 2000/.— Worcester, 33l.—East India Docks, 1401.—London,
118/.—West India, 183/.—Southwark BrincGe, 19/.—Strand, 5/.—Royal Exchange
-ASSURANCE, 2551.—Albion, 511—Globe, 1551—GaAs Licnut Company, 75l.—City
Ditto, 1281.

The 3 per cent. Reduced, on the 26th was 833; 3 per cent. Consols, 823 ; 4 per
cent. Consols, 101; new 4 per cent. 1003 ; Bank Stock 226.

Gold in bars, 31.178, 6d. per 0z.—New doubloons, 3/, 15s, 6¢.—Silver in bars, 4s. 11d.

ALPHABETICAL

176

Bankrupts and Dividends.

[Sept. 1,

ALPHABETICAL Last. OF BANKRUPTCIES” ‘amnounced between the 20th of July,

and the 20th of Aug.1823 : extracted from the London Gazettes. .
ae

BANKRUPTCIES. [This Month 61.]
Solicitors’ Names are in Parentheses.
ADAMS, J. ‘Union-street, Southwark, oilman.

(Drew and Sons
Alderson, R. Mer eatile. -upon-Tyne, surgeon. _(Con-
stable and Co. J
Astor, W. H. Sun- street, Bishopsgate-strect, musi-
calinstfument maker. (Lester
Austin, J. Little St. Thomas Apostle, Cheapside,

_ swarebouseman,. (Gilbank
Aaya: R. H. Liverpool, dealer and chapman.
rum

paker'TW. Foley. -street, tallow-chandler. Hee
Beart, J. Limehouse, tim ber-merchant,. eet, L
Bond, J. Cawston, Norfolk, farmer. (Fisher and Go.

Hopwood, J . Chancery-lane, bill-broker,._ (Mott

Jones, T. St. Johu’s- street, West Smithfield, sta-
stioner. (Tanner

Kenning, G. Church-strect, Spitalfields, silk-man.
(Webster and Son

Ladd; Sir J. Cornhill, watch-maker and jeweller.
(Spyer

Lean, T. Liverpool, coat hemaker. (Garnett

' Longworth, J. Liverpool, builder. (Leigh, L.

Lucas, J. Weymouth- terrace, Hackney-road, musi-
calinstrument maker. (Lester, L.

Mandate, E. Sebergham, Cumberland, lime- burner.
(Faleon, L.

Middleton, R. Kin ay ee Rotherhithe, merchant.
(Greaves and

Morton, R. Charlotte. street, Fitzroy- -square, paper-

Broadhead, W. H. aud T. Artillery-court, Chiswell- Pier Sih er sete Birmingham, edge-tool
Butener, T Holborn insulin’ (Carpenter malkara. SY and Co. L
» » Vic
Clarke, J. L. Honiton, Devonshire, saddle-maker. ee as See Walworth, coach- leech bon
ee eiat Reed, "T. High Holborn, linen- draper. (Jones
Cocker, G -H. Grenville-street, Brunswick- -square, Righton, J. Bristol, haberdasher. (Clarke and Co.

* pill-broker. (Wigley

Consitt, R. and R. Lee, Full, merchants.
Copp, J. High-street, Bloomsbury, draper.
J. panels Bristol, shoe-makers.

risps C. and
ae iams and Co.
Davies, M. Bodynfol,
(Rogers, L.
Dawson, H. Leeds, silk-mercer.
Drummond, W. Hull, draper.
Evans, D. Swansea, draper.
Evans, E. Bollingbroo ce-row,

(Lys
Giaven 3 J. and H.S. Langbourn Chambers, mer-

chants.; (Fisher
Green, G, York-street,

drapex. (Sweet and Co.

Green, J. White-horse Terrace, Stepney, coal-mer-
chante Freeman and Co, L.

Harris, J.

denler. (Hilliard and Co. L
Haselden, J. Grub-street,
Kingsland-road

Hawkins, J. U. Star Corner, Bermondsey, carpen-

ter. (Lee

Hobbs, T. Westminster-road, victualler.

Holroyd, W. Leadenhall- street,
(Parris

Humphreys, MH. and W.-Lacon,
founders. (Lace and Co.

Atkinson, J. H. Holme, West-
moreland

Bainbridge, J. Whitehayen

Bedumont, G. Crowle, Lincoln-
shire

Bedson, T. and R, Bishop Aston,
near Birmingham

Bell, T. Lincoln

Bennett, S. A. Shoreditch

Bennett, T. Dartmouth

Bidwith, T. Stolesden, Shropshire

Binion, J. Edward-street, Port-
man-square

Burton, G, Knottingley, Yorkshire

Byrne, E. jun. Liverpool

Carter, H. Ratcliffe-highway

Cattermole, J.- Framlingham,
Suffolk

Clarke, C. Bristol

Cochran, T. York

Cole; W.. Sinnington, Yorkshire

Cowrie, S.. Barbican

Cranage, T. Watling-street

Deeping, G. Lincoln

Dickens, G. J. Skinner-street,
Snow-hill

Dicks, J. London-street, Totten-
ham Court road

Douglas and Co. Fleet-street

Doulan, M. J. in kas street,
Westminster

Destoiond, A. Coleshill, Warwick-
shire

Mtonkuoreeydhirs, farmer.
(Makinson, L.

(Chester, L.
ore and Co. L.

Covent-garden, woollen-

landairog, Carmarthenshire, cattle-

horse-dealer.

(Shaw,L,
(Gates

~ derett an

Sciaccalaga, - J.
and Co,

Walworth, baker.

maker,

and Co.

(Grey,

(Bennett
machine-maker.

Liverpool, iron-

DIVIDENDS.

Dryden, J. Oxford-street

Dunn, W. Hoxton

Dye, S. Norwich

Edmunds, T. Castellbugged, Car-
diganshire

Edwards, J. Gough-square

Feise, G. Lawrence Pountney-hill

Flecknoe, J. Daventry

Forster, J. H, and C. Dobson,
Norwich

Fowler, W. Staines

Grant, W. Oxford-street

Greig, W. City-road

Grove, G, “tg Hs Wilkinson, Li-

‘verpool
Hall, H. and J, Upper Thames-
street
Hamand, 8. B.,Plymouth
Hayton, W. and M. Douglas,
“Sunderland
Henzell, E:W, White Lion wharf,
Upper Thames-street
HU BInbORD eit, N. Macclesfield
Hillary, J. P: Mark-lane
‘Halbert, T. ea aD
Jackson, J. Don gate: -hill
Jardine, A. Leatherhead
‘Jenkins, E. -Picketstone, Glamor-
ganshire Y
Jenkins, J. Llanvithen,. Glamor-
ganshire
Kerr, W. Sherborne-lane
Kirkland and Badenoch, Coyentry

Rogers, R. Piddle Hinton,

Tabberer, Be Monmouth, currier.
Thornton, H. Thayer-street, oilman.:
Truelove, W. Dunchurch, Warwickshire, farmer.
(Meyrick and Co, L:
Warr, J. W. Davies, «nd T. Matthews, Tipton, Staf-
fordshire, iron-masters.
Watts, E. Yeovil, Somersetshire, butcher. (Williams
Wibberley, G. Liverpool; merchant.
Williamson; J. Withington, Lancashire:
and Co. Manchester,

. Renaud, E. Birmin ham ' ®

Dorsetshire, farmer.

ie
Rothwell, P, puagorn, Cheshire, corn-dealer, (Brun-
Co
Saffery, E. Downham, Norfolk, farmer.

(Cousteen

Oud Bailey,’ merchant. (Lavie

Shorthose, A Hanley, Staffordshire, earthenware-
manufacturer.

Simpson, R.Watling-street, warehouseman. (Holton

Smith, J. Bradninch, Devonshire, puper-maker.
(Hurd and Co. L.

Smith, W. B. Bristol, innholder. (Williams and Co.

Squires, T. St. Albans, saddler. (Fairthorne and Co.

Steward, M. H.

(Anderson and Co,

Long-lane, Bermondsey, pump-

(Clutton and Co.
Symes, K. Kingswood, Wilts, clothier.

(Bourdillon

(Jenings and Co,
(Peachey.

(Turner and Co. L.

(Cc hester, Li
(Johnson

i

Large, J. Wootten Bassett, Wilts
Lea, W. and J. F. Paternoster-row
Leyburn, G, Bishopsgate-street
Low, H. A. Sunderland .
Mabetly, J. Welbeck-street.
M‘Shene, M. Foley-place, Port-
man-square :
Manning, J.Clement’s-inn |
Matthews, T. Bisho Wwearmouth
Miles, J. Fairford, Gloucester
Minchin, T. A., Ww. . Carter, and
A. Kelly, 4 jun, Portsmouth
Sveti Broad-strect, Golden

Palfrey, W. Hinckwick, Glouces -
tershire
Parker, T. Stourbridge
Passmore. J. Farnham
Perkins, J. Coventr:
Player and Keen,
Porter, H. Taunton
Reid, e Princesstreets Spital-
elds >

ristol

Robinson, P. Kenda 4 Hi

Rodger, J. Sheffield. >

Roper, W..J. and, W., Damens,
agalauh

Baatpd

Smith, J. Pichia!

Southbrook, E.C. Covent Garden
Chambers

Squire, L. Earith, Honuageanst.

pring,

Sprin
ais ton, Essex

@appenden, J. J. and F, Stour-
mouth

Tate, W. Cateaton-street _

Tippetts and Gethen, Basinghall-
Street

Tomlinson, W. jun. Nantwich

Turnbull and Co, Broad-street

setshire

Monthly Agricultural Report.

~ O. Goningsby, Litcoln- Turney Ww. Buckholt-honse, Ley-

Wagstatie and Baylis, Kidder-
minster

Walker, J. Jun. Axbridge, Somer-

Wall, C. Coventry.

Walton, S. Nantwich
Warwick and Aldred, Rotherham

177

White, As Aldertpanbury

Whitwell, S. Coventry

Winscom, J, Andover

Wood, J. Walsall

Wood, P. Kingston

Worrall, S.,:A, Pope, and J. Ed-
monds, Bristo

Young, J. G. Shiplake, Oxfords,

——————

MONTHLY AGRICULTURAL REPORT. -

—Z

V HEAT harvest is at its height of acti-

vity throughout the southern conn
ies, and much corn has already been car-
ried in the best condition ; also wheat has
Deen cut in the most forward of the north-
ern. So great a quantity of rain having
already fallen, a very prosperous latter
harvest may be rationally expected, From
actual and close examination over a consi-
derable extent and variety of soil, the
wheat-straw is remarkably clean, but the
ears bear the marks, in a greater or less
degree, of having suficred from atmosphe-
ric vicissitnde. Specimens of Sir Joseph
Banks’s ‘hairy parasite’ are in sufficient
plenty, even in the finest crops ; among
which, also, may be found the black and
red rust, which are the ova or eggs of the
aphis, or wheat-blight insect. Hence, a
number of the kernels in an ear are found
shuunk and withered, and a considerable
quantity of tail wheat may be expected in
the present season. In the North, they
complain of much smulted or putrid
wheat, none of which the present writer

has yet observed. Qn the whole, the crops.

jiave escaped wonderfully, the variable
nature of the season considered, the defi-
ciency of solar heat, and the constant rains.
This good fortune ‘is doubtless attributable
to the long prevalence of the western
winds, to the speedy absorption and eva-
poration which have constantly taken

lace, and to the cold alternations not
peing of long continuance. The winds,
during some weeks past, have alternated,
almost daily, between south-west and
north-east. In such a season as the pre-
sent, with winds in the opposite quarters,
(it has formerly happened) the whote crops
of the country would be nearly destroyed.

‘Late accounts from parts of Scotland and

Wales speak of incessant heavy rains beat-
ing down the standing corn, and eausing
that to sprout which has been cut. For
this calamity there is no remedy but in a
favourable change of weather. ‘Take it
throughout, the wheat crop:is great, both
in corn and straw, a3 is also that of barley.
Oats, good, but in few parts. In some
favoured sitnations, the beans. have es-
caped ; in general, they are the worst crop
of the year, and with these hops may be
classed. Pease.a variable crop. Turnips
superabundant. Potatoes in vast plenty.
There is a great bulk of hay, but the qua-
lity generally ordinary, and muich of it
damaged ; on which account, the reduced
price of salt will prove beneficial. ‘The
after-grass ‘is‘ most luxuriant and: heavy.
There is somewhat more-life in the wool-
trade, In fine, the country abonnds to
profusion, in corn, cattle, fruits, raw ma-
terials, and manufactures ; in all the first
necessaries and luxuries of life, one thing
only is wanted, u knowledge of the cause,
and a remedy for that ovcrwhelming distress,
tinder which such numbers of our countrymen
actually labour.

Smithfield: —Beef, 9s. 8d. to 3s. 8d.—
Mutton, 3s, 6d. to 4s.—Veal, 2s. &d. to
4s. 6d.—Pork, 2s. 4d, to 4s, 2d,—Lamb,
3s. 4d. to 5s.—Bacon, 3s. 8d. to 4s, 10d,—-
Raw fat, 9s. 5d. per stone. °
.. Corn Exchange: —Wheat, 40s. to 65s.
—New, 56s. to 62s.—Barley, 30s. to 38s.
—Oats, 233s, to 33s,—London price of
best. bread, 4ib. for 92d.—Hay, 76s. to
1153.—Clover, do. 84s. to 126s.—Straw,
368, to 463.

Coals in the pool, 38s. 6d. to 453,
Middlesex ; Aug. 25.

rte ae ne caer ee ene

POLITICAL AFFAIRS IN AUGUST.

——

RUSSIA.

we: lament to learn from an Eng-

lishman long resident in the in-
terior of Russia, and lately arrived in
Loudon, that that empire is retrograding
iv a melancholy manner into the state
of barbarism and despotism, from which
at one time it was hoped it was emanci-
pating. All the plans of amefivration
_ MontuLy Mag, No, 386.

which had been adopted are Jaid aside
and utterly discouraged, and every thing
military, with alt its vassalage and op-
pression, distinguishes the present policy.
A regular army of above a million is not
deemed safficient; but a large propor-
tion of the villages are made military,
j. e. taxes are remitted on the condition
of the male population being exercised

2A three

178
three days. a-week, The soldicry too
are quartered on the housekeepers, and
often divide their property and take a

. daughter to wife under superior autho-
rity. The number of persons in chams
under charges, often unknown, and ‘un-
tried, amounts to 150,000, while the
system of cerfs is every where on the
increase. Ih regard to manufactures,
they are managed by Generals for the
government, and their produets are twice
or thrice the price of the same articles
smuggled from foreign countries. Mo-
ney bears an interest of 20 and 25 per
cent, and private speculation and -indus-
try of course are overwhelmed for want
of capital. Inaword, Russia is through-
out a military government, and its en-
tire policy is become military, to which
every other social interest is rendered
subservient. . We regret such a result,
because, after the death of Paul, im-
provements and ameliorations were
spoken of, and were hailed by ourselves
and others aslikely to raise Russia io
some rank among civilized nations;
but we think it our duty to mention
these changes for tho guide of public
6pinion in reasoning upon ‘Turkey and
Grecce, for it is too evident that the as-
ecndancy of the Turks in Greece could
not be more pernicious than that of
Russia. The facts serve too as texts on
which the free and civilized nations of all
Europe ought to reason in speculating
on its future destinies.

PRUSSIA.

The policy of Russia is that of Prussia.
it is ‘entirely military, but still more
jealous, the passport and espionage
system being exercised in the same per-
fection as in France itself. A silent
war is thus carried on against the march
of public intelligence, and constitutes a
very remarkable feature of the age in
which we liye.

GERMANY.

The litile which remains of freedom
in Germany, owing to the clashing of
local interests in the multitude of inde-
pendent governments, is in a state of
rapid deterioration. Russia, Austria,
and Prussia, expect certain regulations

. to be adopted in each state restrictive of
the press and personal liberty; and none
dare resist so powerful a combination of
despotism. The liberal king of Wirtem-
berg is obliged to accommodate his policy
to the views of these superiors ; and even
the Swiss Cantons are no longer able to
direct their own internal policy, The
press, long so free in Helvetia, where

: Politiegl Affairs in, August.

[Sept. J,

Rousseau and Voltaire lived and wrote

in sceurity, is now placed under.ai arbi.

trary regime. Such are the-fruits of

the Holy Allianee.. Brn
SPAIN.

A country covered with civilslaughter,
with one part of its population arrayed
against the other part, and with legions
of Monks allied to foreign banditti, is
another of the results of the same Al-
liance, Let us hear no more -of. the
French convention and the guillotine ;
they slew their thousands to save France,
but the infernal policy pursaed in Spain,
slays its tens of thousands to ruin that
fine country.

In our fast, we calculated on. the
speedy retreat and extermitiation of the
foreign banditti, but we did not stspect
the extent of the treachery ofthe unprin-
cipled Spanish commanders. “Che army
under Ballasteros, of above 20,000 men,
was regarded as the bulwark of Spanish
liberty ; and, although his continued re-
treat before the corps of Molitor was
mysterious and ominous, yet it was little
suspected thatit would end in open com-
promise, His unfortunate. troops were
ensnared and betrayed in the mountains
north of Grenada, of course easily beaten
and scattered, when Ballasteros threw
off the disguise, and basely united him-
self to the invaders of his country. 14
is believed that his army deserted him,
but in so doing it has become in great
measure ineflicient. ‘Thus the Cortes
have been successively betrayed ; in the
centre by Abisbal, on the left by Morillo,
and on the right by Ballastcros! Can we
wonder that ihe Committee of Public
Safety in France found it necessary to
displace Dumourier, and decapitate
Custine and Houchard?) Are notall the
events in Spain a commentary and justi-
fication of the much abused government

_of revolutionary France?

Of all. the Spanish generals, Mina in
Catalonia is the only commander in the
field who has performed the duties of a
patriot hero. Witha handful of troops
he has kept at bay an experienced
marshal of France, repeatedly baffled
him in the field, and rendered his forces
nugatory. A vain attempt has .been
made to blockade or besiege Barcelona,
but attended with as many ruinous skir-
mishes as are equal to the loss of a pitch
battle. Mina still keeps the field, and
seems rather to blockade the enemy in
Spain, than permit any operation of
theirs. But even the example of this
bero has not prevented one of his sub-

commanders,
i

1823.]
commanders; of thé iufamous name. of
Manso, fron seeking to betray his divi-
sion; yet the traitor had difficulty to es-
cape with only a few of his officers.

In the meantime the brave governors
of the: fortified places defend them
against every attempt; and the French,
im four months, have not obtained the
surrender of a singie garrison. ’Eyen
Corunna, an unfortified place, bas resist-
ed a large force for nearly a month, and
occasioned an immense loss among the
French banditti and their Spanish adhe-
rents. Sir Robert Wilsonand Quiroga
haying organized the defence of the place,
left it, the one for Vigo, since found un-
fenable, and the other for Cadiz, where
he proeeeded by way of England.

As there can -be no doubt that the
French armies have been greatly thinned
during their four months’ hard service,
and as France is appeased by the indus.
trious cireuJation of pending’ negocia-
tions, which are held out as grounds of
hope, so we continue to flatter ourselves
that liberty in Spain may triumph, cither
through the retreat of the French, or by a
negociation in which the original objects
of the invasion will be abandoned... The
Duc d’ Angouleme, or rather his councils,
for he ig amere man of straw, are at issue
with their violent Spanish friends, and
their power ofindulging their vengeance
has been pointedly restraincd. By
withdrawing from them, the French
doubtless hope to conciliate the opposite
party, and it is understood that this true
- Boarbon is now before Cadiz making
overtures to the Patriot Government.
Before our next publication, we hopo

Chronology of the Month -

179
that an accommodation will be cflected,
or that, the French and the Spanish
traitors will, be in full retreat, towards
the Pyrenees. s :

Unfortunately most of the accounts of
the war have been propagated through
the corrupted and over-awed journals of

_France ; so that in the‘difficulty of ‘dis-

tinguishing truth from falsehood, we are
unable to ‘draw ‘correct conclusions.
Even the information in the English yo-
yernment journals is little to be relied
ou, While the same man is our ambassa-
dor.to the Spanish.government who filled
a ‘similar situation at the court. of
Naples in 1821.
GREECK.

Every account represents the Greeks
as victorious in their reacontres with the
Turks. The latter have been once niore
overthrown at Thermopyle, and all
Thessaly is said to be in possession of
the Greeks. ‘Terrible fires too haye been
lighted at Constantinople, and parts, of
the nayal arsenals destroyed, The
Greeks scem also to. be able to send ¢x-
peditions to Candia and Asia Minor;
and, if the latest. accounts are to be cre-
dited, the Turkish fleet has been en-
tirely destroyed.. Of the independatice -
of Greece litile dcaubtean be entertained;
but these brave people have now more to
fear from the overwhelming eagles of
Siberia and Austria thau from the Otto-
mau crescent. ‘Yo arrive at the key to
thehorrors which distinguish these wars,
we call tho attention of our readers to
theBloody Journal of the ordinary,prac-
tice of Russian or Christian warfare when
Mabomedans are the objects.

INCIDENTS, MARRIAGES, ayn DEATHS, 1s ano yeak LONDON;
With Biographical Memoirs of distinguished Characters veeently deceased.

——_—

CURONOLOGY OF THE MONTH.

ULY 29,.—Intelligence received that

the Steam-packet, Lusitania, a’ fine
vessel of §0-horse- power, which plied
between London and Lisbon, struck on a
rock off Evigeva, on the 11thinst. There
were 200 passengers on-board, 50 perished
from haying imprudently left the vessel
too soon,

—.—The magnificent temple of St.
Panl’s, at Rome, was destroyed by fire on
the 15th July, owing to some sparks from
a chafing dish of coals used by plumbers,
falling on the timbers of the roof.

Aug. 5.—A melancholy accident hap-
pened at Bilhingsgate, in consequence of

its being the first day of the oyeter-

season. Among the great number of
persons éager to purchase, 17 were, owing
to a plank giving way, precipitated into
the river, 12 of whom were picked up,
but the other five were drowned.

7.—An extensive burglary was com-

‘mitted in Lambeth palace: the burglars

remain undetected.

The house of the Rev, Mr. Ouslow, of
Newington, entered by false keys, and
robbed to a-considerable extent. _

8.—A highly respectable company
assembled at the City of London Tavern,
to resume the discussion on the resolutions
proposed by Mr. Owen on the 5th,” Mr.
©. now submitted other resolutions, re-
commending an application to Govern-

mevit

180
ment to advance money, at 3% of 4 per
cent. interest, for the purpose of trying
‘one ‘éxperiment, in England, Scotland,
and Ireland, but more. especially in the
Jatter country. Some discussion followed,
in the course of which the Rev. Mr. Lee
objected to..Mr., Owen’s plan, as sepa-
rating, the father and the mother from
their child,.and. destroying all the best
and dearest natural affections, Ultimately
the resolutions were carried, with only one
dissentient voice.

, 13.—News arrived that hostilities ‘had
re-commenced between the Turks and
Greeks, and that the Turks had been
thrice defeated on land, and their plans
deranged, .

The Society for the Encouragement of
Arts and Manufactures have lately offered,
among theirpremiums, one **To the person
who shall invent. and discover to the
Society a Method of preventing accidents
arising from Stage Coaches, the Gold
Medal or thirty guineas, Ample certifi-
cates of its efficacy, and a description of
the method, with models of the machi-
nery used, to be produced to the: society
on or before the last Tuesday in February,
1824. % . ‘

Several convictions of human brutes
have taken place within the month under
Mr. Martin’s God-like Act. We hope to
hear of its operation through the country,
and that all the readers of the Monthly
Magazine, at least, will be active m
putting it in force. On one occasion,
Mr. Martian himself had the heroism to
seize a fellow. in Smithfield, just after he
had broken theleg of asheep. In France,

whips are preferred to knobbed sticks, ~

for driving cattle, &c.
; MARRIED.

Charles Montague Williams, esq. eldest
son of William W. esq. M.P. to Miss
Anna Maria Scott, of Sundridge-park,
Kent.

Mr, Thomas Sefl,, of London, to Miss
Mary Anne Peters, of Egham,

Thomas William Coventry, esq. only
son of the late Hon, Thomas C. of North
Cray, to Miss Ann Coventry, of Spring
Hill, Worcestershire,

At Mary-le-Bone, the Hon. G. J.
Milles, of Elmham-hall, Norfolk,to Eleanor,
daughter of Dowager Lady Knatchbull,
of Wimpole-street.-

Mr, John Deudney, of Shorediteh, to
Miss Maria Esther Dixon, of Wickham
Bisliops, Essex, :

G..C. P.. Living, esq. of Newington,
to Miss Harriet Courage, of St. John’s,
Southwark.

At Mary-le-Bone Church, J. B. Praed,
esq. of ‘Vyringham, Bucks, to Sophia,
sister of C. Chaplin, esq: mie. for Lincoln-

gue. ,

Marriages in and near London,

[Sept. 1,
The Hon, ‘Frederick Calthorpe) (o
Lady Charlotte, daughter of ‘the Duke
of Beaufort. 1 iy soto
The Rey. 'T. Clare, vicar of Great
Staughton, Cambridgeshire, to: Miss:Mary
Anne Lee, of King-street, Covent-garden.
‘At Mary-le-Bone, Alexander Greig,

esq. to Mrs, Wigsell, widow of the Rev.

Attwood W. of Sanderstead, Surrey,

F. A. Clarke, esq. of Henfield, near
Dorking, to Miss Anna Caroline Brett,
of Grove Honse, Old Brompton.

The Rev. J, J. W. Turner, of Little
Hampton, to Miss Hawes, of Chiswick.

Henry Birbeck, esq. of Lynn, Norfolk,
to Elizabeth Lucy, daughter of the late
Robert Barclay,.esq. of Clapham Com-
mon,

Mr. John Coleman, of Cannon-street,
to Maria Cooper, daughter of Professor
Coleman, Veterinary College. __

William Budd Prescott, esq. Bucklers-
bury, to Miss Jane Ravenhill of Clapham
Common, "

M. K. Kuight, esq. of Berner’s-streef,
to Miss Marianne Holley, of Blickling.

At St. George’s, Hanover-square, 8, G.
Benyon, esq. of Stratton-street, ‘Picca-
dilly, to Caroline, daughter of John Thorp,
esq. of Chippenham-park.

At St. Mary’s, Newington Butts,
Robert William Dickinson, esq.’ to Miss
Susan Macroft, of Ware.

AtSt. George’s, Bloomsbury, Frederic
Wood, esq. of Carditl, to Mary, danghter
of William Crawskaw, esq. of Stoke-
Newington.

John James King, esq. of Grosvenor-

lace, to Lady Charlotte, daughter of the
arl of Egremont. ;

Edward Treacher, esq. of Barton-

Crescent, to Miss Anne Sarai Bowles, of

Myddleton-house, Enfield.

Capt. Isaac Hawkins Morrison, R.x,
to Lousia Adams,daughter of John Powell,
Smith, esq. of Upper Berkeley-street.

W. E. Farrer, esq. of the E. FI. €o.’s
Service, to Miss Cracklow, of St. Olave's,
Southwark.

The Rev. J. Hewlett, Morning Preacher
at the Fonndling Hospital, to Caroline,
daughter of the late R. Price, esq. of
Elstree, Hants.

Capt. Thomas N. Quicke, of the Dra-

‘eon Guards, to Miss Sophia Evered, of

Hill House, near Bridgewater.
Tie Hon. Capt. G. G. Waldegrave,

*R.N. to Esther Caroline, daughter of the

late J. Pagett, esq. of-Totteridge, Herts.
Lord Sidmouth, to the Hon. Mrs.
Townsend, widow of Thomas 'T.- esq.
of Harrington-hall, Staffordshire, and
daughter of Lord Stowell. '
Lieut. H. Walter, of'the Madras Army,
and of Leigh, Essex, to Anne Pinder,
daughter of the late Willaut Dermer, esq.
of Chelsea, my
Thomas

1823. J
Thomas Norton, jan. of Surrey-s quar
to Harriet Sterry, of Southwark, both o

the Society of Friends.

John Vivian, jun. esq. of Hackney, to
Susan, daughter of the Jate J. James, esq.
of Penwinnick, near Truro.

Mr. Nicholls, solicitor, of Loudon, to
Miss Clark, of Frome. —

DIED.

Mt Mitcham, 38, Mr. Bailey Austin, an
eminent calico-printer of that place.

At Stanmore, Lady MaryFinch, daughter
of the late Earl of Aylesford.

In Southampton-buildings, 63, Edward
Bigg, es.

In Curzon-street, 64, Mrs. Mary Cotteretl,
sister of Sir John Geers C. bart, m.v.

In London, James 4dam, esq. of Shitfnall,
Shropshire,

In New Burlington-street, 55, Andrew
Mathias, esq. ©

At Pye-Nest, near Halifax, 85, John
Edwards, esq. of Harleyford-place, Ken-
nington,

“In Gower-street, Bedford-square,
Elizabeth, widow of John Hull Harris,
‘esq. of Stanwell.

At Dalston, 42, Henry Windus, esq.

At Brompton, 69, Mrs, Rich, widow of
Robert R. esq.

William Beauchamp, son of Henry 8t.
John, esq. of Hornsey.

Iv Walsingham-place, _ Lambeth, ser,
Mary, wife of C. H. Rhodes, esq,

* In Qteen-square, George Metcalfe, esq.

At Twickenham, 76, Junc, widow of
Stephen Pitt, esq. of Kensington.

} At Bow, 59, Francis Jowers, csy. many
years a Common Councilman of the Ward
of Cripplegate.

On Dalwich Common, 57, Mrs. Page,
wife of Samuel P.-esq.

In Albany-road, Camberwell, 55, Isuao
Rice, esq.

In Bedford square, Major Gen. Darby
Griffith, of Padsworth-house, Berks.

In Devonshire-place, Esther, wife of
the Rey. Francis North, prebendary of
Westminster.

At Brompton, 59, Lieut. Col. B. Law-
rence, late of the 13th Light Dragoons.

At Kilburn-priory, Robert Gray, esq.
of the Duchy of Cornwall, Somerset-
place.

J. Crouch, esq. Surveyor-General of the
Customs,

At Twickenham, 79, Sarah, widow of
Jeremiah Hodges, esq. of Boulney-court,
Oxfordshire.

At Brentford, Mrs. Montgomery.

At Cobliam, 78, John Balchard, esq.

On Stamford-hill, Mary, widow of
Edward Janson, esq,

In Regent-street, Lady Wilson, wife of
Sir Robert W. uv. for Southwark, after
many years’ illaesy.

. Deaths in and near London.

-templation,

181

At Epping, the Ree. Jainies Cher ey; B.D.
preacher at the Charterhouse, andl rector
of Thurning, Norfolk,

In Walcot-place, » ‘Latbett, 40; Mrs.
-Ann Todd.

Benjamin» Pugh, tsi of ‘Balad
street, Russell-square, many years De-
‘puty Clerk of Assize’ in ‘the “Oxford

‘Circuit, and much ‘and deservedly re-

spected by atextensive circle: uF friends
and ‘connexions. Deka

In York-street, 83, ° the Revs: Dr.
Ledwich, tu:p,; ‘he was the author of
the “ Antiquities of Treland,” ‘and’ was
member of the most distinguished literary
Societies of Europe. On all subjects of
Trish Antiquities’ and History, he has,
during the present generation, been re-
garded as the highest authority.

At Sheerness, Edward Quin, esq. many

years a member of the: Common Council

for Farringdon Without. Mr. Quin’ was
afterwards a proprietor of a morning
preee called “ The May,” which has since

een changed into “ The New Times.” His
body was found resting upon the wall‘from
Sheerness to Queenborough, He was a
man of superior eloquence, and of very
attractive manners, but unfortunate in
speculations of business, which required
at once application as well.as genius.

In Charles-street, Berkeley-square, 67,
George Richard Savage Nassau, esq. ouly
brother of the Karl of Rochford. Mr,
Nassau was distinguished ‘as the most
diligent antiquary of his native county,
Essex, and his collection of materials
for its history, which he had in’ con-
was very extensive. His
library was among the most extensive in
the kingdom. He died regretted for
‘many amiable private virtues,

At his apartments in Beaufort-buildings,
William Dickson, LL.D, he was a native
of Moffort, in the sonth of Scotland.
He received a respectable education,
partly at Edinburgh. Early in life he
went to Barbadoes, where he officiated
as a Yeacher ot Mathematics, ina respect-
able establishment in tbat island, and
‘was, for some years,’ secretary to the
Governor. | While acting as a° volunteer
in the artillery, he had his right hand
earried off by the explosion of a cannon.
On his return to this country, he took a
most active part in the abolition of the
slave-trade; in the business of procuring
pate against that infamous. traffic,

cotland was the district allotted: to his
exertions, and he travelled: many thousand
miles, and greatly injured his constitution
by lis exertions im favour of the Blacks.
But the Doctor was an enthusiast in
whatever he undertook ; notwithstanding
the losa of his hand, very few men ever
wrote more. He wase man of very exten
sive erudition, and an excellent mathema~
tician,

182
tieian, aud: coitribated “ad great many
papers, which’ at an eatly speridd, tended
to establish tie reputation of the Phild-
sophical Magazive.. He was a man of
true piety, and real practical religiou!
For his’ exertions in the abolition of the
slave-trade, he obtained, through the in-
fluence of Mr. Wilberforce, a situation
in the Mint; though the salary was
moderate, by strict economy he contrived
to save a considerable sum of money,
and, though to: himself severe, ‘his purse
was always open to his friends, and many
of his young countrymen were relieved
from temporary distress ‘from>his slender
funds, He had retired from active em-
ployment for some years; he expressed in
his willa: singular wish, that if he were
the survivor, he should be laid in the
same grave with his friend and coadjutor,
the respectable Clarkson,

-In lis apartments, Lambeth-road, 82,
Wiikam Coombe, es. who originally ex-
cited great attention in the fashionable
world by a poem entitled, ‘The Dia-
boliad,’ the hero of which was geuevrally
understood to be a nobleman lately
deceased. Many other poems issued from
his pen, but none ever bore the stamp of
fiis name, Within the last few years,
under the liberal patronage of Mr.
Ackermann, who continued to bea
generous friend to him till his last moments,
he brought forth a work which became
very popular and’ attractive, under the
title of ‘The Tour of Dr. Syntax im
search of the Picturesque.” This work,
which he extended to a ‘Second and a
Third Tour,’ with nearly the same spirit
and humour as characterized the first,
will for ever rank among the most
humorous preductions of British lite-
rature. He afterwards produced poems
entitled ‘The English Dance of Death,’
and ‘The Danee of Life,’ which were
written with the same spirit, humour,
and knowledge of mankind, tat marked
his other: works. His last poem was
«Fhe History of Jobuny Que Genus, the
Litile Poundling of the late Dr. Syntax,’
All these works were illustrated by some
admirable prints, from the designs of
Mr. Rowlandson. Among the other
works of this gentleman was ‘The
Devil upon Two Sticks in England, in
which “many very distinguished — cha-
racters at that. period were intro-
_dticed, and the whole fairly entitles
him to the name-of the English Le Sage.
He was the anthor also of several political
pamphlets, which made a considerable
impression on the public, among which
were ‘The Royal Interview,’ ‘A Letter
froma Country Gentleman to his Vnend
int Town,” ©A Word” in (Season, aad
many otliéss. “He also wrote those
letters; winch -appeat tuider ‘the -tifle

Deaths in and near Londons

[Septe,
of * Letters of the lete Lord Littleton’
—Mr. Coombe began life under the miost
favourable auspices, . He was :educated”
at Eton and Oxford. He possessed great
talents, anda very fine person; as. well
as_a good fortune, which, unhappily, he’
soon dissipated among the high connec-
tions to which his talents and attainments
introduced him, and he subsequently
passed through many vicissitudes of life,
which at length compelled . him to resort
to literature for support, Innumerable
are the works of taste and science which
were. submitted to. his revision, and “of
which others had the reputation, A love
of show and dress, but neither gaming
nor drinking, was the source of his em-
barrassments. He was, indeed, remark-
ably abstemions, drinking nothing but
water till the last few weeks of his lite,
when wine was recommended to him asa
medicine; but, though a mere water-
drinker, his spirit at the “social board
kept pace with that of the company. He
possessed musical knowledge and ‘taste,
and formerly sung in a very agreeable
manner, is conversation was always
entertaining and’ instructive, and «he
possessed a calm temper with very
agreeable manuers. He was twice mar-
ried. His second wife, who is now
alive, is the sister of Mrs, Cosway, and

ossessed of cougenial taste and talents. »

:AtShefiord, 57, Mr. Xobert Bloomfield,
author of the Farmer’s Boy, once very po-
pular, and of other poems. He was the
son of a poor taylor in Suffolk, origiually
employed as a farmet’s boy, and afterwards
followéd the employment of a shoeanaker.
Having, about i800, finished his four Poems
on the rural employments of the séasons,

he brouglit then: to London to endeavour

to get them publisied. His first applica-
tion was to Mr. Charles Dilly, who reeom-
mended him to ihe editor of the Monthly
Magazine. He brought his Poeinus tour
office; and, though his unpolished appear-
ance, his coarse hand-writing, and wretched
orthography, afforded no prospect that his
production could be printed, yet he found
attention by bis repeated calls, and by the
humility of his expectations, which were
limited to, halfa-dozen copies of the Maga-
zine. At length, on his name being an-

* nounced when a literary gentleman, parti-

ctlarly conversant in rural economy, hap-
pened to be present, the poem was for-
mally re-examined, and its general’ aspect
excited the risibility of that gentleman in
80 pointed a manner, that Bloontield was
called into the room, and exhorted not to
waste his time, and neglect his employ-
nicnt, in niaking vail attempis, and particu-
larly in treadg on the ground which
Thomson had sanctified, Tiis earnestness
and confidence; however, led the editor to.
advise bim to consult lis country ie
rape

1823.3
_ Capel Lofft, of Trostes, to -whom he gave
him a letter ofintroduction, On his depar-
ture, the gentleman presentwarmly compli-
mented the editor on the sound: advice
which he ‘had given “the poor fellow ;”
and, it was mutually conceived, that an in-
dustrious man was thereby likely to be
saved from a ruinous infatuation. | Bloom-
field, however, visited Mr. Lofft, and that
kind-hearted and erudite man, entering
sanguinely into his views, edited the work
through al Ws wrote a preface, and the
poem apnéared as a literary meteor. its
success was prodigious. ‘The author was
to divide the profits with the bookseller, and
they soon shared above. 10001. a-piece.
The reputation ‘of the poem at length
seemed so thoroughly established, that: the
bookseller offered to give Bloomfield-an
annuity of 200]. per annum for his half ;
but.this he refused, in. the confidence that
it would produce him double. At length,
however, 1lew objects caught the public at-
tention ; the sale died away ; and, im three
or four years, a small edition per annum
only was required. All this was iu the
usual course; but Bloomfield, whose ex-
péctations had been unduly raised, keenly
felt the reverse; be was obliged to seck
other employment, and his health and spi-
ritssntlered in consequence. Other attempts
produced but moderate recompense, ang,
becoming peevish, he entered into a paper-
war with his patron Mr. Lofft, and lost the
sympathy of many of his first friends. He
was aeverthcless a man of real genius; and,
though the bloated popularity of © his
Farmer’s Boy led to no permanent advan-
tage, yet it had, and still bas, admirers,
some of whom never ceased to be kind to
the author. His ambition, however, was
disappointed; and, for some years, he was
im astate of mental depression, which, it is
stated, rendered his death consolatory to
his connections. Under tliese cireum-
stances, and they are such as constantly
attend genius without pecuniary inde-
pendence, the editor of this Mavazine is
notashamed of the advice which she gave
Bloomfield at his outset, The world
would have lost nothing by the non-appear-
ance of the Fariner’s Boy, as it then ex-
isted in Bloomfield’s original manuscript,
and the poet would have enjoyed the com-
forts of an industrious life, enhaneed by his
love of the Muses. Bloomfield; owever,
never forgave the adviser, and the plirase
with which the conversation ended. “f
earnestly advise you ty stick to your last,”
which was used without ayy suspicion that
such was his real employment, he often
quoted with indignation in the hey-day of
his subsequent popularity. ,

In Wimpole-street, Major-General Sir
Denis Puck,k.c., ¢.7.s, and other Orders,
Colonel of the 84th Foot, and Lieutenant.
Governor of Plymouth.

. Deaths in and:near London,

perannum, |

» #35

At Richmond, the! Hon,.Myy:Aghdsneto
eldest son of Lord Sante eens
insane for many years, yet, to the day of
his death, held a sinecure- worth 3,000/.

At. Dacre-lodge,. Lord, Napier, Lord
Lieutenant of ‘the County of Selkirk, and
one of the sixteen Representative Peers
of Scotland; —_ : rics

At Barrogill Castle, near Fhurso, 56,
the Earl of Cattlngss, Lord Lieutenant of
that county, and Postmaster-General -of
Scotland." * 5 AAS iy

In London, 63; John- James, Euyl of
Hainham, Viscount Maxwell, and Baron
of Farnham, Goyernor of Cayaushire,
and one of the representative Peers for
Ireland.

At Winchester, 37, Charles: Frederich
Powleté Townshend, Lord Bayning, He
is succeeded by his only brottier, Henry.

In Old Burlington-street, 48, Charles,
Marquis Cormeallis, Eark Cornwallis,
Viscount Brome, Baron Cornwallis, ‘of
Eye, and a Baronet, Master of the Star
Hounds, Colonel of the East Suflatk
Militia, and Recorder of. the Borongh of
Eye, Dying without male heirs, | the
Marquisate is extinct. The Bishop ef
Litchfield and . Coventry, his uncle,
succeeds to the Earldom only, by descent
from his father the first Earl :

{In noticing the late Sampson Perry in
our precedmg number, we described hin
as the preparer of Perry’s Essence ; butwat
ought to have been.of Adams’s Solvent for
the Stone and Gravel ; and, we learn, that
his widow continues the preparation from
the original receipt.} ahh

ECCLESIASTICAL PROMOTIONS.

Rey. Augustus Cooper, B A. to the rec-
tory of Billingford, alias Pryleston, witle
Thorpe Parva, Norfolk, :

Rey. IT. Gisborne, m.a, has been col-

lated to the fifth prebendal stall in the @a-
thedral Church of Durham, ,
- Yhe Rey. Dr. Macfariane, of Drymen,
to be principal of the University of Glas-
gow, and to the church and parish of St,
Mungo. , : .

The Rev. Alexander Lochore to the
church and parish of Drymen, in the county
of Stirling.

Rev. W. Cecil, M.A, to the rectory of
Stanton St. Michael’s, Cambridgeshire,

‘Phe Rev. J. Paul, to the parish of May-
hole, Ayrshire.

' The Rev. Dunean M‘Cairy, to the
church and parish of Uig, in the county of
Ross; '

Rev. Charles Atlay, M.A, to the rectory
of St, George with St. Paul, in Stamford,

The Rev, George Hmne, to be domestic:
Hhaplain tv the Marquis of Ailesbury,

' The

184

The, Rey...R. Paton, to the parish of

Straiton, ‘Ayrshire, f
Rev. J. Leech, ta the vicarage of Bar-
the living of

ton, Cumberland. ;

The Rev. Mr. Rrittaine, to
Kilcormick, in the county of Longford.

Rev. Elias Thackeray, to the valuable
rectory of Louth.

Rev. Wm. Knight, p.a, to the rectory of
Stevington, Hants.

Rev. M. H. Goodman, m.a. to. the
vicarage ot Bitton. bes

Rev. John Hubbard, to the valuable
rectory of Horstead, Sussex,

Northumberland and Durham, &c:

{Sept. 1,
Rev. Samuel Sheen, M.A. to the rectory
of Stanstead, Suffolk. i

Rev. E. Postle, to the rectory of Col-
ney, Norfolk. 4

Rev. G. Hole, to the rectory of Chulm-
leigh cum Doddiscomleigh, Devon,

The Rev. William Riland Bedford, rec-
tor of Sutton Coldficld, Warwickshire, to
be domestic chaplain to the Marquis of
Lothian. mae

Rev. C. Beetham, to the vicarage of
Bunny, Notts, i

Rev. Z. S. Warren, B.A. to the vicarage
of Dorrington, near Sleaford,

PROVINCIAL OCCURRENCES,.
; WITH ALL THE MARRIAGES AND DEATHS, . ;
Furnishing the Domestic and Fumily Hislory of Englund for the last twenty-seven Years.
eee oot

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM.
HE exhibition of the Northern Society

A closed within the month, after a season
of unprecedented success, The improve-
ment in:the Society’s funds, consequent
upon this success, will enable it to extend
its original views, to cultivate native taste,
and encourage native talent. Pictures to
the valne of nearly nine hundred pounds
were disposed of during the season.. Next
year it is in contemplation to exhibit a col-
lection of paintings by the old masters.

A fine new steam-vessel for conveying
passengers and parcels has commenced
plying between Newcastle and London.

Marricd.| Mr. R. Brown, to Miss H.
Harle ; Mr. J. Atkinson, to Miss E. Dodd,
of Brandiing-place; Mr. J. B. Butler, to
Miss Donkin of the Groat-market: all of
Newcastle.—Mr. W. Gallon, of the Wind-
mill-hills, Newcastle, to. Miss. M. Sinton,
of Biswick Mill.—Mr. C. Stafford, of
Newcastle, to Miss H. Rutherford, of
Carrs Hill.—Mr. J. Smith, to Miss M.
Barras, both of Gateshead.—Mr. J. Powe,
to Miss J. Howe, both of Bishopwear-
mouth—Mr. R. Thompson, to Miss M.
Nelson, both of Bishop Auckland.— James
Forster, esq. to Miss Meggison, both of
Whaiton.—At Chester-le-street, Mr. W,
Charlton, to Mrs. M. Nelson.—Mr. P.
Laing, of Monkwearmouth Grange, to
Miss Shaftoe, of Durham.

Died.] At Newcastle, in Pilgrim-street,
61, Mrs. A. Gray.—At the Westgate, 79,
Mrs. Turner. — Ou Pandon Bank, 53,
Mrs. Bonney.

At Gateshead, 72, Mrs. E. Bowlt.—55,
Mr. W. Bage.—Mrs. Brown.—Mr, Jas.
Blakey. \

At North Shields, in Dockwray-square,
Mr. W. Scott Galbraith, late of Carlow.
—In Northumberland-square, 43, Mr. J.
Milburn,

At South Shields, 67, Mrs. A. Purvis,
suddenly.

At Darlington, 21, Mr. H. D. Hutchin-
son, much respected.—41, Misa J. Addi-

son.—22, Miss M4 Johnson.—80, Mr. J.
Hawford.

At Tynemouth, 97, Mrs. J. Johnston.

At Hexham, 29, Mr. P. Armstrong.

At Sugley-house, near Newcastle, Miss
Margaret Bulmer, deservedly esteemed.
and regretted. —At Coealcleugh,. Mrs.
Green, much lamented. At Eachwick-
hall, 74, Ralph Spearman, esq.—At Har-
tlepool, 76, John Cooke, esq. mayor...

CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND.

A mineral spring has lately been disco-
vered in the neighbourhood of Stainton,
Cumberland. It runs from a hole about
four inches in diameter, which some years
ago had been bored by some speculators
in coal. The water issues ina plentiful
stream with great force.

‘The powder-mill of Mr. Barker, at Low
Wood, near-Backbarrow, Cumberland,
was lately blown up, by which two men
were killed, and one wounded,

Married.} Mr. R, Bell, to Miss M. Heb-
den; Mr. ¥. Hampson, to Miss S. Sewell 5
Mr, E. Bames, to Miss E. Hudson; Mr.
W. Hind, to Miss E, Black; Mr. T. Ni-
chol, to Miss E. M‘Kane; all of Carlisle.
—Mr. J. Jardine, to Miss M. Peel; Mr, J..
Temple, to Miss R. Cockbain: all of.
Whitehaven.—Mr. W. Hartley, to Miss
A. Blacklock, both of Wigton.—Mr.. J.
Banks, sen. to Mrs. M. Oswald, both of
Cockermouth.—Mr. Dixon, to Miss Har-
rison, both of Kendal.—Mr, S. Harrison,
of Shotton, to Miss Searth, of CastleEden.
The Rev. J. Hope, of Stapleton, te Miss
J. Young, of Maryport. ;

Dicd.| At Whitehaven, 59, Mr. T. Ni-
cholson, of Springfield, suddenly, one of
the Society of Friends.—Mrs. Mason.— *
44, Mr. J. Westray. ,

At Maryport, 34, Mrs. E. Ross.

‘ At Cockermouth, 75, Mrs. H. Steele,
suddenly, ‘

At Wigton, 83, Mr. Pearson.—35, Mr.
G. Skelton, one of the Society of Friends.

At Brisco, 61, Mrs, A. Gibson.— At
Great Salkeld, 75, Mr.C. Hodgson.—At

Cargo;

1 823.]

Cargo, 26, Miss M. Lawson.—At Wood-
bank, 64, Mr. W. Angus, much. res-
pected.

YORKSHIRE.

At these Assizes, the calendar of which
was light, William Mead was found guilty
of killing and slayiog Mr, James Law, by
shooting him with a pistol on the 14th of
Febrnary last, and was sentenced to two
years’ imprisonmentin York Castle:—John
Ashton, and John and Richard Burnett,
(father and son) who had pleaded guilty
toa charge of having committed a bur-
glary, were left for exccution.

The eightieth Annual conference of the
Wesleyan Methodists, were held, at Shef-
field within the month. The numbers of
this body are as follow: in England and
Seotland, 219,395; in Ireland, 22,218;
total, 241,616. Increased during the past
year, 8006; ditto in foreign stations, 1653.
Total increase, 9659.—We regret to state,
that two respectable ministers, Messrs.
Sargent and Lloyd, of this persuasion, in
consequence’ of the upsetting of the Shef-
field coach, through the violent and wan-
ten driving of the coachman, met an un-
_ timely death; and six others were at the
same time severely wounded.

. The Whitby theatre was lately entirely
destroyed by fire, with all the scenery-and
dresses of tlie performers.

Married.] Mr. H. Hall, to Miss Worm-
all; Mr. J. Hodson, to Miss A. Swann, of
George-street: allof Hull._—Mr. J. Fenton,
to Miss J. Backhouse ; Mr. J. Wilkinson, to
Miss’ S, Strickland; Mr. D. Whitehead, to
Miss E. Moore ; Mr. W. Hargrave, to Miss
8. Milnes; Mr. T. Dawkins, to Miss E.
Clarkson; Mr. J. Clapham, to Miss E.
Hunter: all of Leeds.—Mr, J. W. R. Par-
kinson, of Low Moor, near, Bradford, to
Miss-J. Scarf, of Iseeds-—Mr. J. Bur-
goyne, of South Kirby, to Miss J. Holroyd,
of Leeds.+Mr. J. Halstead, to Miss S, Ro-
bertshaw, both of Wakefield.—Mr. W. D.
Hitchin, to Miss A. Royston, both of Hali-
fax.—Mr, H. N. Bradley, to Miss T. As-
penal, both of: Huddersfield.— Mr. T,
Wicks, to Miss Balmer, both of Selby. .

. Died.) At York, 81, Ralph Lutton, esq.

At Hall, in Albion-street, 58, Sarah, wi-
dow of Joseph Eglin, esq.

. At Leeds, 45, Mr. W. Moxon,—43,; Mr.
J. Goss.—Mrs. M. Wood.

_ At Wakefield, 81, Mr. W. Scott.

. At Halifax, 57, Mr. R. Bark.—93,, Mrs,
Greenwood.—Mrs. Jardine.

Av Haddersfield, 65, Mr. R, Fell, of
Skipton.—61,, Mr. W. Garnett.

At Pontefract, 87, Richard Wilsford,
esq.--89, Mis. Hepstonstall. —84, Mrs,
Harrison, of the Society of Friends.—79,
Miss Kemp.

At Sheriff Hutton, 76, Tabitha Crispin,
a member of the Society of Friends.— At
Sandall, 55, George Webster, mM. D. of the
common council of Doncastey.—At Ea-

Montuy Maa. No, 386,

Yorkshire—Lancashire,

a NS

singwold, Miss E. Wrightson, much es-
teemed and regretted.—At Flockton, 70,
William Milnes, esq.—At Brotherton, Mr.
H. Haxby. ‘9

“At an advanced age, at Pepper-hall,
near Northallerton, John Arden, esq. of
Arden Hall, near’ Stockport, and of Tar-
porley, Cheshire ; he was the elder brother
of the late Lord Alvanley, and uncle to the
present.

LANCASHIRE,

A numerous public meeting was lately
held in Liverpool to consider the propriety
of raising a subscription to assist the Con-
stitutional Spaniards. It was very res-
pectably attended, and the resolutions, the
purport of which were to express the
strongest abhorrence at the conduct of
France, and commiseration for Spain,
were unanimously agreed to.

A public library for apprentices and me-
chanies has been recently established at
Liverpool. Many gentlemen of the town
and neighbourhood have presented useful
and instructive books,

A public dispensary is about to be erec-
ted at Bolton.

Married.| Mr. J. Brown, to Miss M.
Stewart; Mr. Jas. Carey, to Miss C.
Brownbill; Mr. W. Burd, to Miss M.
Sandbach; Mr. G, Smith, to Miss E. Kil-
ner; Mr. S. Lea, to Miss M. Derbyshire 5
Mr. W. Ratcliffe, to Miss M. Wolfendale :
allof Manchester.— Mr. C. Webster, jun.
of Manchester, to Miss E. Erlam, of Par-
tington.—_Mr. G. Spencer, of Salford, to
Mrs. Reiley, of Manchester.—Mr. E, Pratt,
to’Miss Bachope; Mr. J. Metcalf, to Miss
Casson, of Duke-street ; Mr. J. Dutton, of
St. James’s-street, to Miss A. Simpson, of
Salthouse-dock ; Mr. Jas. M‘¥ie, of Bar-
ker-stveet, to Miss J. Walker; Mr. J. Lit-
tlewalker, to Miss A. Hales: all of Liver-
poo.—Mr. W. Williamson, to Miss A.
Plimmer; Mr. J. Kershaw, to Miss S.
Oddie : all of Salford.— William Marsden,
esq. of Salford, to Miss Walton, of Wor-
sley.—Mr. T, Potter, of Wigan, to Miss
A. Nicholson, of Newchurch.— Mr. J.
Musker, to. Miss M. Morrison, both of
Bootle.—Mr. J. Winterbotham, jun. of
Higgenshaw, to Miss L. Fletcher, of
Greenacres Moor, near Oldham.—Mr, J.
Vianna, of Liverpool; to Miss S, Kitchen,
of Bootle. k

‘Died.| At Manchester, 76, Mr. H.
Edgar.—In High-street, 22, Mrs. E. J.
Robinson._In Henry-street, 31, Miss
Mansiere, greatly respected.—50, Thomas
Phillips, esq. late of Leek, ;

At Salford, in Edmund-street, 21, Mrs,
Bryden, mucli and deservedly respected.

At Liverpool, 45, Mr. E. Byrne, late of
Newry.—In Sidney-street, 35, Mrs. M,
Dawson, suddenly. — In Renshaw-street,
60, Mr. G. Bourn.—21, Miss J. Taylor.—
In Great Richmond-street, 75, Mrs. M.
Baitsun, — In Clayton-street, Mr. Jas.

2B Oldham.

.
185
Oldham.—-On the North Shore, 83, Mr. E.

Wilcock.—In Gloucester-street, 57, Mr. '

Jas. Robarts. — 27, Miss S. Pate.— In
Cleaveland-square, 42, Mr. M. Bold, gene-
rally respected.—In Bispham-street, Mrs.
E, Lowe. ’

At Warrington, 46, Mr. 8. Jones,

At Blackburn, 80, Mrs. Sudell,

At Bradford, 70, Mrs. E. Wolstoneroft.
—At Ormskirk, Margaret, widow of Tho-
mas Aspinwall, esq.—At Kirkdale, Tho-
mas Winstanley, esq.—At Hay Carr, 58,
Thomas Lamb, esq.

: CHESHIRE.

A Committee has been formed of the
respectable and spirited inhabitants of
Chester, for establishing a connexion with
Ireland, by forming a packet-station at
Dawpool, near Parkgate. An experiment
has been tried, and it appears that letters
may be delivered in half the usual time.

Married.] Mr.'T. Edwards, to Miss Eliza
Baunister, both of Chester.—Mr. J. Ram-
sey, to Miss Latham, both of Nantwich.—
Thomas Price, esq. of Furness, to Miss E.
Harman, of Chamber-hall.—Mr. T, Ver-
non, to Miss M. Bartholomew, both of
Over.—Mr. W. Wright, of Kinnerton, to
Miss M. Chesworth, of Middlewich.

Died.| At Chester, 29, Mr. T. Edwards.
—47, Mrs. M. J. Benson, regretted. ‘

At Stockport, 84, Mr. J. Nield.—62,
Mr, J. Abbott.

At Congleton, 53, Miss §. Copeland.

At Pool-hall, 75, Mrs. Daulby.—70, Mr.
S. Daulby.—At Wistaston, the Rev. W.
Morgan.—At Backford-hall, 59, Sarah,
wife of Major Gen. Glegg.

DERBYSHIRE«

Married.) Mr. W. Ward, of Derby, to
Miss M. A. Jones, of Ambaston.—Mr.
Jas. Orange, of Chesterfield, to Miss H.
Flint, of Fairfield.—Edward Nicholas
Hart, esq. of Wirksworth, to Miss Caro-
line Strutt, of Derby.—Mr. J. Cartner,
of Wirksworth, to Mrs. Hughes, of
Bonsall.—-Mr. J. Nixon, of Mayfield, to
Wiss C. Chawner, of Shirley.

Died.] At Derby, 52, Mr. Jos. Dodson,
suddenly.—63, Mr. Hartley.

At Whitwell, 48, Mr. J. Bentley, re-
gretted.—At Cublay, Mr. Audinwocd.—
At Codnor-park, 25, Mr. Royston, of
Belper.

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE,

Married.) Mr. M. Gilbert, to Miss E.
Smith; Mr. R. Berry, to Miss S, Booth ;
Mr. H. T. Waite, to Miss ©, Boswell;
Mr. H. Poulton, to Miss A. Allcock;
Mr, B. Pollard, to Miss A. Clay; Mr.
. Bradley, to Miss F. Pan: all of
Nottingham.—Mr, J. Mann, of Notting-
ham, to Miss E. Fox, ot Ratclitle-npon-
Yrent.—Mr. T. Shipman, of Mansfield,
to Miss M.Gregory, of Ollcrton.—Mr.
7. Winter, of Blyth, to Miss &. Fryer,
ot Newark.—Mr, B. Smith, of Crumwell,
to Miss S, Briton.—Mr, J. Simpson, to

2

Cheshire—Derbyshire—Nottinghamshire, 5c.

[Sept. t
Miss A. Morris, of Kirby. Woodhouse,—
Mr. R, Green, of Langer, to Miss J.
Speed, of Nottingham.

Died.] At Nottingham, in Clare-street,
33, Mr. W. Paulson.—In Rutland-street,
82, Mr. W. Clayton.—In Red-lion-street,
44, Miss J. Broomby.—In Pilcher-gate,
68, Mrs. 8S. Glover, deservedly lamented.
—In Mount East-street, Mrs, H. Holmes.
—94, Mr. J. Linegar, suddenly.

At Newark, 26, Mrs. A. Mullins.—
21, Mr, T. Pettifair—Mr. W. Mabbott,
regretted. — 34, Mrs. M. Medworth—
74, Mr. R. Bell, sen.

At Mansfield, 53, Mrs. S. Finch, re-
gretted.

At Park-hall, near Mansfield, 52, Major
Gen. Hall, lamented—At Southwell,
Elizabeth Anne, wife of the Rey. Dr.
Barrow, prebendary of Couthwell.—
At East Bridgford, 22, Miss Wilkinson ;
76, Mrs. Levers, her grandmother.

LINCOLNSHIRE.

Marricd.}] My. J. Holland, to Mrs.
Breyman, both of Grimsby.—Mr. G.
Todd, of Barton, to Miss EK, Smith, of
Buashblades.—-Matthew Henry Lister, esq.
of Burwell-park, to Miss Arabella Cra-
croft, of Hackthorn.

Died.) At Grantham,
Burbage.

LEICESTER AND RUTLAND.

Nearly 200 persons of Leicester were
lately summoned before the Magistrates
for using short weights. Honourable
dealers ought to be well pleased. Fair
profit is sutiicient, without robbing the
poor or defrauding the rich,

Married.) Myr. Jas. Hudson, to Miss
Yann, both of Leicester.—Mr. T, Bennett,
of Mowuntsorrel, to Miss M. Burgess,
of Selby,—Charles Paget, esq. of Ruds
dington, to Miss Eliza Paget, of Seutti-
field —Mr. T. Oliver, of Earl Shiriton,
to Miss E. Armstone, of Hinckley.—
Samuel Weston, esq.-of the Grange,
Obstock, to Miss Elizabeth Paget, of
Leicester. — Mr. Walker, to Miss A,
Wright, both of Bottesford.

Died] At Leicester, 82, Mrss H:
Farmer, deservedly lamented.—In Chureh-
gate, Mr. Dawes, sen, suddenly.— In
Thomnton-lane, 58, Mrs, Billings.

At. Wimeswould, 49, Mrs, E. Lacy.—

21, Miss R,

' At Langley-priogyy, Mrs. Cheslyn, wife

of Richard C. esq. suddenly, and re-
gretted. —At Billesdon,' Mr. Hollings-
worth. At Croxton, Mrs. Shepherd.—
At Nether Broughton, 41, Mrs, Gill_—
At Eastwood, 59, Mrs, Godber, regretted,

STAFFORDSHIRE,

A severe contest has taken place for
the representation n parliament of New-
castle-under-Lyme, between Mr. Heath-
cote, a whlig candidate, and Mr. Denison,
a partizan of government. In conse-~
quence of Mr, Heathcote not announcing

himself

1823.]
himself in time, bis election was lost:
the numbers were—

Denison 336

Heathcoté 313.

A splendid Service of Porcelain, has
recently been manafactured at Mr. Spode’s
works, on the order of the East India
Company, for their Factory at Canton,
to replace that destroyed by the late
fire. The whole service consists of
upwards of thirteen hundred picces. The
body of the China is particularly fine in
the delicacy of its transparency, and its
Parian whiteness: and exceeds in beauty
what have been regarded as choice spe-
cimens of Dresden Porcelain.

Married.| Mr. J. Ash, to Miss Williams ;
Mr. Yates, to Miss A. Cotton: all of
Wolverhampton.—Mr. Wilson, of Walsall,
to Miss M. A. Harris, of Lichfield,—-Mr.
J. Smith, of Bloxurch, to Miss E. Boul-
ton, of Wolverhampton.—_Mr. Moore, of
Beech-bank, to Miss M. Moore, of Alder-
ley-lodge.

_ Died.| At Walsall, Mr. Thomas.

At Tamworth, Robert Woody, esq.

At Wordsley, Mrs, S. Cook, deservedly
regretted.—At Chillington, 59, Thomas
Gifford, esq.—At Langdon, John Smith,
esq.

WARWICKSHIRE.

_ At the late Warwick assizes, 3 prisoners
received sentence of death; 7 were to be
transported far life; 2 for seven years;
and others to minor punishments.

_A lamentable accident ‘lately happened at
the button manufactory of Messrs, Wilson
and Starkey, Birmingham, by an explosion
of a.considerable quantity of gunpowder.
Mr. Wilson was blown to pieces, and
a young woman employed in the ware-
house, was also killed on the spot, aud
four of her fellow-workwomen were diead-
fully wounded and carried to the hespital
without hopes of recovery.

A sad catastrophe lately happened at
Radford, a short distance beyond Leaming-
ton. The Sovereign coach, between
Birmingham and Lendon, was proceeding
to town, when its progress was. arrested
by one of the fore wheels leaving the axle-
tree, and instantly the coach sunk, with
asadden and dreadful crash. The coach-
man and a clergyman, the Rev, Mr, Atter-
bury, grandson to the ¢elebrated bishop,
were then thrown from the box, and the
coach falling on them, erushed them to
death. Most of the other passengers re-
ceived severe injuries,

Married.) Mr. W. Broomhall, of War-
wick, to Miss E. Searlett, of Halford-
thridge; Mr. S. P. Horton, of High-
street, to Miss M. Le. Hill, of Digheth ;
Mr. J. Tast, to Miss M. A. Parker, of
Constitution-till; all of Birmingham.—
“Dhe Key, H. Hutton, ms. of Birmingham,
to Miss Mary Wilson, of Moneycarvagh,
Aveland,—Mr. W. Fouks, of Luxbard-

Warwickshive— Shropshire—Worcestershire.
street, Deritend, to Miss J. Parker, of

187

Cooker’s Bank, near Dudley.—Mr. Sim-
monds, of Coventry, to Miss A. Palfrey, of
Chapel-fields, —At Coventry, Mr. J. 4.
Crockett, to Miss M. Fisher, of Hales
Owen.—The Rev. W. 5S. Bagshaw, M.A.
of Foleshill, to Miss A. Sutton, of Weeke-
ley.

Died At Birmingham, in Colmere-row,
84, Mary, widow of Edw. Thomason, esq.
deservedly esteemed and regretted.—In
Wamnull-street, Deritent,29, Mr. W. Bolt,
lamented.—_In Edmunéd-street, 45, Mrs.
E. Payton.— In Thorp-street, 74, Mrs.
A. Harrison.—In Great Charles-strect,
Mr. ©. Shaw.—In Ellis-street, Mrs, A.
Haywood.—Im Hertford-street, Mrs. M.
Vale.

At Coventry, in Bishop-street, Mr. J.
Barnes.

At Leamington, the Rev. Archdeacon
Gooch.
~ At Islington, near Birmingham, 78, My.
W. Pagett.— At Ashted, 59, Mr. _G.
Parsous.—At Handsworth, 65, the Rev.
Hugh Williams, of Stone, esteemed and
lamented.

SHROPSHIRE.

At the late Shrewsbury Assizes, Edmund
Whitcomb, esq. one of the Coroners for
the county, was found guilty en a charge
of perverting the course of justice, in
endeavouring to bias a Jury in returning
a verdict in an inquest held on the body
of a woman of the name of Newton, who
it was suspected had been murdered ‘by
her husband.

Married.) Mr. B. Jones, to Miss Atch-
erley, both ef Shréwsbury.—Mr. Minton,
of Hopton, to MissStrange, of Shrewsbury.
—Mr. T. Welch, to Miss M. Heath, of
Whitehnrch.—Thomas Brocklehurst, of
Foden-bank, near Macclesfield, to Miss
Unett, of Drayton.—Mr. Mercer, of
Hythe-hall, to Miss H. Rhodenhurst, of
Spout-farm, near Ellesmere. bin FRO

Died,|] At Shrewsbury, in Belmont, 94,
Mr, H. Bowman, greatly regretted —In
Princes-street, 55, Mr. ‘i’. Lloyd.—In
High-street, Mr. L. Maddox.

At Bridgnorth, 79, Mrs. Betty Lello,
highly and deservedly esteemed and re-
gretted.—Miss M. Downes.—74, Stephen
Izzard, esq.

At Ludlow, the Rev. T. C, Rogers,
rector of Huntshill, Somerset.

At Brockton Grange, Richard Phillips,
esq. deservedly lamented.— At AllStret‘on,
71, Mr, Hall.—At the High Downs, near
Bridgnorth, Mrs, Jones, wife of Jolin
Ji esq.

WORCESTERSUIRE.

Married.) The Rev. W. Bolin Yeo-
mans, D.D. to Miss Anne Clifton, of War,
cester.—-Mr. R, Martineau, of Dudley, to
Miss J. Smith, of Edgbaston.—Mr. E.
Lang, to Miss Woodyatt, of Mathan,

Died.]

188

Died.| At Kidderminster, 63, Mr. J.
Horton. ‘
At Brace’s Leigh, 21, Mr. J. Winnell,

jun.—At Upper Wick, Susannah, widow
of Thomas Bund, esq.

HEREFORDSHIRE.

At the late Hereford assizes, four prison-
ers were sentenced to suffer death, two to
seven years’ transportation, others to minor
pnishments, and four were discharged, no
bills being found.

Married,| Mr. G, Stokes, to Miss Min-
ton, of St. Owen's-street, both of Here-
ford.—At Branyard, Mr. C. A. Harris, to
Miss S. Inett, of the Home House,

Died.] At Hereford, in Bye-street, 68,
Mrs. M. Arthur.—Mrs, A. Knill.—80,
Mrs. Williams, widow of William W. esq.
of Brecon, banker,

At Leominster, Miss Linging, deser-
vedly regretted.—Mr. R. Trotter, sud-
denly.

At Bunshill, 69, Mrs. E. Luntley, sud-
denly, generally esteemed.

At Hereford, Mr, Philip Garbett.

GLOUCESTER AND MONMOUTH.

At the late Gloucester assizes, fourteen
prisoners received sentence of death, one
was sentenced to seven years’ transporta-
tion, and eigliteen others to minor punish-
ments.

A communication by a_ steam-vessel
between Bristol and New Ross, Ireland, is
about to take place.

Married.) Mr. J. Fe Bruin, to Miss
M. Stock; Mr. J. Longdon, of Queen-
Street, to Miss E. Ferris; Watson Bage-
hot, esq. to Mrs. Estlin, of Bristol.—Jobn
Matthew Gutch, esq. of Bristol, to Miss
Mary Lavender, of Worcester.—George

Bramble, esq. of Siddington-house, to.

Miss M. Howse, of Cirencester,—Mr.
Alex, of Cheltenham, to Miss P. Isaa¢s, of
Stratford.—Mr, J. G. Hughes, to Miss L.
Harris, both of Monmouth.—Mr. R. J.
Bridges, of Upton St. Leonard’s, to Miss
E. Frankis, of Bristol—At Hempstead,
Mr. W. H. Halpen, to Miss E. Prestidge,
of Cheltenham.—John Horniblow, esq. of
Shepston on Stour, to Miss M. Sabin.

Died.] At Gloucester, 26, MissS. Luke.
—In Westgate-street, 28, Mrs. E. Legge,
deservedly lamented.—81, Mrs. Dobbins.
—In Norfolk-buildings, Miss Anne New-
enham, esteemed and regretted.—Mrs.
Barrett.
~ At Bristol, Miss H. Lovel.—Mr. G.
Compland.—76, Mrs. Elizabeth Art, an
esteemed member of the Society of
Friends.—21, Miss M. Wytch, greatly re-
gretted.—Mr. Jas. Sheet, suddenly.

At Cheltenham, Mr. G. Long.

At Cirencester, at an advanced age, Mr.
G. Harvey.

At Stottis Croft, 78, Mary, widow of
Henry Hillman, esq.—At Ashton, 40,
Eliza, wife of Daniel Stanton, esq. of

Her efordshire—Gloucestershire and Monmouthshire.

{Sept. 1,
Bristol.— At Caincross, 78, Mrs. Holmes,
—At Siddington, 72, Mrs, Ek. Walker.—At
Frenchay, 25, Miss M. A. Codrington, of
Yate,

: OXFORDSHIRE. Mot oie

Married.| Mr. W. Godfrey, to Miss J.
Hayward; both of Oxford.—The Rev, Jas.
Stewart Murray Anderson, of Baliol-col-
lege, Oxford, to Miss Ba:bara Charlotte
Wroughton, late of Newington-house.—Mr.
J. Jackson, of St. Clement's, to Miss R.
Cater, of Holywell, Oxford—Mr. G.
Drinkwater, of Banbury, to Mrs. Fore-
man, of Oxford.—Mr. W. Huggins, of
Oxford, to Miss E, Egerton, of Bicester.—
The Rev. J. Fleming, of Knoyle, to Miss
A. Talmage, of Oxford. }

Died.] At Oxford, 75, Mrs, Bishop.—
71, Mrs. Knibbs.—In St, Ebbe’s, 52, Mrs.
Tyror, : r

At Tetsworth, 91, Mr. W. Eaton.

BUCKINGHAM AND BERKSHIRE.

Married.| Mr. C. S. Whitman, to Miss
A. King, both of Reeding.—Mr. H. W.
Brewer, of Wantage, to Miss Mary Bur-
rows, of South Lambeth. William Wake-
ford, esq. of Andover, to Miss Maria
Darvall, of Reading.—Mr..S. Aldworth, of
Hungerford, to Miss M. Plumb, of Want-
age.—B. Brocas, esq. of Wokefield-park,
to Miss Ann D. Pigott, of the Bridge-
Villa, Maidenhead.

Died.] At New-house-place, Chalford,
St. Giles, Lady Carrington, wife of Sir
Codrington Edmund C, bart.

At Windsor, at an advanced age, Mrs.
Smith. — In Peascod-street, 72, “Mrs.
Larkin, ;

At Reading, 63, the Rev. Jas. Hinton,
the much esteemed pastor of a dissenting
congregation of Oxford.—John Gills, esq.
formerly of the Strand, London.
HERTFORDSHIRE AND BEDFORDSHIRE.

A numerous meeting of the friends of
aristocratical independence and patliamen-
tary reform, lately took place at Hertford,
Thomas Slingsby Duncombe, esq. in the
chair. Several patriotic toasts - were
given. Mr. Duncombe madean animated
speech, which was loudly applauded, and
it was unanimously resolved to support
him at the next general election.

Muarried.] The Rev. J. Walker, to Miss
E. Brown, both of Harrold.—Vhe Rev.
Miles Blaud, rector of Lilley, to Miss
Anne Templeman, of Conyngham-house,
Ramsgate. .

Died.] At Watford, 78, Harriott Stew-.
ard; esq. ° :

At Woburn, Mrs. Gilbert.—At Great
Berkhampstead, Miss Childs. — Mrs.
Walker, wife of William W. esq.

NORTHAMPTONSHIRE,

Married.] Mr. Chas. Buswell, to Miss
E. Jones; Mr. T. Betty, to Mrs, S. Jones ;
Mr. W. Williams, to Miss E, A. Parker :
all of Northampton.—The Rev. R. Waldy,
M.A, to Isabella, daughter of the Rev. W.

: ‘ Greenwood,

1823.] Cambridge and Huntingdonshire—Norfolk—Suffolk, &c.

Greenwood, s.p. rector of Culworth.—
Joseph Pitches, esq. of Hawnes, to Miss
Birch, of Beddenham. \

Died.} At Northampton, 80, Mary,
widow of Thomas Pewtress, esq.

At Chapel Brampton, Mrs, E. Tab-
berer.—At Guilsborough, 73, Mr. H.
Evans.

CAMBRIDGE AND HUNTINGDONSHIRE,

Married.] Edward Semple, esq. of Clare-
hall, Cambridge, to Sarah Helen, daughter
of the late John Dean, of Parrock’s Lodge.
—{i. T. Thompson, esq. of St. John’s-col-
lege, to Miss Harrington, of Bury.—The
Rey. T. Clare, vicar of Great Staughton,
to Miss M. A. Lee, of King-street,
Covent Garden, London.

Died.}. At Cambridge, 60, Mrs, Chane.—
In the Petty Curry, 97, Mr. S, Wheldon.
—59, Mrs. A.’ Pawson.

At Huntingdon, 22, Mr. F. Cole, of the
firm of Messrs. Wellsand Cole, attorneys.

At Chesterton, 74, Mr. W. Tuffill.

NORFOLK.

Married.] Mr. Jas. Wright, to Miss
Cross; Mr. H. Ninham, to Miss Bean: all
of Norwich.—Mr. H. Baloe, of Norwich,
to Miss Ostler, of Great Yarmouth.—Mr,
R. Barber, to Miss P. Seaman; Mr. W.
Tooke, to Mrs. S. Baker; Mr. A. Thrower,
to Mrs. Allcock: all of Yarmonth.—The

Rev. T. Harrison, of Tivetshell-parsonage,
' to Miss F. Cooper.—J. Porrett, esq. to
Miss M. Souibgate, of Cawston.—Mr. L.
Lewis, of Winch, to Miss M. Stimpson, of
Cawston. ;

Died.] At Norwich, in St. Peter’s Man-
croft, 77, Mr. James.—84, Mrs, Trull.—
In Gentleman’s Walk, Market-place, Mrs.
Cundall.—In Pulham St. Mary, 48, Mr.
W. Carron, much respected,—36, Mr. Jas.
Smith,

At Yarmouth, 63, Charlotte, wife of
Dover Colby, esq.—40, Mrs. E. Boggy.—
69, Mrs. E, Norton.—21, Mr. W. Piper.
—81, Mrs. M. Smith.—40, Mrs. Page.—
54, Mr. J. Lancaster. :

At Swaffham, 43, Mr. J. Rust.

At Stiffkey, Col. Loftus, of the Cold-
stream Guards.—At Tivetshill-mill Green,
77, Mr. J. Holmes, a member of the So-
ciety of Friends, deservedly regretted.—
At Ripon-hall, 52, Mr. D, Ebbett.—At
Hackford, 46, Mrs. M. Reeve.

SUFFOLK.

The women and children paupers in Bury
are about to be employed in plaiting grass
for hats, somewliat in the manner proposed
by Mr. Cobbett. The Court of Guardians
of the Poor have determined on an expe-
rimental trial.

Married.| Join Henry Heigham, esq.
of Hunston-hall, to Maria Catharine,
daughter of colonel Gould, of Bury.—At
Bury, Mr. J. Barwick, to Miss L, Stur-
geon, of Horningsheath—Mr. Dale, to
Mrs. Barker, both-of Ipswich—Mr. J,
Nunn, to Miss M, Barnes, of Beccles.x—Mr,

189

Stannard, to Miss R. Cole, of Woodbridge. |
—Mr. H. Smith, to Miss P. Deane, botly
of Southwold.—Brazier Jones, esq. to Miss
Wright, both of Sudbury.—The Rev. ¥.
A. Norton, of Alderton, to Miss E. D.
Fox, late of Great Doods, Reigate—Mr,
R. Jannings, of Stowmarket, to Miss E.
Cockrell, of Pakenham.

Died.] At Bury, 80, Mrs. Cobbin.

At Ipswich, 38, Andrew Creagh, esq.
Lieut. Irish Hussars,x—Mr. S. Ruffell.

At Woodbridge, 70, Mr. B. Turtle.

At Southwold, 57, Mr. T. Pott.

At Pulham, 48, Mr. W. Carron.—At
Melford-house, Mrs. Plunkett, wife of
Major P.—At Charsfield, 27, Mr. J. Ran-
dall.—At Long Melford, 50, Mrs. Norman.

ESSEX.

A Botanical and Horticultural Society
has been recently established at Colchester,
Lord Braybrooke patron ;/it is called the
Colchester and Essex Botanical and Hor-
ticultural Society. It is intended to com-
bine a nursery with the botanic garden.
The horticultural shows will take place
eyery two months, and prizes will. be
awarded to the finest specimeas of each
class.

Four hundred looms are now in full
work in the parishes of Braintree and
Bocking, by which the poor are fully em-
ployed. The chief manufacture is silk
crape; and many deserving involuntary
paupers or labourers have turned from the
plough to the shuttle.

Married.) George Haycock, of Chelms-
ford, to Sarah Reynolds, of Clerkenwell,
both of the Society of Friends.—Mr. R.
Cremer, of Chelmsford, to Miss Parker, of
Badwell Ash.—-John Windus, esq. of
Thomwood, to Miss J. Yarrington, of
Swaffham.—Mr. J. Stebbing, of Westhall-
farm, Paglesham, to Miss A, Salmon, of
Great Oakley.—Mr. R. Adams Newman,
of Witham, to MissGrimwood, of Kelvedon.

Died.) At Colchester, Mr. W. Game, of
the Old Heath.

_ At Chelmsford, 22, Miss E. Mace.—19,
Miss S. Archer, of Saffron Walden.—32,
Mr. H. Y. Wiffen, deservedly regretted.

At Harwich, Mrs, Cottingham.—77, Mr.
R. Ackfield.

At Great Waltham, Mr. A. Bentall.

At Leytoustone-house, Mr. Letchworth,
of Katesgrove, near Reading,—At Lexden,
Mrs. Round,wife of George R. esq. banker,
of Colchester.—At St. Osyth, 69, Mr. R.
Mayhew.—At Debden, Mr. R. Levrett.

KENT.

Married.] Mr. E. Flocks, to Mrs, Hooke
er; Mr. S. Newington, to Miss E. Clarke :
all of Canterbury.—Mr. J, Hutt, to Miss
E, Jarvis, both of Dover.—Mr. L. Patter-
son, to Mrs. J. Christian, both of Roches-
ter.—Mr. E. Jeyes, of Chatham, to Miss
C. Budds, of Milton.—Mr. E. Hammond,
to Miss A. Gandon; Mr. V. H. Robinson,
to Miss M. Fuggles; Mr. C, aoe

185

190
Miss C. Webb: all of Chatham.—Mr., Ri-
ehardson, to Miss J. Bye, cf Maidstone.
. Died.] At Canterbury, in Longport,
Mrs. Webb.—in the Lower Close, 93,
Mrs. Rolfe, widow of the Rev. Robt. R.
formerly rector of Willborough, Norfolk.
. At Dover, Mrs, Mitchell.—Mr. E, Far-
ley.—Mis. Jones.—Mr. Penn.— 22, (after
a long and painful illness, following the
birth of her first child,) to the inexpres-
sible affliction of her husband, and of all
her friends, Briseis, wife. of Arthur Brooke,
of Canterbury. The memory of this amia-
ble woman, who to great personal beauty
united an uncommon sweetness of dispo-
sition, will be long and-dearly cherished
in that circle which her presence, unfortu-
nately for a short time, has adorned and
blessed.

. At Chatham, 29, Miss R. Tucker.—44,
Mrs. Joive.—35, Mr. ‘Y. Greenstead.

At Faversham, 63, Samuel Fasham
Roby, esq.—56, George Smith, esq.

At Frindsbury, Mr. Hards.—At Wing-
ham, at aniadvanced age, Mrs. Sandcroft.
At Buckland-hill, Mary, wife of John
Vernon, esq.—At Leeds, 60, Mr. ‘Crow-
hurst.

SUSSEX.

Married.| At Chichester, Capt. H. Cra-
mer, of the 30th regt. to Marianne, daugh-
ter of the late Major Madden.—Mr. T.
Stroud, to Miss Gibbs, of ‘Chichester.—Mr.
G, Bottiug, to Miss E. Pawson; Mr. Smart,
to Miss Dennett: all of Lewes.

Died.] At Chichester, Miss S. Hookey."

At Brighton, 57, Mr. J. Cheeseman,
sen.—Mr. Reeves, suddenly.

At Eastbourne, Mrs, Stubbington, late
of Selsey.

At Burpham, Mr. Roberts, of ‘Chiches-
ter,.—At Ucktield, 55, Mr. B, Lidbetter.—
At Goodwood, Mr. Victor.

HAMPSHIRE. *

The delightful town of Southampton
has lately -had a more than ordinary infiux
of respectable company.

Married.| Mr. 3. Beazley, of Tichfield,
to Mrs. S. Sims, of Southamptor.—Mr.
Wheecier, to Miss Gilmour, of the High-
street, Winchester.—Mr. T. Macnamara,
of Portsmouth, to Miss M. A. ‘Long, of
West Cowes.—Mr. G. Moorsom, to Miss
M. Creuze, both of Portsmouth—Mr.
Slaughter, to Miss Pletcher, both of Gus-
port—Mr. W. Hall, of Alresford, to Miss
#. Charriott, of Ropley.—Me. Charriott,
of Ropley,to Miss A. Budd, of Medstead.

Dicd.] At Southampton, 53, Mrs. Rudd.
—j4, Mrs. M. Purkis.

At Winchester, 32, Miss A. Toomer.

At Pertsmouth; 35, Mr. J. Furse,much
jamented:-—Mr. T. Tole. vey, suddenly.

At Portsea, Mr. Robinson, sen.—In
Britam-street, 66, Myr. Blake.—In St.
George's-square, Mr. Blake.

At Billingham, Mr. E. Jacobs, sudden-
ly.—At Headley, Mes. ‘Thomas, late of
Chelsea. —At Romsey, Mrs. J. Edwards.

Sussex—Hampshire—Wiltshire—Somersetshire.

[Sept. 1,
‘WILTSHIRE,

Married.]| The Rey. P. Wyndham, to
Miss Tatem, of Salisbury.—The Rev.
George Mantell, to Mrs. Grey, both of
Swindon.

Died.} At Salisbury, Mrs. Cheater.—
At an advanced age, Mr. Dennis, sen.—
At an advanced age, Mr. Henry Sutton,
deservedly esteemed and lamented.

At Westbury, Mr. H. Grey, deservedly
regretted,

At Little Chiverell, 63, the Rev. Wil-
liam Richards, greatly esteemed and re-
gretted.—At Poulshott-lodge, Mr, Eden.
—At Parton, at an advanced age, Mr. J.
Large, deservedly lamented.

SOMERSETSHIRE.

At the late Somerset assizes, thirteen
prisoners received sentence of death, and
five others were sentenced to different
terms of imprisonment.

A*numerous and respectabie meeting of
the inhabitants of Taunton, convened by
the bailiffs in pursuance of a requisition,
was held at Taunton, to take intu conside-
ration the present state of the Taunton-
college School, which had been for forty
years in a state unavailing to the purposes
of the foundation. It was agreed, on the
motion of H. J. Leigh, esq. seconded by
Dr. Kinglake, to present an address to the
Warden of New College, Oxford, ear-
nestly requesting him to resume the pa-
tronage of the school, by nominating to
the mastership, on the next vacancy,a
person whom he, uninfluenced by local
testimonials, shall deem competent to the
mastership of a great publicschool. Dr.
Shuttleworth, the warden, has replied; and
stated that the inhabitants may rest satis-
fied that no person would be nominated,
in the event of a vacancy, who does not
feel zealous to raise the school to that de-
gree of jmportance and utility of which it
is represented as being capable.

Married.] Mr. C. Wilkins, to Miss H,
Whieldon; Mr. W. D. Blood, to Miss
Dance: all of Bath—Thomas Cuff, esq.
of Bath,to Mary Ann, daughter of Ed-
ward Hamblin Adams, esq. of Nailbrook~-
house.—Mr. J. N. Harrjs, of Park-hall,
Keynsham, to Miss Sarah Collins, of Bath,
—At Walcot-church, John CampbeH, esq.
R.M. to Catherine, daughter of Liéut.-col.
Savary.—Capt. Grossett, R.N. to Hen-
tietta, daughter of the Rev. W. George,
vicar of North Petherton.

Died.] At Bath, in Upper Camden-
place, Mrs. Slocombe.—In the Vineyards,
99, Lieut. Launcelot J. Atkins, r.N.—In
Milsom-street, 30, Mrs. C. Stockman.—
John Green, esq. of the Barnfield, Exeter.
—In the Abbey Church-yard, 41, Mr. T.
S. Meylin, bookseller, aud proprietor of
the Bath Herald: in ali his engagements
he was distinguished for a high sense of
integrity; and in his private relations, as
husband and friend, the regret which fol-
lowed evinced the propriety with bags

e

1823.] Dorsetshire— Devonshire—Cornwall—Wales—Scotland.

he filled them.—In Rivers-street, Lady
Palliser, widow of Sir Hugh P. bart.

At Wrington, Miss J. Grace, of Wid-
combe-hill house.—At Worle, 42, Mrs. E,
Parsley.—In Walcot, in Beaufort-build-
ings, Mr. J. Tanner.

DORSETSHIRE.

Married.| Capt. R. Swain, of Bridport,
to Miss F. Trent, of Lyme.—Mr. E, H.
Tucker, of Bridport, to Miss Pitcher, of
Yeovil. ‘

Died.} At Dorchester, J.
Greening.

At East Coker, Mr. €. Murly, of
Bridport.

88, Mr.

DEVONSHIRE,

A public meeting was lately held at
Exeter, for raising a subscription in aid of
the Spanish cause. The resolutions,which
were moved by the Rev. J. P. Jones, were
supported by Dr. Tucker and Mr. Flin-
dell, and carried unanimously. ”

A large manufactory of Jace, by ma-
chinery, hag lately been established at

Exwick, near Exeter, which is carrying on»

with spirit, and employs a considerable
number of hands.

A beautiful steam-packet, called the
Sir Francis Drake, is about to start from
Plymouth. It is the intention of the
directors to call off Weymouth, for pas-
sengers to and from Portsmouth, the Isle
of Wight, and Plymouth, affording a great
facility to gentlemen and families; as the
distance between the two great naval
depots will be accomplished within the
short space of eighteen hours.

Married.] Mr. W. Burch, to Miss El-
liott, both of Exeter.—Mr. E. Nugent, to
Miss Yeoland ; Mr. Toms, to Miss Jarvis,
of Richmond-walk: all of Plymouth.—
Capt. W. Hillyer, r.N. to Miss Dawes, of
Plymouth-dock.—Mr. H. Searle, te Miss
E. Sherwell, both of Plympton.—Thomas
Pugsley, esq. of Barnstaple, to Miss S.
Chapman, of Jobn-street, Bedford-row,
London.—Thomas Parsons, esq. of Oke-
hampton, to Anna Bechier, daughter of Dr.
Turton, of Torquay.

Died.| At Exeter, 54, Mr. James Wor-
thy.—64, Mrs. Ellis. —59, Mrs. Gorford,—
39, Major Charles Hall, Madras Light
Infantry. :

At Plymouth, 62, Philip Westlake, esq.
—Mr. Steward.—Mr. G. Norrington.

In Dock, in Catherine-street, 55, Mrs.
Marshall,—Jn James-street, Mrs. Beall.—
Tn Chapel-yard, Miss Mary Ann May, de-
servedly regretted.

At Crediton, 38, Mrs; E. Kingdon. .

At Exmouth, Mrs, Priddis.

At Alpbington, 38, Mrs, S. Rowe.—At
Heavitree, 22, Miss S. M. Carter, late of
London,—55, the Rev.-Mr. Morris,—At
Wiveliscombe, E. Boutcher, esq.

CORNWALL,

A public meeting lately took place at

Liskeard, to take into consideration the

192

propriety of cutting-a canal, or making a
railroad from Looe to, Liskeard.’ Sir
Edward Buller, and other gentlemen from
the neighbourhood, -were present. The
estimates, &c. were read, anda committee
appointed.

A public meeting was also held at
Callington, pursuant to a notice, for
taking into consideration the plan and
estimate for erecting an [ron Suspension
Bridge over the river Tamar, at Saltash;
when a series of resolutions were proposed,
and unanimously agreed to, and a commit-
tee appointed.

Married.| Mr. S. Michell, to Miss E. .
Michell, both of Redruth.—Mr.. J. Aus-
ten, to Miss Geach, of Liskeard.—Mr. W.
Brown, to Miss B. Kindall, both of Pad-
stow,—Mr, C. Peake, to Miss M.Walters,
both of East Looe.

Died.} At Falmouth, 67, Mr. James
Laffer.

At Truro, 82, Mr. Catherine Brown:

At MayJor, 45, the Rev. William White-
head, curate, highly esteemed and lament-
ed.—At Feock, 82, Mrs. D. Thomas.—
At Porth, 84, John Stephens, esq.

WALES.

Murried.] Edward Bevan, esq. of St.
David’s, to Miss E. Davies, of Fishguard.
—J. Hugo, esq. of Brynbo, Denbighshire,
to Emma Sarah Aveling, daughter of ‘the
late Archdeacon of Derry.—Lient, W.
Pierrepont Gardiner, to “Miss E. Ae
Wynne: Richard 6. Phillipson, esq. 7th
regt. to Miss E. Wynne, of Peniarth, Me-
rionethshire—Mr. E, Evans, -of Pen-y-
Vron, to Miss Pryse, of Gilvach, Mont-
gomeryshire.—Mr. Davies, of Prospect-
cottage, Reynoldstone, Glamorganshire,
to Miss S, Bristow, of Priest-hall, Sussex.

Died.] At Swansea, at an advanced age,
Mrs. Angel.—In Mariner’s-row, 49, Mrs.
Wilson.

At Carmarthen, 28, Mr. D. Evans, pro-
prietor of the Carmarthen Journal.—53,
Mr. R. Phillips, organist, and formerly
editor of the above-mentioned journal.

At Aberystwith, Miss Hitchcox, of
Birmingham.

_ At Pembroke, 60, M. Campbell, esq.

At Abergale, Miss H. Summers; and
her father, Mr. Summers, both greatly
regretted. ;

At Glanllyn-house, Merionethshire, 67,
Griffith Richards, esq. brother to Chief
Baron Richards, deservedly regretted.

SCOTLAND.

Married.| T. A. Fraser, esq. of Loyat,
to Charlotte Georgiana, daughter of Sit’
George Jerninghain, bart.—John Orrok, ’
esq. of Orrok, Aberdeenshire, to Mary,
daughter of the late James Cockburn, esq. -
of London.

Died.] At Edinburgh, in Buecleugh-'
place, 51, Alexander Anderson, esq.

At Paisley, 78, the Rev. Robert Boog, '
D.D, senior minister of the Abbey-elurch,

IRELAND,

192

IRELAND.

‘In the absence of commensurate under-
takings to meet all the evils which have
and do afflict this fine unhappy country,
a new and improved practice has, with
the avowed sanction of the Lord Lieu-
tenant, and under the recommendation of
the Judges, been recently adopted by the
county magistrates, for the adjustment of
minor differences and the cognizance of
trifling offences. Petty sessions are to
be held and attended by four or five
justices, who are to determine upon cases
which had been formerly brought before
a single magistrate.

Five men, among whom were a father
and son, were lately executed at Cork, for
the alledged offeiice of setting fire to
the mills and dwelling-house of Charles
Hennesey, near Castletown, in that
county. Previously to being turned off,
the Rev. Justin F. M‘Namara made the
following observations on behalf of the
unhappy men.—‘'These men, vt w about
to die, have severally and individually
directed me to say, what in their presence
I now say, that though they die with
respect for the laws of their country, yet,
in justice to their own characters, they
think themselves bound, as before God
they are in their conscience enabled to
do, that they are innocent of this single
transaction for which ‘they are about to
suffer.” ¥

Married.] At Bishop’s Court, the Earl
of Fitzwilliam, to the Dowager Lady
Ponsonby.—At Dublin, F. Bruen, esq.
to Lady Catharine, daughter of the Earl
of Westmeath.—The Hon. and Rev. G.
Gore, dean of Killala, to Mary, widow of
T. B. Isaac, of Holywood-house, county
of Down.—Lieut. James Knight, r.n. to
Miss C. Christmas, of Whitfield, Waterford.

Died.] At Dublin, in Fitzwilliam-square,
Lady Saxton, widow of Sir Charles 8S.
bart. of Goosey, Berks.

At Derry, 76, the Rev. C. O’Domell,
esq. D.D. Roman Catholic bishop of the
diocese of Derry. During thirty years
that he exercised the prelatical functions,
his conduct secured the regard of all ranks.

At Dungannon, Capt. J. Anderson, R.M.

At Glasnevin, near Dublin, Viscountess
Mountmorres.

Ireland—Death Abroad.

DEATHS ABROAD.

At Magdeburgh, 70, Count Carnot, one
of the ablest, honestest republicans, which
the revolution of France produced. He
was born on the 15th of May, 1755, and
was one of the most extraordinary men of
his time. A member of the Convention,
one of the committee of Public Safety,
alternately war-minister, and one of
the éxecutive directory in the senate,
in the war bureau or the Tuileries, he
never laid aside the plainness of re-
publican simplicity. Under his admini-
stration, seven hundred thousand men ap-
peared on the frontiers in arms, as repub-
lican defenders of resuscitated France;
and, in the language of the eloquent
Barrére, Carnot “ organized victory and
rendered her permanent.” He subse-
quently saw the feeble Ditectory and
Republic overthrown by the ambition of
an individual, backed by military force,
while the cold and metaphysical’ Siéyes,
with Barras, pandered to the power of
the popular and aspiring victor. During
Bonaparte’s career, as first consul and
consul for life, and his subsequent assump-
tion of the imperial dignity, Carnot re-
mained in retirement. He emerged from
it when the tide of misfortune began to
roll heavily on Napoleon and France; and
he offered his services in the hour of
danger. Antwerp was committed to his
charge, and the ability with which he de-
fended that important city, until after
the recall of the Bourbons, is fresh in
the memory of all. On the return of
Napoleon from Elba, he was again ap-
pointed war-minister, and accepted the
title of count. The second return of the
Bourbons again brought exile and po-
verty on Carnot. He addressed one or
two able and powerful remonstrances to
Louis, on the policy then. pursning; but
the advice of Carnot was rejected, and he
retived, proscribed, first to' Warsaw, but,
on the invitation of Frederick, came to
Magdeburgh, where he died. Carnot is
still survived by Barrére and David, both
of whom reside in the Netherlands, and in
the fate of Spain behold the justification
of the Committee of Public Safety.

At Rome, 81, Pope Pius the Seventh,

: TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Our Poetical Correspondents may calculate on the early insertion of the pieces
bearing the following Titles or Signatures :—Stanzas on Curran—S. S.—i. S. H.
—Old Robin Codfrey—Ode.to Fancy—The Sun—Echo and Nareissus—T. H.—.-
L. L.—On Night—D. R. T—From the Danish—J. G-m.—Other pieces will, if
desired, be delivered to their writers. 3

Does any Correspondent remember a sati
Dunees,” inscribed to Mr. Pope?

ERRATA in our last.—In the Critical Proémium, page 65, col. 1, line 43, for obscure _
read obscene.—In the Lines to Charles Nicholson, page 51, col. 1, in the Latin motto,
for “ sine aliquo afflutu divius,” read “ sine aliyuo affutu divino ;” in the last line but

two, for weakness read greatness; and in the two concluding lines, for harmonics read
harmonies, and for puces read graces.

vical Poem under the title of “the State

MONTHLY MAGAZINE.

(3 of Vol. 56.

No. 387.] OCTOBER 1, 1823.

MR. SCOTT’S, AT AMWELL.

Mr. Scorr was a member of the Society of Friends, a man of considerable wealth,
and of refined taste and feeling as a poet. His house is a handsome mansion on tlie
south of Ware, surrounded by grounds disposed in the most picturesque manner, orna-
mented with a beautiful grotto, and with a study on an eminence, which was his
fayourite retreat. He was, in his neighbourhood, another man of Ross, worshipped by
the poor, and beloved by all who knew him. The sentiments in his highly-finished
poetry accord with his practice ; and, from their benevolent spirit, deserve to be always
popular. His widow is living in 1823, and keeps up the house and park in the state in
which they were left by the poet.

Kat 2 enema nan aon

For the Monthly Magazine.
VISIT to LANARK, by M. JULLIEN, Con-
ductor of the ‘REVUE ENCYCLOPE-
DIQUE.”
HE creation, of Mr. Owen’s co-
lony has had the effect of stinvu-
lating curiosity, in many who had
never before given any attention to the
study, to enliven, penetrate into, and
decipher, by practical facts and illus-
trations, the useful and highly-interest-
ing subject of social order. The intro-
duction of his many methods and
experiments, equally singular, origi-
nal, and curious, with the popularity
Montuiy Maa, No, 387.

derived from these sources, has ex-
cited a most extraordinary sensation,—
endeavours to examine the form and
features of his whole establishment,
to measure, ascertain, and investigate,
with philosophical aceuracy, the di-
versified and interesting phenomena
which « view of it offers.

Prescription gives a demonstrative
tone to-a great part of our knowledge,
though purely traditional, and not the
result of our own enquiries and obser-
vations. This has induced many to
reject all antiquated systems cntirely,
as merely formal and catechetical, and

2c to

194

to consider the science of civil and
criminal legislation as only in its rudi-
ments,—alleging that different means
‘of decomposing and accurately ana-
lysing, of rendering it more correct
and simple, are what we should now
‘pay the most attention to.

Whether such language is admissi-
ble and can he tolerated, whether we
should réadily take for true whatever
is thus plausibly and positively assert-
ed, is a questionable proposition,
which different. authors will either
establish, or consider as erroneous.
It appears, however, to be a matter of
which nothing can be really known,
but by a combination of theoretical
generalities, with numerous practical
particulars. It requires a knowledge
of human nature, not only in the ab-
stract, but as modified by the intricate
relations of property, and the influence
of civilization.- Legislation is diffi-
cult, but that system of government,
seems to be the best, which is best
suited to the character, habits, and
genius, of the people for whom it is
designed.

The late long interval of European
revolutionary tumults was only a suc-
cession of tyrannies, exchanging one
species of usurpation and despotism
for another. But there is this singular
result, this remarkable and serious
consequence,—an important and ex-
tensive conclusion has been drawn, in
favour of the political principles de-
‘fended, with ardour, in the course of
it, so that men no longer ‘entertain
different opinions on the common
ground of reforming the general eco-
nomy and order of society.

According to this opinion, now cir-
culating in almost every part of po-
lished Europe, political integrity, the
science of morals, and virtuous philan-
throphy, should give to the whole body
of civil institutions, among the people
‘with whom they have their intimate
connexion, that general impression of
character which is now ascribed to
the priaciple of justice.

In France, beth before and ‘since
the revolution, there is a growing mo-
ral fitness for the precious gift of civil
liberty, But in Great Britain the ge-
nuine love of itis the ruling passion

_among the people, which shows that
they are not yet become ready for sla-
very. Itis here that we meet with true
philanthropy, as the striking charac-
teristic trait, principally founded onan

M, Jullien’s Visit to Lanark.

[Oct: i,

inviolable regard for sublime moral
considerations. It is here thata sense
of personal worth, of real dignity and
importance, is preserved, which preé-
vents individuals from forgetting that
they are men. .
_ With a portion of political freedom,
North Britain certainly unites no com-
mon share of the beneficent talents.
The author of this sketch, M. Jullien,
had read the late work of Mr. Owen,
wherein that well-informed and inge-
nious man describes with minuteness,
and explains, all the circumstances of
his laboured. exertions and affectionate
attentions to his colonial family. In
the month of September 1822, M. J.
personally visited the establishment of
New Lanark, prosecuting his enquiries
with spirit, into. the subjects, details,
and occurrences, which render the
situation of that institution so pecu-
liarly comfortable.. Here he spent a
day in noting the labours of the work-
men employed; the instructions, the
exercises, the sports for recreation, of
the young persons brought up in that
obscure, picturesque valley,—that de-
licious retreat. In the administration,
he traced a superior spirit, sufficient
to incline and direct well all the pro-
ceedings and exertions, with all their
graceful accessories. The whole form-
ed a safe asylum, wherein the poor
man has left his distresses and his
difficulties behind him, has to,struggle
with none of those feelings and pas-
sions, the gratification of which is what
ambition covets almost every where
else.
_ It was a primary object of the
author, in his tour through England
and Scotland, in the summer of 1822,
to visit Mr. Owen’s institution, to learn
whether it was fairly entitled to the
celebrity which fame had conferred on
it. He set out from Glasgow to New
Lanark, a distance of twenty-three
English miles: through this district, in
most branches of agriculture, he no-
tices with approbation the improyed
culture that prevails in the fertile and
productive fields, meadows, gardens,
orchards, &c. The crops were won-
derfully luxuriant, and the success
was proportioned to the attention
paid, in no common degree, to the
particular cultivation of each. In this
excursion M. J. had a companion,
M. B—, a judicious and candid
Frenchman, long resident in England,
who also, from motives of curiosity,
a wished

1823.)

wished to form a distinct idea of the
nature of the scene of his observations.

We left our carriage (says the author,)
in the old town of Lanark ; and, with a
young peasant for our guide, proceeded
to New Lanark. The distance>was not
more than a quarter of a league; but ap-
peared to be much more considerable,
from the immense disparity, as to civiliza-
tion, and the expansion of its various
powers, operating in conjunction with a
notion of elegance and refinement, be-
tween the place we had left, and Mr.
Owen’s system in its actual establishment.
In one, the sentiment of mutual accommo-
dation displays itself; a preference being
given to its tendencies, to all the means
that, when fully assisted and improved,
point to it as a certain end. iIn‘the other,
feelings of comparative indifference are
excited both towards the means and the
end. The neatness, the regularity of the
buildings, the moral and social state of the
inhabitants, whatever is useful or con-
ducing to support them in ease and com-
fort,—whatever is expedient to escape the
wild inconveniencies of poverty, to pre-
serve and secure from oppression, all the
charities of life, to promote the general
welfare,—these data we find distinctly de-
lineated, as outlines of the social compact,
.at New Lanark,

In our descent to the place, we pass
over a green swarth, then traverse a little
wood or grove, and along a rather rapid
declivity, enter a solitary valley, encircled
with hills, forming a picturesque and ro-
mantic situation, with the river Clyde, fa-
mous for its cascades, and the beautiful
scenery of its banks, running at the bot-
tom. The first object that presents itself,
at some distance from the village, is a
building of a very agreeable exterior, both
vast and commodious, surrounded with
tufted woods and verdant pastures, and
remarkable for its elegant simplicity. On
reaching this, we discover, at the end ofa
long alley, planted with trees, in a hollow
recess, and on the banks of the river, the
buildings ocenpied by the colony, and
which compose the village called New
Lanark. Here we perceive Mr. Owen
in the midst of his workmen and children,
and hasten to salute bim, without waiting
for a formal introduction.

Mr. Owen, at the age of fifty-one, hardly
seems to exceed that of forty, His aspect,
when examined, is sufficient to authorise
the persuasion, that it resembles his cha-
racter, exhibiting a correct copy of mild-
ness,—of a well-informed, active, sagaci-
ous, and enterprising, mind,—of an ardent
wish to be useful to the laborious classes,
in whatever may be found subservient to
their health, morals, and convenience,

It is now about twenty-four years since

he undertook the management of these

Al. Jullien’s Visit to Lanark.

195
establishments; for twelve years preceding
they had formed a large’ manufactory,
wherein, as in other like places, the poor
were neglected, and suffered to do their
daily labour in savage stupidity. In the
first ten or twelve years, however, a com-
plete metamorphosis was effected, and the
regenerated colony now enjoys all the be- '
nefits which the wisdom and experience of
ages could have prepared for it. How
striking the contrast between its former
ignorance, disorder, immorality, and mi-
sery; and the moral, intellectual, and
physical, improvement, that the efforts
of time and attention have been capable
of producing. ‘The truth of this remark is
now generally admitted. The advantages
derived from his superintendance have
been long observed; the world is so far
acquainted with them, that they form to-
pics of conversation; and many have ac-
quiesced in the propriety of his rules,
however little they may have adhered to
their observance.

What first pleaded the cause of nature
and of sense,— what acted as no mean ad-
vocate upon a mind unbiassed by private
interest, already half persuaded of the du-
ties which belong to superiors,—was read-
ing the adventures of Robinson Crusoe,
contemplating what may be calied - the
mannal and practical education of neces-
sity, remote trom the institutions of men,
which are often maleficent, What gave a.
further stamp and character to his inge-
nious motives was meeting with some pas-
sages in Rousseau’s ‘‘ Emile,” together
with the example of a beneficent oldman
in the ‘* Adele and Theodore” of Madame
de Genlis. He then began to form a sort
of moral and philosophical code of his
own, to plan a system of which he would
himself undertake the execution, since he
could find no one disposed to approve of
his theory. Twenty years had matured
his scheme, before he published any thing
on the subject.

The principles and object of it, as he ex-
plained them to me, were to banish every
motive that could awaken or foster vicious
propensities ; to extirpate the fears and
hopes that act within the narrow sphere of
egotism ; to render useless the rewards and
labours that excite ambition, pride, envy,
cupidity; to find the reward of virtue in
itself, so that good conduct may become a
habit; to create a love of labour, order,
and discretion; these were, the ends that
our Scotch philanthropist had projected,
and which a long, multiplied, magnified,
course of experiments has enabled him to
accomplish, i

After taking notes of the theoretical
part of Mr, Owen’s scheme, I made it my
business to survey the fair living picture of
the persons and localities, as they succes-
sively presented themselyes to view,

The

196

The detached mansion which I first
mentioned is that wherein Mr. Owen re-
sides. The houses of the colony are of a
simple bunt elegant architectnre, adjusted
with regularity, as to their exterior fronts ;
and their interior distributions are correct-
ly adapted to their destination. On our
left we see several considerable buiidings,
that abut against the hill; some contain a
number of chambers, or small s-parate
apartments, for one or two workmen, or
for a family, of a husband, wife, and one or
two children, or families yet more nume-
rous. Others, in their upper stories have
magazines of provisions of every descrip-
tion, and in their lower parts are shops,
—where, at certain hours of the day, the
workmen and their wives make purchase
of such articles as they are in want of.
Each separate workman, or each family,
has full credit for goods till they reach the
amount of the sum due for the month's la-
bour. Occasionally advances are made,
from some extraordinary circumstances,—
an unforeseen accident, a fit of illness, the
birth of a child, or a journey on family ba-
siness: these are always proportioned to
the wants of the inhabitant, and to the
good opinion which the experience of his
conduct may have given rise to. The
provisions of every kind have beep select-
ed with cave, are excellent in quality, and
moderate in price: in these respects there
is no distinction, for all the colonists fare
alike.

Besides two vast buildings for the work-
men and their families, and the large sepa-
rate house. that serves for a magazine,
there are three others, no less remark-
able for neatness, and regularity, that
appear on the right side of the avenue.
We first come to a large manufactory, six
stories high, for spinning, and different
trades ; then proceed to a beautiful house,
with a spacious court before it, for chil-
dren of both sexes, with halls for instruc-
tion, exercises, prayers ; a little further on,
close to a canal that communicates with
the Clyde, there is a house now building,
intended to form a common kitchen, aud
a common refectory for the unmarried
workmen, for such as have no relations
with them, and for others, indiscrimi-
nately.
|. The Infirmary, with a physician and sur-
geon attached, has at. present thirty-eight
patients, out of about 2300 individuals, in-
cluding 350 children, of whom the colony
consists. Here the vaccination of young
persons is attended to. In the looms,
warehouses, &c. nearly 1800 workmen are
employed; others are at work in the
kitchen-gardens, or in household concerns.
The number af women exceeds that of the
men by one third. All the inhabitants,
though at liberty to quit the establichment

M, Jullien’s Visit to Lanark.

[Oct. 15

when they choose, adhere to it, as to their
family, the situation and settlement being
every way desirable: 250 werkmen come
daily from Old Lanark togtake a share in
the labours.

The ringing of a bell called the workmen
of both sexes to their work, and he chil-
dren to school. Here every step and pro-
ceedure was significantly expressive of
health, contentment, and activity. The
clothing was simple, but neat, excepting
that, according to the Scotch custom,
most of the children, and some of the
young workmen, were naked about the
legs and feet. ‘Ihe children were eager to
salute Mr. Owen, and failed not to receive
his caresses. A sentiment of affection, of
liberty, of happiness, entered into the
spirit of this kind of homage paid to the
common father of the family, and chief of
the colony.

We then proceeded to visit the House of
Instruction ; it might, with propriety, be
termed ¢ La Maison Joyeuse,* the House
of Joy, from the pleasure that sparkled in
the looks of each countenance. In the
first class, the smallest children are tanght
to pronounce, distinctly, the letters of the
Alphabet. Mr. Owen, however, is averse
to the usual method of teaching letters and
words before things; he prefers the form-
ing and exercising of the understanding,
in the first place. The children of the
second class are beginning to read in

* By this name was known an establishi-
ment tor education at Mantua, in the 15th
century, erected under the auspices and
by the care of Francis Gonzague, Duke of
Mantua, who had placed his own children
there. The director of it was Victorin de
Faltre, professor of the Belles Lettres;
his tender paternal care was evinced not
anly towards the young princes, but, a mul-
titude of other pupils that he was antho-
rized to admit. They came from all parts
ot Italy, France, Germany, and even
Greece. In the house were galleries, con-
sidered as affording the best models for
painting ; and about it all nature appeared
rich and charming, in a number of delight-
ful promenades. In a dark age, he was
capable of being the guardian of literature
and the arts; but, like a patriot and a
man, his Course of General Tuition was cal-
culated to enlarge the mind by benevolent
ideas, to train his pupils, during the pre-
cious hours of youth, that short period of
which the most should be made, to early
habits of virtue, morality, and philan-
thropy. His end was answered, and he
was happy, as were all the individuals of
the establishment which he conducted, in
the result of his labours. The reputation
of his school was equal to that of the most
celebrated universities of his time.

books,

1823.)

books, and those of the third to write in
large characters. To these succeeds Arith-
metic, with all the operations of calcula-
tion, and lessons of Geometry for such as
are more advanced.

In the class of Natural History, which in-
cludes Elements of Mineralogy, Botany,
and Zoology, archetypes of Animals,
Plants, Minerals, are laid before the
learner for‘,his inspection; notices are
added of their properties, and the use to
be made of them; interrogatives then re-
trace what has been so announced.

In another elementary class for Geogra-
phy, the young of both sexes, arranged in
couples, a boy by a girl, make answer to
different questions on a blank chart, con-
taining, without any names of places, the
bare lineaments of countries, mountains,
rivers, &c.

Historical knowledge is communicated,
as it were, by the senses, by large tablets
suspended to the wall, and arranged by
centuries. Each of these comprehends the
important events, the illustrious charac-
ters, the progress of industry and the arts;
pourtrays a picture of the buildings, re-
markable monuments, armour, costume,
tools, instruments for ploughing, &c. per-
tainiiig to each-nation at the time. A
familiar acquaintance with the history of
their own country, and its vast acquisitions
abroad, is especially inculeated.

We attended, also, to a singing class.
Little songs or hymns, adapted to their ca-
pacities, and made expressly for young
persons, borrowed from scenes of nature
and interesting situations of life, sung alter-
nately, with their variations, by tender,
melodious, animated, voices, give to this
part of instruction all the characters of a
family féte.

Proceeding onwards to the dancing-
room, we observe twenty young petsons,
divided into couples, a boy and girl, each
dancing, with measured steps, to the sound
of lively music. Most of them were bare-
legged and barefooted. We noticed, also,
some little boys, with only a Scotch jacket
on, and a sort of trowsers that descend
below the knee, Though this may have
the appearance of a want of neatness, we
were assured that these children are habi-
tuated to wash their feet at least twice a-
day, that they are very cleanly, and that
this practice is sure to render them more
active, strong, and vigorous. ‘Three
large covered baths, one hot, and two
cold, are reserved for their use,

We were next conducted to the arena of
gymnastics, where an uproarious sort of
merriment, subjected, however, to regular
movements, was the leading impulse. The
evolutions and exercises appeared very
proper to develop the muscular force of
the young, and toserve as recreations after
studies and sedentary labours,

M. Jullien’s Visit to Lanark.

197

The employment of time is measured
out, by distributions, for every twenty-
four hours, as follows:—Seven hours for
sleep ; half an hour, according to their reli-
gious profession, for prayers, or devotional
exercises ; half an hour for dressing and
the toilette; ten hours for learning in
classes, or for labour in the looms, frames,
&c. and six hours for meals and bodily ex-
ercises or recreations.

There is no special mode of religious in-
struction, but simple moral sentiments,
sincerity, veracity, the love of God and
our neighbour, &c. are inculeated ; parti-
cular points of taith and practice are left
to the parents. The capacities and dispo-
sitions of the children are thoroughly at-
tended to; they are addressed as reason-
able beings, who ought to perform what is
right by moral suasion. Pure and honour-

‘able motives are recommended, as giving

a stamp and direct character to all the
virtues,

For reading, select passages from the
New Testament, little Biographical Nar-
ratives of Voyagers, Warriors, Agriculteurs,
Artisans, and even of humble Labourers,
that by their good conduct extended their
reputation beyond the boundaries of their
neighbourhood, supporting a Consequence
which opulence, alone, would not bestow.
Mr. Owen is not for humiliating man in
his own opinion; his practice and experi-
ments, far from degrading the human
faculties, act as guarantees to their effi-
ciency.

Besides the various modes of instruction
here indicated, the girls are taught needle-
work and other matters suitable to their
sex, after the rate of three shillings a-year
for each. ‘This price is so moderate, that
all may take a part in the benefit. So
many different articles of elementary in-
struction, in the establishments for educa-
tion in England, would not cost less than
twenty or twenty-five pounds per annum.
The masters and mistresses are twenty in
number. ‘Their stipends vary, according
to the nature of what they teach, from fifty
or eighty shillings, to more than double
permonth. Children are admitted, at the
age of ten, into the different manufactories,
yet reserving some hours, every day, for
their studies; they will then earn halfa-
crown or three shillings a week.

In these manufactories, every thing has
an air of neatness, and the rooms are well
aired, and free from every disagreeable
scent or insalubrious vapour, It would
take up too much room to describe all the
different labours, the air of contentment
and satisfaction in the workmen, the vati-
ous inventions of Mr. Owen in the working
of cotton, &c. One is called ‘The Devil’;
it has a ventilator adapted to it, which car-
ries off all the dust through an aperture in
the wall, so that the people have the pe

nefit

198

nefit of a pure air ard free respiration.
Here are foundries, forges, shops for car-
penters, joiners, turners, painters, and gla-
ziers. Whatever is necessary for the peo-
ple to carry on their labours, is made by
themselves and within the colony. About
thirty thousand pounds weight of cotton
are manufactured per week. The raw
cotton comes from Glasgow, and is brought
up along the’ Clyde; when spun, it is
packed up and expedited for Glasgow,
and thence into the interior of England,
or sent abroad, to Hamburgh, Peters-
burgh, &c.

In the spinning, marks of four different
colours, white, yellow, btue, and black,
placed over each workshop, indicate, on
the spot, the conduct and management of
the workman. We were pleased to find
almost all the marks with the white face,
but few with the yellow, fewer still with
the blue, and not a single one sith the
black. Most of the curious visitors, to the
number of about 1800, that have come to
visit the colony this year, express their as-
tonishment at the few subjects of com-
plaint that arise where the individuals are
so numerous, and where the whole regimen
of discipline is solenient. Full-grown men
get about 12s. a-week ; women, 8, 9, or
10s. little girls, according to their ages
and occupations, from 3 to 8 or 9s. The
labourers, smiths, carpenters, masons, and
others, get about half-a-crown a-day.

The mixture of the two sexes gives rise
to no disorders; a few marriages every
year are the only consequence, and these
commonly turn ont well, being the effect
ofa discreet selection. Here aretndividu-
als of different religions persuasions,
Methodists, Anabaptists, Quakers, Inde-
pendants, &c. but the greater number are
of the Scotch Presbyterian church. No
dissensions grow out of this heterogeneous
assemblage ; no one is found to be indiffer-
ent for the religion 6f which he makes
profession, and yet a spirit of the most
liberal toleration pervades all.

The Sundays are appropriated to devo-
tion, tranquillity, and repose. ‘The time is
usefully and agreeably employed in pions

‘readings, some exercises of religion, in
household arrangements, and promenades.
Cabarets, noisy sports and dancing, would
only disturb the sanctity of such a day.
Where there are families, little portions of
land are allotted to them for the culture of
leguminous plants.

No steam-engines are employed ; all the
trades are set to work by a vast piece of
machinery, to which an impulsion is given
by water. Mr. Owen explained to me,
that by means of certain mechanical inven-
tions, 240.000 persons could now go
through the work, which, according to the
ancient process, would have required
nearly thirty millions of hands. ;

On the Projeeted Tunnel under the Thames, and

[Oct. ft,
The founder of New Lanark, like Julius
Cesar, ,

“Nil reputans actum, si quid superesset
agendum,” (Lucan,)

thinks he has never done enough, if he sees
any good that yet remains to be done. In
1819, he undertook a journey to Aix-la-
Chapelle, to try if he could prevail upon
any of the monarchs assembled at the Con-
gress to enter, with their immense means
of power and influence, into his philanthro-
pic views. He then published a Memoir,
in three ‘languages, English, French, and
German, addressed to the governments of
Europe and America, on the subject.

May his countrymen be exhorted to
cultivate a taste for the like application,
studies, and pursuits! May they no longer -
be inattentive to those virtuous duties and
exercises which are necessary to soften the
austerities of poverty, in their dependents ;
and, in short, may the power of giving a
sound education, as the substratum on
which future knowledge and worthy habits
are to be built and acquired, together with
the means of subsistence and patronage,
be ever vested in the hands of such men as
Mr. Owen!

—

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,

E AVING observed that the very

able mechanician, Mr- Brunel,
is endeavouring tc revive the project,
on which Messrs. Dodd and Vazie
made abortive attempts seyeral years
ago, of tunneling under the Thames,
and so forming an archway for car-
riages, across under its bed, where
the navigating of ships precludes the
erection of a bridge, I beg to offer a
few remarks on the subject.

Mr. B. proposes to effect an exca-
vation thirty-four feet in breadth, and
eighteen feet and a half in height:
the body of his tunnel of bricks to be
preceded by a strong framing of cor-'
responding dimensions, made in eleven
distinct parts, containing three cellsin
each, for protecting thirty-three men,
whilst exeavating the earth before
them; in such a manner, that six alter-
nate parts of the framing may be
forced forwards by machinery, whilst
the other parts remain stationary ; and
yet so as to admit of bricking the tun-
nel close after the frames.

I cannot say that I comprehend how
the framing is to be introduced into
the ground, or how its parts are to be
prevented from becoming immovably
fixed, by the great and irregular pres-
sure and giving way of the surround-

ing

1823.}

ing earth; and, in short, entertain but
faint hopes of ever seeing a large tun-
nel executed under a wide river by
this or any other means, if subterra-
nean perforation is resorted to. At
the same time, the wondertul advan-
tages that would attend an archway ef
this description, occasions me to regret
that the practicable and certain me-
thods of elfecting this object, which
have long ago been pointed out, have
not received attention from the public.
One of these methods, applicable to
situations where the site of the river
could net be changed, on account of
houSes on its banks, (as at Rother-
hithe,) or en account of the height of
those banks, consists in excluding the
water of the river, in successive por-
tions of its breadth, either by coffer-
dams of tall and close piling, or else
by an immense tub-like caison, whilst
the river’s bed is deepened within such
coffer-dam or caison, and a portion of
the arch formed, and securely covered
over, at no greater depth below the
water than such security requires; by
which means much greater ease of
descent to and ascent from the arch-
way would be attained, than by a sub-
terraneously-excavated tunnel, which
unavoidably-must pass at a consider-
ably greater depth under the river.
The other method is applicable
wherever a crooked river winds round
a low point of land, and consists in
excavating on such point of land a
portion of a new and straighter chan-
nel for the river, but-leaving the ends
thereof uncut, for excluding the river
therefrom, until after the archway is
completed across under such new
channel, and thoroughly secured ; and
then proceeding to eut out and dredge
the two ends, so as to turn the river
in an uninterrupted course over the
archway ; and, when this is completed,
forming an embankment across the old
channel, and thereon constructing the
road of approach from the opposite
shore to the mouth of the archway.
The inhabitants of Gloucestershire
were a -fow years ago led to expect,
that an archway-road would be formed
across,under the Severn river, several
miles below Gloucester, but which
undertaking failed, after a consider-
able sacrifice of property, in attempt-
ing a tunnel; instead of which, if the
low point of Jand, consisting of tena-
vious clay strata below the Lias lime-
stone, nearly Opposite to the intended

en the Thanies.

199
tunnel, had been treated as’ above de-
scribed, and as had then several years
previously been’ recommended, the
public might now have been enjoying
the benefit of a new and important
communication, and the undertakers
receiving the just reward of their en-
terprise ; at the same time that the
navigation of the river might have
been permanently improved by the
alteration.

I make these observations from no
feeling of hostility towards Mr. Bru-
nel; for whom, on the contrary, I
entertain the highest respect: but from
a desire to promote the accomplish-
ment of the public improvement and
accommodation to the inhabitants
eastward of London which he contem-
plates.

Somewhat connected with this sub-
ject, is the question now so keenly,
and, I may add, so intemperately,
agitated, as to the effects to be appre-
hended on the wharfs and low lands
near the Thames, which the pulling
down o: Loudon-bridge, and substitu-
ting one which shall offer little.or no
impediment to the passagé of the tide,
up or down: whereupon L beg to men-
tion, that I entertain no apprehensions
of mischief to arise from the removal
of the present starlings, and unneces-
sarily numerous piers, which so much
obstruct the waters: but, on the con-
trary, anticipate very great advantages
from the proposed change.

The tides all around our island, and
on the opposite coast of the European
continent, have, from some yet unas-
certained cause, risen progressively
higher during the last thirty or forty
years, and perhaps much longer; and
have, at short intervals, of late years
occasioned much mischief on the
banks of the Thames, even whilst
London-bridge, with all its obstruc-
tions, has been standing. If, as 1
have conjectured, the cause of this
increasing height of the spring-tides
be connected in a chain of causes
which as yet are mysterious, with the
change of the magnetic variation, and
the arrival of the same at its western
maximum, which occurred in these
parts in the spring of 1819, may we
not hope, that now our tides have
passed their maximum, and will de-
crease in height, and so the chief
cause of apprehension be removed:
but, should my conjecture prove ill-
founded, and the tides, not having yet
reached

200

reached their maximum, should con-
tinue still to advance in height, after
the London-bridge impediments have
been removed, I wish to put the pub-
lic on its guard against confounding
the two causes, and ascribing to the
new bridge the evils those persons
may experience whose wharfs and
cellars are unfortunately too low si-
tuated, occasioned by still-increasing
heights of the spring-tides, not only
in the Thames, but in the mouth of
every river and bay of our coasts; of
which facts, observations, and enqui-
ries, properly conducted, would afford
the necessary proofts.

Sept. 2, 1823. LONDINENSIS.

——

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,

REQUEST you will be kind

enough to insert in your Magazine
the following facts and observations
relative to the employment of women
and children in the manufacture of
straw-bonnets.

On the 20th of July, 1823, I pulled
about a dozen plants of flax, in full
blossom,—filled an old coffee-pot with
rain-water: whilst boiling, immersed
the plants,—shutting down the cover;
and thus let it boil during the space
of full twelve minutes.

Observations.—It is evident that the
degree of heat very considerably in-
creased beyond that of boiling-water
in the open air: the steam being great-
ly confined by the cover. This opera-
tion appears to have completely de-
stroyed the colouring matter of the
plant, without the slightest injury to
Its wiry texture; and, I am apt to
conclude, that it will be effectual.
But, if it should, the English women
and girls,—aye, and boys too,—will be
able to live on the fruit of their own
manual labour; for I will assume, that
a single acre of flax, (as this was,)
would be more than sufficient to form
the material for a thousand bonnets,
and another thousand for continuance
of the growth of the plant, until it
reach maturity in seed. From thence-
forth it may be safely assumed, that a
quantity of flax-seed, more than
enough for the supply of the whole of
Europe, may be produced,—estimating
a million of acres for Great Britain,
and half a million for Ireland; which
would not be more than a twenticth
part in the former, or of a twenty-fifth
part in the latter, of the lands to be

Mr. Bartley on the Employment of Women and Children. [Oet. 1,

appropriated; and it would be free
from the seeds of weeds of all de-
scriptions with which flax-seed of fo-
reign importation are well known to
abound.

On the 23d of July, I. immersed
about a dozen more flax-plants in
boiling water, as before,—partly in
full blossom, and partly with the seed-
cap formed ; and it boiled full twenty-
five minutes.

Observation.—This operation appeats
to have had a similar result in dis-
charging the colouring matter, and in
preserving the strength of fibre.

I shall be truly happy, by all means
within my power, to promote the
domestic comfort of the people; but
Mr. Cobbett is the originator of this
highly interesting subject, and to him
the praise decidedly belongs.

NEHEMIAH BaRTLEY.

—_—
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
SIR,
HE French have given the name
of Artesian to wells of a partiea-
lar description. The water is souglit
for ata great depth, and it is some.
times requisite to pierce through other
waters, not so deep, which are neg-
lected. One part of the art is to find
means to pass by the intermediate
waters, which are commonly of a bad
quality, while those of lower strata are
very good. M. Garnier, engineer in
the Royal Corps of Freneh Miners,
has lately made known, by geological
observations, the proper places where
the labours of mining and sounding
may be exerted with almost a certainty
of success. With the exception of
some provinces, it is stated that there
are few parts of France where Arte-
sian wells might not be procured. M.
Garnier calculates that a spring, at the
depth of 200 feet, in earths the most
difficult to penetrate, might be found,
at a cost not exceeding 10,000 francs ;
and that in ordinary earths, at two-
thirds of that depth, the cost would not
exceed 900 francs. The expenses of
aqueducts are much more consi-
derable.

It may be added, that M. Garnicr
has obtained a prize of 3000 francs
from the Society for the Encourage-
ment of Industry, for the best elemen-
tary and practical instruction on the
art of piercing the earth at stated
depths. x. Y.

To

1823.] Inhuman Practice of Shooting Birds, Sc. for Amusement.
Lothe Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

‘The poor beetle that we tread upon
In corp’ral saff’rance feels a pang as great
As when a giant dics. -
SIR,
HE very extensive circulation of
your amusing and instructive
Miscellany, has induced me to select
it-as-the best mode of drawing the
public mind to the consideration of a
subjeet which seems not to have
received that aftention which might
reasonably have been expected from

a eivilized and refined age: I allude’

to the diversion of shooting, as it is
generally termed ; upon which, though
the propriety of my sentiments may
be combated by many, it cannot be
objected against me, at this pericd of
the year, that my lucubrations are at
all hors de saison.

I am fulty aware, notwithstanding
the superiority of country. gentlemen
of the present day over that class of
which the admirably-drawn character
of Squire Western is but too faithful
@ representative, that the great majo-
rity of them still labour under many
prejudices ; of which one is, that the
practice of shooting is no impeach-
ment of their characters, as men pro-
fessing to regulate their conduct by
moral principles. In this respect I con-
sider their opinions to be quite erro-
neous; ‘for it must be admitted, by
every man of reflection and enquiry,
that, though we are at liberty to take
Ahe life of a brute for the sustentation
of man, we are under an imperative
obligation to take that life with the
least possible degree of suffering to the
animal which human ingenuity can
devise. If this position be not dis-

« proved,—and I am not aware that it
can even be controverted,—it seems
to follow undeniably, that the amuse-
ment of shooting is wholly unjusti-
fiable, because it involves a very great
and unnecessary degree of suffering
to those animals which are the objects
of sport. ;

Now, when I reflect. tliat the chief
impediments to the gratification of our
selfish desires are derived from the

salutary influence of our moral facul-/

ties, joined to the foree of public
opinion, I feel extremely anxious that
this subject should be discussed with
that attention and impartiality which
conduce so materially to the establish-
ment of truth; for, if once society at
* large can be clearly convinced that the
eruelty necessarily attendant upon
Montuty Mac. No. 387.

201

the amusement of the sportsman
ought to degrade him in the general
estimation, it may be relied upon that

‘a great step has been gained in the -

cause of humanity.

Prejudices, I am well aware, are
hard things to encounter; but by dint
of reason how many have been re-
moved! Bacon, perceiving that the
age in which he flourished was unable,
from its ignorance and prejudice,
duly to estimate his stupendous intel-
lectual powers, and the vast services
he had rendered to society, was in-
duced to insert that singular clause in
his will, wherein he bequeaths his
name to posterity, after some ages
shall have passed away. Now, com-
paring great things with small, it is
upon a similar principle that L indulge
the hope, that the period may arrive,
and even be accelerated by the efforts
of more powerful pens than my own,
when a positive disgrace will attach
to any gentleman pursuing amuse-
ments which necessarily subject the
brute creation to pain and torture.

I have often been at a loss to
account for the conduct of both town
and country gentlemen, who, merely
for the pleasure of shooting, inflict
almost every day throughout the sea-
son the severest sufferings upon such
numbers of the winged and four-
footed animals. What would be the
feelings of a gentleman, whose life in
the main is amiable and unblemished,
upon hearing himself compared to a
ruffian bullock-driver, a skinner of
live eels, or a crimper of live cod-fish?
—wretches who are daily execrated
by all who have a {guch of compassion
in their breasts; though for these
monsters may be pleaded an early
familiarity with barbarous scenes,
which tend so much to brutalize the

‘feelings, and a state of mind deplora-

bly ignorant of those principles which
every moderately-informed gentleman
cannot fail to acquire in the course of
his education. ‘These comparisons, I
confess, are extremely degrading ; but

I know not how they ean be fairly

rebutted.

There can be no doubt that many a
sportsman, who perhaps has left three
or four brace of partridges in the
field maimed and torn by his shot, has
(at his ewn table, before the day had

passed over his head upon which he

had committed these disgusting cruel-
ties,) severely censured, and deseryed-
2D

ly

202

ly too, some unfeeling act of a depen-
dant; and yet how appropriately
might one of his own guests observe
to him, in the language of the Roman
poet —

Mutato nomine, de te fabula narratur !

ft must strike a reflecting mind with
surprise, that the brutality, which it is
the object of this paper both to repro-
bate and expose, should be so common
‘in the nineteenth century ; when the
spread of just opinions upon moral
subjects has had so happy an effect
in softening our manners. When I
think seriously upon this subject, I
am ready to exclaim with the poet—
—— Can such things be,
And overcome. us like a summer cloud,
Without our special wonder?

It is, indeed, surprising that-a being
like man, ‘indued with so much intel-
lect, with such varied tastes, with so
many sources of enjoyment, and with
this fair world in which to gratify
them all, should devote himself fo

ursuits almost beneath the dignity of
us nature ; for which, if any adequate
apology can be found, it must be
sought in those dark ages when the
human mind was enveloped in Cim-
merian darkness by the crafty policy
of the Romish church. But since the
mercy of Providence has cast the lot
of the present generation in a happier
era, it becomes the members of it to
regulate their conduct by those moral
lights which, if we would but follow,
they would marshal us the way to
happiness.

I will conclude by observing, that
it appears extraordinary at this parti-
cular season, when the blessings of
the Almighty come more directly
under our notice,—when the fields
have yielded up their golden stores,—
when our trees are loaded with fruit,
and our yines are bowed down with
clustermg grapes,—in short, when the
bounty of Providence meets us at

every turn, and when the rich and

- mellow. hues of autumnal scenery,—
all conspire to gladden the heart of
man, and to awaken in his, breast a
deep sense of gratitude; that he
should at this moment ruthlessly and
recklessly step: forward to commit
those acts of cruelty which are the
subject of my unqualified reprobation,
on the very ground from which he bas
recently reaped such plentiful stores
of grain, and, be it remembered, made
plentiful by that Being whose de-

A new Voyage round the World, by M.de Roguefeuil. Oct. 1,
-elared will .he so daringly ‘Violates :

but—

Man, proud man!
Dress’d in a little brief authority,
Plays such fantastic tricks before high
Heav’n,
As makes the angels weep.
Humanitas,
a
For the Monthly Magazine.
ANALYSIS of the JOURNAL of @ YOYAGE
round the WORLD, in the YEARS 1816-
1819, by M. DE ROQUEFEUIL, LIEUTE-
NANT in the FRENCH NAVY.
(Concluded from page 104.)

Sy eres North-west Coast, properly
so called, is the special theatre
of the commercial speculations of M.
Roqueteuil ; for the famous ukase had
not yet forbidden strangers to ap-
proach it. The French navigator,
while in the pursuit of the 6tters, made
many observations, which interest
both geography and history. ‘The
currents bring to Kodiak various arti-
cles; among others, trees, and some-
times even fragments of Japanese
ships. M. Roquefeuil was informed
by Capt. B. Pigot, of the English ship
the Forester, that he had met, 300
leagues west of. California, with a
Japanese vessel, which had been seve-
ral months at sea, kept from the coast
by repeated storms. Of seventeen
men, who originally formed the crew,
only three remained; one of whom
was the captain. The English navi-
gator conveyed these unfortunate men
to Kodiak, whence they were sent io
their own country.

The north-west coast is generally
formed by a chain of bigh mountains,
which extend from New Mexico, and,-
stretching to the north-west, approach
the shores of the ocean. These shores
themselves, and those of the adjacent
islands, are generally steep. Queen
Charlotte’s Islands are an exception,
at least those near the branch of the
sea called Masset. The land in this
part is different from what is generally -
seen on the north-west coast; it is
low, gently sloping, without either
those steep rocks or indentations
which are elsewhere so frequent; the
foliage of the trees has a less sombre
tint, and the whole appearance of the
country is much less rude: the inha-
bitants, too, are the finest men on the
north-west coast. In their persons,
and every thing belonging to them,
there is an appearance of opulence.

aud ,

1823.]

and weatness* superior to what has
been hitherto observed: they reside
in large villages, particularly remark-
able for the colossal figures which
decorate the houses of the principal
inhabitants, and the gaping mouths
of which serve as doors. Above the
largest of these villages there is a
fort, the parapet of which is covered
with a fine turf, and surrounded by a
palisade, in good condition.
<Itomtchou, the principal chief of
Masset, came on-board with his three
wives, and was so Satisfied with the
reception given him, that he wished to
change names with M. Roquefeuil ;
who, to oblige him, because he could
not pronounce the whole name, made
the diminutive Roki. They conversed
by means of a native of Skitigats, one
of the principal of Queen Charlotte’s
island, named Intchortge, who made
himself well understood in English,
and piqued himsclf on having the
manners of Boston; forthe inhabitants
of this coast, who have hardly any
intercourse except with the ships of
that city, consider Boston as _ the
capital of the civilized world.

The inhabitants of Friends’ Cove
( Anse des Amis,) are always at war
with their neighbours: they probably
have been, and perhaps still are, An-
tropophagi. It is only to the Kuro-

eans that they show any good-will.
Their chiefs, who are at the same time
their bigh-priests, call themselves re-
lations of the sun. The members of
their families, to the third degree, form
the class of patricians under the name
of Tahis Calati; the others, who are a
kind of slaves, are called Mitschimis.
The miserable half-naked chiefs of
these hungry tribes, dirty inhabitants
of smoky and filthy huts, are as proud
of their illustrious origin as the first
potentates of the civilized world; and
itisa frequent subject of their con-
versation. Their wives and daughters
participate in this pride.

A wife is not to be had hut by
making presents to her relations. 'The
poor Mitschimis are for the most part
obliged to live in celibacy ; while
there, as on the whole north-west
coast, the plurality of wives is the
privilege of the chiefs and nobles.
Very different from the South-Sea
islanders, the women of this country
behave with great modesty.

The dialect of Noutka is full of con-
sonants and aspirations; which, how-
ever, are not so harsh as in the lan-

A new Voyage round the World, by M. de Roquefeuil.

‘evening.

203.

guages’ of the northern part of the
coast,—‘“in which (says the author,.)
there are sounds resembling the kind
of hissing that cats make when angry :
we frequently met with terminations
in tz, ¢/, or tzl,as in the Mexican. This |
little tribe is indolent, poor, and weak;
but they are generally pretty seusible,
inclined to good, and grateful for
kindnesses. }

It unfortunately appears that it is
now much more dangerous to deal
with the Indians of the north-west
coast, since they have become ac-
quainted with the Europeans, and
have obtained fire-arms. M. Roque-
feuil relates various instances of their
having attacked European ships. He
himself made an agreement, at the
Russian settlement of New Archangel,
with Mr. Heigmeister, the governor ;
according to which the Russian Com-
pany was to furnish him with thirty
baidares, for the purpose of taking
sea-otters. Each baidare was to be
manned with two Kodiak hunters; the
whole under the superintendance of
two agents: the produce was. ‘to be.
equally divided, and an indemnity of
200 piastres paid for every Kodiak
who should lose his life in an attack
from the Indians. With every pro-
spect of success, M. Roquefeuil pro-
ceeded to the north-west part of the
Prince-of-Wales’s Island. Having
reconnoitered the country for several
leagues round, and found no signs of
population, the Kodiaks were landed;
and even allowed to bivow&c on shore.
Some Indians, but in small numbers,
showed themselves from time to time,
to sell their furs. On the 18th of
June, 1818, the Indians suddenly dis-
appeared; which exciting Mr. R.’s
suspicions, he resolved not to Jet the
Kodiaks pass that night on-shore : but,
not thinking there could be any fear
of the Indians during the day, he de-
ferred recalling the Kodiaks till the
However about noon, walk-
ing alone at some distance from the
camp, he was surprised at hearing a
musket-shot, immediately succeeded
by a brisk and continued discharge.
Judging, therefore, that the Indians
must have attacked the camp, he was
proceeding in that direction; but,
seeing the Kodiaks fly without resis-
tance,in complete disorder, lie thought
it necessary to provide for his personal
safety, and called to the boat which
had brought him on-shore, and had
not yet reached the ship; but he was

not

204

not heard: he therefore undressed,
‘and threw himself into the sea, with
his watch in his mouth.

Meantime the ship fired upon the
Indians, and sent out the long-boat,
which: steered first towards the camp,
but, perceiving M. Roquefeuil, turned
aside, and reached him not far from

. Shore. It was soon received by a very
brisk fire from the Lndians, which it
returned. “J made an unsuccessful
attempt to get into the boat, in which
I perceived several persons that were
wounded; unwilling to detain the
boat under the fire of the Indians, who
were very numerous, and seeing no
Kodiak to assist on that side, I order-
ed it to stand off, without losing time
to take me up. I kept close to it as it
retired, firing towards the camp, and
got in when it could stop without
danger. Of the seven men on-board,
four were wounded, two of them only
slightly. The result of this unfortu-
nate affair was, that of the forty-seven
Kodiaks who were in the camp at the
moment of the atlack, twenty were
killed, twenty-five escaped by swim-
ming, or were saved by our boats, and
iwo were missing, supposed to be
drowned. Of the twenty-five who
escaped the massacre, twelve were
wounded, most of them very severely.
The Indians) it seems, had approached
under the cover of a wood, and sud-
denly fell upon’ the Kodiaks, who
were lulled in the most perfect’secu-
rity: they were all killed by musket-
shot, and most of them had several
wounds.”

It is indispensable to employ the
greatest prudence in the communica-
tions with the natives of the north-
west coast. Vancouver, and all the
navigators who first visited them, ex-
perienced their hostile and perfidious
dispositions, which have been only
encreased by the means of destruction
which the possession of fire-arms has
put into’ their power. Thongh their
confidence is augmented in the same
proportion, they never attack but by
surprise. Ten or twelve American
vessels have been attacked by them
in this manner at different times ; most
of them suffered considerable loss, and
two were seized and carried off about
twelve years ago.

Capt. Told, of the American ship
Tonquin, after having re-victualled
the establishment on the Columbia,
where he had losta boat and several
men by his obstinacy and rashness,

A new Voyage round the World, by Mvde Rogucfeuil, [Oct. 15

was killed. by the Indians, subjects of
Maconina, at an anchoring-place: un-
der Woody Point. ‘The second catas-
trophe, at Clayoquot, was also caused
by imprudenée. Wicananich had
gained the confidence of the captain:
the latter being very eager to take
advantage of a breeze to leave the port,
where he had been detained by con-
trary winds, the chief offered to send
some of his people on-board to assist
him; 'the captain having been so in-
cautious as to receive these perfidious
auxiliaries, they suddenly fell upon the
crew, and killed or wounded the cap-
tain and most who were on deck. For-
tunately, the chief mate aud some of
the crew had time to take refuge in
their quarters, where their sick com-
rades were, and escaped the first fury
of the attack, as well as those who
were employed in loosening the sails ;
these latter made such good use of the
balls that were kept in the round top,
that they enabled their comrades to
sally from their retreat, and act offen-
sively. ‘hese brave men, after extra-
ordinary efforts, repulsed their perfi-
dious enemies; and, having procured
arms, entirely drove them from the
vessel. The ship having run aground
during the wiequal contest, the re-
mainder of the brave crew abandoned
it in the night, and arrived safely in
the long-boat at Columbia.

Some visits, which M. Roquefeuil
made to the islands of the Great
Ocean, have procured some new infor-
mation, of which the following remark
on the Marquesas Islands is an in-
stance. The isle of Qevahoa, the
most fertile of this Archipelago, where
M. Roquefeuil procured 4000 lbs. of
sandal-wood, possesses a kind of
bards, who go to the neighbouring
islands to sing their poems to very
monotonous airs, which have much
resemblance to church-music. ‘They
accompany their voice either by clap-
ping their hands, and strikivg on dif-
ferent parts of their body, or with
large drums, which appear to be their
only instruments. ‘These concerts
procure them numerous presents. For
these fétes there is in every valley a
rectangular space, from a hundred to
a hundred and thirty yards long, and
from twenty-five to thirty broad, sur-
rounded by a parapet, breast high, fen
feet thick; often bordered witli a row
of trees, and surrounded ‘by avenues,
which afford pleasant walks.

The neeessity of taking in wood,

; water

1823 }
water, and provisions, induced our
author to visit Hanarura, in the island
of Woahoo,’ one of the Sandwich
islands, and an excellent port, which
nature has»formed in the. coral reef
on the southern side of that island.
The inhabitants of the Sandwich
islands, notwithstanding their frequent
intercourse with civilized nations, have
changed little in their abodes and
mode of living; bntthey have adopted
the tools of our carpenters, and use
them dexterously. They are familiar
with our fire-arms ; and like some of
our manufactures, particularly light-
blue ‘loth.

Their cattle have increased: they
have considerable herds of oxen,
_ sheep, and goats; and also horses,
which came originally from California.
The nutives cultivate hardly any thing
but cucurbitaceous plants; but M.
Roquefeuil found at Woahoo an old
Prussian soldicr, who practised gar-

dening with success, and furnished.

ships with excellent vegetables. Ano-
ther European obtained pretty good
wine from vines which he brought
from California.

Vhe Americans have obtained se-
veral cargoes of sandal-wood from
Woahoo; and ‘Yameamea himself
sent some to China, on-board one of
his ships, the flag of which had seven
horizontal white and red stripes. This
wood is still common in the four prin-
cipal islands; but it has ceased to be
much in request in Canton, and the

ussians, who had formed an esta-

. blishment on this latter island to pro-=
cure it, have given it up, because the
expenses exceeded the profit. So
much the better > we could have wish-
_ed that all these-pretty islands in the
Great Ocean had been reserved for
_ the unfortunate, who seeks a peaceful
asylum; for the missionary, who feels
himself called to preach the Divine
Word; for some founder of a virtuous
society, who, in’subduing the savage
tribes before. they were acquainted
with fire-arms, would have civilized
them by the power of his bencfits, the
example of bis companions, and the
regular education of their children.
Providence has ordained otherwise:
sailors, merchants, exiles, have spread
new vices, and new means of destruc-
tion. However there are still many
positions where, with some ‘slender
means of cultivation and defence, a
colony, well composed, subject to
wise Jaws, and skilfully governed,

A new Voyage round the World, by M.de Roquefeuil,

205

would become in a few-years a flou-
rishing republic.

M. “Roquefeuil gives us some idea
respecting the immense trade which
the Americans carry on with Canton.
Thirty of their ships, the burthen of
which amounted all together to 2200
tons, arrived there from the Ist of
July, 1815, to the 80th of June, 1816.
In the following year there were
thirty-eight ships, the total tonnage of
which was 13,096 tons; the next year
thirty-nine, carrying 14,325 tons ; and
lastly, forty-seven vessels in the first
ten months of the season of 1818 and
1819. This commerce occasions a
great exportation of money, to the
prejudice of the United States. The
total amount of the importation into
China by American ships was, in the
three first years above mentioned,
15,213, 000 piastres, of which 12,068,000
was in ready money.

The English, on the contrary, have
found means to make the Chinese
accept in payment the woollen goods
and metals of England, also cottons,
opium, and other articles of British
India. In the season 1817-18 there
arrived in China sixteen of the Com-
pany’s ships sent from England, and
thirty-nine private vessels fitted out
in India. The English goodsimported
amounted to the value of 3,670,000
piastres, and those of. India to
12,456,000 piastres.

The numerous nautical and ‘hydro-
graphical observations in the narrative
of this voyage do the greatest honour
to the talents of M. Roquefeuil.

——a
To the Editor of the Montily Mag azine.
SIR,

HE passage mentioned by Mr.
Lacey occurs in the second part
of ShakSpeare’s ‘“‘ Henry the Fourth,”
butno particular set of chimes appears
to be alluded to. Falstaff, when re-
minded by Shallow of their juvenile
frolics, simply says, ‘‘ We have heard
the chimes at midnight.” Shallow, it
is true, in a previous scene remarks,
that he “ was once of Clement’s Inn ;”
yet the chimes heard by him and fat
Jack might be those of any other pa-
rish, since their rambles appear to
have been very excursive: he says to
Falstaff, presently after, ‘‘ Do you re-
member since we lay all night in the
Windmill in St. George’s-fields?” So

much for this momentous point.

I wish your correspondent had been
somewhat more minute in his account

of

/

206

of the parish; for he has left unnoticed
seyeral interesting spots: amongst
others, the forum of Orator Henley, in
Portsmouth-street, and the Black
Jack, close by,—once the resort of all
the wits and good fellows about town
connected with the press. ‘The ad-
joining inn, too, he has treated with
utter neglect, though there are Several
curious anecdotes connected with it.
Like Shallow, I was of Clement’s
once myself, and therefore feel a pe-
culiar attachment ‘to the neighbour-
hood. Tue Druip in Lonpon.”
September 3. ’

—<r— F ,

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,

IF’ those diseascs which do not

endanger life. nor destroy any
part of the-animal organization, few
are of more importance than that
which is well known by the popular
appellation of stng-worm of the scalp,
the Porrigo scutulata of medical
writers. ‘his disease, which is pécu-
liar to children, has long been a
source of terror in schools; having
materially injured many respectable
seminaries. In familics it has been a
tedious and very expensive visitor ;
remaining, in many instances, for
years, resisting protracted and painful
modes of treatment, and excluding
the little sufferers from desirable
places of instruction.

Dr. Bateman declares it'to be avery
unmanageable disease, aud many mem-
bers of the medical profession coin-
cide with the doctor in that opinion.
Viewed in this light, it is most ecr-
tainly an affection of importance, and
an eflicacious remedy is worthy the
attention of the public. Fifteen years
of successful practice in this disease,
the writer considers to be a sufficient
authority for the assertions he may
make respecting its cure.

A-malady so well known does not
require a_ tedious definition in this
place; it may, however, be proper to
state, that in its progress Uworstates or
Stages are distinguishable: the first
may be called the irritable, the second
the indolent, stage; to this latter the
plan about to be proposed is particu-

.larly applicable. In those cases which
have resisted the ordinary means,
which are of long standing and obsti-
nate, the following treatment has been

* We shall be glad to hear farther from
this correspondent.---Epit,

Mr. Houlton on the Cure of Ringworm.

[Oct. ly
very efficacious :—The head should be
frequently shaved, and kept covered
with an oiled-silk, cap, or instead of
which a thin bladder has sometimes
been used. An ointment shotld be
formed, by mixing together sperma-
ceti cerate. and finely pulverized
supertartrate of potass, in such pro-
portions as to make it of a very firm
consistence; of which a picce the size
of a nutmeg, or larger, according to
the extent of the surface affected,
should be well rubbed on the part with
the palyn of the hand, every night, for
three. or four minutes; the head
should be well washed with soap and
water every third night, previously to
the application of the ointment.

Internal medicines are seldom re-
quisite in this advanced stage, except
where the character of the affection is
irregular, or there is a peculiarity in
the constitution of the patient; in
which cases some modifieation of treat-
ment will necessarily be required:
these variations will readily be made
by any respectable practitioner.

The aboye plan, if diligently pur-
sued for from three to six weeks, wi:l
rarely disappoint the expectations of
those who try it, even in the most jn-
veterate cases. JosePpH HouLron.

Grove-place, Alpha road ;

Aug. 15, 1823.
——

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,
| HAVE just read the letter from

J. M. of Market Harborough, and
beg leave to inform him, through you,
that I have seen Mr. Nichol repeat-
edly perform the freezing experiment,
—which, indeed, he has done with my
own apparatus,—and it was seldom
more than fifteen minutes in comple-
tion: he never failed in my presence,
but he was always a most neat and
successful experimenter. My glass
dish, to contain the sulphuric acid, is
nine inches diameter, and an inch and
a half deep. ‘The vessel to contain
the water was given to me by Mr.
Nichol, and js a flat saucer, three
inches in diameter and one deep, of
porous earthenware, having no glaze
about it, which he considered very im-
portant. The stand for the saucer is
three inches high, of course supported
by glass, legs, and placed about the
centre of the acid: simple water and
the acid alone were used; the stronger
the acid, of course the better.

I ean have no doubt of your corres-
+ pondent’s

1823.)

_ pondent’s success, if he procures a

proper saucer for the water, which

will be proved by the fluid pervading
its substance. When the trial has

been made, I shall be glad to see a

statement of the result in your excel-

Jent Miscellany. W.C.F.:
Aug. 1, 1523.

P.S.—The tea-cup form would not pre-
sent a sufficient surface tor speedy success.
The saucer was about three parts filled
with water.

———
For the Monthly Magazine.

ELUCIDATIONS of PORTIONS of ENGLISH
HISTORY improperly REPRESENTED tm
our GENERAL HISTORIES.

History of the Invasion of England by
the Normans in the Eleventh Century;
and the Consequences of that Invasion
down to the Thirteenth.

(Continued from p. 500 of our last Volume.)

IfTY Saxons, who through these

days of misfortune had probably
preserved some fragments of their
former possessions,—the mass having
become the prey of the foreigner,*—
were accused of having taken, killed,
and eaten, some stags.t ‘They denied
the charge: they were brought up for
trial, and ordered to undergo the
ordeal of burning fire,—an ordeal
which the ancient Anglo-Saxon laws
never allowed to be applied except
with the consent and on the require-
ment of the accused. To this torture
they were condemned without mercy.
“Jt was a horrible sight ;”’ says a con-
temporary historian.{ Whether by
chance or by previous management,

they escaped from the fatal effects of

the ordeal; and when it was reported
to the Norman king, that, after three
days, their hands remained unburnt.
“What is that to me? (exclaimed the
impious one,) what should God- know
about such matters? They belong to
me, and I will judge them:’§ but the
result is not recorded.

The Saxous continued to be pur-
sued by the red king|| even more
eruclly than by his father, for their
transgressions against the laws of the
chace. ‘Their only vengeance was to
‘denominate him * guardian of the fo-
rests,” and the ‘‘keeper of wild

* Eadmer 47, _
t Ib.

¢ Erat ergo miseriam videre, (Ib.)
$ Ib. 48.

} Li rois roux. (Nor, Chron.)

Elucidations of Portions of English History.

207
beasts.”* They told to one another
strange histories of the woods, where
no Englishman eould enter without
risque of life; they said that the evil
Spirit appeared there in a variety of
forms to the Normans, threatening

vengeance to the king, to his minis-

ters, and to their nation ;+ and _ this
popular superstition obtained wonder-
ful strength from the circumstances
which made the chace fatal to the fa-
mily of the Conqueror in the forests
of England, and especially in their
favourite New Forest.{

In the year 108], Richard, the son
of the Bastard, was mortally wounded
there; in the month of May, of the
year 1100, Richard, son of the Duke
Robert, and nephew of William the
Red, was killed there by an arrow
carelessly drawn ; and, strange event!
it was by a similar accident that the
Red King himself perished there in
July of the same year. In the morn-
ing of the last day of his existence he
celebrated a great feast in the royal
castle of Winchester, and immediately
girded himself for the chace. He was
in great good humour, laughing with
his guests, when a workman presented
him with six new arrows :§.he took
them,—kept four for himself, and gave
the other two’to Gualtier Tirel, say-
ing, “Good arms for him who uses
them well.”|] Tirel was a Frenchman,
who had large possessions in the
country of Poix and of Pontbieu: he
was the favourite of the king, and his
ever-presentcompanion. Just as they
were starting, there arrived a monk
from the convent of St. Peter, at
Gloster, who delivered letters from bis
abbot. This abbot, whose name was
Serlon, sent to say that a monk of his
monastery had bad a vision of. evil
augury, and had seen Jesus Christ
seated on a throne, and a woman at his
feet, crying, ¥‘‘ Saviour of the human
race! look down in mercy on thy peo-
ple, mourning under the yoke of
William.” On hearing this, the king
burst into violent langhter : “‘ Do they
take me for an Englishman, then, with
their dreams? Do these people believe
that Lam one of those who leave their

way,

* Jo. Brompton, 996.

+ Sim. Danelmensis, 215.
+ Nove Forest. (Nor, Ci.)
§ Ord. Vit. 782.

Th. *

¥ [b.

208

way, or their business, because an old
woman slumbers or snores. Come,
Gaultier de Poix, to horse.” Henry,
the king’s brother, Guillaume de
Breteuil, and many.other chiefs, ac-
companied him to the forest. The
hunters dispersed themselves, but
Gualtier Tirel remained with the king,
and their dogs ran together. Each
was at his post; opposite the other;
their arrows upon their cross bows,
and their fingers on the lock.* At the
moment when the sun went down, a
large stag, roused by the rangers, ad-
vanced between the king and his
friend. William drew, but the string
of his cross-bow broke, and the stag,
surprised at the noise, stood still, and
looked around him.t The king made
a sign 1o his companion to draw; but
whether he saw not the stag, or mis-
understood the signal, he did nothing ;
on which the king cried out impa-
tiently, ‘‘ Pull, Walter, pull,—in the
naine of the devil ;’{ and, at the word,
an arrow, whether that of Tirel or
some other person, entered the king’s
breast. He fell,—he uttered not a
word,—-and expired. Gualtier ran
towards him, and, finding him breath-
less, he mounted his horse, galloped
to the sea-shore, passed into Nor-
mandy, and from thence to France.
On the report of the death of Wil-
liam, all the party fled to their own
business. Henry, the late king’s bro-
ther, hurried to Winchester, in order
to seize the royal treasure.§ The
corpse was left abandoned, as had
been that of the Conqueror: the char-
coal-burners who passed by saw it yet
transfixed with the arrow.; they placed
it on their cart, and covered it with
ragged linen, through which the blood
dropped all along the road.|}| Such was
the procession of the king’s remains
towards the casile of Winchester,—of
which Henry had already taken pos-
_Session, and where he was furiously
demanding the keys of the royal trea-
sure. While the keepers were hesi-
tating, Guillaume de Breteuil arrived
breathless§ from the forest to oppose
the pretensions of Henry. ‘Thou
and I (said he,) must loyally remem-

* H. Knighton, 273,
+ Ib.
¢ Tire, tire de e par le diable.
§ Ord. Vit.
|| Matt. Pan! 3a Will. Malms. 126.
q Ord, Vit. 782. ©
4

Elucidations of Portions of English History.

1

(Ort, 1,

ber the faith we have engaged to Duke
Robert; thy brother. He has received
our cath of homage.* Absent as well
as present he has his riglits.” vio-
lent quarrel took place: Henry put his
hand upon his sword, and, assisted by
the crowd that had gathered together,
soon possessed himself of the treasures
and the insignia of royalty.

It was true, in fact, that, according
to the treaty of peace lately concluded
between William and Robert, and
Sworn to by all the Normans, the
crown of. England devolved to the
duke: but he was at the Crusade, and
his partizans, having no leader, could
not support his pretensions suceess-
fully against those of Henry, who, with
the money he had seized, hurried ‘to-
wards S.ondon, where the Norman
chiefs assembled, and, three days after
the death of his brother, theyt elected
him king; and he was solemuly crown-
ed. He was supported by the eccle-
siastics; for he was their friend, and
the protector of the literature of the
time; in consequence of which he was
honoured with the title of Clere or
Beauelere. The Saxons even prefer-
red him to his brother, because he was
born in England.t He promised at
his coronation to observe the good
laws of Edward, as they had been
amended by his father ;§ but he de-
clared that he would maintain, as ls
father did, the exclusive guardianship
of the forests. ’

While these events were passing,
Robert was in Apulia with the Nor-
man chiefs, who reigned over that
country under the same title as the
Normans reigned in England... He
had espoused there the daughter of
one Godefroy, who by the lance and
the sword had become Count of
Brindes. As soon as he learned the
death of one brother, and the corona-
tion of the other, he hastily made sail
for Normandy; but his voyage was a
tedious one, and Henry had time to
consolidate his strength for the pre-
servation of the crown he had seized,
in violation of his own oaths, and of
the oaths of the Normans in England
and in Normandy. To entrench him-
self more strongly, he did what had

never

* Ord. Vit. 782.

+ Chron. Sax. 268.

¢t Will. Neubrig. 297.
§ Jo. Brompton. 998.

1823.]) Oppressions following the Conquest.— Character of Wilkes.

ig

never been done by his sterner bro-
ther,—he put off for a moment the
character of tyrant and stranger, and
held out the hand of fellowship to the
humiliated English. They, though
hopeless,, credulous. in their misery,
were but to be flattered,in the. day of
danger, that they might be crushed
when the danger was past. Henry
summoned their principal men toge-
ther, and addressed them (probably
through an interpreter,) in the follow-
ing words :—*“‘ Ye friends and _ faith-
ful ones! born in the land where I
was born. You know that my bro-
ther wants to seize my kingdom: he is
a proud man, who cannot live in
peace,+-—he manifestly despises you,
—he treats you as cowards and glut-
tons,{ and wants to trample on you.
But I, a gentle and pacific king, mean
to preserve to you your ancient liber-
ties,—to goyern you ‘according to
your own will, reasonably and mode-
rately. I will, if you wish it,§ make a
writing, which I will sign with my
hand, and confirm with my oath. Be
faithful to me,—repel with courage the
attacks of my enemies. If the bra-
very of the English support me, I care
nothing for the attacks of the Nor-
mans.’ || The promise of Henry was
recorded as an authentic’ act, which
the Normans called a charte. A copy
was made for every province; and, to
give it more solemnity and inviolabi-
lity, a seal was engraved for the sole
purpose of being attached to. it.q
These copies were placed in the prin-
cipal churches, but did not continue
long. They were removed when the
king retracted his promise; when, to
use the frank expression of an old
historian, he infamously lied to his
own word. ‘Three copies escaped by
accident. at Canterbury, York, and
St. Alban’s, for the instruction, of the
antiquary, and for the consolation of
the credulous beings who \put their
trust in the oaths of despot kings.
~ <a
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
SIR,

OU have provided a great acces-

sion of amusement to your inva:
luable Miscellany, by the favourite

* Chr. Sax. 195.
+ Matt. Paris. 42.
¢ Ib. ignovos et glotones.
Ib. si providentis.
§ Tho. Rudborne, 274.
Montuty Mac. No. 387,

209

article “ Stephensiana.” I knew Ste-
phens well, and a worthy and liberal
man he was: I also knew John
Wilkes well,—ioo well, indeed, to
rank him, in a moral view, with
Stephens. On a certain part of the
character of Wilkes, which has hi-
therto not been so much noticed, I
have a few words to say, from my own
knowledge and recollection. He is
generally described as. the model of.a
“fine gentleman.” He certainly, af-
fected that character to as great a
degree as my Lord Chesterfield him-
self, but was superior to that noble
lord in this respect,—he had. two
strings to his bow ; for no man breath-
ing could enact the true-bred black-
guard better than John Wilkes, in
which Nan Catley (Mrs. Lascelles),
an exquisite judge and practitioner,
fully agreed with me. This notable
qualification, served him no little du-
ring his elections, and with the canaille
generally; with whom be at one. pe-
riod was the dominant fayourite.. In
this, his competitor ‘Tooke could never
succeed, after various trials, which
brought infinite ridicule upon him. It
used to be a standing joke, which was
the completest blackguard, old Toby
Smollett.or John Wilkes. Somewhat
before the general election in 1768,
Wilkes actually availed himself of this.
talent, in writing popular songs; and
I was assured by one ‘of his cronies
and assistants in that famous, or ra-
ther infamous, celebration of the sacra-
ment’ at Oxford, that he was: the
author of both, ‘‘ Wilkes’s Wriggle”
and ‘“‘the Pilgrim,” two of the most
popular ballads, both with respect to
the melody and the words, that have
hitherto appeared in England. From
motives of curiosity, I took the pains
to go into the City, to the great ballad-
manufactory then in Long-lane, to
make the enquiry; and the answer. I
obtained was to the same. eficct.
Though talked of frequently «in. the
cirele of Wilkes’s intimates, I belicve
this,is the first time the anecdote has
been published.

Dr, Kitchener, our celebrated and
unrivalled proveditor for things of the
first necessity, has lately published a
series of national melodies; but his
book has this inherent defect,—they
are all.on one side, loyal to the
hilts ; indeed, so enormously loyal and
national, that they fatigue our appe-
tite,—voracious, however,—like too
much of a good thing, A mixture of

2H a more

210 Rev. A, Smith on the Interrogative System of Education. [Oct.1,

amore liberal and equally interesting
nature would have pleased more ge-
nerally. The doctor being a collector
of old rarities in this line, 1 would
thank him for the information—who
wrote the celebrated “ Vicar of Bray,”
at what period it appeared, who set it
to music, and where the music is to be
found? The same of ‘Old Chyron
thus preached to his pupil Achilles ;”
both great ornaments to our lyrical
list. « Curtosus.

Grosvenor-place ; Aug. 13.

—

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
Cn sR

HE notice in your last Number in

regard to the transfer of part of
the interest in the far-famed books on
the Interrogative System of Instruc-
tion, leads me to speak for myself and
my brother pedagogues, through your
pages. I have used this system, ina
seminary of one hundred pupils, du-
ring the last fifteen years; and. have,
in consequence, turned out a great
number of well-informed youth, whose
general and perfeet intelligence on
many popular subjects has surprised
and delighted their counexions. At
fifieen they possess more general in-
formation than most men of thirty,
although the latter may have been mo-
derately studious.

It is, indeed, an undeniable fact,
that no branch of knowledge can be
practically taught, or effectually ac-
quired, by any other means. The
pupil must be made to think, by an
obligation to answer dodging, and
sometimes complicated, questions.
Mere reading, answers little purpose,
and makes no lasting impression. At
the same time, the questions must not
be in the order of the text, nor be ob-
vious, or answers be to be found with-
out some examination and trouble. I
have seen many books accompanied
by such questions ; bat these are not
ef the slightest use. They aflord no
exereise of thinking; and this is the
sole design of questioning. Many
book-makers seem to have conceived,
that, if they appended a few questions
at the end of a chapter, following one
another in the very order of the text,
they thereby rendered their book
accordant with the Interrogative Sys-
tem; but pothing can be more erro-
neous and futile. Dodging and in-
volved questions are the only onés of
any use to ilie scholar, while they are
sufficiently simplified for the master

by a key, referring to the page or pas-
sage forthe answer.

For my own part, and I am not
alone, in this part of the country, in the
same opinion, I regard the true Inter-
rogative System of mixed questions
without answers, formed on able text-
books, and provided with a key for
tutors, as the greatest practical im-
provement that ever was made in the
education of youth; and I cheerfully
subscribe to this testimony on the
subject. A. SMITH, B.A-

Newcastle U. L. Sept. 4.

———
For the Monthly Magazine.
NEWS FROM PARNASSUS.

NO. XXVII, 1

De Berenger’s- Poems ; with '
Translations.

De preceding a French name is

commonly meant by the prefixer
to indicate something about as dis-
tantly grand, and - immeasurably
antique, as an O’ similarly put will
signify in Ireland, or a Mae in Scot-
land; or in England—ah! they have
no nominal partitive of nobility; no,
nor any national song, and therefore,
as a vaunting Frenchman once assured
us, on the strength of a lovg heraldrie
authority, which we forget almost as
soon as uttered, are neither a noble
people, nor a musical people,—super-
lative samples these of non sequiturs,—
and therefore, according ‘to their own
Shakspeare,—* He that hath not,” &c.
—decidedly a barbarous people! We
wiii confess, we were then unable todis-
pute, and are now todecide, the matter;
but we protested, with true Bull blunt-
ness, that the current of our ideas did
not at all flow with the consequence.
Had we known as much at the time of
the rank confusion of heraldrical ano-
malies, as a person nameless has since
instructed us by, we perhaps had better
spoken to the point. However, every
rule has its exceptions,—a known
truth; the exception, too, proves the
rule,—an asserted truth: on the sup-
position, therefore, that all good and
strong argumentis on the Frenchman's
side, England, in the case before us,

-proves thé rule ; and that’s our answer

to the next Gaul who says as much,
I. P. de Berenger,—our theme,—is a
sort of exception to the rule from
amengst themselves; for, notwith-
standing the de, his ballads have very
pleasantly informed his friends ahd
admirers in particalar, aud the read-

1 ing

1823.]

ing public generally, that. his grands
father was no more noble in his deeds,
or rather in his stitches, than an ho-
nest tailor may be, and himself no
more illustrious than an ‘innkeeper's
fag, otherwise and subsequently a
printer, —otherwise and more recently
aclerk. But, as an author, though in
modesty he does not allude to the hoz
nour, he has done something to deserve
the partitive distinction; and his ap-
proving country has given him repula-
tion for the fair exertion,—a_compli-
ment more, as we fearfully opine, than
can be paid to all the partitive folkery.
The following citation,—brief, bold,
fond, and Jively,—breathing personal
independance, and kindling national
spirit,—is in that style he best soars in,
and a favourable proof of his happi-
ness in it;—
Dans ma retraite ou l’on voit l’indigence
Sans m’eveiller, assise a mon chevet ;
Grace aux amours, bercé par Vesperance
D’un lit plus donx je réve le duvet.
Aox dieux des cours qu'un autre sacr ifie:
Moi gui ne crois qu’a des dieux indul-
gents,
‘Le verre en main, gaiement je me confie
An dieu des bonnes gens.

Un conquerant dans sa fortune altiére
Se fit un jeu des scéptres et des lois ;
Et de ses pieds on peut voir la poussicre
Empreinte encore sur le bandeau des
rois.
Vous rawpiez tous, O rois, qu’on déific! ©
Moi pour braver des maitres exigeants
Le verre en main, gaiement je me confie
Au dieu des bonnes gens.

- Translation.
*Neath this lonely roof cold frugality sits,
Without breaking my sleep, on the
crown of my bed;
Yet love lingers, and hope sometimes o’er
1 me here tits,
And dreams of a pillow more soft
_ smooth my head :
To the god of the court others incense
may barn,
For myself I believe in more kind-
_ fashioned power,
With a glass in my hand, and e’er joyously
: turn
To the god of good fellows,
The conq’ror, careering o’er fortune and
: fame,
~ Fall sportively (rifles with sceptres and
laws,
‘And the dust oft Hosleaced) as it all lo-
~ nour'd came
Fromhis feet,dim a crown and hide flaws.
tig ye fall, mighty kings, tho’ your altars
bright baru! ,
“White 1, for content under rude-hearted
power,

-f

it

De Berengeér’s Poems, with Transiations.

214

Seize my glass, and find help, as I joyously
turn
To the god of good fellows,

Our next song is a Jover’s, and gives
a happier indication of what the author
can touch in that strain than many of
his productions on the same subject
show. There is perhaps but one line
which separates the pure from the
offensive in amatory poetry ; and, if so,

' De Berenger certainly wants all that

delicacy of apprehension and nicety
of tact, which bears the bard sprighily
while he plays on its bounds. ‘The
observation is the more particular,
because our French Anacreon, and
the Moore of France, are phrases try-
ing to get themselves current; and. as
unhappily as. improperly. For in the
convivial and amatory style of ode
with which the names of Anacreon
and Moore are deservedly harmo-
nized, De Berenger is Jeast success-
ful.- His mierit is distinct, and is also
enough for one acquisition. Amongst
a people proverbially tame in poetry,
it principally lies in the feeling energy
with which he flings brave things into

‘good. méasure: he has a generous

spirit -.of vocal exhortation, which
quickly rouses, and with strength; but
first to different proof:— ~

Vous vieillerez, O ma belle maitresse, z
Vous vieillerez, et je ne serai plus ;

Pour mois Je temps semble dans sa vitesse
Compter deux fois les jours que jai

perdus.

Survivez moi; mais que Page penible *
‘Vous tronve encore fidéle a mes legons ;

Et, bonne vieille, au coin d’un fen paisible,
De votre ami répétez les chansons.

Lorsque les yeux chercheront sous vos rides

Les traits charmants qui Brsront in-
spiré 5°

Des doux récits, les jeunes gens, piles
Diront, quel fut cet ami tant plenré?) .

De mon amonr, peignez, si lest possible,
L’ardeur, Iivresse, et _méme lessoup cons;

Et, bonne vieille, au coin d'un feu paisible, °
De votre ami répétez les chansons,

On vous dira,—savait-il étre aimable?

Et sans rougit, vous dirai, je Vaimais ;
D’nn trait méchant, se montrait il capable?
Avec orgeuil vous répondrez, jamais.

Ah! dites. bien qu’amoureux et sensible,
D’on lnth joyeux quil attendrit les sons ;

Et bonne vieille,au coin d’un fen paisible,
De votre ami répétezles chansons.

Vous que j'appris a plenrer sur la France,
Dites surtout anx fils des nouveaux
preux,
Que j'ai chanté Ia gloire et l'esperance
Pour consoler mon pays malhcureux.-
Rappelez

912
Rappelez leur. que laquilén’tertible ”'
De nos Jauriers détruit vingt' moissons ;
Et, bonne vieille, aw coin-d’un feu paisible,
De votre-ami répétez les chansons,:
Objet chéri, quand mon renom futile
De vos viewx ans cliarmera les douleurs,
A mon portrait quand votre main debile
Chaque printemps suspendra quelques
fleurs ;
Levez les yeux vers ce monde invisible—
OW pour toujours nous nous réunissons,
Et, bonne vieilleyau coin d’un feu paisible,
De votre ami répétez les chansons.

: Translation.
Old must you grow, my own fair mistress,
Old must you grow, and I shall sing no
more ;
Time seems to double in its quickness
The few last years I number to a score.
Ere Jong in age, and butmy memory’s bride,
True to this theme, as in our love’s
blithe spring;
Then, good dame, by your clean hearth’s
quiet side,
Sing o’er thesongs your lover lov'd tosing.
And when beneath each trait then hoary,
Quick eyes shall seek for charms that
beam no more ;
And young maids, eager of fond story,
Shall.ask what vivid power your sighs
deplore? f
Tell them, if words such love’s glow can
describe,
Its joy, its madness, e’en its jealous sting;
And, good dame, by your clean hearth’s
quiet side, ’
Sing o’er the songs your lover lov’d to sing.
Thien will they murmur, love is often blind,
While you confess you blush’d to love
him never;
Or truant whisper, he could be unkind,
While generous vowye he was tender ever.
Tender he was—your still devoted pride,—
And happy woke his lyre’s e’er tender
string ;
Then, good dame, by your clean hearth’'s
quiet side,
Sing o’er the songs your lover lov’d to sing,

You have I taught to weep o’er shame yet
gory,
Teach then the next brave issue of our
race ;
My song was hope, and stil! my theme
was glory, ©
When the land’s sorrow needed comfort’s
grace.
Tell, too, of twenty laurell’d years of pride,
Lost, when that north wind doom’d
our hills to ring;
And, good dame, by your clean hearth’s
quiet side,
, . Sing o’er the songs your lover lov’d to sing.
And, cherish’d soul, be mine aught partial
fame, — Y
To cheer of pain that droopiiig fall of
years,

News from Parnassus, No. XXVII.

[Oct. Vy
Tho’ wan the hand, ‘hang o’er. my pictur’d
frame Tape tpt
- Each spring, a flower made faitliful by
thy tears. i, )
Then to yon hidden -heaven those faint
eyes guide,
Where, bless’d together,
cling, :
And, good dame, by ycur clean’ hearth’s
quiet side,
Sing o’er thesongs your lover lov’d tosing.
De Berenger’s clerkship happened
to be in a government office. ‘That
any little gentleman in such a situa-
tion should rhyme points against the
ministry, and in favout of the opposi+
tion, and retain his seat at the desk,
Was not to be expected. The oppor-
tunity was soon taken to inform the
bard that his songs were not at all in
tane for ears of feeling in a certain
quarter. The author of course was
sorry ; but his were mere trifles, to help
to get overadull hour with. Notwith-
standing, they were disliked ; and the
broad hint followed, that Monsieur |
De Berenger must either divorce’ his
muse, or lose his place; or at least
change nis tune, 2. e. change sides.
Unfortunately, the songster could not
be brought to think he could put. his
lively odes into the other key. ** They
are but trifles,” he repeated, “and I
submit that I now rhyme only once a-
month or so from habit; but, if you
turn me out on the world, faute de
necessité, I shall rhyme. every day.”
Trifles though in truth they were, stil
out went the poet, and kept his word,
—sang every day, and by popularity
soon made the trifles serious,, The
songs were collected together in print,
applauded, prosecuted,and proscribed.
The bard, who generously iost.a place
for his muse at first,—it is» pleasant
here to observe, passingly, that Lafitte,
the liberal banker, immediately offered
De Berenger a larger salary at one of
his desks than he had been dismissed
from, though the favour was not ac-
cepted, next lost money and his
liberty for her: a punishment, how-
ever, which the sympathy, of; his coun-
trymen, the feelings of classical Eu-
rope, and what else enliglitened re-
mains, on our globe, has converted
into a-distinction; for he has. shared
that seclusion with. almost every man
whose name is eminent on the living
page of Frenchiiterature. So much
for the government which was restored
wiih a yow of freedom in its’ mouth,
and the-monarehy still talkative of its
liberality. '
The

we shall ever

1823.]

The stirring lines that follow were
laid great stress upon by the Attorney-
general for Paris at De Berénger’s
trial, Which terminated with a verdict
of guilty on tke fourth count of the
indictment, ‘‘ for an outrage on public
morality and religion ;” andasentence
of imprisonment for three months.

De mes vieux compagnons de gloire
Je viens de me voir entouré ;
NG@s sottvenirs m’ont enivré;
Le vin m’a rendu la memoire.
Fiers de mes exploits et leurs
J’ai mon drapeau dans nia chaumiére.
Quand secourai-je la poussiére
Qui ternit ses nobles couleurs !
Oi je dors panvre et mutilé
Il est caché sous l’lumble paille,
Lui qui sir de vaincre a volé
Vingt ans de bataille en bataille!
Chargé de lauriers et de fleurs,
Ii brilla sur Europe entiére.
_ Quand secourai-je la poussiére
Qui ternit ses nobles couleurs!

Ce drapeau payait ala France
‘Tout le sang qu'il nous a couté :
Sons la sein de la Jiberté

Nos fils jonaient avec sa lance.

Qu’il prouve encore aux oppresseurs
Combien la gloire est roturiére !
Quand secourai-je la poussiére

Qui ternit ses nobles couleurs!

Son aigle est resté dans la poudre
Fatigué des lointains exploits:
Rendons lai le coq des Gaulois
I) shtaussi lancer la foudre.
La France oubliante ses douleurs
\ Le rebénira libre et fiére:
» Quand secourai-je la poussiére
Qui ternit ses nobles coulenrs!

Las d’errer avec la victoire
Des lois il deviendra Pappui ;
Chaque soldat fit grace.a Ini
Citoyen au borde de la Loire.
Seulil peut voiler nos malheurs,
Deployons-le sur la frontiére :
Quand secourai-je la poussiere
Qui ternit ses nobles couleurs!

Mais il est 14 prés de mes armes,
Un instant osonsl’entrevoir ;
Viens mon drapeau, viens mon éspoir,

C'est a toi essuyer. mes larmes.

D'un guerrier qui yerse des pleurs
Le ciel entendra la priére:

‘Quand secourai-je la poussicre

Qui ternit ses nobles couleurs !

; ' Translation.

Souls that careei’d in war with fame,
Have just a comrade’s threshold past ;
How sad the parting look they cast,

Bright o’er our cups how memory came }

Proud, of those feats of matchless, proof,

Our colours lie neath this mean roof ;

When, chasing, shall the brave be seen,

(Phe dust that dims their noble sheen!

- De Berenger’s Poems, with Translation.

213
There poorand mangled where T rest,
. Fhey wrap the straw that makes my. bed,
Full twenty years from strife that led);
To strife by valour e’er caress’diz © y jp
All laurell’d, bright, by, victory flower'd,
Their fearful shade o’er Europe;pour’d;
When, waving, shall the brave be seen,
The dust that dims their noble sheen?
That flag has well repaid our France:
The noble blood it won to tlow,;
At Freedom’s-breast in generous glow
Our children sported with her lance.
Still to oppression may they prove
The people’s heart makes glory’s love;
When, chasing, shall the brave be seen,
The dust that dims their noble slieent -
Pois’d, tir’d of war, i’ th’ midmost sky,
Intent her eagle’s plume is drest :
O, crown the beak with Gauls proud
cresf,
And he shall Jaunch the bolts on high,
Then France, forgetful of her woes,
Shall bless him free and in repose ;
And, chasing, shall the brave be seen,
The dust that dims their noble sheen!
Wandering no more in Victory’s car,
He then shall best uphold the laws,—
By Loire’s fair bank who won applause ;
—A citizen, each son of war,—
Alone these flags our grief may hide,
‘Then o’er the frontier wave their pride ;
And, chasing, shall the brave be seen,
The dust that dims their noble sheen!
Bat there beneath my rnsty arms :
A moment courts they wonted scope;
Unfurl my flag,—thon dearest hope,—
Dry each big tear, quell our alarms,
And heaven shall hear the soldier’s pray’r,
Thy former joy who weeps to share;
And, chasing, shall tlhe brave be seen,
The dust that dims thy noble sheen!

These lines display with much force
their authoy’s particular strength: the
enthusiasm of his nationality, the.
freedom of his imagination, and the
vigor with which he has embodied
them in verse,—a great usurpation in
the literature of’ his country,—have
deservedly established him im igreat
popularity. ' Familiarity in phrases is’
with difficulty surmountable in French
poetry; and perhaps the greatest de-
traction fron’ De Berenger’s merit, is
the frequency with which he becomes
low in thought. ‘The allusion, to Na-
poleon, in the preceding ode, as le
coq des Gaulois, is’an instance of the
vulgatity to which he is betrayed; in
some of his love-songs, he is at times
not only indelicate, but repulsive.

Except in the two volumes which
occasioned his imprisonment, De Be-
renger has not appeared in- print:
even those volumes have been formally

sup-

214 ~

suppressed, and areynot now. easily to
be had. Yet his muse has’ not’ been
idle; indeéd she is too’ vivaeious, too
truly French in‘ character, for any
such honourable repose; and’ many a
verse of his has since been encored in
the fashionable saloons of Paris, and,
by an applauded circulation, confirm.
ed the lady’s previous fame. Wit,
however, is one of her vanities, and
she has remembered not to halloo be-
fore out of the wood. If the first pub-
lication enabled his tasteless enemies
to make the author an inhabitant of
St. Pelagie, it is very probable his
later lucubrations would obtain a
repetition of the hospitable favour.
From among others we have heard,
we copy one ode, which, in our opi-
nion, sufficiently evinces that the free
spirit of De Berenger’s muse, if not
incorrigible, is as yet at least untamed;
her flight is still as high as ever. The
words are adapted to the popular
waltz, “C'est lamour, lamour,” (Tis
love, ’tis love.)

Chers enfants, dansez, dansez,
Votre age
Echappe a l’orage ;
Par l’espoir gaiement bercés
Dansez, chantez, et dansez.
A Yombre des vastes charmilles
Fuyant l’écule et les legons,
Pefits garcons, petites filles,
“Vous voulez dancer aux chansons.
En vain ce pauvre monde
Craint de nouveaux malheurs,
En vain la foudre zronde,
- Couronnez vous de fleurs.

Veclair silonne le nuage
Mais il n’a pas trappé vos yeux;
L’oiseau se tait dans la feuillage,
Rien n’interrompt vos chants joyeux.
J’en crois votre alléyresse,
‘Oui bientét dun ciel par
Vos yeux brillant divresse
Reflechiront l’azir,

Vos péres ont en bien des peines
- Comme eux ne soyez point trahis ;
D'vne main ils brisaient leurs chaines,
De lautre ils vengeaient leur pays.
De leur char de Victoire
_ Tombés sans deshonneur,
Is vous léguent la gloirre—
Ce fat tout Jeur bonheur.

Au bruit des lugubres fanfares,
_ Hélas!.vos yeux se sont ouverts ;

Cétait le claivon des barbares
Qui vous annongait nos revers. ..

Dans le fracas des armes,

Sons nos toits en débris,—
Vous méliez a nos larmes
| Votre premier souris.

News from Parnassus, No. X XVII.

[Oct. 1;

Vons triompherez des tempétes,
. Ow notre courage expira,

C’est en éclatant sur nos tétes
Que la foudre vons eclaira.
Si le Dieu qui yons aime,
Crut devoir nouns punir,

Pour vous sa main reséme,
Les champs de l’avenir.

ie

Enfans, l’orage qui redouble
Du sort presage le courroux ;
Le sort ne vous canse aucune trouble,
Mais a mon age on craint ses coups.
Sil faut que je succombe,
En chantant nos revers;
Déposez sur ma tombe
Des couronnes de fleurs.
Chers enfants, dansez, dansez,
Votre age
Echappe a l’orage ;
Par l’espoir gaiement bercés
Dansez, chantez, dansez.
Translation,
Hail! dearest infants, dance, still dance,
Your happy years
No tempest fears 5
Yet fondly nurs’d in hope’s gay trance,
Dance on, and still sing, and still dance.
To the shade of the old broad tree,
Escap’d from dull task and all care,
Wild boy, and light girl, mstant fice,
Winding after the blithesome. air.
In vain our poor world dreads
Its fate of dangerous hours;
In vain Heaven’s darkness spreads,—
Ye twine your wreatlis of flowers.

Yon wild lights quiver o’er the cloud,
But they ‘strike not the joy-lit eyes,
Each silent bird where thick leaves shroud,
And carth and heaven the sport defies.
Unmeet that ye should moun! ,
Heaven soon shall beam all bright,
While on in transport borne
‘Those eyes shall catch new light,

Your sires have long had many pains,—
Like them ne’er may ye be betray’d! ©
Their one hand dash’d their chains,
Our country’s weal their other staid.
From the car of Victory ;
They have fallen without shame ;
All they leave ye—Glory
Their joy, their wealth but fame,

The clang of sorrowful alarms
Broke first to fix your free eye-ball;
While the rude tramp of barb’rous arms
Proclaim’d, alas! the patriot fall. \
In that strife, and with fears,—
Without home, and thro’ gnile,—
It broke on our big tears
The light of your first simile.

Yet o’er thestorm triumphant led, ‘
That our best bravery overthrew;
The flash 'that levels this low head, 1
Shall brighten high the steep for you.
ui oe) And

1823.) The Letter N.—On the
And if our god of love
Has doom’d a time to pain;
Already kind, above’ -
He gen’rous moulds your gain,

And lo! the doubling tempest spreads,
Afid distant tells the ire of fate,
Yet the quick stroke mine old age dreads,
Ye meet all fearless and clate.
Nay,—bear it my last doom,
E’en as I sing our woes;
« But strew your bard’s lone tomb
With flowers that love repose.
Then, dearest infants, dance, still dance,
Your happy years
No tempest fears,
Yet fondly nurs’d in hope’s gay trance,
Dance on, and still sing, and still dance.
—
For the Monthly Magazine.
T page 485 of your fifty-fifth vo-
y lume, your correspondent Philo-
dikaiosunes comes forward as the
advocate’ of the letter N, whom, or
which, be considers in danger of being
unjustly dismissed from the word con-
temporary, which is by many persons

“spelled colemporary.

His argument is borrowed from
Bentley, who observes, that the Latins
never use co for con except before a
yowel. This may be a law of Latin
grammar, but it is not a law of Eng-
lish grammar; for we always write
copariner, Dot compariner ; cosecant, not
consecant; and Bailey and Johnson
record the word in question cotem-
porary.

There are three classes of formative
syllables in English: 1. Some which
will unite only with words of Saxon
origin, as the affix th used in forming
truth, breadth, length, width, &c. 2.
Some which will unite only with words
of Latin origin, as the prefix in priva-
tive, used in forming insane, insensible,
innumerable, impossible, &c. And 3.
Some which will unite with Latin or
Saxon words indifferently, as the pre-
fix un and the aflix ness, used in form-
ing unapt, unattempted, unsound, un-
true, loveliness, goodness, pleasingness,
odoriferousness. This last class of
syllables, having become truly Eng-
lish, can unite with any root already
pre-existing in cur own lanczuage.

Now I contend that. co is a forma-
tive syllal.le of this class; and that we
can say eo-helper for coadjutor, coheir,
coheiress, cohabitation, co-rival for cor-
rival, which would be the Latin form;
coparcenary, c=sine, copartnership, arid
even co-sleeper for bedmate.

If this be allowed, as the word tem-

Miracles of Hohenloe. 215

porary pre-exists in English, ft must
be legitimate to form from it the word
¢o-temporary, and so from temporaneous
and to temporize the analogous words
cotemporaneous and to cotemporize.
Thus the lawyers say rightly, co-tenants
at will, and never contenants' at will.
Domestic analogy is a legal die for
coining words. '
In some cases. the Latin spelling
would occasion equivocation: thus
co-missioner would signify a fellow-
missionary, and commissioner one in-
cluded in a warrant of authority. ,
I shall not contend that to employ
the n is always a solecism, but merely
apologize for its occasional omission °
En Passant. °
ee 4
For the Monthly Magazine.

The MIRACLES of HOHENLOE.
T is lamentable to read of the mi-
racles of Prince Hohenloe, and
grievous to find that such blasphemies
on nature, reason, and God, should
find believers. Yet implicit faith in
miracles, and powers operating mifa-
culously, has disgraced human nature
in all ages; and, although’ generally
disavowed, is as prevalent now as'‘at
any former period. i EDA
In these new miracles, all that can
be alleged against this princely ‘em+
piric, is the circumstance that he pre-
1ends to act where he is not: Yet,is
not this the very fundamental principle
of the doctrine of attraction, as taught
in all our universities, in all our books
of science, and believed by all the soz

disant learned of the present age? |
D (Ae eo. BED ‘E

, If the body A is so affected by the
presence of the body B, and B by A,
as that they meet in C,—then: this
allection is ascribed to their mutual
attraction, or to a principle of power
inherent in all bodies. It. is) then
assumed as undoubted that such prin-
ciple exists, and itis even described.
as an essential property of all matter.
Nature is thus tortured to render its-
phenomena subservient to this princi-
ple; and,whenever bodies, in spite of it,
do not fall together, then other still
more silly hypotheses are raised, to
show that its action in those cases is
counteracted; and, if exceptions exist
again to these sccondary hypotheses,
then other hypotheses are imvented, to
remoye these difficulties, till the whole
of nature is caricatured. We will

instance

216
instance the case of the sun and .pla-
nets. If no attraction exist in) the
sun, then nature does not require that
monstrous hypothesis about.a projec-
tile force and the hurling. of the. pla-
nets into space}; nor, to confirm perpe-
tuity on these chimeras, is it necessary,
as is asserted, that all space should be
a vacuum! Such absurdities are the
consequence of an original absurdity ;
yet: the philosophical sophists of the
. day affect to say that it is indifferent
whether an absurdity be the basis of
knowledge or not. ..All who do. not
believe it an absurdity, are however
qualified by faith to become disciples
of Hohenloe, and they must abandon
their philosophy if they presume to
decry this German-charlatan.

If the body A attract or affect the
body B, and B attract or affect A, so
that.they meet in C, then A must be
supposed to push B from the part E,
where A is not; and B must be sup-
posed to push A from the part D,
where B is not. For, when A moves
towards C; the force which moves it
must be in the direction of the line of
motion; and, as B is said to be the
cause of A moying towards C, so B
must be acting in the parts at D,
where itis not. So also, when B
moves towards C by a force in the
direction B C, the force said to exist
in A, as the attracting or moving body,
must proceed from the part EB, where
A is not. Both inferences are mani-
festly absurd, — grossly and ludi-
crously absurd; yet such are the doc-
trines taught in the dJectures of every
university, in every volume of the
Transactions of the Royal Society, and
in every authoritative modern book
on natural philosophy and chemistry.*

The doctrine that bodies act where
they are not, is in trath the very basis

* Of course it is not denied that A and
B may have the appearance of affecting
one another ; but such affection, whenever
it appears, is owing to vo inherent proper-
ties of their own, but to the action of the
gazeous and invisible fluids in which they
are situated, or to some action of other
bodies near them, the cause of which, if
honestly and carefully studied, might be
easily explained. But, if it be assumed
that they attract one another, and a cen-
tral force is ascribed to the larger, we then
get into a new and erroneous train of rea-
soning, and build up a false system of
philosophy. Thus the sun may act.on the
planets, and its foree may be inversely as
the square of the distance ; but, if it is not

On the Miracles of Prince Hohentoe.

[Oct. 1,

of all the modern explications of na-
ture. It'was promulgated in the dark
agés, is the foundation of the entire
system of Newton, and woe to him
who should dare to deny or controvert
it! He must either burn like Bruno,
suppress like, Copernicus, be impri-
soned for life like Galileo, or be de-
prived of his social rank and obliged
to vecant like Lawrence. [It is on this
very principle that it is. pretended
the sun attracts or pushes the planets
from their opposite sides, that the earth
pushes the moon on its opposite side,
that the moon pushes up the waters
from the bottom of the:sea, that atoms
push éach otber in pretended chemi-
cal affinities; and yet'the teachers of
such doctrines deny the same princi-
ple when it is claimed and acted on
by Prince Hohenloe!

Why should not this prince act
wheré he is not, as well as A act from
the parts E-on B, or Bin the parts D
on A? According to the modern phi-
losophers, it is not necessary that B
should be at D, or Aat Ei; why, then,
should it be necessary that » Prince
Hobenloe should be present with his
patients? It is not pretended that he
might not be able to cure:them, if he
were actually present; butif A act on
B from the parts #, and push it from
E towards C,. then; by parity of rea-
soning, believers: in this last miracle
are bound to believe in the miracles
of Prince Hohenloe; at least not.to
justify their incredulity by his absence,
and they will not affect to deny, that
if present he: might work cures lke
other medical practitioners.

In point of fact, it is heresy to say
that miracles have ceased; for so con-
vinced were the headsof the Anglican
Church, a few years ago, of the palpa-
ble absurdities, /humanly considered,

of

an attractive converging force, the doc-
trines of projectile force and of the yvacaum
in space become chimeras, and the New-
tonian explication of the planetary orbits
is erroneons. Action and re-action through
the gas filling space is the sufficient cause
of the law and the orbits ; and, if the suf-
ficient and palpable cause, then miracles,
and chimeras, and hypotheses, are wholly
unnecessary. In simplifying nature, we
best prove our homage: to the Creator,
whose works require mone of the sophisti-
cations and complicated machinery in-
vented by, man, to,cover. his ignorance.
Truth is the shortest and only certain
road to knowledge.

1893.)

of the doctrine of attraction, and of
universal gravitation, (founded on it,)
that they prevailed upon the late Pro-
fessor Vineé to write and’ publish a
formal ‘demonstration, ‘ that attraction
is a constant standing miracle, and
altogether miraculous wherever it ap-
pears ; and his Ztemtnvus tract on this
subject may stiil be bought of any of
the booksellers to the university of
Cambridge.’ In the better days of the
Edinburgh Review, it was ably an-
swered by Playfair; but,as the Review
lost many admirers owing to its ho-
nesty on this occasion, its conductor
has since become more wary in the
exertion of that quality.

If Professor Vince were now alive,
I have no doubt that he would in like
manner, and with equal conviction
and ability, demonstrate the cures of
the German prince to be in no other
manner accounted for than as mira-
eles; and then Hohenloism would
rank with the miraculous and super-
stitious philosophy of the age. Science
in power and authority will not, how-
ever, suffer for want of supple Vinces ;
and there are Jacobs to parrot for the
Quarterly Review, and other syco-
phants for the Edinbusgh, who, ex-
cited by the alarm felt’ by the craft of
the ‘schools, will not permit Hohen-
loism to be decried while profit is to
be made of the very saive principles in
the chairs of philosophy.

In plain truth, lamentable though it
be, ‘and’ piqued as the parties will be
at the association,- the doctrine of
attraction and Hohenloism are exactly
analogous in fundamental principles.
Their flagrant errors ‘are sustained by
similar confederacies and imposing
machinery, in proud’ societies ‘and
ancient universities on ‘the one Kand,
and in a proud hierarchy and ancient
establishments on the other; and,
though each party is flattered by all
the credulity and superstition in so-
ciety, yet both are laurhed at by every
person who troubles himself to think,
and who possesses the smallest share
of independance and
: Common SENSE.

—— .
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
BIR,
WT seems to be my fate to differ in
opinion from Mr. Bartley (July
Magazine): I) can assure him, how-
ever, that with me such circumstance
is not the slightest indication of disre-
MontTaLy Mac, No. 887.

Mr. Lawrence on Usury.

217

spect. On ‘the contrary, ‘there are
many men, with whom Tam compelled
to differ on matters of fair controversy,
whom I, nevertheless, hold in the
highestdegree of respect. -

I must acknowledge, I haveno very
exalted opinion, so far as Tam able to
understand it, of our modern Martinet
and ultra system of political economy.
It appears to me, in its grammatical
structure, much to resemble that of the
philosophy of Kant, the full-blown
superstructure of which so completely
overshadows, that it conceals the
slender foundation. A secker after
truth, in either of them, will find him-
self so embarrassed and-entangled ia
the outworks, that his weariéd and
confused intellect will! scarcely be able
to arrive at the penctrale, the ‘sanctum
sanctorum, of his object. There is yet
a true and legitimate system’ to be
formed of political ‘economy,—a fair
and equitable adjustment of the rights
of things, as’of the rights of man; and
which, in conjunction, will Jead to a
just and proper regimen of the tights
both of men and things. This, how-
ever, I regret to say, { cannot discover
in the Incubrations of’ our modern
teachers, who haye refined ‘away
nearly allthe common sense of Decker,
Quesnai, and Smith. ‘ >

With respect to the Jaws against
usury, like their kindred navigation
laws, and those against monopoly and
forestalling, all such are ‘emana-
tions from the wisdom of former and
less enlightened times, when it was
supposed that both men and things
could be no otherwise’ safely governed
than by arbitrary specific regulations
and restrictions ; and when the human
will was retained in swadling clothes,
and at‘nurse. Soattached were these
legislators to their functions of Icgal
control, ‘that they would, if possiblic,
have subjected the very elements, and
have confined the winds themselves in
an /Folian ‘bag. The philosophy of
restriction, that is, the point’ at'which
the legitimate ‘species ‘¢nds, and
oppression, inutility, and folly, begin,
had not been revealed ; or, if revealed,
could be comprehended but by few.
It- was destined to be the glory of
another age ‘to unfold the sublime
truth, that not oné shackle beyond the
well préven and’ obvious necessity,
should be imposed on the human'will,
—that law and government, if nomi-
nally the masters, ought to be essen-

2'F tially

218

tially the servants, of the human race;
and that the unlimited freedom of tue
human mind is the high road to every
thing true, every thing useful, every
thing moral. There was yet an
esoteric, an undiscovered, signification
in the noble and pithy old adage—
Naturam eaupellas furca, tamen usque
recurrit.

The advocates for restraining and
regulating the use ef money, like our
early economists, religious or political,
see but one side of the question. Do
they imagine. that regulation and re-
stiaint will augment the general quan-
tum (the objeet} of either money or
bread? ‘They indeed see, or seem to
see, an immediate advantage in en-
acting a low. price, without being
aware that nature laughs. to scorn
their imbecile aets; that weight. and
measure, abundance and scarcity,
must. in time be conquerors, in spite
of all the parchment and wax enact-
ments, and le roi le veuts, of all ihe
legislatures on earth. In vain did the
law restrict the rate of interest to five

er cent. during the scarcity of money ;
in the aggregate, at that period, as it
must in all others, the price or rate
was regulated by the demand at mar-
ket; and individuals were, in the
ultimate, proportionally affected, not-
withstanding the plausible but decep-
tive appearance of temporary advan-
tage. No concomitant circumstance
better illustrates the case than the
following, and that nniversally. A
man dealing on credit, alihough sound
at bottom, shall be tardy in his pay-
ments. His creditor, on pereciving
this, either openly raises his price, or
takes certain other steps, dictated by
the usual craft of trade, tending to the
same effect; which, far more com-
monly, exacts the paymeat of ten,
rather than of the Aet of Parliament
five per cent. for the lean of money
implied in the extended credit. As to
the ancient and customary modes of
evading the statute, they are too com-
mon and well known to demand par-
ticular recital. In the mean time, has
the old musty law, or plenty of money
at market, occasioned the present
reduction of interest?- Surely then a
new act, for the reduction of interest
to ‘two and a half or three per cent.”
must be a mete interloper in our hot-
bed of legislation. It would, indeed,
be an easy mode of “ adjustment,” and
not sayouring so highly as a. certain
other mode of Dr. Warburton’s domi-

An Evening’s Walk near Bath in Autumn.

{ Oct. 1,

eil, though about on a par as to xeal

effect.

Serjeant Onslow’s hitherto. umsue-
cessful, exertions, do great honour te
his economical principles and | his
patriotism ; but his patience must be
put to the test, as. it. will, no doubt,
take further time to scour off the rust
of ancient prejudice. In all conside-
rable changes, inconveniences of some
weight. must be expected. _We must ..
comply with the nature. of things, or
remain eternally stationary. The mo-
ney-market being thrown open, capital
would be attracted to the loan busi-
ness, and competition would keep the
rate of interest as low as the universad
interest would admit; and that would
inevitably be as low, and in all preba-
bility lower, than under the ancient
restriction. Et is sincerely and pa-
triotically to be wished, that not only
the usury-laws, but that every similar
restraint on the freedomof commerce,
and men’s minds and exertions,—
those sickly faneies, arbitrary caprices,
and. maggots of monster-breeding
brains, may be gradually, but with the
least possible delay, erased from ‘our
cumbrous and overladen statute-book, -
Indeed a parchment bonfire at Smith-
field, enlivened by the {frying and hiss-
ing of the seals, and ihe huzzas of @ _
people relieved from such a burdem,
would be a far more pleasant, pa-
triotic, and national, show, than certane
bonfires we have seen.

JoHN LAWRENCE. r
——<_
For the Monthly Magazine.

AN ENENING’S WALK nea BATH in
AUTUMN; 07 @ CONTEMPLATION. on
MEN and THINGS.
T was one of those evenings when
| nature may be said to be on the

wane,—enough of vegetation remained

to remind the spectator of those gay
and. festive days when the busy
labourer toils over the field strewed
with the luxuriant crop, or smiling

with myriads of cnamelled flowers 5

but man had scarce resumed his win-

ter habits and occupations: an evening
indeed when,—although, as Thompson
expresses it,

The bright Virgin gives the beauteousdays,

And Libra weighs i in equal scales the year,

—the “attemper’d” sun, and the deep

tint of the foliage mellowed by a hun-

dred variegated hues, proclaimed that

‘winter would soon trench upon the

golden days of autumn. Tempted by |
the serenity of the weather, and feel
in

1823.]

ing more than ordinary propensity to
meditation and solitude, when twilight
began to close its shades around the
various objects of nature’ which had
recently shone in the mild radiance of
a clear.autumnal day, Pleft the social
board, and strolled abroad into the
fields which skirted the village at the
extremity of which was situated the
house of my friend.

The summer had been unusually
fine and dry, and the season, in -con-
sequence, exhibited a more advaneed
appearance than generally characte-
rizes it'at the commencement of this
period. The forest and the brake,
painted with the exquisite colouring of
nature, held forth their unnumbered
tints and hues, proclaiming to the
spectator that their gay and motley
dress was only an ephemeral costume,
preparatory to those ravages wuich
the silent but steady hand of winter
was soon to make upon them. ‘The
fall of leaf had already, in some dis-
tricts, commenced among the minor
shrubs and saplings which diversified
the: plain; and while the poplar and
willow, half stripped of their verdure,
associated the forlom majesty and
“Jatest glooms” of ‘‘dread winter”
with the fading honours of ‘sober
autumn ;” the oak and the sycamore,
monarchs of the field, extended their
umbrageous shadows, scarcely as yet
impaired by declining suns and inno-
vating frosts. 'The elements were now
hushed toserenity ; and nature, lately
agitated by equinoxial blasts, which
had swept over the field and the moor
its desolating storms, now reigned in
that calm and repose which is wont to
awaken the latent energies of thought,
and bid them flow with spontaneity of
utterance.

I turned my footsteps towards the
coppice which formed a boundary: to
the small domains of my friend’s pos-
sessions, and, having reached it, stood
in pensive, though pleasing, musing,
surveying the tall forms of the beech,
the plane, the chesnut, ard the oak,
as, swelling with ample volume against
the blue ether of the darkening sky,
they lorded the ascendancy over the
minor tenants of the grove. Nature,
fast fading around me, dimly reflected
her objects through a veiled medium ;
and the increased chilliness of the
atmosphere proclaimed that the sun,
after having for a time performed the
functions of invigoration in the coun-
tries an this side our tropic, was gone

An Evening’s Walk near Bath in Autumn,

219

to visit and to perform the like office
of resuscitation on lands of the southern
hemisphere of our globe.

An unusual light presently bright-
ened in the east; and the moon, with
surpassing splendor and majesty, and
erimsoned with that ruddy and meteor-
like aspeet whichrshe is wont to assume
when near the full, emerged from the~
bosom of the horizon, and, glowing
hike some vast furnace through the
trees, illumined the surrounding bhea-
vens with a fiery circlet, and shed
over terrestrial objects a deep tinge of
renovated animation.

Inspired by the rising beauty of the
seene, 1 continued my walk, and
passed over various meadows; and at
length found myself about a mile from
home, on a “sequestered spot, where
during the summer I had frequently
adjourned to enjoy, in my moments of
retirement, the pleasures of a book
heightened by the beauty of Jand-
scape. Sheltered by the overhanging

beeches, and finding a spet well co- - >

vered with dried grass and fallen
leaves, i here remained stationary,
and stood for some moments regarding
the scenery which rose before me.
‘The hum of the distant village, ren-
dered not less distinct by the approach
of nightfall, sti:l! broke on the listen-
ing ear; the famt sounds of revelry,
partly absorbed by the hollow gale,
disturbed at intervals the growing
stillness; while the solitary bark of. the
house-dog, from the neighbouring
farms, diversified the surrounding si-
lence, if not with the melody of the
summer choristers, yet with the power
of contrast, which was not lost on the
meditative breast.

The moon now beamed from the
eastern sky, and poured a full flood of
mild butrefulgent glory upon all the ob-
jects within my circle of vision. A thin
haziness or exhalation, rising from the
carth, obscured the distance, and man-
tled the surface of the ground with a
flecey veil, indicative of the advanced
season. Before me, and at the foot of
the declivity on which I was standing,
the Avon rolled its deep and tranquil
waters; its sluggish wave, reflected
by the light of the moon, scarce gave
motion to the fallen leaf, or disturbed
with its hoarse murmurs the tranquil-
lity of the hour. The soft pellucid
light shot from the cerulean of the
heavens slumbered upon the stream,
from whence it reflected in its turn to
the mirror of the soul its mild radi-~

ance,

220 —
ance, and imparted a diffusive feeling
of benevolence, whilst it opencd a me-
- ditative train of thought.

This, I exclaimed, is the retreat
where , during the intensity of summer
heats,’ I was; wont to repair when
nature. was in her gayest costume,
and her most sportive colours, to while
away the lazy hours. When the illu-
sions which are wont to steal over the
mind, while perusing a poet of high
descriptive powers, energy of expres-
sion, and bright exuberances. of
thought, are enjoyed in some seques-
tered scenery, they are assuredly much
heightened. by these rural accompa-
niments..,.When, meadows clothed
with the yerdure and luxuriance of
spring checquer, his path,—when. a
rlyer,, whose margin, crowned. with
pendant, willows, affords cool pastu-
rage and shade to the recumbent cat-
tle, glides, at. the distance of a few
paces, soothing with itsdeep murmurs,
—when a forest of trees, of majestic
size and foliage, shade the upland
landscape,—the pleasurable emotions
which assail the spectator, from with-
out, assist and strengthen the intellec-
tual associations of his mind. <A cast
of thought and train of imagery is more
easily generated by these stimulants;
and the lucubrator revolves, with invi-
gorated, feclings,- upon the ; various
walks by which mankind aspire to
fame.and to distinction. If in unison
with his subject, he will often rumi-
nate. upon’ the innumerable springs
and motives which prevail in the hu-
man breast, and incite it to action. He
sees that, while one man courts plea-
sure, in all its forms and varieties, and
seeks an eminence in this respect,
another woos danger, and even death,
for the sake of certain immunities and
privileges, ‘‘secking the bubble reputa-
tion,even in the cannon’s mouth.” Some
are engrossed daily and nightly in the
concerns and anxieties of business, in
amassing wealth, and aiming at the
honours, that accompany. it; whilst
others, the slaves of an inveterate
habit, ora-groveling taste, follow some
sordid occupation from the mere satis-
faction of its drudgery. . He sees, that
in literature and, science men embark
in its various walks and departments,
and. cach individual often discerns, in
that branch, to which he has applied
himself, an exclusive interest and im-
portance. While one, buries himself
in the smoke of the Jaboratory, another
is no less emulous of discovering some

An Evening’s Walk near Bath in Autumn.

[Oct.1,
occult principle in geometry or mcta-
physics; one invokes all, the fires of
his breast in the strains of poetry, ano-
ther devotes all the powers of his mind
to ascertain and illustrate:a portion of
the past records of mankind.\, The
fine arts have always been’ proverbial
for their impassioned votaries ; he sees
genius unfolding its resources, and the
most indefatigable industry employed
in attaining renown, and. raising. the
character of their profession. .

Whilst ruminating on topics suchas.
these,—on the various ends» which
agitate society, and the various. fates
which mark the lives of men of genius,
in whatever, pursuit engaged, through
the indiseriminate favour or neglect
and ingratitude of mankind, the noon-
tide, L ‘recollected, of a summer’s day
was wont to glide imperceptibly away,
until accident or the lateness of the
hour rouzed me to the claims of other
engagements and other duties.

How changed is now, lL resumed, the
appearance of things! what innovating
ravages has the lapse of scarcely more
than three months wrought in: the
economy and aspectof vegetable na-
ture! . The rude. attacks. of storms,
aided by the withering influences. of
excessive drought, had swept, with
desolating hand. the forest and the
plain, and showed that nature, capri-
cious and ineonstant in our island,
only adorns with munificent hand her
numerous offspring, in order again
ingloriously to strip them, and shroud
her fairest creations with naked
sterility. Tat present (thus I pursued
the course of my meditations, as I
fixed my eyes on the nut-brown foliage
of the hazel, and the sickly hue: of the
willow,) inhale an atmosphere, and
am arrested by objects, which indicate
full surely the rapid approach of win-
ter. In other latitudes, and in other
hemispheres, vegetable nature in all
her realms is brightening, under the
effects of a more vertical san; and
their inhabitants, alrcady emancipated
from the tedium and dreariness of an
atmosphere almest continually. ob-
scured by mists and) fogs, haik the
approach of that season, which is ‘to
mature all the treasures of the plain.
The.constant mutation and-roll. of the
seasons may be traced in imagination
over earth’s surface; like (for: exam-
pie,). as some ‘black impending cloud
overshadows an. enamelled. field,—
first. blending, its, dusky margin with
the gay and dimpling sun-shine which
had

1823.]

had previously played on its surface,
and then shutting it under a more to-
tal eclipse:

While nature’ is in her wane
throughout ‘the countries on this side
the tropic of Cancer, the southern
parts‘of our globe ‘are again resuming
their verdure, teeming with that ani-
mation which remained for a time sus-
pended, and gradually we Aided
toa state'of maturity.

‘How wisely and how raiuniificently
is the obliquity of the ecliptic, or, in
other “words, the inclination of the
axes of the poles to the plane of the
earth’s orbit, ordamed and appointed
by ‘an’ omniscient’ and all-providing
Being: And doubtless’ the other pla-
nets of our system have an equal pro-
vision inthe economy of their struc-
ture and appointment, for varying and
diffusing the influences of the sun on
their'superficies.. Venus and Saturn,
from observations, -have not only been
found to have a rotatory motion on
their own axis, but also that the axes
of their poles-were, like our earth, in-
clined to the axis of their orbit; and
the Moon ‘is also somewhat inclined,
although, as it appears to us, not suf-
ficiently so to have much effect on her
seasons:

hus’ to’ the myriads who inhabit
these orbs, (as facts sufficiently strong
have ‘been ascertained for building a
more than well-founded’ presumption,
that these' realms, appointed and regu-
lated by the same laws, and characte-
rized‘by appearances so nearly ap-
proximating those of our own planct,
are destined to precisely the same
purposes,) an alternation and more
general diffusion of the solar rays is
also experienced. On this alternation
itis evidentdepends the culture of one-
half of the regions which cover their
surface. The beings which receive
life and vigour, and enjoy the blessings
which attend this alternation of light
and heat, are thus the perpetual reci-
pients of heaven’s most benign bles-
sings of a physical kind ; and, in the
case of Jugiter, whose axes are most
inclined, the process of vegetable pro-
duetion is carried forwards ina degree
exceeding ours, although doubtless
shorn of its streneth in the immediate
neighbourhood of the poles.

Phis*could) not’ by any possibility
have happened, either with them or
our carth, were the axes of their poles
perpendicular to ‘the .axecs of their
orbit. ‘ihe sun would be vertical in

An Evening’s Walk near Bath in Autumn.

221

places of the same longitude and Jati-
tude throughout tle year; one unvary-
ing line would always mark his course
in the heay ens, and every spot on our
globe of the most trifling latitude ex-
perience its rays obliquely. The
lands under one perpetual equator
would be scorched with unintermittent
and intolerable heat, and the soils of a
no very high latitude be bound in per-
petual ice,

It may possibly be urged by some
philosophic investigator, that nature
always accommodates the exigency
and feelings of her sons to the circam-
stances of their situation: bat, if this
be admitted, it is certain, on the other
hand, that the earth, thus appointed in
its physical economy, would be incom-
parably more unfitted for the process
of production and maturation ; as cer-
tain spots in its centre, continually
exposed to perpendicular rays of the
sun, would be nothing but one wide
waste of arid sands; while lands far
below the arctic and antaretic circles
would at once suffer under the perpe-
tual privation of its lightand heat. As
it is now ordained, many of these ex-
cessive inconveniences are consider-
ably lessened, if not wholly removed.
The centre of the earth is not scorched
to that degree as to render it unfit for
animal or vegetable life; and one-third
of the temperate, including the torrid
and frigid zones, is not enveloped: in
total darkness and perpetual win-
ter. Climates are not only graduated
in every degree’ of Jatitude, but plea-
singly relieved ; the prodigious fertility
engendered between tbe tropics is
modified by the recurrence of partial
winter ; the temperate zones, although
for a great part of the year desolated
by frosts and wintry storms, have’ yet
their salubrious gales and their genial
varietics of atmosphere and produc-
tion,—while soils that lie between the
sixtieth and cightieth degrees of lati-
tude have their partial sunshine, and
their vicissitude of season.

Dreary, however, and uncomfort-
able, we are apt to imagine, must be
the condition of those who inhabit

‘these higher Jatitudes, almost perpe-

tually exposed to every physical pri-
vation. But here, wisely ordained by
heaven, we find fjhat man, possessing
sympathies and propensities which
generate local attachments, and in-
deed form a high place in the code of
social virtue, is generally found to give
a fond, and even an enthusiastic, pre-

. fexence

222

ference to the soil which has nurtured.
and matured. him; a preference which
would. otherwise rather be regulated
by the relative proportion of abstract
good to be found in each. The hardy.
Norwegian, whose bleak and barren
mountains searcely afiord nourishment
for the pine, the birch, and the yew ;
the frozen. Greenlander, who for three.
months in the year is deprived of the
light of heaven, and for the space of
six months is buried in one unvarying
mass. of snow; the phlegmatic Hol-
lander, immersed m fogs, and mists,
and exhalations; the Ethiopian, the
Caffre, or the inhabilant of Guinea,
each appreeiate the peculiarities, the
comforts, or the phenomena, of their
own climate, to the prejudice of all
others. The swaithy negro, toiling
under the heats of a tropical sun; the
, Italian, under serene skies, inhaling a
balmy and equable aimosphere; the
Highlander and the Dutchman, agreat
portion: of their time shrouced iu mists
and fogs; and the Laplander, ivhbabit-
ing regions which, speak‘ug generally,
are the most dreary that can be ima-
gined,—althoughrespectively d'fering
so essentially in their allotments of
physical blessings, may however all of
them be taken as illustrations of the
thesis, that man is a creature of local
attachments and sympathies ; that he
clings to his native soi!; and that, un-
der every deteriorating and unpropi-
tious circumstance, he feels bis own
veculiar endearments, which probably
in their character are unknown to his
brethrea of other latitudes. Ask the
Swiss, shut np within bis native vallies,
and enjoying 2!i the physical blessings,
in his delicious retreats, which poets
have feigned of an eavthly Paradise,
he will class, and perbaps with some
justice, his native bome among the
fairest in the universe, and, of all
others, the most capable of inspiring
happiness and’ centent. But ask the
question of a Greeniander, existing
between the seventicth and eightieth
degree of north latitude, whose frozen
soil is one perpetual privation of phy-
sical blessings,—whose circumstances
in the abstract are the very reverse of
the former,—and he also will cling to
the atmosphere and the soil which
gave him, birth, and reply that he has
local endearments in the occupations
and amusements of his leisure around
his social hearths, while snows and
intense frest have spread one common
desolation throughout his native

Au Evening’s Walk near’ Bath in Autumn.

[Oct. 1,

bourne, waich he prizes beyond those
which foreign climes can offer.

Upon these points, however, Boling-
broke, it is worthy of remark, enter-
tained a somewhat different, opinion,
In his ‘ Reflections upon Exile,” he
has endeavoured, with all the aid of
his powerful eloquence, to demonstrate
the fallacy of the idea, that mem have,
in truth, any prejudice in fayour of the
country which gave them birth. He
has enforced this opinion by various
arguments, which bespeak no unsound
philosophy ; among which we find
somewhat like the following. ‘‘ Where-
ever We may be placed (thus flows the
tenor of his speculations), we shall
find. creatures of the same figure, en-
dowed with the same faculties, and —
born under the same laws of nature.
We shall see the sanie virtues and
vices fowing from the same’ general
principles, but varied in a thousand
diferent end contrary modes, accord-
ing to that infinite vericty of laws and
ceustems, which is established for the
same universal end—the preservation
of society. We shall feel the samo
revolution, aud the same sun and
moon will guide the course of our year.
The same azure yault, bespangled
with stars, will be every where spread
over our heads: there is no part of the
world from whenee we may notadmire
those plancts whieh roll like ours in
different orbits round the same central
sun; from whence we may not discover
an object still more stupendous,—that
army of fixed stars hung up in the
immense space of the universe; innu-
merable suns, whose beams enlighten
aud cherish the unknown worlds
which rol around them; and, whilst I
am ravished by such contemplations
as these,—whilst my soul is thus
raised up to heaven,—it, imports me
little what ground I tread upon.”

Passages such as these, contain
doubtless, in theory, much philosophi-
cal force and propriety; and, if ad-
dressed to a being wholly engrossed
by the speculations of science, and
divested of moral sentiments, might be
unexceptiona!. But it must be recol-
lected, on the other hand, that St,
John wished to furnish himself with
arguments drawn from philosophy for
bearing his own exile; and it seems
pretty certain, that the hypothesis
which he labours here to establish, is by
no means consonant to.all past and pre-
sent'experience. In ancient history,
the discontent and the grief of tae i

us,

1823.]

lus, Marius, and Themistocles, may be
thought to haye arisen from other
sources than the privation of that fame
and those honours in the gift of their
countrymen ; and those who in modern
days have been driven sto foreign
shores, haye always cherished: fond
recollections of their own soil. In
spite of the admonitions or the argu-
ments of a science, which in its view
soars above the prejudices. of our na-
ture, these sympathies, rooted within
us, gain strength with years, and often
predominate over every other consi-

deration.
‘ (To be continued. )

—==>——
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
~ SIR,

MOST sincerely regret that I have

lately oceupied so considerable a
portion of your nseful pages; but,
trusting to your love of practical sci-
ence, I once more, and I hope for the
last time on the subject in question,
venture on your indulgence by a few
observations in answer to the kind
suggestions of J. S. H. at page 33 of
your number for August, whose friendly
hints I should consider it as ingratitude
absolutely to neglect; however, for the
aboye reason, I hope J. S. H. will
excuse my brevity. Fig. 1, page 33, is
a more portable form of the instrument;
but, in the present case, I do not per-
ceive that it would on that account be
more “‘ converient.” After all, when
prepared for use, it puts on nearly the
same shape as the one originally con-
structed by me. Fig. 2 is most de-
eidedly of an elegant shape; and,
were it practicable, ougut to be pre.
ferred for beauty of design to any other
perhaps which could he adeptec.
When I invented my first instrement,
many plans and forms of the outward
figure were under trial an¢ considera-
tion; and, in this wey, an ingenious
artizan whom I employed, wasted a
great deal of time, lavovr, and materi-
als, to litle putpose, for theories are
too often found incompatible with ac-
tual experience. Fig. 2 requires to
be fashioned on a solid block or model;
and this implies, that it must be com-
posed of a great number of slips of thin
fir, which consequently require nu-
merous joinmgs with glue or other ce-
ment. I vay vin fir, because no other
species of wood will succeed so wellin
propagating the vibratory impulse of
sound. Now.1 beg to assure J. 8. H.
from the result of actual experiment in

Mr. Weekes on the Mustcus Ventusorum.

223

this way, that the requisite exposure of
the apparatus to atmespheric effecis,
would speedily unglue the joinings of
this outward case of the instrument;
and, if not, the action of ‘the solar
beams, dry winds, &c. would literally
warp the machine to pieces.

Much time and application to the
subject induced me to think that the
form I have suggested, (many having
been tried,) taough not the most cle-
gant, as J. S. H. has shown, is at Jeast
the most effective: however, I do not
hint that I consider it above improve-,
ment. I will merely remark, that itis
my opinion, if your correspondent
couldsee the musicus uentusorum neatly
constructed, he would not think it an
inelegant instrument. ‘The proposition
to-place the float-wheels wituin-side
the outward machine, was tried in the
course of the experiments I have al-
luded to, and I am very sorry it did not
answer equa: to their external situa-
iion. J. S. H.’s remark atihe conclu-
sion of his third paragraph,— thus the
wheel will stand still,” is perfectly
just. You, sir, I believe, are in posses-
sion of theremedy. A sketch with some
observations baving been forwarded
during the month of July, I presume
they came to band too late for the cur-
rent number, though I doubt not you
will do me the favour to insert them
hereafter. ‘

The defect alluded to by J. S. H.
actually occurred when the musicus
ventusorum was constructing ; and, the
drawings being made separately, one
of them was nnfortunately mistaid, and
not sent or incorporated with the origi-
nal description,

The propagation and improvement
of practical science must give pleasure
to every impartial and rational mind ;
J. S. H. will therefore accept my un-
feigned thanks for his friendly sugges-
tions, whicn I hope he will not con-
clude, from any of the foregoing obser-
vaions, that Tundervalue.

W. HH. WEErKts.

Sandwich, August 2, 1823.

— ;
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
nine tce

LIVE in a principal street in the
north-west partof London, and,bap-
pening lately to have had a couple of
young country friends married from
my house, soon after the return of the
bridegroom and bride from the church,
(where they had been saluted by, and
had paid, a gang of idle fellows called
ringers, )

224

ringers,) one of another gang of similar
persons, who had assembled before my
door, knocked at the same, and sent
in a printed card, which is enclosed.
This card might perlaps aflord amuse-
ment to some of your readers, might
serve to record a disgracefal custom
now existing in the British metropolis,
and it may, perhaps, if it he made
public, tend towards abolishing this
custom: on which accounts, I request
the favour that you will, when occa-
sion serves, give it a place in your
useful and entertaining pages ; it is as
follows :— é
His Majesty’s Royal Peal of ‘Marrow- Bones
and: Cleavers of the County of Middlesea,

instituted 1714.

Honored Sir,—With permission, we,
the Marrow Bones and Cleavers, pay our
usual and customary respects, in wishing,
sir, you and your amiakle lady joy of your
happy marriage ; hoping, sir, to receive a
token of your goodness,—it beivg custo-
mary on these happy occasions.

Sir,—We being in waiting your good-
ness, and are all ready to perform, if re-
quired.— Book and medal in presence to
show.

It was intimated, through the ser-
vant, by the man who left this card,
that, unless their customary fee was
sent out, they should begin, and conti-
nue their rough music before the house,
as would also the drummers, with whom
they were connected, he said, and who
were in attendance near at hand.. My
young friends, to whom this card and
message were delivered, not wishing
to be the cause of a disturbance in
the street, had, before I knew it, sent
out several shillings to these vaga-
bonds; who, on enquiry, I have since
been told, almost daily, and often at
several places in the same day, make
similar exactions on newly-married
persons.

Conceiving, sir, this practice to be
an illegal one, would it not be a pro-
per act of the police magistrates ‘of
the adjoining districts, to direct a
party of their ofticers to be in attend-
ance, near the doors of any houses
from whence they could learn tbat
weddings were taking plaee, in order
to apprehend, and. bring before them,
the card, ‘book and medal,” bearers,
of this and any similar gangs; to
whom, I think, the salutary exercise
of the tread-mill would be most appli-
cable; as also to as many of their
rough-music performers as should

A Marriage Custom in London.—Trip to France.

.

[Oct. ¥,
not instantly disperse, when their
leaders were taken into'custody.
St. Pancras; LONDINENSIS. .
Aug. 4, 1823.
—=_ ,
For the Monthly Magazine.
JOURNAL of a LADY, during a recent
~ TRIP 10 FRANCE,
UESDAY,. July 16, 1822.—Left
London at eight in the morning
by Mathews’s Safety-coach; ‘arrived at
Brighton at five in the afternoon.
Wednesday, 17th—Went to the
Custom-house, to have’ the passports
and trunks examined. Left Brighton
by the Swift steam-packet at half-past
ten in the morning. - Our voyage was
very pleasant till five o’clock, when a
part of one of the wheels of the steam-
engine broke ; all on-board were panic-
struck: for three hours and a half we
were detained in a state of dreadfut
anxiety. It was about mid-way: we
had been out of sight of land about
three hours. There were about fifty
persons on-board.—Hot_ dinner’ pro-
vided at four; of which most partook.
Our friend, Madame ——, had a bad:
aceident in getting out of the packet,
—her foot was crushed between the
stnall boat and the packet; a severe
contusion, but fortunately no bone
was broken.. I suffered much from
sickness, as did many others who weut
below: the captain desired a mattress
to be brought on deck for me, aud; as
soon as IT Jaid myself. down, the sielk-
ness went off; it was the only way I
could get relief. We did not arrive off
Dieppe till half-past two in the morn-
ing: a fishing-boat came out to pilotus
into harbour; French sailors on-board,
singing a Hymn to the Virgin. Sound-
ed the depth, and found we could not
getin. Cast anchor, and made up our
minds. to remain on-board all night;
some few went on shore in the fishing-
boat: we, with others, then wentbelow,
into the captain’s cabin, which we
were unwilling to do before, as there
was no accommodation but on the
floor. v4
Thursday, 18th.—The tide would
not allow of our going into harbour
from the packet: at half-past six we
left the packet in a fishing-boat, and
arrived at the Hotel de I'Hurope .at
half-past seven ; took breakfast, walk-
ed about the town and the market:
saw the church,—nothing remarkable
in it, pictures very indifferent; it is,
however, a fine building. Dieppe isa
1 very

4

~

1823.]

very clean town, apd much business
and cheerfulness, reigns throughout;
many shops of ivory-turnery, beauti-
fully executed ; the price of a carving
of a pair of card.piascrs a hundred
franks, .We were, wuchamused by the
dress of. its inhabitants, the high Noxr-
man cap, short,petticeats, cushions in
the hair behind, very,lonyy waists, biue
stockings, weeden. shvoes,. and red
handkerchiefs, long, car-rings, and
large gold crosses.,, Went to the. Cus-
tom-house to haye eur,trunks exa-
mined, and ;passports| changed. Hired
a barouche to take usto Rouen,. Left
Dieppe at one; dined at.a village
called Tétes,;, walked out.and chatied
with the villagers, who were seated ia
parties, -at work outside. their doors.
Miss N—— purchased a Norman cap.
The roads most. exceilent; delightiul
fertile country ; ne kedees, apple-trees
at the side of theroadalithe way. Ar-
rived at Rouen at half-past ten in the
evening: Hédtel Vatel, 76, Rue des
Carmes,, kept. by Dusaiily;—tock
cofiee, and then. retired to bed. As we
approached Rouen we passed through
Hallie and Bouville, famous fer cotton-
manufactories, some Huglish in parti-
cular, some of the Eatons of Man-
chester; most beautiful county places.
‘The caparison.of.the horses, amused
&s much, the colizrs are very large and
heavy.;. and. have the appearance of
wings; rope traces. Dieppe is 12
dJeagues from Rouscn.
'. Friday,,19th.—Took a fiacre to sec
athe Church of St. Quen, a fino old
‘building; viewed the Musée des Pein-
tures....Maclon .is. a magnificent
church, oxerystoze beitg carved; it
was founded A.D. $90, by. Robert,
Archbishop, of . Rowen, brother of
‘Richard, If. Duke..of Nodrmandy,
not finished. till 1062; 410 fect in
Jength, 83 ix breadth; length of cross-
aisles 164 fect, height of the spire 395
feet ; there are seven entsances, and
130 windows. Ht contains the. bodies
of John. Duke.of Bedford, Regent of
France, Henry, brother of Richard the
First, and the heart of Richard Coeur
de Lion, and many other ilinstrious
personages. Crossed over in cur
fiacre the beautiful bridge of boats,
which rises,and falls with the tide, and
opens for the passage of large vessels,
contrived by Nichal Bourgeois, an Au-
gustine Vriar. In the Marché.des
Junocens, or Square sux, Vaux, there
‘Ys a fine statue of Joan d’Arc, named
the Maid of Orleaus. Walked about
SlontuLy Mas. No. 387,

Journal of a recent Trip to France.

225

ne town while Myr. $ —— attempted
the summit of St..Catharine’s Hill,
frem which;there is a beantiful view of
the surrounding country. »Dined at
the Table. d’fidte:. the company were
twenty-two in number, all French, ex-
cepting oneWelch gentleman andour-
selves; we partook of a most excelient
diner, consisting of a great variety of
Cishes, at four franks a-head, not in-
cluding wine. Mr. 5. and Miss N.
went to the theatre to seo Mme. Mars
perform in Moliere’s play of the 'l'ar-
tuffe; The afterpicce: was. the Mar-
riage Secret; they paid five -franks
each,—tirec and ahaif is the usual
price in the boxes. ‘Took our places
in the Diligence,—the Bureau des Di-
ligences is the remains of avery fine
chapel and convent, now in ruins.
Saturday, 20th.—Left Rouen. at
half-pasé five; sat in the centve coach;
a I'rench gentieman aad his son made
our party in that part of the Diligence,
—avery agreeable aid intelligent man.
The French Diligence consists of
three Garriages, the cabriclet er ca-
lache in tront, holding three persons,
the centre containing six, and the
rotund, four; the conductor at top,
and one with him: it is drawn by six
horses, three abreast, driven by one
postilion seated en the near shaft-
horse, dressed in a cocked hat, hair
powdered aid tied, thick short queae,
short blue jacket with red collar, and
pair of jack boots, so heavy that I could
With difficulty lift them. Some stages
we had only five horses ;. two, and three
in front. They use a long whip, which
they crack in famous style when they
enter a town; the horses are all
strong, stout, ioug-tailed cart-hoyses,
bit they trot at a goed pace; their

Stages or posts are much shorter than

ours. We west the lower road; the
country, and views are beyond de-
scription beautiful, the roads are ex-
eollent, the carriage’. easy, horses
good, aud the conductor respectable
and obliging. The cabrioletis the best
from which to see the country, itis the
same price, and is always taken some
days before. Passed through a pretty
village called Poat de Ladche, erossed
the Seine, breakfasted at a town called
Louvier, famous for its broad-cloth
manufactory,—the best in France is
made here. Gallian is a pretty vil-
lage... Vermont:—Rosny here is the
country ‘residence of the Duchess of
Berry; the park and gardens are beau-
tifyl ; she had just entered the gate as
2G we’

226

wo passed, I saw her and suita walk-
ing towards the house. We dined at
Mantes la Jolie, (remarkable for a fine
stone bridge over the Seine, with 39
arches,) at the Table d’Héte; a most
excellent dinner, There is a little hill
in the jurisdiction of this city that
produces the best wine in France.
Passed through Poissy, and St. Ger-
mains, famous as the residence of
Kings and the acqueduct which raised

_ the water for the gardens to an amazing
height. Formerly the court was held
there; King James II. of England held
acourt there. The entrance to Paris is
most beautiful ; in the Champs Elysées
we rode in the cabriolet, and were
delighted with the prospect; passed
the beautiful Barriére de Neuilly,
across the Place Louis XV. Place
Vendome, Boulvarde Italienne, and
through the best parts of Paris ;—arri-
ved at half-past five in the evening at
Paris, highly pleased with our journey
from Rouen in every respect. Ma-
dame P. met us, we took a fiacre to
the Hotel de Londres, Rue de 1’Eche-
quer, No. 70, Quartier Poissonniere ;
some of the servants English;—took
coffee, and retired to bed.

Sunday, 2!st.—It rained all day,
the only day it rained all the time we
were in France,—did not go out,—a
little fatigued with our journey ; dined
at the Table d’Héte; English fare, a
little Frenchified ; seventeen sat down
to dinner, all speaking English. The
Hotel was Maurice’s, and now is kept
by a French woman, named Mari.

Monday, 22nd.—Walked to the
Louvre (it was shut) and through the
gardens of the T'uilleries, and called
at the Hotcl de France, Dined at
the Table d’Hdéte. Evening: called at
Hotel de France with Madame P.
she returned with Madame S. we
walked with Mr. S. in the Palais
Royal; the fountains were playing;
looked in at the Theatre des Aveugles,
where you enter without paying, and
to the Caffée de la Paix likewise, only
required to take tea, coffee, or some
refreshment; there is rope-dancipg,
&c. like our minor theatres; itis an
elegant building, up two pair of stairs,
and was intended for an opera-house.
We then went ta the Café Mille
Colonnes.

Tuesday, 23d.—Mr.S. and Miss N,
went to Pere Ja Chaise, and to see the
model of the elephant. Walked in
the evening with Miss N. Madame

‘C. B. and her daughter called.

Journal of a recent Trip to France.

(Oct. 1,

Wednesday, 24th.— Walked to the
Palais Royale and the gardens of the
Tuilleries. Dr. 'l'. Mrs. D. and Ma-
dame C. B. called. Went to the Caflé
de la Paix.

Thursday, 25th.— Went with Mr.
and Mrs. B. to sce the Pantheon, or
new church of St. Genevieve; the
building of this majestic temp!2 was
commenced by Louis XV, fulfilling a
vow he made during his illness at
Metz. He laid the first stone, Sept. 3,
1764; the vaulis were, during the
Revolution, intended for the marshals
and generals and men of learning ;
Voltaire and Rousseau are there, as
well as several of Bonaparte’s Mar-
shals. There is a remarkably strong
echo; the columns are very beauti-
ful; the chapiters highly finished ;
bas-relief figures reckoned very fine;
went to the top,—fine view of I’aris, it
being quite clear from smoke, This
magnificent edifice but badly repre-
sents St. Genevieve, an humble girl
who took care of sheep ; the patroness
of Paris was a shepherdess. The old
charch of St. Genevieve, curious from
its antiquity ; there are two very fine
large shells containing the holy water,
given by Louis XVIII. There isa
fine stone staircase, cut out of one
stone, and a finely-carved pulpit of
wood, executed by a Flemish artist.
Saw the Courts of Justice, and the
Library of Records, which is very ex-
tensive and kept in the greatest order;
we were shewn the trials of Joan of
Arc, of Ravaillac, and several others ;
the coat of Damian, and the skull of
Ravaillae. From the Palace of Jus-
tice we overlooked the Conciergeric ;
saw the cell of Lavalette. In our
walk passed the Temple, saw the
window of the room in which Marie
Antoinette was confined. Passed
through the Marché des Innocens, in
the centre of which is a superb foun-
tain, exceeding any made by Bona-
parte; on the angles are four lions,
modelled at Rome from those of the
fountain Termini; from cach there is
a jet d’eau it is dedicated to the
nymphs of fountains. In this market
the fish-women had, before the revo-
lution, the privilege, on the birth of
an heir of France, or of a marriage, or
great victory, and on new-year’s day,
to pay their respects to the Queen and
Princes; they were then served with
a good dinner at Versailles, and one
of the principal gentlemen oflicers of
the palace was charged to do the

. honors

1823.]

honors of the table. These ladies ‘ob-
tained the enjoyment of their ancient
privileze on the entrance of Louis
XVIII. of Monsieur Comte d’Artois,
&c. Passed the monument erected to
commemorate Bonaparte’s victories,
Marengo, Lodi, &c. there is a fine bas-
relief cagle on the base, the only one
now left in France. Went to the
Royal Manufactory of the Gobeline
Tapestry : it was a private day; seve-
ral very fine pieces from the history
of Henry IV. saw the people at work:
the picture they are copying is placed
- behind them, and traced on oil paper,
and placed before them on the white
worsted threads on which they are at
work; they work with coloured
tlireads; the colours are very fine ; they
were copying from a beautiful picture
by Gerard ; a large piece (such as we
saw) will take five, and sometimes
nine, years to finish; they were about
one of St. Genevieve for the Pantheon.
Some of our party had a bottle of
good wine outside the Barriere d’
Ttalie, for seven-pence halfpenny:
being outside, it pays no duty; the Cus-
tom-bouse officers search all waggons
and carriages, &c. as they enter. The
Gobcline tapestry takes its name from
a “ Teinturicr,” named Gille-Goblin,
from Rheims, who had built his work-
shops in this place. Found Madame
P.on ourreturn. Dined at the ‘Table
d’ Hote.

Hriday, 26th—Miss N. and I
walked to Pere la Chaise, a most
beautiful burial-ground: each tomb is
decorated with some device, chaplects
and planiations, in some the miniature
of the deceased is sunk in the tomb-
stone; it is situated on a mount, out-
side the Barriere ditalie, and com-
mands a-delightful view of Paris:
there is an ancient monument of Abe-
lard and Heloise, and very fine one of
a Russian princess. One day in the
year the widows walk in procession to
weep over the tombs of their deceased
husbands. Some have little grottos,
and flowers, &c. that the deceased
most delighted in; on the whole it is
reckoned a very beautiful spot.
Passed the beautiful Fountain of St.
Martin, eight lions, jets of water from
each. Dr. T. Mrs. D. Miss H. and
Madame C. B. called. Madame
C. B. recommended Hotel du Danube,
Rue Richepause. After dinner we rode
there, and agreed to take up our
abode there.

Satarday, 27th.-The Boulevards of

Journal of a recent Trip to France.

227

Paris sarround the elty ; they are the
ancient ramparts of Paris. The Fau-
bourgs are the streets leading from
the Barriers down to the Boulevards.
Called to shop with Madame S.
walked to the Hotel du Danube, and
through the gardens of the Tuilleries.
Left the Hotel de Londres: for the
Hotel du Danube.

Sunday, 28th.—Heard mass at the
church of St. Roch: at the end of the
church there is a very fine statue of
cur Saviour on the cross, placed in a
recess; the light at one part of the day
falls only on the head, and has the
effect of glory; a monument lately put
there of Corneille, a bas-relief bust
only; he was buried there, and was
born at Rouen. Mrs. D. came; she
went with usand Mr. S. to the gar-
dens of Bonjou; looked in at the gar-
dens of Mars and Flora, saw the
Bourgeois dancing. Mrs. D. and
Mr. S. went down the Russian moun-
tains,

Monday, 29th—Walked to the
Palais Royal, left my Letters of In-
troduction, and walked in the Tuil-
leries gardens.

Tuesday, 30th— Went to the gar-
den of plants; it consists of a garden
of exotics, a collection of animals in
separate situations, with a hut and
small range of ground; there is a fine
collection of bears, a fine buffalo, two
lions and lionesses, one lion has a
dog inthe den with him. The Mu-
seum of Natural History is far supe-
rior to the British Museum; the
things are beautifully arranged and in
high preservation, (there are two pub-
lic days in the week,) the cases aro
filled and extremely clear; there is an
hippopotamus, two elephants, two
cameleopards, arhinoceros, a whale,
and avery fine collection of butter-
flies. Saw the church of St. Sulpice:

_there is a subterranean church; at the

end of the church is a statue of the
Virgin and Child, enclosed, with the
effect of the light managed as at
St. Roch. While I was out, Dr. C.
called to take me to see the private
collection of the Duchess of Berry’s
pictures. Miss H. Madame P. and
the Marquis de S. called. Went to
the Luxemburgh Palace, the Gallery
of Paintings closed the day before ;
the gardens are extensive and beauti-
ful, and Jaid out very similar to those
of the Juillerics. ‘The Chamber of
Peers hold their sittings in this Palace.

(To be continued.)

4 For

228
For the Monthly Magazine.
PARTICULANS of a METHOD: that has
‘ been used in EUROPE for EMBALMING

sonies; by BARON LARREY.
i F the subject, whose body is to be
embalmed, died of a chronical
disorder, with marasma; if the .vis-
cera are found to be clear of purulent

matters; if no symptoms of pnutri-—

faction have appeared, and the body
be intact, or whole and sound, as to
the exterior, the entrails may be re-
tained in their respective cavities,
with an exception ofthe brain, which
must always be extracted ;—in a case
of this description, the first part of the
process is to wash the whole body
with clean fresh water, then to inject
jnto the Jarger intestines clysters of
he same liquid; the diluted matters
whicii cannot be extracted by reason
of their weight, and the pressure
exercised on the lower belly, may be
absorbed by the syringe. Matters
contained in the stomach may _be
absoried by the same means. An
cesophagian probe might be adapted
to the siphon of the syringe, and in-
troduced into the last mentioned
viseera by the mouth, or by an aper-
ture made in the oesophagus, on the
left side of the neck; the stomach
and the intestines are afterwards filled
with a bituminous matter infusion,
the apertures are closed up, and the
mext part of the process is the in-
jection of the vascular system. To
effect this, a-lamboidal part is de-
tached from the interior on the left
side of the breast, opposite the crosse
of the aorta; one or two of the car-
tilages that cover it is cut; in the
interior of this artery, a siphon: with
a cock or spout is placed, by the aid
of which, a fine infusioa, coloured red,
is infused to Gill the capillary vessels
of the whole membranous system.
Immediately after this, and by the
same means, a second infusion of a
more common sort is injected, to fill
the arteries and their ramifications,
and athird for the veins, which must
be by one of the crurals. The corpse
is then left to get cool, and to let the
matter of the injections get fixed.

To emoty the skull, a large trepan
(couronne de trepan) is applied to the
angle of union of the sagittal suture
with the occipital suture, after making
a longitudinal incision in the skia
without touching the hair, which must
be preserved, as also the hair of the
other parts of the body. When this

Baron Larrey's Method of Embalming Bodies.

apertare is made, the adherent parts
and foldings of the dura mater are
broken, with a long and narrow scalpel
of twoedges; the lamboidal parts of
this membrane are plucked off vith a
blunt hook, and the whole mass of
the brains and their hinder part Is
extruded by the same instrument.
Aiter this, injections are made of cold
water, to dissolve speedily the cerebral
substance; the edges or borders of
the division of the teguments are then
closed up with a few seams of suturc.

If the subject be fat and corpuient,
more or less, and if his death was
occasioned by some putrid or malig-
nant disorder, and in a hot climate
or season, it will be impossible to
preserve the entrai!s from putrefac-
tion; in this case, they must be ex-
tracted by a semilunar incision in the
right flank, about the region of the
loins. Wirst the intestines, then the
stomach, liver, mili, then the reins
and kidney, are to brought away; the
diaphragm must be cut circularly,
then the mediastinum, also the tra-
chean artery and the oesophagus,
where they enter the breast; the
lungs also, and heart, shonld be re-
moved,’ but without impairing this
last organ, which must be prepared
separate, and carefully preserved.
These two cavities must be washed
with a sponge; and a certain quantity
of superoxygenated muriate of mer-
cury, reduced to powder, must he
applied to the fleshy parts of their
sides and interior, ‘They should
afterwards be stuffed with horse-hair,
washed, and dried; the forms of the
lower belly to be reinstated or re-
placed, and the two edges of the
incision to be fixed by a strcng suture.
Lastly, the body, thus prepared is to
be plunged ina sufficient quantity of
a solution of superoxygenated muriate
of mercury,’ as strong as it can be
procured. In this liquor it must
remain imbued about ninety or a
hondred days. When it is well satu-
rated with this solution, it must be
placed on a hurdle, and exposed
gradually to the action of culinary
heat, in a dry and airy place. On
getting dry, the natural forms and
features ef the face to be reinstated
and adjusted, as also the limbs; two
eyes of enamel may be placed for
the extruded globes of the eye, and,
if necessary, a colour resembling the,
natural may be added to the hair.
A lightly-coloured varnish may Pe
e

1823.] Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism, No XXXIII.

be laid over the entire hody, to give
an air of freshness and animation to
the skin; after which, the corpse may
be placed under a glass for public
inspection, or inclosed in a cefin.
The above process wiil ensure its
conservation for thousands of years,
should it be requisite, thas to per-
petuate the images of illustrious
warriors, great statesmen, or philo-
sophers.

—_—_o

For the Monthly Magazine.

THE PHILOSOPHY OF CONTEM-
PORARY CRITI{CISM,
NO. XXXII.
Edinburgh Review, No. 76.

HE first article of this Number of

the Edinburgii Review relates to
the New Censorship of the Press,
assumed by Lord Eldon. Itis along
piece cf special pleading, which would
have been excellent if delivered ia
support of an injunction befere his
lordship ; but itis here perfectly useless:
for we believe there is scarcely ano-
iher man in the kingdom for whom
the argumest isnota work ofsupcerero-
gation. The new system is equally
inimical to every party, and to every
creed. ‘The censorship of the press
now resides, forall practical purposes,
in the breast of the Lord Chancellor ;
and it is oniy when no one will buy it,
that a book can escape his power.
The opinion of the Lord Chancellor is
not that of an infevior tribunal: from
his fiat there is no appeal; it is the law
of the land. All this might be well,
were the present incumbent immortal ;
for we might then entrust our religion
to his orthodoxy, and our philosophy
to his wisdom: hut the sovereign pos-
sibly may, and death certainly will,
remove him from his seat of power;
and who can foretell whether his sue-
cessor shall be a wise man, or a fool?
Phe Chancellor of to-day objects to
the Unitarian doctrine of the mate-
riality of the soul, apparently promul-
gated in the Lectures of Mr. Law-
rence; he of to-morrow may feel
equally shocked at the luxuriant de-
Seription of the Mahometan heaven,
which is promised to the faithfal, in
the Orations of Mr. Trving.—it has
been generaliy supposed, that the arti-
ele before us was written by Mr.
Brougham ; but we do not belicve it,
because we cannot conceive it to be
likely that the following paragraph
could have escaped his pen ;—** Injus-

229
tice unfortanatcly is still injustice,
thongh clothed in sentimental lan-
guage; and only bows him out of the
room, instead of kicking him down
stairs. We have always felt it as a
clap-trap for a gailery of pirates, who
of course encore it, though with a
vehemence short of what is showered
down on the less complimentary judg-
ments of Lord Eldon. Bat (for our-
selves,) we see’ no zeason for congra-
tuiating the friends of public honour,
or public: morals, in the fact, that
Hone or Benbow is enriched with the
spoils of Moore or Byron. Fame is
very good as garnish, but something
more immediate is required. ‘The
literary thief knows he cannot be in-
dicted: himself a pauper, he laughs at
the damages of an action.”—It is well
known that Benbow was convicted of
having pirated a work of Mr. Mcore’s;
but we would ask this anonymous
stabber of reputations, if ever a similar
conviction has been found against Mr.
Hone? Nevertheless, Mr. Hene is
here branded as a ‘‘ literary thief ;”
and the reviewer must be aware that,
whether his assertion be true or false,
he is a fiéel/cr; and, if it be not trac,
he is a calumniator.

The second article is an account of
SirWilliam Gell’s Journey inthe Morea.
Vhe shameless trick of the publisher in
advertising as the present state of. the
Greeks what was written uinetecn years
ago, is properly exposed ; and we wish
it were the only bookselling trick of
whieh the public have reason to com-
plain. Excepting a few vulgarisms,
such as “ diddled by the English gen-
tlemen,” “a dawdling guide,” &c. the
article is spiritedly written. It has
nothing, however, of the sober cha-
racter of a serious review. It is a
skirmishing attack of partisan warfare,
—more careful to discover the weak -
points of the camp than to reconnoitre
the strength of the enemy. What is
the real character of the Greeks, and
whether or not they be worthy of free-
dom, are nietaphysical questions which
cannot be answered, A nation is a
being of whom we know little, and to
whom, aS ‘a whole, we can seldom
ascribe a definite character. It is
con:posed of individuals, and in every
nation of Europe there are to be found
virtue and talents that would do ho-
nour to any age or country. But,
looking at the whole mass, we fali eon-
tinually into error. It is from the

Ca mass

230

mass that were raised, at no very dis-
tant interval, the army that defended
republican France, and that which
now fights for the despot of Spain.

The Edinburgh Review is confes-
sedly a work of Whig politics, and, in
many cases, the supporter of party
views. We have often found that its
discussions were directed to particu-
lar, rather than to general, objects;
and that a motion in Parliament often
followed, as if it had been the neces-
sary consequence of the unanswerable
reasonings of an article in the Review.
The ridiculous introduction of the
Builder’s Guide, in the last Number, is
an instance in point: it preceded the
motion for a repeal of the® “duty on
stones carried coastwise,” and must
give additional value to the stone-
quarries of Mr. Stewart, of Dunearn.
In the present Number a sheet is de-
voted to a detail of the advantages of
Capt. Manby’s Apparatus for Wrecks.
The additional grants to the captain
and his friend Mr. Wheatley, recom-
mended by the late Select Committee
of the House of Commons, will, we
dare say, be found too poor a remune-
ration for their services,—-services
which, for our part, we feel no wish to
depreciate.

We are next favoured with thirty
pages of strictures on the Periodical
Press, written by a veteran in that
walk of literature,—one who is a re-
gular contributor to almost all the
publications which he has deigned to
praise. From a critic so situated, it
would have been vain to have expect-
ed an unbiassed award: but the fault
Jay with Mr. Jeffrey, and not with Mr.
Hazlitt. When this gentleman was
picked out and paid to characterize
the periodical press, it was not to be
expected that he should censure either
his own labours, or those of his friends;
and he must have been more than
man could he have praised those pub-
lications the editors of which are
Known to be his political and personal
enemies, and who have invariably ridi-
culed and condemned all his literary
productions. The bias of the bowl
was, therefore, natural; and it was
necessary that it should have rolled
asit has done. Had Mr, Jeffrey done
us the honour to employ the writer of
these remarks, the criticism would
have been different. The Monthly
Magazine would then have taken a
more distinguished stand; and, being

Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism, No. XXXIIf. (Oct. 1 ‘

neither Optum-eaters, nor adepts in

‘able Talk, we might have assigned to
some others a lower niche in the temple
of Fame. Not having heard of him for
some time past, we might have possi-
bly forgotten that Coleridge was still
an inhabitant of this sublunary world ;
and, never having had any direct
quarrel with Mr. Gifford, we should
not have revived the horrible accusa-
tion, that he was the murderer of
Keats!

The account of the management of
the British Museum, which forms. the
fifth article, seems to be another of
those subjects that are the preludes
to parliamentary discussion; and, if
half of what is here stated be true, itis
high time to enter upon the inyestiga-
tion, The whole of the animal and
vegetable departments of natural his-
tory are said to be ina state of rapid
decay, approaching to total ruin. Of
the 19,275 articles, connected with
animal life, which belonged to Sir
Hans Sloane’s collection, we are
assured that little or nothing remains.
“'The insects alone amounted to up-
wards of 4500 specimens. Of these
not one remains entire; but the scat-
tered ruins may be found, with the
piled-up cabinets, ina corner of one
of the subterranean passages.”—“ The
ornithological department of Sloane’s
Museum contained 1172 articles. This
was augmented seven years ago by the
purchase of an extensive collection of
birds, and by a prodigious number of
presents, it is said, both from foreigners
and natives ; amongst which the mag-
nificent collection of birds, formed by
Sir Joseph Banks during his voyages,
stood pre-eminent.”—‘ Of these va-
rious collections, we are informed, by
those who have taken much pains to
investigate the subject, that there are
now but 322 specimens left !”—‘ The
fate of Sir Joseph Banks’s collection
appears almost incredible, yet not the
less true. Will it easily be believed,
that this noble collection has disap-
peared from the Museum!” The
purchases made two or three years
aco, which included several rare and
splendid humming-birds, that cost .
three and four guineas a-picce, are
said to be “swarming with insects ;”
and the writer adds, “that except
moths, ptini, and dermestides, busily em-
ployed amid the splendors of exotic
plumage, or roaming through the fur
of animals, we do not know that a sin-

gle

1823.] The Edinburgh

gle insect is visible to the public, of
all that have been depusited in the
British Museum.” The destruction of
* quadrupeds is, it seems, equally com-
plete. «Sloane’s Muscum contained
1886 specimens of Mammalia; but,
except what may be preserved in bot-
tles, or falling to pieces in the vaults,
all Sloane’s quadrupeds have been
annihilated.” Of his immense herba-
rium of 334 volumes, only 50 or 60
now remain; and these are the prey
of worms. All this, and much more,
is asserted; and the trustees are call-
ed upon by name, as gentlemen, as
men of science, and as Englishmen, to
consider the r esponsibility under which
they lie. The parliamentary grants,
and other resources of the Muscum,
are stated as amounting to about
10,0002. a-year.

William Rae Wilson’s Travels in
Egypt and the Holy Laud isthe subject
of the next article, and appears to us
to be very fairly criticised. The ridi-
culous fanaticism of the author is
treated rather with kindness than
contempt; and, altogether, it is writ-
ten in a style very different from what
is usually to be found in the Edinburgh
Review.

Two French works (A Geology of
Scotland, by M. Boué, and Travels in
Scotland and the Hebrides, by M.
Necker de Saussure,) enable the
writer of the seventh article to amuse
himself with twenty-four pages of ri-
dicule and hypercriticism. According
to the reviewer, those authors are the
veriest book-makers that ever employ-
ed paste and scissars. All their geo-
logical information is stolen from Dr.
Macculloch and other writers; and
yet, it would seem, they are invariably
in the wrong. Not having seen the
works in question, we will not pretend
to say how far the criticism is just,
and what parts of it are captious; but
we suspect there is much of the latter.
The imaginary science of geology,
with its unutterable terminology, has
produced as much bitterness of con-
troversy as if the eternal happiness of
mankind hung upon its theories. The
party-spirit of the reviewer is obvi-
ously strong; and Professor Jameson
receives his share of the unsparing
ridicule. In the botanical part, M. de
Saussure is accused of having made
two errors. He has spoken of the
Lyrica vagans a8 a native of Scotland,
and the "Betula nana, or dwarf- bite,
as growing in Arran. Much foolish

Review, No. 76. 231

witis expended on the latter mistake,
and probably without foundation.
"The dwarf birch (says the reviewer, )
is one of the rarest Scotch plants,
growing only in the remote mountains
of Athol, and in one or two equally
insulated spots.” We would ask the
critic on what authority he has made
this assertion? Lightfoot, who was
no careless observer, says, “It has
been found also in the Lowlands,—
in Clydesdale,”—in the very neighbour-
hood of Arran. And why not in the
Isle of Arran itself, if the critic be not
well assured of the contrary? fs not
Arran (an island) an equally insulated
pot?

A pamphlet, entitled Observations
relative to Infant Schools, by Dr. 'Tho-
mas Pole, comes next under conside-
ration, and serves to introduce an
essay on early moral education. ‘The
principle laid down is, that moral
education ought to begin before the
child is eighteen months old. But the
poor have neither leisure nor informa-
tion to attend to the tempers of their
children; and therefore inlant-schools
are proposed, in which the child may
be admitted throughout the day for a
small fee ; thus giving the mother more
time for labour, and superseding the
use of dame’s schools, where such
children are usually taught their
ABC. An infant school on this plan
has been established in Westminster,
and another in Spitalfields. Dr. Pole
(who is a Quaker,) gives an account
of the origin of these establishments,
and gives the credit of the plan to
Emmanuel de Fellenberg and Robert
Owen. These gentlemen have suc-
ceceded in thus separating the infants
from their mothers during the day;
and, if they chose, they might take
them away altogether; for both mother
and child are dependant on the esta-
blishment for the means of existence.
It seems, however, that in Westmin-
ster a considerable prejudice prevails
in favour of dame’s schools: the mo-
ther prefering to send ber infant to an
old woman of whom she knows some-
thing, (and who already has the care of
the children of her neighbours,) to the
giving itin charge to a man of whom
she knows nothing, to run about in a
large yard, with 2 or 300 others,—the
children of strangers. This to us is
not wonderful. The article, altoge-
ther, is very prosingly written; and in
such English as might be expected
from a well-meaning old Jady, who

has

232

has qualifications suflicient for being
the mistress of 2 dame school. Sosie-
tics must exist, because man is aggre-
garioas. animal; but they areyvirtuous
and kappy tin the inverse ratio oftheir
size. -Great schools; like:great cities,
are great evils; because they defy mi-
nute superintendance,

‘The account of Highways, and By-
ways, or Tales by the. Roadside, is a
very excelient review of a very inte-
resting volume. _ It is written in thé
gocd oid style (which seldom appears
in the Edinburgh), and gives us a
sufficient quantity of extract to enable
us to judge fur ourscives of the nature
of the work reviewed. Of the tales,
this ig not the place to give any ab-
stract ; besides, they must already be
well known to most of our readers.

The tenth article treats of Carnot’s
celebrated work De la Defence dis
Places Fortes. We say celebrated, be-
ease, on the Continent, numerous for-
tresses are so constructed as to be
defended on his plan.- fn this country
we have no fortresses to defend, and
consequently all the investigation that
our engineers have bestowed on the
subject has been matter of mere
amusement. Carnot’s work was pub-
lished in 1811, and the experiments
made hy Sir Howard Douglas, with a
view to demonstrate the ineflicacy
of the system, appeared’ in 18ts.

- What- bas induced the Edinburgh

Review to take up the sabject, at this
Jais peried, we are not iniormed.
Carnot hag lately paid the debt of na-
tre, having left behind him an impe-
“yishable same; but his death appears
not to have been known to the reviewer
when be wrete his remarks. Our
readers will remember, that Carnot’s
system is that of “ vertical fire.” When
the besiegers have formed the third
parallel, horizontai fire has little effect,
and therefore Mf. Carnot proposed
their destraction hy a shower of bul-
lets, shot from a mortar, so as to fall
upen-their heads. These bullets were
to be a quarter of a pound in weight,
and Sir H. Douglas says they would
not kill. The reviewer agrees with
Sir H. D. on this subject, objecting
only to the manner in which he has
treated a person of Carnot’s acknow-
ledged celcbrity. Sir Howard made
experiments with four-ovnce balis,
both of cast and of wrought iron, shot
at different degrees of elevation, and
found that they made a very tilling
indentation in a deal-board, and supk

‘shipping-interest which

Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism, No, XXXII. [Octs},

in a soft meadow only two or three
inches. The inference then is; “‘ that
it is not possible to give to a fonr-
ounee bail such a descending force as
will inflict a morial wound on a head
of ordinary strength.” We say that
the experiment has not been fairly
iried, and that it ought to have been
made upon real human heads, Our
skull is not, perhaps, so hard as Sir
Howard’s, but. we should not like te
venture it beneath a bullet, descending
with a force capable of penetrating
three inches into meadow-ground.
Besides, we should be afraid lest the
engineer, discovering, that it. was too
light, might oblige us with a ball of a
greater diametes.

The observations onthe Warehousing
System and the Navigation Laws, give a
very gecd history of the origin and
progress of these several commercial
regulations, from the reign of Richard
Ii. to the present time; and would
make a usetul pamphlet, which might
be purehased by those who are; or
wish to be, conversant insuch matters,
and should be distributed among the
several Members of. Parliament, who
alone are able to give that relief to the
it appears
to require. |

The twelfth and last article is: on
the never-ending subject, the Emperor
Napoleon. Lt professes to speak of
Tord Ebrington’s . Conversations at
Porto-Ferraio, and the six volumes
of the Life and Conversations of Napo-
leon, written by Las Cases. We have
repeatedly remarked, that Edinbargh
Reviews are ofien written to serve a
particular purpose, rather than to give
information to the reader; and the
present appears to be a glaring in-
stance of that kind. [t is throughout
an cnlogium on Mr. O’Meara’s werk,
and it is obviously with this view alone
that we are introduced to that of Las
Cases. “The work of Las Cases is of
the highest interest.’ Why?—Be-
cause, *' ike Tr. O Meara's, it assumes
the form of a journal, but is more mi-
nuteand reguiar.”. ‘*Mr. O’Meara’s
work contained a body of the most
interesting and valuabie information,
—information, the accuracy of which
stands unimpeached by any of the
attacks jatelymade against its author;
and the work before us welds notin im-
portance and cniertainment to that of
Mr. O'Meara’ So it is in every page,
—nothing but O'Meara! ‘The per- _
sona} attacks upon its author merit

searcely

y

1828.]
scarcely greater regard. He (O’Meara)
seems tohave been somewhat imprudent ;
and there ave several matters requiring
explanation in his communications to the
governor,—an explanation which he
would probably have given in the most
authentic form, by an affidavit, in an-
swer to Sir H. Lowe’s rule for acriminal
information, had not that proceeding
been quashed by reason of the extra-
ordinary jength of time during which
Sir Hudson had suffered the -state-
ments against him to pass unnoticed.”
Now we consider this as a very eatra-
ordinary sort of review,.and a very
improper interference with a question
that remains to be settled in a court of

Memoirs of the Life of Robert Morris. .

233

justice. When Mr. O’Meara’s work
appeared, we were among the first to
speak in its praise. ‘lhe author’s po-
litical principles were professedly li-
beral, and we have a deep+rooted
prejudice against despotism: but,
liberales though we be, we are not
partizans. Mr. O’Meara has been

accused of political tergiversation of the

worst kind; and his letters, which have
been published, are appealed to as
prima-facie evidence. A true bill has
been found before the tribunal of the
public: he has promised to prove his
innocence, and we wait for that
proof before we reiterate our praise.

BIOGRAPHY OF EMINENT PERSONS.”

—_>—

SKETCH Of the LIFE of ROBERT MORRIS,*
one of the FOUNDERS of the NORTH
AMERICAN REPUBLIC ; by JAMES
MEASE, M.D. of PHILADELPHIA.

Rowe Morris was the son of a

respectable merchant of Liver-
pool, who had for some gears been exten-
sively concerned in the American trade ;
and, while a boy, he was brought by his
father.to this.country, in which it ap-
pearshe intended to settle. Buring the
time that he was pursuing his education
in Philadelphia, he unfortunately lost
his father, in consequence of a wound re-
ecived from the wad of agun, which was
discharged as a compliment by the cap-
tain of a ship consigned to him, that had
just arrived at Oxford, the place of bis
residence, on the eastern shore of the

Chesapeake Bay; and he was thus left

an orphan at the age of fifteen years.

In conformity with the intentions of bis

parent, he was bred to commerce, and

served a regular apprenticeship in the
counting-house ef the late Mr. Charles

Willing, at that time one of the first

merchants.of Philadelphia. A year or

two after the expiration of the term for
which he had engaged himself, he en-
tered into partuership with Mr. Thomas

Willing. This connection, which: was

formed in 1754, continued for the long

alae of thirty-nine years, not having

»een dissolyed until 1793. Previously

to the commencenent of the American

war, it was, without doubt, more exten-
sively engaged in commerce ‘than any
other house in Philadelphia.

ORR, ee fes ot EN RTOS Te 8

* Written for the Philadelphia edit, of
the Edinburgh Encyclopedia, and trans-
wiitted to us by the author.

Monvsity Mac. No, 387.

Of the events of his youth we know
little. The fact just mentioned proves,
that, although early deprived of the be-
nefit of parental counsel, he acted with
fidelity, and gained the good-will of a
discerning and wealthy young. friend,
the son of his master. ‘The following
anecdote will shew his early activity in
business, and anxiety to promote the in-
terests of his friend. During the ab-
sence of Mr. Willing at his country
seat near Frankford, a vessel arrived at
Philadelphia, either consigned to him, or
that brought letters, giving intelligence
of the sudden rise in the price of flour at
the port she had left. Mr. Morris in-
stantly engaged all that he could con-
tract for, on account of Mr. Willing,
who, on his return to the city next day,
had to defend his young friend from the
complaints of some merchants, that he
had raised the price of flour. An ap-
peal, however, from Mr. Willing to
their own probable line of conduct, in
case of their having first received the
news, silenced their complaints,

Few men in the American .colonies
were more alive to the gradual encroach-
ment ofthe British government upon the
liberties of the people, and none more
ready to remonstrate against them, than
Mr. Morris. His signature on the part
of his mercantile house to the non-im-
portation agreement, as respected Eng-
land, which was entered into by the
merchants of Philadelphia in the year
1765, while it evinced the consistency of
his principles and conduct, at the same
time was expressive of a willingness to
unite with them in showing their deter-
mination to prefer a sacrifice of private
interest to the continuance of an inter-

2H course,

254

course, which would add to the revenue
of the government that oppressed*them.
The extensive mercantile concerns. with
England of Mr. Morris’s house, and the
Jarge importations of her manufactures
and colonial produce: by it, must have
made this sacrifice considerable. ‘His
uniform conduct on the subject of the
relative connexion hetween England
and the colonies, his bigh standing in
socicty, and general intelligence, natu-
rally pointed him out as a fit representa-
tive of Pennsylvania in the national
councils, assembled on the approach of
the political storm; and he was aecord-
ingly appointed by the legislature of
Pennsylvania, in November 1775, one of
the delegates to the second congress that
met at Philadelphia. A few weeks after
he had taken his seat, he was added to
the seeret committee of that body,
which had been formed by a resolve of
the preceding congress, and whose duty
was “to contract for the importation of
arms, ammunition, sulphur, and saltpe-
tre, and to export produce on the public
account to puy for the same.” He was
also appointed « member of the com-
mittee for fitting out a naval armament,
‘and speciaily commissioned to negociate
bills of exchange for congress; to bor-
fow money for the marine committee,
and to manage the fiseal concerms of
congress upon other occasions. Tnde-
pendently of his enthusiastic zeal in the
cause of his country, of his capacity for
business, and knowledge of the subjects
committed to him, or his talents fer
managing pecuniary concerns, he was
particularly fitted for such services; as
the commercial credit he had esta-
blished among his fellow citizens proba-
bly stood higher than that of any otber
man in the cemmunity, and of this he
did not hesitate to avail himself whenever
the public necessities required such an
evidence of his patriotism. ‘These oc-
casions were neither few nor trifling.
One of the few remaining prominent
men of the revolution, and who filled an
important and most confidential station
in the department of war, bears testimony
that Mr. Morris frequently obtained pe-
cuniary and other supplies, which were
most pressiug!y required for the service,
on his own responsibility, and appa-
rently upon his own account, when,
from the known state of the public trea-
sury, they could not have been procured
for the government.

Among several facts in point, the fol-
lowing may be mentioned :

During the rapid march of Cornwallis

Memoirs of the Life of Robert Morris.

[Oct. 1,

through New-Jerscy, in pursuit of the
American army, Congress, as a mea-
sure of security, removed to Baltimore,
and requested Mr. Morris to remain as
long as possible in Philadelphia, to for-
ward expresses to them from General
Washington. ‘The daily expectation of
the arrival of the enemy in the city, in-
duced Mr. Morris to remove his family
to the country; while he took up his
abode with an intimate friend, who had
made up bis mind to stay in the city at
every hazard. At this time, December
1776, he received a letter from General
Washington, who then lay with his army
at the place now called New-Hope,
above Trenton, expressing the utmost
anxiety for the supply of specie, to
enable him to obtain such intelligence
of the movements and precise position
and situation of the enemy on the oppo=
site shore, as would authorise him to act
offensively. The importance of the oc-
casion induced the general to send the
letter by a confidential messenger.* The
case Was almost hopeless from the gene-
ral flight of the citizens: but a trial must
be made, and Mr. M. luckily procured
ilie cash as a personal loan, from a mem-
ber of the Society of Friends, whom he
met, when, in the greatest possible anx-
icty of mind, he was walking about the
city, reflecting on the most likely means
or person, by which, or from whom it was
to be obtained. This prompt and timely
compliance with the demand, enabled
General Washington to gain the sienal
victory at Trenton over the savage Hes-
sians ; a victory which, exclusively of the
benefits derived from its diminishing the
numerical force of the enemy by nearly »
one thousand, was siznally important in
its influence, by encouraging the patri-
ots, and checking the hopes of the ene-
mies of our cause ; and by destroying the
impression which the reputed prowess of
the conquered fue, and the experience of
their ferocity over the unprotected and
defenceless, had made upon the people.
Upon another occasion, he became
respousible fora quantity of lead, which
had been most urgently required for the
army, and’ which most providentially
arrived at the time when greatly
wanted. Ata more advanced stace of

the war, when pressing distress in the
PRS eae OYE MGT SEN sid aae Pe rh) PGT Te

* The messenger was Capt. Howell
afterwards for several years governor of
New-Jersey.

+ See the particulars related by Judge
Peters, in Garden’s interesting Anecdotes
of the American War, p. 334, Charleston,
S. C, 1822.

army

1823.]

army had dyiven congress and the com-
mander-in-chief almost to desperation,
and a part of the troops to mutiny ; be
supplied thearmy with four or five thou-
sand barrels. of flour, :upon his private
eredit; and, on.a promise to that effect,
persuaded a member to withdraw an in-
tended motion to sanction a procedure
which, although common in Europe,
would have had a very injurious efiect
upon the cause of the country: this
was to authorise General Washington to
seize all the provisions that could be
found within a circle of twenty miles of
his camp.* While U. S. financier, his
notes constituted, for large transactions,
part of the circulating medium. Many
other similar instances occurred of this
patriotic interposition cf his own personal
responsibility for supplies, which could
not otherwise have been obtained.

In the first year in which he served as
a representative in congress, he signed
the memorable parchment containing the
Declaration that for ever separated us
from England; and thus pledged himself
to join heart.and hand with the destinies
of his country, while some of -his col-
leagues, who possessed less firmness,
drew back and retired from the contest.
He was thrice successively elected to
congress, in 1776, 77, and 78.

The exertion of his talents in the pub-
lic councils, the use of his credit in pro-
curing supplies at home, of bis personal
labour as special agent, or congres-
sional committee-man, and of those in
his pay, in procuring others from abroad,
were not the only means employed by
him in aiding the cause in which be bad
embarked. The free and public expres-
‘sion of his seniimenis upon all occa-
sions, in the almost daily and nightly
meetings of tie zealous; in the inter-
change of friendly intercourse with his
fellow-cilizens, and the confident tone of
ullimate success which he supported,
served (o rouse the desponding, to fix
the wavering, and confirm the brave.
Besides, the extensive commercial and
private correspondence which he main-
tained with England, furnished bim with
early intelligence of all the public mea-
sures resolved on by the British govern-
ment, the debates in parliament, and
with much private information of im-
portance to this country. ‘These letters
he read to a few select mercantile
friends, who regularly met in the insu-
rance rvom at the Merchants’ Coflce-

* Debates on the renewal of tle cliarter
of the Bank of North America, p. 47.
Philadelphia, 1786,

Memoirs of the Life of Robert Morris.

. house, and through them the intelligence.

235

they contained was diffused among the
citizens, and thus kept alive the spirit of
opposition, made them acquainted with
the gradual progress of hostile; move-
ments, and convinced them how little
was to be expected from the govern-
ment in respect io the alleviation of the
oppression and hardships against which
the colonies had for a long time most
humbly, earmestly, and eloquently re-
monstrated. ‘This practice, which be-
gan previously to the suspension of the
intercourse between the two countries,
he continued during the war: and
through the medium of friends on the
continent, especiaily in France and Hol-
land, he received for a time the des-
patches which had formerly come direct
from England.

The increasing and clamorous wants
of the army, particularly for provisions,
and the alarming Jetter written by the
commander-in-chief to congress on the
subject, on being communicated to Mr.
Morris, induced him to propose to raise
an immediate fund to purchase supplies,
by the formation of a paper-money bank;
and, to establish confidence in it with the
public, he also proposed a subscription
among the citizens in the form of bonds,
obliging them to pay, if it should be-
come necessary, in gold and silver, the
amounts annexed to their names, to
fulfil. the engagements of the bank. Mr.
Morris headed the list with a subscrip-
tion of 10,0001.; otbers followed, to the
amount of 300,0001. The directors
were authorised to borrow money on
the credit of the bank, and to grant spe-
cial notes, bearing interest at six per
cent. The credit thus given to the bank
effected the object intended, and the in-
stitution was continued until tbe Bank
of North America went into operation in
the succeeding year.* It was probably
on this occasion that he purchased the
four or five thousand barrels of flour
above mentioned, on his own credit, for
the army, before the funds could be col-
lected to pay for it.F

On the occasion of the important, and,
as regarded the fate of the Union, the
decisive measure of the altack on Corn

_ * Of ninety-six subscribers who gave
their bonds, six only ave alive, viz, Charles
Thompson, Richard Peters, ‘Thomas
Leiper, Wm. Hall, John Donaldson, and
John Mease, For the original list, and
account of the bank, see the Pennsylvania
Packet for June 1781.
+ Debates on the Bank of North Ame-
rica, p. 47,
wallis,

236

Wallis, the energy, perseverance, and
financial talents, of Mr. Morris were
eminently conspicuous.

By previous agreement, the French
army, under Count Rochambeau, and
the French fleet under de Barras, with
that expected to arrive under De Grasse
from the West-Indies, were to assist ‘the
American army in an attack upon New-
York, the strong-hold of the British.
At that time, the American army lay at
Philipsburg on York island, waiting for
the fleet under Count de Grasse, who
changed the destination of his squadron,
and entered the Chesapeake bay. The
communication of this occurrence, by
one or other of the two first-named com-
manders, induced an immediate change
of measures, and it was determined by
General Washington if possible to pro-
cced to the South; but the want of
means to move the army, was a serious
difficulty ; and this consideration, with
the disappointment of his long settled
plans and arrangements, and ‘in the
breach of a positive engagement on the
part of De Grasse, produced an agita-
tion in the high-minded and honourable
ehief, which those who witnessed it
“can never forget.” Most fortunately
Mr. Morris, and Mr. Peters the secre-
tary of war, had arrived the day before,
as a committee from congress, to assist
the general in his preparations for the
attack on New York; and, the embarras-
sing situation of affairs being laid before
them, they gave such consolation and
promises of aid, each in bis particular
department, as to encourage his hopes
and calm his mind. The utmost se-
erecy Was enjoired on both, and so faith-
fully observed, that the first intelligence
eongress had of the movement of the
army, was the march of the troops, on
the third of September, through Phila-
delphia. It was not, however, until it
had passed the city fifteen miles, that
Mr. M. was relieved from bis’ anxiety
respecting his promise to General Wash-
ington of a competent pecuniary supply
to effect the transportation of the army.
His object, for this end, was the loan of
the French military chest, and the pro-
position was made to the French minis-
ter Luzerne, who refused in the most
positive manner to assent. His persvva-
sive talents succeeded in part with
Count: Rochambean; and at Chester,
whither Mr. Morris had gone in com-
pany with General Washington, it was
obtained. It is probable that the joy
naturally felt on meeting at thal place
wi Express from the Marquis Tay cite,

Memoirs of the Life of Robert Morv'ts.

(Oct. T,
announcing the arrival of Count de
Grasse in the Chesapeake, with an assu-
rance from Mr. Morris that our army
could not move without funds, hastened
the negotiation of this fortunate Joan.

In the year 1781, Mr. Morris was
appointed by congress ‘“superintendant
of finance,” an office then for the first
time established. This appointment
was unanimous. Indeed, it is highly
probable, that no other’ man in the
country would have been competent to
the task of managing such great concerns *
as it involved; ‘for: none possessed, like
himself, the happy expedient of raising
supplies, or deservedly enjoyed more of
the pnblic confidence.. As the esta-
blishment of the office of finance, and
the appointment of Mr. Morris to fill it,
form an epoch in tlie history of- the
United States, and in the life of that
officer, it merits particular notice.

It is well known that the want of a
sufficient quantity of the precious metals
in the country, for a circulating medium,
and the absolute necessity of some sub-
stitute to carry on the war, induced
congress, from time to time, to issue pa~
per bills.of credit to an immense amount.
For a time, the enthusiastic zal and
public spirit of the people induced them
to receive these bills as cqual to gold
and silver; but, as they were not con-
vertible into solid cash at will, and no
fund was provided for their redemption,
depreciation followed, as a necessary re-
sult, and with it the loss of public credit.
“In the beginning of the year 1781, the
treasury was more than two millions
and a half in arrears, and the greater
part of the debt was of such a nature,
that the payment could not be avoided,
nor even delayed: and therefore. Dri
Franklin, then our minister in “France,
was under the necessity of ordering back
from Amsterdam meneys which had
been sent thither for the purpose ef
being shipped to America. If-he had
not taken this step, the bills of exchange
drawn by order of congress must have
been protested, and a vital stab thereby
given to the credit of the government in
Europe. At home, the greatest public
as well as private distress existed ;
public credithad gone to wreck, and the
enemy built their most sanguine ‘hopes
of .overcoming. us upon: this circum-
stance:’"*» and) ‘the treasury was so
much in arrears to the servants in the
public offices, that many of them could

* Debates on the renewal of the charter
of the Bank of North America, p, 49.
not,,

1823.]

not, without payment, perform theit du--
ties, but must have gone to gaol for
debts they had contracted to enable them
to live.’ To so low an ebb was the
public treasury reduced, that some of the
members of the board of war declared to
Mr. Morris, they had not the means of
sending an express to the army.* The
pressing distress for provision among the
troops at the time has already been.
mentioned. ‘The paper bills oi credit
were sunk so. low in value, as'to require
a burtheusome mass-of: them to pay for
an article of clothing. But the face of
things was soon changed. One of the
first good effects perceived, was the ap-
preciationt of the paper money ; “ this
was raised from the low state of six for
one, to that of two for one, and it would
have been brought neazy if net entirely
to par, had not some measures inter-
vened, which, though well meant, were
not jndicious.” The plan he adopted
was, ‘‘to make all his negotiations
by selling bills of exchange for paper
money, and afterwards paying it at a
smaller rate of depreciation than that by
which it was received ; and at each suc-
eessive operation the rate was lowered,
hy accepting it on the same terms for
new bills of exchange, at which it had
been previously paid. It wasnever ap-
plied to the purchase of specific sup-
plies, because it had been checked in
the progress towards par; and therefore,
# it had been paid out in any quantity
fromthe treasury, those who received it
would have suffered by the consequent
depreciation.

A slight refleetion will show the ardu-
ous nature of the duties which he under-
took to discharge.

En old organized governments, where
a regular routine of the department has
been long established, and the details, as
it were, brought to perfection, by gra-
dual improvement, derived from the ex-
pericnce and talents of successive offi-
cers, little difliculty is experienced by
the new incumbent in continuing the
customary train of operations. Simple
honesty, attention to duty, and a careful
progress in the path previously pointed
out, are all the requisites ; butthe state of
public affairs, and especially in the fiscal
department of the United States at the
time alluded to, furnished none of these
helps. Every thing was in the greatest

* Debates on the renewal of the charter
of the Bank of North America, p. 47.

t This word appears to have keen
coined during the revolution, and used: as
the opposite of depreciation,

Memoirs of the Life of Robert Morris.

I3F

confusion ; and a new system of accounts:
was not only required to be deviscd,
but the means of supplying the nu-
merous and pressing wants of the public
service to be discovered; and ‘attention
paid to those wants. The task would’
have appalled any common man; byt
the natsral talents of Mr. Morris, to—
gether with his experience and habits of
despatch, derived from his extensive
commercial concerns for a long scries of
years, and an uncommon readiness,
great assiduity and method in business,,
with decision of character, enabled bina
to surmount all the difficulties that lay
in his way. An inspection of the official’
statement of his accounts, will at once-
show the serious nature of the multifari-
ous duties attached to the office, and the
pressure of his engagements; but an op-
portunity of so doing, even if wished for,
ean be had by few. Some idea may be
fermed of them, when it is known, that
he was required “ to examine into the
state of the public’ debts, expenditures,
and revenue; to digest and report plans
for improving and regulating the finances,
and for establishing order and economy.
in the expenditure of public money.”
To him was likewise committed ‘the dis-
position, management, and disbursement:
of all the loans received from the govern—
ment of France, and various private per-
sons in that country and Hoiland; the
sums of money received from the differ-
ent states ; and of the public funds for
every possible source of expense for the
support of government, civil, military,
and naval; the procaring supplics of
every description lor the army and navy ;,
the entire management and direction of
the prblic ships of war; the payment of
all foreign debts; and the correspond-
ence with our ministers at Europcar
courts, on subjects of finance, In short

the whole burtlen of the money opera-
tions of government was Jaid upeu him.
No man ever had more numerous con-

- cerns conmnitted to his charge, and few»

to a greater amount; and never did any
one more faithfully discharge the various:
complicated trusts with greater des-
pateh, economy, or credit, than the sub-
ject of this sketch. The details of his
management of the office of finance may
be seen in the volume which he pub-
lished in the year 1785.* It is well
worth the inspection of every American.

* A Statement of the Accounts of the
United States of America during the ad-
ministration of the superintendant of
finance, commencing February 1781,
ending November 1784,

The

238

The preface,* in particular, should be
read.attentively, as he will from it form
some idea of the state of public affairs,
as to money, at the time; of the difli-
culties attending the revolutionary strug-
gle on that account, and the means by
which our independence was secured, or
greatly promoted, and for the enioyment
of which he ought never to cease to be
thankful.

The establishment of the Bank of
North America forms a prominent item
in the administration of Mr. Morris.
The knowledge which he had acquired
of the principles of banking, and of the
advantages resulting to a commercial
community from a well-regulated bank
of discount and deposit, in enabling
merchants to anticipate their funds in
cases of exigency, or of occasions offer-
ing well-grounded schemes of specula-
tion,+ rendered a hint on the subject of
the importance of a bank to the govern-
ment enough; and he accordingly
adopted it with warmth. Such an in-
stitution had been previously suggested,
and, as already said, an attempt at one,
although with paper money, but backed
by the bonds of responsible men, bad
been made the preceding year. The
greater facilities which one with a specie
capital promiscd, in enabling the go-
vernment to anticipate its revenue, and
to increase the quantity of circulating
medium, and promote trade, were forci-
bly impressed on his mind, and induced
him to propose it to congress. In May
1781, he presented his plan, which was
approved by that body. Subscriptions
were opened shortly after; but, in the
following November, when the directors
were elected, ‘‘ not two bundred out of
a thousand had been subscribed, and it
was some time after the business of the

* Tt commences thus:

“To the Inhabitants of the United States,
*f FELLOW-CITIZENS,

“That every servant should render an
account of his stewardship, is the evident
dictate of commonsense. Where the trust
is important, the necessity is increased ;
and, where it is confidential, the duty is en-
hanced. The master should know what
the servant has done. ‘To the citizens of
the United States, therefore, the following
Pages are most humbly submitted.” %

+ Mr. Morris stated, in his speech on the
renewal of the charter of the Bank of

North America, that before the American.

war, he had ‘laid the foundation of a
bank, and established a credit in Europe
for the purpose. From the execntion of
the design, he was prevented only by the
revolution.” Debates, p. 37.

Memoirs of the Life of Robert Morris.

7

f

[Oct. 1,
bank was fairly commenced, before the
sum received upon all the subscriptions
amounted to 70,000 doliars.””?, Mia, Mor-
ris, no doubt, became sensible that such
a capital would go but alittle way in aid-
ing him in his financial operations for go-
vernment, and at the same time accom-
modate the trading pact of the, commnu-
nity. He therefore subscribed 250,000
dollars of the 300,000 dollars, (whieh re-
mained of the money received from
France,) to the stock ofthe bank, on the |
public account: 450,000. dollars had
been brought from Lrance, and lodged
in the bank, and, he “bad determined,
from the moment of its arrival, te sub-
scribe, on behalf of the United States,
for those shares that remained yacant ;
bat such was the amount of the public
expenditure, that, notwithstanding the
utmost care and. caution to keep this
money, nearly one half of the sum was
exhausted before the institution could
be organized.”* It was principally oa
this fund that the operations of the insti-
tution were commenced ; and before the
Jast day of March, the public obtained a
loan of 800,000 dollars, being the total
amount of their then capitas, Thisloan
was shortly after increased to 400,000
dollars.f -Considerable «facilities were
also obtained by discounting the notes of
individuals, and thereby auticipating the
receipts of public moucy ; besides which,
the persons who had contracted for fur-
nishing rations to the army were also
aided by discounts upon the public
credit. And in addition to ajl this, the
credit and confidence which were revived
by means of this institution, formed the
basis of the system through which the
anticipations made within the bounds of
the United States had, in July, 1783,
excceded 820,000 dollars. If the sums
due (indirectly,) for notes of individuals
discounted, be taken into consideration,
the total will exceed one million! It
may then not only be asserted, but de-
monstrated, that without the establish-
ment of the national bank, the business
of the department of finance could not
have been performed.”

Besides this great benefit to the pub-
lic cause, derived from the: bank, the
state of Penusylvania, and city of Phila-
delphia, by loans obtained from it, were
greatly accommodated. It enabled the
first to provide ior the protection of the

* Debates on Bank, p. 48.

+ The sam total brought into the public
treasury, from the several states,’ not
amounting to 30,000 dollars upon the last
day of June.

frontiers,

1823.]

frontiers, then sorely assailed ; and to re-
lieve the officers of the Pennsylvania line
from their distress, occasioned by the
failure of the internal revenae, which

had been mortgaged for payment of

interest of certificates granted them for
military ‘services. It euabied the mer-
chants to clear the bay, and even the river
Delaware, of the hostile cruizers (which
destroyed the little commerce that was
left, and harassed our internal trade,) by
-fitting out, among other armed vessels,
the ship “Hyder Ally,” which, under
the command of the late gallant Bar-
ney, in four days after she sailed,
brought into port the sloop of war
General Monk, which the British, with
accurate knowledge of all public move-
ments, had fitted out at New-York,
with the particular object of capturing
her.* By loans from the bank the city
authorities relieved the pressing wants
of the capital, which suffered in a va-
riety of ways from the exhausted state
of its funds, the necessary consequence
of the war. But the support of public
credit, the defence of the state and har-
bour, and relief of the city funds, were
not the only results from this happy
financial expcdient of Mr. Morris. By
aceominodations to the citizens it pro-
moted internal improvements, gave a
spring to trade, and greatly increased the

* The following statement of the com-
parative force of the two vessels, was pub-
lished in a newspaper of the day.

41. The General Monk carried eighteen
nine pounders; the Hyder Ally carried
only four nines and twelve six pounders,

2. The General Monk carried 150 men;
the Hyder Ally only 120 men.

3. The General Monk was completely
fitted for sea, and was officered and man-
ned with a crew regularly trained, and
perfectly disciplined, by long experience,
in the British navy. Phe Hyder Ally was
a letter of marque a few days before the
battle. Most of her officers were young
men. Her captain brought up in a count-
ing-house, who had become a sea-oflicer,
as many of our farmers, lawyers, and doc-
tors, became generals from necessity and
patriotism. The crew was picked up the
week before in the streets of Philadelphia;
many of them were landsmen, and most of
them had never been in action before.

_ 4 The General Monk lost fifty-three
men in killed and wounded; the Hyder
Ally lost only eleven.

Add to these circumstances, that the vic-
tory, under all these disparities, was ob-
tained in twenty-five minates ; and it will
appear to be one of the most honourable
exploits to the flag of the United States
that occurred during the war,

Memoirs of ihe Life of Robert Morris.

239

circulating medium by the issue of bills,
which, being convertible at will into
gold or silver, were universally received
as equal thereto, and commanded the
most unbounded confidence. Hun-
dreds availed themselves of the security
afforded by the vaults of the bank to de-
posit their cash, which, from the impos-
sibility of investing it, had long been hid
from the light ; and the constant current
of deposits in the course of trade, autho-
rized the directors to increase their bu-
siness, and the amount of their issues, to
a most unprecedented extent. The
consequence of this was a speedy and
most perceptible change in the state of
affairs, both public and private.

In the same year, an additional mark of
the confidence reposed in the talents and
integrity of Mr. Morris, was evinced by
tlie legislature of Pennsylvania, by their
appointment of him as their agent to
purchase the supplies demanded of the
state for the public service. By the na-
ture of the organization of the general
government, the annual necessities of
the public funds, provisions. and other
supplies were apportioned among the
several states, and large demands were
made upon Pennsylvania in 1781. Mr.
Morris was appointed to furnish them,
and a particular resolve of congress per-
mitted him to undertake the trust.
The supplies were furnished in anticipa-
ion, before the money was obtained
from the state treasury: and while he
thus enabled the state promptly to com~
ply with the demands of congress, he
shows, by his account of the transaction,
that the plan of his operations was more
economical than any other, which, under
the state of thincs at the time, could
have been adopted. Those only who
are old enough to recollect the state of
parties at the time in Pennsylvania, or
have made themselves acquainted with
them, can duly appreciate the extent of
the compliment paid to Mr. Morris by
his appointment upon the occasion men-
tioned, Political feuds, arising in part
from a difference of opinion on the sub-
ject of the constitution of Pennsylyania
of 1776, prevailed to a great extent; and
the conduct of the ruling party, who
were opposed to any change in that
feeble instrument, was on many occa-
sions marked by want of both intelli-
gence and liberality of sentiment. Mr.
Morris was considered the head of what
they chose to term the aristocratic
party; that is, that portion of men of
wealth, great public consideration, supe-
rior education, and liberal ideas, who

ardently

‘246
ardently wished a more energetic form
of state government than could exist
under asingle legislature, and numerous
executive council; and, could the legis-
Jature have dispensed with his services,
er had there been any man among the
party in power capable of fulfilling the
trust, it is probable that he would not
have been appointed to it. ‘That man,
however, did not exist. The manner in
which Mr. Merris executed it, showed
hew well he merited tie confidence of
the legislature, and also a skilfulness of
management, which none but himsclf
could have effected.*

Tn the year 1786, Mr. Morris served
as a representative of Philadelphia, in
ibe state legislature. Always ready
to lend the aid, either of his talents,
aime, or purse, when required by the
cause of his country, or state, he yielded
to the wishes of his fellew-citizens in
slanding as a candidate, for the express
purpose of exerting his influence in
favour of the renewal of the charter of
the bank of North America, which had
been taken away fron that institution by
the preceding assembly. The ostensible
reasons for this unjust measure were ill-
grounded fears of the evil effects of the
bank on society, {and especially the
agricultural interest,) its éseompatibi-
fity with the safety and welfare of the
state; an improbable possibility of un-
due influence from it on the legislature
itself; with other arguments of equal
weight and truth. But the real cause
must be ascribed to the continuance of
the spirit ef the same party which had
been so vielently opposed to Mr. Mor-
ris, and the society with which he asso-
ciated during the whole of the American
war. The debates on the occasion,
awhich excited great interest among all
elasses of society, were accurately taken
down, and published in a pamphlet.
Mr. Morris replied to all the arguments
of his opponents with a force of reasoning
that would have produced conviction in
the mind of any man, not previously de-
termined to destroy the bank, if possible,
atall hazards. ‘The question, however,
was lost by.a majority of 13, (28 to 41).
The succeeding legislature restored the
eharter,

The next public service rendered by
Mr. Morris to his country, was as a

* See the Statement of his Finance Ac-
counts, before referred to.

+ For this interesting document, we are
indebted to Mr, Mathew Carey, as writer
aud publisher.

Memoirs of the Life of Robert Morris.

[Gct. 1,

member of the convention that formed
the federal constitution in the year 1787.
He had, as a part of his colleagues,
Benjamin Franklin, George Clymer,
and James Wilson, with whom he as-
sisted in the councils that led to the
memorable and decisive measures of
the year 1776; and now with them again
united in forming the bond of union,
which was to Jay the foundation for the
future and permanent prosperity ef-their
country. The want of an efficient fe-
deral government in conducting the war,
had been severely felt by all those at the
head of affairs, either in a civil or mi-
litary capacity, and most particularly
by Mr. Morris, while a member of Con-
gress, and afterwards when the financial
concerns of the Union were exclusively
committed'to him; and the necessity of
it, “one, whieh would draw forth and
direct the combined efforts of United
America,” was strongly urged by him,
in the conclusion of his masterly pre-
face to the “‘ Statement of his Finance
Accounts,” already referred te.

The confidence of his fellow-citizens
was again shown, in bis election as one
of the representatives from Philadelphia,
in the first Congress that sat at New
York after the ratification of the federal
compact by the number of states re-
quired thereby, to establish it as the
grand basis of the law of the land.

It adds not a little to the merit of
Mr. Morris, that notwithstanding his
numerons engagements as a public and
private character, their magnitude, and
often perplexing nature, he was enabled
to fulfil all the private duties which his
high standing in society necessarily im-
posed upon him. His house was the
scat of elegant but unostentatious hos-
pitality, and his domestic affairs were
managed with the same admirable or-
der which lfad so long and so prover-
bially distinguished his counting-house,
the office of the secret committee of
congress, and that of finance. An in-
troduction to Mr. Morris was a matter
in course with all the strangers in good
society, who for half a century visited
Philadelphia, either on commercial,
public, or private, business ; and it is not
saying too much to assert, that during
a certain period, it greatly depended
upon him to-do the ‘honours of the city ;
and certainly no one was more qualified
or more willing to Support them. Ab
though active in the acquisition of
wealth as a merchant, no one more
freely parted with bis gains for public
or private purposes of a meritorious

3 nature,

‘

1823.]

nature, whether these were to support
the credit of the government, to pro-
mote objects of humanity, local im-
provement, the welfare of meritorious
individuals in society, or a faithful com-
mercial servant. The instances in which
hhe shone on all these occasions were
numerous. Some in reference to the
three former particulars have been men-
tioned, and many acts of disinterested
gencrosity in respect to the last could
easily be related. The prime of his life
was engaged in discharging the most
important civil trusts to his country,
that could possibly fall to the lot of any
man; and millions passed through his
hands as a public officer, without the

- ‘smallest breath of insinuation against

his correctness, or of negligence, amidst
* defaulters of unaccounted thousands,”
or the losses sustained by the reprehen-

‘sible carelessness of national agents.

"Fyrom the fcregoing short account we
have some idea of the nature and mag-
nitude of the services rendered by
Robert Morris to the United States. It

Stephensiana, No. XXII.

241
may be truly said, that few men acted
a more conspicuous or useful part; and,
when we recollect that it was by his
excrtions and talents that the United
States were so often.relieved from their
difficulties at times of great depression
and pecuniary distress, an estimate may
be fornied of the weight of obligations
due to him from the people of the pre-
sent day. Justly, therefore, may an
elegant historian of the American war
say, ‘‘Certainly the Americans owed,
and still owe, as much acknowledgment
to the financial operations of Robert
Morris, as to the negotiations of Ben-
jamin Franklin, or even the arms of
George Washington.”*

After the close of the American war,
Mr. Morris was among the first in the
States who extensively engaged in the
East India and China trade. He died
in Philadelphia, in the year 1806, in the
73d year of his age.

* Botta’s Hist. Am, War. vol. iii. p. 343.

STEPHENSIANA.

NO. XXII.

The late ALEXANDER STEPHENS, Esq. of Park House, Chelsea, devoted an uctive and
well-spent life in collecting Anecdotes of his contemporaries, and generally entered in a
book the collections of the pussing day ;—these collections »e have purchased, and propose to

esent u selection from them to our readers, As Editor of the Annual Obituary, and many
other biographical works, the Author may probably have incorporated some of these scraps ;

but the greater part are unpublished, and all stand alone as cabinet-pictures of men and

manners, worthy of a place in a literary miscellany.
———

JAMES I. _

a ‘ING James |. (says Claren-

don,) was a prince of more
learning and knowledge than any
other of that age, and really delighted
more in books, and the company of
learned men; yet, of all wise men
living, he was the most delighted and
taken with handsome persons and fine
clothes.” —Hist. of the Reb. 6.1. Sf

FOK-HUNTERS.

Though fox-hunters are absolutely
void of understanding, yet we have
found some of them, like Fielding’s
Squire Western, who set up for wits.
One of these gentlemen answered his
sister, who invited him to London to
hear Farinclli,—“ Sister, I wou’dn’t
give a farthing to hear your Farinelli,
and your whole Italian opera: I have
here twenty voices, with which I join
in chorus, and make them sing; one
while in the woods, and another in the

Montuty Maa, No, 387.

plains; and ’tis the only music J am
fond of.”
ETON. ‘

Dr. Watson, after ridiculing too
nice an attention to prosody, terms
this institution ‘a noble mart of
metre.” E

FENELON.

This modest prelate was the only
Archbishop of Cambray that declined
the pompous reception attendant on
the solemn entries of great ecclesias-
tical dignitaries into their instalments.
On such occasions there had becn
brilliant and expensive fétes at Cam-
bray, from the twelfthcentury. Fene-
lon’s successor, at his entrance, distri-
buted among the people medals, with
his portrait, and the legend, “ Seleriios
et Princeps.” he history of particu-
lar towns is occasionally of use to

illustrate facts and dates of general
history. .
21 “CHURCH

24.2

_ CHURCH OF ENGLAND.

The Bishop of Llandaff (Dr. Watson)
proposes an equalization of bishoprics,
and large church livings or vacancies,
as agreat benefit to the establishment,
in his letier tothe Archbishop of Can-
terbury. This would tend, he thinks,
1. By preventing translations, to ren-
der the prelacy more independent in
the House of Lords; to render their
residence in their respective dioceses
more constant, and their habitations
more comfortable: while the whole
body of the clergy would be then more
suitably provided for, in sixty or se-
venty years, than by waiting for the
slow operation of Queen’ Anne’s
Bounty, which will not operate in Icss
than 2 or 300: (100,000/. per annum has
siace been granted in aid of this
bounty.)

The church has been gradually
increasing since the reign of Henry
VIil. Bishop Kennet quotes a peti-
tion to Queen Elizabeth, sanctioned by
Archbishop Whitgift, in the forty-third
of her reign, stating, “that of eight
thousand eight hundred and odd bene-
fiecs, there are not six hundred sufli-
cient for learned men.” —

Dr. Warner, in the, Appendix to his
“ Ecclesiastical History,” published in

, 1757, observes as follows :—‘‘ Of the
nine thousand and some hundred
churches and chapels which we have
in England and Wales, 6000—I speak
from the last authority—are not above
the value of 40/. a-year.”

Dr. Bum, in his ‘ Ecclesiastical
Law, observes, “that the number of
small livings capable of angmeiitation
has been certified as follows :—-1071
small livings not exceeding 101. a-year;
1467 livings above 10. aud not ex-
ceeding 20/. a-year ; 1126 livings above
201. and not exceeding 350/. a-year;
1049 livings above 30/. and not exceed-
ing 40/. a-year ; 884 livings above 40/.
and not exceeding 50/ a-year: so that
in the whole there are 5597 livings
certified under 50/. a-year.”

Dr. Watson, late Bishop of Llan-
daff, proposes,—1. Nearly to equalise
the bishoprics, as vacancies occur,
both in respect to revenue and patro-
nage; 2..To preclude translations;
3. To render the prelacy more inde-

pendent in the House of Lords; and.

4thly. That they might be enabled to
Keep their residencés in good order,
by dwelling for tife in one piace.

He also wishes to appropriate, as
they become vacant, one-third of the

Stephensiana, No. ¥XH. ;

[ Oct. 1,.

income of every deanery, prebend, or
canonry, of the churches of Westmin-
ster, Windsor, Christ Church, Canter-
bury, &c., for the same purpose, mu-
tatis mutadis, as the first fruits and
births were appropriated by the fifth
of Queen Anne. Dr. W. maintains,
that the whole revenue of the church
of England, including dignities and
benefices of all kinds, and even the
two universities, did not amount,
when he wrote, upon the mast fiberal
calculation, to 1,500,000/. a-year.
“The whole provision for the church
is as low as it can be (adds ~he), unless
the state will be contented with a beg-
garly and illiterate clergy, too mean
and contemptible to do any good,
either by precept or example, unless
it will condescend to have tailors and
cobbiers its pastors and teachers.” He
is adverse to pluralities, commendams,
&c. and praises the dissenting clergy.
SQLICITING JUDGES.

“Lindsey (says Clarendon,) was
so solicitous in person with all the
judges, (in the ship-money cause,)
both privately at their chambers, and
publicly in the court at Westminster,
that he was very generous to them.”—
Fist. of Rep, ook ili. p. 182, octavo
edition,

DR. JOHNSON.

On entering Mr. Burke’s park at
Beaconsfield,—to which he was con-
ducted by the author,—whom he knew
in great penury, the ponderous lexico-
grapher, first eyeing the owner, and
then the house and grounds, thus
exclaimed from the line of the first
eclocue of the “ Bucolica” of Virgil:—

Non equidem invideo, miror magnus,

CREBILLON.

When the Muses crowned his long
and great success on the stage by
opening their sanctuary to him, the
Parisian public, who had long desired
to see him a member of the Academy,
“harmed to hear the father of “Electra”
and . ‘‘ Rhadamistus” speak the lan-
guage in it that was worthy of him,*
evidenced their approbation, ,by the
flaitering applauses they are accus-
tomed to give at the playhouse. Itis
remembered how sensibly they were
affected to hear him say, ‘I never
dipped my pen in gall,’—a thought
that does as much honour to his heart
as to his understanding. How happy

is

* M. Crebillon returned. his thanks tu

verse, ‘
\

£8237]
is the man that can with justice say
this of himself? There are but few of
the greatest men that can. Most men
of talents, giving way to a mean
jealousy, have dishonoured themselves
by the use they have made of them.
DR. .PALEY}-.1 ,"
When Dr. Watson, bishop of Llandaff,

was moderator at Cambridge, brought —

him ‘the fotlowing question for his act:

—“ #ternitas penarum contradicit Di-
vinis attributis.” He, however, was
frightened out of this thesis by Dr.
Thomas, dean of Ely, master of his
college.

THE METEORS,THE COMET, AND THE SUN.

Lines on the Dowager Duchess of Rutland,
(then Marchioness of Granby,) said to be
by the Right Mon. Charles James Fox.

Ye meteors, who with mad career

Have rov’d thro’ fashion’s atmosphere ;

And thon, young, fair, fantastic Devon,

Wild as the comet in mid-beayen,—

Hide your diminish'’d heads! nor stay -

T°’ usurp the shining realms of day.:

For see, tl’ ansully’d morning light,

With beams ‘more constant and more

bright,
Her splendid course begins to run,
_ And all creation hails the sun.

PICCADILLY.
See Clarendon’s “History of the
Republic,” p. 241, book iii. vol. 1,

ectavo edition, for a most curious ac-_

count of the bowling-green and gar-
dens there, in the time of Charles [.
and also of the custom of that day* “of
playing at bowls, &c.
SOCIETY OF KINGS.
This society charms at first, and it

is grateful to kings to be allowed to °

be familiar, while the royal favour
crowns the wishes of the courtier: but
there is no intimacy whichis attended
with more inconveniences, nor which
is subject to more vicissitudes. An
unfounded disadvantageous rumour
may hurt a man in society, but there
his judges are more considerate, as
being subject to similar inconve-
niencies, and as being in the habit of
estimating the credit due to such re-
ports ; kings, on the contrary, so much
separated from the rest of the world,
cannot enter into this caleulation ; and
they resign themselves absolutely to
the ptiblic voice, to that of their mis-
tresses, or their society, if they have
any.

Sovereigns are men, and, as such,
more disposed to yield to unfavour-
able than to good impressions. Often
with them a word is sufficient to im-

Stephensiana, No. XXII.

243
pair the reputation of a person, to put
a stop to his good fortune, and even to
ruin him. Let it, then, be judged un-'
der what continual constraint an ho-
nest and honourable man’ must be
placed, who enjoys the familiarity of
kings; unless he constantly restricts
himself to the inglorious part of ap-
plauding, excusing, or of being silent.

With kings there “is no subject of
conversation. We certainly ‘are not
to speak of politics to them, nor of the
news of the day; neither can adminis-
tration be made the topic. Many
events which happen in society cannot
be related to them; and not a word
must be said to them on religion, of
which they are the guardians.

Former wars, ancient history, facts
which are even but little remote,
sciences, and belles lettres, might far-
nish conversation; but where are the
courtiers who are conversant with
these points?~ The kings also are not
numerous to whom this strain would
be intelligible. The subjects, then,
for this high converse, must be sup-
plied by common-phce affairs, the
theatres, and the chace. Let us not
persuade ourselves that we can interest
kines by flattering their taste, since
they rarely have any. They find so
much facility in gratifying it, that it
passes before they have even fully
enjoyed it. In order to participate in
pleasures, we must combat contrarie-
ties, surmount difficulties, and feel
privations. ‘The love of glory: or the
chase can alone place kings in this si-
tuation; and we always see the one or
the other of these predilections form
their ruling passion; the love of glory
has possession of those cf an elevated
disposition, while the chase is the
pursuit when the mind is of the ordi-
nary standard.

Siace the regard for kings cannot

be otherwise than interested, suspicion

becomes the basisof their character ;
and this feeling renders intimate con-
nexions impossible. Accustomed to
homage,-they believe that all is due
to them, and that nothing is dae from
them. ‘The courtier who is most in-
jured by them must redouble his atten-
tions, lest his imperious master should
suspect that he resents the treatment,
charge him with insolence, drive him
from his presence, and thus cut him off
from the hopes which his wholeé life

has keen employed to realize.
The circumstance, the most revolting
in the society of kings , is that of hav-
ing

244

ing no will but theirs, of sacrificing
one’s pleasures and affairs to the
lightest of their caprices, and with a
submission and a readiness which ex-
clude from the compliance every idea
of merit. When it is also considered
that the restraint of the most profound
respect continually affects all that is
said and done, even in the freest mo-
ments, it will be admitted that the
jealousy and the enemies which are
ever the appendages of royal favour
are dearly purchased. Itis a mistake
to suppose that this familiarity with
the monarch enables a man to solicit
favours: for he must on no account
presume to.do this, or he runs the
utmost risk of being for ever undone.
DAYID HUME
Met Madame , a Dutch lady of
rank and literary talents, at the house
of the Earl of Fife, at Whitehall.
They were exceedingly pleased with
each other, and the native of Batavia
observed, that where Mr. H. was, no
one ought to think of eating. The
justice of this remark was in some re-
spects verified; for, although the din-
ner was excellent, some chickens,
which had been reserved for a bonne
bouche, were ordered to be removed,
and placed at the fire; and the disser-
tation of Mr. H. was so long, that a
cat aciually ran away with them!
JAMES Il.

it was in 1682 that the Duke of
York returned suddenly to England,
with a view of re-instating bimself in
the king’s favour. He went back to

Original Poetry.

[Oct. 1,

Scotland in May, by sea; and on this
occasion his ship* struck on one of
the Yarmouth sands, called the Lemon-
and-bar, where the Lords O’Brien and
Roxborough, Mr. Hyde, (Lord Claren-
don’s brother,) together with many
others, perished. It was on this occa-
sion his Royal Highness is said to
have been particularly anxious for
three descriptions of persons, the first
two of which proved his ruin, —his
priests, Mr. Churchill (afterwards
Duke of Marlborough), and his dogs.
CORNEILLE,

This author has laid the French
stage under great obligations. He
was of too elevated a genius to have
imitators ; and the imitators of Racine
uve only copied his faults. Love,
the soul of their pieces, is continually
whining in an affectionate tone. An
eclipse was coming over the glory of
the tragic “scene of France, when
Crebillon enlightened it again by the
new species of writing with which he
enriched it. Born with that happy
genius, which, instead of wanting a
model, was itself a model for others
to follow, Crebillon was the first
among his countrymen who knew the
art of carrying terror and compassion,
the two great objects of tragedy, to
their highest degree of elevation.
Corneille did not begin to rise till he
wrote the ‘‘ Cid.”

* The Gloucester, a third-rate man-ofs
war,,

ORIGINAL POETRY.

—<r

ODE To A MOUNTAIN TORRENT;
From the German of Stolherg.

By GEORGE OLAUS BORROW.

OW loveiy art thou in thy tresses of foam;
And yet the warm bloodein my bosom grows

chill, .
yaar yelling, thou rollest thee down from thy
home,
Mid the boom of the echoing forest and hill.
The pine-trees are shaken,—they yield to thy shochs,
And spread their vast ruin wide over the ground;
The rocks fly before thee,—thou seizest the rocks,
And whirl’st them like pebbles .contemptuously
round.
The sun-beams have cloth’d thee in glorious dyes,
They streak with the tints of the heavenly bow
Those hovering columns of vapour that rise
orth from the bubbling cauldron below.
But why art thou seeking the ocean’s dark brine?
1f grandeur make happiness, sure it is found
When first from the Repu of the rock-girdled mive
Theu boundest, and all gives response to thy
sound. !
‘Then haste not, O Torrent, to yonder dark sea,
For there thou must crouch beneath Slavery’s rod ;

Here thou art lonely, and lovely, and free,—

Free a6 an ange), and strong as a god.
True, it is pleasant, at eve or at noon,

To gaze.on the sea, and its far-winding bays,
When ting?d with the light of the wandering moon,

Or red with the gold of the mid-summer rays ;
But, Lorreut, what is it, what is it,—behold

‘lbat lustre as pought but a bait and a snare;
What is the summer-sun’s purple and gold

To him who breathes not in pure freedoin the air?
O pause for a time,—for a short moment stay ;

til] art thou streaming,—my words are in vain;

Oft-changing winds, with tyrannical sway,

Lord there below on the time-serving main!
Then haste not, O Torrent, to yonder dirk sea,

For there thou must crouch beneath Slavyery’s rod5
Here thou art lonely, and lovely, and free,—

Free as un angel, and strong as a god.

—=r— \
SONNET To tHe MOON.

How cold, yet beautiful, thou lookest dowa

From thy thron’d height of blue, thou

soft-ey’d Queen

Of Heaven in allits glory; thy pure crown

Rivals an angel’s diadem,—thy mien

Is

1823.]

Is like the smile, sad suffering, yet serene,
Of virtue in affliction. O! fair Moon,
Thou holy traveller o’er this night-calm

" scene,
Thou look’st more lovely than the. god
cf noon,

Phebus, when bower’d in roses, as I gaze
Upon thy mild and melancholy face.
Thou peerless shining planet! orb of grace!

Such high superior feelings thou dost
‘raise,
That this vile drossy carth seems lost, and
thou
Look’st like some sainted sphere, where
pure bless’d spirits go.
Cullum-strect. » ENORT.
=
TO LAURA.
Husa, hush, ye winds! break not upon
The slumbers of my darling maid,
But to your gloomy caves be gone,
Nor ihus her peaceful dreams invade ;
Nor thus, &c.

Sleep, matchless girl! yet may’st thou hear
The language of my am’rous lute,
Whose strain would fain engross thine ear
In favour of its tender suit ;
In favour, &c.

O! thou art now my only bliss,

And, Laura, all I crave from thee,
Is one soft pledge,—one gentle kiss,—
To prove thy heart is giv’n to me;

To prove, &c.
Tslington ; Aug. 1823. J. G—mM.
—>>——_
THE CAPTIVE DOVE’s
COMPLAINT TO ITS MISTRESS.

BEHOLD, within this little cage confiu'd,

To mournfubinactivity consign’d,

A female dove, who, cooing for her mate,

Mourns and bewails her present hapless
state.

“ My lovely form, my truly plaintive voice,

Made me the object of a female choice ;

While here confin’d I mourn, no more to
soar,

Wor regions high im air again explore.

“A)tho’ by pity’s teaderest band supplied,

Yet still my native freedom is denied,

In vain I seek the liberty I see,

Tn vain my pinions flutter to be free.

“That gen’rous hand which brings my daily
food

Distributes round me ev’ry earthly good,

Yet cannot yield one moment’s tranquil rest,

Natore rebellious panting in my breast.

“« Let me once more my liberty regain,
‘To seek subsistence on the verdant plain,
Or on the hills, or on the thicket grove,
Fyom treé to tree go seck my daily food.

“© let not pitying nature plead in vain,

Nor let me in captivity remain ;

Restore me to my native skies once more,

‘To those blest regions where I dwelt
before.

Original Poetry.

245

“ Then, with extended wing, with-ardour
rise,

And with a grateful song salute the skies,

Proclaim that generous merey dwells with

thee,
And bless the liberal hand that made me
free.” Ss. 8S.
Walthamslow.
—I_—
DEATH;

From the Swedish of J. C. Lohman,
By GEORGE OLAUS BORROW.

Pernaes ’tis folly, but still I feel
My heart-strings quiver, my senses reel,

Thinking how like a fast stream we range,

Nearer and nearer to life’s dread change,

When soul and spirit filter away, ~

And leave nothing better than senseless
clay.

Yield, beauty, yield, for the grave does

gape,
And, hernhly alter’d, reflects thy shape ;
For, oh! think not those childish charms
Will rest unrifled in his cold arms ;
And think not there, that the rose of love
Will bloom on thy features as here above.

Let him who roams at Vanity Fair

In robes that rival the tulip’s glare,
Think on the chaplet of leaves which round
His fading forehead will soon be bound,
And on each dirge the priests will say
When his cold corse is borne away,

Let him who seeketh for wealth, uncheck’d

By fear of labour, let him reflect

That yonder gold will brightly shine

When he has perish’d, with all his line ;

Tho’ man may rave, and vaiuly boast,

We are but ashes when at the most.
—zTo

THE SUN.

Tue Sun with cheering rays of light
Looks o’er the rising hill 5

Dispels the gloomy shades of night,
And makes creation smile,

Immerging from his eastern bed
The monarch climbs his way ;

Now rising o’er the mountain’s head,
Bursts forth to open day, | ;

Forth from the chambers of the east
Its radiant Blorigs shine ;

Tis now in all its beauty drest,
Led forth by skill divine.

Altho’ for many thousand years
Its light and heat have run,

It now the same appearance wears,—

Tis still a “ glorious Sun.”

Its strength and beauty are the same,
As cheeting, too, its ray,

As when at God’s command it came
To lead the first-born day.

Tho’ myriads have its light enjoy’d,
And felt its genial heat, ’
The fulness treasur’d there by God
Is undiminish’d yet. a

Come

246

Come rise, my soul, to higher things,
Substantial and sublime ;

Come mvunt, on Faith’s immortal wings,
Above the Earth and Time.

Beheld! the rising Son of God,
With uncreated light,

Breaks thro’ the ceremonial cloud,
And Natare’s darker night.

He comes to glad our darksome earth,
(AIL hail !. immortal king,)
Attending angels at his birth
Loud hallelujahs sing.

See how the shadows all disperse,
His glories how they swell ;

He comes to bear away the curse,—
To save from gaping hell.

Great op’ner of eternal day !
Thou source of life divine!

Come, cheer these gloomy shades away
From this dark soul of mine.

But, oh! the more of him I think,
The more on him I gaze,

The more my feeble powers sink,
Enwrapt in sweet amaze. ;

To think that each believing soul

’ From Christ has been supply’d,

Yet he remains as rich and full

_ As when the first apply'd.

Yes, our Redeemer is the same,
In plenitude of grace,

As when the first poor sinner came,
And felt his quick’ning rays.

Believers never can be lost,
Whate’er their faith assail ;

Proceedings of Public Societies.

[Oct. 1,

The Saviour’s powercan nc’er exhanst,
Nor his compassion fail. O.P.Q. ~
=

MOUNTAIN SONG;
From the German of Schiller.
By GEORGE OLAUS BORROW.

That pathway before ye, so narrow and gray,
To the depths of the chasm is leading;

But giants stand centinel ever the way, ‘
And threaten death to the unheeding :

Be silent and watchfel, each step that you take,

Lest the sound of your voices the lions* awake.

And there is a bridge,—see yonder its span
O’er the gush of the cataract bending,

It never receiv’d its foundation from man,—
Each mortal would die in ascending:

The torrents, uprooting the pine and the larch,

Dash over, but never can splinter its arch,

And now we must enter a hidden ravine,
With its crags loosely tottering o’er us;

Pass on, and a valley delightfully green
Will open its bosom before us.

©! that E could fly from each worldly alluy,

To finish my days in its circle of joy.

Down from a cave four rivers are bur]’d,
Each musters its force like a legion ;

And then they seek all the four parts of the world,
Each choosing a separate region:

All from the cavern are secretly tost,

They murmur away, and for ever are Jost.

Three pinnacles tower, and enter the blue
High over the mountains aud waters;
There wanton, st rounded by vapour and dew,
The bands of the heavenly daughters ;
And there they continue their desolate reign,
Their charms are unseen, and are wish’d for in vain.

The queen of the regions sits high on her throne,
And our sages have told me in story,

That she wears on her temples a chrysolite crown,
Which causes yon halo of glory;

The suo on her robes darts his arrows of gold,

And brightens them only,—they ever are cold.

« The Avalanches, called in the Swiss dialect
Lawiné, or Lions,

PROCEEDINGS OF PUBLIC SOCIETIES.

—= a

ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

[We translate the following Report from
the Revue Encyelopedique; buat the
French reperts in science, are some-
thing like the French reports of military
affairs in Spain—they are all over
Bourbon. It would seem from these
papers, that France was the focus of
science, and that other nations are tame
spectators of the vaunted discoveries of
the great nation, whose genius is in-
spired by their political regeneration.
The contrary is, however, the fact, and
the French eontinue the mere echoes of
what has been discovered, or is ope-
rating in other nations. As, however,
they are vain historians, and the same
body of tacts is not elsewhere so well
exhibited, we shall continue, as m better
periods of French history, to present
whatever transpires in the Institute,
and has the semblance of novelty.]

Notice relative to the Labours of the
Academy of Sciences during the year
1822. é

report of M. Teurier, on the progress
of the mathematical sciences, for this,
qnoting a former number of the Review.
Herein it is observed, that since the
public sitting of the Institute, wherein
iat report was read, the auihor has
added illustrations, with occasional éx-
tracts from the works wherecf he treats,
accompanied with brief remarks, to
stimulate ard facilitate the Kuowledge
and study of those works.

In geometry, the author of “ Celestial
Mechanics” bas published. the fifth and
last volume of that great work. ‘The
question of the figure of the earth is
there discussed, in points of view that
had not, previously, been entertained.
As, 1. Vhe dynamic effcct of the pre-
sence and distribution of the waters
on the surface of the globe. 2. The
compression exercised on the interior
couches, or lays. 3. The change of
dimensious that would be produced by

HS article commences with a re-~ the progressive cooler temperature (ré-
ference, by the editors, to the froidissement) of the land. Each of these
Mee

causes

1823.}
causes may tend to influence the eqni=
librium, the figure or motion, ,of the
earth ; these physieal conditions, which
had not been hitherto introduced into
any theories of the globe, will throw
light on different questions of geology
and general physics.

“The “ Analytical Formule” of M. De
la Place, have led to the following re-
sults. The couches or lays, at the
greatest depths, are the most dense.
These couches are regularly disposed
about the centre of gravity of the globe,
and they differ but little, in point of
form, from that of a curved surface,
formed by the revolution of an ellipsis.
-The density of the water is nearly five
times less than the mean density of the
earth. The heaviest rocks have not
the mean density of the glcbe at large,
and of course the interior couches are
not of the same nature as the surface.

The presence and distribution of the
waters on the surface of the earth pro-
duce no considerable change in the
law of the diminution ‘of the degrees,
and in that of gravity or weight, Every
geological system, founded on the hy-
pothesis of any considerable displacing
of ihe poles, at the surface of the earth,
must, be inconsistent with the mecha-
nical causes now ascertained to deter-
mine the figure of the earth. The
temperature of the globe has not, sen-
sibly, diminished, since the time of
Hipparchus, (more than iwo thousand
years,) and the cffect of this decrease of
heat has made no variation in the whole
of this time, in the duration of a day,
the two-hundredth part of a centesimal
second.

M. Girard has employed himself in
investigating certain questions relative
to cast iron, and the use of that mate-
rial in machinery; also as to the con-
ducting of waters, and to the coppers of
steam-engines. ‘The casting of iron
may be readily adapted to the form
which nature impresses on bodies, to
render them capable of a determinate
resistance, with the least. possible
quantity of resisting matter. And thus
the figure of hollow pipes may be given
to different mobile pieces of a machine,
while casting, like to the stalks of cer-
tain plants, ar to the plumage of birds.
M, Girard, who is also author of an
excellent “Treatise on the Resistance
of Solids,” deduces from his “ Pormulz”
the relation between the interior and
exterior diameters of a hollow cylinder,
so as to render the eylinder both lighter
and more capable of resistance, in given

Proceedings of Public Societies.

determinate weight of baggage.

24%

circumstances. ‘The facts cited by the
amthor, the details into which he enters
relative to the operations of casting,
and also to the means of augmenting
solidity and preducing uniformity there-
in, are well worthy the notice and study
of artists.

M. Dupin recited a report on the
construction of carriages, and on the
causes that render them most liable to
be overturned. One of these, perhaps
the principal, is neglecting the execu-
tion of ihe ordnances as to the loading
of carriages. The conditions, or cases

‘of stability of a carriage in motion, ac-

cording to the nature, the inclination,
and the greater or less perteetion of the
roads, are considered; but the reporter,
without pointing out new forms or me-
thods, lays down data to discover and
ascertain them. He refers to the pro-
gress which it is natural to expect, from
the growing improyement of the me-
chanical arts, applied to the construc-
tion of carriages. "These are capable of
being made lighter, without impairing
their solidity, and better able to en
counter hazards, without diminishing
their firmness. Improvements, also,
must be pianned, as to the form, struc-
ture, and keeping up, of roads; and
regulations must be rendered more
efficacious to produce their effect.

The author recommends to the go-
verament to propose a prize of twent
thousand frances, fo be granted on the
first of January 1825, to the constructor
or coach-maker, that, without neglect-
ing such qualities as are requisite in a
public carriage, capacity, convenience,
and lightness, shonld secure, also the
ereatcst stability for the conveyance of
a given number of passengers, with a
it
will require the experience of a year or
two, to. prove the goodness of such
carriages. ‘The plans of the carriages
should be accompanied with a descrip-
live memoir, detailing the calculations
as fo stability. Ina program should be
accurately specified certain facts io
serve as bases to the attempts of pro-
jecting mechanists, including fixed
principles, from which the proportion of
carriages may be derived, as also the
best disposition of the loading, so as to
acquire the greatest possible stability.

The same reporter, as the organ or
representative of the. commission de-
puted to examine the work of M.
Maresticr, on steam-packets, and the
military'marine of the United States of
America, detailed the contents of their

analysis,

248

analysis. In this, the structure and the
dimensions of steam-packets are ilves-
tigated, as also the mathematical results
deduced by the author, and his deserip-
tion of those of America. On the whole,
the committee recommend to govern-
ment to’ assist or contribute to the
printing of the Memoir, as it has to the
publication of several other works.

Some experiments made in Sweden,
by M. Lagerhielm, communicated to
the academy by M. Olivier, ancient
pupil of the Polytechnic School, re-
siding in Sweden, have been submitted
to the examen of Messrs. Girard and
Ampére. The subject treated of is the
draining off water, by orifices made in
thin sides of the receptacles containing
it. The learned, Swede proves that
clastic fluids are, in this case, subject
to the same laws as incompressible
fluids, such as water.

M. Ampére presented a continuation
of his Memoir on the Electro-Dynamic
Phenomena. Herein he has confirmed,
by new experiments, certain results
deduced from his preceding “ Formulze;”
be has also ascertained and announced
two new facts. 1. That a voltaic
conductor, placed very near a metallic
circuit inclosed (fermé) but not,com-
municating with it, determines or draws
an electric current to it. 2. That a
circular conductor, forming an entire
circumference, has no action to produce
a revolution round ifs axis, of an in-
closed conductor, be it of whatever
form ; and that the same properly occurs
in a conductor bent as the are of any
circle, whatever be the number of de-
grees of that arc.

To this succeeds an investigation of
the electric currents in the interior of
the globe, proceeding from east to
west, and the more intense as they are
nearer to the magnetic equator, which
must then be considered as a medium
direction between all the currents; these
‘currents are considered, in all the cir-
cumstances of motion that they would
produce on conductors, whether hori-
zontal or vertical.

The results collected, by this author,
are conformable to the numerous expe-
yiments already made; some by him-
self, others by M. Delarive, all of which
tend to shew the action that the earth
exercises on mobile voltaic conductors.
The. author has thus completed the
theory of action which he had disco-
vered between two conductors, and also
that of the influence of the terrestrial

Proceedings of Public Societies.

[Oct. 1,

globe upon a conductor; a phenomenon
which he was the first to observe.

In the limited state of human know-
ledge, it is not possible to ascertain the
distribution of the electric currents of
our globe, nor even to decide the ques-
tion of their actual existence. If it be
admitted, we must’ suppose one part of
these currents to come very near the
surface, as the direction of the magnetic
needle is affected by, the variations of
the temperature from day to ‘night.
These variations, however,being scarcely
perceptible, it is inferred, that the effects
depend chiefly on the cufrents that
prevail at great depths.

Another object of the researches of
M. Ampére, is the assimilation that he
makes of the magnet, and of the assem-
blages of cireular parallel currents, to
which he gives the name of electro-
dynamic cylinders. This assimilation
may be manifested, either by the way
of experiment or by calculation. In
employing the second method, we must
compare the poles of the magnctised
bars, and not their extremities, with
the extremities of the electro dynamic
cylinders; as, according to the experi-
ment of M. Ampére, the magnetic poles
disclose the same properties as the ex-
tremities of the electro-dynamic cy-
linders. This kind of proof, while it
confirms the results of experiment, im-
presses the character of theory on
inductions derived solely from the ob-
servation of facts.

Two young and able naturalists have
supplied what was wanting, in this re-
spect, in the Tract of M. Ampére on
the identity of magnetism and electri-
city. Their memoirs were read to the
academy, in the sitting of February 3,
last. That of M. Mont. Ferrand con-
tains calculations relative to the mutual
action of a rectilinear-conductor, and
of an assemblage of circular currents,
situated in planes parallel to the di-
rection of this conductor. Assuming
the value or proportion assigned by
M. Atmpére, to the action of two elc-
ments of electrical currents, the author
determines that which is exercised
by an indefinite rectilinear conductor,
1.'On an element of electrical current.
2. On a circular current. 3. On an
assemblage of similar currents, perpen-
dicular to a right or curved line, passing
through their centres. When this is a
right line, the calculation reproduces
the law discovered in 1820, by M. Biot;
and confirmed by the experiments pub-

lished,

1823.] «

lished, in the same year, by M. Pouillet.
If the line is a circumference of a circle,
we then find one of the results of the
experiments of Messrs: Gay-Lussac
and Welter, on a steel ring magnetised,
by the process of M. Arago. If the line
of the centres is only a curve; with two
branches symmetrical, with respect to a
plane passing through the conductor,
the analysis leads to a result confirmed
by receut experiments.

The second circular memoir is that of
M. F. Savary; some account of it bas
already beech given in the Revue En-
eyclopedique.

Never was any discovery prosecuted
with more zeal and success than that
of Cirstedt, on the analogy between the
electric and magnetic fluids. Three
years have hardly elapsed, and the
science has already arrived at certain
theories, founded on facts, numerous
aud well analysed ; also, at methods of
calculation which would, alone, produce
new discoveries.

. While the knowledge relative to elec-
tricity and magnetism is acquiring

daily accessions, the science of light

and optics is advancing with rapid
steps. M. Fresnel has presented several
memoirs, the object of which is to ex-
press the general laws of doubie re-
fraction; also to discover the laws of
a new kind of polarisation, to which he
has given the name of circular polari-
sation ; also, to prove directly, that glass
compressed, causes light to undergo a
double refraction ; and lastly, to examine
the law of modification impressed by
a total reflection on polarised light.
These researches are connected with
the theoretic nofions that M. Fresnel,
and seyernl other writers on’ pliysics,
have adopted, respecting the nature, of
Jight. They consider its action as
operated by vibrations extremely ra-
pid, propagated in elastic mediums.
From this opinion not being generally
admitted, some dissensions lave arisen
in the republic of sciences, though,
from habil, more peaceably disposed
than that of letters.

The minister of interior had desired
the academy {to cxamine afresh the
question of areometers, and compare
the respective methods proposed, so as
to determine with precision, by meats
of that instrument, the specific weight
of liquids.
commission charged with this labour,
has retraced some very accnrate expe-
riments already made, by M. Gay-
Lussac, therein completcly answering

Montuy Maa, No. 387.

Academy of Sciences.

M. Arago, reporter to the”

249
the views of administration. M, Gay-
Lussac has drawn up tables, that for
science and minute detail become the
surest guide that rulers can follow in
the collection of the revenue. A’ me-
moir of M. Francoeur, on’ this subject,
and another by M. Benoit on areome-
ters, have honourable mention in ‘the
report of the commission. ‘The latter
memoir may he considered as an ex-
cellent chapter of a treatise on physics;
but the author has not taken up the
experimental part of the question.

M. Despretz has applied himself to
consider the conduetibility of bodies,
tliat is, the greater or less facility with
which heat penetrates them, and spreads
through their interior.” He has found
that, in their relation to this property,
the following bodies or substances are
in the order that experiment has ascer-
tained, commencing with the highest
degree; copper, iron, zinc, tin, lead,
marble, poreclain, and brick-clay. ‘The
report on this labour was drawn up by
M. Fourier. The results obtained by
M. Depretz are pronounced by the com-
missaries to be every way worthy of the
academy’s encouragement; and that the
physical sciences, several arts, and the
oeconomical processes, as to the distri-
bution and use of fuel, would be bene-
fited by their publication.

Of three comets observed in 1822,
the first was discovered by M. Gambart,
to whom we owe, also, the observation

f two others at Marseilles. MM. Pons
was the first that discovered the other
two. ‘Phe Revue has already noticed
that comet whose revolution was deter-
mined by M, Euke, and which has been
designated as the comet of a short
period; it will hereafter, no doubt, re-'
ecive an appropriate name, like the
other bodies of our system.

M. Gambey presented to the Aca-
demy two instruments, constracted on
new principles, 1. A compass of decli-
nation; and 2, an heliostaft. With re-
spect to the invention and execution of
astronomical itstruments, M.G. is, at
present, the first artist in Europe.

M. the Abbé Halma, translator of the
Almagest, is now publishing a French
translation of Ptolemy’s “ Manual
Tables,” hereby rendering a new service
to astronomy. He is also ‘prosecuting
“Enquiries on the Zodiack of Den-
derah,” and professes to prove that it
does not reach higher than the year
364 of the Christian era.

M. Coquebert Montbret, reporter of
thle “ Commission of Statistics,” after
2K announcing

250

announcing the prizes decreed, notices
the “Statistic Researches” of M. de
Chabrol, relative to the city of Paris,
and the department of the Seine. ‘The
rest of this work will shortly appear.

Mention is next made of works re-
lating to the colonies, M. de Jonnés
has commenced the publication of sume
useful memoirs on the “ Antilles ;” they
are intended to complete the ‘‘ Natural
History of Guadaloupe and Martinico.”
Certain other works have been collect-
ing documents on the same islands ;
were this plan extended to French
Guiana, and our establishments in the
Indian ocean, our colonies would be
better known than many parts of the
interior of France.

M. B. de Chateauneuf produced a
** Memoir on the Mortality of Women,
arrived at Ages from Forty to Fifty.”
In this he proves by evidence, that ap-
pears undeniable, contrary to a received
opinion, that the mortality of men is
greater at this period than that of wo-
men. This consequence has been drawn
from observations made in places ex-
tremely remote, and in very different
climates; in the south of France, in the
north of Russia, and in the intermediate
countries.

A memoir of M. de Jonnés, on the
extent of lands susceptible of cultiva-
tion in the French colonies, makes it
plainly appear, that even one-third of
the lands as yet not cleared, put into a
state of cultivation, would furnish sap-
plics, not only for the consumption
and manufactures of France, but for
exportation.

Messrs. P. Duchatelet and P. de
Contreille, medical doctors of the fa-
culty of Paris, have published some
Remarks on the River Biévre. About
the year 1790, the improvement of the
course of its waters; so as to render ifs
banks more salubrious, had formed the
subject of an interesting publication by
M. Hallé. A considerable part of the
population of the’ Faubourg St. Mar-
ceau are daily employed on its banks,
or in the vicinity, the importance of
whose establishments would be greatly
augmented, if the banks were lined with
a wall of masonry, if a pavement were
laid down on the soil, if toll-gates were
removed, &c.

In chemistry, facts are, progressively,
accumulating, so as, in time, to form a
general theory that may include them,
in all their relations, and reveal, as far
as it is possible, the causes and laws of
their action. In such a state of the sci-

Proceedings of Public Societies,

[Oct. 1,

ence, there is reason to fear that facts
will be inaccurately observed, and im-
perfeetly described. It has been hi-
therto believed, that the combination of
chlore with percarbonated hydrogen,
contained equal portions of these two
substances. M. Despretz has shown
that the volume of chlore is only half of
that of the percarbonated hydrogen.

M. Dulong, recently admitted into
the academy asa member, has made some
new discoveries on respiration, and on
the causes of animal heat. He has
found that the volume of carbonic acid,
formed in the act of respiration, was
always less than that of the absorbed
oxygen; experiments show it to be by
one third, in birds and carnivorous qua-
drupeds, and by one tenth in the
herbivorous. He has, morcover, re-
marked, that there was constantly so
strong an exhalation of azote, that,
in herbivorous animals, the volume of
air expired surpassed that of the air in-
spired, notwithstanding the diminution
of volume of the carbonic acid gas.
And, lastly, he has found the portion of
heat, corresponding to that of the acid,
to be scarcely half of the total heat
yielded by the animal, unless it be car-
nivorous; and that, in herbivorous
kinds, it does not reach three quarters
of the same quantity. From these pre-
mises, M. Dulong concludes that there
remains some other cause, different
from the fixation of oxygen, to account
for animal heat in its totality.

The loss sustained by the academy, in
the death of M. Hauy, gave reason to
apprehend that the public would be de-
prived of a complete edition of his
works, which the professor was pre-
paring. Five volumes had already ap-
peared, and the impression of the sixth
and last is now proceeding, under the
inspection of M. Delafosse, pupil of M.
Haiiy, and selected, by him, to co-
operate in his labours.

M. Constant Prevost, a skilful natu-
ralist, a pupil of M. Bronguiart, has
traced the geological traits of Nor-
mandy and Picardy, from Calais to
Cherbourg. At the two extremities of
this line, nearly eighty leagues in extent,
we find rocks. of a similar character ;
these rocks appertain to the primitive
soil; and, in some measure, form the
borders of the immense basin, in which
are deposited the rows or shells of the
posterior earths. The middle of this
basin is pretty near Dieppe; there we
perceive, only, such as are the most su-
perficial, and they aie almost all hori-

zontal,

?

1823.)

zontal. Tho intermediate shelves rise
up, obliquely, on each side. M. Prevost
has represented this sort of a natural
cup, in a drawing, which is rendered
still more intelligible by an ingenious
colouring. The grand divisions of the
land are distinguished, in their general
character, and with their subdivisions,
and so al! the facts that compose the
geological history of the country are in-
cluded. A description is subjuined of
the fossils, as well as of the couches or
strata that contain them, Among
others, is a species of reptile, named
ichthyosaurus, partaking of the nature
of a lizard and a fish, and the most
ancient, perhaps, that we are acquainted
with. There are, also, fishes, with some
unknown species of crocodiles and
cerites, a species of shell-fish that abound
in the rocks, and are found scattered in
heaps, one among another, but sepa-
rated by very thick strata of chalk, on
which none of them are found.

M. Dutrochct has made additional
experiments on the direction which the
different parts of plants take, from ger-
mination to their complete develop-
ment. He has fonnd, that when grails
are turned, and their axis of rotation is
inclined to the horizon, though but
slightly, the two seminal caudexes take
the same direction, and the radicle fol-
lows that inclination. If the axis be
perfectly horizontal, the two caudexes
take a direction in a tangent to the very
small circle described by the embryo.
In stalks that have leaves, when sub-
mitted to the rotation, the leaves turn
their superior faces towards the centre of
rotation, and the petiole, or supporting
stalk, bends conformably to that dis-
position.

M. Dupetit Thouars considers the
flower as a transmutation of the leaf, and
of the bud that depends on it. His ex-
periments on the juice of vegetables,
present facts which seem no further
connected with that substance than as it
is an assembiage of veyetable fibres,
such as would be no less observed in
other assemblages that have not the
properties of the juice. It is generally
supposed that a tree, deprived of its
bark, loses ifs power of vegetation.
M. D. T. has peeled trees, for three
years together, and they have sustained
no injury. He thinks the elm endures
this mutilation the best, but the oak de-
eays under if. A young peeled elm
produced, at first, some protuberances
That took a greenish tint, and were soon

Academy of Sciences.

251

found to be buds. These disappeared,
in winter; but, in the spring, there ap-
peared a number, large enough to recom-
mence a new tree.

M. Raffeneau Delille, professor of
botany at Montpellier, and a corres-
pondent of the academy, has described
a singular plant, of the family of cor-
bels, or gourds. On the same stalks it
bears hermaphrodite and male flowers.
lis frnit, nearly two feet in length, and of
a proportionate thickness, is covered
with a resinous and inflammatory pow-
der, plentiful enough to be gathered by
scraping off. The author judges it to
be analogous to the vegetable wax of
the myrica cerifera of North America,
and to the same of the ceroxylum
andicola, discovered in the Cordilleras
by Messrs. de Humboldt and Bonpland.
M. Jacquin, from whom M. Delille
received the grains of this plant, has
named it beninaga cerifera.

M. de Humboldt is publishing the
tenth uumber of his superb Collection
of Mimosa, and, in conjuction with M.
Kanth, the twenty-second number of
the new Genera and Species of the Tor-
rid Zone. M. Kanth bas published the
first volume of a Treatise, wherein he
éxamines, afresh, the Characters of the
Genera of the Family of Mallows, also
those of the Ciliaceous and Butnera
kind.

M. Richard, whose death in the course
of this year the academy have had to re-
gret, had left a paper on the Family of
the Balanophorcos, which has been
presented by his son, a young botanist,
the worthy representative of a family,
that, for near a century, has been ren-
dering service. to the science of vege-
tables, .

M. Dupetit Thouars has presented
the commencement of an History of the
Plants of the Family of Orchis. This
forms part of a Flora of the Isles of
France and Bourbon, which M. D. T.
has been long employed upon.

Several physiologists attribute the
faculty of absorbing exclusively to the
lymphatic vessels; some others, how-
ever, allow it also to the veins, for all
that is not chyle. This question has
been, of late, the subject of renewed
discussion, M. Segelas bas communi-
cated to the academy, and repeated,
before its committee, some experiments,
which not only confirm, in general, the
absorbent faculty of the veins, but
prove, aiso, that certain substances are
only absorbed by those vessels, or, at

least,

252
Jeast, that they are so, in a greater
abundance, and more rapidly, than by
the lacteal vessels.

M. Fodera, a young Sicilian physi-
cian, has presented a Memoir, wherein
he considers absorption and exhalation
as a simple imbibition (imbibing) and a
transudation, which depend only on the
organic capillarity of the tissue of the
vessels. The same physiologist has re-
peated, with great precision, the experi-
ments of Messrs. Woollaston, Brande,
and Marcet; which tend to prove that
certain substances pass directly from the
stomach into the reins and bladder,
without being drawn into the circu-
Jation.

The following details certain facts ob-
served by M. Majendie. ‘The nerves
are, at once, the organs of sentiment
and of voluntary motion ; but these two
functions are not, entirely, depending
one on the other; the former may be an-
nihilated, without any diminution of the
latter, and vice versa. It has alicady
been proved, that -they have different
seats in the masses which compose the
brain. Anatomists have been long en-
deavouring to ascertain whether they
have also, in the tissue of the nervous
cordons, pendicles (des filets) exclu-
sively assigned to them; but, hitherto,
hypotheses have been advanced on this
head rather than positive facts. The
experiments of M. Majendie may seem
to resolye this problem definitively. The
nerves that proceed from the spinal
marrow derive their origin through two
sorts of roots or fillets, some anterior,
others posterior, which unite at their
issuing from the spine, to form the trunk
of each pair of nerves. M. Majendie,
having opened the spine of the back of a
young dog, without injuring the nerves,
or its marrow, proceeded to cut the pos-
terior roots enly of some nerves, and be
instantly perceived that the correspond-
ing member was insensible to any punc-
turibg or squeezing. He, at first, con-
sidered it as paralysed ; but soon, to b's
great surprise, saw it move very dis-
tinctly. Three experiments producing
a similar effect, he was led to think that
the posterior roots of. the nerves might be
especially appropriated to sensibility,
aud the anterior to motion. He next
attempted to cut, separately, the ante-
rior roots, an operation much more dif-
ficult, and which, affer a number of
trials, he effected. ‘The member then
beeame faint and motionless, but retain-
ing the symptoms of sensibility. ‘Trials

Proceedings of Public Societies.

[Oct. 1 ?

made on the nux vomica led to the same
conclusions ; no convulsions appeared in
the members of this fish, the nerves of
which had lost their anterior roots, but
those which had only retained their pos-
tcrior roots had shocks as violent as if
all the roots had remained untouched.
The effects of the irritation are not so
distinct; there appears a number of con-
tractions, mixed with sigus of sensibi-
lity, but the contractions excited by
pinching or pricking the anterior roots
are marked more sensibly by infinite
degrees. —

M. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, who has pro-
duced a work on monstrosities, bas
been extending his researches to a Com-
parisca of the Organs of Dejection, and
those of Gencration, in Birds, proceed-
ing, at length, to compare the genital
organs in the two sexes. Herein, all
the difficulties of the question are col- .
lected. In these respects, the author
considers the monotremes, those extra-
ordinary quadrupeds of New Holland,
which unite the shoulders of a reptile
with the beak of a bird, and the strue-
ture of whose genital organs is so para-
doxical, that, though they are_hot-
pisesivah and have bodies covered with

air, as quadrupeds, it is doubtful whe-
iher they are not oviparous, like reptiles,
M. Geoffroy inclines to the affirmative,
relying on the testimony of a traveller,
who vyouches for having observed the
fact; and, according to report, has
brought over tu Europe some eggs of
the ornithoryneus, the name of that
singular species of animals. According
to his account, which he professes to
have received from the abotiginals Of
the country, the female prepares a nest,
wherein she deposits two eggs. 4

The organization of the lamprey has
never been correctly discriminated as to
any distinelive index of sex. Messrs.
Majendie and Desmoulins haye ob-
served, in an individual of this species,
that it had an organ placed like the
ovary of others; but, in ifs form or
siructure, it was analogous to the organs
of the male of the shad. At the same
time, and in the same river, another
lamprey, smaller, with ovaries more
prominent, avd visibly filled with eggs,
was taken. Hence the former lamprey
is supposed to be ose of those males that
have been so Jong sought for: its liver
was of a dask green colour, the female’s
was of a reddish yellow. :

The approaches of the animal and
vegetable Kirigdoms to each other, are

by

1823.]

by such of their respective species as are
the most imperfect. "The marine poly-
pus has long been considered as a
plant; for a longer time, still, it was
thought to be an intermediate being be-
tween the two kingdoms; but there are
several other bodies that appear to he-
long to the animal kingdom, altbough,
during a part of their existence, they
exhibit all the phenomena of vegetables.
They have, pretty generally, been
jucluded in the family of conferves,
(hairweed); Adanson, however, had
observed voluntary movement in one of
them, and M. G. Chantran bad noticed,
in some others, corpuscles which had all
the appearances and properties of infa-
sory animalcules. To obtain correct no-
tions in respect to this group of organ-
ized beings, a rigid examination became
necessary. This M. B. de St. Vincent
has undertaken; placing under a micro-
scope all the filaments he had discovered,
in salt or fresh water, tracing, atten-
lively, their metamorphoses and deve-
lopments, he has distinctly ascertained
degrees of animality. The groupe of
Jragillariated show but few signs of
animal existence ; the oscillariated have
a movement similar to what their name
expresses ; in the conjugated, the fillets
at times draw near together, place them-
selves one beside and close to another,
communicating and conjoining the co-
Jouring matter with which their articula-
tions are replenished, by means of small
lateral holes or mouths. One of the
articulations is emptying, while another
is changing into one or several globules,
that appear to be the means of reproduc-
tion. The zoocarpated are those glo-
bules whick have assumed all the cha-
acters of real animals. After a certain
number of transformations, they burst
the case wherein the last metamorphosis

was effected, and then have a voluntary -

movement, and swim about, rapidly, in
every direction, like the animalcules to
whith the name of Volyox has been
given. At another period they again
become fixed, extending, lengthways,
by the successive appearance and
growth of several articles or joinis accu-
mulating into another filament, which
reimains motionless, till, in ifs turn, it
produces a. fresh generation, in the
same order as the preceding. Each of
these groupes is divided into several
kinds, according to. the detailed cireum-
Slances accurately specified by M, de
St. Vincent. ‘Vo this numerous family
our naturalist has added another, which
he terms baetiiarated, as these corpus-

Academy of Sciences.

253
cles resemble small batoons or staves,
Amongst the kinds that compose it is
that animalcule, which, according to the
observations of M. Gaillon, is the real
cause that produces the green colour of
certain oysters.

M. Guyon has sent from Martinico
the description of a leech, twenty indi-
viduals of which he found in the nasal
fosses or cavities of a heron, (Ardea
virescens) of thatisland. If this were
the constant residence of that worm,
the faet would be remarkable, as we are
not acquainted with any other species of
leeclr that lives, constantly, in the inte-
rior of other animals.

M. Lamouroux has described tho
polypus which iubabits a singular coral of
the Indian seas, and has beef called the
organ-player (Tubipora musica). M.
Delamarck has terminated his History
of Animals non-vertebrated, the seventh
and last volume of which comprehends
the Molluseee, the must elevated in
point of organization. The History of
the Quadrupeds of the Menagerie, by
Messrs. F. Cuvier and Geoffroy St.
Hilaire, has come to its 836th number.
M. Devaucel has given the description
and drawings of several animals from
India; his labours are enriching the
cabinet of Natural History with a mul-
titude of valuable objects. M. IL.
Delatour has also placed, in that vast
depot, the collections that he formed in
India, as also M. Auguste de St.
Hilaire, the produce of his excursions
into the:interior of Brazil. M. de Fer-
rusac is proceeding on his great work
respecting Molluscze of the Jand and
of fresh water. He has begun the de-
scription of fresh-water shells found in
the fossile state, and instituted a compa:
rison between the living and fossile
species, treating, also, of a kind but
littte known, to which he gives the name
of melanopsides. One point which he
aims to prove is, that the different spe-
cies of this last genus, and of several
others that abound in potter’s clay, and
in the lignites, in several lower regions
of Europe, are the same as those now
found alive in more southern countries.

In medicine and surgery, the namber
of memoirs is considerable. An account
of these, with the judgment of the aca- ,
demy respecting them, is postponed.

M. de Humboldt has announced his
intention to’ rear and bring the vigon or
llama fo a state of domesticity, if prac.
ticable, previous to transporting them
into Europe, where itis probable they
might live without degenerating,

M, Lemare

254
M. Lemare has presented to the aca-
demy an.apparatns, which he calls a
Calefactor, one that may be very usefully
employed in domestic economy. The
eylindrival vessel, placed in the middle,
is every where surrounded by the fuel
that heats it, and the fuel is, itself, sur-
rounded by another vessel in the shape
of a crown, of the same height as that in
the middle, and which is filled with
water. The circular void between these
two vessels, and which serves as a
hearth, is pierced at the lower part with
small holes for the circulation of air.

New Patents and Mechanical [nventions.

pOct. 1,

An indelible ink is becoming more and
more necessary in proportion to the im-
proving skill and industry of forgers. A
manufacturer of Paris, M. de la Renau-
diére, has presented a sample of ink of
this description, which combines al! the
desirable qualitics, and which resists all
the agents usually employed to efface
writing. It has received the approba-
tion of the academy, and the recipe of it
is placed under seal in the secretary’s
office, to try whether it will retain its
qualities; some other kinds, with similar
pretensions, having failed herein.

NEW PATENTS AND MECHANICAL INVENTIONS,

—a——

To Jacop Perkins, of Fleet-street,
London, Engineer; for certain Im-
provements in Sieam-Engines. Partly
communicated to him hy a Foreigner
residing abroad.—Dce. 10, 1822.

R. Jacos Perkins: declares. the

nature of his improvements to
consist in heating water, or other fluid
or fluids, far the purpose -of generating
steam for steam-engines, in a vessel or
vessels kept, during such process. of
heating, full of such water, or other
fluid or fluids, and also under pressure ;
and which said yessel he sometimes
substitutes for the ordinary boiler used
in steam-engines, and calls a generator.

By this arrangement steam is generated

with a much smaller quantity of fuel

than by the ordinary boilers used in
steain-engines of a like power. And
he also declares that the nature of his
improvements further consists in cau-
sine such water, or other fiuid or fluids,
so heated as aforesaid, to escape from
under the said pressure, and pass at
once from the generator into the steam-
pipe, where it hecomes steam er vapour,
and in that form may pass thence to the
cylinder, or to any other situation con-
nected with a. steam-engine, without
the necessary intervention of any steam-
chamber or other reservoir of ‘steam.
Also, that tbe nature of his improve-
ments consists in causing such escape of
water, or other fluid or fluids, to take
place, by forcing other water, or other
fluid or fluids. into the generator; and
thereby maintaining the generator in
that state of fulness required for the
parposes of his said invention. Also,
further consists in the application of the
hereinbefore declared improvemeits ge-
nerally, for the purpose of generating
steam for steam-cngines, whether such
steam be employed to act through the

steam-pipe, without a steam-chamber
immediately on the piston of a steam-
engine, or to be collected in a reservoir
or steam-chamber, and thence to act on
the piston, or for heating the water for
ordinary steam-engines, or for any other
purpose for steam-engines. And in
further compliance with the said pro-
viso, he does hereby describe a manner
in which his said invention may be per-
formed, which manner is the best he
has hitherto discovered, or is at this
time in possession of, or informed of,
and which is ascertained by the follow-
ing description thereo!.—The said ge-
herator. may be heated by a variety
of known furnaces, but the one he has
used and found to be the best, is one
of the cupola kind fed by a blast: and
his safety-pipe, indicator, and forcing-
pump, are not new, but he claims ex-
clusive privilege for the following im-
provements only ; that is to say:

First, for heating water, or other fluid
or fluids, for the purpose of generating
steam for steam-engines, in a vessel or
vessels kept (during such process of
heating) full of such water, or other
fluid or fluids, and under a pressure
greater than the expansive force of the
steam to be generated from such water,
or other flaid or fluids, at the time of its
generation.

Secondly, for causing such water, or
other fluid or fluids, so heated as afore-
said, to escape from under the said
pressure, and pass al once from the ge-
neraior into the steam-pipe, where it
hecomes steam or vapour, and in that
form may pass thence to the cylinder,
or to any other situation connected with
a steam-cngine, without the necessary
intervention of any steam-chamber, -or
other reservoir of steam,

Thirdly, for the manner of aay

such

>

4823.)

such water, or other fluid or fluids, to
escape as aforesaid; that is to say, by
forcing other water, or other flaid or
fluids, into the generator, until the pres-
sure against the steam-valve shall cause
it to rise, the valve being so loaded as
not to rise, except by means of such
extra pressure as aforesaid.

Fourthly, for the general application
of such water, or other fluid or fluids,
so heated as aforesaid, and of the steam
or vapour generated thereby, whether
such steam or vapour be employed
through a steam-pipe without a steam-
chamber or reservoir, to act immedi-
ately ou the piston, or to be collected
in a reservoir or steam-chamber, and
thence to act on the piston, or only for
heating water to generate other steam,
or for any other purpose or purposes
whatsoever ; provided always that such
general application as aforesaid be for
the purposes of steam-engines,

——

To ALEXANDER Lawy of the Commer-
cial-road, Founder; for an Improve-
ment in the Form of Bolts and Nails
for Ships, and other Fastenings.—
July 17, 1821. bth 0%
‘This improvement consists in giving

the bolts and nails used for ships and

other fastenings such a form or figure,
that, when once driven home into their
place, they cannot work themselves out
by jars or strains, and this he effects by
forming them with fonr, five, or a
greater number of sides, and conse-
quently as many interveping angles;
and making the said sides and angles to
wind round the axis of the bolt or nail
in a screw form, so that the said bolts
or nails, when in the act of being driven
into a hole of proper size, revolve on
their axis, as they are made to advance
by the force applied to them; and the
pieces therewith bolted together are
held much more securely than they
would be with common bolts; as the
bo!ts thus formed cannot be drawn from
either the one piece or the other, there-
with bolted together, by any of the
common strains to which such fasten-
ings are exposed, without absolutely
tearing ont a portion of the solid sub-
stance of the wood. Of these improved
bolts and nails a proper idea may be
formed, by conceiving them, in the
provess of manufactaring them, to be
formed in the first place into polygonal
rods or prisms, of as many sides and in-
tervening angles as may be required,
any portion of which rod, if equably
twisted, would assume a screwed ap-

New Patents and Mechanical Inventions.

255

earance, and would in fact present a

ind of screwed bolts, composed of as
many threads as they were angles ori-
ginally given to the piece of rod before
being thus twisted; and stch a picce of
polygonal rod, when thus treated, may
be considered as a bolt or nail of my
said improved form.— Repertory.

LIST OF PATENTS FOR NEW INVENTIONS.

Edward Ollerenshaw, of Manchester,
hat-manufacturer ; for a method of dressing
and furnishing hats, by means of certain
machinery and imp!ements to be used and.
applied thereto.— May 27, 1823,

fhomas Peel, of Manchester, esq. for
a rotary-engine for the purpose of com-
municating motion by means of steam or
other gaseous media.—May 97.

Stephen Wilson, of Streatham, esq.; for
certain improvements in machinery for
weaving and winding. Communicated to
him by certain foreigners residing abroad.
—May 531.

John Mills, of Si!ver-street, London;
and Herman Wiliiam Fairman, merchants ;
for certain improvements in rendering
leather, linen, fiax, sail-cloth, and certain
other articles, water-proof. Communi-
cated to them by a certain foreigner re-
siding abroad.—May 31.

Richard Badnall, of Leek, silk-manufac-
turer; for certain improvements in dyeing.
—June 5.

Thomas Attwood, of Birmingham,
banker; for certain improvements in the
making of. cylinders tor the printing of
cottons, calicos, ar:d other articles. Com-
n.unicated to him by a person residing
abroad.—June 3.

Thomas Mills, of Dudbridge, near
Stroud, cloth-dresser ; for certain improve-
ments on machines for shearing or cropping
woollen cloths. Communicated to him
by certain foreigners residing abroad.—
June 5.

Jacob Perkins, late of Philadelphia, bnt
now of Fleet-street, London, engineer ; for
certezn improvements in steam-engines.
Partly communicated to him by a certain
foreigner residing abroad.—June 5.

Edward Cowper, of Kennington, me-
cianist; for certain improvements | in
machines and apparatus for printing ca-
lico, linen, silk, wool, paper, and other
substances capable of receiving printed
impressions.—June 10.

Robert Mushet, of the Royal Mint
Tower-hill, gentleman ; fur mean or means,
process or processes, for improving the
quality of copper and alloyed copper, ap-
plicable to the sheathing of ships and other
purposes.—June 14.

*,* Copies of the specifications, or further
notices of any of these inventions, will be
inseried free of expense, on being Lransmitted

to the Editor,
VARIETIES,

f 256 J

‘VARIETIES, LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL;
Including ”'No tices of Works in Hand, Domestic and Foreign. x

—

E are clad to see Plans of Villaze

and Neighbourly Libraries again
afloat, and we once more recommend
them tothe zealous support of our readers.
They complete the education of the peo-
ple. The national schools commence a
system of general instruction, which these
perfect. “The good effects of schools are
Jost if books are not provided for sub-
sequent amusement and instruction;
and these may be introduced into every
village or neighbourly circle for ten or
twelve guineas, and kept up at a guinea
or two per annum. ‘The hooks should
not be of a canting or gloomy descrip-
tion, but should illustrate History, Geo-
graphy, Biography, Natural Kuowledge,
and Voyages and Travels. We have
seen a computation that there already
exist in the United Kingdom not less
than 340 permanent subscription libra-
ries, 1900 book socicties of circulation,
and double the number of village Jibra-
ries, the annual purchase of books by the
whole exceeding sixty thousand pounds,
and supplying one hundred thousand
persons with reading of a solid and in-
structive character, Besides these
means of enlightening the public, there
are above 1000 circulating libraries,
which supply sentimental reading to tne
female sex ; and, in the three kingdoms,
not short of 2,500 shops, which subsist
wholly or chiefly by the sale of books.
All these serve more or less as antidotes
to superstition and political slavery;
and, while they exist and flourish, a
million of men in the liveries of power,
the corruptions of parliament, and the
chicanery of law, cannot cheat us of
those rights and privileges on which de-
pend our national energies and social
prosperity. Behold this true picture of
Britain, all ye foreign nations who sigh
for liberty, and seek to enjoy it in paper
constitutions. ‘These may please the eye
of speculative philosophy, but the genius
of freedom will never fix her abode ex-
cept among an educated population;
and, whenever a paper constitution is
promulgated, it should be accompanied
simultaneously by the instruction of the
whole population, and by the multipli-
cation and activity of printing presses.
If France had thus been instructed by
Napoleon, the vile Cossacks would never
have polluted her soil, nor the Bour-
bons have obtruded their abominations ;

; 1

and, if Spain had been educated, her
population would have risen en masse on
the armed banditti who now spread de-
solation throngh her fertile provinces.

The good eftects of Mr. Mantin’s Law
agaiust cruclty to animals begins to be
acted upon through the nation, and
must tend to produce sentiments of hu-
manity among persons who hitherto have
treated animals as they would blocks of
stone. Rational beings, as they call
themselves, are nevertheless so irra-
tional as seldom to reflect on the love of
life and the feelings of creatures not ex-
actly in their own form; and this total
absence of the faculty of thinking in
nine of every ten of the human race is
the canse of the numberless cruelties
practised on beings as sensitive as our-
selves. To the iinmortal honour of Mr.
Martin, he has, unaided, been indefa-
ligable in carrying: his own Law into
action, aud has brought to punishment
some of the brutal bipeds who abuse
cattle in Smithfield, and who iil-treat
that noble animal the borse. We are
sorry to find that even Christians, who
affect to respect the great moral law,
suffer it to operate only in regard to ob-
jects whose reaction they fear. They
generally doas they would be done unto
when men as powerful as themselves,
and under equal protection of the law,
are concerned; but, when the object is
defenceless, and under no legal protec-
tion, they then skin, boil, and roast alive,
without remorse, and inflict other tor-
tures too horrible to describe. The God
of all must view these matters difler-
ently.

Mr. Roscoe bas been long engaged
on a variorum edition of Pope, and it
may be expected to make its appear-
ance in the ensuing winter.

Sir J. E. Smirn, president of the
Linnean Society, &c. has nearly ready
for publication the first portion of his
English Flora. So much has been done
in botany since the publication of this
author’s “ Flora Britannica” and “ Eng-
lish Botany,” especially with regard to
natural affinities ;” and he has for thirty
years past found so much to correct, in
the characters and synonyms of British
plants, that this will be entirely an ori-
ginal work. The language, also, is at-
tempted to be reduced to a correct
standard. The genera are eng

ane

a
[Oct ty! al

.
and the species defined, from practical
observation ; and it is hoped the expec-
tations of British botanists wilh not be
disappointed.

Balloon speculations are again in acti-
vity, but managed with such small dex-
terity, as to prove, either that the par-
ties were pretenders, or that the art re-
trogrades, The plan of filling with gas
from the street-pipes much facilitates
and cheapens the process, yct several
failures in time, or ascent, have recently
taken place, and even common accidents
have not been guarded against. Never-
theless it appears, that, however? high the
parties ascend, and however low the
baromcter falls, the gas is still sufficient
for the purposes of respiration; and the
most remarkable, and perhaps unac-
evuntable phenomenon, is the rapidity of
progress compared with the ascertained
Nelocity of winds, one of our recent
-aeronauts having gone over thirty-five
miles in eighteen minutes.

Lithography and engraving on wood
are working great changes ‘in the gene-
ral features of lileratare. We have just
seen a sntall map from the office of Mr.
Wittica, from writing on stone, which
proves the great capabilities of that art
In a new line. And in regard to wood,
in which Mr. Bewicke, the reviver,
was afew years since the only artist,
there are now in London twenty or

thirty masters, and twice as many ap-
/prentices, in full work. Steel engra-
ving, introduced by Messrs. PERKINS
‘and Heartu, is also becoming general
for school and popular books, which re-
quire tens of thousands of impressions ;
and we are indebted to Mr. Reap for
the introduction of a metal harder thau
copper, and not so susceptible of the
action of oil, from which 10 or 20,000
good impressions may be taken of deli-
cate subjects. In fact, between sione,
wood, sicel, and Read’s hard metal,
the oid material of copper-plates seems
likely to be abandoned. ‘The great
work of “ Nature Displayed,” which
has just appeared, contains no less than
260 plates; but the whole are fine spe-
cimens of stecl, hard metal, or wood,
and calculated to yield 50,060 good
impressions ; whereas copper_would not
have afforded above 2000. Hence we
get richly-ornamented books 100 per
cent. cheaper than heretofore.
The shops of Messrs, Mitte and of
_ Souter, who import American, books,
_ prove, by the variety and importance of
the novelties which they exhibit, that
MontuHiy Maa. No, 387.

Literary and Philosophical Intelligence.

257

American literature is beginning to
stand on its own legs. Thus far it
could not be avoided that the transat-
lantic presses should merely reflect the
Jiterature of the mother country; but
the imp) ove capital of American book-
sellers begins to enable them to encou-
rage-original works, and, alihough the
names of ithe writers are scidom clas-
sical, and their prenomens are often puri-
tanica!, consisting of Zachariabs, Ema-
nuels, Elkanahs, Jedidiahs, Hezekiahs,
and the like, yet their good sense and
originality will surmount these difficul-
ties, and the genius of liberty do the rest.
Specdily will be published, Zelyn
Dewi, the Poetical Works of the Rev.
D. Davis, of Castle-Howel, Cardigan-
shire, chiefly. in the Welsh Language,
including translations from Gray, Cow-
per, Addison, Barbanld, &ec. with a
portrait of the author. The author’s
reputation as a classical Welsh poet of
eminent merit, has been for many years
established by his translation of Gray’s
Elegy, which is universally considered
as equal to the original, ‘
An Essay on Human Liberty, by the
late Dean MILNER, is in the press. .
Mr. Gopwin has for some time been
engaged on a work, to be entitled, the
History of the Commonwealth of Eng-
land, Phere isno part of the history of
this island (says Mr. G. in bis pio-
specius), which has been so inadequately
treated as the History of the Common-
wealth, or the characters and acts of
those leaders who had for the most part
the direction of the public affairs of
England from 1640 to 1660. When the
Commonwealth of HKagland was over-
turned, and Charles the Second was
restored, a proscription took place in
thiscountry, resembling, with such vari-
ations as national character and religion
demanded, ihe proscriptions iu the Jatter
years of the Roman Republic. This
severity had its object, and the measure
might be necessary. That the restored
order of things should become perma-
nent, it might be requisite that the heads
of the regicides should be fixed on the
piunacles of our public edifices, and that
tle exercise of every form of worship
but that of the church of England should
be forbidden, as it was forbidden. The
proscription however went further than
this. ‘Phe characters of ihe men who
figured during the interregnum’ were
spoken of with horror, and their me-
moirs were composed afer the manner
of the Newgate Calendar, As the
2L bodics’

. 258
Wodies of Cromwel and Pym and Blake
were dug out of their graves to gratify
the spleen of the triumphant party, so
no one had the courage to utter a word
in commendation either of the talents or
virtues of men engaged in the service of
the Commonwealth.’ The motives for
misrepresentation are temporary; but
the effects often remain, when the causes
are no more. This isin most cases the
result of indolence only: historians fol-
low the steps of one another, with the
passiveness and docility of a flock of
sheep following the bell-wether. What
was begun by the writers who immedi-
ately succeeded the restoration, has ever
since been continued. The annals of
this period are written in the cradest
manner, and touched with hasty and
flying strokes, as if the authors perpeta-
ally proceeded under the terrors of con-
tamination. No research has been
exercised; no public measures have
been traced to their right authors; and
the succession of judges, public officers,
and statesmen, has been left in impene-
trable confusion. All is chaos and
disorder. ‘To develop this theme is the
object of the work it is proposed to
write. The purpose of the author is to
review his materials with the same
calmness, impartiality, and inflexible
justice, as if the events of which he is to
treat had happened before the universal
deluge, or in one of the remotest islands
of the South Sea. He will not con-
sciously give place in the slightest degree
to the whispers of favour or affection,
nor fear to speak the plain and unvar-
nished truth, whoever may reap from it
honour or disgrace. Such is the
homage tbat ought to be paid to the
genius of history ; and such a narrative
is the debt that future ages have a right
to demand.”

A ptospectus and specimen are in
circulation of a Scientia Biblica, or a
Copious Collection of Parallel Passages
for the illustration of the New Testa-
ment, printed in words at length: the
whole so arranged as to illustrate and

confirm the different clauses of cach.

verse; together with the text at large,
in Greek and English, the various read-
ings, and the chronology.

A Geognostical Essay on the Super-
position of Rocks in both Hemispheres,
by M. de Humseo opt, translated into
English under his immediate inspection,
will be published next month.

Capt. A. Cruise, of the 64th regt.
has just ready for publication, Journal

Literary and Philosophical Intelligence.

[Oct Pa
of a Ten Months’ Residence in New
Zealand.

A new work, from the pen of Miss
Porter, author of “ Thaddeus of War-
saw,” &c. will shortly appear, in three
volumes, entitled Duke Christian of
Luneberg, or Traditions from the Hartz.

Mr. SHARPE is preparing engravings
from Mr. Westall’s designs, for the
British Anthology, or Poetical Present,
designed, with considerable variation of
materials and arrangement, as an
exemplar of the once popular. ‘ Dods-
ley’s Collection.”

The next volume of the Methodical
Cyclopedia wiil consist of Geography.
It will include an attempt to fix the
pronunciation of names of places ; and,
in that respect, be superior to every
existing geographical dictionary.

The regular publication of the Eney-
clopedia Edinenses will be resumed,
and the work completed within the ori-
ginal limits... Part-XUX. wilkbe ready
in October:

The author of the ‘Peerage and
Baronetage Charts,” “the Secretary’s
Assistant,” &e.is preparing a Dictionary
of English Quotations, in three parts.
Part the First, containing Quotations
from Shakspeare, will appear in a few
days. :
A Treatise on the Law of Libel, is
preparing for publication, by RicHaRD
Mencts, esq. barrister-at-law, in which
the general doctrines will be minutely
examined, and logically discussed.

A Print is announced frem the bust
of the late Mr. CHARLES WARREN.

The eighth volume of the Annual
Biography and. Obituary, comprelend-
ing memoiis of most of the celebrated
persons whose decease has taken place,
or may take place, within the present
year, is in preparation, and will be pub-
lished on the Ist of January, 1824.

The Star in the Fast, with other
Poems, by J. ConpeRr, is printing. «

Mr. Cuarves WestMAcortt is about
to publish a humourous work, called
Points of Misery, with designs by. the
ingenious Cruickshank.

Mr. Sie, the Irish dramatist, is
printing an Epic Poem.

Sir Everarp Home has discovered
that high notes do not affect animals,
but that they are much stimulated by
the low notes played on musical instru-
ments.

Dr. Coneuest will soon publish,
Outlines of Midwifery, for tho use of
Students.

Dr.

1-823.)
Dr. Ure is preparing a new and

revised edition of Berthollet on Dyeing.
Mr. Lampert is engaged on a Sup-

plement to his splendid work on Pines.

A novel, called the Spaewife, by Mr.
GALT, is in the press.

The Newspapers are beginning to
notice the Lansdown manuscripts, from
which we published a series of selections
ten years ago.

The Library of Napoleon was lately
sold in London. Many of the books
had notes by himself, and they fetched
high prices. His ornamented walking-
stick fetched thirty-seven guineas.

At the sale of Mr. Nollekin’s works,
his head of Sterne fetched 58 guineas,
and of Fox 145 guineas.

The Golden Cross, Charing Cross,
and tie adjoining buildings, are to come
down, anda splendid building erected
on its scite like the Pantheon at Rome.

Mr. Br'stocke is preparing the Life
of Howell Harries, esq. founder of the
establishment of Trevecka; and Mrs.
Bristocke is about to publish a trans-
lation of the Athaliah of Racine.

An edilien is printing in London of
the Eatire Works of Demosthenes and
féschines, from the text of REISKE,

collated with other editions.

The Rev. D, Warr is printing a
Course of Lectures on Bunyan’s Pil-
grim’s Progress, illustrating its original
characters, &c.

Mr. Cottzs, of Bristol, will soon
publish, Observations on the Orestor
Caves, with engravings of the fossil re-
mains of fourteen different animals.

Memoirs are printing of the late Capt.
J. Neale, by the Rey. G. Barciay.

Mrs. J. Vowntey is printing a Letter
to the Council of Ten.

An Account of a Visit to Spain in
1822-3, by MicHaeLt Quin, esq. will
appear in a few days.

Mr. BrayxLey, jun. announces the
Natural History of Meteorolites.

A Translation of all the Greek, Latin,
Italian, and I'rench, Sentences, Phrases,
&e. which occur in Blackstone’s Com-
mentaries, and also in the notes of
Christian, Archbald, and Williams, is
in the press,

Speedily will be published, Extracts
from various Greek Authors, with Eng-
lish notes and lexicon, for, the use of
the junior Greek class in the University
of Glasgow.

A new editionof Shirley’s Works, by
Mr. Girrorp, is in forwardness. All
the Piays are printed, and a portion of
dhe Poems,

Literary and Philosophical Intelligence.

259

A new edition of Ford's Plays aie
also in preparation, by the same editor.

Early this month will appear the Clas-
sical-monosyllabical Explanatory Spel-
ling-book, containing near 5000 primi-
tive monosyllables, arranged rhythmi-
cally, and furnishing materials for the
instructive diversion catled Crambo.

The Night before the Bridal, and
other Poems, by Miss Garnett, is
about to appear in an octavo volume,

An interesting tale will appear
shortly, entitled the Stranger’s Grave.

James L. DRUMMOND, M.D. surgeon,
professor of Anatomy and Physiology in
the Belfast Academical Institution, has
in the press a duodecimo volume, enti-
tled First Steps to Botany, intended as
popular illusiraiions of the science,
leading to its study as a branch of
general education, illustrated with nu-
merous wood-cuts.

Hurstwood, a tale of the year 1815,
is in the press.

A novel is in the press, entitled
Country Belles, or Gossips Outwitted.
RUSSIA.

The Academy of Sciences of Peters-
burgh, authorised by the Emperor, has
made purchase of the magnificent ca-
binet of ancient medals of General
Suchtelen. It consists of more than
eleven thousand pieces, in gold, silver,
and bronze, selected with care and
taste, by an enlightened amateur.

A special Institute for the study of
the oriental languages has been lately
created, as an adjunct to the College
of Foreign Affairs. It admits twenty
young persons, intended to serve as
interpreters to the Russian legations in
the Levant. The two professors. are
Messrs. Demanges and Charmoy, é/eves
of the Royal Oriental School of Paris;
their annual appointments amount to
six thousand roubles.

The Assembly of Rabbis and Elders
of Plosko, in Poland, came lately to a
determination to allow the Jews to ce-
lebrate their Sabbath on the Sunday.
The Polish Israelites are generally al-
lowed to surpass their brethren of other
countries in intelligence, attending to
moral and useful instruction, rather than
to cabalistical and talmudical dogmata.

GERMANY.

According to a decree of government
in the Munich Journals, the beautiful
royal domain of Schleibeim is to be
converted into a school of agricultare,
the pupils to be divided into three
classes. The first, to comprise such as
are intended for subaltern employments,

3 or

260

or aty occupations connected with
agricultare; the second, such as, in
addition to the various processes of
practical agriculture, would acquire
the knowledge of the correlative arts ;
and the third, such as applying them-
selves chicfly to theory, would inves-
tigate, also, the sciences auxiliary to
agriculture.

There have lately been discovered in
a clayey soil, on the banks of the Neckar,
near Stutfgard, ossified remains, of ex-
traordinary maguitude, and believed to
be those of the quadruped called
Mammoth,

FRANCE.

From an official return published of
the births, marriages, and deaths, oc-
curring in Paris in the year 1822, it
appears, that of 26,880 children born,
no less than 9,751 were bastards; or
more than 36 illegitimate children out of
every 100: the marriages were 7,157,
and the deaths 23,269: in every instance

there is, in these returns, a near ap--

proach to equality between the males
and the females, exce;t as to the séi/d-
born children, of which 795 were males,
and only 626 females, which seems a
singular result.

A commission from the Academy of
Sciences at Paris, who have been de-
puted to inquire tuto and report on
the liability to accidents from steam-
engines, remarks justly, ‘‘ that every
mechanic method carries with it dan-
gers; and, for persevering in the employ-
ment of it, it is sufficient that these
dangers do not exceed, notwithstanding
their possibility, a very slight degree of
probability.” ;

The Society of Christian Morals of
Paris have proposed a prize cof one
thousand franes, to be adjudged to the
author of the best memoir, on the fol-
lowing question: ‘What~means are to
be adopted to ensure the fina! abolition
of the Slave Trade, between the coast
of Africa and the French colonies?’
Memoirs to be addressed, before the
first of July 1824, to the president. The
views of the Society are detailed in its
very extensive Program. “

An iuhabitant of Chaumont, in the
department of Aube, turncd up lately,
while labouring in his field with his
plough-share, an ancient earthen pot,
containing about four thousand Roman
medals in bronze, They bear’ the

Literary and Philosophical Intelligence.

Oct. 1,”

effigies of several Roman emperors, of
the third century, (from 250 to 260,)
some of whom were only acknow-
ledged by the armies which they com-
manded. Among others, appearGalienus;
Victorinus the elder; Posthumus the
elder ; Marinus, surnamed Mammurius ;
Flavius Claudius; and Saiumna, the
wife of Galicnus. ‘The medals do not
appear to have been ever in circulation
and are very well preserved. ;
ITALY.

M. AnxGELo Mal, prefect of the
Vatican library, bas just published a
second edition of the fragments of the
works of Frontonus. These he had
discovered originally in the Ambrosian
library of Milan, but he has now consi-
derably augmented them, by fresh dis-
coveries, made in the treasures of the
Vatican. The literary public will be
highly gratified to learn, that among
these augmentations, are more than a
hundred letters of Marcus Aurelius,
Frontonus, and others. This edition
is dedicated to the Pope.

it is intended to establish at Rome
an English Academy of the Fine Arts.
The English Academy of London, of
which Sir Tuomas LawReNce is pre-
sident, has already allotted a certain
sum for this embellishment, which is to
be kept up by annual subscriptions.

UNITED STATES.

Repeating guns have been invented
in America, containing from five to
twelve charges each, which may be
discharged, in less than two seconds to a
charge, with the same accuracy and
force as the ordinary fire-arms. The
pumber of charges may be extended to
twenty, or even forty, if required, with-
out adding any thing to the tacum-
brance of the piece. ‘The principle
applies equally well to muskets, rifles,
fowling-pieces, and pistols. These guns
possess all the advantages of the ordi-
nary fire-arms, for loading and firing
single charges, with the adiitional ad-
vantage of priming. themselves, and
keeping in reserve any number of
charges that may be required to meet
any emergency, which charges are as
completely under tlie distinct and se-
parate control of the gunner, as a single.
charge in the ordinary gun, We wish
the patriots in Spain and Greece bad a
monopoly in them.

BRITISH

1323.1 b-

261 1

=

BRITISH LEGISLATION.

ACTS PASSED in the FOURTH YEAR of the REIGN of GEORGE THE FOURTH, 07 in lhe
THIRD SESSION of the SEVENTH PARLIAMENT of the UNITED KINGDOM.
<=

AP. I. To indemnify such Persons
in the United Kingdom as have
omitted to qualify themselves for Offices
and Employments, and for extending the
Time limited for those Purposes respec-
tively, until the 25th Day of March
1824 ; to permit such Persons in Great
Briiain as have omitted to make and file
Affidavits of the Execution of Indeniures
of Clerks to Attornies and Solicitors, to
make and file the same on or before the
Ist Day of Hilary Term 1824; and to
allow Persons to make and file such
Affidavits, although the Persons whom
they served shall have neglected to take
out their Annual Certificates.

Cap. if. Yo amend an Act of the
last Session of Parliament, for regu-
lating the Trade between his Majesty’s
Possessions in America and the West
Indies, and other Parts of the World.

Cap. Ill. For continuing to his Ma-
jesty for One Year certain Duties on
Sugar, Tobacco, and Sniff, Foreign
Spirits, and Sweets, in Great Britain ;
and on Pensions, Offices, and Personal
Estates in England; and for receiving
the Contributions of Persons receiving
Pensions and holding Offices; for the
Service of the Year 1823.

Cap. lV. For raising the Sum of
Twenty Millions by Exchequer Bills for
the Service of the Year 1823.

Cap. V. Yo render valid certain
Marriages.
Cap. Vi. For applying certain Mo-

nies therein mentioned for the Service of
the Year 1823.

Cap. VIL. Yo regulate the Appoint-
ment and Swearing into Office of the
Chancellor of the Exchequer of Ireland.

Cap. VIII. To continue until the
25th Day of Fuly, 1824, and from thence
to the End of the next Session of Par-
liament, an Act made in the 54th Year
of his late Majesty, for rendering the
Payment of Creditors more equal and
expeditious ix Scotland.

Cap. IX. Tv repeal the Rates, Du-
ties, and Taxes payable in respect of
Male Servants, Horses, Carriages, and
Dogs, in Ireland.

Cap. X. To rectify a Mistake in an
Act, intituled an Act for making and
maintaining certain Roads and Bridges
in the Counties of Lanark and Dumbar-
ton, ir so far as relates to the Application
of certain Exchequer Bills therein men-
tioned,

Cap. XI. For repealing certain of
the Duties of Assessed Taxes; for re-
ducing certain other of the said Duties ;
and for relieving Persons who have com-
pounded for the same.

Cap. XIl. or the regulating of his
Majesty's Royal Marine Forces while
on Shore. ,

Cap. XIII. For punishing Mutiny
and Desertion; and for the better Pay-
ment of the Army and their Quarters.

Cap. XIV. Yo continue for Five
Years, and from thence until the Ead of
the then next Session of Parliament,
Two Acts made in the 47th and 50th
Years of the Reign of his late Mujesty
King George the Third; for the pre~
venting improper Persons from having
Arms in Ireland.

Cap. XV. To continue for Five
Years, and from thence until the End of
the then neat Session of Parliament, and
to amend the Laws relating to Yeomanry
Corps, in Ireland.

Cap. XVL. To explain so much of
the General Turnpike Act, as relates to
the Toll payable on Carriages laden with
Lime for the Improvement of Land.

Cap. XVII. Qo repeal ceriain Pro-
visions of an Aci passed in ihe Third
Year of his present Majesty, intituled an
Act to amend certain Provisions of the
Twenty-sixth of George the Second, for
the betier preventing of clandestine Mar-
riages.— Wiarch 26.

§ 1. Whereas by the Act of last year it
is amongst cther things enacted, that no
licence for any marriage shall, from and
after the ist day of September in the year
of our Lord 1822, be granted by any per-
son having anthority to grant the same,
until oath shall have been made by the
persons and to the effect required by the
said Act, from and after the passing of
this Act, the herein-before recited pro-
vision of the said Act, and all and every
the enactments and provisions contained
in that part of the said Act which is sub-
sequent to such herein-before recited pro-
vision, shall be and the same are hereby
repealed; and licences shall and may be
granted by the same persons, aud in the
same manner and form, and in the case of
minors with the same consent, and banns
be published in the same manner and
form, as licences and banns were respec-
tively regulated by the provisions of the
said recited Act of his late Majesty King
George the Second,

$2. All

262 .

§ 2. All marriages which have been or
shall be solemnized ander licences granted
‘or banns published conformably to_ the
provisions of the said recited Act of his
present Majesty, shall be good and valid:
provided always, that no marriage solem-
nized under any licence granted in the
form and manner prescribed by either of

New Musie and the Drama.

[Oct. 4,
the said recited Acts, shall be deemed in-
valid on account of want of consent of any
parent or guardian.

Cap. XVIII. Concerning the Dis-
position of certain Property of his
Majesty, his Heirs and Successors.

Cap. XIX. For further regulating
the Reduction of the National Debt.

NEW MUSIC AND THE DRAMA,

—f_

Douze Melodies Francuises, uvec accom-
pagnement de Piano ow Harpe, paroles
imitees de Thomas Moore, ¢sq.; par le
Comte Auguste de Lagarde. 8s.

T may be necessary 40 remark, for
‘4 the information of those who are
not aequainted with the modern pocts
of the French nation, that for ‘* song”
the Comte de Lagarde is esteemed by
his countrymen in a manner equally on
a par with the sentiments we profess
for the abilities of the author of ‘‘ Lalla
Rookh.” His poem of “ Kosciuski,” his
poctical translation of “Dirmitris Dom-
skoy,” aRussian tragedy, ‘“Sophiowka,”
a Polish poem, and many other works,
too numerous to enumerate, stamp
him at once as a poet end linguist of
no small consideration among the vo-
faries of Hermes and Apollo. An
intelligent foreign gentleman, con-
versing on the merits of the “ Douze
Wlélodies,” which happened to lie be-
fore us, with that natveté so peculiar to
his nation, exclaimed, “ that he verily
believed Anacreon must have divided
his mantle between the British and
French poet; for both their perform-
ances were admirable.”

The musical part of these melodies
is selected from some of the most
celebrated foreign composers of the pre-
sent day; and, although well known in
France, are not sufficiently so amongst
as, notwithstanding their melodious
sweetness fully entitle them to our
attention. The following airs are par-
ticularly worthy of citation, and will
afford much amusing gratification to
those of our English ladies who com-
plain of the great dearth of continen-
tal musical productions in this coun-
try :—‘‘ La derniére Rose de l’Eté;”
“ Repose sur mon Sein;” “ Le Legs ;”
and ‘La Harpe de Tara.”

Asa specimen of the happy facility
of our author’s poctical talents we
select the following admirable imita-
tion of Mr. Moore’s ballad of “ Fare-
well, but whenever you welcome the
hour.”

Adieu ! mais pense & moi quand I’heure tutélaire
Au bois que nous aimons sonnera le plaisir,
Pense alors & l’ami qui Ja trouvant si chére,
Oubliait prés de toi, qu’on Vatant fait souffrir.
Et bien qu’a m’opprimer, la fortune constante
A de nouveaux revers vienne encore me livrer,
Je leur opposerai l’image consolante \
Des iustants de bonheur, que tu m/’as fait gofiter.

Dans vos joyeux banquets, quand le vin et le graces
De miile feux divers embraseront vos sens,
Mon ceur! Oh! mes amis, rapprochant les espaces
S’unira prés de vous, a ces transports charmans
Fier de yotre union, joyeux de vos folies,
il me retragera les tableaux les plus donx.
Trop heureux, s’il me dit que quelques voix amies
Murmtraient doucement, ‘Que n’est-i] parmi
nous ?”

De quelques manux divers que Je sort nous atcable
Il est des souvenirs, qu’il.ne detruit jamais

Ces tableaux du ee dont le songe agréable
Dn présent douloureux vient émousser les traits!

Ah! de tels souvenirs que toujours se compose
Le tems qui me ravit, a des étres chéris,

On brise le cristal qui renfermait la rose

Mais son parfum encor s’attache & ses débris.

In closing this volume, we strongly
recommend the work to the public,
on the score both of its musical and
poetical talent; and we trust the pub-
lisher will not be tardy in inducing
the Comtede Lagarde te a resumption
of those labours which have afforded
us in the present instance a treat truly
and highly intellectual.

“¢ Kin'och of Kinloch,” a favourite Scotch
Air; arranged with Variations for the
Piano-furte and Flute, by J. Ross. 3s.
“Kinloch of Kinloch” consists of se

pleasing a series of passages, and is so

calculated for piano-forte execution,

that Mr. Ross, with whose merit as a

vocal and instrumental! composer the

public is so well acquainted, could not
have selected any subject better suited
to the purpose to which it is here ap-
plied. In its present form, it furnishes

a pleasing and improving practice,

partly on account of the beauty of the

theme, and partly because the modifi-
cation was in such well-qualified
hands.

Hodsell’s Collection of Popular Dances for
tle Piane-forte, Harp, or Violin. 1s.
The airs here selected are nine in

number; among which we meet with,

““ Charlie is my darling,” “the Camp-

bells are coming,” ‘ Adeline’s Horne

pipe,” and “‘ Over the re Oe

1823.J
All we can add, either in description
or criticism of the publication, is to
say, that the assortment it contains
displays as much taste as choice exer-
cised upon such light matter may be
said to admit; and that its claims to
notice is at least upon a par with that
of any other of the same kind.

“ Beneath these rugged Elms ;” selected from
Grey’s Poems, und composed, with Accom-
paniments for the Piano-forte, by J. Bot-
tomicy. 1s.

Though Mr. Bottomley is by no
means a composer devoid of taste or
discernment, we do not think that, in
the present instance, he has exactly
eaught the spirit of his author.
Neither the key he has preferred, nor
the time or measure he has selected, is,
in our judgment, that which would
have been most eligible for the subject
of the words. The scale of E flat, or
of F natural, would have been more
analogous to a strain depicting a
country church-yard, the spot where
“the rude forefathers of the hamlet
sleep,” than that of A with three sharps;
and common time, larghetto, would
have afforded an opportunity for some
of that pathos which the scene and
sontiment demanded.

“Oh, speed thee, dear Kinsman,” the cele-
brated Harp Song ; composed and arranged
by M. Corri. 18.

This is an agreeable little air; and,
in,its arrangement for the voice and
piano-forte, Mr. Corri has given it all
the advantage of which it was suscep-
tible from such an adaptation. With
respect to the melody itself, it is a
pleasure to us to have to say, that it
merits all the favourable notice with
which it has been howoured by the
public, and that it was politic to pub-
lish a separate impression for general
use..

THE DRAMA.

Melpomene and Thalia are about to
resume their ancient reigns in their
old and united dominions, Drury Lane
and Covent Garden, when free and
ample scope will be afforded for our
dramatic remarks. At present we are
restricted to the observation that,

abiding by its tedious repetition of

“Sweethearts and Wives,” “ Matri-
mony,” “the Heir at Law,” “the
Beggar’s Opera,” (a story ten thou-

New Music and the Drama.

963:
Lord of the
exertions of

sand times told,) ‘the
Manor,” (in which the
Madame Vestris, ‘Terry, and Harley,
have been, received as they merit-
ed,) and the production of a new
farce, under the title of “the Great
Unkuown,” weakly and ineffectually
levelled at the concealed author of the
numerous Scotch novels; the new
house in the Haymarket has lately
excited but little of that interest indis-
pensable to the flourishing career of a
metropolitan theatre.

Ait Drury Lane considerable prepa~
rations are making for the further
comfort and gratification of the audi-
ence. Among these we have to notice
the fresh colouring and gilding of the
roof; the more convenient, as well as:
more striking, disposition of the grand
chandelier, and other imposing illumi-+
nations. The view from the upper
gallery is improved, and additions are
making to the boxes that will not fail
to enhance the agscommodation of
their visitors. These judicious alter-
ations, the new facility given to the
entrances of the pit, and the fresh de-
corations of the saloon, together with:
other less important but necessary
improvements, while they evince the
taste and spirit of the manager, wilt \
no doubt, ingratiate the public, and
tend to sustain ¢lie honour of bis esta-
blishment.

At Covent Garden the lessees have
not been idle. The safoons an&
lobbies have been repainted and em-
lished ; and the whole of the interior,
especially the ceiling, wears a new
and highly-ornamented face. The
pigeon-holes have been fitted up by a
haudsome curve of pannelling, by
which the striking effect of the prosce-
nium is considerably heightened. The
fronts of the boxes have been newly
ornamented, and now produce a light,
rich, and varied effect. The spirit of
personal indulgence, vying with that
of ocular gratification, has added
backs to the seats of the boxes, and
also to the alternate seats of the pit;
and the result of the tout-ensemble
will not fail to please and surprise the
numerous and splendid audiences.
which we think the managers entitled
to expect.

Both houses will open on the same
duy,—the Ist of October.

NEW

[ 264 J

pOct. 1,

NEW BOOKS PUBLISHED IN SEPTEMBER:

WITH AN HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL PROEMIUM.
=
Authors or Publishers, desirous of seeing an early notice of their Works, are
requested to transmit copies before the i8th of the Month.

—=z—

HE Memoirs of the Baron de Kolli,
relate solely to his secret mission in
1810, from the British government, for
liberating Ferdinand, king of Spain, from
his captivity atValencay. Thenarrative is
written by the baron himself, aud contains
an apparently faithful account of that
transaction ; its failure, and the snbse-
qnent four years’ imprisonment of Kolli,
in the Donjon of Vincennes. The baron
appears all along to have been honour-
able to principles, that show an undevi-
ating attachment to the cause of absolute
monarchy; and for which, it does not
appear, that he has been hitherto suffi-
.ciently rewarded. Two hundred thousand
livres, part of a sum entrusted to him by
the British government, for the accom-
plishment of the escape of Ferdinand,
and seized by the Duke of Otranto, were
declared to have been legally confiscated,
on application to Louis XVIIE. Never-
theless the baron, like a true loyalist, so
far from complaining, loads this monarch
with praise. The different documents
annexed appear to be gennine, and the
whole of the narrative is mteresting. His
slavish devotion to despotism is forgotten,
and we see in him only the inmate of a
bastile, a melancholy victim of the cause
of kings. ‘The letter. from George III, to
Ferdinand, is a curious specimen of
diplomacy; and we have the Marquis
Wellesley’s accompanying letter, in which
he says that Ferdinand “is the most un-
fortunate prisoner whom the civilized
world has ever seen, under the weight of
usurpation and despotism.” Subjoined to
this narrative, there are memoirs of the
queen of Etruria, written in the first
person; and an engraving of Ferdinand
fronts the title.

BRAMSEN’s Remarks on the North of
Spain, contain no more than what could
be gathered at inns and in diligences, du-
ring a short and rapid tour through a part
of that ill-fated country. It is from the
name of Spain alone, that any bookseller
could have hoped fora sale, for the vo-
lume contains nothing that can repay the
trouble of perusal.

Ferdinand the Seventh, or a Dramatic
Sketch of the recent Revolution in Spain, is
written in the manner of a draina, ‘and
pretends to be a translation from the
Spanish. ‘Lhe story is a sort of history of
the revolution, but that is not worth at-
tending to; it is a curiosity of a higher

_kind. It is well known that there are
ears that cannot be moved by the “con-
cord of sweet sounds;”’ and it has been

long asserted that a poet (who is a sort of
musician) is born and not made. ‘The latter
assertion, however, has been generally
understood of that “ fine pbrenzy” which
“ slances from earth tc Heaven ;” and not
of that combination of words that con-
stitutes the regularity of verse. To keep
up a regular chime, and to make tlic syl-
lables beat, as if they kept time to the
tattoo ofa drum, has never been snpposed
to require any nicety of ear ; but here it is
otherwise. ‘There is not a line in ten, of
the whole drama, that has the least de-
gree of modulation. Every one consists
of exactly ten syllables; but each has been
counted with the finga's, and appear as if
it had been written by a man that had
been deaf from his cradle. The following
may serve as a specimen :

I thank thee, worthy Cardinal; well

Am [ assured of faithful friendship on

Thy part. Earnestly solicitous o

Converse, I have prayed the king to grant

Our private communications, while

The period of durance still obtains, which

Gladly I anticipate but temp’rary.
These are shocking verses, and yet the
prose is passable. The following song
must have been stolen, or at least fur-
nislied by another hand:

The smiles of the summer no longer are glowing,
And dead are the blossoms which hang from the

tree;
And dark from the mountain the streamlet is
flowing,
And frozen the dew-drop that spangles the lea;
But the re ae of winter may strip every bower,
And rifle the verdure of garden and grove ;
We heed not the storm, tho’ around us it lower,
While the heart is devoted to friendsbip and love,

Dear social affection of Eden, still breathing,

Thy magic can teach every landscape to bloom,

The bare waying branches with blossoms en-

Wreathing,
And bid them the tints of fresh roses assume,

Then what? tho’ noverdure euiveilish the bower,
Nor strains of sweet melody iden the grove,

We fear thee not, Winter, we’ll baffle thy power,
While the heart is devoted to friendship and love.
An Essay on Criminal Laws, by ANDREW

GREEN, L.L.B. is a small bat well-written

work, which we should have noticed

sooner had it come earlier into our hands,

The unassuming pamphlet-form in which

it appears, is unfrvourable to. its ciren-

lation; for legal readers ave not apt to look
for information, except iv bulky volumes.

The right of society to inflict public pu-

nishments upon offenders is very properly

placed upon its necessity. ‘ If,” says the
author, ‘along with the disposition to
resent injuries received, nature had also
furnished each individual with the means
of making his resentment effectual against
the offender, and that without inconve-
nience to the rest of society, any criminal
laws for the punishment of such offences

might

1823. }

might have been unnecessary.” ‘The
exchange is one infinitely beneficial to the
community, by putting a stop to those
horrid scenes of bloodshed and confusion,
which the indulgence of private revenge
for injuries unavoidably produces.” We
are sorry that our narrow limits prevent
us from giving even an outline of this va-
luable work. Asa specimen of the anthor’s
manner of reasoning, we will give an ex-
tract on a much controverted subject.

“ Among the things justly requiring the
infliction of Jegal punishment, must not
be included offences committed only to-
wards the Deity; or any such bréach of
the duties of morality or religion, as con-
cerns ouly the offender himself, and .does
not immediately injure other members of
society. Human laws are not intended to
enforce a general observance of moral and
religions duties, or coucerned to inflict
punishment in any other cases than where
the protection of society requires it.
hey are not to inflict punishment for the
purpose of advaneing the authority, or
of exalting the dignity, of the Supreme
Being.’”—* The yight of inflicting punish-
ment is confined to what may be neces-
sary for our own safety, and must not be
supposed to extend to what does not
concern ourselves.”—*‘ How far the mere
example of immorality, or irreligion, can
be a proper ground of punishment, is a
question that requires to be more parti-
cularly examined. Certainly it has often
been held so. There seems, however, to
be an obvious inconsistency in saying,
that though a breach of moral or religious
duty shall not be punishable merely for
being offensive to the Deity, yet that: it
shall be punishable for its possible or pro-
bable tendency to produce what may be
offensive to the Deity.”—‘‘If the first of-
fence be not one that the safety of society
requires to be suppressed, why should it
become so, by its possible tendency to
produce one which the safety of society
would not require to be suppressed ?
Take the example of profane swearing,
an offence towards the Deity.— We
punish a murder, because the safety of
socicty requires that another murder
should not happen; but the safety of so.
ciety does not require that another person
should not swear, for the second act of
swearing would do no more injury, to
society than the first had done.” What-
ever may be thought of this conclusion, it
will be obvious from these extracts, that
the writer is no ordinary reasoner; and,
on that account, we would bestow upon
the work our highest recommendation,

Dy. Joun Mason Goow’s Letter to Sir
John Cox Hippisley, bart. on the Mischiefs
incidental to the Treud Wheel, as an Instru-
ment. of Pris Discipline, is another
pamphlet well worthy of consideration.
With regard to the advantages to be de-

MonTHLy Maa. No, 387.

Literary and Critical Proémium.

265

tived from this recently-invented instru-
ment of punishment, there are different
Opinions, but that of its predominaut
evils appears to be gaining ground, Dr.
Good is not one of those modern philo-
sophers who would abolish all punishment,
and believe that, by the powers of rea-
soning, they could coua a criminal into
virtue. His objection to the tread-wheel
is, that instead of inuring the prisoner to
labour, it tears his frame to pieces and
undermines his constitution; that it pro-
duces ruptures and various other diseases ;
and, with regard to females, is most in-
decent, tormenting, and destructive. It
has been asked, by Mr. Dent, of York-
shire, ‘‘ where is the labourer whose daily
task does not exceed a walk of two miles,
even admitting it to be up-hill? Yet this
is as great a length of distance as can be
performed by the revolution of the tread-
wheel in sia hours, the average of each
man’s labour at it per day.” ‘To this Dr.
Good has a triumphant answer, founded
on experiments made at Lancaster castle ;
“by putting this slow aud snail-paced
labour to the test of a pair of scales, which
have been employed as a direct sarco-
meter, to determine the amount of strug-
gle between the living powers of human
flesh and blood, and the destroying powers
of the tread-wheel. While the pace is
only a mile and a half, or a little more, for
the day, it appears that the strain on the
muscles has not hitherto been found so
mischievous as to make any inroad on the
living principle ; but the moment the mea-
sure of labour is pushed on to two miles a
day, the whole system shrinks before it,
and the prisoners waste away, at the rate
of from a pound to nearly a poundand
a half every three weeks!” “* Now,” says
the Doctor, ‘‘ what other labour under the
sun, short of that of actual torture, to
which men have ever been condemned, or
in which they ever can engage, in the
open air, has produced, or can be con-
ceived to produce, such a loss of flesh and
blood as that before us ; where the rate of
progression, whether up hill, @own hill, or
on level ground, does not exceed two
miles for the entire day; and the labourer
has to carry no bag of tools, or weight of
any kind, but the weight of his own
bodye” ‘this reasoning is infallible; and
“while the rival instrument of the hand
crank mii! is capable of effecting, as it ap-
pears to be, all that the ¢read-mill can or
ought to achieve, without the ill conse-
quences it menaces, it should seem to fol-
low, that the moral and benevolent heart
must give its unreserved suffrage to the
Jatter.”

A Mr. Prarvenr has published an
Eton edition of the Eton Grammar, illus-
trated by some pertinent notes; but, in
affecting to combine with his book the
interrogative system, he has betrayed his

2M inexperience

266

inexperience in the art of teaching. At
the end of every section a series of triple
questions are introduced, not only not cal-
culated to exercise the understanding of
the pupil, but arranged in the exact order
of the text, so as to call for neither labour
Nor ingenuity in preparing the answers.
Perhaps Mr. Prattent meant to engraft on
his book the Interrogative System of In-
struction; but in his humble imitation he
has completely missed the object. Such
an abortion will not, we trust, be coun-
tenanced by the masters of Eton school,
or by any discerning tutor. Questions,
in the order of the text, we repeat, for
the hundredth time, are as ridiculous as
useless.

Mr. J. MARSHALL, to whose indefati-
gable industry and laudable public spirit
we are indebted for so many accurate
financial details, and economical calcu-
lations, has just published his third Expo-
sition of the Votes of Parliament during the
Preceding Session. We have introduced
two of them to our readers in the Supple-
ments to the two last volumes, and we
cannot adduce a higher procf of our opi-
nion of their great interest and merit.
Perhaps we have done enough to expose
the bad spirit of our lower House, and we
shall therefore content ourselves for the
future in noticing Mr. Marshali’s annual
publi¢ation, and in earnestly recommend-
ing it to the patronage of all true pa-
triots, and to circulation among electors
generally.

The well-known ‘Practical Essays
on Mill-Work,” by the late Rozert
BucHAnAN, have received very important
illustrations and additions, in a second
edition just issued, prepared by Mr.
Tredgold, the author of ‘*An Essay on
the Strength of Cast Iron,” and several
other writings, wherein mathematical
theory and mechanical practice are most
happily blended. The best form for the
teeth of wheels is now shown to be attain-
able, by combining the arcs of circles ina
new manner: it is shown how to cause
the chief action of the teeth to take place,
after they have passed the line joining the
centres of the wheels: the theory of
bevelled geer is much simplified, and
practical rules are derived, far more. cor-
_ rectly setting out and finishing bevelled

teeth, than heretofore has been practised.
The nature of mechanic foree is considered
unger some new points of view, tending to
facilitate the calculations of machinery :
the ascertainment of the best sets of num-
bers for the teeth of wheels and pinions
is explained and illustrated by examples.
From a new investigation, the Editor is
led to the conclusion, that a water-wheel,
to produce the maximum of effect, from a
given fall of water, should be made so
much greatey in diameter than the height
of that fall, as to receive the water upon

List of New Publications in September.

fOct. 1,

the wheel, at 524° distant from its vortex :
that the velocity of the wheel’s circum-
ference, answering to this maximum of
effect, is not a constant quantity, as here-
tofore has been assumed, but is dependant
on the height of fall in each particular

“case, and for the most part exceeds

considerably the limit assigned by Mr.
Smeaton, as has long been known to some
of the practical mill-wrights of our
‘northern counties. Thoughout the work,
the Editor’s notes supply important cor-
rections or additions, to the text; and we
can with confidence recommend this edi-
tion to the notice of mechanics, and to
readers upon this subject.

*,° Weare assured that the Essay on
Homer, noticed in our last, is not the
Prize Essay of the Royal Society, but a
speculation, so printed and titled as to
mislead the unwary. We expected little
from the society, and therefore were taker:
in by the aspect of the pamphlet. Its
title runs as follows, ‘* A Dissertation on
the Age of Homer; his Writings and
Genius; and on the State of Religion,
Society, Learning, and the Arts, during
that period. Being the Prize Question
proposed by the Royal Society of Litera-
ture, for his Majesty’s Premium of One
Hundred Guineas, for the best Disserta-
tion on the subject.”—If really designed as
a hoax on the society, we give the author
credit for much ingenuity and great sati-
rical talent.

——
ANTIQUITIES.

Interesting Roman Antiquities recently
discovered in Fife, ascertaining the scite
of the great Battle fought between Agri-
cola and Galgacus, &c.; by the Rev. A.
Small. 8vo. 10s..6d.

BIOGRAPHY.

Memoirs of the Baron de Kolli, relative
to the secret Mission on which he was em-
ployed by the British Government in 1810,
for the purpose of effecting the liberation
of Ferdinand VII. King of Spain, from
Captivity at Valencay. Written by him-
self. ‘To which are added, Memoirs of
the Queen of Etruria. Written by herself.
With a portrait and vignette. 8vo.
10s. 6d. boards.

The. Life of Isaac Walton: including
Notices of his Contemporaries; by Thos.
Zouch, D.D. F.L.s. with plates, flscap. 12s.

An Account of the Life and Writings of
Sir Thos. Craig, of Riccarton; by P. F.
Tytler, esq. F.R.S. 9s.

Memoirs of Philip de Comines : contain-
ing the History of Lewis XI. and Charles
VIII. of France, and of Charles the Bold
Duke of Burgundy. 2 vol. 8vo, il. 1s.

CHEMISTRY.

A Series of Lectures upon the Elements
of Chemical Science, lately delivered at the
Surrey Institution; comprising the Basis
of the New Theory of Crystallization, and

Diagrams

1823.]

Diagrams to illustrate the /lementary
Combination of Atoms, particular Theories
of Electrical Influence, and of Flame;
with a full description of the Author’s
Blowpipe, and its powers and effects when
charged with certain Gases, &c. illustrated
with 8 plates; by Goldsworthy Gurney.
8vo.
CLASSICS.

Aristophanis Comeedia ex optimis exem-
plaribus emendate, cum Versione Latina,
Variis Lectionibus, Notis, et Emendationi-
bus accedunt Deperditarum Comeediarum
fragmenta, et Index Verborum, nominum
propriotum, phrasium, et praecipuarum
particularum. a Rich. Franc. Phil, Brunck.
3 vols. 8vo. 21. 2s, boards,

A Dissertation on tlie-Age of Homer,
his Writings and Genius ; and on the State
of Religion, Society, Learning, and the
Arts, during that period, &c. 8vo. 2s. 6d.
sewed.

COMMERCE.

A Compendium of the practice of stating
Averages, for the use of Counting-houses,
Insurance Brokers, Ship-Owners, Ship-
Masters, and others ; consisting of an enu-
meration of the Items in General Average
Statements, and an appropriation of them
to their respective columns, accompanied
by copies of real average statements, with
a Table to cover the premium, &c. ; by M.
Martin. 8vo. 1]. 1s. boards,

Remarks on the external Commerce and
Exchange of Bengal, with Appendix of
Account and Estimate; by G. A. Prin-
ceps, esq. 8vo. 5s. 6d. boards.

Mortimer’s Commercial Dictionary :
containing full and accurate information
on every branch of the Commerce of the
United Kingdom, and relative to the manu-
facture and produce of all articles of im-
port and export, with their names in all
the modern lafiguages, forming a complete
and necessary companiou to every count-
ing-house. A new edition, revised to the
present time; by W. Dickenson, esq, bar-
rister-of.law, and by a merchant of emi-
nence. 8yo. il. 10s. boards.

EDUCATION.

Interrogative System of Instruction, in
thick post copy-books, with ruled spaces
to admit of the Answers being fairly en-
tered by the pupil, by the use of which,
the real acquisition of Knowledge, on each
nergand subject, will be practically com-

ined with original Exercises in Ortho-
graphy, Syntax, and Penmanship. 2s.
each.—The following are the sets of Ques-
tions thus prepared.

500 Questions on Robinson’s Abridg-
ment of Hume and Smollett’s History of
England.

500 Questions on Johnson’s Grammar
of Classical Literature.

» — 500 Questions on Mitchell's Universal

Catechism,

2

List of New Publications in September.

207

500 Questions on Blair’s Universal

Preceptor.

500 Questions on the Old Testament.
500 Questions on the New ‘Testament.
500 Questions on Barrow’s Scripture

Narratives.

500 Questions on Biair’s English

Grammar,

500 Questions on Murray’s Grammar,
and Irving’s Elements of Composition.

500 Questions on Goldsmith’s Gram-
mar of Geography.

500 Questions on Goldsmith’s British

Empire.

500 Questions on Goldsmith’s Biogra-
phical Class Book.

500 Questions on Blair's Grammar
of Natural Philosophy. :

500 Questions on Clarke’s Hundred

Wonders of the World. :

500 Questions on Clarke’s Wonders of

‘the Heavens,

500 Questions on Squire’s Grammar
- of Astronomy. i :
500 Questions on Bossut’s Grammar
and Exercises.
500 Questions on the Eton Latin
Grammar,
500 Questions on Gifford’s Abridg-
ment of Blackstone’s Commentaries.
500 Questions on the Book of Trades.
500 Questions on Robinson’s Grammar
of Universal History. .
500 Questions on Robinson’s Modern
History. ;
500 Questious on Robinson’s Ancient

History. ‘

*,“ A Key to each set, for the conveni-
ence of tutors, may be had at 9d. each.

The Praxis ; or a Course of English and
Latin Exercises, in a Series of Exemplifi-
cations, from an initial one to a beginner at
School, in order to form a proper habit of
thinking and writing at an early age of
life. For the use of youths in the lesser
schools ; by H. Bright, M.A. 8vo. 7s. 6d.

The Two Edwards; or Pride and Pre-
judice Unmasked. i8mo. 9s.

Lives of Learned and Eminent Men,
taken from Authentic Sources, adapted to
the use of Children of four years old and
upwards, *2 vols, 18mo. 5s, with por-
traits.

The Peasants of Chamouni; containing
an Account of an Attempt to reach the
Summit of Montblanc, and a delineation of
the Scenery among the Alps. 18mo.
2s. 6d.

Idioms of the Greek Language, accu-
rately arranged and translated for the use
of Students in the Greek Class; by H.
Lockhart, A.M. 12mo, 3s. boards.

Marius, ou, un Souvenir de Rome.
12mo,

A FINE ARTS.

The Atlas of Nature; being a Graphic
Display of the most interesting Subjects in
the three Kingdoms of Nature, for Study

and

268

and Reference. Folio, 21. 2s. in boards,
with the letter-press, in 3 vols. 3l. 13s. 6d.

A Series of’ Illustrations of the Novels
and Tales of the Author of ‘‘ Waverley.”
Engraved by eminent artists from original
designs by C.R. Leslie, a.k.A. Feap. 12s.
8vo. 18s, ;

A Picturesque Tour through the Ober-
land, in the Canton of Berne, Switzerland,
with 17 coloured engravings and a map.
8vo. 11. 8s. half-bound.

Twelve illustrations to the Book of
Common Prayer, engraved by John Scott,
from drawings by Burney and Thurston.
Royal 8vo, 10s. 6d.

HISTORY.

The History of Modern Greete, from
1820 to the establishment of Grecian Inde-
pendance. Embellished with neat en-
gravings. 7s.

HORTICULTURE.

Part II. Vol. V. of the Transactions of
the Horticultural Society of London: con-
taining 6 plain and 3 coloured engravings.
Mito. 11. 11s. 6d. boards,

MISCELLANIES.

Nature Displayed, in the Heavens and
upon the Earth, in one hundred Lectures
on every interesting object in Nature, and
on the Wonderful Works of God in the
Creation ; with several hundred engravings;
by S. Shaw, Lr.p. in 6 volumes, royal
12mo. 5]. 3s. boards.

Another Edition has been prepared,
in which all the subjects that admit of it
are beautifully coloured after nature.
Sl. 10s.

Five Thousand Receipts in all the Useful
and Domestic Arts; constjtuting a com-
plete and universal practical Library and
operative Cyclopedia; by Colin Macken-
zie, Author of One Thousand Experiments
in Manufactures and Chemistry. sq. 12mo.
10s. 6d. bound in red, or 12s, calf-gilt.

No. 76 of the Edinburgh Review and
Critical Journal, 6s. -

Whittingham’s French Classics, Vol. IIT.
containing Charles XII. par Voltaire,
1 vol. in 24mo,

Part V. of Whittingham’s Cabinet Edi-
tion of Elegant Extracts in Poetry; by R.
A. Davenport, esq. ws. 6d. sewed.

Whittingham’s Pocket Novelists, Vols.
14, 15, and 16: containing Cecilia, or
Memoirs of an Heiress ; by Miss Burney.
3 vols. 9s.

NATURAL HISTORY.

An Easy and Concise Introduction to
Lamarck’s Arrangement of the Genera of
Shells; by Charles Dubois, F.t.s. Small
8vo. 19s. boards.

Vol. IV. Part II. of Memoirs of the
Wernerian Natural History Society, with
engravings. 8vo. 10s. 6d. boards.

NOVELS, TALES, AND ROMANCES.

Justina, or Religion Pure and Unde-

filed, a moral Tale. 2 vol. 12mo. 12s.

/

List of New Publications inSeptember.

Oct. 1,

Gretna-Green Marriages, or the Nieces;
by Mrs. Green. 3 vols. 12mo. 16s. 6d,

The Three Perils of Woman; or Love,
Leasing, and Jealousy, a series of domes-
tic Scottish Tales; by James Hogg. 3 vols.
12mo.. 1]. 1s. boards.

Fernanda, or the Hero of the Times;
by Miss Ann Bransby. 2 vol. 10s. 6d.

The Fire Eater, 12mo. 8s.

The Hermit in Prison; translated from
the French of E. Jouy and Joy, (Author of
the Hermit of the Chaussée d’Antin, &c.)
2 vols. 12mo. 14s. boards.

PHILOSOPHY.

The Inverted Scheme of Copernicus,
with the Pretended Experiments upon
which his followers have founded their
Hypothesis of Matter and Motion, and the
Doctrine of the Formation of Worlds out
of Atoms by the power of Gravity and
Attraction, exposed as foolish, and com-
pletely refuted as false; and the Divine
System of the Universe, according to the
Bible, proved by Astronomical Observa-
tions and Tables to be True; by B.
Prescott, esq. astronomer, Liverpool. 7s.

The System of the Universe: in which
the unchangeable Obliquity of the Eclip-
tic, the Solar and Lunar Equations, de-
duced, from Circular Orbits, and the
direct, retrograde, and stationary appear-
ances of the Minor Planets, are mathema-
tically demonstrated on the basis of the
first Chapter of Genesis, with many plates ;
by B. Prescot. 12s.

POETRY.

Australasia, a: Poem, written for the
Chancellors Medal. at- the Cambridge
Commence, July 1823; by W. ©, Went-
worth, F.c. of St. Peter’s College. 8vo.
2s. sewed.

The Graces: a Classical Allegory ; inter-
spersed with Poetry, and illustrated by
explanatory Notes ; together with a Poeti-
cal fragment, entitled Psyche among the
Graces. Translated from the German by
C. M. Wieland, Post 8vo. 7s.

Dibdin’s Original Sea Songs; engraved
from the original Copies in the library of
W. Kitchener, esq. M.p. in four parts,
6s. each.

The Battle of the Bridge; or Pisa
Defended: a Poem, in ten Cantos; by S.
Maxwell, esq. |

Dartmoor and other Poems; by J. Cot-
tle. 8vo. 5s.

POLITICS AND POLITICAL ECONOMY.

The East India Military Calendar : con-
taining the Services of General and Field
Officers of the Indian Army. 4to. 21.10s.

Debates, Evidence, and Documents,
connected with the investigation of the
Charges brought by the Attorney-general
for Ireland against Charles ‘Thorp, esq.
High Sheriff of Dublin, in the House of
Commons, 1825. ~ 8vo. 12s. boards.

An Enquiry into the accordancy of Wat |

i with

1823.]

with the principles of Christianity, and an
examination of the Philosophical Reason-
ing by which it is defended, &c. 8vo. 5s,
boards,

A View of the Past and Present State of
the Island of Jamaica; with Remarks on
the Moral and Physical Condition of the
Slaves, and on the Abolition of Slavery in
the Colonies; by J. Stewart. 8vo.
10s. 6d.

THEOLOGY.

Thirty-three Sermons, selected from the
Works of the Right Reverend Father in
God, Thomas Wilson, pp. Bishop of
Sodorand Man. 2 vol. 12mo. 6s. boards,

A Voice from Jamaica, in reply to
William Wilberforce, esq ; by the Rev.
G. W. Bridges, B.A. rector of Manchester,
Jamaica. vo. Ys. sewed. }

Old Church of England Principles, ina
Series of Plain Doctrinal and Practical
Sermons; by the Rey. R. Warner. 3 vol.
12mo. 11, boards.

The Angel of Mercy, a Little Book of
Affection ; to which is prefixed an Essay
on Heayenly Spirits. 8vo. 8s. 6d.

Reason and Revelation, or a Brief Ex-
position of the Truth and Advantages of
Christianity. 12mo. 4s.

Letters on Faith; by the Rev. James
Dow. 18mo. 2s.

Medical Report. °

269

An Essay on the Resurrection of Christ;
in which Proofs of the Fact are adduced,
and its Reneficial Influence illustrated ;
by the Rev. James Dow. 1s. 6d.

A Dissertation on the Fall of Man, &e.;
by the Rev. G. Holden, 8vo. 10s. 6s.

The Reflector, or Christian Advocate ;
in which the United Efforts of Modern
Infidels and Socinians are detected and
exposed. 8vo. 10s, 6d.

Strictures on the Plymouth Antino-
mians; by J. Cottle. 8vo ¢s. 6d.

The Old Doctrine of Faith asserted, in
Opposition to certain Modern Innovations,
including Strictures on Reviews of the
Authors Sermons on Repentance and
Faith; by the Rev. James Carlile, assistant
minister in the Scots Church, in Mary’s
Abbey, Dublin.

TOPOGRAPHY.

The Traveller’s Pocket Atlas, contain-
ing separate Maps of the Counties of
England and Wales; and a Map of the
Country twenty-five Miles round London;
with the Population of the Towns, their
Distances from London, &c.; corrected to
the present time. 15s. plain; 21s. coloured,

Remarks on the North of Spain; by
John Bramson, author of Travels in Egypt,
Syria, Greece, &c. 8vo. 68. 6d. boards,

MEDICAL REPORT.

Sets
Report of Diseases and Casuaties occurring inthe public and private Practice

of the Physician who has the care of the Western District of the City Dispensary.
— >

TP HE circumstance of life presents

nothing more miserable in prospect
or painful in reality, than the surviving of
the body after the departure of the intel-
lect.

In this particular it is especially provi-
dential that blindness to the fuinre is given
to man; for how could an individual live
‘and enjoy life under the dreadful anticipa-
tion that he should ere long eraw] upon the
surface of the earth—the semblance rather
than the substance of a living being,—a
burthen, if not to himself, at least to those
near to and about him.

Some degree of apprehension in refe-
rence to this result may, however, occa-
sionally prove salutary in cansing us to
shun those courses which naturally, if not
necessarily, lead to it.

A scene has but a few hours since passed
before the observation of the present wii-
ter calculated to give thought to the
thoughtless, and to prove of more preven-
tive efficacy than precept upon precept
from the moralist, or denunciation after
denunciation from the preacher—a scene
to do justice to which would defy the pic-
turesque force of even Irving’s phraseo-
logy and manner—a scene which it
were desirable should be witnessed by

all the disciples of that delusive creed,
“a short life anda merry one,” for those
suicidical attempts at abridging existence
which the sensualist avowedly makes often
fail of their full effect, and instead of con-
ducting their victim at once to the silence
and repose of the grave, either open upon
him a sad and dreary purgatory of power-
less regret, or entomb his soul in the dust
of his body a long, long time before the
latter goes to its native dust of the earth,
Oh! if any thing could stay the hand of
mad intemperance, it would be the passing
of some hours or days with the semi-vital
half-conscious thing which intemperance
has made. Bat the writer’s admonitions,
should they be considered such, come, he
is happy to say, too late. Whe habits of
all classes of society (le asserts it in spite
of vituperations to the contrary) have
recently much improved, and the tone of
nerve will be found to keep pace with the
improved tone of morals and manners,

The principal diseases of the present
month have been, as was to be expected,
biliows; some cases of cholera have proved
exceedingly violent ; and the reporter sees
daily cause for reiterating his recommenda-
tion to attend at this season of the year to
the slightest menaces of stomach or bowel

disorders,

270

disorders. What would be an easy task for
the medical adviser on one day, might be
attended not only with difficulty, but fear
of failure, on the next; so rapid in their
strides do we find those maladies which
implicate especially the organ of biliary.
secretion. It is to the intertropical coun-
tries that we must go to witness these con-
tests between disease and1nedicivue in their
full measure of force; but even here in
England, during the antumnal mixture of
hot days with damp and dewy evenings,
cholera is eften formidable in its aspect,
and rapidly fatal in its career, unless the
speedy and judicious interposition of art
say nay to its fearful menaces,

Let any one who doubts the efficacy of
medicine in subduing disease read the mas-
terly account lately presented to the world
by Dr. Mason Goon, of the spasmodic
cholera of India; and let every student
of medicine who has not seen the volumes
of Dr. G. to which the reporter now refers,
forthwith procure them. The work enti-
tled “The Study of Medicine,” with all
its faults, for faultless it is not, affords a
noble instance of what genius may accom-

Report of Chemistry and Ewperimental Philosophy.

{Oct. 1,

plish when backed by industry and regu-
lated by taste; and we have now, what
previously we had not, a body of medical
instruction to which the amateur cnl-
tivator of the science can apply, without
being scared by technicals on the one
hand, or misguided by empiricism on the
other.*
Bedford-row ;

D. Uwins, M.p.
Sept. 20, 1823.

«* The reporter has had another opportu”
nity of seeing the cancerous breast,to which
he last month referred, under Mr. Samuel
Young’s treatment by pressure ; and he is
happy to say that the progress towards
cure has been during the few preceding
weeks, particularly rapid. Mr. Foster,
of Guy’s Hospital, (the reporter is now at
liberty to mention names,) expresses him-
self fully satisfied that the schi:rous mass is
very considerably reduced, as is Mr.
Desormaux himself, the husband of the
lady who is the subject of the malady. Mr.
Desormaux is an apothecary residing at
No.16, Charlton-street, Somers’ Town.

REPORT OF CHEMISTRY AND EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY.

——

M LAPLACE, the modern high-priest
¢ of the exploded doctrine of at-
traction, and who considers profundity in
mathematics a substitute for COMMON
SENSE, is publishing new speculations on
the tides, on the shape of the earth, &c.
&c. founded on the doctrine of a central
or converging force in the sun, &c. on the
principle, in regard to the tides, that the
sun and moon actually push up the waters
from the bottom of the sea! In like man-
ner, this able mathematician has abused
his science by papers’ and volumes about
molecular and capillary attraction, although
a tenth part of the same analysis devoted
to experiments with a few bungs would
have shewn him, that all such approaches
are mere results of the intercepted pres-
sure, or elasticity, of the gas in which the
bodies are saturated. MM. Arago, and
other French speculators, are in like man-
ner rendering Nature ridiculous by their
discussions about electrical and magneti-
cal fluids ; when it is palpable that nosuch
fluids exist; and they might, with equal
propriety, treat of a moonshine fiuid, a
shadow fluid, or of the climax of absurdity,
M. Laplace’s gravific atoms, whose rate
of motion he has yet been unable to deter-
mine !

A learned foreign professor pretends to
have discovered that all atmospheric aque-
ous substances, as hail, snow, rain, and
dew, contain iron combined with nickel ;
from which the attempt is made, to account
for the recent formation of zrolites, prior
to the every-day occurrence, somewhere,

of the fall of meteoric stones from the sky,
forgetting that the major part of these
Masses are stony and not metallic, and
overlooking the important facts of the
prodigious velocity in an horizonta) direc-
tion of the principal masses from which
the falling stones, in the shape of frag-
ments, invariably, have just before been
detached with explosive violence, often
visible to the eye as a train of sparks. We
have in Engiand two better theories on
this subject: one by Mr. Farey, which
refers these masses to the class of satelli-
tule, revolving in elliptical orbits around
our earth, so near thereto as to dip into
its atmosphere, at every return to their
peregio, which occny at intervals of about
nine hours; but, every one of which suc-
cessive returns, happening over a tresh and
distant spot, and, in the majority of in-
stances, over the vast ocean, or in the
day-time on unfrequented lands, &c. The
other, by Sir Richard Phillips, who as-
cribes meteorolites to small bodies gene-
rated and floating in space, which. the
earth encounters in its orbit.
It has been discovered in America, that
a round thin plate of soft iron, fixed on a
lathe spindle and turned with great rapi-
dity, is capable, in a very surprising man-
ner, by the motion of its edge, of cutting
hard steel, a saw plate for instance, pre-
sented to it; the groove in the steel ac-
quiring an intense heat, without the same
degree of heat penetrating the soft iron,
as is asserted by the Rev. Mr. Dagget in
Professor Silliman’s Journal.
A new

1823.]

A new diving-bell, or improved instru-
ment, is now in tse in making a new pier
at Port Patrick. It is a square cast metal
frame, about eight feet high, twenty-two
feet in circumference, and weighing up-
wards of four tous. ‘lhis frame is open
below, and at the top are twelve small cir-
cular windows made of very thick glass,
such as are sometimes seep used on-board
of ships. ‘These windows are so cemented
or puttied in, that not a bubble of water
can penetrate; and when the sea is clear,
and particularly when the sun is shining,
the workmen are enabled to carry on
their operations without the aid o7 candles.
In the inside of the bell are seats for the
workmen with pegs to hang their tools on,
and attached to it isa strung double air-
pump, which isa great improvement on
the old-fashioned plan of sinking barrels
filled with air. From this pump issues a
thick leathern tube, which is closely fitted
into the bell,-and the length of which ean
easily be proportioned to the depth of wa-

Commercial Report,

271

ter. The bell is suspended from a very
long crane, the shaft of which is sunk to
the very keel of a vessel fitted up for the
purpose, and which is, in fact, a necessary
part of the diving apparatus. On the deck
of this vessel is placed an air-pump, work-
ed by fonr men, with an additional hand
to watch the signals. When about to com-
mence operations, the sloop is moved to
the ontside of the breakwater, the air-
pump put in notion, and the crane work-
ed. {rom its weight and shape, the ma-
chine must dip perpendicularly ; while
the volume of air within enables the work-
men fo breathe, and keeps out the water.
Two or three men work with perfect ease
and safety 20, 25, and sometimes 30, feet
below water. With picks, hammers,
jumpers, and gunpowder, the most rugged
surface is made even ; aud not only a bed
prepared for the huge masses of stone
which are afterwards let down, but the
blocks themselves strongly bound together
with iron and cement.

MONTHLY COMM

ERCIAL REPORT.

———

| iw concerns us to learn, that although
the trade of the empire is progressively
increasing, that of the port of London is
simultaneously decreasing. The canse is
to be ascribed to the system of docks, the
dues and charges connected with which
operate so heavily on imports, as to confer
great advantages on Liverpool, and other

PRICES or MERCHANDIZE. = Aug
Cocoa, W.1.common--f5 5 0 to 4
Coffee, Jamaica, ordinary 315 0 — 4
Mine 665 7 0. — 6
D , Mocha ---ee+ee2 5 0 0 — 8
Cotton, W.I.common-- 0 0 9 — O

, Demerara>--++- 0 O 115 — O
Currants ------ seoeesee 5 12 0 — O
Figs, Turkey --------- 118 0 — 2
Flax, Riga ---+---++++--63 0 O — 64
Hemp, Riga, Rhine .-..42 0 0 — 43
Hops, new, Pockets---- 8 0 0 — 10
————,, Sussex,do. 610 0 — 7
Iron, British, Bars ---- 810 0 — 9
—————., Pigs -+---» 6 0 0 — 7
Oil, Lucca --++++++-++- 9.10 0 — 10
—, Galipoli---++-----++-- 54 0 0 — O
Rags --ccssccesccsees 2 4 0 — 0
Raisins, bloom or jar,jnew 310 0 — 0O
Rice, Patna --+.-..++-. OG, 0.4
——, Carolina -+-+«.-+» 118 0 -+ 2
Silk, Chima, raw--+---e- 016 1 — O
——,, Bengal, skein -+-+-» 011 5 — O
Spices, Cinnamon ---.-. 0 7 0 — O

» Cloves «-+ee0-. 0 3 9 — O

, Nutmegs ---e-- 0 3 1 — O

, Pepper, black.. 0 0 64 — 0O
——__—_—,, white-- 0 1 34— 0
Spirits, Brandy, Cogniaec 0 2 9 — O

, Geneva Hollands 0 2 1 — O

, Rum, Jamaicas- 0 2 4 — O

ports; while the restrictions which attend
ships and their crews while within the
docks, deprive the proprietor of cargoes
of all free agency. We foresaw that such
waslikely to be the consequence of the Col-
quhoun system when it was commenced,
and pride will abet it till London has lost
the greater part of its foreign commerce,

. 20. ; Sept. 23.

0 0 4 0 0 to 510 O perewt.
3.0; 5315 0 — 4 0 0° do.
2 0 310° O —, 6 2 Ov.do.
0 0 dD» 06:0 '— 7:10 0 - ‘do,
O11} 0 0 9 — O O 10f per lb,
1 12} 0 0112 — 0 1 12 do
0 0 5 8 0 — 510 O perewt.
2 0} 115 0 — 2 O O perchest
0 0;}64 0 0 —65 0 0 per ton,
0 0)41 0 0 — 45° 0 0° do.
10 0 8 8 0 — 411 11 O perewt.
10 0 710 0 — 810 0 do.

0 0 810 0 — 9 0 O per ton,
0 0 6.0 0.» 7) 0.0 do.
0 0; 9 0 0 — 9106 0 95 galls,
0-0 }53 0 0 —.0 0 O per ton.
0 0 20 6 — 0 0 O perewt,
0 0 310 0 — 0 00° do,
0 0 016 0 — 018 0. do.

ON OM) ANTS MON MB IAO! — fey
18 1] 016 1 — 0418 1 per Ib,
12 10 011 5 — 01210 do,

8 4); 0°88 0 —' 0 8 8 ‘do.
49);03 9 — 0 4 0. do.
0 0;!]0 3 1— 0 0 0§ do.
0 64) 0 0 6§— 0 O 6 do.
4° 85) .0 1.03. — OOD SN udos
3.3, 0 2 9 —'0 3 3 pergal,
9°2 0,2 1— 0 2 2 = do,
26102 4+ 02 6 do.

Sugar

272 Bankrupts and Dividends. [Oct. 1,
Sugar, brown:+-++-.... 214 0 — 215 0] 214 0 — 2415 O perewt.
——, Jamaica, fine ---- 5 5 0 — 3 8 0] 3 3 0 — 811 0 do.
——, East India, brown 1°0 0 — 1 4 O 100 — 1 4 0 do.

—, lump, fine-------- 4 4 0 — 4 8 0 4° 3'-0' —"4""6 "0 ‘do;
Tallow, town-melted---- 2 2 0 — 00 0] 28.4 0 — 00 0 do.
——_, Russia, yellow *: 117 0 — 00 0/]2 00 — 206 do.
Tea, Bohea+---..+----- 0 2 5 — 0 2 52} 0 2 43 — 0 2 53perlb.
—-, Hyson, best ------ 0 5 7 — 0 6°0 | 0 5 9 — 0 6 O° do.
Wine, Madeira,old ---- 20 0 0 —70 Vv 0/20 0 0 —70 0 O perpipe

> Port; old '---s---- 42 0 0 —48 0 0 149 0 0 — 48 0 O °- do.
, Sherry --++++----90 0 0 — 50 0 0 120 0 0 —50 O° O per butt

or Jersey, 25s. a 30s.—Cork or Dublin, 25s. a 30s

Premiums of Insurance.—Guernsey
Madeira, 20s. a 50s,—Jamaica, 40s. a

—Belfast, 25s. a 30s.—Hambro’, 20s. a 50s.
50s.—Greenland, out and home, 6 gs. a 12 gs.
Course of Exchange, Sept, 25.—Amsterdam, 12 10.—Hamburgh, 38 2,—Paris, 26 5.

Leghorn, 465.—Lisbon, 523 —Dublin, 92 per cent.

Premiums on Shares and Canals, and Joint Stock Companies, at the Office of Wolfe ani -
Edmonds'— Birmingham, 312l.—Coventry, 11001.—Derby, 140/—Ellesmere, 63/.—
Grand Surrey, 47/.—Grand Union, 19/.—Grand Junction, 263/.—-Grand Western,
4l. 15s.—Leeds and Liverpool, 377/.—Leicester, 315/.—Loughbro’, 4000l—Oxford,

745l.—Trent and Mersey, 2150/.—Worcester, 34.

East India Docks, 1451.—London,

118l.—West India, 192/—Southwark BrinGe, 14/.—Strand, 5/.—Royal Exchange

ASSURANCE, 2701.—Albion, 51/—Globe, 1611.

Ditto, 1481.

Gas LigntT Company, 781.—City

The 3 per Cent. Consols, on the 26th of September, 831 ; New 4 per Cent. 1023.
Gold in bars, 31. 17s. 6d. per 0z.—New doubloons, 3/. 15s, 6d.—Silver in bars, 4s. 11d.

ALPHABETICAL List oF BANKRUPTCIES announced between the 20th of Aug.
and the 20th of Sept. 1823: extracted from the London Gazettes.
—>—_

BANKRUPTCIES. [This Month 61.]

Solicitors’ Names are in Parentheses.

AAUDERSEY, B. Liverpool, grocer. (Hinde
Andrew, P. R. Hab vay erocer. (Willoughby

Atkinson, A. Ludgate-hill, cabinet-maker. (Harvey
and Co,

Barnes, W. Newhall, Worcestershire, cattle-dealer.
(Jones, Tewkesbury

Batterbec, P. F. Norton, Suffolk, brandy-merchant.
(Golding, Walsham

Biles, J. Cranbourne,
(Hodding, Salisbury

Bish, D. Shirehampton,
(Hicks and Co. L. ,

Broughall, R. Little Ness, Shropshire, farmer.
(Williams, Shrewsbury

Caton, H. Beaminster, Dorsetshire, draper. (Green
and Co. L,

Cogger, T. Haymarket, glassman.

Cooper, J. Leicester, linen-draper. (Pullen and Son

Cone, J. Crutched-friars, victualler. (Alexander

Critchley, J. and T. Walker, Bolton, liquor-mer-
chants. (Adlington and Co, L..

Dighton, G. Rochester, draper. (Green and Co. L.

Dorsetshire, blacksmith.

Gloucestershire, dealer.

(Young

Fleming, R. Yarmouth, wine-merchant. (Daniell
and Co. L
Fox, T. Great Surrey-street, Blackfriars’-road,

woollen-draper. (Bolton

Funston, RK. Cambridge, dealer. (Peacocke

payee J. High-street, Whitechapel, butcher.

ray

Grange, J. Piccadilly, nurseryman. (Barber

Graves, J. and H.S. Langbourn-chambers, mer-
chants. (Fisher

Greetham, T. Liverpool, ship-chandler. (Chester,L.

Hasford, J. Trowbridge, victualler. (Berkley, L.

Hartwright, T. Kinver, Staffordshire, victualler.

_. (Hemington, Oldbury

Hill, R. Stafford, silversmith. (Tyndall and Co.
Birmingham

Holman, R.Crown-street, Finsbury-square, hatter.
(Annesley

Hone, J. W. Brixton, draper. (Wilde and Co. L.

Howell, J. Llanelly, Carmarthenshire, linen-draper,
(Clarke, Bristol

Horn, H. Cherry-garden street, Rotherhithe, mer-
chant. (Birkett, L,

Hunter, J. Halifax, dealer. (Scatherd

Jenkins, J. Tewkesbury, wine-merchant. (Windus

Jennings, J. Keynsham, Somersetshire, sadder.

Drewe
Johnson, W. Liverpool, merchant. (Battye, L.

Brine W. E. Lime-street, merchant, (Gatty
and Co.
Knowles, G. Brighton, stable-keeper. (Croswelier

Lee, H. T. Gravel-lane, Ratcliffe-highway, slop-
seller, (Wilde and Co.

Lowndes, J. H. Liverpool, merchant. (Brooke

Marchant, J. Freshford, Somersetshire, innkeeper.
(Mason, L.

Maddy, W. Leeds, linen-draper. tes

Martin, J. Bolton, manufacturer. (Willett, L.

Maunders, J. Upper Ground-street, Christchurch,
victualler. (Ware and Co.

Maxwell, J. Boston, tea-dealer. (Chester, L.

Meilheim, L. J. de, Arundel-street, Strand, mer-
chant. (Taylor

Mitchell, W. Norwich, silversmith. (Gale, L.

Myers, A. Haymarket, tailor. (Morgan

Oldriere, L. Dartmouth,tallow-chandler. (Prideaux,
Kingsbridge , C=

Perrell, J. King-street, Cheapside, silk-manufac-
turer. (James " n

Phillips, D. Cold Blow, Pembrokeshire, victualler.
(Callen, Pembroke

Rigg, R. and A, Whitehaven, brewers. (Walker

Roche, G. Liverpool, tobacconist. (Adlington

Ryder, KR. Edale, Derbyshire, cotton-spinuer.
(Whitlow, Manchester

Skiller, E. Rochester, victualler. (Shafto, Bishop-

wearmouth

Smith, J. Doncaster, grocer. (Hardy and Co.
Sheffield .

Smith, T. Manor-row, Tower-hill, earthenware-
man. (Robinson

Sutton, W. Sunbury, brewer. (Vincent, L.

Telford, J. and W. Arundell, Liverpool, drapers,
(Green and Co. L. i

Underwood, C. Cheltenham, builder. (Bowyer

Watt, C. Sidney-street, Goswell-street road, pen-
manufacturer. (Butler

Watt, C. Spencer-street,.Goswell-street road, mer-
chant. (Evitt and Co. “

Watson, T. Longsight, Lancashire, dealer. (Atkin-
son, Manchester

Wilson, R. and F.
(Stevens

Wood, J. Cardiff, barker. (Gregory, L.

Worth, J. and J. Trump-street, warehouseman,
(Phi

Phipps
DIVIDENDS.

Oxford-street, linen-drapers.

1823.]

‘Ainey, J. Liverpool .

Andrade, A. and T. Worswick,
Lancaster

Bidwith, T. Bagginswood, Shrop-
shire

Bird, J. and H. Bartlett’s-build-
ngs

Blyth, J. Newcastle-under-Lyme

Bowmap, J. Salford

Broughall, R. Shrewsbury

Butler; J. Milk-street

Clark, G. D. Strand

Coburn, T. Witney

Cotterell, J. Worcester

Davies, S._and P. Drayton-in-
Hales, Shropshire

Denham, C. R. Fetter-lane

Denziloe, M. K, Bridport

Dicks, J. Tottenham court-road

Edwards, E. pocatatyi A

Evans, T.. Mackynileth, Montgo-
meryshire

Evans, T. B. Strand

Ford, W. Walworth-road

¥Frood, W. Rochdale

Garnett, J. Liverpool

Political Affairs in September.

DIVIDENDS.

Gill, W. O. Melksham

Gribbell and Hellyar, East Stone-
house, Devonshire

Haddan, W. Lombard-street

Harris, W, Birmingham

Harvey, J. Leadenhall-market

Higginbotham, N. Macclesfield

Higgs, D. Chipping Sodbury,
Gloucestershire

Hinde, T. Liverpool

Hopkins, J. jun. Cholsey, Berks

Hornsby, T. jun. Hull

Hughes, J. Cheltenham

Husband, R. Plymouth

Inchbold, T. Leeds

Jarvis, T. Adderbury, Oxfordshire

Jones, J. Corele

Jones, W. Shoreditch

Kitchen, R. and J. Amery, Li-
verpool

Lucas, J. et i at he
Hackney-roa

Marshall, W. Hessle, Yorkshire

Martin, F. Sa ha pt

Mawhood, R. Wakefield

Nillock and Lathom, Bath

273

Passmore, J. Farnham

Pilling, J. Huddersfield

Quinton, W. and J. Basford, So-
mersetshire

Rangecroft, J. Bingfield, Berksh.

Redley, J. Lancaster i

Roundell, J. Skipton, Yorkshire

Russell, G. Birmingham

Salmon, S. Regent-street

Saunders, W. Beckington, So-
mersetshire >

Smith, J. Liverpool

Squire, L. Eraith, Huntiogdon-
shire

Stevens, R. gabe

Sylvester, W. New Woodstock

Tolson, P. and R. Leeds

‘Yomlinson, ‘I, Winterton, Lia-
colushire

Ward, J. Lowestoft

White, A. Aldermanbury

Wilson, W. Bridgefield, Lancashs

Wood, G. Gloucester

Wood, P. Kingston

Yeates, W. Bristol.

MONTHLY AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

: —p——
ARVEST is finished throughout Bri-

tain, excepting the northern extre-
mnities, where it is in full operation, as yet
under fortunate circumstances, with re-
spect to the weather. The favourable
change, during the past month, has im-
mensely increased the value of all the
crops, hops excepted, which almost uni-
versally were tou far gone in consumption
to be recovered even by that best of
physicians,—a change of air. Wheat is
every where a large crop, but a -consider-
able portion of it will.be rough and coarse;
and they who assert that it shows no signs
of blight,—farmers, however,—do but ex-
hibit in themselves signs of somewhat else.
Beans will produge full one-third more
than the general expectation. Peas a
fair crop. Barley superabundant. Oats,
in some parts ijight, in others luxuriant.
Rye, good. Potatoes,—our second bread
crop,—inost plentiful, and of fine quality.
Turnips arc. said to have lately received
some check at the root, but. the crop ap-
pears probable fully to equal the demand
of the ensning season. Fine hay will be
scarce, the second crop abundant, and
well saved; the latter feed extremely lux-
uriant and bulky, and much mended in
quality by the dry weather. Fallows, ex-
cept with the best class of farmers, foul,
and backward in tilth. Almost all fruits

superabundant ; those which are latest in
maturity the best. Live stock, fat and
lean, in universal abundance, with no ma-
terial variation as to markets. Saddle
and coach horses, of good size and form,
hold their prices to the utmost; the de- ,
mand, both at home and abroad, continu-
ing- without a check; whilst ordinary
horses of jall kinds are still sinking in
price. Old wheat, in some parts of the
country, is rather light in stock ; in others,
the stock on hand is considerable. The
price has already fallen ten shillings per
quarter, and upwards, on the average ;
and must inevitably, to judge from the
prospect, descend considerably lower.
The present appears to be a most plentiful
season throughout Europe.

Smithfield: — Beef, 2s. 8d. to 48s.—
Mutton, 3s. 6d. to 4s.—Veal, 3s, Sd. to
5s.,—Pork, 2s. 6d. to 6s.—Lamb, 3s. 4d,
to 5s.—Bacon, 3s. to 4s, 2d.—Raw fat,
9s. 5d. per stone.

Corn Exchange: — Wheat, 40s, to 60s,
—New, 42s. to 53s.—Barley, 28s. to 40s.
—Oats, 20s. to 30s.—London price of
best bread, 4ib. for 9d.—Hay, 63s. to
126s.—Clover, do, 64s. to 130s.—Straw,
40s. to 54s.

Coals in the pool, 36s. to 453.

Middlesex ; Sept. 22.

POLITICAL AFFAIRS IN SEPTEMBER.

—>——

SPAIN.
HE mechanical strength of the
French Banditti, directed by the
seicnuce of War, continues to triumph
over the divided and ill-directod me-
Monrury Mac. No. 237,

chanical strength of the Spanish Con-
stitutionalists. In truth, the supersti-
tion and ignorance of the Spanish
peasantry aid the foreign banditti,
and give a decided preponderance to

2°N their

274
their mechanical power. If morality
or principles had any weight in the
contest, the Bourbon slaves, who be-
came Banditti the instant they invaded
an unoffending country, would long
since have been exterminated. But,
on the contrary, in the partizans of
arbitrary power, of the inquisition,
and of all those negations of intellect,
which sink men into brutes, the ban-
ditti found a numcrous party of priests
and priest-ridden slaves, eager to co-
operate with them; and intcllectual
men, as possessing no extra degree of
mechanical powers, have, by their joint
action, been overwhelmed. The ban-
ditti, with allikeir infamy of conduct,
have, nevertheless, been ashamed of
their Spanish adherents, and a war of
words, if not of arms, has commenced
between them. Some wretches were

_ constituted a Regency at Madrid, but
their violent and brutal policy render-
edit necessary to restrain them by
a formal preclamation ; and, in conse-
quence, an implacable hostility. bas
been declared even against the Bour-
bon slaves, whose alleged moderation
is criminal in the estiuation of these
Spanish desperadocs,

In the mean time the Bourbon
leader having assembled his forces
before Cadiz, proceeded to evince his
prowess by storming the fortifications
of the Tracadero, a slip of land which
runs from the main into the harbour ;
and, taking advantage of the night, of
low water, and of treasons within the
works, they were carried, and numbers
of brave Spaniards fell murdered
victinis at their guns. All civilized
Europe lamented this triamph of me-
chanical power, but certain govern-
ments look on while these crimes are
perpetrating, aad appear to think that
those are justifiable who coolly pass by
while assassins are murdering a help-
Jess man inthe strect, It is even sus-
pected that the nian who was ambas-
sadcr at Naples, in 1820, has, by
Machiavelian policy and intrigues,
aggravated the mischiefs of the con-
test, though his master rules a free
people, who have but one opinion on
this subject. Whatever be the result,
the martyrs of the great cause of
human nature will be greatly multi-
plied by this contest, one of many
which must take place before man
triumphs over ignorance, and over
those who profit by it, The brave
Rieeo is one of the last victims of his
base and treacherous countrymen.

Political Affairs in September.

[Oct. 1,

The Cortes shut up in Cadiz have,
however, imitated the Roman Senate,
when the British Brennus led an army
of ancient Gauls to Rome, the mem-
bers of which died at their posts. At
the end of their session the following
Speech was delivered by Ferdinand;
and this, with the Reply of the Presi-
dent, as exhibiting the true state of the
Spanish question, we have preserved
for the information of posterity :—

Gentlemen Deputies.—On this solemn
day, ia which the present Cortes are closed,
my heart is necessarily affected by sensa-
tions of different kinds, though still they
aceord with the cireumstances in which
the nation is placed. On the one hand,
the evils by which she is oppressed, and,
on the other, the valour of those sons who
defend her, produce in my mind the natu-
ral effects of such opposite causes; and, if
the public calamities and the horrid abuse
of my royal name by the enemies of the
state, are to me matter of ,the deepest
affliction, I likewise feel the greatest satis-
faction when I contemplate the virtues by
which the Spanish people are acquiring
fresh claims to glory, and the conduct by
which their worthy representatives have
distinguished themselves Curing the pres
sent legislature.

Invaded as our territory is, by the most
unheard-of treachery on the part of a per-
filious enemy, who owe their existence
chiefly to this magnanimous nation, the
world beholds violated in her the rights of
all countries, and all the principles the most
sacred among men. Pretended defects
in our political institutions—supposed er-
rors in our interior administration—a feign-
ed wish to restore tranquillity, the distur-
bance of which is the work of those alone
who exaggerate it—affected concern for
the dignity of a monarch who wishes not
to be one but for the happiness of his ‘sub-
jcects—such were the pretexts of an ag-
gression which will be the scandal of pos-
terity, and the blackcst spot of the nine-
teenth centary. Buthypocrisy, embolden-
ed by her ephemeral progress, soon threw
ot the mask, and, discovering all the hor-
ror of her views, no longer allows even the
mest duped to doubt that the only reform
she aims at is to deprive the nation of all
independence, ofall liberty, and of all hope;
and that the dignity which :le pretends to
restore to my crown, consists only in dis-
honourpig me, in exposinz my royal per-
son and famiiy, and in undermining the
foundations of my throne, to raise herself
on its ruins,

With very little reliance on their forces,
and on their own valour, the invaders have
not been able to advance but as cowards,
by scattering corrupting gold, by recurring
to the vilest shifts to seduce tlie incautious,
and by arming in their aid ‘treason, fana-

. ticism,

1823.]

ticism, ignorance, and all the passions and
.imes. In opposition to such enemies,
end in so disadvantageous a strugzle, to
those who are acquainted with honourable
warfare only, the fate of arms has hitherto
been adverse. The defection of a gene-
ral, whom the country had loaded with
honours, annihilated an army, upset all
plans, and opened to the enemy the gates
of the residence of government, enmpelling
it to remove to this spot; and, the com-
bined operations being thus frustrated,
and our means of defence so considerably
diminished, misfortune has since snccceded
misfortune, and evils have accumulated
upon a generous people who least merited
them,

But in the midst of these disasters, Spain
preserves her magnanimous resolution, and
the Cortes, in the closest union with my
government, have ever maintained them-
selves such as they were in the memora-
ble days of the 9th and 1ith of January
last. ‘The serenity and wisdom of their
deliberations hitherto, amidst such bitter-
ness and danger, the confidence which
their patriotism inspires, and the hatred
itself with which they are honoured by the
enemies of the country, are so many proofs
that they have deserved well of it. Inde.
fatigable in promoting all the branches of
public prosperity, they have issued various
decrees that contribute to it, as far as cir-
cumstances permit. The public credit of
the nation, her finances, lier army, the in-
terior government of the proviuces, agri-
culture, commerce, and other branches of
industry, the administration of justice and
the establishment of bencficence, have all
been the object of the zeal of the Cortes,
and all are indcbied to them for considera-
ble improvements, which time will evince
to a greater extent, and which I will exert
myself to further, as far as depends upon
the executive power.

Gentlemen,—TI feel a real satisfaction in
expressing my gratitude for these impor-
tant services, for the generosity with
which you have attended to the houoar of
my royal family, and for the liberality with
which you have furnished my government
all the means in your power to meet the
excessive expenses of the state, with the
least pressure upon the nation: the powers
grauted to this effect, by the Cortes, to
the provincial deputations, as auxiliary jun-
tas of the national defence, have increased
the resources ; and the patriotism of these
corporations has hitherto made, and, I
trust, will continue to make, of such au-
thority, a use extremely beneficial for the
support and increase of the defenders of
the country.

I likewise return thanks to the Cortes
for the unlimited confidence which they
have reposed in my government, authori-
zing it, of its own accord, and by nieans of

‘

Political Affairs in September.

/

275

its principal agents, to adopt some’ extra-
ordinary measures which ::< present state
of the nation induced me to propose as in-
dispensable. If it really is indispensable
tat, in such critical times, the execntive
power should he sufficiently strong to pre-
vent any machinations, aud secure public
tranquility, my government never will
theretore, lose sight of the respect due to
the liberty of the Spaniards, but endea-
vour to reqnite a confidence so gratifying,
by acting, as hitherto, with the greatest
moderation and economy.

The position in which the events of the
war have placed my government, lias pro-
duced an interruption in the communica-
tions with several of the agents of foreign
powers; but there is no reason whatever
to think that this momentary interruption
can disturb the relations of friendship and
alliance that subsist between Spain and
those cabinets.

Particular circumstances which might
expose the honour of my government have
induced me to order, as a provisional mea-
sure, that my Chargé d’Afiaires shonld
withdraw from Lisbon.

Nevertheless the ties subsist untouched
by which two nations are united, whose
evident interest it is to live together in
peace and harmony ; and the commercial
intercourse has continued uninterrupted.

In the interior, every thing suffers from
the fatal effects of a desolating war, and
the most beneficent laws and mcasures
cannot p:oduce favonrable results in the
midst of such disasters. Divine Provi-
dence is pleased to try us in all ways; but
I trust, gentlemen, that at last it will grant
a triumphant issue to the justice of our
cause. If the treason of some has done
for the invaders what they could not ex-
pect from their own efforts, the country
has still left many heroes who remind the
French army of the Spaniards of 1813. If
some governments, who are inimical to li-
berty and light, have conspired against us
—if others have forsaken us from a near-
sighted policy, all nations behold their
interests connected with ours, and are ar-
dent in their wishes that in this struggle
we may be victorious.

Gentlemen Deputics,—Then rest, for
the present, from your laudab!e labours,
and reap, from the esteem of your fellow-
citizens, the fruits which you so richly de-
serve. Endeavour to inculcate on their
minds the necessity of their all uniting
around my constitutional throne, and of
discord and unfomded distrust disappear-
ing from amongst us, Let the Constitution
be our only motto, national independance,
freedom, and honour our only wish, and
unmoved constancy be ever opposed by us
to misfortunes which we have not merited.
My government shall cease to exist before
it take any step contrary to the rial by

which

276

wich it is connected. with the country, or
to what is required by the honour of the
nation and the dignity. of my crown; and,
if. circumstances shall require it, it will
seek,,in the extraordinary. Cortes, a sare
harbour for the vessel of. the state., In
such case, I will assemble them, al-
ways. depending upon their zeal ani
patriotism, and jointly we will travel
in the path of glory, witil a peace be ob-
tained at once honourable and worthy of
Spaniards and of myself,

Answer of the President. of the Cortes, to

i the King’s Speech.

Sire,—The Cortes of the Spanish nation,
on terminating their ordinary: sessions,
could wish to congratulate your majesty
and themselves on the tranquil enjoyment
of the beneficent institutions by which we
are governed. But in reality, as your ma-
jesty has just observed, treacherous ag-
gression has scattered over this nation.all
the evils of an atrocious war, in which fa-
naticism,.the vices and ignorance of the
aggressors, are obstinately struggling against
the virtues, the honour, and the illumina-
tion of the offended. In such a situation,
the noble resolution of upholding the con-
test, so as eilkier to vanquish or perish with
glory, is worthy of Spanish breasts.

_ And what pietexts have they chosen for
hostilities that will ever be the scandal of
the civilized world? ‘To protect religion,
and maintain the prerogatives of your ma-
jesty’s throne, through a reform in our Con-
stitufion, But Religion is not protected
by the violence of the superstition of the
barbarous ages; nor are the. throne and
person of your majesty defended by expo-
sing them to. untyersal disrepute, by the
excesses which are committed in the abuse
of your majesty’s name. Above all, fo-
reign legions, with arms in their hands, do
not intend to reform the constitution of
any country, but rather endeavour the de-
struction of its liberty, and the violation
of its most valuable rights: but can these
be the active measures, at this moment, of
princes who, but lately, owed to our firm-
ness, and to the exalted state of those
principles which they are persecuting, some
the restitution, and others the preservation
of their thrones, and all the security of
that power which they now employ to
reward such benefits, at our hands, by in-
juries and calamities? Such conduct can
be sanctioned only by the perfidious in-
gratitude of those Princes who dcebased and
prostrated Lhemselves before a daring soldicr;
nor can it be supported and adopted but
by degraded Spaniards, who are absolute
strangers to honourable sentiments and na-
tional independence.

The contest at last begun, we at first
experienced reverses from it, of which
some should pot surprise us, because they
were loresecn, and others have been tlie

' Political Affairs in September,

[Octi ty
results of seduction and. deceit; rather
than of the power of the aggressors, But
these. momentary advantages, far from
humbling our valor, have given us fresh
vigour, and, confiding in the justice of, our
cause, we await our triumph unmoved.

The august.person of your, Majesty
and his Royal Family, being now sheltered
within these impenetrable walls, together
with the national representation, from
them we will repeat the lesson which we
gave, some years ago, to the armies the
most formidable in the world, by the
talents of the chief who directed them,
and by the numbers of which they were
composed. In a crisis so terrible, the
Cortes have done all they had to do,
which was, to be faithful to their oath.
To this effect, they have pnt their conrage
to. the severest trial,,and. performed all
that necessity required; and, however
painful some of their. resolutions. may
have been. to, them, the sacred duty im-
posed on them and the fandamental law
compelled their adoption.

The just wish to provide the necessary
resources, in order to maintain the inde-
pendence of the nation, has likewise in-+
duced them to grant the aid\of men and
money which have been called for, as well
as the extraordinary, powers which. cir-
cumstances required, and.which the -patri-
otic Government of your Majesty. so
well merited; the Cortes having ever
been guided by the sole object of saving
the country from the abyss in which its
enemies wish to plunge it; employing
their utmost zeal. in so regulating the
distribution and. the means of execution
as, atthe same time, and as far.as.pos-
sible, to attend. to. the relief as well as
welfare of their constituents.

In the arduous position in which the
Cortes were placed, almost from the
moment of their first assembling, an exr
ternal war onthe one hand, and on the
other the lamentabie effects of the sordid
machinations of the enemies of light, of
the painful dereliction of some perverse
ministers of religion, and of the stibborn
conduct of certain individuals inured to
the exercise of despotism, they were
scarcely allowed time to attend to other
matters. Nevertheless, unwilling to omit
any thing intrusted to them, they have
endeavoured, by all the means in their
power, to open the sources of public
wealth, to set aside the impediments
which industry laboured under, and to
facilitate trade and circulation; careful,
at the same time, to secure the right
administration of justice, and the safety of
the persons and property of Spaniards.
If they have not accomplistied more, it
has been owing to that unfortunate
moment when the chiefs of the European
nations conspired agaist us, i

18234

It is truly lamentable that this gencrous
nation should not have her friendly inter-
course requited by the rest in, the way
that their common interest requires; but
she not being auswerable for anaberration
of mind so ill-beecoming the enlightened
age in which we live, she must console
herself with not having provoked evil, and
liaving ever been disposed to good;. and,
above all, to distinguish, by real proofs of
useful and reciprocal union, those states
which were disposed to preserve and
appreciate these valuable ties, and not to
sacrifice the interests of their subjects to
the passion or caprice of their rulers.

The steady and constitutional conduct
of your Majesty’s Government leads the
Cortes to rely most fully that it will con-
tinue to advance,. thus nobly, in. the path
of glory, overcoming every obstacle, and
steering the vessel of the state safely into
harbour, aided by the zeal and’ resolution
of the heroic soldiers of all arms, the
praise-worthy constitutional corporations,
and, in general, by the noble intrepidity
ef the Spaniards.

The Cortes, satisfied with the testimony
of their conscience, having religiously
discharged their duties, and, withont any
remorse arising from their political con-
duct, are come again to this invincible
island, the terror of tyrants and the sup-
port of free men, and have assembled
anew in this very temple where, in spite
of the then arbiter of diadems and thrones,
that constitution was formed and sanc-
tioned, in 1812, which. is to be the source
of our prosperity.

If in raising on this spot that everlasting
monument of heroism and wisdom, and
despising the fire and the snares of an
enemy crafty and terrible, those who had
the good fortune to be Deputies, showed
themselves deserving of their mission,
the present representatives of the Spanish
nation will imitate the exalted example
of magnanimity in danger, left them by
their predecessors. Resolyed never to
compound with their own infamy, they
will maintain, at all risks, the oath they
have taken,

On all occasions, whether prosperous
or adverse, your Majesty will never find
them retrograding in the career of honor ;
and if, once more assembled in extra-
ordinary Cortes, the good of the country

Chronology of the Month.

27F
so requiring it, these depnties.should have
again to exercise the legislative functions,
they will repeat, in the face-of the whole-
world, what they declared in their sittings
of the 9th and 11th of January last, aud
expsessed anew on the 29th of July, with
general applause.

Your Majesty may make yourself easy,
in the full confidence and security that you
will find them by your side whenever your
Majesty may apply to them to support
the dignity of your constitutional throne;
and that they never can wish for a day
of greater joy to them than that on which,
removed with your Majesty to the centre
of the monarchy, they may be able to
congratulate your Majesty on the attain-
ment of victory, after having driven-the
enemy beyond the Pyrenees.

Epic poetry and romantic history
alone can do justice to the: brave
Catalonians, who have honoured their
province and the Spanish name by the
heroic resistance which they have op-
posed to the French banditti during
the last four months.

Corunna was surrendered to the in-
famous Morillo, after aresistance of a
month.—Pampeluna, after suffering,
the horrors of aregular bombardment,,
was then foreed to capitulate; and
Santona has also surrendered. Thus-
crime triumphs over virtue, and the:
nations of the earth as basely, as coolly
look on.

GREECE. :

The GreckCommittee in London hay-
ingsent Mr. BLaquiereto examinc and
report on the state of that country, he
lately returned, and areport has been
published which does honour to his
head, his heart, and his prineiples.
The modern Greeks appear. to be
worthy of their renowned ancestors,
and, although maintaining an unequal
contest, have nearly, if not entirely,
delivered their country. If the un-
principled Jews of London should not
negociate a loan to the Porte, its re-
sources in men and money seem ex-
hausted; and, if Russia does not in-
terfere, the firm establishment of a
Greek Republic seems inevitable.

INCIDENTS, MARRIAGES, ano DEATHS, 1n anp near LONDON;.
With Biographical Memoirs of distinguished Characters recently deceased.

——a_

CHRONOLOGY OF THE MONTII.
UG. 28.—A meeting of merchants,
bankers, and others, held; when a
committee was appointed to report on the
practicability of forming a Chamber of
Commerce in London.
530,—Major Cartwright entertained M.

Quiroga, and a. great number of distin-
guished Spaniards, friends of liberty.

Sept. 4.—After a-warm contest, during
which as much zeal was manifested in be-
half of the candidates,—ten in number,—
as upon a parliamentary election, Josiah
Pratt, 8p, elected to tue vicarage of St.

Stephien,

‘Stephen, Coleman-street.

278
The numbers
were—

Rey. Josiah Pratt ++++++ 97

— Richard Taylor---- 95
: — James Hearn ---- 71
The other gentlemen declined the poll.

4.—A Gallo-Spanish loan of 2,600,0001.
effected.

14.—An alarming fire broke out in the
London-road,in the house of Mr. Swafield,
which was entirely destroyed, others much
damaged, and considerable property lost.

15.—The Grand Jury of Middlesex
concluded their sittings, having found no
less than 618 true bills.

—.—The metropolis visited by a tre-
mendous storm of thunder and lightning.

The Boards of Works, within the month,
ordered, as an experiment, the streets
from Parliament-street to the House of
Lords to be paved on Mr. M‘Adam’s plan.

The new London Bridge will be imme-
diately commenced, under the direction
of Messrs. Rennie, who have been autho-
rized both by the Treasury and the City.

A canal, on which 150 men are employ-
ed, has been commenced from the Thames
to Pimlico, terminating with a basin at
the wooden bridge, Little Chelsea, for the
reception of barges, craft, &c. ‘The old
bridge is to be removed, and a handsome
iron one erected in its stead.

MARRIED.

I’. H. Davis, esq. of the Remembrancer’s
Office, to Lucy Clementina, daughter of
Lord M. Drummond.

Capt. W. Sannders, k.A. to Eliza; and
Cc. B. Baldwin, esq. of the Inner ‘em-
ple, to Frances Lydia, daughters of Wal-
ter Boyd, esq. M.p,

The Hon. Thomas Dundas, eldest son
of Lord Dundas, to Sophia Jane, daughter
of the late Sir Hepworth Williamson, bart.

John William Bridges, esq. of Great
Coram-street, to Miss Hariiet Hanson, of
the Rookery, Woodford.

At Wimbledon, G. C. Carpenter, esq.
to Miss Harriet Phillips.

Jolin West, esq. of the Pavement,
Finsbury, to Mrs. Elizabeth Foster, of
East-place, Lambeth.

At Fulham, John Durant, esq. of Poole,
to Mary, widow of John Palmer, esq. of
Wimpole-street.

Henry Seymour Montagu, esq. to Maria,
daughter of the late Beeston Long, esq. of
Coombe-house, Surrey.

Mr. Thomas Scott, of Walworth, to Miss
Elizabeth Marianne Harding, of Wear-
cottage, ‘fopsham-road, Devonshire.

At Mary-le-bone, Capt. M‘Alpine, 7th

ussa's, to Miss Louisa Broughton, of

tratford-place.

At St, James’s, John Dodson, esq. of
Snettisham, Norfolk, to Miss Gerardin, of
Poland-street,

Mr. Henry Willatts, of Queenhithe, to
Miss, Dickinson, of Upton,

Marriages in and near London.

[Oct. 1,

“Mr, Richard Gilbert, of St. John’s-
Square, to Anne, daughter of the Rev. G,
Whittaker, of Northfleet. :

H. C. Plowden, esq. of Devonshire-
place, to Elizabeth, daughter of Licut.-
General Cuppage, of York-street, Port-
man-square.

H. S. Bowden, esq. of Bradninch, De-
vonshire, to Eliza Packman, daughter of
the late S. Sharp, esq. of Clapham-
common.

At Clapham, Richard Bevan, esq. to
Charlotte, daughter of the late Lieut.-col.
Hunter, of the 29th regt.

Frederick Clarkson, esq. of Doctors’
Commons, to Frances, daughter of the late
Rev. G. Hodgkins, of Stoke Newington,

The Rey. John Butt, B.a. of Upper
Seymour-street, to Mary, daughter of the
Rev. Join Eddy, M.A. vicar of 'Todding-
ton, &c. Gloucestershire.

Nathaniel Hooper, esy. of the Temple,
to Miss Elizabeth Saxon, of Evercreech,
Somersetshire.

Capt. H. Jenkinson, r.n. to Miss Ack-
land, daughter of the late Sir ‘Thomas
Dyke A, bart.

William Gilpin, esq. of East Shicene,
Surrey, to Miss Lucy Etiza Jones, of
Ashurst-park, Kent.

Mr. Francis Wyman, jun. of Qucen-
strect, Cheapside, to Sarah Blackett,
daughter of Clark Stanley, esy. of Canuon-
street road, East.

Capt. W. Losack, R.N. to Mary, widow
of Capt. E. L. Crofton, R.N,

T. H. Bosworth, esq. of Westerham,
Kent, to Sophia, daughter of Francis de
Bercken, esq. of Finsbury-place.

Mr. Frederick Read, of Regent-strect,
to Miss Mary Ransom, of Stifford,
Essex,

James Barnes, esq. of ‘Tavistock-square,
to Miss Walton, of Sanford-place, Stoke
Newington.

Jackson Walton, esq. of Sanford-place,
to Miss Denipster, of Mitcham.

J.W. Aldridge, jun. esq. of Pentonville,
to Miss E. Darnell, or Prospect-house,
Pentonville.

At St. Dunstan's Church, Stepney, J.
French, esq. of Stockwell-hall, Little
Burstead, Essex, to Miss Ismay, of Mile-
end,

William Matthiessen, esq. of Vinsbury-
square, to Miss Jane Hookey, of Alfred-
place, Bedford-square.

William May, esq. secretary to the Am-
bassador of the Netherlands, to Ann,
daughter of the late Nicholas Gilbee, esq.
of Denton-court, Kent.

Charles Ellis, esq. of Verulam-buildin:s,
Gray’s-inn, to Maria, daughter of Thonias
Reilly, esq. of Holly-terrace, Highgate.

T. E. Bates, esq. of Kennington, to Miss
Lucy Baden, of Enford, Wilts,

Dr. S. Burrows, of Bishopsgate-strect,
to Miss Sarah Burrows,

DIED.

1823.)

DIED.

At Southville, Wandsworth-road, S.
Godfrey, esq. for upwards of thirty years a
member of the Stock Exchange.

In Canonbury-lane, Islington, 71, Jacob
Benatar Pimental, esq.

In Trinity-square, Tower-hill, the Rev.
Thomas Durics, fornierly minister | of
Queen-street Chapel, Cheapside.

At Tottenham, 79, Mrs. M. Roberts.

At Teddington, Mr. Serjeant Marshall,
second justice of the Chester circuit.

Jn Burtou-crescent, 70, J. Hurtnell, esq.

In Bow-lane, Mrs. Mary Johnston.

In Church-street, Deptford, 50, Mr.
James Agutter.

In Red Lion-square, at an advanced
age, Ann, widow of W. Fowle, esq.

In Blackfriars’-road, 51, Mr. Theodore
Page, for thirty years a respectable prin-
ter there.

In. Tonbridge-place,
Philip Dampier.

In Welbeck-street, 75, the Rev. J. F.
Browning, D.D. rector of ‘Titchwell and
Southmere, Norfolk.

At Sydenham, 31, Mr. WW. Gibson.

In Tavistock-square, 56, James Wil-
liamson, esq.

At Kensington, Gideon Ardiscroft, esq.

In London-street, Fitzroy-square, 71,
John Wolfe, esq. late of the Customs,

At Weston-green, Thames Ditton, John
Kaye, esq. late Accountant-general at
Bombay.

In Chandos-street, Cavendish-square, 24,
the Rev. George Sto...

At Brentford, 39, Adrs. Anne Woodward
Jullion.

At Peckham, 72, Mr. William Carter.

At Farnham, Surrey, 63, John Main-
| warinz, esq. :

At Low-hall, Brompton, 82, the Rev.
John Cayley, rector of ‘Terrington, near
Castle Howard: he held the living sixty
years.

At Peckham, 72, Mr. William Dudde-
ridge, formerly of Cheapside.

In Pinsbury-place, Elizabeth, wife of J.
C. de Bernales, esq.

In Allsop’s-buildings, New-road, 63,
Liddle Thirlwall, esq.

In Norfolk-street, Strand, 33, Capt.
. John Henry Lister, of the 13th regt. of
Bengal Native Infantry.

At Blackheath, 52, P. W. Broadley, esq.
of Southwark-street.

In Henrictta-street, Brunswick-square,
Charles Surtees, esq.

At Camberwell, 57, Elizabeth, wife of
Joseph Arnold, m.v.

In Euston-square, Mrs. Luddington,
wife of William L. esq. and sister of the
Rev. Dr. Evans, of Islington. ¢ Further
particulars in our next. )

At Cobham-lodge, Surrey, Gen, Bucks
ley, governor of Pendennis Castle.

New-road, Mr.

Deaths in and near London.

279

At. St. Alban’s-hall, Oxford, the Rev:
Thomas Winstanley, v.p. This distin-
guished scholar spent most of his life in
college. In 1790 he was elected Cam-
den’s Professor of Ancient History in the
University of Oxford; in 1797 he succeed-
ed to the place of Principal of St. Alban’s-
hall; and in 1814 was ciosen . Landian
Professor of Arabic. The only ecclesias-
tical promotion he obtained was that of
one of the Prebendaries of _ London,
which he must have enjoyed many years,
as he stands next to Dr. Parr. Dr. Win-
stanley, when he died, was in his 85th year.

At Gatcombe Park, Gloucestershire;
60, David Ricardo, esq., M.P. for Portar-
lington, a gentleman who, at the Stock
Exchange, in the House of Commons, and
as a public writer on political economy,
had acquired considerable celebrity and
influence. He was bora of Jewish pa-
rents, but had become a proselyte to the
Christian religion. His accumulation of
wealth, and his distinction in life, arose
from his connection with the loans of the
late wars against France, of which his
acute and calculating mind enabled him
to take the best advantage. His success
and his knowledge of the funding system
gave currency to his first publications, and
when he subsequently entered the leyis-
lature, his opinions on these subjects
were listened to by all parties, and par-
ticularly by those whose thinking powers
lead them to attach great mystery to
questions of political economy. Mr.
Ricardo was, doubtless, a sensible, plau-
sible, honest, and experienced man; but
unfortunately he was a mere calculator,
and one of those economists whose rea-
sonings would be admirable if applied to
timber and stones, but which are mis-
chieyous when applied to sensitive beings,
and to a state of socicty altogether arti-
ficial. His favourite maxim was to suffer
every thing to find its own level, in a
country where monopoly of every kind are
upbeld by law, and where he himself was
protected in the enjoyment of a million
sterling, while hundreds of industrious
men were destitute of a week’s capital,
within a mile of his palace. Such being
his primary axiom, and such his narrow
application of it, his theories were mis-
chievous; yet, as they tended to support
the strong against the weak, they were
highly popular among the aristocracy of
both Houses. He was in consequence
listened to with attention, and his voice
and manner being inobtrusive, while he
treated of abstractions beyond the com-
prehension of the bulk of his auditory, so
his conelusions often had more weight
than they deserved. Nevertheless, he was
aman of liberal principles, and generally
voted on the side of liberty and reform ;
zealously aided Mr. Hume in regard to

many

280
many of those economical questions which
that gentleman has agitated. In a word,
he was.a patriotic and -useful man, with-
out being a philanthropist; and we con-
fess, that we ‘regard benevolence in a
statesman to be as cardinal .a virtue, as
charity in a Christian; insomuch that,
without a predominance of this quality, all
others are equivocal and dangerous. He
has left a large family, and some of his
brothers enjoy much credit in the money-
market.

At his seat near Cirencester, Mutthew
Raillie, M.p. This gentleman was a‘native
of Scotland, and son of a professor of di-
vinity at Glasgow. After having received
the rndiments of education at Glasgow, he
was sent to London, under the care of his
two maternal uncles, the late Dr. William
and Mr. John Hunter. Under these he
acquired an extensive and complete know-
ledge of the profession he mtended to
pursue. He was sent early to Oxford,
where he took his degrees; and was ad-
mitted to the full degree of M.D. in 1789.
Repairing to London, he was admitted of
the College of Physicians:abont the same
period as Dr. Vaughan (now Sir Henry
Halford.) -These two gentlemen soon
came into great practice, and perhaps
there is no instance of two men in the me-
dical profession rising so young to so great,
aneminence. To Dr, Baillie the medical
world is indebted for a work of great me-
zit, entitled, “the Moybid Anatomy of the
Human Body,” 1793; to which he added
an Appendix in 1798; and which reached
the fourth edition in 1807. In 1799 he
prblished “a Series of Engravings to illus-
trate the Morbid Anatomy,” which reach-
ed a sccond edition in 1812. He has like-
wise published * Anatomical Description
of the Gravid Uterus.” These works, and
the high character he bore in his profes-
sion, brought him into great practice, and
enabled lum to accumulate a good fortune,
* A fortune (as his biographer in the Public
Chw acters says,) which was gained with
much reputation, and to the entire satis-
faction of those who employed him.” He
had been physician to the late king, and
no doubt be might have been to the pre-
sent; but Dr. Baillie did not seek honours,
He was brother to the celebrated Miss
foanna Baillie. He married, early in life,
Aliss Denman, daughter of the late Dr.
Denman, and sister to the celebrated ad-
vocate of that name and Lady Croft. Be-
sides. the above works, Dr. B. was the
writer of several papers in the “ Transae-
tions. of the Society for Medical and Chi-

‘gurgical Knowledge.” While living, Dr.
Baillie was admired for the independence
of his spirit, and his loss will be univer-
sally regretted. |.

At his seat in Seotiand, the Right Hon.
John Lope, carlof Hopetoun, in Scotland,

9

Deaths in and near London.

[Oetet, .

and. Baron Nidiy, of the United Kingdom.
He was descended from a very ancient
Scottish family, who made their fortune
by trade, they were not ennobled until
the reign of Queen Anne. The subject
of the present memoir was born in 1766;
and, being a younger ‘son, was put into
the army, which he entered as an ‘ensign
in 1785. By purchase and family im
terest, he rose to the rank of lienfenant-
colonel in 1793, just at the period of the
war with France; in this, he was called
to not a very conspicuous part. When
Sir R. Abercrombie took the command
of the British army in the West Indies
in 1795, he was appointed his adjutant-
general, and was promoted to the local
rank of brigadier-general. Here he par=
ticularly distinguished himself during the
years 1795 and 6. His commander, ia
his dispatches, spake of him as a most
active and intrepid officer, coming forward.
on all occasions, and even when his duty
did not particularly call him. He returned
to Europe, and.in 1799 accompanied the
troops in the same capacity of adjutant:
general to Holland; bet, being severely
wounded in the attack on the Hilder,
he was obliged to return. In 1800,
still accompanying his old general, Aber-
cromhie, he embarked for Egypt, but
had the misfortune to be again wounded
at the battle of Alexandria, still acting in
the capacity of adjutant-general. He
sailed with the English troops to Sweden,
and was afterwards in the unfortunate
expedition to Walcheren. In 1809, he
embarked for Portugal, and was under
Sir John Moore both in that country and
Spain; in the retreat of Sir John Moore’s
army, he was third in command, and gave
many proofs of his intrepid duty and
good condnet. . At the battle of Corunna}
Sir John Moore being movtally wounded,
and Sir David Baird, the. second in com-
mand, having lost his arm, the command
devolved on General Hope, whose exer-
tions contributed much to the repulse of
the French, He was now rewarded for
his services, by the Order of the Bath;
he afterwards commanded in Ireland, but
in 1815 was sent to join the army in
Spain, »At the battleof Nive, he com-
manded the left-wing, aud was again.
wounded. He continued under the com-
mand of the Duke of Wellington, in his
victorious march through Spain, and
entered France with him. He was left to
command at the siege of Bayonne, but
had the misforiune to be made prisoner
asortie. On his return he was rewarded,
for his seivices by being created Baron
Nidry. .1n 1816, he succeeded to the title
of Earl of Hopetoun, by the death of hig
elder brother. In 1809, he obtained the
full rank of general in the army. Lerd
Hopetoun, at his death, was, a Privy

Councellor

1823.]
Councellor of {reland ; Colonel of the 42d
regiment of foot, G.c.B., and hereditary
keeper of Lochenaben Castle. He -was
twice matried: first, te Elizabeth, daugh-
ter of Charles Hope Wear, esq. who died
without issue; he then married Louisa
Dorothea, daughter of Sir James Wedder-
burn, baionei, by whom le has had eleven
children, mostly sons. He is succeeded
by his eldest son, who was bern in 1803,

ECCLESIASTICAL PROMOTIONS.
- The Rev. Willoughby Brassey to tiie cu-
yacy of Melcombe Regis.
-Rev. L. P. Baker, u.p. to the vicarage
of {mpington, Cambridgeshire.

Northumberland and Durham, &c.

281

The Rev. James Scholefield, m.a. to the
perpetual curacy of St. Michael's, Cam-
bridge. ‘

Rev. W.S. Preston, M.A. to the rectory
of Bowness, in the Diocese of Carlisle.

Rey. Edmund Smyth, to the vicarage of
North Elkington, Lincolnshire.

Rey. N. Orman, to the living of Great
Barton, Suffolk.

Rev. W. Knight, B.a. to the rectory of
Stevington, Hants.

Rev. L. A. Cliffe, to the perpetual cu-
racy of Wilton juxta Taunton.

Rev. A. Dicken, of Witheridge, to
be head master of Tiverton grammat-
school.

PROVINCIAL OCCURRENCES,

WITH ALL THE MARRIAGES AND DEATHS,
Punishing the Domestic und Family History of Englund for the last twenty-seven Years.
—=<f__—

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM.

Le the late monthly mecting of the

Literary and Philosophical Society of
Newcastle, an ingenious paper was read,
entitled “ ‘Phe Encyclochart, or Circalar
Tablet of Memory,” by Mr. \ illiam Brown,
of Wheckham, being an improvement on
the plan of Priestley, Le Sage, aud Grey’s
Historical Charts.

A numerous and respectable meeting
was lately held at Hexham, at which were
present Lord Lowther, J. C. GBrandling,
esq. M.P., W. Ord, esq. M.p., &c.;, when
an extensive plan for the improvement of
the roads in the western part of Northum-
berland, and for opening new lines of com-
munication with the adjoining country,
was uvanimously agreed to.

Married.] Mr. D. Paterson, to Miss A.
Robinson, both of Newcastle.—Mr. P.
Eggleton, of Newcastle, to Miss E. Gib-
sou, of Heworth.—Mr. J. Steward to Miss
A. Turnbull: Mr. T. Ovington, to Miss
C. Kelly : all of Gateshead.—Mr. Milton,
to Mrs. Wenholm, both of Bishopwear-
mouth.—Mr. J. Gaindry, of Bishopanck-
jaud, to Miss J. Vasey, of Spennymoor-
honse —Mr. S. Johnson, of Chester-le-
street, to Miss Mounttord, of Darlington,
—Mr. M. Bell, to Miss Alcock; Mr. J.
Hunter, to Mrs. M. Sweeting: all of
Stockton. — At Walls-End, John Potts,
exqg. to Miss S. A. Henderson, late of
Newton by the Sea. —Mr. Taylor, late of
Woolsington, to filiss J. Pinkney, of New-
burn.—Jamnies Wilson, esq. of Oulton, to
Miss E. M. Hopper, of Norton,

Died.] At Newcastle on the Sandhill,

2, Nicholas Temperly, esq. of Wanstead,
Essex, and a justice of the peace for Mid-
dlexex.—66, Mrs. Lewins, regretted.
74, Mrs. M.- Blackett.—In Pilgrim-street,
51, Mis. M. Joyce.—On the Quay-side,
20, Miss M. Wilsou.—In the Manor-chare,

Monvuty MAG No, 327.

56, Mr. J. Walton.—In Pilgrim-street, 34,
Mr. S. Atkinson.

At Sunderland, 63, Mr. J. Scott.—80,
Mr. R. Rakestraw.

At North Shields, 78, Mr. J. Lorrain.
—In Reed-street, 30; Mr. W. Turnball.—
In Charlotte-street, Mr. J. Sonter.

At Darlington, 65, Mrs. H. Atkinson.

At Bishopwearmouth, Mr. J. Adamson,
suddenly.

At Morpeth, 44, Miss Railston, deserv-
edly lamented.—69, Mr. T. Blyth, much
respected.

At Lumley, 73, Mr. J. Fairlam.—At
Stocksfield-hall, 66, Mr. W. Todd.— At
Cotherstone, Mr. J. Hutchinson.— At
Toft-hill, 21, Mr. J. Greenwell.— At
Haltwhistle, 84, Mrs. Neve, widow of Dr.
N. Lady Margaret’s Professor of Divinity
in the University of Oxford.—At Rybope,
29, Miss E. Lincoln.

CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND.

Whitehaven and neighbourhood were
within the month visited by a great fall of
rain: the conduits were choaked up; and
water burst forth in torrents, forced its
way into cellars, and did considerable da-
mage.

The annual meeting of agriculturists at
Abbey Holm tock place within the month.
Many excellent speeches were made on
the condition and prospects of the farmer :
that of Mr. Curwen deserved and obtained
particular attention.

Married.) Mr. W. Boustead, to Miss E.
Graham; Mr. J. Clark, to Mrs. D. Ste-
phen; Mr. B. Powes, to Miss M. Hen-
derson; Mr. D. Handcliff, to Miss-E,
Bell; Mr. J. Ashton, to Mrs. R. Hard-
man; all of Carlisle.—Myr. W. Harrison,
to Miss H. Briggs; Mr. 'T. Sloan, to Miss
M. Morris; Mr. 'T. Fell, to Miss R. Drake ;
Mr. J. Crosby, to Miss E. Whitelcck ; Mr.
H. M‘Cormick, to Miss R,.Carr: all of

20 White.

282

Whitehaven.—Mr. D. Doiglas, of White-
haven, to Miss EB. Greenhill, of Thirsk.—
Mr. M. Bouch, of Whitehaven, to Mrs, H.
Nixon, of Carlisle-—Mr. R. Hardy, of Ma-
ryport, to Miss Robinson, of Bishopauck-
land.—Mr. G. Law, to Miss E. Hutchin-
son.—Mr. G. Johnston, to Mis Armstrong,

both of Longtown.—Mr. J. Robertson, of

Cleator, to Miss D. Towerson, of Coate-
close.—Mr. A. Robinson, to Miss M. Bell,
both of Brampton.

teatng At Carlisle, 74, Mrs. M. Green-
ville.

At Whitehaven, 68, Mr. W. M‘Lauch-
lin.—67, Mr. J. Watson, greatly respect-
ed.—21, Mr. J. Reay.—22, Mr, J. Quintin,
—21, Mr. J. Creighton.

At Workington, 42, Mrs. A. Gibbons.—
54, Mr. R. Walton.

At Kendal, 26, Mr. J. Woof.—68, Mrs.
M. Fisher.—At an advanced age, Mrs.
Thompson, wife of John T, Esq.—67, Mr.
B. Hayton, of Nayland.

At Wigton, 62, Mr. T. Robson.—70,
Mr. R. Story.—24, Miss H. Bowman.

At Aughertree, near Ireby, 75, Mr. J.
Cape.—At Swarg, 33, Mr. J. Benson,
lamented. — At Lowther, 85, Mr. J.
Plumbe.—At Papcastle, 89, Mrs. M.
Lenox.—At Botcherby, 54, Mrs. S. Black.

YORKSHIRE.

A public meeting was lately held at
Leeds, the Mayor in the chair; when it
was resolved, to prevent vexatious dis-
putes, to effect a commutation of the
vicarial tithes and Easter offerings. Ri-
chard Fountayne Wilson, esq. of Ingman-
thorpe, had generously vested 70U0l. in
the funds, with directions that the divi-
dends should be applied in aid of the com-
mutation. This meeting returned him their
warmest thanks for his muniticent dona-
tion.

The artizans of Sheffield lately present-
ed a silver tea-urn, beautifully embossed,
to Lady Anne Hamilton, as a testimony
of their admiration of her faithful attach-
ment to the late queen.

The methodist ministers, Messrs. F.
Derry and Jamies Beckwith, having taken
upon themselves, for some alledged non-
conformity, recently to expel nearly the
whole of the members of the society at
Malton, a deputation was appointed by
the Conference to examine into the pro-
priety of the expulsion; who, after an
impartial inquiry, pronounced the conduct
of the ministers ‘‘a gross violation of the
roles of methodism.” ‘*Too much praise,”
says alate Rockingham paper, “ cannot
be given to the leaders, for such an exam-
ple.of spirited and well-timed resistance
of priestly tyranny.”

Married.| Mr. Crosby, to Miss M,
Wood, both of York.—Mr. W. Hargrove,
of York, to Miss M. S. Frobisher, of
Halifax.—Mr, J. Wheat, of Sheffield, to

Yorkshire— Lancashire.

[Oct. 1,

Miss E. Sanderson, of York.—Mr. J.
Holiday, to Miss A. Hutchinson; Mr. W.
Fearnley, to Miss S. Robinson; Mr. J.
Wood, to Miss S. Atkinson; Mr. J.
Barraclough, to Miss Denham; Mr. W.
Hodgson, to Miss J. Hargreave.— Mr.
Reeves, to Miss Hill.—Mr. J. Clarke, ef
Leeds, to Miss A. Capes, of Woodlesford.
—Mr. W. Heap, of Halifax, to Miss Nay-
lor, of Brookfoot.—Mr. R. Grunston, to
Miss C. Kemp, both of Knaresborough.—
Mr. W. H. Stoney, to Miss S. Fell, both
of Skipton.—Mr. J. Womersby, of Ec-
cleshill, to Miss H. Holmes, of Bolton,
near Bradford.—Mr. G. Forth, of Ripon,
to Miss M. Briggs, of Bondgate.—Mr. J.
L, Bateson, to Miss R. Carr, of Holbeck.
—Mr. H. Crossley, of Wadsworth, to Miss
R. Jones, of Heptonstall.—Mr. J. Scott,
to Miss A. M. Woodhead, both of Great
Gomersal.

Died.] At Hull, 45, Mr. G. Turner.

At Leeds, in Mabgate, 64, Mr. J.
Linsley, much lamented.—In St. Jame~’s-
street, 30, Miss A,..Fretwell.—27, Miss A.
Nichols, deservedly regretted—Mr. J.
Greaves.—On Mount Pleasant, Miss E.
Gatliff.— In Lowerhead-row, 69, Mrs.
Brooke.—On Sunny-bank, 43, Mrs. Le.
—73, Mr. J. Smith, of Clayton Heights, —
Alexander Holt Leigh, esq.

At Sheffield, in Snow-lane, 68, Mr. T.
Cartwright.—In Eyve-lane, 43, Mrs, M.
Lee. :

At Knaresborough, 28, Mr. J. Ibbetson,
-—67, Mr. J. Walker.—58, Mr. W.
Eteson.

At Selby, 24, Miss S. Marsh.— At
Armley, 57, Mrs. Langton.—At Haxby,
75, William Belton, esq.—At Joy Dale,
near Barnsley, Mrs. M. Howson, deserv~
edly respected.—At Kirkheaton, 72, Miss
E. Foster, generally lamented.—At Hol-
beck, Mrs. Shaw, suddenly.—At Clifton,
Mr. J. Grainger.

LANCASHIRE.

A society has lately been formed at Lan-
caster for the education of the daughters
of poor clergymen,

Within the month a requisition fora pub-
lic meeting of the inhabitants of Manches-
ter, to take into consideration the invasion
of Spain by the French, was presented,
numerously signed, to the boroughreeve
and constables of that town. ‘They refused
the meeting. The requisitionists conse-
quently published an excellent document,
which contained the following paragraph :
“That we do, on general constitutional
grounds, wequivocally protest against
the principle that the municipal officers of
the town should set up their private opi-
nion as a reason for preventing, to the
utmost of their power, the expression of
the public voice ; as likewise against that
which is further implied in their answer to
the reguisition, and the policy adopted by

. government,

7. -

1823.]

government, should be snffered to regu-
late or interfere with the feelings and the
conduct of the people.”

Married.| Mr. W. Waite, to Miss S, Car-
ter; Mr. J. Clegg, to Miss S. Howard; Mr.
James Mort, to Miss A. Woodward; Mr.
T. Crossley, to Miss P. Stopford; Mr. W.
Stringer, to Miss M. Robson; Mr. P.
Henshaw, to Miss M. Sharp; Mr. J.
Holme, to Miss M. Lowe: all of Manches-
ter.—Mr. J. Parr, of Manchester, to Miss
Kay, of Bury.—Mr. J. Gregory, sen. of
Didsbury, to Mrs, B. Revitt, of Manches-
ter.—Mr. A. Rigby, of Manchester, to
Miss E. G. Curben, of Liverpool.—Thomas
Sawey, esq. to Mrs. E. A. North; Mr. T.
Strong, to Miss B. Winder, of Water-
treet; Mr. E. Coventry, to Miss A.
Hoghes: all of Liverpool.—Mr. Strong,
of Liverpool, to Miss M. Taylor, of
Parbold.—James Neville, esq. of Black-
burn, to Miss H. Hargreaves, of Oak-hill,
near Acérington. — Mr. J. Hulbert, of
Bolton, to Miss E. Holt, of Monton.—Mr.
T. Whitworth, to Miss B, Taylor, both of
Blakely.—Mr. R. Arrowsmith, of Astley,
to Miss A. Allen, of Culcheth.—Mr. T.
Hall, of Hollinwood, to Miss B. Ashton,
of Drury-lane, Manchester.

Died.| At Manchester, 23, Mrs. E,
Allen, deservedly regretted.—62, Mr. T.
Ollier, generally respected.— Mr, W.
Ashton.—36, Mr. F. Falkner.

At Salford, 73, Eleanor, wife of the Rev.
Melville Horne, deservedly esteemed and
regretted.—89, Mr. ‘I’, Chesshyre, justly
lamented.

At Liverpool, 44, Mr. J. Waring.—In
Clayton-square, 76, Mr. R. Dodd.—33,
Mr. J. Dixon.—44, Mr. T. Grindrod.—In
Jamieson-street, Miss Hayes.—In Great
George-street, Mrs. Bridget Heywood,
generally lamented, especially by the poor.
—60, Mr. W. Henney.

At Chorlton-row, 30, Mr. R. Norbury,
jusily lamented.

At Stayley-bridge, Mr. James Buckley,
deservedly regretted.—At Ridgefield, Mr.
P. Mather, generally respected. —At
Everton, Mrs, Simson.

CHESHIRE.

Within the month the citizens of Chester,
to exhibit their esteem for the patriotic
aud truly noble Earl Grosvenor, presented
him with two cups formed from the horns
of the ox roasted on the Roodee, Chester,
in April last, in commemoration of the
birth of Gilbert Grosvenor, his grandson,
‘They were of exquisite workmanship, and
highly ornamented. Public esteem is the
best and most unsuspicious reward for
public services,

Edward Clarke, aged 18, was lately
executed at Chester for highway robbery,
at Stockport.

Married.| Mr. J. Prichard, of Foregate-
street, to Mrs. Harrison, of Bold-square ;
Mr. 8S. Kendrick, to Miss S, M, A. Fel-

Cheshire Derby shire—Nottinghamshire,

283

lows: all of Chester.—Mr. Roberts, to
Miss A. Johnson, both of Macclesfield.
Mr. G. Percival, of Middlewich, to Miss
C. B. Jarret, of Davy Hulme.—Thomas
Percival, esq. of Farndon, to Miss Lewis,
of Malpus.—W. Wilson, m.p. of Runcorn,
to Miss Fanny Simpson, of Cockermouth,

Died.| At Chester, Mr. Thomas Sayer.
—In Park-street, Miss S. Meakin.—In
Queen-street, 73, Mrs. Anne Ashton, de-
servedly esteemed. —In Princes-street,
Mrs, Fitton.—43, Mr. T. Venables.

At Malpas, John Phillips, esq.

At Brewer’s-hall, 62, Mr. W. _Gamon,
deservedly respected,

DERBYSHIRE.

A public meeting was lately held at
Derby, the mayor in the chair, on the ne-
cessity of enlarging the markets of that
increasing town. It was, after some dis-
cussion, agreed to purchase the George
Hotel and premises, for the purpose.

_Marvied.| Mr, J. Turner, to Mrs. Hop-
kinson; Mr. W. Gee, to Miss Percival ;
Mr. W. Burley, to Miss E. Dawson: all
of Derby.—Mr, W. Ward, of Derby, to
Miss A. Jones, of Ambaston.— Mr, J.
Johnson, of Duffield, to Miss Linnett, of
Derby.—Mr. T. Topham, of Belper, to
Miss E, Strafford, of Ripley. —Mr. G.
Ashby, of Holmgate, to Miss B. L, Har-
vey, of Bellow-park.

Died.| At Derby, 52, Mrs. Houghton.
—At Alvaston, 38, Miss C, Briggs, much
regretted.—At Ockbrook, 65, Mr. W.
Sheawin, respected.—21, Mr. J. Wheatly,
—At Bakewell, 55, Mrs. Gregory, late
of Shipley.

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.

An extensive fire lately broke out in
the timber yard of Messrs. Youll, of Not-
tingham. It was not until considerable
property was destroyed that the fire was
extinguished.

Married.) Mr. S. Varley, to Miss H.
Buxton; Mr. W, Hurstwaite, to Miss F,
Bartley ; Mr. J. Gill, to Miss S. Porter ;
Mr. J. Bullers, to Miss E, Shaw; Mr. M.
Smedley, to Miss J. Brown; Mr. 8. Brown,
to Miss M. Harrison; Mr. J. Ward, to
Miss E, Bagshaw ; Mr. J. Wright, to Miss
S. Lindley: all of Nottingham.—Mr. G.
Tetley, to Miss C. Dring, of Mount-street,
Nottingham.—Mr. W. Soars, to Miss 8. °
Maples ; Mr. T, Dixon, to Miss A. Jones ;
Mr. E. Angrave, to Miss M. Cullen: ali
of Newark.—J. P, King, esq. of Newark,
to Miss E. Newisou, of Beasthorpe.—
William Doncaster, esq. of Worksop, to
Miss A, M. Thompson, of Heighington,—
Mr. D. Fisher, of Kneeton, to Miss Hill,
of Car Colston.—Mr, J. Culley, to Miss G.
Scott, of Basford.—At Lenton, Mr. S,
Daft, to Miss H. Fisher, of Arnold.

Died.] At Nottingham, in Ratcliffe-
row, 54, Mrs. A. May.—77, Mr. C.
Currey, generally respected and regretted.

—37,

284

—37, Mis. M. A. Cox, much lamented.—
In St. John’s-row, 75, Mrs. M. Green.
At Newark, 56, Mis, A. Lilley.—Mrs.
E. Clitton.—71, Mrs. A. Winn.—35, Mrs.
E, Wood.
At Mansfield; Mrs. Moses.

At Bingham, Mr. J. Hinde.— At Ged-.

ling, at an advanced age, the Rev. W.
Smelt.—At Barford, 40, Mrs. H. Ship-
stone, deservedly esteemed and lamented.
—At East Retford, 61, Mr. J. Wilkinson,
regretted; 52, Mr. G. Green.—At Huck-
nall Forkard, 89, Mr. A. Ball.—At Stoke,
44, Mr. 'T. Pacey, regretted.
LINCOLNSHIRE.

Married.] John Nettleship, esq. to Miss
E. Rolbett, both of Gainsborough.

Died,| At Grantham, 21, Miss R. Bur-
bidge.

At Boston, Mr. Place.

At Grimsby, 75, Mr. C. Lowther.

At Market Deeping, 48, Mr. J. Banks.
—The very Rev. Carey Illingworth, p.p.
F.R.S. rector of Epworth, &c. and preben-
dary of Leddington.

LEICESTER AND RUTLAND.

Ata late meeting of the inhabitants of
Leicester, it was unanimously resolved to
petition the chancellor of the duchy of
Lancaster, for restoring the revenues of
Wigston’s Hospital to their legitimate ap-
plication.

Married.} Mr. J. Fielding, to Miss M.
Harris, late of Leicester.—Mr, J. Law, of
Uppingham, to Miss F. Broughton, of
Leicester.— Mr. T. Dewbury, to Miss A.
Murphy, both of Loughborough.—Mr.
W. Goode, to Miss J. Harrison, both of
Hinckley. — Mr. D. Lovett, to Miss
Scarcey, both of Melton Mowbray.—Mr.
T: Bennett, of Mountsorrell, to Miss M.
Burgers, of Sileby.—Mr. Clay, to Miss A.
Hood; Mr. Taylor, to Miss A. Morton:
all of Nuneaton.—Mr. Watchorn, of East-
well, to Miss 8. Wilson, of Newton.—Mr.
Ji Pick, of Great Dalby, to Miss Johnson,
of Saxelby.

Dicd.] At Leicester, in Thornton-lane,
58, Mrs. Billings.—58, Mrs. A. Davis, de-
servedly regretted.

At Hinckley, in the New Buildings,
Mr. J. Sisson, much respected.—79, Mrs.
Estlin, widow of Mr. John E.- highly
esteemed and deservedly regretted.

AtSmeeton Westerby, Mr. J. Weston.
—At Kingstone, Miss M, Stokes.—At
Seaton, 63, Mr. J. Cliff, respected.—At
Whetstone, 89, Mrs. Butler, widow of the
Rev. Mr. B. of Gretton.—At Kegworth,
86, the Rev. Joseph Jones, perpetual cu-
rate. He was an excellent Greek scholar,
and possessed considerable poetical talent,

STAFFORDSHIRE,

An entire new street and additional
manufactories are building in Leek ; its
trade is greatly increasing.

Married.| Mr. Charles Lee; of Willenhall,
to Miss E. Sheridan, of Stafford. — Mr.
J, W. Giles, to Miss J. Mace, both of

Lincolnshire—Staffordshire—Warwickshire.

(Oct. 1,

Wolverhampton. — Mr. H. Sparrow, of
Wolverhampton, to Miss S. Shaw, of Bire
mingham. — Mr. J. Meek, of Wolver-
hampton, to Miss H. Durham.—The Rev.
E. Sumner, of Shelton, to Miss Smith, of:
the Lloyds, Madely.—Mr. R. Thornewell,.
of Burton-upon-Trent, to Miss B.. Hunt,
of Fauld-hall.

Died.] At Stafford, Mrs, Fawcett, de-
servedly respected. :

At Litchfield, 62, Mrs. Dunn,—Mr. R.
Gould.

At Wolverhampton, 23, Mrs. H. Perks.
—74, Mr. W. Pitt, formerly of Pendetord,

At Leek, Mr. W. Mattingley, late of
Birmingham, deservedly regretted.

At Wednesbury, 66, Mr. H. Heath.

At Brewood, Mr. J. Wood.—At North-
field, Mrs. M. Whitehouse.—At - Etting-
shall, 63, Mrs. A. Ferreday.—At Penk-
ridge, Mrs. Hordern.*

WARWICKSHIRE.

A public dinner was given within the
month to the Chancellor of the Exchequer,
Theodore Price in the chair. We feel
pleasure in announcing that the speeches
of the visitors and visited were truly con-
stitutional. Many honourable and incor-
ruptible members of the houses of parlia-
ment were loudly toasted.

A Mr. Bangliss, of Birmingham, has
lately, it is said, offered to convey the
nails thronghout the kingdom by a self-
acting machine, at the rate of twelve miles
per hour.

Married.) George Cattell Greenway,
esq. of Warwick, to Miss C. Durnford, of
Teignmouth.— Mr. W. H. Waddell, of
High-street, to Miss M. Smith, of Coles-
hill-street; Mr. S. Deakin, to Miss J.
Prowett ; Mr. J. Trow, to Miss H. Sharpe;
Mr. W. Plows, to Miss S. Wakeman; Mr.
B. Johnson, to Miss M. Wilding, both of
Great Hampton-street: all of Birming-
ham.—Mr. W. Gardner, of Williamscotr,
to Miss C. Hall, of Birmingham.—The
Rev. Riland Bedford, rector of Sutton
Coldfield, to Miss G. Campbell Sharpe,
late of Hoddom Castle, Dumfiieshire.—J.
S. Green, esq. of Ashted, to Miss M. Iavler,
of Gravelly-hill House, near Birmingham.

Died.] At Birmingham, 66, Mr. W.
Timmins, much respected.—In St. Mar->
tin’s street, 32, Mr. W. Ingram. —In
Stancy-street, 53, Mr. J. Walker.—In
Mount-street, Mrs, E. Cameron. — In
Bradford-street, 71, Mrs. A, Cocks.—In
High-street, 43, Mr. W. Christian.—33,
Mrs, Lyndon, jun.—In the Crescent, 36,
Mrs. J. Sturtard. '

At Coventry, in Much Park-street, 68,
Mr. Thomas Harris.—In Derby-lane, 72,
Mr. Haywood.—=55, Mr. T. Cross.

At Aston, 80, the Rev. Benj. Spencer,
LL.D. fifty-two years vicar of that parish,
rector of Hatton, Lincolnshire, and a ma-
gistrate for the counties of Warwick and
Stafford, At Ashted, Mr. P. Cheney,
deservedly lamented.

“ 1 SHROPSHIRE,

1823.]

SHROPSHIRE.

Married.] Mr. Floyd, of Shrewsbury, to
Miss Marston, of High Erscall.— Mr.
Gwynn, of Whitchurch, to Miss M. Tay-
leut, of Meeson-hall.—Mr. C. Russell, of
Coalbrookdale, to Miss A. Aston, of
Leebotwood.—Mr. M. Fletcher, to Miss
M. Howells, both of Coalbrookdale.—Mr.
W. W. Jones, of Cleobury Mortimer, to
Miss M. Hyde, of Stodesden-hall.

Died.| At Shrewsbury, in Frankwell,
Mr. S. ‘Vaylor—Mr. R. Pickstock.—Mr,
H. Whitford.— Mr. R, Croft.

At Ludlow, 78, Rev. A. Wilde.

- At Ellesmere, Mr. R. Joy.

At Coalbrookdale, 63, Mr. W. Crange,
deservedly regretted.

At Church Stretton, Mrs. W. Evans.—
At Haughton, Mrs. Evans, deservedly re-
gretted.—At Longsden Wood, 88, Mr.
Rudge.—At Whitton Court, Mrs. Hard-
wick, of Stanton Lacey.—At Rhosweil,
55, Mr. E. Owen, deservedly regretted.

WORCESTERSHIRE,

Married.) Mr. E. Hinton, to Miss H.
Hooper, of Kidderminster.—Mr. E, Ar-
blaster, of Rugeley, to Miss J. Davenport,
of Birmingham.—Mr. T. Kings, to Miss
M. A. Johnson, both of Bromsgrove.

Died.| At Worcester, in the College-
green, 23, the Rev. H. A Pye, jun.

At Kidderminster, Mrs. Costance.

At Stourbridge, 78, Mr. T. Green.

At Astwood, T. Downes, esq.

HEREFORDSHIRE.

' A new line of road _ has lately been com-
pleted, which forms a communication from
Ross to Hereford, and Ross to Monmouth,
from vear Whitchurch to Harewood’s
End. This will afford considerable ad-
vantages to that part of Herefordshire.
| Married.| Joseph Allen Higgins, esq. of
Ledbury, to Miss Eliza Hill, of Newnham.
_ Died.) At Heretord, Anne, widow of
the Rev. Francis Brickenden, rector of
Dyndor and Brampton Abbotts.
. At Ashperton, 27, Mr. J. P. Inwood,
late of Hounslow.—At Eaton Bishop, Mr.
Lewis, sen.

GLOUCESTER AND MONMOUTH.

The society of West India planters and
merchants of Bristol lately entered intoa
subscription, to their honour we record it,
to promote the religious instruction and
scholastic education of the negroes in the
West India colonies.

The benevolent Gloucestershire society
lately held their annual meeting at Bristol,
James Fowler, esq. president. A hand-
some sum was collected for apprenticing
poor boys, natives of the county, and re-
lieving poor women in childbed.

Married.) Mr. J. Wilson, of Northgate-
street, to Miss M. Tippetts, both of Glou-
cester,-—Mr. J. Palmer, of Westgate-street,
Gloucester, to Miss S. Baker, of Cleve.—
Mr. M. Westacott, to Miss E. Burton:
the Rey. J. East, to Miss A, Day: all of

Shropshire—Worcestershire— Herefordshire.

285

Bristol.—Mr. Binckes, of Cheltenham, to
Miss M. Smith, of Ombersley.—Mr. J.
Radford, of Cheltenham, to Miss E.
Walkenshaw, of London.—Mr. W. Mum-
ford, of Tewkesbury, to Miss A. Smith,
of Worcester.—Mr. S. Hitch, to Miss A.
Prosser, of Tewkesbury.—Mr. H. Mor-
gan, of Brislington Wick, to Miss Maria
Croft, of Worle.— At Bisley, Mr. J.
Blanch, to Miss M. Whiting. —Mr. J.
Wood, of Kilcott, to Mrs, M. Hale, of
Clatton.

Died.| At Gloucester, at an advanced
age, Mrs. M. Charleton, deservedly re-
gretted.—In Southgate-street, 74, Mr. T.
Pinnell, mucli respected.—Mr. Brown, of
the Berkeley Arms.—In Bolt-lane, 89,
Mis. M. Faucks.—54, Catherine, wife of
Latham Blacker, esq.

At Bristol, in St. James’s-place, Mrs. A.
Blake, much respected.—In Castle-street,
Mrs. H. Lawson, of the Society of Friends.
—Mrs: E. Kington.

At Cheltenham, Mr. B. Mason.

At Tewkesbury, 68, Mr. J. Hancock,
sen.

At Box, 81, Mr. J. Bryan, deservedly
regretted.—At Whitehail, 63, Mr. D. W.
Smith, generally lamented —At Woolas-
tone, 44, Mr. J. Hammond.—-At Barn-
wood, Miss C. S. Saunders,x—At Long-
ford, Mr. Tombs, deservedly regretted.—
At Cummerton, Mr, W. Yeend, lamented.

OX FORDSHIRE.

The coach-office of Messrs. Costar and
Co. of Oxford, was lately broken into and
robbed to the amount of 4004.

Married.] Mr. J. Ladgrove, to Miss E.
Caruthers, both of Oxford.—Mr. Getley,
to Miss Taylor, both of Banbury.— Mr. C,
Collier, to Miss Coburn, both of Witney.
—J. W. Jeston, esq.of He niey-on-Thames,
to Miss Anne ‘lreacher Pope, formerly of
Henley.—Mr. Walton, of Ensham, to Miss
M. Nicholls, of Old Woodstock.

Died.) At Oxford, 81, Mrs. Battin.—
64, Mrs. E. Smith, deservedly regretted.—
71, Mrs. S, Prior.—Miss J. Davis, justly
Jamented.—In St. Peter’s Le-Bailey, Mr,
English,

At Witney, 76, Mrs. A. Symmonds, de-
servedly regretted,

At Newington,-house, 86, Mrs. Mary
Hogg.—At Rycote-lane, Mrs. Stone.—At
Botley, 62, Mr. R..Hall, deservedly re-
gretted.—At Tackley, Mr. R. Hall —At
Cheveley, 21, Mr. J. Parsons, of Basing-
stoke.— At Shotover, Jawes, dangliter of
F, Boughton, esq. of Avening, Glon-
cester.

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE AND BERKSHIRE,

Married.] Lieut, James Nickoll, rin.
to Miss A. James, of Aylesbury.—Mr. H.
Clark, of High Wycombe, to Miss L,
Waters, of ‘Tewkesbury.—D. P. Dun-
combe, esq. of Buckhill Manor, to Sophia
Frances, daughter of the late Sir Willian
Foulis, bart.—The Rev. W. Chambers,

B.D.

286 Northamplonshire—Cambridge and Huntingdonshire, &c. (Oct. 1,

B.D, vicar of Ashbury, to Miss J. Fell, of
Brereton.

- Died.] At Reading, Mr. J. B. Drover.
—Mr. H. Higgs.

At Newbury, Mrs. Honora Fowle.

At Litilecote, 35, W. Hedges, esq. of
Newbury, deservedly regretted. — At
Sonthcote, 70, Mrs. Wall, widow of the
Rev. Gilman W.

HERTFORDSHIRE AND BEDFORDSHIRE.

Marvried.| H. P. Hicks, esq. to Miss M.
B. Pluillimore, of Kendall’s-hall.—William
Batt, esq. of Corneybury, to Miss C.
Cowley, of Abingdon-street, London.

Died.] At St. Aiban’s, Mrs, E. Lovell,
of Long-Ashton.

At Watford, 78, Harriett Steward, esq:
many years a respectable warehouseman
in Cheapside, London.

At Chesham, J. Ba'l, esq.— At Shefford,
Mr. Bayman.—Mr. Massey.

NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

Five young children, the oldest only
eight years, and the youngest four years
and a month old, were recently committed
to prison at Oundle, by the Rev. C. E.
Isham, for being found playing in a turnip-
field, belonging to W. Walcott, esq. of
Oundle.

Marricd.| Mr. W. Nippin, of Northamp-
ton, to Miss Wedding, of Crick.—The
Rey. G. Bateman, of Easton, to Miss A.
Richmond, of Peterborough.—The Rev.
Joseph Brooks, to Miss E. Heygate, both
of West Haddon.—The Rev. R. Waldy,
m.A. to Miss J. Greenwood, of Culworth,
—The Rev. W. Butler, of Blisworth, to
Miss C. Butcher, of Northampton.

Died.) At Peterborough, at an advan-
ced age, Mr. J. Bridge.

At Wellingborough, 79, Dowager Lady
Isham.

The Rev. J. Chartres, vicar of West
Haiddon, and Godmanchester.
CAMBRIDGE AND HUNTINGDONSHIRE.

Married.| Mansel Oliver, esq. of Dow-
ning-college, Cambridge, to M, E. daugh-
ter of Rev. M. M: Jackson; of Warminster,
—Mr. Beath’s, of St. Neots, to Mrs.West,
of Ramsay.—The Rev. W. Hicks, B.A. of
Chesterton, to Miss C. Willimott, of Cam-
bridge.—At Soham, Capt. Dale, R.a. to
Lonisa, daughter of the late James Grigg,
esq. *¥

Died.] At Earith, 79, Susannah King,
a much esteemed member of the Society
of Friends.

NORFOLK,

At the late Norfolk assizes, a respectable
person named Fuller, of Swaffham, ob-
tained 200], damages from an attorney of
that place, for placing out 10001. on in suf-
ficient security.

Marricd.| Mr. R. Spooner, to Miss Ann
Deacon, of Norwich.—Mr. J. Barnes, to
Miss M, Morling, both of Yarmouth.—
Joseph Taylor, esq. R.N. late of Lynn, to
Harriet, daughter of Lieut. Col. Duncan,

he

1st regt. of foot.—At Lynn, Joseph Doyle,
to Miss E. Clarke, of Downham, both of
the Society of Friends.—Charles Edwards,
esq. of Lakenham, to Harriet, daughter of
the fate Mr. Fran. Smith, of Norwich.

Died] At Yarmouth, 63, Charlotte,
wife of Dover Colby, esq.

At Swaffham, 76, Mr. G. Crown.

At Stow-hall, Hon. Lady Hare —At
Helhoughton, 24, Miss M. Gunton,.—24,
Miss E. Gunton.—At Sall, 73, Mrs,
Palmer, late of Morton.—At Shading-
field, 84, Mr. J. Julians. ;

SUFFOLK,

In different parts of this county, notices
were stuck upon the church doors, within
the month, by many considerable farm-
ers, that they would cease to use the
thrashing machine during the distresses of
their labourers and families.

Married.) Rev. T. Thomason, M.A. to
Miss Harrington, of Bury.—Capt. Fore-
man, to Mrs. E. Miller, both of Wood-
bridge.—Brazier’ Jones, esq. to Miss
Wright.—Mr. T. Collis, to Miss True-
man; all of Sudbury.—Mr. Barthrop, to
Miss Gall, both of Easton.—Mr. Fran.
French, of Hundon, to Miss J. Wing, of
Mildenhall.

Died.] At Bury, 71, Mr. R. Marshall,
late Quarter-Master of the West Suffolk-
militia,

At Ipswich, Mr, Chas. Mendham.—64,
Mr. J. Bowman.

At Sudbury, 25, Mrs. E, Buck.

ESSEX.

Numerous depredations have within the
month been committed in this county: a
great number of horses have been stolen
and conveyed to London.

Married.| James Catchfoot, of Witham,
to Mary Kendall, of Colchester, both of
the Society of Friends.—Samuel Taylor
Herringham, esq. of Brentwood, to
Miss M. A. Woodroffe, of Oakley,
Surrey.—Mr. F. W. Lemon, of Brent-
wood, to Miss M. Joslin, of Upminster.—
The Rev. G. Rogers, of Upminster, to Miss
S. Broughton, of Manchester.—Mr. R. A,
Newman, of Witham, to Miss Grimwood,
of Kelvedon. — John Winders, esq. of
Thornwood, to Miss J. Yarington, of
Swaffham,—John ©. Whiteman, esq. of
the East India Company’s Service, to Miss
Sarah Horsley, of Little Hallingsbury.

Died.] At Colchester, 88, Mr J. Oats.

At Bucking, 74, Ann Brockway, one of
the Society of Friends.—At Stebbing, 48,
Elizabeth Jasper, member of the Society
of Friends.—At Hornden-.on-the-hill, Miss
M. Barnard,—At Kelvedon, 64, Robert
Toom, esq.

KENT.

The influx of visitors into Margate this
season is without precedent: no less than-
1500 persons were brought from thence to
London by three steam-vessels in one days

Tue ceremony oj opening the new —

a

1823.)

at Sheerness took place within the month.
It was witnessed by an immense highly-re-
spectable concourse of peopie.

Married.) Mr. Ralph, to Miss Hayman,
both of Deal.—Mr. ‘I’. Cranbrook, of Deal,
to Miss Burtenshaw, of Sandwich.—Mr.
'T. Lear, to Miss M. Baker ; Mr, ‘f. Fore-
man, to Miss M. Lear; Mr. T, Burr, of
Hammond-place, to Miss M. Stace: all of
Chatham.—Mr,. J. Coulter, jun. of Hol-
lingbourne, to Miss S. Bennett, of Maid-
stone.—Mr. E. Hayward, to Miss 8. Adley,
both of Blean.

Died.] At Canterbury, in the Precincts

’ of the Cathedral, 64, Mrs. S. Mantell.—In

Watling-street, 50, Mr. Perkins. — In
Northgate-street, 82, Mr. W. Gadesby.—
22, Mrs. B. Claris.

At Dover, Mrs. Worthington.—Mr.
Hart.

At Chatham, 41, Mr. J. Stylas.—55,
Mrs. C. Basano.—45, Mrs. M. Stucker.

At Rochester, Miss H. Barlow.—Mr. J.
Aldersley.

At Faversham, 65, Mrs. J. Arnold.—61,
Mrs. S. Trice.—36, Mr. B. Dervall.—Mr.
Stephen Hughes.

SUSSEX.

Brighton, within the month, has been
filled with the best company, and ail the
libraries were well attended.

An explosion took place within the
month in the sifting-house, near tle pow-
der-mi'ls between Crowhurst and Battle,
belonging to Mr. Lawrence: it blew up,
and two men were killed.

Married.] Mr. Kennard, of Uckfield, to
Miss Hicks, of Brighton.

Died.) At Chichester, Miss C. D. Munk-
house, late of Newcastle.

At Brighton, in George-street, Mr.
Martin, much respected.—Mr. T. Buck-
well.—19, Miss A. Pocock, «deservedly
esteemed.

At Broomham, 87, Sir William Ashbur-
ton, bart —At Wiltingdon, Mr. T. Noakes,
regretted.

HAMPSHIRE.

Married.) Mr. H. Dermott, to Miss FE.
Buck, both of Southampton.—At South-
amptou, Alexander Smith, esq. to Sophia
Sherburne, daughter of Robert Murray,
esq. admiral of the blae.—The Rev. W. D.
Sealey, of Southampton, to Miss M. Trot-
man, of York-place, Clitton—Mrs. G.
Smith, of North Waltham, to Miss Brown,
of St. Cross, near Winchester.—Mr. Rad-
cliffe, of Winchester, to Miss L. A. Gray,
of Gosport.+-John Morant, esq. of Brock-
enburst-park, to Lady Caroline A. Hay.

Died.) At Southampton, in Hanover-
buildings, Samuel Silver ‘Yaylor, esq. of
Hockley-house, near Cheriton.—In East-
street, 81, Mrs. M: Taylur.—1ln Kingsland-

_ place, 96, Mr. R. Primer.
. At Wincliester, 72, Mr. J. Larner.—66,
Mrs, Cave, widow of Mr. Alderman C.
At Portsea, in Cumberland-strect, Mrs.

Sussea— Hampshire—Wiltshire—Somerset shire, SC.

287

Robinson.—In Britain-street, 83, Mr, N.
Vass.—Mr. J. Blackford, k.N. -

At Gosport, Mrs, Alien.—In High-
street, 69, Mary, widow of Capt. Bowyer,
R.N. of Titchfield.

WILTSHIRE.

Sir Richard Colt Hore has recently
formed a museum at Malmesbury, tor anti-
guities collected by himself in this country,
and in Italy.

Married.] George Atkinson, esq.mayor
of Salisbury, to Miss Magdalene Strachan,
of Weymouth,—W. Slater, esq. to Miss
M. Prince, both of Warminster,

Lied.| At Salisbury, Lieut. W. Penson,
R.N.—77, Mr. Goodall, the much respected *
Master of the Ceremonies there.

At Bradford, 74, Mr. Warre, esq. deser-
vedly regretied.

SOMERSETSHIRE,

A Mr. Backhouse, of Wells, has lately
invented a machine for beating buoks, by
which as many may be beaten in one day
as would take two men a week in the
ordinary way. ‘This method is performed
with the greatest ease.

‘Vaunton has been lighted with gas
within the month; the adventages to trade
aud inteicourse have been generally felt, -
and been followed by great satisfaction.

Married] Mr. G. Loder, to Miss F,
Kirkham, of Great Pulteney-street, both

‘of Bath.—Mr, J. Pearce, of Bath, to Miss

Graves, of Baker’s-street, London.—The
Rev. C. Day, to Miss E, Langston, of
Henrietta-street, Bath.--Mr. G, Tarner,
of Bath, to Miss E, Salter, of Kington
Langley.—William Miles, esq. of Leigh-
court, to Miss Catherine Gordon, of
Clitton.—The Rev. Charles Coney, of
Odcombe, to Miss M. R. Coxwell, of
Winchcombe-place, Cheltenham.

Died.) At Bath, 51, Mr. W. Humph-
reys, deservedly regretted,— Mrs, Atwood.
—In Swallow-street, Mrs, R. Smith.—In
Caroline-buildings, Mrs. Bell.—32, Mrs.
H. L. Dupré, highly and justly esteemed.
—On Angel-terrace, 41, Mr. H, Duffy.

At Wells, 69, Mrs, Eyre, widow of
the Rey. Dr. E. canon of Wells and
Salisbury. .

At Taunton, 60, Mrs. Ann Dibben.

At North Petherton, Mr. Atwell, deser-
vedly regretted.—At Bathford, Mr. Geo.
Yeeles, "justly lamented:—At Bathwick,
22, Miss Caroline Marks.—At Stoneaston,
Mr, Stephens, deservedly esteemed.—At
Weston, 67, Mrs. Basnett.

DORSETSHIRE. j

Married.) John Durant, esq. of Poole
to Mary, widow of Jolin Palmer, esq. of
Winpole-street, London.—The Rev. E.
Brice, of Cranford, to Miss\M. George, of
North Petherton.—The Rev. E. Whiteley,
of Little Bredy, to Miss E. Bowden, of
Chelthorne,

Died.) At

Weymouth, 33,
Dansey, R.N.

Lieut,

At
~

298

‘At Bridport, 87, the Rev. Mat. Anstis,
master of the grammar school at this place,
and deservedly lamented.

At Lyme, 38, Mrs. Swaine, of Bridport-
harbour, justiy esteemed and regretted.

DEVONSHIRE.

A lace factory is about to be esta-
blished in the vicinity of Exeter, on the ex-
tensive premises near ‘Trew’s Wear. ‘lhe
projector is a native of Nottingham.

Marvied.| Mr. Veysey, to Miss Phillips;
Mr. W. Down, of Exeter, to Miss G,
Beynom, of Thurleston.—Mr. R. Dymond,
of Exeter, to Miss Ann Priscilla Williams,
of the Exeter Lime Kilns, both of tlie
Society of Friends.—Mr. Jones, to Miss
Jarvis, of Richmond-walk.—Mr. R. Smart,
of Plymouth, to Miss Clease, of Launces-
ton.— Thomas Parsons, esq of Oaklamp-
ton, to Miss. A. B. ‘Turton of Torquay.

Died.] At Excier, 39, Elizabeth, wife of
James Green, esq. ceservediy regretted.

At Plymouth, in Duke-street, 25, Mrs.
Corsey.—In the ‘own-squaie, 75, Mr.
Niles.—84, Henry Tolcher, esq. he leit up-
wards of 400,0001. chiefly to liis nephews
and nieces; his manners were eccentric,
and his habits penurious.— 50; Mr. J. Hele,
deservediy regretted.

At Bideford, Joon Hammond, m.w. de-
servedly estcemed for his professional and
moral qualitications.

At Lambert, 76, John Lambert Gorwyn,
esq.—71, Mary Ann, widow of Witham
Lambert Gorwyn, esq.— At Churchstauton,
Mr. W. Gillett, sen.—At Stoke, €6, Mrs.
Myers, of Pentonville, near Londoa.—3o,
Mrs. Widecombe.

CORNWALL.

Married.] Capt. Kempe, of the E. L
Co.’s Service, late of Polsue-hoase, to
Louisa Bowen, daughter of the late Silva-
nus Jenkins, esq. of ‘ruro.—My. W.
Petherick, to Miss N. ‘Tallack, of St.
Austell.—Lieut. W. Long, R.N. to Miss
Pearce, of St. Kevarne.

Died.| At Truro, Mrs. Bastian, deser-
vedly esteemed and regretted. — Mr.
Giles.

At Liskeard. Miss K. Boase.

At St. Austell, 67, Mr. J. Gilbert,
greatly respected.

WALES.

A stage-coach establishment has re-
cently been formed at Bala, North Wales,
which will open direct communication
with the Holyhead and Shrewsbury roads,
and yieid great advantages to the inhabi-
tants and those of the neighbouring towns,

Married.| Mr. S. P. Cohen, to Miss
F. E. Howell, of Neath.— Mr. J. Rogers,
to Miss N. Roberts, both of Llanelly.—
Mr. T. Mitchell, of Cardigan, to Miss M.
Wagner, of Penalltifed.—Edward Bevan,

Devonshire —Cornwall—Wales —Scotland—Ireland, &c.

esq. of St. David’s, to Miss E. Davis, of
Fishguard. —'Thomas Thomas, esq. of
Narberth, to Mrs. Twining, of ‘l'reffgarne,
Pembrokeshire. aa

Died.] At Swansea, 26, Mr. W. Jones,
of Mile End, deservedly regretted.—9,
Mr. George Rees, greatly and jastly re-
spected.—In Neison-place, 42, Capt. John
Gilmore, R.N. greatly lamented.— At Cow-
bridge, 95, Mrs. E. Morris.

At Brecon, at an advanced age, Mr. L.
Jones.

At Ruthin, 53, Edward Owen, esq. of
Tachiwyd, Denbighshire. 5

‘Yhe Rev. Richard Raikes, treasurer and
canon of St. David’s, prebendary of He-
retord, and. perpetual cnrate of Maise-
mere, Gloucestershire, generally and justly
esteemed for his philanthropic and other
virtues,

“SCOTLAND, ?

A grand public dinner was given within
the month to Mr. Brougham, by the inha-
bitants of Glasgow. Lord Archibald
Hamilton, in. the chair, supported by the
Duke of Hamilton, Lords Kennaird and
Be haven, Admiral Fleming, &c. (Several
excellent speeches: were delivered; Mr.
Brongham, in returning thanks, exhibited
great poweis of eloquence, and passed
many high encemiums on the political
knowledge prevalent throughout Scotland,
and its general patriotism. He was pre-
sented by the citizens of Glasgow mith
silver cup. a

Married.] At Dumfries, Mr. W. Shaw,
to Miss M. Dickson, of Monsewald.

Died.] At Edimburgh, James Stodart,
esq. of Russcll-square.—24, Lieut. Mat.
Muller, fifty-first regiment, son of Sir Wm.
M. bart., Lord Glenbee. He was a
member of the Philosophical Society of
Edimburgh. He had addressed several in-
genious papers to the society, and sug-
gested some curious experiments. These
the Board of Ordnance ordered to be made
in elucidation of the laws of projectiles,

At Dunbar, Lieut.-col. John Clark,
marines. :

At Peebles, 69, Giles Templeman, esq.

IRELAND.

Maurried-] At Dublin, R. C. Chambers,
esq. to Caroline, daughter of the late Rev.
Robert Warren, rector of Tuam and Cong.
—G. Fosbery, esq. of Curragh-bridge,
county of Limerick, to Miss C. Lyons, of
Highnam-court, near Gloucester. — Q.
Paimer, esq. son of the Dean of Cashel,
to Miss Marcella Coles, late of Staplake,
Devonshire. ~

Died.] At Ardee, 110, Mrs. Ormsby.

DEATH ABROAD.

At Paris, M. de Lalande, the celebrated

naturalist and traveller.

ERRATUM in our last.—In the Agricultural Report, page 177, instead of wind
chamging “from S,W, to N.E,” read “ from S.W. to N.W.”

MONTHLY MAGAZINE.

No. 388. ] NOVEMBER 1, 1823. | [4 of Vol. 56.

NEWSTEAD ABBEY, rue FAMILY SEAT oF tue BYRONS.

THE celebrity which Lory Byron has acquired, from the variety, as well as the
acknowledged ‘genius of many of his writings, rendering it probable that of contempo-
rary poets he atleast will always rank among the standard authors of the country,
Newstead merits a plaée in our exhibition of the houses connceted with British genins.
After being. the mansion of the family for several generations, it is said to have been
recently alienated by the present lord, whose passion for adventure has led him to prefer
fur his residence the eastern parts of Europe to his own country. Newstead is an
object of interest, as connected with a distinguished naval family, and from its own
picturesque character, independently of the living peer; and has always been ranked
among the curiosities of Nottinghamshire.—In the thirty-second year of his reign,
King Henry the Eighth, by letters patent, granted to his favourite, Sir John Byron,
knight, and to his heirs, the priory of Newstede, with the manor and rectory of
Papplewy ke, and all the closes about the priory in the commons of Ravenshede and
Kygell in the forest, Newstede, Papplewyke, Lindebye, Bullwell, &c.; the last of
which was soon afterwards emparked, and ornamented with a neat house; and, at, the
present time, for variety and taste in the internal decorations of the house, and for
richness and diversity jn the surrounding scenery, Newstead is not to be surpassed, and
hardly equalled.

Monrucy Mac, No. 388. YP For

290
For the Monthly Magazine.

« |THE STAFFORDSHIRE POTLERIES,

[The following description of a district,
—which, though of first-rate commercial
importance, has hitherto been slightly

~ noticed’ by topographers,—forms one
of a series of Letters, addressed to a
friend, during atour through the mid-
land counties, in the summer of 1823.]

UITTING Lichfield, about the

middle of July, we pursued our
journey towards the northern extre-
mity of Staffordshire, through some of
the most luxuriant scenery I ever be-
held. I have been rather concise in
my description of the ancient city we
left behind; because I know that the
theme would harmonize but indiffe-
rently with your reprobate democra-
tical principles, and that dissertations
upon its antiquity, the beauty of its
cathedral, and the proverbial loyalty
of its inhabitants, would be but frigidly
perused by one who has little reve-
rence for episcopacy, inclines strongly

to the anti-monarchical principle, and
' deenis all antiquarian researches mere

foolery, when set in competition with
enquiries into the principles of steam-
engines, gas-works, and iron-bridges.
I pass, therefore, at once, to a more
congenial topic, viz. the potteries of
Staffordshire, which present to the sci-
entific observer an infinite variety of
his favourite objects of contemplation.
After passing a delightful morning in
strolling over the beautiful domain of
Trentham, which art and nature have
combined their efforts to adorn, I pro-
ceeded on foot to pay a visit to the
potteries, at a few miles distance.
The appearance of this seat of indus-
try, viewed from the neighbouring emi-
nences, is so extremely striking, that
I scarcely feel able to describe it, but
Byron shall do it for me,—
“’Tis a most living landscape; midst the
wave,
Of woods and corn fields, stand the abodes
of man,
Scatter’d at intervals, and clouds of smoke,
Arising from ten thousand roofs.”
Your eye embraces at one view a
variety of large towns, villages, and
manufactories, sifuated in a fertile
plain, and spreading far away into‘the
distance, to the extent of ten or twelve
miles, surmounted by a canopy of
smoke so dense, that the lurid cloud
which eternally overhangs the metro-
polis, seems, in comparison, but a
rarefied vapour. You must not, how-

The Staffordshire Potteries.

[Nov. 1,

ever, imagine, when I speak of their
extending ten or twelve miles, that the
whole space is closely built over; on
the contrary, it is occupied by several
distinct towns, though the roads of
communication between them, sprink-
led more or less thickly with habita-
tions and manufactories, form in every
direction connecting links, and render
them in fact but one community. The
first of these you arrive at, journeying
northwards, is called Lane End, the
road from which leads directly through
the heart of the other pottery-towns,
the principal of which are Lane Delft,
Fenton, Stoke-upon-Trent, Cobridge,
Etruria, Shelton, Hanley, and Burs-
lem; terminating northwards at a place
called Green Lane, on the borders of
Cheshire. Inthe surrounding country
they are spoken Of collectively, by the
general appellation of The Pottery.
On entering these towns, the first
peculiarity that arrests the stranger’s
attention is the irregular and straggling
style in which they are built; for, hay-
ing mostof them sprung up from small
beginnings into their present magni-
tude, in less than half a century, the
additions have been made from time to
time just as necessity demanded, but
without any determinate plan, or the
slightest regard. to appearance and
orderly arrangement. The result has
been the strangest confusion that ’tis
possible to conceive. Milton’s line,

“ Wild, without rule ¢¢ art,”

was never before half so happily illus-
trated. The contrasts of meanness
and magnificence which meet the view
are equally striking ; the humble hut of
the artisan stands in immediate con-
tact with the palace of his employer,
and splendid mansions rear their heads
amid the sulphureous fumes and va-
pours of the reeking pot-works. Every
thing, in short, announces that appear-
ances are here quite a secondary con-
sideration when opposed to utility, and
that the genius of industry alone pre-
sides; taste and elegance in the build-
ings are therefore but little cherished
at present. In many other respects,
the aspect of the pottery-towns is
equally singular, and strikingly pro-
claims their recent origin. You pass,
in two minutes, from a crowded street
into a meadow or a corn-field; and,
amidst shops and factories, you conti-
nually stumble upon what was notlong
since a farm-house, and which yet re-

tains

1823.]
tains somewhat of ‘its rural, cottage-
like character, wholly distinct from that
of the mercantile edifices which have
sprung up around it. Figure to your-
self a tract of country, the surface of
which, cut, scarred, burnt, and
ploughed up in every direction, ‘dis-
plays ‘a heterogeneous mass of hovels
and palaces, farm-houses and factories,
chapels and churches, canals and coal-
pits, corn-fields and brick-fields, gar-
dens and furnaces, jumbled together
in “‘ most admired disorder,” and you
will have a pretty correet idea of the
Staffordshire potteries. Then pervade
the spate your fancy has thus pictured,
with a_ suffocating smoke, vomited
‘forth incessantly from innumerable
fires, and the thing will be complete.
The people, however, who pass their
lives alnid this dingy atmosphere, this
“palpable obscure,” this worse ‘than
Egyptian darkness, seem to experience
no inconvenience from it; and, in fact,
to be scarcely sensibleof the existence
of the evil. Onc of them asked me, with
most amusing simplicity, “ whether
London was nota terribly smoky place
tolive in!” The inhabitants, neverthe-
less, I repeat, though certainly not bless-
ed with the rosy checks we generally see
in country-folks, appear to enjoy good
health, with the exception of the col-
liers, and a few pallid mortals em-
ployed in the preparation of certain
deleterious articles made use of in the
manufacture of pottery.

The population of this vast bee-hive,
with that of the contiguous town, New-
castle-under-Lyme, exceeds 60,000
souls, and is constantly increasing. To
give you some faint idea of the rapi-
dity with which it advances, J extract
from the returns of 1811 and 1821 a
comparative view of the numbers of
inhabitants of two or three of the prin-
cipal towns at those periods:

18]1 1821,

Burslem: «+--+ + + 8625 9699
Hanley -----+-- 4481 5622
Lane End -.---- 4930 7100
Shelton -«++++++ 5487 7325
23523 29746

The proportion of those who are
connected with trade and manufac-
tures, of course, preponderates greatly
over the other classes. In Burslem,
which contains 2087 families, sixty
only are described as employed in
agriculture; and in Hanley, which con-
tains 1157 families, only three !

You will, of course, expect me to say

The Staffordshire Potteries.

291

a few words upon the manners, cus-
toms,and tone of thinking, of the neigh-
bourhood ; and I will therefore endea-
vour to gratify you. Of ihe political
opinions of the people in general I
scarcely feel quatified to offer a de-
cided opinion, though I believe, as in
most other places, the majority of the
rich are of the Tory party, and the
whole of the lower classes of the liberal
or radical. With regard to religious
matters I can speak more confidently,
for sectarism has certainly made this
her chosen’ seat; I suspect I speak
greatly within compass, when I assert,
that two-thirds of the population are
dissenters, of one denomination or ano-
ther: Ebenezer, Zion, Bethel, and
New Jerusalem, chapels, offend the
orthodox eye at every turning ; and in
Hanley and Shelton alone, three new
conventicles have been built during
the present year, while in the whole of
the potteries there are but four
churches, which would not contain
one-tenth of the population. Of the
names and characters of the different
sects I know but little; there are Inde-
pendents, Wesleyans, Whitfieldites,
Calvinists, Presbyterians, and heaven
knows what beside. At Cobridge
there is a Roman Catholic chapel, with
a seminary attached to it; and a Uni-
tarian place of worship, now building
at Hanley, will be opened early in
1824, The evil arising from the want
of church-room has long been sensibly
felt; for many who frequent the dis-
senting chapels are not so much
attracted there by inclination as driven
by necessity, not being able to gain
admission to the churches, where the
vile system of seat-selling, and lock-
ing up pews by individuals who seldom
visit them, prevails far too extensively.
‘Truly was it said the other day by a
public writer of the neighbourhood,
“‘ Every thing has thrived, and pros-
pered, and improved around us, but
the temples of our devotions.” Mea-
sures, however, are at length in pro-
gress for diminishing the grievance ;
and the old church of Stoke is immedi-
ately to be pulled down, to make room
for a larger one. This, which is the
parish-church of the district, and was
built centuries before the potteries ex-
isted, will scarcely hold 600 persons:
the new building will be adapted to the
accommodation of thrice the number.
To forward this undertaking, the Dean
of Lichfield has generously giyen
1500/. from his own purse, in addition

to

292
to 1500%. towards erecting churches in
other parts of the potteries. Three
thousand pounds more are to be raised
by parish-rates in the years 1824-5;
and some of the inhabitants haye volun-
tarily subscribed upwards of 2300/.
A Report: from ‘the. Committee: ap-
pointed to superintend the business,
which was read in September last, an-
nounced that “the chureh-people had
contributed to promote it, even beyond
their power; so that, after all, you
see, there was nothing ridiculous in
that lofty boast of a certain swagger-
ing tragic hero, which has so often
made us smile,—

“J will strive with things impossible ;
Yea, get the better of them.”

Prevalent, however, as the sectarian
spirit is here, it does not seem to have
finged the tempers and manners of the
people in general with that sourness
and gloom which I have elsewhere ob-
served to proceed from it. They ap-
pear, on the contrary, to be for the
most part a jovial, thoughtless, hearty
set of mortals, full of good fellowship,
strongly attached to convivial meet-
ings, and no enemies to the good
things of this life, professing the heed-
less philosophy of Master Sly, the
finker, ‘Drink, and let the world
slide!” | Societies of Freemasons, Odd
Fellows, and Druids, are very nume-
yous; and the ancient reputation of
Staffordshire for good living is here
most vigorously maintained. Dr. Plot,
who visited these parts a century and a
half ago, says, ‘* Meats and drinks are
no ‘where better or more plentiful
than in this county ;” and I can ho-
nestly aver, that what he asserted in
1680, is equally applicable in 1823,
Tho Staffordshire ale is unquestion-
‘ably the finest in England.

Literature and literary pursuits ex-
perience at present no remarkable en-
couragement, but the progress of edu-
cation and refinement promises speedily
to work a material change in’ this
respect. Of course, in'such a state of
things, few productions issue from the
local presses. I saw a folio Bible, and
one or two other standard works,
which were printed at Burslem, but
there was nothing to admire in their
typographical execution. A news-
paper, however, that certain indication
of growing civilization and _intelli-
gence, has been established at Hanley,
under the title of “‘The Pottery Ga-
zette,” and meets with a considerable
share of encouragement, which the

The Staffordshire Potteries.

[ Nov. },

rapid growth of populatton will doubt-
less, ere Jong, materially inerease ; it is
conducted with much spirit by a gen-
tleman of ,talent and, independence.
There is also in the,last-mentioned
town a scientific and literary, meeting,
graced with the high-sounding title of
the. Pottery , Philosophical Society ;
but .of the members’ talents. I, know
nothing, of their taste J cannot augur
very favourably; for, by a late resolu-
tion, they excluded from their library
all novels, plays, romances, and works
of imagination... Who, will pretend to
talk, of Beotian dulness after, this?
Book-clubs are rather numerous, also
national and Sunday schools.

Upon. the origin of , earthenware--
manufactories in Staffordshire, and the
particulars. of the process, I. haye
gleaned Jittle worth repeatingy ‘lhe
latter you may find pretty clearly de-
scribed in Aikin’s ‘‘ Thirty Miles round
Manchester,” but the former topic is
clothed in much obscurity. All that
ean be learned with certainty, is, that
pot-works were first established at
Burslem, probably three or four centu-
ries ago; but they were for a long time
so inconsiderable, that Speed, in his
enumeration of the ‘‘ commodities” of
the county, (1610,) is totally silent upon
the subject; and Dr. Plot, whose work
was published about cighty years later,
says, ‘the sale of pots, is chiefly con-
fined to the poor crate-men, who carry
them at their backs all over the coun-
try.” Even so recently as 1760 or 1770,
a handsome tea-pot, manufactured in
Staffordshire, appears, to. have been
looked upon as a thing to be wondered
at, a kind of prodigy. Inthe works of
Sir Charles Hanbury Williams, there
occurs a poem, called ‘ Isabella,”
which describes the morning occupa-
tions and visitors of Lady Isabella
Montague, and says of one of ber ad-
mirers, a Mr. Bateman—

“To please the noble dame, the courtly
squire rigs
Produc’d a tea-pot, made in Staffordshire!
So Venuslook’d, and with such longing cyes,
When Paris first produe’d the golden prize.
‘Such works as this,’ she cries, ‘ can Eng-
land do? .
It equals Dresden, and excels St. Clond ;
All modern China now shall hide its head,
And e’en Chantilly must give o’er her trade.
For lace, let Flanders bear away the bell ;
Tn finest linen, let fhe Datch excel ;
For prettiest stuffs, let Ireland first be
nam’d ; |
And for best-fancied silks, let France’ be
fam’d ;
€ Do

Do thon, thrice-happy England, still pre-

pare
Thy clay, and build thy fame on earthen-
Ware!”

Upon the amazing increase and im-
provement in the manufacture of Eng-
lish earthenware during the last half-
century, it would be impertinent to
dilate, as the former is universally
known, and your cups, plates, and
dishes, must remind you of the latter
at every meal. I cannot, however,
forbear attempting to give you some
idea of the ratio! in which the trade in
this article still advances, by subjoin-
Ing an extract from ‘‘ A Comparative
Statement of the: Value of | British
Earthenware exported, and of Foreign
Earthenware imported, during the
years 1821 and 1822,” which was
issued from. the Custom’ House’ in
April last :—

In the year 1821.
Value of exports:+++++£423,399 12s. 7d.
Value of imports -+++9+.+£4,992 18s. 4d.
Inthe year 1822,
Value of exports «-+«++ £489,732 17s. 1d.
Value of imports..--++++ £6,695 Os. 7d.

Hence you will perceive, that the
value of earthenware exported ad-
vanced nearly 70,0001. in a single year ;
and the bustle now visible in the pot-
leries seems to presage that the next
Return will exhibit a correspondent or
still greater increase. The consign-
Ments were chiefly to Ireland, North
America, the East and West Indies,
Germany,Holland,and Russia. France
received very little, and the other
European nations comparatively no-
thing. The imports were principally
from France, the East Indies, and
China: the total value of ware, (princi-
pally jars and vases,) received from
the two latter, in 1822, was 1940/.
14s. 8d.; yet, a century ago, England
depended almost entirely upon China
for the supply of this article.

The circumstances which have
mainly contributed to produce this
prosperity (aided by the national spirit
of enterprise,) are the increase of canal-
navigation, and the exlhaustless sup-
ply of coal which the earth in the neigh-
bourhood affords. Of the former, the
potteries may be said to form the
very centre; and, of the consumption
of coal, some estimate may be formed
from the statement, that 8000 tons are
burned weekly in the manufactories
alone, to say nothing of the immense
fires which are kept up both night and
day in the private houses: the people,

The Staffordshire Potteries.

293
not having the fear of a salamander
before their eyés, seldom taking the
trouble to extinguish them. Half the
district, in fact, is undermined, and the
walls of many buildings betray what is
passing beneath them, by fearful rents
and deviations from the perpendicular,
where the foundations have partially
given way ; yet the inhabitants scarcely
seem aware of their danger, or, if
awakened to a sense of it by some
warning more serious than usual, for-
cet it again in a day or two, and
relapse into their previous indolent
security ,—
«They start, when some alarming awful
shock
Strikes through their wounded hearts the
sndden dread,;
their hearts wounded, like the
wounded air,
Soon close.”

The potteries cannot boast of having
produced any noted writers, with the
exception of Elijah Fenton, who was
a native of Shelton. . The house in
which he was born is still standing,
and at present is occupied by.a Mr.
Woodward. | Dr. Johnson, tells us,
that he “‘sought intelligence of Fen-
ton, among his relations, in his native
county, but could not obtain it;” and
you will therefore be little surprised to
learn, that what Johnson was unable to
gather fifty years ago, I failed to pro-
cure in the present day. The ,very
name of Fenton, in fact, appears to be
unknown in the neighbourhood ; and it
was; therefore, of little service to make
enquiries respecting a man whom few
had ever before heard mentioned: so
true it is, that a poet, like a prophet, is
least honoured in his own country. I
am not certain whether Wedgwood,
who may almost be said to have
created the potteries of Staffordshire,
was a native of the district ; but, if so,
his name should never be forgotten
when speaking of its eminent men,

I am sorry to qualify this generally
favourable description of the potteries
with a few notices of their defects, but
truth demands it.

“ They have their praise.

But

Now mark a
spot or two, :

Which so much beanty would do well to
purge.”

In \the first place, the system of
police is wretchedly defective; in
plainer terms, there appears to be
scarcely any police at all, and the rab-
ble are therefore at liberty to indulge
their brutal passions and knavish
propensitics

294

propensities wiihout .restraint. The
innumerable petty thefts which daily
pass unpunished, illustrate the latter
position, and the former was strikingly
exemplified during my late sojourn in
the neighbourhood. The adjoining
borough of Newcastle had just been
the’scene of a contested election ; and
the defeated candidate, being a resi-
dent in the potteries, the potters, vastly
exasperated at this rejection of their
champion, “vowed vengeance, and
performed it'too.” Not an individual
from’ Neweastle, suspected of having
voted on the wrong side, could for
some time pass along without experi-
encing gross abuse, if not actual
violence; and the women connected
with the obnoxious voters, who at-
tended the pottery markets, were
brutally attacked by beasts in the
shape of men, their persons mial-
treated, and their goods destroyed.
Yet Messrs. Dogberry and Verges, the
worthy constables, slept soundly and
quietly at their posts, whilst lawless
proceedings were carried on with
impunity for hours, which, under a
well-organized police, wouid not have
been suffered to continue as many
minutes. Measures, however, are in
contemplation for suppressing this cry-
ing evil, and to the town of Hanley is
due the honour of having taken the
lead in promoting them. The state of
the roads and footways is likewise very
defective; they are, in'many parts, in
vile condition, and are neither watched
nor lighted, though coal costs little
beyond the trouble of carrying it, and
gas could therefore be brought into
genetal use throughout the potteries,
as it already is in Newcastle, at an
extremely cheap rate, and greatly to
the well-being of the inhabitants. A
few more blemishes might be noticed,
but I will not make so ungrateful a
return for the hospitable reception I
experienced here, as to dwell any
longer upon ‘‘the nakedness of the
land,” and point out its deficiencies
with invidious minuteness; therefore,
farewell!
Tue Druip 1n Lonpon.
Oct. 7, 1823.
——

For the Monthly Magazine.
WASHINGTON ; | and the CAPITOL, or
CONGRESS- HALL.
rye city of Washington, the seat

of government of the United

States of America, is situated in the

district of Columbia, (which also con-

ains Georgetown, and the city of
9°

_

Washington, and the Capitol.

[Nov. 1,

Alexandria) a small tract ceded to the
jurisdiction of the United States by
the’ states of Maryland and Virginia.
Its extent is a square of ten miles,
unequally divided by the Patomac, a
magnificent river which here separates
itself into two unequal branches, nearly
at right angles to each other, the area
between them having been selected,
by the advice of General Washington,
as the site of the national city, at pre-
sent containing about 10,000 inha-
bitants, asic

‘Of the city of Washington so much
has been said, and su little is generally
known, that I shall endeavour to give
some idea of its actual state from my
own personal observation.

Let the reader imagine himself upon
the summit of the “ Capitol Bill,” a
natural eminence of about eighty feet,
in the centre of the city. If his face
be directed toward the 8. E. he will
perceive the fort on Greenleaf’s Point,
about two miles distant, at the fork of
the Patomac, from whence the river
flows downward in a straight stream,
a mile in width, to the city of Alexan-
dria, distant eight miles, “which is
distinctly seen in clear weather. If
uiow the spectator turn slowly to the
right, he will trace the course of the
main upward stream of the river, and,
about a mile from the fort, will perceive
a wooden bridge, three-quarters of a
mile in length, (with a draw in the
centre,) commecting ‘the city with the
opposite shore, and ‘communicating
with the high road to” Alexandria.
Inclining more to the right he will
continue to pursue the river, at length
“Tiber Creek,” and some clustered
buildings, will appear to variegate the
hitherto unbroken nakedness of the
area of the American Metropolis. ‘The
buildings now increase upon the view,
some ornamental trees at length pre-
sent themselves, and presently the
“Pennsylvania Avenue” appears reach-
ing from the foot of the Capitol Hill,
nearly to, and almost in a line with, the
President’s mansion. A busy and
uninterrupted line of buildings may be
traced nearly from the foot of the hill
to Georgetown, on the Patomac, about
two miles off. The President’s man-
sion, a handsome stone building 170
feet by 80, and the government oflices,
in its immediate vicinity, midway be-
tween the Capitol and Georgetown,
form a conspicuous feature of the scene,
which in this direction is particularly
interesting from the picturesque com-
bination of trees and buildings, backed

by

1823.} |
by the clear waters of the Patomac,
and the gentle hills which crown the
opposing banks of the river, clothed
with Juxuriant cedar woods, and
sprinkled with the villas of the wealthy
land-holders of the vicinage; among
these the seat of Mr. Custiss is most
distinguished. Continuing to turn to
the right, the buildings and the river
gradually disappear; the vacant but
now undulating site of the city, inter-
sected, however, with good roads, or
avenues, presents itself; but, were it
not that the distant view is by no
means uninviting, the scene would be
altogether devoid of interest. Fur-
ther to the right a considerable number
of seattered dwellings of a respectable
order are seen on the Capitol Hill, in
the immediate vicinity, and on a level
with the spectator, whose back will
now be turned towards Alexandria,
while his eyes are pursuing the high
road to Baltimore; presently his back
will be towards Georgetown, and he
will look towards the ‘* Navy Yard,”
situated on the ‘“ Eastern Branch ;”

hut, althongh there is a considerable
number of buildings ia this direction,
and notwithstanding the Navy Yard
is itself a large establishment, the
elevation of the intervening land and
houses prevents. them from ma king
much appearance. A road from the
Capitol in this direction, is terminated
bya very neat and commodions wooden
bridge, across the Eastern Branch,

which is about a furlong and a half

in width, but this bridge is not visible
from the Capitol Hill. Continuing to
turn, there are still some respectable
dwelling-honses to be seen in the im-
mediate neighbourhood: the lower
part of the Navy Yard now makes its
appearance ; the Eastern Branch, and
its luxuriant ‘opposing shores, come
into view ; the Navy Yard disappears,
the astern Branch gradually expands,
the prospect insensibly widens, and
the vacant site of the city is seen be-
tween the straggling houses on the
Capitol Hill; the fort on Greenteat’s
Point again appears, and the magnifi-
cent prospect down the main stream
of the Patomac, beyond Alexandria,
terminates the circuit at the Pot
whence it began.

A few miles below Alexandria the
river inclines to the left; were it not
for this deviation, a glass of moderate
power would desery, at about fourteen
miles distance, “ Mount Vernon,” the
seat of the immortal Washington, a

Washington, and the Capitol.

295

respectable but modest mansion, sur-
rounded by an extensive. and valu-
able domain: the ornamental grounds
extend to the river, whose right bank
rises at that point with peculiar ma-
jesty above the surface of his translucid
waters ; and at the verge of the lawn,
in a vault of the ‘simplest structure,
beneath the placid shelter of luxuriant
cedars are emtombed the remains of
him whose name is borne by a capital
city, and who by the universal voice of
his compatriots has been styled, ‘‘ The
first in peace, the first in war, and the
first in the hearts of his countrymen.”

The city of Washington is 500 miles
from Boston; 248 from New York;
144 from Philadelphia; 42 from Bal-
timore; 133 from Richmond, in Vir-
ginia; 232 from Halifax, in’ North
Carolina; 630 from Charleston, ia
South Carolina; 794 from Savannah,
in Georgia; anda road partly executed
to New Orleans, is estimated to exceed
1000 miles in length.

The Capitol, or Congress-Hall, in
the city of Washiagton, is at the sum-
mit of the hill which bears its name,
and affords the view of the cireninja-
cent city already deseribed. It is a
structure 348 feet in front; the mate-
rial of the external walls is a yeliowisb,
strong, and apparently durable, sand-
stone, found at a moderate distance,
but the substance of the interior walls
is of brick. ‘The lower or basement-
floor consists entirely of common offi-
ees, and apartments, with the excep-
tion of-a portion of the western wing
beneath the Senate Chamber, which is
appropriated to the Court-room of the
Supreme Judicature of the United
States.

The principal floor of the Capitol is
immediately above the basement. The
Hall of Representatives is suited to the
reception of the members, in number
between 2 and 300. The columns
supporting the roof are of a peculiar
stune, called Patomac marble, a sort
of pudding-stone, intenscly hard, and
which, when polished, has the same
appearance as the section of cold
mock-turtle soup, except that the tints
are less powerful; the effect is very
handsome. ‘The capitals are of sta-
tuary marble, and were carved in
Italy, in imitation of those in the
Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, at
Athens; the entublature corresponds
with the columns, and the ceiling is
half domed. ‘The entablature above
the colonnade or skreen, behind the

Speaker’s

296
Speaker’s seat, is surmounted by a
statue of Liberty, with the American
eagle, and other national emblems.
At a proper elevation, between the
semi-circular colonnade and the gene-
ral rectangular inclosure, is the space
appropriated to the gallery for stran-
gers, beneath which are several small
apartments.

The opposite or western wing of the
Capitol contains the Senate Chamber.
This chamber, though finished in an
elegant style, will not bear comparison,
in point of grandeur, with the Hall of
Representatives; it rises through two
stories of the building, and its ceiling
is a half dome; the skreen consists of
adouble height of lonic and Corinthian
columns and ante, exquisitely worked
in marble,

The Grand Vestibule, in the centre
of the building, (which was incomplete
when 1 left Washington,) is nearly
100 feet in diameter, surmounted by a
dome, and may be considered more as
a place of show than of general utility :
it is intended to be adorned with
paintings and sculpture, illustrative of
the national history. The Library is
spacious and handsome, and is open
fo all the members of Congress. ‘The
remainder of the plan is occupied by
offices of state, committee-rooms, anti-
rooms, vestibules, and passages; some
of which are beautiful in their effects,
and others would be much more so,
were it not for a deficiency of light.
The interior architectural detail is
generally in the Grecian taste.

‘The external clevation was princi-
pally designed by a French architect ;
the interior is almost exclusively the
work of the late Benjamin Henry
Latrobe, esq. an English architect, who
received his professional education
under the late James Wyatt, esq. R.A.
and. by whom the interior of the
structure was nearly re-built after its
destruction during the late war.

London, 1823. C. A. Bussy.

———

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,

LATELY read the report of Mr.

M‘Adam’s opinion on the subject
of removing the pavement-from streets,
and substituting the mode now prac-
tised in making roads, by laying a bed
of broken Purbeck stone. As this is
a subject that requires cool and deli-
berate reflection, it is necessary to
ascertain, how far his proposed alte-
ration may endanger the health of the

Mr. M‘Adam’s Street Roads.

[Nov. 1,

population in large towns, in which
cleanliness ought to be the first cou-
sideration. ‘Ihe air should be kept
pure by every means human invention
can devise, to promote the health of
a large pepulation, who are crowd-
ed together in streets where the circu-
lation of air is frequently stopped ;
and, if any filth should: lie upon
the ground, it must in some degree
infect the air, and consequently injure
the health of the people. Cleanliness
is absolutely necessary to every street.
The pavement of the Scotch Purbeck
stone has many advantages: it is
durable, and easily swept by scaven-
gers, so that all filth liable to
putridity is removed. When heavy
rain falls, it washes every street, and
carries all the dirt into the sewers; by
which means the streets are rendered
perfectly sweet, and the air is purified.
The inhabitants are thus refreshed by
the improved state of the atmosphere.

I am of opinion that roads cannot be
kept so perfectly clean and healthy as .
a pavement: for, if any putrid matter
is laid in the street in hot weather, it
must penetrate more into roads than is
possible in the pavement, and is not so
easily scraped off. All the care that
can be devised will not render the
road so clean and pure as the pave-
ment. In winter the highway will be
very sludgey, and all the crossings
bad; so that there will be a difliculty
in walking from one side of the street
to the other without being over your
shoes.in mud, which is proved in all
the roads about London; for, where
there 18 any great crossing, it is neces-
sary to pave it, for the convenience of
the public: this proves how impracti-
cable it will be to keep the streets so
clean upon Mr. M‘Adam’s plan as they
are at present.

I hope the above observations will be
well considered before any steps are
taken to change the present comforts
that are enjoyed, for any new plan that
may endanger the health of the tnhabi-
tants of London. The; roads have
most certainly heen greatly improved
by Mr. M‘Adam’s plan; but, because

the roads have been benefited, is it to

be concluded that cities and towns
will be equally so? I have mostly
found, that any scheme: which proves
beneficial in one instance, is generally
taken up with great warmth; and, like a
quack medicine, is foolishly estimated
to be good in every way.
Sept. 3, 1813. Ss. W.
To

1823.]

For the Monthly Magazine.

ELUCIDATIONS of PORTIONS of ENGLISH
HISTORY improperly REPRESENTED in
our GENERAL HISTORIES.

History of the Invasion of England by
the Normans in the Eleventh Century;
and the Consequences of that Invasion
down to the Thirteenth.

( Continued from p. 209.)
ati same policy which influenced
Henry to seek the alliance of the

Pnglish people, decided him to marry

a woman of Anglo-Saxon blood. ‘There

was then in England an orphan daugh-

ier of Margaret, the sister of King

Edgar and of Malcolm the King of

the Scotch. Shehad been brought up

at Romsey Abbey, under the affec-
fionate care of another sister of Edgar,

Christine or Christian, who had taken

the veil in 1086, when her brother had

abandoned all hope of restoring his
own fortunes, and the fortunes of his
country. As the daughter of a Scot-
tish king, she had been sought in mayr-
riage by nany of the Norman captains,
after the death of her father; and had
been asked of William the Red by
Alain the Red, count of the Bretons ;
but'this Alain dicd before the king’s
¢onsenthad becn obtained, Guillaume
de 'Garenne was the next suitor; but
the cause of his not possessing her is
unknown.* Such wes the woman
destined to be the wife of the third

Norman king, by those who saw the

necessity of obtaining the support of a

conquered people against the partizans

of Robert. Many of the English nou-
rished the foolish hope, that the good
old times of English happiness’ would
return, when the descendant of thejr
king should be the wife of the fo-
reiguer. Those who were united to
the family of Edgar by any bond of
blood or of affection, hastened to the
young maiden, and implored her to
consent to the marriage. She mani-
fested the strongest disgust; but was
so borne down by their solicitations,
that she consented from pure weari-
ness, and quite against her will.

They repeated to her to satiety,—

“Most genérous of women! if dhou

wilt, thou shalt raise out of its grave

the ancient honour of Exgland,—thou
shalt be a token of alliance,—a pledge
of reconciliation; but, if thou refuse,

* Ord. Vil, 702%.

tf Matt. Paris, 40. Tandem sedio con-
fecta.

MontHLy Mac. No. 388.

Elucidations of Portions of English Mistory.

207

thy refusal will make the enmity eter-
nal between the two people, and human

blood will never cease to flow.”*
When the niece of Edgar had at
last consented, her ancient name of
Edith was changed to that of Ma-
tilda, which had less of a Saxon
character, and was, in’ consequence,
less offensive to Norman ears.f° This
precaution was not the only one ne-
cessary, for amony the Normats ‘there
was a strong party epposed to the
marriage. ‘This party was composed
of the enemies of Henry, who saw with
alarm the strength it would give him-
among the English population; or
some perhaps who, influenced by the
solitary feeling of pride and hatred,
were indignant that a Saxon woman
should become the Queen of the
Normans. Their ill-will, however,
created a thousand difficulties. They
asserted that Matilda, bred up from
her infancy in a convent among nuns,
had been devoted to God by her pa-
rents.. It was reported that she had
publicly worn the veil; and the mar-
riage, which it was wished to prevent,
was openly declared a profanation ; it
was, in consequence, to the great joy
of many of the Normans. A monk of
Bec, named Anselme, had sueceeded
Lanfranc in the Archbishopric of Can-
terbury. Historians render him this
singular testimony,—that he was be-
loved by the English as if he were an
Englishman.t While Lanfranc, car-
rying into effect his project of destroy-
ing the reputation of all the Saxon
saints, attacked the beatification ‘of
Elfeg,§ (who had been killed in 912 by
the Danish invaders,) Anselme, then
nothing but a Norman monk, happen-
ed to visit England; aud the prelate,
in the fury of bis hatred against the
saints of the people, insulted the me-
mory of Elfeg, and spoke scornfully of
his pretended martyrdom. “He was
a martyr,—a genuine martyr, (replied
Anselme;) he died for his country.
Klfeg died for the sake of justice, as
John died for the sake of truth; and
both for Christ,—who is both truth and
justice.”|| The friendship of Anselme
for the conquerors, —a rare virtue
anions

* Matt. Paris. 40.

t Ord. Vit. 702,

t Eadmer, 12.

§ Vita Lantranci.

|| Anglia Sacra, ii. 162,
2Q

298

among the people of his race,—made
him an active partisan of the marriage;
but, when the reports which were cir-
culated with respect to Matilda reach-
ed his ear, he declared that he would
never consent to take a spouse from
God, to give her to a carnal husband.
However, to convince himself of the
real truth, he determined to interro-
gate Matilda himself. She denied
that she had ever been devoted to
God ; she declared that she had never
willingly taken the veil, and she offer-
ed to prove it before all the prelates
of England. “TI own (said she,) that
I have often appeared veiled ; but it
yee because in early youth, when un-
cr the care of my aunt Chiistine, she
was accustomed to cover my face with
a piece of black stuff, to protect me
from the open lubricity of the Norman
youths, who had no respect for female
chastity. If I refused to wear it, she
treated me very harshly. I wore it in
her presence; but when she was away
I threw it on the ground, and tram-
pled on it with childish rage.”*
_ Anselme did not choose to pronounce
individually a decision in this business.
He convoked, in the city of Rochester,
an assembly of bishops, abbots, monks,
and laity ; and the witnesses who were
examined confirmed the statements of
the Saxon maiden. Two archdeacons,
—Guillaume and Hombarild,—were
sent to the convent where she had been
brought up, and the sisterhood con-
firmed her statement. When the
meeting was about to deliberate, An-
selme retired, lest he should be sup-
posed to exercise a personal influence
on their decision ; and, when he re-en-
tered, the Norman clerk, who was
charged to deliver their opinion,+ thus
expressed himself: ‘“‘ We think the
young woman is free, and may dispose
of her body. We are authorised by a
determination of the venerable Lan-
franc, when a great number of mar-
ried and unmarried women,—who had
fled for refuge to the convents, and
had taken the veil, to secure themselves
from the warriors of the great William,
the conqueror of this country,—re-
quired their liberty. Upon the advice
ofa general council, Lanfranc decided,
that they could not be compelled to
continue to wear the veil, and that
they were entitled to high praise ‘for

their dgfermination to preserve their

* Eadmer, 57.
t Ib.

Elucidations of Portions of English History.

his

[Nov. | 9

chastity.”* _Ansclme replied, that he
approved of their decision; and, a few
days afterwards, he celebrated the
marriage of the Norman king with the
Saxon maiden; but, before the cele-
bration took place, he mounted on an
elevation before the gates of the
church, and explained to his hearers
the debates and the decisions of the
“erave men” whom he had convoked,
Eadmer, a Saxon priest of Canterbury,
and an eye-witness, narrates these
events. ‘ But (says Eadmer.) all this
could not subdue the malice of heart
of certain men,”—those Normans who
complained of the humiliation of their
king. They loaded him and his Eng-
lish wife with scorn and mockery.
They called them Godric and Godgive,
(Saxon words,) as terms of derision
and opprobrium.t ‘‘ Henry knew it,
—heard it, (says an old historian,) and
affected to burst into laughter; but he
concealed his inward indignation, and
answered the insults of fools with a
forced silence.”{ When Duke Ro-
bert disembarked in Normandy, many
of the great personages of Mngland
hastened to him; others promised him
assistance on his arrival: their mes-
sengers urged him to activity, assuring
him that he had only to cross the
channel to be king,§ and to lower to
proper rank the ‘‘ Godfather
Godric.”’||

The English faithfully served him
to whom they were pledged. They
were pleased, indeed, with an oppor-
tunity of gratifying their hatred by the
destruction of Normans, though they
fought under a Norman. banner,
Menry vanquished his brother; but the

iscrable triumphs of the Anglo-
Saxons,—flattering as. they were to
their pride, their vanity, or even their
patriotism—brought no consolation,
no cessation of suffering, to their sub-
dued race. They conquered enemies,
indeed, but it was on behalf of other
enemies; for, (hough Henry had mar-
ried a Saxon,—though he bore a Saxon
nick-name,—he. was a Norman at
heart; and his favourite minister, the
Count de Meulant, was distinguished
for hisscorn and hatred of the English
people. The popular voice denoimi-

nated

* Wilkins acta cociliorum, a.p 1075.

+ Will, Malmsb. 156.

t Ib.

§ Ib.

|| Gedrych Godfadyr. (H. Knighton,
2575.) ,

1823.

nated Matilda the goud queen, and it
was said she sought to direct the love
of the nionarch to the hearths and the
miserable abodes of the conquered
Saxons ;* but there is no trace left of
her counsels, nor of their beneficent
influence. The Saxon Chronicle of
the monastery of Peterborough thus
preludes the recital of-the events
which followed the marriage of Henry
to the niece of Edgar. ‘It is not easy
to tell of all the miseries which afilicted
the country during this year by the
unjust and ever re-exacted tributes.t
Wherever the king travelled, his suite
ruined the poor inhabitants; they
burnt down many places,—they com-
mitted massacres in others.”’{ Every
page, indeed, of this history is marked
with similar devastations. Misery
seems to have exhausted its vocabu-
lary of suffering, and all the epoch is
covered with a shade of monotonous
gloom.
* * * * * *

The son of Henry and of Matilda,
— the great-grandson of English
kings, — had imbibed his father’s
Stranger spirit, and seems to: have
possessed onlya stranger’s blood. He
publicly proclaimed, that, if he had
ever to reign over those miserable
Englishmen, they should work at his
ploughs as his oxen did.§ When this
son (whose name was William,) was
old enough to wear his arms, the Nor-
man chiefs recognized him as the suc-
cessor of Henry, and took the oath of
fidelitytohim. Some time afterwards,
he was married to the daughter of the
Count d@Anjou. This union detached
the count from the league formed by
the French king, who soon made
peace with the Norman king; so that
Henry, his legitimate son William,
many of his natural children, and Nor-
man warriors, having nothing to do gn
the Continent, prepared to return to
England. Their fleet was assembled
in the harbour of Barfleur. At the
moment of starting, one Thomas Fitz-
Etienne sought the king, and, present-
ing him with a mare of gold, said,

“Mold the gode quene gaf him in
, conseile
To lof hus sole,
(Robert Brunne's Chronicle, p, 98.)
+ Chron, Sax, 212,
¢ Ib.
. § Ib. 215, et seq.
Jo. Brompton, 1015 ; Jn, Knighton,
2582.

Oppressions following the Conquest.

299

“‘Etienne Fitz-Erard, my father, served
all his life upon the sea. He conduct-
ed thy father’s vessel when he went to
combat Harold: I come to ask per-
mission to do the same office for thee.
I have a vessel called La Blanche
Nef, (the White Ship,) apparisoned
as itis fit.* The king replied that he
had chosen a vessel for himself; but,
to show his regard for the request of
Fitz-Etienne, he would confide to him
his sons William and Richard, with
their sisters and their attendants.
Henry’s vessel set sail: it was sun-set,
and, wafted by a southerly wind, the
next day he reached the shores of
England. La Blanche Nef immedi-
ately followed. The sailors, at the
moment of embarkation, had asked
for wine, and the young passengers
had distributed it profusely. The ves-
sel was conducted by fifty able row-
men; Thomas Fitz-Etienne was at the
helm; and they passed rapidly along
the coasts of Barfleur, under a bright
moon-light, before committing them-
selves to the opensea. The mariners,
animated by the wine they had drank,’
made extraordinary efforts to reach
the vessel of the king; and, wholly
occupied with this intention, they got
involved among the breakers at high
water, in a place called Raz de Cotte-
ville.t. The Blanche Nef dashed
against a rock imall the swiftness of
her course, and her leeward side was
stavedin. ‘The crew uttered a cry of
distress, which was heard on-board
the king’s vessel, already at some dis-
tance on the open sea; but the cause
Was suspected.by none. The water
rushed in,—the vessel was soon over-
whelmed, with ali who were on-board,
to the number of 300 persons; among
whom, were eighteen women.§ Two
men alone held by the main-mast,
which floated on the waves: one was
Berauld, a butcher of Rouen; the
other a young man of higher birth,
named Godefroy Fitz- Gilbert de
VAigte.||

Thomas, the master of the vessel,
afier having once plunged into the
sea, rose to the surface, and, perceiving
the heads of the two men who held by

the
* Ord. Vit. 867-9,
+ Ib,
$¢ Then Catte Raz. (Guil. ,Gemeti-

censis, 297.)
§ Ord, Vit, 869. “
|| Tb.

360

the mast, cried, “ And the king’s son,’
what is become of him?” ‘ He has
not re-appeared,—-nor his brother, nor
any of their companions.”—“ Woe is
me!” exclaimed Fitz-Etienne, and he
dashed again into the waves. This
December night was miserably cold,
and the weaker of the two survivors
lost his strength and courage,—let go
the mast, and sank to the bottom of the
sea, recommending his companion to
heaven. Berauld, the very poorest of
the company, in his waistcoat of sheep-
skin,* still supported himself; he alone
saw the break of day. He was taken
up by some fishermen, in an almost
drowned condition. He survived; and
it is from him that we have the parti-
culars of this catastrophe.

The English historians, who relate
an event so dreadful to their foreign
masters, seem to have little sympathy
for the families of the Norman sul-
ferers: they call their misfortune an
act of divine vengeance, and delight to
discover a supernatural hand,+ pre-
paring the shipwreck in calm weather,
and on a tranquil sea.{ They recall
the threats of the young prince, and
his hatred towards the English. ‘‘ Tho
proud one thought of his future reign ;
but God has said, ‘Not so, impious
one! not so.’§ His brow has been
adorned by no crown: it has been
dashed against the rocks of the ocean.
God would not that the son of the
Norman should re-visit England.”||
They accuse’ this young man, and
those who accompanied him, of vices
unknown in England till the arrival of
the Normans.{ Their invectives and
accusations are without bounds, —
though in the midst there is a mingling
of flattery and obsequiousness,—for
they trembled while they hated.
“Thou hast seen, (says one of them,
in a letter meant to be secret,) thou
hast seen Robert de Belleme, the man
to whom murder was the sweetest re-
creation of his sonl. Thou hast seen
Henry count of Warwick, and his son
Roger, of ignoble spirit ;**—thou hast
seen King Henry, the murderer of so

* Ord. Vit. 868.

+ Ger, Con. 1539.

+ Matt. West. 240.

§ Non sic, impie, non sic! (Hen. Hunt.
in Anglia sacreé ii.)

{| Brompton, 1013.

¥ Infandum et enorme Normaniorum
crimen. (Angl. Sae. ii. 1067.)

** Animam ignobilem. (Hen. Hunt.)

Dr. Shaw on some Poculiarities of English Nouns.

[Nov. 14

many citizens, the violator of his oaths,
the jailor of his brother, the slave of
his avarice ; but perhaps thou wilt ask
why I have praised the said Henry in
my history, whom [ here so violently
attack; I have but recorded that he
was distinguished for prudence, for
courage, and for his immense wealth.
Unfortunately, this will not cancel the
truths which I have just uttered. In
fine, these kings,—who seem unto us
like gods, before whom the very stars
of heaven appear to bow, and whom
we are compelled to serve by oaths
aud vows,—have seldom in their king-
doms a being as wicked as them-
selves;* for it is said, and it is well
said, that royalty is a crime.”+

— a
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
SIR,
LLOW we to submit to the sern-
tiny of your correspondents, the
annexed observations on some .pecu-
liarities of English nouns. By the
word noun, I mean the name of an ob-
ject of thought or sensation. Nouns
in the English language seem to me to
possess two peculiarities in reference
to distinction,—signification, and appli-
cation or usage.

Their distinction by signification is
into SUBSTANTIVES, the names of sub-
stances, objects recognised by the
senses ; that prodigious number of be-
ings, which cover the earth, or are
hidden in its bosom,—whiech fill the
waters, and move in the air, the moun-
tains, rivers, rocks, woods, stars,
dwellings, fields, fruits, &e. Gebelin ;
and into INTELLECTIVES, the names of
subjects, contemplated soiely by the
mind, unconnected with and devoid
of effect on the sensitive faculties; as
of mental emotions, affections, and
qualities, not regarded with sub-
stances, — as regard, piety, virtue,
pleasure, satisfaction, kindness, wis-
dom, &c. Grammarians have called
them abstract nouns. Remembering
that the ancients, Aristotle, Theo-
dectes, Varro, &c. classed all words
as nouns and verbs; yet, not being
able to arrange these words among
verbs, because of their elliptical em-
ployment, and convinced that they
were not (names of substances) sub-
stantives, the grammarians seem to

have

* Nemo in regno eorum par els scele-
ribus. (Hen. Hunt.)
+ Regia res scelus est. (Ib.)

1823.] ~
have been bewildered thereby ; and
therefore, without endeavouring to
ascertain their nature from the consi-
deration of that of their components,
recourse was had to the dogmas of the
schoolmen, and they were called ab-
stvacé nouns. All their abstraction,
however, is now feund out; it is the
latitude in application consequent on
the numerous objects affectible there-
by, and theiz employment without the
connected noun, or elliptically, (by
Horne Tooke called abbreviation in
construction,) having some abbreviated
or contracted word affixed, to indicate
connexion with something suggested
by association, and requisite to fill up
the construction. Regard te the man-
ner of signification will evince, that
they continue to signify a certain state,
either mental or taterial; and that
we only employ them in a manner si-
milar to the employment of other
names of modifications of states.

Auy reader wishing for more illus-
tration, will find it in Gilchrist’s
“Philosophic Etymology,” pp. 119,
323, 117, &e. where it is given particu-
larly, “ that the understanding of the
student may not get entangled among
metaphysical cobwebs, nor lose itself
in vacuous and indefinite phraseo-
logy.”

The distinction by application ap-
pears to be also duplex, into appella-
tive, the noun denoting the species or
kind, as man, beast; (or the intedlec-
tive, denoting some emotion, &c. oc-
easionally regarded as modified,—as,
bravery, charity, gratitude.) We no-
tice that certain resemblances pervade
ereation,—animated, vegetable, and
mineral; sentient and insentient; and
find very few substances entirely and
absolutely different from every other
body. ‘To these resemblances is ap-
plied a word, significant of—not one
alone, as connected with one object,
but—one, as having similar formation,
use, or employment, in every object:
thus joint will apply to not ouly each
part so called in one man’s body, but
to every similar part in every animal;
and, analogously, to the place of con-
nection of parts in inanimate creation.
The words denoting objects of sensa-
tion so classed are grammatical sub-
stantives; and, as they signify all of
the kind, the application is obviously
appellative. When the word thus em-
ployed is significant of animals, the
application, here called appellative,
regards the kind as a whole,—the

Dr. Skiw on some Peculiarities of Exglish Nouns.

sol
whole of beth sexes; hence there is no
possibility of determining the number
of individuals, and the sexes being
certain, and necessarily implied, do
not require characteristic distinction.
This shows plainly the true import of
St. Paul’s assertion, ‘ Christ Jesus
came into the world to save sinners,”
(1 Tim. i. 15.) as applicable to all man-
kind, because all have sinned. Else
similar assertions, like ‘‘man is born
to trouble,” would be indefinite. And
into common, when the substantive de-
notes an individual of the species or
kind,—as, a woman, a cow, a river, a
garden, &c. ‘The occasions of man, in
his varied relations, cause individuals
to be regarded on account of their
utility and services; hence, in order
that his meaning may be understood
by those with whom he converses, he
has to distinguish them particularly by
regarding their number and sex. ‘The
idiom of our language in general, but
not always, employs for an individual
male the same word which is used to
signify the kind, and varies it some
way to signify the female of the kind,
connecting numerical definitives when-
ever requisite. This application is
obviously common.

Intellectives are mostly appellative ;
each conception, or object of mental
recognition, and each quality, being
evidently individual. Many substan-
lives are also ever appellatives,—as the
names of diseases, drugs, food, grain,
herbs, liquids, metals, spices, un-
guents, &c. Proper names have oc-
casiovally appellative application; thus
Spence says, ‘Soon after the Anto-
nines, all the arts declined apace at
Rome;” and Gibbon, “ The first Cesars
seldom showed themselves to the
armies.” Courtesy not uufrequently
applies to an individual, pre-eminent
in wisdom, scionce, &c. the proper
name of the perscn most notable for
similar excelience. Our Henry VII.
was called ‘‘the English Solomow;”
and Wellington was styled “the mo-
dern Marlborough,” till his successes
succeeded those of the latter. On the
same principle, we find the appclla-
tive application introduced asa proper
name, when Sir W. Herschel is called
‘“‘the prince of astronomers ;” and Sir
Hl. Davy, “the philosopher of Eng-
land.”

Illustration of the Propositions.

Jer. x. 23. “*O Lord, LI know. that
the way of man is not in himself; it is
not in man that walketh to direct his
steps.”

302

steps.” { cannot for a moment suppose
otherwise than that every one of your
rexders will immediately see, froin the
employment and the connexion, that
the word man here has the application
which I call appellative; and that the
word here signifies all the human spe-
cies, disregarding alike the idea of
definite number, and of either sex.
But Iet us suppose the contrary, and
imagine that man here has tlie applica-
tion above called common, and that the
prophet, in employing the words, had
regarded either or both of the acci-
dents of number and sex, we shall
quickly observe not merely ambiguity,
but absurdity, consequent. ‘The ways
of men are notin themselves: this does
not necessarily negative the proposi-
tion, or supersede the idea, that the
ways of women (the other sex) are in
themselves; nor that the ways of a man
(numerically distinguished) are in
himself. ‘It is not in men that walk,”
&c. does not contradict—it is in women
that walk, itis in men that ride, can-
not walk, &c. or any way the opposite
of the description. Whereas, by al-
lowing that the word man is used to
signify mankind altogether, the de-
scription is extended, and the pecu-
liar distinctive accidents of number
and sexuality being regarded in their
full extent, particular application
thereof nced not be attempted.

These remarks will show the indefi-
niteness of the present translation of
Acts xvii. 30, 31. which might have
been the work of a disciple of the
Arabian impostor, or of some man
who considered women as mere ani-
mal machines, devoid of souls, and not
any way affected by the important
subject stated by the Apostles.

Gecause of this peculiarity, we say,
—the horse is useful, the fox is crafty,
the hare is timid, &c. Were we to
call a lady “ the best poet in the king-
dom,” the phrase would assign to a
female superiority over the whole
class; but, when we call her ‘“ the best
poetess in the kingdom,” the distine-
tion of sex restricts the application of
the word to a female belonging to a
described class of females. Hence it
may mostly be found, that, when a
noun has the application I cail com-
mon, some word to class and restrict
the object, a definitive or article is
associated; as, Job 37. 7. “He seal-
eth up the hand of every man, that all
men may know his work.” (See

Dr. Shaw on some Peculiaritics of English Nouns.

[Nov. A
Stewart’s Philosophy of Mind, i. pp-
195 and 200.)

Professor Barron, lect. ii. Logic,
p. 885, says, “All the appellative
nouns of language are significant only
of abstract ideas.” This assertion
appears to me very questionable; for,
though all intellective nouns are cer-
tainly appellative, it does not neces-
sarily follow that we are without other
appellatives ; and I hope [ have above
proved that we have a numerous class
of appellatives.

I regard the before-mentioned dis-
tinctions, in the application of our
nouns, as peculiarly calculated to ad-
vantage language, by superseding
ambiguous phraseology and construc-
tion. But you will not find any thing
on the subject in any grammar; nor
does it appear that even a glimpse on
the subject has affected any gramma-
rian, except perhaps Dr. Crombie.
(See Etym. and Syntax, p. 23.)

I hope that the above propositions
will be examined, and fairly tried; as
it is very possible that some of your
correspondents may have made re-
marks on the same subject, different
from what I have stated. It is too
often the case, that, when we have
diligently endeavoured to accomplish
any purpose, we persuade ourselves
we have succeeded; supposing, be-
cause we have done something, we
have done all needed by the fact: but,
to be satisfied that our opinions are
accurate, we must submit them for
public examination. If any of your
readers can point out similar pecu-
liarities in nouns of other languages,
their observations will benefit your
inquisitive readers, as well as your
respectful servant,

Lane End,
Staffordshire.

SIMEON SHAw.

—a——

For the Monthly Magazine.

On the EGYPTIAN TAU, or CRUX ANSATA.
(Concluded from page 24.)

HEN transferred from Egypt to
the alphabet of the surrounding
nations, the Taw preserved its sacred
character. In the Hebrew it retains
its name (Thav) and its meaning (a
terminus or cross); and, though the
figure has at present undergone a
change, it is curious that originally it
was written as the Greek T, and in
the Samaritan alphabet as an actual
cross (++); which is another stumbling-
block

1823.]

block in the way of those who consider
it to be an implement.

Indeed, wherever the symbol ex-
tended, there is a remarkable unifor-
mity in the interpretation attached to
it; and in all cases it appears to be de-
voted. to the same divinity as that
which-the Egyptians call Taut. The
termini of Mercury were modelled
from it; and the Scandinavian Mer-
eury, as it has been remarked, was
represented under that form. With
regard to the last supposition, there
are several curious circumstances,
which certainly imply a glimmering
and confused notion of the great pro-
mise to the ‘“‘seed” of Adam; for to
the Cruciform Tree in question human
sacrifices were devoted, and the god
Thor himself, of which it was the type,
and whose name, perhaps, was derived
from it (Thaw, Hebrew), is represented
in the Edda as descending into hell,
and as bruising the head of the great
serpent with his hammer. It is curious,
too, that, according to oriental tradi-
tion, the cross of Calvary, and that set
up by Moses in the Wilderness, are
supposed to be mutually constructed
from the tree of life; and that Adam,
moreover, received a portion of this
tree as a kind of talisman against dan-
gers, and transmitted it to the poste-
rity of Seth. From an idea of the
latter kind blending itself with some
indistinct notion of an expected atone-
ment, it may have occurred that the
Egyptians attached to the Crux An-
sata the idea of a resurrection, and of
a future hope.

That they considered the Tau both
in the light of a sacred symbol and a
talisman, there can scarcely remain a
doubt. But the fact is supported by
strong piciorial proof, that they attach-
ed to it ideas far more correspondent
with the tenor of scriptural history and
prophecy than has been hitherto ad-
mitted or implied; and, among other
remarkable evidences, this is one, that
an actual Christian cross, with the
lower limb prolonged, so as in size
and form to resemble those which are
assigned to palmers and bishops, is
ofien secn in the band of Horus Me-
diator (the second person of the Egyp-
tian trinity, and called the Logos by
the Platonic philosophers,) surmount-
ed by the head of a Hoopoe. Now
the Hoopoe, according to Horus
Apullo, implied a flow of wine, and
ibis in scriptural metaplior is used to

On the Egyptian Tau, or Crux Ansata.

303

express an atonement by blood. I shall
not, for the sake of corroborative
illustration, dilate upon the character
of Horus, bis birth.of Virgo, his thou-
sand years’ reign, his three days’ se-
pulchre, his regeneration, his triamph
over the Egyptian devil. ‘The subject
would furnish a treatise of itself. Let
it suffice to remark, that it was custo-
mary to hang the heads of devoted
victims upon trees, to produce a revi.
vifieation of the vegetable kingdom ;
that there are extant, representations
of the head of Apis so suspended, and
sometimes of the dismembered Horus.
A seal, representing a human victim,
fastened to a stake, with a knife at his
throat, was put upon the sacrificed
bulls, as an emblem of atonement.
There are, indeed, among Egyptian
sculptures, instances of humaa vic-
tims, on the point of being sacrificed,
attached to cruciformstakes ; and there
is one example, amidst Denon’s collec-
tion, of two kneeling figures, ligatured
back to back, and attached to the two
arms of the Cruz Ansata.

But, leaving these and all other de-
ductions and coincidences out of the
question, a survey of the symbol in a
mathematical point of view will, I
think, carry this. conviction to the
mind,—that it involved a deep and
venerable mystery, and that it was so
intended by the inventor.

The figure consists of two lines
united, which, as Horus Apollo affirms,
implied unity; but its extremities are
three, and they are arranged into the
formofatiiangle, It thus involves in
itself the monad, the dyad, and the
triad; and who that has perused the
voluminous mathematical mysteries of
Proclus and the Platonists can fail to
discern in this figure a portion of their
source?

“« Ante omnia, (says the creed of the
Rosyerucians, who, like the freema-
sons, considered Thoth as their foun-
der,) ante omnia punctum extetit non
mathematicum sed diffusivum. Monas
erit explicite, implicite myrias. Com-
movit se Monas in Dyadem § per
Triadem egresse sunt facies lumimis
secundi.”

The Cabalists, a branch of the same
sect, who endeavoured to blend the
mathematical arcana of Plato, and the
numerical reveries of Pythagoras, with
the mysicrics of Christianity, imputed
similar abstractions to the Zau, and
reverepced it in common with the

triangle.

304

triangle. ° With them the number zen,
arranged in the form of a pyramid,

. .

implied unity and perfection. It was
an emblem of the Tetrachtys; for it
contained the monadic apex, the dyad
proceeding from it, the triad formed
from the union of both, and the sacred
quaternary, which, according to the
same school, implied the junction or
incarnation of all three with the mate-
rial world.

Now it is a eurious circumstance,
that all the modern European nations
still represent the ancient sacred and
perfect number, viz. ten, by a cross;
and, still more so, that the Chinese
should represent it by the same cha-
racter, which moreover implies perfee-
tion. Would it not, therefore, be more
consisteut with probability to derive
the name of Osiris from Oshiri (ten),
than trace it to the very questionable
sources whence it is generally sup-
posed to originate?

Were I to pursue the subject far-
ther, it would lead more deeply into
ihe ‘Pythagoreau theory of numbers
than would be strictly cousistest with
the purpose in hand. &t may not, how-
ever, be irrelevant briefly to remark,
that the numbers 3, 7, and 10, were
held in wore.than ordinary veneration
by the numerical mystics, and tre-
quently applied to the purposes of
theurgy, alchemy, and astrolozy.

The two arts of which the last men-
tioned are corruptions, chemistry and
astronomy, have, in a singular man-
ner, preserved the memorials of this
curious cabala. In the Triangle aud
the Yau, Chemistry still retains the
hicroglyphics of that land which was
her cradle, and supplied ber. name,
Nor has Astronomy forgot the symbols
of her Egypt, her‘ nursing mother.”
'Yhe old community of symbol between
the sister arts remains still undivorced,
and the symbol of the metal is at once
the type of the planet which composed
the metal, and of the diurnal periods
which those planets ruled. Thus the
Tau composes the chemical character
for mercury,* by combination with a

* The monogram of the name of Taut,
formed by three Tavs united at the feet,

py ae forms to this day “ the
1

jewer of the royal arch”. among frec-
masons,

On the Egyptian Tau, or Crux Ansata.

[Nov. 1,

circle and a crescent, which may, in fact,
be interpreted to mean universal spi-
rit, or the spirit of gold (a circle), and
silver (a erescent); ideas no less fami-
liar than favorite with the alchemists.
The sign of Venus is in reality a Crux
Ansata, or cross with a handle: it is
composed of across andacirele. Now
the union of a right line and a circle
was a diagram intimating love; and,
according to Kircher, the Greek letter
, originally a bieroglyphie, is some-
times found upon medals and intaglios,
implying P/ysis, or the recipient pro-
perty of nature; while united with the
Tau, OT, it composed the characteris-
tic of Ptha, the active er moving spirit
of the world. -Now, the elder Venus
was certainly intended to represent
that capacity of nature which the phi-
losophers call indiscriminately love or
attraction ; and the character assigned
to the planet Venus seems evidently
intended to represent that capacity ;
more particularly if (as some contend)
the Tau, which composes a part of it,
was a type of the generative faculty:
Instead of a circle, sometimes a trian-
gle, is found substituted on the top of
the Tau; by which it would seem that
the universal mundane fire of the early
philosophers was implied. Horus, to
whom the Tuu was devoted, was (like
Eros among the Greeks,) the son of
the elder Venus, or universal nature.
He was the god of love, of life, and
lizht; and is identifiable with that
golden-winged and cherubic form
which (according to Aristophanes,)
arose to light at the morn of things
from the primordial egg of chaos.

These antique characters, so curi-
ously preserved, would alone induce
us to infer, that the Crua Ansata was
a sacred memento, and notakey. As
proofs, they may indeed be thought
supererogatory, though not unworthy
attention as curious coincidences. If,
indeed, there were any dearth of evi-
dence against the theory opposed, I
might boldly throw aside the whole
deleusive argument on entering the
arena, aud rest the “ arbitriment”
upon circumstances hitherto ‘mis-
stated, and which have, I believe,
hitherto escaped attention.

There are two other symbols seen on
paintings and sculptures in the hands
of the Egyptian priests, almost as fre-
quently as the Crux Ansata: one an
egg, With four points issuing from the
sides; the other a triangle; and they
are sustained by similar handles.

These

1823.]

These symbols bear evident marks
of a talismanic or abstractedly mysti-
eal character; at all events, they are
not adaptable to any instrumental or
servile purpose. As 1 have stated,
they are observed in the hands of the
priests, in common with the Tau; and
the three are almost uniformly grouped
together in hierogly phical inscriptions.
Sometimes, however, in the latter case,
a figure not portable is substituted for
the triangle; and, by the occasional
inter-convertibility of the two, would
seem to imply some theological arca-
num. The substituted figure is a circle,
with a monad or unit subjected.

After repeated investigations of these
curious, 1 may say sublimely simple,
mathematic forms, the investigation
has uniformly conducted me to this
inference; that they are the symbols of
the Egyptian Trinity,—Osiris, Isis, and
Horus; and that there were different
orders of monastics in Egypt, desig-
nated by the symbols of their patron
deity.

Perhaps an analysis of the figures,
whether combined or distinct, may
confirm the above conjecture; and,
although the three curious symbols in
question are highly wovthy of a sepa-
rate investigation, k hope to stand
excused for pointing out their more
remarkable characteristics.

Let it be conceded, that the Tau
wasa sign of Horus. Osiris and the
Sun were, as we know, synonymous:
they were the names and visible types
of one supreme God, Could the uni-
versal unit be more happily expressed
than by the unit and the cirele? In fact
we are assured, by numerous writers
on Egyptian arcana, that the sun was
represented by a circle; and indeed
the symbol in question (a point and
cirele,) is to this day employed by
astronomy and chemistry to express
the same luminary, and the metal
over which it presides.

By this interpretation, moreover, we
shall discover a clue to the inter-com-
munity | have before noticed between
the above figure and the triangle. It
was a favorite dogma of the Evyptian
philosophy, that, previous to the crea-
tion of the sun, and before the efflux
of that physical light of which it is the
parent, there existed an ¢éternal, all-
pervading, intellectual fire, which was
admirably expressed by a triangle, and
which to this day, in painting, chemis-
try, and theology, retains its primitive

Montuty Mac. No. 388,

On the Egyptian Tau, or Crux Ansata.

305

character, the triangle. This, accord-
ing to the Egyptian cosmology, was
the god Ptha, the demiurge and hus-
band of the elder Isis, or primordial
water; agreeing with the Vulcan and
the Venus of the Greeks, from whose
embraces all things arose in new
created beauty, and first the bright
visible divinity of life and light. Fire
and water were the first principles of
theology, as well as of philosophy,
among the Egyptians. These formed
their sacraments, and these their pur-
gatory trials of initiation.

The first two figures, the Tau and
Triangle, being iilustrated, the last
stands self-explained. By the egg was
clearly meant the chaos of the Chal-
dees, Egyptians, and Brahmins,—the
Arkite receptacle of the cabbalists,and
the Alcahest or primitive receptacle of
the alchemists and fire-philosophers.
Four points issue from the lateral ex-
tremities of this egg. Could mathe-
matical form express more appositely
the four elements proceeding from
the primitive matrix and receptable of
all things ?

The Egyptian trinity was not of a
pure description. It was tainted with
the material philosophy of the worship-
pers, being composed of what they
termed the male and female agencies
of nature, and the universal created
beauty which issued from their union.

Looking at these symbols mathema-
tically or chemically, physically or
theologically, I cannot help consider-
ing them as inclosing the germ of all
the various ramifications of Egyptian
wisdom ; they appear to me redundant
with the arcana of that extraordinary
people. Neither can any thing more
appositely demonstrate the true na-
ture of the hieroglyphics ; 1 mean that
discursive property which Proclus has
assigned to them; and I am much
mistaken if they do not supply an in-
strument to solve that hitherto inextri-
cable knot,—the hieroglyphical lan-
guage.

I shall content myself at present
with remarking, that they comprise
and concentrate, in an accurate and
beautiful manner, all that is most vivid,
and all that is most alluring, in the ab-
stract systems of Platoand Pythagoras.

Thus we have the self-centred eter-
nal monad in the circle and point; the
dyad in the two lines of the triune
Tau (per triadem eyressa sunt facies
luminis secunde ) ; and lastly, the Tetrad

2R or

306

or Tectrachtys, the great elementary
spirit in the Oval Tetragrammaton.
From the inferences, therefore, before
adduced, and more particularly from
the unquestionable association of the
Crux Ansata with figures of a perfectly
simple, pure, and geometrical charac-
ter, Lam led to this inevitable conclu-
sion, that the Tau or Crux Ansata was
neither a drill, nora key, nor acrutch,
nor a hammer; but a religious me-
mento, not differing in any great de-
gree from the Christian cross, but
involving a prophetical tradition ra-
ther than a traditional bistory,—a me-
mento, perhaps, in its pure original,
pointing to the same divinity, and
associated with the same miracle,—
preshadowing the hope of the promised
seed, the real deity of light and coun-
sel, and the mighty advent of regene-
ration, atonement, and peace. C.
—a——

For the Monthly Magazine.
NEWS FROM PARNASSUS.
NO. XXVIII.

DANISH POETRY and BALLAD WRITING.
With a Translation of “ Shion Middel.”

O dear to me is my native land,
Where the dark pine-trees grow ;

Where the bold Baltic’s echoing strand
Looks o’er the grassy oe,

Tene Danes of the present day are
rapidly rising as a literary nation ;
and, although kept under by a tyran-
nical government, the latent energies
of their minds are frequently displayed
in’ an -extraordinary manner. How
pleasing it is consider what they will
become when the day of their emanci-
pation is arrived; and that period is
not far distant. Already has the voice
of reason and philosophy been heard
in the streets of their capital; and,
when the spirit of the north is once
aroused, it will be found as irresistible
as one of the mountain avalanches.
Despots have invented new and san-
guinary laws, but they will be found
inefficient to accomplish the desired
purpose. Let them who rule remem-
ber, that Boreas once attempted by
vioience to make a traveller lay aside
his cloak, which only caused him to
wrap it closer around his body; while
the Sun, with his mild beams of persua-
sion, quickly induced him to relax his
grasp, and fling the disputed garment
on the ground. hus likewise is it
with man, as far as it regards his
liberty: by flattery aud caresses, it may
frequently be drawn from him ; but, as
soon as open force is used, an indig-
nant spirit rises within him, and he

News from Parnassus, No. XXVIII.

[Nov. 1,

would part with life, and submit to the
most unheard-of perseeution, rather
than yield. up that which is so harshly
required from him.

The ballad, from the most remote
periods, seems to have been the
favourite poetry of the north; and it is
a source of amusement to the anti-
quary to trace its progress, from the
time when it first originated among the
hills of Norway, to its present state.
The ballad is a kind of condensed
epic, in which every species of fecling
ought to be successively aroused,—
fear, laughter, and amazement, should
all have a place allotted to them ; and,
when this is properly arranged, I con-
sider the poem to be complete. The
Germans have for along time claimed
a superiority over all other nations in
this species of poetry; that they have
some very stimulant specimens of it,
every one acquainted with their lite-
rature will readily admit. But that
they have attained the ne plus ultra of
perfection, wiil be found, I believe,
very difficult for them to prove. ‘‘ Leo-
nora,” written by Burger, and ‘the
Diver” of Schiller, are the master-
pieces of the greatest of their pocts.
Both abound in passages in which the
poetry is as grand as the scenes it
describes : the two great requisites of
fear and wonder are unsparingly sup-
plied; so that, while perusing them,
the mind is raised to a pitch from
which it never descends but by an
effort of its own. And what is the
reason of this? Simply because the
comie is never once introduced. It
was reserved for Scotland, in the per-
son of her Burns, to overcome the
obstacles which all others seem to
have shrank terrified from encounter-
ing. In“ Tam O'Shanter,” the first per-
fect ballad was presented to the world.

Here is a feast for all palates,—for
the gloomy, the gay, and the romantic;
the mind may here soar like an eagle,
till it become dizzy from excess of
height, and then be at once relieved
by a sudden sweep which places it on
level ground. That last leap of ‘Tam
O’Shanter’s mare, not only brought off
her master safe and uaharmed, with
the loss of her “ain grey tail,” and
left his pursuers panting on the other
side of the stream, but it likewise
placed the poet at a distance from all
rivals, which they have not regained,
and, in all probability, never will.

The early manners of the north
were peculiarly favourable to rs:

re

1823. ]
bred to war from their infancy, its
sons, in the course of a roving and pre-
datory existence, contracted ideas of
a wild and romantic tendency; and,
when such ideas are once excited,
poetry is never far behind. It came,
accompanied by its usual train of pomp
and magnificence, rejecting in lan-
guage whatever was unsuited to its
purposes, bestowing life, soul, and
intelligence, on every object; now
tuning itself to the praises of the
Almighty,—now relating the actions
of the illustrious, and animating men,
by its sonl-exciting influence, to deeds
worthy of cternal fame.

Although, perhaps, in the first stages
of his career, the profession of a bard
was considered rather as inglorious, yet
it must rapidly have risenin estimation;
for, as most men of a warlike disposi-
tion have a passionate desire for post-
humous glory, and as this could not be
attained without the assistance of the
poet, he was sought after, and cares-
sed, from the high opinion which all
began to entertain of his utility. This
is a glorious proof of the power of
intellect, even among the rude and
barbarous. Though born, perhaps, in
the lowest class of society, the proud-
est chieftains did not disdain the
acquaintance of the enlightened min-
strel; but feasted him at their courts,
and bore him in triumph to the wars:
so that he mightrequite them by trans-
mitting their names to posterity. They
found it was their interest to patronize
him; and interest is the great motive,
I will not say the only one, by which
the actions of man, either good or bad,
are originally determined. Before en-
tering on any particular pursuit, he
generally considers whether loss or
advantage is likely to accrue to him
from it. By this observation, 1 wish
not to detract from the merit of any
seemingly generous action, as it mat-
ters very /iitle what the motive may
be, provided the consequences he be-
neficial to society. But I am con-
vinced of the justice of it, and am
borne out by our Saviour himself, who
was perfectly aware of the power of
interest, when he advised man to do
good towards his fellow-creature. He
did not urge him on the score of gene-
rosity, knowing that such a pure feel-
ing was not to be expected; but he
bribed him to it, by saying that, in so
doing, he was laying up treasure for
himself in heaven.

Be this as it may, the north soon

Danish Poetry and Ballad Writing.

307
became overstocked with poets; for,
observing that the profession was a
profitable one, numbers were willing
to embark in it,—many of whom left
their country, and, by foree of the
Runic verse, tought their way through
England, and all other countries whose
language bore any analogy to their
own. Although that of Ireland was
totally different, it was not very difli-
cult for these enterprising men to
overcome such an obstacle; they esta-
blished themselves at the courts of the
petty princes, and honouralily earned
a livelihood by exercising their profes-
sion. If they no longer sung in Norse,
they still preserved the metre of its
poetry, which was simple; and, being
destitute of rhime, very fit for impro-
visation. Owing to the forgeries of
Macpherson, many have beea Jed to
believe that Norse and Celtic poetry
have a character entircly different ;
but let any connoisseur in the respec-
tive languages compare the lines of a
Norse scald and those of an Irish
Filea, and he will be convinced that
the spirit of Odin and of Thor is
breathed in both. It has been said,
that, as these two people were de-
scribing similar actions, they would
necessarily express themselves nearly
alike. But this I deny: language is
the channel by means of which the
feelings and humours of the mind are
expressed. As the mind is entirely
influenced by the temperament of the
body, and as no two people are more
dissimilar in temperament than a
Norse and an Jrishman,—the one’ of
Eastern and the other of Hyperborean
origin; and, when we observe them
making use of the same metaphors
and the same imagery, the conclusion
must be, that the one has borrowed
from the other. ;
When wars became less prevalent,
in the north, the taste for mere he-
roic poetry consequently declined, and
was sueceeded by another, and yet
more pleasing, species. ‘The deeds of
the rough warrior were now frequently
blended with those of the lover: while
magic and enchantment hovered in
the air, and cast their dusky shadows
over all. Rhime, which until this pe-
riod had been neglected,was now adopt-
ed by most of the dialects to which
the Norse had given birth; above all,
by the Danish, whivh seems to be the
most ancient, as if is the most simple,
of them all. If was undoubtedly the
first in which any productions, worthy
of

308

of being termed poetry, appeared.
To expect excellence, at a time when
nations were just beginning to emerge
from the night and gloom of barbarism,
would be unreasonable; but still they
exhibit a freshness, and a noble sim-
plicity, which is far more dear to the
literary enthusiast than the dressed-up
charms of art. They form a national
literature, of which Denmark has rea-
son to be proud; for many of those
now extant are as ancient as her lan-
guage itself. They form a continued
chain of narrative, from the end of the
fourteenth century to the beginning of
the eighteenth; in which the private
actions of kings, and other distinguish-
ed persons, are frequently introduced,
disguised under the shape of an in-
teresting fiction. But,among the very
best of the Danish ballads, are those in
which the characters and events are
entirely imaginary. Mr. George Lewis
was the first person who gave the
British public an idea of this ancient
poetry ; and, although his translations
are made from secondary sources,
(for he was unacquainted with the lan-
guage,) I believe they are read with
much more pleasure than those which
have been made by other hands from
the originals.

There are some ballads, especially
those in a_ collection called the
“‘ Elskov’s Visoer” (Love Tales), of a
superior kind, and which display a fine
moral. Such is the song of “Skion
Middel,” of which the following is
nearly a literal translation :—

The maiden was lacing so tightly her vest,

That forth spouted milk from each lily-white breast;
That saw the queen-mother, who quickly begun:

« What mateest the milk from thy bosom to run?”
**Oh! this is not milk, ma eead mother, | vow

It is but the mead I was drinking just now.” P
“Ha! out on thee, minion, these eyes have their

sight,—
Would’st tell me that mead in its colour is white ?”
“Well, well! since the proofs are so glaring and
wrong:
I own that Sir Middel has done me a wrong.”
**Ha! was he the miscreant? dear shall he pa
For the cloud he has cast on our honour’s bright

ray;
Vl hang him up. Yes! I will hang him with scorn,
And burn thee to ashes at breaking of morn!”
The maiden departed in anguish and woe,
And straight to Sir Middel it lists her to go.
Arriv’d at the portal, she sounded the bell :
«Now wake ye, love, if thou art living and well.”
Sir Middel he heard her, and sprung orn his bed,
Not knowing her voice, in confusion he said,
“* Away! for I have neither candle nor light,
Aud I swear that no mortal shall enter this night.”
“*Now busk ye, Sir Middel, in Christ’s holy name;
I fly from my mother, who knows of my shame.
She’ll hang thee up; yes! she will hang thee with

scorn,

And burn me to ashes, at breaking of morn.”
“‘Ha! laugh at her threat?ninys, so empty and wild ;
She neither shall hang me, nor burn thee, my child.
Collect what is precious in jewels and garb,
And I’ll to the stable, and saddle my barb.

News from Parnassus, No. XXVIII.

[Nov. 1,

He gave her the cloak that he us’d at his need,
And he lifted her up on the broad-bosom’d steed.
The forest is gain’d, and the city is past.

When her eyes to the heaven she wistfully cast.
“‘What ails thee, dear maid; we had better now

stay,

For thou ath fatigu’d by the length of the way.”

“<1 am not futigu’d by the length of the way,

But my seat is uneasy, it lists me to say.”

He spread on the heather his mantle so wide—

“Now Bs thee, my love, and 1’ll watch by thy
side.

“© Jesus! that one of my inaidens were near;

The pains of a mother are on me, I fear.”

«Thy maidens are now at a distance from thee,

And thou art alone in the forest with me.”

“*Twere better to perish again and again,

Than thou shouldst stand by me, and guze on my

ain,

“But take off thy kerchief, and cover my head,

And perhaps [ may stand in the wise-woman’s
stead.”

“O Christ! that I had but a draught of the wave,

Toquench my death-thirst, and my temples to lave.”?

Sir Middel was to her so faithful aud true,

And 8 fetch’d her the drink in her gold-spangled
shoe;

The fountain was distant, bat when he drew near,

Two nightingales sat there, and sung in his ear:

**Vhy love she is dead, and for ever at rest,

With two little babes, that lie cold on her breast.””

Such was their song, but he heeded them not,

And trae’d bis way back to the desolate spot;

Bat ah! what a spectacle burst on his view,

For all they had told him was fatally true.

He dug a deep grave by the side of a tree,

And buried therein the unfortunate three.

As he clamp’d the mould down with bis iron-heel’d

oot,

He thought that the babies scream’d under his foot ;
Then placing his weapon against a grey stone,

He cast himself on it, and died with a groan.

Ye maidens of Nanway, henceforward beware,

For love, when unbridled, will end in despair.

Such were ballads before men had
adopted that overloaded style which
considerably diminishes poetic effect.
Such a story, in the hands of a writer
of the present day, would not be con-
tained in less than two hundred lines.
He would dwell upon the terror of the
maid when first discovered, and then
inform us, how lovely she looked even
in the midst of her grief. When
mounted behind her lover, there would
be a description of the desert tracts
they passed through; and the noise
and clatter of the horse’s hoof would
be thundered every moment into our
ears. Here, on the contrary, we find
nothing but whatis strictly necessary ;
we pass on to the mournful catastrophe,
and pay to the hero and heroine a tear
of pity for their unfortunate fate. It
may be classed among the second
order of ballads ; for, as all the feelings
are not aroused, it certainly does not
belong to the first. But, even through
the disadvantageous medium of the
present translation, I believe its real
merit may be discovered.

One would almost imagine, in pe-
rusing it, that it had been written by
an English poet, some hundred and
fifty years ago; so closely does it re-
semble many of the old ballads in the
collections of Percy and others. It is

a great

1823.]

a great pity, that all the old Danish
and Swedish poctry has not been ren-
dered into English, and placed side by
side with their more southern children;
from whom, indeed, they never ought
to be separated.
—

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,

HAVE felt an interest, since read-

ing the ictter of X. Y. in p. 200,
to leara what M. Garnier, engineer of
Mines, or his patrons, the Society for
the Encouragement of French Indus-
try, may have published, as ‘ elemen-
tary and practical instructions,” for
piercing the earth in search of water,
in what they call Artesian wells; and
myself, and many others, would feel
obliged by seeing translations of all
which may have been published
abroad, answering the description
here quoted, either inserted progres-
sively in your Magazine, or published
in a separate pamphlet.

Eight years before Mr. William
Smith had published any thing for
explaining the geological structure of
England, which then was scarcely at
all understood, 1 was enabled, from
haviug been his pupil, to explain
briefly, in your twenty-third volume,
page 211, those parts of bis discove-
ries, verified by myself, which relate
to the origin and course of springs of
water within the earth, and to apply
these to the sinking of deep wells,
particularly in the vale of the Thames:
since then, Mr. Smith’s large and
small geological Maps of England, also
his very detailed Maps of the Coun-
ties separately, his Sections of Strata,
&c. have been published by Cary, St.
James-street; and numerous papers
expressly on the subject have been
printed, which long ere this ought to
have made the principles of deep well-
sinking or boreing {or water suflicient-
ly familiar to the British public, to
have guarded it against quackery ;
but, that such is not the case is exem-
plified by those persons who have
lately gone about the country, pre-
tending to be able in any situation to
procure water, on or near to the sur-
face, by boreing; and who, in their
ignorance of the principles and local
facts of the stratification, have rashly
undertaken, in many instances, to
obtain what nature withholds; where-
by mnuch useless expense has been in-
curred, and great disappointments

9

~

Mr. Farey on Artesian Wells and Boreholes,

309
followed, and led to several disputes
with such persons, which are now
pending.

I have always considered it impro-
per to withhold information, as to the
principles of an art soimportant as the
procuring of one of the prime necessa-
ries of life; and have not scrupled to
communicate, on very liberal terms of
remuneration for my time, every in-
formation, as to the application of
these principles to practice, in parti-
cular spots or cases, which an expen-
sive study and long experience has
furnished me; but, as the giving of
advice, as to the procuring of water,
(or the shunning or getting rid of it, in
other Cases,) is a material branch of
the professional practice by which I
live, [ trust no one interested, who
may have written to me, will feel
offended at my declining to give gra-
tuitous advice, especially in the dis-
putes above alluded to.

Howland-street; Oct.6. JoHN Farry.

—_——

For the Monthly Magazine.
JOURNAL of @ LADY, during a@ recent
TRIP do FRANCE,

(Continued from p. 227.)

EDNESDAY, July 31, 1822.—
Went to Galignani’s. Mr. T.
called, and gave me a ticket to see the
Palais Lycée Bourbon, now inhabited
by the Duchess of Berry.

Thursday, Aug. 1.—Went to see
the Palais Lycée Bourbon, in Rue St.
Honoré, near the Champs Elyseés: it
was the residence of the Duke of
Wellington, at the time of the allied
powers being in Paris. ‘The gardens
are laid out in the English style. The
palace is small, but extremely elegant.
The bed-room of the Duchess of
Berry is very superb, that of the Puke
is fitted up with great elegance; it is
entirely hung with rich yellow silk, to
represent a tent or pavilion: there
was an elcvant wardrobe made of the
root of elm; also a long glass, behind
which was a weighing machine. There
is a good collection of cabinet pic-
tures, chiefly Flemish: one room,
beautifully carved and silvered, is
entirely white,—the chairs are white
and silvered, furniture white silk, with
silver lace, and an elegant time-picce.
There is a clock in the children’s room,
with an organ underneath. The library
is very pretty.—In the evening walked
in the gardens of the Tuileries.

Friday, 2d.—I went to the Louvre,
by

310

by a ticket from Count de Forbin.—In
the evening walked in the ‘Tuileries’
gardens.

Saturday, 3d.— At a shop in the
Palais Royal, the hanisters of the
stair-case are glass. The Salon Fran-
cois is a most excellent place to dine
at: for two francs, you get four plates,
and half a bottle of wine.

Sunday, 4th.— We went to the
English ambassador’s (Sir J. Stewart,)
chapel, in Rue St. Honoré. Mr. G.
and Mr. L. walked with us in the
. Champs Elyseés, and took coffee in
the garden of Flora, where we went to
see the bourgeois dance. The am-
bassador’s house was exceedingly
crowded with English: service was
performed by his chaplain in a room
with folding doors. In the two rooms,
(in which were benches for the com-
pany,) there were about three hundred
people. :

Monday, 6th— Went with Mr. G.
to Fleurard, the miniature-painter ;
and to Mansion, another, much better,
Dined at the Salon Frangois, which is
part of the Orleans Palais. The ceil-
ings are beautifully painted, and ele-
gantly carved: the ground-work is
giltt—We went to the French Opera-
house, where we saw Aladdin, or the
Wonderful Lamp, which combines
both opera and ballet, in five acts: it
is a most superb piece, and the music
delightful. It is a greatfavourite, and
more frequently performed than any
other. The house is new, and very
handsome ; but not so large as our
Opera-house, The drop-curtain is the
same as that at Covent-garden. The

rchestra is very full, and two harps
are well played: the leader does not
play himself; he sits in the centre, and
beats the time: when half over, he is
relieved by another. The scenery
was very fine.

Tuesday, 6Gth.— Went to the Louvre:
it was opened to the public this day.
I called on Dr. C. who gave me a
ticket to see the Duchess of Berry’s
pictures, and M. Somariva’s private
collection. Izerbey is the best minia-
ture-painter in Paris; Saint ranks
next: but there are many very good,
—Aubrey and Mansion, for example.
The pictures of the Louvre are very
fine ; some are only worthy of notice
from their antiquity. The statues are
very numerous and beautiful.

Wednesday, 7th.—Went to see the
Duchess of Berry’s cabinet-pictures

*

A Lady's Journal of a recent Trip to France,

[Nov. I,

at Rue Neuve St. Augustin, chiefly
modern, but very good; some copies
from large pictures.—Called at M.
Somariva’s, and saw his fine collection
of paintings. One room is dedicated
to a fine statue of a Penitent Magda-
len, by Canova: it is fitted up with
brown sombre drapery, and only
demi-light admitted. It is certainly a ©
very highly-finished work, and is con-
sidered his chef-d’wuvre: it was made
expressly for M. de Somariva. M.S.
received us with great politeness, and
talked to many in the room. ‘There
was likewise a Terpsichore and a Cu-*
pid by Canova; a most beautiful pic-
ture of Cupid and Psyche, by David ;
Pygmalion, by Gerard; some choice
paintings by the old masters, viz.
Guido, Corregio, Vandyk, Leonardi
di Vinci, &c. Zephyr, by Gerain, and
Belisarius, are both very fine : altoge-
ther, it is a small but good collection,
and well worth seeing. M. de S. is
an Italian, and reckoned one of the
richest men in Paris.

Friday, 9th.—Public day.

Saturday, 10th.—The king came to
Paris (from St. Cloud) for the winter.

Sunday, 11th.— Went with Mr. 8S.
to the Pantheon, to see the ceremony
of the consecration of abishop: it con-
tinued very long, and was fatiguing
to the newly-created bishop.—W ent
to St. Genevieve, to hear the fune-
ral service. The supporter of the
pulpit is a figure of Atlas, finely
carved in wood, and there is a curious
stair-case, cut out of one stone: it isa
very ancient church.—Looked in at
another church, and sawa christening.
Went to the Luxembourg Palace ; the
Gallery of Paintings was still shut,
but saw the other part of the palace,
being a public day. We were shown
through a superb suite of apartments,”
in one of which the Chamber of Peers
sit. ‘The gardens are very beautiful,
and similar to those of the Tuileries.

Monday, 12th.—Dr. C. took me in
the morning to Saint’s, the miniature-
painter: his grounds are all in body-
colours, but these grounds are not so
soon done as might be imagined. Dr.
C. also took me to Baron Denon’s,
Quai Voltaire, who has a fine museum
of curiosities from Egypt, and a col-
lection of pictures, prints, and medals.

Tuesday, 13th. — Went to the
Louvre.

Wednesday, 14th.—Shopped in the
morning at the Fille mal gardé, Rue

de

1823.]

de la Monnoie. The shops have signs ;
some are well painted.

Thursday, 15th.—The Assumption.
Went with Mr. G. to the church of
Notre Dame: high mass, with a con-
cert of solemn music. At three
o’clock, Monsieur, with the Duke
d’Angouleme and the Duchess of
Berri, entered the church, followed by
their attendants, the civil authorities,
council, &c. royal chaplains and con-
fessors: they walked in procession in
the church, and then round the aisle.
This was a most imposing sight, and
I was highly gratified. The priests
who had been ofliciating joined tho
procession, bearing a silver figure of
the Virgin. The Cent Suisses were
in the church, and part of the regiment
of the Garde de Corps. The Cent
Suisses always take precedence in
guarding the royal family.

Friday, 16th.—In the morning I
visited the Luxembourg, the Pantheon,
and St. Genevieve ; and in the evening
went to the Caffé de la Paix, where I
took coffee, and was well amused with
two little comedies.

Saturday, 17th.— Went to the Gour-
bon Palace: it was the closing of tho
session of the Chamber of Deputics,
consequently not a full meeting,—
about fifty members there. Among the
opposition was M. Constant, their
leader. Each member wears a hand-
some dress: a blue coat, trimmed with
black velvet and silver lace.—Went to
the Hospital of Invalids: it is a fine
building, containing about 5000 in-
pensioners, and 2000 out-pensioners ;
and is intended for disabled soldiers.
The chapel is very superb; the exterior
of the dome was gilded by Bonaparte,
and the floor was inlaid with different-
coloured marbles, in devices. ‘The N.
and arms of Napoleon are giving place
to those of Louis and the fleur de lis.
Louis XIf. caused the Hotel Royal
des Invalides to be built, to fulfil the
wishes of his predecessors; for Henry
1V. had projected an establishment to
provide for the subsistence of soldiers
wounded in the service of their coun-
try. Louis XIII. designed the Cha-
feau de Bicéire to fulfil that object,
but his death prevented the success of
this enterprise; and Louis XIV. dis-
posed of that house, in 1656, in favour
of the General Hospital. The first
stone of the Hospital of Invalids was
laid Noy. 30, 1670. L’ Esplanade des
Tnwalides, ce vaste terrain qui fait faee a
Hotel des Invalides, et qui conduit

A Lady's Journal of a recent Trip to France.

Bit

jucquau bord de la rividre, a été cultivé
avee succds depuis la revolution; il est
orné de belles allées d’arbres, avee quatre
carrés de verdures. On voit au milieu
de Vesplanade une fontaine qui a douze
metres (six toises) de hauteur; et au-
dessus le superbe Lion de Saint Marc,
qui a ete rapporté de Venise, apres les
conquétes de Bonaparte. Ce Lion est
de bronze, il est curieux par sa structure
extraordinaire.—W ent to the Military
School, which is near the Hospital of
Jnvalids, and was erected in 1751, for
the instruction of 500 children of gen-
tlemen without fortune. The archi-
tecture is fine and noble. Bonaparte,
protected by M. de Marboeuf, was
placed at the Military School, for edu-
cation, under the reign of Louis XVI.
The Champ de Mars is opposite the
Military School: this spot is vast and
rezular, surrounded by a ditch, lined
with stone-work, and with a sloping
terrace. This magnificent field was
destined for the military exercises of
the éleves of the old Military School,
and for the reviews of the regiment of
the French Guards.—Saw the king go
out for an airing in his open carriage,
drawn by eight horses, with one pos-
tillion.

Sunday, 18th.— Went in a barouche
to Versailles, which is about twelve
miles from Paris, and situated on an
artificial eminence, in the midst of a
valiey. There are three noble avenues
leading to the Palace, from so many
towns: the middle walk of the grand
avenue is fifty yards wide, those on
each side twenty. Atthe upper end
of it, on the right and left, are the
stables, in the form of a crescent; so
magnificently built, that few royal
palaces excel them: they might con-
tain 3 or 4000 horses... From the
parade, you immediately pass into the
first court, through aniron pallisade, in
which are offices for ministers of state;
then ascend three steps, pass another
iron gate, adorned with trophies, to the
second court; in which is a noble
fountain in the middle, and magnifi-
cent buildings in the wings. Then
you pass to a third, which is paved
with black and white marble, has a
marble basin and fountain in the mid-
die, and is terminated by a noble pile
of buildings, which with the wings
constitute the royal apartments. ‘The
principal staircase therein is ten yards
wide, and consists of the choicest
marble that could be procured. The
grand apartments consist of a long

suc-

312
succession of large lofty rooms, richly
ornamented. The gallery (esteemed
the finest in Europe,) is seventy-two
yards long, and fourteen broad, having
seventeen windows towards the gar-
dens; from which there is a most
delightfal prospect. On the ceilings
are painted the battles of the reign of
Louis XIV. which are very bighly
finished. The finest front is next the
gardens, on which side there is a fine
portico, supported by marble pillars,
and floored with the same, an hundred
yards in length; and the gardens are
not to be paralleled,—as all the beau-
tiful models that Italy or the world
could produce were consulted, to make
them complete. The water-works,
especially, are inimitable; here marble
and copper statues spout up water
in different forms, which falls into
marble basons of exquisite workmen-
ship. It being the féte of St. Louis,
the grand water-works played: the
dragon or serpent has ninety jets,
and costs 4000 francs every time it
plays. The water is conveyed to this
place from Marly. There were about
10,000 persous present, surrounding
the great canal, which is 1600 yards
long, and 64 broad. The gallery is
entirely composed of marble, pictures,
glass, and gildings. Several pictures
and ceilings are by Paul Veronese,
and the pictures in the gallery by
Le Brun. The great marble staircase
surpasses any thing of the kind that
antiquity can boast of: the fresco
paintings are by Je Brun. First
you enter the Hail of Plenty, painted
by Houasse; thence to the Cabinet of
Antiquitiés, painted by the same. The
Hall of Venus has some beautiful
paintings, and an ancient statue of
Cincinnatus. The Hall of the Billiard
Table is likewise adorned with exqui-
site paintings. The Hallof Mars: the
family of Darius at Alexander’s feet, is
one of Le Brun’s best pieces. The
Hall of Mereury is painted by Cham-
pagne ; and some pictures by Raphael,
Titian, and others. The Hall of
Apollo: «he Four Seasons by La
Fosse, and several by Guido. The
Halls of War and Peace are at both
ends of the gallery: the former has
some fine paintings by Le Brun, repre-
senting the actions of Louis XIV.
The queen’s apartment is adorned
with pictures of great value, chiefly
by Coypeland Vignon. Saw the little
door through which she escaped at
the time of the Revolution, The king’s

A Lady's Journal of a recent Trip to France.

| Nov. ft,

bed-chamber is ornamented with a
great deal of magnificence and good
order. The chapel belonging to the
palace is an exceedingly tine piece of
architecture, built of free-stone, in the
Corinthian order. Nothing can be
more beautiful or richer than the in-
ward embellishments of this chapel.
The great altar is of the finest marble ;
and the roof is elegantly painted. The
theatre is one of the most magnificent
in Europe: when it was lighted with
wax, the glass, the lustres, the fine
paintings, and the gilding, (of which
there was a profusion,) produced a
marvellous effect. At extraordinary
fétes, the theatre was changed into a
ball-room.— From one of the jet d’eaux
the water rises seventy-eight feet.—
Great Trianon is situated at the extre-
mity of an arm of the canal. This
oriental building is as respectable as
magnificent : it is composed of only one
ground-floor, (Rez de Chaussée,) di-
vided into two pavilions, re-united by
a peristyle, supported by twenty-two
columns of the Ionic order; eight of
these columns’ are green marble of
Campon, and the fourteen others of the
red marble of Languedoc, It is now
unfurnished ; as is also the Palace of
Versailles.—Little Trianon consists of
a pavilion on the ground-floor, and
two stories: it was the favourite resi-
dence of Marie-Antoinette, whose
bed-room furniture stil] remains, which
is very elegant, consisting of white
sik trimmed with silver; the eciling
is covered with silvered while satin
drapery, and the curtains are embroi-
dered with silver. The gardens are
distinguished as the French and
English garden; they contain a little
mill, a. farm, temple d’amour, salle des
coursiers: the queen’s boudoir was in
appearance a little farm-house.—In
the town of Versailles you breathe a
light and pure air; but there is no
water. They are obliged to bring
water from the Seine, by means of the
celebrated machine at Marly.—M. H.
went up from Tivoli Gardens by a bal-
loon in the evening. It was a grand
night.
(To be concluded in our next. }
—=2=
For the Monthly Magazine.
ACCOUNT of a recent ERUPTION of a
VOLCANO im ICELAND.
Treikewig, Iceland; July 16, 1823.
I, had extremely mild weather
through the whole winter, which
was followed by a rather cold and dry.

spring;

1823.]
spring; but this uncommonly mild
temperature announced to us, as .on
many former occasions, (especially in
the year 1783,) an eruption of one of
our most dangerous volcanoes. ‘This
iime -it was the crater Kotlugjan,
which"js situated in the district of
Myrdals Jékel. It had been quict for
sixty-eight years, viz. since the year
1755; at that time it caused the
greatest desolation in the country,
since, according to Dr. Stepharsen’s
“werk, (“Iceland in the Wighteenth
Century,”) in the following bad year,
through the revolutions of Kotlugjan,
the population of the country was di-
minished by 9744 souls,

On the preseat occasion, a loud
detonation and rumbling noise, in the
bowels of the glacier in Myrdals
Jékel, and frequent lightning, on the
22d of June, announced the eruption ;
which, however, did not take place till
the 26th, when a great quantity of
ashes and pumice-stenc was thrown
into West Myrdal, lying at the foot of
the mountain. Pillars of smoke and
vapour concealed the mountain, and
darkened the air, which was lighted
only by incessant lightnings, accompa-
nied by thunder and earthquakes. At
length the whole mass of ice which
covered the mountain was burst asun-
der, and thrown over the fields and
sandy plains below. A quantity of
these masses of ice was carried with
a dreadful torrent of water into the
sea; and, at the same time, the gronnd
was covered with a mixture of pu-
mice-stone and ashes, by which three
of the best farms were laid waste, and
numbers of cattle killed. All the in-
habitants fled, with the rest of the cat-
tle, from the three larms, to parts less
exposed.

No dives were lost; but the whole
country is covered with water and
ashes; aud even merchant-vessels, at
the distance of 100 miles from. the
coast, were also covered with ashes.
The road through Myrdal, and to the
south of the glacier,—which is the high
road from all that part of the island
called Skaptefield’s Syssel,—was ren-
dered impassable; and it has caused
much trouble to clear a new and much
longer one, to the north of the glacier.

Hitherto, there have been only three
great cruptions of ashes, pumice-stone,
&c.; and since that time the voleano
has been quiet. Constant north-west
winds fortunately carried the ashes
exclusively over Myrdel and the. sea;
/ Montury Mag, No. 388,

Account of a Volcano in Iceland.

313

and the rest of the country has hitherto
escaped.

The cold and dry spring, and the
present heat of July, have been unfa-
vourable to the crops: to this may be
added, that the Greenland icc, ‘which
is said to have shut up the North-west
Coast, has laid a long time before the
coast of Nordland, and is said to have
blocked up the coasts of Huneyands
Syssel. A scarcity of provisions be-
gins to be felt in several parts of
Nordland.

——l_
For the Monthly Magazine.
DRY-ROT and TANNING.
O censiderations can possibly de-
mand more serious attention
thin the preservation of the British
navy, and timber in general, from dry-
rot; and perhaps no process has
excited more attempts, than to shorten
and cheapen the tannage of Jeather by
oak-bark, or to discover substitutes
for oak-bark for that purpose. An.
alarming naval dry-ret excited my
first notice to this subject,

During a residence at Portsmouth
for above thirty years, I never heard
of the dry-rot; but, within the last
twenty years, the complaint has been
general. Isoon traced the origin of
dry-rot to the abolition of the use of
winter-hewn oak in our dock-yards,
and from the great scarcity and dear-
ness of oak-bark for tanners, since
1792; prior to which time the Navy
Board allowed seven and a quarter
per cent. as equivalent to the bark.

My first object was to seek substi-
tutes for oak-bark, and I found that
tops and leps of oak fully answered
the purpose of tanning, by simple de-
coction; but the colour was rather too
dark to be marketable, and the colour
alone was sufficient to raise a clamour
and combination against the article at
Leadenhall;, this arose. from my
having used the decoction while warm,
but, on using it cold, the colour was
much improved.

1 next tried oak-bark, &c.in various
ways, till [ found the means of tanning
crop-hides or sole-leather in four
months, ox one quarter of the usual
lime, with much greater weight than
the common standard; viz. if a raw
hide of eighty pounds produces forty
pounds of leather to a common tan-
ner, he is satisfied; but, under my
new process, such hides will weigh,
on an average, forty-eight or fifty
pounds when tanned, which is one-

i 28 fourth

314
fourth more weight, accomplished ina
much shorter time ; consequently

these profits mast be immense, because
capitals are returnable thrice a-year,
instead of once a-year, or year and
a half,

No manufacture in England, or any
other part of Europe, appears to have
defied improvement so much as lea~-
ther; because tanners are wealthy
and careless. One circumstance I
must notice, however ; which is, that
it formerly required several years to
tan thick sole-icather; and, if the time
has been reduced to eighteen months
instead. of three yenrs, surely it may be
also possible to tan leather in a few
months: but during a few months the
hides will reqaire more labour than
they have generally received in years
under the present practice,—which is
both blind and foolish.

After devoting several years to the
‘most active but irksome perseverance,
attended with ruinous expenses, I have
at length resolved to publish a “'Prea-
tise upon the Art of Tanning Crop
Hides, or the Right Use of Oak-bark,”
&c. and, when my hand, which now
celebrates the dawn of tanning, shali
have mouldered into dust, I have no
doubt but my principles will be uni-
versally practised, with many improve-
ments; and will not prove an unwor-
thy legacy to posterity, as the advan-
tages will extend over Europe, because
leather has become a necessary article
of life,

However, I always hoped to find
substitutes for oak-bark, notwith-
standing my extraordinary success
with it; because the salyation of the
shipping of this empire appeared
always paramount to every other
object. The British navy was for-
merly built with native oak, hewn in
the winter, aud proverbially styled
“old England’s wooden walls.” Ame-
rica is now building a navy on the
principles: we have abandoned; and
America abounds with excellent tim-
ber, while Britain is exhausted.

To check the dry-rot, coal-tar has
been geacrally applied in the navy, by
means’ of forcing-pumps; and to such
excess, in many instances, has it been
injected into ships’-bottoms, as tohave
started the bolts and tree-nails, and
driven the planks nearly an inch
asunder from the timbers. Nor is this
the least of the misfortunes which are
discovered to attend this wonderful

~ operation ; for Admiral Rowley is

Mr. Burridge on Dry-rot and Tanning.

[ Nov. 1,

reported to have asoribed the sickness
and mortality now prevalent on the
West-India station entirely to the
noxious effluyia exhaled in tropical
climates from that mineral extract.
The poisonous effects of coal-tar are
notorious, and it has even become
questionable whether gas-works ought
not, for the sake of public health and
safety, to be removed from the metro-
polis, as appears from the printed
evidence given before the Parliamen-
tary Committee. At page 56, a possi-
ble case is put, of an incendiary drawing
off the manhole plate of a gasometer,
to let the gas escape, and cause ex-
plosion:~ |

Could any man get into tle house, to
stop the mischief so brewing ?—-No: de-
struction was inevitable.

The man could not Jive in that house
after the man-hole was off?—No, not for a
minute.

Nole.—This case supposes the gasome-
ter-honse to have little or no ventilation ;
which much resembles the lower gni-
decks of ships, withont ventilation, during
the night, when the ports are all closed,

In corroboration of these reports,
the Esk, of fifty guns, has lately
arrived from the West ludies with fift
invalids, several of whom died on their
passage home; and she was placed
under quarantine at Portsmouth. I
cannot dwell on such melancholy
events and prospects ; but leave them
to abler hands and heads, by express-
ing my sincere hope, that the Navy
Board will recal all ships from tropical
climates that have undergone the
mortal experiment with coal-tar.

turn from this gloomy view, with
unspeakable satisfaction, to announce
that I have succeeded, beyond all my
original hopes, in discovering native
substitutes for oak-bark; aud, in con-
sequence, sent the following letter to
the Adiniralty Board, which I insert as
briefly expressing the nature of my
discovery :—

London; Sept. 1, 1825.

My Lorps,—I beg leave to acquaint
your lordships, that I have discovered
that pyro-ligueons acid is the best native
substitute for oak-bark; and, if oak cop-
pices be cut at bark harvests, and not in
winter (when useless to tanners,) to sup-
ply distilleries, L have no doubt the neces-
sary demands may be duly answered,
without hewing naval oaks in summer,—
in order to prevent the recurrence of dry~
rot in his Majesty’s navy. j

Permit me to assure your lordships, E
am not actuated by any motives except
the preservation of the navy for my king

. % . aD

-~_s,

1823.] >

and country, and that I have no interest
whatever in any distillery.
Joun BuRRIDGE. »

The manufacture of pyro-ligneous
acid has heen recently introduced into
this country. It is distilled from oak-
tops, lops, coppices, &c. (after being
barked as usual for tanners,) which
are put into iron retorts, similar to
gas-works, and heated underneath
with coals ; by which simple means
the acid is extracted and condensed,
through various pipes, into reservoirs
or cisterns ; whilst the wood itself is
reduced into charcoal, which is sold
at 2s. or 2s. 3d. per bushel, and defrays
the expense of the operation. The
acid is a most powerful antiseptic,
generally used for vinegar, and some-

times medicinally ; but I find it pos--

sesses strong tanning properties, much
better for crop-hides than dressing
leather. Abundance of more whole-
some substitutes may be found for
vinegar, in malt, &c.

Oak-faggots, &c. were formerly ex-
elusively used by bakers, &c. who
have found a cheaper substitute in
coke fron: gas-works ; consequently

“no public inconvenience can arise
from this improvement, as it would
have done had the distilleries of pyro-
ligneous acid been introduced before
gas-lights.

i therefore conclude by stating, that
my Treatise on Dry-rot is in the press,
and the Treatise on the Art of Tan-
ning will speedily be completed, toge-
ther with plans for new tan-yards, and
steam-engines for grinding bark and
pumping liquors, &c,

Joun Burnipce.
—

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
SIR, «

WAS gratified to find that one of

your correspondents has, in your
Jast Number, endeavoured to draw
public attention to that neglected part
of his Majesty’s dominions, the Bahama
Islands. As the soil and climate of
those islands are well adapted for the
cultivation of those articles which your
correspondent has enumerated, : and
perhaps of some others, I entertain no
doubt but that, if the produce of those
articles was properly attended to, a
profitable commerce might be main-
tained between England and the Ba-
hamas ; sisice they would undoubtedly
receive a preference in the British
market over the same articles the pro-
duet of foreign countries, because our

Tke Bahama Islands.—Book-making !

315

manufactures would be received in
exchange.

I trust that such of your readers as
may be able to answer the enquiries
of your correspondent R. will imme-
diately do so; and they will oblige,

Aug. 22, 1823. A. B.

P.S.—Your correspondent R. may find
some information respecting the Bahamas,
in Harriott’s “Struggles through Life.”

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
SIR,

N amusing, but far-fetched, piece

of biography, entitled “‘ Memoirs

of Benvenuto Cellini, a Florentine

artist,” &c. has lately appeared ; but is

falsely announced as being now first

translated into English by Thomas

Roscoe. This is as gross an untruth

as if some translator were to announce

the Adventures of the renowned Don

Quixote de la Mancha, now first trans-

lated from the Spanish of Cervantes. I

beg to inform that portion of the pub-
lic who are unacquainted with the
fact, that a translation of the eccentric
Benvenuto was published by Thomas
Nugent, Li.p. in two octavo volumes,
in 1771, and dedicated by him to Sir -
Joshua Reynolds. This fact, although
hidden for sinister purposes, is well
known to the proprietors of the pre-
scnt edition, who have prefixed the
same engraving of Cellini, by Collier,
from Vasari’s painting, which was ap-
pended to Dr. Nugent’s edition.» The
name of Roscoe is a bright unfading
star in the intellectual hemisphere, and
should not be impoverished in its im-
portance by such trickery of a book-
seller for purposes of Mammon,

Sutton-at-fone, Kent. EENortT.
— >_>
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,

OTWITHSTANDING the innu-

merable interesting and impor-
tant facts which your Magazine has
been the means of developing to the
world, I think I may venture to say,
that, take the whole collectively, they
fall short in interest and importance,
in comparison with the interest and
importance of the conclusions to be
drawn from the following Statement,
which commences with the year sub-
sequent to the termination of the war
against France, Spain, and Holland ;
and the recognition of the United
States of America. The notations a
to g refer to certain important eras or
events, during the’ period 1764 to the
present time, Stavement

$16 Exposition of owr Commercial System, pNov. t,

Statement of the Value of Merchandize Imported into, and Exported from, Great Britain, |
from and to all Paris of the World, distinguishing the proportion Imported from the f
East Indies and China, and the proportion Exported of Colonial and Foreign Produce §
yrom the proportion of British Produce and Manufactures in each Year, during the ast}
Forty Years.

A ied RE ere eee, GEAR RIAGET PICU GAL APE LAE

IMPORTS. EXPORTS.

Excess
Proportion |Yotal from | Colonial British of
from East | all Parts and Produce Total Export
Indies and of the Foreign jand Manu-| Exports. over.
China, Produce. | factures. “f Import.
Se 4, 5. 6.

4784 2 996,652 |15,272,877 | 3,846,434 | 11,255,057) 15,101,491

4785 9,703,941 16,279,419 | 5,055,358 | 11,081,811] 16,117,169) —
1786 3,156,687 [15,786,072 | 4,475,493 | 11,830,373) 16,305,866] 599,794
1787 3,430,868 [17,804,015 | 4,815,889 | 12,053,900, 16,869,789) = —
1788 3,453,897 {18,027,170 | 4,747,518 | 12,724,720) 17,472,238] —

1789 3,362,545 |17,821,102 } 5,561,048 | 13,779,596] 19,340,549] 1,529,447
4790 3,149,871 |19,1.30,887 | 5,199,037 | 14,921,084) 20,120,121) 989,254 f
1791 3,698,7 14 |19,669,783 } 5,921,976 16,810,019] 22,751,995} 3,061,212

4792 4,701,547 119,659,358 | 6,150,549 18,336,851] 24,467,200} 45807,842 |

(a) 1793 3,499,024 |19,256,718 | 5,784,417 | 13,892,269] 19,676,686] 419,968
1794 4,456,475 |22,288,894 | 8,586,043 | 16,725,403, 25,111,446] 2,822,552
1795 5,760,810 [22,736,889 | 8,509,126 | 16,338,213) 24,847,359) 2,110,450
1796 3,372,689 |23,187,320 | 8,923,848 | 19,102,220} 28,096,068; 4,859,748 i

(b) 1797 3,942,384 121,013,957 | 9,412,610 | 16,903,103) 26,315,715) 5,301,756
1798 7,626,930 |27,857,890 }10,647,476 | 19,672,503} 30,290,029) 2,452,139
1799 4,284,805 |26,837,432 | 9,556,144 | 24,084,213) 35,640,357] 6,802,925
1800 4,942,276 |30,570,606 [13,815,858 | 24,304,284} 38,120,120) 7,549,514

1801 5,424,442 [32,799,200 |12,008,635 | 25,719,980] 37,786,856; 4,987,656
(c) 1802 5,794,907 131,409,998 14,457,952 | 27,012,103} 41,411 ,966]10,012,018 }
1803 6,348,887 |27,995,856 | 9,323,257 | 22,252,102] 31,578,495) 3,582,639

1804 5,214,621 [29,207,782 110,515,574 | 23,934,292) 34,451,367) 5,243,585
1805 6,072,160 |30,345,614 | 9,950,508 | 25,003,308) 34,954,845) 4,609,254
1806 3,716,771 |28,840,860 | 9,124,479 | 27,403,653} 36,527,184) 7,676,524
1807 3,401,509 [28,807,839 | 9,395,283 | 25,190,762] 34,566,571} 5,758,732
4808 5,848,649 |29,633,165 | 7,863,207 | 26,692,288] 54,554,267] 4,921,102
1809 3,363,025 153,769,585 115,194,334 | 55,207,459] 50,286,900)16,517,315 J
18!0 4,708,415 41,130,555 $10,945.310 54,940,550] 45,869,859) 4,759,304
{d) 1811 4,106,251 |28,631,322 | 8,279,698 | 24,109,951) 52,409,671 3,778,559 }
4812 5,602,390 128,597,163 }11,998,179 | 31,245,362) 43,245,17-2(14,656,010

(e) 1813 — 30,000,000 }15,000,000 | 52,000,000) 47,000,000 17,000,000 |

1814. 32,620,770 419,157,811 | 33,200,580} 59,358,398819;737,628 |
(f) 1815 31,822,053 115,708,434 } 41,712,002] 57,420,436}25,598,385
1816 26,374,920 }13,441,665 | 34,774,520] 48,216,185)21,841,265 |
1817 29,916,320 410,269,271 | 59,235,397| 49,504,668}19,588,3.48 |
(g) 1818 35,819,798 410,835,800 | 41,963,527| 52,798,327116,979,529 §
(a) 1819 29,654,900 | 9,879,956 | 32,923,575] 42,802,811)13,147,911
4820 31,517,891 (10,525,026 | 37,818,036] 48,345,062}16,825,17 1
1891 29,724,174 {10,602,690 | 40,194,893] 50,797,982l21,075,808
1822 = 29,401,807 | 9,211,998 | 43,558,490 52,77 0,418523,368,611

(a) Feb. 12, 1793, war declared in 1797 a valueless paper currency

against France. substituted for an intrinsically valua-
(b) Dee. 30, 1796, failure of the ne- ble one.

gociations for peace annoyuced ; and (c) March 27, 1802, definitive treaty

of

1823.]

of peace signed at Amiens, by which
the colonial produce went again direct
to the Continent, which sufficiently
explains the disparity between the
amounts in 1802-3, in col. 4.—War
again declared in 1803.

(d) In the autumn of 1810, the army
of Napoleon spread itself along the
whole line of coast, from the Elbe to
the Gulph of Riga,and confiscated about
seven millions value of British mer-
chandize, and proscribed all future
intercourse; which explains the dispa-
rity between the years 1809-11.

(e) In 1813, the Custom-House in
London, with all its records, was de-
stroyed by fire. The amounts in
that year are therefore conjectural ; but
are believed to be tolerably near
the mark of correctness, as the opera-
tions of the year were more consider-
able than in 1812, although not so con-
siderable as in 1814.

(f) June 18, 1815, Napoleon defeat-
ed at Waterloo, which led immediately
to ageneral peace. Indeed, with the
exception of France, peace may be
said to have been established in 1814;
and the extraordinary excess of ex-
ports in 1815 is to be accounted for by
the very large amount to the United
States of America, with which for two
years previous all commercial inter-
course had been suspended.

(g) ‘The harvest of 1816 was one of
the most unfavourable ever remem-
bered, which gave rise to great acti-
vity in importing foreign grain during
the years 1817-18; and in the latter
year an effort was made to establish
and render permanent a high money-
price for all the yreat staple commodi-
ties of agriculture and commerce;
which completely failing, together with
the re-establishment of an intrinsically
valuable currency in 1819, renders the
years (1) 1819-20 the commencement
of a new era; to the peculiar and im-
portant cireumstances of which it is
intended to lead the attention of your
numerous and intelligent readers, and
to implore tlicir most serious conside-
ration thereto.

Value being a relative rather than
a definite term, it will be necessary, to
a right understanding of the statement
and subject in question, in the first
place to define the relation which the
value bears to the merchandize, or
things represented: fluctuating in price
as all articles of merchandize have
done, in the proportion of 1 to 3, and
3 to 1, during the eventful period

during the War 1793-1815.

317

since 1792; and artificial and nominal
as price has been, especially under
the circumstances, of at one time be-
ing represented in a currency intrin-
sically valuable, and at another time
in a currency completely valueless ; it
is obvious that, without a complete

“definition of value, it will be impossi-

ble to draw any correct conclusions o
the subject.

It is fortunate, however, for the
elucidation of the present Statement,
that it is not involved in the necessity
of entering into a definition of value ;
for, although the amounts represented
are denominated values, they would
have becn more correctly expressed if
denominated quantities.

The amounts refer to one uniferm
standard, adopted as far back as 1694;
whilst, therefore, the amounts repre-
sented in each year have no reference
to the value of the time, they are uni-
form and consistent in reference te
each other, as representing quantity ;
with the year 1798 a declaration ef the
real value of British produce and ma-
nufactures exported commenccd; and,
as such declaration of value was sub-
ject to an ad valorem duty, to defray
the expenses of convoy, it led to a io-
lerably correct estimate of the real
value of property exported; and, in
contradistinetion to the declared or
real values, the amounts in the State-
ment herewith are denominated offi-
cial values.

Withthis explanation of the amounts
represented, 1 shall now proceed to
eall the attention of your readers to
the excess of quantity exported over
the quantity imported, and tlie propor-
tions of quantity imported and export-
ed at, different periods. The total
excess of quantity exported over and
above the quantity imported, com-
meneing with the year 1789, will be
found to amount to no less than
396,764,7221. in the proportion of
263,940,080/. up to the final termiua-
tion of the war in 1815, and
163,824,642/. from the commencement
of 1816, down to the end of 1822; but
there is another important circum-
stance, which if is necessary to take
into account, with respect to the total
excess of export over import: for,whilst
to all parts of the world in the aggre-
gate there is a great excess of exports,
from the East Indies and China, and
from the West Indies and Llisheries,
there is a yreat excess of both quan-
tity and value imported over and

3 above

318

above the quantity and value export-
ed. By a return laid before Parlia-
ment in the session of 1822 (Paper
No. 274), the excess of quantity im-
ported from the East Indies and China,
West Indies and Fisheries, in the
three years 1818-20, over and above
the quantity exported thence, is'repre-
sented at no less than 24,644,818/. or
an average of 8,214,939/. per annum ;
and, taking that as the average of the
seven years, since the fiual termina-
tion of the war in 1815, it will make
an aggregate excess of export, to all
other parts of the world, over and
above the imports, of upwards of
190,000,000/.; and, taking the annual
average excess of imports from the
East Indies and China, the West
Indiesand Fisheries, during the twenty-
seven years, 1789-1815, at 6,000,000/.
per annum, which will be certainly
under the mark, it will make an aggre-
gate excess of quantity exported to all
other parts of the world, over and
above the quantity imported from
thence, of upwards of 426,000,000/.

It naturally will be asked, How has
the inordinate excess of export been
equalized? What equivalent have we
received for it? Before I offer any
observations on this part of the subject,
I will first call the attention of your
readers to the proportion of quantity
imported and exported at different
periods.

On an average of the six years,
1798-1803, the annual imports will be
found to amount to 29,578,490/. ; and
the annual average of British produce
and manufactures exported in each
year, during the same _ period, to
amount to 23,840,865/. Whilst in
1822, the yuantity of British produce
and manufactures exported will be
seen to have amounted to no less than
43,558,490/., nearly double the average
of the former period; whilst the quan-
tity of merchandize imported in 1822
is actually Zess than the annual average
of the former period, being only
29,401,807/. There are, nevertheless,
those who contend, that the manufac-
tures and commerce of the country
are in a flourishing and prosperous
condition. The fact is, as far as the
statement in question justifies an infer-
ence being drawn, that, on a compa-
rison of the two periods, only twenty
years distant from each other, we have
given two, or nearly so, for one
received; and, if such aresult can be
deemed a favourable and prospcrous

Exposition of our Commercial System,

[Nov. Ty

one, it must depend on some contin-
gent or collateral circumstances for its
solution. . Let us see, then, if any such
contingent or collateral circumstance
can be brought to bear upon the ques-
tion favouring such a conclusion.

It appears, by the same parliamen-
tary documents from which the State-
ment herewith has been compiled, that
the declared veal value of British pro-
duce and manufactures exported an-
nually, on an average of the six years,
1798-1803, was 40,322,381/.; that is,
23,840,865/. of quantity or official value
was declared to amount in real value
1o 40,322,3817. Whilst the quantity of
43,558,4401., in 1822, was declared to
amount in real value to only
36,176,897/. or in the proportion of
only 19,800,700/. real value, instead
of 40,322,381/7. for a quantity of
23,840,865/. as on an average of the
six years, 1798-1803. As far, there-
fore, as the real value seems to bear
on the question, the disparity seems
to diminish; and, if it can be made
to appear that the imports haye in-
creased in value in proportion as the
exports have decreased, and if it can
be further made to appear that the
imports have not merely increased. in
value nominally, but thet they have
actually increased in value intrinsical-
ly, and that the exports have actually
decreased in intrinsic value ;—why,
then, it is possible that we may have
obtained our quid pro quo in quality,
instead of quantity ; and, as such, it is
possible that a flourishing and prospe-
rous conclusion may be drawn,—that
is, if it should be made to appear that
we have been increasing our quantity
given in something proportionably
valuable to silver only, whilst we have
been receiving something proportion-
ably valuable with gold: why, then, a
good probable case is made out.

To come, however, at an incontro-
vertible conclusion on the subject, we
have not merely to take into conside-
ration the terms quantity and value, but
that we have also to consider quality.
There is another circumstance, alsa,
which perhaps will have some relation
to the subject, and that is taxation.
The annual average amount of the
taxes in the six years, 1798-1808, was
83,670,195/. whilst on. an average of
the six years, 1818-1823, they will be
about 45,000,000/.; with this difference,
that in the first period they were pay-
able in a valueless or paper currency,
and in the latter period again in a

currency

1823.|

currency intrinsically valuable. Let
us see, then, in the next place, if the
imports have really become more
valuable, and the exports less valua-
ble. Flax, hemp, tallow, hides, tim-
ber, wines, tobacco, cotton-wool,
sheep’s-wool, and silk, form the most
prominent and intrinsically valuable
commodities, (except sugar, rum, cof-
fee, indigo, tea, which are colonial,)
which constitute the bulk of the sum
of imports. Are then these commo-
dities intrinsically more valuable in
1822 than they were in the six years
1798-1803? On the other hand, manu-
factured cotton, woollens, linens, silk,
iron, hardware, brass, copper, tin,
cutlery, leather, glass, &e. constitute
the more prominent items and intrin-
sieally valuable commodities which
make up the sum of the exports. Are
these, then, less valuable in 1822 than
in the six years 1798-1803? By the
comparative declaration of real value
of the two periods, it would seem that

- they are. But the next question is,
Why are they less valuable? Their
value is composed principally of la-
bour: if, therefore, the commodities
are really less valuable, it can only be,
—labour constituting so great a pro-
portion of their value,—that labour is
Jess appreciated, and less remune-
rated; or it may be said, as perhaps it
will, that the depreciation in value is
the result of the application of machi-
nery. Grant that position, and to what
does it lead? it leads to this, that it
enables us to give two for one; to give
more, and receive less, without our
deriving any benefit. We have in-
vented machinery, racked the brain,
and strained every nerve, to give it
every possible application; and_ for
what? To impoverish the great mass
of onr own people, to make a wide-
spread distribution of their products,
without our obtaining any additional
equivalent, either directly or indi-
rectly.

Having thus far stated in the aggre-
gate the excess of quantity exported,
over and above the quantity imported;
and the proportions of quantity im-
ported and exported at different pe-
riods,—I will now proceed to ascer-
tain the real values, and to show how
the excess has been equalized.

The total quantity or official value
imported in the twenty-three years,
1793-1815, as stated in col. 2, will be
‘found to amount to 659,361,4211. out
of which 253,008,1611, appear to have

during the War 1793-1815.

319
been egain exported, as per col. 3,
leaving 406,353,260/. as the proportion
for home-consumption; against which
the British produce and manufactures
exported io all parts, during the same
period, will be found to amount to
586,544,565/. as per col. No. 4, in the
proportion of 82,961,208/. in the first
five years, 1793-1797, and 503,583,3571.
in the last eighteen years, 1798-1815;
and by the same documents, from
which these official amounts have been
extracted, the declared real value
of the 503,583,357/. is. stated at
762,872,6431.; and, allowing the real
value of the 82,961,208/. in the first
five years, to have been only
142,961,208/. which would prove be-
low the real amounts, could the values
have been accurately ascertained, it
will give a total real value of British
produce and manufactures exported in
the twenty-three years, of 905,833,8511.
Then, if we allow the same proportion
of increase in the real value of the im-
ports as the British produce and manu-
factures have been declared at, it will
give an amount of 627,554,256/. viz. if
586,544,5651. give 905,833,851. the pro-
portion of 406,353,2601. is 627 ,554,256/.
making an actual excess of value ex-
ported to all parts of the world, over
and above the actual value imported,
of no Jess than 278,279,595L ; to which
must be added the excess of import
over export from the West and East
Indies, and China and the Fisheries,
which, on an average of the twenty-
three years, 1793-1815, will be under-
rated at 6,000,000/. per annum; when
it will give a total excess of value ex-
ported to all other parts of the world,
over and above the value received, to
be equalized and accounted for, of
no less a sum _ than . upwards of
416,000,000/.! ‘The more than 30,000
commissions of bankruptcy, and five
times that number of other cases of in-
solvency, that took place during the
period in question, together with the
repeated confiscations under the Ber-
lin and Milan decrees, and the more
general confiscation in 1810, may
serve in some measure as a sct-off
against 100,000,000/. or so of the
amount; but,:on the other hand, it
cannot, I believe, be denied but that
great profits accrued to some from the
commercial operations of the period in
question. It is therefore obvious, that
some extraneous equivalent must have
been brought to bear on the account,
to sustain the disparity between the
value

326

value of commodities exported and
the value imported. ‘The expenses of
the army, navy, and ordnance, during
the same period, will be seen to have
amounted to upwards of 800,000,0001. ;
increasing from 4,226,000/. in 1791, to
upwards of 60,000,000/. in 1814; and,
as is well known, a great portion of
this expense was incurred externally,
and bills drawn on account of govern-
ment were ferced into cireulation in
every part of the globe where British
produce and manufactures were offer-
ed for sale. And, although I believe
there is no official account before the
public of the actual amount of such
bills, there is no doubt but that they
exceeded in amount, in the aggregate
of the twenty-three years, the excess
of value of British produce and manu-
factures exported over and above the
value imported, The subsidies alone,
including the loans to, Austria and
Portugal, (which resolved themselves
into subsidies,) amounted to no less
than 60,000,000é

These bills, then, let the amount
haye been more or less, constituted so
much equivalent in value against the
excess of merchandize exported, and
afford a very satisfactory solution to
the disparity between the value of ex-
ports and value of imports, up to the
close of the year 1815, as far as
equalizing, or tending to equalize,
merely the commercial part of the
question: but a higher consideration
will arise, ts to the effectit has already
produced, and has still to produce, on
the general interests of the country;
which effeets will show themselves in
some degree in the following illustra-
tion of the results of our commercial
operations since the termination of the
war in 1815.

‘The totai quantity of imports, it will
be seen, in the seven years, 1816-1822,
amounts to 212,409,810/. as per col.
No. 2, out of which 74,765,0L6/. has
been again exported, as per col. No.3
leaving 137,644,794/. as the amount of
quantity retained for lhome-consump-
tion, against which British produce
and manufactures have been exported
to the amount of no less than
270,468,438/. as per col. No. 4,; but,
as previously stated, it preves, by the
same parliamentary returns from which
the present account has been compiled,
that, instead of the real value exceed-
ing the amount stated in quantity or
official value, as was the. case during
the whole of the poriod 1706-1814,

Exposition of our Commercial System,

[Nov. 1,

the real value since that period is
actually less, being only 267,674,4511,
in the aggregate decreasing in value
year by year, whilst the quantity has
progressively increased; however, it
tends to make the disparity between
the value of imports and the value of
exports appareutly somewhat less, but
for the fact, that the imports have de-
creased in value in equal proportion,
consequently the disparity, in point of
fact, is not diminished. What, then,
is the result? ‘Che quantity of in:ports
retained for home-consumption being
137,674,794. and the total quantity of
exports to all parts of the world
270,468,438. ; from which deduct the
excess imported from the East Indies
and China, the West Indies and
Fisheries, over and above the exports
to thence, which in the seven years
amounted to not less than 57,504,573/.
making an absolute excess of quantity,
as previously stated, ef upwards of
190,000,0007.! How has this. been
equalized? ‘That is How the questicn.
Answer, ye presumers to legislative
attainment. The balance-sheets of the
4648 bankruptcies in1816-1817 may suf-
fice to account for some tens of millions.
Oh! but they will say, perhaps,
— the specie, the specie, is not
included in the imports,—granted ;
but what does it amount to, does it
ameunt to 10,000,000/. or 15,000,0002.;
ortake itat 20,000,000/, whichis beyond
the reality, and what else can be
brought to bear against the excess ?—
Absentee expenditure, be its amount
more or less, 2,000,000/. per annum, or
5,000,000/. per ann., certainly resolves
itself into so much equivalent on com-
mercial account towards equalizing
the excess of exports ; as such, it may
be contended, that absenteeship is a
good thing ; so it is commercially, but
it is injurious to the interual interests
of the country in the proportion of 4,
5, 6, or 7, whilst it is beneficial to
the external interests of the coun-
try in the proportion of 1 only; and,
after all these extraneous aids are
brought to bear on the account against
the excess of exports, they will still
leave @ minus of several millions per
annum. What, then, it will be asked
perhaps, are our merchants such fools
as to give away their commoditics
without equivalents? and is the go-
vernment so indifferent to their duty,
so blind to the interests of the commu-
nity, as not to interfere; but, on the
other hand, cominue from. year ‘to
year

:
Bai aS ee.

1823.]

year to expatiate on the increase of
quantity exported as an_ evidence of

prosperity, whether we get equivalents ;

for it or not. Whatever may be the
motives that influence, or the blind-
ness that precludes ; the fact is incon-
trovertible, that at least 100,000,000/.
value of property, within the last seven
years, has been distributed all over

the world, without one farthing equi-.

valent, directly or indirectly, having
been received for it; and instead of the
government regarding the conse-
quences, and adopting that compre-
hensive order of enquiry which might
liaye led to measures tending to equa-
lize the disparity, they have prostituted
their time to self-sufficiency and vain
conceit, and yielded themsclves se-
cret and coward panders to the ac-
cursed Jeagues of knaves, against the
march of intellect and the just rights of
mankind; and the manufacturer and
merchant, influenced equally by mis-
take and selfishness, and impelled on-
wards hy that speculative impctuosity
which the extraordinary events of the
twenty-three years of war had engen-
dered ; instead of reflecting upon the
consequences of their career, and re-
gulating their supplies to a level with
the diminished equivalents or means of
payment, and calling upon the govern-
ment to adopt those measures, with
the several states of the world, which
the great change of circumstances had
rendered so imperiously necessary,
that would have opened the way for
progressively enlarging the sphere of
their operations, with mutual and reci-
procal advantage ; instead of doing this,
they as rashly as falsely ascribed the
fatal results which immediately fol-
lowed the cessation ‘of the issue of
government-bills in 1815, to causes
which had no existence but in their
mistaken imaginations, competition of
low prices, and immediately forced a
reduction in the rate of wages for
labour, and that to a degree, which
(as anecessary consequence,) at once
paralyzed all the active and productive
resources of the country, retarding all
the channels, and diminishing the
means, of internal consumption in a
corresponding ratio to the reduction
in the rate of wages; they seemed, and
still continue, as insensible to the fact
as callous to the consequences ; that an
unequitable remuneration for Jabour as
necessarily as inevitably diminishes the
means of purchasing the products of
Jabour in a greater ratio, than the
Montary Mac, No. 388.

since the Termination of the War 1816-1822,

321-

reduced price of the. commodity
tended to increase profitable demand
and consumption; whilst, on the other
hand, although a high remuneration for
labour as necessarily tends to enhance
the price of the products of labour, (re-
solving itself even into a species of in-
direct taxation,) itis as indubitable as
itis obvious, that the higher the remu-
neration for labour, in so much greater
ratio will the means of purchase of the
products of labour he increased ; and,
consequently, all the varied interests
of the great social compact be im-
proved. But instead of regarding this
plain, this obvious, this incontroverti-
ble, conclusion, both government and
employers persisted in the opposite
extreme; first reducing the wages of
manufacturing labour, the first effect
of which was to cause a reduction in
the wages of agricultural labour ; and,
in proportion as the principle was per-
sisted in, agricultural productions of
necessity yielded to depreciation,
which, again, as necessarily compelled
all other productions to yield to cor-
responding depreciation. In the midst,
however, of the devastation amongst
all the productive classes of society,
which the pertinacious adherence to
the false and unjust principle of prey-
ing on the physical labour of the peo-
ple occasioned, all the participators
and dependants on that ideal, value-
less, and nominal, something, which.
some denominate wealth, and others
debt, and all other fixed nominal mo-
ney incomes were benefited in a cor-
responding degree to the injury and in-
justice inflicted upon all the labouring,
active, and productive, classes of the
community ; and thus all the solid and.
substantial interests of this great coun-
try, and all the energies of its people,
have become sacrificed and rendered
victims to the caprice, the speculation,
and avarice, of a posse of tricksters,
jugglers, and jobbers, in anideal nomi-
nality ofamount, founded on principles
as fallacious as they ‘are unjust ; and
which is as contemptible for the
foolery and trickery with which it is
sustained, as it is reprehensible for the
injary which it inflicts on all without
the pale of its participation, and as it
will ultimately prove fatal (if the con-
sequences are not speedily averted) to
all that is dear and valuable to the
country as anation, I am aware, sir,
how much an individual, in elucidating
the affairs of nations, is exposed to the
obloquy, the conceit, and presumption,
2T of

352z
of superficial thinkers, the sum of
whose calculations, and range of
whose enquiries, never extend beyond
the means of advancing their own self-
interest; and who content themselves
with concluding, in reverse of the
truth, that individual interest is public
interest ;—the good of the whole, of
necessity promotes the good of indivi-
duals ; but the good, in the self estima-
tion of individuals, does not of necessity
promote the good of the whole. But
: notwithstanding the prevalence of the
» two great obstacles of the time to the
advancement of public good, viz. self-
opinion cn one side, and apathy on the
other, I cannot but indulge the hope
that a few yet remain to whom the
facts which I have here exhibited, and
the illustrations which I have offered,
will not be exhibited and offered in
vain. I cannot yet forbear indulging
in the hope, that, notwithstanding the
tinsel and glare which 60,000,000/, of
taxes, and the dependants on60,000,000/.
of taxes, serve to throw over the scene,
there are still some not iusensible
to the anguish and misery. which per-
vade a million of families, compelled
to labor fifteen hours out of the twenty-
four for a remuneration scarce syfti-
cient to obtain subsistence necessary
io sustain the animal functions. And I
would hope, also, that there are yet
some, even amongst that class of de-
pendants, and participators of taxes, not
so altogether bloated with complacency
and self-sufficiency, and so blind to
their own interest, as not to perceive
that they themselyes are almost
daily exposed to the same dread con-
sequences of privation and distress
which have been so poignantly felt by
every other class of the community.
Let them consider, that the ideal nomi-
rialsum of 800,000,000/. and 60,000,0002.
of taxes which sustain it, in reality is
not of the substance of a farthing ; that
it is held only in name and opinion, the
most capricions and precarious of all
tenures ; so much so, that the events of
an hour may sever the specious and
delusive chord which at present holds
them together, This is not said either
in the spirit of jealousy, or with a de-
sire to excite alarm, but with the hope,
that ere it be too late, and whilst sufli-
cient meaus remain for the purpose,
such an order of investigation may be
instituted, as shall lead to the adoption
of those measures which shall equally
protectall existing interests, and equally
tend to promote the solid and substan-~

On the Inhuman Practice of Stag-hunting.

[Nov. P,

tial advantage of all the varied inter

ests and all the varied classes of the

community. A.R
——

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
“Do justice, and love mercy :”
** The merciful man is merciful to his beasts.”

SIR,
Y OUR sensible correspondent Hu-
manitas, in page 201, has left
untouched, in his remarks on cruelty
to animals, one of the most repreghen-
sible on the whole British list of such
practices ; one which is not, like most
other fashionable cruelties, practised
at some, and often at considerable,
pecuniary cost to the thoughtless in-
dulgers therein, but a sport which, on
the contrary, is, at great expense, sup-
ported out of the taxes, wrung from the
industrious, who now, in too many
instances, struggle for the means of a
bare subsistence: I allude, and with
pain I do so, to the favourite diversion
of the late king, so much cried-up for
religious observances, who on hun-
dreds of occasions, after attending
early church-service in his chapel at
Windsor, has set off to witness, amongst
his assembled courtiers, the tetting
loose of a poor unoffending stag out
of a covered caravan,—such as those
in which the showmen of wild beasts
convey the same from market to fair,
—in order to receive gratification from
seeing a pack of stont and trained
dogs pursue, overtake, worry, and la-
cerate, the poor animal, until the herd
of ‘ prickers” in attendance could se-
cure and return him again to the fatak
caravan, covered with gore.

The victim on this oceasion, observe,
is not a wild animal, who, having un-
molestedly arrived at maturity of
growth, and become fat and fitted for
the food of man, as is partly the case
with hares, partridges, &c. at the time
of their being shot; but the stags
famed and trumpeted forth im our
newspapers, as having ailorded the
finest sport to royalty, were those long
kept, in a somewhat similar course of
training, in a lean state, with the inhu-
man_ bipeds professionally pracsising
boxing ; and the hunting of the same
stag was as often repeated as he be-
came sufliciently recovered from his
former wounds!

Consistently enough with the above,
a certain cock-pit royal, within the ju-
risdiction of the dean and chapter of
one of our cathedrals, was the place
where the young courticr, “in the

course of his education,” (page cu
‘ q ta

¥
hk

4

1823.]

had his mind prepared for joining in
this royal hunt: to which, 1 blush to
name it, a new head-officer has very
lately been appointed, instead of the
stag-hunt being totally abolished, as
the intelligence of the age, not less
than the pressure of public burthens,
loudly calls for.

Humanitas must often have read of
persons whe amuse themselves, and an
idle group of spectators, by shooting
at pigeons, let singly out of a basket
for the purpose, and in order to win
bets, and boast-of their skill in shoot-
ing flying; but he may not perhaps
have strolled out past Chalk-farm, and
others of the tea-garden taverns, in the
vicinity of London, where almost daily
the massacre takes place by scores,
not-only of pigeons, but of sparrows,
and other small birds, not intended
for food, but which are slaughtered or
wounded for the gratification of idle
persons, toe many of whom, it is to be
feared, are but practising as poachers.
I recommend, also, to the animadver-
sions of Humanitas, the frequent prac-
dice of fox-hunters, turning such out
of a bag before their hounds.

London ; Oct. 6. L. M. N.S.

—
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
SIR,

ANY rivers,—as the Medway,
Darent, and others,—have the
course of their waters much impeded
by immense quantities of rushes grow-
ing spontaneously in the various beds
of their streams. Such prolific ex-
crescences greatly impede navigation,
and form a depét for water-rats, otters,
and other mischievous aquatic animals,
to breed and conceal themselves in,—
especially when growing near any

rivers’ banks.

An acquaintance of mine, who keeps
large paper-mills, has lately divested
that part of the river over which he
holds right (about a mile in extent.) of
all the thick clustering rushes which
till lately obstructed its progress; and
the result is, that he has procured
several loads of the said rushes, which
he has had dried in his meadows, and
now uses them instead of straw, as
beds for his cattle and pigs: they are
soft and yielding to the animals’ bo-
dies, and perfectly free from smell.

Kuowing your predilection for every
species of national economy, | forward
you this trifling communication. 1
must observe, that the work is done
by his apprentice-boys, in their leisure

River-Rushes serviceable as Bedding for Cattle, &c.

323

hours. The various fish in the river,
(trout in particular,) by their more
than usual sportings on the surface
seem delighted with the change.

Banks of the Darent. ENort.

P.S.—Rivers are rendered much more
safe for bathing, when divested of the
aforesaid superfluous ap pendages—weeds,
as many an expert swimmer has been
drowned by being entangled among them.
But I fear, by recommending this great
trespass npon the privileges of the High
Court of Poesy, that I shall incur the dis-
pleasure of the youthful enamoured vota-
ries of that pleasing pursuit ; besides incur-
ring the danger of being dragged into some
“vreedy depth’? by an incensed water-
god, and his train of Nereids, But orna-
ment, when a preference between itself
and general utility is required, should
always make way for the wiser adoptions
of the latter,

—
For the Monthly Magazine.
ON USURIOUS ANNUITIES.

HERE is a particular description

of annuities which may be deno-
minated usurious annuities, to distin-
guish them from other annuities ; for,
though they are legal, being recognised
by Acts of Parliament, still they are
nothing more than an artful device to
evade the penalties of the Usury Laws,
and to obtain for the lender a higher
rate of interest than five per cent.
If money be lent on mortgage, or ‘any
other security whatever, at a higher
rate of interest than five per cent. to
be paid in perpetuum, or for a fixed
period not subject to any contingency,
then it is usury, and the payment of
the interest may be resisted, the money
advanced cannot be recovered, and
the lender may be sued for treble the
amount. Of being so sued and losing
the action, there is little risk; but, of
losing the sum he has advanced, there
will be no doubt, if the borrower choose
to take advantage. Now, to evade
these laws, it has been contrived to
lend money at a high rate of interest,
to be paid, not for ver, but so long
as any one of certain persons named
in the deed shall be alive; and, al-
though one life be yery uncertain, yet
in three or four well-chosen lives there
is little or no risk, experience having
shown, that the duration in such cases
is uniformly regulated by a fixed and
Known rate of mortality, Supposing
by all tables of mortality there be every
reason to expect that one of the persons
at least will be alive at the end of forty
years, yet still it is legal to lend money
at

‘

324

‘at the rate of ten per cent., twelve and
a half per cent., or any other rate
which may be agreed upon, to be paid
so long as any of the persons shall be
alive; and, if ‘the borrower die, the
‘obligation of payment still rests with
his administrator or executor, or with
‘the party succeeding ‘to such real pro-
perty as the borrower shall burden
with this charge after his death.

Many such transactions take place ;
but it is much more common to lend
‘money at a high rate of interest, which
-is to be paid so long as the borrower
‘shall himself live. It very often hap-
~pens, that the borrower has no security
_to offer for the payment, which will
continue in force after his death; on
which account, there is no use in
agreeing to any other mode than pay-
ing a certain sum per annum so long as
he shall live. ‘The usual mode. of de-
scription of the rate, is to say, it is an
annuity of so many years’ purchase.
Thus, if for 10002. the borrower agree
to pay 100/. a-year, it is said to be an
annuity of ten years’ purchase ; if he
.agree to give 125/., it is an annuity of
eight years’ purchase; if for 1008/. he
agree to! give 144/., it is an annuity
of seven years’ purchase; and, if for
the same sum he agree to give 168/., it
is Said to be an annuity of six years’ pur-
chase. If for 1000/. he give 200/. per
annum, it is called a five years’ pur-
chase. This may be about the limits
of the terms in the annuity market, as
we have never heard of less than ten
per cent. for money advanced, nor
more than twenty, but any interme-
diate sum may be agreed upon.

The lender is liable, by the transac-
tion, to the sudden loss of his property
by the death of the borrower; but this
loss is guarded against by insuring the
sum Jent at an insurance office upon
the borrower's life; ‘so that, in. the
event of his death, the money is got
‘back. It then ceases to be a contin-
-gency “depending on the life of the
borrower, and a tlear rate of interest is
obtained after paying for the risk.
-Thus, suppose for 1008/7. a nobleman
binds himself to pay 144/. a-year dur-
‘ing his life ; if the premium for insuring
the 1008/. at an insurance-oflice be no
more than 86J. a-year, there is a‘clear
‘interest of 108/., whichis more than ten
percent. It'is thus that the Usury
Laws are evaded; and a high rate of
interest is’ obtained, in a’ manner,
recognised and established by the law
ofthe land.
: 1

On Usurious Annuities.

‘lease of a house.

[Nov. 1,

In speaking of annuities, we have
hitherto used the common language of
society, which does, in point of fact,
describe these matters as ‘they really
are; annuities, being a borrowing of
money at a high rate of interest, only

‘Subject to cease when a certain life or

certain lives shall terminate ; but in the
theory of the law, and in the technical
language of business, an annuity is
viewed as a kind of property, yielding
so much a-year, for which a certain
purchase-money is given, in the same
manner as if a man purchased a
The sum to be paid
annually is called the annual produce
of the annuity, and not interest. The
party receives the purchasc-money,
and binds himself to pay a certain sum
perannum. The purchase-money does
indeed differ from principal, or money
lent on interest, in this, that it cannot
be reclaimed back under any circum-
stances, and proceedings ean be iusti-
tuted merely to recover whatever
arrears may be due at any particular
time. The party receiving this purs
chase-money may, however, at any
future period, on giving a short notice,
as agreed upon in the deed, and pay-
ing back the purchase-money, together
with all arrears, and a certain fine, such
as a half-year’s or quarter’s amount, if
the annual produce, be released from
the annuity. In plain terms, the bor-
rower cannot be distressed by being

‘forced to pay back the money lent him,

but can only be forced to pay the in-
terest agreed upon; but, if he have
money, and chooses to pay off, he has
a right to do so.

The money is, in/business language,
not said to be borrowed, but to ‘be
raised by way of annuity. ‘Vhe party
raising the money is called the grantor
of the annuities, and the’ party ad-
vancing the money is ‘called the
grantee. As sometimes twenty people
all join together to advance the
money, the annuity is granted to some
one in trust for these parties, and they
are said to be the parties beneficially
interested in the annuity. And their
names and descriptions are placed ina
schedule annexed to the deed.

An insurance being an usual and

‘almost necessary concomitant of an

annuity, it follows that the terms must
depend on the ege of the grantor, as
the grantee, to be induced tolay out his
money, must bave a certain elear rate
per cent. For many years the regular
terms weieten per cent, and-as much

in

fae el Se

1823.]

in addifion as would pay the insurance.
Hence, a young man might obtain eight
years’ parchase for an annuity, whilsta
middle-aged man could not get more
than a seyen years’ purchase, and an
old man only six years’ purchase, and
even in some cases only five years’
purchase. The grantee had no better
bargain in the one. case than in the
other, as, the older the grantor, the
more was to be paid on insuring his life.

Securities for payment of annuities
are of various descriptions, as money
in the funds, pensions, freehold, copy-
hold,or leasehold, property, clergyman’s

divings, widow’s jointures, or merely
‘personal security. Where other par-

ties also join in the deed to guarantee

the payment, they are called collateral

Securities.

Money in the fundsis the best of all
securities, as the payment is punctual

‘to the day. It often happens that a
grantor has merely a life-interest in
-property in the funds, it being left in

trust to certain persons, the interest to
be paid to him whilst he lives; and,
after his death, the property to be

otherwise disposed of. It may happen

that a gentleman, who has 100/. a-year
from the funds, arising from stock,
which, if he could sell it out, would
fetch 25007. ; but he will, probably, not
be able to raise more than 7001. or

$001. on that security. Pensions from
‘government, which the party has a

: curity.

right to alienate, are also excellent se-
On a certain day, regularly

-every quarter, as soon as the clock

struck twelve,

Messrs. Greenwood
and Cox were accustomed to see a

- certain usurer call at their banking-

house to receive the annuity guaran-
teed on funds which passed through
their hands.

Annuities are raised on the seeuri- -

- tics of houses and lands from various

motives. The grantor may hope tu be
able to pay olf, and does not choose to
sell his property on account of a tem-
porary necessity, But much more

' frequently it occurs, that, thoughhe has

<

» title.
» great deal of time, and debts of honour
‘ must be paid without delay.

atitle which may even amount to what

- is called a good holding title, there is

some flaw, and it is not a good selling
Also to sell property takes a

If he
have only alife-interest inthe property,

he can give only a_ life-security.
' Personal security was formerly fre-
* quently deemed sufficient; and, when

- the animity became due, it was en-

On Usurious Annuities.

325

forced by seizing the personal pro-
perty of the grantor, or arresting his
person. Personal security is now
much objected to, because, in the ease
of a nobleman, or a member of parlia-
ment, his personis protected ; and it is
easy to live in splendour in London in
a hired furnished house, with hired
plate,.carriages, &c. which the creditor
cannot touch. Since the peace, so
many grantors have gone to the Conti-
nent, that confidence in personal secu-
rity is entirely lost.

immense sums, not short of millions,
have been laid out on insufficient secu-
rities. ‘This has often arisen from the
wilful misconduct of money-agents

‘and attorneys, and very often ‘from

their want cf judgment to discriminate,
or the impossibility of arriving at an
accurate conclusion, In the case of
securities on land, except it be in Mid-
dlesex or in Yorkshire, there is no
possibility of knowing what may
already have been borrowed on the
security of it, there being noregister for
any other counties. Hence it may be
discovered, when it is too late, that,
although the property on which the
security is granted may have been
Sufficient if there had been no previous
charge, yet there was already. more
than enough to require the whole
income arising from it. The falling-
off of rents has also been a source of
immense loss, in which case, woe to
the last.

We have already stated, that annui-
ties are a species of property recog-
nised by the law of the land; but we
should not give a faithful representa-
tion of facts, if we did also state, that,
in the very Acts of Parliament in which
they are recognised, they are stigma-
tised as disgraceful, and the agents and
dealers in them treated as fraudulent
characters, as their conduct cannot be
left to the ordinary administration of
the law cf the land, but must be placed
under the despotic sway of certain
public functionaries, who are armed
with a power altogether at yariance
with the usual maxims of British Jaw,
and for which we must seek a parallel
in Turkey and Algiers. «*

In the courts of such despotic pow-
ers, when the parties have stated their
case, and the judges have heard what
they please to listen to on the subject,
they give their decision, and that deci-
sion is final, and from it there is no
appeal. In this respect it diflers from
the tribunals of civilised despotism,

for

326

for there a party, whio feels aggrieved
at the decision of a tribunal, may ap-
peal to a higher tribunal, and the sen-
tenee may be reversed. We are’ far
from thinking that in Turkey and
Algiers justice is not frequently at
least done, but it is not that kind of
administratien of justice to which our
feelings ean be reconciled. Of that
justice the judge alone decides, and
from his decision there is no appeal,
even to himself. There is not that
wholesome check, which ordinary des-
potisms provide, by which a judge is
made to feel, that if he decide from
prineiples of justice peculiar to him-
self, he may suffer the shame of having
his decisions severely commented upon
and reversed.

It is true, that there is a written
code of laws, agreeably to which it is
the duty of the judge to be regulated ;
but, whilst the facts arc left to his deci-
sion, and he is the absolute interpreter
of the law, and his views of what he is
pleased to consider to be the law can-
not be submitied to anotier revision,
there is little other check but his own
conscience ; and the decisions will, in
general, be found the very same as if
no law existed onthe subjeet.

So harshly does the British legisla-
ture think of the purehasers of annui-
lies, that it has placed their property
under an administration of justice
aliogether despotic in its principle,
and which the unsullicd purity of
British judges can alone keep from
being a source of fraud and oppressien.
Hitherto mest of the deeisions which
have been given in annuity-cases may
have been perfectly just ; but the prin-
ciples of that justice it has in some
eases been difficult to comprehend ;
and, if these matters, like ordinary
suits at law, had been Icft to twelve
honest men, there is every reason to
believe they would have’ stupidly
blundercd into an opposite way of
thinking.

That, however, the judges have in
some cases been misled, and have put
# wrong interpretation on the law, and
have in error decided to the destruction
of property in annuities, we have the
authority of an Act of the Jegislature,
of 3 Geo. IV. cap. 92.; and, although
that Act does not reverse decisions
already made by the judges, it orders
them to decide differently in all time
to come.

‘Po prevent all frauds and conceal-

On Usurious Annuities.

[Nov. I,

ment, in regard to the nature or con-
ditions of any annuity, a clause is
enacted in regard to enrolments,
which points out the particular form
to be used. Column 4 of the formula
of enrolment, for the names of the
witnesses, is—E. F. of
G. H. of

Would any person unacquainted with
law, merely by the aid of reason and
common sense, have ever destroyed
valuable property, and given such
decisions as might, if applied to aH
similar cascs, have destroyed many
millions, merely on an argument
founded on the little word of, in the
above formula. Yet we have the
authority of an Act of Parliament to
prove that the judges actually did do
so. It arose in this way: A witness,
being usually a lawyer’s clerk, wrote
his name, and subjoined to it, “‘ Clerk
to My. A. B. of such a place,” giving
the number and street of his employer.
The same was entered in the enrol-
ment, Iwas contended, that instead
of the description being in that way, it
ought to have been of such a number
and street, stating where the said wit-
ness lodged. It was argued that a
lawyer’s clerk was usually on a low
salary, and lived in an obscure place,
and often changed his residence, and
nobody knew where he went: it was far
more to the purpose to state, when he
subscribed tbat he was clerk to such
a person, and then he could at any
time be traced out; and that this was
in conformity to the Act, which re-
quired the enrolment to be ‘‘in the
fori: or to the effect following.” But
the judges decided that mode of enrol-
ment to be fatal, and thereby destroyed
in toto several annuities; and, as in
annuity matters they have a summary
power, without appeal, these annuities
are for ever lost. ‘To stop such deci-
sions, the Act referred 10 was passed.

The sixth clause of the same Act

has been the cause of much more

destruction ; and in this ease the legis-
Jature has left the judges in tull
power, as before. The grantor, by
viriue of that clause, makes an affida-
vit, that part of the consideration-
money has been retained; and the
grantees are called upon to put in afli-
daviis in answer. Upon these the
counsellors argue, and the court de-
cides. It has been held by the Court
of Commen Pleas, that ihe act of the
ageut is the same as if the act of the

principal,

1823.]}

principal, and that the annuity-broker
is the agent of the grantees. If any
part of the moncy has been retained
or returned to pay the agent for his
expenses, or to pay oli arrears of
former annuities, or to repay to the
agent any money which he had ad-
vanced to relieve the pressing wants
of the grantor, or for any other pur-

Memoirs of William Pinkney, Esq.

327

pose whatever, the annuities have been
set aside.

Under all the circumstances, no
prudent man will in any case hazard
shis property on annuities ; and no man
of correct feeling will deal in a pro-
perty which cannot be left to the ho-
nesty of a British jury. ;

BIOGRAPHY OF EMINENT PERSONS.

———

MEMOIRS of WILLIAM PINKNEY, ESQ. the
AMERICAN DIPLOMATIST.
ILLIAM PINKNEY Was born at
Annapolis, in the state of Mary-
land, on the 17th March, in the year
1765. His extraordinary natural capa-
city was quickened and improved by a
liberal edacation, in which his predilec-
tion for the classical writers of antiquity
was conspicuous, Ata suitable age he
was placed as an apprentice witha drug-
gist in Baltimore. Here he was found
by the late Judge Chase, who, discern-
ing in some of his juvenile efforts the
promise of future excellence, proposed
to him the study of that proivssion of
which he was hereafter to become a
brilliant ornament. His indentures were
cancelled with great cheerfulness by his
employers, who found their gallipots
neglected whenever a book presented its
powerful attractions. To what extent
the kindness of Mr. Chase was exer-
cised, we are not able to state, but there
is reason to believe that the obligations
of Mr. Pinkney were of no ordinary de-
scription. With unwearied industry he
cultivated the advantages of this invalu-
able patronage ; and, on his admission to
the bar in 1786, he was perhaps unrival-
Jed in legal learning, and the more ele-
gant embellishments of polite literature.
In these luxuries he indulged to the
latest period of his professional carcer,
fascinating some by the richness of his
diction, and delighting all by the variety
and splendour of those illustrations, by
which he enlivened the most elaborate
arguments.

In America, a seat in tlie legisla-
ture of the state, is one of the first steps,
which is taken by a young man of ambi-
lion, in-the carcer of fortune and fame.
Accordingly, we soon find Mr. Pinkney
adding to the business of expounding
laws, the more important duty of fram-
ing them. He was one of the Conven-
tion, which, on the part of his native
state, adopted the present Constitution
of the Union. Le wasa member of the

legislature from the year 1789 until
1792, when he was promoted by that
body toa seat in the Executive Council.
Here he presided until the year 1795,
when he was returned a delegate from
Anne Arundel county.

In the year 1796, the British treaty
was ratified by the president, notwith-
standing the clamour which was excited
against it by the opposition of that day ;
and it was faithfully carried into effect,
although the same party in the House of
Representatives contended that “they
had a right, by withholding appropri-
ations when they saw proper, to stop the
wheels of government.” The wise and
upright men who then regulated the ma-
chinery, would not sanction a doctrine
so subversive of order. They consi-
dered a treaty, which had been properly
concluded, as a law of the land, which
the house was bound to obey ; and they
did obey it.

One of the provisions of this treaty re-
quiring the services of an agent in Len.
don, Mr. Pinkney was appointed by Ge«
neral Washington a commissioner for
that purpose. While in that city, he
brought to a conclusion a negotiation be-
tween the state of Maryland and the
Bank of England, respecting a sum of
money which the latter had received by
way of deposit from the colony of Mary-
Jand, before the Revolution. It had
been commenced by Judge Chase, and
would have been successfully concluded
by that gentleman, we believe, but for
the commencement of hostilities, or
some other cause which compelled him
to leave Great Britain abruptly.

Mr. Pinkney returned to his native
country in 1804, greatly improved by the
intercourse which he had maintained
with many of the eminent men who
adorned that period of English history.
In his official business, be did not forget
the more important claims of prolés-
sional character, He was still a hard
student, as every one must be who
aspires to become a finished lawyer; and

he

328

he learned the severe discipline of an
English court by a constant attendance
at Westminster Hall. It was therefore
not surprizing that whea he resumed his
seat at the bar, no one could perceive in
him any want of readiness in the most in-
tricate conjunctures. In every case he
took care to be fully prepared ; if he was
not, it was difficult to force him into the
trial of acause. He was too well versed
in the ways of the law not to be able to
obtain, when necessary, the friendly aid
of a little delay. A single day would
generally be sufficient ; but that day, and
most of the intervening night, would be
devoted to his object, with a degree of
assiduity from which nothing could
divert him. It is not intended to assert
that be was inattentive to business, or
that when called upon he was slow of
apprehension. Our personal observation
concurs with the more enlarged experi-
ence oi others, in regarding him as unsur-
passed in promptness, regularity, and
diligence, in his office; no one more
quickly perceived the strength or weak-
ness of a cause; and his mind, at once
rapid and comprehensive, was so tho-
roughly embued with legal principles,
that he could instantly apply them to the
case in hand; but, when he entered upon
the trial of a cause, he seemed to consi-
der it asa public exhibition, in which
public applause as wellas a verdict was
to be obtained. To accomplish these
objects all his powers were severely
tasked. In the most palmy state of his
fame, lie seemed, on every such occa-
sion, to disdain all that he had previously
acquired, and to contend as if he were
then wrestling with fortune, for the first
time, under the most desperate contin-
gencies.

At the bar he had few equals and no
superiors. His great excellence con-
sisted in a thorough knowledge, clear
conception, and lucid explanation, of the
principles of law ; to which he added ex-
traordinary powers of analysis, strength
of argument, and felicify of illustration.
His style and delivery cannot be reeom-
mended to the imitation of young advo-
eates. The former, though often beauti-
ful, was frequently turgid and strained ;
abounding in false ornaments and la-
boured metaphors, which were iniro-
duced with little taste or judgment.
They were calculated to dazzle for the
moment, but not to endure ; and ought
therefore to be avoided by those who as-
pire to solid and permanent fame. In
his delivery he was declamatory and yio-

Memoirs of William Pinkney, Esq.

[Nov. ft,

lent; far beyond the utmost limits of
nature. Yet with all these grave ob-
jections, he was a powerful pleader, for
few could resist the foree and fluency of
his style, or contend against the various
and profound learning, which he brought
to the investigation of legal questions.
In the month of May, 1806, Mr.
Pinkney was appointed a minister extra~
ordinary and plenipotentiary of the
United States, in conjunction with Mr.
Monroe. ‘Their letters of credence au-
thorized them to treat with the British
government concerning the maritime
wrongs which had been committed by
the subjects of that power, and the regu-
lation of commerce and_ navigation
between the parties. When they ar-
rived in London, they found Mr. Fox’s
party at the head ofaffairs. The illness
and subsequent demise of that statesman
presented serious obstacles to the pro-
gress of the negotiation. Lords Hol-
Jand and Auckland were at Jength
appointed to meet our plenipotentia-
ries ; and a treaty was concluded with
them, on all the points which had formed
the object of their mission, and on
terms which they supposed their govern-
ment would approve. But the arrange-

ment did not suit the views of Mr. Jef

ferson, who was then the chief magis-
trate of this country; and he returned
the treaty without showing even somuch
consideration for the judgment of our
ministers as to communicate the result
of their negotiations to the scnate of the
United States,

On the 8th March, 1808, the secre-
tary of state transmitted to Mr. Pinkney
a commission, as successor to Mr. Mon-
roe, in the legationat London. It isnot
our intention to follow him through all
the perplexities in which this mission
was involved. After endeavouring in
vain, for the space of three years, to ob-
tain another treaty, he returned to his
native country ; and in 1812 he was ap-
pointed attorney-general of the United
States.

From that period he pursued his pro-
fession, with signal success, until 1816,
when he was once more sent abroad ina
diplomatic capacity. The courts of
Naples and Russia formed the scenes in
which his ardent mind was again
brought into collision with the politic
arts of European statesmen. From
these missions, he soon returned to his
favourite pursuits. ;

He was a member of the senate of the
United States for a short period; but,

with

=>

ee

eel

See

1823.]
with this exception, the embassy to
Russia was the last of his public em-

ployments. i ‘
The public missions in which Mr.

Pinkney was employed, occupied seven,

years of his life, for which he received
abot 120,600 dollars.
In the latter end of February, 1822,
he was seized with a fit of illness, occa-
sioned by the great exertions which he
had made in a cause in which he was

Stephensiana, No. XXIII,

329
engaged. It is said that he had em-
ployed himself a whole night in prepar-
ing for the labours of the ensning day.
He contracted a severe cold, and was
not able to deliver what had cost him so
much toil and privation. He endea-
voured to strmount these obstacles ; but
the struggle was too violent; he burst
the chords of life ; and fell on the theatre
of his greatness, and in the plenitude of
his fame !

ae eeneeneeeeal

NO. XXIII.

STEPHENSIANA.

The late ALEXANDER STEPHENS, Esq. of Park House, Chelsea, devoted an active and

well-spent life in collecting Anecdotes of his contemporaries, and generally entered,in a
book the collections of the passing day ;—these collections we have purchased, und propose to
present a scleclion from them to our readers. As Editor of the Annual Obituary, and many
other biographical works, the Author may probubly have incorporated some of these scraps ;
but the greater part are unpublished, and stand alone as cabinet-pictures of men and

manners, worthy of a place in a literary miscellany.
—

PUNS BY BURKE.
R. Burke’s classical pun on Mr.
Wilkes’s being carried on the
shoulders of the mob, was as follows :-—

Numerisque fertur
Lege solutus.

Another of Mr. Burke’s playful conceits
was the description of a good manor,
as given by Horace in a single line:—
Est modus in rebus, sunt certi denique

fines.
Or, in other words, “ A modus as to the
tithes, and certain fines to be paid by
those holding of the lord.”

GUELPHIC LITERATURE.

It has been long mentioned, as a re-
proach to the House of Brunswick, that
it never encouraged men of Jetfers, or
men of science. It ought not to be
forgotten, however, that Prince Ernest-
Augustus sent the illustrious Leibnitz
to travel through Germany and Italy ;
that the Elector, George I. employed
him to write the history of his family ;
and that his statue was erected in the
city of Hanover.

RACINE,

Tt was from Euripides that Racine
Jearned the art of moving the passions ;
and, whatever gifts nature may have
bestowed on the French nation, they
have always been in need of models to
form themsclyes by: for he who is
always obliged to draw all {rom himself,
never produces any thing great. The
works of the ancients were familiar to
the good writers of the age of Louis the
Fourteenth; and it. was by imitating

MontTHLy Mac. No. 388.

the former that the latter became their
equals.
BONAPARTE AND CORSICA.

Felix Guiliatia, at Aliola, in Corsica,
was nearly related to Bonaparte. He
called himself a merchant and a banker;
but was so poor, that he could not give
change fora bill on England without
sending it to Leghorn. He supplied
the Lowestoffe, Capt. Plampin, and se-
veral other kiug’s ships, with beef. He
lived in a miserable ruinated house, and
had a little shabby counting-house.

BAYLEs: /))

Bayle, perhaps with too much seve-
rity, pretends that whoever does not
understand Greek cannot call himself a
learned man. Af present, among those
who assume that name,. how niany are
there who scarcely understand Latin?
A romance, or any work of fiction, the
most contemptible pamphlet, are by
the authors of them thought sufficient
titles to this appellation.

LA HARPE,

‘This Frenchman had much learning
and ingenuity, but £ must object alto-
gether to his want of candour, His
hatred to England extended to English
literature, which he vilified and tra-,
duced ; pretending that our language
was so poor, that the conditional tense
cannot be expressed without a_peri-
phrase. It is certain tliat, with the
.assistance of those most simple, signifi-
cant, and easy, signs, might, could,
would, and should, every complex varia-
tion of the Greek or Latin tense may
be clearly expressed. La Harpe un-

2U dertook

’

330

dertook to, criticise our English poets:
what a mean and miserable work he
made of it, may be gathered from the
way ip which he prints his extracts :—

“ Seas roll to waft me.”
“ Be pleas'd with nothing is uo bless’d
with all.”
“°Tis ne where to be found, or ever
where.”

These extracts are taken from the
“ Essay on Man.” M. La Harpe pro-
fesses to examine, most critically, the
beauties of these extracts, and pro-
‘nounces accordingly ; but no man has
laid himself more open to animadver-
sion. ‘The above instances, indeed,
convict him of the grossest and most
palpable ignorance respecting our lan-
guage.

THE FINE ARTS.

A knowledge of the fine arts may be
said to open a sixth sense upon every
one who successfully cultivates them.
The savage eats his food, and falls
asleep; the man of mere wealth does
little more: but to those who seek
pleasure in cultivating a taste for the
fine arts, the pleasures of sense will
appear but subordinate. Previous to
the institution of the Royal Academy,
we had no native artists of celebrity
either in painting or sculpture,—Ho-
garth alone excepted. No sooner,
however, was royal patronage extended
to the fine arts, than a general feeling in
their favour pervaded the kingdom, and
the impulse thus given produced great
exertions. The Royal Academy is not
without its enemics, and some abuses
may exist in the institution. Favour-
itism in accepting and disposing of the
pictures is known to have been mani-
fested. ‘These are blemishes that should
be remedied; but, taking into conside-
ration the advantages which the institu-
tion offers to young artists, and the love
of the arts which it has generated, and
continues to preserve, we must be se-
vere censors not to be to its fanlts a
little blind.

JOHN ADAMS, EX-PRESIDENT OF THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

Mr. John Adams is mentioned in the
Memoirs of Mr. Hollis, by Archdeacon
Blackburne, as a man likely to act a
great part, should a war ensue.

Mr. Adams came. over to England,
as minister-plenipotentiary from the
United States of America, immediately
after the ratification of the treaty of in-
dependence. As he, or rather his lady,
had concerts and musical parties at his
house, several of the friends of liberty,

s

Slephensiana, No. XXIII,

‘

;

{ Nov. lt,

and I believe Mrs. Macauley among
the rest, predicted but little good from
luxurious enjoyments of ‘this kind,
which savoured rather of monarchical
habits. But the ambassador, notwith-
standing this, possessed republican ha-
bits, and on all occasions evinced a
certain simplicity of conduct and beha-
viour. »Asa proof of this, while in town
he frequented the shop of a bookseller
in Piccadilly almost daily ;* and was
anxious to converse with the literary
men who were accustomed to repair
thither. He was also very anxious to
keep up a familiar intercourse with all
those who had supported the American
cause. This led to an intimacy with
Mr. Brand Hollis; and both he and
Mrs, Adams paid visits to that gentle-
man, while residing at his seat at the
Hyde, near Ingafestone, in Essex.

A curious anecdote appears recorded
in a loose memorandum, penned by his
host, and discovered among his papers
by his heir and executor, the late Dr.
Disney, which shall be here transcribed,
without either comment or remark.
“T wish you, sir, to believe, (said the
king to Mr. Adams, at bis first visit,)
and that it may be understood in Ame-
rica, that I have done nothing in the
late contest but what I thought myself
indispensably bound to do, by the duty
I owed my people. Iwill be very frank
with you, sir: L was the last to consent
to the separation being made, but, that
having been inevitable, I have already
said, and I say now, that I will be the
last to disturb the independance of the
United States, or in any way infringe
their rights.*

Mr. Adams’s conduct, during his mis-
sion to Europe, and indeed during the
whole contest, was so much approved
of by his countrymen, that they voted to
him, in succession, the highest honours
which a free state can bestow on a pa-
triot citizen. The following very able,
but extraordinary, letter, was _trans-
mitted by him to Mr. Brand Hollis,
while on his way to America with his
wife.

Fountain Inn, Portsmouth,
April 5, 1788.

My dear Sir,—If there ever was any
philosophic solitude, your two friends
have found it in this place; where they
have been wind-bound a whole week, with-
out a creature to speak to. Our whole

business, pleasure, aad amusement, has
been

* See Memoirs of Thomas Brand Hol-
lis, esq. F.R.S. and S.A.

1823.]

been reading Necker’s “‘ Religious Opi-
nions,” Hayley’s ‘Old Maids,” and Cum-
berland’s fourth “ Observer.” Our whole
stock is now exhausted; and, if the snip
should not arrive with a fresh supply of
books, we shall be obliged to write ro-
mances, to preserve us from melancholy.

I know not whether Atheism has made
great progress in England; and perhaps,
&e.

At this moment, there is a greater fer-
mentation throughout Europe upon the
subject of government, than was perhaps*
ever known at any former period. France,
Holland, and Flanders, are alive toit. Is
government a science, or not? Are there
any principles on which it is founded?
What are its ends? If, indeed, there is no
rule or standard, all must be ascribed to
chance. If there isa standard, what is it?
It is easier to make a people discontented
with a bad government, than to teach
them how to establish and maintain a good
one. Liberty can never be created and
preserved without a people; and by a
people, I mean a common people, in con-
tradistinction from the gentlemen: anda
people can never be created and preserved
without an executive authority on one
hand, separated entirely from the body of
the gentlemen. The two ladies, Aristo-
cratia and Democratia, will eternally pull
caps, until one or other is victorious. If
the first is the conqueror, she never fails to
depress and debase her rival into the most
deplorable servitude. If the last con-
quers, she eternally surrenders herself into
the arms of a ravisher. ;

Kings, therefore, are the natural allies
of the common people, and the prejudices
against them are by no means favourable
to liberty. Kings, and the common peo-
ple, have both an enemy in the gentlemen;
and they must unite, in some degree or
other, against them, or both will be de-
stroyed : the one dethroned, and the other
enslaved. The common people, too, are
unable to defend themselves against their
own ally the king, without another ally in
the gentlemen. It is, therefore, indis-
pensably necessary, that the gentlemen in
a body, or by representatives, should be
an independent and essential branch of
the constitution. By a king, I mean a
single person, possessed of the whole exe-
cutive power,

You have often said to me, that it is
difficult to preserve the balance. This is
true: it is difficult to preserve liberty.
Bat there can be no liberty without some
balance ; and it is certainly easier to pre-
serve a balance of three branches than of-
two. If the people cannot preserve a
balance of three branches, how is it possi-
ble for them to preserve one of two only?
If the people of England find it difficult to
preserve their balance at present, how
would they do if they had the election of

2

Stephensiana, No. XXIII.

331

a King and a House of Lords to make
once a-year, or once in seven years, as
well as of a House of Commons? It
seems evident, at first blush, that pe-
riodical elections of the King and Peers in
England, in addition to the Commons,
would produce agitations that might de-
stroy all order and safety, as well as li-
berty. The gentlemen, too, can never
defend themselves against a brave’ and
united common people, but by an alliance
with a king; nor against a king, without
an alliance with the common people, IJtis
the insatiability of human passions that is
the foundation of all government. Men
are not only ambitious, but their ambition
is unbounded; they are not only avarici-
ous, but their avarice is insatiable. ‘The
desires of kings, gentlemen, and commen
people, all increase, instead of being sa-
tisfied, with indulgence. ‘This fact being
allowed, it will follow, that it is necessary
to place checks upon them all.
Iam, &c. Joun ADAMS.

Thomas Brand Hollis, esq.

Is this a letter from a republican am-
bassador, which is so full of the praise
of kings? was it written by a citizen of
the United States of America, the inha-
bitants of which elect both their senate
and chief magistrate ?

Here follows some passages from
another, addressed to the same geli-
tleman :—

I wish I could write romances. True
histories of my wanderings, and waiting
for ships and winds, at Ferrol and Corun-
na, in Spain; at Nantes, L’Orient, and
Brest, in France; at Helvoet, the Island of
Goree, and Over Hackee, in Holland ; and
at Harwich, Portsmouth, and the Isle of ’~
Wight,in England; would make very en-
tertaining romances in the hands of a good
writer.

It is very trne, as you say, that ‘ royal
despots endeavour to prevent the science
of government from being studied.” But
it is equally true, that aristocratical
despots, and democratical despots too,
endeavour to retard the study with equal
success. The aristocracies in Holland,
Poland, Venice, Bern, &c. are inexorable
to the freedom of enquiry in religion, but
especially in politics, as the monarchies of
France, Spain, Prussia, or Russia. It is
in mixed governments only that political
toleration subsists; and in Needham’s
“Excellencies of a Free State, or right
Constitution,” the majority would be
equally intolerant. Every unbalanced
power is intolerant.

P.S.—Mrs. Adams and I have been to
visit Cavisbroke Castle, once the prison of
the booby Charles. “ At what moment
did Cromwell become ambitious?” is a
question I have heard asked in England,
I answer, before he was born. He was

ambitious

332

ambitious every moment of his life. He
was a canting dog: I hate him for his hy-
pocrisy ; but I think he had more sense
than his friends. He saw the necessity of
three branches, as I suspect. If he did,
he was perfectly right in wishing to bea
king. I do not agree with those -who im-
pute, to him the whole blame of an uncon-
ditional restoration. They were the most
responsible for it who obstinately insisted
on the abolition of monarchy. If they
would have concurred in a rational reform
of the Constitution, Cromwell would have
joined them.

The following letter was addressed to
the same ccrrespondent, after he had
crossed the Atlantic, and re-visited the
country that had given him birth.

Brainirce, near Boston, Dec. 3, 1788.

My dear Friend,—If I had been told, at
my first arrival, that five months would
pass before [ should write a line to Mr.
Brand Hollis, I should not have believed
it. I found my estate, in consequence of
a total neglect and inattention on my part
for fourteen years, was falling into decay,
and in so much disorder, as to require my
whole attention to repair it. I have a
great mind to essay a description of it. It
is not large, in the first place: it is but
the farm ofa patriot. But there are in it
two or three spots from whence are to be
seen some of the most beautiful prospects
in the world. I wish that the Hyde was
within ten miles, or that Mr. Brand Hollis
would come and build a Hyde near us. [
have a fine meadow, that I would christen
by the name of Hollis Mead, if it were
not too small. The hill where I now live
is worthy to be called Hollis-hill: but, as
only asmall part of the top belongs to me,
itis doubtful whether it would succeed.
There is a fine brook runs throngh a mea-
dow by my house; shall I call it Hollis-
brook?

What shall I say to you of public affairs?
The increase of population is wonderful.
The plenty of provisions of all kinds
amazing ; and cheap in proportion to their
abundance, and the scarcity of money,
which certainly is very great.

» “« *

* * *

The elections for the new government
lave been determined very well, hitherto,
in general. You may have the curiosity
to ask what your friend is to have? I
really am at a loss to guess. The proba-
bility, at present, seems to be, that I shall
have no lot init. I amin the habit of ba-
lancing every thing: in one scale is vanity,
in the other comfort. Can you doubt
which will preponderate? In public life,
I have found rothing but the former; in
private life, I have enjoyed much of the
latter,

I regret the loss of the booksellers’
shops, and. tlie society of the few men of
letters that I knew in London, In all

Stephensiana, No. XXIL.

other respects, I am happier, and better
accommodated here.

In 1789, Mr. Adams was elected
vice-president; soon after which, he
wrote a letter to Mr. B. Hollis, dated
“‘ Boston, October 28, 1789,” in which
he states that—

This town has been wholly employed in
civilities to the President for some days,
and greater demonstrations of confidence
and affection (adds he) are not, cannot be,
given, in your quarter of the globe to their
adored crowned heads. My country has
assigned to me a station, which requires
constant attention and painfal labor; but

I shall go through it with cheerfulness, ‘

provided my health can be preserved in it.
There is a satisfaction in living with our
beloved chief, and so many of onr vener-
able patriots, that no other country, and
no other office in this country, could
afford me.

What is your opinion of the struggle in
France? Will it terminate happily? Will
they be able to form a constitution? You
know tliat, in my political creed, the word
liberty is not the thing ; nor is resentment,
revenge, and rage, 2 constitution, nor the
means of obtaining one. Revolution,
perhaps, can never be effected without
them ; but men should always be careful
to distingnish an unfortunate concomitant
of the means from the means themselves,
and especially not to mistake the means
for the end.

In his next, dated New York, June
1, 1790, he observes,—

L am situated on the majestic banks of
the Hudson,—in comparison with which

-your Thames is but a rivulet,—and sur-

rounded byall the beauties and sublimities
of nature. Never did Llive on so delight-
ful a spot. I would give,—what would I
not give, to see you here?

Your library, and your cabinets of ele-
gant and costly curiosities, would be an
addition to such a situation, which would
in this country attract the curiosity of all.
In Europe they are lost in the crowd.
Come over, and purchase a paradise here ;
and be the delight and admiration of a new
world. Marry. one of our fine girls, and
leave a family to do honour to human na-
ture, when you can no longer do it in per-
son. Franklin is no more; and we have
lately trembled for Washington. Thank
God, he is recovered from a dangerous
sickness, and is likely now to continue
many years. His life is of vast importance
to us. ;

Is there any probability of England’s

being able to carry off her distempers? I
wish her well and prosperous, but I wish
she would adopt the old maxim, “ live and
let live.”

Will there be a complete revolution in
Europe, both in religion and government?
Where will the foremost passions and

principles

[Nov. L,

—

1823.]

principles lead, and in what wili they end?
In more freedom and humanity, I am
clear: but when, or how?

I am, &c.

In his next letter, dated from New
York, only ten days after, he returns to
the consideration of this subject :—

The great revolutjon in France is won-
derfal, but not supernatural. ‘The hand
of Providence is in it, I doubt not; work-
ing, however, by natural and ordinary
means, such as produced the reformation
in geligion in the sixteenth century. ‘That
all men have one common nature, is a
principle which will now universally pre-
vail; apd equal rights and equal duties
will, in-a just sense, I hope be inferred
from it. But equal ranks and equal pro-
perty never can be inferred from it, any
more than equal understanding, agility,
vigor, or beauty.

I am delighted with Dr. Price’s sermon
on patriotism. But there is a sentiment
or two which I should explain a little,
He guards his hearers and readers, very
judiciously, against the extremes of adula-
tion and contempt. ‘The former is the
extreme (he says,) to which mankind in
general have been most prone.”

The generality of rulers have treated
men as your English horse-jockies treat
their horses,—convinced them first that
they were their masters, and next that
they were their friends; at least, they
have pretended to doso. Mankind have,
I agree, behaved too muchi like horses,—
been rude, wild, and mad, until they were
mastered ; and then been too tame, gentle,
and dull.

I think our friend should have stated it
thus :—The great and perpetual distinc-
tion in civilized societies has been between
the rich,—who are few; and the poor,—
who are many. When the many are mas-
ters, they are too unruly; and then the
few are too tame, and afraid to speak out
the truth. The few have most art and
union, and therefore have generally pre-
vailed in the end. The inference of wis-
dom from these premises is, that neither
the rich nor the poor should ever he suf-
fered to be masters. They should have
equal power to defend themselves ; and,
that their power may be always equal,
there should be an independent mediator
between them,—always ready, always
able, and always interested, to assist the
weakest. Equal Jaws can never be made
or maintained without this balance. You
see, I still hold fast my scales, and weigh
every thing in them, ‘The French must
finally become my disciples, or rather the
disciples of Zeno; or they will have no
equal laws, no personal liberty, no pro-
perty, no lives,

In this conntry the pendulum has vi-
brated, * * . * * *
France has severe trials to endure from the

Stephensiana, No. XXIII.

333

same cause. Both have found, or will
find, that to place property at the mercy
of a majority who have no property, is—
commitlere agnum lupo. My fundamental
maxim of government is—never trust the
lamb to the custody of the wolf.

Towards the latter end of November,
1790, Mr. Adams, together with all his
family, removed to Back-hill, near Phi-
ladelphia ; exeept his son, John-Quincy,
who was bred to the bar, and at that
time practised as a counscllor at Bos-
ton. In ashort letter to Mr. B. Hollis,
immediately before his departure, he
expresses himself thus :—

This country, too, is as happy as it-de-
serves to be. A perfect calm and con-
tentment reigns in every part. The new
government enjoys as much of the confi-
dence of the people as it onght to enjoy.;
and has undoubtedly greatly promoted
their freedom, prosperity, and happiness.

We are very anxious for the cause of
liberty in France, but are apprehensive
that their constitution cannot preserve
their union. Yet we presume not to judge
for them, when will be the proper time,
and what the method of introducing tie
only adequate remedy against competi-
tions. You know what I mean.

Mrs. Adams,* also, was the occasional
correspondent of the subject of this
memoir; and a few passages from one
of her letters, dated New York, Sept.
6, 1790, shall be here transcribed.

My dear Sir,—If my heart had not done
you more justice than my pen, I would dis-
own it. I place-the hours spent at the
Hyde among some of the most pleasurable
of my days, and I esteem your friendship
as one of the most valuable acquisitions
that I made in your country,—a country
that I should most sincerely rejoice to ‘vi-
sit again, if I could do it. without crossing
the ocean.

I have a situation here, which for natu-
ral beauty may vie with the most delicious
spot Leversaw. Itisa mile and a half
distant from the city of New York. The
house is situated upon an eminence; at an’
agreeable distance flows the Hudson, bear-
ing upon-her bosom the fruitful produc-
tions of the adjacent country. On my
right hand are fields, beautifully varie-
gated with grass and grain to a great ex-
tent, like the valley of Honiton, in Devon-
shire. Upon my left, the city opens to
view, intercepted here and there by a
rising ground, and an ancient oak. In
front, beyond the Hudson, the Jersey
shores present an exuberance of rich well-
cultivated soil. The venerable oaks, and
broken ground covered with wild shrubs,

which

® Mrs, Adams’s maiden name Abigail.
Twice married, © believe,

>

334

which surround me, give a natural beauty
to the spot, which is truly enchanting.
A lovely variety of birds serenade me
morning and evening, rejoicing in their
liberty and scarcity ; for I have as much
as possible prohibited the grounds from
invasion; and sometimes almost wished
for game-laws, when my orders have not
been sufficiently regarded. The partridge,
the woodcock, and the pigeon, are too
great temptations to the sportsmen to
withstand. How greatly would it contri-
bute to my happiness to welcome here my
much esteemed friend. It is true we have
a large portion of the blue-and-gold, of
which you used to remind me, wheil you
thought me an Egyptian; but, however I
might hanker after the good things of
America, I have been sufficiently taught
to value and esteem other countries be-
sides my own.

You were pleased to inform us, that
your adopted family flourished in your
soil ; mine has received an addition. Mrs.
Smith, Mr. Adams’s daughter, and the

ORIGINAL POETRY.

—<z_—

LENORA;
A new Translation from the German, in the
metre of the Original.
By GEORGE OLAUS BORROW.

\ 7 HEN morning’s gleam was on the hill,
From sleep Lenora Started :
“My true love, art thon living still?
How long shall we be parted?”
With Frederick’s host her William went,
But since the fight of Prague he sent
No word to sooth her bosom,—rent
With care, and anxious longing.

The king and queen, who saw with pain

Their gallant armies wasted,
Made peace at last, and thus again

The sweets of quiet tasted :
And either host, with trumpet’s sound,
And drums, which beat for miles around,
Came home, — with verdant branches

crown’d,—
Unto their habitations.

And every where, and every where,

In busy thousands meeting,
Stood young and old, with joyous air,

To give the comers greeting.
“ ‘Thank God!” the anxious mother cried,
And likewise many a happy bride.
Lenora’s hopes were sorely tried

Qn that eventful morning.

She sought the rear, she sought the flanks,
And told the warriors over ;
And yet mid all the armed ranks
She could not see her Jover;:
And, when the troops had hurried past,
She spread her tresses to the blast,
And on the groand herself she cast,
And wept for bitter anguish.

Original Poetry.

[Nov. 1,

wife of Colonel W. Stephen Smith, re-
specting the name of the great literary
benefactor of her native state, and, in
grateful remembrance of the friendly
attention and patriotic character of his
present successor, has named her new-
born son, Thomas-Hollis.

Our government acquires confidence,
strength, and stability, daily. Peace is
in our borders, and plenty in our dwel-
Jings ; we earnestly pray that the kindling
flames of war, which appear to be bursting
out iv Europe, may by no means be ex-
tended to this rising nation. We enjoy
freedom in as great a latitude as is consis-
tent with our security and happiness. God
grant that we may rightly estimate our
blessings.

Pray remember me in an affectionate
manner to Dr. Price and Mrs. Jebb; and
be assured, my dear sir, that I am, with
every sentiment of love and esteem,

Yours, &c.
ABIGAIL ADAMs,

And, as in tears she found relief,
There came the mother, running:
“My child, my child, evow thy grief,—

So fearful, and so stunning.”
**O mother! all my hope is lost,
And blighted by an early frost ;

Alike by God and angel crost :
Ali! woe is me, forlorn one.”

“ O child, beneath His mandate bow,
And pray.a pater-noster ;
The holy scriptures tell us how
He loves the weak to foster.”
“ Oh mother, mother,—gone,—is gone,—
Toward me God hath harshly done,
And shrift or prayer Dll have none,—
For what would that avail me?”

* O rise, and seek the holy priest,

Who hath confest thee often ;
And take the sacrament, at least,

Which will thy sorrow soften.”
“¢ Leave sacraments to prating knaves,
Or fling them to the wind and waves:
Will they lift dead men from their graves ?

Will they restore my lover?”

“Ah! child, perhaps in yonder land
The ruthless monster tarries,

And, having broke each sacred band,
Another maiden marries :

Ab! let him wander,—let him go,—

Nor dim with grief thy lovely brow ;

His falsehood soon will work him woe, 4

4 “|

And thou wilt have thy vengeance.” j

“O mother, all your words are vain, ¥
And lost is lost for ever ; i

Come, Death, and ease me of my pain, a]
And life from body sever ; ; ‘
And ©

1823.]

And quench this fleeting spark of light

In horror and eternal night,—

For God looks down, and feasts his sight
Upon our sharpest sorrows.”

“Blest Lord! turn back to her true path
A lost and wretched maiden ;
Endare her yet, altho’ with wrath
Thy scale is heavy laden.
Ah! child, forget a foolish love,
And think of joys that reign above;
Be patient as the patient dove,
And thou wilt surely prosper.’

“O mother, I but little heed
Those dreams of future glory ;
And still would love, altho’ my meed
Were hell or purgatory.
Ah! woe’s the day that gave me birth,—
The joys of heaven, and of earth,
To me would seem of little worth,
Unless my true-love shar’d them.”

Thus bow’d beneath affliction’s rod,
With bosom wildly raging,
She still continued with her God
A horrid warfare waging :
She beat her bosom, rent her brow,
Until the sun had spent its glow,
And brightly rose in heaven’s how
The stars, with golden sparkle.

And, as she listen’d, on the heath
A horse’s hoof did rumble ;
Down jump'd a rider, close beneath
The gateway, neat and humble :
And then the bell, which hung aloft,
Was pull‘d until it tingled oft,
While thro’ the key-hole, sweet and soft,
A well-known voice did whisper :

** Halloo! halloo! my love, arise,
And greet the early morrow;
Shake slumber from thy gentle eyes,
And from thy bosom sorrow.”
Then, wildly starting, up she rose :
“Ah! Witliam,—what! escap’d the foes!
What I have borne no mortal knows:
From whither bast thou journey’d ?”

“¢Reproach me not: I come from where
Boliemia’s woods are spreading ;
And I will take thee back, my fair,
And we will have a wedding.”
‘¢First enter, William, I entreat,
For through the hawthorn drives the sleet,
And Ill unboot thy frozen feet,
And warm tlie in my bosom.”

“Ha! Ict it blow with freezing gust,

’T will make our limbs the stronger ;
My steed is snorting,—go I must,

And dare not tarry longer :
Have conrage, and behind me spring,—
T long to be upon the wing ;
A short one hundred miles will bring

Our course to its conclusion.”

“ To ride so far this night, my love,
Thou surely hast not power ;

For hark! the tarret-clock above
Proclaims the eleventh hour.”

Mr. Borrow's ** Lenora.”

335

“ Tush, tush,—the moon is shining bright,

We ride as fast as levin-light ;

And I will bring thee, maid, this night
Unto the bed of marriage.”

.

‘¢ But say where is this bed? I fear,

O William, thy intentions.”
“Far off it lies —cool, dark, and drear,

And not of large dimensions!” ;
“ Hast room for me?’?—*‘ O do not doubt;
Come, come, my time is nearly gut,
The marriage guests and all the rout

Await thee with impatience.”

Swift at the word, the maiden sprung
Upon the horse, behind him ;

And to her trusty knight she clung,
And with her arms entwin’d him.

Then hurry, hurry, from the spot,

Away they speed,—away they trot,—

Till breathing thick, and breathing hot,

The charger snorts beneath them.

On either hand they Jeave aloof

The mountains and the ridges ;
But still the charger plies his hoof,

And thunders o’er the bridges.
“ Dost fear, dost fear, my youthful bride ?
The wintry moon is beaming wide;
Hurrah! the dead-men well can ride,

Onr course will soon be ended.”

“But, hark! what means that mutter’d
sound,

Why croaks the watchful raven?
O yes! some Inckless wretch is bound

‘To his eternal haven!”
And then there came a fumeral throng,
Which bore a dingy hearse along;
And lond and dismal was the song,

As croak of toads in marshes,

Then instantly the warrior cried,

With a tremendous halloo,

“Tf carry home my youthful bride,

And you, by G—, must follow;
Come, sexton,—come with all the train,
And howl us out a bridal strain; j
And you, sir priest, I must detain,

To bless the marriage-chamber.”

Then instantly they left the dead,
Obedient to his calling,

And, hurrying on, behind him sped,
With noise and shouts appalling ;

And then, like lightning, from the spot

Away they speed, away they trot ;

Till breathing thick, and breathing hot,

The charger snorts beneath them.

And on the left, and on the right,

Flew forest, wood, and city ;
While, ever and anon, the knight

Sung out his fearful diity :
“ Dost tear, my love? Hold firm and fast:
Hurrah! the dead-men ride at last ;
Full many a weary league is past

Since we began our journey.

“ But yonder see, upon the plain,
Where pallid beams are glancing,
A rabble-rout, and spectre-train,
With gambols wild are dancing :
Halloo!

336
Halloo! ye rabble,—here, come here,
And follow quickly in our rear;
For we to bridal-chamber steer,

And you must dance before us,”

And then the rout, with noisy shout,
And voices swelling hoarser

Than rushing tempests, turn’d about,
And ran behind the courser ;

And hurry, hurry, from the spot,—

Away they speed,—away they trot;

Till breathing thick, and breathing hot,

The charger snorts beneath them ;

And, when they turn’d their eyes to gaze,
They saw the objects round them
Soon vanish in the distant haze,
With speed that did astound them :
“ Dost fear, dost fear, my youthful bride ?
The wintry moon is beaming wide ;
Hurrah! the dead-men well can ride:
Our course is nearly ended.

“Steed, steed, go quickly ; hark! the cock
Is rousing lazy mortals,
And Morning now will soon unlock
With rosy hand her portals.
Folfill’d, fulfill’d, is this wild chace,—
O maid, prepare for my embrace !
We are arriv'd now at the place
Which thou hast long expected.”

A massy gate before them stood,

With splints of iron shielded;
But, when he touch’d the blacken’d wood,

It shiver'd, shook, and yielded.
Back creak’d the hinges loud and hoarse,
And over graves they hold their course ;
Beneath the hoof of mighty force

‘The hollow pavement clatter’d.

But, mark now! when the rider stopp'd,
Ensw’d a fearful wonder ;

From off his limbs the armour dropp’d,
Like bark when smote by thunder ;

His ghastly lead at once grew bare

Of skin and muscle,—fiesh and hair ;

And no love-lighted eye-balls stare

Within the yawning sockets.

Tall grows the steed, and, snorting loud,
He spouts forth tire-flashes ;

Procesdingss of Public Societies.

[Nov. 1,

Then, fading in a misty shroud,
Away, away, he dashes.
While liorrid screamings rose, until
They shook the yault and distant hill:
Lenora’s heart grew icy chill, ,
And yet she faintly struggled ;

And.then the spectres form’d a dauce,
And round, and round, hurraing,
First saw her sink in death’s cold trance,
Then thunderd forth this saying ;
“©O patience, patience : trifle not
With Him above, who rules thy lot;
This is the meed that thou hast got
For impious lamentation.”
—<=>—
ON MR. J. BANGHAM, SURGEON.
Divines, their stiff-neck’d flocks to cure,
With wond’rous patience will harangue
em ;
To cure my patients of their ails,
I quicker means devise—~ »
I Bangham.
———
SONNET.
Autumn! thy scenes of golden lastre fade,
No more thy rich-rob’d fields salute the
eye; ,
Nor more thy ruddy orchards stand
display’d, :
Deck’d in Pomona’s beauteons livery ;
No more thy powerful suns, with ripening
beam,
Cheer the lone foliage of yon) brown-
sere grove ;
No inore young Zephyr sports along the
stream,
Or the gay linnet carols blithe of love :
Tho’ now, of ‘‘ joyous views” almost bereft,
The swallows have departed,—omen
. drear!
Yet the kind produce of thy bounty left,
Autumn! our hearts with happiest joy
shall cheer ;'
And, as we circle round cold Winter’s fire,
Thy generous racy wine shall Love’s blest
thoughts inspire. brisk by
Cullum-street.

PROCEEDINGS OF PUBLIC SOCIETIES:

——

Society for mitigating and gradually
Kae ore)
abolishing the State of Slavery through-
out the British Dominions.*
HE objects of this Society cannot
be more clearly and comprehen-

* Extracted from a Pamphlet just pub-
lished, entitled “‘ The Substance of the De-
bate in the House of Commons, on the 15th
of May, 1823, on a Motion for the Mitiga-

tion and. Gradual Abolition of Slavery’

throughout the British Dominions, | With
a Preface and Appendixes, containing
facts and reasonings illustrative of Colonial
Bondage.

sively defined than in the following Re-
solutions, which were unanimously
adopted at its first meeting.

That the individuals composing the pre-
sent meeting are deeply impressed with
the magnitnde and namber otf the evils at-
tached to the system of Slavery which pre-
vails inmany of the Colonies of Great Bri-
tain; asystem which appears to them to
be oppesed to the spirit and precepts of
Christianity, as well as repugnaut to every
dictate of natural humanity and jastice.

That they long indulged a hope, that the
great measure of the Abolition of the Slave
Trade, for which anact of the Legislature

was

1823.]

was passed in 1807, after a struggle of
twenty years, would have tended rapidly
to the mitigation and gradual extinction of
negro bondage in the British colonies ;
but that in thishope they have been pain-
fully disappointed ; and, after a lapse of
sixteen years, they have stil! to deplore the
almost undiminished prevalence of the
very evils which it was one great object of
the abolition to remedy.

That under these circumstances they
feel themselves called upon, by the most
binding considerations of their duty as
Christiaus, by their best synmpathies as
men, and by their solicitude to maintain
unimpaired the high reputation and the
solid prosperity of their country, to exert
themselves, in their separate and collective
capacities, in furthering this most impor-
tant object, and in endeavouring by all
prudent and lawful means to mitigate, and
eventually to abolish, the slavery existing
in oar colonial possessions.

In the colonies of Great Britain
there are at this moment upwards of
800,000 human beings in a state of de-
grading personal slavery.

These unliappy persons, whether
young or old, male or female, are the
absolute property of their master, who
may sell or transfer them at his pleasure,
and who may also regulate according to
his discretion (within certain limits) the
measure of their labour, their food, and
their punishment.

Many of the slaves are (and all may
be) branded like cattle, by means of a
hot iron, on the shouldés or other con-
Spicuous part of the body, with the igi-
tials of their master’s name; and thus
bear about them, in indelible characters,
the procf of their debased and servile
state.

The slaves, whether male or female,
are driven to labour by the impulse of
the cart-whip, for the sole benefit of their
owners, from whum they reccive no wa-
ges; and this labour is continued (with
certain intermissions for breakfast and
dinner), from morning to night, through-
out the year. :

In the season of crop, which lasts for
four or five months of the year, their la-
hour is protracted not only throughout
the day, us at other times, but during
either half the pight, or the whole of
every alternate night.

Besides being yenerally made to work
under the lash, without wages, the slaves
are farther obliged to labour for their
own maintenance on that day which
ought to be devoted to repose and reli-
fious iustruction, And as that day is
also their only market-day, it follows,

Montity Mac. No. 388.

Association for abolishing Stavery.

_condition.

337

that “Sunday shines no Sabbath-day to
them,” but is of necessity a day of
worldly occupation, and much bodily
exertion.

The colonial laws arm the master, or
any one to whom he may delegate his
authority, with a power to punish his
slaves to a certain extent, without the
intervention of the magistrate, and with-
out any responsibility for the use of this
tremendous discretion; and to that ex-
tent he may punish them for any offence,
or for no offence. These discretionary
punishments are usually inflicted on the
naked body with the cart-whip, an in-
strument of dreadful severity, which cra-
elly Jacerates the flesh of the sufferer.
Even the unhappy females are equally
liable with the men to have their persons
thus shamelessly exposed and barba-
rously tortured at the caprice of their
master or overscer. .

The slaves being regarded in the eye.
of the law as mere chattels, they are lia-
ble to be seized in execution for their
master’s debts, and, without any regard
to the family-ties which may be broken
by this oppressive and merciless process,
to be sold by anction to the highest bid-
der, who may remove them to a distaut
part of the same colony, or even exile
them to another colony.

Marriage, that blessing of civilize
and even of savage life, is protected in
the case of the slaves by no Iegal sanc-
tion. [Et cannot be said to exist among
them. Those, therefore, who live to-
gether as man and wife are liable to be
separated by the caprice of their master,
or by sale for the satisfaction of his cre-
dilors.

The slaves in general have little or no
access to the means of Christian in-
struction, :

The effect of the want of such instrue-
tion, as well as of the absence of any
marriage tie, is that the most unrestrain-
ed licentiousness, (exhibited in a degra-
ding, disgusting, and depopulating, pro-
miscuous intercourse,) prevails almost
universally among the slaves; and is
encouraged, no Jess universally, by the
example of their superiors the whites.

The evidence of slaves is not admitted”
by the colonial courts, in any civil or
criminal case affecting a person of free:
If a white man, therefore,
perpetrates the most atrocious acts of
barbarity, in the presence of slaves only,
the injured party is Iclt without any
ineans of legal redress.

‘In none of the calonics of Great Bri-
tain have those legal facilities been afford-
2X ed

338

ed to the .slaye, to purchase his. own
freedom, which have produced such ex-
tensively beneficial effects in the colonial
possessions of Spain and Portugal;
where the slaves have been manumitted
in large numbers, not only without inju-
ry, but with benefit to the master, and
with decided advantage to the public
peace and safety. On the contrary, in
many of our colonies, even the voluntary
Manumission of slaves by their master
has been obstructed, and in some ren-
dered nearly impossible, by large fines.

it is an universal principle of colo-
nial Jaw, that all black or coloured
persons are presumed and taken to he
slaves, unless they can legally prove
the contrary. 'The liberty, therefore,
even of {ree persons, is thus often greatly
endangered, and sometimes lost. They
are liable tobe apprehended as run-away
slaves; and they are farther liable, as
such, to be sold into endless bondage, if
they fail to do that which, though free,
nay, though born perhaps in Great Bri-
tain itself, they may be unable to do,—
namely, to establish the fact of their
freedom by such evidence as the colonial
laws require.

Let it be remembered also, that many
thousand infants are annually born
within the British dominions to no in-
heritance but that of the hapless, liope-
less, servitude which has been described;
and the general oppressiveness of which
might be inferred from this striking and
most opprobrious fact alone, that, while
in the United States of America the
slaves increase rapidly—so rapidly as
to double their number in twenty years
—there is even now, in the British colo-
nies, no increase, but on the contrary
a diminution of their numbers.

Such are some of the more prominent
features of negro-slavery, as it exisis ia
the colonies of Great Pritain. Revolting
as they are, they form only a part of those
circumstances of wretcheduess and de-
gradation which might be pointed out
as characterizing that unhappy state of
being.

It will hardly be alleged, that any
man can havea right to retain his fellow-
creatures in a state su miserable and de-
grading as has been described. And
the absence of such right will be still
more apparent, if we consider how these
slaves were originally obtained. ‘They,
or their parents, were the victims of the
slave-tiade. They were obtained, not

“any awful means, or under any co-
-ourabl pretext, but by the most undis-

1

Proceedings of Public Societies.

[Nov. lL,

guised rapine, and the most. atrocious
fraud, Torn trom their homes and from
every dear relation in life, barbarously
manacled, driven like herds of cattle
to the sea-shore, crowded into the pes-
tilential holds of slave ships, they were
transported to our colonics, and there
sold into interminable bondage.

Great Britain, itis true, has abvlished
her African slaye-irade, and branded it
as felony ; and it is impossible to reflect
without exaltation on that great act of
national justice.

When the Britisl slave-trade was
abolished, a confident expectation was
entertained that the certain result of that
measure would be the rapid mitigation
and final extinetion of the colonial bon-
dage which had sprung from it, and
which in its principle is equally inde-
fensible.

Sixteen years, however, have now
elapsed since the British slave-frade
was abolished; but, during that long
period, what effectual steps have been
taken, either in this country or in the
eolonies, for mitigating the rigours of
negro-bondage, or for putting an end te
a condition of society whichso grievously
outrages every feeling of humanity, while
it viclates every recognized priticiple
both of the British constitution aud of
the Christian religion ?

The government and legislature of
this country haye on various occasions,
and in the most solenn and unequivocal
terms, denonnced the slave-trade as
immoral, inhuman, and unjust; but the
Jeyal perpetuation of that state of sla-
very, which bas been produced by it, is,
surely, in its principle, no less immoral,
inhuman, and unjust, than the trade
itself,

Notwithstanding those solemn de-
nunciations, thousands of children are
still annually born slaves within the
British dominions, and upwards of
800,000 of our fellow-creatures (the vic-
tims of the slave-trade, or descended
from its victims) are still retained in the
same state of brutal depression. They
are still driven like vattle to their un-
compensated tail by the impulse of the
lash. bey are still exposed to severe
and arbitrary punishments. They are
still bought and sold as merehandize,
They are still denied the blessings of the
marriage tie, and of the Christian Sab-
bath.
pects, they continue to be an oppressed
and degraded race, without any adc-
quate participation in the civil privi-

leges,

And, in a variety of other ress

$23.]
jeges, or in the religious advantages, to
which, as British subjects, they are un-
questionably entitled,

On the 15th of May last, Mr. Buxton
made a motion to the following effect,—
“That the state of slavery is repugnant to
the principles of the British Constitation
and of the Christian religion; and thatit
ought to be gradually abolished through-
out the British dominions, with as mach
expedition as may be consistent witha
due regard to the well-being of the par-
ties concerned.”

Had this motion been agreed to, it
was the intention of Mr. Buxton, as he
stated succinctly in hisspeech, to follow
it up, by moving for leave to bring in a
Bill, or Bills, which should embrace the
following specific objects, viz.

To remove ali the existing obstructions
to the manumission of slaves ;—

To cause the slaves to cease to be chat-
tels in the eye of the law ;—

To prevent their removal, as slaves,
from colony to colony, and, under certain
modifications, their sale or transfer, ex-
eept with the land to which they might be
attached ;—

‘To abolish markets and compulsory lz-
bour on the Sunday; and to make that day a
day of rest, as well as of religious worship
and instruction; and also to secure to the
slaves equivalent time in each week, in lieu
of Sunday, and in addition to any time
which, independently of Sunday, is now
afforded them for cultivating their provi-
sion grounds ;—

Yo protect the slaves, by law, in the
possession and transmission of the property
they may thus, or in any other way,
acquire ;—

‘To enable the slave to purchase his
freedom, by the payment at once of a fair
price for lis redemption, or of a fifth part
of that price ata time, in return for an ad-
ditional day in the weck to be employed
for his own benetit:—

To make the testimony of slaves availa-
ble in courts of justice, both in civil and
criminal cases ;—

To relieve all negroes and persons of

colour from the burden of legally proving
their freedom, when brought into question,
and to throw on the claimant of their per-
sous the burden of legally proving his
right to them ;—

Yo provide the means of religious in-
struction for the black and colonred popu-
lation, and of Chistian education for their
children ;—

To mstitnte marriage among the slaves ;

and to protect that state from violation,

and drom either forcible or voluntary dis-
ruption ;—
To putan end to the driving system ;—
To put an end also to the arbitrary pus
nislunent of slaves, and to place their pers

Association for abolishing Slavery.

339
sons as well as property under the guardi-
anship of the law ;—

To provide that all the children born
after a certain day shall be free,—care
being taken of their education and mainte-
nance until they shall be capable of acting
for tliemselves;—

To provide that no colonial governor,
jadge, attorney general, or fiscal, shall be
a possessor of slaves, or shall have a direct
avd obvious reversionary interest in such
property, or shall be the agent of the
proprietors of slaves.

Mr, Canning, as the organ of his
Majosty’s government, expressed his
concurrence in the general object of put-
ting an end, at some, though perhaps no
very carly, period, to slayery throughout
the British dominions. He abjured the
idea of perpetual slavery. He further
expressed his concurrence in several of
the specific measures by which it had
been proposed to effect the general ob-
ject. He objected, however, to the
abstract form of Mr, Buxton’s motion,
aud he proposed to substitute in its
place the following resolutions, which, at
the close of the discussion, were unani-
mously adopted by the House—viz.

1st. That it is expedient to adopt effee-
tnal aad decisive measures for meliorating
the condition of the slave population in his
Majesty’s coloni¢s.

end. That, through a determined and
persevering, but judicions and temperate,
enforcement of such measures, this House
looks fonward to a progressive improve-
meut in the character of the slave-popula-
tion ; such as may prepare them for a par-
ticipation in those civil rights and privi-
leges which are enjoyed by other classes of
his Majesty’s snbjects.

3d. ‘That this House is anxious for ‘the
accomplishment of this purpose at the
earliest period that may be compatible
with the well-being of the slaves, the
safety of the colonies, and with a fair and
equitable consideration of the interests of
all parties concerned therein,

4th. That these resolutions be laid be-
fore his Majesty.

Tn specifying the measures which his
Majesty’s government have signified
their intention of adopting, the Com-
mittee will not confine the specification
to what actually fell from Mr. Canning
during the debate on Mr. Buxton’s mo-
tion.. Subsequent communications bave
enabled them to modify the statement
tlien made, so as to present, if not a par-
ticular and detailed, yet a clear general
view of the present purposes of his
Majesty’s government. ‘They are as ‘
follow :— ‘

‘Phat the existing obstructions to manu-
missions, arising from stamps or fines, or
other

340
other fiscal regulations, shall be re-
moved ;—

That the slaves shall be protected by
law iu the possession, and also in the trans-
mission, by bequest or otherwise, of any
property they may acquire ;—

That means shall be provided of reli-
gious instruction for the slaves, and of
Christian education for their children ;—

That the driving system shall be pe--
remptorily aud entirely abolished, so that

. the whip shall no longer be the stimulant
of labour ;—

That an end shall also be absolutely put
to the degrading corporal punishment of
females ; and that measures shall be taken
to restrain, generally, the power of arbi-
trary punishment, and to prevent its
abuse ;—=

That, the means of religious instruction
being provided, the Sundays shall be given
up to the slaves for rest, recreation, and
religious instruction and worship (Sunday
markets being abolished); and that equi-
valent time shall be allowed them, on other
days, for the cultivation of their provision
grounds ;—

That the marriage of slaves shall be au-
thorised, and sanctioned by law; and that
they shall likewise be protected in the
enjoyment of their connubial rights.

In reviewing the resolutions adopted
by parliament, and the declared inten-
tions of his Majesty’s government, the
committee see very abundant cause of
congratulation. They feel much grati-
fied, both by the admissions which they
involve, and by the concurrent determi-
nation, which bas been expressed by his
Majesty’s government and by parlia-
ment, to proceed to the immediate re-
dress of some of the existing evils, and to
secure eventuaily the extinction of the
very state of slavery.

Let not, however, the friends of our
enslaved fellow-subjects assume that
their work is accomplished. In fact, it
is only begun. Weate ouly entering on
the ficld of ourlabours. We have made,
it-is true, a fair and hopeful commence-
ment. The influence of the public
feeling which has been so remarkably
displayed, has effected much, But the
ground we have already gained may be
Jost; and, still more, our farther pro-

New Music and the Drama.

[Nov..1,

gress may be delayed, or even wholly
obstructed, if we should remit our
efforts. Nothing which has oceurred
ought to have the effect of relaxing, in
the very sliglitest degree, our vigilance
and activity. On the contrary, the snc-
cess already obtained should only sti-
mulate us to increased exertion; for
whatever measures, with a view to the
ultimate attainment of our objects, were
previously deemed necessary, may be
considered as no less imperiously called
for at the present moment.

In. this persuasion, the committee
would particularly recommend that
associations should be formed in every.
part of the United Kingdom, for the
purpose of co-operating to diffuse infor-
mation, to procure the reqnisite funds,
and to call forth the distinct expression
of public opinion on the subject.

The committee feel that their cause
owes much to those petitioners who, in’
the last session, addressed parliament
with such promptitude and effect. They
trust that the same earnest pleadings
will be renewed at an early period of
the next session. They trust that, not
only from the same places which have,
already raised their voice in the sacred
cause of justice and humanity, but from,
every county and every town in the
United Kingdom, one energetic and
concurrent appeal will be made to both
houses of the Jegislature, in behalf of
our enslaved fellow-subjects; praying
that they may be admitted, at the earliest
safe and practicable period, to a partici-
pation in those civil rights and_privi-
leges, and in those moral and religious
blessings, which are enjoyed by other
classes of his Majesty’s subjects: and
that this nation may not be permitted to
incur the farther guilt (vow that our
eyes are opened to the flagrant iniquity
of such a course of conduct) of daily
augmenting the miserable victims of an
unjust and merciless policy, by suliject-
ing the children, who may hereafter be
born, to the same state of abject and de-
grading bondage to which we have been
the criminal instruments of reducing
their progenitors.

NEW MUSIC AND THE DRAMA.

—=——

Overture, composed and published for a
complete land; by William Howgill, of
Whiteliaven. 7s. 6d.

HIS overture, which consists of
three ably-conceived aid well-
coutrasied movements, is Hot published in

score, but in separate parts. The picce
opens with a Presto-bridlante in common
time of four crotche!s, which is relieyed

by an Affettuoso in two crotchets, that. ,

leads to an Adlegretto in six quayers.
If viewing these movements, independ-
ently

4

1823.},.
ently of cach other, we find, in their
passages, sufficient originality and beauty.
of idea to entitle them to our approba-
tion and fair report; we discover in their
relative propriety, or symmetrical con-
ne¢tion, evidence of a sound and matured
judgment. The bold and energetic
strokes by which the first movement is
characterized, the flowing tenderness
that prevails in the second, and the
vigorous hilarity that marks the third,
would be strong and decisive indications
of talent and experience, even without
considering the general economy and
conduct of cach movement, regarded in
its whole; but when, in our estimate of
the merit of this production, we include
ali its various pretensions to our praise,
we feel ourselves called upon.to uphold
the author’s claims to the patronage of
the public, while our expectations of his
future success in this province of compo-
sition are, we must confess, considerably
elevated. :

County Guy, sung by Miss Williams. at
Vauxhall Gardens, The Music composed
by T. A. Hughes. 2s,

Mr. Hughes, who is the composer
and director of the music at the Cobourg
Theatre, has avowedly written this me-
Jody in imitation of the style of Bishop.
‘The words are taken from Quentin
Durward, and are worthy of the genius
displayed in the other parts of that pro-
duction. With respect to the air,
though it may be somewhat better than
it would have been, had not Mr. H.
emulated the excellencies of so gooda
school as that of Bishop, still is it far
from possessing any very superior traits,
or from exhibiting any brilliant promises
of future eminence in the vocal depart-
ment of composition. The principal
defects are those of langour and insipi-
dity; than which, none are more hope-
less, because they are, themselves, evi-
dences of the absence of those qualities
of feeling and imagination on which all
excellence depends.

Operatic Airs, the subjects taken from the
most approved Operas, Italian, English,
&e. &c. and arranged for the Piano- Forte,
with an Introductory Movement to each,
by the most eminent Masters. 3s.

The composers to whose talents and
science the conduct of this work bas
chiefly been confided, are Messrs. Cle-
menti, Kalkbrenner, Latour, Holder,
Ries, and Rawlings. The air selected
for the number now before us. (the
tenth.) is that of “My Native Highland
Hoine,” by Bishop, and here arranged
by Holder. While, as an exereise for
the young practitioner, it will, in its

New Music and the Druma. °

S42

present state, not prove unacceptable ;
as a composition addressed to the ear of
the mere auditer, it is by no means
without pretensions to approbation.
Considering the ground on which Mr.
H. had to erect his. super-structure, he
has acquitted himself with considerable
credit, and furnished from it a pleasing
and useful lesson,

Select Pieces from Rossini's favourite Opera
of Otello, as performed at the King’s Thea=
tre; arranged for the Piuno-Forte or
Harp, with ad libitum Accompaniments
for the Flute and Violoncello, by M. Cs
Mortellari, 38. Gi.

The airs here ‘selected are *‘ Deh!
calma oh Ciel nel seno,” “Vorret ehe it
tuo. pensiaro,” and “ Ti parli Amore.”
In their adjustment for the piano-forte,
Mr. Mortellari has displayed no small
portion of that ingenuity for which be
has long been distinguished. Taking
every advantage which the nature of the
passages allowed for accommodating the
hand of the practitioner, he has con-
verted these three melodies into so many
improving, as well as agreeable, exer-
cises. When we give Mr. M. more
than ordinary credit for the address with
which he has acquitted himself in this
undertaking, we are not unmindfal.how
nearly his task approached to what, in
literature, is termed book-making; but
if even in that, different degrees of skill
are exhibited, to the higher: skill) the
higher praise is due, and that praise. is
claimed of us by the present publication.
Numbers I. 11, and £11. of Favourite Airs,

with Vuriations for the Vivloncello; ar-

ranged in u pleasing and familiar style, by

J. Pickhard. 4s. 6d.

Each of these numbers contains three
pieces. The first presents us with,
‘““Inmy cottage,” “ Hope told a flattering
tale,” and ‘The Lullaby.” Vhe second
contains * Robin Adair,” “The Blue:
Bells,” and ‘Ye Banks and Braes ;’
and the third consists of ‘* Sud Margine,”
“ Poor Mary Ann,” and “ Away with
melancholy.” ‘These certainly are well
suited to the powers and genius of the
instrument for which Mr. P. has arranged
them; and so dexterously has hé cons
ducted his arrangements, that it would
be no trivialtreat to hewr them performed
by a hand as skilful, as, according to re-
port, is his own. The general cast of
the variations is that of simplicity; yet
some of the passages are judiciously or-
namented ; and Mr. Pickhard’s pupils,
to whom the work is dedicated, may, by
their practice, improve both their exe-
culion anu their taste.

The

342

The First Set of Original Psalm and Hymn
Tunes ; adapted for Public Worship, and
harmonized for four Voices; by the Rev.
David Everard Ford. 2s.

It is not usual to search for comica-
Jity in sacred publications; but, never-
theless, those who lack merriment may
find it here. Whether the music, both
in its air and harmony, has been put to-
gether by ignorance, or with some sly
and occult design, we know not; but it
is very droll ; and most of the poetry, and
some of the prose, might defy the gra-
vity of Heraclitus, As a specimen of
the latter, we quote the first paragraph
of the reverend yentleman’s Advertise-
ment: “ The anthor wishes it to be un-
derstood, that, if the treble should ever
be performed as a tenor, or the tenor as
aireble, he cannot be answerable for the
consequences.”—To those who can
read this, and not hold their sides, we
present the following :—

“ Phou soft flowing Kedion, by thy silver

stream,

Our Savionr at midnight, when Cynthia’s

pale beam

Shone bright on thy waters, would often-

times stray,

And lose in thy murmurs the foils of the

day.”

or this :—

‘Tis a point I long to know,
Oft it causes anxious thought ;
Do I love the Lord, or no?
Am FE his, or am I not?”

—As the first of these quatrains is an ob-
vious parody on Dr. Johnson’s “ Thou
soft flowing Avon,” so the latter seems
to be an imitation of
*€ Giles Jolt as sleeping in his cart he lay,
Some pilf’ring villains stole his team away;
Giles waking, cries, “ Why, what the
dickens, what ?
How now, why, am I Giles, or am I not?”
So much for the Rev. Mr. Ford’s prose
and poetry. At his melodies and har-
monizations we leave musicians to laugh.
While I live I'll love thee,’ an admired

Ballad. The Air by Mr. J. Smith, the

Bass and Accompaniment by Mr. J.

Bardsley. 1s. 6d.

This air is so regularly and scientifi-
cally constructed, that we shrewdly
suspect Mr. Bardsley to be entitled toa
little more honour than he claims. If
Mr. Smith was capable of imagining a
series of passages as smooth, as con-
neeted, and as consonant with each
other, as those of the melody before us,
he had little occasion for an assistant to
provide him with a bass and aecompani-
ment. That Mr. Sos fancy might sug-
gest a leose idea or two towards an air,

New Musie and the Drama.

pNov. 1,

we can easily believe, but the same skill

must have converted them into a melody

that suggested the other parts of the
composition, This particular remark is
suggested by our general experience.

Now professors, we know, will assume

to be musicians, and real masters will

assist and flatter them.

[What need of Words,’ a Round for three
Voices. The Music composed by W. A.
Nield. 2s. 6d.

It is one of the characteristics of a
composition of the nature of the present,
that it both gives scope to, and dc-
mands, the faculty of contrivance. The
first and great difficulty is, to devise a
melody, or series of intervals, the several
portions of which, harmonically speak-
ing, shall so run into and conglomerate
with each other, that all the parts are
deduced from the first, and, when any
or all of them are heard simultaneously,
they form an agreeable and legitimate
combination. ‘This Mr.. Nield has
effected. Firstly, bis leading melody is
free and pleasant; and, sceondly, the
harmonization of which he has rendered
it susceptible evinces very considgrable
ingennity. The effect of the whole is
consequently excellent, and not Jess
gratifying to the hearers than honoura-
ble to the composer.

“ The Garlands fade.” A Song, the Music
composed by Burford G, H. Gibsone.
18. 6d. r

_ The words of this song are by Char-

lotte Smith, and worthy of her truly po-

etical pen; but the music, we would
hope, is not worthy of Mr. Gibsone.

Mr. G. dedicates his composition to his

tutor, Sir George Smart. Of his pupil

we envy not the knight. The quaint
ubmeaning expression, and affeeted ex-
traneousness of the modulation, are, we
would hope, not exactly what Sir George
would teach a pupil, or recomniend to
be adopted by his greatest professional
enemy. Wercally do not know whether
we have ever before seen such a tissue of
unintelligible harshness and crudity.

But this we know, that we wish never

to see such again.

THE DRAMA.

CoventT-GARDEN.—At this theatre,
no Jess than at the rival establishment,
the best existing strength has been put |
forth, and every effort of talent and
novelty been made, during the past
month, to merit and secure public
favour. Mr. Kemble’s Char/es, in the
“ School for Seandal;’ Mr... Young’s

Hamlet ; Miss M. Tree’s Clari,.in the .
opera

1823.]

opera of that title; the Pierre and
Jaffier of Young and Kemble; and the
Macbeth of the former of these two
excellent actors; aided by the perform-
ance of “the Vision of the Sun,” the
representation of “the Lord of the
Manor,” the “ Comedy of Errors,”
«‘ Maid Marian,” the ‘School of Re-
form,” the “ Way to keep Him,” the
“‘ Point of Honour,” and a new histo-
rical romance called “the Beacon of
Liberty ;”-—have attracted respectable
audiences, both as to number and qua-
lity, and have excited no small portion
of approbation and applause. Of “ the
Beacon of Liberty” we have only to
say that, though its title promises much,
and it has been rather fortunate in its
reception, iis east or colouring falls
short of what the story of the renowned
William Tell would have led us to
expect. The hero is exhibited more as
the husband and father, than as the
patriot; and consequently is shown
more as an amiable than as a great
character; more pleasing than shining;
and is wanting in almost all those
striking traits by which he honoured his
own country, and is admired by the
lovers of liberty in every other,
Drury-Lane.—tThe tasteful and in-
defatigable Jessee of “New Drury”
‘ commenced his present campaign with

_ Spirit of Philosophical Discovery.

343

Sheridan’s ‘ Rivals,” and two new
pieces, —“ Cupid aud Folly,” a ballet,
and “Stella and Leatherlungs,” a
sketch; in the latter of which Miss
Clara Fisher was the Stella or Star, and
fully availed herself of the ample op-
portunity afforded for the display of her
juvenile powers, by a production avow-
edly directed to that laudable object.
Elliston’s Don Felix, Ranger, Vapid,
and Henry Dornton; Muuden’s Old
Dornton; and Macready’s Virginius,
Hamlet, and Rolla,—have formed the
other principal attractions at this house
since the Ist of October, and supported
the high repute obtained for it last
season, by that spirit and liberality in
the manager which determined him to
surround himself with all the talent he
could attach to the interest of his great
and weighty concern. Mr. Macready
is a most valuable addition to the
strength of the company in tragedy ;
and, in comedy, the veteran Man-
den has been re-engaged for his
last season. In two performances of
Virginius, Mr. Macready has displayed
as great powers as ever appeared on any
boards; and his performance is one of
the greatest dramatic treats which has
been afforded for many years. It is in
every respect a master-piece.

SPIRIT OF PHILOSOPHICAL DISCOVERY.

—<——
[The great increase of Journals devoted to Science, and the consequent accumulation of
facts, huve determined us, as a meuns of putting our readers into possession of every novelty,
to devole from three to four pages regularly to Notices of the New Discoveries and
interesting Facts scattered through seven or eight costly publications. We hope thereby»to
acd to the value and utility of the Monthly Magazine, and leave ow readers nothing to desire
in regard to what is passing in the philosophical, as well as literary world. The Belles
Lettres departments of this Miscellany are, we believe, inferior to no work in the interest and
taste of the articles, while, as an assemblage of useful materials, we have confessedlg no vival
cither at home or abroad. Our only ground of lamentation is th® limitation of space, by the
limitation of our price ; but we have resisted every overture to razse it above two shilling's,—
it being our ambition to present the public with the best Miscellany at the lowest price. This
we ure enabled to effect by an established circulation, and by not expending our small profits
on merctricious advertisements. We calculate that every Number of our Miscellany is its
own best advertisement, in the sterling mevits of its contents ; and that the commendation of
the public will continue to prove more advantageous than the equivocal representations of
newspaper advertiscments. |
—=

OMETS and Planets.—The inte-

resting novelty of a comet, having
so short a period as three years and
three-tenths, has been fully ascertained
by Professor Encke, of Seeberg, in Ger-
may, in its eleventh return to its per-
hielion, since the month of January 1786,
in which year it was for the first time
seen by Messrs. Mechain and Messier,
Hut was only observed twice by them ;

and their calculations as to its orbit, as
well as those of various astronomers ia
1795, together with those of M. Pons
in 1805, and again in 1819, were all.
made on the parabolic hypothesis, in
which the periodic time of a revolution
is left wholly indeterminate: these cal-
culations of necessity failed in suggest-
ing the identity of this comet, in its four
observed returns past the sun, at the

unequal

$44
unequal periods above mentioned ; and
the honour was reserved for M, Encke
of foreteliing, for the first lime, that his
comet would return in May 1822: in
the same manner, and on the same
principles of elliptical calculations, that
the Halley comet was foretold by that
astronomer, at its fifth observed return
in 1759; and, latterly, the Olbers comet
by that astronomer, for its return about
1894. Unfortunately, the last return of
the Encke was invisible to European
observers; but M. Rumker, resident at
Paramatta, in New South Wales, was
able to observe it from the 2d to the
23d of June, 1822, in its retreat from
the sun; and these observations seem to
éstablish a period of something more
than 1204 days, with a mean distance
of 2:2244, eccentricity ‘84472, and in-
clination of the orbit 13° 20’ 36’.
Surely these elements well entitie the
Encke to a place amongst the planets
of our system, rather than its comets;
because, although the site of its perhe-
lion lies within the orbit of Mercury,
that of its aphelion lies about mid-way
between the almost equal orbits of the
four new small planets (improperly
named after heathen deities, instead of
their discoverers,) and the orbit of Ja-
piter. What is there, under these cir-
cumstances, to exclude the Encke from
the same rank with Pallas, Vesta, Ceres,
and Juno?

The boletus igniarius, or tinder fan-
gus, has been observed by Professor
Eaton to possess the singular property,
that, ifcut or torn whilst growing, the
parts on being replaced unite again in
a manner closely analogous to that in
which wounds heal in the flesh of ani-
mals. Parts of a growing fungus cut
off, and having remained separate for
two days, united again perfectly, on be-
Ing affixed in their former situations ;
and grew as before. +
* A singular spasmodic disease, which
much affected the imaginations, as well
as the bodily health, of the patients, lately
appeared among the work-people ata cot-
ton-factory at Argues, in France; which
M. Nicoute attributes to tbe inhaling
of the gazeous oxide of carbon, pro-
duced by the excessive heating of oil in
cans, incautiously placed on a cast-iron
stove. The lightness of this gas occa-
sioned its ascent to the upper stories,
where the disease first showed itself.

- Capt. Scoresby has discovered, that
the peculiar green colour of some parts
of the Polar Seas is owing to myriads
of microscopic insects, which serve as

Spirit of Philosophical Discovery.

[Nov. 1,

food to larger insects called actina sepia,
and which in their turn supply the
comparatively small stomachs of the
enormously large whales, who have long
been known to frequent these greenish
parts of the ocean, without the cause of
their so doing being before known, ,
_ Artificial Palate.—A silver palate of
a very superior construction was some
time ago invented by Mr. A. CLark, of
Grosvenor-street, a skilful dentist and
most ingenious mechanic. The inven-
tion fits the parts. with the utmost
nicety, is worn without pain, and can
be taken ont or put in by the wearer in
the space ofa minute. The mechanism
by which it is fixed is very ingenious,
and yet so simple as to be in no danger
of getting out of order. One superiority
of this palate consists in ifs not pressing
upon the edges of the defect which it is
meant to supply, and thus not augment-
ing the disease. ‘The use of it in one
instance has been attended with the re-
production of a great part of the natural
palate ; and, in all cases where, it has
been applied, it has been much approved
of both by the wearer and by surgeons
of eminence. Instead of securing it to
himself by patent, Mr. Clark keeps one
by him for public. inspection; but he
runs no great risk of being deprived of
it, as there are very few who, like him,
combinean accurate knowledge of the
anatomical stractare of the mouth with
complete dexterity in the working of
metals. A common silversmith could
not easily be made to understand what
to make; and a common surgeon and
dentist would not know how to make it.
Mr. Perkins is said, in a paper sent
to the Royal Society of London, but
which was, through some unexplained
cause, not anounced to the members at
the last mecting previous to the recess,
to have stated, that he had effected the
liquefaction of aimospheric air, under a
pressure equivalent to 1100 atmos-
pbheres; that, with other degrees of
enormously high-pressure, he had lique-
fied several other gases; and had also
succecded, by similar means, in crys-
talizing several liquids, lieretofore un-
known in a solid state.
Temperature of Mines.—The contro-
versy mentioned in p. 531 of our last
yolume, regarding the evidence afford-
ed by the unusual heat experienced in
deep mines, proving or not a central heat
within. the earth, has. continued to rage
in Cornwall, and between the Plutonists
and Neptunists of Scotland, with ana,
bated fury: but Mr. Matthew sie
las

1823.]

has lately offered an explanation, which
bids fair, we think, to set the matter at
rest. The mines in which the heat has
been great, and found to increase with
the depth, are those in which atmospheric
air is made to descend in great quanti-
ties, and circulate constantly through the
workings, before it re-ascend ; and it is
the condensation which these successive
portions of air undergo, in descending
so far below their former station, which
occasions the evolution of heat, suffi-
cient, in time, to raise the temperature
of the adjacent rocks, and the waters
‘percolating through them into the work-
ings. We trust mainly to Mr. Moyle,
for giving to Mr. Miller’s suggestion the
authority of experiments, sufliciently
numerous and varied, in the down-cast
and in the up-cast shafts of the Cornish
deep mines, to end for ever the idle con-
troversy alluded to. ’

Doctor Hare and Professor SILLIMAN

pursue with ardour in America, their
respective experiments on charcoal, on
uninflammable coal or anthracite, and on
plumbago, which promise to issue ina
thorough knowledze of these substances,
and of their relations to the diamond,
and the manner of the latter’s formation.
Plumbago, so soft as to be crushed with
ease between the thumb and finger, bas,
by the intense lieat of the deflagrator,
been melted into globules, vastly harder
than any kind of glass.
Tee Caves.—In the mountain of Ro-
thorn, not far from Thun, Swisserland,
at an elevation of about 5500 feet above
the level of the sea, the Schaflock or
sheep’s-hole cavern is situated, In a grey
limestone-rock, of great thickness: the
mouth of this cavern faces the east, and
is about fifty feet wide and twenty-five
feet high, ofa rude semi-elliptical shape;
‘but the dimensions within are much
greater, and its plansomewhat resembles
the letter z. In entering this cave on
the 5th of September, when the sur-
rounding air stood at 77° of Farenheit,
M. Durour, after passing the first great
bend, found that the water dripping from
the roof was frozen upon the floor, in a
sheet of solid and transparent zce ; over
which he and his companions found
miuch difficulty 1o walk and slide to the
further end of the cave and back.

Joun Hawkins Esq. a pupil former-
ly, and a warm admirer, of the eclebra-
ted Werner, in an interesting paper pre-
sented to the Cornwall Geological So-
ciety, and printed in the second volume
of its Transactions, on the nomenclature
of the Cornish rocks, speaking of

Montuiy Mas. No. 388.

Spirit of Philosophical Discovery.

345

grey-wacke, observes, that the confusion
and long continued disputes in geologi-
cal writings, as to this rock, have origi-
nated from considering it(as M. Wemer
taught) as a derivative one; that is, as-
serting it to be composed of the disin-
tegrated parts and fragments of clay slate
and others of the primitive rocks; or,
with Mr. Jameson considering it, as
commencing a new geognostic, period,
when mechanical depositions first began
to succeed those of a erystaline charac-
ter, exclusively; for, observes Mr. H.
if this had been the case, nature unques-
tionably would have Jeft.a bold line of
distinction between strata, the origin of
which had been so, essentially different;
whereas no such line exists, the transi-
tion, locally, of clay-slate into grey-
wacke being often insensible; indicating
“a mode of deposition, both chemical
and mechanical, without being deriva-
tive,” to be common to both these rocks;
a doctrine which, as Mr. H. says, would
exclude grey-wacke:as a distinct. rock-
formation, and admit it only as a subor-
dinate, or locally imbedded one. We
hail this concession from so zealous a
geogvost, as the beginning to renounce
several other unfounded dogmas of the
same school ; and bope, for the interest
of useful Geolpaienl Science, that ere
long the mischievously theoretic terms
and distinctions of Primitive, Transition,
Secondary, &c. will be banished from
geological writings, and be succeeded
by well-compounded names, expressive
of the qualities of rocks or strata, ac-
companied by the mention of their
actual super-position, and of their sub-
position also whenever attainable, with
respect to other defined rocks, in each
district. of country described: laying
aside, for the present, all theorizing, uns
til the habitable globe has, been more
generally examined. The kéllas of Corn
wall no-wise differs from the. clay-slate
of Saxony ; its zronstone fs chiefly horn-
blend, and its elvan mostly fire-grained
granite, according to solemn, decisions
of the Freyburg professor himself,
Steel.—Amongst the many curious
and obscure, yet bighly usefal, properties
of Stec!, one, which has Jong been pri-
yvately known amongst particular work-
men, has lately been brought before the
public, in the monthly “ ‘T'echnical Re-
pository ;” it is this, that the capacity
of heated steel to be hardened, on sud-
denly cooling it, commences at a precise
point or degree of heat, and increases
therefrom, accordingly as the heat is in-
creased, through a certain increasing
’ 2Y range

346

range of temperature: but it has not
hitherto been generally known, that from
‘the fixed point above mentioned, a ca-
pability for being softened commences
and increases through a certain range of
decreasing temperature, accordingly as
the heat given to the steel falls short’of
the fixed point, at the instant of being
suddenly plunged into water, or other-
wise suddenly cooled. In preparing
steel articles which require to be pla-
nished or hammer-hardened, this disco-
very proves of important service, by ena-
bling the skilfal workmen to heat his
steel to the precise proper degree, under
that fixed one (where no hardening or
softening would ensue, as above men-
tioned,) and suddenly then to plunge it
under water ; by which proofs, the steel
is found more uniformly and better
softened, or annealed, than by any pre-
viously known process. Steel-wires or
rods, of the various sizes, and under one
or two feet lengths, may be preserved
perfectly straight in the hardening, by
laying them, properly heated, on a thick
flat cold plate of iron or other metal,
(or, perhaps, a stone might answer,) and
immediately rolling another such plate
over them, and continuing the rolling
operation, until the wires or rods are
cold; by which simple means, the un-
equal cooling, and the consequent warp-
ing and setting of the steel, will be
prevented ; and doubtless, flat plates of
steel might by similar means be harden-
ed ; using sufficiently large and very flat
cooling plates, and adopting the princi-
ple of the plate-glass grinder’s move-
ments, in moving the upper plate.
Mount Vesuvius—M. HumeBotprt,
and M. Rose, an eminent chemist of
Berlin, and M. Monrticetyi and M.
Covec.i, all concur in contradicting
the assertions of two Neapolitan che-
mists, that the ashes ejected from Vesu-
vius in the last great eruption, contain
portions of gold and silver. M. Hum-
boldt has also ascertained, from nume-
rous measurements, that fiftecn to
eighteen inches is the greatest thick-
ness, independent of wind-drifts, of the
dry ashes lately strewed on any of the
plains near this volcano; and this thick-
ness he believes to amount to three
times as much as all the ashes collec-
tively, which haye fallen over the same
or similar plain spaces (accordingly as
the wind. has ‘been different,) since the
untimely death of the elder Pliny, in the

Spirit of Philosophical Discovery.

[Nov. 1,

last year of Vespasian. The over-
whelming of the Campanian towns ap-
pearing to this naturalist to have, sud-
denly happened, in a manner very
different from dry ashes carried by the
wind.
Depth of Rain annually at Bombay.
—Mr. BenJAmMin Noten, a resident at
Bombay, in the East Indies, has for
more than six years past carefully
registered, by means of Howard’s
pluviometer, at seven o'clock in the
morning of each day, the depths of rain
which may have fallen in the previous
night and day. The annual totals of
which depths are as follows :—
In 1817 -+ «+200 103°79 inches,

1818 81°14

1819 coscescess 77°10

1820 - T7*34

1821 eccesesess 8299

1829 seeeeeeees 112°61
Whence it would appear, that the quan-
lity of rain decreased annually to a
minimum quantity in 1819, and since
then increased again with considerable
regularity ; and it is perhaps also worthy
of remark, ihat this dry year in Bombay
was the same in which the magnetic
needle in England attained its greatest
western variation; and when also the
seasons of our climate were in so extra-
ordinary a degree varied from their
usual routine. Perhaps some of our
ingenious readers may have access to a
series of magnetic and rain observations
in Bombay, sufficiently long kept to be
able to show whether there are there
constantly recurring periods of wet and
dry seasons? and, it so, what have been
the lengths of those periods, and dates
of their greatest and least depths of rain?
Or whether, if no such periods can he
traced in the journals of years that are
passed, the deficiency of rain in 1819
and 20 had any notable connection
with the magnetic phenomena of that
place?

Amongst the singular properties of
Napthaline, a new substance is obtained
by the distillation of the coal-tar made
at the gas- works; offensive as the smell
of this tar is, Mr. CHAMBERLAIN has
found that the first product of the sub-
limation of napthaline is a fluid, swect
to the taste, and of a highly aromatic
smell ; and that, if napthaline be tritu-
rated in a mortar with nitric acid, a
butyraceous compound is formed, which
smells exactly like new hay.

eeeeee eoee

ae

BRITISH

-

fst

BRITISH LEGISLATION.

=a
ACTS PASSED in the FOURTH YEAR of the REIGN of GEORGE THE FOURTH, or in the
FOURTH SESSION of the SEVENTH PARLIAMENT of the UNITED KINGDOM.
—_—

@ 3; XX. For fixing the Rates of
J Subsistence to be paid to Inn-
keepers and others on quartering Sol-
diers.

Cap. X XI. For granting and apply-
ing certain Sums of Money for the
Service of the Year 1823.

Cap. XXII. To confirm an Agree-
ment entered into by the Trustees under
an Act of the lust Session of Parliament,
for apportioning the Burthen occasioned
by the Military and Naval Pensions,
and Civil Superannuations, with the Go-
vernor and Company of the Bank of
England.

Cap. XXIII. To consolidate the
several Boards of Customs, and also the
several Boards of Excise, of Great Bri-
tain and Ireland.

Cap. XXIV. To make more effec-
tual Provision for permitting Goods
imported to be secured in Warehouses,
or other Places, without Payment of
Duty on the first Entry thereof.

Cap. XXV. Lor regulating the
Number of Apprentices to be taken on-
board British Merchant Vessels ; and
for preventing the Desertion of Seamen
therefrom.

Sec. 1. so much of the 37 G. 3, ¢. 73.
as requires the masters of vessels trading
to the West Indies to have apprentices on-
hoard, repealed.

§ 2,—After Jan. 1, 1824, the number of
apprentices shall be proportioned to the
tonnage.

§3.—Not to affect any Act not amended
or repealed by this Act, by which vessels
are required to have apprentices on-board.

§ 4.—Apprentices exempted from im-
pressment,

§ 5.—Apprentice may be employed in
any ship of which his master is captain or
owner, and may be trausferred,

§ 7.— Mates of ships of a certain burthen
exempt from impressment.

§ 9.—Deserters from ships to forfeit all
wages, and all claims thereto.

$11.—Wages to be paid over to Green-
wich Hospital, and applied, if claim be not
established before two justices within six
months after deposit.—But persons nn-
justly withbolding wages, to pay donble
the amount, and treble costs.

§ 12.—Act not to prevent seamen en-
tering into his Majesty’s service, or subject
them to the forfeiture of their wages.

Cap. XXVI. To repeal the Duties
on certain Articles, and to provide for

the gradual Discontinuance of the Du-
ties on certain other Articles, the Ma-
nufacture of Great Britain and Ireland
respectively, on their Importation into
either Country from the other.

Cap. XXVIII. To amend an Act
passed in the 7th year of the Reign of his
late Majesty King George the Third,
respecting Justices of the Quorum wm
Cities and Towns Corporate.

Cap. XXVIII. For the more speedy
Reduction of the Number of Serjeants,
Corporals, and Drummers, in the Mili-
tia of Ireland, when not in actual
Service.

Cap. X XIX. To increase the Power
of Magistrates, tn Cases of Apprentice-
ships.

Cap. XXX. To regulate the Impor-
tation and Exportation of certain Arti-
cles subject to’ Duties of Excise, and
certain other Articles the Produce or
Manufacture of Great Britain and Ire-
land respectively, into and from either
Country from and to the other.

Cap. XXXI. Zo amend an Act
passed in the 19th year of the Reign of
his late Majesty King George the Second,
intituled “An Act more effectually to
prevent profane Cursing and Swearing.”

Provision of recited Act requiring the
same to be read quarterly in all parish
churches, &c. repealed,

Cap. XXXII... For the amendment
of the Laws respecting Charitable: Loan
Societies in Freland., ys

Cap. XX XIII. To make more effec-
tual Regulations for the Election, and to
secure the Performance of the Duties, of
County Treasurers in Freland.

Cap. XXXIV. To enlarge the
Powers of Justices in determining Com-
plaints between Masters and Servants,
and between Masters, Apprentices, Arii-
ficers, and others. ‘

Cap. XXXV. To enable Trustees or
Commissioners under Acts of Parliament
to meet and carry such Acts into Bxecu-
tion, although they may not have’ met
according to'the Direetions of such Acts.

Cap. XXXVI. To discourige the
granting of Leases in Joint Tenantey in
Ireland.

Cap. XXXVII. To amend an Act
for the more speedy Return and Levying
of Hines, Penalties, and Forfeitures,
and Recognizances estreated,

Cap.

348

Cap. XXXVIII. For settling the
Compensation to the Holders of certain
Offices in the Courts of Law in Ireland,
abolished under an Act passed in the 1st
and 2d years of the Reign of his present
Majesty, for regulating the same.

Cap. XXXIX. Yo continue an Act
of the last Session of Parliament, for
allowing a Drawback of the whole of the
Duties of Customs on Brimstone used
and consumed in Great Britain, in the
making and preparing Oil of Vitriol or
Sulphurie Acid. "

Cap. XL. To amend several Acts
for the Regulation of the Linen and
HHempen. Manufactures in Scotland.

Cap. XLI. For the registering of
Vessels.

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

[ Nov. I,

Cap. XLUL. To amend the several
Acts for the Assistance of Trade and
Manufactures, and the Support of Com-
mercial Credit, in Ireland. :

Cap. XLIII. To regulate the Amount
of Presentments by Grand Juries, for
Payment of the Publie Officers of the
several Counties in Ireland.

Cap. XLIV. To repeal the Duties
and Drawbacks on Barilla imported into
the United Kingdom, and to grant other
Duties and Drawbacks in lieu thereof.

Cap. XLV. For allowing Persons
to compound for their Assessed Taxes
for the Remainder of the Periods of
Composition limited by former Aets ;
and for giving Relief in certain Cases
therein mentioned.

VARIETIES, LITERARY

AND MISCELLANEOUS;

Including Notices of Works in Hand, Domestic and Foreign.

—

-MeTeorocLoeicat -Soctety has

just been instituted in London;
and, from the nature of its subjects,
which require simultaneous distant
observations, it is likely to render
itself most useful in promoting the
study of nature. Its constitution is
of a liberal character ; and, till after
the 12th of November, all friends of
such pursuits will be admitted mem-
bers, on paying their two guineas to
Mr. Wilford, the secretary, at the
London Coffee-house. Among the
gentlemen present at its institution
were Drs. T. Forster, Clutterbuck,
Shearman, Mr. Luke Howard, &c.
The chair was taken by Dr. Birkbeck,
and the following resolutions were
agreed to :—

That the formation of a Society, to pro-
mote the advancement of Meteorology,
have the cordial approbation of this
meeting.

That. a Society be formed, to be called
“the Meteorological Society of London.”

That the business of this Society shall
be conducted by a president, vice-presi-
dents, treasurer, secretary, and council;
and that the number of vice-presidents
and members of the council be determined
at asubsequent meeting.

That Mr. Thomas Wilford be requested
to. officiate as secretary to this Society
(pro tempore),.and that he be authorized
to send a printed summons to attend the
next meeting, to each person who shall be-
come a subscriber.

That an annual subscription of two
guineas be paid in advance by every mem-
ber of this Society. ~

That scientific men throughout the

United Kingdom be solicited to co-operate
with this Society, and to transmit commu-
nications to it; and tliat this Society will
always be ready to receive meteorological
observations from the cultivators of
science throughout the various quarters
of the globe.

That no other qualification be required
to constitute eligibility to this Society
than a desire to promote the science of
Meteorology. A

That after the next meeting the election
be by ballot, upon the proposition of
three, and that a majority of members
decide.

That this meeting do adjourn to the
12th of November next, to meet at the
same place and hour.

—dAs there are no natural phenomena
with which men are more intimately
concerned than with atmospherical
changes; and of these, strange as it
may seem, less is known than of most
other subjects of nature, so the new
Society promises great practical uti-
lity, and seems likely to reap a rich
and glorious harvest of important dis-
coveries. All the leading branches
of science are now provided in London
with societies, composed of efficient
and. operative members. Thus we
have—

’ The Society of Arts.

The Linnean Society.

- The Horticultural Society.

The Medical Society. :

The Mathematical Society.

The Geological Society.

The Astronomical Society.

And the Meteorological Society.

—We seem to want only a CHEMICAL
Society,

1823.]}
Sociery, of the same active character
as the others, and the range will then
be complete. These various. societies
seem, in truth, to have superseded the
old Royal Society.

Mr. Witu1AM BELsHaM will shortly
publish the ninth¢and tenth volumes
of the Memoirs of George the Third,
continued from the Peace of Amiens
to the conclusion of the Regency.

In a few weeks will be published, an
Introduction to the Study of the
Anatomy of the Human Body, parti-
cularly designed for the use of pain-
ters, sculptors, and artists in general ;
translated from the German of J. H.
Lavater, and illustrated by twenty-
seven lithographic plates.

The adulteration of paper intended
for printing books, by a large admix-
ture of gypsum, introduced during the
process of manufacture, is said to have

become prevalent, even to the extent _

of one-fourth of the weight of the
paper: a sample, which had the
appearance of good paper, was lately
found, on examination by an eminent
chemist, to contain twelve per cent. of
calcareous earth, instead of about one
per cent. of accidental earthy impuri-
ties, which the best papers are found
to contain. A contemporary journal
describes this fraud to be effected by
mixing gypsum with the rags; but
more probably, we think, the gypsum,
reduced by grinding to the state of a
fine powder, is mixed with the pulp
immediately before it is made into
paper. We call on the commissioners,
surveyors, and supervisors, of excise,
under the immediate superintendance
of whose subaltern officers all paper is
made, to do their duty to the public,
in detecting and bringing to justice
the practisers of this shameful fraud ;
and that like measures may be extend-
ed to the manufacture of thick brown
papers and paste-boards, to prevent
the large admixture of clay therein,
which is common.

In a few days will appear, a Series
of Dialogues between an Oxford
‘Tutor and a Disciple of the new Com-
mon-Sense Philosophy ; in which the
mechanical principles of matter and
motion will, be accurately contrasted
with the theories of occult powers
which are at present cherished by the
universities and royal associations
throughout Europe.

Sir Anorew HAiipay has nearly
ready for the press, the Lives of the
Dukes of Bavaria, Saxony, and Bruns-

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

349

wick, ancestors of the kings of Great
Britain of the Guelphie dynasty, with
portraits. of the most illustrious of
these princes, from drawings made
from ancient statues and paintings by
the old masters, expressly for this
work.

Mr. WirGMAN is preparing for the
press, a faithful translation, from the
original German, of Kant’s celebrated
work, entitled ‘the Critic of Pure
Reason.”

Batavian Anthology, or Specimens

‘of the Dutch Poets, with remarks on

the poetical literature and language of
the Netherlands, by Joun Bowrine
and Harry S. Van Dyk, esqrs. will
speedily be published.

A poem, entitled Clara Chester, by
the author of ‘‘Rome,” and ‘the Vale
of Chamouni,” will be published in a
few weeks.

Capt. Parry has returned from his
exploring voyage in the Arctic Seas.
He has failed in the chief object-of the
expedition; and, owing to some un-
happy election-of his course, did not
proceed so far west by twenty degrees,
nor north by ten degrees, as in his
former voyage. The wiseacres who
had promulgated their brain disco-
very of a Polar basin free from ice, in
that exclusive vehicle of official ab-
surdities, the Quarterly Review, pro-
bably sent the gallant captain in
search of their wonderful basin, in the
narrow seas north of Hudson’s Bay.
But, with whomsoever the project
originated, it seems that in these hope-
Jess and unpromising straits and gulphs
the ships have been blocked up for
two winters, and part of three sum-
mers, Well might Franklin, who was
sent in another direction, see nothing
of them in- a route twenty degrees
more westward. The geographers of
Europe and America will be disap-
pointed at such a comedy of errors
and cross-purposes, and will unite
with us in astonishment, that such an
expedition should have been sent from
Europe to explore any supposed out-
lets from Hudson’s Bay, while we have
forts and commercial establishments
in the same Bay, whence any desira-
ble reconnoisances. might at any time
have been directed. Lancaster Sound
appears to be the high road to nautical
glory in these seas, and it surprizes us
that any other route should bave been
sought. Nevertheless, we are. per-
suaded that every thing which skill,
perseverance, and courage, could

effect,

350

effect, has been performed by the com-
mander and his crews; and no blame
attaches, except to the planners of the
voyage, who probably thought of little
besides the realization of their own
theory of a Polar basin, or of a sea of
wonderful water, which would not
freeze at the usual temperature. Va-
rious details, designed to amuse the
gaping vulgar, and divert attention
from the serious business of the expe-
dition, are appearing in the newspa-
pers ; but, as these are of the most com-
mon-place character, and are to be
found in all books treating of the
northern nations, we forbear to intrude
them on our readers. In our opinion,
the less is said the better; though we
have no doubt that, besides paying all
the expences of the voyage, the public
will ere long, as usual, be called upon
to pay three or four guineas for a 4to.
containing about as much valuable in-
formation as is usually given in one of
the two-penny weekly miscellanies.
We have from time to time noticed
the value dnd importance of the
Mechanics’ Institute at Glasgow, found-
ed by Professor GeorGe BIRKBECK,
now of London, consisting of a course
of lectures for instructing artizans in
the scientific principles of the arts and
manufactures. It was well attended
in Glasgow; and has been of such
palpable use in that city, that a simi-
Jar institution is very properly pro-
posed in London, and will, we have
no doubt, be as much more useful
as the same classes in London are
more numerous than in Glasgow.
Dr. Conquest is preparing a work
for the press, which will contain a
reference to every publication on
Midwifery, and a register of the innu-
merable essays and cases which are
seattered through periodical pamphlets
and the transactions of various socie-
ties, or casually referred to in works
not exclusively obstetric. It will form
a second volume to the third edition
of his ‘‘ Outlines,” and will be speedily
followed bya similar publication on
the Diseases of Women and Children.
The first number of a Zoological
Journal, to be continued quarterly,
and edited by T. BELL, esq. F.L.s.
J. G. CHILDREN, eSq. F.R. and Lis.
J. de CARLE SOWERBY, esq. F.L.s. and
G. B. Sowersy, F.L.s. will appear on
the Ist of January next.
Mr. BuaquiEReE has in the press, a
volume on the Origin and Progress

of the Greek Revolution, together with
9

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

| Nov. 15

some account of the manners and
customs of Greece, anecdotes of the
military chiefs, &c.; being the result
of materials collected during © his
recent visit to the Morea and Jonian
Islands.

The Company for’ supplying Porta-
ble Gas, from their works in St. John-
street, Clerkenwell, have commenced
the supply of shop-keepers and others
with portable lamps; within or attach-
ed to the stands of which lamps (of
Gordon’s patent construction,) is a
magazine charged with compressed
oil-gas, of the very best quality, for
economically affording light, in quan-
lities sufficient for one or more nights’
consumption. They assert, that the
cost of their light will not be more than
half that of tallow-candles: their ser-
vants are to call daily on their regular
customers, with a store of charged
magazines, from which to exchanve
all the exhausted ones, and to put the
lamps into a state ready for instant
lighting, without more trouble to the
customers than merely turning a cock,
and applying a light to the burner.

Letters between Amelia and her
Mother, from the pen of the late
WitraAm Conse, esq. the author of
“the Tours of Dr. Syntax,” will
speedily appear, in a pocket volume.

Mr. GamB_e is about to publish,
Charlton, or Scenes in the North of
Ireland.

A new division of the “ World in
Miniature,” containing the Nether-
lands, will be published on the: 1st of
December, in one volume, with eighteen
coloured engravings.

Miss Jane Harvey will shortly
publish Montalyth, a Cumberland
tale.

The Albigenses, a romance, by the
Rey. C. R. Marurin, will be published
in November,

A new poem, entitled a Midsummer
Day’s Dream, will speedily appear,
from the pen of Mr. Atherstone.

A new monthly Asiatic journal will
be commenced on the Ist of January,
entitled the Oriental Herald) and
Colonial Advocate: it will ‘be con-
ducted by Mr. J. S. Buckincuam, late
editor of the ** Calcutta Journal,” with
the yiew of affording an opportanity
for promoting, by enquiry and discus-
sion, the important interests, literary,
political, and commercial, of the
British empire in both the Indies.
Mr. Buckingham’s qualifications | for
this undertaking will be generally

acknowledged ;

’

1823.]

acknowledged; and a_ considerable
interest has been excited in his favour
by the illiberal treatment he met with
from the Provisional Government of
Bengal, after the Marquis of Hastings
had departed, and India continued to
enjoy his liberal policy on all subjects.

Admiral Exins has in the press a
work on naval tactics, entitled Naval
Battles from 1744 to the Peace in
1814, critically revised and illustrated.

Dr. Henperson’s History of An-
cient and Modern Wines, is nearly
ready for publication.

We are glad to see that Mr. Dick
is preparing an Essay on the general
Diffusion of Knowledge by Education
and Associations.

Mr. Samvet Pcumpe_ has in the
press, a Systematic Treatise on the
Diseases of the Skin, with coloured
plates.

In a few days will be published, a
new edition of the late Dr. Vicrssimus
Knox’s “ Christian Philosophy.”

A new work, entitled Fatal Errors
and Fundamental Truths, illustrated
in a series of narratives and essays, is
in the press. *

Speedily will be published, a Sum-
mary of the present Political and
Commercial Institutions and Proceed-
ings of the Republics of Mexico,
Columbia, Peru, Chili, and Buenos
Ayres, including a brief Biography of
some of their most distinguished Cha-
racters, by J. HENDERSON.

An historical novel, from a New
Unknown, is about to issue from the
Edinburgh press, entitled St. John-
stoun, or John Earl of Gowrie,
founded on the Gowrie conspiracy in
the reign of James the Sixth.

Mr. RippLe, master of the Mathe-
matical School, Royal Naval Asylum,
is preparing a Treatise on Navigation
and Nautical Astronomy, adapted to
practice, and to the purposes of ele-
mentary instruction.

Dr, Prout is preparing a volume of
Observations on the Functions of the
Digestive Organs, especially those of
the stomach and liver.

Early in Nevember will be publish-
ed, the “Forget me not” for 1524,
containing twelve highly-finished en-
gravings, and a great variety of mis-
cellancous pieces in prose and verse,

The Principles of Forensic Medi-
cine, by J. G. Smiru, M.v. is nearly
ready for publication. This edition
will contain much, new matter, and
various improvements.

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

351

A translation from the German of
Morning Communings with God for
every Day in the Year, by Sturm,
author of the “‘ Reflections,” is in the
press.

Mr. Hapen has in the press, a
translation of Magendie’s Formulary
for the Preparation and Mode of
Employing several new Remedies.

Speedily will be published, a Prac-
tical German Grammar, being a new
and easy method for acquiring a
thorough knowledge of the German
language, for the use of schools and
private students, by J. Rowsotnuam,
master of the Classical, Mathematical,
and Commercial Academy, at Wal-
worth.

The vinegar manufactured in London
is in general made from malt; most of
that which is consumed in Paris, and
throughout France, is extracted either
from wood or potatoes.

In November will be published, a
General Catalogue of School Books
in every Branch and Department
of Education, embracing English,
French, Italian, Latin, Greek, and
other classical and scientific works.

Mr. Jerrerys TAYLoR is printing
the Young Historians, being a new
chronicle of the affairs of England, by
Lewis and Paul.

Weare glad tosee that the Mornine
CHRONICLE now adds decided priority
of intelligence to its forty-years’ cha-
racter for unshaken integrity. This
paper has, in a most eventful period,
been the bulwark of liberal principles,
and its superiority in other respects is
therefore important to the friends of
Liberty, who know that its support is
not derived, like that of a certain rene-
gade paper, from resentment against
government, because ministers do not
consider it worth buying. Against the
hollow and vacillating support of a cer-
tain weather-cock newspaper, which is
seeking to bully government into its
price, we solemnly warn the friends of
Reform. If they trust it, they and their
cause will sooner or later be betrayed;
and, though our knowledge and ex-
pressed contempt of its unprincipled
tactics may expose us to insolent abuse,
yet we feel, in regard to suc! railers,
as a lion does when brayed at by an
ass, or as a judge when assailed by a
convicted felon. We think even less
of the worthless opinion of persons who
suffer themselves to be guided on any
point by a notorious political prosti-
tute, whose activity has enabled it to
demoralize

352
demoralize the age more than any
other single cause.

Mr. Pursctove, sen. has nearly
ready for publication, a Guide to
Practical Farriery, containing. hints
on the diseases of horses and neat
cattle, with many valuable and origi-
nal recipes, from the practice of an
eminent veterinary surgeon. ‘

In the press, a volume of Philoso-
phical Essays, by E. Watker, selected
from the originals published in the
philosophical journals; containing,
among other discoveries and improve-
ments, new outlines of chemical phi-
losophy, founded on original experi-
ments; to which are added several
essays not before printed, including
an essay on the transmutation of light
into bodies, an essay on the genera-
tion of solar light, and a new method
of determining the longitude at sea,
illustrated with copper-plates.

A new Easy and Concise System of
Short-band, founded upon the most
philosophical principles, and suited to
any language, compiled from the ma-
nuscript of the late W. BLair, esq. is
in the press.

Late advices frome New South
Wales report the contents of an
advertisement in the Sydney Gazette,
purporting that outward-bound vessels
might have oranges at the rate of
sixpence per dozen. A few years ago
the same price was paid for a single
orange. A number of bee-hives had
been lately imported; the bees had
not suffered by the voyage, and were
multiplying. Wine has been pro-
duced, the first samples of which were
transmitted to London, to be presented
to the Society of Arts. ‘The new go-
vernor, Sir Thomas Brisbane, has been
chosen President of the Society of
Agriculture; at the first dinner he
proposed a subscription, which pro-
duced 1500/. sterling. Every fresh
incursion of the’ inhabitants into the
interior tends to confirm the excellence
of the soil and climate. On the 3d of
January last, the works for the erec-
tion of an observatory en Mount Rose,
near Paramatta, were actively pro-
ceeding ; as also a building at Sydney,
for making observations .on the pen-
dulum. The governor, who isa distin-
guished astronomer, is at the head of
these establishments, and has a useful
adjunct in M, Rumker, a German.
In December last, Lieut. Johnson
discovered a new-river, to which he
has given the name of the Clyde. He

Literary and Midcellaneous Intelligence.

[Nov. 1,

advanced with his brig, the Snapper,
forty miles inland ; and, as far as his
view extended, the river appeared to
be navigable. It falls into Bateman’s
Bay. Withrespect to the intfoduction
and rearing of sheep in Van Diemen’s
Land, appearances are favourable.
RUSSIA.

At Odessa, in the Crimea, which had
not a singie cottage in 1792, there is
now a population of 40,000, Rus-
sians, Germans, French, Greeks, Jews,
Americans, and Poles. Besides a
French and Italian theatre, there is a
Lyceum, founded by the Duc de Riche-
lieu, for various purposes of educa-
tion; there are also gymnasia, or
schools of navigation, commerce, ju-
risprudence, &ce. The harbour is
about two verstes in length, and the
town contains 20,000 houses, with
eight churches, and a number of public
buildings.- In summer, many families
arrive at Odessa, from Poland and
South Russia, for the benefit of sea-
bathing. The population of the adja-
cent districts is rapidly iicreasing.—
Revue Encyclopedique.

POLAND.

At Warsaw, M. Kowalski has trans-
lated the Comedies of Moliere into the
Polish language. ‘The pieces in verse,
in the original, are so also in the trans-
lation,

The foundations of a new commer-
cial town, to be called Nogaisk, are
now laying in the district of Melita-
pholsky, near the river Obotyezna,
which empties itself into the sea of
Asoph. All inhabitants and new-
comers to be exempted from taxes for
eighteen years.

GERMANY.

From a work lately published at
Vienna, on the Culture of the Vine
in the Empire of Austria, we find that
of 66,000,000 of sceaua, produced from
the soil, 59,892,850 are used for home-
consumption, which makes a -daily
consumption of 164,090; and that the
surplus, from exportation, yields an -
income of 79,392,950 florins in specie.
Throughout Germany, the author as-
signs nearly the 53d part of the soil to
the culture of the vine.

The last convent of monks has just
terminated its existence, at Saxe
Erfurt. Their number had decreased
to eight religious: and their house,
during the last four years, was used as
a magazine of military stores. Five
of these religious have been assigned

to

1823.]

to offices of public instruction in the

Catholic gymnasium of Mrfurt.
FRANCE,

The establishments for different
kinds of enlture, raised lately on the
banks of the Senegal, afford satisfac-
tory results. The plantations of cotton
trees, commenced by persons who, for
the most part, had no experience in the
management of colonial productions,
have succeeded. Al the leguiminous
plants of Europe are inured to the cli-
mate, and in a forward state of repro-
duction ; several species have reaclied
the second and third generation. These
nourishing vegetables, most’ of which
were unknown in the country, are
now growing, in abundance, in the
cultivated parts. As to the plants
properly colonial, the success has sur-
passed whatever could be hoped.
Bight months sufice for the growth of
a manioc, seven feet high; for superb
beds of sugar-canes; ananas, in
fruit; banana-trees, showing their pro-
ducts; more than 2000 young citron-
trees ; coffee-trees, in particular, sown,
raised, growmg wonderfully without
shelter.

The Royal and Central Society of
Agriculture, in its public sitting of
April 6, (wherein the Minister of Inte-
rior presided,) adjudged to M. Arnol-
let, engineer ef bridges and causeways,
the first prize of the competition that
has been open for several years, for
the perlecting of hydraulic machines.
it appears from kis Report, that the
machinery invented by M. <A. will

New Patents and Mechanical Inventions.

3353
produce, with the same force, effects
double to those of any hitherto known.
They act and move by men, horses,
steam-engines, and by agents of varia-
ble powers, such as wind, water, in
different degrees of force, varying ac-
cording to the condition of the moving
power. This system of machinery will
apply to irrigations and drainings,
where the water is of moderate depth,
to merchant-ships, or those of higher
decks, to draw water from the deep-
est wells, or raise it to the highest.

Two years ago M. J. Dortic, one of
the mapagers of the experimental
farm of La Gironde, published an in-
teresting Notice on the Culture of
Cotton, and on the possibility of intro-
ducing it into La Gironde, and other
southern departments of France. This
treatise excited much curiosity among
the agriculteurs of Lot and Garonne ;
trials were made, and proved so far
successful, that the prefect determined
upon applying to the Minister of Inte-
rior for certain sums to purchase the
grains of herbaceous cotton. These
were accordingly distributed, in the
beginning of 1822, among different
proprietors in the district of Nerac.
The success has been complete, wher-
ever the same care and attention have
been paid, as in the culture of tobacco
or maize. ‘The Count of Beaumont
at Buzet, Messrs, Pujos and Lespeault
of Nerac, and De Montant at Durance,
had each a crop of perfect growth, as
to the grain, and the product is re-
markably fine.

NEW PATENTS AND MECHANICAL INVENTIONS.

—_—

To Tuomas Martin and Cuartes
Grarton, of Birmingham, Printing-
Ink Manufacturers, for making fine
light Black of very superior Colour,
called Spirit Blach, and anew Appa-
vatus for producing the same. Oct.
24, 1821.

HLEY take common coal-tar, and
divest it as much as possible cf the
sammoniacal liquor and acid held in so-

Jution,|as follows ; they take four casks or

other vessels capable of holding one

hundred aad thirty gations, and put into
cach of them sixty gallons of the rough
or iinpure tar 5/adding to each of them
sixty gallonsof strong lime. water, and
agitating them together by machinory or
any other convenient moce, till the said

Jime-water is, completely mixed. with

the far..« The: yesselgvare jhew left-at

rest for about six hours, when the tar
Monthy Mas. No. 388.

will be settled to the bottom, and the
water may be drawn off. They then
fillup the casks again with hot water
pumped from the hot well of their steam-
engine, and agitate as before. This
operation of washing with hot water
they repeat three times, suffering the
tar to subside each time, and drawing
off as before, allowing twelve honrs in-

‘stead of six before they draw off the

last. water, that the whole of the water
niay have got to the surface, and that
they may have little but pure tar at the
bottom; but, as there will then be a
small portion of water remain combined,
which would cause the tar to crackle
and fly about instead of burning freely,
they have recourse to a farther process
to divest itof this. For this purpose
they have erected a still (similar to the
stills used for distilling spirits of turpen-

27, tine

354

tine,) capable of holding about one
hundred and twenty gallons: into this
they put forty gallons of the prepared
tar, and with a gentle heat drive off the
water and other impurities which the
tar holds in solution. As soon as they
perceive the whole of the water is come
over, and there begins to run a fine
clear spirit, they stop the distillation,
and when a little cooled, the pure tar is
drawn off and reserved for the purpose
of black-making, to which this inven-
tion has reference. ‘This purified tar
thus obtained may be made into black,
in the apparatus hereafter described, or
may be subjected to a further rectifica-
tion to divest it of the mineral pitch or
asphaltum, which is combined with tle
pure oil {and spirit; they prefer the
latter process, as the mineral pitch or
asphaltum is only inflammable ata high
temperature, which renders it more
troublesome to use; the apparatus re-
quiring frequent cleaning from the car-
bonized pitch falling to the bottom and
choaking it up. &n order to get rid of
the aforesaid mineral piteh or asphaltum
they proceed as follows: having the
forty gallons of tar in the still, as be-
fore described, instead of stopping the
operation when the spirit begins to come
over, they continue the distillation with
a strong heat, and force over the whole
of the oi] and spirit contained therein,
leaving the residue asphaltum in the
still. As the mode of doing this is well
known {o every person acquainted with
distillation, the particulars necd not here
be described, as they form no part of
the invention, and may be done in any
still capable of bearing a strong heat to
which a refrigerator or worm-tub is
affixed; this patent’ being solely for the
application of these two produets, name-
ly, the refined coal-tar and coal-tar
spirits for the purpose of black-making,
which, together with the apparatus em-
ployed, they claim as their exclusive in-
vention.

Do Witttam Jessop, of Butterley Hall,
Derbyshire, Ironmaster ; for an elastic
metallic Piston, or Packing for Pis-
ions, to be appiied either externally
or internally to Cylinders. March
27, 1823.

This invention consists in the applica-
tion of an elastic metallic cylindric ring
(formed by a spiral of two, three, or any
other number of circumvolutions, after
the manner Of a screw), to be used as a
substitute for hemp, leather, or other
substances, as packing for cylinders,
pistons, plungers, rods, buckets, or

New Patents and Mechanical Inventions.

[Nov. 1,

other thing, to prevent the escape of
steam, air, water, or other fluid, as the
case may be, as well as to lessen the
friction thereof, and to increase the
effect of power on steam-engines, pumps,
and other machines to which it is
applied.

This is effected by making such spi-
ral cylindric ring of a greater or less
diameter than the cylindric body against
which it is to act, so that by its expan-
siye or contractile power it should en-
sure the touching and fitting of the sur-
faces without so much pressure as to
cause unnecessary friction, The spiral
ring is to be adapted and fitted in a
groove or recess, or situation on the
piston-bucket, stufling-box, or other part
to which it is applied, which may be
done by any of the methods commonly
used and well understood.

The spiral ring may be manufactured
by different means, but he bas found the
following convenient: he makes of
brass, or other metal or mixture of me-
tals, of proper quality, a cylindric ring,
varying in its dimensions according to
the circumstances of its application ;
which ring he divides or cuts in a spiral
direction, on its cylindric edge, into
two or three, or such other number of
circumvolutions as may be necessary or
convenient.

The power ofa steam-engine, by the
application of the metallic spiral pack-
ings, is considerably increased ; this in-
crease will vary according to the pow-
ers of the engines, being greater in small
engines, from their having larger pro-
portionate surfaces of cylinder. The
metallic spiral packing was first applied
to a six-lorse engine, by which the
power has been increased fully one-
fourth, and with the saving of one-third

_of the fuel, and three-fourths of the tal-

low to the piston. In all engines, to
which the metallic spiral packings may
be applied, the saving of fuel will be
very considerable, and one-fourth only
of the tallow to the piston will be re-
quired; they bave the farther advan-
tage of seldom requiring examination ;
the loss of time, therefore, and the in-
convenience arising from the necessity
of frequently packing the common pis-
tons, will be avoided, an object of con-
siderable importance in nianufactories,
and also to steam-vessels.

By experiment, the friction of two
smooth metallic surfaces of iron and
brass, oiled, amounts only to an eleventh
part of the weight with which they are
loaded. In a forty-horse engine the

metallic

1323.)

metallic packing docs not exert a
force by its compressure of more than
two cwt.; consequently the friction
amounts to only 20lbs. or one-three-
hundredth part of the engine. Itis well
known to practical engineers, that the
friction of a piston newly packed with
hemp, when too much compressed, is
often sufficient to prevent the movement
of the machine ; and, so long as the
packing remains steam-tight, the fric-
tion greatly diminishes the power of the
engine; and that by wear in working
the packing allows the steam to escape,
thereby wasting fuel and tallow, and
also impairing the power of the ma-
chine: the loss is further increased by
neglect of packing when required.

_ LIST OF PATENTS FOR NEW INVENTIONS,
Richard Pew, of Sherborne, esq. ; for a

new composition for covering houses and

other buildings.—June 17. j

Charles Mac Intosh, of Crosshasket,
Lanark, esq.; for a process and manu-
facture whereby the texture of hemp, flax,
wool, cotton, and silk, and also leather,
paper, and other substances, may be ren-
dered impervious to water and air.—
June 17.

James Smith, of Droitwich, civil en-
gineer ; for an apparatus for the applying
steam to the boiling and concentration of
solutions in general, crystallising the mu-
riate of soda from brines containing that
salt, melting and refining of tallow and
oils, boiling of sugar, distilling, and other
similar purposes,—July 19.

William Harwood Horrocks, of Port-
wood, Chester, cotton-manufacturer ; for
a certain new and improved method ap-
plicable to preparing, cleaning, dressing,
and beaming silk warps, and also appli-
cable to beaming other warps.—July 24,
1825.

Richard Gill, of Barrowdown, Rutland,
Fellmonger and Parchment-mannfacturer ;
for a method of preparing, dressing, and
dyeing, sheep-skins and lamb-skins with

Literary and Critical Proémium.

355

the wool on, for rugs for carriages, rooms,
and other purposes.—July 24.

William Jeakes, of Great Russel-street,
Bloomsbury; for an apparatus for regu-
lating the supply of water in steam-boilers
and other vessels, for containing water or
other liquids.—July 24,

William Davis, of Bourne, Gloucester-
shire, engineer; for certain improvements
m machinery for shearing and dressing
woollen and other cloths requiring such
process,—July 94.

Henry Smart, of Berner’s-street, Mary-
le-bone, Piano-forte-manufacturer; for cer-
tain improvements in the construction of
piano-fortes.—July 24.

Miles Turner and Lawrence Angell,
both of Whitehaven, soap-boilers ; for an
improved process to be used in the bleach-
ing of linen or cotton-yarn, or cloth.—
July 24,

John Jackson, of Nottingham, gun-
maker; for certain improvements in the
construction of the locks used for the dis-
charge of gnns and other fire-arms, upon
the detonating principle.—July 49.

Joseph Bower, of Hunslet, Leeds, oil of
vitriol manufacturer, and John Bland, of
the same place, steam-cngine manufac-
turer; for an improvement in such steam-
engines as condense out of the cylinder,
by which improvement or invention the
air-pump is rendered unnecessary.—July31.

John Bainbridge, of Bread-street,
Cheapside, merchant ; for certain improves
ments upon machines for cutting, crop-
ping, or shearing, wool or fur from skins;
also for cropping or shearing woollen,
silk, cotton, or other cloths and velvets,
or any other fabric or fabrics thereof re-
spectively, whether made or composed
entirely of wool, silk, cotton, or other
materials of which cloth or velvet is made,
or of any mixture or mixtures thereof
respectively, and also for the purpose of
shaving pelts or skins.—July 31.

*.* Copies of the specifications, or further
notices of any of these inventions, witl be
inserted free of expense, on being transmitted
to the Editor.

NEW BOOKS PUBLISHED IN OCTOBER:

WITH AN HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL PROEMIUM.
—2—
Authors or Publishers, desirous of seeing an early notice of their Works, are
requested to transmit copies before the 18th of the Month.
—a—

NATURE DISPLAYED, by Dr. St-

MEON SitAw, a writer familiar to the
readers of the Monthly Magazine, has ‘ap-
peared within the morfth, in six volumes.
‘The capability which the snbjects afforded
of splendid pape illustration, has been
seized on, and the work is, in consequence,
one of the most curious and interesting in
the éiitire circle of literature. Perhaps it

has no equal in any language. Many of
the engravings,—as, the Falls of Niagara,
the Terrestrial Mountains, the Eruptions
of Vesuvius, the Strata of the Earth, and
some of the Microscopic subjects,—are
half-sheets, and the whole are nearly 300
in number, representing at least 1500 sub-
jects. The exotic trees, shrubs, and
much of the natural history, are coloured

after

356

after nature. The text is professedly a
compilation of facts from the best authori-
ties, but originally written throughout, in
astyle adapted to the subjects. To avoid
the dull didactic and elementary manner,
the whole is divided into Lectures, adapt-
ed to family-reading, or for students of
all degrees. In a word, it is the fascina-
ting work of the Abbé la Pluche, revised,
amended, and modernized; and is likely
to meet with as favourable a reception as
that work, and, like it, form an essential
part of every library for the remainder of
this century. Somethiug of the kind was
wanted to rescue us from that ascendancy
of novel and frivolous reading which has
enervated and disgraced the taste and
literature of the age. Nothing can be
more likely to effect this purpose than
rendering the study of nature attractive
and popular, by means of sach a work as
the present.

The Publishers of the previous work, to
forward the same object, have endeavour-
ed to place the study of Nature on the
footing of Geography, and have arranged
the whole of the engravings in ‘‘ Nature
Displayed” in a FOLIO ATLAs, with such
copious descriptions as will enable those
who use it to acquire much knowledge,
and gratify much curiosity, with little
labour of thinking. This volume they call
the Atlas of Nature; and it is one of the
most curious, interesting, and instructive,
collections of graphic curiosities ever
seen. It is sold by itself, and persons who
subsequently desire the whole text, may
purchase it separately also.

On the recent memorable trial of Mrs.
Wricut, the lord chief justice said,
that, “ the defendant was not called upon
to answer for any reasonable or fair dis-
cussion on the truth of Christianity in
general, or any of its peculiar tenets: the
law permitted that every subject, however
sacred, should be freely, yet moderately
and temperately, discussed.” We quote
this passage, because it is printed, very
appropriately, as a motto toa pamphiet,
entitled, The new Trial of the Witnesses, or
the Resurrection of Jesus considered, on
Principles understood and acknowledged
equally by Jews and Christians.” ‘Through-

out the whole of his work, the author ap-

pears ‘to have kept his motto continually
in view; for, though his arguments ter-
minate in infidelity, they are conducted
in a manner so calm and dispassionate,
that even a jury of fanatics would find it
difficult to pick out a single sentence that
could be twisted so as to offer the
slightest insult to the religion of the
country. The evidences are candidly
examined; and, if the decision be erro-
neous, this error must have been of the
head and not of the heart. The writer
seems to have had no experience in the

Literary and Critical Proémium.

[Nov. 15:

technicalities of authorship, or in the su-~
perintendance of the press; and he has
been obviously unfortunate in his choice
of a printer; but these are minor consi-
derations. Onthe proof of the resurrec-
tion the whole fabric of Christianity is
erected; and a case is here brought for-
ward, supported with much ingenuity and
no little research, such as imperiously ealls
for refutation, But this is not all—it
seems to be determined that the cffice of
“ Christian advocate” shall be no longer
asmecure; and another larger volume is
now before us which has already attracted
much of the attention of those who choose
to employ their reasoning faculties in po-
lemical investigations :—“ Not Paul, bat
Jesus, by Gamaliel Smith, esq.” is the
strange title of the extraordinary .work
of which we now speak. Mr. Bentham
(for no other mortal could assume the
style and manner of this book) here under-
takes to demonstrate that St. Paul was
a pretender; and that his religion, as un-
folded in his Epistles, is not the religion:
of Jesus! “ Whosoever,” says he, “ put-
ting aside all prepossessions, feels strong
enough, in mind, to look steadily at the
originals, and from them to take his con-
ceptions of the matter, not from the dis-
courses of others; whosoever has this
command over himself, will recognize, if
the author does not much deceive himself,
that by the two persons in question, as
represented in the two sources of infor-
mation—tle Gospels and Paul’s Epistles ;
two quite different, if not opposite, re-
ligions are incnicated: and that, in the
religion of Jesus, may be found all the
good that bas ever been the result of the
catmpound so incongruously and unhappily
made; in the religion of Paul, all the mis-
chief which, in such disastrous abundance,
has so indisputably flowed from it.” A
summary of the “ pian of the work,” is
prefixed to the volume; but, notwithstand-
ing that it is concise as well as plain, it is
nevertheless too long for insertion in our
pages. We must, therefore, content our-
selves with general observations, which we
do with the less regret; because, we are
persuaded that the book must acquire an
extensive circulation ; not only on account
of the celebrity of its author, but of the
novel and minute investigation of the
character and writings of the most illus-
trious of the apostles of Christianity. The.
divine raission and ihe doctrine of Jesus
are no where impeached. These are sa-
cred by “the law of the land,” and it
remains to be seen whether Paulism (as Mr.
Bentham wouid call it) must be considered
as equally sacred.® The standing objec-
tion to the warfare of infidels, is their
making vse of the arrows of ‘ridicule.
Ridicule, of itself, is certainly no test of
truth ; but, as assuredly, it is no argument
mv

1823.

in favour either of a fact, or of an opi-
nion, that it can be made to appear ridi-
culcus, The legitimate use of these ap-
palling weapons is so well illustrated by
our author, that we cannot do better than
give his own words :—‘‘ Meantime,” says
he, “Jet not any mau make to bim-elf a
pretence for rejecting the important posi-
tion thus offered to his consideration; iet
him not, for fear of its being the tmth,
shut his eyes against that which is pre-
sented to him as and for the irath; let
him not shut his eyes, on any such pre-
tence as that of its being deficient in the
quality of seriousness. If, indeed, there
be any such daty, religious or moral, as
that of seriousness; and that the stating
as absurd that which is really absurd, is a
violation of that duty; at that rate, seri-
ousness is a quality incompatible with
the delivery and perception of trath on
all subjects, and in particular on this of
the most vital importance: seriousness is
a disposition to cling to falsehood, and to
reject truth.” It must be acknowledged
that there are many passages in this vo-
lume that appear to have been written
more in a playful than in a serious hu-
meer; and, on the reading of which, he
who bas net been impressed in early
yeuth with the awfualness of the subject
might be tempted to smile ; for instance :
—‘Foliows a sample of Paul’s logic,
wrapt np as usual in a cloud of tautologies
and pavalogisms, the substance of which
amounts to this :—Jesus resurrects ; there-
fore, all men will do the same. Admitting
the legitimacy of this induction, what will
be the thing proved? That every man, a
few days after his death, will come to life
again, and eat, drink, and walk in com-
pany with his friends!” We grant that it
1s not quite fair to reason in this flippant
manner on so serious a subject. But let
not the true believer be afraid of the con-
sequences of such reasoning, He may
rest assured, that the mass of mavkind
will never cease to look for happiness in
the Heavens; nor (we fear) to persecute
one another for the discordance in their
belief. Were we even so unfortunate as
to suspect, what it would be dangerous to
acknowledge, that the Christian religion
is a tissue of fables, we should reckon it a
hopeless task to attempt to eradicate the
belief in those fables from the creed of the
multitude. Reason and knowledge are
of slow growth and difficult acquirement,
and can be brought to maturity only un-
der peculiar circumsfances and in certain
minds; but the seeds of superstition, if
sown in the nursery, will bear fruit under
every climate and in every soil.

Principles of the Kantesian or Transcen-
dental Philosophy ;by Tuomas WirnGMman,
author of the articles Kant, Logic, Meta-
physics, Moral Philosophy, and Philo-

Literary and Critical Proémium.

357
sophy, in the Encyclopedia Londinensis,
merit notice from the celebrity they have
acquired. The following Axioms of this
‘Transcendental Philosophy indicate a
clear method.

1, Consciousness is the power to distinguish our-
selves from surrounding objects, and from our own
thoughts.

2. Time is the form of internal sense.

3. Space is the form of external sense.

4. Sense makes-intuitions.

5, Understanding makes conceptions.

6, Reason makes ideas,

The Definitions seem unexceptionable
when understood, and these, with the
preceding, may convey some notion of
the mature object of this philosophy ;
which, after all, we consider rather as a
system of metaphysical logic than of
philosophy. ,

1. Intuition— every thing present in time and
space; that we can fecl, see, hear, taste, or smell.

2. Conceplion—every thing absent in time and
space ; that wecan think of only, but cannot touch,

3. Idea—every thing outof time and space; that
we can think of only, but which never can come
into time and space.

4. Knowledge is intuition comprehended under
conception.

5. Thought is conception joined to conception.

Mr. Danteit’s Mcteorological Essays
constitute decidedly the best work which
we have seen on the intricate subjects of
atmospheric phenomena. {[t analyzes and
arranges, and tabulates mach, yet it af-
firms and concludes little, owing to the
desnitory character of past observations,
and to so little having previously been
determined. The comparisons and _ col-
lections of Mr. D. will, nevertheless, be
eminently useful to all-future writers, and
will greatly assist the views of observers
and reasoners on these interesting topics.
While Mr. D. is very severe on the Royal
Society, he pays a just tribate to the va-
Iuable labours of Mr. Luke Howard.
The new Society devoted to Meteorology,
will now confer increased value on Mr.
Daniell’s future editions; and we. hope
that, in a few years, the description of
most of the phenomena of the atmosphere
will equal in precision Descartes’ Analysis
of the Rainbow.

Mr. GoLpswortuy Gurney has pwb-
lished a pleasing volume of. Lectures on
Experimental Philosophy. Being delivered
before a popular audience, they are ne-
vertheless not common-place; but, amidst
the usual orthodox absurdities about at-
traction, repulsion, and caloric, exhibit
many novel and ingenious reasonings.
He tells us some pleasant anecdotes of
faith in alchymy among men of intellec-
tual reputation, proving that any folly of
the day may have respectable votaries.
The new electro-magnetic experiments
are very neatly described, and all recent
topics of philosophical curiosity are very
perspicuously brought before the reader.
The only faults of the volume are in the
system of principles which an employed.
lecturer, under thie direction of the com-

mittee,

358

mittee of an institution, was perhaps ob-
liged to teach. The style is clear and
neat, and we recommend the work to those
who wish to acquire not only the fashionable
knowledge on its subjects, but also to
correct their yague notions about crystal-
lization, the atomic theory, the laws of de-
finite proportions, and other unravelled
subjects of modern research in chemical
philosophy.

A squib has been much read, called the
Trial of the REV. EDWARD IRVING, M.A.
A Cento of Criticism. ‘The trial takes
place before the high conrt of Common
Sense. ‘The King, at the instance of
Jacob Oldstyle, clerk, v. the Rev. Edward
Tiving, M.A.” The court is said to be
crowded to excess; and, ‘at the extre-
mities of the bench, but railed off, are the
Duke of Somerset, Lord Kenyon, Sir
Gerard Noel, Sir Harcourt Lees, Mr.
Peter Moore, Mr, Parkins, and Romeo
Coates.’ Below the har, waiting to give
evidence, are the known or reputed editors
of all the principal periodicals. The in-
dictment is laid on seven different counts
against Mr. Irving :—

¢ First—For being ugly. ,

* Second—For being a merry-andrew.

* Third—For being a common quack.

€ Fourth—For being a common brawler.

© Fifth—For being a common swearer.

© Sixth—For being of very common understanding.

And, seventh—For following divisive courses,

subversive of the discipline of the order t which he
belongs, and contrary to the principles of Christian
fellowship and charity.”
It is a malicious jeu @esprit, but not cal-
culated to injure the repntation of Mr.
Irving, and we hope not bis feelings. ‘The
attacks which he has encotntered are so
many tributes of envy to his acknow-
ledged merit, and is a tax which ali
eminence must pay. The only remedy to
maintain the ascendency acquired, is to
live down the calumnies. Mr. Cobbett’s
cross-examination is a specimen of the
author’s satirical talents.

you know the ‘Times’? newspaper, Mr-
Cobbett?

“The Bb
better. : d

*Do youever writeforit? ¥

«1 have written all its bestarticles for a long time
past; I wrote those famous articles about the
queen, which raised its circulation from 3,000 to
90,000 in one week. ‘To do it justice, however, I
must say, that [ con’t think the stupid numsculls
who manage it knew they were written by me: if
they had, they would rather have been smothered
to death (to make use of one of their own favourite
similes), under the thousand and one quires they

rinted daily at that time, than have adopted them.
But { have a way of my own, Sir, of managing these
things. [can do other people’s work for them, and
make them say and do what I please, without their
knowing or suspecting any thing of the matter.

‘Well, will you tell us one thing more? Was it not

ou who wrote that clever article inthe ““'Pimes,”
about Mr. Irving, beginning “there is a fashion in
every thing—in wigs and bonnets,” and so forth?

©Yes—every word of it.

“Youswearthat?

© Broil me on a gridiron if it was not”

The jury retired, and after the lapse of
about an hour, returned into court.

y old “Times”?—Oh yes—none

Literary and Critical Proémium.

[Nov. I,

Foreman:—“ We find the defendant guilty
on the seventh count of the indictment—
not guilty on all the otkers. E am desired,
however, by my brother jurymen, to
State, that, but for the manner ‘in which
Several of the counts are laid, as re-
marked on by your lordship, our ver-
dict would have been very different.”
The defendant was ordered to be bronght
up for jndgment next term, but it is un-
derstood that he intends to move for a
new trial.

MAcKENzIe’s collection of Five Thou-
sand Receipts in every Branch of Art and
Economy, is a work, at once, above and
below criticism. Its obvious utility ren-
ders it superior to animadversion; and its
details are so numerous, that to examine
them would fill a corresponding volume.
It will be sufficient to state, that there
appears to be at least the number of re-
ceipts and processes set forth in the title-
page, which is seven or eight times more
than have before been assembled in one
book; and that the editor has drawn his
materials from the most esteemed prac-
tical works of the age. It is a Thesaurus
of useful kuowledge, and a substitute for
hundreds of volumes; yet we shonld be
sorry that it were the only book left in
the world, and that Hobbes’s anathema
against books should prevail and leave us
only this volume. At the same time it
must be acknowledged, that the collec-
tion would preserve an immense body of
useful knowledge, and prove that man-
kind had not been idle in directing nature
to their own service. We are deceived
if, in 1840 or 50, it will not be fonnd in
every house capable of paying poor-rates,
as it so addresses itself to the necessities
and lnxuries of every condition, as to
secure its own general recommendation.

Mr. R. C. DALtAs has printed Adras-
tus, a tragedy, and some Jiscellaneous
Poems, worthy of public respect; the tra-
gedy would be seen in action, if taste alone
governed such matters. The amiable and
esteemed author having introduced his
own portrait, we cannot refrain frem pre-
senting it our readers :—

Oh! tempt me not, Leaf! with the lure of thy
whiteness,

To venture again where the Muses control;

The trace of the pen that gives shade to thy

brightness,
Should elicit some prominent feature of soul.
Persisting allure! and my heart bids be trying
To twine a new wreath, ere I pass thee along;
And tells me forsooth, too, that, e’en were I dying,
Such friendship as mine would give life to my song

Then oft may ~~ mistress, no care to torment her,
While culling for pastime some tribute refin’d,
Here viewing the Portrait thou, Leat! shalt present

er,
Recal with affection her friend to her mind.

With grey hairs, a bald crown, and a face some-
what Roman,
She may image the part that mortality claim’d;—
abe it moulder’d, youth stayeth with no man,
And his Spirit of Barth, or he hoped it, was ae
r

2
to]

1823.]

Yor that part of her friend, oft cali’d aptly the
better,
Let the sketch of its failings lie hid in the shade:
“God knows how he struggled to throw off their
fetter, 2
And God will have mercy where mercy is pray’d.

Wor blazon his virtues,—at best, ah! so slender!
They call more for pardon than merit a boast:
Let her view him in habits that best may back
render
Those glimpses of life that endear it the most.

And has she not seen him, with lovers surrounded,
Receiving and giving the family kiss ?—

Observ’d the affection at which the heart bounded,
By sincerity render’d the world’s truest bliss?

Athis side a kind wife, of near forty years fleeting,
Good-humour’dly preaching lerturnips for health,
While he smil’d, and mauintain’d that good beef
was good eating,
And mutton still better, when he got it by
stealih ?

Not so learned was he as enamour’d of learning,
And much he delighted to form the young spirit ;
To point out the truths which are worthy discerning,
Aud show that the heart gives the head its best

merit,

But now, thou stain’d Leaf! see thy limit is
rounded!
Go, bid thy dear mistress, in judging his style,
To think of these days when the Vld Man’s heart
bounded
To receive as his daughter’s the cheer of her smile.

Mr. D, having long resided in Jamaica,
is qualified by local knowledge to execute
the following happy piece :—

Lhe Bonja Song.

What are the joys of white man here?
What are his pleasures? say;

Me want no joys, no ills me fear, ;
But on my Bonja play.

Me sing all day, me sleep all night,

Me hab no care, my heart is light;

Me tink not what to-morrow bring,

Me happy, so me sing.

But white man’s joys are not like mine,
Dho’ be look sinurt and gay:

He proud, he jealous, haughty, fine,
While I my Bonja play.

He sleep all day, he wake all night,

He full of care, his heart no light,

He great deal want, he litile yet,

He sorry, so he fret.

Me envy not dhe white man dhen,
Me poor, but me is gay:

Me glad at heart, me happy when
Me ou my Bonja play.

Me sing all day, me sleep all night,

Me hab no care, my heart is light ;

Me tink not what to-morrow bring,

Me happy, so me sing.

The Greck Committee in London have
published in a small pamphlet the very
snteresting and ably-drawn Report of Myr.
Blaquiere, on the present state of the
Greek Confederation, and on its claims to
the support of the Christian World.

“The almost total destruction (says Mr. B.) of
the Turkish army, which followed its attempt to
invade the Morea in the autumn of 1822, as well as
tlie various important events to which that me-
morable campaign gave rise, having induced the
Provisional Government to conyoke a general
congress at Astros; the members of the executive
and deputies had just reached Tripolizza as we ar-
rived. Although the decree of convocation, which
also pointed out the mode to be pursued in the
new elections, togei:her with the necessity of only
returning men distinguished for their patriotism
and virtue, merely specified the number of repre-
sentatives peesoniie by the law of Epidaurus; yet,
such was the eagerness of the people throughout
the confederation to contribute to the common
weal, that above three hundred deputies had as-
sembled by the beginning of April: there was also
a large body of troops, nearly all the military chiefs,

Literary and Critical Proémium.

359

and many thousand casual visitors, The meetings
and deliberations of congress were held under the
shade of an orange and lemon grove, between
sunrise and noon; while all those who were de=
sirous of hearing the debates, or witnessing the
proceedings, occupied the surrounding space thickly
Shaded with olive-trees.

‘The first care of the Congress thus assembled, was
to revise and correct such articles in the Consti-
tution framed at Epidaurus sixteen months before,
as experience had proved to be susceptible of ame-
liorauon. Adopting the most liberal institutions of
Europe for their models, there was not a single
clause added or retrenched, without a precedent
being previously established, either in the practice
of the British Constitution or that of the United
States. Having decided that the seat of govern-
ment should be fixed at Tripolizza, previous to its
final establishment at Athens, the last act of Con-
gress was an address to the people, in which the
object of asserabling and a succinct notice of the
proceedings were detailed.

The result of each day’s deliberation was watched
with the most intense anxie.y by all classes, repre-
senting the whole as a scene of the grealest enthu-
Siasm and unanimity, with the exception of one
Single point—the propriety of distributing a portion
of the national domains among the chiefs and sol-
diery. Aware thit more than nineteen twentieths
of the territory freed from the tyrant, had belonged
to Turkish proprietors, it was extremely natural
for those whose Eves had been passed in the labours
of agriculture as slaves, to feel anxious about the
possession of a spot of ground, however small,
which they could call their own; and there was
every disposition on the part of government and
congress to accede to their wishes.

AS to the excesses attribuied to the Greek sol-
diery, 1t would appear that the number of able and
eloquent writers who have advocated the cause of
Greece, have brought forward such facts and ar-
gumenis as must satigfy every impartial observer,
that these excesses, like every other subject calcu-
lated to prejudice the cause, have been most
wantonly exaggerated. In common with all the
friends of the Greek cause, 1 lament, most deeply
lament, the excesses which marked the early
stages of the contest: but 1 would entreat those who
judge them, notte pronounce before they become
thoroughly acquainted with the innumerable provo-
cations which, in war at least, would fully justify
sul greater excesses, without reterring to those
centuries of galling and intolerable oppression
which the Greek people had to avenge. Would it
be possible tor the most able pen, or eloquent
tongue, to describe the scenes which followed the
executions of the capital, at Adrianople, Salonica,
Cassandra, Mount Athos, Smyrna, Scala Novo,
Aivah, Khodes, Cyprus, Candia,and Scio? Had the
cries reached our country, of infants torn from their
mothers’ breasts and flung into the sea, or dashed
against the rocks, as at Scio and various other
places—of fathers, husbands, and brothers, buich-
ered before the eyes of mothers, wives, and’ sisters,
who were themselves destined either to share a
6imilar fate,wr be dragged into that hopeless slavery
in which thousands languish at this moment,—it is
needless to say that every British heart would have
melted, and every British hand been stretched out
to succour or to save a perishing community !

‘Lhe almost miraculous deliverance of the Morea,
at a time when the most sanguine friends of the
Greek cause in England had nearly given it up as
lost, may be justly hailed as a totally new and bril-
liant epoch in the contest; for, there is no instance
on record subsequently to the capture of Napoli de
Romania, one of the first fruits of the triumpks
goited on the Plain of Argos, in which the Greeks
lave not completely disproved the accusations of
their enemies, by showing every disposition to con-
duct the war on principles strictly conformable to
the laws of civilized nations; and they have acted
thus in the mids of incessant provocations on the
part of the Turks, whose excesses continue un-
abated to this hour. It isnot my intention to be-
come an indiscriminate panegyrist of the Greeks at
the expense of truth, or to deny the existence of
vices among them—vices which are partly insepa~
rable from our nature, but much more generally des
rived from the peculiar circumstances of their en-
slaved and degraded condition: but I will say,
from the observation and inquiry of many years,
that I am justified in proncuschis them to be an
eminently moral and religious people.

Tye political code of the confederation, or law of

Epidaurus,

360

Epidaurus, as it is more commonly called, esta-
blished that the system of government should be
elective, consisting of representatives chosen by
the people, and an executive of five members se-
lected from the legislative body. There are, besides,
ministers of finance, war, interior, public instruc-
tion, and police, named by the executive for carry-
ing its decrees into effect; also a secretary general,
charged with the management of foreign relations:
this last office is now held by Prince Mavrocordato,
the late president. The duties and powers allotted
to each department of the state were prescribed by
the law of Epidaurus. The amount of revenue
collected for this year is necessarily very limited,
and chiefly derived from farming out the crops on
the national domains—of which only a smali portion
were sown, Thecrops on the plain of Gastouni, in
the Morea, one of ‘the finest in the world, and which
was even this year worth five millions of francs,
only yielded a sum of 890,000, owing to its vicinity
to Patras. That of Argos, equally rich, though of
much less extent, has been in fallow ever since the
invasion of last vear: there is, however, little doubt
of its béing all turned to account in the coming
season. The produce of Candia, in on alone,
amounts on an average to 400,000 barrels peran-
mum; and each of them brings an average price
of eight Spanish dollars in the markets of France and
ftaly.

‘Alihough nearly the whole mate population of the
Morea capable ‘of carrying arms 1s provided with
pistols and attagans, the number which can take the
field is compatstiveiy limited, depending; almost
entirely on the means possessed by the leaders,
each of whom has hitherto been unable to employ
more followers than hie could provide for out of his
personal resources and the scanty and precarious
aid of government. These troops are also supplied
with muskets, and are led by several chiefs or
capitani. The wants and privations of the Greek
army are of a nature the most discouraging.’ There
#8 not more than a third of we number, thus em-
ployed in saving a whole people from extermina-
tion, supplied with sufficient clothing to shetter
chem from the inclenmencies of a mountain warfare 5
that they often march forty miles a day, almost in-
variably sleep in the open air, and frequently pass
two orthree days without any ‘other food than the
lierbs of the field. Though the number of horses
taken from the Turks, and nuw in the Morea, is
suflicient to mount from five, to eight thousand ca-
vairy, it will be impossible for the government to
avail itself of- this species of force until provided
with funds. The Greek army receives no pay what-
ever. The general mode adopted by the chiets, is
to advance a small sum to each soldier previous to
entering the field: with this he provides himself
with bread, tobacco, and whatever other necessa-
yies le may require, as far aS the supply will go;
for it very seldom’ exceeds two Spanish dollars.

The naval efforts of the confederation, like those
of the army, have been principally, if notaltogether,
supported by the patriotism and public spirit of a
few individuals at Hydra, Spezzia, Ipsara, and
Samus. There have not been less than a hundred
ships and vessels of varicus sizes emptoyed at the
expense of about thirty ship-owners, ever since the
commencenient of the struggle; and the number
has, on more than one occasion, extended to one
hundred and eighty. Tne Greek Seamen, who
amount to about 20,000 of the musi expert im Europe,
receive no regular pay: all they require for their
services, is the means of subsistence for their fa-
milies. It is with such means as! have thus shortly
pointed out, that above a hundred thousand of the
infidels, whose path was marked with carnage and
devastation during the first two years of the con-
test, have been destroyed; and the whole of the
Morea, Livadia, Negropont, a great portion of
Romelia in Epirus, together with the islands of
Candia, Milo, Naxia, Tino, Myconos, Skyro, Samos,
Andro, Zea, Patmos, Serpho, Hydra, Spezzia, and
Ipsara, have been conquered ;—there being onty a
few isolated points in the enemy’s possession, Viz.
‘Acro, Corinth, Patras, Modon, Coron, and Carysto,
on the continent;—and Canea and Reétymo, in
Candia; and all of these places are either in a state
of siege, or closely blockaded. The number of
Turks shut up within the walls, and who cannot
Jeave the gates without falling into the hands of the
Greeks, does not exceed ten thousand men, two-
thirds of whom form the garrison of Patras. Une
provided with battering and field trains, the chief
means possessed by the Greek forees for reducing
the above points, are confined 10 a Ng crows system
of blockade, and occasional assaults.”

Literary and Critical Proémium.

[Nov. f,

Populur Tales and Romances of the
Northern Nations have appeared in three
very elegant volumes, with some fine spe<
cimens of vignettes, in wood, ‘They are
curious, and often interesting, but rather
too gloomy and too superstitious to be re-
commended to general reading. ‘The ig-
norant population of every district im
Europe might supply their local tales of
this kind, ‘he fire-sides of farm-honses,
cottages, and pnblic-honses, in _ Wales,
Scotland, or Ireland, would soon fill three
such volumes as the present, if they were
worthy of being preserved. In his pre-
face, the editor introduces the following
observations.—‘* The legends of these vo-
limes have been gathered from yarions
suurces, and, of course, will be found to
have characters as various; the elegant
and playful Musaus bas nothing at all iu
common with the dark, wild fancy, of La
Motte Fouqué; just as little similarity is
there between Veit Weber and the anthor.
of the Freischutz; and, though saperna-
tural agency forms the basis ofall, the
superstrnctures- vary with the varying
characters of the authors.”—** It mhst,
however, be allowed that, with the Ger+
mans, fancy has had too much sway, for
it has seldom’ been under the guidance of
sound taste, and the consequence is, that
the multitude of their origimal fictions is
disgraced by the most barbarous absuar-
dities. The same may, in some measure,
be said of their modern romance; but at
the same time the reader cannot fail to
be delighted with the variety and richness
of its inventions, diablerie with the Ger-
mans being as inexhaustible as the fairyism
of the Eastern world. Sometimes it is
presented to us under its most terrific
forms ; at others it appears, as in Musaas,
under a light veil of irony, ina tone half
jest, half earnest, and that is, indeed, its
most beautiful form. Few tales are more
pleasing than the “ Spectre Barber,” one
of the happiest illustrations of this class
of writing, where a playful fancy sports
with a fiction, that was at no distant time
the delight and terror of the peasant’s
fireside. La Motte Fouqué, on the cou-
trary, is altogether a magician of dark-
ness, whe loves to treat the wild and im-
possible as serious matters, but who al-
ways endeavours to draw. from them some
moral concinsions. Veit Weber, another
great name of romance, builds his tales
on the dark times of chivalry, when the
knights plundered the people with the
sword, and the monks plundered’ the
knights with the Bible. Ottmar and
Biisching are the antiquarians of romance,
who have collected the scattered traditions
of the peasantry, and retailed them to the
world with little deviation from thei? ori-
vinals. Madame Naubert is more akin in
her genius to Musius, though a spirit of
an inferior order; her materials are ge-
verally of the light and playful kind; re

1823.]

if not, she makes them so by the manner
in which she works themup. Laun is the
historian of ghost-stories, which have re-
ally ocearred, but which have subse-
quently been found capable of rational
explanation ; a translation of three or four
of his tales has lately been published by
Ackermann. The work is well executed,
and affords much wholesome food for the
over-credulous. Grimm is the collector
of ‘* Nursery Tales,” and as such is well
known to the English reader. Lothar has
a volume on the plan of Ottmar’s, the
most essential difference being its in-
feriority. On the same principle are two
volumes of “ Popular Tales,” published at
Ejisenach, without the author’s name, but
many of them are exceedingly entertain-
ing. Lebrecht and Tieck are the authors
of many beautiful legends, but they have
generatly trusted to their own fancy in-
xtead of building themselves on anticut
traditions. Backzo’s legends are some-
thing in the manner of La Motte Fouqné,
thongh neither so fanciful nor so original.
But to detail al! the volumes of German
legend and romance, would be to givea
bookseller’s catalogue; for, not only has
Moravia, Silesia, Thuringia, and Austria,
each its distinct legends, but every quarter
of the Harz Mountains, east, west, north,
and south, has its own exclusive terrors ;
and, when to these are added the fictions
of later writers, the catalogue swells be-
yond all reasonable limit.

In our Magazine for July last, we
noticed the death, and gave a sketch of
the life, of Wirtram Compe, esq. the
author of the Diaboliud, and various other
satyrical works of temporary fame; and
we have now before us a small! posthu-

mous volume, entitled, Letters to Marianne, |

which are ascribed to that gentleman,
‘The book is preceded by a well-written
Advertisement, containing some eulogistic
meéuiorials of the lite of Mr. Combe, and
more particularly of its close, which was
protracted to the age of cighty-three,
** Io the heaviest hours of his painful en-
durance,” says his friendly biographer,
“the estimable female, to whom these
letters are addressed, ministered to his
comfort, and cheered his heart by her un-
Wearied attentions ; which never failed to
restore him to complacency, if at any time
a transient gloom chanced to gather round
his thoughts. ‘She was unto him as a
daughter ;” and when the world seemed
to have deserted him, and life was fast
receding to its lowest ebb, he confessed and
rejoiced in the cherishing support of her
truly filial ministrations.” ‘ The present
little volume,” continues this kind writer,
“is submitted to the readers of his works,
as containing a few of those pearls in
which was set the gem of an honest heart.

This heart is now fast mouldering into:

dust, within an unseulptured grave; but
Blonrury Maa. No, 388.

List of New Publications in October.

361
never did the marble legends of the titled.
dead record a worthier name than that
with which virtue consecrates the undis-
tinguished clay of the departed Comes,”
These letters are forty-four in number,
written in the course of about two years,
from December 1806, to February 1809 ;
and their contents remind us of the
‘Letters to Eliza.” ‘There is this dif-
ference, however, that in Sterne’s case
“half the convex world” intruded be-
tween the correspondents ; while in these,
the parties seem never to have been for
two successive days asunder. They are
warm, affectionate, and filled with assig-
nations; but all apparent taint is re-
moved by the writer’s perpetual allusions
to his declining health and lengthened
years, and by a strain of moral reflection
which runs through the whole. At what
period of life the amatory affections of a
man become purely platonic, we are still
too young to determine. Mr. Combe
was a married man of sixty-seven, and
Marianne (Miss B——), had just emerged
from her éeens when the platonism began;
and it appears that some of her relatives
supposed “ that he had acquired a greater
influence over her than it became him to
possess.” Undersuch circumstances there
are females (we hope not a few) who
would have hesitated before publishing
these reiterated pledges of eternal friend-
ship; but we will not judge harshly : they
promise profit, and poverty is a bitter
draught. There is a sillouette portrait of
Mr. C. fronting the title, and a few po-
etical pieces at the close of the volume,
of which the following may be taken as a
specimen :—
To Ma:ianne.
And shall my gray hairs blend with those
Which round pone abate beauties flow ?

And will you nurse the blowing rose
Amid the chill December snow ?

Say, will you smooth my wrinkled brow
With fond affection’s winning grace ?
And bid the cheerful smile to glow
Upon my pale and faded face?
Oh, while I tell of times long past,
Can you forget the flatt’ring throng?
And will you shun the gay répast,
‘To hear me siug my ev’ning song?

And, when I’ve past life’s feverish hours,
And long have bent to Fate’s decree,

From Pieasnre’s dome, or Love's gay bow’rs,
Say, will you cast a thought on me ?

And does a smile the promise give?
Oh, tuke then to thy friendly breast,
And in thy bosom let it live,
My last affection,—but my best.
—— 5
LIST OF NEW WORKS.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
C. Baldwyn’s classed Catalogiie of Se-
cond land Books for 1824. 1s.
C. Baldwyn’s Catalogne of Portraits,
Drawings, &c., for illustration, 1s,
Messrs. Underwood's new Catalogue of
Medical Books, comprising modern and
approved works in Anatomy, Medicine,
Surgery, Midwifery, Chemistry, &c.
3A BIOGRAPHY.

362

} BIOGRAPILY. wr
An Account of the Life and Writings
of James Beattie, LL.p.; by Sir William
Forbes, bart. 2 vols. vo. with a portrait.
New edit. 21s. boards.
CLASSICS.

€lavis Horatiana, or a Key to the Odes
of Horace: to which is pretixed a Life of
the Poet, and. an account of the Horatian
Metres. 12mo, 7s. bds.

The Medea of Euripides, literally trans-
lated into English verse, from the text of
Porson, with the original Greek, the me-
tres, the order, and English accentuation,
with notes for the use of Students; by J.
W. C. Edwards, M.A. 8s.

The Prometheus Chained of ZEschytus ;
literally, translated into English prose,
from the text of Blomfield, by J. W.C.
Udwards, M.A. 8s.

COMMERCE.

The Laws, Duties, Drawbacks, &c.
of the Customs and Excise for the
United Kingdoms of Great Britain and
Ireland,. brought up to the 10th of Oc-
tober, 1823; by Robert Ellis, of | his
Majesty’s Customs, London. 8vo. 1]. 1s,

The Merchant, Ship-owner, and Ship-
master’s Custom and Excise Guide; by ©.
Pope, brought down to Sept. 1. 8vo.
with maps, 1. 1s. i

A new and complete Set of Decimal
Tables, on an improved system for calcu-
lating. monies and weights, particularly
adapted. for public and corporate bodies,
merchants, bankers, traders, and exchange-
brokers: with an Appendix, containing
vatious examples, and six Time Tables,
for accounts current; by John Wesgate.
4to. 21s, neatly bound.

Fairman’s Account of the Public
Funds, . carefully revised and corrected
by B. Colien. 10s. bds.

EDUCATION.

School Hours, or a Collection of Exer-
cises and Prize Poems composed by the
Yonng Gentlemen under the Tuition of
tne Rey. A. Barnaby, M.A. Louth, Lincoln-
shire. 12mo, 5s, bds.

Universal Steuvography, or a New, Easy,
and Practical System of Short-hand
Writing, upon the general principles’ of
the late Mr. S. Taylor, particularly suited
for Students in Law, Physic, and Divinity;
by W. Harding. 5s.

FINE ARTS.

A Portrait of his Majesty, engraved in
the luse manner, from a Drawing of the
Yate Mr. Edmund Scott, of Brighton;
partly executed by the late Mr. Charles
Warren, and finished by Mr. Thomas
Ranson. ib, 1s.

No. 8, (completing the work,) of a.Se-
ries of Portraits of eminent Historical
Characters introduced in the Novels and
Taies of the Author of ‘¢ Waverley,” with
biographieal notices. 12mo0, 8s.—B8vo. 10s..

Part LV. of Peak Scenery, or Excursions

List of New Publications in October.

[ Nov. I;

in Derbyshire; illusttated with a series of
engravings by Messrs, Cooke, from draw-
ings by F. Chiantrey, esq. R.A. Imp, 4to.
31.—Royal 4to, 11. 14s.—Demy, 11. 4s.

Three Panoramic Views of Port Jack-
son, New South Wales, with the Town of
Sidney and the adjacent Scenery; en-
graved by Hasell, from Drawings by Ma-
jor Taylor, 48th regt. 11. 1s, each, colour-
ed to imitate the original drawings.

Delineations of Fonthill and its Abbey,
richly embellished with nomerous highly-
finished engravings and spirited wood-cn's,
by John Rutter, Shaftesbury: 4to. 11. 5s.—
large paper, 21. 10s.

Graphical and Literary Illustrations of
Fonthill Abbey, Wilts; by John Britton,
F.s.A. .Imp. 4to.

GEOGRAPHY.

The Bible Atlas, or Sacred Geography,
delineated in a complete Series of Scriptu-:
ral Maps, drawn from the latest and best:
authorities, and engraved by Richard:
Palmer on twenty-six plates. 16s. colour-
ed, or 14s, plain, half bound,

MATHEMATIGS.

Dublin Problems: being a collection of
Questions: proposed to the Candidates for
the Gold Medal at the General Examina-
tions from 1816 to 1822 inclusive, succeed
ed by an account of the Fellowsiip Exa-
mination in1823, 8vo. 6s. 6d.

An Elementary Treatise on Algebra,
Theoretical and Practical ; with attempts:
to simplify some of the most difficult parts.
of the science, particularly the demon-
strations of. the binomial ‘Theorem in its
most general form, the solution of equa--
tions of the higher orders, &c.; by J. R.
Young. 8vo. 12s. boards,

MEDICINE.

A Treatise on the Diseases incident to:
the Human Body which are referrible to
Atmospherical Causes; by Dr. ‘T. Forster.
Bvo. 9s.

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1823.]

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List of New Publications in October.

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364
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[Nov. 1,

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MEDICAL REPORT.

Report of Diseases and Casuarries occurring inthe public and private Practice
of the Physician who has the care of the Western District of the City Dispensary.

—z>—

EVERS of a low and typhoid kind

have proved pretty frequent during
the few past weeks, @nd in some instances
they have assumed an aspect of much ma-
lignity, their types and tendencies varying,
however, with circumstances, to a very
considerable extent; thus serving to ren-
‘der their management, if it may be so
said, compound and complicated; and
to prove the futility of all attempts that
are made by theorizing pathologists to
simplify the source and define the seat of
febrile derangement.

The question, indeed, What is fever?

may be replied to by the interrogatory
—What is it not ? The brain, the stomach,
the liver, the every-thing, being sometimes
engaged with the disordered manifesta-
tion; while, at other times, the essence of
the derangement shall run through, as it
were, the whole of the organization,
without any traceable locality, either in
the way of canse, or course, or incident,
or consequence.
_ In instances where the oppression is
extreme, and where, notwithstanding, sti-
mulants are inadinissible, the Reporter
has found his account in administering the
mineral acids: two or three minims of
the muriatic acid, with the same quantity
of the nitric, and a drachm or more of
syrup of white poppy, will occasionally
prove a powerful febrifuge,* checking the
tendency to what used to be called
putrefaction, and supporting without per-
turbing the oppressed and almost sino-
thered energies of the frame ;—oppressed
energies, the writer says, since it is of
importance to recollect, while instituting
_* Opium is much oftener required than
it is admissible in fever; poppy even is
too apt to produce congestion in the
brain, and dispose to constipation of the
bowels; but it is a fact of much practical
importance, that opiates of all kinds are
less likely to prove injurious when given
in conjunction with acids than when ad-
ministered without these guards against
their deleterious agency. It is likewise
proper to remark, that opiates and stimu-
lants are then the most safe and salutary
in fevers, when the skin is in an open and
perspirable state,

our remedial processes, that fever is a
state not properly of exhausted, but rather
of suspended, power. The scliocl of de-
bility and stimulation which refased to
recognize this principle has, it is to be
feared, much to answer for, although it
must be admitted that signal success not
seldom attended those plans of treatment ©
which practitioners now shrink from,
under the feeling that their adoption. im-
plies a boldness of conduct unautho-
rized by principle, and unwarranted, by
experience,

A German physician, who some thirty
years since came amongst us as an ob-
server, expressed his astonishment at the
frequently happy consequences of what
he was pleased to consider and call the
empirical practice of the British, “TIT
saw (he says) bark administered in ob-
viously gastric disorders, and yet the
patients recovered.” At present, were our
continental friends to visit England, they
would find a prevalence of gastricism to
their hearts’ content; but it is worthy of
remark, that both then and now, under
the sneers and revilings of our ingenious
Gallic and laborious German rivals, we
have been found to meet the intricacies
of disease with larger success than our
criticising opponents, and, if the battle be
won, the vanquished may be left to spe-
culate as they please upon how it ought to
have been otherwise. Seriously, it is
matter of self-congratulation, (to what-
ever cause it may be ascribed, and we ate
of course willing to set it down to the
ready discernment and generalizing good
sense of our compatriots,) it is matter of
self-congratulation, that the medical prac-
tice of Britain, even in spite of the oc-
casional obstacles of a false and mischie-
vous theory, has ever proved of good
report when extensive estimates have
been gone into with a view to ascertam
comparative results.*

Bedford-row ;

Oct. 20, 1893.

* In the last formidable influenza, the
deaths were in a larger proportion at
Paris than at London, although the force
of the disease was as great in the latter as

in the former city.
MONTHLY

D. Uwins, M.D.

1823.] y 363 |]
MONTHLY COMMERCIAL REPORT.

i ’
PRICES or MERCHANDIZE. Sept. 23. Oct, 24.
Cocoa, W. 1, common - -£4 0 0 to 510 0 4 0 0 to 510 O perewt.
Coffee, Jamaica, ordinary 315 0 — 4°09) 3 8 0 — 312 0 do.
» fine’ 225 10 0 —" 6 20 1S 6. 0. = 6.0.0. do.
, Mocha --sseees 5 0 0 — 710 O 3-0 0 ——~ 5 12) 102) do,
Cotton, W.I.common-- 0 0 9 — 0 0103} 0 0 9 — O O 10% per Ib,
, Demerara:-+-+2 0 0 115 — 0 4°17) 0 0115 — O 1 143 do.
Currants ----- socecesee 5 8 O — 510 O} 5 6 O — 5 8B O perewt.
Figs, Turkey ---+------ 115 9 — 2 0 0 118 0 — 2 2 9 perchest
Flax, Riga --++--++-++-- 64 0 0 — 65 0 0/62 0 0 — GS 0 0 per ton,
Hemp, Riga, Rhine ---- 41 0 0 — 43 0 0/41 0 0 —42 0 0 do.
Hops, new, Povckets---- 8 8 0 —111t 0/16 0 0 — 18 0 O perewt.
oe Sussex; do.) 7°10" 0! +18 10° 0-712 12 “O:"—— 13 13% 0 «do.
Tron, British, Bars ---- 810 0 — 9 O 0 810 0 — 9 0 O per ton,
oe ets Pigs 222) 6 00" —" 7 0 0 | 6 0 0 —- "7 OO do.
Oil, Lucca .-+++e2+---- 9 0 0 — 918 0] 9 0 0 — 910 O 25 galls.
—, Galipoli--++-+-++--- 53 0 0 — 0 0 0153 0 0 — 0°10 O per ton.
Rags .-eesesecseeeees 2 0 6 — 0 0 O 206 — 0 0 0 perewt,
Raisins, bloomor jar,new 310 0 — 0 00/] 460 — 4 8 0. Go.
Rice, Patna -+--+----- * 0316 0 — 018 0 016 0 — 018 0 do.
, Carolina -;-e-++. 118 0 — 2 2 9 117 0 — 21 0 = do.
Silk, China, raw--++eees 016 1 — 018 1 016 1 — 018 1 per db,
, Bengal, skein «+--+ 011 5 — 01210] 011 5 — 01210 = do.
Spices, Cinnamon ------ 0 8 0 — 08 3} 07 6 — 0 8 0 do,
»Cloves «++eeees 0 3 9 — 0 4 OV 03 9 — 04 9 do.
,Nutmegs ---e-» 0 3 1 — 00 0}]0383 0 — 00 0 do.
, Pepper, biack-- 0 0 6— 0 0 6§| 0 0 6 — 0 0 6F do.
i : »whitees 0 1 3°— 0 1 St] 0 1°3 — 01 3E do.
Spirits, Brandy, Cogniaec 0 2 9 — 0 3 3 | 0 210 — 0 3 & per gal.
, Geneva Hollands 0 2 1 — 0 2 2 0 2 1— 0 2 2° do,
, Rum, Jamaica-s 0 2 4° — 02 6} 02 4 — 0 2 6 do.
Sugar, brown:---+-.--- 214 0 — 215 0] 0 0 0 — 217 QO percwt,
, Jamaica, fine ---» 3 3 0 — 311 01 3 9 0 — 313 0 do.
——, East India,brown 1 0 0— 1 4 0 10 0 — 1 4 O do.dond.
——.,, lump, fine:------- 4 3 0 — 4 6 0 4 30 — 4 6 0 do
Tallow, town-melted---- 2 4 0 — 00 0] 22 0— 0 0 0 do.
, Russia, yellow:» 2 00 — 20 6) 118 0 — 0 0 0. do.
Tea, Boliea---+-+-+++++ 2 424— 0 2 53} 0 2 5 — 0 Q 5iperlb.
——, Hyson, best»----- 0 5 9 — 0 6 O| 0 5 9 — 0 6 0 do.
Wine, Madeira, old ---- 20 0 0 —70 0 .0|20 0 0 —70 VU O perpipe
——, Port, old --+...-. 4% 0 0 — 48 0 0/)42 0 0 —48 0 0. do.
—, Sherry --++----.-20 6 0 —50 0 0 '20 0 0 — 50 0 O per butt

Premiums of Insurance—Guernsey or Jersey, 25s. a 30s.—Cork oy Dublin, 25s. a 350s.
—Belfast, 25s. a 30s.—Hambro’, 20s. a 50s—Madeira, 20s. a 30s.—Jamaica, 40s. a
50s.,—Greenland, eut and home, 6 gs.a 12 gs.

Course of Exchange, Oct, 24.—Amsterdam, 12 9.—Hamburgh, 38 0,—Paris, 2610.
Leghorn, 46}.—Lisbon, 53.—Dublin, 94 per cent.

Premiums on Shares and Canals, and Joint Stock Companics, at the Office of Wolfe. and
Edmonds’.—Birmingham, 315/.—Coventry, 1100l.—Derby, 140/.—Ellesmere, 63!,—
Grand Surrey, 49l.—Grand Union, 19/.—Grand Junction, 264/.—Grand Western,
5l.—Leeds and Liverpool, 378l.—Leicester, 320/.—Loughbro’, 40001.— Oxford,
7501.—Trent and Mersey, 2150!.—Worcester, 371. East India Docks, 1451.—London,
118/.—West India, 205/.—Southwark Brice, 18/.—Strand, 4/.—Royal Exchange
ASSURANCE, 2701.—Albion, 511—Globe, 162/.—GAs Liguy Company, 741. 10s.—
City Ditto, 148/.

he 3 per Cent, Reduced, on the 27th, were 81$; 3 per Cent. Consols, 823 ; 4 per
Cent. Consols, 983 ; New 4 per Cent. 1023 ; Bank Stock, ——.
Gold in bars, 31.178. 6d. per 0z.—New doubloons, 31, 15s, 6d,—Silver in bars, 4s. 11d.

ALPHABETICAL

366

Bankrupts and Dividends.

[Nov. 4,

ALPHABETICAL, List OF BANKRUPTCIES announced between the 2th of Sept.
and the 20th of Oct. 1823: eatracted from the London Gazettes.

a

BANKRUPTCIES. [This Month 46.]
Solicitors’ Names aren Parentheses:
ATSINSON, T. Ludgate-hill, cabinet-maker,

(Harvey and 'Co. !
Bailey, J..N. Chancery-lane, bookseller. (Tilson

and Ca. :
Ball, H. and F. K. Fowell, Ottery St. Mary, Devon-

shire, woollen-manufacturers. (Blake, L.
Barton, W. Cambridge, coach-proprietor. Ceaure
( Wille’

Bopiting, J. Halsted, Essex, linen-draper.

Bradford, B. Yardley-street, Spa-fields, leather-
japanner. (Gale

Cleavers W. Holborn, soap-mannfacturer. (Rogers
andC

0.

Cornfoot, A. Houndsditch, baker. (Constable andCo.

Cox, C. St. Martin’s-lane, diaper. (Tanner

Critchley, J. and T. Walker, Bolton, spirit-dealers.
(Adfington and Co. L. 4

Dixon, F. and E. Fisher, Greenwich, linen-drapers.
(Amory and Co, L. 4 4

Drakes, D: and G. Smith, Reading, linen-drapers.
(Gates, L. : :

Dunealfe, J. sen. DonningtonWoodmill, Shropshire,
miller. (Mott, L.

Ferguson, J. Liverpool, merchant. (Chester, L.

Gaskell, J. Windle, Lancashire, miller. (Chester,L.

Gaskell, G. Hall, Westmoreland, innkeeper.
(Holmes and Ca, L. .

Goodwin, R. Lamb’s Conduit-street, silk-mercer,
(Hurst

Green, J. White-Horse terrace, Stepney, coal-mer-
chant. (Freeman and Co. L.

Grectham, T. Liverpool, ship-chandler. (Chester, L.
Hepple, J. Cambo, Northumberland, cooper. (Bell
and Co. L. .
Hibbert, J, Hylord’s-court, Crutched-friars, wine-

Jenkins, J. Tewkesbury, corn-dealer. (Windus, L.

Kingsell, J. Blackwall, plnmber. (West

Lumley, J. Foston, Yorkshire, corn-factor. (Ellis
and Co. L.

M‘Gowan, W. Newark, tea-dealer, (Chester, L. -

Mollett, J. Lower Thames-street, victualler. (Wood-
wardandCo,. —

Moore, B. Hanway-street, Oxford-street, silk-mer-
cer. (Phipps :

Peplow, J. Grosvenor-mews, veterinary-surgeon.
(Thomas

Phillips, H. Devonshire-street, Bishopsgate, hatter.
(Annesley

ae s, M. and Co. Devonshire-street, Bishopsgate.

saacs

Pigott, W. Red-hall,
(Baddeley, L.

Robertson, E. French-born yard, Dean-street, High
Holborn, coach-smith. (Hutchinson

Rogers, W. Gosport, butcher.

Rooke, J. Bishopsgate-street within, tailor. (Turner

Burstow, Surrey, farmer.

ee A. Strand, tailor and draper. (Hamilton

and Co.

Smith, T. Manor-row, Tower-hill, earthenwareman
(Robinson

Steel, J. and G. Greenwich, timber-merchants.
(Pratt, L

Le
Sutton, W. Sunbury, Middlesex, brewer. (Vincent,L.
Thurtell, T. Haymarket, victualler, (Hewett
‘Twigg, W. Salford, victualler. (Milne aud Co.

P ee R. Union-court, Broad-street, (Gregson

and Co. ‘

Wilment, S. Wilton, Somersetshire, timber-mer-

chant. (Holmes and Co. L.
Wombwell, W. Edmund-street, Battle-bridye, stage-
-coach proprietor. (Williams and Co.di.
Wood, J. Cardiff, banker. (Gregory, L.

merchant. (Noy and Co, 5 Matai =e
i A ¥- C. Mineivg-lane, merchant. (Swain Wright, G. T. Piccadilly, dronmouger. (Fisher
and Co: '
DIVIDENDS.

Adams, L. and J. Barker, Den-
caster

gard and Co. Borrowash, Der-
byshire

Atkinson, G, and J. Kirby-moor-

~ side, Yorkshire

Barge, B. Clifford-street, Bond-
street :

Barnes, J. Pendleton, Lancashire

Barowell, J. Leamington Priors

Barrett, W. Cardiff

Barry, T. Little Hampton, Sussex

Beattie, G. Salford

Bennett, J. Greenfuairfield, Der-
byshire

Barbery, J. Coventry

caer B. Prince’s-square,

ateliffe-highway

Campbell, J- White Lion-court,
Cornhill

Cannon, J. Liverpool

Carlile, W. Bolton, and J. Bain-
bridge, Preston

Carter, T. H. Minories

Cox, R. A. G. Weston, J. Furber,
and G. Cox, Little Britain

Crossland, S. Liverpool

Edwards, J. Norton-falgate

Farmer,N. East-lane, Bermondsey

Feize, G. Lawrence Pountney-hill

Ferns, G. jun. Stockport

Field and Royston, Leeds

Fox, T. Great Surrey-street,
Blackfriars’-roud

Garbett, S. Birmingham

Gee, S. Cambridge

Glover, J. Worcester

Géldney, T. Chippenham

Gooch, W. Harlow, Essex

Harvey, M.B. and J.W. Rochford

Hewlett, T. Southborough, Kent

Higton, J. and J. Brewer, Broud-
way, Blackfriars

Holland, S. Bexhill, Sussex

Hooper, J. Tooley-street

Horne and Stackliouse, Liverpool

Jenkins, T. Lanyithen, Glamor-
ganshire

Jones, J. Coreley, Shropshire

Keep, J. Grimsby

Mitcnell, P. Bungay

Mason, J. B. Cambridge

Page, G. Cranbourn-street

Picstow, J. Earl’s Colne, Esse

Pitt, J. Cirencester y

Potts, W. Sheerness

Pritchard, J. Rosoman-street,
Clerkenwell

Rangecroft, J. Binfield, Berks

Richardson, J. Hull

Robertson, J. Newcustle-upon-
Tyne

Russell, W. Fleet-street :

Sheriffe, J. Farnham, Surrey i

Shirley, R. Bucklersbary

Smerdon and Penn, Liverpool ~

Smith, A. |ime-street square

Spitta, C. L. F. and G. Molling,
and H. A. Spitta, Lawrence
Pountney-lane :

Stevens, J. Newgute-street

Southbrook, E.C. Covent-garden

Treadway, T. Sloane-square

Tribaudino, €. J. Cleveland-
strect, Mile-end

Turner, W. Layton, Essex

Tully, F. Bristol

Wadsworth, J. Long Buckley,
Northamptonshire

Waldie, J. and S. Dalston, Cum-
berland

Warbutton, J. Hardwick-miil,
Herefordshire

Watson, sen. and jun. Alnwick,
Northumberland

Webb, H. Rochdale

Webster and Simpson, Tower-
street

Whalley, G. B. Basinghall-street

Willis, R. Broad-street, Blooms-

bury
Wright, G. St. Martin’s-lane.

MONTHLY AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

HE present dry weather will be par-
ticuiarly favourable for housing and
stacking the remainder of the corn and
pulse, in the distant and northern districts.
Harvest, with few exceptions, may now
be deemed at an end. Little of novelty
has oceurred in the past month, The
ce

wheat-crop, on good soils and sitnations,
is undonbtedly large, both in England apd
Scotland, yet considerably below the
weight and quality of the old wheat; im
most other parts, light and course, and
from the difficulties of the season, gene-
rally harvested in indifferent ordew. wens

es

1823.]

the whole, as we havo held throughout,
although there will be no want of wheat,
neither the quantity nor quality are pro-
bable to realize the splendid promises held
out by the public prints. Barley is a
great, but not a fine, crop. Oats and
beans have far exceeded expectation.
Pease are good on some of the warmest
and best soils, in generat a poor crop and
badly harvested. ares and seeds have
not succeeded. ‘Tuinips have improved.
Potatoes are a great and sufficient crop,
thenglr partially injured in late and ex-
posed situations. All kinds of live stock
are in the utmost plenty, but good hay
very short in quantity. Wheat sowing,
in forward lands, has been successfully
got through, but the tilths not generally
elean. In the extremities of the island,
this important process will be very late.
Seasons of the present description are
always peculiarly unfavourable to the
farmers of poor land and exposed districts.
We learn from the Farmers’ Journal, and

Meteorological Report.

307

it has been confirmed to us, by private
communications, that Wales is covered
with cultivation, superabundant in all live
and dead produce; and yet, too muclr
like Ireland, depressed by extreme pe-
verty. The cause of such an unfortunate
State of affairs is sufficiently obvious; but
it is by no means so with respect to any
immediate and effective remedy. “

Smithfield: — Beef, 2s. 4d. to 4s.—
Mutton, 2s. 8d. to 4s.—Veal, 2s. 8d. to
4s. 6d.—Lamb, 3s. 6d. to 5s.—Oxford,
Bucks. and Beds. milk-fed' pork, 5s. 6d.
te 5s. 8d.—Bacon, ——-.—Raw fat, 98. 35d.
per stone.

Corn Exchange :—Old wheat, 40s. to 65s.
—New, 58s. to 5és.—Barley, 24s, to 346.
—Oats, 20s. to 30s,—Londow price of
best bread, 4Ib. for 9d.—Hay, 75s. to
115s.—Clover, do. 80s. to 135s.—Straw,,
39s. to 50s.

Coals in the pool, 37s, to 49s. 6d.
Middlesex ; Oct. 20.

METEOROLOGICAL REPORT.
—a— -
Journal of the Weather and Natural History, kept at Hartfield, East Grinstead,.
by Dr. T. Forster, from Sept, 20, to Oct. 15, 1823,

Barometer.
10 r.M.

Thermomet.

29°98
29°40
29°82
29°86
29-90
29°69
29°73
29°85
29°70
29°17

29°09
99:49
29°76
29:99
29-87
99-77
29:94
29:78
_ 29°48
29°41
28°90
29°18
29-38
29°35
29°40

State of the Weather.

Fair.
Showery— W indy.
Showery— Windy.

Calm and cloudy—Rain,
Fair warm day.

Misty—Fair,
Misty—Fair.
Cloudy—Rain—Showers,

Windy—Rainy—Clear.
Foggy —Clear.

White frost—-Rain,
Fog—Clear—Fog,
Cloudy.
Cloudy—Rain—Clear.
Much cloud.
Fair—Cloudy.
Rain—Showers.

Showers and clear—Windy.
Windy and fair—Showers.
Showery day.
Showers—Clear,

Clear and clouds— Clear..
Fair day.

N.B.—This journal will be continued up to the 15th of each month successivoly.

Observations.—1 have to apologize for
the omission of two Journals, occasioned
by absence from home,
August was wet and blowmg;) and the
quantity of rain considerable, On the

The month of.

26tir it beeame fair, and a delicious calm,
with a serene sky and gentle north and
easterly winds, succeeded ; and continued,
with the intermission of only a few blowing
days, till the 21st of September, when the

unsettled

368°

unsettled weather recordéd in this Journal
commenced again.

I have aveertained, that over a tract of
several hundred miles on the Continent,
ineluding France, the drought was very
considerable from the ¥7th of August to
the 2istof September. On Sunday, the
14th of September, a violent hurricane
commenced in France about half past one
oclock. ‘Lhe city of Paris was involved in
acloud of dust, carried up by the wind,
for twenty minutes; this was followed by
a violent thunder-storm.. This hurricane,
followed by its shower, seemed to point
north-east, being a south-west current;
and it prevailed to a great degree, the en-
suing night, in England.

Political Affairs in October.

[Nov. 15

The Jate summer lias’ been a-singular one
in many respects; amongst which may ‘be
recorded, the unusually high temperature
of the month of May, as observed at Great
Yarmouth by Mr. C. G. HARLEY; who, in
a meteorological journal kept for tweaty-:
nine years past, has found the average for
last May to exceed the previous general
average by 132° of Fahrenheit ; and, what
is More singular, the sums and averages of
the journal for the succeeding months of
July and Angust were almost the same,
viz.— ‘the dry days nine, and wet days
twenty-two; the depth of rain, 23 inches ;
the wind south-west fifteen days, and ne-
ver was east; the highest temperature 76°;
and the average heat 65° and 66°,

POLITICAL AFFAIRS IN OCTOBER.

—<

SPAIN,
HE triumphs of legitimacy in
Spain ought to be lamented by
mull people in SACKCLOTH and Asn_es!
4 When despots and their vile satellites
rejoice, freemen ought to mourn,—
ij Whether they happen to be the imme-
adiate victims or not. Despots consider
their cause as universal: ought not
Athat of men to be the same?
# Behold Ferdinand the Legitimate
Hoow on his march from Seville to
4 Madrid; D’Angeuleme on his right
aand, and A’Court on his left; with
his confessorand prime ministerriding
Hon his shoulders, scattering Decrees of
H proscription and blood, and surround-
Bed by. mobs of monks and friars,
Hshouting ‘‘Hallelujahs;” and you
Mhave a true picture of legitimacy in
action.
To enable us to judge of the worthi-
Maess of the Bourbons to be proprietors
Mof nations, and the arbiters of the
mexistence and liberties of mankind,
awe need only reeur to the facts, that
athe first act of Ferdinand was {o no-
@ inate his CoNFEssoR his prime minis-
ater; and that,in answer to an address
Hof congratulation to the head of this
Mrace at Paris, he lately made the
Fifollowing reply :—
| ‘° Monsieur,—ZJ sensibly feel what you say.
a You pass eulogiums on me which I do not
yieserve. LT repeat it,it is God who has done
all; let us go and return Him thanks for
4 Eis mercies; let us go and thank the me-
Mther of God, the Queen of Angels, who hus
never abandoned France, and hus never
ceased to beslow on her marks of her glorious
Ba proti ction.”
# ‘This imbecile then went to Notre

ame, to be present at a Ze Deum 3%
and an eye-witness thus desc ribes a
proprietor of nations :—
‘¢ His former embonpoint-has fallen down
upon his legs and lower extremities.f
which are proportionally large and un-
wieldy. His eyes are sunk, hollow, and§
troubled; his cheeks have fallen in, his{
lips have lost their roundness and tension, }
and his whole countenance has an ex-@
hansted and cadaverous appearance. Forg
the last eighteen months he has entirely
lost the power of moving his lower extre-
mities. The arm-chair in which he was
rolled up the nave of the cathedral was
the same which he had occupied in his
coach. He had been Jet down from the
latter without leaving the former, or at
all changing his first position. A kind of
slope, covered with carpetting, had been
formed at the great gate of the church, sof
that he could be rolled up and down with §
out the necessity of being lifted over the
steps. ‘This chair, which was placedg
within the frame that supported the ca §
nopy, was so extremely low, that, in pass-
ing afong the lines of the guards, he was
looked down upon by them, and by theg
spectators who stood behind them. His§
legs were extended at full Jength, his feet
were covered with black cloth-shoes, anc}
both seemed prete:maturally swollen,
unwieldy, and torpid. Hishands on both
sides had a firm hold of the arms of the§
chair, on which his elbows ‘eaned; hig
head was a good deal sunk between his
shoulders, and his whole person without
life or energy !”
We now give, as curiosities of
legitimate morality, some passagesy
from the discourse of the Arehbishop®
of Paris, after the performance of the®
grand Ze Deum :— me
“Ferdinand VIL. is free, and the Bing
0

1823.] Catastrophe of Spain. = _—_—3869

of France is lis Libewator, One hundred reasonable; and we hope and trust 11
thousand Frenchmen assembled by his will now be re-opened, to provide
orders, commanded by @ Prince of his annuities at once for the Spanish,
family, by him whom his heart loves to Portuguese, and Neapolitan, victims
name his son They marched, invoking o¢ legitimacy. This is an act of duty
the name of the God of St, Louis; the 54 only on the part of all free men,

throne is preserved to the grandson of b .

ed . : it specially on that. of the former
Dea Gute Te pres stthine bens who contributed to
from ruin, and reconciled to Europe; and i

a peace, impossible to obtain by other Create @ confidence, the dupes of
¥meatis, is conquered by a war the most Which they are bound to sustain after
just, the most loyal, and at the same time defeat. Mery | F

the least bloody that was ever waged. _ Inv the whole affair, it is impossible
Six months, dearest brethren, six months to. avoid some notice of the glories
have sufficed for the performance of so that are assigned by French vanity
fmany miracles. Thanks to the king, to the Bourbon, who within six
whom God has enlightened; whose lips are months, with half the force, and a
like an oracle, (says the Holy Ghost:) tenth of the money, has made a con-
sale mee eee EE eg Jngement quest of Spain ; for effecting which in

1 ie pronounces; whose wisdom ~.. d :

Biscatters fie wicked, and after having ni Er Saad: ee eh hata
vanquished them makes them pass under *" 98 Bh ene LOG MER Ath
Miche arch of triumph. ‘Thanks to the 5@Y they, the liberals united with the
MChristian hero, whose faith has sanctified P¥lests, while the Bourbon allies were
Han expedition already so legitimate— limited to the priests and priest-
whose courageous feeling and holy valour ridden. The title of “ FIRST CAPTAIN
has been the admiration of his soldiers, OF THE AGB” is therefore transferred
and who, in the sight of that same Africa, by them to this Bourbon; for the
heretofore the theatre ofso many exploits result of Waterloo is peremptorily
gaud so much constancy, has shown to all ascribed by French writers t6 Blucher
Europe that.a descendant of St. Louis, and his Prussians; and nothing is
who trusts in the Lord, is always sure of jer¢ to the late “ first captain” but the

conquering the enemies of God and of. 9). lis
Kings, were they more fierce than the etary aifighet doce wilt, e Ser ser

: ’ : capitulation of Paris,took place near
corset Se eee eee the wall of the gardens of the Luxem
Such are legitimates in this age of bourg. We. think there must be
-eneralintellectualillumination! Such ™uch sophistry in this reasoning ;
is the cause for which, within thirty but, not having sufficient space for
years, Britain has expended 1100 the discussion, we leave. it to ow
illions sterling, and to susiain which "€aders. k ilk he ae
rivers of the best blood in Qurope 1 the mean time, Spain is ma
have been shed.—Can man becalled State of social dismay. Tens of thou-
a reasoning and rational creature? sands of heads of families, who relied
But the iniquity of the triumph over ©" the justice of their cause, and ong
the intelectual part of Spain, is even the pledged support of other nations,
Adeceper than its assertion of acause ®™€ driven from theirhomes and fami-
which is revolting to the common lies by dread of vengeance; while
Msense of mankind. The Constitution ©tver tens of thousands, who did their
now overturned is the very system duty to the state as’ honest men are
which was adopted by the Cortes bound to do, and who expected pro
assembled under British influence,and ™0tion and reward, find their hopes
promulgated while British armies en- suddenly blasted. All the miseries
joyedanascendaneythroughoutSpain. °! civil war, and all the crimes con-
It was also recognized by all the then sequent on personal desperation, will
existing powers of Europe. Yet we thas disgrace human nature in Spain
now see its authors and adherents {0 many months or years; and for
proscribed and fugitive, for honestly what? That a bigotted ideot may rule
asserting the principles which met i Spite of the people,--that he may
with general concurrence, when for be placed above the laws,—and that
other purposes it was conyenient to such a one’shall decide what is best
espouse them, for the nation, instead of the nation
A subscription was opened in Eng- choosing for itself. As though the
and to support a cause so just and king of a free people were not the
Monrtuvy Maa. No. 388. 3B first

370

first of kings, and a nation greater
which makes a king great, than one
which owes its greatness to the
chances of legitimacy, and a govern-
ment of favourites, placed above the
law.

We confess we had hoped much
‘or Europe in the regeneration of the
Neapolitan, Portuguese, and Spanish,
governments; but it appears that,
when courts make common cause,
they have the address to turn man-
kind on one another ; and the philoso-
phers of the three countries have
deceived themselves, and put back
their cause a whole generation, by a
spirit of moderation which has not
been respected by the common
enemy.

Many persons in England still hope
something from Mina, and even from
the desperation of the traitors, who
were deceived by the sheep’s clothing
of the foreign banditti; but what can
be done, with any chance of success,
by men scattered, who were every
where bafiled while their power was
concentrated and unbroken. Others
charge the Spanish people with want
of energy, but forget the sacrifices

specious: pretences of the invaders,
and the allies which they found in
the priests and devotees. In our
opinion, the liberal party in Spain did
all that the same party could or
would do in any country, under si-
milar circumstances. France in
1792-3 escaped the fate of Spain
owing to a system which mankind
now agree to condemn. Like the
conspiracy of the Holy Alliance, the
French committees disregarded the
means, for the sake of the end. ‘The
moral principle was respected by the
Neapolitans, the Portuguese, and the
Spaniards ; and we sce the result.
To speak historically on the sub-
ject, we must state, that, after the
French had succeeded by treachery
in their assault on the Trocadero, they
bombarded Cadiz; and both events
so completed the divisions among the
garrison and the inhabitants, that the
Cortes and the Spanish ministers
judged it merciful and expedient
not to hazard furtber contest. An
abortive convention was entered into
with Ferdinand, the Cortes dissolved
themselves, and the royal family
leaped into the arms of their Bourbon

Political Affairs in October.

made, the treasons that appalled, the ©

[Nov. 1,

confederate, at Bort St. Mary’s, on
the 80th of September. The details
of what took place in Cadiz are as yet
imperfect ; but it seems that many of
the principal patriots escaped to
Gibraltar, and that Ferdinand issued
in succession the following decrees :—
First Decree.

The scandalous excess which preceded,
accompanied, and followed, the establish-
ment of the democratical Constitution of
Cadiz, in the month of March, 1820, have
been made public, and known to all my
subjects.

The most criminal treason, the most
disgraceful baseness, the most horrible of.
fences against my royal person—these,
coupled with violence, were the means
employed to change essentially the pater-
nal government of my kingdom into a de-
mocratical code, the fertile source of dis-
asters and misfortunes, 5;

My subjects, accustomed to live under
wise and moderate laws, and such as were
conformable to their manners and cus-
toms, and which, during so many ages, con-
stituted the welfare of their ancestors.
soon gave public and universal proofs of
their disapprobation and contempt of the
new Constitutional system, All classes
of the state experienced the mischiefs
caused by the new institutions.

Tyrannically governed, by virtue and
in the name of the Constitution, secretly
watched in all their private concerns, it
was not possible to restore order or jus-
tice; and they could not obey laws esta-
blished by perfidy and treason, sustained
by violence, and the source of the most
dreadful disorders, of the most desolating
anarchy, and of universal calamity.

The general voice was beard from all
sides against the tyrannical Constitution ;
it called for the cessation of a code null in
its origin, illegal in its formation, and un-
just in its principle; it called for the
maintenance of the sacred religion of
their ancestors, for the re-establishment
of our fundamental laws, and for the
preservation of my legitimate rights;
rights which I have received from my
ancestors, and which my subjects have
solemnly sworn to defend.

This general cry of the nation was not
raised in vain.

In all the provinces armed corps were
formed, which leagued themselves against
the soldiers of the Constitution; some.
times they were conqnerors ; sometimes
they were conquered; bunt they always
remained firm to the cause of religion and
of the monarchy.

Their enthusiasm, in the defence of
objects so sacred, never deserted them
under the reverses of war, and, preferring
death to the sacrifice of those great hig

ts

Catastrophe of Spain.

371

Ty subjects convinced Europe, by
their fidelity and their constancy, that,
although Spain nourished in her bosom
some unnatural children, the sons of
rebellion, the nation in general was reli-
gious, monarchical, and passionately de-
voted to its legitimate sovereign.

The whole of Europe—well aware of
my captivity, and that of all the royal fa-
mily, of the deplorable situation of my
loyal and faithful subjects, and of the
pernicious doctrines which Spanish agents
were disseminating on all sides—resolved
to put an end to a state of things, which
constituted a common reproach, .nd
which menaced with destruction all
thrones and all. ancient institutions, in
order to substitute impiety and profli-
gacy.

France, entrusted with so sacred. an
enterprise, has triumphed in a few
months over the efforts of all the rebels
of the world, collected for the misery of
Spain upon her classic soil of fidelity and
loyalty.

My august and well-beloved cousig, the
Duke d’Angouleme, at the head of a
valiant army, a conqueror throughout all
my territories, has rescued me from the
slavery in which [ pined, and restored me
to my constant and faithful subjects. _

Replaced upon the throne of St. Ferdi-
nand, by the just and wise hand of Pro-
vidence, as well as by the generous
efforts of my noble allies, and the valiant
enterprize of my cousin, the Duke d’An-
gouleme, and his brave army, desirous of
applying a remedy to the most pressing
necessities of my people,.and of mani-
festing to all my real will in this, the first
moment of my recovered liberty, I have
authorised the following decree :

Art. 1, All the Acts of the government
called Constitutional (of what kind and
description they may be), a system which
oppressed my people from the 7th of
March, 1820, until the 21st of October,
1823, are declared null and void, declar-
ing, as I now declare, that during the
whole of that period I have been de-
prived of my liberty, obliged to sanction
laws and authorize orders, decrees, and
regulations, which the said government
framed and executed against my will.
Art. 2, Lapprove of every thing which
has been decreed and ordered by the
Provisional Junta of Government, and
by the Regency, the one created at
Oyarzun, April 9, the other May 26, in
the present year; waiting, meanwhile,
until sufficiently informed as to the
wants of my people, I may be able to be-
stow those laws, and adopt those mea-
sures, which shall be best calculated to
secure their real prosperity and welfare,
the constant object of all my wishes.

ou may communicate this decree to all
the ministers.
(Signed by the royal hand.)
D. Vicror SAEZ...
Port St. Mary, Oct. 1.

A second Decree orders the purification
of all the civil authorities and the sup-
pression of the constitutional army; no
officer shall be admitted into the royal
army till he shall have purified himself;
(purificads ) in one of the Councils of War,
which shall be formed for that purpose.

A third Decree repels from the Spanish
dominions all foreigners of whatever na-
tion they may be, who have taken part
in the revolution, or supported or served
the cause of the revolutionists.

A fourth Decree convokes the ancient
Cortes of the kingdom, and fixes the
mode of election.

A fifth, gives splendid recompence to
the French generals.

A sixth, ordains that, on his journey to
the capital, no individual who, during
the existence of the system styled Con-
stitutional, has been a deputy to the Cortes
in the two last legislative sittings, shall
present himself or be within five leagues
of the route to Madrid. This prohibition
is also applicable to the ministers, coun-
cillors of state, the members of the Su-
preme Tribunal of Justice, the com-
mandants-general, political chiefs, the
persons employed in the several depart-
ments of the secretaries of state, and th
chiefs and officers of the ci-devant na-
tional volunteer militia, to whom _ his
majesty interdicts for ever (para siempre)
entrance to the capital and the royal
residence, or approach thereto within a
circumference of fifteen leagues.

A seventh is in the following terms.—
My soul cannot be at rest till, united to
my beloved subjects, we shall offer to
God pious sacrifices that he may deign
to purify by his grace the soil of Spain
from so. many stains. In order that
objects of such importance may be at-
tained, I have resolved that in all pla-
ces in my dominions, the tribunals, the
juntas, and all the public bodies, shall
implore the clemency of the Almighty in
favour of the nation, and that the arch-
bishops, bishops, and capitular. vicars
of vacant sees, the priors of orders, and
all those who exercise ecclesiastical ju-
risdictions, shall prepare missions, which
shall exert themselves to destroy erro-
neous, pernicious, and heretical doctrines,
and shut up in the monasteries, of which
the rules are the most rigid, those ec-
clesiastics who have been the agents of|
an impious faction.

An event, which doubtless hastened
the fall of Cadiz, was the unfortunate
capture of the. brave Reco, the
chivalrous:

372

chivalrous hero of the revolution.
He left Cadiz, for the purpose of
arousing the army of Ballasteros to
action,—landed at Malaga, and has-
tened with a body of ill-armed parti-
ans into Grenada, where he arrested
the traitor Ballasteros ; but a party of
troops of the latter, aided by a French
division, having put to flight the corps

Marriages in and near London.

[Nov. 1,

of Riego, the Jatter,.im company with
an English officer, was betrayed by
a Spanish peasant and priest,—seized |
and conveyed, under every species of
insult, to Madrid; where, on some
vile pretence, he underwent a mock
trial, and has been condemned to
death,

INCIDENTS, MARRIAGES, and DEATHS, 1n anp neEaR LONDON;
With ‘Biographical Memoirs of distinguished Characters recently deceased.

ee

CHRONOLOGY OF THE MONTH.

EPT. 27,—At the Old Bailey no less

than thirty-one prisoners sentenced to
death, three to transportation for life, six-
teen to seven years, anda great number
to imprisonment and hard labour for dif-
ferent periods. It was assumed that a ge-
neral Act of Parliament, rendering sen-
tence of death unnecessary, did not include
the city of London!

— 29.—Mr. Alderman Waithman elect-
ed lord mayor.

— 31.—A distressing accident happened
at Brentford : a stage-coach, heavily laden
with passengers and luggage, from the
restiveness of the fore off-horse, came into
contact with a coal-waggon, and was over-
set. Nineor ten outside passengers were
thrown to a considerable distance, and
some seriously hurt ; an infant, in the arms
of its mother, who had a shoulder dislo-
cated and an arm broken, with other
bruises, was killed on the spot.

— 16.—A Meteorological Society form-
ed at a public meeting at the London
Coffee-house.

MARRIED.

George Grant, esq. of Russell-place, to
Miss Sophia Glennie, of Great James-
street,

John Brown, esq. ef the India-house, to
Miss Marianne Sophia Thompson, of Fo-
rest-gate, Essex.

Brailsford Bright, esq. of Bishopsgate-
street, to Miss Tilston, of Wellclose-
Square.

Mr. G. Goodwin, of Cheapside, to Miss
Caroline Gray, of New-road.

Major-gen. Carey, to Miss Manning,
daughter of William Manning, esq, M.P.

Mr. J. B. de Mole, to Miss Isabella
Maudsley, of Cheltenham-place, Lambeth.

Mr. Lewis, of Spital-square, to Miss M.
Bunnell, of Islington.

Mr. Stephen Williams, of Bedford-row,
to Miss E. Stevenson, of Clapham.

At St. Botolph’s, Bishopsgate, Mr. Wil-
liam Lake, of Trinidad, to Miss Susannah
Shephard, of Camden-town.

Mr. S. Jones, to Maria, daughter of the
late J. Walford, esq. ordnance store-keeper.

Mr. Rodgers, of Canterbury-square, to
Miss H. Falconar, of Doncaster.

At St. Luke’s, Chelsea, H.V.Tebbs, esq,
Doctors’ Commons, to Caroline, daughter
of Joseph Nailer, esq.

James Trimbey, esq. to Miss H. R.
Emmett, both of Balham-hill.

Edgar Taylor, esq. of the Inner Temple,
to Miss Ann Christie, of Wick-hoyse,
Hackney.

Edward Tyrrell, esq. of Guildhall, to
Miss Fanny Lingham, of Ewell.

Philip Hall, esq. of Greek-street, Soha,
to Miss Helen Stewart, of St. George’s-
place, Leith Walk, Edinburgh,

Mr. John Exley, of Hackney, to Miss
Elizabeth Atkinson, of Bishopsgate with-
out.

Warner Smith, esq. of Walbrook-place,
Hoxton, to Miss Elizabeth Haines, of
Marshall-street, Golden-square.

Mr. Richard Bentley, of Ely-place, to
Miss Charlotte Bolton, of Shoe-lane.

Mr. D. Couty, of St. George’s-in-the-
East, to Miss Mary Davis, of Newington
Butts.

Mr. Samuel Boydell, of Islington, to
Miss Jane Boydell Philpot, of Bethnal-
green. ‘

Mr. Nicholson, of Grafton-house, Soho,
to Miss Ray, of Finchley.

Mr. Bissett, of Peckham, to Miss E. S.
Bell, of Croydon.

H. Mildmay, esq. to Ann, daughter of
Alexander Baring, esq. M.P.

Mr. J. Betteridge, of London, to Miss
Tabitha Wood, of Painswick, Glouces-
tershire.

W.H. Lane, esq. of Mercers-hall, to
Miss Emily Armstrong, of Upper Char-
lotte-street, Fitzroy-square.

At St. George’s, Hanover-square, Dr.
E. Abbey, to Miss Harriet Catharine
Walker, of Reigate.

The Rev. C. Spencer, to Mary Ann,
daughter of Sir 8. B. Morland, bart,

Hon. P. F. Cust, m.p. to Lady J. M.
Scott, sister of the Duke of Buccleugh.

Mr. G, P. Maples, of the Old Jewry; to
Miss Anne Williams, of Bristol.

At Eastbourne, Thomas Palmer Lloyd,

©8q.

1823.]

esq. of lram-common, to Frances,
daughter of Thomas Harrison, esq.
- Mr. T. Bourn, to. Miss Mary Gray,
both of Hackney.

DIED.

In Grafton-street, 71, Benjamin Marshall,
esq. late of Watling-street.

In Church-street, Croydon,
Read, esq.

In Fleet-street, 83, John Pettit, esq. late
of Bocking, Essex.

In Portman-square, the Hon, Mary Pa-
tience Denny, wite of Anthony D. esq. and
daughter of the late Lord Collingwood.

Tn Fleet-street, Mary, widow of Mr. T.
Gurney, of Peel’s Cottee-house,

In Little Britain, suddenly, Mr. Boul-
den, bookbinder, much respected, and
leaving a large family to lament his loss.

At Blackheath-hill, 77, Mr. J. Hooker,
formerley of Bermondsey.

At Blackheath, 28, Elizabeth, wife of J.
Armstrong, esq.

At Windsor, 94, Mrs. A. Cowell, of
Wigmore-street, Cavendish-square, widow
of Benjamin C. esq.

At Hastings, 69, William Coward, esq.
of Brixton-lodge.

At Vauxhall, 62, Mrs. Appleton, of Lud-
gate-hill.

In Portland-place, the Dowager Lady
Templeton.

At Highgate, Ann, daughter of the Rev.
Dr. Henry Owen, late vicar of Edmonton,
and many years the respected conductor
of a juvenile seminary for boys.

In Tooley-street, 43, Mr. H. Varnhum.

In. Weymouth-street, Portland-place,
Mrs. E. Morgan, late of St. Vincent’s.

In Church-street, Kensington, 79, Jo-
seph Battie, esq. late of the Bengal esta-
blishment. , j

Mrs. Peto, wife of Mr. Peto, builder,
Godalmin.

On Lambeth Terrace, 80, Mr. Hugh
Pain.

At Somers’ Town, 75, Lieut.-col. Robert
Platt, late of the 5th foot.

At Kensington-gore, the widow of J.
Fitzgerald, esq.

In Beaumont-street, St. Mary-le-bone,
Joseph Kidd, esq. of Shacklewell.

Tn Sloane-street, 70, Mrs. Covmbes.

At Twickenham, the Hon. Mrs. Butler.

At Ewell, William Dowdeswell, esq-

At Clapham, Eliza, daughter of tlie late
Thomas Puckles, esq.

The Rev. R, Hurrison, morning preacher
at Brompton, and joint lecturer at St.
Martin’s-in-the-fields, and St. Botolph,
Bishopsgate : he was an eminent preacher,

At Sutton, Surrey, Lawrence Brickwood,
esq. formerly a banker.

At Islington, 54, Susannah, wife of Mr,
John Cheap, jun,

In Bridge-street, Southwark, 65, Arthur
Pott, esq.

Thomas

Deaths in and near London,

373

In Newington-pkice, Kennington, Sarah,
wife of Peter Hofman, esq.

At Kennington, 71, Mrs. Lambert, widow
of John L. esq.

In Air-street, Piccadilly, J. Ward, esq.

At Park-cottage, Knightsbridge, 87,
Edward Powell, esq.

In Francis street, Newington Butts, 31,
Mrs. Mary Morton, widow of Charles M.
esq. of Montego- bay, Jamaica.

At Harrowgate, 83, Sir A, Chambre,
late one of the judges of the Common
Pleas.

At Ingestrie, Staffordshire, 22, Frances
Charlotte Countess of Dartmouth ; also,
aged 18 months, Lord Viscount Lewisham,
the eldest son of the Earl of Dart-
mouth, ;

In the 43rd year of herage, Mrs. Eliza-
beth Luddington, wife of Mr. William
Luddington, of Euston-Square, and sister
of Dr. John Evans, of Islington. She
fell a sacrifice to the incessant attention
and unremitting vigilance with which she
conducted a seminary for young ladies,
which under her fostering wing had at-
tained to unexampled prosperity. On
her return after the Midsummer recess to
the discharge of professional duties, her
indisposition augmented, and terminated
in speedy dissolution. ‘To her mournful
partner, and to her three affectionate
daughters, as well as to her relatives
and friends, she was endeared by the
many excellences both of her head and
of her heart; they will long cherish her
memory. Her removal from an extensive
sphere of usefulness and in the zenith of
activity, forms an awful comment on the
vanity of human expectations, and pow-
erfully inculcates the wisdom of directing
our hopes to the imperishable enjoyments
of a better world. This account shall be
closed with lines of which she expressed
her warmest admiration,

— Yes, we shall live for ever.
years
May bring their destined trials, woes, and Joys,
And shew the thorns and roses in our way ;
But we shall follow when the mighty Lord
Of man’s redemption, rising from the graye,
Ascended,—pointing to our promised home
_ Above,—where spirits of the just abide
In immortality and perfect love!

At his seat at Brocklesby-hall, in Lin-
colnshire, Charles Anderson Pelham, Lord
Yarborough. Mr. Anderson, which is bis
patronymic name, assumed that of Pelham
on succeeding to the fortune of Charles
Pelham, his great uncle. He served in
several parliaments for the county of
Lincoln, till the year 1792, when, by the
interest of Mr. Pitt, to whom he had at-
tached himself, he was, by the King,
created Baron Yarborough. His lord-
ship soon, however, changed his politics,
and for many years has voted with oppo-
sition, He has not been distinguished as
an orator in cither house of ai

e

Life’s short

$74
He died at the age of seventy-five ; and fs
succeeded in his title and estate by his
son, the Hon. Charles Anderson Pelliam,
of Appledurcombe, in the Isle of Wight;
that gentleman having succeeded to that
estate as heir at law to the late’ Sir
Richard Worsley. Mr. Pelham, in the
House of Commons, has steadily voted
with opposition. Lord Yarborough was
LL.D. F.R.S. and F.A.s. Being succeeded
in the peerage by his son, the Hon. C. A.
Pelham, a vacancy is occasioned in the re-
presentation for Lincolnshire.

At his seat at Barrogil Castle, near
Thurso, James Sinclair, Earl of Caithness.
His lordship was descended from William,
second Earl of Caithness, the first branch
of which family held the title from 1456 to
1789, when, that branch failing, it de-
scended to the second branch, in the per-
son of James, the twelfth earl. He lived
mostly at his estate in Scotland, and at
his death was lord-lientenant of the county
of Caithness, and post-master general for
Scotland. His lordship was Jong in a
declining state of health.

Mrs. Richardson, widow of the late
Joseph Richardson, esq. a barrister at
Jaw, and many years member of parilia.
ment for one of the Duke of Northum-
berland’s boroughs, in Cornwall. That
gentleman had originally a small fortune,
and that he lost in the unfortunate ad-
venture with Mr. Sheridan, in Drury-
lane Theatre. Richardson died in 1800,
leaving this lady a widow, with a young
family, and in very distressed circum-
stances. Her husband’s friend assisted
her by procuring a subscription for the
publication of the Fugitive, a comedy;
and some poems, written by him, which
relieved her in some degree. She also, in
1808, published a volume of elegant
poems of her own composition, and an
abridgment of the Bible, in verse, for
the use of young persons. As she has,
as might be expected, not left any pro-
perty to bring up her children, her friends
are now endeavouring to raise a subscrip-
tion for their support, in which we sin-
cerely wish them success.

In Ireland, Charles O’ Luuglan, esq. com-
monly called the Prince of Burrin. ‘This
man was little, if at all, known in England,
and probably not much more in Ireland,
but we give this notice of him as one of
those singular beings with which Ireland
abounds. They are, or pretend to be, the
descendants of an ancient aristocracy, and
look for homage from all ranks on that
account. This man was remarkably con-
descending, and, as far as his property
would permit him, charitable to the lower
class of his neighbours, but as proud and
unbending to those in his neighbourhood
who were his equals in rank and fortune.
As he has no son, he is succeeded by a

2

Deaths in and near London.

[Nov. 1,

collateral relation, who will, undonbtedly,
assume the title of Prince of Burrin.

At his seat at Ashridge, in Buckingham-
shire, John William Egerton, Earl of Bridg-
water, This noble lord was the son of
John, Lord Bishop of Durham, by Anne
Sophia, danghter of the Duke of Kent.
He was born August 29, 1749 ; and, being
bred to the army; in the year 1783 he was
major of the 20th regt. of dragoons, and
that year married a daughter of Samuel
Haynes, esq. by whom he had no children ;
he has never been on active service as a
soldier abroad, but has been on the staff
both in England and Ireland, and has risen
to the rank of general, his commission
bearing date in1812. Before hisaccession
to the peerage, he sat many years in par-
liament for the borough of Brockley, and
voted invariably with administration. On
the death of Francis, the last Duke of
Bridgwater, the title of duke became ex-
tinct; but the earldom of Bridgwater, and
the title of Viscount Brockley, fell to this
gentleman, Lord Bridgwater was, when
he died, colonel of the 14th dragoons,
steward for the Duchy of Cornwall to the
estates of that duchy in Hertfordshire,
and master of Grothan Hospital, Durham,
also F.R.8. On the death of the late Duke
of Bridgwater, he succeeded to the Buck-
inghamshire estates, and the patronage of
the borough of Brockley, and a large for-
tune. He is said to have been the largest
holder of Bank-stock of any man in Eng~-
land. His lordship was much of an econo-
mist, and has been able to expend a very
large sum in rebuilding the family-seat of
Ashridge, now one of the most splendid
mansions in England. Lord Bridgwater has
been long ill. By staying out too long on
a shooting-party with the Duke of York,
one of his feet was so much affected by
the frost, that, at one time it was feared
amputation would be necessary, and he
actually lost some of his toes. He was a
man of a quiet domestic turn, and much
esteemed in the circle of his acquaintance,
He gave extensive employment to the in-
dustrions poor. i 4

Suddenly, in a fit, at the house of his
brother, Dr. Wollaston, the Rev. Francis
John Hyde Wollaston, B.v. vicar of South
Weald, and rector of Cold Norton, also
Archdeacon of Essex. Mr. Wollaston
came to town a few days ago, and the
night before his decease appeared in full
health ; but, in the morning, he was found
dead in his bed. This sudden death caused
a coroner's jury to be called, when it
clearly appeared in evidence that he died
of an apoplexy. J

Lately, at his seat at Willersly-hall, in
the county of Derby, Sir Charles Hustings,
bart. ‘Ehis gentleman was nearly related to
the last Earl of Huntingdon, and patron-
ized by him, He bred him to the army i

an

1823.]
and we find him, in the year 1783, lieute-
nant-colonel in the 34th regt. of foot, in
which lie continued some time, and then
retired on half-pay ; but, keeping his rank
in the army, herose successively by brevet
to that of full general, in 1813. He was
successively promoted to be colonel of the
77th, 55th, and 1¢th, regiments of foot.
On the 28th of February, 1806, his
Majesty, George III. was pleased to con-
fer on him the title of a baronet of Great
Britain. Sir Charles had no opportunity
to distinguish himself as a military man,
not having been called on to take any
command abioad, but had generally a sta-
tion in some one of the military districts.
He was a well-disposed zealous man.

At the Grange, near Wareham, the
Right Hon. Nathaniel Bond. This gentle-
man was bred at Westminster and Cam-
bridge for the bar. ‘The two families of
Bond and Bankes are joint patrons of the
borough of Cortff- Castle, in Dorsetshire.
Mr. Bond was elected, when young, to
represent that borongh. He took the
side of Mr. Pitt, and for some time prac-
tised at the bar as a barrister, and a ser-
jeant at law, and kiug’s conncil; but, find-
ing no great encouragement in his profes-
sion, he quitted it, and by Mr. Pitt’s inter-
est was made one of the lords of the Trea-
sury; and, cn the death or resignation of
Sir Charles Morgan, he was appointed
king’s council, a place he was obliged
fo quit by ill health, since which he
resided at his seat in Dorsetshire, where
he acted as a magistrate; and, by his con-
duct, was much esteemed in his neighbour-
hood. He was a man of abilities, and in
parliament displayed considerable elo-
quence.

At his seat at Cobham-hall, in Surrey,
at the advanced age of nearly 105, Gene-
ral Felix Buckley, (whose death was men-
tioned in our last.) He passed his life in
the army, which he must have entered
early, as he was a captain in the Royal
Horse Guards in 1751, made a major by
brevet 1764, major in the troop 1765,
lieut.-col. in 1773, and colonel in 1779.
In the beginning of Mr, Pitt’s administra-
tion, the old troops of Royal Horse Guards
were reduced, and the present Life Guards
raised in their room. Colonel Buckley
was promoted to be major-general in 1782,
lieutenant-general 1791, and general 1801.
He had retired from the army, but had
retained his rank; and, at his death,
enjoyed only the place of Governor of
Pendennis castle. He was longer in the
military service than any other man, and
perhaps may be said to have secn as little
service,

William Noble, esq. at the age of 78,
formerly a banker in Pall Mall. Mr, N.
was a nalive of Brampton, in Westmore-
land ; and, coming to town, he was intro-

Deaths in and near London.

375

duced into the banking business, and was
partner in the house of Devaynes, Dawes,
and Noble, They were not successful;
Mr. Noble, during his prosperity, had per-
formed many acts of philanthropy. One
gentleman, who was befriended by him,
made a journey to the North, and pub-
lished it under the title of ‘‘ Ramble tothe
Lakes.” He prefixed to his work a good
portrait of Mr. Noble, and under it this
highly complimentary inscription, —'* The
Friend of Man.” Myr, Noble has lived for
many years retired in the country, and
was deservedly esteemed.

At Kinnaird, in the county of Roscom-
mon, Mrs. Plunket, wife of Major Plunket,
but better known as Miss Gunning. She
was the daughter of the late General Gun-
ning, by Miss Minifie, daughter of a cler-
gyman of that name in the west of Eng-
land, and who was well known as a novel
writer, General Gunning was the brother
of the two celebrated Irish beauties, the
Miss Gunnings, one of whom married the
late Earl of Coventry, and the other was
first married to the Duke of Hamilton,
and afterwards to the Duke of Argyle.
With such connexions, Miss G. might
have done well in the world; but all she
could obtain was to be taken under the
patronage of Gertrude, the old Duchess
of Bedford. But she and her mother
soon became objects of displeasure, by
anendeavour to procure a marriage for
Miss Gunning, with the Marquis of
L , by an artifice which was much
talked of at that time, and was the subject
of many pamphlets. For this she was dis-
missed from the duchess’s favour, aud
obliged to return to her mother, who lived
Separate from her husband on a small an-
nuity. In this situation she, like her mo-
ther, tried her abilities in novel writing,
and published ‘The Gipsey Countess,”
4 vol. 12mo. 1799. ‘* The Farmer’s Boy,”
from the French of Dumesnil, 4 vol. 1802.

“The Exile of Erin,’ 3 vol. 1803.
“Dangers through Life,” 3 vol. and

“ Memoiis of a Man of Fashion, 1815,”
After her mother’s death, we presume she
must have been assisted by some of her
noble relatives, till she married Major
Plunket, an officer in slender circum-
stances. With him she soon after retired
to Ireland, but not before an attempt was
made‘to charge her with a capital crime.
This lady might certainly have looked for
a better station in life, and kinder treat-
ment, as she was first cousin to two of our
most ancient and opulent cukes.

At Florence, lately, John IKing, esq.
well known by the name of Jew King, and
sometimes called King of the Jews. ‘This
extraordinary character was boyn of poor
parents, and educated at the Jews’ cha-
vily school, The education he acquired
there was very confined; but his abilities,

which

$76

which were very considerable, might have ,
enabled him to make a very shining figure
in life.. As clerk to a Jew house of. busi-
ness, he learned all the arcana of money-
transactions, and was initiated, into a
knowledge of the law at another place.
With these qualifications he commenced
money-broker; and, by negociating annul-
ties for young men of fortune to support
their extravagancies, he contrived to live
in a splendid style. He did not, however,
confine his abilities to his profession, but
was employed at the debating society,
then (about the year 1782,) held at the
rooms in Carlisle-street. In this place our
informant remembers to have heard King,
the late actor’ Macklin, and the present
Judge G ; and King. was not the
worst orator of the three. About the
same period he commenced author, and
wrote ‘“‘ Thoughts on the Difficulties and
Distresses in which the Peace of 1785. has
involved the People eh esha addressed
to the Right Hon. Charles Jamts Fox,
1783.” By his profits on the annuity-bu-
siness, he contrived to live in a style of
fashion ; and, by this show, was enabled to
draw the unwary into many speculations.
At one time he was concerned in a,bank-
ing-house in Piccadilly, in company with a
well-known Liish baronet. At another
time, but with another set of partners, he
opened a banking-house in Portland-place,
and engaged in many other ingenious spe-
culations; but, as all did not answer to his
partners, they involved him in many law-
suits, and sometimes catised him to be-
come an inmate both of the rules of the
Fleet and the King’s Bench. He made a
visit to Paris, where he became acquainted
with, and married, the Dowager Lady
Lanesborough, sister of the late Earl of
Belvidere. Herson he contrived to match
with a lady of large fortune; and for some
time he lived in a very splendid style,
keeping an open table every day, to which
such company were invited as were likely
to prove profitable, either by wanting, or
by lending, money on annuities. His
transactions being carried on in a peculiar
way, he was consiantly before some of the
courts of law or equity as plaintiff, defend-
ant, or witness, in which latter capacity he
was often roughly treated by the gentle-
men of the bar, which induced him, in
1804, to publish a pamphlet, entitled,
«¢ Oppression deemed no Injustice toward
some Individuals.” We have likewise
another work of his, viz. “¢ An Essay, in-
tended to shew a Universal System of
Arithmetic.” A few years ago, by the
death of Lord Belvidere, Lady Lanesbo-
rough came into the family estate, and Mr.
King and she were enabled to live abroad
in a good style. Fortunately for him, his
lady, although at the great age of eighty-
seven, survives him.

Account of Robert Bloomfield.

[Nov. 1,

{We have been favoured with the fol.
lowing remarks on the works of the late
Robert. Bloomfield, and with pleasure
give place to them. Our correspondent
errs through over zeal, in supposing that
our former notice was written in the spi-
rit of detraction. ‘That spirit has never
disgraced the Monthly Magazine, and
never will. ‘His ‘ Farmer’s Boy,’ thongh
his first, on the whole, may, I think, be
deemed his best production ; in which he
displayed, not only great poetical talent,
but also great practical knowledge of
agriculture. The aecount of the early
life of the author, prefixed to this work
by his ingenious friend Mr. Lofft, is
highly interesting, and shows the native
excellence of his moral character in a
striking point of view. His next. pro-
duction was the “ Rural Tales,’ which
are many of them truly excellent; and
of his “ Wild Flowers,” the same may
be justly saids His poem of ‘ Good
Tidings, or News from the Farm,” in-
tended as a tribute of respect and gra-
titude to Dr. Jenner, for the discovery
of the Cow Pox,—which contains, also
a just and eloquent acknowledgment. to
Lady Wortley Montague, who first in-
troduced Inoculation for the Small..Pox
into -this country, from ‘Turkey,—has. I
think been less noticed than it deserves—
it possesses many glowing beauties—many
poetic excellencies, feeling, generous, and
pathetic sentiments. In 1807, Mr. Bloom-
field accompanied a select party of friends
down the romantic river Wye, in Wales;
and of this pleasing excursion, lie after-
wards published, under the title of “‘ Banks
of Wye,” a poetical journal, divided into
four books; the account of this voyage is
interspersed with the history of surround-
ing antiquities, and. the traditions of the
country. In this volume, if not as a whole
equal to his preceding productions, there
are occasional touches of real poetry, and
some truly interesting episodes ; the little
piece on the departure of Mr. Morris, the
beloved but unfortunate possessor of the
beautiful gardens of Piercefield in Mon-
mouthshire, is truly affecting. In 1822,
Mr. Bloomfield once more appeared before
the public; and notwithstanding, as he
tells us in his preface, ‘“‘ May-day with the
Muses, was written under great anxiety
of mind, and in a wretched state of
health,” it will be found to possess’ con-
siderable merit. The idea which supplied
our author with materials for this poem, is
something novel and unique; if too much
so to be probable, when we have perused
the interesting tales to which it introduces
us, I think we may very well excuse it,
The first piece of ‘‘ The Drunken Father,’
is quite in the author’s own style; though
there are two or three stanzas very im-
perfect, which might probably be omitted

advanta-

®

1823.) °

advantageously. The allusion, in “ The
Forester,” to the melancholy events eat
Claremont, is truly happy,—the following
lines from this piece are very adinira-
ble :—
« Empires may fall, and nations groan,
Pride be thrown down, and states decay!
Dark Bigotry may rear lier throne,
But science is the light of day.”
—¢The Shepherd’s Dream,” and “ The
Soldier's Home,” are also pieces of great
merit ; and the last tale of “ Alfred and
Janet,” written, as the author says, for the
express purpose of convincing a female
friend, “‘that it is possible for a blind

Northumberland and Durham, Se.

377
man to be in love,” adds another laurel to
the many before entwined round the brow
of the writer. The poetical fame of
Bloomfield is fixed upon an imperishable
basis; and in despite of the censures of
pusy critics and self-sufficient commenta-
tors, his works will be read in after ages,
with pleasure and delight. Even those
who do not admire his poetry, must assent
to the moral tendency of all his produc-
tions :—if he erred in his pictures of hu-
man nature in the lower walks of life, it
was indeed by looking on its brighter side,
and painting man not as he is, but as he
ought to be.”

PROVINCIAL OCCURRENCES,

WITH ALL THE MARRIAGES AND DEATHS,
Furnishing the Domestic and Family History of England for the last twenty-seven Years.
=e

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. |
ipa bishop of Darham has recently,
to his honour, established schools
throughout the extensive district of Wear-
dale, and has expended no less than seven
thousand pounds for that purpose.
Married.) Mr. J. Morris, to Miss
E. Scott; Mr. P. Henzell, to Miss J.
Matthews: all of Newcast!e —Mr. A,
Lishman, to Mrs. Renwick, of Newcastle.
—Mr. C. Metcalf, to Miss A. Strong; Mr.
T. Gainsforth, to Miss S. White: all
of Durham.—Major-General Seddon, of
Durham, to Mrs. Methold, of Windle-
stone.— Mr, W. Clough, to Miss M.
Wetherald, both of Sunderland. — Mr.
F. Welch, of Sunderland, to Miss M,
Williamson, of Chester-le-street.—Mr. J.
Watson, of Bishopwearmouth, to Miss E.
Mogg, of Sunderland.—Mr. Forsyth, of
South Shields, to Miss Wright, of Westoe.
—Mr. A. Thompson. of Barnardcastle,
to Miss A. Richmond, of Bishop Auck-
land.—Mr. KR, Pickersgill, to Miss E,
Foulmin, both of Darlington —Mr. N,
Loraine, toMiss Whitfield, both of Hexham.
——Thomas Rippon, esq. of Stanhope, to
Miss’ Barker, of Edmonbyers.—-Jas. T.
Wray, esq. to Miss §. Winstanley, both of
Wensleydale.—Mr. M.Taylor, of Heworth
Grove, to Miss E, Robson, of Hylton
Cottage.—George Fenwick, esq. of High

Pallim, to Miss M. Robinson, of Hendon’

Lodge.—Mr. B. Anderson, of Shittle-
heugh, to Miss E. Weatherburn, of New-
ham Edge.

Died.) At Newcastle, in Newgate-
street, 70, Mr. W. Bywell, of Darlington.
—-30, Mr. W. Cooper.—65, Mr. G. Young.
—46, Mr. J. Lowrey,

At Durham, Mrs. Jones, snddenly.—
90, Cirristopher Hopper, esq. senior al-
derman of the corporation.

At Gateshead, 60, Mrs. M. Jopling.

At North Shields, 75, Mr. J. Stephenson.
—Mrs, Venus, suddenly.

_MontuLy Maa. No, $88.

At South Shields, Mrs. P. Hargrave.

At Sunderland, 53, Mr. M. ‘Taylor.

At Darlington, 27, suddenly, Mrs.
Horner, greatly respected.

At Barnardcastle, 84,-Mr. G. Wade.—
82, Mr. J. Appleby.

At Alnwick, 74, Mr. J. Weddell.—69,
Mr. M.‘Hindmarsh, much respected.

At Halton Red House, near Corbridge,
Mrs, S. Hutchinson.—At Shilvington, 82,
Mr. G. Sanderson.—At Wooler, 65, Mr.
J, Selby.—35, Mrs. Turnbull.—At Spittal,
94, Mr. W. Dickson.

CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND,

An academy of arts has recently been
established at Carlisle: on the 24th ult.
an exhibition of painting, sculpture, &c.
by native and other artists, took place.
Would it not be more effective and useful
to combine the talents of the six northern
counties ? :

A melancholy catastrophe lately hap-
pened at the William-Pitt colliery, near
Whitehaven, by which fourteen men, six-
teen boys, and two girls, lost their lives,
An explosion from sume cause took place,
which has not yet been explained, as the
safety-lamp was used by all the nifore
iunate persons, and the ustial precautions
were taken. Seventeen horses were also
killed. ‘This event has involved nume-
rous individuals in the deepest affliction:
Whitehaven participates considerably in
the niisfortune, and some stagnation has
been occasioned among the inferior shop-
keepers.

Married.] Mr. D. Campbell, jun. of
Carlisle, to Miss A. M, Fairclough, of
LiverpooL—Mr. W. Bowman, to Miss
A. Bell; Mr. W. Fearon, to Miss M,
Heslop: all of Whitehaven—Mr. R.
Ansley, to Miss E. Graham, both of Mary-
port.—Mr. J. Dodd, of Armathwaite, to
Miss J. Wilson, of Peurith.— Mr. J.
Carter, to Miss A. Rook.—Mr, J. Dawson,
to Miss A, Room: all of Kendal.—Jobn

3C Pattinson,

378
Pattinson, esq. of Wigton, to Miss Fidler,
of St. Alban’s Row, Carlisle—Mr. W.
Cummens, of Larking, to MissA. Robinson,
of Natland.—Mr. J. Cooper, to Miss M.
Glendenning, both of Longtown,—Mr. J,
Liddle, of Bonstead-hill, to Mrs. Harrison,
of Burgh-by-Sands.—Mr. J. Shepherd, of
Brigham, to Miss M. Muncaster, of
Cockermouth.

Died.|. At Whitehaven, 52, Mrs. J.
Nicholson, —72, Mrs, M. Moore.— 76,
Mr. H. Crellen.—78, Mrs. M‘Kunighit.

At Maryport, 25, Mrs. Ashbridge, wife
of Capt. A. much respected.—Mr. J.
Kirkpatrick.—At Kendal, 80, Mrs. D.
Bulfield, of Natland.—97, Mr. J. Waller.
—36, Mr. J. Fisher.

At Wetheral Cottage, near Carlisle, 60,
Mr. W. Rustin, late of Newcastle-upon-
Tyne, deservedly respected.—At Rick-
erby, 31, Mr. J. Cuthbert, greatly re-
gretted.—At Broadfield, 70, Mr. R.
‘Taylor, justly lamented.— At Eamont
Bridge, 49, Mr. W. Langley.
YORKSHIRE,

The preparations for the late York mu-
sical festival were upon the most attractive

scale, and its visitors were of the highest

rank; while the numbers swelled the
receipts to fifteen thousand pounds, The
expences amounted to eight thousand
pounds, and the profits went for the sup-
port of the infirmaries of York, Leeds,
Hull, and Sheffield. The orchestra was
80 extensive, that accommodations were
open for five hundred performers and
their instruments.

Married.| Mr. Cropper, of York, to
Miss ‘M. Backhouse, of T'adcaster.—Mr.
T. Hodgson,'to Miss A, Cook; Mr. R.
Curry, to Miss M. Potter; Mr. J. Lister,
to Miss G, Braithwaite: all of Leeds.—
Mr. T. Morgan, of Leeds, to Miss
H. Dean, of Woodhouse.—Mr. J. P.
Sheppard, of Leeds, to Mrs. Barker, of
Waketield.—Mr. N. Booth, of Leeds, to
Miss R. Blackburn, of Hunslet.—Mr. E.
Mirfield, of Armley, to Miss Dunderdale,
of Leeds.—Mr. W. Booth, to Miss M.
Aked.—Mr. J.Austwick, to Miss Bayston,
both of Waketield.—-Mr. H. Milnes, to
Miss E, Tetley.—Mr. B. Hoyland, to Miss
Bentley: all of Bradford.— John Francis
Carr, esq. of Pledwick, to Miss M.
Robinson, of Hemingborough.—Mr. J.
Burnley, of Batley, to Miss Keighbey, of
Heckmondwike.—Mr. R. E. Hutchinson,
to Mrs. B.° Wrigglesworth, both of
Masham.—Mr. S. Bower, to Miss H,
Clegg, of Misfield.

Died.] At Leeds, in Fanshawe-street,
Mrs. S. Linley, deservedly regretted.—
45, Mrs. A, Abbott.—Mrs, Thackray,
greatly lamented.—43, Mr. Lane, of the
firm of Messrs. Green and Lane, of this
town.

At Wakefield, Mrs, M. Oakland,

Yorkshire— Lancashire.

[Noyv. 1,

At Halifax, 4, Miss A. Pinch,—66,
Mr. J. Normington, —

At Bradford, Mr. T. Jardine.— Miss H.
Wood.—31, Mr. J. Bell, much respected.
—Mrs. A. Burdett, of Cottingley.

At Pontefract, 46, Mrs, R. Fox,

At Selby, Mrs. A. Smith.

At Woodhouse, near Howarth, William
Greenwood, esq. deservedly esteemed
and regretted.—At Headingley, Mr. Jz
Long, of London.—At Holbeck, 27, Miss
M. Hargreaves, regretted.—72, Mrs. E.
Williams.—At Sowerby, 24, Mr. J. Leife.:

LAWCASHIRE. i

A meeting of the respectable inhabi-
tants of Manchester lately took place,
Dr. Davenport Hulme in the chair; and
it was unanimously resolved to establish
an institution for the promotion of liter-
ature, science, and the arts.

A musical festival lately took place at
Liverpool, which was numerously and
fashiouably attended; and the receipts
amounted to six thousand pounds.

Married.] Mr. S. M‘Cruer, to Miss E.
Pollitt; Mr. J. Hollingsworth, to Miss
A. Hunt; Mr. J. Parker, to Miss S.i
Lewtas; Mr. J. S. Mosley, to Miss A.
Jack; Mr. W. M. Crowther, to Miss B.
Podmore: all of Manchester.-—- Mr, J.
Whitaker, of Oldham, to Miss M. Wood,
of Manchester, both of the Society of
Friends.—Mr, J. Snelham, of Manchester,
to Miss S, Dodson, of Boston—Mr J.
Parkhill, to Miss A. Nicholas, both of
Henry Edward-street; Mr. D. Campbell,
to Miss A. M. Fairchureh ; Mr. J. Hogan,
to Miss M. Thompson; Mr, Jas. Nuttall,
of Old Dock, to Miss E. Morgan, of Fen-
wick-street; Mr. J. B, Wright, to Miss
E. Currey; Mr. J. Butterworth, to Miss
H, Hodgson ; Mr. 1. Darlington, to Miss
S. Marshall: all of Liverpool.—Mr. J.
Jackson, to Miss A..Chadwick, both of
Oldham.— Mr. T. Kendal, late of Oldham,
to Miss M. Bardsley, of Shaw.—Mr. J.
Lomas, of Heaton Norris, to Miss S.
Sidebotham, of Stockport.

Died.| At Manchester, in Cross-lane,
75, Mr. J. Burgess, much respected.—
22, Miss M. A. Hill, deservedly regretted.
—32, Mr. A. Smithurst, justly lamented.
—74, Mrs. B. Knott, greatly ‘esteemed.
—Mr. G. J. Singleton, ~ an

At Salford, in Bury-street, Mrs. Seville,
greatly respected.

At Liverpool, in Paradise-street, Mrs..
Riley, wife of, Samuel R. esq. of March-
well-hall, Denbighshire. — In Park-lane,’
75, Mr. J. Wainwright, late of Liver-
street,.—46, Mr. J. Simpson, late of Scot--
land-road.—75, Mrs. M. Potter.— 61,
Mrs. A. Chesney. ;

At Duckingfield, 66, Mr. J. Bradley,:
generally respected.— At Strangeways,
Dorothy, widow of George Clowes, esq.
—At Fairfield, the Right Rev. Thomas

Moore,

1823.]

Moore, the oldest bishop in the Mora-
vian see. \
CHESHIRE:

The Cheshire Whig Club, within the

month, held its annual meeting at Chester,
Col. Hughes, m.P. in the chair. The
speeches were on the purest principles of
patriotism, and were received with fer-
vour by the enlightened company. Earl
Grosvenor, in an excellent speech, stated,
that pure Whiggism had made rapid pro-
gress in that and several adjoining and
other counties.
* Mr. Harrison, who was incarcerated in
Chester castle for alledged sedition com-
mitted at a public reform meeting held
at Stockport, was liberated within the
month. He has returned to his family.

Married.| Mr. Ayrton, of Chester, to
Miss E. Grimsditch, of Liverpool.—Mr.
J. Fisher, of Stockport, to Miss E. Lowe,
of Heaton Norris.—Mr. Shelmerdine, to
Miss Mort, both of Altrincham.—At Wal-
lasey, the Rev. R. Anderson, a.m. to Miss
Weston.

' Died.] At Chester, in the Union walk,
73, Mrs. Manning.—53, Mr. T. Horner,
deservedly respected.—In Stanley-place,
Mrs. Forbes, widow of Col. F.—In New-
gate-street, 79, Mrs. Bromfield, late of
Gatesheath.—At an advanced age, Mrs.
Wolfe, deservedly regretted. *

~ At Stockport, 38, Mr. R. Edge.

At Winsford-lodge, R. L. Dudley, esq.
—At Brereton-Green, Helen, the daughter
of Sir John Tobin, of Liverpool.—At
Bunbury, Mr. Ashley.

DERBYSHIRE,

» Married.] Mr. E. Mart, to Miss M.
Bradbury, Mr. James Hannay, to Miss
E. Pounton; Mr, James Rouse, to Miss
S. Allsop: all of Derby.—Mr. E. Taberer,
of Derby, to Miss M. Kitchen, of Ather-
stone.—The Rev. A, Know, to Miss C.
Cox, of Derby.

- Died.) At Derby, 59, Mr. J. Ford:—
+55, Mr. W. Slater.

At Melbourne, 61, Mr. W. Henson.

At Wellesley-hail, Sir Charles Hastings,
bart, G-0.H.

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE,

_ A publie dinner, to commemorate the
return of Joseph Birch, esq, and Thomas
Denman, esq, on independant principles,
lately took place at Nottingham; Lord
Ratcliffe in the chair. The attendance
was nimmerons, aud included some of the
best patriots of the country; among whom
was Mr. Alderman Waithman, lord mayor
elect of London, who on this occasion was
made a burgess of tlie corporation. ‘The
speeches were an intellectual treat, and
gratified the friends of Jiberty and
reform.

Married.| Mr. R. White, to Miss S,
Hudson; Mr. J. F. Bottom, to Miss H.
‘Hudson; Mr, 'l’, Elliott, to Miss’F, Yay:

Cheshire—Derbyshire— Nottinghamshire, Se.

379
lor: all of Nottingham.—Mr, W. Gabitas,
to Miss M. Wiltshire; Mr. R. Brookes, to
Miss H. Miles: allof Newark.—At Mans-
field, Mr. J. Barratt, to Miss A. Staton,
of Linby. !

Died.] At Nottingham, on Standard-
hill, Samuel Freeth, esq.—In Finkhill-
street, Mr. Gadsby.—In Pilcher-gate, 43,
John Huish, esq.

At Newark, 49, Mr, J. A. King.

At Mansfield, 66, Mr. J. Mason.

At Basford, Miss S, Swann Saunders.
—At Arnold, 64, Mrs. E. Williamson.

LINCOLNSHIRE.

Married.| Myr. 'T. Clay, of Grantham, to
Miss H. Renshaw, of Newark.—Mr. Mar-
shall, to Miss Mary Turner, both of Gran-
tham—The Rev. J. Prescot, vicar of
North Somercoates, to Miss E. Phillips,
of Louth.—The Rev. Mr. Clarke, vicar of
Gedney, to Miss Oldhani, of Tid Fen.

Died.] At Horncastle, 49, John Fawsett,
M.D. much respected in his profession
and the circle of his private friends.

At Hougham, 48, the Rev. George The-
rold, son of the late Sir John T. bart.—At
Barnet-by-le- Beek, the Rev. J. Pearson.

LEICESTERSHIRE AND RUTLAND. —

The independent and intelligent inhabi-
tants of Leicester lately agreed to enter
into subscriptions, to try the claims of the
clergy to whatis called ‘‘ Easter offerings.”
A committee was formed, to carry into
effect the future determinations that might
be agreed to.

Married.] Mr. J. Marshal, of Leicester,
to Miss Townsend, of St. Alban’s,—Mr.
White, of Thursby, to Mrs, Newberry, of
the London-road, Leicester.—Mr. O. Fox,
of Leicester, to Miss A. C. Clark, of Spon-
don,—Mr. J. Brown, of Leicester, to Miss
Sills, of Barlestone.—Mr. W. Hawley, of
Melton Mowbray, to Miss J. Pindar, of
Grantham.

Died,] At Leicester, 5), Mr. J. Shep-
pard.—In Market-street, 57, Mr. R,
Martin.—In Khing-street, 78, Mr. Findley.

At Loughborough, in the Market-place,
Miss M. North.—Mr. J. Seward.

At Market Bosworth, 88, Mr. Baxter.

At Woodthorpe, 74, Mrs. Martin, one
of the Society of Friends.—At Melton,
Mr. G. Brewster.— Mrs, Marriott.

STAFFORDSHIRE.

Married.] Mr. M. Eyland, of Walsall, to
Mrs. Iggulden, ‘of Newport. — Mr. 7.
Sparrow, of Welverhampton, to Miss M.
Picken, of Sydney-house, Salop.—The
Rev. J. Roaf, of Wolverhampton, to Miss
A. Buss, of Headeorn.—At Colwich, the
Rev. Charles G. Okeover, of Okeover, to
Mary Aune, daughter of Lieut.-gen. Sir
George Anson, m.p. for Litchfield.

Died.] At Litchfield, Mrs. Wainwright,

At Wolverhampton, 62, Mrs. Bullock,
—27, Mrs. E, Thomas.

At Rowington, 33, Miss M. Buffery.
WARWICKE-

380
WARWICKSHIRE,

Birmingham Musical Festival took place
within the mouth: the arrangements were
upon a grand and extensive scale, worthy
of the dignified and respectable visitors

who attended. The gross receipts of the |

four days amounted to 10,5001. Hence it
appears that musie within the monia pro-
duced at this and two other meetings thie-
enormous sum.of 30,5001.

Married.| William Swainson, esq. F.R.S.
to Miss Mary Parkes, of Warwick,—Mr.
T. Lees, of Ranbury-street, to Miss E.
Ryland, of Worcester-street; Mr. J.
Bagshaw, to Miss H. Saunders; Mr. J.
Tolley, to Miss Flavell: all of Birming-
ham.—Mr. ‘T. Marston, of Birmingham,
to Miss H, Griffin, of Stafford.—Mr, T.
Richards, jun. of Birmingham, to Miss E.
Monnt, of Canterbury.—Mr. W. Shettle,
to Miss C. Wells, both of Coventry.

Died.|] At Warwick, 44, Sarah Cooke,
one of the Society of Friends,

At Birmingham, in Temple-street, 21,
Miss $. Toney.—On Snow-hill, 51, Mrs.
A. Slater.—76, Mr, T. Bellamy.

At Coventry, 46, Mrs. M. Packwood.

At Camp-hill, Bordesley, 87, Mrs,
Whateley, late of Birmingham.—At the
New Inkley, 40, Mr. W. Broomhead.—
At Warstone-house. 71, Mrs. Forrest, wi-
dow of Alexander F. esq.

SUROPSHIRE.

Married.}] Mr. R. Taylor, of Abbey
Foregate, Shrewsbury, to Miss M. Coston,
of Steventon.—Mr. E, Bynner, to Miss
L. Bryan, of Shrewsbury.—Mr. J. Aster-
ley, of Willington, to Miss A. J. Banks, of
Old Park.—Mr. J. Morris, of Bridgnorth,
to Miss Smith, of Cherry-street, Birming-
ham. — Frederick Stubbs, esq. of Al-
brighton, to Miss M. Stanley, of Wetmore.
—Mr, J. Robinson, of Church Stretton,
to Miss E. Amiss, of Woolston.

Died.] At Shrewsbury, in Castle-street,
68, Mrs. E. Jones, much respected.—In
Dog-pole, Miss E. Jeffreys.

At Lower Wood, near Alderbnry, Mr.
R. Gittins, sen.—At Smethcott, Mrs.
Rawlins.—At Preston, Miss E. Jones.—
19, Miss Hooper, of Brimfield Academy,
near Ludlow.—At Gobowin, 25, Mis. 8.
Woodbind.

WORCESTERSHIRE.

A whirlwind was experienced lately at
the, Diglis Canal basin, near Worcester,
and several craft were removed from their
moorings, and carried some distance.

Marricd.| E. Wilmore, esq. of Worces-
ter, to Emily, danghter of the late Rev.
Dr. Lucas, rector of Ripple.-—At Dudley,
J.G. Bourne, esq. to Miss Bennett.—T.
P. Noel, esq. of Brockfield-house, to Miss
Waldron, of Bellbroughton.

Died.) At Worcester, Capt. A. Bul-
strode, of the 66th regt—in the Back-

Warwickshire—Shropshire—Wercestershire, &c.

[Noy. 1,
walk, 50, Mr. Myers, suddenly.—The
Rev, H. A. Pye, jun.

At Dadley, Mr. J. Henton.—Mr. T.
Blakeway.—18, Miss F. A. Tompson.—
At Low-hill, Miss M. A. Boraston.—At
Pensax, Mr. 2, Warren.

HEREFORDSHIRE.

Maryied.] At Eardisley, W. S. R.Cock-
burn, esq. to Miss Coke, daughter of. the
Rev. Dr. C. prebendary of Hereford.

Died.] At Hereford, the Rev. William
Anderton, a much esteemed pastor of the
Roman Catholic congregation of that city.

At Leominster, Elizabeth, widow of the
Rev. J. Swift, vicar of Stoke Prior.

At Ross, Mr, N. Morgan, jun. a imem-
ber of the Society of Friends.

At Easton, the Rev. F. Kinchant.—67,
Elizabeth, widow of Lacon Lambe, esq.
of Henvood.

At Ledbury, 30, Mr. Merrick.

GLOUCESTER AND MONMOUTH.

The Gloucester Music Meeting took
place within the month, and was attended
hy a great number of nobility and gentry.
The collections for the three days were
7591. ; being 711. more than was collected
in 1820, but only a twentieth of the York,
meeting.

At a public meeting lately held at Bris-
tol,——C. Pinney, esq. in the chaiy,—it was
resolved, on the motion of Capt. O’Brien,
R.N, to form an institution for the educa-
tion of sea-boys, the children of seamen,
and such other persons.as are engaged in.
that employment; and that it be desig-
nated “the Bristol Marine School So-
ciety.”

Married.) Mr. T. Deake, to Miss C.
Backwell; Mr. R. Parker, to Miss Kiver,
of High-street; Mr. W, Rooks, to Miss S.
Cooper, of Lawrence-hill: all of Bristol.—
Mr. R. Lewes, of the Hotwells, to Miss J.
Culverwell, of Clifton.—Mr. Bamford, of
Nailsworth, to Miss D. Baily, of Wy-
combe, Bucks.—The Rev. H. Donglas,
A.M. vicar of Newland, to Miss Eleanor
Best, of tie same place.

Died.] At Gloucester, in King-street,
70, Mrs. Jefleris, widow of John J. esq.—
45, Mr. W. Tovey, a partner in the firm of
Messrs. Cowcher, Kirby, and Co.

At Bristol, 57, Miss K. Edwards, of
Cacrleon.—In Stokes-croft, 73, Mrs, Lax,
widow of George L. esq. of Wells.

At Cheltenham, Mary Ann, daughter of
Lieut -col. Archbold, r.m.—Iin Gothic-
place, Miss Harrison, daughter of R. H.
esq. of the Inner Temple, London.

At Chepstow, 27, Mrs, A. Major.

OXFORDSHIRE.

Married.| Mr. E. Midwinter, to Miss
M. Price, both of St. Clement’s; Mr. J.
Carter, to Miss 8. Winterbourn: all of Ox~
ford.—J. W. Jeston, esq. of Henley-upon-
Thames, to Anne, daughter of thelate R.
Pope, esq. of Jamaica.—Mr. E. Tupnet,
o

1$23.]. Buckinghamshire and Berkshire—Hertfordshire, 5c.

of Wallingford, to Miss M. Brunker.—
Mr. J. Besley, of Crowell, to Miss A.
Cambie, of Bright well.

Died.) At Oxford, in St. Aldate’s, Mrs,
Ovenell.—In Holywell, 61, Mr. W. Pur-
due.—In St. Michael's. 74, Mrs. E. Hunt.
—In St. Aldate’s, 29, Mrs. Holyoak.

At Woodstock, 75, Mr. J. Brotherton.

At Horley, 80, William Myers, esq.—
At Stadhanipton, 41, Mr. P. Rackham.—
At Grey’s court, Henley-on-Thames, the
Hon. Mrs. Stapleton, wife of the Hon,
‘Phomas S.

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE AND BERKSHIRE.

Considerab!e rejoicings took place lately
at Windsor, on the King’s taking up his
residence at the Castle. ‘Phe inhabitants
entered into a subscription, and provided
a plentiful dinner for the poor of the town
and vicinity,

The Duke of Buckingham has lately
done an act of charity, which has covered
some political sins; on the birtlr of his
grandson, Earl Temple, be liberated all
the debtors in the gaol of Aylesbnry, and
paid their creditors in full.

Married:] Mr, W.'TVavlor, to Miss Ckey,
both of Reading.—The Rev. P. Fitteul,
rector of St. Brelade’s, and lecturer of St.
Aubin’s, Jersey, to Catherine E. B.; and
the Rev. P. French, of Queen's-coliege,
Oxford, to Penelope Arabella, daughters
of the Rev. Dr. Valpy, of Reading.—Mr.
Luker, to Miss J. Charlwood,: both of
Faringdon.—Mr. W. Oxlade, of Marlow,
to Miss P. Rance, of Bone-end Farm,
Wooburn.

Died.] At Reading, in Horn-street, 63,
Mrs. Hamblin.

At Maidenhead, 74, 1. Norman, esq.

At Standlake, 68, Catherine, wife of
Sir Nathaniel Dukingfield, bart.

At Ratclive, near Buckingham, 23,
Miss Smithson, daughter of Henry S. esq.

HERTFORDSHIRE AND BEDFORDSHIRE.

The Herts’ Saving Bank is in a flourish-
ing state ; subjoined is ast#tement :—Cash
received, 125,607/. 1s.; returned to depo-
sitors, 43,7271. 17s. 8d.; invested in the
Bank, 81,5821. 18s. 10d.; in hand,
2961, 48: Gd.

Married.) ThomesWard, esq. of Hitchin,
to Miss Harvey, late of Wareham.-—Jon.
Monckton, esq. of Brenchley, to Miss
Wicks.* .d, of Baldock.—Mr. P. Christie,

of Hoddesdon, to Miss E. L. Jones, of ,

Broxbourn.

Died.) At Berkhampstead, Mrs. Nick-
fon.—At Bushey, 85, Mrs. Oldfield, late
of Little Queen street, Holborn, -— At
Bacham-lodge, 22, Louisa, danghter of the
Jate Primate of Ireland,

NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

Marvied.| Mr, Goode, to Miss H. Jones,
both of Northampton.—Mr. Marston, to
Miss Mason, of Northampton.—-Mr. H.
Bates, of Daventry, to Miss Beer, of Nap»

331

ton.—Mr, J, Brockley, to Miss M. Ayer,
of Long Buekby.—Mr. Smith, of Great
Haughton, to Miss P. Whistler, of New-
timber, Sussex,

Died.| At Northampton, 25, Elizabeth,
wife of the Rey. Wm. Drake. ;

At Ketteriug, Mr. Tomlinson. — 40,
Mrs. Pooley.

At Ashton, at an advanced age, Mr.
Rippin.—At Walton, W. King, jun. esq.
fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford.
—At Eaton, Elizabeth, wife of the Hon.
and Rev. P. Meade.

CAMBRIDGE AND HUNTINGDONSHIRE,

Married.] Mr. O. Nutter, to Miss H.
Smith, both of Cambridge—Mr. J. G.
Bell, of Cambridge, to Miss E. Robson, of
Alnwick.—Mr. G. Stevens, of Cambridge,
to Miss Claxton, of Ely.—Mr. T. Hetley,
to Miss Gosling, of Newmarket.— Mr.
Fletcher, of March, to Miss A. Lamb, of*
Whittlesea. :

Died.] At Cambridge, 23, Mr. W.
Frisby.

At Chatteris, 88, Mr. T. Newitt.

At Warboys, the Rev. Jas, Chartres,
vicar of Godmanchester.—At .Trumping-
ton, 75, Mr. W. Haggis, much respected.
—At Landbeach, Mrs. Woolloton.—At
Rampton, Mr. Jas, Watson.—At Hough-
ton, Mrs, Storey, deservedly lamented.

NORFOLK.

The agriculturists of this county areina
state of great depression: in one single
newspaper, the stocks of no less than 100
farmers were advertized for sale!

Married.] Mr. R, Palmer, to Miss M.
Brett; Mr. J. W. Higham, to Miss A. E,
Harper; Mr. H. Viucent, to Mrs. 8.
Brown, both of St. Gregory's: all of
Norwich.—Mr. W. Bircham, ot Hackford,
to Miss M. Dalrymple, of Norwich.—Mr.
Sydell, of Norwich, to Miss Tebble, of
Scholes Green.—Mr. Atkow, of Fincham,
to Miss King, of Lynn.—Mr. Spinks, of
Fincham, to ivliss Masters, of Lynn.—Mr.
J. King, of Lynn, to Miss R. Masters,—
George Manley, esq. of Manley, to Miss
Stuckey, of Swaffham.—The Rey. Chas.
Jas. Moor, of Great Bealings, to Miss D.
Walford, of Long Stratton.

Died.] At Norwich, ia St. Michael at
Thorn, John Kemp, esq.—Miss L. Mace.—
In Upper Market, St. Peter's, 23, Mr. T.
Pett.

At Lynn,
Oldman.

At Yarmouth, Charles Layton, esq. late
of Reedham-hall.—In Broad-row, Mr.
Fuller.—65, Mr. E. Simmons.—25, Mr,
W. Tooley.— 64, Mr. Jas. Clements. —34,
Mr. J. Bullen.

At Brainfield, Mrs. M. A. Eastaugh,
much respected.—At Barham, 92, Mrs»
Cunnivugham.—At Kerdiston, 87, Mr, J.
Leeds.

Mr. W.° Taylor.—Mrs,

SUFFOLK.

382

SUFFOLK.
_ In this county the farmers are enduring
and sinking under great distress: in a late
Suffolk paper, eighty farmers Lad been
distrained upon for rent.

Married.] Mr. Limmer, jun. of North-
gate-street, to Miss L. Adams, of the
Risby-gate-street; Mr. J. L. Gardener, to
Miss E. Peacock: all of Bury.—Mr. O.
Lucas, to Miss 1. Chapman; Mr. J. Grim-
wood, to Miss C. Warren: all of Ipswich,
—Mr. F. Green, of Bures, to Miss E.
Longley, of Church-hall, Kelvedon.—Mr.
J. Pretty, to Miss E. Hutton, both of
Orford.—Mr. J. Smith, to Miss Whitmore,
both of Luxfield.

Died.| At Bury, Mrs, Cooper.—8t,
Mrs. M. Hand, regretted.—Mrs, S.
Robinson.

At Ipswich, 60, Mrs. Read.—n St.
Clement’s, 44, Mrs. E. Carrington.

_ At Woodbridge, 66, the Rev. Benjamin
Price, the much respected pastor of the
Independént Congregation of that place.

At Levington, 48, Mr. Jos. Dawson, de-
servedly regretted.—At Martlesham, Mr,
Austen.—At Rickinghall, 95, Mr. T.
Rampley.—At Rendham, 30, Mr, E.
Wade.

ESSEX.

Married.} Mr. D. Collins, to Miss 8.
Haywood, both of Colchester.—Mr. S.
Wackrill, of Chelmsford, to Miss M. Gra-
ham, of the City-road, London.—Mr.
Stone, to Miss Jermyn, of Harwich.—Mr.
H. Dunn, to Miss Soph, Smith, of Saffron
Walden.—Mr. G, Welch, of Stanstead, to
Miss E, A. Stavers, of Footscray.—-The
Rev, J. Awdry, rector of Felstead, to Miss
Weller, of Salisbury.

Died,| At Maldon, 89, Mr. H. Laver.

_ At Saffron Walden, 77, John Fiske, esq.
formerly an eminent surgeon of that
town,

At Coggleshall, 79, Mr. T. Andrews.

At North Ockendon, Mrs. Say, widow
of the Rev. F. Say, rector of East Hartley,
Cambridgeshire—At> Birchanger-rectory,
78, Mrs. Weldon.—At Yeldham, 69, Jolin
Leech, esq. of Bridze.street, Blackfriars.

i KENT.

It is in contemplation to petition par-
liament for leave to ereet.a pier or break-
water on the ccast at Deal.

‘Married.] At Canterbury, Mr. H. Bird,
to Miss S. Leaver, of Northiam.—Capt.
Chas. Phillips, R.n; to. Miss E, Nichoison,
of St. Margaret's, next Rochester.—Mr,
J. Pierce, to Miss A. M, Baines; Mr. J.
Lazgard, to Miss E, Hunter; Mr. W. Tup-
per, to Miss A. Wood; Mr. G. Clarke, to
A. Elridge: all of Chatham.—Mr. J.
Bodiley, of Chatham, to Miss E. A. Col-
lins, of Milton.—Mr. R. Righton, to Mrs.
A. Hughes, both of Ramsgate.—Mr. Rich-
ardson, of Oare, to Miss E. Thursbain, of
Faversham,—Mr, H, Everist, to Miss M.

Suffolk — Essen— Kent —Sussexr—FTampshire,

[Nov. 1,

A. Comport, of Hoo.—The Rev. Ti
Streathfield, of Chart’s Edge, to- Mrs.
Clare Woodgate, late of Pembury.

Died.] At Canterbury, in Wincheap,
Mrs, Russell.—In St. Peter’s-lane, at an
advanced age, Mrs, Boree.

At Dover, Mrs. Cavel?, of Deal.—é68,
Mr. S. Cullen.

At Deal, at an advanced age, Mrs.
Atkins, wife of the Rev. Mr. A.

At Chatham, 25, Mr. J. Knight.—38,
Mr. ‘T. May, generally respected.—51,
Mr. R. Williams.—In Best-street, 68, Mrs.
Soph. Brown,—79, Mrs. Whitby.—Mrs.
S. Bargen. '

At Folkestone, 35, Mrs. E. Stredwiek.

At Margate, Mr. T. Edmunds.

At Renville, at an advanced age, Mr.
Bartlett.—At Cranbrook, at an advanced
age, Mr. W. Coley.—At Walmer, Miss S.
L. Dower.

SUSSEX.

An excellent institution is about to be
formed at Brighton for the mitigation of
the distresses of the industrious and honest

oor.
A At a late meeting of the magistrates
aeting for the lower division of the Rape
of Lewes, it was wisely resolved, ‘¢'That
this bench: will not in future licence any
new house belonging to any brewef, nor
grant a license for any house now licensed,
which shall hereafter be transferred toa
brewer, whilst it shall remain the property
of any such brewer.”

Married.) Mr, K. Cousins, of Hunsten;
to Miss E. Sayers, of North-street, Chi-
chester.—Lieut. Johnson, R.n. of Arun-
del, to Miss S. Staker, of Yapton.—At
Lewes, the Rev. W. H. Cooper, to Miss
H,. Jackson.

Died.| At Brighton, in Ship-street, at
au advanced age, Mrs, Hudson, widow of
the Rev. Thos. H, of Brighton.—Mrsi
Suggers.

At Broomham, 87, Sir William Ash-
burnham, bart.+Near Uckfield, 28, Miss
Sasan Hart, greatly and deservedly re-
gretted.

HAMPSTIIRE.

Married.} Capt. Sutton, to Miss S,
Dearn.—Mr. J. Suttcn, to Miss E, S.
Pettitt: all of Southampton.—Mr. R.
Batchelor, of Portsmouth, to Miss E. Rich-
ardson, of Chidham.—Mr. W. Miifway, of
Portsmouth, to Mrs. Kinchett, of East
Cosham.—Mr. R. Barnes, to Miss 8. Fred-
gold, both of Portsea.—Mr. W. Mayor, to
Miss C. Wheeler, of Andover.—Mr. ‘Telly,
to Mrs. J. Eniberley, both of Ringwood.

Died.) At Southampton, 73, Mr. J.
Allen.—63, William Isham Eppes; esq: of
Salem, North America.—In Brunswick-
place, Mrs. Thompson.

At Winchester, Mr. Phillimore.

At Portsmouth, in Broad-street, 56,
Mrs. J, Lovell,--56, Mr. Jas, Galt-—64,

William

1823.] Wiltshire—Somersetshire—Dorsetshire—Devonshire, &c.

William Turner, esq. deservedly regretted,
76, Mrs. Burbey. Hf

At Gosport, in York-street, J. Shep-
herd, esq.—37, Mr. Cowwood, generally
respected.—Miss C, Woods.

At Andover, Mrs, E. Wheeler,

At Crondal, Mrs. S. Smither.—At New-
port, 60, Mrs. Abraham.—At Eldon, Mr,
Gale.—At Slackstead, Mrs. Godwin.—At
Stubbington, Capt. Dewes, late of the
28th regt —At Cosham, Mr. Richardson,
sen.—At_ Bishops Waltham, Mr. P.
Spurshott.

WILTSHIRE.

The sale of the splendid furniture and ef-
fects of Fonthiil Abbey continued through
part of September and October, and no
similar transaction ever excited more pub-
lic attention, or drew greater crowds of
company. The Catalogues were neverthe-
less sold for a pound, aud tickets te view
for another pound.

Married.) The Rev. J. Awdry, of Cod-
ford, to Miss Weller, of Salisbury.—Mr. J.
Webb, of Trowbridge, to Miss. Parker, of
Bath.—Mr. W. G. Harris, to Miss Gould-
smith, both of Trowbridge.

Died.] At Devizes, Mrs. Whitaker, of
Frome, deservedly regretted.

At Holt, Mrs. Hawkins —At High-
worth, 64, Mrs. M. Burford.

SOMERSETSHIRE.

. We record with pleasure, and conspicu-
ously, several bequests of the late excellent
Mrs. Baldwin, of Bath. She has left to
the Casualty Hospital of Bath 5v01. ; to the
Gloucester Infirmary 5001; to the poor of
the parish of Kemble, 700].; and to the
poor of the parish of Minchiahampton,
Gloucestershire, 5001.

. Mr. Beckford, late proprictor of Font-
hill Abbey, has recently purchased a con-
siderable extent of ground, including
Lansdown-hall, in the neighbourbood of
Bath, on which he intends to erect a man-
sion to vie with the Abbey. He has
already employed from 5 to 400 men,

Married.| Mr. C. Wiggins, to. Miss
Goddard, both of Kingsmead-terrace.
—Mr. W. Brown, of Stall-street, to Miss
M. A. Newcombe, of New Bond-street ;
Mr. G. Skinner, of Russel-street, to Miss J,
E. Skinner; Mr. D. Hull, of Bridge-
place, to Miss A. Dilling : all of Bath.—
Mr, J. Williams, of Bath, to Miss S. Cox,
of Hereford.—I:, Newport, esq. of Wor-
cester-terrace, Bath, to Elizabeth, widow
of W. Shirley, esq. of Lisbon.—J. Collins,
esq. of Bridgewater, to Miss 8. Bull, of
Cannington.— Mr. ‘I’. Carter, of Walcot-
buildings, to Miss A. Mundy, of South-
stoke.—Mr. S. Brown, of Chard, to Miss
E. C. Weston, of Sherborne.—James Ran-
do\ph, esq. of Milverton, to Miss Nichol.
‘let, of South Petherton,

Died.| At Bath, in New King-street,
19, Miss A. Conningham,—1u Guinea-lane,

383

41, Mrs. Aust, deservedly respected.—In
Orange-Grove, 42, Mrs. Rosier,—In Bath-
Street, 55, Mr, W. Sims, generally re-
spected.—78, Mr. Macpherson.—William
C. Key, esq.of Hampstead-heath, near Lon-
don, and an eminent mercantile stationer
in Abchurei-lane.—Capt. M‘Donald.

At Holloway, Mrs. E. Sainsbury.

DORSETSHIRE.

Married.| Mr. Bishop, of Martock, to
Miss Ward, of Sherborne.—The Rev. J.
R. Stone, of Cerne, to Miss E. Slade of
Martock.—At Shaftesbury, the Rev. J. Hy
Dakens, to Sophia Matilda Caroline,
daughter of the late Dr, Mansell, bishop
of Bristol. :

Died. At Weymouth, 33, Lient. Gen.
Dansey, R.N. of Blandford.

At Sherbourne, Mr. Tulk, deservedly
lamented.

DEVONSHIRE.

The inhabitants of Plymouth Dock,
lately held a public meeting, when it was
resolved. that the town should thenceforth
be called Davea-port.

Irou has been lately discovered adjoining
South Lands, just below Salcome ; samples
have been assayed and proved to be very:
fine. Menare employed in digging out
the cre, which is likely to be very pro-
ductive.

Married.] Mr. C. E,Quarme, to Miss A.
Hindell, both of Exeter.—John Phillips,
esq. of Tavistock, to Miss Fanny Brook.
ing, of Hum-street, Plymouth.—George
Soltan, esq. of Ridgeway, to Miss F.
Culme, of Tothill-house.—The Rev..G.
Ware, B.a,.to Miss E. Middleton, of
Churchills.—Mr. J. Carter, of Brampford
Speke, to Miss S. Pooke,- of Starcross,—
Robert John Pagget, M.D. to Miss M.A.
J. Brockley, of Exmouth.

Died.| At Exeter, Major Gen. Richard
Cooke, of the E, I. Co’s. Bombay Service.
—In North-street, 70, Mr.. J. Trascott,
suddenly, much respected,—In_ St, ‘Tho-
mas, 37, Ann, widow of Capt. TF. G. Street.
—In Holloway-street, Miss Tozer. —In
Gandy street, Capt. J. Hitchcoek, of the
Eighth Invalids. :

At Plymouth, 35, Mr. J. H. Browne, a
member of the Society. of Friends.

_At Dock, in the Gun-wharf, 73, Mr. J.
Boney.—In Cannon-stieet, 20, Miss E.
Warmington.—In North. Corney-stvcet,
Mis. Abel.

i CORNWALL.

Married.] Mr. R. Hewett, to, Miss FE.
Ninnis, both of Penzance.—At ‘Vruro, Mr.
R. Michell, jun. to Miss S$, T. Ferris.—
Mr. E. Thomas, to Miss Williams, both of
Fowey.—At Kenwyn, Mr: Harris, to Miss
H. Bult, of Truro.

Died.] At Falmouth, Miss Edwards,

At Truro, 53, Mr. J. Vippet, generally
regretted.

At Penzance, 87, Mr. S, Hayden.—

Mrs.

384

Mrs. Barem, wife of Dr. B.—57, Mrs. H.
Sampson. .

At Bodmin, 52) Mrs. Doogood.—Mes.
Oliver. j

At Newlyn, 76, Mrs. P. Munday. At
East Looe, Capt. Campble, R.N.

WALES.

The Cymreigyddion Society have lately
offered a silver medal to the author of the
best Welsh Essay. ‘‘ On, the utility-of the
Eisteddfodau and the Cymreigyddion So-
ciety,” and also a silver medal to the author
of the best Awdl on the four seasons of
the year; the competitors must be natives,
or residents of Dyfed, or Members of the
Society.

Married.] Capt. G. Morgan, to Miss M.
Davies, late of Carmaithen.—At Carmar-
then, David Kirby, esq. to Sarah, daughter
ot the late Capt. Robert Nanny Wynn, of
the E, I. Co’s Service.—The Rev. W.
Herbert ‘of Lianladarafawr, to Miss E,
Morrice, of Carrog, Cardiganshire.—James
Mack Child, esq. of Begelly-house, Pem-
brokeshire, to Miss E.C. Townsend Webb
Bowen, of Camrose House.

Died.] At Carmathen, 25, Mr. J. Pugh,
generally esteemed and regretted.

At Haverfordwest, Mr. J. Evans, of
Market-house, much regretted.

At Aberystwith, 79, Mrs. E. Griffiths,
suddenly.—62, Ann, wife of Frederick
Jones,esq. of Brecon, deservedly esteemed.
John Lloyd Jones, esq. 75, receiver
general for the counties of Radnor, Brecon,
and Montgomery.—At Tan y Bryn’s, near
Bangor, Mary Ann, wife of the Rev. James
Cotton; and, daughter of the Bishop of
Bangor. i

SCOTLAND.

A secession has lately taken place from
the Andersonian Institution, of Glasgow,
and a subscription been entered into for a
new institution for the instruction of me-
chanics. Three hundred and seventy-
four individuals have subscribed from half
a guinea to a guinea each, a good library
has been selected, and offers have been
made, by several scientific men, of lectures
and apparatus.

Married.] The Rev. Andrew Leslie, to
Miss Eliza Franklin, of Edinburgh.—Mr.
J, Wallace, of Edinburgh, to Miss Calvert,
of Knaresborough.—Jnlius: Gumphrecht,
esq. of Glasgow, to Miss D. Schlesinger,
of Manchester.—Evan Bailie, jun.. esq.
of Dochfour, to Lady Georgiana, daughter
of the Duke of Manchester.

Died.} At Edinburgh, Capt. Alexander
Skene, R. N.—Col. Robert Wright, of the
Artillery.

Wales —Scotland —Freland— Deaths Abroad.

IRELAND,

The charter to incorporate the Irisk
Artists, under the title of “The Royal
Hibernian Academy,” has lately passed
the Great Seal of Ireland. ;

The south of Ireland has presented a
more than ordinary picture of distress,

assassinations, and fears among the gentry,

from the burnings, or rather, heart-burn-
ings, of the poor unemployed® peasantry.
The gentry have been obliged to fasten up
their .doors,and windows at six o’clock in
the evening, and continue on the'defenes,:

armed, until an advanced hour the next

moraing. ‘lithes, and other glattonous -

exactions, are the complaints of the poor’
Irish ; and it seems efiects will not ecase’
until causes are removed. One family, ‘of.
the name of Franks, has been massaered,
and mutual exasperation exists between
the rich and poor,—the Catholics and
Protestants. Bask
- Married:] Adderley Beamish, esq. of
Palace Ann, Cork, to Fanny, daughter ‘of
thelate Gen. Bernard. —Frederick Lindsay;
esq. of Loughry, county Tyrone, to Agnes,
daughter of Sir Edwin Bayntun Snndy,-
bart. pe ae

Died.] At. Dublin, the Hon. George
Finch, brother to the Earl of Aylesford.

DEATHS ABROAD.

In India, Lieut.-col. William Lambton,
superintendant of the Grand Trigonome-
trical Survey in India; while procecding
in the execution of his duty from Hydra-
bad towards Nagpoor.

At Paris, Alexandre Marie Gonjan, an-
cient Captain of Artillery, Chevalier of
the Legion of Honour, ancient pupil of
the Polytechnic School, &c. He published
a number of political pamphlets, as also a
descriptive table of the works of Voltaire.
He was one of the editors of the Fastes
Civiles, and the sole author of the third
volume ; an associaté also of the “ Chrono-
logical Tablets of the French Revolution,”
of which three numbers only appeared.
He was the son-in-law of M, Fissot, and
assisted him in many of his literary la-
bours. His earlier years were devoted
to study ; he then made many campaigns
in the army, but returned again to his
studies, and was preparing several impor-
tant publications. He has left a daughter
four years of age, that, in that time, has
lost a mother, brother, grand-mother,
great grand-father, and father. M.
Goujon’s death is ascribed to a malady
contracted from a grievous /allhe liad at
the battle of Eylau.

a5
Errata.—vVol, 55, page 505, line 8 from bottom, for history read culture.—Vol. 56,
p. 242, col. 2: for miror magnus read miror magis; p. 245, col. 2, line 20 from bottom,
for immerging read emerging ; p. 266, line 2, for triple read trifling.
We shall feel obliged, to, any Correspondent who will favow us with correct
drawings of the Natal Houses of Newton and Thomson.

/

“MONTHLY MAGAZINE.

[5.of Vol. 56.

No. DECEMBER 1, 1823.

389.]

POPE'S HOUSE at TWICKENHAM.

THE personal celebrity of Mr. Pope, and the classical structure and commanding
situation of his honse, in a district which may be described as the garden of England,
have always conferred great interest on these’ premises. In the days of the poet, they
were also famous for his grotto, constructed in the fashion of the time, and of extraordi-
nary extent and exquisite taste. After his death, the louse was occupied by several
persons of distinction, who considered themselves flattered by living in a place so
celebrated, and gratified by exhibiting its interior to strangers. But about the year
1807 it fell into the hands of the Countess Howe, who, to avoid the intrusion of
strangers, destroyed the grotto, dismantled the house, added new wings, and converted
it into a stately mansion, in which only small part of the original structure can now be
recognized,

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
SIR,

A S the pages of the Monthly Maga-

zine seem peculiarly devoted to
statistical subjects, and those of poli-
tical economy, I have to offer a few
remarks on “the Report from the
Select Committee on the Employment
of the Poor in Ireland, printed by
order of the House of Cemmons, ‘July
16, 1823.” The statements which
form the basis of this Report are taken
from the last census of 1821, and from

Montuty Maa, No, 389.

the Memoir annexed to Dr. Beanfort’s
large map of Ireland ; which Memoir
is not surpassed in accuracy or
authentic information by any similar
work oh any country.*
The calculation, made by the Com-
mittee, of the distressed districts
which
* Memoir of a Map of Ireland, illus-
trating the Topography of that Kingdom,
by Daniel Augustus Beaufort, Lt,p, &c,
&c. Quarto. at fae 1792,

3386

which received pecuniary aid, was as
followsi— _ ae
F | Acreable
Tas Population.) Contents.
Cork. Aree emrnecneces 702,000 1,048,800

Kerry Ho Ae Meeleeeace 205,000 647,650
Limericks+«++e0¢+4++ 214,000} 386,750
286,000) . 989,950
297,000} 790,600
. 127,000] 247,150
Leitrim ++++ee-+++++ 405,000) 255,950
Roscommon +-+++-+- 207,000| 346,650
Clare ««s'e'esaeee,,)++ 209,000] 476,200
Tipperary (part) -++- 353,000) 554,950
Cork (city) -++++++- 100,000 =
Limerick (city)<++++= 66,000 =
Galway (town) ------ 26,000] » — -

2,907 ,000'5,544,650
There is an error in the casting up
of the table of acres, minus 200,000.
The total should be 5,744,650, and the
whole is under-rated,—the fractions
being omitted. The Report moreover
states, “It would thus appear that the
distressed districts were equal in
extent to one-half of the superficial
contents of Ireland.” But such is by
no means the case, The province of
Munster (with the exception of the
county of Waterford alone,) and Con-
naught, comprising the distressed dis-
triecis, contain, itis true, ten counties
among the largest in the island; but
their superficial contents are by no
means, equal.in extent to the ten
counties of Ulster, and the eleven
counties of Leinster. The former
containing, as in the Table (corrected),
5,744,650, and the latter two provinces
6,256,650, Lfrish acres: in all, accord-
ing to Beaufort, 12,001,200, equal to
18,750 Irish square miles, which make
30,370 English square miles, equal to
19,436,000. English acres,., Now, as
the fractions were omitted in Beau-
fort’s tables, it may be fairly stated,
that Ireland contains, in round nam-
bers, 20,000,000 of Irish acres, and
7,000,000 of inhabitants. But though,
perhaps fromynadyertency, there is so
considerable an. error in the calcula-
tion of, the Report, yet that does not
in the, least invalidate the conclusion
to be drawn from it, viz. that the. dis-
tress, felt by the natives of ihe south
and, west of Ireland is to be ascribed,
—Ist, To the want of productive em-
ployment; 2d. To the land being for
the, most parttet out, in small farms,
—from, twenty, to, five, and even three,
acyes,each; and, Jastly, from the late
failure of the potato.crop. 00.
The over-populousness of the coun-
try is chiefly owing to the system of
2

Statistics of Ireland.

| Dec. 1,

small farming. Nothing can prevent
a peasant marrying, if he possess a
cottage, such as it is, and a patch of
potatoes. He will even marry without
them. He rears half a dozen ebil-
dren, pays an exorbitant rent for a
farm of five acres, and at the same
time contributes to support his own
clergy and the clergy of an alien réli-
gion; and it is expected that he and
his family shall be decently clad, that
his cottage shall be decorated with
roses and jasmine, and ‘that the ‘inte-
rior shall be supplied with a well-
furnished dresser and a esi ate
In ageneral point of view, 7,000,060
of inhabitants, and 20,000,000 of Eng-
lish acres, after deducting lakes,
rivers, and bogs, &c. give much less
than three ‘acres to each individual;
and when it is considered that the
rural population comprises more than
three-fourths of the whole, and that
they have absolutely no other mode of
supporting existence than what is de-
rived from agricultural labour, it suf-
ficiently accounts for the distressed
and disturbed state of the country.
Dublin; Nov. 0. WE, Ww.

eae 2 : it

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
SIR,
VERY journal has been so filled
with the lucubrations of trayel-

lers in France, that it appears scarcely
possible to treat of any thing new on
a subject so exhausted. A book of
Travels in France generally . consists
of descriptions of the measurement of
public buildings, given for the hun-
dredth time, with mathematical pre-
cision; remarks on the badness of the
vehicles ; modes of eating, interspersed
with novel and interesting observa-
tions on the state of the weather at
particnlar hours of particular days;
inn-keepers’ impositions, and of course
the imminent perils of the traveller.
In short, if we desire fo become ac-
quainted with the manners of the
people, we must Jeaye the rule-and-
compass traveller, and go back to our
old friend Smollett, whose. descrip-
tions. of the French, notwithstanding
the fretful and diseased spirit with
which they were written, are unri-
valled for their spirit and accuracy.
Lady Morgan excels in describing the
policy of governments, and the force
and energy with which she depicts the
character of the true patriot; indeed,
she has invested her descriptions of
the latter with a degree of individu-
ality

1823.]
ality which appears to bring us per-
fectly acquainted with the subject of
them; such, for instance, is her ac-
count of La Fayette. Her “France”
is a standard work, and perhaps the
only recent book of travels on the Con-
tineut likely to be enquired after by
our grand-children, if we except the
highly interesting and unpretending
“Diary of an Invalid.” Sensible as I
am of the tedious common places and
repetitions, so nauseating to the reader
in the generality of publications of the
foregoing description, I am of opinion
that every traveller of observation
may meet with something worthy to
be communicated, though a quarto
may not be the most inviting medium
for conveying the information. ‘ The
Irishman’s Notes: on Paris,” in the
recent numbers of your liberal and in-
dependent wiscellany, support me in
this opinion; and are infinitely more
calculated to attract attention and to
afford amusement, by appearing in
the Monthly Magazine, than if they
had been ushered to the public in the
form of a book, with the usnal log-
book additions of the state of the at-
mosphere, &c.

Under thisimpression I am induced
to offer you the observations of an
Englishman, made during six months’
residence in Paris; and should they
appear worthy the attention of your
readers, f propose to continue them in
some of your future Numbers.

Barnstaple ; 'T. Mortimer.

Sept. 3, 1823.

Paris Streets—Publie Buildings, &c.

The houses of Paris surpass those
of London in external appearance;
but, from the narrowness of the streets
in which they are erected, and the
striking inferiority of the shops, they
failin producing the same lively ef-
fects on the eye of the stranger. In
the good old times, when the priest
and the noble engrossed all the com-
forts of life, but little attention was
paid to the convenience of the foot-
passenger, and nothing short of a
general conflagration can enable the
present or future generations to
lessen the perils to which the poor
pedestrian is perpetually exposed from
the want of a foot-path. The drivers
of the cabriolets, who are perhaps not
much more enlightened than the aris-
AJocrats of old, appear to inherit their
contempt for the tramping multitude,
ag to splash an individaal of this de-

Mr. Mortimer’s. Notes on Paris.

387

scription is a never-failing source of
amusement. to them: this species. of
practical joking, renders walking in
Paris extremely’ disagreeable, and
even dangerous. Among the prin-
cipal advantages of Paris, may be
reckoned the vicinity’ of the public
buildings and walks, most worthy of
attention, to one another, thus:—La
Place Vendome, Les Champs Elysées,
the palace of the Tuileries, its, bean-
tiful gardens, and the Louvre,. are all
within a quarter of an hour's, walk;
and such a walk, for variety of inter-
esting objects, as cannot any where
be equalled. Another advantage, and
that not a secondary one, is the faci-
lity with which all the public institu-
tions may be seen, and the total ab-
sence of expense in secing them. In
experiencing the unfeed attention of
the attendants, an Englishman cannot
help being mortified, by reflecting on
the different conduct pursued by the
ruling powers at home; where the
stranger mects with nothing but ex-
tortion and incivility;—where naval
heroes, buried at the public expense,
have their tombs converted into a
two-penny puppet-show, to gratify the
grasping avarice of some pitiful-spi-
rited dean. I once went to St. Paul’s
with a naval officer who had fought
under Lord Collingwood, and. who

expressed a wish to the guide to see

where the remains of his gallant com-
mander were deposited. Never did
I see disgust more visibly portrayed
than on the countenance of the officer,
when he was asked for some half-
pence, the customary fee for that pur-
pose. Such despicable proceedings
subject the nation to the contempt of

all foreigners who visit our country,

and who, unfortunately, seldom se-

parate the conduct of the ruled from

that of the rulers. 4, é
The King.

After the just and excellent deserip-
tion of Louis, given by Lord Byron in
his “Age of Bronze,” it would be
superfluous to yet on the character
of this monarch, He is certainly by
far the most intelligent and amiable
of the family. This cannot be a very
consolatory reflection for his subjects ;
for, if such priestly barbarities as the
demolition of the tombs of Ney and
Labedoyere—the refusal to inter an
actress in consecrated ground—the

‘silly removal of the remains of Voltaire

and Rousseau from tlie Pantheon,—if
such monkish acts have been com-
mitted

.
388

mitted under the most enlightened of
the race, what have they to expect
from his still more bigotted succéssors?
Crimes, Suicide, §c.

Every crime of any magnitude com-
mitted in England immediately finds
its way to the Newspapers. This is
by no means the case in France; and
on this account a Frenchman, who
reads our daily journals, is astonished
at the number of our atrocities, and
forms a comparison, as false as it is
favorable, to his own country. The
proneness of the English to commit
suicide is a charge frequently urged
against us to prove the gloominess of
our dispositions. ‘To confute this ac-
cusation, there needs nothing more
than an occasional visit to La Morgue,
where you can scarcely ever enter
without seeing two or three bodies
waiting to be owned by their relatives.
As drunkenness is the parent of so
many vices, and the French are more
temperate than ourselves, in addition
to which they live under less sangui-
nary laws, another great incentive to
crime; we must cencede to them the
possession of more virtue as a nation.
But, comparing the crimes committed
in the two capitals, we must arrive at
@ very opposite conclusion. Notwith-
standing the boasted vigilance’ of the
police, the comparison would be asto-
nishingly in favour of London, as far
as regards crimes of magnitude, and
leaving out of view petty delinquen-
cies, I was in Paris at the time our
Newspapers were filled with the ac-
count of the murder of Mrs. Donatty ;
‘and I recollect being particularly
struck with observing, in the French
‘papers, a short paragraph to this effect:
—The body of Mont, a respectable
“shopkeeper residing in the Rue de la
Seine, was yesterday recognised by
his relatives at La Morgue: the body,
on which were discovered several
- stabs, was observed floating in the
Seine. Mont had been missing a
fortnight. I looked in vain in the
“succeeding journals for any thing
more relating to this horrible assassi-
nation; nothing more was said of the
unfortunate shopkeeper. Had ‘such
an event occurred in England, every
provincial paper would have repeated
the murder, and every public-house
and barber’s shop throughout the king-
dom have canvassed the intelligence.
Thus, by giving greater publicity to
our crimes, we are unjustly taunted.
“with the number of our murders and
suicides; whilst there are more of the

Origin and carly Progress of the Art of Printing.

[Dee. 1,

latter committed in Paris, owing to
the ‘government gambling-tables, in
one year, than‘throughout England in
double that period.

The Useful and the Ornamental.

In almost all the conveniences of
life, we are centuries’ in advance ‘of
our neighbours. \Perhaps the best
idea of the French character may be
formed by considering in what they
excel us.—trinkets, China, artificial
flowers, obscene snuff-boxes, and, in
the humble opinion of the writer of
these observations, in musie, painting,
and statuary. In the Palais’ Royal,
you see steel most delicately wrought
for the adornments of the’person;
whilst their knives, locks, working-
tools, and surgical instruments, in-
deed every thing really useful of that
material, is miserably inferior. *

V Cleanliness.

Since the days of Smollet there ‘has
been no revolution in this particular.
The number of inhabitants in every
house, and the common - staircase,
contribute very much to’ their conti-
nuance in filth. The absence of the
plague is among the greatest wonders
of Paris; as you vainly seek for clean-
liness in their palaces or their tem-
ples, those only excepted which are
dedicated to Cloacina, which are pu-
rified by perpetual ablutions, and are
to be found, for the convenience of
both sexes, in the most public parts of
the city.

faa
For the Monthly Magazine:
NOTIcES relative to the ORIGIN and
PROGRESS of the ART of PRINTING, én-
cluding some B10G RAPHICAL SKETCHES
of JOUN GUTENBERG.

NUMBER of works have -ap-
peared on the subject of typo-
graphy, treating of its history, both
general and particular; a bare list of
the writers would be sufficient to form
a volume. But, few of these works
being now to be had of the booksellers,
and there ‘being no little diversity of
opinions among the authors, correct
information on thisinteresting part: of
literary history appears desirable and
necessary. Some critics would depre-
ciate the value, sometimes, indeed, ex-
cessive, attached ‘to certain ancient
editions; but, it is not the°less) true,
that very excellent various readings
are found in them, different passages
having been mutilated or disfigured in
later editions. M.de Sallengre disco-
vered, in the first edition of Pliny,
printed at Venice in the year bi? by
ean

1823.]

Jean de Spise, several passages far
more correct than in the celebrated
edition, of. Le, Pere, Hardouin. .M.
Mercier, Abbé de St. Leger, made it
evident, inthe Memoirs of. ‘Trevoux,
for June 1765,-that the edition of the
fourth book of St. Augustine’s ‘ Doc-
trina Christiana,’ printed at Mentz,
by John Fust, about 1465 or 6, in folio,
was infinitely more correct than that
of the Benedictines of St.. Maur.

Previous to the art of printing, the
cultivation of literature was confined
to a few rich monasteries, and to per-
sons that could afford considerable
sums for the copy of a good work.
Books. were appreciated, in those
times, as jewels; they were bequeathed
in legacies as such, and occasionally
alienations, or transfers, were made
of them, by the contract of notaries,
like fixtures attached to an estate.

It is probable that the original
inventors of printing did not foresee all
the advantages, with respect to the
progress of ‘letters, that its fortunate
discovery would manifest, and stillless
the celebrity that their own names
would acquire in future ages. Atten-
tive, only, to their pecuniary interests,
they carefully preserved their secret ;
and to this we may refer the difficulty
of tracing, precisely, the epoch from

which this useful invention dates its:

discovery.

Several cities,and towns have as-
pired to this honour; Mentz, Stras-
burgh, Harlem, Dordrecht, Venice,
Rome, Florence, Bologna, Basle,Augs-
burg; and others. But the two which
can atone produce unequivocal proofs
in support of ‘their. pretensions, are
Mentz and Strasburgh; the claims of
Harlem, though strenuously. main-
tained, resting on oral evidence. As
to the one written document, entitled
‘ Batavia,’ of Hadrianus Junius,
which claims a priority for the town of
Harlem in favour of Laurent Coster,
it was published at Leyden in 1588
after the author’s death, who was pos-
terior by more than a century. to the
invention of printing.

' »The whole of Junius’s testimony
rests on the hear-say traditions of cer-
tain aged persons, represented as wor-
thy of credit, with the . additional
evidence of two individuals, named
*Quirinus.Talesius, and Nicolaus
Galius, the latter having been ancient
preceptor to Junius. From these he
reports the story of Coster, as they
remembered it from their childhood,

Origin and early Progress of the Art of Printing.

389

and as told them by a certain book-
binder, aged near eighty, whose name
was Cornelius, and. who gaye it out
that he had been one of Coster’s
domesties.

This is the only authentic written
document to which the Dutch authors
can refer in behalf of the pretensions
which they announce for Harlem, We
may add, that there is no Dutch work
extant of the 15th century, or the
beginning of the 16th, that makes any
mention of the circumstance, not even
of Erasmus, who was born at Rotter-
dam in 1467, and who could not have
been a stranger to an event so remark-
able, and so much for the honour of his
country. It appears, too, that Quirinus
Talesius. was for several years the
secretary of Erasmus, who, in his
writings, frequently alludes tothe art
of printing, and sometimes to. the
invention of it, but it is ever in favour
of Mentz, not giving the least hint con-
cerning Harlem.

Had Coster been an engraver in
wood, such as he is represented, some
account of him would have appeared
in an historical production of ‘Carel
Van Mander, a painter and engraver,
who settled at Harlem in 1583, and
there composed his biographical “ His-
tory of Painters and Engravers,”
publishing the same in 1603. The
name, however, of Laurent Coster no-
where appears therein, either as printer
or engraver, or under any denomina-
tion whatever, although the ‘ Batavia’
of Junius had then been printed nearly
twenty years, and was well Known to
the inhabitants of Harlem. Charles
Van Mander considered them as con-
jectures founded on tradition, and
rejected them. Indeed, in one_pas-
sage speaking of printing, he remarks,
“Daer Haarlem met genoech,” &c.
that is, ‘Of which Harlem, with no
little presumption, claims the honour
of the first invention.”

Without any proofs, or appearance
of probability, the first Essays in the
art of printing, such as “ The Biblia
Pauperum,” “the Speculum Humanze
Salvationis,” “ the Ars Moriendi,”
“ the Historia Apocalypsis,” “ the Ars
Memorandi,” and “ the Historia
Virginis, ex Cantico Canticorum,”
including several ancient books of
images, engraved in wood, have been
referred to Harlem; but they must
have proceeded out of Germany, and
so passed into the Low Countries.

The prodigious number of works of

this

390
this kind to be found every day in

most of the great libraries, public and.

private, of the universities, cities, mo-
nasteries,.and opulent individuals, of
Germany, afford a corroborative proof,
that the art was there first discovered,
and so continued, in uninterrupted ex-
ercise, till the commencement of. the
16th century. ;

The Baron. de Heiniken, an enlight-
ened amateur, found, in the Charter.
house of Buxheim, near Memmingen,
a. very curious and interesting print,
‘ivom an engraving on wood, repre-
senting the image of St. Christopher,
with the followimg legend, also en-
graved and printed: “‘ Cristoferi faciem
die quacunque tueris. Illa nempe die,
morte malé non morieris. Millesimo
C£CC°. XX°. tertio.” On whatever
day thou beholdest the face of Christo-
pher, thou shalt not die any evil
death.—A copy of this print, correctly
taken from: the original, may be seen
in the. Journal of M. Murr, printed at
Nuremberg, in vol. ii. p. 104. This is
a remarkable piece, plainly proving,

_ that so early as the year 1423, letters
and images, or figures, were engraved
on wood for printing.

To supply the total defect of any
authentic document, like this, the par-
tisans of Laurent Janssoen Coster have
recourse to editions of the 15th cen-
-tury, without any date, or name of
place or printer, the number of which
is very considerable. These have
‘been arranged, in chronological order,
from 1430 to 1448, by Meerman, Seiz,
and. others, arbitrarily, and with as
much. assurance as if they had been
-really executed by Coster.

A pretence has been setup, that the
heirs of Coster, (after his death, repre-
sented as about the year 1440,) the
sons of his son-in-law, Thomas, viz.
Peter, Andrew, and Thomas, suc-
eeeded him, printing several works,
although they had been robbed,
about the year 1459, by a faith-
less domestic, named Frederick Cor-
sellis, suborned by the court of Eng-
land, and whither he ‘conveyed, the
typographical art. But the proofs, of
this continuation of printing by the
heirs of Coster, rest also on ancient
editions, without a date or. printer’s
name. The characters also, or types,
bear no resemblance to the impressions
of ,any other printer, or known artist,
of the 15th century. Indeed, it isa
matter generally admitted by well-in-
‘formed bibliographers, that all the

Origin and early Progress of the Art of Printing.

[Dec. 1;

pretended impressions by the heirs of
Coster, to which might be added,
“* Sidonii,, Apollinaris Opera,” and
many others still extant, with exaetly
similar characters, issued, from the
presses of Nic, Ketelaer, and Ger. de
Leempt,..of Utrecht. One. of their
works with the. very same, types,
entitled, ‘‘ Historia Scholastica Novi
Testamenti,” bears, a date to it. of
1473.
Waving these, and other such hy-
pothetical systems, we may, preceed to
ascertain, as nearly as, the materials
will allow, the epoch to which we may
refer the origin of the typographic.art.
It appears evident, that printing
derives its origin from the art of en-
graving on wood. ,Card-makers, or
manufacturers of cards for playing
with, are known to have been em-
ployed in the 14th. century. It was
these who. first began to engrave
images of saints on wood; to these
images, they afterwards added yerses
or sentences analogous to the subject.
The Baron de Heiniken, found, in
several different monasteries, of Ger-
many, a great number of cuts, with
verses or sentences engraved in wood,
of the same size, and form as cards for
playing with. In the progress, of the
art, historical subjects were composed,
with a text or explication, engraved
on the same plates, so as to form a sort
of books of images, like those above
mentioned, “ Biblia Pauperum,”, &e.
As they were fabricated by means of
wooden plates, engraved in relief, they
cannot be considered. as real printed
impressions, but belonging more pro-
perly to the art. of engraving. .The
letters were fixed, and could not be
disarranged, or arranged, at pleasure,
like moveable characters of metal ; of
course, they could only . serve, for
taking off copies of a, single work.
This kind of impression was. not un-
known in the times of antiquity. :.
We may, therefore, take .it. for
granted, that these books of images,
engraven. on wood, were the first
essays towards printing, as the next
step would be to cut the engraved lJet-
ters in relief, or else to seulpture
them separately, so as to render them
moveable. 7 ;
This important object was effected,
about the year 1438, by John Guten-
berg, or John Gaensfleisch, surnamed
Lum Gunterberg, of Mentz,.a very
ingenious artist, as appears from cer-
tain authentic materials of a law-suit,
yet

1823.]

yet extant, and printed for the first
time by Schopflin, in his ‘“ Vindicie
Typographic,” and since republished
by Meerman.

From these judiciary acts atid docu-
ments, we learn, that John Gutenberg
was a mah of an inventive turn, ever
occupied with ingenious projects in
the mechanical -arts; that ‘he was,
originally, of Mentz, born of noble
parents, and that he was long a resi-
dent in the city of Strasburgh, where
he acquired the right of ‘citizenship ;
and that, in the qualities of a moble
and citizen, his name is to be found,
marked down in the year 1439, in the
Register or Roll of those liable to the
impost on wine, in the same city.
According to allappearance, this cir-
cumstance must have led into error,
such as have fixed upon Strasburgh as
the place of his birth.

We further learn that John Guten-
berg, in 1437, was summoned to
appear before the officiality or acting
justiciaries, by Anne zur Isernen
Thur, to whom he had engaged him-
self by promise of marriage. It is
commonly thought that he afterwards
mairied her, as, in the same Register,
there appears the name of Anne de
Gutenberg, as if from the name of her
husband.

Further matters of a law-process
were instituted against John Guten-
berg in 1439, by George and Nicholas
Dritzehen, brothers, in the city of
Strasburgh, by which we may discern
the traces of the first experiments in
the art of printing.

Gutenberg was in possession of
several secrets in the arts; and made
discovery of a part of them! to certain
individuals known ‘by the names of
Andrew Dritzehen, John Riffe, and
Andrew Heilmann, for the sum of 160
florins. With these persons lie con-
tracted a partnership, limited to cer-
tain stipulated objects or articles.

Andrew Dritzehen.andA. Heilmann,
having been one day to visit. Guten-

berg, at St. Arbogaste, a little out of.

the gates of Strasburgh, where he’
lived, found him busily engaged, in
private, with some unknown art, the
secret of which he carefully preserved.
They were eager to acquire the know-
ledge of it, and he agreed to'a further
partnership of five years with them, on
two ulterior conditions, that they should
pay him another ‘sum of 250 florins,
100 in ready money, and the remain-
der payable at a set time, and that,
while the partnership was in force, if

Origin and early Progress of the Art of Printing.

391
any one ofthe partners should die, the
survivors should pay, to the heirs of
the defunct, the sum’ of 100° florins;
other effects remaining in common.

Andrew Dritzehen was indebted ‘to
Gutenberg, in the sum of 85 florins,
when he died; George and Nicolas
Dritzehen, on the death of their’bro-
ther, required to succeed him in the
partnership ; which being refused, they
instituted a suit, before the magistrate
of Strasburgh, against Gutenberg,
as head of thepartnership; Gutenberg
according to the last contract, was di-
rected, by an order of the magistrate,
dated December 12, 1439, to pay fit-
teen florins to the heirs, to:;complete the
stipulated sumof 100. He was cleared
however, ‘and acquitted, with respect
towhat George and Nicholas Dritzehen
had demanded.

It will now be requisite to consider
the ‘depositions of some of ‘the wit-
nesses. Anne, wile of John Schultheiss,
wood-cutter, declared that Laurent
Beildeck came to her house, ‘where
Nicholas Dritzehen then was, and,‘ re-
porting the death of Andrew D: added,
he-has left forty pieces arranged'in ‘a
press; Gutenberg begs of you ‘to:re-
move or take them to pieces, that they
may not be seen or known, © Her
husband, John 8. made a declaration,
nearly to the same purport. f

Conrad Sahspae, turner, ‘deposed
that Andrew Heilmann came ‘to his
house, in La Rue des Marchands, and
said: Andrew Dritzehen is dead, and,
as you made the press, and are welt
acquainted with the matter, remove
and take to pieces what is on the press,
that no one may discover what it is.

Laurent Beildock, a domestic ‘of
Gutenberg, deposed that his’ master
had sent him to Nicholas Dritzchen,
on the death of his brother Andrew,
desiring ‘him ‘to let no one ‘see the
press that was in his house. | His
master had further ordered him to-go
immediately to the presses, to open
the one with two serews, to take the
pages to pieces, and to place the ‘pie
ces in the press, or else upon it, for, in
that'case, no one could make out the
secret, font

Anthony Heilmann deposed, that
Gutenberg. had sent ‘his servant, a
little before: Christmas, to the two
Andrews, Andrew Dritazchen and
Andrew Heilmann, to:demand allthe
forms, which were undone, in presence
of him, (the witness,) as somethings
wanted correction.. Heilmann added,
that aftet the death of Andrew, as

' many

392

many were curious to see the press,
Gutenberg ‘had repeatedly sent his
servant to take jit to pieces, that none
might have a view of it.

And. lastly, John Dunne, goldsmith,
declared that, about three years be-
fore, he had. received, from Gutenberg
nearly a hundred florins, im payment
of. certain articles requisite in the
printing business.

From this. body of evidence, it clearly
appears, that the primary: elements of
Typography,-as arising art, calculated
for general,use, may be referred to
the fortunate and fostering genius of
John Gutenberg.

. A question. yet remains, whether
Gutenberg made use of characters
fixed.in the wood, or of moveable
Tetters. There are good reasons for
thinking that the letters were of the
Jatter description, or why should
Gutenberg be so eager to dispatch
orders to open the press with two
screws, to take the pages to pieces,
and to place the pieces in the press,
or upon it? If the pages had been
composed of fixed plates, how could
they be taken to pieces, when loosened
from the press? and why place them
afterwards on the. press, the better to
ensure secrecy? it would, on the con-
trary, have led to discovery, as fixed
forms, when exposed to view, are
very easy to be known, and the art of
printing images, with sentences engra-
ved in wood, had been long known in
Germany ; and, moreover, what oc-
casion for forms and presses, when
fixed plates were used, the impression
of which was performed by the balls
of the card-makers?

Some are of opinion, and not without
apparent reason, that Gutenberg made
use of metal characters, as some parts
of the process have recorded, that a
certain quantity of lead was purchased

by his partner Dritzehen. The testi- .

mony of the-goldsmith has also a simi-
lar tendency, though the matter for
sale be not. mentioned... Moveable
characters of .wood are not so proper
for typographical works, owing to their
fragility and spungy nature, ever dila-
ting and contracting. ;

On. the whole, we may conclude that
the city of Swrasburg was the real cra-
die. of printing, properly so called; that
Gutenberg. there exhibited the. first
samples of the art, and afterwards
carried it toa higher. degree of per-
fection, by the aid of cast letters, in his
natiye.city, Mentz..

it appears certain that Gutenberg

Origin and early Progress of the Art of Printing.

was residing in Strasburgh, in 1444,
from the town-registers; . it appears
also from a document quoted .by
Kohler, thaf in 1443 he. had hired a |
house» at‘ Mentz. He had lived in
Strasburgh more than twenty years.

There are authentic acts to prove that

Gutenberg made‘a fresh ‘contract in
Mentz, in 1450, with John Fust, a rich
burgess, as a partner in the printing
business; and here they printed, for the
first time, the famous’ Latin Bible
which has given rise to so much specu-
lation among bibliographers. A’ law-
suit arising between Fust and’Guten-
berg, the latter was adjudged to’ ‘pay
certain sums to Fust, which he had
appropriated to his private expenses ;
all his printing materials were also
transferred to Fust, in 1455, Nov: 6G.
_ Another authentic act is yet in ex-
istence, dated 1459; from which it ap-
pears that Gutenberg, not discouraged
by some heavy losses, set'up.a fresh
printing office at Mentz, and there
printed a number of works, without
interruption, till 1465, whem being ad-
mitted, among other gentlemen,’ into
the family of the eleetor Adolphus: of
Nassau, with an honourable stipend,
he died February 4, 1468, not livmg
to enjoy it long,

Once instance of the strenuons claims
that have been advanced in favour of
Coster, will appear from the following
mscription, placed on’ the front of the
house, where itis pretended that Coster
lived;

Memorie Sacrum,
Typographia,
Ars Artium omniim ©
Conservatrix
Hic primum inventa
Circa Annum Cid ceccxt.

Thus rendered, literally, ‘Sacred to
memory. Here Typography, the pre-
server of all other arts, was first in-
vented about the year 1440.”

a
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
SIR, :
Wwe: have seen many loose notices
relative to medicated baths of
different kinds, both fluid and gazeous ;

_and, as I live in a retired village, and .

have occasion. for. an eflicacious re-
medy, I shall be served and gratified
if any of, your scientific or invalid
readers. would furnish your ,pages
with an account of .the real improve-

ments made.in baths, Oiheaell
ea A SEPTIGENARIAN.

Monmouthshire, Nov. 2.
For

1823.)
For the Monthly Magazine.

ACCOUNT of the UNIVERSITY of OXFORD;
by M, TAILLARDIER,
‘ { From. the Revue Encyclopedique.J

T seems alittle extzaordinary, that,

. among the, number. of foreign vi-
sitors. .to this country, none should
have been hitherto found to do honour
to the university ef Oxford, though all
must, have been strongly impressed
withthe knowledge of its possessing
impertant advantages, with respect to
its ;cemponent materials, and to the
many most curious articles and parti-
eulars, tobe found in. iis interesting
and entertaining. collections. From
the following short account, by M.
Taillardier,.a French advocate, it will
appear that he has examined his sub-
ject, with, original. views; that he is an
intelligent, observer. and. impartial
writer ;and, as such, L.am justified
in recommending to. notice the facts
and -cireumstances he has collected,
and. the solid, observations he makes
upon them. The author's object and
intentions were, no doubt, to give a
just, and faithfal description, and a
portionof his information may be ase-
ful to travellers. Should any errors,
necessary to point out, be found in it,
seme of your Oxford correspondents
may, beneficially employ their talents
in discovering and correcting them.

The system of education, and the
whole interior management, in English
universities, is so different from what
is practised in France, that any satis-
factory information obtained respecting
it must be mew to. us, and proportion-
ably important or interesting. That
of Oxford is the largest, and exhibits
the finest: collection and specimen of
colleges extant, not only in Exgland,
byt, L believe, i in any other country.

The. university of Oxford is very
ancient ; it consists of colleges succes-
sively founded by’ kings, or by rich
and snunificent individuals. In the
adininistvation of its government, its
potcal economy, and legislation, it is

sreat measure independent of any

nee nsic javisdiction. The ‘principal
dignitary; who bes the title of Chan-
coflor, has iy all ages been one of high
coasters ior. if the country, He’ is
clecteth Hy" the ‘Doctors’ of Divini
Saw, and Medicine, and by the Mas-
ters‘of Arts, Who'are Regents, or whio
have borne the office of Regents. His
election is for oné; two, or three ,years;
but after that term the nomination is

Montity Mae, No, 389,

Account of the University of Oxford.

393
in perpetnity.- The choice always
falls on-one of the ancient students of
the university ; that office isat present
occupied by Lord Grenville.» As- to
the functions of the Chancellor; they
are mostly of an honorary description;
he rarely or ever assists at the exer-
cises of the university, unless at his
installation, or in case of a royal visit.

The Chancellor delegates his powers
to a’ Vice-Chancellor, selected by him
from among the heads of colleges ; but
this choice must be confirmed by the
dignitaries from whom the Chanevllor
derived his powers. The appointment
of Vice-Chancellor is only for a year,
aithough he generally holdsit for four
years tozether, when a fresh election
takes place. He is assisted by four
Pro-Vice-chancellors, that are always
heads of colleges.

The Vice-Chancellor is the principal
oficer resident in the university. ‘He
is superintendant-general ; and the
right of convening conyocations, orthe
university, as a corporate body, is
vested in hitu. His presence,*or that
of a Pro-Vice-chancellor, is essentially
necessary for holding an assembly of
the two Chambers of Congregation
and Convocation, wherein utiversity-
affairs are treated of. He is moreover
the principal magistrate of the nei
and county of Oxford.

The office of High Steward’ de-
pends on the nomination of the Chan-
ceiler; but the person promoted to this
office must have the sanction of the
university, when it becomes an ap-
pointment for life. He ‘assists the
Chancellor, | Vice-Chancellor, © ‘and
Procters, in the performance of their
respective duties; and is bound ‘to de-
fend the rights, customs, and’ ‘privi-
leges, of the university.

"The Proctors ave ‘vested with high
authority, being authorised +6 watch
over the conduct of ‘the members, and
to punish all faults committed owt’ of
the precincts of ‘the colleges; ‘after

taking previous’ ‘cognizanée “of © the
same. ‘The Proctors are two Masters
of Arts, who have held that degree
not less than four ‘years, and not more
than ten; they are'selected every year,
alternately, out of each of the colleges,
in rotation. ~~ *

“The university Sends two! repre-
sentatives to Parliament, closet from

“among its mémbers, in an assemblige

of its. Doctors and Regents. “At this
time; Mr: Pecl, secretary of state, and
Mr. Heber, are the deputies or mem-

3H bers

394

bers from the university to the House
of Com:nons.

‘The various offices and buildings of
the university are included in nine-
teen colleges and five halls. The
difference between colleges and halls
depends on the manner of their en-
dowment. The former constitute
independent bodies, subsisting on va-
rious grants of lands or of money; in
the latter, the scholars pay for their
instruction, board, and lodging. The
principals of the halls are appointed
by the Chancellor, excepting St.
Edmuna’s-hall, to which the Provost
and Fellows of Queen’s Colirge ap-
point; in other respects, the members
of the hall are on the same footing as
those of the colleges. The interior
discipline, the mode of studying, the
terms of residence, the examinations,
the degrees, costume, &c. are alike in
yoth establishments.

Each colleve and hall has a superior

governor, distinguished by difierent
litles of Dean, Rector, Provost, War-
den, President, Master, and Principal.
The heads of halls are called Princi-
pals; all the superiors or governors are
allowed to marry,

The Kellows (a word for which the
French languaye has no corresponding
term,) fornia sort of substantial citi-
zens, in these little republics. They
meet, in,a kind of council, for the
election of a governor, and to examine
the domestic affairs: of their colleges,
for each has its particular property,
in which no others can interfere. The
Fellows are ‘often young men_ that
have made considerable advances in
their studies, and, ii due time, com-
mence tutors. Many are in ecclesias-
ticalorders, and all must remain in a
state of celibacy. But this celibacy
has -nothing in it frightful or diszust-
ing; for there is no vow atiached to it,
and the parties are at liberty to quit,
and marry, when they please.

In the institution of
English universities, thereis something
thut bears affinity to our ancient mo-
nastic .professions,—to a> cloistered
life ; but it is to such aone as we might
conceive well adapted to the times we
live in,—(o such a monastic profession
as contains nothing in it of a repulsive
character, oy such as reason and com-
mon sense would be adverse to. Here
are combinations of individuals, de-
voted to peaceful studies, that, escaping
from family-cares, engage in useful
and honourable labours. But, although

Account of the University of Oxford:

Fellows of.

(Dee. i,
proficients in science and_literature, °
they are by no means strangers to the
world, or unacquainted with its modes’
of living, practices, and customs. They
have long vacations, wherein some
make the tour of different European
countries, and others the provinces
and districts of the British islands.
Independent of the mental resources
to be found in the libraries of their
colleges, and in other rich collections
of the university, their appointments
are so considerable, as to enable them
to provide themselves with books the
most uncommon and valuable. Ge-
nerally speaking, they are enlightened
friends of the arts, and well deserving
of their high calling to be conservators
of the multifarious kinds of property
annexed to the universities. Messrs.
Duncan, brothers, might be men-
tioned here, Fellows of New College,
who were employed on a-mission to
France and Italy, for colleeting ob-
jects of antiquity, and procuring plas-
ters of the most famous statues in the
museums of those countries,

The Fellows may be designated as
resembling our Repetitors, having un-
der their inspection, generally, the
different studies of the young’ men.
The latter, besides the particular
courses of lectures within their respec-
tive colleges, frequent those’ of the
university at large, wherem the
sciences are condensed and compress-
ed, much as in our Faculties, and the
Collegiate Chairs of France.

Students: are not received at Ox-
ford till after classical preparations in
grammar-schools, or the royal founda-
tions of Eton and Westminster, and
the College of Winchester. ‘Phe time
for studies is divided into ‘terms; in
the course of which the students must
undergo €xaminations, at’ different
periods, ‘to qualify them for taking
degrees, or rising to the higher offices:
ofthe university. | [ost

There are four terms in a year; for.
1823 they were fixed as follows':—The
first to open on the 34th of January,
and fo close on-the 22d of’ March; the
second, called Easter Term, to open
on the 9th of April, and to close on
the 17th of May; the third, or Trinity
Term, reaches from’ May 21 to June 5;
the fourth, or Michaelmas Term, to
open Oct. 10, and ‘close Dec, 17, a

The first degree is that of Bache-
lor of Arts. As previous requisites, a
residence in the university durin
sixteen terms, and passing four exa-

, minations,

1823.]

minations, are indispensable. Of
these, the first goes by the name of
Responses, The responses take place
in the interval between the sixth and
the ninth term: they turn on, classic
authors, logic, and Euclid’s Elements.
The public examinations are at the
commencement of the fourth year of
residence. The candidate is interro-
gated publicly on different points, the
elements of religion, the original Greck
‘of the Gospels, classie authors, rhe-
toric, moral philosophy, and logic. To
these sciences, the.candidate may add
mathematics and natural philosophy.
The candidates are ranked in two
classes, according to their merits, and
their names are made public. The
list of their names is in alphabetical
order, and reporis such and such
candidates as duly proficient in philo-
sophy, mathematics, or the like.

Notwithstanding this variety in the
points on which the public examina-
tion of candidates for the degree of
Bachelor of Arts turns, the major part
of the students who are intended for
the Jaw, medicine, or the church, apply
afterwards to. studies, more immedi-
ately connected with their respective
destinations in society.

The student in civil: law, besides
the examination. aboye mentioned,
must also rise to the degree of Bache-
lor, To acquire this, twenty-eight
terms are requisite ; which, by dispen-
sation, may be reduced to eighteen.
Bat, if the candidate, who has obtained
the degree of Bachelor, would also
arrive at that of Doctor, five years
more of study are requisite.

For the degree of Bachelor in
Divinity, a still greater, number of
terms is required. The candidate for
this degree must give seven \cars to
study, posterior to his becoming Re-
gent, which he docs immediately after
his degree of Master of Arts. Four
years subsequently to his. being a
Bachelor in Divinity, he may rise to
the degree of Doctor.

Acandidate (or the degree of Bache-,

pid Medicine may come to be Re-
gent, and in a year after he may be
made abel In three years more
he may osreme Doctor.

In the university of Oxford the
studies are not confined to Jiterature
and scientific pursuits; there is a
Professor, of Music, and the stadents
in this, may arrive at degrees, but they
are not obliged to undergo. public
examinations, or make the responses,
to become Bachelors of Arts. ‘l’o be

Account of the University of Oxford.

395
a Bachelor or a Doctor of Music, the
candidate must prepare a composition,
which, after being examined and ap-
proved of by the Professor, is per-
formed in public, in presence of the
Vice-Chancellor and other dignitaries
of the university.

My information docs not extend to
details as to the criticality of the
manner in which knowledge is culti-
vated at Oxford ; but I have reason to
think, that if due attention be paid to
classical learning, and to physics or
the natural sciences, those of a moral
and political description are compara-
tively neglected. Nevertheless, on the
whole, it is apparent and undeniable,
that the system of education, taking it
generally as adopted,by the English, is
well calculated to develop the intel-
lectual faculties of youth; and the
various objects which compose it seem
such as are desirable to form an un-
corrupted taste.

Here I must state a truth, that
holds good too often in France, that
young persons, insensible of the value
of the instruction imparted in their
days of adolescence, do not begin to
appreciate the same till after quitting
their respective seminaries; but the
time is then elapsed,—their condition
in life is to be provided for, and then
only are they conscious of the means
and opportunitics they have neglected
to improve, the time they have lost or
mis-spent.

Bat it is not so in England. A
youth leaves Eton or, Westminster
School at the age of sixteen or seven-
teen, and spends four years at least in
an university, where he again reads
over Homer and Virgil, Demosthenes
and. Cicero. And thus, on his taking
a seat in Parliament, he is already
familiar with the great geniuses of
antiquity, and can: quote /them as
authorities, in their original language,
before such as may be capable of
understanding them. vit :

As to classical) studies exclusively,
I conceive that they are more suscep-
tible ‘of cultivation im England than
they can be in Franee. But, what-
ever tay. be said of the other parts of
our country, it is certain that in Paris
all the means of scholastic education,
of. acquiiing knowledge in’-all the
allowed ‘Kinds: of ‘its superiority, all
the opportunities for study, for getting
infonmation, for-collceting instraction,
to a mind of the largest range, from
a most extensive circumference of
science, of forming notions either by

com-

———————

396

comprehensive speculation or minute
attention, all these, advantages are
accumulated in Paris,

In, the physical and male raectaceal
sciences, M. Buckland is the present
Professor; the varied exuberance of
his natural and acquired endowments
is rising to high distinction in the
spacious and diversified fields of che-
mistry and comparative anatomy.

As to the interior regimen of the
eolleges, the students appear to me to
enjoy a reasonable liberty. In the
inornings we see a number of then
pass aud repass into the city; the
evenings allow of numcrous prome-
nades and cavalcades in the vicinity.
Their confinement appears to be re-
Suicted to the hours of instruction.

At present there are nearly 1100
students in the university, lodged in
the nineteen colleges and five halls.
The charge for boarding is about 100/.
sterling perannum. Protestants only
are admitted to study at Oxtord.

The costume of the students differs
but little from thatof the fellows and
heads, of colleses.. It consists in a
sort of short robe. of black stuff, open
" before, and with hanging sleeves. The
head is covered veithi: a black cap, and
a, silk band-string of the same colour.
The, young noblemen, peers, or sons
of peers, lave distipcet places in acade-
mical ceremonics ‘and at church, and
their costume prevents them from be-
ing confounded With other students.
"Lhey wear a violet-coloured silk robe,
decorated with gold lace, and the cap
is’ ‘also violet-culoured, with a band-
string of gold. All the students ap-
pear in the streets, as well as in their
colleges, habited in the costume of
their respective grades.

The. city altogether affords a sin-
gular aspect to a foreigner, who will
not readily enter into the conception
of so large a number of gothic build-
ings concentrated within the same
precinct. On his arrival hy the Lon-
don road, he passes over a noble
bridge, and scon after enters a very
broad. street, almost hemmed in with
colleges... The first on the right is
Magdalen College, facing the Botanic
Garden; other transversal or. streets
crossing it-are more or less provided
with similar establishments.

The college in highest) repute at
Oxford, and coutaining the greatest
number of students, is Christ Church.
Its buildings, raised and constructed
so as to ineludc four large courts, are!

Account of the University of Oxford.

_Gothie chisel.

‘digs.

FDec. Ff,

of a magnificent description: one of
the courts is 260 feet in length, and as
many in breadth. ‘The church serves.
for a cathedral to the diocese, and does
honour, by its architecture, to the
Cardinal Wolsey was
a benefactor to this college; the grand
entrance was erected at his charge,
though not completed till 1682. The
portal or front gate is surmounted
with a tower, in accordance with the:
style of architecture in college-build-
Its clock every evening, at ten
minutes past nine, strikes 161 times,
—this being the number of studenis of
Christ Church: it gives warning that
the gates are going to be shut.

‘The Grand Refectory of this college
contains the portraits of sev eral. bene-
factors to the establishment, and also
of certain students that by their supe-
rior talents were promoted to offices
and dignities of high rank. The last
portrait of this description is thatof Mr..
Canning. In thecollegeis a very fine
library, and a cabinet of anatomy; but
the gallery of paintings may be ranged
in the class of mediocrity.

Whenever the king comes to visit
the university, Christ-church College
claims the honour of receiving and
lodging him. Henry VIII. was enter-
tained here in 1533; Queen Elizabeth
in 1566 and 1592; James I. in’ 1605;
Charles I. was there several times
during his reign; and the Prince Re-
gent (now George 1V.) ‘was a visitor
in 1814.

Oriel College is entitled tova due
degree of consideration and literary
celebrity, It was founded: by King
Edward II. and has been successively
augmented by the donations and en-
dowments of individuals. The present
Provost. is Dr. Coplestone, ancient
Professor of Latin Poetry, and author
of severa! treatises on subjects of lite-
rature and ‘political economy, which
are much esteemed.

Travellers that visit Oxford, gene-
rally make it a point to inspect the
chapel of New College, allowed to be
the finest in the university. It is de-
corated with different pieces of sculp-
ture, that were long ‘concealed under
a thick layer of mortar; and were only
discovered in’ 1695.. The chapel was
handsomely repaired in 1789, 'The
communion-tabie is ornamented with
beautiful bas-reliefs, by Westmacott,
representing the Salutation of \the
Virgin, the Nativity, the Descent from
the Cross, the Resurrection and Ascen-.

sion.

1823.}-

sion. The glass windows of the chapel
are also. very remarkable; they were
painted in 1777 by Jezvis, from designs
by Sir Joshua Reynolds.

The gardens of New College are
not a liitlé adapted to infuse a spirit
of recollection, that acts as.a prepara-
tory to study. ‘There the fellows and
scholars, in their leisure hours, inhale
a pure fresh air, under a delightful
umbrage. Notwithstanding the name
it bears, it is one of the oldest colleges
in the university ; its foundation being
traced to the year 1379, when it was
laid by William of Wykcham.

‘The. university is infinitely more
indebted to the beneficence and en-
lightened public spirit of individuals,
than to any attentions bestowed on it
by the British government. What-
ever there is of value in the collections
and acquisitions, has emanated from
the grants of men of a philanthropic
character, including also the various
professorships, in different departments
of scholastic. acauirements.

Of all the collections at Oxford,
the Bodleian Library is the richest
and most superb; its founder, Thomas
Bodley, was born at Exeter in 1544,
and died in 1612. The books in print
are deposited in three large apart-
ments, disposed in the form of the
letter H. ‘There are other chambers
for manuscripts; the greater part of
these are, deservedly, in very high re-
putation with the learned.

We find a Gallery of Paintings in
one part of the building; but its nu-
merous portraits refer to persons
most of thein of little celebrity. Scme,
however, represent characters held in
no little veneration at Oxford; such as
Luther, Efasmus, Locke, Dryden,
Addison, Pope, &c. There is also a
portrait (believed to be original,) of
the unfortunate Mary Stuart, queen of
Scotland. This Gallery has besides
afew plasters, representing some of the
finest monuments of ancient architec-
ture ; as the Parthenon, the Theatre of
Herculaneuni, the Lanthorn of De-
mosthenes, and others. The execution
of these plasters, by a I’rench artist,
M. Fouguet of Paris, is admirable.

“Among the antiquities of the uni-
versity, the most interesting by far are
the Arundel marbles. | They | have
essentially, contributed to. illustrate
certain parts of the chronology of
Greece. . They were brought. into
Europe; by Sir, William Peity, who
was employed by the Earl of Avandel

Account of the University of Qaford.

397

to visit the countries of Greece and
Asia in quest of curious antique monu-
ments. He purchased them of a ‘Lurk,
who kad been deputed on a similar
mission. At first they were in the
possession of the Earl of Arundel; in
1629, Selden, in a work which he pub-
lished, gave a kind of description of
these marbles. Petavius, Salmasius,
(Petau, Saumaise,) Vossius, and some
others, helped to throw light upon
them. They form tables, with Greek
characters, a number of them effaced
by time. ‘The marbles are placed in
a lower hail of the same building that
contains the Bodleian Library and the
Gallery of Paintings. ‘iuey were
presented to the university by Lord
Howard in 1677.

But of all the benefactors to the
university, the most distinguished for
the munificence of bis donations, was
Dr. Radcliffe, who presented bis rich
library of books in medicine, natural
history, &c. adding the sum of 40,0007.
sterling, for the ercction of the fine
buildings that contain it. They con-
stitute a masterpiece of architecture,
in the Greek style. The whole is in
the form of a rotunda, surmounted
with a dome, of eighty feet in its mte-
iior diameter, and nearly the same ir
height; decorated also within, with
Corinthian colonnades.’ The founder
left a stipend, amounting to 1507. ster-
ling per annum, for a librarian; also
another sum of 1067. sterling for the
purebase of fresh works; and a third,
of the same amount, for the maintain-
ing and repairs of the building, &e.” It
was Dr. Radeliffe that erected the
Observatory, situated at one extremity
of Oxford, aid of very curiors archi-
tecture, built on the model of one of
the tempies at Athens. It is crowned
with a globe, supported by Hercules
and Atlas, and wontains a number of
very excellent instruments for astro-
nouwical observations. In addition to
‘these valuable gratuities,’ Dr. Rad-
cliffe, not unmindful of suffering hunia-
nity, was at the charge of building an
hospital for the poor, that they might
also come in for a share of his bounty.

I should not omit to mention the
Clarendon Press, from which have
issued a number of capital editions of
classic authors, no less estimable for
the purity of the text than the beauty:
of the characters. A committee of six
members of the university superintend
the impressions, after ‘collating the
best manuscripts, and revising and

cor-

398

correcting the different proofs. The
building for this purpose is ornamented
in. front with pillars, and with statues
of the Muses: it has also in sculpture
the editions of the Oxford classics.
The whole was raised out of the pro-
fits of the publication of Lord Claren-
don’s “ History of the Civil Wars ;”
the same having been presented. to
the university hy his son.

I shall terminate this review of the
principal monuments in Oxford by no-
ticing the Theatre, constructed under
the direction of Sir Christopher Wren,
who was in his time the first architect,
and one of the best mathematicians, in
England. The plan of it was bor-
rowed from that of Marcellus at Rome,
and the funds for its erection were
supplied by Archbishop Sheldon. It
will contain about 3000 persons, who
mect-here in the ceremonial business
of the university ; such as the installa-
tion of a new Chancellor, and the like.

Here it was that, in 1814, the Emperor _

of Russia, the King of Prussia, the
Prince de Metternich, the Count de
Lieven, Prince Blucher, &c. were
promoted to the degree of Doctors in
Civil Law.
. In one of the saloons, appendages
to the theatre, we find the portrait of
Archbishop Sheldon, the founder ;
also that of George LV. by Sir Thomas
Lawrences ; with those of the Emperor
of Russia and the King of Prussia, by
the Frencli painter Gerard.
———

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,

ELIEVING, as I do, that the

small and cheap work on Eng-
lish Grammar, published by the pe-
riodical writer whom you once, on
comparing him with contemporary
writers, emphatically denominated
“the political Goliali,”* has done, and
is doing, more towards improving the
rising generation, in the highly impor-
tant art of correctly and defintely
writing their own language, than any
other work extant: I was therefore
pleased to observe your learned cor-
respondent H. in page 12, attempting
an improvement of a passage in the
Grammar of Mr. Cobbett; but felt
disappointed that he has stopped short
of so doing, and has oinitted to give

* And of whose writings you have re-
peatedly and justly spoken in commenda-
tion; particularly in vol, 4%, p. 514. vol,
45, p. 349, and wol, 45, p. 344.

d 3

Mr. Cobbeti?s English Grammar.

[Dee. t,
his own development of Mr. Cobbett’s
example (quoted from Murray,) of
the truncated or elliptical* sentence,
“ Shame being lost, ail virtue is Jost.”
If however I comprehend. the general
rule of development in the following
column, which Mr. H. says ‘is appli-
cable to every variety of this species
of ellipsis” called the ‘* case absolute,”
I suppose he meant to illustrate the
abave sentence thus; viz. ‘‘ As shame
is lost, all virtue zs lost; an illastra-
tion greatly inferior, in my opinion, to
that of Mr. Cobbett, quoted. iu p, 12,
viz. “it being, or the state of thivgs
being such, that shame is Tost, all
virtue is lost.” But on this, point, and
any others concerning the correctness
of Mr. Cobbett’s grammatical rules or
examples, I much wish to read the
free opinions of your literary corres-
pondents, if written in the spirit of
fair and liberal criticism.
A.C. R,

London ; Sept. 30.
we
For the Monthly Magazine.
THE, HUMOURS of BARTLEMY. FAIR.
“None but the brave deserve the fair |’,

DO not know what pleasuré would °

be more delightful than that which
arises from the annual returnofia Fair.
If it be only for our sweethearts and
children’s sakes, the festivity is. en-
dearing. But this, alas! is only feit
and enjoyed in rural, hamlets and
peaceful greens, far distant from;‘‘ the |
busy hum of men.” ., When fairs were
spots of commerce, and scenes!) of
mutual interest; when, if joy mide the
heart over full, and the spirit of good
liquor opened the sluices, of abundant
concord towards each other, there
happened no riotous. turbulence: the
partics met and parted in amity, the
remembrance lived in story, and the
anticipation of return was fresh and
enticing.

* In Art, 227, instead of simply saying,
“ Ellipsis means deficiency,” Mr, Cobbett
has made two important blinders, viz.
first, in confounding an ellipsis, a geome-
trical curve, one of the conic sections,
having both ends-always'simitar, with an
oval figure, having sometimes’ oue eid
more, obtvse than; the-other, as is the case
with most of the eggs of bitds, after whicly
these. non-elliptical. curves, have | been
named; and, second, in supposing that any.
part. of a real ¢lliptical cunve can be
described by circular arcs, struck with the
compasses. Ovals, all figures so described,
are usually called, even where. their two
ends are struck with equal radii.

¢

1823.]

enticing. But such places, such cus-
toms and reyelry, are vanished in the
shadow of time, though recorded in
the book of past history. I am truly
serry any cause should have appeared
in life’s progress, to have destroyed
this inspiring love of fairs in country
villages, alar off and near London. Yet
I do not want discord to be revived
at the expense of mirth and virtue.
The sound of Bartholomew Fair ap-
proaches me. This fair, unlike all
others, is difficult of access, and noisy
to excess. ‘To the valiant who enter
a crowd, and struggle for a situation,
in Smithfield, some portion of humour
may be gleaned from the haryest
which is prepared. Fine weather is
the first object for the visitors, and the
best for the visited. The next is, suf-
ficient cash for the occasion, and no
more: neither pocket-book. nor watch
should be brought here, for they would
certainly exchange owners,—a mode
of currency extremely unsuitable.
Although the strength of the genius of
time has swept away the fashions and
inventions of the day and age in which
they were exhibited to the then gazing
multitudes; who are silently slumber-
ing inthe:dust, and faintly gleaming
in the human temple of memory; ye
Lam prepared 'to accept my turn, and
consequently note the kindred privi-
lege which; in this paper upon the
subject, itis my aim to improve.
suppose myself in the midst of this
fair; by whom surrounded, and under
what impressions, I profess not to de-
fine. The sun shines upon us. My
ears are startled, and my eyes directed
to every object with alternate ‘swift-
ness, till’ 1 fix upon the eager young
clergymen, who aré sitting side by
side, under the hard-tried sail-cloth,
supported by @ few stakes. They are
too busy to_chat, or observe the won-
drous doings of the happy day. The
savoury and spicy sausage is twisted
about in their mouth, and the. slain
oyster swallowed, with a_ pleasing
gulp: the pepper-box is handed round
in due season, and the vinegar-cruet
cordially drained to its last: essential
drop, ‘The appetite is keen, and the
relish luscions, » O.what joys now flush
(not-hue) their little black faces: the
toils of the sooty flue are forgotten, and
the reproaches of the stern master
forgiven. The flat porter quenches
their thirst, and its, entire quantity
brightens their eye. -Not the plea-
sures-of SJay-day are comparable to

Mr. Prior on the Humours of Bartlemy Fair.

399

this. carnival of their titular Saint

Bartholomew ! and sooty recreation.

By. them alone you'll easily comprehend

How poets, without shame, may’ conde-
scend

To sing of gardens, fields, of flowers aud
fruit,

To stir up shepherds, and to tune the flute;

Of love’s rewards to tell the happy hour,

Daphne a tree, Narcissus made a flower,

And by what means the chimney yet has
power

To make the booths worthy a conqueror.

It is now pretty certain the fair has
commenced: the public-houses are
filling, the fife and drum are sounding,
and the violin is scraped to a dozen
limping dusimen, who are just com-
fortable. As you enter the antique
opening Barrs, there is a camera ob-
seura, ready to cast reflections upon
the fair sex, and to delineate the busi-
ness of the day by inverse proportion,
a fair satire upon society. Next the
philosopher’s glass for weak eyes, the
telescope, points its optical way to St.
Paul’s golden cross and magnificent
bali. Then Italians with organs, and.
serenades in wax-work, and miniature.
soldiery, catch the wanderer’s atten- .
tion, as it does not cost any thing for.
a glance to fill the auricular tubes.
The gilt gingerbread, and, finely;
dressed dolls, are shown to little chat-.
tering misses; and whips, tops, and»
painted fiddles, to gazing masters. .
Now and then an archly spruce female
twitches you by the sleeve, to take
home a few of the best spice-nuts to
your good lady, at least “‘to taste
one.” ‘ihis appeal is irresistible ; and,
while you are paying for them, your
heel is trodden upon, which reminds
you that some other person has po-
litely borrowed your pocket-handker-.
chief. ‘Tumult increases by a further
advance into the scene. The frontis-
picee of each show is an epitome, or,
more probably an extravaganza, of
what will be displayed in the book,
The invitation is noisy and hoarse:
bands of music, tumblers, monkeys, .
and horses, aflord their aid. _Mouth-
pieces are used, and cymbals clatter
vociferously. “Tom Thumb the se-
cond,”—the ‘ Waterloo giaut,” —the ,
real ‘* Chinese lady,”—and the ‘‘ Lan-
cashire boy,”—all positively alive, are’
to be seen fora penny each. ‘ Pike,
the wonderful conjuror and ventrilo-
quist,”—the ‘wild beast,”—the“ tame
wax-work,”—the “ prodigy equestrian
infant,” — the ‘* weight-lifter,” — the

“walking

490

“walking tumbler,”—the “dip in the
Yucky-bag,”—the ‘“‘ Newtonian which
discovers the spots in the sun’s disc,”
—the monkey seated upon an organ,
watching with satirical observation the
exits and entrances, from the “ puliag
babe” to the ‘‘ sans teeth,”

Such doings proclaim the positive
existence of the 3d of September,
1823 ; and they are sufficient to stun
the deafest ears. Men attired as fe-
males play their rude jocosity to the
laughing collections, who love enjoy-
ment at other people’s expense. The
pantaloon, the clown, harlequin, co-
Jumbine, and her dainty graces, evolve
before the interior of their illuminated
temples, and appear to strive who shall
paint most funnily, and dance most
oddly. During this action de ballet,
hundreds: of huxters are tuning the
business of their tongues to make
“hay while the sunshines.” ‘The mot-
ley multitude continue to thrust their
purposed way. _ Some ascend the
steps to mirth, and others descend
from the diverters, wondering how the
man could swallow ribands, eat fire,
and his: dog tell fortunes, and spell
names. Some admire the playfulness
of the lioness’s cubs, and the ele-
phant’s. docility. Some think the
giant a very handsome animal, and
the dwarf yery short: others talk of
nothing but the dancing-pig, and the
pelican’s night-cap. Some complain
that the fair falls off, ‘‘that it is not
what it was twenty years back.” I
think myself, notwithstanding many
of the old faces are here, I never wit-
nessed less satire. Not even a Pepe
is to be seen in efligy, nor a “ corona-
tion,” orja “ laying in state.” ‘“'Tamer-
lane,” ‘‘Jane Shore,” and “the Fair
Penitent,’’ are the select pieces; and
*« Syntax,” ‘Crazy Jane,’ and “ Billy
Button,” the burlettas. One really
deep tragedy was called for, namely,
““Young’s Revenge.” This, it was
said, .‘‘was enacted to revenge the
suppressors of fairs.” A most suita-
ble retaliation, certainly.

But the houses are becoming crowd-
ed, the company are pouring in from
every part of. the metropolis,—the
games of shying, skylarking, and up-
roariousness, are begun, It is high
time [ withdrew from the hubbub: no
person that. loves to. preserve his
health, and maintain his character,
should remain here till dusk. The
sunshine is withdrawn, the evening fast
appears,—it is dry untlerfoot and over-

A Lady's Journal of a recent Trip to France,

[Dec.

head ; and, now I have it in my power.
I bid this scene of temporary capering
an annual farewell, with one or two
remarks, : ‘itt

First, gentle reader, upon reflection,
I do not like a cockney fair, like a fair
out of town: the company is more
low, and the opportunity less accom-
modating. Some able. arguments
have been adduced to proye fairs a
nuisance; if proper conduct cannot be
secured, they are so, without doubt.
But Bartholomew Fair, it must. be re-
collected, is not instituted. for the
elegant and haut ton; but for the gra-
tification of mechanics, manufacturers,
and the lower and middle classes of
society,—of citizens, and those who
are in the vicinity of town, As to the
moral uses of fairs, rigidly speaking, I
cannot think them defensible ; yet 1 do
not entirely wish their total prohibition,
for the impetus which they, like elec-
tions, give to trade. J. R. Prior.

Sept. 5, 1823.

—Ta
For the Monthly Magazine.
JOURNAL of @ LADY, during a@ 1ecent
TRIP 40 FRANCE.
(Coneluded from p. 312.)
AA ONDAY, Aug. 18, 1822.—-Went
to the Louvre, but found it
shut: it is closed every Monday,—the
only day in the week.

Tuesday, 20th. —Walked in the
Tuileries gardens. Caffé de la Voix is
famous for lemonade; Tortoni’s, on
the Boulevards, for ice. The Odean
Theatre is a newly-built and elegant
edifice,.in the Faubourg St, Germains:
Mademoiselle Georges performs at it.

Friday, 23d.—The king went out
for his usual drive. We saw the
Palace of the Tuileries: the palace
and gardens were so named because
they were made of the bricks upon
that ground. Under the reign of
Charles IX. in 1574, Catherine. of
Medicis, his mother, had this palace
built, to live in separate from the king,
who resided in tlic Louvre. Uhe exte-
rior is very handsome, and joins the
Louvre; the interior is very superb.
The five state-rooms were newly fur-
nished, the throne-room and. state-
room most. superb, and the bed most
elegant. ‘There was a. solid silver
figure (nearly the size of life) of Abun-
dance.—Tfhe garden of the ‘Tuileries
is one of-the finest and most reguler
in Europe. The celebrated Le Notre,
who knew so wellthe art of laying-out
gardens, made the design. .Seventy-

three

i

~

1823.)

ilree statucs, vases, &c. ddorn these’

gardens.—The Carousel takes its name
from the carousal that Louis XIV.
gave there in 1662, to the queen his
mother and the queen his consort.
Carousals were after the manner of
races with chariots, or machines, re-
citals, dances, &c.—_Went to the thea-
tre, Rue Valoir. ‘Talma pee wy
the part of Scylla, in “Scylla,”
character in which he takes the ea
ner and actiou of Bonaparte, and is
thought to resemble him much. If
Was well pleased with him: he has a
fine de¢p-toned voice, speaks remark-
ably well, and his action is very good:
his dream was very finely performed.
The afterpicce was a pretty little
cheerful piece, well performed, called
“*Les Follies d’Amour.”

Saturday, 24th.— Went to the Palais-

Royal, and tothe Louvre. The grand
gallery, which joins the Louvre to the
Palace of the Tuileries, and which
contains the statues and paintings, is
230 fathoms in Jength, and 5 fathoms in
width. Bonaparte finished this superb
gallery: he had his bust placed upon
the front of the Louvre, with the fol-
Jowing words written underneath :—
“Napoleon the Great finished the
Louvre.” The bust and inscription
have both disappeared since tlie re-
turn of Louis XVIUI. The lower
rooms contain the statues, and the
gallery the paintings. There arc four-
teen pictures by Raphacl: also a large
painting of St, Michael; a portrait “of
# young man resting his head upon his
hand ; the infant Jesus sleeping, while
the Virgin is raising the veil which
covers ‘him ; ‘the infant Jesus on his
mother’s knee, St. John caressing him:
these four struck me as being particu-
larly fine, especially the last. There
are six by Cuyp; three by Correggio,
viz. Christ crowned with thorns, “the
infant Jesus, and Antiope sleeping : the
last of these is reckoned very fine.
There are twenty-two by Guido. A
head of Jesus Christ crowned with
thorns; a Magdalen, her eyes turned
towards heaven, and her hands upon
her breast; Repose of the Holy Fa-
mily; and an Allegory, the union of
design and colour: these four T thought
very” beautiful. A. Carrache has six,
Van Dyke six, Titian twenty, and’Sal-
vator Rosa four.—Amony the statues 1
was particalarly pleased with that of
Diana, and indeed with many others,
vig? La Pudi cité, (from which I am
Montiiy Mac. No-380.

A Lady’s Journal of a recent Trip to France.

401

sure Sir Thomas Lawrence borrowed
the attitude in his picture of the
Princess Charlotte,) Polymnie, Graces,
Jason de Cincinnatus, Venus de Gnide,
and Heros Gladiator. The tessellated
pavement is very beautiful, and on it
stands a gigantic figure of Melpomene.
—There is along room open, contain-
ing drawings and sketches of the’ old
masters, some even by Raphael ; also
some very fine enamels by Petitot.—
Theatres open gratis to the -publie,
being the evening preceding the /éte
of St. Louis. A “grand concert, both
vocal and instremental, on tlie bal-
cony of the Tuileries, which was
illuminated: it was given, in honour
of the king’s birth-day, by the pro-
fessors of music. We were in the
gardens to hear it. They played the
national airs delightfully. "Phe gar-
dens were likewise illuminated, and
chairs, let for a few sous, to accommo-~
date those who were tired of standing.:
Sunday, 25th.—Went to the Place
Victoires to witness the ceremony of
the inauguration of the statue of Louis
XIV. It being a public day, went to
the Louvre, where I saw maty Norman’
caps, and even the canailleseemed con
noisseurs.—Walked in the Tuileries
gardens: the king came out on ‘the
balccny to show himself to the’ people ;
at least he was whecled’ out in’ his’
chair, being unable to walk, The’
Duke and Duchess of Angouwleme and
Monsieur accompanied him. At three
o’clock they began the distribution of
the provisions ‘to the mob; and we
walked in the Champs Elysées to sce
it. There were six or cight stands
erected, with three soldiers in each ;
one throwing little loaves of bread °
among the ‘people, and the other
sausages and chickens; two pipes’ of
wine were flewing from) cach. Of”
course there was’ an immense mob,
and much scrambling, yet good order
was preserved. It was a fine’stglit,
Many persois carried off their pitchers
and pails full of good wine. ‘There
was a complete fair, with all kinds of
aniusements ; stich’ as’ fortene-telling,

sWinging, tumbling, | rope- sdaneine, «
theatres, lotteries, dancing, &c.! ‘ail!

eratisi—In the evening we walked®
again th the Champs Blysces, to’ see
the iluminations and the erand fires
Works: the Jattér, indeed, very far
surpass any f ever saw in England)
“Wednesday, 28th. __ Amongst’ the
unfinished works of Napoleon is the.
‘SF Fountain,

402

Fouatain, which he intended should
be erected on the site of the Bastille.
This fountain was to consist of an
enormous elephant, the model of
which is now to be seen, in plaster-ot-
paris, on the spot where the Bastille
formerly stood: it is seventy-two feet
in height; the jet d’eau is through the
nostrils of his, trunk, the reseryoir is
. in the tower upon his back, and one of
his Jegs contains the staircase for
ascending to, the large room in the
inside of his body. The elephant was
to be executed in bronze, with tusks
of silver; surrounded by lions of
bronze, who were to expectorate the
watct from one cistern to another.—

Went to the glass-manufactory. The

art of running glass is due to a French-

man, named ‘Ihévart, in 1559, This

manufactory has sent out glasses 102

inches in heighth. Saw the process of

silvering and polishing the glass. The
glass is made chiefly in Picardy.

Friday, 80th.—Went ito see the
Gallery of Paintings at the Palais du
Luxembourg. It consists of paint-
ings by mcdern French artists; some
of which are very fine.—Saw the
apartments of Mary de Medicis, or
Salle de Rubens, which is not usually
shown. It was formerly a bed-room,
but is now unfurnished. The ceiling
and walls are covered with paintings
by Rubens, upon a gold ground; and
the doors of the closets are glass. ‘Whe
paintings are very fine; and, altoge-
ther, it is a very elegant apartment.—
Went also to the Jardin des Plantes:
the window was pointed out to me, in
the. old .Louvre, where Charles IX.
shouted to the people during the mas-
sacre of the, Protestants.

Sunday, Sept. Ist.—Went to Tivoli
Gardens in the evening, where I saw
the storming of Constantinople, which
was very fine, and the fireworks beau-
tiful. Here also were the Russian
mountains, good rope-dancing, a thea-
tre, (in which there was singing, and a
burlesque tragedy,) fortune-telling,
anda band of music for dancing. ‘The
gardens were illuminated, but, in that

respect, not equal to our Vauxhall.

; manaey: 2d,—Went to the English
ambassador’s, .to get our passports
changed,

fuesday, 3d.— Went to Mal Maison,

St. Cloud, St. Germains, and to the
little fair in the forest. Mal Maison
was the favourite retreat of Bona-
parte, aud residence of Josephine.
‘The furnitare of the study remains the

A Lady’s Journal of a recent Trip to France,

[Dee. a | x
same,—the chair, table, inkstand, &e.
which he used to sign his last abdica-.
tion.. The bed-room is yery elegant,
being lined with crimson and, gold: a
picture of Josephine is there. The
Emperor of Russia and. King _ of
Prussia paid this lady a visit in May
1814, and on. the following day, she
died. The Palace of St. Cloud is
very elegantly. furnished, and_is, the
summer-residence of Louis XVIII.
The hed-rooms, of the Duchess of
Angouleme and of, the Duchess. of
Berry excel all the other rooms-in the
elegance of the furniture; that of the
Duchess of Angouleme was. the bed-
room of her father Louis X VI, and the

_Duchess of Berry’s was that of the

queen’s, Marie Antoinette: they are
contiguous, without appearing to be
so,—the partition being a moveable
glass, which is the usual manner of
bed-rooms in France. There isa fine
gallery of paintings, vases, &c. in this
palace ; among which is a beautiful
portrait of Marie Antoinette.--On our .
road we stopped at Marly, to sce the
machine, invented by Liegeois Renne-
quin Salem, for raising water 500 feet
above the river Seine.—Walked. on
the terrace of the park of St. Germains,
which is 1200 fathoms in length, is
covered with verdure, and commands
a fine view. The palace contains 1100
rooms.—Wenut to the fair I’'Horloge,
amile and a half in the forest: the
royal family had been there in_ the.
morning.

Wednesday, 4th.— Went to St.Den-
nis, which is celebrated for an abbey,
founded by Dagobert I. in 613, who
was the first king that was interred
there; and the Abbey of St. Dennis
has been from its ongin the place of
sepulture of the kings of ’rance. Saw
the tombs, of. Pepin,, Cloyis I. and
Charlemagne, of the thirteenth cen-
tury. In 1793, the coffins of kings
queens, princesses, and celebrate
men, who had been buried there du--
ring fiftecn centuries, were dug up to
procure lead, There isa lamp con-
stantly burning in, the vault of the
Prince of Condé.,; ‘fhe bones of Louis
XVI. and Marie ,;Antoincite were
collected, and a pillar and cross erect- |
ed to mark the spot. The altar is
yery elegant, and there,are a pair of
large massive gold candlesticks, which
were given by Napoleon. In_ this
abbey there is a beautiful marble
figure. of Maric Antoinette, knecling,
in the act of praying.

Thursday,

1823.)

Thursday, S5th.—Went to see the
Jithoyraphic press. ‘The drawing is
made on Bavarian limestone with ink
that will resist nitric acid, viz. a pre-
pared ink which they give you; when
pressed, it produces the print, and 500
or more may be taken off. Previous
to using the stone again, they renew
the drawing by rubbing hard with a
leather roller impregnated with the
ink, which only adheres to the part
already drawn; after that a little
‘water is sprinkled on it, and then
wiped clean off with a sponge: so that
thousands may be printed.

Saturday, 7th.—There is an Aca-
demy for Flower Painting, where

masters attend to instruct the pupils,

free of expense to the students..

Sunday, 8th.—Went to the Chapel
Royal; M. Count d’Artois, the Duke
and Duchess of Angouleme, and the
Duchess of Berry, were there. Heard
a fine concert of music and high mass.
Miss Stephens and Miss M. Tree
were also there, but only as spec-
tators.

Tuesday, 10th—Left Paris, with
much regret, at seven in the morning,
by the Diligence for Amiens. Dined
at the Table d’Hote at Clermont,
where we had a most excellent dinner,
with a dessert and wine, for three
francs per head. We passed through
Chantilly, which is a most beautiful
place, but the chateau (formerly the
residence of the Prince of Condé,) is
now in ruins; the stables were magni-
ficent beyoud description.—Arrived at
Amiens at ten at nicht.

Wednesday, 11th. Went to the
Cathedral of Amiens, which is very
ancient and beautiful, and I think it
exceeds that at Rouen. There isa
very fine marble altar, and under a
erystal case is the skull of St. John,
the face surrounded with a gold lace:
they have printed his life on a sheet of
paper, with a common coloured print
attop. ‘There is likewise a miraculous
crucifix. We went to the top of the
cathedral, and walked round; near
the top there is a round stone table,
on which Henry IV. dined, being
there to View the situation of the
armies. ‘I'he cathedral of Amiens is
in the Gothic taste, and was built by
the English : L belioye it is reckoned
the most superb church in France.
Amiens is a fortified city: it is fa-
mous for duck-pies, which are even
sent to London as presents, and they
will keep a long time: they are from

A Lady’s Journal of a recent Trip to France.

403

seven to fifteen francs each. ‘There
are also vast manufactories carried on
in Amiens ia the woollen way, such
as plushes, camblets, serges, &c. Here
are plenty of beggars, who do not fail to
flatter you out of a sou. Amiens is
situated on the river Somme, in the
midst of a most beautiful, fertile, and
extensive, plain, abounding with game,
which you are at liberty to pursue
whenever you please. The ramparts
all round the town afford most delight-
ful walks. We passed a great many
fields of flax.—At four in the afternoon
we left Amiens by the Diligence.
Thursday, 12th.—Arrived at Abbe-
ville, which is a neat pretty town,
situated on an eminence not far dis-
tant from the sea. We walked into
the church, while we were waiting for
the carriage. Left Abbeville at seven
in‘the morning, inacarriage. On our
road we passed several very pretty
woods, and here and there a cross.
About two miles before we reached
Montreuil, a horseman rode up to each
window, with cards of their hotels,
soliciting us to dine at their respective
inns; after amusing ourselves some
time with them, we agreed to dine at
Varennes’,—being, as the card ex-
pressed, Sterne’s favourite house; here
we had a most exccllent dinner, con-
sisting of soup, poultry, and game,
(viz. partridges, quails, and wood-
cocks,) with a dessert of pears, grapes,
walnuts, and peaches. There was a
print of Sterne over the fire-place.
—Montreuil is a fortified town, and
the ramparts are very fine: it is sifu-
ated on a lofty hill, and reminded us
of the memorable actions of our great
countryman, the Duke of Marlborough.
At flood-tide they can lay the country
round under water, by means of sluices
that communicate with the sea,—Ar-
rived at Boulogne at eleven at night;
it is an ancient sea-porttown.
Friday, 13th.—Arrived at the gates
of Calais at half-past two in the morn-
ing ; but, as the gates were olosed, we
were not allowed to enter before five.
—Went to sce the church, ascended
the tower of the town-hall, and walked
on the ramparts and on the pier, which
is a very fine one, and extends half
a mile into the sea: from this pier
the English cliffs and Dover Castle
are visible, ‘There is a monument
erected here to commemorate the spot
where Louis X VILL. first set his foot
in France, at his return, in 1814, ,
Saturday, 14th.— At five in the
morning,

AD4

morning, the spire of the beautiful
cathedral at Rouen was struck by
lightning.—This being market-day at
Calais, we went into the market: the
fruit-women had long gold ear-rings,
with necklaces and crosses.—Went to
the church, to hear Mr. Elliott, an
Englishman, play the organ: in this
church there is a statue of St. Lawrence
holding a common gridiron,—he was
roasted alive on one.—At half-past
ten we went on-board the Talbot
packet: the night was very dark, and
the wind high. We bade adieu to
France, and at eleven were under
weigh. There were only fifteen pas-
sengers on-board, all of whom retired
to their beds, but very soon after the
effects of a heavy sea were felt, and
all on-board, I believe, suffered dread-
fully from sickness. We had a tre-
mendous gaie of wind: the dead-
lights were put out, and all the casks
of water were thrown overboard, to
lighten the vessel.

_ Sunday, 15th.—At five in the morn-
ing we were in sight of Margate. I
was then so ill that I could scarcely
imove my head from the pillow. I
must speak in praise of the captain,
who never left the deck all night, nor
did he drink any thing : L was informed
of this by alady on-board, whose hus-
band had remained upon deck all
night, and witnessed the danger we
were in, which was at one time so
great, that they thought of calling up
the gentlemen to assist.—The person
who attended in the ladies’ cabin was
also extremely civil and obliging.—At
Gravesend, two Custom-bouse officers
eame on-board, and examined our
baskets. At twelve o’clock we ar-
rived at the ‘fower.—The steam-vessel
consumed five chaldron of coals in the
voyage from Calais to London.

Thus ends a nost delightful journey
to Paris, with sensible and agreeable
companions, who were always kind
tome. IT was likewise fortunate in
having good heslth and fine weather
the whole of the time.—I left London
on the 16th of July, and returned on
the 15th of September, 1822: being
absent nine weeks. |

——_
Flor the Monthly Magazine.
LETTER from M. CAILLIAUD to the

CONDUCTOR of the ‘“*REVUE ENCY-

CLOPEDIQUE.”

N my refturn to France, in the
course of last monih, I took no-
tice of some articles in the work of

Incorrect Statement of M. Belzoni.

[Deent;

M. Belzoni, and in a passage of M.
Raoul Rochette, in which 1 feel my-+
self interested. I find the details and
designs published by M. Belzoni so
different from those which I made and
copied on the spot, that he must, I
think, have executed then from me-
mory. This suggestion occurs, also,
when I advert to his topographical
plans, and to that of the ruins in the
Valley of the Oasis. The publication
of my journeys thither has been very
carcfully superintended by M. Jomard;
and the architectural designs, reduced
to an exact perspective, are exhibited
with the greatest fidelity, though with-
out embellishments, which were unne-
cessary. M. Raoul Rochette is mis-
taken, in conceiving that my journal
applies the name of Berenice to the
ruins of Sekket. I hayve,indeed, pub-
lished in my work a letter of Mr, Salt,
addressed to me, wherein he at first
thought (Oct. 8, 1818,) that this posi-
tion might have been. the. city of
Berenicé: his letter, moreover, is, an-
terior to the journey of M. Belzoni to
the Red Sea. Even at that. time we
had no occasion to become acquainted
with his discoveries, in order to prové
that Sekket is not Berenicé.

Tam not alittle surprised that M.
Raoul Rochette, whose. penetration
has discovered that I am not suffi-
ciently copious in my mineralogical
details, is unable to ascertain. the
crystals which I have brought to be
real emeralds; he seems to think they
may be tourmalines, as being, found
in the same gangue. ‘The general qua-
lity of these emeralds has not been
set. forth in my work as the’ finest;
some are of a dark green, of the variety
of Peru; but in geueral they are of a
pale green.

The dimensions of the monuments
of the Oasis, contained in my work,
were laid down from measurement ;
the plain sides remove all doubts as;to
their distribution and dimensions., An
English voyager has herein made
some mistakes, placing certain co-
lumns in the Temple of KL Kharge,
not to be found there. Ido not won-
der at his not observing the distribu-
tions that lie near the sanctuary, as in
his plan he has omitted the escalier,
by which we ascend to the temple.

M. Raoul Rochette can only disco-
ver in the work of M. Belzoni a
single temple where I have placed
oihers ; and the design of that of Sek-.
ket bears litile resemblance, I allow,

to

1823.] Statement of the Returns of the Poor Rates, &cé 405

to mine. The simple sketch of M. or chapiters are not correctly deli-

Belzoni of the first temple, without neated as to form, and the planis bad.

minute particulars, seems to M. R. To judge by the topography that M-

Rochette to be nearer the truth. But Belzoni gives of Sekkat, we must not

the designer has forgotten the fillet rely with too much confidence on that

that adjoins the cornice, and also the of the town on the Red Sea which
ornaments on the columns; their heads this traveller has been exploring.
—f_——_
‘ For the Monthly Magazine.

Statement, shewing the Number of Families in each County in. England and Wales, according
to the return of Population in 1821, distinguishing the proporlion employed in Agricul-
ture ; and in Trade, Manufactures, or Handicraft ; and the proportion not comprised in
either, of those two Classes; and showing, also, the Sums of Money expended in each
County, in the year ending March 25, 1822, out of the Parish Assessments, distinguishing
the proportion for other purposes than Relief of the Poor ; and the Sums expended for Re-
lief of the Poor ; and stating the Number of Parishes in each County in which Select Ves-
tries have been formed, or Assistant Overseers appointed, pursuant to Act 59 Geo. 3. c.12-

PAYMENTS OUT OF THE

NUMBER OF FAMILIES. | Danis ASSESSMENTS.| ‘2 |>
Chiefly | Chiefly in |Not com-} For other 3 tC s
ENGLAND. employ- |‘Trade, Ma-!prised in} purposes | Expended| > |3 3
ed in |nufactures,leither of{than Relief] for Relief] ¢ |2 &

Agricul-| or Handi- |the pre-]| of the of the 3 |4

ture. craft. |ceding.| Poor. Poor, |” |*
Bedford s--+0s..| 10,754 4,827 | 1,792 | £13,066] £68,826 | 12] 47
Berks +-+++e.ee8| 14,769 8,773 | 4,158 16,442 | 104,338} 31] 4
Buckingham ..-.| 16,640 8,518 | 3,909 16,791 | 117,477 | 54] 46
ambridge «-++++| 15,536 6,964} 3,103 14,375 87,872 23) 25
Chester) »++.-- «| 18,120 927,105 | 6,799} 32,639] 104,081 | 1143/8
Cornwall-.«.++..| 19,302 15,543 | 16,357 17,861 | 104,178 | 51) 93
‘Cumberland «..«| 11,297 13,146 7,361 10,272 525352 53| 4:

14,582 920,505 | 7,317 20,871 86,756 | 61) 5%
37,037 33,985 | 19,692] 29,706 | 207,686 | a3} 7

Dorset.-..-+.-+.| 14,821 10,811 | 4,680 40,119 85,647 | 36 4
Durham -..- Ssieialy O keg 20,212 | 16,301 18,841 91,162 } 73) 4

MIRE o1c'0 c'e'a'c c's «

33,206 17,160 9,265 39,556 254,857 4j| 6
slowcester --..--

25,170 35,907 | 13,079 28,741 152,994. 44) 59%

Hereford... ......} 13,558 5,633 | 2,726} 11,461 62,729 3| 3
Hertford .+...... 13,485 7,935 | 4,750 13,526 89,129 | 47| 24h

Huntingdon .-..
Kent + ses-esc5.
neaster ++-++e-
Leicester «.++.-

6,435 2,937 1,025 6,791 59,429 | 41/ 45)
30,869 30,180 } 24,890 64,862 | 370,711 | 50] 89h
22,793) 152,971 | 28,179 } 163,576 | 249,585 | 176} 126
13,028 20,297 | 3,481 26,445 | 124,244) 65] 3a,
34,900 15,843 } 8,015 51,399 | 168,786 | 129] 114

9,393 | 161,356 | 91,122 | 139,844 | 582,055 | 14) Sd}.

6,020 6,147 1,955 6,325 26,039*| 15) 1
56,368 26,201 | 11,998 41,535,| 256,014 | 70) 61
18,974 11,695 | 4,885 19,259 | 145,093 | 50] 38
11,567 20,565 | 10,996 14,160 77,505 | 41} 38h
13,664 21,832 | 3,107 97,629 73,315 | 32) 3
15,965 8,971 | 3,905 16,457 | 115,647 | 48) 3

2,410 1,034. 492 4,399 | °10,575 | 35
18,414" 17,485 | 5,757 19,159 92,907 | 44) 51
$1,448 27,132 | 14,957 97 480 153,906 98) 85
24,308 19,810 | 13,829 95,734] 193,294) 43] 52
18,285 42,435 | 8,060 41,467 |. 133,701 | 47] 54
30,795 17,418) 6,651 35,268 | 240,384 | 48] 70
14,9-44 46,811 | 27,051 47,484 | 242,991 19] 23
21,920 15,463 | 6,182 $0,583 | 262,246\| 57) 59
16,779 59,189 | 4,155 45,347 | 146,185 |. 56) 5¥

5,096 3,801 1,545 4,505 27,207 | 5), 43
24,972 16,982 | 5,730 20,914 | 163,168 | 34] 50
14,926 18,566 | 5,514 15,289 83,761 521, 50
15,480 16,637} 8,382 17,166 97,522 | Gz @
16,737 11,570 | 10,4¥4 13,207 82,638 | 105) 41
31,613 | 108,841 | 91,012 73,¥57 | 273,301 | 116] 112

onmouth -++---
Norfolk --++----
Northampton--.-
Northumberland

MMlOlk:, «4. «0c.
UITCY+sresseees
ISUSSEX++++.+eces
Warwick «-++..
Westmorland ---.
Wilts eee aeeane
Worcester «s+--s
¢ East Riding
=< North Riding
d West Riding

-——— |—_——

775,732 | 1,118,295 |454,690 | 1,289,722 | 6,102,253 | 228412065

Sotal of Enyland

406

—S——_

Total of Eng:
land’ and Wales. §

On the Acquisition of the Anglo-Saxon Language.

8 Ug47,957 | 1,180,975 |105,491

[Dec. ¥,

PAYMENTS OUT OF THE

a J

NUMBER Sh Fees PARISH ASSESSMENTS,| |= e
Chietly Chiefly in jNot com-} For/other a | hee
WALES. employ- Trade, Ma- prised in} purposes Expended | # |= 5
ed in | nufactures, ‘either of than Relief | for Relief] <>] 5

Agricul-| or Handi- |the pre-]. of the of the 2 3

ture. craft. éeding. | Poor. Poor... | mo |e

Total of England) L, 2.

brought forward | 773,732 1,118,295 |454,690 | 1,289,722 | 6,102,253 |2284|2065
Anglesey-++++e++| 6,187 1,702 1,936 2,089 15,532 9
Brecon ‘seeeeces| 4,039 5,705 1,280 3,819 16,566 4'
Cardigan e+++eere} 6,312 2,501 3,258 3,720 14,885 10
Carmarthen ----| 9,628 4,825 3,941 5,531 27,289 2
Carnarvon ------ 6,890 2,649 1,959 2,868 16,226 4 1¥z
“gDenbigh----++++} 8,625 4,399 2,655 5,454 32,658 | 4 Tz
Flint) ¢.2.se 4,421 3,531 2,659 3,739 19,470 11
Glamorgan e-.---| 7,126 8,336 4,852 5,376 56,179 28
Merioneth ------}...3,570 1,454 2,975 2,000 14,559 7
Montgomery: «+++! 6,594 5,882 1,580 4,499 33,272 &
Pembroke «+++++| 7,651 3,779 |. 3,472 5,130 20,245,|.. 39). 14
Radnor vees-+e-] 3,182 941 656 2,564 11,974 &
Total of Wales 74,225 41,680 | 30,801 46,810 | 256,449 | 290] 193

1,336,552 | 6,558,702. |2504/2188

——D

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
_ SIR,

N the Jast number of your Maga-

zine, Philograins alludes to my
letter‘on the works that were prepar-
ing to facilitate the acquisition of the
Anglo-Saxon language. He appears
to be disappointed that more than a
year has elapsed since I wrote, and
Only two of the works that I men-
tioned have been published. He must
be aware that works, on this subject,
require ‘much care and laborious
researclt, and that accuracy is of
much more importance than expedi-
tion.” They will, however, all appear
in} due ‘time. We are assured that,
“Thelovers of Saxon literature may
shortly expect to be highly gratified by
the appearance of Mr. Conybeare’s
Illastrations of Anglo-Saxon, early
English, and' Norman French Poetry.””*
T.W. Kaye, esq. of the Middle Temple,
is ‘proceeding with his ‘translation of
the Anglo-Saxon laws ; Mr. Bosworth
is ‘employed in a Saxon Dictionary,
with explanations in Knglish; and J.
8. Cardale; solicitor, Leicester, has in
hand* an! English translation of King
Alfred's Saxon version ‘of Boethius.
These: wih ‘will perhaps satisfy Philo-

* See. roam orth’s Anglo-Saxon Gram-
mar, Preface, page xxxvil.

graius, and convince him, that neither
Philosaxonicus, nor his friends, are
“resting upon their oars.”

I shall now make a few remarks on
the criticisms that Philograius has
given upon the assertions made at the
Preface to Mr. Bosw orth’s Saxon
Grammar. While I must ‘admire. the
spirit in which Philograius writes,
truth compels me to state, that I do
not find Mr. Bosworth has made one
“sweeping conclusion:” his premises
are all legitimate, and his conclusions
just, as would have been evident, if
your correspondent had been more
exact in his quotations. Mr, Bosworth
docs not say, ‘The present language
of Englishmen is completely Angk 0-
Saxon; but, ‘“‘ the present language of
Englishmen i is not that heterogeneous
compound which some imagine, com-
piled from the jarring and. corrupted
elements of Hebrew, Greek, Latin,
French, Spanish, and Jtalian, but com-
pletely Anglo-Saxon in its whole
idiom and construction, (Preface, p.
xi.) What can be here intended, but
that the present English is entirely
built on a Saxon foundation. If all
the particles, most of the monosylla-
bles, and many of the dissyllables, i in
the present English, are, derived. im-
mediately from the Saxon; and if the
general inflection of nouns, pronouns,
and verbs, with the construction of

sentences,

1823.) °°

sentences, are the same in the English*
as in, its parent the Saxon, then the
present Enelish: is “completely An-
elo-Saxon in its whole idiom, and cen-
struction.” » Itasjacknowledged, ‘that,
while the foundation of our language
is certainly Saxon, some part of its or-
namental superstructure is from the
polished speech of Greece and Rome,
"Phis is evidently the opinion of Mr.
Bosworth, for be states in his Preface,
p. xvill. ‘* Without the Saxon, no one
can fully enter into the vernacular
idiom of the English Janguage and
other northern tongues; for, trom the
same source as the Anglo-Saxon,
flows the greatest part of almost every
Janguage in the north ot Europe. The
radical part of the modern English is
of Saxon origin, while the terms of
arts and sciences, and many words re-
cently adopted by us, are derived from
the Greek and Roman tongues. Thus,
the rapid current of European elo-
quence may be considered as flowing
directly from the Gothic fountain,
receiving, in its subsequent course, a
confluence of fructifying and limpid
streams from the more genial climes of
Greece and Rome.

The next objection of Philograius is
founded on an error in his quotation.
The author of the Saxon elements
does not say, “if we examine the
most elegant, &c.” but, “if we exa-
mine the most simple specimens of
our written language, or that which is
used in our colloquial intercourse with
each other, on ordinary occasions, we
shall often find the average Saxon
words to be, not less than eight out of
ten.” The sentence chosen for exami-
nation by Philograius is from Locke,
with the omission of several words.
On metaphysical subjects, we must
expect to find a considerable number
of words deriyed from the Latin and
Greck linguages; but, even in this
upfavourable extract, if the whole pas-
sage be taken, the proportion of words
from the Saxon will be nearly what
has been stated, The, proportion in
seme cases is considerably greater:
the extract from St. John xi, 32—36
contains cighty words, seventy-two of
which are fromthe Saxon. Not toin-

. Mit I ici <
sist on favourable proofs, let us take
the exordium of Milton’s Paradise

Lost.

val okt reader may be couvinced that
they are, by tirning to the notes in Mr,
Bosworth’s Saxot) Elements. '

Letters on the Medical School of London.

407
Of man’s first disobedience, and the fruit
Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste
Brought death into the world, and all our

woe, |
With loss of Eden ; till one greater Man
Res!ore us, and regain the blissful seat,
Sing heavenly muse,—c.

This. passage’ contains forty-one
words, thirty-five of which are derived
immediately from the’ Saxon. The
author of the ‘Saxon Elements has
therefore not attempted to “ prove too
much,” but has aided the ‘ cause he
intended to serve” by drawing his
conclusions only so far as his premises
would legitimately allow.

PHILOSAXONICUSs

September 8th.

—t—

For the Monthly Magazine.
LETTERS ON THE
MEDICAL SCHOOL OF LONDON,

LETTER I.

To Frederick William Maitland, esq.

Trinity College, Oxford.

HE next hospital which I purpose
introducing to your-notice-is St.
George’s, at Hyde Park corner; with
the more minute concerns of which L
have lately had abundant opportunity’
of becoming acquainted, through the_
kindness of our old friend Owen, who
is apupil there. This hospital, which
is celebrated for having produced)a
Hunter, and which, Jike every: other,
has its due quota of physicians and

‘ surgeons, may be deemed the focus of

the Western school, as most of the
pupils, who belong to those, professors
who reside at the west end of. the
town, aud are not hospital-surgeons,
resort to St. George’s for theim'sur-
gery, which is certainly very superior
to any other in that part,.of the, town.
Thus, while the Borough. hospitals (of
which you shall have a. particular
account in, due season,) ‘bear, ‘the
bell” in the, east, St. George’s \does
the same in the;west ; and, very: de-
servedly so, If I) were. to, recom-
meuce my pupilage, I would prefer St.
George’s to. any, other. hospital) in
London; because I am quite, sure that
a diligent student, can, learn, more in~
six months from. the surgeons, of that
institution, than; they,can,in, twelve
from, those. of any other;—not,except-
ing even that over which. the great, Sir
Astley Cooper himself presides, |, I do
not mean to say, that the, surgeons
there are men of more ability than
those of the other hospitals ; but there
are two of them, at Icast, who may

fearlessly

408

fearlessly compete with any of their
own age, and with many of more than

double their experience, and who are

unwearied in their attentions to their
pupils,—I mean Mr. Keate and Mr.
Brodie. But I will not anticipate:
you shall have all the particulars in
due form andorder. YT would mention,
however, that the office of dresser,*
—which at nearly every other hospital
is only to be purchased by a double
fee,—is enjoyed at St. George’s by
every pupil in rotation; an advantage
ef material consequence, even to the
most wealihy.

The Medical and Surgical Schools
of St. George’s Hospital consist of
three physicians, four surgeons, and
an assistant-surgeon; besides | the
usual appurtenances of house-surgeon,
assistant house-surgeon, apothecary,
&e. The physicians are Drs. Pearson,
Chambers, and Nevinson ; the surgeons,
Sir Everard Home, Mr. Gunning, Mr.
Keate, and Mr. Brodie. Of the phy-
sicians, one only is a lecturer, and
that one is Pr. Pearson, who has
united himscif with W. T. Brande,
esq. as ilte lecturer on chemistry.
— By the time the elock strikes
nine, Mr. Brande is seen at his little
desk in the centre of the very conve-
nicnt and well-furnished laboratory of
the Royal Institution, with all the ne-
eessary apparatus for his lecture within
reach, and every thing in the highest
possible order and condition. His
appearance is that of a perfect gentle-
man, rather dandyish or so, but grave,
and somewhat sententious; very ner-
yous, but audible, distinct, and power-
fully impressive. His lectures are
always good, and contain a vast fund
ef instruction and interest. Having
the use of the laboratory, and the va-
rious valuable apparatus of the Royal
Tnstitution, his illustrations and expe-
riments surpass those of any other
teacher. He has, consequently, always
a good class ; and, as those who enter
as pupils to Dr. Pearson are privileged
toattend Mr. Brande, the yeteran doctor
is always sure,—IL will not say of the

* The office of dresser consists in attend-
ing more immediately upon the surgeon, to
receive lis instructions as to the p:oper
dressings for the patients. Each surgeon
has his dresser, whose duty it is to dress all
the patients belonging to that: surgeon;
and thus the dresser hasa more favourable
opportunity of gaining instruction than liis
ivliow-students.

Letters on the Medical School of London.

[Dec. 1,

attendance, but certainly—of the fees
of a large proportion of students.

I will now turn my attention and
your’s to the surgeons of St. George’s
Hospital.

The senior surgeon is Sir Everard
Home, a gentleman who has done a
great deal of good, and some little
barm, perhaps by his bold and reso-
lute innovations upon the practice of
modern surgery. Educated under the
eye of the great and illustrious John
Hunter, (to whom, indeed, he was
allied by marriage,). he had all the
advantages of the constant instruction
of that celebrated physiologist ; and
became himself, with the aid of his
national untiring perseverance, no:
unworthy disciple of his great master.
He made,—as every physiologistought'
to make,—his physiology subservient’
to his practice; and, by keeping con-
stantly in view the relative state and
sympathy of one part of the body and
the other, in disease as well) as in’
health, he was enabled to briny his
calculations to bear with a precision
as surprising as it was successful.’
This of course raised him enemies,
who endeavoured at first to disprove,
and then to diseredit, facts which
were too firmly rooted to be readily
subverted: so Sir Everard enjoys to
this day his fame and his well-earned’
reward. Sir Everard lectures gratui-
tously to the pupils of St. George’s
Hospital during the winter ; but these
lectures are confined to a few of the
most important points in surgery, and
are, as far as they go, most valuable.
Next to Abernethy, I should certainly
rank Sir Everard as a practical pliy-
siologist ; and there is another point in’
which he is only excelled by “Johnny,”
—that is, a churlish rudeness of ad--
dress, which is unbecoming even in a
dustman, and quite execrable in a’
well-educated professional man.

Of the other surgeons, one only is :
lecturer, and that is Mr. Brodie,
gentleman who is one day destined to
rise to the very summit of pre-emi-
nence in his profession. Never did’
any individual commence his career’
under more favourable auspices. En-
thusiastically attached to the science”
he had’ chosen,—unwearied ‘in his‘
exertions in the attainment of profes-
sional knowledge,—gifted, moreover,
with a powerful intellect, cultivated
aud improved by education and study,

—and’placed in a situation as fayour-

> “able

a ee
vw

1823.]

able as any possibly could be,*—he
employed all the energies of his com-
prehensive and well-stored mind, not
merely in fullowing tamely in. the
path of those who had gone before
him; but in effecting new discoverics,
and in marking out improvementsin a
sysiem which had already been consi-
derably enlightened. by the labours. of
a Hunter and a Home... Mr. Brodic,
too} is: a» physiologist, and oue of no
meanirank and‘ability; and, to habits
of deep study and reilection, he unites
a rapidity of perception, wlich enables
him to seize, as it were intuitively, the
leading facts of the, most intricate
case. This, to a superficial observer,
would appear merely the effect of a
sudden and momentary impulse ; but
it is undoubtedly the result of much
deep and solitary study. Thus much
for his general character: I will now
proceed to particulars. First, then,
of his hospital-practice: I do not hesi-
tate to, say, that there is no surgeon in
London whose manner at the hospital
is more worthy of imitation. He does.
not rest satisfied with. merely ‘‘ going
round’, from bed to bed, looking at
his patients, and then ordering the
medicine in his book, as the custom is,
—without comnmnicating. to any of
his, pupils. what be has done. No:
Mr. Brodie does not do..so,, He in-
forms his: pupils, not only what medi-
cine is orderéd, but why it is exhi-
bited, and what. are the expected
effeets.. If there, be any. intricate or
unusual, ease, he, explains candidly
what are bis opinions, his reasons for
them, and so forth; and this, too, with
so much kindness and attentive con-
descension, that no one can doubt the
Sincerity of his interest for his pupils’
welfare... There is, besides, an affabi-
lity in his manner that is wonderfully
pleasing and. attractive, and there is
not one of his pupils (Owen tells me,)
who is not proud of his professor. I
myself have witnessed one circum-
stance, which must always redound to
his credit:
kindness to the poor. patients in the
hospital. . Nothing can be more consi-
derate, more fecling,or more attentive,
than his behaviour to them; and sure
1 am, that. much of the pain and terror

* Mr. Bradie was house-surgeon at St.
George’s, and became afterwards. Sir
Everard Home’s assistant-snrgeon. Upon
the death of the Jate senior surgeon, Mr.
Griffitlis, his election as janior surgeon
was a matter of course.

Montuty Mac. No. 389.

Letters on the Medical School of London.

I .allude to his extreme.

409

of disease has heen often alleviated
by conduct such as this. As a lec-
turer, .Mr. Brodie is. excellent, al-
though there isa constraint in his
delivery which ;sounds. at first .ex-
tremely awkward ; but this soon wears
off, and is at length entirely lost inthe
mass of instructive facts which he °
pours forth before his auditors. His
style is particularly simple and unaf-
fected;—his lecture being literally, ‘a
plain unvarnished tale,” full, however,
of excellent instruction and impres-
sive information; and his must be, in=
deed, a dull capacity, who does not
carry away, something useful. from
every individual lecture that he heats.

Your’s, as usual,

Charterhouse-square; HA. OAKLEY.
Jan. 20, 1823.
—=_—
To the Editor of the Monthly, Magazine.

SIR, Louk

T is generally imagined that cloth

is the colour it appears to be: this
is not the case, for the fibres of linen
or woollen are hollow like straw, and
the art of dyeing them consists (after
cleansing the tubes,) of diyiding the
colouring matter into as minute parti-
cles as possible without destroying it
as colour, and then introducing it into
these tubes or pores. ‘The colour of
the linen or woollen always remains
the same, Some colouring matter will
not of itself stay in either, without a
mordant being first. introduced, which
eagerly attaghes itself to the fibre, as
well as possesses a chemical affinity to
the colouring atoms.

There is not any body for dye natu-
rally black ; but there is a property in
galls, sumach, oak, &c. poss@ssing a
sort of mordant, to which iron so
attaches itself as to give the most per-
manent black dye, particularly with a
little logwood. In writing, however,
the pores of the linen or paper are not
sufliciently opened for mach colour to
enter them ; therefore gum is used. If
animal gluten is substituted, I feel no
doubt that it will decay infinitely
sooner than gum, more especially if
exposed to the least damp.

S.S.

Battersea Rise ; Aug. 19.

=
For the Monthly Magazine.

A NEW PLAN of TUNNELLING, caleulated
for OPENING & ROADWAY. wider the
THAMES. PRIVATELY CIRCULATED by
M. J. BRUNEL,; ESQ, F:R.S.. wh e's

O discover convenient and effica-
cious means for opening aspa-
subterraneous communication
3G between

cious

410

between the shores of a great river,
without occasioning any obstruction to
the navigation, has long been a desi-
deratum of considerable importance
with the public, and in the estimation
of scientific engineers.. The difficulties
which have opposed themselves to
every attempt that has been hitherto
made to execute a tunnel under the
bed of a river, have been so many and
so formidable, as to have prevented its
successful termination in those in-
stanees where the attempts have been
made. -

To propose, therefore, the formation
of a tunnel after the abandonment of
these several attempts, may appear
somewhat presumptuous: on inquiring,
however, into the causes of failure, it
will be found that the chief difficulty to
be overcome, lies in the inefliciency of
the means hitherto employed for form-
ing the excavation upon a large scale.
' In the case of the drift-way made
ander the Thames at Rotherhithe in
1809, the water presented no obstacle
for 930 feet ; and, when a great body of
quicksand gave way and filled the
drift, the niiners soon overcame this
obstruction, and were able to procced
until they were stopped by a second
irruption, which in a few minutes filled
it. Nothing comés moré satisfactorily
in support of the system that is
adopted here, than the result of the
operations that were carried, under
that circumstance, to an extent of
1011 feet, and within 130 feet from the
opposite shore.

It is to be remarked, that at the se-
cond irraption, on examining the bed

of the river, a hole was discovered
four feet diameter, nine feet deep,
wiih the sides perpendicular ;—a proof
that the body of quicksand was not
extensive ; but what is most remarka-
ble is, that this hole could be stopped
merely by throwing from above, clay
parilyin bags and other materials : and
after pumping the water out under a
head. of, twenty-five feet of loose
ground, and thirty feet. of water, the
‘Miners resumed the work, and pro-
ceéded a little further ; but finding the
hole at the first irruption increased,
and the filling over the second very
much sunk, the undertaking was aban-
‘doned.

The character of the plan before.us
consists in the mode of effecting the
excavation, by removing no more
earth than is to be replaced by the body
of the tunnel, retaining thereby the

A New Plan of Tunnelling.

[Dec. 1,

surrounding ground in its natural

‘state of density and solidity.

In order so to effect an excayation
thirty-four feet in breadth by eighteen
feet six inches in height, the author of
this plan proposes to have the body of
the tunnel preceded by a strong fram-
ing of corresponding dimensions. The
object of this framing is to support the
ground, not only in front of the tunnel,
but at the same time to protect the
work of excavation in all directions.
The body of the tunnel, which is to be
constructed in brick, is intended to be-
fitted close to the ground; and, in pro-
portion as the framing is moved for-
ward, so the brick-work is made to
keep pace with it. But as this framing
could not be forced forward all in one
body, on account of the friction of its
external sides against the surrounding
earth, itis composed of cleven perpen-
dicular frames, which admit of being
moved singly and independently of
each other, in proportion as the ground
is worked away infront. These seve-
ral frames are provided with such
mechanism as may be necessary to
move them forward, as well as to
secure them against the brick-york
when they are stationary. It is to be
observed, that six alternate frames
are stationary, while the five interme-
diate ones are left free for the purpose
of being moved forward, when re-
quired ; these, in their turn, are made
stationary for relieying the six alter-
nate ones, and so on. Thus the pro-
gressive movement of the framing can
be effected.

In order that a sufficient number of
hands may be employed together, and
with perfect security, each perpendi-
cular frame is divided into three small
chambers, which may properly be
denominated cells. By this disposition,
thirty-three men may be brought to
operate together with mechanical uni-
formity, and guite independent of
each other. ‘These cells, which
are open at the back, present in front
against the ground a complete shield
composed. of small boards, which
admit of being removed and replaced
singly at pleasure.

It is in these cells that the work of
excavation is carried on. There each
individual is to operate on the surface
opposed to him, as a workman would
cut out a recess in a wall for the pur-
pose of letting in a piece of framing,
with this difference only, that, instead
of working upon the whole meee Be

takes

1823.]

takes out one of the small boards at a
time, cuts the grownd to the depth of a
few inches, and replaces the board
before he proceed to the next. When
he has thus gained from tbree to six
inches over the whole surface, (an
operation which it is cxpected may be
made in all the cells nearly in the
same time,) the frames are moved for-
ward, and so much of the brick-work
added to the body of the tunnel. Thus
intrenched and secure, thirty-three
men may be made to carry on an ex-
cavation which is 630 feet superficial
area, in regular order and uniform
quantities, with as much facility and
safety as if one drift only of nineteen
feet square were to be opened by one
man.

The drift carried under the Thames
in 1809, which was about the size of
these cells, and was excavated like-
wise by only one man, proceeded at
the rate of from four to ten feet per
day. In the plan now proposed, it is
not intended that the progress should
exceed three feet per day, because the
work should proceed with mechanical
uniformity in all the points together.

With regard to the line of opera-
tion, if we examine the nature of the
ground we have to go through, we ob-
serve under the third stratum, which
has been found to resist infiltrations,
that the substrata to the depth of
eighty-six feet are of a nature that
present no obstacle to the progress of
a tunnel; we are informed that no
water was met there. It is therefore
through these substrata that it is pro-
posed to penetrate, and to carry the
line that is 10 cross the. decp and
navigable part of the river, leaving
over the crown of the tunnel a head of
earth of from twelve to seventeen feet
in thickness quite undisturbed.

Admitting that in descending to, or
in ascending from that line, we should
come to a body of quicksand, such as
that which was found within about 200
feet. from the shore, it is then we
should find in the combinations of the
framing, before described, the means
that are necessary for effecting, upon
a large scale, what is practised on a
very small one by miners when they
meet with similar obstacles. Indeed,
were it not for the means of security
that are resorted to on many occasions,
mines would inevitably be over-
whelmed and lost.

Notwithstanding we may encounter
obstacles that may retard the daily

A New Plan of Tunnelling.

All

progress, it is with satisfaction we
contemplate that every step we take
tends to the performance and ultimate
completion of the object; and, if we
consider that the body of the tunnel
must exceed the length of Waterloo
Bridge, it must be admitted that, if,
instead of two years, three were ne-
cessary to. complete the undertaking,
it would still prove to be the most eco-
nomical plan practicable for opening
a-land-communication across a navies
gable river.

No notice is taken here of the mode
of constructing the descents or ap-
proaches into the tunnel; because
whatever form or direction it may be
found necessary to adopt, it is obvious
that no difficulties oppose themselves
to the accomplishment of that part of
the work, the experse of which is
however taken into account in the
estimate.

Nature of the Ground under the Bed of the

River at Rotherhithe, at a short distance

below the place now proposed for opening 4

Roadway.
Feet, Inchese
1. Stratum consisting ef brown
clay oeeee
2. Loose gravel with a_ large
quantity of water-++++++--+26.

S. Blne alluvial earth inclining

epee ncceseeseses 9 0

to clay s+eeeeressesecceees $3 0
A. Loamsscevcsecsseceoeeres J 1
5. Blue allnvial earth inclining

to clay mixed with shells--++ 3 9

6. Calcareous rock, in which

are imbedded gravel stones,

and so hard as to resist the ‘

pick-axe, and to be broken

only by wedgesssseees+e+++ 7 6
7. Light-coloured muddy shale,

in which are imbedded pyrites

and calcareous stones e+e. 4 6
8. Green sand, with gravel and

a little water -+e+--+-eeeers O 6
9, Green sand -+--eeesersees 8 | 4

68 4

———

For the Monthly Magazine.

EXPOSURE of the FRAUDULENT PRAC-
TICES of GRANTORS Of ANNUITIES.
HEN a young nobleman or gen-
tleman finds himself in want of
the necessary means of happiness, and
his father refuses him a supply, he is
naturally led to communicate his dole-
ful case to his friends; and some one
of them soon tells him, not to make
himself uneasy, for he may be accom-
modated in a short time, and with very .
little trouble: and he is then informed
of

412

of the mode of raising money at an
annuity-office. «This appears to hima
very easy, ‘comfortable ‘moile; and
particularly gratifying, as the matter,
he'thinks, will not be known to bis
father or relations; nor, in fact, to
scarce any body but the broker and
himself, He is accordingly introduced
by his friend, is received with many
smiles, and much respect, and obtains
a promise of his» business «being
speedily executed. This all appears
very pleasing, and the young noble-
man little thinks that already many
eyes are upon him; that already his
character: begins to be blown about
town; and that soon he will be known
to hundreds, ifnot thousands, to have
fallen into the trap. A few sources of
exposure deserve to be pointed out;
and, if our labours have the eflect of
opening the eyes of one honourable
youth to the disgraceful nature of the
course of folly ‘he is about to run, and
induce him to save at once his property
and his honour, we sball have de-
served well of the community.

The yisits to the office turn out to be
far, more numerous than expected ;
and, instead of having to go two or
three times, he may think himself
lucky if the affair be transacted at the
end of twenty or. thirty. visits. In the
mean, while, however, .on. signing a
warrant of attorney payable on de-
mand, lie receives a supply for present
use... This places him at mercy, as, in
addition to his previous difficulties, in
tlie course of the transaction his deal-
ings with the money-lender are known
to persons innumerable.

1. To his friend who introduced him.

2. To the money-broker.

3. To the porter at the door, who takes
a list of all that go out and in.

4. To the money-broker’s clerks, who
laugh not a little at the sheepish shyness of
the maiden customer, and his useless at-
tempts to conceal what he is about.

5. To innumerable clients to whom the
money-broker proposes the securities, in
order ‘to find who will contribute to fur-
nish the needful.

6..To innumerable friends of the clients
_to;whom they relate the proposal, in order
to Haye their opinion and advice.

7. To various house-stewards, butlers,
valets, grooms, footmen, housekeepers,
cooks, and ladies’ maids, who have been to
the’ office to lay out money, or to receive
some annuity ;.and, from the connexion
amongst those gentry of high life below
Stairs, whose’ chief eouversation is abont
their annnities, the matter is universally
known amongst the moneyed servants all

Exposure of the Grantors of Annuities.

[Dec. 1,

over the west end of town, Any one of
them, seeing the new man. at, the annuity-
office, talks of it to the rest ; and the state
of his affairs, his family, and expectations,
become the subject of discussion, that they
may form an opinion how far it may be safe
hereafter to have dealings with him.

8. To the counsellor who is consulted as
to the securities. If it be a doubtful case,
yet appear to be likely to be productive of
good, two or three counsel may be con-
sulted on the matter. Also their clerks.

. 9. To. the convyeyancer. who is. em-
ployed to draw a dratt of the deed. . Also
his clerk,

10. ‘Yo the law-stationer’s clerks, who
are employed to engross the deed on
parchment. Five, ten, or fifteen, drunken
characters, are usually kept by the law-
Stationer at work together in an attic,
writing at from 15 to 20s, a-week,

11, To the clerks and directors of the
insurance-office where thie life is proposed
for insurance. If the first office decline
it, then it must be proposed at another.

1z. To the persons to whom reference
is given as to his presevt and general state
of health. Two friends are necessary, and
they of course know for what reason the
life is to be insured.

13. To the clerks of the courts of law
at which judgment to be entered upon the

warrant of attorney is obtained to secure

the payment of the annuity.

14. To the clerks of the Enrolment-
office in Chancery-lane, where the full
particulars of the deed must be enrolled
by the Stat. 53 Geo. III. c. 141. “

15. To every money-broker in London,
These gentry are constantly searching the
books at the Enrolment-office, in order to
see what annuities have been effected.
We have heard of a great house keeping a
book, in which every annuity done in Lon-
don was entered, the particulars being ob-
tained from the Enrclment-oftice at the
expense of two guineas a-‘month. Sucha
book in an annuity-broker’s office, fur-
nishes with ready information. of his cus-
tomer when a new man.comes to him,
He sees in what former transactions he
has been engaged, and where. In what
state his affairs are, and how far his securi-
ties and expectations are loaded or over-
loaded. Also, woe to the borrower who
Icaves him to go to seek money at anvuther
office, and woe to the clients who go else-
where to lay out their money.

16. ‘Vo all the world whe choose, Any
person, by calling at the Enrolment, and
paying one skjlling, may consult it, audsee
the names of ali the desperate borrowers
of money, by, way of granting usnrions
annuities, how much they, have borrowed,
of wham, and)at what rate, with, othyr
particulars. Tradesmen who suspect their
customers derive important information
for their shillmg. Arter stating that. it

may

1823.]

may be known to all the world, it would
seem unnecessary to go farther; but then
all the world do not consult the Enrol-
ment-office; however, the list of persons
who necessarily know of the affair is not
yet complete; for the affair is known—

17. To the neighbours of the aunuity-
broker. ‘They have as much curiosity at
‘secing the customers going ont and in as
the people whio live opposite an house of
ill fame, and have as much pleasure in
pointing them out to their friends who
come to see them. A nobleman’s or gen-
tleman’s person soon becomes known to
them; and by-and-bye they meet him in
the park, or elsewhere, and point him out
_to somebody who knows who it is.

18. "To veterans in iniquity, who have
been at the office themselves for money.
The rooks whisper to each other at the
gambling-houses and club-houses. It is
known that the pigeon is likely soon to be
in feather, and plots are laid to relieve
‘him of his newly-acquired treasures, and
send him back for a fresh supply.

19. To the assignees of the annuity.
‘The new man, being shy, is desirous that
few people should know what he is doing,
and requests that he may have all the mo-
ney from one man, or from the annuity-

_. broker himself, to whom he is to grant the
aiinuity. His wish is complied with, and
_ he executes a deed accordingly, in which
there is only one grantee. But that
grantee has perhaps advanced only a small
part, or none whatever, of the money, and
Ummediately executes assigninents of dif-
ferent portions of the annuity to all the
Yeal parties making the advance. Thus
the son of a Scotch duke borrowed, as he
thought, from the broker only, and little
knew. his annuity was assigned by him
‘afterwards to nineteen different persons,
‘and some of them his own servants, and
must of them persons whio visited below-
stairs at his father’s honse, and’ sometimes
waited behind his chair. It is not always
that so much trouble is taken to conceal
from the grantor who are the pasties be-
neficially interested. They may all be in-
serted in the deed of annuity, as granted to
some one in trust for the rest; and, when
the deed is read over, it is easy to slar over
that part where they are enumerated, and
the grantor will never perceive it. ‘Thus
the names of the servants of the most no-
ble heir of the chieftainship of a great
northern clan, were put in the deed of an
“annuity which he granted, and it is proba-
ble he never knew it; but, if he employ
his solicitor to obtain for him the names of
the parties beneficially interesied in the
aunnities he granted when he raised the
wind at a great money-lending house in the
west en of town, he will find what will
surprise hin.

20. If the annuity be not regnlarly paid,

then proceedings are taken to enforce it,

Exposure of the Grantors of Annuities.

413

and anew set of the iron-handed ministers
of the law are employed; the granton’s
house is invaded, and his goods seized.
He is disgraced in the eyes of all. his
family ; and, if he cannot raise the needful,
to get rid of the execution, his goods are
carried off and sold. )

91. in case of the bankruptcy of the
annuity-brokers, on the exannnations be-
fore the commissioners, and the proving of
debts against the annuity-brokers by their ~
clients, the books are bronght forward,
the names of the borrowers are current as
‘household words.” They get into the
mouth of every body, and find their way
into the public papers.

22. In cases of disputed debts, or
claims on the bankrupt’s estate, law-suits
arise, and then a fresh exposure. A long
list of noble and commoner grantors came
before the public on the trial of Grimstead
v. Shaw, on the 23d of December, 1822,
in the cout of Common Pleas, in the city
of London.

Such are the exposures which any
young nobleman may bring on himself,
by only one transaction at a money-
lending-house ; but, if he become a
regular dealer in annuities, his degra-
dation becomes the more complete.

The money-broker, who is aware of
his necessities, ventures to take liber-
ties with him, at which the pride of the
noble youth in his betier days would
have recoiled with horror. Most un-
fortunate of all it is, that his own feel-
ings become debased. He loses the
fine sense of honour which once distin-
guished him; and happy will it be for
him if any extraordiuary event arise to
stop him in the midst of his career,
and withdraw him from a connexion
which can only lead to his permanent
infamy and ruin.

As an instance of the liberties taken
by the basest of mankind, we give the
following. A most noble lord of the
Admiralty was down in Oxfordshire,
enjoying the pleasures of the early
part of September in company with the
Duke of York. The clerk of the mo-
ney-lender went down to the neigh-
bouring inn, and wrote to bim to come
to him. ‘The noble lord sent to en-
quire what was the business on ac-
count of which he was troubled. He
was then informed, his acceptance was
wanted for some bills which were to
be used for the purpose of raising a
temporary supply for the money-lender
himself. As he declined to lend him-
self to this purpose, the clerk. went
back to town, and the money lender
himself came down on. the same
errand ; and, more than this, he

cha ged

414

charged bim in his account the ex-
penses of both journeys; and so en-
tangled was his lordship, that he was
obliged to allow it.

Another instance is that of an old
usurer, who went down to the seatof a
duke, and actually knocked him up in
the night to get money, or such securi-
ties as might enable him to raise it.
The duke never liked the usurer alter-
wards, but he was too far gone to be
able to resent the liberty taken with
him.

—=
For the Monthly Magazine.
NEWS FROM PARNASSUS.
NO. XXIX.
Don Juan. Cantos 9, 10, and 11.

HE surprising fecundity of Lord
Byron’s muse, together with the
interest which, from his acknowledged
superiority as a writer, attaches among
the admirers of poetry to all of his
productions, have latterly kept the pen
of the monthly critic in almost constant
exercise. In our Number for Sep-
tember, we gave a notice of the sixth,
seventh, and eighth, cantos of the Don
Juan; and, sirce writing that article,
three more cantos of this singular,
poem have appeared before the pub-
lic. Weare aware that some of his
lordship’s admirers entertain fears for
his reputation, in consequence of the
rapidity with which bis recent publi-
cations haye succeeded each other; but
we consider their apprehensions as
unfounded. ‘The peculiar cirecum-
stances of the noble author’s life and
character, by abstracting him from
public business, and even in a great
measure from society, have rendered
writing at once his occupation and
amusement; and hence we may natu-
rally expect, that his effusions must
be more numerous than they wouid
have been, bad he continued, as for-
merly, to mingle in the frivolities of
the fashionable, and the dissipation of
the gay. Nor is a mind like his,—so
amply furnished by reflection and ob-
servation, as well as by transcendent
genius, with the richest materials for
poetry,—in danger of speedily ex-
hamusting itsstores. We readily admit
the fact, which every day’s experience
confirms, that yery voluminous writers
are frequently found to excel in no-
thing but the quantity of their produe-
tions; but we believe it, will be found,
upon), examination, that. the best
authors in every language have gene-
rally written wuch. Anacreon and
Catallus among the ancients, and our

News from Parnassus, No. XX1X. -

[Dec. 1,

own countrymen Gray and Collins, are
almost the only instances of very
limited labours obtaining an exalted
literary reputation. Nor is this to be
wondered at; for there is in all compo-
sition, particularly in verse, something
of a mechanical art, whieh, though it
will not of itself ensure excellence,
contributes greatly to embellish the
intellectual part, and which attention
combined with practice must necessa-
rily improve. The success, too, which
has generally attended the early at-
tempts of those who have been distin-
guished for literary eminence, would
infallibly operate as a powerful stimu-
lant to continued exertions, particu-
larly upon persons with most of whom
fame was the dearest, if not the only,
prize sought.

‘The same excursive style of digres-
sion which prevailed in the former
cantos of the ‘‘ Don Juan,” is conspi-
cuous in these. The ninth opens with
an address to Wellington; in which,
to adopt the author’s own language,
his “unflattering muse deigns to m-
scribe” to his grace “truths that he
will not read in the Gazettes.” After
alluding to many passages in the life
of the “great captain. of the age,”
which will not do much honour to his
memory in history, the poet concludes
his address with the following pithy
and just remark :—

You did great things; but, not being gread/ in mind,
Have left undone the greatest,—and mankind !

We are then indulged with some
metaphysics and pyrrhonism, which,
with all our admiration of his lordship,
we think not particularly pleasing ;
and are at last reminded of the exis-
tence of Juan, who was left on his way
to Petersburg with Suwarrow’s dis-
patch. The mention, however, of this
seat of despotic power makes the
author diverge into an indignant
tirade, in which we so heartily join,
that we cannot forbear transcribing
it :--

For me, I deem an absolute autoerat.
Not a barbarian,—but much worse than that.

And I will war, at least in words, (and—should
My chance so happen,—deeds,) with all who war
With Leones and of thought’s foes, by far most
rude
Tyrants and sycophants have been, and are.
1 know not who may conquer; if k could ;
Have such a prescience, it should be no bar
To this my plain, sworn, downright detestation
Of every despotism in every nation.

It is not that Ladulate the people; 6 6
Without me there are demagogues enongh,
And infidels to pull down every steeple,
And set up in their stead some proper stuff,
Whether ariniend sow scepticism to reap hell,
As is the Christian dogma rather tough,
1 do not know;—I wish men to be free
As much from mobs as kings,—from you as me.

In

1823.]

In the course of his rough journey,
Juan delights himself with gazing on
the child whom he had rescued from
the carnage at Ismail; the conscious
satisfaction attendant on such a deed,
is thus beautifully expressed :—
reflect

That onelife sav’d, especially if young
Or pretty, is a thing to recollect

Fur sweeter than the greenest laurels sprung
From the manure of human clay, though deck’d

With all the praises ever said or sung:

‘Tho’ hymn’d by every harp, unless within
Your heart joins chorus, Fame is but a din,

After some whimsical allusions to
Cuvier’s geological theory, we find
Juan introduced to the empress at the
Russian court. The elegance of his
person, and the grace of his manner,
captivate the licentious Czarina, who,
though her paramours were generally
east in Herculean mould, at times
deviated from her usual standard of
election; and, as might be anticipated,
makes an exception, in the present
instance, in favour of Juan. The union
of debauchery and ferocity which cha-
racterised Catherine are admirably
depicted, in her manner of feeding
her ambition with the perusal of the
despatch, and gratifying her rising
passion with the contemplation of
Juan; who, in spite of the jealousy
and murmurings of rival expectants
and candidates, is fairly installed into
the “ high official situation” of Cathe-
rine’s favourite; and left, at the end
of the ninth canto, in possession of all
the distinction and emoluments an-
nexed to it.

The following canto commences
with what many persons will deem a
very unorthodox allusion to the New-
tonian philosophy :— ¢
When Newton saw an apple full, he found

Lo that slight startle tor his contemplation,

*Tis said (for Vl) not answer above giound

For any sage’s creed or calculation, )

A inode of proving that the exrth turwd round

In a most natural whirl, called gravitation;

And this is the sole moital who could grapple
Since Adain, with a fall or with an apple.

The conclusion of this stanza is a
signal for the author’s again plunging
into his metaphysics, whither we do
not think it necessary to follow him,
Itis with much more pleasure that we
find him emerging from these to ad-
dress a palinodia to his early literary
censor, Jeflery.. This tribute to a
former antagonist, displays so much
frankness, generosity, and manly feel-
ing, that it must eradicate all: latent
remains of animosity from the bosom
of any but the most rancorous and
vindictive. In addition to these me-
rifts, the fclicituus introduction of the

Don Juan, Cantos 9, 10, and 11.

415

writer’s recollections of his native
land and boyish days render the pas-
sage In question cqual in poetical
beauty to any thing that has proceeded
from his pen; and we much regret
that we are precluded by its length
from laying it before our readers.

We are at last again introduced to
the hero of the poem, who continues
to revelin the luxury and licentious-
ness of the Russian court. The con-
gratulations he receives from divers
of his Spanish friends, who till this
period had appeared to have forgotten
him, are humeourously introduced, and
a very characteristic episile froni the
hero’s pious mother, Donna Inez, in-
duces the bard to wish for a “ forty-
parson power,” (a metaphor taken, as
he informs us, from the “ forty-horse
power” of a steam engine,) to chaunt
the praises of hypocrisy. In the midst,
however, of his elevated fortunes, the
young Spaniard’s constitution becomes
Impaircd by the excesses attendant
upon them ; and the empress, alarmed
for the health of her favourite, on its
being suggested to her that the cold of
the climate was too intense for him,
determines to send him on a mission to
the British court. He accordingly
sets out for England, accompanied by
“the pure and living pearl, the infant
girl whom he preserved.” The de-
scription of the almost paternal and
filial affection respectively subsisting
‘between Juan and his little ward, and
of the insuperabie attachment of the
latter to her early-imbibed prejudices
in favour of the Mahometan religion,
is in the poet’s happiest manner; but,
extending as it does to six stanzas, our
limits will not admit of transcribing it,
In their route, they pass threugh Cour-
land; of which the author observes—
Tis the same landscape which the modern Mars

Who march’d to Moscow, led by Fame, the syren !
To lose by one month’s frost some twenty years
Of conquest, and his guard of grenadiers.
Let this not seem an anti-climax ;—** Oh!

My guard! my old guard 2’? exclaim’d that god of
Think ot the thunderer’s falling down below

Carulid-artery-cutting Castlereagh.

The remainder of their itinerary is
rather prosaically told, with the ex-
ception of some reflections on their
obtaining a view of England; of which
we are compelled equally to acknow-
Jedge and lameut the justice. They
proceed from Dover till they arrive in
sight of London; and the name of Mrs.
Vry, being incidentally: introduced,
occasions the following apostrophe :—

Ohi,

416

Oh, Mrs. Fry! why go to Newgate? Why 3
Preach to poor rogues? And wherefore not begin
With C--It-n, or with other houses? Try
Your hand af harden’d and imperial sin.
To meni the people’s an absurdity,—
A jargon,—a mere philanthropic din.
Unless you make their betters better ;—Fie!
i thought you had more religion, Mrs. Fry.

We .are fully persuaded that his
lordship had no more intention to im-
peach than we to depreciate the
motives or conduct of the benevolent

individual in question; but, unfortu-*

nately, the general position involved
in the passage above quoted is incon-
trovertible. EXven in the very few
instances where interested motives
have no share, the religionists of our
day are marvellously attentive to self-
security. No idea of giving umbrage
to the powers that be, ever enters their

mild and gentle’ bosoms. The spirit,

which animated Paul in the presence
of Felix, or which, in Jater days, dic-
tated the fearless haranyues of John
Knox, and the splendid denunciation
by Bossuet of exalted and successful
vice, on his first appearance as a
metropolitan preacher, we shall vainly
look for in our modern apostles. To
imitate these perilous though noble
examples, incedere per ignes cinert
suppositos, is no part of their practical
code. ‘Vo preach to the convicted,
and to seck proselytes among the
heathen, are cheaper and casier modes
of purchasing a reputation, than to
attack vice sheltered by rank and opu-
lence, and to convert persons frem the
semblance of religion to its substance.

At the commencement of the ele-
venth canto, the poet’s attention
appears so exclusively directed to
Berkeley and materialism, with other
questions thence arising, that we be-
lieve, however exquisite his lucubra-
tions, few readers will be much de-
lighted with them. On the resumption
of bis narrative, we find Juan standing
on Shooter’s-hill; and, in the very
midst of his reflections on the security
of life and property in a free country,
his soliloquy is interrupted by four
footpads, who offer him the disagree-
able alternative of parting with his
money or his life. One of them our
hero dispatches with a pistel, on which
his comrades take to. flight; and the
envoy of Catharine, after waiting the
coroner’s inquest, reaches the British
metropolis without any more adven-
tures. His history in the present
cantos extends no farther; and the
description of the metropolis, with

News from Parnassus, No. XXIX.

[Dec. Ty,

Juan’s occupations on becoming en-
rolled among its fashionables, though .
exeellent in their way, are not adapted
for extracting. One passage, how-
ever, Which refers to the author. him-
sclf, we quote, both on account of the:
admirable conclusion of the parallel
contained in it, and because his. lord-
ship has been taxed by many of our
coutemporaiies with egotism, for as-
serting what appears to us indispu-
tably true :— :

In twice five years, the’ ereatest living poct,”
Like to the champion in the fisty ring,

Is call’d on to support his claim, or show it;—
Although ’tis an imaginary thing.

Even I,—albeit Pm sure Licid not know it,
Nor sought of foolscap subjects to be king,—

Was reckou’d, a considerable time,

The grand Napoleon of the realms of rhyme. >

But ‘‘ Juan”? was my Moscow, and ‘ Faliero”
My Leipsic, and. my Mont Saint Jean seems

“Cain ;”

Ta Belle Alliance” of dunces down at zero,

Now that’s the lion fallen, may rise again :
But f will fall at least us fell my hero,

Nor reign at all, or as ammonarch reiEn;

Or to some lonely isle of jailors go,
With turncoat Southey for my turnkey Lowe,

A very few general remarks upon
the present cantos will suflice, as the
observations which we made upon
those which preceded them are equally
applicable in the present instance.
We may however observe, that those
now before us haye upon the whole.
more of the lofty and _ pathetié style of
poetry than the cantos which we last
had occasion to notice; and we feel
it a duty to the author to suggest to
those readers, who Seem disappointed
at the occasional inequality visible in
this poem, that it wouid- be unreason-
able to expect any writer to produce
eleven cantos of a poetical work, of
which some parts shall not excel
others. , Without reverting to the
hacknied “aliqguando bonus dormitat
Homerus,’ we may remind such per-
sons; that the illustrious writer of the
“« Aneid,” who was no less distin-
guished for his diligence and care in
composition than for his exalted ge-
nius, is admitted: by all his admirers
to have imparted to the first six books
a degree of poetical. splendor and
beauty immeasurably superior to that
found in those which sueceed: them ;
and it would be teo much to expect
from the playful efforts of Lord Byron
greater uniformity of excellence than
attended the laborious assiduity of
Virgil. To those who have censured
the apparently irreverent mention of»
the Deity in one passage of the ‘‘ Don
Juan,” we would recommend an
attentive perusal of Blackmore’s

“ Creation,”

1823.]

“ Creation,” a poem so much perused
by all orthodox personages, particu-

larly by Dr. Johnson: they will find

the same offence repeated there in
humerous instances; and, without
wishing to extenuate it in either
writer, we will affirm that the indul-
gence afforded to one should surely
extend to both.

Some of the hebdomadal critics. have
been merciless in their attacks upon
his lordship’s heinous outrages cn
what they conceive to be legitimaie
rhyme. Had these gentlemen been
permitted to devote a fortnight to
their lucubrations, they might possibly
have discovered that, these alleged
violations of rhythmus were the effect,
not of negligence, but design; they
might have reflected that, since the
author’s powers of versification were
undoubted, he had probably been
influenced in the choice of his rhymes
by their suitableness to the subjects
introduced ; and that of this he might
probably be as competent a judge as
any Zoilus of the critic tribe. We
wish it were practicable to put Butler’s
“Hudibras” into the hands of such
censors, as a new publication: their
strictures upon it would doubtless be
highly amusing. The spirit. which
regards the individual more than his
performance, has been indeed suffi-
ciently visible in the attacks on the
“Don Juan;” in fact, “ your very good
sort of people,” thinking, without
doubt, that the end. sanctifies the
means, seem constantly animated by
it. A dramatic piecc, at least afford-
ing scope for powerful acting, makes
its appearance, and becomes popular,
It has of course its partizans and its
antagonists. ‘The latter for a while
content themselyes with the accus-
tomed weapons of ridicule; but, on its
becoming a matter of general noto-
riety, that the drama is founded ona
production of the daughter of Godwin
and the widow of Shelley, conspiracy
(for it merits no milder name) is re-
sorted to, to warn the town by placards
against its immorality and impiety!
Sed hac satis. It would be as tedious
as it would be casy to multiply exam-
ples. Laudari a laudato vero, was the
just boast of the ancient; and, if the
converse of the proposition be true,
-there certainly exists a class of per-
sons who confer honour by their abuse,
and enhance the reputation which is
the object of their calumny.

MontuHLy Mac, No, 389.

On the Preservation of Cabbages.

417

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
SIR,
HE following simple method, em-
ployed by the Portuguese on-
board their ships, for the preservation
of cabbages, may not perhaps be
deemed unacceptable by some of the
readers of your valuable Miscellany ;
more especially as it may be casily
transferred to our domestic economy,
and as present appearances indicate
the early approach of a severe winter,
when a scarcity of esculent vegetables
may be expected.

The cabbage is cut so as to leave
about two inches or more of the stem
attached to it; after which the pith is
scooped out, to about the depth of an
inch, care being taken not to wound
or bruise the rind by this operation.
The cabbages are then suspended, by
means of a cord tied round that portion
of the stem next the cabbage, and fas-
tened, at regular intervals, to a rope
run across the deck. That portion of
the stem from which the pith is taken,
being uppermost, is ‘regularly filled
with water every morning. By this
simple method, the cabbage is pre-
served fresh during pretty long voy-
ages. Pr
Perhaps the same mode of preserva-
tion might be extended to winter
cauliflower, brocoli, &c.

November 1823.

———
For the Monthly Magazine.
NOTICE relative to the “KING,” or the

CANONICAL and MORAL BOOKS of the

CHINESE.*

HE traditions of the learned in

China refer the origin of their
literature to the foundation of their
monarchy, near 3000 years prior to
the Christian era; but their historical
records are little to be depended upon
tili about the twelfth century preceding
that date. It appears probable that
the first Chinese books were written
under the patriarchal dynasty of the
Tcheou. But doubts are entertained
by some even as to this latter epoch,
only five centuries prior; and, to ac-
quire correct notions respecting their
classical books, Confucius and his
disciples are represented, as having
first putin order and commented on
the others, if they were not the real
authors of them. Confa-

* From a late Number of the Revue
Encyclopedique.

418

- Confucius, ealled by the Chinese
Koung-tsee, or Koung-fu-tsee, was one
of the greatest moralists and states-
men, and, what is more, one of the
most’ eminently virtuous characters
that any age or country has produced.
Reading his life, and comparing it
with his writings, if scems hardly
possible that human wisdom could
manifest itself more than in his doc-
trine and conduct, or that a greater
harmony could be established between
them. The actions of this admirable
philosopher, the influence of his mora-
lity on the levislation and destinies of
a great empire, the honours which his
fainily to this day enjoy, and the reli-
gious:rites which he instituted, are not
unknown to our European literati. It
is only in the light of author, or
restorer of the “ King,” or classical
books, that this paper professes to
consider him. ‘The materials from
which it is collected are seattered
through more than twenty quarto
volumes, containing the “‘ Memoirs of
the Jesuits,” and the “ Description of
China,” by Father Duhalde. As many
have not access to these works, an
abstract of their contents, reduced to
some order, which was not attended
to by the missionaries, will be found
deserving of notice.

First part, what are styled “the
Great King.” These consist, properly
speaking, of the Chinese canonical
books, five in number, and called the
Yyking, the Chouking, the Chiking,
the Liki, and the Yoking.*

The ** Yking,” or Book of Changes,
the first and perhaps the most ancient
of all the literary monuments, passes
as being originally the production of
Fou-hi, founder of the Chinese em-
pire, and the Hermes of the east. It
is composed of straight lines, variously
placed, and first seen, according to
their accounts, on the back. of a Dra-
conic horse, and of a miraculous tor-
toise. ‘The most learned mandarins
can with difliculty make it out. Con-
fucius intended giving an explanation
of it, but was prevented by death: he
was dissatisfied, it seems, with all the
interpretations of the ancient commen-
taries. -This we learn from the Me-
moir of Sir William Jones on the

* The author of this Memoir seems to
have omitted the “'f'chun-Thsicou,” or
Spring and Autumn, an historical tract of
Confneius; bet, as the “ Yoking” is lost,
the canonical books are still five in
number.

Canonical and Moral Books of the Chinese.

(Dec. I,

second classical book of the Chinese.
Each Chinese dynasty has had its
Yking ; that which Confucius treated
of is the only one that has been pre-
served. Some missionarics have con-
ceived that the history of the creation,
and the fall of the first man, might be
discovered init, with a prophecy, also,
relating to the coming of Jesus Christ.
This we find in the ninth volume of
“Memoirs concerning the History,
Sciences, Arts, Manners, and Cus-
toms, of the Chinese,” by the Pekin
missionaries. In point of fact, how-
ever, the characters of this book are
wholly unintelligible, and what is
taught of it in the school is merely
conjectural.

This is not the case with the “‘Chou-
king,” a valuable record of history,
politics, and morals, of which there
are several learned interpretations,
both in French and Latin. Its authen-
ticity has been frequently called in
question ; and, if credit may be given
to a Chinese anthor, ‘I'chin-Tsee,
quoted hy Cibot, in his ‘‘ Memoir on
the Antiquity of the Chinese,” the
learned of a single dynasty, that of
Han, wrote more than 30,000. charac-
ters, to explain the two first words of
this book; its reputation,, however,
appears to be at preseat well establish-
ed, and its sense or meaning to be
permanently fixed.

It was divided by Confucius, as an-
cient historiographers report, into six
parts, or one hundred chapters, which
contain the oldest annals respecting
China, and more particularly the sage
maxims put in practice by the ancient
emperors, philosophers, and grandees;
so that it constitutes a treatise of
government, rather than of history.
We find in it a code of instruction for
princes and men in office, deliberations
on the highest matters of state, with
cautions and remonstrances address-
ed to sovereigns. Nine virtues are
therein required of them, and eighteen
letters or characters suffice to repre-
sent them in the original. These nine
virtues are--a personal grandeur or
greatness, equally free from haughti-
ness and insensibility ; a noble indif-
ference, compatible with action and
exertion; an agreeable sweetness of
temper, not tarnished with indolence
or rusticity ; an acuteness of intellect,
not above application and labour; an
urbanity and politeness, blended with
resolution and courage; probity and
integrity, but ready, on ihe spur of
necessity, to have recourse to policy ;

an

1823.]

an extensive genius, but such as will not
neglect little things; a firmness, with
nothing in it, harsh or ferocious; and,
lastly, a magnanimify and force that
will yield only to justice.

The kings from whom these. rare
qualities were demanded were the
Suzerein monarchs of the whole em-
pire of China, which was then a
feudal, government. As to the tribu-

_ tary princes, that governed particular
kingdoms under them, six qualities
were expected from them, and three
only from the great lords of the court.

Some fragments of the ‘‘ Chouking”
may be introduced here, as characte-
ristic of the wisdom and sublimity
that pervade its contents :—‘ What
careand circumspection are called for,
in the administration of a good govern-
ment. The eye of heaven views and
penetrates into every action, but kings
are to be judged by the voice of the
people. ‘The wrath of heaven is terri-
ble; but_a people oppressed and mal-
treated are the instruments of its
vengeance. A dispensation of divine
justice will often chastise great and
little without distinction, but kings
have a thousand times more to dread
than other men.” And elsewhere we
read :—* O thou, who art the heir of
Tching-tang, rely not too much on the
present protection of heaven; whether
that favour shall continue or not, de-
pends in some measure on thyself.
Thy present good fortune may not be
durable. By the constant practice of
virtue, thy crown shall be secured to
thee; if thou forsakest the path of
wisdom, expect to be deprived of
whatever heaven has given thee. An
evident example of this has occurred
in King Kié: he persevered not ina
virtuous course, but became impious
and cruel; .whereupon the Supreme
Tien rejected him, and sought through
all the land some one worthy of reign-
ing, in the place of that unhappy
prince. O thou heir of Tching-Tang,
the empire which thou possessest is a
new acquisition to thee, let thy virtues
be renewed with it. Constantly reno-
vate thysclf, so that no difference be
found between the last days of thy
reign, and the. first. In offices of
government employ only those who
combine wisdom with talents; but for
thy first minister, seek out a man
accomplished at all points, one quali-
fied to form thee to rectitude and vir-
tue, and who shall give a virtuous
career to all thy people.”

Canonical and Moral Books of the Chinese.

419

These counsels are, no doubt, just

and apposite; but as ministers every
way accomplished, and kings with the
nine qualities, are not easy to find, the
“‘Chouking” would have been, more
acceptable if, in lieu of its rigid pre-
cepts, it had sketched out a good
legislative constitution, obligatory on
kings and minisiers, as well as on the
citizens.
- The following speech was addressed,
by the Emperor Kao-Tsong, to. his
minister :—‘‘ Fail not to give me daily
instructions and reproof, that I may
acquire true wisdom. Let me be con-
sidered as rough, unpolished iron, to
be formed and fashioned by you. I
have a broad, rapid, and dangerous,
torrent to pass; you must be my bark
or vessel, and my oar. Let me be
considered as lean, sterile, and bare
Jand; you must be like the husband-
man and the soft showers, to cool and
refresh, to manure and till it well.”
But we may well be distrustful of the
severity of ministers, to act in contra-
riety to the humours of sovereigns.
The Jaw, when strictly enforced, is the
best hammer to smooth the rough iron,
the finest manure to husband arid
soils, the best oar and rudder to guide
in dangerous torrents,

The ‘Chiking” is a collection of
300 odes, or small pieces of poetry,
forming all together 9234 characters,
extracted by Confucius from the large
collection deposited in the imperial
library of the Tcheou. It appears
that, from the. earliest times, poetry
has been held in great honour by the
Chinese ; their language is altogether
figurative and metaphorical; the word
for poetry denotes, ‘‘ Words of the
Hallor Temple.” It was intermingled
with the public instructions of the
priests and magistrates; indeed, the
profound veneration with which the
““Chiking” is regarded, affords suffi-
cient proof of this. Manners, how-
ever, change in time, and. we learn
from Father Cidot, in the notes of his
Memoir, that poetry is at present. but
little considered by the government,
and that it is not unusual in China
to say, ‘‘ A man of letters makes many
verses,” just as it would be said, in
Vrance, ‘A captain of infantry plays
well on the violin.” The public man-
ners having undergone a change, with
respect to energy and simplicity, the
credit of poetry has decayed in pro-
portion. But, under, the old patri-
archal dynasties, poetry had a very

powerful

A426

powerful ascendant, and accordingly
we find the selection: of “Confucius
formed) out of 3000 copies of verses.
The Emperor’Chun-Tché, in the
preface which precedes the Tartar
translation, has thus expressed his
sentiments in respect to the “‘Chiking:”
—‘‘This work is rather a delineation
of the passions, executed in verse,
than a production of the mind and
fancy. The verses are all improvisa-
torial. Their tendency is to form us
to such a degree of politeness, as shall
embellish the-exterior, while it incul-
cates the virtues that adom the soul.
This book.,shows, us what we are to
pursue, and what to avoid. Jt contains
noble sentiments, delivered in a sub-
lime style, describing the ceremonies
necessary to honour the memory of
our ancestors, and it abounds with
precepts for the conduct of princes in
government. As to the observations
relative to agriculture and common
life, they are expressed in plain and
simple Janguage... The verses, of
whatever, description they may be,
and whatever matters they treat of,
have a tendency to inspire us with a
predilection for good morals.”) To

_ this may be subjoined what Confucius

thought of the ‘‘Chiking,” when he
declares, that it was composed to
serve as a guide to the understanding,
and to govern the will. Elsewhere,
the same philosopher sums. up the
whole doctrine of the odes, as redu-
cible to this grand principle,—that we
should never entertain thoughts of a
base, and criminal character.

The “Chiking” is divided into three
parts: the first, entitled “‘ Koue-Fond,”
or the Manners of Kingdoms, consists
of poetry and songs, the most generally
popular. These the emperors ordered
to be collected and preserved, in order
to judge, from the, tone and maxims of
those, pieces, of the state of public
manners,,and the dispositions of the
people, throughout; the. confederated
kingdoms.

‘The:\second' part is ‘composed of
twosections, ““Syao-ya,” and “ Taya,”
signifying literally, Excellence, Great
and Small) It forms a miscellancous
asseniblage of Songs or haliads, odes,
canticles, élegies, epithalamiums, &e.
The major, part, are appropriated to
the praise of the emperors, kings, and
sovernments,;, but, seme, satirical songs
are scattered amongst them, and others
are ip honounof agriculture.

The ‘third part bearsethe name of

Canonical and Moral Books of the Chinese.

[Dec. 1,

“Song,” or Praises; and is a compila-
tion of vanticles and hymns sung during
the’ ‘times’ of sacrificing, and° at’ the
ceremonies practised in honour of
their ancestors, This, as the Jesuit
Cibot remarks, furnishes details not to
be met with elsewhere, disclosing the
progress of manners through a long
series of ages. ‘They are the,more
interesting, as the poetry is every
where more varied, and ccimprehends
within its range the whole nation, from
the sceptre to the spade. The Euro-
pean historians, as he observes, have
made great use of it; and, as to its
authenticity, he pronounces it indu-
bitable. Three hundred samples of
versification, of every description, and
in every sort of style; the poetry,
moreover, so beautiful, so harmonious;
the portraiture of manners so natural
and so exact, combined with the delec-
table and sublime tone of antiquity
that pervades the whole; these parti-
culars, from the internal evidence,
sufficiently prove them to be genuine.

It is not improbable that, since the
times of Confucius, the copies of the
“Chiking” may have been consider-
ably disfigured, by interpolations, and
apocryphal passages. Occasionally,
the style appears too metaphysical,
and, from its conciseness, frequently
becomes obscure. But this very, ob-
seurity, as Sir William Jones reports,
has something in it sublime and yene-
rable, in the opinion of many of the
Chinese.
' Several pieces, of a considerable
extent, have been translated either by
Father Le Primaire, or by other mis-
sionaries, not exactly literally, but
with a liberal fidelity, agreeably to the
manner of Confucius, who in his dif-
ferent writings has rehearsed certain
fragments of the “ Chiking.”

‘The eighth ode of the second book,
entitled, ‘‘ Advice to the King,’ ‘con-
tains a severe admonition from the
mouth of the virtuous Yen-Vang,
father of the founder of the third
race. yale’,

G great and supreme Lord! thou art
the sovereign master of the world; bu: thy
majesty is severe, and thine orders rigor-
ous. Heaven gives, it is true, life and
being to all the people of the earth; but
we must not absolutely depend on its
liberality and clemency. I know that it
always’ begins acting towards tis like’a

‘father; but I am ‘not: sure whether it will

not terminate its dealings with ws like a
judge. /
Ven-Vang exclaims: Alas!’ kings ‘ot
thus

1823.]

this world, you are cruel, and your minis-
ters are tigers and wolves; you are avari-
cious, and your ministers are so many
leeches; you endure such persons about
you, you raise them to the highest offices,
and because, in the judgments of heaven,
you are visited with a spirit of Vertigo,
you place these miserables at the head of
your subjects, ;

Ven-Vang exclaims: Alas! kings of this
world, as soon as you would introduce any
wise man into your councils, the wicked
instantly take the alarm, instantly propa-
gate‘a thousand false reports, covering
their aversion with specious pretences.
To such as these you listen, give them
your countenance and favour, lodging in
your palaces a horde of robbers; hence
arise imprecations, to which the people
set no bounds,

Ven-Vang exclaims: Alas! kings of this
world, the murmurs of your people are
onheeded, like the cries of the grass-
hoppers ; your insensibility excites ebul-
litions of wrath in the hearts of your sub-
jects, You are approaching to the crisis
of some frightful calamity, but persist in-
flexibly in your thoughtless career. The
pestilence rages in the interior of your
empire, and is making its way to the most
remote and barbarous extremities.

Ven-Vang exclaims; Alas! kings of this
world, it is not the Lord, the prince of
lieaven, that is chargeable with so many
and great enormities ; let them be ascribed
to yourselves. You have refused lending
an ear to the ancient sages; you have dis-
éarded them from your presence. But,
aithough these respectable personages are
excluded, you have the laws with you;
why do you not comply with them, to
avert the evils that ere long will overwhelm
you?

Ven-Vang exclaims: Alas! kiugs of this
world, common fame repeats, and it is but
too true, that it is not breaking oif the
branches, or plucking away the leaves,
that has been the destruction of this fine
tree ; the root was spoiled and rotten. As
you should contemplate yourself in the
kin s your predecessors, and to whom you
bear any resemblance, so you will serve
one day for an cxample to those that shall
come after you, The older the world
grows, and more and more notable exam-
ples will spring up, to serve as monitors,
but these avail not to a radical reforma-
tion.

The two odes which follow. are
taken from the first book :—

; The Young Widow,

A vessel, when Jaunched into the water,
forsakes the shore where it was built. My
locks, formerly floating on my forehead,
were cut at times, and at times combed
and trimmed, on my head. I remain
attached to the spouse that received my
plighted faith, and will adhere to my first

Canonical and Moral Books of the Chinese.

421

engagement, even to the tomb. O my
mother! my mother! wherefore do you
seek to turn me. from my purpose, by
availing yourself of the rights which nature
has attributed to you? Those rights I
revere ; your benefits I compare to those
of Tien; but this heart of mine shall never
be stained with a perjury.

The Shepherdess.

O, Tchong-tsee, I entreat thee not to
enter our cottage; I enireat thee to desist
from breaking the branclies of our willows.
My fears will not permit nie to love thee,
—the dread of my father and my mother
forbids it. My heart would readily incline
towards thee, but can I forget the expostu-
lations of my father and my mother?

O, Tchong-tsee, I conjure thee not to
mountaloft upon our wall,—to forbear from
further breaking down the branches of
our mulberry-trees; my fears will not
authorize me to love thee, that is, the
dread of my brothers. My heart would
readily turn towards thee, but can I for-
get the reprehensions of my brothers?

O, Tchong-tsee, I beseech thee not to
enter our garden,—not to break the
branches of our sandal-trees. I dare not
love thee; the dread of my relations is an
hindrance. My heart would readily turn
towards thee, but can I forget all that my
relations have urged to dissuade me ?

Here follow certain other odes of
the ‘‘ Chiking,” which Father Cibot,
in his ‘“‘ Hssay on the Language of the
Chinese,” says he has translated, in
the manner of a miniature copy, with
a black-lead pencil.

The Departure of the Female Friend ;

sung by «a IWoman.

The swallow fiies with nimble wings.
I have accompanied my friend, as far as I

was able. Bnt a separation must take
place. In vain do I new trace her image,

my eyes exploring remote points of view;
no longer is she to be seen, Flow, flow,
my tears,

The swallow sings, in wheeling its rapid,
airy flight. With loud lamentations, lint
voked the return of my friend ; her name I
repeated to the echoes, but could not
heavy any report of her return. Flow,
flow, my tears,—I sink wider my grief.

O, dear and tender friend, thy virtues
were the charm of my life. Faithful ‘and
true, simple and sincere, thou wouldst
have blushed at the thoughts of any dis-
guise, The purity of thy mind was never
drawn aside from the paths of imocence.
Beneficence was in thee the fruit of a
native propensity. Wisdom was the guide
of thy steps. O, how tenderly didst thou
exhort me to remain true to the spouse
that death has snatched from nic!

Complaint of a Repudiated Wife.

Like ‘two clouds that have imited in
the upper regions of air, which the most

violent

422
violent tempest cannot separate, the bond
- of our matrimonial connexion was to be
eternal, under the/infltience, the sway, of
one heart; one mind?! | The slightest symip-
tom of disgust; of division; of wrath, would
have been a crime. » And thou, like unto
one that plucks away the herb, and leaves
the root, banishest me from thy house, as
if, unfaithful to my reputation and my vir-
tue, IT am-no longer worthy to be thy
spouse, and could cease so to be. Celes-
tial powers, look down from heaven, and
judge between us. Alas! every step that
removes me to a further distance gives me
pain. Ungrateful may, he accompanied
me; but it was only a few steps: he left
me at his threshold,—it seemed agreeable
to him, his parting with me. So, ther,
thou art, now adoring the new object of
thy adulterous flame; and there yon are,
already, like a brother and sister that have
been intimately acquainted from their in-
fancy. But go, thy infidelity will pollute
thy new nuptials, and mar all its sweets.
Heavenly powers! this man is celebrating
his new espousals with joy. I am become
vile im’ thine cyes, thou renouncest all ac-
quaintance with me; and I, for my part,
will no more look for or expect repen-
tance -in thee.
haye I not sustained, deyoted.as I have
been to the interest of thy house? I was
making a sacrifice of myseli, to secure thy
comforts. and happiness. If all hearts
were drawn towards thee, it was 1 who
attracted them; and yet thou canst cease
to love me,—so as even to despise, to for-
get, to hate me. It is wealth, it is for-
tune, which thou art now enamoured with
in thy sponse; and I have lost all my
charms, after haying made thee happy.
What desirable prospects was I not pre-
paring for our old age? Another will reap ail
the benefit, and JI shall languish in oppro-
brium and grief. Alas! how terrible were
thy last looks: hatred and fury were de-
picted in them. My evils are incurable.
My tenderness excites his aversion, and
he reddens at the recollection of my
benefits.
(To be conctuded in our next.)
—=
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
SIR,

EING in September at Aberga-
venny, and observing a public
notice of the armiycrsary méeting of a
Bible Socicty, I attended it. ‘One of
the resolutions moved being advo-
cated in what appeared to me. an
objectionable manner, I was about to
address the chairman on, the subject,
when, Mr, Haghes,(one of the secreta-
ries of. the parent society,) told me, in
a whisper, that it was irregular, im his
opinion, to allow any publie opposi-

Mr. Indigo on Bible-Society Meetings.

What cares and labours.

[Dec. 1,

tion; that it would he setting a bad
precedent (I use his own words); and
that he would willingly answer my
objections’ in private. I felt inclined
td ‘appeal to the ‘chairman, to'know
whether ‘he’ concurred in’ the’ expe-
diency of stifling the expression of a
dissentiént opinion’; but the conside-
ration, that something was'due to an
active and highly meritorious ‘officer
of the Society, whose conciliatory de-
portment was conspicuous, induced
me to remain silent. ;

And is it, then, come to this,—that
the Bible Sueiety cannot bear discus-
sion? That its advocates shrink from
an examination of their own publicly-
advanced opinions and declarations ?
That one of its secretaries should
endeavour to stifle the expression of
supposed hostile sentiments, on’ the

ground of its being irregular? » Let us
a little reflect on the case. If resolu-

tions, after being moved and seconded,
may not be objected to, why are they
put to the vote?) Any person’ ‘is'at
liberty to hold up his hand against a
resolution, and why should he be pre-
cluded from giving his re@sons for'so
doing? If the expression of an opi-
nion at variance with the current’
feeling is to be prohibited at’ Bible-
society mectings, must they not be
considered as complete farces?

Bne of the speakers described the
Bible Society, in strong metaphorical
language, as ‘an immaculate stream
issuing from the throne of God.” Now
I wished to remark upon this, ‘that’ I
do not consider the Bible Society as
immaculate. It professes to circulate
the Bible without note or comment,
and yet its editions of that book have
both. <A reference to a paraliel pas-
sage is a note. The heads ‘of the
chapters are oftexr comments on the
text. The language of prophecy is’
often obscure; and any one, who com-
pares the heads of the chapters in
dsaiah with the text, may soon’ per-
ecive, that comment is ‘used by no
means sparingly; ‘and comment, too,
which would be considered incorrect
by Jews, Socinians,’ and other Teli:
gionists.. As a specimen of curious
comment, turn to the eighth chapter
of Canticles.. The fourteenth verse’ is
thus announced ‘at ‘the head of the

_chapter, “Phe Church prayeth ‘for

Christ’s coming.” The verse itself,
after this, will probably appear ludi-
crous: it is, ‘‘ Make haste,’ my 'be-
loved, and be thou like to a ree, or to

a young

1823.]
a young hart, upon the mountains of
spices.” iwi ye :

I am, not inimical, tothe Bible So-
ciety ;,and, so far is this from being
the case, that.I view it as, one of ihe
most influential means of enlightening
Papal, Mahometan,. and. Heathen,
lands; and, wken under right manage-
ment, favourable to charity, peace,
andconcord, at. home.. But, as a
garden,.is rendered more beautiful by
eradicating. its .weeds, so the Bible
Society will be more. worthy of esteem
and: confidence when its proceedings
are free. from inconsistency and illi-
berality. Examination is hateful to
bigotry, but not to,candour and truth.

Henry Inpico,

Carmarthen; Nov. 4, 1823.

—

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,
FE any one feature is more commen-
dabie than another, in your highly
useful journal, it is the warm reproba-
tion with which you uniformly regard
every, species of cruelty towards
animals. A.charge of this nature was
sometime ago (1 believe in’ your
Magazine for August 1822, page 40,)
preferred against the inhabitants of
the Scottish metzopolis, in the form of

uw query.

It is a trite, yet true, saying, that ‘a
wise man only knows how to. ask a
question ;” and the truth of this adage
is, fully exemplified by your corres-
pondent, who, when he charges the
good people of Scotland with “ pluck-
jug live fow}s,and afterwards exposing
them for sale in the public market of
Edinburgh,” seems ignorant to what
an extent commerce in live feathers
is carried on in England.

Though he uses the generic appella-
tion fowls, it is evident he can only
mean geese; since the feathers of no
other species of poultry are of so much
value as to induce the. cupidity of
breeders to resort to that barbarous
practice. .That plucking live’ geese
makes any part of the rural economy
of Scotland, even at this day, I am
much inclined to doubt; but a few
years ago, I dare venture to affirm
without fear of contradiction, it was
unknown. I weil recollect, in the
jocund days of childhood, when every
change in, the circling seasons is hailed
with the delight that novelty never
fails to impart to the youthful bosom,
frequently making one in a joyous
groupe of children, who with extended

Cruel Practice of Plucking Live Geese.

423
hands endeavoured to catch as they
fell the first flakes, of fleecy snow,
which indicated the approach of win-
ter ;, while. repeating, in unison, the
following distich, in allusion to the
practice of goose-plucking which pre-
vailed in an adjoining» border-county
of England :—

The folk of the east are plucking their

geese,
And sending their feathers tous.

Should ihe more frequent and inti-
mate intercourse, which now prevails
between the Scotch and their southern
neighbours, have led the former to
seek gain froma traflic in live feathers,
your querist ought to have known,
that the poor birds are wholly unfit for
market long after being stript of their
plumage ; so that the latter clause of
the charge of necessity falls to the
ground,

In those English counties, where
extensive flocks of geese are bred and
reared mainly for the value, of the
feathers, the season of sheep-shearing
does not return more regularly than
does that of geese plucking. It is
chiefly performed by women, and the
torture sustained by the poor goose is
greater in proportion to the want of
dexterity in the operator. Those new
to the employment often tear and lace-
rate the skin in such a manner, as to
occasion the death of the bird. But,
even when performed with the utmost
expertness, the animals exhibit a most
pitiable aspect for a longer or shorter
period afterwards: they lose their
flesh and appetite, their eyes become
lustreless, and they display every ap-
pearance of extreme lassitude and
debility.

To persuade the luxurious rich to
relinquish his bed of down,* or the
farmer his gains, for the sake of hu-
manity, would, I am afraid, be alike
a hopeless and an ungrateful task ;
but, could it be rendered evident to
the former that his couch might be
softer, and to the latter that his profit

might

* Happily, fashion effects more than
principle, and hair or flock mattresses are
now generally preferred by the great to
feather beds; and the change is encon- °
raged by the faculty, as condneive ta
health, vigour, and long lite. It is found
that feather beds’ vive’ birth’ to rheu-
matism, and to the whole train of nervous
diseases ; and are tlierefore atleast out of
fashion, though still used by the valgar,—
Epvror, ; 1

A24

might be cqually great, if not greater,
without the smallest risk of death
among his volatile flock, scelf-indul-
gence on the one hand, and the love
of gain-on the other, might-go. far to
correct a practice which is, like many
others of a similar kind, certainly dis-
graceful to €ivilized society.

Itis;well known, that feathers are
only of one year’s growth, and that in
the moulting scason they spontane-
ously fall off, and are supplied by a
fresh crop... Now, when the geese are
in full feather, if the plumage were
carefully cut off close to the skin by
means of sharp scissors, the product
would not be much reduced in quan-
tity, while the quality would be greatly
improved. It would also save labour
in dressing ; since the quilly portion of
the feathers, when forcibly detached
from the skin, is generally in such a
state as, after all) to require the em-
ployment of the scissors. After this
operation: has been performed, the
down from the breast may be removed
by the same means.

When the feathers are removed in
this way, during mild or warm wea-
ther, the animal is rather benefited
than injured by the operation; the
stumps are thrown off as in natural
moulting, and a beautiful crop of new
plumage quickly makes its appear-
ance.

Should these hints, diffused through
the medium of your widely circulated
journal, save one poor goose from the
torture, the writer will feel herself
highly gratilied.

It may not be incongruous to the
subject under discussion to notice,
that in Scotland there prevails, or, I
should rather say, there prévailed,—
for years have gone by since I visited
the land of my birth,—a pretty general
antipathy against eating goose, espe-
cially on Christmas Day. Indeed,
about half a century ago, the goose,
as a prelatical bird, was a prohibited
dish at the table of the rigid Presbyte-
rian; and, although their more liberal
descendants view it not with the same
superstitious horror, itis not so highly-
prized alwxury as in the south.

I remember hearing, in my youth,
an anecdote related of the sturdy inde-
pendenceof a non-conformist preacher,
illustrative of this subject, though, his
name has eluded: my memory. Driven
from his charge, for a steady adhe-
rence to principle,—a wanderer, and

sy

Author of the “ Beggav’s Petition?” —Vegetasle Oils, {Deez 1,.

a beggar,—an asylum was afforded to
himoin theancient house of Abbotrvle,
in the south of Scotland, by the piety
of its mistress. ‘The master of the
mansion, though himself a rigid .con-
formist, tolerated and even respected
his guest; but, fond of his jest, as the
emblem of his faith and his. loyalty
was placed on the Christmas: board,
he laughingly observed to his reverend
inmate, ‘‘ that he presumed he would
find no objection to pariake of the
superstitious bird.” Hurt byewhat he
deemed a sneer at his religion,® the
holy man left the room and the house ;
preferring cold, hunger, and peril of
every kind, to the luxuries of a rich
man’s table, when purchased at the
sacrifice of his conscience.
Let the churchmen of modern days,
—who too often render religion sub-
servient to ambition, who truckle for
patronage and place,—think: of .the
poor wandering non-conformist, and
‘oo and do likewise.”

Pimlico ; A. CPR:
_ Nov, 12, 1823. ta
To the Lditor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,

ILL you permit mie, through

your widely circulated pages,
to enquire the real name» of the
‘author of those truly popular beautiful
verses, entitled the ‘‘ Beggar's Peti-
tion.” That charming crispy- writer;
Mr. Elia, has asserted, that: he was
an usher ata school: I fancy Mr. Elia
is mistaken. The required informa-
tion from any of your correspondents

will highly oblige, Cc. R.
eee ,
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR, 5
HE French burn vegetable oils in
their lamps, and»these oils. pro-
duce the most beautiful intense white
light, equal to the best which is pro-
duced from gas. » The. oil-manufac-
turers: of: England either .do not, or
cannot, prepare. vegetable |-oils for
burning; and I wish to be informed,
through your Miscellany,in regard to
the French mode ‘of preparation, and
also whether vegetable oils are pre-
pared in England for burning, and by
whom, and where? The'superiorlight
of prepared vegetables, andthe, ab-
sence of that noisome smell andflavour
which attends fish oils, would; com-
mand general preferences \:
November 1823... |

ssf
Oe.
DOCUMENTS

1823.) ° avian |

425 J

DOCUMENTS ILLUSTRATIVE OF HISTORY.

——

On the cATAsTROPHE of the puc
D'ENGHEIN; by SAVARY, DUC DE
ROVIGO.

[As the unexplained execution of the
Due d’Enghein, in 1804, has often been
assigned as the just cause of our rup-
ture of the Treaty of Amiens in 1802-3,
and as this attack on legitimacy has
been handled with much effect by its
hirelings, the subject is of sufficient
interest to warrant our introducing a
correct narrative of the entire affair, in
a translation which we have made from
a pamphlet published in Paris by a
distinguished officer in command at the
time. The conduct of Talleyrand, if
we may depend on Savary, is characte-
ristic of his own Machiavelian policy, and
may be ascribed either to a design to
place an insuperable barrier between
Napoleon and the Bourbons, or to com-
promise him with all the sovereigns in
Europe. The lifting of the curtain is,
at any rate, highly interesting. ]

T may be recollected, that the

- epoch of the consular government
was fertile in plots and conspiracies of
every kind. Witness the infernal
machine of the Sd Nivosc; the project
of assassination of the First Consul at
the Opera ; the conspiracies of B——te,
on the occasion of the Concordat, &c.
The republicans could not pardon him
for having broken the fasces of the
republic and of the directory; and the
royalists saw in his destruction the
means of re-establishing the throne of
the Bourbons. Of all these conspira-
cies, the most celebrated and the most
dangerous for Napoleon was that of
Georges Cadoudal; because he reck-
oned among the number of his .accom-.
plices two generals, one of whom
exercised a great influence over the
army.

I shall not undertake here to exa-
mine, whether there was a design to
kill the First Consul, or merely to
overthrow his authority,as has been
pretended by its abettors: but the
conspiracy existed ; thatiisa fact which
it is impossible to controvert. That
this conspiracy was the motive and
the cause of the mis/ortuhe of the Duc
W@Enghein, is what T shall how demon-
strate and submit to the judgment of
the public.

At the epoch when the conspiracy
of Georges was discovered, the First
Consul was inthe highest degree of his

Montiity Mac. No, 389.

moral power. — The eclat of his victo-
ries, the return of public order, the
great political. creations which owed
to him their existence, the re-esta-
blishment of religion, the security of
the state;—all these great advantages
of social order, which succeeded to
the chaos of anarchy, inspired:a teal
enthusiasm. ‘The army, which was
all encamped, professed towards: him,
the most unbounded devotion. From
all parts of the country the First
Consul received addresses, which im-
portuned him to put an end to the
attempts of his enemies. General
Moreau had been arrested on the
15thaof February, on the report of the
erand judge. The whole of France
was in expectation of the greatest
events.
The process of Georges was insti-
tuted with the greatest solemnity. The
judge established his quarters in the
Temple, in order to facilitate the

‘numerous confrontations which he had.

to make. This extraordinary seat of
justice was open to the public; and
the access to it was rendered very
easy. The police continued its re-
searches with an extreme ardor. They
considered Georges only as an agent,
proper to execute the orders of his
employers, —- an instrument put in
action by a more powerful hand than
his own. They asked each other who
could be the chief of the enterprise,
—what exalted head would come to
reccive the crown on the day in which
the First Consul was destined to lose
his life. The interrogatories were .
mulliplied; and questions were eagerly
put, sometimes to.the friends of
Georges,—then to his accomplices,—
and, lastly, to the individuals who had
lived in the same houses with these
persons. All these researches were of
no avail. ; l
At length two subordinates of
Georges declared, that, every ten or
twelve days, their master received the
visit of a personage of whose name
they were ignorant, but who must be
of the highestimportance. He appear-
ed to be about thirty-six years of age,
of a fair complexion, middling statare,
and well dressed ; great respect was
shown to him; and, on his entering
the apartment, every one rose, and
continued standing, even MM. de
31 Polignae

426

Polignac and De Riviere. He habi-
tually closetted himself with Georges,
aud both were always together by
themselves. ‘These confessions ex-
cited peculiar attention. “Who could
this mysterious personage be? It was
a man of no ordinary rank; so much
respect could only be paid to one of
high distinction. Tmagination then
played her part... Georges was sup-
plied with considerable sams, together
with all those who had been disem-
barked in the same manner by Capt.
Wright.’ This circumstance suffi-
ciently proved that the enterprise was
projected ina high quarter. To this
were joined the depositions of some
of Georges’ subordinates, who related
what had been said to them on deli-
vering the poignards which were found
upon them. ‘The revolution might, in
truth, have profited by the blow in-
tended to be struck by Georges; but
it was evident that it was not to the
advantage of the republic that the
conspiracy had been formed. The
house of Bourbon naturally presented
itself to évery mind. It was conjec-
tured, therefore, that the mysterious
personage of whom they were: in
search could only be one of those who
were particularly interested in the
success of the project. It was told
the First Consul; and the latter
thought within himself, that it was not
probable such an enterprise could be
undertaken without having on the
spot a prince of the family, who could
rally every one around him as soon as
the blow should be struck. This rea-
soning was strengthened by the obser-
vation, that it was at the house of
Georges alone, and not at’ General
Moreau’s, that this mysterious person-
age had been seen.

The names of the princes of the
house of Bourbon were then called
over. It could not be Monsicur the
Count d’Artois: his age was opposed
to the idea. It could not be the Duc
de Berri: the people connected with
Georges -knew him personally, and
they affirmed he was not the man.
The idea could not for a moment be
entertained of the Duc d’Angouléme :
he wasiat Mittau, alone with the king.
The Due de Boarbon was in London,
and his description could not corres-
pond with that of the unknown per-
sonage. The ‘mind then naturally
rested on the Duc d’Enghein: his evil
genius seemed ‘to have collected a
mass of circumstances and conjectures

1

Documents illustrative of History.

[Dee

which were destined to overwhelm
him.) He was then residing in the
states of Baden, near the Rhine. Vhe
details given respecting the mysterious
stranger were ‘sufficiently “applicable
to his person ; his courage and deter-
mined character rendered him fit for a
decisive and perilous enterprise.

It may be proper to observe, that
at this epoch the ramifications of the
police were not extended beyond the
frontiers: it was solely through the
medium of the Minister of Foreign
Affairs (‘Talleyrand,) that the govern-
ment received all the information
which came from abroad.

‘The confession of the two subordi-
nates of Georges, and the conjectures
which were afloat, on which the mind
rested for want of more ample infor-
mation, were communicated’ ‘to the
First Consul. He immediately dis-
patched an envoy to the spot, to ascer-
tain what had been the pursuits of the
Duc d’Enghein for the previous six
months. ‘The Counsellor ‘of ‘State
(Réal,) being charged with this affair,
he accordingly lost no° time, ‘Dut
repaired himself to the first inspector-
general of the gendarmerie (General
Moncey), traced before him the route
which the envoy ought ‘to pursue; and
declared to him that the First Consul
desired that he might depart forthwith.
The general immediately chose an
officer of his department, communi-
cated to him the instructions which he
had just received, and desired, him to
repair to ile spot. This man was not
without capacity, but his imagination
exercised over his mind more sway
than reason. Thus all of a sudden he
was seized with the idea that the Duc
d’Enghein must infallibly be the per-
sonage sought after, and busied him-
self much more with the importance
of his mission and his instructions,
than with the researches which he
ought to have made.

He set out with all speed, ‘and, soon
after, arrived at Strasbourg ; there he
learned that the Due d’Enghein came
almost every week. to the theatre of
that city. This was a fact which was
afterwards confirmed to me by a per-
son attached to the duke at the epoch
of his being forcibly carried away. | It
was even added, that he had been as
far as Paris under the government of
the Directory, and at the time ‘that
Bernadotte was Minister of War.’ It
was coneluded from this, that, if he
exposed himself to such great dangers

from

1893.)

from a love of theatricals, he would
not be afraid for interests, of a much
more importantikind,, Full of jhis first
ideas, the. officer repaired to. Etten-
heim from Strasbourg ;observed, ques-
tioned,;,and. concluded from every
thing that he saw; and from all that he
heard, that. the confederacy of the
Due d’Enghein with Georges was a
fact sufficiently proved.

The. prince. lived in the simplest
manner possible; the emigrants, who
were collected together in the envi-
rons of Offenbourg, were in the habit
of paying their respects to him; he
received them at his table, and per-
haps gaye them some pecuniary assis-
tance; the exercise of hunting, a
tender connexion with a French lady,
who shared his .exile,—these were all
his pleasures. If be went a-hunting,
he passed several days in that diver-
sion ;. a circumstance of easy belief,
when one is attached to this kind of
amusement, and is acquainted with
the mountains of the Black Forest.
But, the agent sent to reconnoitre
viewed these things in quite another
manner; he was incapable of compre-
hending that the absence of the prince,
when disengaged from hunting, was
the consequence of his respect for the
object of his affections. He hastened
therefore to make out his report, and
to repair. ‘to Paris. ‘The Duc
D’Enghein leads (said he,) a myste-
rious life ; he:receives a great number
of emigrants, who come from. Offen-
bourg to mect at his house; he is fre-
quenily absent eight, ten, and twelve,
days, without amy one being able to
penetrate the secret: it must therefore
be to Paris that he resorts.”

The first inspector of gendarmerie
received this report, and immediately
carried it himself to the First Consul,
instead of remitting it into the hands
of M. Réal, who was entrusted with
the affair. The latter also:set out for
Malmaison shortly after: he was asked
how, it) was possible that the police
Should remain ignorant of what was
passing at Ettenheim. “Lam waiting
(said M. Réal,) the retarn of an officer
of gendarmerie, wlio as, been. dis-
patched to the spot, and authorised to
report to me what is passing there.”
“Herve is this report (replied the First
Consul): it. is through him, and «by
means of the )prefect of Strasbourg
(M. Shée, uncle of the Duke of /Feltre; )
that [1 am just made acquainted with
every: thing concerning the Due

Catastrophe of the Duc d’ Enghein:

427
d@’Enghein; but this state of things
shall not lastlong ; J have given orders
to carry him off by force, with all bis
papers: this exceeds pleasantry. It
would be rather too absurd for the
emigrants to be suffered to come from
Ettenheim to organize a_ plot of
assassination against, me, and. that
they should think themselves in secu-
rity because they are on a foreign
territory.”

Some officious advisers had made
the following calculation to the First
Consul, Sixty hours to come from
Ettenheim to. Paris, passing by the
ferry-boat of Rhinau; sixty hours. to
return, making five days; and. five
days to remain at Paris, making in all
the ten days of absence of the officer
of gendarmerie, and the ten or twelve
days’ distance indicated from, one visit
to the other by the agents of Georges.
This calculation might easily have been
refuted; for it would have required, to
admit it, that the Due @Engheim
should set out from Ettenheim almost
as soon as he arrived there., But,
when once prepossessed of an opinion,
it is seldom that men, submit toa
reasonable objection. It has, been
since confirmed to me, that, immedi-
ately after the departure of the officer
of gendarmerie, the First Consul held
a Privy Council; at the termination ef
which the Minister. of. War. gave
orders to the colonel of the; Horse
Grenadiers to repair to Neuf-Brisach;
to have an interview with, the gender-
merie which would be. placed, at ‘his
disposal; to take from, the garrison
the number of men, that he might
think necessary; to ._pass:the Rhine,
and proceed rapidly to, Ettenheim;
carry off the Duc, d’Enghein by main
force, and send him, to Paris, together
with all his papers. imagen

A great value was attached to these
papers, from the, xecollection of the
transactions which had formerly taken
place between the Prince de Condé,
Pichegru, and seyeral officers of his
army; and, as General, Moreau was
implicated, in, that, affair, the, idea pre-
sented itself, that the authors of the
project. would. have endeavoured to
recommence -by, Moreau, what,,had
formerly been, attempted by Pichegru.
Now, there were, not in that part,of
the frontiers, less than, ten regiments
of cuirassiers; and two regiments, of
carabineers, which had served;in dhe
Jast affair under Moreau, were also
assembled there,

The

428

The colonel of grenadiers departed
on his mission; and. punctually obeyed
his orders): but'there was:an obstacle
likely to occur, which it was necessary
to foresee. It was well known ‘that
the Due d’Enghein'was the chief of
the party, and» that the emigrants
assembled round Offenbourg composed
a troop quite ready to serve under his
orders. Itmight then happen, that the
colonel should meet with resistance,
and remain himself a prisoner. In
this case, the court of Baden would no
doubt interpose, and it would then be
necessary to deny the enterprise; an
idea which the character of the officer
would not permit, or, rather, it would
be necessary to abandon him to his
fate, and thus in every way fail in the
object in view. In order to obviate
this inconvenience, a letter was put
into the hands of an aide-de-camp of
the First Consul, for the Margrave
of. Baden ; in which, in case of neces-
sity, there was a justification of the
apparent hostility which was about to
be committed: but, every thing having
succeeded as was wished, the letter
was not delivered ;.and this aide-de-
camp remained .at Strasbourg, and in
the environs. The Margrave com-
plained ‘to the Tuileries of the out-
rage, through his ‘minister at Paris;
but the only satisfaction given him,
was an order to remove immediately
from his territory that assembly of
emigrants, which had re-appeared on,
ithe borders of the Rhine,—no matter
under what pretence they remained
there. The court of Baden obeyed,
and there was no longer any question
as to the carrying off the Duc
@Enghein.

The prince was brought to Stras-
bourg; the telegraph announced his
departure from that city ; he was from
thence transferred to Paris. The co-
Jonel, of grenadiers and the aide-de-
camp of the First Consul arrived sepa-
rately, and not with the escort, as has
been said. [had then just arrived
from) a mission» which ‘had | lasted
“nearly two months, and during which
I had :learned the arrest of General
Moreau, | Georges, and Pichegru. I
was then residing at the house of M.
Beugnot, ,at) that time prefect of
Rouen, when the public newspapers
rendered an account: of ity as well as
the day in which the orders were sent
to carry off the: Due d’Enghein. | My
mission in Normandy had two vbjects:

Documents illustrative of History.

[Dec. 1,
one relative to the passage of the
flotillas, »which were stationed: along
the coast, from the moutir of the Seine
as far as: Boulogne; the other, to ob-
serve if fresh Isndings of troops’ were
still) clandestinely effected from: A bbe-
ville'as far as Havre; and I had orders
to send to Paris’ all those who had
been in any way parties thereto.

I deparied from Paris the day fol-
lowing the first confessions of the man
who made known the existence of the
plot. Had my journey occupied ‘two
days more, I should have nothing: to
say at this period of time respecting
the death of the prince; and it would
be absurd to suppose that it depended
on my return. Until that period I
was a complete stranger to every thing
which had taken place; when, being
on service at Malmaison, I was one
day suddenly called into the cabinet of
the First Consul, who handed to me a
sealed letter, with an order to carry
it directly to General Murat, governor
of Paris. I departed on horseback,
and arrived at the governor's house
about six o’clock, where I encountered
the Minister of Foreign Affairs (Tal-
leyrand), who was then goiug out at
the gate. AsTI had seen him thesame
morning at Malmaison, and knowing
that General Murat was so unwell as
to be obliged to keep his apartment,
I did: not stop to consider that this
late hour was not the accustomed
hour of the minister, but placed this
Visit to the account of the invalid.

The general took. the letter,—read
it,—and told me: that orders would
immediately be communicated te me
touching those which L had jast depo-
sited in his hands. I here declare, in
all the sincerity of my heart, and under
the guarantee of military honour; that
I was entirely ignorant that’ these
orders related to the Due d’Enghein;
that I had in no way any knowledge
of his having been forcibly carried: off
from beyond the Rhine; nor: of his
arrival at Paris. I had not heard a
single word respecting it at Mal-
maison, except ina vague manner, at
the moment of my departure; and I
believe thus much, because the tele-
graphic despatch which announced
his departare from Strasbourg had just
arrived, and that some: whisperings: to
that effect took place > im the: anti-
chamber. On leaving the palace, IT had
the firm persuasion that diwasoto>re-
turn there immediately’ after: having

: : fulfilled

1823.]

fulfilled my mission. The words alone
of General Murat directed my thoughts
to other objects.

I received an order to take under
my, command a brigade!-of infantry,
which oceupied the exiremities of the
Faubourg St. Antoine, and which was
to! assemble’ at Vincennes at ten
o’clock at ‘night. As *my legion
of gendurmerie was in the vicinity of
this corps (it occupied ‘the Arsena!), I
was directed to observe that no enden-
vours were used to alienate it from its
duties: when I say myself, 1 mean the
legion under my orders; for I was the
most frequently absent. The disco-
‘very of the conspiracy of Georges, in
which Moreau was found compro-
mised, excited the solicitude of govern-
ment even in the most trifling affair.
The picked gendarmerie of which 5
was the colonel did not yet form part
of the guard; it belonged to the garri-
son of “Paris, and was composed of a
small battalion and four squadrons of
cayalry, chosen out of the entire corps
of gendarmerie. It had received an
order from the governor of Paris to
send the infantry belonging to its body,
and.a strong detachment of cavalry, to
occupy the garrison of Vincennes;

d a duplicate of this order was for-
warded to me.

About eight o’clock in the evening,
I repaired myself to the spot, in order
to assemble the brigade. it consisted
of nearly 600 men; the greater part
had been serjeants and serjcant-majors
in the army: I was attached to them in
such a manner as was due from a
colonel to. a brave regiment, and I
enjoyed no greater pleasure than when
Thad an opportunity of doing them
service. The marks of their attach-
ment for my person have in a great
measure supported me against all the
malice to which a command exposed
me, which was the object of so much
jealousy.. L had communicated to
them, all the zeal with which I felt
myself animated; and I must say, in
the’ face of the world, that I. never
‘knew a single individual amongstthem
to. whom any one would have dared to
propose a mission of an equivocal na-
ture,—I was occupied, then, in dis-
posing of this, corps aud the gendar-
merie ‘at all tie outlets of the place,
when I perceived the members»of the
Military Commission arrive. Up. to
the very moment of my learning, at
Vincennes. that) the Duc od Enghein
had arrived there from Strasbourg, at

Catastrophe of the Duc d@ Enghein.

429
four o’clock in the afternoon, under
an escort: of gendarmerie, I firmly be-
lieved that he had been found in a
larking-place ‘in’ Paris; as were the
companions of Georges, so little did I
recollect of what had:transpired from
the telegraphic dispatch. it was im-
possible -that © these ‘circumstances
should not excite in my breast a lively
curiosity. [ was impatient to know
the details of so extraordinary an
affair. A» Commission might easily
have been formed of fiery hot-headed
individuals; but this one Was ‘com=-
posed of varivus colonels, whose regi-
ments formed the garrison of Paris,
and the commaniant of the place na-
turally became ihe chief. This Commis-
sion kuew not one word of the confes-
sious made by the confederates of
Georges respecting the mysterious
personage ; it had nothing in the world
to go upon bat the report of the
eflicer of gendarmerie sent to Etten-
heim, and the documents sent by’ M.
Shée, the prefect. Phe men whocom-
posed it were pot of exaggerated opi-
nions; they were, like. “the rest’ of
France, indignant at a project, the
object of w hich was the assassination
of the First Consal: they were per-
suaded, as every one was, that Georges
only acted under the direction of a
prince who was interested!in the stuc-
cess of the enterprise, and who must
either be at Paris, or be ready to repair
thither when his presence became'ne-
cessary. ‘They thought cf no ‘one but
the Duc d’Enghein,: who, from ‘his
position, could take a jead in this affair.
Such were the colours under which it
was represented.

The Commission assembled in the
great haii of that part whichis) oecu-
pied by the castle; its sitting -was in
no Way mysterious, as ‘has ‘been: said
in several patvphlets; itohado been
conyoked, not merely by order of the
First Consul, bat bya deevee: of go-
vernment, countersignédiby the Sveére-
tary of State, and:addressedé tothe
governor of Parisy who handed ivover
to the President. - Each of the mem-
bers who composed it had received
his nonination: separately, before: re-
pairing to Viucennes, and that without
having communicated tovany one in-
dividual; for ‘the: timeuwhich would
have been’ physically necessary, in
order to make some ‘aitemptsy ab cor-
rupting them, was not allordeds even
presuming for a moment thatoitheir
personal characters were insullicient
to

450
to repulse all attempts of that nature.
The doors of the hall were open, and
free of access, to all those who might
be able to repair thither at that hour.
There were even. such a number of
people assembled, as to render it diffi-
cult for me, being arriyed among the
last, to foree my way behind the seat
of the President, where I succeeded in

. stationing myself; for I was extremely
anxious to hear the debates of this
process.

I arrived too late to witness the
entrance of the Prince. The diseus-
sion had already commenced, and was
carricd on in a very animated tone.
The Duc dEnzghein repelled with
indignation the imputations which
were alleged against him of partici-
pating in an attempt at assassination ;
and, from what | learned on the spot,
he had just confessed, that he never
had any other intention of entering
France but sword in hand. From the
warmth which he displayed in speak-
ing to his judges, it was easy to per-
ceive that he was in no manner of
doubt but that this process would have
a favourable termination. The Com-
mission allowed him to speak as long
as he thought proper; and, when he
had finished, they obseryed ‘to him,
that he was either unacquainted with
the serious nature of his situation, or
wished to decline replying to the ques-
tious put to bits; that he confined his
statement to ah high birth, and the
glory of his ancestors ; but that he
would better serve his cause by adopt-
ing another system of defence. They
added, that they had no desire to take
advantage of his situation ; but that it
was impossible that he could be so
completely ignorant, as he said he was,
of what was passing in France, when
not only the place where he resided,
but France. and all Europe, were
awaiting the issue; that he would
never succeed in causiny it to be be-
lieved, that he was indiflerent to events
of which all the consequences were to
be in his favour; that there was in that
too much unlikelihood for them not to
remark it to him; and that they begged
him to reflect upon the matter, as it
might become yery serious.

The Duc @’ Enghein, after a mo-
ment’s pause, replied, in a grave tone:
—‘*Sir, I understand you ,perfectly,:
my intention was not to remain indif-
ferent to, the situation of affairs. I had
solicited from the government of
England permission to enter into her

Documents illustrative of History.

[Dec. t

service in the army; and their reply
was, that my wishes could not, be
complied. with, but that I mightremain
on the borders of the Rhine, where I
shoald immediately havea part assigns
ed me; and I was awaiting the result.
Sir, I have nothing more to communi-
cate to you.” Such was exactly the
reply of the prince., I wrote it down
on the spot, and cite it at this moment
from memory; but it was so deeply
engraven there, that 1 do not believe E
have forgotten a single syllable. Be-
sides, it ‘ought to be found among the
papers belonging to the process; and,
if it is not there, it must haye been
clandestinely carried off.*

These last words decided the fate
of the Due d’Enghein. He had pre-
viously spoken of pecuniary assistance
which he had received from the court
of London: this was a pension granied
to him by the English goyernment,;
but he had expressed -himself in such
a manner, as to make it be believed
that, insicad of a regular maintenance,
it might be a sum of money qipennsde
like that which Georges received,
pay the expenses of ‘the Mannie
and, none of bis judges knowing the
state of his finances, this peculiarit
only added to the’ suspicions »whie
were excited against him, A sort “of
fatality was the constant attendant of
this unfortunate prince.

The Commission, thinking itself
sulliciently informed, closed the dis-
cussion, and caused the hall to be
cleared, in order to deliberate in pri-
vate. I retired with the officers of my
corps, who, like myself, had been pre-
sent at the sitting, and went to rejoin
the troops which were stationed on the
espianade of the castle. ‘The Commis-
sion deliberated for along time : it was
not until two hours after the hall had

been

* Doring my ministry, I ascertained
the fact, that some individuals had secretly
withdrawn, from the archives of the Pa-
lace of Justice, the papers constituting
the eriminal process on which they had
dared to condemn the Queen of France;
and I also perfectly well know, that, ia
the first days of the restoration, in 1814,
one of the secretaries of Talleyrand was
indefatigable inmaking researches in the
archives | under the gallery of the Museum.
I had this fact from him who received the
order to allow him, to enter. , The same
thing oceurred at the Depot of War, for
the acts of the process instituted asus
the Due d’Enghein.

1823.] -
been cleared, that the judgment was
known. The officer who commanded
the ifantry* of my Iezion came to in-
form ‘me, with the deepest emotion,
that'a piqaet’ was demianded of him,
for the purpose of putting the sentence
of the Military Commission into exe-
cution. “Give if, then,” replied £.
“* But where (said the officer) ought
I to place it?” “In, a spot where
there can be no danger of wounding
any passers by ;”. for already the inha-
bitants of the populous environs of
Paris were on tiicir way to the different
markets. After having carefully exa-
mined the spot, the officer chose the
ditch, as the surest place.to wound no
one ; lic had no other motive of prefer-
ence. The Duc d’Enghein was con-
ducted to it by the staircase of the
entrance-tower on the side of the park:
there he heard his sentence pro-
nounced, which was speedily put. in
force.+

- What trials does Fortune sometimes
reserve for us, whether they be en-
eountered in the act of commanding,
or in obeying! J bave now related
every thing which took place respect-
ing this fatal event, and have not con-
cealed a single word concerning the
part which was assigned me. A hun-
dred witnesses can attest what I have
just stated: after a lapse of only nine-
teen years, death has not swept them
allaway. Let all those, therefore, who
are now living speak out, and accuse
me publicly, if l deserve to be accused;
let them declare if I have,done more
than what I have stated in the pre-
ceding pages. Nevertheless, my ene-
mies are pleased to throw out the most
odious insinuations against me; they
have pointed me out to the public
vengeance, which I have never in any
one occasion merited; they have im-
puted to me aéts which I could not
possibly commit, even had I been dis-
posed, but to which my character,
which itis sought to calumniate, would
have been invincibly opposed. It can
only be men capable of committing
such crimes themselves who are so vile
as to impute them to others. Let us
examine these slanders,

* T believe it was M. Delga, since
killed at the battle of Wagra#.

+ Between the sentence and the execu-
tion, a ditch had been dug: this gave rise
to the unfounded repoit, that it had
been dng before the judgment was pro-
nounced,

Catastrophe of the Duc d’ Enghien.

ASL

Thave been accused with. having
attached.a lantern to the breast of the
Due d’Enehien; and some wretches
lave circulated the report, as absurd
as it is execrable, that I had made a
trophy of his spoils, that I had seized
upon his watch, and took a pleasure
in displaying it. I shall now reply to
these perfidions imputations, and I
shall do so by interrogating my ac-
cusers. At what -epoch, in what
month, and on what day, did the judg-
ment of the Due d’Enghien take
place?) In 1804, in the month of
March, and the 21st of that month,
At what hour did the execution of this
fatal judgment take place? At six
o'clock in the morning: this fact is
attested by the most unexceptionable
testimony. At what hour does the
sun rise at this season? At six
o’clock. Now mark! would it require
at the hour of sun-rise, in the open air,
a lantern, in order to perceive a man
at the distance of six paces? (not that
the sun was clear and screne, for a
small rain had fallen the previous
night, which occasioned a slight mist
to retard its appearance.) Besides,
was I seen in the ditch? was that my
place? was I not at the head of my
troops, on the esplanade, where stands
at present the polygon of artillery?
Could I, when the prince was struck,
take a share in his spoils, seize upon
his watch, or any other object? Was
ever such an indignity imputed to a
superior officer? How couid the very
idea of such an act ever present itself
to my mind? But the following fact
will answer every purpose, as far as
concerns the honour of the gendarmes
as wellas my own: the body of the
Due d’Enghien has since been disin-
terred; a proces-verbal has been taken
of the circumstance, which states, that
there were found upon his body the
broken remains of his watch, and the
jewels attached to the chain; thus, far
from any one having disgraced hini-
self by so base an act, the picquet of
gendarmes performed only its duty.
What can be replied to such facts as
these? Butthe following are fresh de-
tails:—Having arrived at Vincennes,
the Duc d’Enghien was entrusted to
the custody of an officer of picked
gendarmerie, named Noirot; this
officer had formerly served in the
Royal-Navarre regiment of cavalry,
the colonel of which was at that time
the Comte de Crussol, with whom the
Duc d’Enghien had formerly been

intimate,

432
infimate. .M. Noirot relaied to. the
prince some circumstances which
nearly concerned him; the result was,
that, the prinee placed the greatest
confidence in bim; he begged him
never to quit him; and, when he was
ready to die, he charged him to remit
mato the hands of Madame de R #** R.
Some rings, and other marks of ten-
derness. This officer eame the follow-
ing day to consult me, and requested
my. permission to comply with that
request, which of course I readily
granted. M. Noirot, I believe, still
lives ; he enjoys the esteem and consi-
deration of all those who know hiin;
he can say with truth whether any
eruel hand attached a lantern to the
breast of the Due d'Enchien, or if any
one carried away his watch, or indeed
any portion of his spoils. He would
not have been suffered to do so, neither
would any of the ollicers present at
this cruel moment.

What. have not the enemies of
France imagined in order to render
this event odious!. They have said,
that the prince had solicited, in his last
moments, the consolations of religion,
but that they were denied him : this is
a circumstance of which JI had no
knowledge whatever. Noperson what-
soever ever spoke to me on the subject;
but, even if it were true, it was not to
me that the request ought to have been
made; I had no power either to grant
or to refuse. I repeat, therefore, let
each take to himself the part which
was allotted to him: I have detailed
what was mine. If the prince had
invoked the succours of religion, the
proper authorities were bound to have
granted the request. I mercly know,
that, at that epoch, ecclesiastics were
very rare to be met with, and it would
probably have been impossible to have
found a priest at Vincennes, or in the
neighbourhood of that place.

L have seen in the army several of
the judges of the Duc d’Enghien; all
‘of them have informed me, that his
own confessions were his ruin; that,
without them, they never would have
been able to have fennd in the papers
which were remitted to them sufficient
means to justify his condemnation.
The, captain who reported the pro-
ceedings has frequently written to me
since that melancholy event in the
following terms: ‘Could it in any
way depend on myself, I would sooner
be found ina hundred successive bat-

Documents iilustrative of History.

[Dec. 1,
tles, than be present at a ‘single judg o-
ment!”

I was commandant of the troops

whose presence was thought neces-
sary at, Vincennes at that period. It
was a piquet of that corps which was
charged with the execution of the sen-
tence; this is the whole that can be

_alléged both against that corps and

myself, Let those who would impute
thatas a crime to me say in what man-
ner I could have acted in order to.
have saved the Duc d’Engiien; that is
to say, admitting that I ever enter-
tained this idea, it would have been
necessary to cause a revolt among thé
troops, and turn them from their duty ;
a step which, according to all probabi-
lity, would have been the cause of my
immediate execution, without being
able to save the Duc d’Enghicn. L
appeal to the military of every coun-
try. But did this piquet act, without
proper orders? Was not the sentence
rendered by atribunal? Did it belong
to me to examine the invompetence of
the tribunal and the validity of the

sentence? Military commissions are
tribunals recognized by the Jaws.

There is not a single government in
Europe who would not punish in an
exemplary manner any officer who
should constitute himself a judge over
his judges. The responsibility never
reaches. him who executes, but the
man who ordains. FE acted no other
part than what would have been done
by any officer whatever in similar cir-
cumstances. Have we not witnessed,
in 1815, Marshal Monccy sent as a
prisoner to the castle of Ham, for
having refused to preside at the Coun-
cilof War by which it was endeavoured
Marshal Ney should be tried? When
the highest sentence of the law was
passed on the marshal, if the governor
of Paris had refused to furnish the
piquet for the execution of the judg-
ment, would he not himself. have
incurred the punishment prescribed
by the laws? Marshal Ney had nu-
merous partisans in the army; yet,
notwithstanding, what individual has
ever made the slightest reproach on
this subject to the Viscount Roche-
chouart, the Governor of Paris? Let
us not swerve from principles ; for the
day in wlgch the armed force of a
country shall deliberate, will be fatal
to the security of the state.
After the exccution of the sentence,
I dismissed, the. troops into their
casernes,

1823.]

casernes, and their respective canton-
ments. As to myself, I againretumed
to Paris. _ I had, just approached the
barrier when I met. M. Réal, who was
proceeding towards Vincennes in the
costume of Counsellor of State. I
stopped him, to inquire whither he was
going? “To Vincennes,” replied he;
“T received Jast night an order from
the First Consul to procced thither in
ore Yb interrogate the Duc d’Eng-
hien.” - I then related to him the me-
lancholy event of the morning, and he
appeared to me as astonished at what
I told him as I was confounded at the
orders which he had received. I then
began to reflect on the whole of this
mysterious. affair; the rencouxter with
Talleyrand, the Minister of Foreign
Affairs, at the hotel of General Murat,
immediateiy, recurred to me; and [I
began, for the first time, to doubt, whe-
ther the death of the Duc d’Enghien
was the work of the First Consul. M.
Réal returned back to Paris; and I
went direct to Malmaison, to render
anaccount to the First Consul of what
I had seen: I arrived at cleven
o'clock.

The First Consul could not con-
ceive how the Commission could have
caused sentence to be executed upon
the Duke before the arrival of the
Counsellor Réal; he regarded me with
the eyes of a lynx, and then repeated
the following .memorable words :—
“There is in this affair something which
I cannotcomprehend. That the Com-
mission should have pronounced sen-

Stephensiana, No. XXIV,

433

tence on the confession of the Duc
d’Enghien ‘does not-so much surprise
me; but it appears certain; that they
received this confession only at the
commencement of the trial, and sen-
tence ought not to have been passed
until after M. Réai-had interrogated
him on a point which it was important
for me to have cleared up.” And he
again repeated,—* There is in all this
something which I am unable to
fathom; here is a crime perpetrated
which leads to nothing, and which
will tend only to render me odious in
the eyes of all Europe !” ;

*,* General Hullin, president of the
Council of War, has since published a Nar-
rative of his knowledge of the affair. He
describes the hurried manner in which he
and his brother officers were made par-
ties, and alleges, that the pertinacity of
the prince led to his conviction, that the
court referred the sentence to Napoleon,
and that he and his brother officers were
overwhelmed with horror on hearing the
execution, even while they were leaving
the castle. Inshort, he points at Savary as
the contriver of the whole. At any rate,
the culpability seems to le between
Marat, Governor of Paris, Savary, and
TYalleyrand; and the two last under. the
Bourbons are recriminating on one ano-
ther. In our next, we hope to. obtain
Talleyrand’s replication. ‘The discussion
proves, by every circumstance, that the
First Consul was no party ; and that some
crooked policy, or a hope of gratifying
him, led to the sudden catastrophe.
Legitimacy has however taken vengeance
in the recent murder of Riego, which does
not admit of similar exculpation.

STEPHENSIANA.

NO.

XXIV.

The late ALUXANDER STEPHENS, Esq. of Park House, Chelsea, devoted an uctive and
well-spent life in collecting Anecdotes of his contemporaries, and generally entered ina
book the collections of the passing day ;-#these collections we have purchased, and spropuse to

present a selection from them to our readers.

As Editor of the Annual Obituary,

and many

other biographical works, the Author may probubly have incorporated some of these scraps’;
but the greater part ave unpublished, and stand alone as cabinet-pictures of men and
manners, worthy of a place in a literary miscellany,

—

ry BONAPARTE.
HE Bishops of France feltit their
A. duty to conscerate, ina secular
and solemh manner, the 1th of Au-
gust, —a day remarkable for being the
birth-day of the Emperor Napoleon,
for being that of his nomination to the
consulship for life, for being that of the
signature of the Concordat, and that
distinguished in the church as being
Monrity Mac, No. 300.

the day of the Assumption ‘of the
Blessed Virgin Mary.

The following is an extract from the
mandate issued’ by the Bishop of
Quimper upon this occasion :—‘* God
said to the revolution, as he formerly
did to the ‘sea, Usque hue venies; con-
Jringes tumentes fluctos tus. He spoke,
and we immediately saw both’ the
blasphemy which accused bis power,

3K and

A434
and the wickedness which doubted his
justice, cease. From the extremities
of the earth arrived a man, strong
enough singly to conquer a revolu-
tion which had conquered all the
world. It had beaten down the
powers of the age, andthe great men
of all nations ; but, at the presence of
this hero, it was itself subdued—A
Domino factum est istud,” &c.
NOBLE BLOOD ANALYZED.

A Prussian nobleman, of a very
ancient family, having been over-
turned while driving to the lectures of
his friend Klaproth, he conceived the
idea of turning this accident to the
advantage of his favourite art. Ac-
cordingly, as he and his coachman had
been both oversct, and both bled, he
carried the separate porringers to the
Jaboratory of the professor, who, after
various experiments, proved that the
quantity of water was far greater, and
the contents consequently poorer, in
his own, than in his coachman’s blood!

LORD HALLIFAX.

- This nobleman ‘took part with the
Duke’ of York in the affair of the
exclusion ; and on Nov. 17, 1680, op-
‘posed Shaftesbury, with whom he had
hitherto acted. “It was matter of sur-
prise, (observes a member of the
House of Commons,) that Lord H.
should appear at the head of an oppo-
sition to Lord S. when they were both
wont to draw together; but the busi-
ness in agitation was against the Lord
Hallifax’s judgment, and therefore he
opposed it with vigour; and, being a
man of the clearest head, firmest wit,
and fairest eloquence, he made so
powerful a defence, that he alone, as
all confessed, influenced the House,
and persuaded them to throw ont the
Bill.” Charles. soon after made
him Lord Privy Seal ; and, in reply to
an address of the Commons, to. set
him aside, replied, ‘‘ that he could
not part with him unless he had dene
something contrary to law; in which
case, he was willing that he should be
prosecuted and punished.” | It was far
otherwise with James II. who, on
coming to the throne, thrust him into
an inferior office, and then dismissed
him,

ales GEORGE Iv.,

While Prince of Wales, was exceed-
ingly fond of Mr. Coke, and paid
frequent visils to Holkham. His
Royal Highiiess’ was accustomed’ to
live in the greatest familiarity with
the M.P. for Norfolk, whom he usually

Stephensiana, No. XXIV.

[Deec. 1,
accosted with the grateful) salutation
of “My brother Whig!” ‘His Royal
Highness was then a subject: Mr. C€.
continues one, and is still a Whig.
PIERRE BAYLE. | —

His’ “ Historical and Critical Dic-
tionary” was the only work which he
published in his own name. Its
author, who had been well acquainted
with the evils of persecution, became
an excellent and useful advocate of
toleration. Exiled from his country,
in consequence of the revocation of
the Edict of Nantes; he was invited to

‘Rotterdam as a Professor of Philo-

sophy. fe was deprived of his chair,
however, by the influence of M. Jurieu,
a Protestant minister, and, like him-
self, an exile. Bayle had combated
his predictions, which misled many,
and gave rise to some excesses. It
was then that, enjoying all the leisure a
man of letters could desire, he under-
took the writing of his Dictionary.
This gained him much popularity with
all who were favourable to the pro-
gress of civil and religious liberty.
Well informed on all public and poli-
tical topics, he contended, with ad-
vantage and success, against those
sentiments which he deemed adverse
to the rights of human nature. Bayle
was the son of a Protestant minister ;
but, becoming astudent in thé Cellege
of Jesuits at Toulouse, he turned
Catholic at the age of twenty-two:
soon after he returned to the Reformed
religion. He possessed excellent
abilities, but was accused by some of
irreligion and pyrrhonism.
TRANSLATIONS.
Translations are the touchstones of
wit, and that which is true wit in one
langnage will be equally soin another.
It is like mercury; which, though it
may assume different forms, is not lost
in. any operation you can make it
undergo. What the Italians call con-
cettt (conceits), if translated’ into
English, would be called nonsense.
The works of the ancients havealways
undergone this proof. Homer, read
him in what. Janguage yon will, is
always the greatest of poets. “Even
“Don Quixote” did not succeed less in
French than in Spanish: Molicre
preserves his true beauties in’ Italian
and English: as he painted nature,
the ‘truth and justice’ of his pictures
will be always acknowledged, if they
are but rendered properly and ha} pily.
Kvery translation is a copy; but, to
copy well, aman should know how to
paint.

1823.]
paint. When many of the gay come-
dies.or other. pieces, which haye. the
most reputation in France, come to be
translated into. English, they appear
to be only tissues. of trifles, agreeably
expressed, All those very delicate
thoughts vanish away, when you take
them out of the words in which they
are dressed: the kind of wit, in which
their merit. consists, evaporates as
soon as they touch this crucible. As
all the lustre was owing only to the
turn and polish, it cannot be preserved
in another tongue, because it is impos-
sible, to find equivalent expressions
for all those pretty phrases that supply
the place of thought. By this proof
We may, in fact, know the merit of

every author ; for true wit is the same,

in all ages and nations. We now read
Phedrus the Roman fabulist, who
flourished thirty-three years after the
birth of Christ, with pleasure; and
Fontaine’s Fables would have flourish-
ed at Athens. | Posterity, which two
thousand years hence will know no-
thing of Corneille but his works
translated into a language then spoken,
will not be able to divine what nation
he was of, nor in what age he lived.
Racine, admirable as he is otherwise,
discovers himself to be a Frenchman.
—Our Richardson painted nature, and
will live in all ages; but not so Smol-
let or Fielding, or the popular Scotch
novellist,—their’s are local pictures,
which interest none but natives, and
die in the age and country that produce
them.
LOUIS XVIII.

The following is an extract from a
letter of the Earl of Bristol (Bishop
of Derry,) to Lady Hamilton, dated
Munich, July 14, 1795:—* All this,
however, can only tend to facilitate
peace, but not at all to restore that
despicable odious family the Bourbons,
—the head of which is now at Verona,
where we left him, eating two capons
a-day (‘tis a pity the whole family are
not eapons); and, what is more, dres-
sing them himself in a superb kitchen,
—the true chapel of a, Bourbon
prince.”—Lord Nelson’s Leiters.

7 GEORGE III.

This king escaped thrice from
assassination., The first time was
when, Margaret Nicholson made the
attempt; the second was in his way
to the House of Peers, when a. ball
passed through the carriage, within
a finger’s-breadth of his Majesty’s
face. The Earl of Westmoreland and

Stephensiana, No. XXIV.

435
Lord: Onslow, who. were in the car-
riage, being greatly, agitated, he ex-
horted them to be composed, and
refused to enter another vehicle. The
third was while in the theatre; where
a pistol was fired by Hatfield, a mad-
map, from the pit, and the ball en-
tered the ceiling of the box.
THE CAUSE OF REFORM.

The success of eyery cause must
depend on the conduct of its leaders,
and on, the unity of its partisans.
Many persons wonder that the re-
formers of England, numerous as they
are, and just and reasonable as are
their pretensions, have made -so little
progress, compared with their exer-
tions and numbers. But the true
cause of their weakness arises, per-
haps, from the lead which has been
conferred upon, or assumed by, Sir F.
Burdett. The baronet is a good par~
liamentary pleader, and understands
his cause and that of the people ; but
he stands by himself in society,—acts.
withno one,—and isso cold, that no one
is able to act with him.. He is conse-
quently so remote from the body of
the people, that the cause itself may
be compared to many animals, whose.
heads are so distant from the body,
that the creature, in spite of other
advantages, becomes the prey of every
other animal. From this cause, re-
form has been retarded during the
last twenty years, and will continue
to be so, while the head and the body
are thus dissevered. Cobbett, in his
attacks on. the baronet, was partly.
wrong and partly right. Wrong in“
his personal motives, and in his vitupe-
ration; but right in his general policy,
as far asit tended to loosen the depen-
dence of the patriots on one whose
bad habits of business have always
bafiled the success of their cause.

THE IONIAN PHILOSOPHY.
- The object of its research was to
find a physical element constituent of
all things. Thales assumed water as
the primitive element which had pro-
duced: all things. .Anaximenes call-
ed air the infinite, the life of the
universe. Diogenes of Apollonia
considered unity as the constituent
principle of all things. Fleraclitus
thought every thing was the modifica-
tion of fire, and that the human souk
was an emanation from it. Anaxa~
goras assumed an infinity of small
particles as the elements of bodies.
His disciple Archelaus became. the
master of Socrates, whose philosophy,
‘ howeyer,

436
however, was morality, and which he
explained, in its Several combinations,
in such a manner as had never ap-
peared before.

f A LATE BISHOPRIC !

- Crujan, bishop of Man, was elevated
to the prelacy by the late Duchess of
Athol, and he was almost the only
instance of a bishop who never gra-
duated higher than a Bachelor of
Arts. His origin was very humble,—
his father, being jailor of Omagh, in
the county of Tyrone. Crujan had
been in‘his earlier days chaplain to a
regiment, and inthe island of St.
Lucia he married a widow, with whom
he received a handsome fortune. At
the time of his appointment to the
bishopric, he was preacher and reader
to asmall chapel in the environs of
Liverpool. His obtaining the see was
the effect of a singular circumstance :
the Duchess of Athol was always in
great difficulties, and, when the see
fell vacant, she was residing in Bath.
A Mrs. Caleraft, formerly housekeeper
to the family, was then living in Liver-
pvol; and. the duchess, conceiving
this might. be no bad place for a spe-
culation among the clerical funds,
applied to her old confidant to make
due enquiry, where she might. proba-
bly light on a good chap for the epis-
copal preferment,—one ‘hat would
bleed freely. Mrs. C. cast her eyes
immediately on Crujan; she knew he
Was possessed of the means, and she
had no doubt of his inelination to ob-
tain what St. Paul himself acknow-
ledged, even in his time, to be a
desirable object. Accordingly she
gave her hints in imine: she told Mr.
Crujan that the see was vacant,—that
her grace the duchess had heard a
most excellent character of him.
Crujan bowed, and hoped her grace
would never have any cause to alter
her good opinion of him. ‘The parson
had been an old soldier, (as far as be-
img chaplain to a regiment,) and un-
derstood trap! ‘‘L have not the Ieast
doubt of your. gratitude, Mr. Crajan,
as well as of» your moral and religious
character,” replied Mrs.. C.. ‘* Trust
not,” answered his-reverence, putting
his hand 4o ‘his heart.—“dI knew you
were just the man the duchess wanted,
(rejoined the old jJady); I will forth-

with notice her of the communication -

between us; and the result will be,
(vising’ from her chair in all stately
form;) that I may announce, dector,

Stephensiana, No. XXIV.

[Dec. 1,

that you will be Bishop of Man.” The
doctor (as he was now suddenly gra-
duated by the good dame,) ‘expressed
suitable acknowledgments, and so
forth. After a few more meetings,
when the parties were supposed per-
fectly to understand one another,
Crujan was regularly appointed by
her grace,—in a letter communicated
to her correspondent,— Bishop of Man.
After. the appointment, however, the
duchess thought it was now time to
consider of the quantum of remunera-
tion,—any direct specified engagement
of the kind had hitherto been delicately
avoided; but her grace thought it as
well to look after the rouleaus betore
she finally fixed her seal to the Viati-
cum. Just as Crujan, or the doctor
so graduated, was preparing to set off
to Bath, to pay his homage to her
grace, the busy housekeeper. made
her appearance, and avowed her old
mistress’s orders, ‘“‘to know how far
his gratitude would carry him?’ .The
doctor (whose countenance presented
one of the most saturnine complexions,
blended with a peculiar austerity of
physiognomy, marked with the strong-
est Roman outline,) very deliberately
replied, ‘‘As far as man could go, 1o
express his obligations to her grace.
He would first proceed to Bath, and
then, if her grace had proceeded to
London, he would lose no time in——”
‘Bless my heart, doctor, (replied: the
old lady, interrupting him,) you mis-
understand. me: her grace expects
you will come to the point, in respect
to the sum you propose giving her, as
a proof of your gratitude. As to driving
after her, post haste, merely to thank her,
doctor, that is ail a humbug, give me
leave. to say.” —‘‘ Madam, (said Cru-
jan, gravely and solemnly,) do you
come to insult me?” ‘‘ Indeed I do
not, Mr. Crajan, (for here she was
pleased to vacate his doctor’s degree) ;
but, if your reverence does not come
down with a good round sum, her
grace. desires me to inform-you, that
she will never confirm) her appoint-
ment of you to. the Bishopric of Man.”
It were useless here to enter farther
into this curious negociation. Mr.
Crujan sentto the Duchess®the conse-
eration oath of a bishop, together with
several direct passages which he had
carefully extracted from her letters to
Mrs. C, and, having threatened to
publish the whole, besides laymg the
case before his Majesty's Privy Coun-
‘3 cil,

1823.]

cil, there was no farther demur offered,
and Crujan was consecrated Bishop of
Man, but not, without suffering from a
load of obloquy respecting the trans-
action, which he certainly did not me-
rit. Having seen all the documents, I
can youch for the. authenticity of the

Original Poetry.

437

facts. Itis needless to add, that her
grace. of Athol neyer admitted his
lordship.to do personal homage for the
favour conferred: he went post to
Bath after his consecration, as he pro-
mised; .but he might as well have re-
mained at home.

ORIGINAL POLTRY.

, CHLOE:
From the Dutch of Johannes Bellamy,
By GEORGE OLAUS BORROW.

ne oO! we have a sister on earthly dominions!”
Thus murmur’d two sons of the angelic train,
And flew up to heaven with fluttering pinions,
But quickly on earth they descended again.
Their brothers, with voices triumphantly lifted,
Behind them came flocking, this wonder to view;
Far faster than elouds by the hurricane drifted,
Down, down, to a forest of cedar they flew,

And there beheld Chive, all wrapt in devotion,
Upon the ground kneeling, unable to speak ;
Thé tear-drop of Riety; wrung by emotion,
Was streaming like dew down her beautiful check:
The spirits were silent,—considering whether
The Godhead before them in loveiiness stood ;
Then, raising their voices, they shouted together,
“<Q Father, we'll stay with her here in the woud.”

But God shook his sceptre, and thunder’d appalling,
While Posty swept the branches with turbulent
sigh;
Then trembled the host, but they heeded his calling,
And bore the sweet maiden, yet praying, on high.
«*Ab, we had a sister on earthly dominions!”
All sung, as thro’ heaven they joyously trod,

And bore, with flush’d faces, and flattering pinions,
The yet-praying maid to the throne of her God,’
=
SONNET,

ON VISITING RICHMOND GARDENS,

Richmond! I never contemplate thy bowers
Withoat sensations of unmix’d delight,

For here the Muse display’d her infant powers,
And learnt from Pope soft numbers to indite:

E’en now [ view them with my former love,
And breathe, as ’twere, my youthful hours again,

Those happy hours, when all was bright above,
And Hope and Joy held undivided reign.

But, since that season, 1 have found mankind
Deform’d with vices, which I never thought

Could gain a transient dwelling in the mind
Of those who seem’d pre-eminentily taught:

Yet so it is—and hence thy calm reti cats

Are dearer far than Londou’s bland deceits.
John-sireet, 1823,

i
SONNET,
Ye fettering barriers of vile Poverty,

O how ye clog th’ aspiring views of man!
Numb’d by the’cold chill blasts of penury,
* How few, with Zeal’s firm resolution, can
Burst thro’ the obstructing bondage which

conceals

Beauty,in all her fine forms,from the eye!
Genius! thou'rt like the primrose, which

reveals.

Its charfas in loneliness, and oft doth die

Ere the mean world puts Reputation’s

guise
On thy cold sickening numbers, Ah!

then fly,
Young worshipper of Fancy! shut thine
F eyes

To all the Mase’s well-known flattery.

—=Z

Ply the strong staff of labour in some shed;
Do any thing but spin thy brains for bread,
Cullum-street. Enort.
—

SEA-SONG:

From the Danish of Evald.
{Intended to commemorate three victories by the

three nayal heroes, Christian, Jual, und For-
denskiold.J :
By GEORGE OLAUS BORROW.
Kine Cluistian stood beside the mast,
In smoke and flame ;
His heavy cannon rattled fast
Against the Gothmen, as they pass’d:
‘Then sunk each hostile sail and mast
In smoke and flame.
“¢Fly, (said the foe,) fly, all that can,
For who with Denmark's Christian
Will ply the bloody game?”

Niel’s Juul tarn’d round, and loudly cried,
‘Stand to your guns”

He hoisted up his banner wide,

And fore and aft the foeman ply’d,'

And loud above the battle cried,
“Stand to the gun.” ;

Ali! where is the insensate foel,

Who vainly hopes with Denmark’s Juul
The race of fame to run?

Once, Baltic, when the musket’s knell
Rang thro’ the sky,

Down to thy bosom heroes fell,

And gasp’d amid the stormy swell,

While drowning shriek and musket knell
Rang thro’ the sky,

he gods fought with our Fordenskiold ;

Let that day’s triumph teach the bold

To honour us or fly.

Thou Danish path to fame and might,
Dark-rolling wave,
Receive a friend, who holds as light
The terrors of the stormy fight;
Who braves like thee the tempest’s might,
Dark-rolling wave!
Thro’ all the perils of the sea, +
‘Vhro’ war and conquest, usher me
Atlength unto my grave.
I :
SONNET TO SYMPATHY.
Lire! thou hast antidotes to grief, but
none
Such sweet prevailing influence hold
o’er thee '
As when, to stay Distraction’s direful moan,
Forth from her angel cave young Sym-
pathy
Comes

438

Comes an earth-brighteningyisitant. O blest
Considerate spirit ! balm to misery,
O kind Samayitah!O. heayen-borp. guest!
Sou!-brightening gem, whose. shrine is
purity ; 1 iG
Yes, I aye seen jrich India’s, jewell’d
mines,
And been where music bathes the heart
with glee ;
Yet the soft tear on Pity’s check that shines,
And the kind whisperings of her voice,
to me
Yield more choice interest,—more delight
this heart,—
Than all which swells proud domes with
man’s assiduous art.
Cullum-strect.
—<
THE ERL-KING:
From the German of Gothe.
By GEORGE OLAUS BORROW.

Who Is it that gallops so late on the wild!

O it is the father that carries his child!

He presses him close in his circling arm,

To save him from cold, and to shield him from harm.

Enorr,.

New Patents and Mechanical Inventions.

[Dec. 1,.
“Dear baby, what. makes ye your countenance:
hide?” 1

“‘Spur, father, your courser, and roweb hid sitte 5»
The Erl-king is chasing us ovey the heath...
«Peace, baby, thou seest a yupoury wreath.” ~

“ur
‘Dear boy, come with me, und Ill join in your sport,
And show ye the place where tlie filiries: resort 1) 1s
My mother, who dwells in the cool pleasant mine,
Shall clothe thee in garments so fair and so fine? |

«My father, my father, in mercy attend, 1
And hear what is said by the whispering fiend?
“Be quiet, be quiet, my dearly-lov’d child, .
Tis nought but the wind as it stirs on the wild,”

©Dear baby, if thou wilt but veatnre with nie,
My daughter shall dandle thy form on her knee;
My daughter, who dwells where the moon-shadows

play,
Shall lall ye to sleep with the song of the fay.”

“‘My father, my father, and seest. thou mot
His sorceress daaghter in yonder dark spot 2”
“f see sometiiing truly, thou dear little fool,—
1 see the grey alders that hang by the pool.”

* Sweet baby, I doat on that beautiful form,

Aud thou shalt ride with me the wings of the
storm,”

“‘O father, my father, he grapples me now,

And already has done mea mischiet, i vow.”

The father was terrified, onward he press’d,,

And closer he eradled the child to his breast ;

And reach’d the far cottage, and, wild with alarm,

He found that the baby hung dead on his arm!

NEW PATENTS AND MECHANICAL INVENTIONS,

=

To Tuomas Gauntcett, of Bath, Sur-
g@eon’s Instrument-maker ; for certain
Improvements on Vapour Baths.—
June 26, 1822.

BIS invention consists in a porta-

@ ble apparatus, which Mr. G. calls
a portable vapour-bath, and by means
of which apparatus he conveys steam,
for the purposes of a vapour-bath, in
two or more directions at the same
time, and by the same movement; one
of the said two directions being under
or immediately about the feet, and
the other or others upwards gene-
rally, into a casing or dress suspended
by a portable frame over thé patient.
And the invention also consists in
such.an arrangement of the said ap-
paratus, that. the said two or more
different directions may be given to
the ‘steam, and the steam regulated
either by the patient or an assistant by
means of a handle and universal joint,
which handle may be’ brought by
means of the said universal joint to
any situation most convenient to mect
the hand of the operator.

This vapour-bath is simple in its
construction, and effectual in its ap-
plication ; it is well adapted for the use
of hospitals and dispensaries; and is
calculated, from its simplicity and
‘efficacy, to bring into general use an
agreeable and salutary practice, as
well asa’ powerful remedy, in many
obstinate diseases. In this apparatus

the stimulant power of heat is modi-
ficd and tempered by the: moistare,
diffused through the air; and, as) the
elastic vapour, like air, is a_ less
powerful conductor of heat than a
watery fluid, the effect of vapourtin
raising the temperature of the bodyis
much less than that of the hot-bath.
Its ‘heating effect is also farther dimi-
nished by the copious’ perspiration
which ensues; so that, on all accounts,
the vapour-bath is safer, as it isin
most cases more effectuak, than the.
hot-water bath, and may be employed
with success where the hot-bath would
be attended with danger. .The vapour-
bath may be applied to the whole body,
or to any part. of it: its immediate
effects are, to excite or increase the
action of the superficial arteries, by
which the determination of blood to
the deeper-seated parts is diminished :
this increase of circulation at the sur-
face of the body produces a copious
perspiration, which may be continued,
as itis excited, at pleasure. Itshould,
however, always cease beiore debility
begins. The utility of this applicatioa
is obvious in all cases of internal in-
flammation ; it draws a great quantity
of blood to the surface, and. relieves
the internal parts by the secretion of
the skin, which is the mode nature
takes to resolve inflammations and
fevers. Resides an increased perspi-
ration, other effects ate PeTUREAL ON

q the

1823.]

ihe system; equal and duc actign is
restored. to the surface, and a highly-
agreeable sensation is produced, which
renders the influence of. cool air safe
and desirable. ‘

The boiler should receive about
three quarts. of water, which is suffi-
cient for the production of steam, at
the requisite temperature, for one
hour’s use. It should be a clear fire;
and, if of coal; a little small wood is
found useful in regulating the heat.
Any volatile substance may be intro-
duced into the receiver, as camphor,
&c. for the purpose of medicating the
vapour, which is found highly benefi-
cialin many cutaneous affections and
rheumatic complaints. The appara-
tus, when used near the bedside, is
not attended with any inconvenience
as to the production of. dampness, all
the. condensed) vapour being com-
pletely absorbed by the calieo covering
or hood.

This) apparatus’ is rendered ex-
tremely portable, by packing up in a
small compass; and is in afew minutes
ready for use, without requiring the
patient to quit his bed-room.

LIST.OF PATENTS FOR NEW INVENTIONS,

‘In J. Pouchee, of King-street, Covent-
garden, type-fonnder; ‘for certain ma-

Spirit of Philosophical Discovery.

439

chinery or apparatus to be employed in
the casting ‘of metal types. Conmuni-
cated to him by a certain foreigner re-
siding abroad.— Auge. 5,183.

R. Dickenson, esq. of Park-street,
Southwark, Surrey for an improvemeLt
in addition to the shoeing or aka Bi and
treatment of horses’ feet.- —Aug.

J. Barron, of Wells- street, Wie
blind manufacturer, and Jacob Wilson, of
Welbeck-streef, upholsterer; for certain
improvements in the construction and ma-
nafacturing of window-blinds.—Aug. 11,

W. Wigston, of Derby, Derbyshire,
engineer; for certain improvements on
steam-engines.—Aug, 11.

H. C. Jennings, esq. of Devonshire-
street, Mary-le-bone; for an instrument
or machine to prevent the improper
escape of gas, and the danger and nuisance
consequent thereon.—Aug. 14,

R. Rogers, of Liverpool, master-mari-
ner and ship-owner; for an improved lan-
yard for the shrouds and other rigging of
ships and other vessels, and an apparatus
for setting up the same.—Anug, 18.

J. Malam, of Wakefield, engineer; for
a new mode of applying certain materials,
hitherto unused for that purpose, to the
constructing of retorts, and improve-
ments in other parts of gas-apparatus.— -
Ang, 18.

*,* Copics of the specifications, or further
notices of any of these inventions, will be
inserted free of expense, on being transmitted
to the Editor.

mad

SPIRIT OF PHILOSOPHICAL DISCOVERY.

——=——_
sir great inercase of Journals devoted to Science, and the consequent accumulation of
Facts, have determined us, as a means of putting our readers into possession of every novelty,
to devute from three to four pages regularly to Notices of the New Discoveries and
interesting Favts scattered through seven or cight costly publications. We hope thereby to
ad to the vulue and utility of the Monthly Mugazine, and leave our readers nothing to desu'e
in regard to: what is passing in the philosophical as well as literary world. The Belles
Lettres dipartments of this Miscellany are, we believe, inferior lo no work in the interest and
taste of the articles, while, as an assemblage of useful materials, we have confessedly no rivad
either at home or abroad. Our only ground of lamentation is the limitation of spacey by the
Limitation uf our price ; but, we have resisted every overture to raise it ubove two, shillings,—
it being our ambition to present the public with the best Miscellany at the lowest price... This
we are enabled to effect by an established circulation, and by not expending our small profits
on merctricious advertisements. We calculate that every Number of our Miscellany i is its
‘own best advertisement, in the sterling merits of its contents ; and that the commendation of
the public wi!l continue to prove moré advantag vous than the equivocal representations of
newspaper advertisements. |
——

SPECIES of iron ore is dug in

. the island of Ceylon, of which an
account has been given by Mr. Rus-
SELL to the Literary and Agricultural
Society of that island, and of the pro-
cesses by which this ore is melted,
‘and at once converted into malleable
iron, immediately from the furnace ;
instead of the tedious and expensive

process attendant on the making of
bar-iron in other situations.
Aérial Tides.—Colonel Wricurt, by
a long series of barometric observa-
tions made in Ceylon, repeated, at
short intervals through every day, bas
ascertained that the mereury mises
and falls, twice within twenty-four
hours, with so much regularity, as to
afford

440

afford almost an opportunity of mea-
suring the lapse of time by the baro-
metric scale. The details of these
observations have been laid hefore the
Literary and Agricultural Socicty of
Ceylon; whence it appears, the mer-
cury is at the highest about 9h. a.m.
and 11). p.m.; and at its lowest at
4h. p.m. and about 4h. a.m. daily.
Barometric Measurements of Heights.
—The Rev. B. Powr.t, of Oxtord,
has applied himself with success to the
explaining and improying, in point of
accuracy, the instructions of M. Ray-
mond for the application of the baro-
meter to the measurement of heights ;
and has, in late Numbers of the
“Annals of Philosophy,” communi-
cated the resulis of his labours. His
practical rules, and examples of cal-
culation, found at page 265, vol. vi. of
the journal quoted, we would gladly
have transferred to our pages, but for
their dependance on several auxiliary
taibles; which there follow. Mr. B.
Bévan, and other ingenious corres-
pondénts to our work and to the “ Phi-
losophical Magazine,” between Sept.
1820 and Jan. 1822, communicated a
great many sets of barometric obser-
vations, simultaneously made with
great care, monthly, at different and
distant places: but from which obser-
vations no general deductions of the
heights have yet been given. Perhaps
the present hints may not be lost on
some of our ingenious readers.
Remarkable degree of Cold.—A regis-
ter of weather kept at Donare, in
Inverness-shire, Scotland, showed that
at eleven o’clock at night, of the 6th
of February last, Farcnheit’s thermo-
meter stood at 10°, and, in the space of
the following two hours and a half,
fell to 15°; which is one degree lower
than everbefore recorded in Scotland:
on the 14th of January, 1780, 14° was
observed at Glasgow, by Dr. WILSON,
The common toad (rana bufo) has
been observed by Mr. PoTuHercit to
fecd only upon live insects and reptiles,
and absolutely to refuse those present-
ed to it which have been ever so re-
cently killed, The honey-bee and the
wasp are its most favourite food; its
njouth is perhaps insensible to. the
sting of these insects; because here
‘they are retained for some time before
they are swallowed, after being seized
by the toad. Although, like the spider,
the toad is capable of sustaining an
almost indefinite abstinence, it is at,
times a voracious feeder, having been

Spirit of Philosophical Discovery.

[Dec. 1,

seen to devour scveniecn wasps in a
day. ‘The toad retires to the place of
his hybernation about the same period
when the swallow departs, The in-
stances continue to multiply of the
undoubted finding of live toads en-
cased in solid rocks: one Was lately
so found, in cutting the Erie Canal in
Niagara County, in North America. ©

Fossil Bones at Oreston,—The im-
mense quarries which latély have bech
made in the thick limestone rock of
Oreston, on the south-east side of
Plymouth, Devon, for constructing the
breakwater, have laid open and re-
moved the surrounding rock, of a
succession of caverns, in which were
found the remains of the partly-eaten
bones of a great many hyenas; ‘some
of which ferocious beasts, formerly
inhabiting these caverns, were of twice
the size of any hyenas now existing.
Remains of the partiy-caten bones,
teeth, and horns, of an extinct species
of large ox, and of wolves, foxes, and
other wild animals, all very unlike {6
the present ones, were found in abun-
dance, in such states as prove them to
have been the food of the hyenas in-
habiting these caves. Thé preserva-
tion of these bones has been occasioned
by the indurated mud or clay with
which a former deluge (of gredt vio-
lence, and in this respect quite unlike
to that described by Moses,) had filled
them, and closed their entrancés un-
der thick beds of gravel.

Improved Lamps.—M. Fresnev has
lately constructed, in France, Jamps
on the principle of M. Argand; but
having, instead of one circular wick,
two or three of such, coacentrically
placed, and admitting up a free cur-
rent of air between each wick. The
perfect combustion produced by the
great heat and fréc accéss)6f air, to
the oil thus volatilized at top of the
wicks, is said to be productive of very
great, advantages, as, to perfection and
economy of light. Flat wicks have
fora long time in this, country;been
placed side by side, and near.to each
other, with similar advantages, by
Major Cochrane and, others, « ) >

- Distillation. of Sea-water.—M. Cre-
MENT, a French chemist, has. lately
invented an apparatus for the.distilla-
tion of sea-wates,, which produces, six
pounds of good. fresh water by, the
burning of,one, pound of common
coal. A single still will, supply. five
hundred pints-of water daily, aud. the
distillation may be performed during

the

1823.]

the roughest weather : hence it results,
that, in the loading of vessels, six tons
of water may be obtained. by one ton
of coal, and fiye-sixths of the space
usually occupied by water-casks may
be sayed, by the substitution of a sub-
stance which does not spoil like water,
and which is not lialle to be Jost by
leaking. Persons who have tasted
this wa ter affirm, that, though it retains
somewhat of anempyreumatic flavour,
wen. is always contracted by the
purest river-water in the still, yet they
had never drank better, after having
been a fortnight at sea.
A. geological phenomenon of some in-
terest has lately been noticed by Mr.
GRANGER, and described in Silliman’s
Journal, occurring near the town of
Sandusky, in a bay of the same name,
on the Ohio river, in North America.
A gritty limestone rock, abounding in
shells, has its upper surface, under the
alluyium, fluted and scratched by nu-
merous straight and parallel lines,
accompanied by other marks of wear
and polish on the general surface of
the stone. Mr. G. seems to believe,
that similar appearances have been
observed only on one spot in Europe,
the locality of which he does not men-
tion: this however is a mistake; the
phenomenon in question is of frequent
occurrence, and will often be noticed
by those who atiend to the removal of
clayey allayia from oif the surface of
compact quarry paabs in a few in-
stances, tle marks of wear_and polish,
accompanied byparallel deep scratches,
remain visible on durable rocks, which
have been long exposed to the action
of the elements. A naked white grit-
stone rock, situated’ on Hare-hill,
south of the church of Clyne, in Suther-

PROCEEDINGS OF PUBLIC SOCIETIES.:

Institute of France.

441

land, Scotland, may be quoted as an
instance of this kind; and the recently
uncovered slate-rock,,on the south of
the famous Penrhyn Quarry, south-east
of Bangor, in Carnarvonshire, North
Wales, presents exactly similar marks
of wear and scratching upon a rock,
which is of too perishable a nature to
retain, through many ages of open
exposure, the marks, which evidently,
as the writer thinks, have been occa.
sioned by the corners of masses of
rock, dragged over these rocky sur-
faces by an enormous over-riding
tide, or current of water, Occurriay
before the lodgment of the last alluyia,
and prior to the ereation of the living
beings contemporary with man: the
animals, whose shells are imbedded
in the rocks, having all of them perish-
ed, and left none of their species
remaining, before the period. when
these surfaces were seratehed.

Thermometers, —'The_ necessity. is
now established, of mistrusting. the
accuracy of thermometers which haye
been long made, and eyen those of
recent construction which have since
been subjected to extremes of tempe-
rature; owing to the permanent alte-
ration of bulk which the bulb suffers,
by the pressure of the atmosphere, or
the expansive force of the fluid within
them, when suddenly or considerably
heated orcooled. The freezing points
of thermometers ought to be actually
tried, before and after any nice,expe-
riments, in which they may be used;
otherwise, considerable errors may be,
occasioned : and thus, doubiless,, the
anomalies, in many courses of delicate
thermometric experiments on record,
may, in part at least, have been o¢ca-
sioned. - sa]

;

—

INSTITUTE of FRANCE.
Report on the Progress of Experimental
hilosophy, by M. Fourier, read in
the Public Sitting of the Four Acaide-
mies of the Institute of France, April
24, 1823.

WHE Academy of Sciences intends,
-@ in its general sitting, every year, to
receive a summary, reporting the pro-
gress Of science, in general, and the par-
ticular acquisitions made in the branches
that have ocetpied the labours of its
classes. “The following exhibits one
part of this Report. ‘Whatconcerns the

Montruty Mac, No. 389. '

physical scicnces will be given at the
next gencral sitting. | This ‘plan ‘is
meant to be prosecuted, alternately, for
the sciences, mathematical and physi-
cal, the account of cach to appear every
two years. Hereby, no discovery of any
importance, no useful “application ,of
science to the arts, will fail of its public
announcement in the serics of these
annual reports. “They will include, not
only such as have been made in France,
but those communicated to the Fnstitute
by its foreign correspondents, members
of otheracademies. {ft will form a sort
é‘ 3L of

AA42
of Analytical Contemporary History of
the happiest Efforts of the Human Mind.

The theory of Mathematics has long
enjoyed one primary advantage, that of
different Elementary Treatises, com-
posed by the greatest geometricians.
We are indebted to Newton for the
Principles of Universal Arithmetic ; to
Euler, for the Elements of Algebra; to
M. Le Gendre, for a System of Geo-
metry. The twelfth edition of this
work has just been published. M. La
Croix has republished his Elements of
the Analysis of Probabilities, an impor-
tant science, and hitherto but little un-
derstood, originating from a speculation
of Pascal, and subsequently reared in
England, to ascertain the degree of emi-
nence from which immediate practical
advantages are derived. It has re-
ecived a further augmentation from M.
Ya Croix, whose publicatious on this
subject, considered collectively, appear
to comprise the whole extent of mathe-
matical analysis. He has annexed to
his present work some valuable Remarks
on Saving Bank Societies, Modes of
Insurance, Life Annuities, Tontines,
&¢. His intention is to distinguish be-
tween such establishments as are useful
and respectable, and such as are noxious
and reprehensible.

The Treatise on Statics of M. Poinsot
has been reprinted. ‘The author bas
therein discovered new principles, in ad-
dition to a theory that was originally in-
vented by Archimedes, and which re-
ecived great improvements from Galileo,

Messrs. Poisson and Canchy have
heen directing their labours to the study
of natural phenomena, and have brought
this part of science to a high degree of
perfection.

The first theorems of Optics were dis-
covered by Descartes, Huygens, and
Newton. This science acquired a fresh
impetus about the beginning of this
century, and has had recent accessions
rom the investigations of Messrs,
Malus, Arago, Biot, and Fresnel ; and
also, in England, from those of Wollas-
ton, Young, and Brewster.
~ Light is transmitted, with an im-
-mense velocity, through all parts of thie
universe. Tt traverses, with a uniform
motion, about 210,000 miles in a second,
becomes ‘yeflected on the surface of
bodiés, and some parts of its rays penc-
irate transparent bodies. In decompo-
sition, it falls into coloured homogeneous
rays, refraneible, but unequally. When
a tay of light passes through certain

Proceedings of Public Societies.

[Dec, 1,

crystals, it divides into two distinct
parts ; it is this which constitutes double
refraction, The law of this phenome-
non has been deduced from the observa-
tions of Haygens; and M. La Place has
reduced it to the general principles of
rational mechanics. Each of the two
refracted rays acquires, in the interior of
the crystallized median, a peculiar dis-
position, which has been designated by
the name of polarization, and which
keeps up a singular but constant rela-
tion with the situation of the elements
of crystals. ‘l'his property becomes ma-
nifest, when a polarized ray falls; ob-
liquely, on the surface of a transparent
body, which reflects a part of it; for the
cflects of reflection and transmission are
very different, and in some measure
opposite, according as the surface’ pre-
sents itself to the ray on different sides.

M. Malas has employed himself in
the study of this kind of phenomena ;
his numcrots and ingenious discoveries,
combined with the experiments of
Messrs. Wollaston and’ Young, have
thrown new light on opti¢s, ‘and “ascer-
tained the boundaries’ of its’ recent
progress. FING

We owe to M. Arago the discovery of
coloured polarization. His researches,
which have brouglit to some degree of
perfection all the other parts of optics,
are remarkable for adding to the science
new instruments, which reproduce and
perpetuate the utility of preceding expe-
riments. By observations on the pheno-
mena of coloured polarization, he has
been enabled to compare the rays which
proceed from the edges of the sun’s ap-
parent disc, with those that are emitted
from his centre. M. Arago has con-
structed a new process for illustrating
the effects of diffraction, by measuring,
with precision, the slightest differences of
Fefrangible jorce, in aériform bodies or
substances. This forms a valuable ac-
quisition to optics.

Messrs. Biot and Brewster have con-
tributed, not a little, to enrich ‘this sci-
ence with correct calculations, new
facts, and -a great number of) obser-
vations.

M. Fresnel has been applying bim-
self, of late years, to all the parts of op-
tics with singular success. He bas de-
termined the mathematical laws of the
most. complicated phenomena, and all
the resulls of his analysis are-exactly
conformable,to the obscrvations.:'Those
fringes, alternately brilliant ‘and’ ob-
scure, that attend the shadows of ates,

the

1823.]
the coloured rings that light produces,
in passing through the laminz of crys-
tals, ihe colours that polarized light de-
velopes,, in passing through those la-
minz, become thus evident and neces-
sary consequences of one and the same
theory...

Wih:en.two rays, issuing from a com-
mon source, mect. on the same point of
a surface, the double effecis of light are
not always in force, but may destroy
each other. Aud so the union of two
luminous rays may produce. obscurity,
an_ effect which takes place in scyeral
experiments. In results of this kind
the principle of interferences consists,
which may be considered as the most
fertile and extensive in this new part of
optics... The origin of it may be traced
tv the experiments of Grimaldi, which
were a precursor to, Newton’s Optics,
also to the Researches of Hook; but very
much is owing io Dr. Thomas Young,
who bas intreduced it, with demonstra-
tive proofs,.into the study of tle pheno-
mena of optics.

It. should be observed, that this prin-
ciple, is not, exclusively, couliued to
optical properties. M. Arago has shown,
that, when the meeting of two trays
causes their annihilation, the chemical
action.of light disappears likewise.

The design of M. Fresnel, in his most
recent researches, is to designate the
mathematical laws of double refraction
in all crystals, together with the quantity
of light reflected by diaphanous bodies
in different peints of incidence, and also
a kind of polarization very different from
that hiiherto noticed, but which pos-
sesses characters as general and as con-
stant,

A practical illustration of some of the
properties of light appears in the esta-
blishment of dioptric pharoses, or light-
houses. In these, the light is not. re-
flected, but tausimitted through glass
lenses, which render the rays parallel.
The flame is placed in the centre of
cightsimilar lenses, and the whole turns
on an axis, so that all the points of the
horizon are. illuminated. ‘The light is,
alternately, more and less ardent, diver-
sifying and distinguishing the points of
flame, M. Fresnel has formed lenses of
large dimensions, consisting of scveral
parts; in (these, be does away all the
thick and: heavy, parts, which only tend
to weaken tle Jight, a disposition not
unobserved by, Buffon.

To render the flame, uncommonly
ardent, Messrs. Arageaud Lresnel have
inventcd w lamp with concentric fires,

Institute of France.

443

the light of whieh is equivalent to that
of 150. bougies. 'rom late trials, it
appears that even in dusky weather,
these lights may be seen at the distance
of more than eight leagues. Such is
heir lustre, that even before the close of
day they may serve as signals in geodc~_
sic operations, and haye been employed
as such by Messrs. Arago and Mathieu,
and by Messrs. Kater and Colby, of the
Royal Socicty of London. A telescope.
will discover these signals at more than
sixteen leagues distance, an hour before
sunset; and, an hour after sunset, the
naked eye will distinguish them at the
same distance.

The discoveries that have been made,
of ate, in the theories of electricity and
magnetism, take their rise from the no-
table experiments of M. Oersted, of the
Academy of Copenhagen. Long conti-
nued trials and speculations on the
identity of the causes of electricity and
magnetism, led him to observe that the
conducting wire which joins the two ex-
tremities of the voltaic apparatus, has a
very seusible influence on the direction
of the magnetic needle, and he detailed
all the general characters of this, pheno-
menon. ‘The Academy of Sciences of
Paris decreed one of its, great annual
prizes to M. Oersted, concluding that
ibis discovery would lead to others, and
perhaps to a physical and mathematical
theory ; the event has been conformable
to this expectation.

M. Arago was the first to observe a
remarkable fact connected. with the
Danish process, that the same conductor
which transmits the electrical current,
aitracts iron, and communicates to it the
properties of the loadstone; and that this
effect ceases as soon as the current is in-
terrupted.

M. Ampere has been pursuing bis
enquiries respecting the general laws of
the dynamic actions of the conductor
and magnets. He finds that a, mutual
action, attractive and repulsive, cxists
between the conductors, subject to cer-
{ain conditions; a curions, discovery,
from which he has deduced a great num-
ber of facts. As to the action of magne~
tized bodies, M. Ampere attributes it to
the presence of a multitude of electrical
cirenits, formed, about each molecule, of
such bodies. . If the existence of, these
currents cannot, be positively, asserted,
it is, at least, evident that the magnetic
properties are reproduced, very sensibly,
when we. give. to, the conductor the
figure of a helix, the spirals of which
are considerably multiplied, This shows

what

444

what effects must result from the action
of terrestrial magnetism, combined swith
that of the. conductors, -It explains.a

remarkable fact, first: observed by MM.

Faradai, and which consists in the con-
stant motion. of a portion of the’ con-
ductor about a magnet. . The explica-
tion serves to complete the experiment,
and has suggested the turning of the
magnet about its axis, and producing a
constant motion between the conductors.
The author of this theory, M. Ampere,
has, deduced from his observations the
mathematical expression of the: force
that acts between the elements of the
couductors,, aud thereby reduces to a
siitle principle the most complicated
effects of the action of the conductors,
and , of, terrestrial magnetism. Our
limits will not allow of particularizing
the results of some fine experiments of
Sir Hw Davy, on the measure of the
condueting. property which different
metals..possess, when traversed by the
electric currents. For the same reason,
we canjonly mention a’ process of M.
Schweiger, for multiplying and render-
ing manifest the effects of an electro-
motive forge, ‘that appears to be in a
manner insensible.

M. Biot and M. Poiullet haye been
also inyestigating the action of conduc-
tors on magnets, for the purpose of de-
termining, its mathematical laws by a
correct, process. Messrs. Savary and
de. Montferrant haye produced some
successful applications of the integral
caleulus to the measure of electro-dyna-
mic effects ; and have deduccd from the
law, set forth by M. Ampere, results con-
formable to the experiments of Cou-
Yomb, and others already cited.

“From some recent experiments of M.
Seeback,. of. the Academy of Berlin, we
learn, that, the, contact of different me-
tals, and the inequality of temperatures,
will be sufficient to produce very'sensible
magnetic effects. The alternate succes-
sion of ;two metals retained to unequal
temperatures, augments effects of this
kind, and, so to. speak, multiplies them
to am indefinite extent.. M. Oersted
has just’ discovered some remarkable
properties of thcse\actions, to which be
givesithe naine of thermo-electrival.

‘Dbis sketch, though rapid and imper-
feet, may, However, let us into the whole
extent of thesenew theories. A relation
so manifest, between: phenomena: that
might well be thought of a totally differ-
ént nature, proyes to.us that they havea
common. origin, ‘and fartishes hints to
speculate on the cause of terrestrial
“ “

Proceedings of Public Societies.

[Dec. 1,

magnetism, and its relations with the
aurora Horealis:! | As very intense! mag-
netic effects are determined only by'the
diversity of the’ matters put in contact,
and by the difference of témperatnres;

similar effects will doubtless: be’ ob-'

served in the'solid envelope of ‘tlie ter~
restrial globe; and, at the same time,
the influence of diurnal or annual varia-
tions of heat produced by the solar
rays, will be illustrated. '
In the’ great work) called‘ Celestial
Mechanics,’ the author had ‘annoanced
his intention of drawing up am hist6rical

summary of all such mathentaticaldis-

coveries as have a relation to the system
of the world. The first part of this his
tory has just appeared ; an cleganit pre-
cision pervades this performance, similar
to what is observed in the'* Notice des
Progrés de l’ Astronomie.’” ctl
The first part of the fifth volame’ is
occupied with mathematical researches
on the figure of the earth.’ This ‘very
difficult question is now’ completely
resolved. Jeet tO 11103
Tn treating of thé mutual action of the
splieres, the author examines the ‘condi*
tions of the molecular statics of aériform

fluids. This part of his investizations is’

entirely novel.’ The ‘Analysis of Mode
La Place explains the two' known liws
of the statics of gases. ‘One of these
laws bears the name of Mariotfe, who
discovered it; for the second, we are it-

debted to Messrs. Gay-Lussac and

Dalton. .

In this same analysis we may’ trace,
very distinetly, the conditions that’ give
a determination to solidity, to liquids,
to conversions into vapour, and to any
intermediate state of vapours very muchi
condensed. ‘These were points not well
known till ascertained in ‘the experi-
ments of Le Baron Cagniard’ de Ja
Tour.

The same theory gives the exact mea-
sure of the velocity ef sound in the air,
a very ancient ‘question, which bad
hitherto been but imperfectly resolved,
as the elevation of temperature,'to be
considered along with the compression
of the air, had not) till then, been
observed. de Pid

The French academicians, in 1738,

had» made some ‘experiments for mea="

suring’ this’ velocity;' the Board” of
Longitude reneweil them, in the month’
of June last, with wl possible precision:
It has been found that the velocity of
sound; in the air;'at the timnbabatnre! bf
55° Fahrenheit; differs very little from
1044 feet per second. ‘Phe correctness

of

1823. ] tastitute

Of these new. observations isnot a little
owing to, the; ipstrnme nts iof) Messrsy
Breguets ine fenten

The ‘Lables of: Sapiter, Saturn, and

Uranus, by, M- Bouvard; of the: Royal

Observatory of Paris, are of recent date;
and require, at least, honourable men-
tion. In, the year 1822, four! comets
appeared, the: first of which was disco-
vered, by, M.,Gambard, at! Marseilles,
and two others by M. Pons.
of these, there have been only two! ob-
servations, so jthat the elements of its
orbit haye not been calenlated. | These
elements have been ascertained for the
other;two vomets.; ‘Lhey differ consi-
derably from those that appertain to the
precedisg .comets.'.. Hence’ we may
judge that these are new. stars, or, at
least, different from all those that have
been hitherto observed. It is not the
same. with the fourth comet observed in
1822; it, is,; evidently, that of 1783,
1795,,1805; and) 1819. | Its revolution
about the sun takes up 1202 days. The
return of this star is an astronomical
event of great jinterest.. From its pau-
city, of Justre, and. erepuscular light, it
was not visible in Europe, nor discerni-
ble at the Observatory of the Cape of
Good; Hope; but it has recently been
discoyered.in.a region the. most distant
from, Europe, in New Holland: The
astronomers of Ahe Observatory of Para-
matta, the latest establisument of this
kind, discovercd this comet in the
month of Jutie, 1822, and in positions
very, near to, those that had: been before
calculated. . ‘Lhe foundation of this new
Observatory may be ascribed to General
Brisbane,,Governor, of ‘New South
Wales, and a very. intelligent corres-
pondent of the Academy of Sciences.
The comet of 1759, observed by
Halicy and. Clairaut, was hitherto the
only star whose elliptical revolntion was
known ,and..positively determined ; the
period, of itsrettirn is about seventy
years. . The comet spoken of a little
above;,has been calculated, as to» its
elliptical, elements, by» M. Euke, and
possesses this peculiar advantage, that

it will become visible ten times. ain)

thirty-three years. | The lengthened
ellipsis which, it; describes, is included
within the Jimits.of our. solar system.
Its least distance from the sun is about
three timesess than that of the earth,
and its, greatest distance is eqnal | to
twelve times the, least,

This, comet, perhaps; may help, us to

agquire some fresh information respect-

ing the sivgular;natare of these stars,

For one’

of France. AAS

which? appear’ to bave very little of a
solid »mass'“or? body,’ aad’ to’ Consist
chiefly of, condensed Yapours?’ Liv otir
planetary ‘system; théy donot sive Hse
to: any ‘sensible’ perturbation, Dat! they
themselves undeygo'very” considerable’
ones. “Their course'cannoft be’ duly
fixed, if the mass gradually chanees, or
separates, or dissipates; so long, ‘how-
ever, as the mass subsists, ‘these’ stars
are subject to the known laws of gravity 5
so that there is none of them whose ob-
servation does not eall forth fresh’ proofs
of the verity of the principles of mudern
astronomy.

Among other applications of ‘mecha
nical ‘theories, we ‘should not omit to
notice an ingenious process of M. de
Prony, which serves to measure’ the
dynamic effect of rotatory machines}'as
also the Memoir of M. Girard; on ‘the
Resisting Power of Cylindrical Enve¥
lopes or Covers; and a remarkable work,
just published, of the same authior,
treating of Hydraulics, the Course’ of
Rivers, and the Regimen to which they
might be subjected, and’ of Commerce’
and Industry generally.

A number of mechanical or physivar
Questions, that enter into the concerns of
civil life, have been addressed to the
academy by the government.) The first
relates to the public use of earriages, to
prevent accidents that may arise from'a
want of stability, or frou a detective
construction, or from an improper’ dis-
tribution of the luggage, or from exces.)
sive speed when iu motion, or friém the
constraction of the reads. ° The bther!
Questions relate to lightauing-colductors,
lo the areometrical process ‘requisite te
measure, with precision, the -specifie
weight of liquids; also to the ase of ma-
chines moved by, the foree of steam)and
the methods most. proper: to chs
against their fatal explosions,

“These. G vuestions have undergone ex+
amination by Select Commiitees,o°M:
Arago drew upithe Reportion Arcomes
ters; M.: Gay-Lussac that on'tlie Con’
struction of Paratonnerres, (Lightning ’
Conductors 3) andoMy Dapin," thice
Reports on the Stabilityoof Carriages in
Roads, on the: use ofoSteam Bovines;
and on the asc of Pire Rngines, * He is
proceeding in the» publication’ of his
Mathematical Memoirsy:and his work’
detailing: the Nautical,’ Military, ‘and
Commercial Establishments ‘of Gieat
Britaia.yltoiotp loos MANY

‘From this brief expoxittons it’ appears
evident, that theories cannot make'la y
considerable progress without numer

: action

446

practical applications. By the aid of
these, sciences the most abstract are sud-
denly found to be pregnant with imme-
diate and. obvious utilities, and adapted
to the most common pprposes. | A theo-
rem of Archimedes serves as a basis for
the areomctrical, measuring. of liquids,
so requisite both for the ministers. of
government and-for individuals. The
hydraulic press, now of such use in the
arts, the immense force of which brings
together or divides, reduces substances
to their smallest volume, gives penetra-
tion to colours ito the most compact
woven toutextures; this instrument, of
almost universal use in Hugland, may
be ascribed, to a corollary of statics,
originally proposed by Paseal.

"The discussionand analysis of Docu-
ments relating to the Marine, and the
Hydrographical Methods for surveying
the Coasts, have been brought to a
degree of perfection scarcely to be hoped
for, by Messrs. Buache and Beau Tems
Beaupré. Their Reports include a num-
ber of details on the configuration of the
Jands, the position of rocks and shoals,
new methods of sounding, &c. These
labours: are progressively augmenting
every year, by exploring fresh parts of
the coasts of the ocean. They tend to
confirm the reputation of the French
Hydrographic School. | Our vessels
have, been employed in scientifically
examining all the shores of the Medi-
terranean, of the Black Sea, the Western
Coasts of Africa, those of Brasil, &e.
The results of their discoveries are pub-
lished, at a vast expence, by thé French
government, that all maritime nations
may profit by the knowledge so im-
parted. é

. In treating of labours so essential to
navigation, the great Logarithmic Ta-
bles of My de Prony, from which spheri-
cal geometry, would derive immense

advantages, might be mentioned. Two
enlightened» governments have an-

nounced their intention to concur in the
publication of a work, which, iv. point of
extent'and accuracy, far surpasses all
others of a similar description. Its ap-
pearance will prove a singular acquisi-
tion to the sciences.

The grand geodesic operations now
carrying on in France, are meant, also,
to procure Certain useful data which the
Minister of, Interior may turn to ac-
connt,: The principal lines. are deter-
mined: with a rigorous. precision. that
may) be, compared to )astronomical
observations. in).

Reseavehes of) this description are

Proceedings of Public Societies.

[Dec. 1,

highly interesting to the mathematical
sciences, as they conduce to the correct
ascertaining of the figure of the globe.
Thus, in’ India, Colonel Iiambton, a
corresponding member of the Academy,
is proceeding, annually, in his geodesic
operations: from the results which he
has obtained, recently transmitted.to the
Academy, it appears that they mani-
festiy agree with the principal element
of the French Metrical System.» The
like conformity has been observed with
respect to the oblate spherical formof
the globe, or the excess of the equato-
rial diameter above that of thesaxis that
passes through) the poles. By) ‘com-
paring the measurements made inAndia
and: in Europe, this exeess is computed
to be equal to the three-hundred and
tenth part of the polar axis, the quantity
vary ing from that heretofore adinitted
being very iittle. Among other of our
modern theories, this determination. of
the oblate sphericity of the earth, bas
been deduced from the Observation of
the Ivregularities. of the Lunar, Move-
ments. ip! bus

A. sort of cordon of geodesic: operas
tions has been formed between those in
France, England, the Low Countrics;

-Hanover, Denmark, Bavaria; Austria,

Switzerland, and Upper Italy. ‘Au im-
mense network, or sonnexion of trian-
gles, Las been hereby established, and
one and the same Science has extended
its peaceable empire over the greatest
part of Europe. w Be
During the execution of these great
Jabours in the Old ) Continent, > M.
Marestier, an officer of the Prench) ma-
rine, has been studying in North Ame-
rica the works for the construction ‘of
their vast canals, which theré’ have
already become one of the principal
elements of public prosperity. “Pwo
young travellers, Messrs. Cailliaud and
Letorzec, formed in the school of Freneh
astronomers, supplied with instruments
and methods from the Observatory. of
Paris, have embarked from. Europe,
landed in Africa, penetrated into the in-
terior of its eastern parts more ‘than
500 Icagues from the boundaries: of
Egypt and Nubia, described a number
of ancicnt monuments, and determined,
by celestial observations, a multitude of
geographical positions entirely un-
known. At the same time, and almost
iu the same. countries, Messrs, Huyot
aud Gau, in the midst of , difficult
labours, have been, enriching various
depariments, of . architecture, the -arts,
and the seience of antiquities. 6° >
BRITISH

1823.]

[ 447 ]

BRITISH LEGISLATION.

—=—
ACTS PASSED in the FOURTH YEAR of the REIGN of GEORGE THE FOURTH, or in the
FOURTH SESSION of the SEVENTH PARLIAMENT of the UNITED KINGDOM.

—r

AP. XLVI... For repealing. the
Y Capital Punishments inflicted by
several Acts of the Sixth and Twenty-
seventh Y ears of King George the Second,
and of the Third, Fourth, and Twenty-
second, Years of King George the Third ;
and. for providing other Punishments in
liewthereof, and in lieu of the Punishment
of -Frame-breaking under an Act of the
Lwenty-eighth Year of the same reign.—
July 4, 1823.

, See. 1.—So much of recited Acts as ex-
eludes the benefit of elergy from persons
destroying ‘banks, &c. or cutting hop
binds, or personating pensioners, repealed;
and offenders to be liable to transporta-
ticn,

“§2:—Panishing persons by transporta-
tion or imprisonment, at discretion of the
court, for destroying woollen, silk, linen,
or’ cottow soo0ds, &c. in the loom, &c.—
From and after the passing of this Act, if
any) person shall by day or by night break
into any house, shop, or building, or enter
by foree into. any house, shop, or building,
with intent to cut, break, destroy, or da-
mage, in the loom or frame, or on any ma-
chine oy engine, or on the rack or tenters,

or in any stage, process, or progress, of

Manufacture, any woollen, silk, linen, or
cotton, goods, or any goods of any one or
more of those materials mixed with each
other, or mixed with any other materia! ;
or to cut, break, destroy, or damage any
other article of the woollen, silk, linen, or
£otton, nianufactures in the loom or frame,
or,on any machine or engine, or on the
vack or tenters, or in any stage, process, or
progress, of manufacture; or to cut, break,
destroy, or damage any warp or shinte of
woollen, silk, linen, or cotton, or of any
one or more of those materials mixed with
each other, or mixed with any other mate-
vial, or any framework-knitted piece,
stocking, hose, or lace; or to burn, break,
‘cut, destroy, or damage, any loom, frame,
machine, engine, rack, tool, tackle, uten-
sil, instrument, or implement, whether
fixed or moveable, prepared for or em-
ployed. in carding, spinning, throwing,
weaving, fulling, shearing, or otherwise
mauufacturing or preparing, any such
fee OF articles; or shall wilfully and ma-
iciously, and without lawful authority,
cut, break, destroy, or damage any such
woollen, silk, linen, cotton, or mixed goods,
or articles, in the loom or frame, or on
any nlachine or engine, or on the rack or
teiiters, or in any stage, process, or pro-
gress of mantifacture ; or burn, break, ent,
destroy, or damage, any such loom, frame,
~

machine, engine, rack, tool, tackle, uten-
sil, instrument, or implement, as aforesaid ;
or counsel, procure, aid, or abet, the com-
mission of the said offences, or of any of
them ; every person so offending, being
thereof lawfully convicted, shall be guilty
of felony, and shall be liable, at the discre-
tion of the court, to be transported be-
yond the seas for L.fe, or for any term not
Jess than seven years, or to be imprisoned
only, or to be imprisoned and kept to hard
labour in the common gaol or House of
Correction, for any term not exceeding
sevell years. )

Cap. XLVIY. For authorizing the
Employment at Labour, in the Colonies,
of Male Convicts under Sentence of
Transportation.

Sec. 1.—His Majesty, by order incoun-
cil, may direct convicts to be employed in
any part of his Majesty’s dominions out
of England, under the manageinent of a
superintendant and overseer.—I{t shall be
lawful for his Majesty, by an order im
writing to be notified by oae of his Majes-
ty’s principal Secretaries of State, to direct
the removal and confinement of any maie
offender, either at land or on-board any
ship or vessel to be provided by his Ma-
jesty, within the limits of any port or har-
bour in that part of his Majesty’s domi-
nions which shail be named in such order
in council, under the management of the
sliperintendant now being or hereafter to
be appointed ia England, and of an over-
seer to be appointed by his Majesty for
each ship or vessel or other place of con-
finement to be provided under this Act 5
and that every offender who shall be so re-
moved, shail continue on-board the ship or
vessel or other place of confinement to be
so provided, or any similar ship or vessel
or other place of coufinement to be from
time to time provided py his Majesty, until
his Majesty shall otherwise d‘veet, or until
the offender shall be ,entitled to, his
liberty.

Cap. XLVI, £orenabling Courts
to abstain from pronouncing Sentence of
Death in certain Capital Helonies.

See. 1.—Comt may abstain from pro-
nouncing sentence of death on persons con-
victed of any felonies, except murder.—
From and after the passing of this Xet,when-
ever any person shail be convicted of any
felony, except 1aurder, and shall by law be
excluded the benefit of clergy in respect
thereof, and ‘the court before which sneh
offender shall be convicted shall be of
opinion that, under the partienlar cireum-
stances of the case, such offender is a fit

and

448

and proper subject to be recommended for
the royal mercy, it shall and may be lawful
for such court, if it shall think fit so to do,
to divect the proper officer then being
present in court to require and asia, wiiere-
upon. such officer shall require aid ask, if
such offender hath or knowetP any thing
to say, why judgment of death shou!d uot
be recorded against such offender; aud in
case such offender shail not allege any
matter or thing sufficient in law to arrest
or bar such jadgmeut, the court shail and
may and is hereby authorized to abstain
from pronouncing judgment of death upon

New Music and the Drama.

[Dec, 1,
such offender ; and instead of pronouncing
such judgment to order the same to been-
tered of record, and therenpon sneli pro-
per officer as aforesaid shail and may and is
hereby authorized to enter jadgment of
death on record against such offender, in
the usual and accustomed form, and ia
such and the same manner as is now, used,
and as if judgment of death had actually
been pronowuced in open. corrt against
such. offender, by the court before which .
such otfender shall have been convicted.

§ 2. Record of judgment to have. the,
same effect as if-pronaunced,,

:

NEW MUSIC AND THE DRAMA... 4

—<—>>—_ :

Fantasia for the Flute and Piano-Forie ;
composed by Churles Nicholson. 4s.
O give an additional burnish to this
fantasia, Mr. Nicholson has in-
troduced the favourite frish melody of
«<The last rose of summer;” and, to
complete the excellence he intended,
has, for the construction of the piano-
forte accompaniment, availed himself of
the skill of Mr. Bochsa. Under such
circumstances, the reader will naturally
expect our commendation ; and, in de-
nying it, we should be unjust to two
distinguished masters in their separate
provinces of practice. The general
plan of tlie piece is good, and its execu-
tion proclaims taste, grace, and a vigo-
yous imagination. The style, in évery
sense of the expression, is so perfectly
modern, that, if the nove] ornamentsare
notomitted, yet are they ratherjudiciously
than abundantly employed; and, on the
whole, we really think that the talents
of Nicholson and Bochsa so happily
amalgamate, that it is to be wished that
the present instance is only one of many
in which their efforts will be combined.
Ealantha’s Song, as sung by Mrs. Ashe, at
the Bath and Bristol Concer!s, Composed
by F. I, Klose. 1s. 6d.

This song, whiéh we know to have
been very flatteringly received both at
Bath and Bristol, is a pleasing, and
somnewhat interesting, if aot a brilliant,
production. Of the separate passages
of the melody, we should say, that they
are not the most beautifully conceived ;
and, of the melody itsclf, that it is defi-
cient in the connexion of its portions,
and consequently imperfect in its agere-
gate character. If we are sorry when
we see Composers of genius mistaking
mere assemblages of heterogeneous
ideas for orderly ‘construction; and,
perhaps, throwing away real f{elicities of

thought, by paying no attention to
consonance and affinity ; we are seareely
less concerned at witnessing the deterio-
ration of ‘second rate abilities from the
same unfortunate error. vet
Handel’s Celebrated Air, “ Ovhad) b Tubal’s
Lyre ;” arranged by, Samucl Poole. | 28s,
This so justly-admired.. melody, jis,
here made the. basis of a duett tor the,
piano-forte, and forms the fifty-third
number of Hodsol’s excellent gollection
of picces of the same deseription. » ‘Ro
cffect this transformation with snecess;
required no trivial degree of skill... The
difficulties it presented have, however,
been so far sabducd’ us: to entitle Mr.
Poole to the thanks of the public... By
his judicious management, all the prin-
cipal points have net enly been pre-
served, but enforced ; aud an effect pro-
duced which, to say the least of it, is
rather advantageous than detrimental,
to the air on which he bas, worked ; and
young piano-forte performers. will not
practise it without advantage. 4
“ O speed thee, dear IXinsmun,” a Sung, come
posed and arranged for the Piano-Forte, ”
by M. Corri. - 1s. * al jie
'Phis is the air sung with so) muéh
eclat by Mrs. Garrick, in the “Melo-
Drama of “ Gregarach, ‘the Highland
Watch-word.” ~ OF its very high pre-
tensions it docs not allow ‘us té Vaunt.
Though we are far from asserting ‘its
destitution of merit, we' fect’ otirsel ves
compélied to atiribate its favourable re-
ception on: the boards, chivfiy to, the
vocal excellence of its fair performer,
Mr. Corti excels in this department of
composition; but in the present melody
we miss much of that grace and appropri-
ateness of expression of whicli he is ge-
nerally ‘mister, and by whieh he long
siice distinguished himself from" the
common herd of ballad-corpésers.”
} i £ ‘eOThow

1823.
“ Thou rob'st my Days of’ Business and
Delight,” a Song, composed (with an
Accampaniment for the Piano- Forte, ) by
W,. Gutteridge. | >
Mr. Gutteridge, who-is a member of
the king’s private band, has produced,
in the present little production, a pleas-
ing, if not a first-rate specimen of his
talent for vocal composition. If_ the
style of his passages is a little quaint
and antique, that of the words he has
selected are not very modern, for they
are from Cowley. The principal merits
of his melody are, that it suits the
poetry, and is so cousistent with itself as
to form a regular and agreeable aggre-
gate.
ein THE DRAMA.
‘Drury-Lane.—The proprietor of
Drury-Lane continues those. unparal-
leled exertions which have raised this
theatre to the acmé of popularity.
‘Towards the end of last month he pro-
duzed, under the name of “ the Gata-
ract of the Ganges,” the most splendid
and perfect spectacle ever seen in an
English theatre. It combines the
gorgeous magnificence of Easteru courts
with a story which, throughout, keeps
alive” tle ‘attention of the audience.
The processions are assisted in effect by
numerous equestrians, and by every art
which is calculated to heighten the plea-
sure of beholding them. Of course, the
house is constantly crowded in every
part; and, great as may have been the

Literary and- Miscellaneous Intelligence.

449

cost, this showy exhibition must prove
highly productive. Another attraction
is a new tragedy, from classic story,
and, in classic language, called ‘* Caius.
Gracchus,” in which Mr. Macready dis-
plays his astonishing powers with trans-
cendent effect, while other parts are
filled by performers of the first order of
merit. In truth, the talents of the dra-
matic corps of this theatre, assembled
at vast expense, and by happy discri-.
Mination, combined with the judicious
casting of the parts, render all the per-
formatices night after night a continued
series of gratification to all discriminat-
ing lovers of the drama.

At Covent-GARDEN, the new and
splendid musical pageant, brought for-
ward under the title of “Cortez, or the;
Conquest of Mexico,” aided by the suc-;
cessful representation of ‘ Macbeth,”
so favourable to the display of Young’s
tragic talents; “As you like it,” in
which Kemble’s Orlando must ever
please ; “The Gamester,” the principal
character in which is again so well cal-’
culated for Young ; and “ The Cabinet,”
than ths Prince Orlando in. which
nothing could. offer a better scope for-
the exercise of Mr. Sinclair’s vocal,
powers; relieved by these, the new
piece, so weil received at its first repre-.
sentation, has continued to draw tolera-

bly full houses, and to gratify the taste of °

the town. :

VARIETIES, LITERARY AND MISCELLANEOUS;
“Including Notices of Works in Hand, Domestic and Foreign, ’

=a

ROFESSOR BuckLAND is printing a
Description of an Antediluvian
Den of Hyenas,discovercd at Kirkdale,
Yorkshire, in 1821, and containing the
remains of the hyena, tiger, bear, ele-
phant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, and
sixteen other animals, all formerly na-
tives in this country; with a compa-
rative view of many similar caverns
and dens in England and Germany.
JR RicHARD Puitis will ina few
days publish a small cheap tract, un-
der the, title of Illustratious of the
Interrogative System of Education, , tts
objcot, is to disseminate a knowledge
of the principles and practice of that

system to the most distant parts of the .

empire, so as to procure its introduc-

tion, into country schools, to which it

is as well adapted as to the finishing

academies near London, wherein the

system is so generally used. Besides
Montaty Mac, No, 389,

the facility which this system affords in
teaching every desirable subject, it so
much simplifies the acquisition: of
popular branches. of knowledge.as to -
make it easy to render them objects
of universal education ;:and, with this
view, a popular account for general
distribution has beenprepared.

A new edition of Mr, B, P. Cap-
PeR’s Topographical Dictionary of the
United Kingdom being in: the press,
ihe author inyites corrections and
communications, It will of course in-
clude the new population returns.
The three kingdoms will bein sepa-
rate alphabets, and not confused in
one alphabet, as in the former edition.

An Institution, for teaching mecha-
nics the scientific principlés of their,
several trades, has, been established in
London, under the fostering guidance
of the public-spirited Dr, Birkseck,

3M founder

450.
founder of the first institution of the
kind at Glasgow. Its importance, in
a moral as well as useful ‘point of
view, must be obvious; and it affords
us sincere pleasure to learn, that its
Success and organization are certain.
Already similar plans are afloat at
Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Bris-
tol, and. Birmingham; and they follow
the Laneasterian Schools and the ‘In-
terrogative System, like a body and
its shadow. The following Besala lions
illustrate the plan :—

That. the establishment of i fiab ghia
for the instruction of mechanies, at a
cheap rate, in the principles of the arts
they practise, as well as in all other
branches of useful knowledge, is a measure
caleulated to improve extensively their
habits and condition, to advance the arts
aud sciences, and to add largely to the
power, resources, and prosperity, of the
country.

That such institutions are likely to be
most.stable and useful when entirely or
ehiefly supported and managed by mecha-
nics themselves.

That the meeting acknowledge with
gratitude the example which the mecha-
nics of Glasgow have set their brethren at
large, in being the first to establish, on
this principle of self-support and exertion,
an institution for their own support and
instruction in the arts and sciences.

That there shall be established in this
metropolis an institution, called the Lon-
don Mechanics’ Institute.

That among the objects which the Lon-
don Mechanics’ Institute shall have espe-
cially in view, shall be the establishment,
for the benefit of the members, of leeture-
ships on the different arts and sciences, a
library of reference and circulation, a
readivg-room, a museum of models, a
school of design, and an experimental
workshop and laboratory.

That the annual subscription, to admit
a mechanic to all the benefits of the Insti-
tute, shall not exceed one guinea, which
shall be payable at once, or by such iustal-
ments as the laws shall direct.

That the friends of knowledge and im-
provement be invited to contribute to-
wards the accomplishment of all the afore-
said purposes, by donations of money,
books, specimens, and apparatus,

Capt. Batty announces a Narrative
of the Operations of the Left Wing of
the Allied Army, in the Pyrenees ‘and
South of France, i in thé years 1813-14;
lustrated by numerous plates of
mountain and river scenery, views of
Fontarabia, Jrun, St. Jean de Luz, and
Bayonne, with plans, &e.

Sir F. Henviker, bart. is printing
his Notes during a Visit to Egypt,

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

[Deew 1,

Nubia, the Oasis of Egypt, caine
Sinai, and Jerusalem.

‘Mr. Pierce Egan is employed upon
a new work, entitled the “Life of an
Actor,” to We published m_ eight
monthly numbers, embellished with.
Twenty-four coloured plates, and
also enriched with numerous wood
cuts.

Vol. TIN. of Travels by the late J.
L. Burcksarpt in the Hedjaz, with
plates, will soou appear.

The Committee of Scottish authors,
under the equivocal title of “ Author
of Waverley,” are pursuing their pros-
perous commercial career, and an-
nounce “ more last words,” under the
name of St. Ronan’s Well. It would be:
aziusing to see the interior of this non-
descript manufactory, and to trace the
economy by which labour is divided
among the workmen. Perhaps there
is the plot-man, the rough scribes, the
polishers of parts, and the ‘general
finisher. Be it as it may, however,
the articles turned out are sought for
with avidity ; they are the best in the:
market; and division of labour may,
for aught we see to the contrary, be
turned | to as good account in this spe-
cies of manufactory as in any other.
For our parts, we give the proprietors
of the concern unequivocal credit for
their ingenuity and perseverance.

A new quarterly review, to be called
the Westminster Review, is an-
nounced for the first day of the new
year.

A Geographical, Statistical, and
Historical, Description of the Empire
of China, and its Dependancies, by
JuLtius KLaprotu, member of the
Asiatic Societies of London and Paris,
of the Royal Society of Gottingen, of
the Imperial Society of Naturalists in
Moscow, &ce. is preparing for publica-
tion: it will be handsomely printed in
two quarto volumes, and illustrated
with a map. Mr. Klaproth, whose
acquaintance with the language and

Jiterature of China is very extensive,

having made the study of them his
principal occupation for the last
twenty-three years, accompanied the:
Russian embassy destined for Pekin,
in 1805 and 1806. At that time he
collected a mass of interesting mate-
rials relative to China, including a
considerable collection of Chinese
books, among which was tle general
description of the empire, in 280 sec-
tions, published by order of the pre-
decessor of the reigning emperor, ie

the

1823]
the Manchoo dynasty; and, besides
this work, which consists of 108. vo-
Iumes, he is in possession of several
-other treatises, relative to the geogra-
phy, statistics, and general adminis-
tration, of the empire.

In December will be published,
printed uniformly with the former
yolume, with maps and numerous
plates, Journal of the Second Voyage
for the. Diseovery of a North-west
passage from the Atlantic to the Paci-
fie, performed in the Y ears 1821, 1822,
1823, in his Majesty’s ships Fury and
Hecla, under the orders of Capt.W. E.
Parry, RN.

Early in December will be publish-
ed, the Graces, or Literary Souvenir
for 1824; being a collection of tales
and poeiry, by distinguished living
authors, with literary, scientific, and
useful, niemoranda.

Speedily will be published, a Key to

Suy's Tutor’s Assistant. for the use
and convenience of tutors.
- The lovers of entomology will be
gratified to hear, that it is the inten-
tion of Mr. J. F. STEPHENS, F.L.S. &c.
to publish im the course of the spring
the first part of a General Synonymi-
eal Catalogue of all the British In-
sects hitherto discovered, amounting
4o nearly ten thousand in number,
exclusive of the Crustacea, Arachnoida,
Acari, &c. of modern systematists. In
addition to the above, he also proposes
fo publish, periodically, an elucida-
tory work, entitled Illustrations of
British Entomology ; in which will be
detailed, in systematic order, the cha-
racter of the genera and species, with
observations on the economy, locality,
&c. of cach species, illustrated by
figures of those newly discovered, or
but little known.

The second and concluding volume
of that splendid work, BurcHety’s
‘Travels in the Interior of Southern
Africa, with numerous coloured en-
gravings, vignettes, &c. from the
author's original drawings, will be
‘ready in afew days.

The Wight before. the Bridal, a
Spanish tale, Sappho, a dramatic
sketch, aud other Poems, are an-
nounced by C.G. Garnett, daughter
of the late much-estecmned Dr, Garnett,
of the Royal Institution.

The Painter and his Wife is pre-
paring, by Mrs. Orie. .

A work, called the Book of the
Chuich, is announced .by RKoperr

~

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

451

SouTHEY, poet-laureat, and author of
“ Wat Tyler.”

Messrs.J.P. NEALE and J.LE Kevx’s
Original’Views of the Collegiate and
Parochial Churches of England, with
historical descriptions, will commence
publication on the ist of February
next. ;

Mr. Girrorp’s edition of the Plays
and Poems of Shirley, now first col-
lected and chronologically arranged,
and the text carefully collated and
restored, with occasional notes, and a
biographical and critical essay, will
soon appear.

A fifth volume is in preparation of
Original Letters, written during the
Reigns of Henry VI. Edward IV. and
VY. Richard III. and Henry VII. by
various persons.of rank or conse-
quence, containing many curious
aneedotes relative. to that turbulent,
bloody, but hitherto dark, period of
our history ; and elucidating, not only
public matters of state, but likewise
the private manners of the age, with
notes, historical and explanatory, fac-
similes, &c. by the late Sir J. FENN. ©

Speedily will be published, Odes of
Pindar, translated, with notes, critical
and explanatory, by A. Moore, esq.

The Suffoik Papers, being Letters
to and from Henrietta Countess of
Suffolk and her second husband, the
Hon. George Berkely, are in the press.
They comprise letters from Pope,
Swift, Gay, and Young; the Duchess
of Marlborough, Buckingham, and
Queensberry; Ladies Hervey, Lans-
downe, Vere, and Hester Pitt; Lords
Bolingbroke, Peterborough, Chester-
field, and Bathurst; Mr. Law (the
fmancier), Mr. Pelham, Mr. Hamp-
den, Mr. Earle, Horace Walpole
(senior and junior); and several other
persons of eminence in the fashion-
able, political, and literary, circles of
the reigns of Qucen Anne, George B.
George II. and George Hf.

The following addréss of the New
Society of Artists lately formed merits
a place in our pages. A large exhi-
bition room is’ now building, the en-
trance of which is in Suffolk-strect,
Charing Cross; and it will be the
largest ‘and most commodious in
London. Your adjoining rooms will
be devoted to the various departments
of the fine arts, viz. painting, statuary,
architecture, and engraving. sah

The Royal Académy has becn for some
years, on account of the contracted wy

0

452

of its Exhibition Rooms, under the avow-
ed necessity of rejecting many, meritorious
works, .and of crowding or, misplacing
others. ‘The rooms of the British Insti-
‘tution are more happily disposed; but the
Exhibition of the W orks of the Old Masters,
and the School of Painting which succeeds
it, occasion the Gallery of Modern Art
to be closed at the very moment when the
wealthy and intelligent inhabitants of the
empire (tke influence of whose riches and
refined taste extends to her remotest pro-
viuces,) become resident in the metropolis.
The avowed patrons of art, therefore, feel
their ability to,elicit talént, or reward its
possessor, inevitably curtailed; and the
means either of inprovement or of support
must consequently be denied.

A numerous body of artists, under these
impressions, and desirous of bringing their
works fairly before the public, have been
inducéd to formthemselves into a Society,
‘for the purpose of erecting an extensive
suite’of rooms for the exhibition and sale
of their works in painting, sculpture,
architecture; and engraving: the exhibi-
tion to open immediately after the close
of the British Institution in April, and to
continue during the three succeeding
montls.”

Tt. concerns us to state that the
Steam Carriage of Mr. GrRIFFITHs is
suspended in its progress at Messrs.
Bramah’s by the wantof capital. Such
is the fate of too many ingenious in-
ventions; but it is said that the same
purpose will soon be effected by a Bir-
mmingham manufacturer.

Mr. WituiaM Sir, themeritorious
author of separate Geological Maps
of the English Counties, has completed
his very elaborate, and minute Survey
of the Northern Counties, and another
number of this truly-important work
-will shortly appear.

An account of Mr. “Scurry’s Cap-

tivity under Hyder Ali and Tippoo—

Saib’ is printing. It contains a simple
unadorned: statement of the horrid
cruelties and insults exercised on him-
self and his} companions in misfortune
by those two easterm despots.

Duke: Christian of Luneburg, or
Traditions: from: the Hartz, by Miss
-JANE PORTER, will speedily appear.
~ No.I..of Viewsiin Wales, engraved
in the) best line-manner by FinpDEN,
from drawings by Capt. Barry, F.R.s.
tobe completed in twelve numbers,
will bepublished on the Istof January.

Mr. Lanpor’s Imaginary Conversa-
tions of eminent| Literary Men and
Statesmen will’ be completed early in
December. NOHO

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

[ Dee. 1,

The Journal of Llewellyn Penrose,
a ‘seaman; a work possessing ‘all ‘the
interest of Robinson Crusoe, with the
additional recommendation ofits being
a true: narrative, will soon be published
in one volume, with engravings ‘after
Bird and Pocock.

On the 1st of Mareh will appear,
No. XIII. being the first of the second
volume, of Wootnoth’s Engravings
of Ancient Castles.

The Rev. H. F. Cary, author of the
‘Translation of Dante,” has just com-
pleted a Translation of thé Birds of
Aristophanes, which will appear in the
course of this month.

Prose Pictures, a series of -descrip-
tive letters and essays, by E. Her-
BERT, esq. illustrated by etchings by
George Cruikshank, will be published
in a few weeks.

Mr. B. Conen is preparing for
publication, Memoirs of the late Pope,
including the whole of his:private cor-
respondence with Napoleon Bona-
parte, taken from the Archives of the
Vatican, with many other’ hitherto-
unpublished particulars.

Several scientific and literary per-
sons are employed in preparing a new
ephemeris, to be entitled) Perennial
Calendar, with the history, natural
history, astronomy, &¢. of every day in
the year.

In a few days will be published,
embellished with a portrait of Addison,
the Spirit of the British Essayists,
comprising the best papers on_ life,
mauners, and literature, containedin
the Spectator, Tatler,. Guardian, &c.
The whole alphabetically arranged ac-
cording to the subjects.

We are glad to observe that the
variety of penny, two-penny, and
three-penny, publications of the week,
continue on the increase, and are’as
prosperous as their merit and utility
deserve. ‘hey form a ‘new era in
literature, and call on the country-
booksellers to send weekly as well ‘as
monthly orders. Every subject’ of
enquiry and knowledge has now its
weekly journal, and in some there are
various rivals. With a‘view to direct
the preferences of our readers, who are
distant from the ‘scene of action, we
propose, in an early Number, to ‘give
a complete list of these candidates
for public favour, and subjoin a’ brief
estimate of theirrespective pretensions.

‘The Rev. D. P. Davigs,° author of
the ‘* History of Derbyshire,” and sian
0

1823.]

of several County Histories in the
Supplement, to. the» ‘Encyclopedia
Britannica,” and, inethe “ Edinburgh
Encyclopedia,” proposes to publish by
subscription, the History and: Antiqui-
ties.of the Town of Carmarthen: and
Parish of St. Peter. |The antient and
populous town of Carmarthen presents
to the: historian, and antiquary many
subjects of interesting euquiry, and
several objects of curious research and
‘examination. The Druidicalremains,
within its parish; the Roman camp, in
its immediate vicinity; the majestic
remains of its Castle; the venerable
ruins of its religious houses; its church
and monuments; its discontinued hos-
pital; its former state, and its present
improved and flourishing condition ;
together with the numerous historical,
civil, and domestic, events, connected
with the capital of South Wales ; are
all calculated to excite curiosity, and
stimulate research.

A volume of Sermons, by the Rev.
J. Coates, A.M. late vicar of Hudders-
field, and formerly fellow of Catharine
Hall, Cambridge, is proposed to be
published as soon as a sufficient num-
ber of subscribers are obtained.

The, late A. C. Bucktanb, esq.
author of ‘ Letters on Early Rising,”
commenced a Series of Letters to an
Attorney’s Clerk, containing directions
for his studies and: general conduct,
but was prevented, by an early death,
from perfecting his plan ; but his bro-
ther, Mr. W. H.. Buckianp, having
completed the Series, they will be
published in a few days.

Letters from the Caucasus and
Georgia, with a map and views, are
in the press.

A volume of poems by Mr. Conner,
under the title of the Star inthe East,
and other Poems, will appear in a few
days.

Among) other literary conveniences
of the metropolis, the Westminster
Subscription Reading Room and Li-
brary, in the Colonnade, Charles-
street, St. James’s-square, merits spe-
cial notice. The establishment consists
of a .reading-room and conyersation-
room, open frum nine in the morning
till ten in the evening; furnished with
morning and evening newspapers, and
with reviews, magazines, and new
books, which Jatter remain on. the
table for perusal one month, and are
afterwards circulated amongst the
subscribers, It-is the germ for a

Literary and Miscellancous Intelligence.

e

453

Public Library, worthy of that opulent
part of the metropolis; a prospectus
of which'will be published éarly in the
spring.

The Connexion of Christianity with
Human Happiness, by the Rey. W.
Hiagness, A.M. is in the press.

In a few days will, be published,
illustrated with a. portrait. by,.B.
Scriven, and an interesting plate by
J. Scott, ‘* Nouveaux » Morceaux
Choisis de Buffon,” with interesting
anecdotes descriptive of the character
of each animal, and the Life of the
Author, written expressly for this
work; being the Fourth Part of the
series of Vrench Classics, edited by
M. VENTOUILLAC. .

A Latin Grammar, by I. J.G.ScHEL-
LER, has been translated from the
German, with an appendix and.notes,
by G. WALKER, M.A, and will soon be
published.

A small volume of peems is in the
press, by E. SweEepLanp, containing
the Gamester’s Grave, &c.

The Rev. H. Marriott is about to
publish a Third Course of Practical
Sermons, adapted to be read in fa-
Inilies.

T. W. C. Epwarpbs, M.A. has ‘in che
press an Epitome of Greek Prosody,
being a brief exposition of the quan-
tity, accentuation, and versification,
of the Greek Language,

A Father’s Reasons for not) Bap-
tizing his Children, are preparing for
publication, by a Lay Member ‘of the
Church of England.

Dr. Carey has issued proposals for
publishing, by subscription, Lexicon
Analogico-Latinum, on the plan‘of
Hoogeveen’s Greek Lexicon, with an
Index Etymologicus, nearly like that of
Gesner.

A Praxis on the Latin Prepositions,
beirg an attempt to illustrate their
origin, power, and signification, in the
way of exercise, will soon be published,
by 8S. BurLer, Div. Finis. &e. >

Mr, J. Curtis has inthe press, the
First Number of) his ‘Illustrations :of
English Insects.) 1t isthe intention of
the author to publish highly-finishcd
figures of such species :of insects (with
the plants upon which they are found)
as constitute the British) genera, with
accurate representations of the parts
on which the characters are fuunded ;
and descriptive letter-press to cach
plate, giving, as far as possible; ihe
habits and economy of the subjects

sclected.

454
selected. ‘The work will be published
monthly; to commence on the Ist of
January.

Mr. J. Suaw, lecturer on Anatomy
and Surgery in the Hunterian School
in Great Windmill-street, announces
a work on the Nature and Treatment
of the various Distortions to which
the Spine and Bones of the Chest are
Subject.

The indefatigable W. KitcuiNeR,
M.D. is preparing a work on the Eco-
nomy of the Eyes, consisting ef pre-
cepts for the improvement and preser-
vation of the Sight.

Mr. FRranxs’s Holsean Lectures for
1823, on the Apostolical Preaching,
and Vindication of Christianity to the
Jews, Samaritans, and Devout Gen-
tiles, in continuation of his former
Lectures ‘on the Evidences of Chris-
tianity as stated in our Lord’s Dis-
courses,” is in the press, and will
speedily be published.

Ati Egyptian tale is printing, called
Rameses. .

4 ‘Treatise is preparing for publica-
tion on Organic Chemistry, containing
the’analyses of animal and vegetable
substances, founded on the work of
Professor Gmeliu on the same subject,
by Mr. DuncLison, member of several
learned Societies, foreign and domes-
tic, and one of the editors of the
“Medical Repository.” N

Memoirs of Samuel Pepys, esq. the
distinguished Secretary to the Admi-
ralty during the reigns of Charles Il.
and James II. will soon appear.

A Tour through the Upper Pro-
vinces of WHindostan, comprising a
period between the years 1804 and
1814, with remarks and authentic
anecdotes; to whichis added, a Guide
up the River Ganges, from Caleutta to
Cawnpore, Futteh Ghar, Meeratt, &c.
and-a vocabulary, is nearly ready for
publication.

The Life of J. Decastro, comedian,
including anecdotes of Garrick, Dr.
Johnson, Sheridan, &e. is in prepa-
ration.

Part X. is printing of Dr. Wartt’s
Bibliotheea Britannica, or a General
Index to the Literature of Great Bri-
tain and Ireland, ancient and modern,
with such foreign works as have been
translated into Bnglish.

On-the Ist of January will be pub-
lished a new and most interesting Map
of most of the Principal Mountains in
the World, embracing, on a large
scale, a clear aud distinct yiew of the

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

various elevations of the earth. This
Map has been arranged with immense
trouble and expense, and contains the
names of above 300 mountains, with a
view of the Falls of Niagara and. the
Pyramids of Egypt; and the whole
arranged in alphabetical order.

According to some late enumera-
tions, made officially, in the Library of
the British Museum are 125,000 vo-
Iumes, and in the Royal Library
65,000.

Typographia, or an_ Historical
Sketch of the Origin and Progress of
the Art of Printing, illustrated by nu-
merous wood-engravings and portraits,
will soon be published, in two parts.

The Deformed Transformed, a dra-
ma, is announced from the pen of Lord
Byron; as well as Don guan, Cantos |
12, 13, and 14. F

A series of original sketches of men
and manners, under the title of Life’s
Progress, which are to be illustrated
by engravings after Cruikshank, are
preparing, and will. be | publislied
periodically. tay.

The- Historical Life; of Johanua of
Sicily, Queen of Naples, is announced,

Early in December will be publish-
ed, Procrastination, or the, Vicar’s
Daughter, a tale. >

An Essay on the Inventions and
Customs of the Ancients and Moderns
in the Use of Inebriating Liquors, will
soon be published, by 8. Morewoon,
surveyor of Excise.

Mr. A. Bernarpo is preparing for
publication, a work under the title of
the Italian Interpreter, consisting of
copious and familiar conversations, on
subjects of general interest and utility,
together with a complete vocabulary
in English and Italian; to which are
added, in a separate column, Rules
for the Pronunciation of each Word. «

The concluding Portion of the Naval
History of Great Britain, from the
declaration of war by France in 1793,
to the accession of George IV. ‘Vols.
1V. and V. is at press. ‘oe

The Rev. T. SmitH, editor of the
accented edition of the Eton Gram-
mar, with notes, is preparing anew ,
edition of Phaedrus, with the scanning

from the text of Sterling. ;

A full Account of the Murder of th
Jate William Weare, of Lyon’s Inn,
London, including the’ cireumstances
which first led to the discovery of’ the
murder, the depositions’ taken” before
the magistrates, the Coroirér’s inquest,
and the trial of the prisoners, Xe. with

engravings,

[Dec, Tj.

3823. }°
engravings, is preparing by G. H.
Jones, clerk to the magistrates.

The Rev. G. C. GorHAm is about to
put to press, a Copious Abstract in
English of the 860 Deeds contained in
the two ancient Cartularies of St.
Neot’s Priory, with outline engravings

cnanaomtwe <eats-of that monastery or of

its priors. It will form either a Sup-
plement to the “‘ History of St. Neot’s”
already published, or a separate vo-
lyme.

Charlton, or Scenes in the North of
freland, a tale, by J. GAMBLE, esq.
willsoon appear. ;

Mr. S. T. CoLermGe announces

“Aids to Reflection, ina series of apho-
risms, chiefly from the works of Archi-
baid Leighton, with notes, &c. by the
Rditor.

Memoirs of the Life and Writings
of Mrs. Frances Sheridan, by ALicia
LEFANU, are announced, -

FRANCE.

". Two editions of the Scottish Novels,
called the works of Sir Walter Scott,
are announced in Paris, in thirty-five

Literary and Critical Proémium,

455

volumes octavo, and seventy-five vo-
lumes duodecimo !

A new periodical work is an-
nounced, under the tiile of ‘‘Le Phi-
lanthrope Chrétien, on Revue Pério-
dique des Travaux et Progrés des
Sociétés Philanthropiques et Reli-
gieuses dans les deux mondes, et spé-
cialement en Angleterre, pouvant
Servir d’encouragement et de guide 4
Pétablissement. @institutions sembla-
bles.”—As canting is the order of the
day, both in France and England, we
have no doubt that this work will ob-
tain considerable success.’ ~

UNITED STATES.

A letter reeeived in London from
New York says, “ This city is healthy,
and the province is teeming with plenty.
Canals are constructing, and new ones
projecting, through various sections of
the country; and soon our ships will
no longer fetch return-cargoes of coal
from Newcastle and Liverpool, having:
our supply from the inexhaustible
coal-mines, which the canals will place
within our reach, at half the price of
the Liverpool coal.”

NEW BOOKS PUBLISHED IN NOVEMBER:

WITH AN HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL PROEMIUM.
. } =O

Authors or Publishers, desirous of seeing an early notice of their Works, axz

AN ab} written #okume has appeared

comparative sketches of both, in a sup-
posed gorrespondence between the Mar-
quis dé Vermont and Sir Charles Darnley.
The manners, foibles, and opinions, of the
AWS cities, are displayed with acumen and

_semiserimination; and the knowledge con-

__weyed is heightened, in effect, by the con-
. trasts exhibited in the alternate letters.

Of course, there is some caricatare and _

exaggeration in a work which generalizes
from particular instances,and evenindulges
in some display of imagination in the in-
vention of those instances; nevertheless,
we have not seen a more interesting work
on its subject, nor one ‘better calculated
to afford more information.

Dr. Mircnett proceeds with his
Series of beautiful and usefol portable
Dictionaries. The third of them is de-
voted to the Mathematical and Physical
Sciences, and is at once a cheap and neces-
sary companion to every student and pro-
ficient in those sciences. Here, at asmall
expence, is the substance of Hutton’s,
Barlow's, and other similar dictionaries,
and in sufficient detail for every purpose
for which such works are usually con-

\fequested to transmit copies before the 18th of the Month.

sulted. The editor has likewise intre-
duced many articles from the modern
French mathematicians, which cannot fail
to render the volume acceptable to a
bigher class than mere students. The dic-
tienaries previously published of this series.
are-on History and on Chemistry, and wé
hope the author will be duly encouraged
fo continue them, as at first proposed.
Heannonnees GroGRAPHY as the subject
of his next volume.

The plan of Naval Recurds, or Chroni-
cles of Line-of-Butile Ships, given in alpha-
betical order, is as. excellent as the sub-
stance is amusing and instructive. ‘The
History of the Name is followed by thatof
the Ship, its atchievements, adventures,
&e. The first portion is too long, and
often digressive aud impertinent ; but the
derails of the ship’s liistory are highly gra-
tifying, and carry the reader througia
scenes, with whieli is combined as much
honour and glory as ever can appertain to
war and professional murder.

A volume, which cannot be too gene-
rally circulated, has appeared under the
title of a Monitor to Fumilies, by Henry
BELFRAGE. It consists of aseries of well-
written discourses on the practical mora-

lity

456

lity of persons in various social conditions;
anid its tone and principles’ are’ uot only
nnexceptionable, Wut often of very sipe-
rior, and original character. « It is, ima
word, the whole duty of man in a modern
form, without its prosivg and common.
place, and we heartily recommend it to
all serious and pious family circles. ;

The elegant Annual History of the

Seasons, called Time's Telescope, has made

its appearance for 1824. It is not merely

~an erudite and intelligent companion fo
the Almanac of the year, but it brings
before its readers many important novel-
ties in seience, while the present volume is
enriched by an able view of Physical
Geography, and particularly. by some
curions facts resulting from the new
Voyage of Discovery in the Arctic
Regions. The discontinnance of Mr.
Friend’s instructive volume, which we
Tament, leaves Time’s Telescope without a
rival in this line, and it is an adinirable an-
tidote to the superstitions which continue
to disgrace our authorized Almanacs.

A new novel, under the title of the
Banker’s Daughters of Bristol; claims the
respect of the public, for all the best fea-
tures of works of fiction, interest of story,
vivacity of incident, elegance of langnage,
and vyalnable opinions and seutiments.
Tie authoress is known to the public for
some former works; and in the present,
greatly to her credit, she has trod in the
steps of the amiable Mrss Cutten, by
exposing the cruel practices of men to
animals unprotected by law, and therefore
subject to their unfeeling discretion. We
eannot be expected to analyze the story,
bunt must refer our readers to the ciren-
Jating libraries, where we are persuaded
tiese Banker's Daughters will be in high
vogne,

Two Diwogucs between an Oxford Tutor
aula Disciple of the Common Sense Philoso-
phy, have been published, with a view to
elucidate the latter in a familiar way, and
to draw toit the attention of the universi-
ties of the three kingdoms. ‘The last pub-
lic service of the late lamented Lord
Erskine was to ¢arry to Edinburgha copy
of the Twelve Essays, and enforce due
notice of their doctrines by his admirable
eloquence. He had redd them, and the
prejudices of his education yielded to their
evidence; but, still mistrusting his ovn
jedgment, he took the opinion, before his
fatal voyage, of an eminent mathematical
scholar in London, and then pledged his
usual énfiuence in what he considered the
interests of truth, ‘These Dialogues can-
not fail fo add to the number of converts;
and they are adapted in their style and
mode of illustration to noyices in these
engniries, while they exhibit the leading
features of the theory of matter in motion
as the frue and necessary causes of all
material phenomena.

Literary and Critical Proémium.

{Dec. fis

In.the author of Clara Cie we have
a soldier tutned poet, one Who las ex-.
Ui vil a) moe } ay bse; ik
citanged the sword for’ tlie’ oose, qui ;
and who, in both employments, seéms de-
termined to acquire lanrels. “Heis a man
of. sentiment, not devoid of tas le, and a
ready rhymstet, for he has liere presented,
us with 92440. lines, in wl ich Buod Se te
Strong feeling, and rhyine, are dexterot sly.
combined. We wish that he had int
daced fewer of the prejudices oF his cast,
that the crimes- of cabinets. were hot so
often glossed over, and that fe had justly:
examined the pretences for the rapture of
the treaty of Amiens before she had villi--
fied the just defeuce of Napoleon. | Sol-
diers may not he permitted, to feason_in
the field, but they must.not) be tolerated
in substituting their passive obedience for.
reasoning when they turp.authors., Clara
Chester, tle heroine, is’ the au! hors only
child by a beloved. wife, whose gnatities
he depicts in ‘glowing strains, and) whose
last illness he describes in the following’
lines, which, may be received as’ a fair,
specimen of his style. ~- a6 oun
Oh! transitory world—Oh ! fleeting hour ove
Of beauty’s prime, that like the virgin flower
Peeps from the wintry bosum of thevale, >
Boro buttosmile, and perish inthegalet> d
Oft in the glittering ball, where nimble feet
Flew like a feathery siower of mountaimsicet,) »
And circling groups appear’d, in fancy’s dream, | eu»
A wreath of roses floating on Yhe streams ;

ie had intro

In pensive mood I mark’d thé current Oy,°". ror ge!
Health on the cheek, and rapture in the eyes © «/
And shed amidst that festivesgene‘atear, 9) Sone
To think perhaps withinone Ittle year ric] eNO
O’er some sweet form the dismal grass shall wares:
And careless childhood dance Epos hergrayerc tw
The charms of youth and sparkling beauty pass: , 001
Like leaves thatglitter‘on the frosted glass. & .uily
How'sweetly pure on cob] December's morn 19%
Those tender webs the flowery pane adorn ! j
The swallow’s bosom, slanting tothe light,
Ne’ershew’da plume more delicate and bright; :
Such careless elegance ! "Such matchiess grace!
Not Flora’s light and rosy hand eamtrace ‘.
More lovely forms—but mark the glowing sun
Beam On the film by fairy fungers spun; a
The spell dissolves, the charmiag dréam'is oreTs
And winter’s pictur’d garden blooms 'fo more.
Snatch’d prematurely from this mortal scene, 9) "Poy
As the scythe lays the blossom on the green, 12u
One victim of remorseless death impress’d’
The solemn truth more deeply in my breast. ;
Tac Sabbath morn, when bells with mellow son
Invite the Christian to that holy ground, "9" 8!
Where the broad branches of thelime-tree bend
O’er the lost parent, sister, child, or friend, \?#0! |
I pause in sorrow at one silenttumb, 4 1¥9 OF
That shrouds the wreck of beauty’s faded blogm:>)
She, who beneath that mound ofenilly elay (4) © fe)
Now sleeps, was Once the gayest ot thé gay’:
Her sylph-like form, as light as zephyr’s win
Bounded to joy with life’s elastic spaingy) (9 oie
Whene’er she came, the tear of sadness flew 1g
Chased by her smile, like sunshine'én the’dew:
She loved the merry dance, and sparkled there?”
Unriva)l’d’midst the gracetul ‘and’ the'fair :
She wedded—but the peal had scarcely‘rung
Joy to the old, and promise tothe’ voting,”
When:pale disease insidious stole unseen , mt
Like the cold mijdew'on the waving green, ©" *
And the sweet spendour of the nuptial rose © >) °-
Was shortly doom’d in wintry death'to closé,. °°"!
Now moans the wind amidst the’ rustling weeds, *"
And at each gust the wand’ring fancyleads ©
From pleasure’s halls, where once she ‘shone’ so
i y if bet bas f

o

7

right, 9)
To that low cel) beneath, where iqueneh’d iy night,!
And free from nertal hopes and rthly pain, "+"
Repose the last remains of sprightly Ja Fe TU

3 The

1823. |

—The author details his foreign voyages,
and the incidents of his campaigns, in a
pleasing manner, and introdces many pas-
sages descriptive of other climes and peo--
ple, at once picturesque and charac-
teristic. /

Thoughts onthe Greek Revolution, by C.
B.ISHERmDAN, Esq. reached a second
edition before they came under onr notice.
Mr, S. appeals eloquently to the people
of England in the Greek cause, and de-
precates the inconsiderate proposition of
Mr. Hughes about driving the Greeks out
of Enrope. "

He should reflect, (says Mr. S.) that it is nosuch
£asy task to root up an enormous population, and
re-plantit in another quarter of the world; and that
his colussus of clay could scarcely be lifted up by
Minerva, end eng setdown ia Anadoli. And if
it cannot be done quietiy, how will he effect it?
Would he have the horrors of Navarin, Tripolizza,
and Yanina a thousand-fold multiplied? for the
warfare of two armed’ populations is fat more
dreadful than the regulated destruction of stipen-
diary armies; and the soldier, who is paidto kill
his fellow-creaturés, at twelve kreutzers, or at thir-
teen pence, a day, is the least terrible of belligerent
animals. .

1 object to a sentence of outlawry against the
Turks, on account of the destruction of Joannina,
as muchas | should to one against the Greeks for
thescenes of Tripolizza and Navarin. I am more
ankious to soften the minds of my countrymen
towards the Greeks, than to inflame them against
the Turks. This wild scheme, of atonce driving
the Turks from Europe, had been before inculcated
with equal vehemence by the author of ‘* War in
Greece,” a work of whuse technical merits lam not
qualified to speak, but whose spirited and vigorous
language is no less calculated to mislead, than Mr,
Hughes’s beautiful.and finislied periods.

No where (says Mr. S.) has an enslaved press
treated the Grecian cause with; more injustice and
contempt than at Vienna. Austria, wearied perhaps
bythe monotony of paralyzing states once industri-
ous and powerful, palled with unresisied destruc-
tion, receatly indulged the whim of creating prospe-
rity, and chose the city of Trieste in Istria for the
scene of so un-Austrian an experiment; where, if
this be an unavoidable evil to which she reluctantly
submits in the more congenial pursuit of ruining
Venice, she has at least the consolation of knowing
that her policy is debased by the least possible alloy
of good, since the decay of Venice proceeds far more
rapidly than the growth of Trieste. Now, in this
favoured spot, the Greeks, these barbarous and re-
viled 4sreeks, are-by far the most conspicuous mer-
chants, and more than divide the merit of
creating Trieste, though they cannot dispute with
Austria that of destroying Venice.

1am far from making a pandemonium of the
Divan; £.do not even believe the lurks in general
to be actively cruel, but their strict fatalism renders
them singularly careless of human life; and, if they
rate low the existence of a Mussulman, they rate
still lower that of a Rayah. lt would be endless
to explain the mutual relations of the ‘Turks and
Greeks, but some idea may be formed from the fact
that a Turk was never capitally punished for the
murder ofa Greek ; and thatthe Turks, who always

armed, did notsufler this impunity tobe a brutum
fulmen, but frequently shot Greeks .on very slight
provocation, ¢ ;

if lcompare Turkey in Asia, the early possession
of the Turks, to England; conquered ‘Turkey in
Lurope. to cunquered Ireland ; and Egypt, to Scot-
land; Greece will about answer Wales, subdued,
like her, Owing to the civil warsof the native princes,
and equally movatainous, but more detached
and inaccessible, ‘There is nv more truth inthe idea
fat the Greekwinsist upon exiling the Turks from
¥urope, than that the Welch ever determined to
drive we English out.of Ireland. The Greeks are
struggling to Toro te invaders, who are quartered
rather than ¢sta ed over their country, back
into Rumelia, as the Welsh five centuries since
endeavoured to repel their English tyrants on
Bhropshise, f

MoNTHLY Mag, No, 389,

Literary and Critieal Proémium.

457

The great misconception in Englind concerning
the Greek revolution is this: we imagine the question
to be, whether the Greeks shall throw off the
Turkish yoke, or shall endure it patiently as before:
the real alternative is, whether Greece shall enjoy
a permanent and guaranteed, though tributary and
merely municipal,independence, a medium between
the recent situation of Hydra and the previous one
of Ragusa, or whether one of the two natioris shall
be exterminated.

We have no right to expect that the Emperor
Alexander should be interested in the Greek in-
Surrection, except as it affects Russia; for it is
preposterous to ask any government to do what is
contrary to its interest, and the emancipation of
Greece will not only do no good to Russia, but it
willdo her harm, She will lose her importance in
the Levant, as the protector of the Greeks, and the
power of terrifying the Divan by threatening to
excite its Rayahs. If the Emperor Alexander as-
sists the Greeks, he will do it, like Trapbois “ for a
consideration:” and an island in the Levant, which
he would probably suggest as his consulting fee on
the occasion, is a mode of paymenthighly objection-
able to this country.

The waste of public money in Turkey is as endless
as thetitles of the Sultan; peace profligancy ap-
pears commensurate with the plains and mountains
of the East, and our military colleges and martello
towers, Our ordnance and barrack departments,
shew like Highgate or Hampstead by the sid= of
Caucasus.

After the Greeks are freed, and the principalities
ceded, one of two things must in the course of the
presentcentury occur. The mouldering corruption
of Turkey will proceed, till political sores, that tester
instead of healing, have produced final mortification,
and the European empire of Othinamexpires hkea
candle which has been suffered to burn down into
the socket; and the object. of all Our wishes will
thus be attained without either misery or effort.

Those who fancy that a Greek is an amphibious
monster, half European and half Asiatic,’ will be
surprised at toate 4 that there are in London, at
this moment, the following respectable Greek mer-
chants; Eustratius Rallis, Mavrozordatus, Alexander
Contostavlos, Phrankiadis, and Negropontis; and
either in London or Cambridgé they may. satisfy
themselves, that Messrs. Schinas, Maniakis, and
Pappinicotas, are men arrayed like ourselves, in
coats, breeches, and waistcoats, and whose manners
and information would not disgrace the first Euro.
pean society.

There are between three and four hundred Greek
students in Germany, and between five and six
hundred in Italy. Astill greaternumber is expected
to resort to a university, about to be founded in
Ithaca by the Ionian Government, which had al-
ready appointed, aschancellor, the Earl of Guilford,
whose unostentatious and almost subterraneous ef-
forts to enrich the Greek character with “ knowledge
which is power” have for many years made him the
link of benevolence between Greece and England.

The following are some of the Greek Literati of
the day :— 4 i

Eugenjus Vulgaris, Nicephorus Thectokis, Con«
stantinus Karaioannis, Balanus of Joannina, Atha-'
nasius of Paros, Josep!) the Mcesodacian, Neophytus
the Kapsokalivitis, Georgeius Sakellariu, Daniel
Philippidis, Athanasius Psallidis, Demetrius Darva-
zis, Athanasius Christupulus, Constantinus Kokkin=
akis, Constantinus Kumas, Lamprus Photiadis,
Anastasius Georgiadis, Adamantinus Korays, Neo-
phytus Ducas, Anthimus Gazi, Kaora, aud Koletti,
Secretary to the Congress. ; .

—We have on this interesting subject
taken the above passages from Mr, Sheri-
dan’s pamphlet, The apathy in England
of which he complains arises from the
distance of Greece, from the want of
correct information, or eyen any intorma-
tion, from the proximity of Spain andSpan-
ish interesis, and from the subseribing part
of the people being worn out by sub-
scriptions. :

A valuable addition has recently been
made to the comparatively inaccessible
sources of authentic information relative

aN . te

458

to the historical antiquities of our island,
by the limited publication of The Saxon’
Chronicle, with an Englisk Translation, and
Notes, Critical and Explanatory, Sc. by the
Rev. J. Ingram. ‘The work lias been long
expected; for, to the best of our recollec-
tion, it must be eight or nine year’s since
the names of subscribers, to whom the
edition was to be confined, were first
solicited, Whoever shall cast a careful
and discriminating eye, however, over the
pages of the work now produced, and ob-
serve the minute and diligent collation of
numerous manuscripts and authorities to
which the editor and translator has
appealed, will be perfectly satisfied that
the labour of the undertaking is an ample
excuse for the delay in the execution; as,
also, for the otherwise heavy price of
three guineas and a half, at which the
volume is delivered. It is a work of
inestimable value to those who would be
accurately acquainted with the history of
this country, and with the real bases of the
English Constitution ; not that it treats of
such subjects in any popular way, or is
calculated for the amusement of the snper-
ficial reader, who lounges over a book at
the breakfast-table, or in the dressing-
room; but, as it presents the authentic
materials for rectifying the innumerable
errors of our common-place historians with
respect to the Saxon and early Norman
eras; and to those who think as they read,
it may demonstrate certain points of essen-
tial importance relative to our constitu-
tional antiquities, which it has suited the
purposes of the factions of legitimacy and
feudal aristocracy most grossly to misre-
present. The greater part of the Con-
tents, especially withreference to the first
four or five centuries of the Saxon era,
will be found to consist of brief chronolo-
gical notices, the applicable value of which
will only be appreciated by the attentive
and reflecting student, who will ponder on
and compare them with other statements
and documents in his study; but, even if
there were not, as there are, innumerable
passages interspersed of a more amusive
description, the value of these would be
sufficiently apparent in the demonstration,
how grossly aud how ignorantly they have
been misled in facts of no small impor-
tance, by those modern oracles. who hi-
therto have been implicitly trusted ; but
who, instead of appealiig to the original
and authentic ;@urces of information, have
continued to transcribe each other's
errors from generation to generation, and
to repeat and qnultiply, under a variety of
anthoria? denominations, dejusion for fact,
and romance for history. Nor is this the
only point. of view in which the value of
this publication will be regarded by the
antiquarian student, ‘The Saxon Chro-
nicle,” says the editor very traly in. his
preface, ‘‘ contains the original and au-

Literary and Critical Proémium,

[ Dec. 1,

thentic testimony of contemporary writers
to the most important transactions of our
forefathers, both by sea and land,, from
their first arrival in this conntry to the
year 1154. Were we to descend to parti-
culars, it would require a volume to dis-
cuss the ereat variety of subjects which
it embraces. Every reader will here find
many interesting facts relative to. our
architecture, our agriculture, our coinage,
our commerce, our naval and military
glory, our laws, our liberty, and. our reli-
gion. In this edition also will be found
numerous specimens of Saxon poetry,
never before printed, which might form
the ground-work of an introductory
volume to Wharton’s elaborate annals of
English Poetry. Philosophically ¢onsi-
dered, this ancient record is the second
great phenomenon in the history of man-
kind, For, if we except the sacred annals
of the Jews, contained in the several
books of the Old Testament, there is no
other work extant, ancient or modern,
which exhibits at one view“a regular apd
chronological panorama of a people, de-
sctibed in rapid succession by different
writers, through so many ages, in their
own vernacular language. Hence it may
safely be considered, not only as the pri-
meval source from which all subsequent
historians of English affairs [ought to] have
derived their materials, and consequently
[as] the criterion by which they are to be
judged, but also the faithful depository of
our national idiom ; affording, at the same
time, to the scientific investigator of’ the
human mind a very interesting and extra-
ordinary example of the changes incident
to a language, as well as to a nation, in its
progress from rudeness to refinement,”
Speaking of the revival of the long sus-
pended, but “good old custom” of
writing our own history-in our own lan-
guage [instead of the barbarous Latin of
the monks], the editor observes that ** the
importance of the whole body of English
history has attracted and employed the
imagination of Milton, the philosophy”
(we should have said the fraud, the indo-
lence, and the sophistry) ‘ of Hume, the
simplicity of Goldsmith, the industry of
Henry, the research of Turner, and the
patience of Lingard. The pages of these
writers, however accurate and luminous as
they generally are,” [this, by the way,
is a praise which, to some of them, and of
those also which follow, we should be ‘dis-
gosed to deny,] “as well as those of
3rady, Tyrrell, Carte, Rapine, and others,
still require correction from the Saxon
Chronicle; without which no person, liow-
ever learned, can possess any thing be-
yond a_ superficial aeqijninggnces (we
should be disposed to say ayy*thifig ‘but a
delusive misacquaintance) “ with the’ele-
ments of English History, and of the Bri-
tish Constitution.” We ought to ndtice

that

1823.]

that this invaluable and laboriously col-
lated edition of the Chronicle is preceded
by a Saxoh Grammar; and that the Saxon
original and moderii translation are printed
throughout im parallel columns: and we
believe we might unhesitatingly pronounce
that, by the assistance of this volume
alone, dny studeiit disposed might make
lil sett a _tolerably competent master of
tle Saxon language.

ek

-LIST OF NEW WORKS.

BIBLIOGRAPHY, “stile

.. Rivington’s and Cochrane's Catalogue of
Books, m various languages, and in every
department of literature. 8vo. 8s. boards.

The second Part of Robert Triphook’s
Catalogue of Old Books and Manuscripts
for 1825.

BIOGRAPHY. .

Portraits of the Worthies of Westmin-
ster-Hall, with their Autographs: being
fac-similes of Original Sketches, found in
the Note-Book of a Briefless Barrister.
Part L. 8vo, containing 20 portraits, co-
Joured, 11.

Memoirs of the late Mrs. Henrietta
Fordyce, relict of James Fordyce, v.v.; to
which is added, a Sketch of the Life of
James Fordyce,.p,p, Post 8vo. 6s. bds.
Ae 5) se) »» BOTANY.

First Steps to Botany, intended as Po-
pular Illustrations of the Science, leading
to its Study asa Branch of General Edu-
cation; by James L. Drummond, m.p.
i2mo, with 100 wood-cuts, 9s. boards.
eat CHEMISTRY.

Kala Course of Lectures on Chemical Sci-

-ence, as delivered at the Surry Institution ;

by Goldsworthy Gurney. 8vo.15s. boards,
gt CLASSICs,

Senece Tragedix, in continuation of
the Regent's Pocket Classics.

The King CEdipus of Sophocles, literally
translated from the Greek ; by ‘I’. W. C.
Edwards, M.A.

, Haack’s Thucydides, Greek and Latin,
4 yol, 8vo, 21. 2s, boards.
r without Latin, 3 vols.

8yo. 11. 115, 6d.
tor ya! EDUCATION.
An. Epitome, of the System of Educa-
Aion, established at Hazelwood School. 1s.
_, The Exempla Minora, or Eton English
Examples, yendered into Familiar Latin;
hy the Rey. T. Smith, of St. John’s College,
Cambridge.
_ Shinton's Lectures on Writing.. 8yo. 10s.
An, Elementary Treatise on Algebra,
Theoretical and Practical; by J. R.
Young. 8xo, 128,
i FINE ARTS.
_ Part IV. of a Series of Picturesque
Views of Edinburgh, engraved by W. H.
Lizavs. 4to, 5s. Proofs, 10s. 6d.
GEOGRAPHY.
A System. of Geography; by M, Malte
Brun. 4 vols, 8vo, Sl,

List of New Publications in November.

459
GEOLOGY.

A Geogmostical Essay on the Superpo-
sition of Rocks in both Hemispheres; by
M. De Humboldt; translated into En-,
clish, under his immediate inspection.
8vo. 14s. boards. ~ 1

Supplement to the Comparative Esti-
mate of the Mineral and Mosaical Geo-
logies; relative chiefly to the Geological
Indications of the Phenomena of the Cave
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JURISPRUDENCE.

A translation of all the Greek, Latin,
French, and Italian, Sentences and Quo-
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the Laws of England; as also ‘those
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Williams, 8vo. 9s. boards. :

A Compendious Abstract of the Public
General Acts passed in 4 Geo. LV. being
the fourth Session of the present Parlia-
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Williams, esq, 8vo. 10s. 6d. boards.

Kearsley’s Tax-Tables for the Years
1823-4, containing tables of reduced and
unrepealed zssessed taxes, stamp duties,
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The Ancient Laws of Cambria, trans-
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MATHEMATICS.

A Dictionary of the Mathematical and
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royal 18mo. 10s. 6d. bds. 12s, 6d. calf gilt.

MEDICINE AND SURGERY, ‘

The Pupil’s Pharmacopeia, being a li-
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Pronunciation, &c. &c.; by W. Maugham,
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The Elements of Pharmacy, and of the
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Lectures on the General Structure of
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and Functions of the Skin; by. Thomas
Chevalier, F.R.s. 8vo. 14s. boards.

Part LL. vol. xii. of the Medieo-Chirur-
gical Transactions. 8vo. 18s.

MISCELLANIES,

Time’s Telescope for 1824, or the Astro-

nomer’s, Botanist’s, Naturalist’s, and’ His-

.torian’s Guide for the Year, forming also a
complete illustration of the Almanack ; to
which will be prefixed an. Introduction,
containing the outline of historical and
political geography ; and an ode to flowers,
written expressly for this work; by
Bernard Barton.

The Calentta Annual Register, vol. 1,
for the year 1821, to be continued ‘annu-
ally, in one volume, 8yo. 11. 1s. boards.

The Forget Me Not; being a present
for Christmas and the New Year, 1824;

with

460

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Crattwel’s Original Housekeeper's Ac-
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No, 42, of the British Review and Lon-
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London and Paris, or Comparative
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Eccentric and Humorous Letters of
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Epistolary Correspondence, including se-
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Part 10, of the Encyclopedia Metropo-
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Vol. ITI. of the Methodical Cyclopedia.
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An Essay on Apparitions, in which their
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18mo. 2s. 6d.

A Treatise on Religious Fasting, being
an attempt to examine the Authority, ex-
plain the Nature, consider the Design,
and recommend the observance of that
Duty ; by E. R. Lloyd, 12mo. 4s.

The Reflector, or Christian Advoeate ;
in which the united efforts of Modern In-
fidels and Socinians are detected and
exposed; by the Rev. 8. Piggott, am,
Svo. 108,

A Charge delivered to the Clergy of the
Archdeaconry of Derby, at the Visitation
at Derby and Chesterfield, 1823; by the
Rev. S. Butler, p.p. 4 to. 3s. 6d.

A Letter to Sir Edward Knatehbull,
bart. m.e. on his accepting the office of
president to the Church Missionary Asso-
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M.A. 8V0.

‘The Great Duty of Self-Resignation to
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The Christian Philosopher, or the Con-
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VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. ;

Journal of a Ten Months’ Residence in
New Zealand ; by Richird A. Cruise, esq.
8yo, 10s, 6d, beards, oe

MEDICAL

1823.] °

[ 461 °]

© © MEDICAL REPORT.

RePort of Diseases and CAsuatties occurring in the public.and private Practice
of the Physician who has the cave of the Western District of the City Dispensary.

——=——

tT is mortifying for physiology to reflect
that, after all our researches into the
laws of ‘life;jwe are still not even skin-deep
in the scieuce of ‘structure and functions,
We stumble atthe very threshold, and
have yet much to learn before we can say
with truth, that‘even the common integu-
ments of the bodies’ surface are correctly
understood, either as to their organization
‘or their propesties, Against medicine an
objection has been advanced, that neither
pathologist nor practitioner sees his way
before him; and some individuals have

" autitletically preferred the art of surgery,

on account of ‘its. dealing with demon-
strable matter; but even the “ visible
things” of therapeutic science are found
as debatable as the more hidden. At this
moment, two of the ablest surgeons in the
gountry are high in dispute respecting
doctrines” and facts which, @ privrz, one
should suppose would be easily set at rest
by an appeal tothe instructions of sight
and sense; and who does not know that
disorders of ‘the’ skin, both as to their
rationale and remedies, are amongst those
maladies about which medical principtes
and practice ate the farthest removed
from unanimity or uniformity. Under all
this uncertainty;the writer of the present
paper felt gratified in perusing a philoso-
phical treatise from the able pen of his
friend Mr. Chevalier, on tlie anatomy and
physiology of the common integuments ;
which, lad it no other merit than remind-
ing the profession of its ignorance, and
pointing to the proper path of pursuit,
would be entitled to considerable praise.
But the tract in question possesses posi-
live as well as negative worth; and the
reader of it will find the puzzling question
of the permeability of the outer skin to
transpired fluid, while it retains the results
of inflammation, treated of, to say the
jeast, with much ingenuity and acumen.*

Now, with respect to those morbid
zffections which present themselves on
the supertices of the body, what discre-

* References to matters of taste inva
Medical Report may be considered out of
place, but the writer cannot forego the
opportunity of objecting, in the present
instance, to the occasional illegitimacy of
expression, and even coinage of words,
which will: be’ found to mar the otherwise
excellentmatier and manner of Mr, Che-
valicr’s treatise., It is the same in the
elaborate and. admirable work of Dr.
Good;. swriteys, such as these onght to
be especially on their guard against sins in
composition, since their influence and
authority must necessarily be extensive.

paney, as just intimated, do we find both
in theory and practice ; and we need only
take cancerots change of siracture in
proof of this allegation., Some tell ns that
cancer is a local disease, acknowledging a
constitutional origin; others say:that it is
ab origine ad finem, a topical, and a merely
topical, affection. One tells you that it is
of hydatid origin, and tubercniar essence ;
another says, aud perhaps says truly, that
both its specific nature and absolute loca-
lity, have been judged of with too much
respect to the limits of nosology and no-
menclature ; that cancareous disorganiza-
tion may implicate other than mere glan-
dular structure; and that what the stickler
for nosological niceties should hesitate in
calling schirrous or carcinomatous, is in
strict propriety, and especially in regard
to its remedial demands, often the same
with actual cancer; and to be arrested in
its progress by the duc application of that
principle, to which the Reporter has re-
ferred in preceding papers, as in his mind
worthy of more sanction and encourage-
ment than it has hitherto met from the
profession, The naturam expellus furcad
charge hasbeen brought against the pro-
priety of treating caucerous, and other
cutaneous or glandular disorders, by ban-
daging and pressure; but a most.respec-
table female, who formerly had a schirrous
breast, has just called upon the Reporter
actually in rnde health, and “ without a
vestige remaining (to use her own expres-
sions,) of those symptoms which used to
excite so much alarm.” ‘I was told (she
adds,) by one of the most respectable sur-
geons ir London, that no remedy could
be found for me but the knife, bat [ pre-
ferred the plan of pressure and bandaging
as recommended by Mr. Young, and it is
now two years since I have found myself
free both from local and general com-
plaint.” ‘The case of Mrs. Desormeaux, to,
which allusion has before been made, is -
proceeding to the satisfaction and surprise
of the parties concerned; and the partial
good operated in some other forlorn cases,
which the Reporter -has recently seen,
certainly favour, as far as they go, the
rectitude and \practical value of the
principle.

Rheumatism has proved the prevailing
disorder of the past month; but it bas not
in general been marked by a regular, or,
so to say, articular character,—it has for
the most part been more deep-seated
among the muscular fibres, and when the
especial locality of the complaint has
proved. that of the breast-muscles, the
practitioner has found the disorder not
very casily distinguishable fvom proper

plourisy ;

462

pleurisy: this distinction, however, it is
always of moment to make, since the re-
medies in one cuse and. fle other are con-
siderably different.

The writer has dwelt too much on the
advantages of washi-leather, as a preventive
of colds and rheumatism, to make the re-
petition of the advice here needful; but
there is another practice which it would
be a dereliction of his duty not to récom-
mend, that is, sponging the surface of the
body every morning throughout the year
with cold water, before putting on the
elothes. An individual well sponged, and
afterwards encased in leather, may march
out on his way, fearlessly, among the war-

Meteorological Report.

[Dec. 1,

ring elements, feeble thoueh he may be?
and unfit for the fight, withont the de
fences referred to, Rte; ahi ay
A ease of St. Vitus’s dance, that‘ sue-
ceeded to scarlet fever, has just yielded to
gradually-increased doses of the nitras-
atventi. Tlie writer mentions the circum-
stance because, although there is nothing
novel in this especial manifestation of the
medicine’s power, in the present case it
was particnlarly pleasing to witness the
success of its exhibition, in consequence
of thesvirulence of the malady having been
such as to menace the life or the intellect
of the little sufferer. D, Uwins, M.D.
Bedford-row ; Nov. 20, 1823.

METEOROLOGICAL REPORT.

—a

Journal of the Weather and Natural History, kept at Hartfield, East Grinstead,
by Dr. T. Forster, from Oct. 16, to Nov.16, 1823.

Thermomet.| Barometer.
October} 10 P.M. 10 P.M. Wind. State of the Weather.
16 40 29°52 Ww. Fine day.
17 44 29°48 W.-E. |Clear—Clouds,
18 52 29°40 N.E.-S.W.|Rainy all day.
19 53 29°64 S.S.E. |Mild damp day. EG As
20, 50 30:00 S.E. — |Very fine—Ther. 61° at noon.)
21 51 30°05 S.E.-E.. |Clonds—Fair. Suis, Go
22 45 29-94 N.E. _|Clear—and clouds. eae
23 46 29°84 KE. Very clear.
24 41 80°00 E.S.E. |Clear—a few clouds.
25 45 50°25 N.E Fog—Clear—Cloudy,
26 47 30°05 . Fog—Clear —Cloudy.
27 49 29°56 S.W. |Cloudy.
28 55 29°35 Ss. Clouds—Rain.
29 43 29°52 S.W. |Fair—Clouds.
50 47 28°90 S.S.W. |Rainy day.
od 41 29:21 S.W.-N. |Wind and rain,
Nov.
1 38 29:80 N. Fair and clouds. wipoe
Z 29 29:98 Ni Clear frosty day.
3 48 29°76 S.S.W. |White frost—-Rain, ;
4 50 29°48 S.W. |Blowing day, with clouds,
5 52 29°62 S.S.W. |Rainy day.
6 54 2978 E. Cloudy.
7 51 29:90 N.E. _ |Dripping day. 14
8 45 50-10 E.N.E. |Dripping or small rain.
9 34 30°25 E.N.E. |Clear and blowing.
10 32 50°43 N.E._ |Clear. nae
11 31 30°59 N.E. _|White frost—Clear, mst
12 oe were - N.E. _ |Cold and clear, with stratus, + _
13 28 80°25 N.W. |White frost—Clear. srctesl ,
14 43 30:08 N.-E, |White frost—Cloudy., o} owdlie>
15 46 50-20 N.E. |Clouds—Mizzling rain,
1é | 36 30°27 W.-N.E.. |Fair—Stratus and coloured halo.

ADDITIONAI NOTES.

Oct.16.—A remarkably fine October
day, but a change indicated at night.

47.—Very clear and fine, but evidently
an unwholesome ‘air, as every body almost
experienced themselves as being unwell,
and a catarrhal epidemic seems to prevail.
Agaricus muscarius plentiful. :

18.—St. Luke’s Day,—very wet, which
superstition makes a bad omen of the

weather. Agaricus floccosus springing up
in abundance. rer yng
19.—The late northerly and’ easterly
winds have afforded the swallows an‘easy
passage; and we ‘have missed the: last
assemblies’ of. these birds, as wellias)mar-

tins, during the last week. sink
20. — Abundant. fungi; ‘particularly
Agarict. a
Noy, 16.—Small meteors seen. This

1 eyeaing

1823.]

evening one of the most beantiful speci-
mens of the coloured discoid halo was ex-
hibited that ever !remember. It appear-
ed above the moon at half after 9 p.m. and
consisted of six concentric circles, viz,
pale white, orange, purple, violet, green,
and vermilion ; he latter, which was the
outermost, snbtending an angle of ten
degrees. At times there was a. seventh
circle, of a paler kind, added, subtending
sevente een degrees. There was a fog at
the time, which appeared to be stratus;
bat, thongh the fog remained, the pheuo-
menon changed (indieating a change in
the structure of the refracting medium,)
at 11 ».m. there being no traces of it ex-
cepta pale corona.

Commercial Report.

463

‘The above terms for halos are described
in my * Researches about Atmospheric
Phenomena,” third edition, London, 1825,
page 98, where I have described various

refracted i images of a similar kiod.

Blue Colour of the Sun.—Iin the above
work, page 419, I have accidentally regis-
tered the remarkable blue colour of the.
sun, as having happened on the 19th of
August. This phenomenon was, in tact,
seen and noted down by Mr..B. M. For-
ster, of Walthamstow, on the i8th of
August, 1821, being the anniversary of
the great meteor of 1783. I have no
doubt that you will allow me to correct
this error in your widely circulated Ma-
gazine.—T. F.

MONTHLY COMMERCIAL REPORT.

—=
PRICES or MERCHANDIZE, Oct, 24. Nov. 25.
Cocoa, W.I.common --#4 0 0 to 510 0, 5 0 0 to 5 8 0 perewt.
Coffee, Jamaica, ordinary 3 8 O — 312 0! 5° 8 0 '— 316 0 do.
— Fs nel! 6 0 — 6 0 0 | 518° 011-600 polite
—, Mocha --++«0e. 5 0 O — 512 '°'O 5 -00°0> ——~ h-12 70 ag
Cotton, W.I.common-- 0 0 9 — 0 010%} 0 0 9 — O O11 -perlb.
, Demerara:--++s 0 O11 — 0 1 ik] O O11 — O 1 1 dow
Currants ------.- ressee 5 G6 O — 5 8 OV 5°60 | — & (18-410 perawt
Figs, Turkey -+-+-+--+- 118 0 — 2 2 0 115 0 — 2 0O O perchest
Flax, Riga’s-++..+++++. 62 0 0 — 63 0 0 |62 0 0 — 63 0 O per ton.
Hemp, Riga, Rhine ---. 41 0 0 — 42 0 0142 0 0 — 4210 0 do,
Hops, new, Pockets---- 16 0 0 — 18 0 0 }16° 0 0 — 418 O O perewt,
—_+_—_, Sussex, sia 1212 0 —1313 0; 9 0 0 —12 0 0° do.
Iron, British, Bars’ ---- 810 0 — 9 0 O 810 0 — 9 @O O per ton,
—+__—_, Pigs'ss--- 6 0 0—700/600—7 0 de. |
cn Nee sseeseeee-- 9 O O — 910 O 9 0 0 — 910 0 95 galls.
alipOliv++++++-+ee 55 0 0 — 0 0 0152 0 0 — O 0 O per ton.
OG .secceseseseesss 92 0 6 — YO OO 2.0 6 — 0 QO O'perevt.
Raisins, bloomor jar,rnew 4 6 0— 48 0} 40 0— 4 5 0° da
Rice, Dalian rie se 34 016-0 — 018 0} 016 0 — 018 0° do.
,Carolina -.++.-+2 117 0 — 21 0 117 0 — 2 1 0 da.
Silk, China, raw--+++ee- 016 1 — 018 1] 013 9 — 1 O 8 per Jb,
——, Bengal, skein «-++s 011 5 — 01210] 011 5 — 01210 do.
Spices, Cimmamion -----. 0 7 6 — O 8 O 0 6 7 — 0 6 8 do.
Cloves -eeeeees O'3 9 — O 4 O01] 0 3-9 — 0 4 O° do.

, Nutmegs -+++-- 0 3 0 — 0 0 0 0 3 1— 00 0° do.

’ Pepper, black-- 0 0 6 — O O 6f] 0 0 53 — 0 6 6. do.
a, whites. O-PS! — OF 4 13h| 10:04 5§ — 0 0 0. do,
Spirits, Brandy, Cogniae 0 210 — 0 3 4] 0 210 — © 3 2 per gal.
—-, Geneva Hollands 0 2 1 — 0 22/0 21 — © 2125 d&@
CHa Bh , Rum, Jamaica-- 0 2 4 — 0 2 6] 0 48 ¥ —'O 2 4s do.
Sugar, brown ---+...-.- 0 0 0) — 247 0 | 248 0. — % 0 [0 per cwt,

——, Jamaica, fine +--+» 3 9 0 — 313 0 310 O}— 1313 [Olida
— East India, brown 100 — 14 0] 10 0 — 4 4 (0 @o.band.
,lump,fine--++.«65 4 3 0 — 46 0] 44 0 — 4 8 0° ‘do,
Tal W, town-meltéd-.-.+ 2°20 —' 0 0 0] 22 0 — 0 0 0°! do
ea hint “6)'2-18'90) — 070 0 | £46 9'— £17 10°! do.
Ohigars Wve eave Ong 5 — 0 2 53) 02. 52 — 'O 2 4¥perlb,
——s, FAyson, best:+;*-- 0. > 9 — 0 6 0|0 59 — 0 6.0. do.
Wine, Ma deiva,old -+-» 20 0 0 —70 0 0/20 0 0 —70 0 O perpipe
——, Port, old’ cesereee 42 0 0 —48 0 0/42 0 0 — 48 0.0 do.
—— Sherry, seeeseeeee 90 0 0 —5U 0.0190 0 0 — 50 0 O per butt

Course of Exchange, Nor, 25.—Amsterdam, 12 6.—Hamburgh, 37 8.—Paris, 2490,
Leghorn, 46}.+-Lisbon, 524,—Dublin, 94 per cent.
Premiums on Shares and Canals, and Joint Stock Companies, at the Office of Wolfe and

Edmonds',Birmingham, $15/.—Coventry,

11001.—Derby, 140/.—-llesmere, 63/.—

Grand Surrey, 491.—Grand Union, 19/4—Gyrand Junction, 26al.—-Grand Western,

5l.—

464
51.— Leeds and Liverpool,

List of Bankrupts.
3801.—Leicester, 3301.—Loughbro’, 40001.— Oxford,

[ Dec. t,

7501.—Trent and Mersey, 2150l.— W orcester, 36l. 10s,—East India Docks, 1451.—Lon-
don, 1181.—West India, 220/.—Southwark BRrDGE, 181.—Strand, 5!.—Royal Exchange
AssURANCE, 2761. — Albion, 511. — giths ern Licut ComPANy, 75l——

City Ditto, 1981.

The 3 per Cent. Reduced, on the o5th, were 853.

8 per Cent. Console: 83h 5 4 per

Cent. Consols, 993 ; New 4 per Cent. 104; Bank Stock: —.
Gold in bars, 3h 178. 6d. per oz.—New doubloons, 51.158. 6d.—Silver in bars, 4s. iid.

ALPHABETICAL List or BANKRUPTCIES announeed between the 20th “Of: Cet.

and the 20th of Nov. 1823; extracted from the London Gazeites.

,
;

—r——

BANKRUPTCIES, [This Month 100.]
Solicitors’ Names arc in Parentheses.
ARNOLD, W,. J. Ldol-lane, wine-broker. (Pater-

son and Co.
Atkinson, T. Bradford, Yorkshire, worsted-spinner.
(Stocker, L.
Ball, R. Bristol, baker. (Thomas
Beale, W. and J. H. Wrathall, Union-street, South-
wark, hatters, (Freame and Co.
Benson, J. Lancaster, linen-draper. (Bett and C 0.

Bignold, T . Bridge-street, Blackfriars, boot-maker.

(

Bideohl Tn peeecarten: © tallow-chandler. (Clowes
and Co.

Birchivall ad. “Macclesfield, cotton-spinner. (Lowes

(Bridgesand Co, I

Bird, D..P. Bristol, grocer. ‘
(Gray,

Bolton, E. Mare-street, Hackney, butcher.
Kingsland-road

Bottrell, H. Ostend, merchant.

Brookes, C. Southampton, cabinet-maker.
and Co.

Brown, A. Pivinowt, ship-bnilder, (Sole, Dock

Brown, Hy, W. Surrey-street, Strand, merchant,
(Hodgson and Co.

Burraston, J. Hereford, coal-merchant. (Conrteen

Burridge, J. Jronmonger- lane, merchant, (Robinson

Cardlin, J.J. Fenchurch-street, merchaut, (Tilson
and Presten *

Carpenter, 44
(Bogue

Chabert P. ‘ovals Coffee: house, merchant. (Rear-
don and Co,

Charnand, J,and J. N. Shoolbred, Great St. Helens,
merchants. (James

Clark, J, Trowbridge, linen-draper. (Lovell. L.

Colton, Rev. C.C. Princes-street, Soho, wines iner-
chant, (Gale

Cone, J. Crutched Friars, victualler,

Cort, R. Cow Cross-street, cnrrier. (Drew and Sons

Coulston, R. Tewkesbury, plumber. (Windus, L.

Coupland, W. and W. B. Colton, Liverpool, mer-
chants. (Lace and Co.

Cox, J. Wells, Somerset, miller. (Adtington, U.

Croft, W. P.M. Smithfield, vietnaller. (Fisher

Davis, R, London, ironmoncer. (Wills,Birmingham

Day, BR. and R. H. Toyill, OM Mills, Maidstone,
Kent, seed-crushers. G ole, L.

Dickenson, R. Hexbam, Northumberland, book-
seller. (Leadbitter, Li:

Dow; J. Bow-common,
and Co. L.

Powman, T. and J. Offley, Bread-street, Cheapside,
Warehouseman. (Laythyoe

Ewes, J. Canterbury, ironmonger. (Brown aniCo.1..

Gigney, S. Letehingden, Essex, farmer. (Bryant, L.

Gingell, W.J. Norton-strect, Mary-le-bonne, tor-
ner. (Wilkinson — -

oa . J. Launceston, banker.

ock

Gordon, W.. High-street,
(Hotchison, lL.

Greathead, R. Bristol, denter and chapman.
derson, i.

Greenland, S. N. Frome Selwood, Somersetshire,
clothier. (Williams, L. *

Haines, H. J. Jermyn-street, oiJ-merchant. (Gatty

(Wiltiams

(Hutchinson, L.
(Sandys

Romsey, Hants, coal-merchant,

(Dranesaniee

rope-maker. (Stratton

(Cole, Piymouth

Gravesend, merchant.

ansGos
Hamer, §
and Co.
Harnage, Sir Gi Chatham-place, merchant. (Debury
Harrison, C. Aldgate, cheesemonger. (Hutchison
Hassan, W. Charles-strect, Middlesex Hospital,
brass founder. (A’Beckett

"2. Farnival’s-inn, broker.

Hawkins, E. Hereford, dealer) and) chapman.
(Wright, I
Hewilt, T. Canticle, iron-founder. (Clennell, 1

Wills, *. Southend, builder, (Sliadg and Son. |
Hoar, IT. Flamstead, Hertfordshire, baker. (Vaylor

(Hen- \

Holl, C. A, Worcester, printer. (Hill 1°

Holt, W. F. Cannon-row, Westminster, “surgeon.
Humphries

bi borne, J. Kingswinford, Staffordshire,
dealer. (Watker, b.

Hockman, J. Bristol, butcher. (Holme. ‘andiCe, ai

Ingram, BE, Castle-street,) Reading, dress- maker.
(Richardson and Co. if

James, 4 yo A. and Co. Liverpool, chip-biilgers.
(Le

Taran C. High Holborn, linen-draper (Smith
and Co.

Tacey, L. Garden-row, London-road, horse: deter.
(Downs, I.

Lacon, W. Oswestry, ironmonger. (Roser) Ua

Lainy, G. Dunster-court, Mincing-lane, mecohem.
Freemun and Co.

Lewis, J. tani Monmonthshire, timber-dealer,
(Platt,

Linde, J dilitteh-ctreet, broker. (Spires , onstatdrot!

Longton, J. and}. Liverpool, irommongers, (Taylor

Marshall, Re. Jury Farm, near Ripley, Sareey'

bal

farmer, (Potter, Guildford
M‘Chean?, D.-Fenchurch- streety: merchant.) Rie
chardson > Joti

M‘Kenzie, J. Manchester, drapert ‘haw and Con,

Montt, J. Lower Thames-strect,’ elo“denle a: poe eo!
Sandan

Murgatroyd, W, Scarr Bottom, Yorkshire, worsted

spinner. (Wiglesworttr and Co: L.
eye J. Preston, wine merchants “(Blanchard
nd Co.

Naish, J. Bristol, tanner. (Evans and Oo. Ln: Mb

Neale, J. Liverpool, rherchunt, (Lodve Tony

Northover, H. Nunny, Somerset, farmer, ‘(Ropkin

Nunn, R. and T. Fister, Grub-street, timber-mer-
chants. (Fisher, R. and R.S

Oakley, T. Titchfield-street, carpenter (Batsford

Ord, J. St. Panl’s Chureh- -yard, haberdasher, (Greg-
son and.Co. L.

Peacock, J. Manchester, merchant. | (Woodburne

Peet, G. and J. Gutter-lane, riband-mannfacturers.
(Webster and Son

Pelham, J. Chart, Kent, seed-erusher, (Pelliam, a

Pickard, W. Knaresborough, lime-burner, (Rowell

Prosser, J. Abergavenny, grocer. (Gabb —

Randall, R. Trnro, draper. | (Tilliard, Li ut

Ringshaw, G. Tooting, builder. (Rattendury, Ie,

Roach, R. S. Bishop’s Waltham, Hants, tanner,
(Bridger and Co. L.

Smith, BE, Chatham, hatter. (Saunderseand Co: Le

Smith, R. Piccadilly, fruiterer. (Fielder and Co,

Stavie, T. King-street, Seven Dials, Stove-grute: ma-
aah go a (Smith and Co.

Stephens, W..C. Westbury- eoTy als Gloucester
shire, grace (Poole and Co.

Steward, H. Old . Burlington-sireet) victuallor.
(Hewite

Stoakes, W. Liverpool, (Lei-
eester

Thorpe; J. Ipswich, cheese-factor. (JarKamin

Turner, TR ioke Goldington, Bucks, baker. (Taylor

Whsdell. C “Warminster, Haen-draner. (2 steel i,

Vinee, W. Lueas-street, Commereial-road. (Heard

Watson, R. Britannia terrace, City-road,; ‘tons smer-
chant. (Perewv

Watson, T. Tent Cape house, St. James’s- strect,
wine-merehant. (Reeves .

Watts, S. Yeovil, Somersetshire, bankers: (Warren,
Longport

Whi'e, J. Princes-street, Storey’s s-gate, ‘yndertaker.
(Lawrence

WwW ed women T. Cheltenham, eurrier (Williams

Withington, H. Manchester, sitk- sniulteatir er.
(Whitlow

Wood S. Poswick, Hereford, dealer, (Williams, L.

Wood, TT, Barbican, oil man. (Way, ~

DIVIDENDSe.

carver and pad FS

3823]

F-~ (90H wil
Abraham, B..Lothb ‘
Adcoek, J: St. Mary Axe
Alderson, J-iverpool.) 4»)

Allen, Bristol
Andrews, T, ¥. Stamford ;

Wood-street,

Barry, M. Mincriés
Beonert, J. Worcester :

Bird, J. and H, Bartlett’s-build-

lags
Bond, J. Cawston
Butler, E. Alcester, Warwick
Bubb, J. G. Grafton-street, East
Bumpus, J. Holborn
Bury, T. Exeter «
Campbell, B, Ratcliffe-highway
Clarke, J. Worcester
Coal, ‘I’. Burwell, Lincolnshire
Cooke, J+ Fareham)’
Corby, J. Kingsland-road
Cowie, Js Mansion-house i
Crowther,W. Charles-street, Mid-
dlesex-hospital t

Cullen and Pears, Cheapside
Deighton, T. Berkeley-square
Derbishire, Rs Liverpoo)
Devey, J. Wolverhampton
Dumont, J..L; Austin Friars
Pannett, D. Norwich
Edwards, DJ Gloucester
Elliott, C, Lewes
Fatrer, Rv Cheapside
Fearnley, C. Crutched Friars
Fhoaky Pe nage

yD. Acton
French, G. Whitechapel-road
Frosty J. eae ; :
Gardiner, G.St. John-street |
Garton, 8,-Wood-st, Cheapside
Gayner, W. Bristol r
Giblett,:P. and W. Micklefield-

“ogo AML hi! ,
Girdlestone, M. Norwich,

robe te SF -

Monthly Agricultural Report.

DIVIDENDS.
Grafton, J. Stroud

“Gray, T..T.Wardour-street

Greaves, J. juu. Liverpool
Groning, R. Broad-st. buildings
Hamelin, P. Belmont-place,

» Vauxhall
Hamilton, R, Liverpool
Handscom), H. Newport
Pagnell

Harding, ‘I, jun. Helstone, Corn-

wa
‘Hardy and Dale, Manchester
’ Hannum, E. Threadneedle-street

Hatfield, H. Goswell-street road

Haydon and Hendy, Welbeck-st.

Herbert, W. jun. Goldsmith-
street, Wood-street

Henzell, E. W. Upper Thames:st.

Hedges, J. Bristo

Hobbs, T. Westininster-road

Hollis, J. P, Newington

Horton,W.. Yardley, Worcestersh.

Howse, P. Hanover-square

lzod, W. Redditch, Worcestersh.

Johnson, H. Waldron

Kitchen, R, and J. Amery, Li-
verpool

Kuowles, G. Brighton

Lancaster, J. Whitley, Yorkshire

Lapvghorn and Brailsford, Buck-
ersbury

-Lesingham, T. Worcester

Lee, W. Charles-street, Covent-
garden

Leppingwell, K. Croydon

Lowe, S.. Newman-street

Lowe, J. Warrington, Lancaster

Lovegrove, J. Cranham v

Lubbren, F. M. Newcastle-upon-

Tyne
Marshall, P. Scarborough
Malcolm, W. Great St. Helen’s
Marshall, W. \Westiniuster
Massie, J. Dexby
Mayor, C, Portman-square
Milnes, J. Halifax
Minchin, T,. A. Portsmouth
Mowbray and Co. Durham
Molyneux, T. Holborn
Murray, W. Pall Mall
Neuen, M. Falkingham, Nor-
olk

405

Oldfield, J. Botolph-lane

Park, J, Tower Royal :

Petitpierre, F. South-street, Fins-
bury-square :

Phillips, J. Wallingford

Plimpton, W..Lower Thames-st.

Pothonier, F.Clerkenwelt

Pullan, R. Leeds

Pulleyn, G. York

Pulsford, H. Piccadilly

Richardson, T. [ron Acton

Rigg, R. Whitehaven

Roads, W. Oxford

Roxby, R. B. Arbour-square,
Commercial-road

Russell, J. Rochester

- Seazer, S. P. Maidstone

Shackell, J. Milk-street
Simons, W. Birmingham
Simpson, R, Watling-street

* Simpson, R. Threadneedle-street

Siordet, J. M. and J. L, Austin
Friars

Slade, W. Leeds

Slater, A: Cuddington

Smith, R: Ham Burton

Speuce, S. Hackney ‘

Street, J.F. and W. Bucklersbury

Stabb, T. and Co. Botolph-lane

Stock, G. Ashweek

Tate, W. Cateaton-street

Taylor, H. Manchester, and E.
Taylor, Blackley, Lancashire

aylor, T. Leadenhall-street

Trails, A. Hanover square

Troward, R.1. Cuper’s-bridge

Tuck, J. L. Haymarket

Turner, G. Liverpool |

Turner, T. Saundridge, Herts

Turney and Bates, Sedgebrook

Tapling, B. Strand

Upperton, R. Petworth

Wall and Pierrepont, Falcon-sq.

Webster, J. Tower-street

Weetch, S, Commercial-toad

Wells, W. Brightwell, Berks

White, W. B. Strand Us

Whitehead, H, Bory

ii P. Church-streef,-

- Shoreditch :

Wilkinson and Wigton, Cateaton-

street.

«MONTHLY AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

—

HE conclusion “of a year approaches,
“which lias been particularly vexatious
to the farmer,in both the seasons of haysel
and’ harvest; but which, considering the
great risk of atmospheric vicissitude, will
ultimately satisfy all rational expectation,
The wheat crop approaches an average in
quantity, but the quality, in the aggregate,
is considerably below that of a successful
year. . Where well secured, it will improve
much by keeping, at any rate as tosample.
' The Lent corn and pulse, taken together,
may be called a large crop. To these
troubles of the farmers, have been super-
added the calamity of floods, in exposed
situations, whence heavy and ruinous
losses, both in live and dead stock, have
happened to many. The stccession of
divy,, warm, and beautiful weather, which
we have experienced of late, has been
attended with the happiest éffects, and
nothing is probably now left abroad, even
in the latest districts. Potatoes, so plen-
tifnl and excellent a crop upon the best
MonruLy MAG, No, 389.

lands, and in the south, seem to have failed
in some parts of the north, as in Ireland.
Turnips will be a large crop, and cattle-
food universally plentiful.. ‘Phe young
clovers are most luxuriant. Itis said that
the farmers are in such a state of poverty,
that they will be unable to provide months
to consume this, great abundaiice.’ How.
ever that may be, we have never found
Smithfield, and the great markets, defec-
tive in fat stock, which lias, for seasons
past, found a very ready sale, and consi-
derable price. The young wheats are
generally a strong and laxutiant plant;
and the seed season, on the whole, has
heen propitions. Corn has been on the
advance for some time, doubtless on ac-
countof the inferior quality of the newerop,
but there seems little reason to expect far-
theradvance. The landlords,having accept-
ed the proffered assistance of the Bank of
England, will have it more in their power
to grant indulgence and support to. their
tenantry, who must be convinced, by this

30 4 “time,

466

time, that they have no solid assistance to
expect from the. impracticable theories
and bubbles of financial projectors. .The
gtadnal return of things to their nateral
course, and the stern requisitions of the
people, whose labour is the great fund of
the national treasury, for the repeal of all
corrupt and unnecessary taxation, are tie
only possible remedies,

Smithficld:,— Beet, 2s. 8d. to 4s.—
Mutton, 2s, 8d. to 4s.—Veal, 2s. 8d. to

Political Affairs in November.

[Dec. 1,
5s. — Pork, 2s. 4d. to 5s. 8d. — Bacon:
Bath, 4s. 6d. to 4s. 8d ; Irish, 4s. to 4s, 4d.
—Raw fat, ——, perstone.

Corn Exchange :—Old wheat, 42s, to 68s.
—New, 42s. to 59s.—Barley, 25s. to 42s.
—Oats, 20s. to 32s.—London price of
‘best bread; 4lb. for 9d.—Hay, 60s. to
115s.—Clover, do. 80s. to 150s.—Straw,
31s. 64. to 45s,

Coals in the pool, 43s. to 50s.
Middlesex; Nov. 25,

POLITICAL AFFAIRS IN NOVEMBER.”

— pa

GREECE.

HE absence of authentic details has

hitherto obliged us to abridge our no-
tices relative 10 what has been passing
in Greece; but an excellent pamphiet,
on, the Provisional Constitution of
Greece, published by Murray, enables
us to supply former deficiencies.

For many ages, there has been neither
properly, nor safety, nor industry,
throughout Greeee. The most fertile
Jand was possessed hy the Turks. A
devouring swarm of great and small
imperial farmers, and rich proprietors,
inflicted upon the Greeks; mere labour-
ers, as it were, ticd down to the soil, all
the rigours of an insatiable tyranny.
Perpetual compulsory labours, inexora-
bly enforced, exhausted whole families.
No man was master of his own plough,
or his team, or hismule. If he madea
piece of poor soil produce, or succeeded
in rearing a wretched flock, in the hope
of thus supporting his family, he was
compelled to share with his tyrants all
the fruits of bis labours. If the taxes
proved too heavy for his means, he was
forced to borrow from these very farm-
ers, at an usurious interest of from
twenty to thirty per cent. If, on the
day fixed for repayment, he was found
in default, he gave up bis property, if he
had any, or be pledged all, even to his
wile and his children, or clse he was
thrown into a dungeon to rot there. As
an addition to the horrors of such a sys-
tem, an appeal to justice was a measure
completely illusory. The Turks were
all firmly united against those whom
they denominated infidel dogs. The
inferior collector, the governor of the
spot, and the pasha, had but one year
to accumulate riches, '[he pashas, in
their progresses, after having all the ex-
penses of their suiie completely paid by
the country, received in addition a con-
siderable present of money, called “the
remuneration for teeth,” on the pretence
that their teeth bad been fatigued by

masticating the provfions.of the whole
province.

A Turk might strike,. or even kill, a
Greek, without his violence occasioning
any Serious judicial proceeding, . In
Candia, fathers have been stabbed. for
hiding their children from the, brutak
passions of rayishers. And elsewhere
the most cruel persecution was the chas-~
lisement of a noble. resistance. |, In
other places, a Greek, suspected of
being‘in easy circumstances, was forced,
by the threat of losing his, life, 10 lend
to the first comer an appointed sum,
which he was sure of never receiving
again. When seated in his shop, he
was obliged to rise with folded hands
before any armed Turk who might pass,
and respectfully salute. him. wiih, the
title of “master.” If on horseback, he
had to dismount on any similar, meet-
ing. Even the form and, colour, of
their clothes were the object, or rather
the pretext, of prohibitions, of fines, and
of severe penalties, The most innocent
actions of life were shackled with end-
less restraints. In short, they groaned
under a thousand humiliations, equally
absurd, tyrannical, and disgusting.

At length the advances of their mari-
time commerce, the habit of travelling,
the adoption of new methods of educa-
tion, and the extraordinary. events
which have suececded each other for the
last forty years, have given to Grecian
intellect and sensibility an, electric —
shock, calculated to make them more
keenly taste all ihe blessings of civiliza-
tion. The writings of Coray, while
they enlightencd manhood, threw. open
ihe paths of real science to youth; bute
this salutary impulse; checked by a
thousand impediments, was far)from
embracing that great mass of the nation,
which can alone determine events.

It appears that Alexander Hypsi-
lanti, eldest son of the prince of that
name, having served in the Russian
armies, was placed at the head of the

enterprise

1823.]

enterprise of the Greeks against the
Turks. He took the title of General i in
Chief, and commissioner of the gencral
government, and displayed a tricolor
banner, bearing for emblem,a phoenix
rising out of its ashes. In order to
draw, the nation into. an insurrection for
which it was so little prepared, de-
ceived by his own emissaries, he found
himself obliged to practise the like de-
ception on Greece ; and he declared, by
a proclamation dated from Yassy (in
Moldavia,) Feb. 24, 1821, O. S. that a
great power was, prepared to support
her. -At the same time he pruned a
circular to the members of the socicty,
to exhort them to make patriotic contri-
butions towards the expenses of war.
The crroneous idea, which these two
documents spread, led’ Europe for seve-
ralmonths to suppose, that Russia was
fomenting the insurrection, in the hope
of advancing her frontiers towards the
south. ‘Hence arose against the Greeks
an -unfavourable impression, which
seemed to justify the animosity of Eng-
Janl and Austria.

‘The unsuccessful result of the expe-
dition in Wallachia was owing to the
.inexperience of the chief, the incapacity
or ‘treachery of those who surrounded
him, the insubordination of his troops,
which indisposed the iababitants, and
the cabals of the Austrian agents,
especially Mr. Oudriski. Greece in this
unfortunate expedition saw her im-
mortal chief Georgaki perish, the victim
of patriotism ; she saw bim bury himself
with his companions under the peeine
ruins of a convent, which he dcefendes
tillit was deluged with the blood of ie
eneinies; Greece then lost, too, that
noble body of youths, the Sacred Bat-
talion, which was offered up as a bolo-
eaust to their country’s honour, at the
battle of Dragachan.

‘Meanwhile, about the end of March,
the standard of the Cross was raised at
Calavryta, a town in Achaia. The
instrrection soon spread, and the
Mainotes crossed their mountains under
the guidance of their noble chief Petro
Mavytomichali. Andreas Metaxas, of
Cephalonia, left his family, squandered
his property, and ventured, with a
chosen band of valiant Jonians, to
attack Lala, a strong position, defended
by the most warlike Turks of the
Morea; aid, though severely wounded,

after prodigies of valour, he forced
them to retire on Patras. The arch-
bishop of that» city eneouraged the
cuinbatants by his exaniple, and by his

3

Greek Insurrection.

467
pastoral exhortations. The brave chiefs,
Colocotroni, Nicetas, Tatraco, &c. con-
duct them to victory. The Turks are
driven from. the whole open country,
and confined in their fortresses: A
junta of notables assembles at Calamata
in Messenia, presided by the Director of
Maina, appointed Commander-in-Chief
of the Morea. They implore, by an
address dated the 25th of March, the
European courts to aid the people of
Greece.

At Psara, Spezzia and Hydra, the
Apostoli, the Mexi, the Botassi, and
the Coundourioti, the Toumbasi, the
Boudouri, the ‘Tzamado, and _ their
friends, fitted out for cruizing, and
commanded in person their merchant
vessels.

The Greeks of Candia, and at their
head the warriors of Sphakia, engaged
the Turks in various and deadly
combats.

Lower Epirus, profiting by the revolt
of Ali Pasha, flies to arms under the
conduct of the chiefs Zonka, Caraisco,
Viachopoulo, Macri, &c. and treads
closely in the steps of the Souiliotes.

‘The eastern portion of the Greek
continent pours forth its warriors; and.
their first blow is a splendid victory

gained by their brave general, Goura, at
Fontana, i in Phocis, over tliree pashas,
on the 23d and 24th of August. After-
wards, the chicftains Mitzo, Contojanpi,
Panouria, Scaltzodimo, and above. all
Odysseus, add new exploits of their
own to these early successes.

The strong-holds of Monemyasia aud
Navarino fall. shortly after into our
hands ; and Tripolitza is closely sur-
rounded,

If Demetrius Hypsilanti had been
born for great things, he might have
mastered Greece and his own fortune ;
but, although gifted with firmness, when
in a camp he displayed fitile capacity.
His suite, composed of vain and ambi-
tious persons, perhaps diminished his
means, while they heightened his self-
conceit. He indisposed the Notables,
and the Senate, which he had formed,
by arrogating a ridiculous pre-emi-
nence. ‘Thus the military operations
were not subject to any central direc-
tion. Each chieftain adopted his own
manoeuyres at pleasure, and the only
principle which gave a sort of unity to
their individual ‘efforts, Was a sympa-
thetic cagerness to harass the Turks.

It was, however, under this state of
anarchy, that ripolitza, the capital of
the Morea, already distressed by famine,
and

468

and summoncd several times to surren-
der, was taken by assault. Considerable
riches became the booty of the nu-
merousassailants.. The Albanian garri-
son, having capitulated, were sent to
their own country.. The families of the
Supreme Governor, and of the Turkish
lords, were made prisoners ; all the rest
were slaughtered, or carried into the
provinces. -
On, the 27th of May, the sailors
cammeneed their operations by burning
a Turkish ship of the line, before the
island of: ‘Mytilene ; they then rescued
as many as they could of the Greck
families who had fled from Asia Minor,
of whom several women were seized
With the pangs of childbirth on-board ;
and, they established these unhappy
beings in different islands of the Archi-
pelago, Our squadrons prevented by
various means the debarkation of Turk-
ish troops in the islands, and made head
against the numerous fleets of the
enemy. On the 30th of September, a
Turkish brig of war was sunk by our
broadsides before Zante. Afterwards,
five Grecian vessets, separated by a
calm from the rest of the squadron,
sustained with intrepidity the fire of all
the enemy’s fleet, which was forced to
retire after fiv® hours of fruitless combat.
‘All. these expeditions were under the
command of Jacoumaki Toumbasi, of
“Hydra.
‘Alexander Mavrocordato, ex-minister
of the Prince of Wallachia,.emerged
withouta stain from the corruption and
‘effeminacy of despotism, throwing aside
€very, personal consideration, offercd his
whole fortune to his country, and dis-
embarked on the coastsof Aitolia. The
gentleness of his disposition, and his
extensive information, soon won bim all
hearts... He traversed Greece in the
simple character of a mediator, enduring
‘every fatigue, and exposing himself to
every danger. , By his patience and his
mere. moral authority, he calmed the
discordant pretensions which had arisen
on all. sides, at tlhe moment when the
yoke. of oppression was broken, and
which had already materially prejudiced
the, public good. In Greece, in fact,
some, primates. were, but subordinate
tyrants; some captains, but the agents
of a different species of despotism.
A new zra commenced with the year
1822. . Disorders, were calmed, and
_ faults diminished. . A political constitu-
tion was proclaimed, anda central
sovernment formed. The national
assembly, after having finished its la-

Political Affairs in November.

[ Dec. 1,
bours, and installed the government,
dissolved: itself’ after pablishing a pro-
clamation. ' The Senate, or Iégislative
body, hitherto composed of ‘thirty-three
deputies, was principally taken from
this assembly. Its president ‘is Deme-:
trias Hypsilanti; and its Vice-president,
Sotiri Charalampi. The’ members’ of
the executive aré Alexander Mayrocor-
dato, president; Athanasitis Cannacari, a
man of zeal and’ integrity, vice-presi-
dent; Anagnosti ‘Pappajannopoulo,
John Orlando, and’ Jolin Logotbeti.
The following are the nates of “the se
cretaries who have beet named: Ph.
Negri, Secretary of State ; Joli Coletti)
for the Interior, and provisionally’ en-
trusted’ with the “War Department ;
Panouzzo Notaras, for the Finances; a
commission of. three islanders from
Hydra, Spezzia, and Psara, ‘for’ dhe
Marine; the Bishop of Androwssa, for
Public Worship ; ; Lampro Naco, for the
Police; Vlasios, for the Administration
of Justice. The complete organization
of the judicial tribunals was ‘daily ex-
pected; but, in the interval} the epliori,
or mayors of the towns and Villages,
decided all disputes.

The military organization, as well
with regard to the men as to the matérel
of war, was still very: far ‘from being
completed. But as much attention was
paid to it as circumstances and ‘the
poverty of our finances admit. A
battalion of infantry was ‘disciplined,
which was to serve as a nucleus for
future regiments.’ Free companies were
formed out of the foreign soldiers who
have hastened to our shores, with an
eagerness which Greece will never
forget. These friends of freedom and
Greece, although few in number, under
ihe brave Wirtemburgher General Nor-
mann, distinguished themselves in the
defence of Navarin against ‘a’ naval
attack of the Turks, and) by fighting
valiantly in Epirus. ‘They -had ‘no
cavalry, and all the troops were équip-

“ped as sharpshooters, on account of the
“nature of the country in which ‘they’ are

to act. Without’ ‘uniforms, without
tactics, often without “artillery, ‘they
divide into: several’ bodies spread ‘over
various points of the-Grecian territory,

‘and commanded, by chiefs of , proved

courage. ° Their total amount, was frm
35 to 40,000°mén.

' The’ Suliotes deserve more éefpailionlar
mention. ‘Their® valour metits: to: be

“sung in hymns. ‘They fearlesslyoppose

one Suliote to five Albanians, or ten
Asiatics. No armed Suliote was ever
yet

1823,]

yet taken prisoner. The amount of
able seamen was about 20,000; but, not
haying armed above sixty or seventy
vessels, and. only on short expeditions,
they did not make use of a quarter of
them. The Greck Confederation had
no regular navy, and the ships it sent
against the enemy were mere merchant-
men of from 250 to 350 tons, fitted ont
and often commanded by the owners,
on the faith of their losses being mzde
good by the government.

' Corinth, fated to yield afterwards to
the torrent of a hostile invasion, opened
its gates to the Greeks at the moment
when ithe, constitutisn was promnul-
gated, A plot was preparing by some
peasants of Samos and Scio. This
fatal aggression, far from being autho-
rized by the government, was only sub-
sequently even known to it; and the
tardy succour which it sent, could not
prevent the unparalleled disasters of a
flourishing population. Humanity shud-
ders at.the horrors of which Scio was
the theatre in the face of the powers of
Christendom.

Meanwhile the great assemblages and
the preparations of the enemy in Epirus,
announced that he was about to strike
some decisive blow. Chourschid Pasha,
genera!-in chief, owed the favour which
he enjoyed near the ‘sultan to the
destruction of Ali, as he had owed that
success to the treachery of the Alba-
nians, who opened the gates of Iannina
to him... He had spared nothing to
gain them ; and, after this first success,
he squandered treasures and promises in
order to lead them en masse against
Suli,* His plan was to get possession
of the fortress of Kiapha, and then, freed
from all anxiety about his rear, to bend
his course through Acarnania against
the Morea, ‘I he president of the exc-
cutive power passed from Corinth into
ABtolia, with. the contingent of the
‘Morea. The Suliotes had already, re-
pelled, in the month of May, the first
shock of a number of barbarians at least
four times greater than theirs, com-
manded - by. Omer Ms ad Pasha of
Tannina, and Chourschid.

These two) generals, perhaps the

“* It is chiefly by promises and pillage,
and by the enthusiasm of religious faniati-
cism, that recruiting is carried on among

the Turks, Hence those undisciplined
hordes, those bands, of, volunteers, fit. to
-Yavage a country badly defended, but
ready wo disperse on the slightest re-
sistance.

¥

Greek Insurrection.

469

bravest and most skilful in Turkey,
being placed between these two fires,
were forced to separate and to take
different routes. But, soon afterwards,
the Albanians, encouraged by the accu-
mulation. of fresh reinforcements, block=
aded Suli. Unexpected obstacies and
difficulties having split their operations,
the Suliotes, after along and obstinate
defence, found themselves foreed, by the
want of provisions, to capitulate. Hav

ing marched out with the honours of
war, under the mediation of the Eng-
lish, they were transported to the
Jonian islands, in order to cross over
from thence into the Morea. The fero-
cious attacks of a numerous and. long-
prepared enemy were repulsed during
several successive days with an incredi-:
bic loss. Assauited and surrounded on
all sides, the rocks cf Suli, which had
always.afforded a refuge to honour and
liberty, appeared to he its impregnable
bulwark.

The evacuation of Suli, and the infa-
mous conduct of two traitors, Gogo and
Varnakioti, necessarily protruded the
theatre of war into Aitolia and Acarna-
nia; there, on the banks of the Achclous,
and before Anatolicon, a handful. of
heroes, commanded by Marco Botzari,
by Zonka, and by other chiefs, disputed
the approach to Missolonghi with an
enemy 8,000 men strong. Fceling the
full importance of this place, after fruit-
less offers and threats, the enemy, reu-
dered furious by failures, resolved to get
possession of it by assault onthe morn-
ing of the 25th of December. Fhe
combat was fierce atid bloody, and
Jasted four hours, Never were a more
obstinate attack and defence beheld:
never did our heroes cover themselves
with greater glory. ‘The fate of Greece
almost hung on their efforts. © These in-
trepid citizens all swore, between the
hands of our excellent president, to
perish amidst the ruins of Missolonghi,
sooner than yield. ‘The enemy, ‘after
losing 500 men, and ‘nearly twice as
many wounded, was obliged to retreat.
Soon afterwards, having Jearnt the
debarkation iccomplished at XKeromero
by 1500 of our troops under the conduct
of General Mayvromichali, and fearing to
be attacked on the flanks, he fled sud-
denly on the morning of the 31st’ of
December, leaving i in ‘the power of the

‘Grecks thirteen picces of cannon, three

mortars, two howitzers, twelve stand-
ards, a great number of prisoners, with
stores, the whole matéricl of aw Asiatic
camp. Several corps instantly set out

in

470

in pursuit of the fugitives, who were
dragecd forward by the pashas of Arta
and Tannina,

The Turks sustained enormous losses
every time, they presented. themselves
before the barriers of Phocis. Thougha
simultaneous itruption at several points
answered to them better this year, on
account ef their numerical superiority,
they did not the less encumber with
their corses the fields of Livadia. Sub-
sequently, after surprizing Corinth with
the assistance of several Austrian ves-
sels, and believing themselves already
masters of the Morea, they found an
insurmounta}e barrier in the plains of
Argos. Their lot was stil disgrace or
destruction, . There it was that Nicetas
and .Colocotroni immortalized. them-
selves by the vigour of their resistance.
There it was that Niketas, already
named, for his disinterestedness, the
Peloponnesian Aristides, was saluted by
his soldiers with the surname of Turco-
phagus. ‘These successes of the Greeks
were. naturally followed by the fall of
the proud Napoli di Romania, which
was taken by assault by Capt. Staikos
on the 30th of November. ‘Phe citadel
ef Athens was in the hands of the
Greeks since the middle of the year.

With respect to maritime operations,

he Greek vessels, as early as February,
attacked, in the gulf of Lepanto, the
Barbary fleet which bad succeeded in
reinforcing the garrison of Patras; but
whieh immediately ent its cables and
put to sea.. Andreas Voco, of Hydra,
a sexagenarian commander, on-board
his brig, and Manoli Toumbasi on-board
his corvette ihe Themistocles, showed
on this occasion what courage and
coolness can effect against superior
force. Notwithstanding the great vio-
lence of a contrary wind, the combat
was maintained during three hours,
under the incessant fire of five hostile
frigates. Damaged by the frail artillery,
and’ still more disconcerted by skilful
manosuyres, the Turks reached Zante,
and afterwards the opeu sea, where,
assaulied by the fary of the elements,
they lost the greater part of their vessels.
The Greck ‘squadron then directed its
course towards the coast of Albania,
sure of capturing a division of the Turk-
ish fleet; which had long since taken
' post, or rather refuge, at Mourto ; but
the Tonian governmcnt made a formal
oppesiticn to this attempt, and facili-
tated the escape of tue enemy.

Meanwhile ihe most powerful fleet
that Turkey bad sent to sea since the in-

Political Affairs in November.

[Dec. },

surrection, and at its head aheaexperi-
enced sailor, the Capitan, Pasha, the
second personage in. the empire, had
just passed the Dardanelles.' In. front
of the smoking ruins of Scio; and an
eye-witness of those abominations which
he favoured by order of his master, the
haughty satrap was enjoying the con-
sternation of the Archipelago, and
revelling in that. anticipated feast of
universal destruction of which he was so
soon to partake, But asecret, uneasiness
filled him at the same time with doubt ;
aud seemed like a presentiment of: his
fate which chained him to his.anchors.

The ficets soon met,-and skill was
again victorious over mere numbers, and
massi's of men gave way before courage
andenthusiasm. Suddenly the flag-ship
was with its commander blown up.
The shock of its destruction scattered
alarm and disorder; the ardour of the
Grecks was redoubled, and the, total
rout of the Ottomans-was. the recom-
pense of their valour. pidani

Though scarcely recovered from» this
catastrophe, the enemy presented himself
before the gulph of Napoli, determined
to throw provisions into the place. He
endeavoured to break throng the Greck
line, but was repulsed. Upon this be
retired, and took refuge at "Fenedos,
There he was overtaken. by Captain
Canari of Psara. On the 13th of Nov.
the Greeks set sail to brave the .new
grand admiral and. his fleet; assailed
them by fire-ships, and scattered, ship-
wrecked on all sides, ils» remmant
scarcely reached the Dardanelles.

The second Congress of Greece was
convoked on the 10th of April, 1823, at
Astros. The ancient’ Bey of Maina,
Mavromichali, was named president;
and the first act_of the Congress was to
appoint a Commission, composed . of
seven members, charged with the, .revi-
sion of the fundamental law of Epidau-
rus. The Congress afterwards dissolyed
ihe various local, Juntas. established on
the Continent, and in the islands, and,all
the provinces and islands at present de-
pend immediately upon the General
Government. :

The Congress concluded its functions
by the following

; Declaration,

The third year of our war of independ-
ence is already begun; and oar enemy,
vanquished wherever he has shown himself,
has'from all his preparations reaped only a
harvest of incessant ‘humiliations’ and
losses. And whilst our victorious armies,
nobly supporting by sea and Jand the inde-

pendence

1823.]

pendence of Greece, made the echoing
glory of their arms pierce ‘to’ the very
heart. of Byzantium, the nation) was inter-
nally perfecting its political organization.

After declaring. its. independence. at
Epidaurus, the Senate pursued with perse-
verance its legislative labowss, and de-
voted all the, cares necessary to the conso-
lidation of government.

Sixteen months had elapsed since our
first General Assembly, when the present
National Congress was conyoked, accord-
ing to the Constitution, at Astros. A seru-
pulous' revision of the most important fun-
damentalilaws was what occupied its first
deliberations. ‘The Congress afterwards
bestowed. its, attention.on the yearly ex-
penditure, and carefully regulated all that
related to the land and sea forces; it con-
cluded by éstablishing, according to the
fundamental law of Epidaurus, the second
cycle of government, into whose hands it
now surrenders full power, and whom it
recognizes as discharging the most impor-
tant duties. :

Before its dissolution, the Congress, the
legitimate organ of the nation which it
represents, declares, for the second time,
before God and before men, thie political
existence aid independence of Greece.
It is for the recovery of these blessings,
seized, by foreign violence, that the Greek
nation, has for more than two years been
shedding its most precious blood. Relying
upon their incontestable rights, the Greeks
will continue their struggle, with the de-
termination to rescue from the usurper
the rights of which he robbed them by
violence, and to succeed in procuring the
recognition of the perfect independence of
Greece, for the glory of the holy Christian
religion, and for the happiness of the na-
tion; or to descend into the grave, to the
last man, like true Christians and freemen,
Such is the resolution to which they have
sworn, for that cherished freedom which
they have not learned to value at the
recommendation of strangers, as has beea
said, but which is the natural property of
the nation, The very earth on which they
tread reminds them that liberty is their
birthright, by all the endless recollections
with which it abounds, and which at every
step show the traces of all our glorious
and reiterated struggles for independence,
of all our illustrious victories obiained
over barbarians,

Such are the legislative labours with
which the Congzess has been occupied;
such is the declaration which its members
were specially charged by their constitu-
ents to make before the whole, world, in
fayourof that independence for which the
people have taken up. arms. In thatis ex-
pressed the unanimous feeling of the na-
tions of Greece; their sole and immutable
object is the establishment in their country

Political Affairs in November.

ATL
of that civilization which sheds its bles-
sings over the states of Europe—states
which they wish to resemble, and from
whom they trust always to obtain the
good wishes and the succours which justice
demands.

The Congress is moreover charged hy
these same nations sincerely to thank, on
their behalf, the land and sea-forces, for
the noble efforts by which, during sixteen
months, they have gloriously supported the
sacred cause of their country. Of the
innumerable hordes who rushed in masses
from Europe, Asia, and Aftica, to enslave
Greece anew, more than 90,000 have,
thanks to the courage of these armies,
perished on the soil which they came to
ensanguine. We return our thanks like-
wise to the late government, and ‘to the
Juntas which have becu lately dissolved,
for their efforts in favour: ot the prblie
good. The Congress concludes by \ itt-
voking for the Greek nation the aid of the
Living God of all Christians, since it is His
religion which it defends against the ene+
mies of his Holy Name.

The constitution promulgated by the
Greeks is elective and republican, but
the newspapers announce a treacherous
plan for imposing a specious tyrant, or
legitimate of Royal Blood upon them,
under the protection of the Holy Al-
liance! Let the Greeks beware!

SPAIN. '

The length of the preceding article on
the affairs of Greece, relieves us ‘from
the painful task of noticing: the disgusi-
ing condition of Spain, and dwelling on
a subject from which the soul revolts,
—the atrocious murder of Rizreo,—the
Hampden of Spain,—the hero “ with-
out stain and without reproach.” This
crime, the foulest of our times, not ex-
cepting even the case of Ney, was_per-
petrated under the. protection. of the
French garrison of Madrid, and there-
fore attaches itself to the Holy Alliance.
The friends of liberty in England have
adopted a general mourning as the sym-
bol of their indignation; but the fate of
Riego will be avenged, in this and all ages
on despots and their satellites. The
illustrious Mina has arrived at Ply-
mouth ; and therefore, except the brave
Martin, no Spaniard now. remains. in
arms to avenge the wrongs of his coun-
try, aud the outrages on human, feelings
which characterize these triumphs of
priesteraft and despotism. A subsevip-
tion lids been proposed for the victinis
and exiles, which we earnestly rccony-
mend to the zealous fayour of our
readers,

INCIDENTS,

[ 472°]

{Dee. I,

“INCIDENTS, MARRIAGES, snp DEATHS, .1n anv yEaR LONDON;
With Biographical Memoirs of distinguished Characters recently deceased.

—~

CHRONOLOGY OF THE MONTH.

CTY. 24.—A murder, committed on one

Weare, in Gill’s Hill-lane, near Elstree
by apparently-previous contrivance, while
riding in a chaise at eight at night towards
the house of one Probert. The body was
thrown into Probert’s fish-pond; but af-
terwards coolly removed to another pond
three miles distant, the clothes and pro-
perty being divided in Probert’s parlour,
On the apprehension of the parties, Hunt
made such confessions as led to the disco-
very of the body, and J. ‘Thurtell, Pro-
bert, and Hunt, have been committed to
Hertford gaol, together with some females
of the house. The newspapers being
without other subjects of interest, bave
vied during the month in theirdetails, and
thas a degree of public attention has been
drawn to the subject far beyond its. rela-
tive importance: at the same time, the
education and family-connections of the
parties considered, the crime and their
subsequent conduct, afiord a_ striking
proof of the moral depravity of the fash-
gonable ruffians who frequent gaming
houses and boxing matches. ‘As friends of
justice, and the liberal spirit of our laws,
we enter our protest against the prece-
dent attempted to be established in this
obnoxious case, by shutting up prisoners
in secret after the manner of the dungeons
of the Inquisition,and the gaols of Austria,
Russia, and Turkey. This execrable and
constantly encroaching system arises no
doubt from so often allowing narrow apd
intolerant minds to mix with the secular
power... Priests in power are every-
where and always the same, We know
not whois to blame; but, in the present
case, the prisoners and their connections
scem to have been treated as though they
had been’ conspiratots against the state,
having confederates whose intercourse
with them might lead to public danger.
It appears to us, that, having secured any
culprits, the law before trial has no farther
controul over them than to prevent their
escape ; and that no pretence of ordinary
danger, even from escape, ought to de-
prive an accused paity, after commitment
for trial, of the freest and most unreserved
access to his friends, witnesses, and con-
nexions. Any hindrance is an ebstruc-
tion of justice; and, so far from: friends
being obliged to apply for a magistrate’s
order, or to be subject to interrogatories,
they onght to receive every facility and
encouragement; for it is no small sacritice
to visit those accused of crimes, and cleri-
cal magistrates at least ought to-remem-
ber the phrase, “J was in prison, and ye
visited me.” We Jament to say, that, under

one’ pretence or another, the practice of
our laws is losing its ancient liberal cha-
racter; and, as a means of restoring their
true spirit in this particular, we exhort m-
dependent men on petty juries, as ofter
as they see occasion, to put the following
questions to prisoners arraigned on their
trial: Since yeur commitment, have you had
Sree access to your friends, to concert the
means of your defénce?—When were you
served with a copy of the indictment ?—When
did you learn that the Grand Jury had found
a true Bill against you?— Have you hat
time or means since then to give notice to
your friends and summon ‘your witnésses?
‘The answer to these questions would prt
to shame any new-fangled practices of
benches of magistrates, and afew deferred
trials, or acquittals, from obstructions to
the defence, would correct a vicious and
cruel system. So far is genuine English
law, as practised by lawyers and well-edu-
cated country gentlemen, from countenanc-
ing the modern practice, that it assumes the
innocence of every man till convicted bya
jury, and‘ the jndges humanely assign
council to prisoners when from poverty
they are unable to retain them. In.
making these observation’, we are not ad-
dressing those who, with Draco, think it is
a compromise with crime not to punish
every offence with death, nor those who
will permit a bad precedent to be formed,
because the offence cliarged is of heinous
character; but we address them to
those who in these practices of police aud
clerical magistrates, can read “‘ the sigus
of the times.’ Happily, however, any
honest and independent man on’ @ petty
jury has it in his power to put the newly-
imported system to the routé on British
soil; and to this extent, therefore, the
legal security of our lives and liberties are
iu the keeping of the people as long as a
manly sense of liberty and independence
exists among us. On a motion on this
subject in the King’s Bench, the courtry
magistrates of the kingdom received a
lesson from the judges, which we hope will
diminish the horrid, cruel, and wojust, in-
quisition held over prisoners only com-
mitted for trial. A very loosely expressed
clause of an Act of Parliament gives
power,-to be properly exercised, to these
local authorities; but, m truth, no con-
troul ought in general to interfere with the
free access of’ all applicants before trial,
and ought (if ever) to be exerted only in
very special cases, and by some justifiable
and paipable necessity. English’ gaols
should not be rendered BasTsLes by any
iliberal and tyrannical spirit of a, preju-
diced and narrow-minded local magis
tracy.
—30

3

1823.]

Oct. 30.—At the Old Bailey, sentence
of death were passed on twelve pri-
soners;. ten ordered to be transported for
life, five for fourteen, and forty-two for
seven, years; fifty-four sent to the House
of Correction for minor punishments,

— 30 and 31.—Tremendous. gales of
wind .at sea. The ooks at Lloyd’s exhi-
bited the most extensive list of losses
and wreeks ever remembered.

Nov. 11.—Meeting of above 1500 me-
chanics, held at the Crown and Anchor
tayern for the purpose of forming a
“London Mechanic’s Institute.”

— 12.—The twenty-ninth anniversary
of the acquittals of Thomas Hardy, John
Horne Tooke, and Jolin Thelwall, from
the charge of constructive treason,
celebrated at the Crown and Anchor
tavern. \ Upwards of two hundred gentle-
men were present. Mr. Galloway in the
chair. Mr. Hardy, Mr. Thelwall, and Mr.
Baxter, were alsa-present.

MARRIED.

The Rey. E. Irving, minister of the
Scotch-church, Hatton-garden, to Isa-
bella, daughter of the Rev. J. Martin, of
Kirkaldy.

Mr. J. Hunt, of Hayesgate-farm, Mid-
dlesex, to Mary, eldest daughter of Mr. S.
Mitchell, of West Smithfield,

H. Worthington, esq. to Mary, daughter
of W. Daniel, esq. of Stapenhill-house,
Derbyshire.

F, Palgrave, esq. of the Inner Temple,
to Elizabeth, daughter of D. Turner, esq.
of Yarmouth.

L, J. Marshall, esq. of Dalston, to Jane,
daughter of B. Ogden, esq. of Bishop-
wearmouth,

T. W. Kaye, esq. of the Middle Temple,
to Mary Aune, daughter of the late Rev.
Dr. Ulingworth, of Scampton, near Lincoln.

Mr. G. W. Harris, of Trowbridge, to
Mary, daughter of J, Goldsmith, esq. of
Hackney.

W. Pott, esq. of Bridge-street, to Mary,
daughter of Sir C. Price, bart.

The Rey. T. Rennell, vicar of Kensing-
ton, to Frances Henrietta, daughter of the
late J. Delafield, esq. of Campden-hill,

J. Mirehouse, esq. of Brownslade, Pem-
brokeshire, to. Elizabeth, daughter of the
Bishop of Salisbury,

G. Milford, esq. of Guildford-street, to
Frances Margaret, daughter of the Rev.
R. Holland, of Spreyton, Devonshire. _

Capt. B. Yeoman, R.N. to Charlotte,
danghter of Sir Everard Home, bart.

Rev, D. U. Lewis, vicar of Ruislip, Mid-
dlesex, to Julia, daughter of the late W.
Pitt, esq..of Windsor.

-W. Hanham, esq..of Dean’s Court, Dor-
setshire, to Miss H. Morgan, of Mount
Clare, Surrey...

E. H, Alderson, esq. of the Inner Tem-
ple, to Miss Drewe, of Broad Lembrey,

Devonshire.

Monturiy Mag, No. 329,

Marriages and Deaths in and near London.

473

The Rev. E. R. Butcher, LL.D. of
Brighton, to Caroline, niece of R. Jackson,
esq. of Nerth Brixton.

R. Playfair, ‘esq. to Miss E, White, of
Devonshire-place.

Mr. C. Cowdery, of London, to Miss M.
A. Culliford, of Bath.

At St. George’s, Hanover-square, G.
M, Linthorne,.esq. of Poole, Dorset, to
Maria, daughter of the late Mr.. Clarke,
law-bookseller, Portugal-street,, Lincoln’s-
Inn. ;

J. Vissey, esq. of Exeter, to Sarah,
widow of J. Rooker, esq. of New Bank-
buildings. .

H. N. Daniel, esq. of the Artillery, to
Margaretta Lucy, daughter of Sir L. Har-
vey, of Bedford-place.

J. P. Catty, esq. of the Engineers, to
Sophia, daughter of Flint Stacey, esq. of
Maidstone.

Lient..gen, Sir T. Hislop, bart. G.c.z.
to Emma, daughter of the Right. Hon.
Hugh Elliott.

Capt. Elliott, son of the above Right
Hon, Hugh E. to Margaret Seymour,
daughter of J. Masterton, esq. of Braw
Castle, Perthshire.

At Stoke Newington, W. Hart, esq. of
Nelson-terrace, to Miss Mary Maltby, of.
Barrett-grove.

J. Jervis, esq. of Old Palace-yard, to
Miss C. J. Mundell, of Parliament-street.

At Mary-la-bonne New Church, Sir C,
Smith, bart. to Belinda, daughter of the
late G. Colebrooke, esq.

At Wandsworth, A. M. Maxwell, capt.
Artillery, to Miss Atlee.

W. Dickenson, esq. of Vauxhall, to Miss
L. Burkett, of Brighton.

S. Brown, esq. of Great Russell-street,
to Anne Pearce, daughter of the late
James Horsfall, esq. F.R.S. of the Middle
Temple.

R. Baker, esq. of Fatherwell, near Town
Malling, Kent, to Mrs. Jennings, of
Sloane-street, Chelsea.

Jacob Connop, esq. of Champion-hill,
Surrey, to Miss Marianne Thwaites, of -
Hamsell, Sussex. ;

DIED.

At Merton, Surrey, the Rev, T,, Lan:
caster,

In the Strand, Mr, C. Wheatstone, a ve-
spectable music-seller and publisher.

At Blackheath, 83, Gen. Sir.A. Farring-,
ton, bart. D.c.L. commandant of the 1st
batt. Artillery, and director-general of the
Field-train Department,

In Ludgate-street, Mary Anne, wile of
Mr. Dudley Adams, regretted.

In Queen Anne-street, 28, Elizabeth,
wife of the Rey. W, A, Hammond, vector,
of Whitchurch, Oxon.

At Ealing, 74, P. Kirkman, «sq,

In. Guildford-place, Kennington, 86,
Mrs. Mary Weatherley.

At Austin Friars, J.

3P

N
W, Sandys, esq.
pains 3

47 4

At Woolwich, Lieut.-gen. B. Willington,
col. commandant gd batt. Artillery.

At Croydon, 39, Mr. H. Cuéer, of the
Bank of England.

In Aldersgate-street, Jos. Aldridge, esq.
an eminent timber-merchant, and many
years in the Common Council,

In Stamford-strect, 25, Miss Pattison,
late of Sunbury.

In Clayton-place, Kennington, Mrs. 8.
Thornton.

In Ratcliffe-highway, 71, J. Horsford,
esq. a much esteemed surgeon.

In Park-crescent, Portland-place, 34,
Honoria Elizabeth, daughter of T. Wil-
liams, esq.”

In Gower-street, 41, B. B. Shedden, esq.

At Stoke, near Guildford, 86, John
Creuze, esq. .

In Bedford-street, Mary, danghter of
the late Hon. R. Hamilton, of Queenston,
Upper Canada.

In Great Cumberland-street, Marguret,
daughter of the late G. W. Sheriff, esq.

At Lambeth, 62, Mrs. Nelson, widow of
George N. esq.

At Pentonville, Mary Anne, wife of T.
Dixon, esq. of New Bosweil-court, Carey-
street.

At Chelsea, 51, Edward Hill, esq. of the
Navy Office.

The Hon. Fredevick Eden, bariister,
eldest son of Lord Heuley,

At Sunbury, Miss Nicholas, of the Royal
Crescent, Bath.

In St. John-street, 28, J. Sparlvs, esq.

81, R. Sorrell, esq. late of ingatestone,
Essex.

In Hatton-garden, 67, Mr. C. Taylor, an
eminent publisher, and author of many
esteemed works in biblical literature. He
was also the editor of the ‘Literary Pa-
norama,” and during the last forty years

has been known and respected for his lite-

rary talents and private virtues. He was
at once a wise and good man, and de-
served well of his own age and posterity.

Aged 71, Mr, C, Gray, many years clerk
in the house of Sir James Esdaile and Co.

At Hammersmith, 55, Mary Annabella,
wife of J. Crowther, esq. alderman of the
ward of Farringdou-within.

Northumberland and Durham.

[ Dec. 1,

At Newingtou-green, 107, Mr.R. Dovry.

Ta Beaumont-street, 77, the Right Hon.
the Earl of Portmore. (Of whom further
particulars wiil be given in our next Number.)

Suddenly, having ‘the day before. trans-
acted business at the East India House,
Charles Grant, esq. a much esteemed and
active Director.

In Great Ormond-street, from spasms
in the stomach, 71, Lord Chief Baron
Richards, _ In the whole circle of the pro-
fession, no man stood so high in private
estimation or public respect as the, late
Lord Chief Baron, As a lawyer and a
judge, his decisions, particularly in Exche-
quer cases, were sound, and evinced con-
siderable acumen. t

Society has experienced an irretrievable
loss, within these few days, in the termi-
nation of the life and labours of Thomas
Lord Erskine, after a few, days’ illness, at
his late brother’s seat, near Edinburgh, in
the 76th year of his age.’ During the last
forty-four years his talents and patriotism
have absorbed so much public attention, as
to identify his name and actions with the
times; and we forbear to attempt any
sketch of his glorious career till our next
Number, It is sufficient to. observe, that,
although a lawyer, his life was devoted to
philanthropy; that, although he had _re-
ceived favours from the court, they did
not abstract him from the service of the
people; and that, although bis professional
duties obliged him to be a man of business,
yet he always cultivated elegant literature,
and exerted his pen on many suitable
occasions in the cause of truth, His fo-
rensic eloquence obtained him the name
of the British Cicero ; and for thirty years
he was retained io every suit, enjoying a
degree of unexampled popularity. “Take
him all in all, we shall never look upon
his like again.”

Among other public losses from death,
we have to record that of a man who was
singularly gifted in the various branches of
literature and science, the Rev. Edmund
Cartwright, D D. F.R.S. F.R.L.S. who died
at Hastings, in the eighty-first year of. his
age. (Further particulars of this gentleman
will be given in our next.) —

PROVINCIAL OCCURRENCES,
WITH ALL THE MARRIAGES AND DEATHS,
Fwrnishing the Domestic and Family History of Englund for the last twenty-seven Years.
—

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM,

N the 3d ult. a lamentable catas-

trophe took place in the Plain pit of
Rainton colliery, at Houghton-le-Spring,
Durham, belonging to the Marquis cf
Londonderry : from some unknown cause,
an explosion took place, and fifty-three
of the workmen perished, and some others
were dreadfully burnt. Twelve horses
were also killed. ‘his second recent ace

cident has caused very powerful seusa-
tions throughout these counties,

Married.| Mr. J. Leighton, to Miss
M. A. Kerr; Mr. S. Carr, to Miss D,
Holborn: all.of Newcastle :—Mr. J. H.
Sanders, of Newcastle, to Miss S. Kay, of
Leeds.—Mr, S. Muggeridge, to Miss E.
Sanderson, both of Gateshead.—Mr, R.
Stamp, of Staindrep, to Mrs, R. Clark, of
Durham.—Mr. G. Macknight, to Mrs. M.

Smith,

se

-

1823.]
Smith, both of Durham.—H. T. Shadforth,
esq. to Miss M. Bird, of Dockwray-square,
North Shields.—Mr. P. Watson, of Stun-
derland, to Miss A. Dixon, of Bishop-
wearmouth.

Died.] At Neweastle, 46, Mrs. M.
Mingens.—In Pilgrim-street, 40, Mr. R.
G. Sanzett.

At Gateshead, 47, Mr. R. Oliver.—76,
Mr. R. Watson. —59, Mr. J. Carr.

At Durbam, 65, Mr. T. Robinson.—At
an advanced age, Miss Turbot.—52, Wm.
Hall, esq:-—40, Mrs. C. Arrol.

At North Shields, in Church-streét,
Mrs. Mason.—Mrs. Purvis.

At South Shields, 31, Mrs. Wetherburn.

At Sunderland, 65, Mrs. M. Foreman.
—48, Mrs. Hick.—32, Mr. G. Wardle.

At Tynemonth, Mrs. M. Lubbren, de-
servedly lamented.

At Chester-le-street, 42, Mr. R. Wea-
therley.

CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND.

Married.| Mr. T. Hill, to Miss E.
Halton; Mr. P. B. C. Ilingsworth, to
Miss E. Pugmere:: all of Carlisle—Mr. J.

“Munroe, to Miss M. M‘Dougal; Mr. R.
Turner, to Miss Quaile: all of Whitehaven,
—Mr. J. Pratt, to Miss M. Dowgal; Mr.
J. Peat, to Mrs, M. Rees : all of Working-
ton,—Mr. Jas. Askins, to Miss C, Ould;
Mr, A. Heckles, to Miss S. Rigg: all of
Cockermouth.—Joseph Dover, esq. of
Maryport, to Mrs. Skelton.

Died.] At Carlisle, 18, Miss M. Forster.
—53, Mr. J: Kellet.—In Botchergate,
53, Mr. M. Roome.

At Whitehaven, 75, Mr. J. Goulding,—
Mr. W. Hardy; Mrs. Richardson.

At Cockermonth, 71, Mrs. E. Atkinson.
—The Rev. T. Wallas, late of Stokes,
Kent. ;

At Kendal, 22, Mr. J. Albron.—20,
Mrs. C. Nelson.

At Houghton, 84, Mrs. E. Heslop.

YORKSHIRE,

The fourth Session of the Leeds Philo-
sophical and Literary Society took place
within the month. Wm. Hey, esq. one of
the vice-presidents, filled the chair, A
paper was read by Mr. Thomas Teale,
jun., “On the Source and Evolution of
Heat in Animals,” and an interesting dis-
cussion followed. The attendance of
members was nunierous.

The inhabitants of Sheffield, within the
month, gave a public dinner to the vener-
able and patriotic Earl Fitzwilliam; Hugh
Parker, esq. iv the chair. ‘Two hundred
persons were present, Several excellent
speeches were delivered by the noble
earl, Lord Milton, aud others,

A noble music hall lias been recently
erected in Sheffield, at an expense of
about 40001;

Married.) Mr. G. P. Bainbridge, to
Miss E. Wisker, both of York.—Mr. J.
Ellis, of St. Helen's, York, to Miss E,

r4

Cumberland and Westmoreland --Yorkshire, &c.

475

Wright, of North Town End, Leeds.—
Mr. J. Maskell, of York, to Mrs. Larder,
of Sheffield.—Mr. M. Holines, to Miss S.
Ontwin ; Mr. J. White, to Miss B. Bryan;
Mr. J. Sheplierd, to Miss E, Farmery :
allof Leeds.—The Rev. J. Woodwork, of
Doncaster, to Miss F. Starges, of EIm-
field-house.—-Mr. S. Kay, jum. to Miss
Steckney, both of Selby.—The Rev. R.
Spefforth, a.m. vicar of Howden, to Mrs,
Clark, late of Knedlington-house.—The
Rev. J. Preston, of Mixendon, to Miss A.
Appleyard, of Shaw Booth, near Halifax.

Died.] At York, the Rev. G. D. Kelly,
prebendary of Ampleforth.

At Leeds, in Mabgate, Mrs. Driver.—
Mr. W. Geldart.—53, Mrs. A. Smith.—In
York-street, 38, Mrs. Carrett.—63, Mr.
F, Sumpsteér. ~

At Halifax, 26, Mrs. Varner.

At Waketield, 45, Mrs. Thompson.

At Doncaster, 40, Mr. Waller.—James
Fenton, esq. deputy lieut. for the West
Widme.

At Morley, 47, Mr, Rowland Hurst,
proprietor of the Wakefield and Halifax
Journal.—At Brecks, 34, Mr.J.Bradbury,
—At Keighley, 69, Mr. T. Corlass,

LANCASHIRE. ,

A destructive fire took place within the
month, in the lofty range of warehouses,
thirteen stories high, opposite to the king's
old tobacco-wareliouse, Wapping, Liver-
pool. They were the property of Messrs,
Thomas Booth and Co., and contained two
hundred and forty thousand’ bushels of
corn, with vast quantities of cotton and
other goods, all of which were destroyed.
The loss was estimated at 150,0001.

A number of the schoolmasters of Liver-
pool have recently united in forming a
society, for the purpose of bringing the
Madras system of education into universal
practice in their schools,

Married.| Mr. W. B. Clayton, to Miss
H. Hadfield; Mr. W. 8B. Hill, to Miss M.
Whitworth; Mr. A. Bell, to Mrs. M.
Griffiths; all of Manchester.—Mr. J. A.
Turner, of Manchester, to Miss 8.

‘Blackmore, of Cheetwood.—Mr. W.

Atkinson, to Miss A, Platt; Mr. W.
Borrows, to Mrs. M. Jones; Mr. J.
Swaine, to Miss J. Alexander: all of
Liverpool,—Mr, T. Burgess, of Liverpool,
to Miss E. Dixon, of Ulverstone,

Died.] At Manchester, in Lever-street,
Mrs, H. Hardy.—Mrs. H. Weston.— 69,
Mrs. E. Gardcastle.

At Salford, 37, Mr. J. Jackson, deser-
vedly respected.—Mrs, Libsey.

At Liverpool, in the London-road, 35,
Mr. J. Swainson.—24, Mr. S. Mercer.—
73, Mrs. M. Woodhouse.—In St. Vincent-
street, 59, Mrs. M. Griffiths.

At Stretford, 66, Mr. 'V. Brundrit.— At
Kotanic View, near Liverpool, 49, Miss
Gibson,—At Heaton Norris, 80, Mrs. M,
Tyner.

CHESHIRE,

476

CHESHIRE,

Within the month the elections of mayor
and sheriff took place at Chester, and
were attended. by considerable. distur-
bances. There were four candidates for
the mayoralty ; the partizans of each were
zealously active to swell their numbers.
Mr. Morris was chosen. Mr. Walker
was elected sheriff; but during his trium-
phant procession, he was driven from his
chair, his flags torn, and, but for powerful
prevention, sanguinary conflicts would
have taken place.

Married.) Mr. J. D. Whittell, to Miss
S. C. Wilson; Mr. Mackey, to Miss S.
Blake ; all of Chester.—Mr. A. Wilson, of
Stockport, to Miss S. Beaumont, of
Heaton Norris.—William Wild, esq. of
Macclesfield, to Miss S. Killer, of Stock-
port.—Mr. Shelmerdine, to Miss Mort,
both of Altrineham.

Died.] At Chester, in Northgate-street,
79, Mrs. Thomas.

At Stockport, 76, Mrs. A. Naile.-—Mr.
T. Fleet.—63, Mr, J. Robinson.

At Nantwich, 64, Edward Bellis, a
member of the Society of Friends,—At
‘Handforth, 77, Mrs. Parnal.—At Win-
wick, 62, the Rey. G. Crippendall.—At
Wenlock, 41, Lieut. Spencer Daniel,
Staffordshire militia,

. DERBYSHIRE.

Married.] The Rev. J. Smedley, of
Cambridge, to Miss E. Holmes, of Derby.
—Mr. J. Braley, of Newhall, near Barton-
upon-Trent, to, Mrs. D’Hesieque, of
Derby.—Mr, T. Hammersley, of Belper,
to Miss E. Newton, of Priory.—Mr. J.
Pycroft, of Drakelow, to Miss S. Winter,
of Broadfields.

Died.] At Derby, 69, Mr. T. Crayne.
—On the Nottingham-road, 19, Mrs. E.
Wheeldon.

At Chesterfield, Mrs. Sykes.

At Belper, 31, Mr. Wm. Walker.—63,
Mr. B. Jackson,

At Chesterton, 28, Mr. T. G. Burnett.
—At Heanor, Mr. B. Soars.

NOTTINGH 4 MSHIRE.

Married.) Mr. R, Moakes, to Miss A.
Wright; Mr. G. Archer, to Miss S.
Waldrum; Mr. H. Castings, to Miss A,
Wilson ; Mr. D. Shephard, to Miss P.
Burton; Mr. H. Jephson, to Miss J.
Rushton; Mr. C, Shaw, to Mrs. E. Sansun;
Mr. S. Wells, to Miss A. Scattergood: all
of Nottingham.— Mr. W. Allison, of
Colston Basset, to Miss Chettle, of Not-
tingham.

Died.|. At Nottingham, in Bridlesmith-
gate, 28, Mr. J. Pepper.—On Tollhouse-
hill, 39, Mr. J. Turner, suddenly,—At an
advanced age, Mr, J. Stansfield.

At. Newark, 75, Mrs. M. Bennett.—
30, Mr. J. Morley.—60, Mrs. M. Hall.

At Colwick, 49, Mr. J. Clarkson.—At
Bulcote, 80, Mr, J. Toplis.

Cheshire— Derbyshire— Nottinghamshire, &c.

[Dec. 1,

LINCOLNSHIRE,

A numerous meeting of freeholders was
lately held at the Monson’s Arms Ton,
Gainsborongh, when resolutions were en-
tered inte, to support, at their own ex-
pense, Sir John Thorold, or any other in-
dependent gentleman who may be nomina-
ted at the ensuing election for the county,
in opposition to Sir William Ingilby. ‘The
high sheriff appointed the 26th ult. for
the election.

Married.) Mr. R. Hubbert, of Boston,
to Miss M. Small, of Nottingham.—Mr.
G. Sparrow, jun, of Grantham, to Miss
Clifton, of Muston.—Mr. Clay, of Gran-
tham, to Miss Renshaw, of Newark.—Mr.
A. Pridmore, of Wing, to Miss B. Battson,
of St.Mary’s, Stamford.—Mr, J.W.Morley,
of Horncastle, to Miss Landsdale, of South
Searle.

Died.] At Lincoln, 26; Miss E. Foster,
deservedly regretted.

At Grantham, 50, Mr.) G.: Pearson,
greatly lamented.—At an adyanced age,
Mrs. Gray.

LEICESTER AND RUTLAND.

Married.] Mr. F. Deacon, of the Market-
place, to Miss C. Maule, late of Leicester,
—Mr. Gregson, of Leicester, to Miss S.
Measures, of Exton.—Mr. T. King, of
Leicester, to Miss R, Fitzhugh, of Kings-
thorpe.—Mr. W. R. Griffin, of Leicester,
to Miss L. Clarke, of Oundle.

Died.] At Leicester, Miss A. Walker,.—
In the Market-place, 76, Mr. J. Hurst.—
Mr. Richardson. ;

At Loughborough, 67, Mr. W. Hooper.

At Ashby de la Zonch, 44, Miss S.
Stamford.—40. Mrs. ‘Tabberer.

At Tinwell, Mrs. Hatsell.—At Welham,
77, Mr. J. Coleman, sen.

STAFFORDSHIRE,

Married.] Mr. T. Jobbern, to Miss A.
Ford, both of Litchfield—Mr. S. Derry,
of Litchfield, to Miss M. Latham, of
Weare.—Mr. T. Clark, to Miss A, S.
Pepperhill. Mr. T. Page, to Miss M.
Bailey; all of Wolverhampton. — Mr.
Green, of Wilmcote, to Mrs, ‘Thompson,
of Fazeley.

Died.] At Litchfield, in Gresley-row,
67, Mr. W. Bailey.—87, Mrs. Barlow.—
88, Mrs. M. Campbell—s89, Mr, W.
Bickley.

At Wolverhampton, 44, Mr. W. Sanders.

WARWICKSHIRE,

A fire broke out, within the month, in
the extensive cotton-mills of Sir Robert
Peel, bart. at Fazely, Warwickshire, which
raged with such fury, that, in the short
space of two hours, the whole of the very
valuable machinery, together with the
stock of manufactured cotton and that in
process, were entirely consumed, and the
buildings, excepting the mere onter wails,
were razed to the earth. Two hundred
and fifty persons liave been thrown out of

employment;

1823.] °

employment; the consequent misery in
their families is Lappe great.

Married.] Mr. Osborn, to Miss M. A.
Wilson; Mr. Cooper, to Miss Coley, of
Caroline-strect: all of Birmingham.—Mr.
J. Chapman, of Birmingham, to Miss A.
K. Burbidge, of London.—Mr. W. Hollins,
jun. of Bristol-street, Birmingham, to
Miss Evans, of Wrexham.

Died,| At Birmingham, in Jamaica-row,
Mrs. M. Cooke.—v0, Miss Eagle.—In
Cambridge-street Crescent, 33, Mr. J.
Baxter...

At Warwick, Mr. F. Holmes.—27,
Mrs. Ingle.

At Coventry, 59, Mrs. S. Bellairs.—
In Well-street, 33, Mr. J. White.—63,
Mr, A. Jackson.

At Stoneleigh Abbey, 55, James Henry
Leigh, esq.

SHROPSHIRE.

Married.] Mr. J. R. Crutchtoe, to Miss
E, Bayley, both of Shrewsbury.—Mr.
W. Wilding, of Shrewsbury, to Miss F.
Haycock, of Priory.—T. L. Gittins, esq.
of Overton, to Miss P. G. Symonds, of
Mount Cottage, Shrewsbury. — Hugh
Wallace, esq. of Whitchurch, to Miss E.
Bruen, late of Jamaica.

Died.] At. Shrewsbury, Mr. Charles
Phillips-—In the Abbey Foregate, Mr.
E. Jones, deservedly regretted.

At Rowton, Miss M. Lloyd, deservedly

' esteemed.—At Snakescroft, Mrs, Oakeley.

—At Overton, Mr. R. George, Lieut.
Shropshire Militia,
. WORCESTERSHIRE,

Married.| J. A. Addenbrooke, esq. of
Wollaston-hall, to Mrs. Lee, of the Hill,
near Stourbridge.—The Rev. Mr. Vernon,
of Handbury, to Miss A. E. Foley, of
Ridgeway.

Died.) At Worcester, Mrs. C. Hiam.—
At Evesham, Miss M. Agg.

HEREFORDSHIRE.

The hop-growers and dealers of this
county have lately agreed to petition par-
liament for remission of the hhop duty
for 1622,

Married.| Mr. J. Maddy, of Dorstone,
to Miss E. Bedford, of: Hereford.

Died.| At Hereford, 79, Thomas Kuill,
esq-—At the Tanbrook, 80, Mr. R. Jones,
greatly esteemed.—In High town, Mr.
Howard.—79, Mrs. Mary Walwyn.

At Belmont, Elizabeth, wife of Col.
Mathews.—At Calverhill, Jane, wife of
Lieut, Col, Whitney.

GLOUCESTER AND MONMOUTH.

The charitable societies of Bristol, to
do honour to the memory, and emula-
ting the example of the late Edw. Colston,
esq. held their annual meeting, and were
numerouslyattended, The following were
the collections; Dolphin Society 4311.;
Auchor Society 5021, 4s. 6d.; and Grate-

ful Society 2801.; formiug a total of

Shropshire—Worcestershire-— Herefordshire, &¢.

477
1213]. 4s. 6d. for charitable ate
largest amount ever received.

On the 20th of September, the town of
Abergavenny was for the first time lighted
with Gas, upon a new and improved
method, recently discovered by the en-
gineer, Mr. Simeon Broadmeadow. ‘This
discovery promises considerable advantage
to gas establishments, by superseding the
use of the retort and purifier, as the
common coke or coal-tar oven answers
the purpose of the retort, and the purifier
is rendered altogether useless. By the me-
thod adopted by Mr. Broadmeadow, the
quantity of imflammable gas is increased
full one third, and, by the action of atmos-
pheric air, rendered perfectly pure and
free from sulphur.

Married.] The Rev. E. Phillips, to Miss
E, Allen; Mr. M. Bartley, of Nicholas-
street, to Miss S. James, of Kingsdown ;
Mr. W. Lewis, to Miss M. Alsop: all of
Bristol.—Mr. G, Tremolett, of Bristol,
to Miss M. E. Drew, of Hill's Court,
Exeter. o

Died.] At Gloucester, Mr. J. Woodward.

At Bristol, on. Kingsdown-parade, 60,
Mr. T. King.—In Paul-street, T, E,
Harper, esq.—In ‘rinity-street, Mrs.
M. Jones.—In Stoke’s Croft, 84, Abraham
Didier, esq.—75. Mr. J. Foster. — At
Cheltenham, 50, Mr. J. Nicholson.—Mrs,
A. Pocock.—At Tewksbury, Mrs, New.
—Mr. Charles Tolboys.

At Stroud, 26, Mr. E. Kendwick.

At Bredon-rectory, 22, Mrs. Pen.
Keysall.— At Overbury, Mrs. Hanford,
widow of C. H. esq.

OXFORDSHIRE.

Married.| Mr. J. Howse, to Miss E.
Haynes ; Mr. Morris, to Mrs, E. Eustane,
of St. Giles’s: all of Oxford.—Mr. J.
Sanders, of St. Peter’s, Brackley, to Miss
E. Winter, of Banbury.—Mr. J. Pocock,
of the Common, to Miss H, Clements, of
Newtown.—Mr. W. Parker, of Botley,
to Miss M. Green, of Wytham.—Mr. H.
Ballock, of Fawley-farm, to Miss E.
Bullock, of Dundsden Green.

Died.|] At Oxford, 43, Mr. J. Carter.

At Banbury, Mrs. Loftus.—Mr, W,
Savage.

At Henley, in the Market-place, 72,
Mr. Williams.

At Sandford, 41, Mr. Brown, much
respected.

BUCKINGHAM AND BERKSHIRB.

We are always desirous of adding to
the list of public benefactors, whatever
may be their general political creed; we
La aribeg therefore mention, that the
Duke of Buckingham has lately given a
piece of ground, of about three acres and
a half, for being proportioned into gardens
for the use of the poor of Aylesbury, in
lieu of those they occupy by the sides of
the roads.

Married,

478

. Married.) Mr.’Séeley to Mrs. Newman,

widow of Capt. N., both of Buckingham.
—Mr. Croker, to Miss Scovell, both of
Reading. — Mr. C. Badcock, of High
Wycombe, to Mrs. Plaistow, widow of
P. esq. coroner of the county.—E,
F, Davrell, esq. of Lamport-house, Bucks,
to Miss L. J. Lyster, of Great George-
street, Dublin.

Died.] At Newbury, Richard Compton,
esq.

Ae Denham, 60, Mr. E, Fountain, sen.
—At Speen-hill, 74, Wm. Brinton, esq.
late of Antigua.

HERTFORD AND BEDFORD.

Married] Mr, J. Stallybrass, to Miss
Chapman, both of Royston.—Mr. J.
Jones, to Miss Hudson, both of Ware.—
Mr. Hudson, to Miss M. Haynes, both of
Barnet. i

Died.| At Hertford, 80, Benjamin
Rocke, esq clerk of the peace, which
office he filled with credit for 54 years.

_ At Elstrope, Mr. T. Gurney, respected.
—At Betlowe, Mr. G. Kingsley, de-
servedly regretted.

NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

Married.] Mr. Goode, to Miss H. Jones,
both of Northampton.—John Rudgdell,
esq. of Northampton, to Miss Redburn, of
Banbury.—Mr. Jas, Smith, to Miss A.
Cobley, both of Ringstead.—Mr. Beck-
worth, of Abington, to Miss Fleckney, of
Harleston.

Died.] At Northampton, 69, Robert
Abbey, esq. solicitor.—67, Mrs. Perci-
val, sen. :

At Towcester, 64, Mrs. Drayson.

At Floore, 79, Mr. D. Wilding, much
respected.

CAMBRIDGE AND HUNTINGDONSHIRE,

Married.| At Chatteris, Mr. Jolin Ross,
to Miss C. Bateman, both of the Society
of Friends.—At Fnibourn, Mr. Chas.
Dawson, to Miss S. Edwards, of Abington.

Died.] At Ely, 83, John Leaford, esq.

At. Newmarket, 70, Mrs. Ward, sud-
denly.

At Chatteris, 58, Mrs. Lyon.—18, Mrs.
S. Bruce, deservedly regretted.

At Steeple Morden, 60, Mr. Sim. Leete,
—At Girton, 42, Mrs. A. Cockerton,—
At Westoe Lodge, 62, Mary, wife of
Benj. Keene, esq. justly lamented.

NORFOLK.

A mineral spring has recently been
discovered at Mundesley.

Married.] Mr. L. Fiddey, to Miss Ed-
wards, both ‘of St. James’s, Bury.—Mr.
L. Leacotk, to Miss E. Norton, both of
Yarmouth.—Mr. R. Turner, of Halver-
gate, to Miss S. Watts, of Yarmouth —J.
M. Encor, esq. of Rollesby-hall, to Miss
M. A. Webb, of Worthing.

Died.] At Norwich, 85, Mrs. Culver.

At Yarmouth, 72, Mr. S. Meadows.—
28, Mrs. M. Clark.—74, Mrs. Feun.—86,
Mr. W, Prior.—83, Mrs. M. Durrant,

Hertford and Bedford—

Northamptonshire, &c. [Dee. 1,

At Blundeston, 81, Mr. H. Church.—
At Hadham, Mr. P. Rackham.—At East
Dereham, Mr. W. Moore.—At Witching-
ham, 28, Miss F. Stamford.

SUFFOLK.

In the late tempestuous gale, six men
and two boys, belonging to a fishing-boat
of Southwold, were waslied overboard,
and perished. The men left thirty-two
children.

Married.] J. Jackson, esq. to Miss S.
Sparke, both of Bury.—Mr. J. Moore, to
Miss S. Bloomfield, both of Ipswich.—
Mr. W. May, of Ipswich, to Miss M.
Simon, of London.— Mr, Payne, of Wool-
verston, to Miss Feck, of Ipswich.

Died.) At Bury, Mrs. E. Benjafield.—
31, Mr. F, Mountain. —28, Mr.W. Taylor.

At Ipswich, Mr. J. Trapnell.—76, Mr.
W. French.—52, Mr. J. Chapman,

At Bungay, 23, Mr. H. Burstal,

At Little Bromley Grove, J. Eagle, esq.
—At Hundon, 23, Miss M. Bear.—At
Needham, Miss Beck, late of Ipswich.—
At Long Brackland, 64, Mr. Orford.

ESSEX.

Married.| Mr. W. Layzell, to Miss
Theobald, both of Colchester.—Mr. J.
Pool, of Clerkenwell, to Miss A. Blyth, of
Chelmsford.—Mr. P. Cock, of Braintree,
to Miss Mayhew, of Wakes Colnue.—The
Rev. G. Ireland, of Foxearth, to Miss
Rossiter, of Frome.

Died.) At Colchester, 51, Mr. G. Ray-
ner, alderman of the borough.—The Rev.
B. Wainewright, m.a. of East Bergholt,
Suffolk.—Capt. Bell, adjutant of the East
Essex militia.—51, G. Round, esq. banker.

At Manningtree, Mr. J. Meen,

At Billericay, 80, J’Ony, respected.

At Boreham. 68, Martha, wife of Tho-
mas Butterfield, esq.

KENT.

An alarming fire lately broke ont in St.
James’s-street, Dover, which destroyed
the plumbery of Mr. Hotmes, ard two
houses, before it could be extinguished.

Married.] Mr. G, Story, to Miss K, Ma-
thers; Mr. W. Sandwell, to Miss A. Ker-
ney: all of Canterbury.—Mr. W. Addley,
of Stourmonth, to Miss E. Wild, of Can-
terbury. —Dr. Rowlands, of Chatham
Dock-yard, to Miss M. Griffiths, of Lwyn-
diris, Cardiganshire.

Died.|] At Canterbury, in St. Alphage-
street, 54, Mr. G. Taylor.—In Wincheap-
street, 47, Mrs. E. Whittaker,

At Dover, 64, Mrs. Bax.—Mrs. Bayley.

At Chatham, 22, Miss J. Gibbs.—Mrs.
Kiblick.—Mr. N. Holbert.

At Sandwich, Mrs. Reader.

At Maidstone, Mr. J. Lepper.

Near Gravesend, Colovel G. Lyon. ©

SUSSEX.

Married.) Lieut. Johnson, r.N. of Arun-
del, to Miss Staker, of Vapton.—Mr. G,
Parlett, of Burpham, to Miss Ireland, of
Billinghurst,

Died.}

1823.] Hampshire—Wiltshire—Somersetshire— Dorsetshire, &c.

Died.}] At Chichester, 93, Mrs. Smart.
—In North-street, Mr. Street.—In West-
gate, Mr. Stitch.

At Brighton, Miss Jemima Halls.

At Arundel, 75, Mr. Brewer.

HAMPSHIRE.

A curions discovery has lately taken
place in Winchester. As seme workmen
were digging among the ruins of Wolves-
ley-castle, they found an entrance into a
large vault; it was perfectly square, and
contained many pillars, quite perfect, and
beautifully carved. In the middle of the
vault was a box of very thick brass, con-
taining coins,—three of which are found to
be gold, and the rest silver; the three
golden ones bear the head of Canute, the
silver are so mutilated that they conld not
be made ont.

Married.] Mr, G. Bridgen, to Miss E.
Smith, both of Southampton.—Mr, H.
Kernott, to Mrs. E. Stevens; Mr. Hock-
ley, of Cole Cross-street, to Mrs, Davis:
all of Winchester.—Mr, J. Betts, to Miss
Hounsell; both of Gosport,—Capt. G.

_Chiandler, 10th regt. to Miss M. Lee, of
Ringwood.

Died.] At Winchester, in Kinsgate-
street, Mr. Bishop.—Mr. R. Atkins, ©

At Portsmouth, Capt. W. Judson, ma-
rines.—In the High-street, Mrs. Muttle-
bury, wife of Lient.-col. M., 69th regt.

At Portsea, 24, Mr. Cowdery.—Miss
Kemp.—Mrs. Hurst.

At Andover, 32, Mr. G. Criswick.

At Newport, 28, Mrs. Dashwood.—On
the Quay, Mr. Waterman.

WILTSHIRE.

Married.) Mr. Mussell, of Sherrington,

to Miss J. Swayne, of Devizes.

Died.) At Salisbury, in the Close, 65,

Mrs, A. Sharp, Jate of Romsey.—Miss E.
_ Benson. ,

At Warmivster, 84, Mr, R. Pearse,
late of London.

The Rev. John Selwyn, 70, rector of
Lndgarsliall and Coulston, master of Wig-
ton’s Hospital, Leicester, and succentor of
Salisbury Cathedral.

SOMERSETSHIRE.

The ravages of the late storm were felt
throughout the greater part of the king-
dom, but in none were greater fears ex-
cited than in the neighbourhood of
Bath: the Avon overflowed to an unpre-
cedented extent, and the inhabitants of
the Dolemeads were threatened with de-
siruciion. By the intrepidity of two
praise-worthy individuals, whose names
deserve to be recorded, Mr. William Nash
and Mr. Gilbert, no less than nineteen
families, cousisting of seventy-five persons,
were saved from certain death. In other
*places several persons were drowned.

An institution is about to be formed at
Bath, for the protection of female servants
who may be unemployed, until they can
procure other service,

A479

Married.) Mr. T. Chope, of Gloucester-
place, to Miss Heath, of Balance-street ;
path of Bath.—Mr. J. Stone, of Somer-
ton, to Miss. E. C. Smart, of Glastonbury.
Mr. S. Baker, of Acton Turville, to
Miss E. Gowen, of Horton.—Mr. R. L.
Gale, to Miss Baldwin, both of West
Kington.

Died.] At Bath, Miss M. Smith.—In
Lansdown Crescent, Mrs. G. Blackwood,
daughter of Sir R. B. bart. of Bellaliddy,
county Down.— In Caroline-buildings,
suddenly, 67, Henry Phillips, esq. late of:
Boynton-farm, Wilts.

At Frome, 75, Mr. Charles Rogers,

At Shepton Mallett, John West, esq.

At Newton-house, Yeovil, 59, William
Harbin, esq.

DORSETSHIRE.

A piece of plate was lately presented to
John Calcvaft, esq. M.P, at his seat at
Rempstone, Dorset, by a deputation of
six gentlemen, appointed by a considera-
ble number of his friends in the isle of
Putbeck, and its vicinity, expressive of
their gratitude to him for his exertions in
accomplishing the repeal of the duties on
salt. ;

Married.| At Bridport, S. D. Robinson,
esq. to Mrs. H. Oke, late of Burton
Bradstock.

Died.} At Weymouth, Col, Chichester,
of Arlington Court, Devonshire.

At Blandford, Ann, widow of William
Densey, esq.

The Rev, W. Cox, rector of Langton
Herring.

DEVONSHIRE.

The northern coasts of Devon'ard Corn-
wall were particularly exposed to the fury
of thelate storm. From Clovelly, the sea
poured over the pier, and one third disap-’
peared. .The ruins have formed a bar
across the harbour, and prevented all
communication. ;

Married.| Mr. T. Gabriel, to Miss New-
combe; Mr. W. Bignell, to Miss M. A.
Carter : all of Exeter.—Mr, J. Major, of
Exeter, to Miss Tout, of Southmolton.—
Mr. J. Chadwick, of St. Thomas’s, Exeter,
to Miss T. Coates, of Burton-upon-Trent.
—N. G. C. Tucker, esq. 14.0. of Ashbur-
ton, to Miss H. Luke, of the Grove,
Plymouth.

Died.) At Exeter, Mr. H. Matthews.—
67, Mrs. Edwards, wife of the Rev.
Thomas E. minister of the Vabernacle.—
Mr. Jas. Bennett.—Mrs, Vicars, wife of
the Rev. Mat. V. rector of Allhallows.

At Plymouth, in George-street, Adam
M‘Kenzie, esq. Capt. King’s-ship Ocean,
—72, Mr. J. Webber.

At Bideford, at: an advanced age,
Thomas Burnatd, esq. an eminent mer-
chant, deservedly lamented,

At Ashburton, Mrs. Froude, widow of
the Rey. John I’.

7 CORNWALL.

480

CORNWALL. i

The Cornwall! Geological Society lately
assembled, when it was resolved to encou-
rage miners in the discovery of rare and
useful miuerals,

Married.| Mr. M. H. Eade, of Redruth,
to Miss E. W. Cosy, of the Terrace,
Falmouth.—Frederick Rogers, esq. R.N.
of Penrose, to Miss C. G. B. Willyams,
daughter of the Rev. H. W.—At Laun-
ceston, Mr. Jos. Spettigue, of Lawhitton,
to Miss S. Baker.—Mr. Jno. Spettigue, to
Miss Folley.

Died.| At Truro, Mr, Rd. Brown,

At Bodmin, 26, Miss M. Hambly.

At Fowey, 84, Lieut. J. Fife, ron.

At Lanarth, Mary Buchanan, daughter
of Col. Sandys.—At Menhenniott, at an
advanced age, Mrs. Pollard.—At Hol-
wood, Mrs. Bate, late of Trennick.

WALES.

Married.] John Morris, esq. of Pant-
yrathro, to Miss Eliza Timmins, of Car-
marthen.—J. Couch, esq. to Miss L.
Allen, both of Pembroke,-—Thomas Roch
Garrett, esq. to Miss Sarah Warlow, both
of Haverfordwest.— The Rev. William
Herbert, of Lianbadarnfawr, to Miss E,
Morrice, of Carrog, Cardiganshire.

Died} At Swansea, 21, Mrs. E.
Starbuck.—71, Mrs. A. Rowe, greatly
respected.—1i7, Miss S. Bowen.

At Aberystwith, Ann, wife of Thomas
Powell, esq.—79, Mrs. E. Griffiths. —47,
Mr. L. Jones.

The Rev. D. H. Sanders, A.M. rector of
Ambleston, Pembrokeshire.—At Garthe,
Carmarthenshire, Joseph Waters, esq.—
At Talacre, Flintshire, 74, Sir Pyers
Mostyn, bart.

SCOTLAND,

Married.] The Rev. G. Almond, of
Glasgow, to Christiana Georgiana,daughter
of the Hon. Mrs. Smith, of Stroud.

Died.| At Edinburgh, Matthew Ross,
esq. dean of the faculty of Advocates.

At Glasgow, the Rev. Alex. Jameison,
of the Scotch episcopal chapel.

At Dundee, 21, Anne, daughter of the
Rev. H. Horsley, and grand-daughter of
Bishop Horsley.

At Oxendon Castle, Lady Dalrymple,
wife of Lieut.-general Sir J. H. D. bart.
IRELAND.

A meeting of the Catholic Association
lately took place at Dublin, when Mr.
O'Connell gave notice of a motion to ap-
point a committee to collect facts for as-
sisting Lord Grey in the representation of
the mode of administering justice in Ire-

land. Notice of a motion for a repeal

of the Tithe-Bill,

Married.] Thomas Edw. Beatty, esq.
to Margaret, daughter of Judge Mayne;
Edward Hatton Manders, esq. to Ann,
daughter of the late Alderman Manders :
all of Dublin.—Daniel Hautenville, esq.

Cornwall—Wales —Scotland-—Ireland— Deaths Abroad.

of Dublin, to Mary Maria, daughter of
the late Joseph Hynson, esq, R.N.

Died.] In Fitzwilliam-square, Dublin,
T. P. Gaskell, esq. of Shannegarry, county
of Cork, a descendant of the celebrated
Penn.

D. N. Donellan, esq. of Ravendale,
county of Kildare. ,

DEATHS ABROAD.

At Bordentown, New Jersey, General
Lallemand. His death was occasioned by
a disease of the stomach, under which he
had laboured for some time. He held the
rank of Gen. of artillery under Napoleon,
and was always respected for his in-
telligence and bravery. His ‘‘ Treatise
on Artillery,’ translated by Professor
Renwick, of New York, will always re-
main a valuable monument of his thorough
acquaintance with military science.

At St. Petersburgh, the celebrated
composer Steibelt. He was the author of
a great number of musical compositions,
among which is the fine opera of ** Romeo
and Juliet.” He had resided for fifteen
years in St. Petersburgh, and acquired a
large fortune. i

At Bohringendorf, where he performed
the duties of parish priest, in his y4th year,

Prince Meinrad, of Hohenzollern-Heckin-.
gen, canon of the former chapters of Co-_

logne and Constance.
. Thore, a distinguished naturalist and

”

physician, was born near Bourdeaux, -

where he studied medicine, and acquired a
taste for botany. He fixed his residence
at Dax, and, during a course of thirty
years, made frequent excursions into the
different parts of Gascony, traversing the
vast forests of Morensia, and the coast from
La Teste to St. Jean de Luz. Here he dis-
covered a number of alpine plants, which,
though indigenous, were unknown to bo-
tanists ; mingled with others that were
thought peculiar to Portugal. In’ his
“Chloris des Landes,” a Flora, which he
published, he forcibly inculcates the ne-
cessity of experiments, to ascertain the
nature of various herbs, as adapted to me-
dical purposes. Thore was in intimate
correspondence with naturalists in every
part of Europe ; and, in concert with M.
de Borda and Grateloupe, he explored
in the bowels of the earth, and in the
deeper parts of the waters, a multi-
tude of new species of cetaceous animals,
fishes, and molusce. In 1809, Thore
published his promenades into the “ Lan-
des, and on the Coasts, &c.;” a work which
contains statistic details, in relation to
the culture of the country, with many
curious facts, observations, &c., in Natural
History. He was suddenly struck with
an apoplexy, and died without any symp-
toms of pain, on the 27th of April,
1823.

—<P

THE

MONTHLY MAGAZINE.

[6 of Vol. 56.

No. 390.]

JANUARY I, 1824.

SIR RICHARD STEELE’s COTTAGE AT HAVERSTOCK HILL.

Tuts small cottage, emblematical of the fortunes of a man of genius, stands midway
between Camden-town and Hampstead. Till within. these two years, it remained in
its original state, but it is now converted into two small ornamented cottages, as sleeping-
boxes for citizens. Previously to Steele's time, it had also served as a retreat for Sir
Charles Sediey. Opposite to it, the famous Mother or Moll King built three substantial
houses ; and in a'small villa behind them resided her favourite pupil, Nancy dawson. In
Steele’s days Hampstead itself was the periodical resort of the wits; and a tavern, no
longer in existence, and lately the workhouse, is vften mentioned in the writings of the
period. An apartment in the cottage was till lately called the Philosopher's Room,
probably the same in which Stecle used to write... In Hogarth’s “ March to Finchley,”
this cottage and Mother King’s house.are seen in the distance ; aud the last occupant, a
very aged milkman, told the writer that he well remembered this famons march by his
cottage, the men being mostly drunk, in great disorder, and accompanied by hundreds
of trulls. Coeval with the “ Spectator” and “‘ Tatler,” this cottage must have been-a
delightful retreat; as, at that time, there were not a score buildings between it and
Oxford-street and Montagu and Bloomsbury Houses. Now continuous rows or streets
extend from London even to this spot.

lw sere CRC a se a

For the Monthly Maguzine.
PROPOSAL for an EAST-INDIA STEAM-
MAIL, oF @ REGULAR COMMUNICATION
between ENGLAND and BOMBAY, in
THIRTY-ONE DAYS; by HWARKISON
WILKINSON, F.K.C.S. LONDON.

Soon shall thy arm, unconquer’d steam! afar

Drug the slow barge, or drive the rapid car,

Or, on wide waving wings expanded, bear

The flying chariot through the fields of air.
Darwin,

HE maritime states of Europe
for several centuries have carried
MontuLty Maa. No. 390.

on an extensive commerce with India,
by way of the Cape of Good Hope;
along, dangerous, and circuitous, voy-
age, attended with great personal
hazard and waste of capital. Improve-
nent in navigation and ship-building
have, in some measure, diminished the
evil, yet still it is one of magnitude ; as
a voyage is seldom effected in less than
twelve months, all the advantages
arising from a short voyage over a long
one, of expedition over delay, of com-

3Q fort

432

fort over inconvenience, of health over
sickness, would result from adapting a
steam-mail to India.

Men are so much the victims of
habit, as to oppose strenuous and
unfounded objections oftentimes to
schemes pregnant with public utility ;
as a few think and act for the many
even in the most momentous concerns,
so the success of this proposition
will, in a great measure, depend upon
the prejudive or interest of a small por-
tion of the people. Ihave no specified
interest either in the adoption or rejec-
tion of ihe measure, but only a san-
guine anxiety about the flourishing of
the arts and sciences, and the emanci-
pation of mankind from ignorance,
barbarism, and bigotry. Some people
might doubt how intelligence could be
imparted to that classic and revered
land bordering on the Nile, where
Euclid and Ptolemy, and Sesostris
and Aristotle, flourished; and where
thousands of thronged cities, temples,
and ‘palaces, were once crowded,
whose ruins still strike the beholders
with admiration and wonder. As a
steam-boat would be only like a meteor
passing through the region of darkness,
yet the desolation of Egypt, on one
hand, would be a Pharos to the nations
of Europe, I hope equally monitory to
tyrants and slaves; and, on the other,
the bigotted and besotted people of
Egypt would be aroused by a transient
example of the light of public spirit.

I have no means of knowing the
exact distance from place to place
described in the annexed route, as I
have only the* benefit of maps ; but I
apprehend the calculation is sufficiently
correct for general purposes. 1 have
made no allowance for contrary winds
and tides, as such as act in opposition
at one time will be favourable another.
Asasteam-ship would still be a pheno-
menon on the Arabian sea, I shall not
venture to recommend it to sail during
the whole of the’monsoon months. f
lay down the following route as an ap-
proximation to the truth ; and T think,
by good management, that voyages
could be effected in a shorter time.

Days. Miles.

From Falmouth to Gibraltar, +» 5 or 1200

From Gibraltar.to Rosetta +--+: 9 2170
From Rosetta to Bulac, or Cairo

up the Nile 5: s-<+seeher Lo 110°

From Cairo to Suez, by land’ +. 2° . 70
From Suez, down the Red Sea,

to Bombay.-+e++reessst* »°14.— 3300

31

Proposal for an East-India Steam- Mail.

{Jan, 1

For the convenience of passengers,
and for taking letters and light parcels,
and public dispatches, and for the
purpose of taking passengers on-board,
who may be going to the Mediterra-
nean, to Evypt, or to India, from the
latter places, or of putting the mail for
Gibraltar, or Malta, or Rosetta, and
the short passengers, on-shore at any
of those places, the steam-mail could
call; another steam-mail could. be
stationed at Gibraltar, ready stored;
and the mail-bags, parcels, and pas-
sengers, could be removed out of the
one from England into the one for the
Mediterranean, to Malta, Rosetta, and
to Cairo; passengers from the south of
Europe could be taken On-board at
Malta, for Egypt or India. From
Malta it is only three days’ sail to
Toulon or Marseilles, by a steam-
boat. Although ships are not able to
get over the bar at the month of the
Nile, near Rosetta, yet the steam-
boats, from drawing so little water,
would not experience the same diffi-
culty: the steam-boat navigation is
singularly well adapted for the Nile;
and, it appears, that the mouth of the
Nile, on which Rosetta stands, would
answer better than any other. Bulac
is the port of Cairo, a harbour about
two miles below that city ; and, for the
distance of 100 miles, I have allowed
one day, a space of time more than
sufficient for that purpose. The Nile
is navigable for a considerable dis-
tance above Cairo, as the merchan-
dise of the Red Sea is landed at
Cossier, and from Cossier it goes by the
caravan to Girge on the Nile, near
300 miles above Cairo. Ihave recom-
mended the passengers to disembark
at Cairo, in preference to going up the
Nile to Girge, on account of the land
journey being more laborious in, that
country, and being not half so far from
Cairo to Suez, as from Girge to Cos-
sier on the Red Sea, the former being
only about seventy miles, while the
other is above 160 miles, 1am not
aware that there is any regular cara-
van from Cairo to Suez; but one could
be established to meet the steam-mail,
and to convey passengers, goods, &c.
across the Isthmus: in_ this. track,
there is still seen the remains of a
canal, which, for some reason, does not
appear to have been opened, either
from some apprehension that, by turn-
ing the course of the Nile into the Red
Sea, it would cease to overflow the
Delia; and, consequently, that fertile

district

Se

1824.]

district would become a desert; from
the cessation of irrigation, or by the
death of the projector, or by some
public commotion. It might have been
begun by Sesostris, the first King of
Egypt who had any idea of commer-
cial enterprise, and of whose power
and grandeur more is probably re-
lated by Diodorus Siculus than is true,
yet there is no doubt but he was a
powerful sovereign, a great promoter
of the sciences at home, and exer-
cising’a paternal care over the many
nations he conquered. His tradition-
ary historians say, that he dug canals
near Memphis to facilitate navigation,
and to unite by water distant provinces
with one another. Sesostris is said to
have fitted out 400 ships on the Ara-
bian gulph, in an expedition for India.
The long and splendid reign of Sesos-
tris does not appear to have confirmed
the commercial habits of the Egyp-
tians; for, on his death, they seem to
have relapsed into their former state ;
and, if he was the projector of the
eanal, the remains of which exist
between Suez and Cairo, and died
before the undertaking was finished,
probably bis successor did not prose-
cute it. Perhaps this speculation may
be corroborated on the authority of
Strabo, that the Lower Egypt was
nearly an uninhabited swamp, and the
precaution that might intluence other
kings of Egypt might not him ; by the
canals, dikes, and drains, he made, he
considerably improved Egypt; and, in
D’Anville’s map, there is still the
course of a wall marked out between
Cairo and Pelusium, or Tineh.

After the destruction of Thebes
(vide Strabo), commerce descended to
Memphis, whith in turn became the
focus of wealth and activity, and the
residence of the kings, who, like men of
the same trade in other countries,
lavishly squandered the produce of
other men’s industry. Memphis, of
which some idea may be formed from
those colossal efforts of man, the Pyra-
mids, and other stupendous ruins, fell,
in its turn, in consequence of the bar-
barous temper, military mania, and
odious despotism, of regal tyrants;
and Alexandria, in consequence of an
opposite policy being pursued, suc-
ceeded to itssplendour and commercial
importance. This city was built by
Alexander on the western side of one
of the mouths of the Nile; this philoso-
pher, who was the pupil and compa-

nion of Aristotle, might be expected to.

Proposal for an East-India Steam- Mail.

483

Select a situation combining every
commercial advantage: his early death
does not appear to have impeded the
rapid progress of Alexandria. The
influence of the common will of the
people, and the inyiolability of the
persons of ' Alexandria, collected the
people, and. accumulated the riches of
all nations under the reigns of the ear-
lier Ptolemies. Under these sove-
reigns, who were the patrons of the
arts and sciences and commerce,
Alexandria soon acquired unrivalled
influence and wealth. Wise govern-
ments should be contrasted with the
rapine and despotism that so frequently
desolate other states; wherever men
have. justice, the arts and sciences
flourish, and, wherever life and pro-
perty are at the command of one ora
few, they are extinguished. Despot-
ism is like the Upas tree, it destroys
every thing but itself: nothing but the
hateful tyranny of kings has converted
those fruitful regions into a wilderness,
inhabited by brutal slaves. Ptolemy,
the friend and successor of Alexander,
erected a light-house on the island of
Pharos, which was accounted, from its
splendour, one of the seven wonders of
the world, a work that shows his
attention to the wants of the people.
His son and successor, in order to
unite the Red Sea with the Mediterra-
nean, to facilitate the commerce
between Arsinoe and Alexandria, and
to destroy the trade that had begun to
resuscitate at Tyre, began to dig a
canal between Arsinoe (called after his
sister) and Pelusium, a distance direct
of about eighty miles, of thirty cubits
depth, and 100 im breadth; (vide
Strabo:) this canal would not have
drained the Delta, as might be appre-
hended, by the one from Suez to Cairo;
and Ptolemy probably saw this objec-
tion, by digging the other, or the one
from Suez to Cairo, which would have
been the most direct to Alexandria;
but the turning of the course of the
Nile would have destroyed the ferti-
lity of the Delta, now. indispensible to
the prosperity of Alexandria. From
some cause, the Pelusian canal was
never opened, and Ptolemy was “com-
pelled to take to the route throagh
Upper Egypt, supposed to be merely
that used by the kings of Thebes and
Memphis. Probably it was on account
of the more difficult navigation of the
top of the Red Sea, or Sea of Suez,
that the canal was abandoned, as
Ptolemy founded a city some distance

down

484

down the Red Sea, and.called it after
his mother Berenice: although its pre-
cise situation is now doubted, yet he
laid it down im latitude 23° 50'..~ Pliny
says, it was 258 Roman iniles from
Coptos, the situation of the modern
Kypt, then a city three miles from the
Nile, but which. communicated with
the river by a canal, of which D’An-
ville says there are still some remains ;
and, from Coptos, the goods were sent
down the Nile to Alexandria, so that
ships could arrive at Berenice without
the navigating the sea of Suez; per-
haps, in the imperfect state of naviga-
tion, it might be cheaper to send the
goods from Berenice to Coptos, tian
from Suez to the Nile. But 1 know
from an officer of high rank in the Eng-
lish navy, that the Red Sea is. navi-
gable up to Suez, and even to behind
the town, for ships of greater dranght
of water than asteam-boat. Ptolemy,
for the accommodation of the caravans,
built inns, or caravanseries, in the
desert. of ‘Thebais, where he found
water; and, through this track, the
commerce between Berenice andAlex-
andria was carried on while Egypt
continued an independent state.

There can be no doubt but the
affluence of Thebes, of Memphis, and
of Alexandria, was in a great measure
derived from their commerce with the
Arabian and Persian gulphs, and with
India; and the Phenicians and the
Jews, no doubt, were direct and indi-
rect sharers, in the treasures of the
Fast. The town that monopolized the
trade with the East was sure to ac-
quire wealth with astonishing rapidity ;
and, wherever the natural rights of the
people were respected, trade flou-
rished; but, where the sovereign had no
deference to any but his own, poverty
and frightful despotism reigned.

In the calculation, J have allowed
iwo days to travel from Cairo to Suez,
a distance of seventy miles. I am not
aware that there is at present any ac-
commodation for travellers by the way,
and I expect little water is to be pro-
cured; but, perhaps, water could be
obtained in several places along the
route, either by common measures or
by boring, as is sometimes practised in
England. If water could be procured,
three or four caravanseries could be
built between Suez and Cairo, after the
manner of Ptolemy, between Coptos
and Berenice, which would materially
lessen the inconvenience of the
journey.

Proposal for an East-India Steam-Mail,

[Jan. 15
The number of camels that would be
required: to! form the caravan would
depend «upon the numbers of ipassen-
gers, luggave, and parcels;adange and
strong) camels) generally: carry 1000,
and even 1200: weight, (vide Buffon, )
the smaller onvs:6 or/700; and Raynal
says, the price of asxcamel is:about.two
guineas, so that /the original cost is
trifling, and the keep is equally cheap.
Whoever embarked Jim the» proposed
scheme, should)keep a sufficient num-
bertotransmitihecontentsofthesteam-
mail across the isthmus without delay,
M. Volney says, “ In travelling through
the desert, camels ‘are ecbiefly \em-
ployed because they) consume ‘little
and carry a great load.: | His: ordinary
burthen is about 750lbs. his food what-
ever is given him, straw, thistles, the
stones of dates, beans, barley, &c. with
a pound of food a-day, and) as much
water, he will travel for weeks. In the
journey from Cairo to Suez, whichis
forty or forty-six hours, they neither
ate nor drink; but these! long fasts, if
often repeated, wear them out.” The
distance across the desert is not farther
than from Portsmouth to London, and
the changed mode of travelling would
neither be disagreeable ‘nor insalubri-
ous, and cheaper to the conductors
than the present stage-coach travelling
in England. If local circumstances
would admit the making of an iron rail-
way, steam-carriages might be used.
To prove that large burthens have
been carried across the isihmus, I
may be allowed to mention, that the
Venetians sent wood, and other mate-
rials, up the Nile to: Cairo,: from
whence they were carried by camels to
Suez. From this celebrated) port, in
the year 1508, four large vessels, ‘one
galleon, two gallies, and three galliots,
sailed to India. A: similar practice
seems to have been adopted by Solo-
mon, who had conveyed wood from
Cilicia, and Mount Libanus, to Pheni-
cia, by way of Torsus; and, from_Phe-
nicia, it was conveyed on the backs of
camels to Hesion-Geber at the top of
the Red Sea, near the present, Suez.

It would be necessary to obtain the
permission of the Ottoman court, or
more immediately that of the bey
governing Egypt, who, for an annual
sum, would not ovly grant. the. mail
business to be transacted, but afford
protection against the hordes of -rob-
bers that infest several parts of Egypt.
As there would be interest conferred,
there need not be much opposition ex~-
pected

1824.}

pected from the Turkish government ;
it would necessarily gain by the transit
of goods, and could-neither incur risk
nor expense: f ,

- There must be a: depot of: such
stores, both at Cairo® and at Suez,+ as
would be:required for the use of the
steam-boats ; there: must be, also, the
means of) repair at each place. A
steam-mail-beat would be stationed at
Suez to receive the caravan from Cairo,
and weuld start without delay down
the Red Sea. The steam-tmail shonld
either ‘proceed at once from Suez to
Boinbay,: fourteen’ days run, about
3300 miles, or the distance could be
divided into two voyages, by going first
from Suez to Socatara, and having
there, also, a depét of stores, which
might be wanted for the use of the
mail: the island of Soeatara being in
the direct route from Suez to Bombay,
very. little time would be lost «by
putting in regularly, or another steam-
boat could be in readiness to start for
Bombay. The isiand is described to
be populous and fruitful, about. fifty
miles in length, and twenty in breadth.
“The capital of the same name is
Situated on a river near the sea in lat.
15° 24! N.. The natives are Mahome-
tans, with a mixture of Paganism.
They trade to Goa with the produce of
their island, viz. fine aloes, frankin-
cense, ambergrease, dragon’s blood,
rice, dates} and coral, which are trans-
ported from thence to many parts of
India, and all Europe. ‘The sultan is
tributary ‘to the princes of Arabia.
The shore every-where affords safe
anchorage and good ports; and here
are, in particular, two remarkably-fine
harbours, where shipping may ride
secure from every wind that blows,”
lat, 12°15' N. lon. 54° E. No island
can be better calculated, as a depdt,
than that of Socatara, should the run
be thought too long from Suez to
Bombay,

*,* We have giyen place to Mr. Wil-
kinson's project, because we regard it as
a practical consequence of steam-naviga-
tion, and to be of great public concern;
but,as Mr. Perkins’s new steain-engine, by
diniinishing the consumption of fuel, will
enable ships to make long voyages, we an-
ticipate the speedy establishment of
Steam-packets and traders between Eu-
yope aud India by the Cape of Good
Hope. This will be a practical conse-

qnence of his invention, and an East India

_ ™ Vide.Cook 658, Art. Boulac,
+ Ditto p. 666, Art, Suez.

Proposal for an East- India Steam-Mail.

485

voyage will thep not be of greater duration —
than a West India one at present. In-
deed, the idea which we expressed long
ago, seems, likely to be soon realized, that
every ship which attempts to navigate the
ocean, must be provided witb the supple-
mentary power of a steam-engine,
ee
For the Monthly Magazine.
PLAN for CLEANSING and PURIFYING the
METROPOLIS.

AVOURABLE as is the interior
of English houses to the virtues
of cleanliness, it is to be lamented that
for want of a special police, or efficient
arrangements for the purpose, the
streets of London are disgustingly
filthy, and are a disgrace to the gene-:
ral manners, habits, and character of
the nation. Carriage-ways covered
many inches deep with mud blackened
by the unctuous distillation: of ‘coal-
fires; filthy odours from the corners of
every street, and the entrances of
every alley; and coats of condensed
smoke and various effluvia, attached to
the walls of the houses, and: often
coeval with them; are the present cha-
racteristics of London... Nevertheless,
with its abundant supplies of water, its
common sewers, and other conveni-
ences, it might, under a propersystem,
be kept perfectly sweet, and become,
with inconsiderable labour and’ ex-
pence, a pattern of public cleanliness
and external neatness to all cities.
Nothing is wanted but an Act of
Parliament, and the sanction of the
common council and magistracy, to
arrange and give force to an establish-
ment for the purpose. The expenses
of exterminating dirt, filth, and noisome
smells, might amount to 30,000/. or
35,0001. per annum; but it would not
be above seven or eight shillings, on
the average, to every house; while the
advantages in point of health, plea-
santness, and cheerfulness, would be
great beyond belief; and would, in
many respects, double the agreeable-
ness.of a town-life,,. In fact, for an
expense of a few shillings per annum,
a residence in London, might be ren-
dered as pleasant and healthy as one
in the country, It may. be supposed
also, that external cleanliness: would
lead. to increased neatness in: the
houses; dresses, and habits, of the poor,
and consequently to an improvement
of their moral condition.
The details of the plan might be
something like the following :
1, Let

486

4, Let there be created an office for a
director of health, appointed by the Com-
mon Council of London, with a salary of
twelve hundred pounds per annum; and
an establishment of clerks, and eight sur-
veyors, or inspectors, at salaries of two
hundred and fifty pounds each.

2. Let the metropolis, from the meridian
of Hyde-Park corner to that of Mile-
End, and from the parallel of Islington
charch to that of Kennington, be divided
into eight districts, each to be under the
direction of a surveyor, who should
change his district every twelve months.

3. Let each surveyor have under his
control thirty regular labourers, each at
twenty shillings per week, with power to
double the number three days in every
week, when needful. These labourers to
consist of cartmen, sweepers, and white-
washers; and the supernumeraries to be
taken from the parish workhouses of the
districts, at two shillings per day.

4. Let every district be provided witha
yard, or repository for its carts, herses,
lime-washing, apparatus, &c. &c. where
also the district-surveyor should reside.

5. Let all the streets, lanes, alleys, &c.
be swept every other morning, and all nni-
sances and offensive objects be removed
early every morning,—-occasionally wash-

ing the streets; and, during a snow-season,
sweeping and cleansing them every
morning,

Observation,—The streets, lanes, &c. of
London, are all together about 110 miles
long, which,-if swept every other morning,
would be 55 miles per morning ; which 55
miles, divided among 220 sweepers, would
give 440 yards to each, in dry weather, or
in dirty weather, when the hands would be
doubled, 220 yards to each ;—in either
case, about six or seven hours’ labour of
this kind per day, the remainder being oc-
cupied in ‘lime-washing, engine-washing,
carting, &c. &e.

6. Let cleanliness be strictly-enfurced
on the duties of the public, in regard to
sweeping the pavement opposite their
doors, omitting to throw out filth, &c. &c.

7. Let all, houses which are exempt by
reason of the poverty of their inhabitants
from paying poor’s-rates, be lime-washed
twice on the outside every year, and once
through the inside.

8. Let ‘all dead-walls, to the height of
six feet, and also the vacant spaces under
shop and other windows, (unless the own-
ers choose to paint or frequently wash
them,) be lime-washed twice in every
year. pis

9. Let a sufficient number of sinks be
made for certain convenient purposes,
with drains under the pavement, and let
all the sinks be washed with hot lime
every other morning.

10. Let the fronts ofall houses in streets,
lanes, alleys, and courts, not exceeding

Plan for Cleansing and Purifying the Metropolis.

[Jau. I,

fifteen feet in width, be lime-washed,
coloured with yellow, painted, or stue-
coed, twice in every year, under penalty ;
and, if Not done within two years, let them
he lime-washed by the police, and the exé
pense assessed on the owner or occupant.

11, Let the back parts of all honses, in
which there is not a space of fifteen feet
between exterior walls, be lime-washed,
coloured with yellow, painted, or stuccoed,
ounce in every year, under the like
penalties.

12,. Let the exterior walls of all public
buildings, churches, chureh-yards,'&c. &c.
be lime-washed by the police, at least six
feet high, twice in every year, unless the
surfaces are otherwise renewed by the
owners, or parties concerned.

13. Let special regulations be made. for
the cleanliness of markets, prisons, and
workhouses, and to prevent the exercise of
noisome trades at improper hours.

14, Let all the streets be washed with
engines, with water or lime-water, in dry
weather once a-day, in the months of June,
July, August, and September.

The gross annual expenses of these
great improvements may be estimated
in the following manner :—

£

Director's salary --++++++e0+-+++++ 1,200
His clerks, and eight surveyors--++ 2,400
Eight collectors of Assessments -+++ 800
Two hundred and forty constant

labourers, at 591. +--+ -++-++++-+12,480
Two hundred and forty extra ditto,

ata SE AOS Hie ye hia dae. +++ 3,720
Horse-keep of 160 horses, at 261. -- 4,160

Renewal of twenty horses, at 30/.-- 600
Lime and tools per annum --+-+*+* 500
Interest of money borrowed, for

buildings, carts, horses, engines,

&e. &c. at the commencement ;—

say 30,0001. at six percent. ,--++ 15800

Sundry expences, as printing, adver-
tizing, stationery, law, &c,--+--+ 1,600

29,260

In the eight districts, there are about
100,000 houses, so that the assessments
would be but 5s. 6d. per house, on the
average, or 20s. on great houses, 10s.
on middling ones, and 2s. on small
ones ; and the sale of the sweepings is
not taken into the account, though they
would yield a very considerable
amount.

Under such arrangements, and atso
trifling an expence, it must be evident,
that London would become the clean-
est city in the world, and unite all the
agreeables of town life to an enlight-
ened and polished people. Typhous
fever, which is a perpetual plague in

the

1824.] Commercial Rout from the Caspian Sea to Chiwaand Bucharia. 487

the poor quarters, would be extermi-
nated. In the narrow streets, the pe-
cuniary advantages from increased
light would be equal to those from im-
proved air and ‘health, while house-
owners would profit by the increased
durability of their property. Indeed,
independent of increased pleasure and
health, the general habits of cleanli-
ness, hereby introduced would induce
wealthy persons in the principal streets
to stucco and beautify the exterior of
their houses, and. the. appearance of
the whole. metropolis would, in conse-
quence, ‘be in all respects improved.
The effects altogether on this dirty and
noisome city, would in two or three
years be like that of enchantment.

Nothing more would be requisite to
effect these desirable objects, than that
the Common Council. of London
should originate the measure, or, that
one of the members for London, West-
minster, Middlesex, or Southwark,
should. prepare and bring in a bill,
having some such provisions as those
indicated. ‘Vhere can be no doubt
that it would be hailed as a salutary
object in and out of parliament, and
be carried into easy execution, at-
tended by gratitude and applause to
those who gave it the force of law.

; Common SENSE.

*.* The outline of this article appeared
a few years ago, but it has since been
enlarged and improved, and its importance
entitles it to reiterated attention. Itsadop-
tion wonld signalize any mayoralty, and
raise into distinction any private citizen,

———
For the Monthly Magazine.

COMMERCIAL ROUT from the CASPIAN
SEa to CHIWA and BUCHARIA.

NHE merchants going from Astra-
chan to Chiwa and Bucharia by
way of the Caspian Sea, land on the
south-western shore, called by the
Turchomans, Mangishlak, and by the
Russian sailors on that sea, the Man-
gishlakshi harbour. Here the goods
are disembarked, and are passed be-
tween the islands of Kulala and Sswja-
toi and Cape Karagan; here also the
caravans embark for Astrachan.

The merchandize was sent on camels
across the mountains which surround
the eastern and southern shore of the

‘sea as far as Urgansh in Chiwa. This
was formerly done by the Turchomans
wandering near those shores, but these
people have now nearly ceased their
Nomadie life, and their stations are
taken by Kirgees.

These mountains are crossed in
little more than twenty days, when
they decline towards a valley, the
mountains branching off in two lower
ranges. The road across, the moun-
tains is stony, and. almost. entirely
without forests; wells are found in
convenient spots by Kirgees, Turcho-
mans, and caravantravellers. About
the middle of the journey, a square
building is found, consisting of a wall
200 fathoms long and two fathoms
high. These walls are called by the
Turchomans olank, who say that they
were built in ancient times by a
people with whose name they are un-
acquainted, and thatthe stones for the
edifice were taken from the lake be-
low. This assertion obtains some de-
gree of probability from the circum-
stance of the banks of the lake being
of the same substance with the stones
of those walls. The banks are very
steep and high, and the surface of the
water is reached by a narrow path
only. The Jake is extremely deep,
and never quiet; but there is.no fish
init. Butwhatis most remarkable is,
that the water of the lake and: many,
wells in the hills, which forages past
is known to have been brackish and
bitter, has within the last eighteen
years suddenly become sweet and.
drinkable.»- About one day’s journey
farther, a little to the left, another lake
is found, which is exactly 300 fathoms.
in circumference. It is very swampy, :
and a great number of springs of better
water fall with great noise from its,
high and rocky banks into it. Ata
distance from it is a high mountain,
from which, in clear weather, a square
castle. of stone is discovered. It is.
not known what it contains ; tradition
only says that it was built before Ma-
homed by some conquéror, named
Ishandar, or Sul-Karnain; that he, as
well as his successor, Dshamshit, had
concealed immense treasures in it,
which they had plundered from the
conquered nations ; and, finally, that
Tamerlane intended to make: use of
this.castle, which however, from some
cause unknown, he omitted to do.
Perhaps these circumstances gave rise
to the strange name, Birsakilmos, he
is gone, he has been lost, or, he goes
away and does not return.

In these hills are found horses, buf-
faloes, foxes (called karatshanki), and
hares. The former sometimes sport-
ively approach the caravans, and are
rather smaller in size than the common

horses.

488 Commercial Rout from the Caspian Sea to Chiwa and Bucharia. [Jan. 1,

horses. Near the shores of Mangish-
lak the sea produces coral.

On descending into the plain, a lake
is found in a nook of one of the above-
mentioned branches of the hills, which
was formed within the last twenty
years, and is called Oi-bogur. Its
water is fresh, full of fish from the
Caspian sea, and is about 400 fathoms
in circumference. This phenomenon
is easily explained by the circum-
stance, that during the inundations in
spring, this little lake communicates
with the Caspian by means of a bend
in the river Amu, falling into the Lake
of Aral, which has similar fish.
© The sudden appearance of this lake
must be ascribed to some earthquake.
In many places in the mountains cavi-
ties are found, which yield a hollow
sound on being touched by a heavy
substance; and one of these, which is
very deep and dark, is said to have
sunk with the weight of a caravan.
Near the shore of Mangishlak, a
mountain, named Abishtsha,constantly
emits a sulphurous vapour from an
open crater: black stones are scatter-
ed all around it.

The hills are generally covered with
fogs, which the sun but rarely dis-
perses for any length of time; and rain
is also frequent.

From the hills to Urgarsh the road
is level; trees of different kinds grow
by the side, especially one kind,ssaks-
saul. This tree grows to the height
of three fathoms, with long and thick
branches, and is so hard that it is diffi-
ce It to fell it with the axe. Its wood
is, however, brittle, and sinks in the
water. There are many wild beasts
in this forest, lions not excepted.

The wandering Turchomans occupy
the Eastern side of the Caspian sea.
Their immediate neighbours are the
Chiwinzes, with whom they lve in
peace; some of the Turchomans are
in the service of the Chanaf Chiwa.
They are a thievish malicious race,
occupying themselves with the breed-
ing of cattle, and agriculture; but they
are not fond of trade, except the slave
trade they carry on with Chiwa, by
means of the unfortunate fishermen
they take on the river Emba, or Em,
on the borders of the government of
Orenburgh, and the Persians they find
opporiunities for kidnapping. They
have often plundered the Bucharian
caravans, in which they were assisted
by ‘the Chiwinges.. A circumstance
which has latterly induced many mer-

chants to abandon this route, and take
the direction of Grenburg Ssorotch-
ckowski.

TheKirgees, who now carry the cara-
vans across the hills, are likewise a
rude and thievish people: Their chief
support is the breeding of cattle; but
they are also employed in hunting and
the manufacture of felt and camelot,
from camel’s hair.

Both the Turchomans and Kirgees,
with the exception of those who have
become subjects of Russia, live with-
out any sort of government, although
the former have princes, and the latter
Shans, whom they scarcely ever obey.

The Kirgees are rather afraid of the
Chiwinges, and profess the Mahome-
tan religion. Instructed by the Tur-
chomans, they oppress the merchants,
and levy a tax on their goods. ‘The
Asiatics being of the same religion,
and having formed a sort of friendly
intercourse with these people, are in
some measure exempt from these vex-
ations.

‘These robbers have lately ventured
even on the Caspian, in boats taken
from the Russian fishermen, and others
which they have built on these models.
They carry fire arms in them, and
even attack large fishing vessels, al-
though their fleets consists of only five
beats.

The distance from the lake Oi-
Bogar to Upgansh, is five days. This
place is important, as being the ren-
devouz for all the caravans going from
Bucharia, Chiwa to Russia, Turkey or
Persia. To the left of the Chiwa, on
the eastern side of lake Aral, dwell
the Kara-Kalpaks, a wandering tribe,
which is more peaceable than the
Turchomans and Kirgees, and en-
gaged in agriculture and the breeding
of cattle. They were formerly govern-
ed by Chans, to whom, however, they
were not veryobedient. Subsequently
one part submitted to the dominion of
Russia, whilst the remainder became
tributary to the Chiwinzer, The Chi-
winstki caravans go from Urgansh to
Chiva, the capital of the country, a
distance of 70 wersts. But the Bach-
arese only go with their caravans as
far as their first town, El-Dshik,
whither light bales are carried by land
Within three days; whilst heavy bales
are sent by the river Amer, on which
they are dragged on badly con-
structed rafts, by men, in about seven
days, the use of oars and sails being

perfectly unknown here.
2 For

1824.]

For the Monthly Magazine.
NoTice relative to the “KING,” or the
CANONICAL and. MORAL BOOKS of the
CHINESE) ai oni capeiy
‘ (Concluded from ‘p. 442.)
T is observed, by the missionary,
Father Cibot,that the Chinese have
more piéces of poctry on filial piety,
conjugal affection, fraternal amity, the
union of families, and the misfortunes
of the country, than all the transma-
rine learned nations taken together.
This forms a distinguishing feature in
characterising the nation.
~ Father 'Cibot describes the ode,
which commences with the following
strophes, as so pathetic, that he could
not forbear shedding tears over it:—

Thus, then, it is that the King of Hea-
ven is unpropitious to our prayers. His
wonted* clemency is withheld. Famine
and pestilence are desolating the earth;
pale death, fills the whole empire with
mourning and tears. O terrible wrath
and vengeance! Heaven no longer selects
its viclims ; its inflictions are every where
felt with redoubled blows. Dead bodies
are spread over the land ; we hear only the
yroans of the dying. It is just, it is right;
Tet the guilty suffer without mercy,—let
them perish. But shall the innocent be
involved in their punishmefit? Shall chil-
dren, hanging at the withered breast. of
their languishing mothers, pine away, also,
in grief and pain?

O for the pangs of heartfelt repentance!
let our groans, our sighs, our tears, confess
our ingratitude and wickedness; but shall
they exceed the overflowings of mercy
and goodness in our Heavenly Parent?
But what do T see? Assassinations and
shedding of blood,—an aggregate of im-
mense human slaughter; those whom the
famine liad spared cut off by the sword!
“ives, husbands, relations, children,
friends, shunning. mutual intercourse,—
avoiding, dreading to see each other. I
behold some, passing over the deat bodies,
running to banquets and entertainments.
Tremble, ye impious! with the air you
breathe, you are imbibing the contagion
of death. Those eyes, full of adultery
and incest, will shortly be closed for ever!

We shall close with two fragments
in deserved repute, as agreeably deli-
neating the softer affections of human
nature :—

Like the living branches that add lustre
anu stability to the root that has produced
them, I was indulging the fond hopes of
being, one day, the joy and support of my
parents. Vain) expectations of a soul
penetrated with sensibility and gratitude!
Lam become like one of those arid stalks
that dry up the root that has nourished
them, such exhanstion terminating in its
death. My father and my mother are in

Monruty Mac, No, 590:

On Canonical and Moral Books of the Chinese:

489

want, standing in necd of that succonr
which Lam unable fo administer. Alas!
their old age, protracted in affliction, will
reap no frait from the pains -and Jabours
they have endured: for my sake... How is
the value of a costly urn, sculptured with
art, disparaged and. disfigured by some
ride, ill-formed, vase, set beside it! ‘The
shame and disgrace of a son are the oppro-
brium of his paren!s, Alas, forme! Souls
of the most ignoble cast will prefer death
to a life without honour. How can I
stand up against the overwhelming
thought, that I am, as it were, fatherless
and motherless, as they can no longer think
of their son without the feelings of shame ?

shudder at the idea of abandoning my-
self to despair; but that of struggling
against it, is yet more painful. O my
father, to thee I am iadebted for the inheri-
tance of life ;* O my mother, to thy ten-
der cares I owe my preservation. Thy
arms were my first cradle; at thy breasts
1 imbibed my milky nourishment; it was
thy clothes that covered me, in thy bosom
I was kept warm, thy kisses and caresses
cheered and comforted me, O my father,
O my mother, your benefits surpass the
stars of Heaven, in uumber; in their
extent and immensity, they reach beyond
the Heavens, and the plenitude of my
grateful sentiments only serves to. over-
whelm me with a sense of my misery.
The enormous mountain ‘of Nan Chan
raises its superb erest to the skies, bland
zephyrs continually waft refreshing cool-
ness and fertility to it ; benefits, in abun-
dance, concentrate ‘round the district.
And wherefore am I, alone, borne down
by a torrent of evils? Why am I, alone,
for ever drowned in tears? Shall. this
source of sorrow be never dried up? O
mountain of Nan Chan, how is it that the
sight of thee inflames my griefs, and gives
a keener edge to my despair? The cyes
of men survey, with wonder, thy stupen-
dous elevation; each returning season is
lavish of its bounties, enriches thee with its
variegated productions, and all who inha-
bit thy suiface, enjoy tranquillity: and
plenty. And shall no friendly hopes ever
interrupt these sighs? Alas!,I am.the
only son in the world who can render no
due aftentions to the old age. of his
parents.

» The Brother.

Matchless among the trees of. the forest
is the, I'chang-ti,. which, the .season of
spring embellishes with a thousand flow-
ers. No man’s services can be compared
to those of a brother, “With the tears of
unaffected sorrow, a brother laments a
brother’s death; were his breathless corpse

suspendcad

* 'Lhroughout the East, it 1s a Common.
opinion that the father is the fountain and
sonice of Jife, and that the mother is only
the recipient and conservatrix of it,

ee

490

suspended over an abyss, on the point of a
rock, or sunk in the fetid waters of a
gulph, he would procure for it the honours
of a tomb, The turtle-dove complains
alone, in the silence of the woods ; but I,
in my affliction, have a brother who shares
it with me. The tenderest friend I have
only seeks to condole with me in my trou-
bles; ‘but my brother feels them, as I do,
they become his own, The transports of
wrath and anger may disturb our family
tranquillity, but no sooner am I assailed,
than my. brother shields me with his pro-
tection. How pleased he is to rescue me,
how’ overjoyed when he finds me con-
‘tented and happy! We impart a portion
of our felicity to our friends and relatives,
the presence of a brother angments it. No
festivals are so grateful to me as those
wherein I tind him, seated by my side; my
soul verges to him, as a flower discloses its
blossoms to the air. Fraternal friendship
has in it all the tenderness of conjugal
affection. Anamiable and virtuous spouse
enriches you with all the gifts of hymen;
your wishes are gratified in children
worthy of you. Would you perpetuate
your happiness? Let it be cemented by
brotherly fve. It rules, in families, like
the instruments of music, the Aim and the
ché, in concerts, which support and set off
the full chorus of voices. © fraternal
amity! blessed are the families wherein
thou presidest. All the virtues gather
round thy attractions; and, at thy pre-
sence, all the vices disappear.

On the whole, we have reason to
infer, that it could be no vulgar nation
which, prior to the times of Homer or
Solomon, could depict and find plea-
sure in such noble sentiments, ex-
pressed in such a fine style of versifi-
cation, in songs equally sweet and
sublime.

The fourth work, the Li-Ki, consists
of forty-nine chapters, only seventeen
of which are authentic, chiefly treating
of the Chinese ritual, and of the differ-
ent obligations enjoined in their mora-
lity. An infinite value is attached to
this book, from particular details on
religion, goyernment, the Jaws, man-
ners, and customs, of the ancient
Chinese, from the commencement of
the monarchy to the fifth century pre-
ceding the Christian wra. We find
several very curious lectures in it, on
fulfilling the duties of filial piety.

A well educated son will not take up
his lodgings in the middle apartment, will
not sit down in the middle of the carpet,
will not pass through the middle of the
gate. A son endowed with filial piety can
observe what his parents would have him
do, without their speaking to him, and can

On Canonical and Moral Books of the Chinese.

[Jan. 1,
see them without being in their immediate
presence. A son possesses nothing that
can properly be called his own while his
parents are living; even his life is not his
own, to expose or risque it for a friend.
The murderer of your father ought not to
dwell under the same sky (in the same
country) with you, nor must you lay down
your arms while the murderer of your bro-
ther lives, or the murderer of your friend.
A son who is walking in the same road
with his father, will tarry astep behind him;
a cadet, or younger brother, will have the
same attention for the elder. At the first
crowing of the cock, the children enter the
chamber of their parents, bring them wa-
ter to wash their hands, spread before
them their apparel, trim the cushions and
ottomans, clear away the matting, and
sprinkle the chamber. When the parents
would retire to rest, the children come to
wait upon them. ‘The eldest son presents
the matting, and asks on which side of the:
estrade they would repose for the night ;
the cadet rolls away the mattresses. A
son who is maintained by them lodges se-
parately from his parents, and comes,
every morning, to enquire what they
would choose for breakfast. At sun-rising,
he goes to the duties of his employment ;
but, towards evening, returns to salute his
parents, When the latter are at table, the -
children are ig close attendance, waiting
on them to the end of their repast. On
the decease of the father, the eldest son is
ever at the head of the other children,
waiting on his mother.

The following dictates, or indirect
injunctions, are by far too rigid, as
they reduce to rules what ought to be
spontaneous acts, thereby mingling
with the dispositions of the soul,
which will ever depend on the will.
They seem more likely to engender
affectation or hypocrisy, than to sur-
mount indifference, which, however,
would be the least of the three evils.

When a father or mother are sick, the
children cast an air of negligence over their
apparel, assume a sort of embarrassment
and distraction in their words and deport-
ment, never touch an instrument of music,
eat without a ready appetite, smile only
with the extremities of the lips, and have
not energy enough to throw themselves into
a passion, are

A son whose father has just expired, is
like to one thunderstruck, or like one so
deeply absorbed in thought, that he can
neither go forwards nor backwards.
When the corpse is laid within the coffin,
his eyes wander, not settling on any ob-
ject, like to one who is restless in seeking
what he is in despair of finding. At the
funeral, his aspect and appearance seem
to be wholly changed; he resembles one
in a fainting fit, or one, all whose hopes

are
‘

1824.]

are crushed by some tremendous and un-
looked-for misfortune.

Some bounds, however, are set by
the legislature, to the observance of
these harsh, rude maxims.

The rigorous circumstances attendant
on the times of mourning ought not to be
pushed too far,so as to impair the sight or
hearing, or to let the body grow too
meagre. In case of receiving any hurt or
wound in the head, it may be washed and
dressed; when overheated, the bath may
be taken ; in case of indisposition, suitable
viands may be eaten and wine drank;
but, on the re-establishment of health, the
mourning observances should be resumed ;
to neglect them, would be to outrage
natureand abjure filial piety. On reaching
the age of fifty, the abstinence of mourning
need not go to the length of becoming
meagre ; and, at sixty, but little, as to arti-
cles of living, will require retrenchment.
At seventy, mourning apparel will suffice ;
at that age, meat may be eaten, wine
drank, and sleeping in the usual apartment
may be allowed.

In China, the mourning for a
father lasts three years ; many passages
in the Li-Ki, which is the fourth of the
great works called the King, refer to
this custom.

Tsea-Tchang asked if it was true, as
related in the Chouking, that Koa-
Soung had passed three years without
conversing with any, and had only en-
tered into the administration of affairs
after the expiration of that term.
“No doubt,” replied Confucius, ‘and
it was right that it should be so. In
ancient times, on the death of the em-
peror, the heir to the throne was sc-
eluded from all public business, and
left the management wholly to his
minister.” This, also, is an extreme
that calls for animadversion; the me-
mory of good princes would have been
more honoured by its breach than its
observance.

Little can be said of the Yo-King,
or the part which treats of music ; this
is the last of the Canonical Books of
the first class. The book, itself, is lost,
but the following fragment of it has
been preserved in the Li-Ki.

In the temples, and in the halls of our
ancestors, music was subservient to the
purposes of religion, inspiring its senti-
ments into both the prince and his sub-
jects. In public festivals, and in the as-
semblies of parents, it breathed a spirit of
condescension towards the old and towards
the young; in families, and the affairs of
the household, it inculcated love and ten-
derness to fathers and to children, to the
eldest brothers, and to the youngest. ‘The
more we investigate the nature of music,

Account of a Tribe of People called Kroomen,

491
either as to what forms the essence of it,
or only its accessories, we find its principal
object is to strengthen the bond which
unite father to son, prince to subject, avd
men one to another.

All that is known of the Yo-King is,
that it was taught in the schools, that
its canticles were sung in the religious
ceremonies, and that the musicians
were obliged to learnit by heart. This
monument of the ancient religion ap-
pears to have been lost at the time
when China was overrun by the sects of
Fo and Tao-hee, which were also all
powerful at court.

—=ii—

For the Monthly Magazine.

ACCOUNT of @ TRIBE of PEOPLE called
KROOMEN, inhabiting a small DISTRICT
of the GRAIN COAST of AFRICA; by the
late THOMAS LUDLAM, ESQ. formerly
GOVERNOR of SIERRA LEONE, and one
of the COMMISSIONERS of AFRICAN
INQUIRY.

O less than 800 Kroomen were
estimated to be working as la-
bourers at Sierra Leone in the year

1809; and Kroomen are to be found,

though not in such large bodies, yet in

considerable numbers, at every fac-
tory, nay at almost every village, in
the intermediate space, which is an
extent of 350 miles. Besides this, they
are employed by all the vessels trading
between Cape Mount and Cape
Palmas, to carry on their trade, as
factors and interpreters, and also to
assist in the work of navigation, and
particularly in manning boats. ‘They
are also to be found, though in inferior
numbers, on other parts of the coast.
The Kroomen who thus employ them-
selves, either as traders, sailors, or
labourers, at a distance from home,
are seldom less than fifteen years of
age, or more than forty. Those who
remain at home are chiefly employed
in agriculture, and a few in fishing.

They rear also a few caitle. The arti-

cles which they cultivate are rice,

cassada, yams, and plantancs. The
land seems to form a common stock,
and not to descend by inheritance.

Each man settles, or rather cultivates,

where he pleases. Agricultural la-

bour is conducted chietly by women,
though sometimes by domestic slaves,
They have long been the exclusive
intermediate merchants, or rather
factors, between the vessels trading
on this part of the coast and the peo-
ple of the interior ; and, while the slave-
trade flourished, this employment occu-
pied

492

pied a considerable number of hands.
Since the abolition.of that trade, they
have sought other lines of service; and,
in the year 1809, the number of those
who had hired themselves as labourers
at Sierra Leone alone, a place distant
about 350 miles from their own coun-
try, was estimated at 800.

The district inhabited by the Kroo-

men extends, according to the maps,
about twenty miles along the coast,
from north-west to south-east. Its
extent inland is supposed not to ex-
ceed the same distance. ‘The Kroo
country lies between 49 54’ and 5°7’ N.
latitude. Fettra-Kroo, the viisleital
town, is in long. 7° 48’ W.
In the Kroo country there are but
five towns, viz. Little-kroo, which is
the northernmost; then Settra-kroo,
which is the chief town; then Kroo-
bah, Kroo-settra; and, lastly, Will’s-
town. A few small villages, inhabited
by strangers or slaves, are said to be
scattered over the intermediate space,
and at a greater distance from the
shore, probably for the purpose of car-
rying ontheir cultivation. ‘The popu-
lation of this small district is supposed
to be greater than in most other coun-
tries on the coast.

The general aspect of the country is
champaign, and it is very woody. Its
chief vegetable productions are rice,
eassada, yams, plantanes, and Mala-
guetta pepper. ‘The rice which it pro-
duces is valued by Europeans on
account of its superior whiteness to
what is in genera} to be met with on the
coast.

In respect to the external appear-
ance of the Kroomen, they are seldom
very tall; but they are well made,
muscular, vigorous, and active. They
wear no clothes, except a small piece of
Bast-India cloth wi rapped round their
loins; but they are fond of obtaining
hats and old w oollen jackets, which
they are allowed to wear in their own
country in the rainy season. A few
wear European clothing while at Sierra
Leone. They are extremely sensible
of the cold during the rainy season,
but never appear to suffer from the
heat. The form of the African head
differs Im general from that of the
European; but I think this difference is
Jess in the Kroomen ihan in any other
hatives,whom [ have seen. In their
temper, they are generally gay and
cheerful; and this leads them to be
Very noisy aud talkative. They some-
times show a talent for mimicry. They

Account of @ Tribe of People called Kroomen.

[Jan. 1,
seldom learn to speak English well,
and of course they must understand it
but imperfectly; the few who do un-
derstand it, become, I think, more
readily expert at whatever business
they are einmployed in than most other
natives. 'Phey are very fond of adopt
ing English names ; but their choice is
sometimes very whimsical, such as
Pipe of Tobacco, Bottle of Beer,
Papaw Tree, &e. They are quick in
feeling insults, or even harsh and
angry expressions ; and they immedi-
ately become sulky and untractable.
But they will bear any censure, even a:
sharp blow or two when their negli-
gence deserves it, if it can be so con-
trived as to seem given more in jest
than in earnest. In their general
course of conduct, they are rather deli-
berate than impetuous; but they are
far more courageous than the genera-
lity of the natives about Sierra Leone.
When hired by the month, their
wages depending on the time they are
at work, not upon the work performed,
they are apt to be very indolent, unless
carefully superintended. But they
are fond of task-work, or working by
the piece; and exert themselves ex-
ceeedingly, when the reward is propor-
tioned to the labour. When I first
arrived in Africa in 1797, it was
deemed a gross absurdity to imagine
that a Krooman would do any kind of
work unconnected with boats and
shipping, as in that way alone they
had hitherto been employed; and it
was supposed their prejudices against
innovation could never be overcome.
Necessity forced us to try the experi-
ment; and we now find that Kroomen
will employ themselves in agricultural
labour, or in any other way by which
they can get money. They seem to
think, at the same time, some kinds of
work much more creditable than
others. The washerwomen at Sierra
Leone have lately employed their hired
Kreomen in carrying home baskets of
wet clothes from the breok. I haye
heard them grumble very much under
their burdens, because “man was
made to do woman’s work ;” neverthe-
less, as they gain money by it, they are
disposed to put up with the indignity.
In their expenditure they are most
rigid economists : a little tobaccuis the
only luxury which they allow them-
selves. In every other respect they
are contented with the barest necessa-
ries. They are allowed nothing more *
for their subsistence than two ana
‘ 0

18245]

of red rice a-day, (which makes only
from one pound and a half to one
pound and three quarters when clean
and fit for use), and of this they will
sell half when rice is'dear. ‘Though
extremely fond ef rum when given to
them, I believe that they never buy it.
I speak generally ; for some will never
drink it though offered tothem. Their
clothing I have spoken of already:
probably it does not cost them ten
shillings in a year. The residue of
their gains is converted carefully into
such goods as are most valuable in
their own country.

In eighteen months or two years, a
sufficient stock having been collected,
the Krooman returns home with his
wealth. A certain portion is given to
the head men of the town; all his rela-
tions and friends partake of his
bounty, if there "be but a leaf of
tobacco for each; his mother, if living,
has a handsome present. All this is
done in order “to get him a good
name :” what remains is delivered to
his father ‘‘to buy him a wife.” One
so liberal does not long want a partner:
the father obtains a wife for him; and
after a few months of ease and indul-
gence, he sets off afresh for Sierra
Teone, or some of the factories on the
coast, to get more money. By this
time he is proud of being acquainted

with “‘ white man’s fashion ;” and takes

with him some raw inexperienced
youngster, whom he initiates into his
ewn profession, taking no small por-
tion of the wages of the éléve for his
trouble. In due time his coffers arc
replenished; he returns home; con-
firms his former character for libera-
lity; and gives the residue of his
wealth {o his father to ‘get him
another wife.” In this way he proceeds
perhaps for ten or twelve years, or
more, increasing the number of his
wives, and establishing a great charac-
teramong his countrymen; but scarcely
a particle of his earnings is at any time
applied to his own use. I have heard
of one Krooman who had eighteen
Wives: twelve and fourteen I am told
are not uncomnion: the Kroomen who
returned home in the Crocodile fri-
gate, when that vessel went down the
African coast with the commissioners
f African Inquiry, had mostly three or
our.
_ One of the Kroomen on-board hay-
ing been asked what he would do with
so much money as he was possessed
of, replied, that he hoped he had

Account of a Tribe of People called Kroomen.

493
enough to buy him two wives, toadd to
the two he already had acquired.
When he had got the additional two,
he would returm to Sierra Leone and
get more money. His father, who
was still living, he said, ‘had got
eighteen wives.” ‘The wives, of course,
are servants who labour for him in the ,
field as well as in the house. ah

The number of Kroo canoes which
push off to trading vessels, many miles
from Jand, with trifling articles for sale,
is another proof that they do not spare
their labour if they have the slightest
hope of profit. Two or three pounds of
tobacco is, perhaps, the utmost. they
can get in exchange for their goods;
and for this trifle they will sometimes
row out to sea ten, twelve, or fifteen,
miles. We had not less than twenty
canoes at a time about the Crocodile,
one afternoon, offering their fish for
sale; and they kept up with us, by
means of their paddles, more than an
hour, while the Crocodile was going
from five to six knots by the lor. A
leaf or two of tobacco was all they gut
for a fish; and few of them had any
considerable number for sale. In
coming up with the vessel it was esti-
mated that they could not go at a less
rate than seven knots au hour: yet in
many instances the canoe was paddled
by only two men. ;

One of the greatest drawbacks from
the usefulness of the Kroomen, as hired
labourers, at Sierra Leone, arises from
their readiness rather to suffer in their
own persons than to bear testimony
against each other. Detection is ren-
dered so difficult, and a thief of conse-
quence can command so many accom-:
plices (for they scarcely dare refuse
their aid, and never dare to inform),
that’ the temptation to steal is in-
creased ien-fold.. The public punish-
ment which our laws impose is far less
feared than the sure and secret ven-
geance of the magician.

All this is supported by superstition ;
and under the cloak of superstition
they bear cruelty and injustice. Who
shall break through these shackles?
Premiums have becn proposed to
Kroomen, if they would. settle in
Sierra Leone; but take away from the
Krooman his desire of respect and
distinction in his own country, and you
take away his very motive for that in-
dustry and self-denial which procure
for him, at present, a preference over
other natives.

The indifference of Kroomen to
Huropean

404
European arts and European comforts,
made me once think them a very dull
race of men, to say the least. I was
struck when I first came to Africa
with the different manner in which a
Krooman and a Mandingo man (a
Mohammedan) viewed an English
clock: It was a new thing to both of
them. The Krooman eyed it atten-
tively for about a minute, but with an
unmoved’ countenance, and then
walked away to look at something
else, without saying a word. ‘The
Mandingo man could not sufficiently
admire the equal and constant motion
of the pendulum; his attention was
repeatedly drawn to it: he made all
possible inquiries as to the cause of its
motion; he renewed the subject next
morning, and could hardly be per-
suaded that the pendulum had conti-
nued to “walk,” as he called it, all
night. [In general, I think, the case is
nearly the same. They have little or
no curiosity about things which are of
no use in their own country; they are
careless about our comforts and Juxu-
ries ; none of them have been rendered
necessary by habit, and they would
often be inconsistent with the principal
objects of their pursuit.

A Krooman will never sell a
Krooman, nor allow him to be sold by
others if he can prevent it. Partly
from their general usefulness on the
coast; partly from the probability that
the sale of a Krooman would be se-
verely revenged, they go about every
where, in slave ships and to slave fac-
tories, and are active agents in the
slave-trade, without any more appre-
hension of being sold themselves than
if they were British mariners. At
home, their numbers make them formi-
dable to their neighbours; and they
seem seldom to be engaged in war,
but when great divisions exist among
themselves: few, therefore, are ever
sold.

The numerals in the Kroo language
are as follows:

One -++e-+++ Doh, or Dh,

Two, +--++++++ Sau, or Saung.
Three, e+++-- Tau, or Tah.

Four, +-++++++ Nyéah, (one syllable.)
Five, eeeere+s Ma.

Six,--+---+-++- Méneath Diih.
Seven,++++++++ Méneah Saung.
Hight,--++++-+ Moneah Tah.

Nine, ----+-++ Sep-ah-duh.

Ten, ++++++++ Pod-ah, or Pooneah.
Eleven, ++++-+ Poéneah Dth.

a
o

F Reflections on Volcanos, by M. Gay-Lussac.

[Jan. 1,

ladda few more specimens of the
language.

Moon,---+++++ Chi’.

Sun, eeoses.- Gidh.

Night, +++.++ Wéoroo-ah’.

Man, +++++e++ Nyfrdh, or Nyi-yah’.

Woman,---:-- Bi-vinol’.

Fire, «--..+++ Nyér, (one syllable).

Water, ---+++ Ni.

Sea, s++ee+e+ Yamooz.

Cassada,++++++ Sugirith.

Rice, --++---+ Quoh’.

Nearly all the vowels are pro-
nounced very short; the consonants
indistinct; with occasionally a strong
nasal sound, particularly in-the num-
bers two and three :—an apostrophe
after a word marks that short breaking
off of a sound, (without dwelling on
the first letter, or connecting it
smoothly with the first letters of the
next word,) which is common in many
languages on the coast.

—<=>——

For the Monthly Magazine.

REFLECTIONS om VOLCANOS, by M. GAY-
Lussic; read lately before the ROYAL
ACADEMY of SCIENCES at PARIS.

[So eminent a philosopher as M. Gay-
Lussac having treated at large on the
difficult subject of the theory of vol-
canoes, we consider it our duty to sub-
mit his observations on a subject so
eminently interesting.]

WO hypotheses (says M. Gay-

Lussac) may be formed as to

the cause which produces volcanic
phenomena. According to one of
these, the earth remains ina state of
incandescence at a certain depth be-
low the surface (a supposition strongly
favoured by the observations which
have been recently made on the pro-
gressive increase of temperature in
mines); and this heat is the chief
agent in volcanic phenomena. Ac-
cording to the second hypothesis, the
principal cause of these phenomena is
a very strong and as yet unneutralized
affinity existing between certain sub-
stances, and capable of being called
into action by fortuitous contact, pro-
ducing a degree of heat sufficient to
fuse the lavas and to raise them to the
surface of the earth by means of the
pressure of elastic fluids.

According to either of these hypo-
theses, it is absolutely necessary that
the volcanic furnaces should be fed by
substances originally foreign to them,
and which have been some how or
other introduced into them. ,

In fact, at those remote epochs

which

1824.]

which witnessed the great catastrophes
of our globe,—epochs at which the
temperature of the earth must have
been higher than it now is, the melted
substances which it contained con-
sequently more liquid, the resistance
of its surface less, and the pressure
exercised by elastic fluids greater,—
all that could be produced was pro-
duced; an equilibrium must have
established itself, the agitated mass
must have subsided into a state of
repose which could no longer be
troubled by intestine causes, and
which can only now be disturbed by
fresh contact between bodies acci-
dentally brought together, and which
were, perhaps, only added to the mass
of the globe subsequently to the soli-
dification of its surface.

Now the possibility of contact be-
tween bodies in the interior of the
earth, the ascent of lava to a consi-
derable height above its surface, ejec-
tions by explosion, and earthquakes,
necessarily imply that those extra-
neous substances which penetrate
into volcanic furnaces must be elastic
fluids, or rather liquids capable of pro-
ducing elastic fluids, either by means
of heat which converts them into ya-
pour, or by aflinity which sets at
liberty some gaseous elements, Ac-
cording to analogy, the only two sub-
stances capable of penetrating into
the volcanic furnaces in volumes sufli-
ciently large to feed them, are air, and

water, or the two together. Many
geologists have assigned to the air an
important office in volcanos; its oxy-
gen, according to them, sustains their
combustion: but a very simple obser-

vation will suffice to overthrow this

opinion entirely.

How, indeed, is it possible for the
air to penetrate into the yolcanic fur-
naces when there exists a pressure
acting from within towards the exte-
rior, capable of raising liquid lava, a
body three times as heavy as water,
to the height of more than one thou-
sand métres, as at Vesuvius, or even
of more than three thousand, as is the
case in a great number of volcanos?
A pressure of one thousand metres of
lava, equivalent to a pressure of three
thousand métres of water, or to that
of about three hundred atmospheres,
necessarily excludes the introduction
of any air whatever into volcanos; and
as this pressure subsists for a long
series of years, during which the vol-
canic phenomena continue in the ut-

Reflections on Volcanos, by M. Gay- Lussac.

495

most activity, it follows that tlie air
can have no share whatever in their
production.

It is moreover evident, that, if the
air had a free communication with the
volcanic furnaces, the ascent of lava,
and earthquakes, would be impossible,

If the air cannot be the cause of
volcanic phenomena, it is probable,
on the contrary, that water is a very
important agent in them.

It can hardly be doubted that water
does penetrate into volcanic furnaces.
A great eruption is invariably followed
by the escape of an enormous quantity
of aqueous vapour, which, being con-
densed by the cold which prevails
above the summits of volcanos, falls
again in abundant rains accompanied
by terrific thunder, as was the case at
the famous eruption of Vesuvius in
1794, which destroyed Torre del
Greco. Aqueous vapours and hy-
drochloric gas have also frequently
been observed in the daily ejections of
volcanos. It is scarcely possible to
conceive the formation of these in the
interior of volcanos without the agency
of water.

If we admit that water is one of the
principal agents in volcanos, we must
proceed to examine the real means by
which it acts, upon cither ef the hy-
potheses we have just laid down con-
cerning the heat of volcanic furnaces,
If,sve suppose, according to the first
hypothesis, that the earth continues in
a state of incandescence, at a certain
depth below its surface, it is impos-
sible to conceive the existence of water
at that depth; for the temperature of
the earth having formerly been of ne-
cessity higher, its fluidity greater, and
the thickness of its solid crust less,
than at the present time, the water
must necessarily have disengaged it-
self from its interior, and have risen to
the surface.

If we wish therefore to give any air
of probability to this hypothesis, and
to maintain the importance of water
as a principal agent in volcanos, we
must assume that it penetrated from
the surface downwards to the incan-
descent strata of the earth; but in
order to come to this conclusion, we
must suppose that ithad a free com-
munication with those strata, that it
gradually acquired heat before it
reached them, and that the vapour it
produced, compressed by the weight
of its whole liquid column, obtained
a suflicient clastic force to elevate the

layas,

496

Javas, to produce earthquakes, and to
cause all the other terrible phenomena
of volcanos.

The difficulties obviously involved
in these suppositions, and to which
many others might he added, render
the hypothesis thatthe heat of volcanos
is to be attributed to the state of in-
candescence of the earth at a certain
depth below the surface perfectly in-
admissible. I must farther remark,
that this incandescence is itself quite
hypothetical; and that, notwithstand-
ing the observations on the increase
of temperature in mines, I regard jit
as extremely doubtful.

Upon the second hypothesis which
we laid down, that the principal cause
of volcanic’ phenomena is a very
strong, and as’ yet unneatralized, affli-
nity existing between certain sub-
stances, and capable of being called
into action by fortuitous contact, it is
necessary to suppose that the water
mects, in the interior of the earth,
substances with which it has an
affinity so strong as to effect its de-
composition, and to disengage a con-
siderable quantity of heat.

Now the lavas ejected by volcanos
are essentially composed of silica,
alumina, lime, soda, and oxide of
iron ;—bodies which, being all oxides
and ineapable of acting upon water,
cannot be supposed to have originally
existed in their present state in ‘vol-
eanos; and from the knowledge which
has been obtained of the true nature
of these substances, by the admirable
discoveries of Sir Humphry Davy, it
is probable that the greater part, if not
all of them, may exist in a metallic
state. There is no difficulty in con-
ceiving that, by their contact with
water, they might decompose it, be-
come changed into lava, and produce
sufficient heat to account for the
greatcr part of the volcanic phzno-
mena. But, as my object is not to
construct a system, but, on the con-
trary, to examine the probability of
the two hypotheses under censidera-
tion, and to direct the attention of
future observers towards those facts
which are most likely to throw light
upon the causes of volcanos, I shall
proceed to point out the consequences
which must result from the adoption of
the latter hypothesis. If water be
really the agent which sustains the
voleanic fires by means of its oxygen,
we must admit, as a necessary and
yery important consequence, that an

Reflections on Volcanos, by M. Gay-Lussac.

[Jan, T,
enormous quantity of hydrogen, either
free or combined with some other prin-
ciple, would be disengaged throug:
the craters of volcanos. Nevertheless
it does not appear that the disengaye-
ment of hydrogen is very frequent in
volcanos. Although, during my _ resi-
dence at Naples in 1805, with my
friends M. Alexander de Humboldt

and M. Leopola de Buch, I witnessed
frelon explosions of Vesuyius,
which threw up melted Jaya to the
height of more than 200 méires, I never
perceived any inflammation of hydro-
gen. Every explosion was followed
by columns (tourbillons ) df a thick and
black smoke, which must have been
ignited if they had been composed of
hydrogen, being traversed by bodies
heated to a temperature higher than

Was necessary to cause their inflam-

mation.

This smoke, the evident cause of the
explosions, contained therefore other
fluids than hydrogen, But what was
its true nature? If we admit that it is

‘water which furnishes oxygen to vyol-

canos, it will follow that, as its hydro-
gen does not disengage itself in a free
state, it must enter i into some combina-
tion. It cannot enter into any com-
pound inflammable by means of heat at
its contact with the air; it is however
very possible that it unites with chlo-
rine to form hydrochloric acid.

A great many observations haye in
fact been recently given to the world
on the presence of this acid in the va-
pours of Vesuvius; and, according to
that excellent observer M. Breislack,
it is at least as abundant in them as
sulphurous acid. M. Menard de la,
Groye (whose conclusions on volcanos
I however think too precipitate to be
adopted), and M. Monticelli, to whom
the public is indebted for some excel-
Ient observations on Vesuvius, also

regard the presence of hydrochloric
acid in its vapours as incontestible. I
have myself no longer any doubt on
this fact, though during my stay in the
neighbourhood of Vesuvius [ could
never distinguish by the smell any
thing but sulphurous acid; it is, how-
ever, very possible, that the extrancous
substances mixed with the hydrochlo-
ric acid disguised its odour.

It is very much to be wished that
M. Monticelli, who is so favourably
situated for observing Mount Vesu-
vins, would place some water, contain-
ing a little potass, in open vessels on
different parts of this yoleano;- the

water

EE eee

a

ee

1824.]

water would gradually become charged

with acid vapours, and after some time

- it would be easy to determine their
nature.

If the whole of the hydrogen fur-
nished by water to the combustible
subsiances contained in volcanic fur-
naces becomes combined with chlo-
rine, the quantity of hydrochloric acid
disengaged by volcanos ought to be
enormous. It would then become a
matter of surprise that the existence of
this acid had not been observed sooner.
Besides, .the chlorine must enter
into combination with the metals
of silica, alumina, lime, and oxide of
iron ; and in order to explain the high
temperature of volcanos, we must sup-
pose that the contact of the chlorides
of silicium and aluminium with water
produces a great evolution of heat.
‘Such a supposition is by no means im-
probable; but, even if we admit it, we
are still in want of a great many data,
before we can render its application to
volcanic phenomena satisfactory.

If the combustible metals are not in
the state of chlorides, hydrochloric acid
is then a secondary result; it must pro-
ceed from the action of the water upon
some chloride (probably that of so-
dium), an action which is fayoured by
the mutual affinity of oxides. M.
Thenard and I have already shown,
that, if perfecily dry sca-salt and sand
are both heated red-hot, no bydrochlo-
ric acid is evolved: we found, also, that
sea-salt undergoes no alteration from
the agency of water alone; but, if
aqueous vapour is suffered to pass
Over a mixture of sand, or of clay with
sea-salt, hydrochloric acid is immedi-
ately disengaged in great abundance.

Now the production of this acid, by
the conjoint action of water and some
oxide upon a chloride, must be very
frequent in yoleanos. Lava contains
chlorides, since it gives them out abun-
dantly when it comes in contact with
the air. MM. Monticelli and Covelli
extiacied, merely by repeated wash-
ings with boiling water, more than
nine per cent. of sea-salt from the
lava of Vesuvius in -1822, It is ex-
haled through the mouths of volcanos;
for very beautiful crystals of it are
found in the scoria covering incande-
scent lava. If, therefore, lava comes
in contact with water, either in the in-
terior of the volcano, ox at the surface
of the earth by means of air, hydro-
ehloric acid must necessarily be pro-
duced. Messrs. Monticelli and Coyelli

Montury Mac, No, 390.

:

Theory of Volcanos, by M. Gay-Lussac.

4907

have, in fact, observed the production
of acid vapours in crevices nearly in-
candescent; but they took them for
sulphurous acid. 1 am, on the con-
trary, convinced that they weie essen-
tially composed of hydrochloric acid.
It is allowable to doubt the accuracy
of their observation, since they have
expressed considerable uncertainty as
to the nature of these acid vapours,
whether they were sulphurous or
muriatic.

It is well known that lava, especially
when it is spongy, contains a great
deal of speculariron. In 1805, on in-
specting, with M. de Humboldt and
M. de Buch, a gallery formed on
Vesuvius by the lava of the preceding
year, which after encrusting the sur-
face had gradually sunk below it, I
saw so great a quantity of specular
iron, that it formed what I may be
allowed to call a vein: its beautiful
micaceous crystals covered the walls
of this gallery, in which the tempera-
ture was still too high to permit us to
stay long. Now, the peroxide of izon
being in a high degree fixed’at a tem- |
perature much higher than that of
lava, itis not probable that it was vola-
tilizedin that state: it is very probable
that it was primitively in the state of
chloride.

Tf, indeed, we take protochloride of
iron which has been melted, and ex-
pose it to a dull red heat in a glass
tube, and then pass over its surface a
current of steam, we shall obtain a
great quantity of hydrochloric acid
and of hydrogen gas; and black deu-
toxide of iron will remain in the tube.
If, instead of steam, we use dry
oxygen, we shall obtain chlorine and
peroxide of iron. This experiment is
easily made by mixing chloride of iron
with dry chlorate of potass ; at a very
moderate temperature chlorine disen-
gages itself in abundance. If we suf-
fer a stream of moist air to-pass over
the chloride at the temperature above
mentioned, approaching to a red heat,
we obtain chlorine, hydrochloric acid,
and peroxide of iron. The effects ob-
served with perchloride of*iron are
the same. If it be exposed to
moisture, hydrochloric acid is imme-
diately abtained, or chlorine if it be
exposed to oxygen; in either case
peroxide of iron is formed.

I can imagine, therefore, that iron
in the state of chloride exists in the
smoke exhaled by volcanos, or by their
Java at its contact with the air, and

358 that

498

that by means of heat, of water, and of
the oxygen of the air, it is changed
into peroxidé, which collects, and
assumes. a crystalline form during pre-
cipitation. If we suffer a stream of
chlorine at the temperature of about

400° to pass over a steel harpsichord- '

wire, the wire immediately becomes
incandescent, but not nearly so soon as
with oxygen. The perchloride of iron
is very yolatile; it crystallizes on
cooling into very small light flakes,
which ‘instantly fall into deliquescence
on exposure to. the air. It heats so
strongly with water, that I should not
be surprised, if, in a large mass, and
with a proportional quantity of water,
it should become incandescent. I
make this observation in order to sug-
gest to my readers, that, if silicium and
aluminium really existed in the bowels
of the earth in the state of chloride,
they might produce a much higher
temperature upon coming in contact
with water, since their affinity for
oxygen is much greater than that of
iron.

If, as can hardly be doubted, sul-
phurous acid be really disengaged from
volcanos, it is very difficult to form an
Opinion of its true origin. Whence
should it derive the oxygen. necessary
to its formation, unless it be the result
of the decomposition of some sulphates
by the action of heat; and of the affinity
of their bases for other bodies? This
Opinion appears to me to be the most
probable; for I cannot conceive, from
what is known of the properties of
sulphur, that itis an agent in volcanic
fires,

Klaproth and M. Vauquelin have
conjectured that the colour of basalt
might be ascribed to carbon; but, to
confute this supposition, we need only
remark, that when a fusible mineral,
even, if it contain less than ten hun-
drediths of oxide of iron, is heated to a
high temperature in a crucible made
of clay and pounded charcoal (creuset
brasque), a considerable quantity of
iron is produced, as Klaproth- has
shown in the first volume of his Essays.
Messrs. Gueniveau and Berthier: as-

sert, moreover, that there remains no~

more than from three to four hun-
dredths of oxide of iron in the scoriz
of highly-heated furnaces. _ Now, as
lava contains a large proportion of
iron, and as the basalt which has been
analysed contains from fifteen to
twenty-five hundredths of the same
substance, it is not probable that

Theory of ¥: olcanos,

by M. Gay-Lussac. ‘{Jan. 1,

carbon could exist in the presence of
so large a quantity of iron without re-
ducing it.*

Is it not possible that, if hydrogen:be
disengaged from volcanos, metallic
iron, the oxides of which have the
property of reducing at a high tempe-
rature, may be found in Java? It isat
least certain that it does not contain.
iron in the state of peroxide; for lava
acts powerfully on a magnetized bar,
and the iron it contains appears to be
at the precise degree of oxidation
which alone is determinable by water ;
that is to say, in the state of deu-
toxide, Ihave already shown, that, if
hydrogen be mixed with many times its

volume of aqueous vapour, it becomes.

incapable of reducing oxides of iron.
The necessity which appears to me
to exist for the agency of water in
volcanic furnaces,
some hundred parts of soda in Java,
as also of sea-salt, and of several other
ehlorides, renders it very probable that
it is sea-water which most commonly
penetrates into them, One objection,
however, which I ought not to conceal,
presents itself: namely, that it appears
necessarily to follow from this supposi-
tion, that the streams of lava would,
escape through the same channels
which-had served to convey the water,.
since they would experience a slighter
resistance in them than in those
through which they are raised to the
surface of the earth. It might also be
expected that the elastic fluids formed
in volcanic furnaces before the ascent
of lava to the surface of the earth,
would frequently boil up through

those same channels to the surface of

the sea. I am not aware that such a
phenomenon has ever been observed,
though it is very probable that the
mophetes, so common in volcanic coun-
tries, are- produced hy these elastic
fluids.

On the other hand, we may remark,

that the long intervals between the
eruptions and the state of repose in
which voleanos remain for a great.
number of years, seem to demonstrate
that their fires become extinguished,
or at least considerably deadened ; the
waiter would then penetrate gradually

* When these reflections were read
before the Academy of Sciences, .M.
Vauquelia observed that he had found
carbon in the ashes ejected by. the last
eruption of Vesuvius,—Ann, de Chim.
tom. xxiii. p. 193,

by

the presence of,

1824.)

hy its own pressure into imperceptible
fissures to a great depth in the interior
of the earth, and would accumulate in
the vast cavities it contains. The
voleanic fires would afterwards gradu-
ally: revive, and the lava, after having
obstructed the channels through which
the water penetrated, would rise to its
accustomed vent; the diameter of
which mast continually increase by the
fusion of its coats. 'These are mere
conjectures ; but the fact is certain,
that water dees really existin velcanic
furnaces.

It is evident that the science of
voicanos is as yet involved in much
uncertainty, Although there are
strong grounds for the belicf that the
earth contains substances in a high
degree combustib!e, we are stil! in
want of those precise observations
which might enable us to appreciate
their agency in volcanic phenomena.
For this purpose, an accurate know-
Jedge of the nature of the vapours
exhaled by.different voleanos is requi-
site; for the cause which keeps them
in activity being certainly the same in
each, the products common to all might
lead to its discovery. All other pro-
ducts will be aecicdental; that is to
Say, they will be the result of the
action of heat upon the inert bodies in
the neighbourhood of the volcanic
furnace.

‘The great number of burning volca-
mos spread over the surface of the
earth, and the still greater number of
mineral, masses. which bear evident
marks of their ancient volcanic origin,
eught to make us regard the ultimate
or outermost stratum of the earth as a
erust of scoriz, beneath which exist a
great many furnaces, some of which
are extinguished, whiie others are
rekindled. It is well calculated to
excite surprise, that the earth, which
has endured through so many ages,
should still preserve an intestine force
sufficient to heave up mountains,
overturn cities, aud agitate its whole
mass.

The greater number of mountains,
when they arose from the heart of the
‘earth, must have left these vast
cavities, which would remain empty
unless filled by water. I think, how-
ever, that De Luc, and many other
geologists, have reasoned very errone-
eusly on these cavities, which they
imagine ‘stretching out into long
galleries, by means of which cuarth-

Theory of Voicanos, by M. Gay-Lussac.

499

quakes are communicated to a dis-
tance.

An earthquake, as Dr. Young has
very justly observed, is analogous to a
vibration of the air. Itisa very strong
sonorous undulation, excited in the
solid mass of the earth by some
commotion which communicates itself
with the same rapidity with which
sound travels. The astonishing consi-
derations in this great and terrible
phenomenon are, the immense extent
to which it is felt, the ravages it pro-
duces, and the potency of the cause to
which it must be attributed. But
sufficient attention has not been paid
to the ease with which all the particles
of a solid mass are agitated. The
shock produced by the head of a pin at
one end of a long beam causes a yibra-
tion through all its fibres, and is
distinctly transmitted to an attentive
car at the other end. ‘The motion of a
carriage on the pavement shakes vast
edifices, and communicates itself
through considerable masses, as in the
deep quarries under Paris. Is it
therefore so astenishing :that a violent
commotion in the bowels of the earth
should make it tremble in a radius of
many hundreds of leagues? In con-
formity with the law of the transmission
of motion in elastic bodies, the extreme
stratum, finding no other strata to
which to transmit its motion, makes
an effort to detach itself from the
agitated mass, in the same manner as
in a row of billiard-balls, the first of
which is struck in the direction of
contact, the last alone detaches itself
and receives the motion. This is the
idea I have formed of the effects of
earthquakes ou the surface of the
globe; and I should explain their
great diversity, by also taking into
eousideration, with M. dé Humboldt,
the nature of the soil, and the solutions
of continuity which it may contain.

In a word, earthquakes are only the
propagation of a commotion through
the mass of the earth; and are so far
from depending on subterranean cavi-
ties, that their extent would be greater
in proportion as the earth was more
homogencous.

—
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine,
SIR,
T was very civil of “The Druid in
London” to point out the play of
Shakspeare, in which the allusion “I
had hinted at in my reminiscences of

84,

;

500
St. Clement Danes occurs; and, I
also think, his conjecture may be
tolerably correct as to the expression
applying to any other set of chimes.as
well as those of St. Clement’s ; only he
must remember, that chimes are not,
nor I believe never were, very com-
mon in London; and, as those cf St.

Clement’s, always play at the ‘witch- ,

ing hour of night, U think Shallow’s
remark is still in. their favour. But,
leaving this ‘momentous’, matter to
abler hands, I must beg to say, that
the succeeding part of ‘the Druid’s

note is by no means so ciyil, for he
charges me with leaving unnoticed
“the forum of Orator Henley in Ports-
mouth-street, and the Black Jack
elose by.” Now, as my loose gossip-
ping article, suggested originally by

your notice of the Duke of York ©

public house, was confined, and pro-
fessed to be so, to the parish of St.
Clement Danes, it was not likely I
should step out of my way to
notice two houses, however well I
might know them, and however
famous they might have once been,
which are situated in the parish of St.
Giles’s in the fields, which happens to
be the case with both the places ‘the
Druid’ has mentioned. Ihave known
the house that was once Orator Hen-
ley’s in a variety of diflerent occupa-
tions for the last thirty years: tiil
within these few years it was a sale-
room, but is now ‘Mr. Mitchell’s
‘assembly-rooms,” who is a sort of
rival to Mr. Chivers, mentioned in
wy former communication as now
eceupying the once Robin Hood
debating rooms. As to the Black
Jack, it has been for many years
known as the sort of the house ‘the
Druid’ describes it to have been;
though 1 always understood it to be
more visited by the performers than
by persons connected with the press,
but they very. frequently associate.
Tt is now T fear in the wane, and is
more famous for being used by the
butchers of Clare-market than any
thing else... There;is still a society
kept. up there callod the ‘ Jackers,’ a
title to which ‘the Druid’ perhaps, at
ihe time of his sojourning in Clement's
Inn, might aspixe.
In justice, however, to ‘the Druid,’
J must say, that it is not wonderful ke
should mistake; for the houses he has
pointed ont are so close io St. Cle-
ment’s, especially the Black Jack,
that very many of the neighbours, I

Chimes at St. Clement's.

[Jan. 1
believe, consider the latter house as’
being in that parish; the other ‘house
is much farther from it. In fact, the
line which parts the two parishes runs
directly between, the houses on the
south side of Lincoln’s Inn fields, and’
those on, the north side of Portugal-
street,. cutting in two the present
Surgeon’s-hall, and it will do soby the
New Insolvent Debtov’s Court, which
is now building, and its offices in Lin-
coln’s Inn fields; this line was origi-

nally a ditch, and is so designated i in
some very old plans of that neigh-
bourhood.

With respect to leaving Clement’s
Inn unnoticed, I plead entirely guilty ;
but it was not for want of recollection
nor local knowledge, for I lived in it
nearly forty years; but I feared I
should make my communication too
tedious and too long; however, I am
glad to find ‘the Druid’ has so much
respect for the neighbourhood as to
have wished for more. Still, I cantell
‘the Druid, that I know the com-
monly-received story of the kneeling’
black in the garden being the figure
of a-murderer, to be a falsehood ; and
that the man who murdered his master
at No, 18, inthe Inn, was‘a white man;
and, alas! an Englishman: his history
may be found in the old Newgate
Calendars, I have understood, and
believe, tiat the figure of the black:
was, on the contrary, meant as a‘com-
pliment to the black servant of oneof
the ancients of the Society, who was so:
worthy and honest.a man, that liewas
said to be as true as time; in allusion
to which character, the sun-dial:-was
placed on his head.

During my abode there, 1 have
known, as residents merely, many
gentlemen not unknown to the literary:
world; at the head of whom might be
placed Jittle Caslon, the once great
letter-founder, who was certainly a
man of letiers. Lremember Perry of
the Chronicle, as he used to be called,
having chambers there when he first
began to write for it, and when he was:
a very poor man; his abilities, and the
good fortune which afterwards at-
tended them, are well knowr,. Dr.
Wolcott. (alias. Peter: Pindar) had
chambers at No..17 for many years;)
and some twenty-five or thirty years’
ago, [ think Mr. D’Isracli had cham-
bers on the same staircase. ‘Wooller
of the Black Dwarf, and the late Peter
Finnerty, had also chambers in the Inn
recently; and I recollect Sedgwick,
(who

ra

1824.)

(who was a Jacker,) and the good-
natured Dicky Suett, living together
in one set of chambers at No. 18;
Sedgwick, it will be remembered, was
bass-singer at Drury-Lane theatre;
what Dicky Suett was, every body
knows. The legal gentlemen, like
performances at a fair, are too numerous
to mention. J. M. Lacey.
= .

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,

AM not a little surprised that the

correspondent who favoured you
with the exposition of our commercial
system in your last number, was not
somewhat startled at the glaring absur-
dity to whith his conclusions led him ;
and was not, therefore, induced to
suspect some fallacy in the documents
from which those inferences were
made. For what isthe conclusion he
comes to upon the faith of these
Custom House statements? Why no-
thing less than this, “that 100,060,000/.
valine of British property, within the
last seven years, has been distributed
all over the world, without one farthing
equivalent, directly or indirectly,
haying been received for it.’ ‘That
such a statement as this should be
gravely put forth in the metropolis of
the greatest commercial empire that
ever existed, cannot but excite asto-
nishment. That any individual should
be found capable of supposing that our
merchants and manufacturers are so
deplorably blind to their own interest
as to lavish away their property in this
wholesale manner; that, instead of
immediately abandoning a business so
destructive, they should persevere in
pursuing it for a series of years; and
that, without exhibiting any symptoms
of exhaustion and decay from this con-
tinued diminution of their resources,
they should be generally most actively
engaged in their manufactories, and
yearly encreasing their- shipments;
surely, sir, such propositions as these
need only to be stated to have their
fallacy perceived; and can only de-
jude one, who is utterly unacquainted
with the first principles of commerce,
as well as with the powerful operation
of that universal passion which gives
rise. to all, commerce,—self-interest,
That men should manufacture goods
only to give them away, that merchants
should export them to distant parts of
the world without obtaining any return
for them, or any remuneration even
for their expenses in conveying them
thither; and that, instead of being

Commercial System.—Mr. Mortimer’s Notes on Paris.

50L

deterred by the experience of a single
year, they should pursue this expedi-
tious and certain method of ruining
themselves with redoubled vigour,
eagerly striving to extend such a dis-
posal of their commodities in every
quarter of the globe ; these are modes
of conduct only to be expected fron
men whose proper habitation is the
lunatic asylum, or the ship of fools.
Whether the merchants and manufac-
turers of this kingdom are men of such
a description, I think it quite unneces-
sary to enquire, neither will I encroach
upon your columns by attempting to
reply to “an exposition of our com-
mercial system” proceeding upon such
an assumption ; but will leave it to the
common sense of your readers, rightly
to appreciate its merits, after thus
calling their attention to the sagacious

conclusions of its author. S. R.
Grove-street, Hackney.
—— "
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,
FORWARD you some further
observations made during my resi-~
dence in the French metropolis.
TuHomMAs MorTIMeER.
Pilion, Barnstaple, Dec. 4, 1823.

The Exhibition.

The reign of bigotry and dulness has
already shed its baneful influence over
the fine arts; and an exquisite painting,
by one of the most celebrated artists,
was rejected in consequence of Na-
poleon being a prominent figure on
the canvass. The Exhibition of 1822
could, notwithstanding, boast of some
highly-finished pictures, though it was
too much disgraced by servile per-
formances tending to exalt the royal
family. How far such attempts
merited success, may be illustrated by
the following extract from the Cata-
logue, which contained many other
descriptions equally enlightened :

No. 1036.—Veeu de S, A. R, Mme. Ja
Dychesse de Berry, a Notre Dame de
Liesse.

Dans le mois d’Avvil 1819, M. de
Bombelles, évéque d’Amiens, premier
aumpnier de $, A. R. Madame la Duch-
esse de Berry, vinta Liesse, selon le veeu
de Yauguste princesse, demander a la
Divinite un second Dieu donné, et ce yeu
fut exancé. Ce fut pour remercier le ciel
de cet insigne bienfait, que S. A. R. se
rendit a. Notre Dame de Liesse, departe-
ment de Aisne, le 2-4 Mai, 1821.

It is very probable that the first
blessing, or God’s gift, was a husband ;
and the second, being in that state

which

302 Mr. Mortimer’s

which “ladies wish: to be, who love
their lords.”

The’ feeling entertained by the
Trench tewards the:English may be

well exemplificd by another extract

from the same Catalogue:

No. 524,—Capture of the English
frigate, La Guertiere, by the American
frigate, Constitution.

— 525.—Capture of the English sloop
of war, the Frolic, by the American sloop,
Wasp.

— 526.—Capture of the English sloop
of war, Peacock, by the American sloop,
Hornet.

— 527,—Capture of the English fleet
by the American, on Lake Champlain.

This enumeration is follewed by a
Nota Bene, signifying that, in each of
the above engagemeats,. the. English
possessed a superios force innumber
of men and weight of metal ; at least,
this note was attached to the Cata-
Jogues issued at the opening of the
Exhibition, though I afterwards ‘saw
many of them in which the remark
was omitted. Similar feelings of dis-
like may be-traced in the exhibitions
at the print-shops, where you perceive
‘Le Bel Eeossais,’ in all the pride of
plaid and petticoat, which seemingly
impartial admiration confers a right to
be still more severe in their carica-
tures on John Bull.

The Museum of Natural History in the
Garden of Plants.

It. would be impossible te speak too
highly of this noble cellection, and of
the admirable state of preservation of
its various curiosities collected from
every part of the globe: indeed, there
was only one thing which { considered
misplaced, and that was an enormous
bust of Louis dix-huit, (or des huitres,
as he is more cenerally styled by his
admiring subjects,) towering above the
heads of Linnzus, Buffon, Foureroy,
&c. men of too: great reputation to
have such company obtruded upon
them. It was pleasant to observe the
sort of Freemasonry which exists
among scientific men, and to perceive
the numerous offerings from men of
genius, some of which were presented
at a time’when their respective govern-
ments were ‘devising means for exter-
minating that of France. Long may
this good fellowship exist among the
best, in spite of the military ambition
and bigotry of the worst, part of
mankind!

Passports.

Travellers cannot be too particular

with respect to these incessant and

Notes on Paris. [Jam. Ty

abominable plagues. You can travel
in the interior of the coantry without
annoyance; but immediately that you
approach the coast, you are subject to
continual interruptions, Some of the

passports are whimsically descriptive.
A youth of my aequaintance, who had
very lirhthair, was described askaving,
ine babbe naissante. ‘The English
traveller is somewhat disappdinted at
finding all the domestics, in attendance
at his ambassador’s, ‘composed of
Frenchmen, ‘as he there, naturally
enough, expects to be understood in
lis native tongue. The ‘residence of
his excellency is also any thing hut’
central in its situation, and is at such
a distance from the Prefecture’ de
Police, that it is necessary te devote a
whole morning in obtaining the eh tod

signatures.

Schools,

Usually denominated Colleges and’
Universities, possess many advantages
which we should do well to emulate.
The system of flogging is very rarely
resorted to, The dread of the birch
may have deterred many a boy from.
mischief, but it never inspired. one
with a zest for the acquirement, of
knowledge; on the contrary, it has
blasted many a blossom which would
have ripened into exccllent~ fruit.
Where it is constantly had recourse to,
the frequent repetition destroys all
sense of shame, and the boy’s glory i is
placed in bearing the punishment
without flinching, rather than in avoid-
ing it, which is indeed often im ossible,
with those merciful pedants who unite
the character of priest and pedagogue.®
An excellent regulation exists in
almost all establishments for educa=
tion, which enforces ali the schools
to be clothed alike. a

On the Expense of Living, yen ;

Instruction and amusement may he
acquired at a very cheap rate indeed :
but, with regard to the great portion of
the middling classes, who resort to
Paris from the idea of its being
cheaper than London, they find them-
selves woefully deceived. Army and
naval officers on half-pay can live
much cheaper, and, of course, with
infinitely more comfort, in London than
in Paris; and the seme thing may be
said of the provinces when compared’

with

- cL aILOSI oC

* Corporal punishments might be in
great measnre, if not wholly, superseded
by ihe introdnetion of Blair’s Schoelmas-
ter’s and Governess’s Registers,

1824.]

with Devonshire, Wales, or the North
of England. You cannot procure
two decent apartments, in an eligible
part of Paris, under fifty francs per
month; it is usual io give the porter
ten francs; and, if you. breakfast in
your own apartment, it will, cost you
14 frane more. A tolerable dinner
amounts to three francs. From_ this
statement of facts, subaitern officers
may. ‘learn, that travelling for economy
is a wild-goose chase. The persons
who derive pecuniary benefit from the
change of country, are such as drink
their’ wine, have beavy rates and taxes
to pay, large establishments to support,
apd children to educate. Such persons
possessing no. share in the representa-
tion at home, are justified in their
TenOY# to a soil less burthened with
tythes and taxes.

A Novel Method of Interpretation.

_1_was one day dining at an eminent
restaurateur’s, where "1 observed a
Cockney-looking gentleman regarding
a plate of roast duck at an opposite
table, w ith an eagerness which evinced
a strong desire to partake of the same
fare. . After having contemplated the
delicious morsel, he scized hold of a
waiter’s arm, and ineffectually endea-
voured to make him comprehend the
cravings of his appetite, by pointing to
the quickly-vanishing wing; finding his
efforts unsaccessful, he bawled ‘out,
equally to the astonishment and omaker
ment of the guests,—‘* Apportez-moi!
and then ‘imitated to perfection the
quacking of a duck; and, as animals
were not included in the curse of
Babel, he succeeded in obtaining the
object of his desires.

<a
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
STR,
USING upon this day,— the
anniversary of the landing of

William at Torbay in 1688, by which
the rights and liberties of the British
subject were secured,—I could not
help feeling grateful that the family of
the Stuarts were never suffered to
return for the destruction of them.
Neither the rebellion of 1715, nor of
1745, succeeded. In the suppression
of these memorable insurrections, our
dissenting forefathers took an active
part; and the Brunswick family were
sensible of their merit on these occa-
sions. Job Orton, in his ‘ Life of
Doddridge,” mentions this good man
going about, in the year 1745, and
enlisting young men out, of his own

~

The Rev. J. Evans on-the Loyalty of Dissenters.

503

congregation. But the following cir-
cumstance has recently come to my
notice; it is found in the ‘‘ History of
the Rebellion, 1715,” by the Rev.
Peter Raz, a work not now much
known, but marked by information
and integrity.

‘““We have it from several good
hands, that, upon this. day’s march,
(Nov. 12, .1715,) Mr. Wood and Mr,
Walker, two dissenting ministers in
Lancashire, came: to General Willis,
while he was yet some miles from
Preston, and told him they had a
considerable party of men, well armed,
for his Majesty’s service ; and that they
were ready to take any part his
excellency was pleased to assiga
them. As soon as he knew who they
were, and. had seen their men, he. told
them that, after he was.come to. Pres-
ton, he would: assign them a post.
Accordingly, when he arrived. there,
be made the necessary disposition for
an attack, and sent back to tell them
to keep the bridge over the: Ribble, to
prevent the rebels escaping that way,
or their friends coming from) that side
to join them. This they) did with so
much courage and bravery, that the
general regretted afterwards that he
had not assigned them a better post.
However, we are told that, after the
general went up to London, he was
pleased: to notify: their good conduct
on that oceasion to government, whe
generously settled upon them, 100¢,
per annum !”

It is well known, Mr. Editor, that
the rebels were surrounded in Preston,
—and taken,-—so effectually, that it
put a speedy end to the insurrection.
Thus the Protestant dissenters, though
not the blind and. indiscriminate ad-
mirers of all the measures of goyvern-
ment, have within them the sceds of
genuine loyalty.. ‘This. numerous: and
respectable body of religionists ean, on
a proper emergency, rush forth, and,
buckling. on their. armour, } aid the
cause, as well as swell, the triumphs,
of civil and religious Itberty... The
militant zeal of these two. dissenting
ministers entitle them to a niche in the
Temple of 'ame,—their deeds should
occupy a page in the history of their
country. Their well-directed ardour
in so good a cause,—when thousands
of Catholics, and. even Churchmen,
stood aloof,—ought, with every due
encomium, to descend to posterity.

Islington ; J. Eyans.
Nov. 4, 1823,

dor

504

For the Monthly. Magazine.

SKETCHES Of RELIGIOUS PERSECUTION.
NO, I.
The Inquisition.
HE history of the Inquisition is a
full fountain, sending forth bitter
waters ; butit is a fund for supplying
subjects of meditation, that should
never leave a blank in our thoughts,
nor should the memory of past events,
indissolubly connected with it, be
suffered to perish, like ephemeral
topics of conversation, which cannot
outlive the month. From long habit,
we read over, with frigid indifference,
the calamities resulting from those
three great phenomena,—earthquakes,
the eruptions of volcanoes, and the
pestilence which walketh in darkness.
Should a worid of news of this kind
start up to sight, the workings of our
fancy would soon be wound up, and
the expressions of curiosity would be
faint: but the dreadful idea of the
Inquisition, like some theme that
comes home to men’s business and
bosoms, sets every spring of the mind
in motion, employs the magnifying
powers of imagination, and ranks high
as a leading object in the series of
intelligence and extensive enquiry.
The Inquisition in Spain has been
ever accompanied by a_ series of
inauspicious occurrences. This bloody
tribunal has ever given a turn deci-
dedly sinister to the current of national
prosperity, and, enveloped in obscurity
itself, like a malignant planet, has
intercepted the lustre of its history, so
that it appears to have experienced
almost a total eclipse. Wherever the
poisonous breath of the Holy Office
(like the blast of death) has diffused
itself, ihe most populous towns have
been deprived of their inhabitants,
their walls have included only in-
formers and victims, and the most
productive soil has proved stubborn
and ungrateful to the plough.
Portugal, Italy, Sicily, and several
parts of the Indies and New World,
have long groaned, mere or less,
under the homicidal axe) of inqui-
sitors; but no-where has the Inquisi-
tion vented such hostile rage, no-where
have its thunders been pointed with
such terrible and irresistible effect, as
in Spain. In vain has creation
smiled, — woods, hills, vales, the
boundless charms of nature, inviting
to gaze end admire; all these scenes
of beauty were marred, ¢lethed with

Sketches of Religious Persecution, No. I.

[Jan. 1,

a mournful hue, by those spirits or
HELL, torturing the hearts of the inno-
cent with needless wretchedness.

Their crimes, their cruelties, perpe-
trated in the name of indulgent
heaven; the mild effulgence of the
God of mercy pleaded to drag their
victims to the fire; men, like fiends,
attired in the robes of religion, virtue,
civil worth! In the states of most
Catholic kings, the ministers of a
religion, which commands us to pardon
errors unto seventy limes seven, with
peace on their lips, and murder in the
heart, parting as under the bonds of
nature, and waging an accurst infernal
war with the dawnings of pure reason,
with virtues which they well knew,
but would not imitate.

Happily for humanity, and, I dare
say, for religion also, the Inquisition
changed its existence for the long*
sleep of an eternal night. The French,
in their attempts to impose a new
yoke on the Spaniards, emancipated
them from that of the Holy Office, and
the Cortes of Cadiz solemnly sanc-
tioned the suppression of the Tribunals
of Thought. Now the Constitutional
government is destroyed, the close, in-
sinuating, cunning, rapacious, and
revengeful, Confrerie, will continue to —
inflict its wrongs,

Several authors, French, Spanish,
and Portuguese, have attempted to
write the history of the Inquisition, or
rather to develope and recapitulate
its crimes. Secrecy, however, among
other justly odious measures for the
attainment of their objects, being
always the prime mover in their arbi-
trary councils, this very circumstance
has bereaved writers of authentic ma-
terials, and led them into gross errors
or exaggerations unworthy of history.
Truth was concealed, from the danger
of revealing it; and, in fact, what his-
torian, prior to ‘the French revolution,
would have attempted to disgrace, or
dared to denounce, the Inquisition, as
a barbarous and anti-christian insti-
tution? Such, then, was the dread of
giving umbrage to the Holy Office,
that the author of the “ History of In-
quisitions,” the only critical work that
appeared under the ancient regime,
was obliged to publish it in Germany,
with the. precaution of being strictly
anonymous.

Soon after the French had abolished
the Inguisition in Spain, M. Lavallé
published at Paris an “ History of the
Religious Inquisitions of Italy, Spain,

and

1824.]
and Portugal,wherein he only sanction-
ed the numerous errors then in circula-
tion. About the same time, the respec-
table canon Lliorente was employed in
making the most minute researches,
in the Archives of the Inquisition, of
‘which he had been appointed’ secre-
tary, intending to present the public
with an authentic history of that insti-
tution, and its acts. This work, so
remarkable in all respects, appeared
in 1817, under the title of “A Critical
History of the Spanish Inquisition.”
The author received ample satisfac-
tion, in the proportionate success
which attended it; and, his name being
connected with the publication of
such an history, a niche, at least, will
be tenanted by him in the Temple of
Fame. His facts are stated fairly,
and. his observations dictated with
eandor; of course his merits will be
appreciated by the benelits he has
conferred on mankind.

This work consists of four large
volumes, in octavo: from its magni-
tude and. price, it is not within the
reach of readers in general, and an
abridgment has therefore become ne-
cessary. This article will only treat of
the Spanish Inquisition; we may con-
sider it as the great exemplar, in the
application of its doctrines to practice,
which has been followed by many
others in different parts,—Italy, Por-
tugal, America, and the Indies.

o sooner was the Christian religion
established, than heresies sprang up in
the church. There were never more
sectaries, or reputed sectaries, than
in the first ages; and they had always
bishops and archbishops at their head.
In those times appeared, successively,
the Gnostics, who held that faith was
sufficient, without good works; the
Nicolaitans, who pleaded for a com-
munity of wives; the Arians, who
denied the consubstantiality, or the
equal substance, of the Son with the
Father in the Trinity; the Apollina-
rists, who maintained that Jesus had
not assumed a_ body of flesh, like
ours, or a reasonable soul; the Nesto-
rians, who asserted that Mary was not
the mother of God; the Monothelites,
contending for one sole will in Jesus
Christ; the Teonoclasts, who refused
worship to images; the Montanists,
who pretended to a discipline divinely
inspired, more perfect than that of the
* ostles; the Pelagians, whose system

free will tended to render void the
phil of grace ; the Manicheans,

Montury Mas. No. 390.

Progress of the Inquisition.

505

who established two principles, bene-
ficent and maleficent; the Donatists,
who professed to be the only true
church; the Priscillianists, who held
the human soul to be of the:same sub-
stance as God; and the Macedonians,
who denied the divinity of the Holy
Spirit: these were the principal, but
there were other sccts, distinguishable
both by their numbers and diversity.

During the first three ages of the
church, and till the peace of Constan-
tine, only mild and humane methods
were resorted to with heretics; cor-
poral punishments were unknown,
and excommunication was only em-
ployed in obstinate cases, after all the
means of persuasion had failed. But
the popes and bishops of the fourth
century, imitating the conduct for
which they had reproached the Pagan
priests, found means to get civil laws
established against -heretics. These
penalties, from the fourth to the
eighth century, consisted in marks of
infamy, the privation of honours and
employments, the confiscation © of
goods, the prohibition of making or of
succeeding to legacies, and paying
fines, more or less considerable.

The. popes proceeded to solicit other
punishments more severe; such as
fustigation, and ‘transportation cr.
exile. The Manicheans and Donatists
were the only heretics punishable with
death, from the troubles which they
fave rise to in Africa and at Rome.
Under the imperial judges, a volun-
tary abjuration of heresy secured from
ail farther prosecution; the bishops
had not then attained judiciary
powers, except in particular cases.

The church of Spain, at the fourth
council of Toledo, decreed, in con-
currence with King Sisenand, that
Judaising heretics should be placed
under the control of the bishops, to: be
by -them chastised, and constrained to
abandon Judaism. The penalties
against those who from Christianity
relapsed into idolatry; were propor-
tioned to the quality of the delinquent:
excommunication and exile, if of no-
ble race; confiseation of goods and
scourging, if of low condition.

During this second epoch of church
history, the ecclesiastics obtained from
the emperors and kings a great num-
ber of privileges. In due time appear-
edthe false Decretals, consecrated by
the ignorance that universally pre-
vailed. By these Decretals, the Roman
pontifis acquired such an ascendant

3T over

506

over the people, that the papal autho-
rity became, as it were, boundless,
even im temporal concerns. | In fact,
after the: Romans had banished \their
last dake Basil, Pope Gregory dT.
seized | on’ ‘the ‘civil government) of
Rome ; and his successor, Gregory III.
acted as a temporal sovereign, ‘ia’ his
treaties with the Lombard kings. Ere
long, the pontiffs began to arregate
the right of absolving subjects from
their allegiance, and thereby disposing
of the crowns of kings.

The humiliation or compliance of
Christian kings was favourable to the
establishment of the Inquisition. In
the ‘times ensuing, which may be
called the third epoch, all the natural
sentiments of moderation and mild-
ness gave way to the restless and
intractable character of the popes and
ecclesiastics. The Emperor Michael,
ow his aseending the throne, renewed
all the laws which condemned to
death the Manichean heretics; laws
which, according to the sentiments
prevalent at the present peried, con-
tained only what tended to cloud the
intellect, to inflame the passions, and
harass the human mind. The Abbot
Theophanes, whose character. stood
high for piety and learning, openly
declared that burning heretics was
consistent with the spirit of the Gos-
pel. Some time after, Gothescalj'a
religieux of the order of St. Benedict,
published certain erroneous tenets on
the subject of predestination. A coun-
cil, composed of thirteen bishops and
some abbots, assembled instantly, and
condemned him to imprisonment, and
to receive 100 lashes, at a public
whipping.

Inthe beginning of the eleventh
century, certain. hexeties were disco-
vered at Orleans, and in some other
towns of France, that seemed: to pro-
fess the doctrine of the: Manicheans.

, Another council was presently assem-
bled, which condemned. them. to be
burnt.) ‘They were delivered over te
the secular arm, and suffered accord-
ingly. The court of Rome. made the
prosecution of heretics meritorious ;
and apostolical indulgences were grant-
ed, in réeompence for zeal manifested
in such a cause.

. © (To be continued: )
——
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
SIR,
CANNOT refrain from presenting,
through the medium of your Ma-
gazine, my grateful acknowledgmeuts,

Mr. Langley on the High Value of Dr. Jones's Lexicon.

[Jan. f,
and my sincere congratulations, to
the learned Dr. Jones, fur the impor-
tant service, he has recently rendered
to literature by his.valuable Lexicon.
In this» humble. tribute, E,amj sure I
shall be joined by every person that
can properly appreciate. the) value of
Grecian literature, or whom vexatious
disappointment has taught to, lament
the. ‘obstaeles? by which. its general
diffusion has hitherto! been) so, such
retarded.

It is not amongst the least, of the
numerous improvements and advan-
tages of whieh. the» present,age, can
boast, that the) absurd custom of teach-
ing Greek through the:medium of the
Latin language. is giving, way. to. a
more simple and rational method, and
that the difficulty of acquiring, an in-
timate knowledge of a language so
noble, so elegant, and. so important, is
daily decreasing, through. the merito-
rious assiduity of:some modern) lite-
rary heroes.

That the valuable life of Dr, Jones
may be spared,:and that he, may be
enabled to. prosecute his philological
labours with ardour and success, is the
prayer of many, and, amongst them,
of l.. LANGLEY.

Brampton Academy; Nove aes

' 2
To the Editor of the yobrieai Ny’ Mag gazine:
SIR,

S the Monthly Magazine has
valways been distinguished by, its
impartiality, 1 am confident, you, will
do. me the justice to, insert. a few
remarks on the critique .upen the
recent edition of my first,set of Psalm
and Hymn Tunes... "Phe writer of that
article has certainly never been in the
habit of frequenting country cburehes,
where the place of an organ is supplied
by an instrumeutal band, or he would
have seen the propriety of what IL have
said in my preface, about the perform-
ance of tenor-parts as trebles, and
vice versa. It is no unusual. thing, in
country choirs, for the, principal. me-
lody, or first treble, to be taken by
men’s voices as a tenor part; while_
the parts which were designed by the
composer for .tenor instruments, or
voices, are played by flutes or clario-
nets in the octave above, so that the
harmony is completely inverted, aud
the conseentive: fourths obangedy into.

consecutive fifths. « ; ni
With. the merits or demerits of the
Hymns, quoted by the reviewer, I;
have nothing to do, as they were
published

1224. |

published and circulated all over the
world long before I was born.

Nov. 4. Davip Everarp Forp.
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
, SIR, “1 :

OUR’ correspondent: Cs Ry | says
Uethat Elia’ has° stated’ that) the
author of tlle’ Begear’s Petition’ was
an uSher 10 a’ school? Pray, sir, donot
believe’ Elia: the ‘wily rogue asserted
it merely to draw from me the stupen-
dous secret, he’ knowing that I held
secrets in‘store, connected with that
poem, much more important than the
mere name! of the’ author, and which
secret he was anxious to draw out of
me; and’ now, in’ laying the name
before’ the public, f know not whether
it is not less to oblige your correspon-
dent €.R: than the disconsolate friend
of Elia, who seems, by his own ac-
count;'to be, alas! no more; but who
could, when living, twist me round
his fingers.
Behold, then, the name, ye curious
thousands,—Dr. Josiah Webster.

J Vox Emissa.
¢ ———
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

‘SIR; 6?

A S asupplement to the ecclesias-
a tical article»inserted at page
325-9 of the last volume of your inva-
luable Miscellany, I herewith send

you a statement of the incumbents of ,

the frish’ bishoprics, showing their

connexion with seats in the Commons,

House of Parliament, the dates of
their appointments, and arranged in
the order in which they sit in the
Peers House of Parliament, pursuant
to the Act of Union; a clause of which
enacted, that one archbishop and three
bishops should sit one session of Par-
liament in rotation. SoH.

The following ‘sat in the first session
of the seventh Parliament of the United
Kingdom, and first of George 1V.
assembled April 21, 1820.

Tuam.—Vie Right Hon. William
Poer le Trench, D.v. brother of the
Earl of Clancarty, created a bishop in
1802, and preferred to the arehbishop-
rie of Tuam, primacy of Connaught,
and bishopric of Ardagh, in 1819. ‘This
Right Rev. prelate supported by his
vote the ‘second reading of the Bill of
Pains and Penalties, against her late
Majesty; but voted against the third
reading. He was one of the most
active and efficient co-adjutors of the
Committee for the relief of the dis-
wesses of Ireland in 1822,

Discovery of the Author of the * Beggar's Petition.”

567

Leiyhlin and Ferns.—The Bishop of
this see, in this session, was the Right
Hon. R. P. T. Lofius (vide Clogher).
Helwas succeeded in 1822, ‘at, Leigh-
lin and Ferns, by the present prelate,
Thomas Elrington, p.p. preferred from
Limerick, to which he was appointed
in 1820.

Cloyne.—Charles_ Morgan Warbur-
ton, D.D. was preferred to this bishop-
ric in 1820, from Limerick, to which he
was appointed in 1806.

Cork and Ross:—The Hon. Thomas
St. Lawrence, p.p. 1807... This Hon.
and Rev. prelate voted in favour of
the Bill of Pains and Penalties against
her late Majesty in. all its, stages.
Ferns and Cloyne did not vote at all.

George IV. 2d session, 1821,

Armagh.—The prelate who filled
the archiepiscopal see of Armagh, in
this session, was the Right Hon. Wm.
Stuart, D.p. who died in 1822, and was
succeeded by,the Right Hon, John
George de la Poer Beresford, D.D.
who was appointed to the bishopric of
Raphoe in 1806; archbishop of Dub-
lin in 3820, from whence he was pre-
ferred to the archbishopric of Armagh,
and primacy of all Ireland. The
favours bestowed on this family, at the
expense of the Irish and British peo-
ple, ‘exceeds belief. There is no
means of ascertaining correctly the
amount they annually receive 5 but it
is speaking within bounds to say, that
it exeeeds the means of subsistence of
more than 20,060 Irish families ; no
fewer than eight of the family hold-
ing church preferment; andi there are
two (J. C. and H. B. Beresford,) on
the Irish pension-list’ for no less than
23371. 10s. per annum each, for loss
of office as ‘wine-tasters at the port of
Dublin; (vide page 26, Parliamentary
Return, No. 596, session 1822.) The
Marquis of Waterford is head of, the
family, and influences about six votes
in the House of Commons (vide ‘Times
newspaper of the 20th of February,
1823, for a very interesting exposition
respecting them).

Killalve.and Kilfenora.—The prelate
who satin Parliament for this see, in
this session, was Richard Mant, p.p.
preferred to Down and Conner in
1823; and was succeeded at Killaloe
by AlexAnder Arbuthnot, p.p. C. Ar-
buthnot, who sits in Parliament for St.
Germain’s, Cornwall, influences also
the vote of the member for Cashel, in
Ireland.
~ Kilmore.—George de la Poer Beres-

ford,

508.
ford, D.D. appointed in 1802. ( Vide
Armagh above, )

_ Clogher.—The Rev. prelate who sat
in Parliament for this see, in this ses-
sion, was the Hon. Percy Jocelyn; he
was appointed bishop of Leighlin and
Ferns, in 1809, and preferred to
Clogher in 1820; disgraced himself in
1822: succeeded by the Right Hon.
Lord Robert Ponsonby Tottenham
Loftus, ».p. appointed bishop of
Kilfenora in 1804, preferred to Leigh-
lin and Ferns in 1820, and was the
representative bishop for that see in the
session of that year. He is brother of
the Marquis of Ely, who influences
two votes in the House of Commons,

_ Stuart, Mant, Beresford, and Lof-
tus, all voted with the majority of 159,
(twenty-five of which were church-
men,) against a minority of 120, who
supported the second reading of a bill,
on the 17th of April, 1820, for relieving
the Roman Catholics from the politi-
cal disabilities to which they still re-
main subject. Stuart voted by proxy,
the others present. g

George IV. 3d session, 1822.

Dublin.—Right Hon. William Ma-
gee, D.D. appointed bishop of Raphoe
in 1819, preferred to the archbishopric
of Dublin, primacy of Ireland, and
bishopric of Glandclugh, in 1822.

Ossory.—Robert Fowler, D.D. ap-
pointed in 1813.

Killala and Achonry.—James V ers-
choyle, D.D, appointed in 1810.

Clonfert and Kilmacduagh.—Christo-
pher Batson, D.p. appointed in 1804.

Dublin, Ossory, and Clonfert, pre-
sent, voted with the majority of 171,
(twenty-five of whom were churchmen, )
against a minority of 129, who sup-
ported the Catholic claims.

George IV. 4th session, 1823.

Cashell and Emly. — Right Hon.
Richard Lawrence, ».c.L. succeeded
the Right Hon. Charles Broderick, D.p.
deceased in 1822, archbishop of Cashel.

Meath.—Nathaniel Alexander, D.D.
appointed bishop of Down and Connor
in 1804, and succeeded the Right Hon.
and Most Rey. T. L. O’Beirne, p.p.
deceased in this see in 1823. The two
members for Old Sarum (J. and J. D.
Alexander,) are nearly related to the
present Rey. Bishop of Meath.

Kildare.—Right Hon. Chasles Dal-
rymple Lindsay, D.D. brother of the
Earl of Balcarras, who influences two
votes in the House of Commons, ap-
pointed in 1804.

Derry —Hon. William Knox, v.p.

Statement of Incumbents of the Irish Bishoprics.

[Jan. I,
appointed a bishop in 1794, and pre-
ferred to Derry in 1803. This prelate
is brother to Viscount Northland, who
returns his son member for the borough
of Dungannon.

George IV. 5th or ensuing session, 1824.
Tuam.—Vide session of 1820.
Raphoe.—W illiam Bissett, p.D. dean

of the Vice-Regal Chapel, 1822. :
Limerich, Ardfert, and Aghadoe.—

John Jebb, D.p. 1822.
Dromore.—James Saurin, D.D, 1820.

6th, or session of 1825.
Armagh.—Vide session of 1821.
Elphin.—Jobn Leslie, D.p. 1820.
Waterford and Lismore. — Hon.

Richard Bourke, p.p. 1813.

Down and Connor.—Richard Mant,

D.D. Vide session of 1821.

In the. 7th or following session,

The Archbishop of Dublin (wide ses-
sion of 1§22,) will sit with the Bishops
of Ferns, Cloyne, and Cork, (vide
session of 1820. The order of rotation
is then continued as here laid down,
forming a cycle in twelve sessions. In
the thirteenth session, Tuam, Ferns;

Cloyne, and Cork, will again sit toge-

ther, as will more fully appear in the

following re-capitulation:—

Ses-
s10n.

Arch-
bishops.

Bishops:
1320|/Tuam. |Ferns, Cloyne, Cork.
1821|/Armagh, |Killaloe, Kilmore,Cloghei
1822|Dublin. |Ossory, Killala, Clonfert.
1823|Cashell. |Meath, Kildare, Derry.
1824/Tuam, |Raphoe, Limerick, Dro
more,
1825|Armagh. |Elphin, Waterford, Down.
1826)Dublin. |Ferns, Cloyne, Cork.
1827|Cashell. |Killaloe,Kilmore,Clogher
1828/Tuam. |Ossory, Killala, Clonfert
1829|Armagh.|Meath, Kildare, Derry.
1830|Dublin. |Raphoe, Limerick, Dro
more.
1831|Cashell. |Elphin, Waterford, Down.

ee ee
1834|'Tuam, &c. &c, as in 1820.

—_——

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
SIR,

N acquaintance of mine, who lives
in the vicinity of the Ouse—a
river immortalized by the pensive
Cowper,—whose waters, he says, are
thickly interspersed wiih those waste-
ful. ornaments rushes, wishes me to
inform the public of the method
whereby they may be advantageously
procured for the purposes I have de-
scribed them (in a former Number,) as
; being

1824,]

being . well calculated for -bedding
for horses, cattle, pigs, &c. and for
which, I assert, they are much better
adapted than bruised gorse, and other
stubborn substances, which are used
in places where straw is both scarce
and dear. He says justly, that in
some depths of rivers, where pools are
formed, and in other places, that
gushes grow entirely under the sur-
face, and considers any attempt to
detach them from these deep aquatic
bets to be a task both of difficulty and
danger. I can assure him his sur-
mises are wrong: the process is sim-
ple, easy, and safe; a lad stands on
each side a puut-boat, while another
lad keeps it steady, or moves it, as
occasion requires. They are both
furnished with a cutter, an instrument
similar in shape, but smaller, than a
common digging spade, and which is
attached to the end of a slight firm
pole, whose length is proportioned to
the depth of the river where this ope-
ration is required ; and it is surprising
to see with what ease the different
floating masses are detached from
their roots, and rise therefrom to the
river’s surface. The time chosen for
this branch of exercise is when the
tide is receding, and in a direction
towards the mill-head, round which
the various drifted heaps form one
collection, and are thence drawn out
by rakes, and afterwards left to exhale
their moisture in the sun.

. What tons of loads of rushes does
the Severn, the Thames, the Medway,
the Trent, alouve individually contain !
and, however Vandal-like may appear
such an infringement as I recommend
upon the ancient domains frequented
by such choice masters as Collins,
Gray, and other votaries of the lyre,
I readily acquit myself on this score,
that national property will become,
according to the extent of its adop-
tion, more or less enhanced ; besides,
those nowinaccessible and intolerable
retreats for toads, water-newts, efts,
and gluttonous birds, such as hitterns,
herons, and other devastating crea-
tures, in addition to those mischievous
animals I have before specified, will
become nearly extirpated, and the sun
will, in such a case, smile pleasantly
upon those now “hidden waters.”

Mr. Alexander Moody, of Hawley-
mills, is the gentleman who has the
merit of bringing water-rushes into
practical use, and I wish to see the
experiment more extensively tried.

River-Rushes.— Singular Habit of Rooks.

509

Singular Habit of Rooks.

It is a fact that these busy noisy
birds prefer building their nests in
elm-trees to any other. As an illus-
trative fact, I beg to mention, ‘that
there is a fine mingled assortment of
elms and horse-chesnut trees growing
in beautiful diversification on the
banks of the river Darent, at Hawley,
in Kent, and yet not in one of the lat-
ter species of trees do the rooks ever
build their nests. Every frequenter of
rural nature knows what a grand pic+
turesque object a full-grown horse-
chesnut tree forms; it possesses much
of the masculine majesty of the oak in
the breadth and heighth of its struc-
ture;,and in autumn, when its full
shining leaves are spread in perfection,
and their verdant drapery is intermin-
gled with its prolific round prickly
fruit, the sight is beautiful, as well as
it is in spring, when its full dotted
blossoms form a variety of snow-like
festoons, delighting the climbing and
searching eye, as it views them.

I consider it singular that rooks
should dislike building their nests in
these trees, which are far better adapt-
ed to shelter them and their young;
either from a too intense heat of the
sun, or the visitation of unpleasant
rains, than the elm-tree is; but such is
the fact, that they uniformly reject the
horse-chesnut trees, and fix their airy
settlements among the elms.

If that eminent naturalist, Bingley,
were alive, I would ask him for a so-
lution of so singular a phenomenon;
as he is not, I will endeavour to an-
swer it myself. 1 consider this strong
objection to arise from a rankness of
vegetation which is inherent in the
horse-chesnut tree, and which proves
so offensive and unpleasant to the sen=
sitive organs of these birds, that they
cannot dwell comfortably in their
branches: the bitter quality of the
fruit, when ripe, is well known to be
of so repulsive a nature that even hun-
gry swine will not eat them. It is
likewise singular with what strength
(and wisdom of instinct,) rooks attach
their nests to the highest branches of
those trees where they form their colo-
nies; so much so, that village boys
inform me they can stand on them
without disturbing in the least the
equilibrium of their position.

Sagacity and Rapacity of Water-rats.

Nature certainly shows less wisdom
in some parts of her management for
the. preservation of species than in

others :

410

others: Ict the following fact suffice.
That species. of waterefowl called
moor-hen, is, during the progress of
incubation; in the habit of uttering a
frequent, and. plaintive ery; whichis

pleasing, though mournful: this note —

serves to betray the otherwise atten-
live bird into the hands of sauntering
boys, who. are wandering on the sedgy
banks of rivers:which they haunt, aud
where their nests are invariably found.
It likewise tends to draw the attention
of its direst enemy, that keen sporting
animal the water-rat; than whom
there is not a more active rapacious
“hunter of prey,” throughout the do-
mains of every river. During the
many hours I have sat silent on the
banks of the Darent, which is an asy-
Tum for thousands of these noxious
animals, I have seen them répeatedly,
on hearing the moor-hen’s pitiful
plaint from her nest, dash immediately
into ihe water from the opposite side,
and, swimming across to the spot,
immediately dart into the nest, and,
having scared the mother from her
eggs or brood, would cither devour the
former by sucking them on the spot,
or, seizing hold of a young bird in its
meuth, would re-plunge with it into
the water, and carry it across, to be de-
voured inits own nest. The otter him-
self is not more bold, quick, or rapa-
cious, than this spirited animal: he
will frequently dive and bring up small
fish, such as gudgeons, minnows, fry,
&c. and quite in a manner similar to
the “water-dog,” the otter himself.
None of the watery tribe, not even the
largest trout, as he swims across, dare
attack him, except the larger species
of pike, who proves an overmatch for
shim, and draws him, after a skort
struggle, a shrieking victim, into the
‘watery guiph, where suffocation pre-
eludes the exercise. of. his. natural
powers and courage, It is not uncom-
mon, in opening a large-sized pike, to
find one, or sometimes two, water-rats
4n his. maw; and these fish certainly
do good in large pools, ponds; and
rivers, by diminishing the race of such
depredators as water-rats; for, although
their natural propensities, cause them
to, prefer any spot where water is, to
other places, they are’ great depre-
dators of all field produce, and their
disposition for eating is almost un-
ceasing. ' E,, 8.
Banks of the Davrent;
Nov. 17, 1823.

Water-Rats.—St.Paul, St. Peter, and St. Ananias.

[Jan. I,

For the Monthly Magazine.

LETTER to GAMALIEL 8MITH, ESQ.
INDICATING some HITHERTO’ UNNO-
TICED DOCUMENTS, concerning’ S\INT
PAUL, SAINT PETER, and SAINT

ANANIAS. DRC ae
OUR “Not Paul, but Jesus,” has.
recently ‘passed through my
hands: it contains strictures somewhat
harsh, but many important, remarks
on the early history of the church of
Christ; and it points out real disso-
nances between the doctrines of Paul
and those of the, original disciples of
Jesus. You have confined, yourself
to the dissection of scriptural docu-
menis concerning these personages ;
but there are three passages in Jose-
phus which appear to,me to, make
mention of Paul, of, Peter, and of
Ananias, and which may assist.in a
just appreciation of the character, of

these men. tee

I. In the Antignities of Josephus

Xvill. 3. 5. cecurs this paragraph,
There was a man, a Jew)» wlio: had
been driven away trom his,own country by
an accusation laid against hum for trans-
gressing its laws, and by the fear he was
under of punishment fox the same, one, in
all respects a busy-body. .He, then living
at Rome, there professed to instiuct men
in the wisdom of the laws of Moses. He
procured also three other men, entirely of
the same cliaracter, to be his partnets ;
and they persuaded Fulviaya lady of the
highest rank, and one who had embraced
the Jewish religion, to send purple and
gold to the temple at Jerusalem... And,
when they bad gotten, this, they employed
it for their own use, and spent the money
themselves, for which purpose it was that
they had first solicited it., Whereupon
Tiberius, who bad, been informed.of the
thing by the husband of Fulvia, (Narcis-
sus,)* who desired enquiry might be made
about it, ordered all the Jews. to be
: banished

* Be it observed, that Josephus. calls
the husband. of Fulvia, Saturninus ; but
this pame must be an error.of the copyist ;
because, in the preceding paragraph, he
had related the jhistory. of another Alex-
andrian, heiress, who had caused the wor-
shippers of Anubis to be sent out of
Rome; and her hashand’s name, which
occurs repeatedly, was Saturninus,, A
parallelism of name is so improbable, that
the occurrence in this second paragraph of
the same name must have been an erfor of
reminiscence. As the name of any hand-
some mat may serve to designate the hus-
‘band of an heiress, I have employed the
hy pothetical name Narcissus.

1824.] Documents concerning St. Paul, St. Peter, and St. Ananius.

banished out of Rome. © At which time,
the consuls enlisted four-thousand men out

of them, and sent them to the island of

Sardinia; but punished a greater number,
who were unwilling to become soldiers, on
account of keeping the laws of their fore-
fathers. Thus were these Jews banished
out of the ¢ city by, the profligacy of four
men, >"

Who were these four men?’ In the

sixteenth chapter of the Epistle of

Paul ‘to the Romans, it is stated (com-
pare y. 3 anil 7 .) that Paut had“ been
commitied to prison with Aquila, with
Andronicus, and with Junias. In the
eighteenth chapter of Acts, (v. 2,) we
moreover learn, that Aquila, one of
these four men, was one at whom the
imperial’ edict ‘of banishment was
levelled. “And in’ the Epistle to
Philetaon, St. Paul admits (v.-13,)that
some charge of embezzlement had
been made against his son Onesimus.
Here, then, is a teacher of the law of
Moses, w ho is imprisoned with three
associates, dnd involved ina charge
of embezzlement. “Can it be, that the
four xnonymous Men of Josephus, are
any other than Paul, Aquila, Androni-
cus,’and Junias? “And why may not
the name of Fulvia’s husband have
really been Narcissus, as St. Paut
(Romans. xvii. ii.) distinguishes that
hoasehold among his patrons.

II. In the Antiquities of Josephus,
xix, 7. 4. occurs this paragraph.

Tthappened at Jernsalem that a provin-
cial naned Simon, who was held skilful
in’ the Taw, ‘during a sermon which he
preached fo the maltitnde, while the king
(Xgripjia) was gone 'to Cesarea, ventured
to acense him of not being holy ; and con-
tended, that he ought to be excluded from
the temple, which ts not open te foreigners,
This was signified to the king by leiters
from the prefect of the city. The king
then sent for Simon, and ordered him to
He placed next him, for he was then at
the theatre; and, with a calm and placid
voice, asked him’ whether he was doing
any thing contrary to the law. Bat Simon,
having nothirg to say, asked pardon for his
fornier speeches. ‘Phe king, more con-
* vineed than others that he liad reconciled
the man, thinking clemency more honour-
able to royalty than anger, and persuaded
that. great men prefer lenity to severity,
made presents to Simon and dismissed
him.

When it is considered, how fre-
quently, Simon, Peter visited Cesarea,
which is the scene of this interview,
and how much it layin his: charaeier
tobe rash while sate; and cowed by

Sit

peril, (Mark xiv. 29 and 30,) it may
with prebability be assumed, that this
is the Simon Peterofthe Evangelists.

IIT. In the Antiquities of Josephus,
xx 2.'4 Occurs this paragraph!) :

Dnring the time that Tzares was en-
camped at Spasina, a Jewish merchant,
named Ananias, got among the -woineu
that belonged) to the king, and) tanght
them to worship God-vaccording to the
Jewish religion, He also, when Izares
knew. this, drew him over to the opinion >
and, at this prince’s request, accompanied
him, when, sent for by his father, to
Adiahene. If also happened about the
same time, that Helena was instructed by
a certain other Jew, and went over. to
them.

This I take to be an anecdote of the
success of Ananias and Paul, during
their Arabian missionary journey; if
so, it must set aside your lurking
doubts about the real ‘existence, of
Ananias,

Truth, whithersoever it leads, must
be the ultimate interest of the haman
race; because it cannot. be worth
while to perform actions, of which the
motives are unsound and baseless: you
deserve, therefore, thanks for, the
frankness and boldness with which yeu
dissect the documents of ecclesiastical
history : that branch of enquiry has not
yet often been conducted in the spirit
of honest investigation : yet, why are its
authorities not to be examined on the
same principles as the authorities for
civil history? There are. still, many
enigmas to be guessed in the Jives of
saiuted men, BioGRaPuicus.

For the Monthly Magazine.
TRAVELS of the BROTHERS BACHBYILLE
‘im VARIOUS COUNTRIES, before and

after the UNHAPPY RESTORATION of
the BOURAP NS cg

TRAIN bees ania oa during

the late revolutions of goyern-
inet In the history of France, ‘oblig ed
my brother and me to adopt the design
of quitting our native country, and
visiting other regions, That govern-
ment was marching, throughout, in the
old beaten track of harassing men jor
opinions, which, whether common or
uncommon, erroncous or not, they
will never resign, and which no authe-
rity can give countenance or validity
to persecute.

Misfortunes genevally open a. vast
field for the exercise of useful recollee-
tion ; and committing the selected con-

: tents

512
tents of this to paper, with the little
embellishments which paper receives
from the pen, will not fail to produce
an enbanced effect.

My best attention and skill have
been employed in putting our notes in
order; and, as all the particulars, all

* the minutize of description, lie strictly
within the province of truth, and as
many: details have credit, also, due to
them, for interest as well as novelty,
it is hoped that the work will merit
some portion of public approbation
and esteem. I must say, at least,
that my thoughts, my ideas, are not
those of common place ; if they should
not be thought calculated to support
the dignity of authorship, it is because
Iam no writer by profession; if they
evince the clear and lively conceptions
of a soldier, they will, I trust, be con-
sidered as perfectly apposite to the
occasion.

Qualified by much experience, and
a knowledge of fortune’s variations, I
have formed an excellent lesson and
motto, for myself, in the words
* Honneur et Patrie.’ I depend more
on a strict regard to originality and
variety, by which the whole work is
certainly distinguished, than on all the
materials for producing striking effects,
which can result from the manifold
qualities of the most elaborate com-
position.

If industry is of high importance to
human society, if Jarge dealings in
commerce can bestow a sort of influ-
ence, or political power, it is but natu-
ral and just that my family and
numerous relations should have a
claim to the praise of serving their
country, in proportion to their means.
I met with no discouragements to
discountenance my engaging in com-
mercial pursuits, and £ might have
given my friends satisfaction, and
proved skilful and successful in
promoting my own interest, had [
inclined thereto; but the ardour of
youth had an irresistible effect, and
the military line proved a temptation
to which I could not but accommodate
myself, -as exactly suitable to my un-
concealed sentiments. For eighteen
years, I can honestly declare, that I
faithfully. endeavoured to discharge
the duties of a soldier, according to
the measure of my abilities. In this
great concern,.[ conducted myself on
the principle of not spilling the blood
of a fellow citizen, and of not en-
gaging in a foreign service.

1

Travels and Adventures of the Brothers Bacheville

[Jan. 1,

It was in the eleventh year of the
Republic that I first began my career
in arms. From that time till 1807,
when I was admitted into the guards,
Italy was the arena wherein I com-
bated. So many accounts, at large,
have been given, so many particulars
specified, relative to that country,
that E shall not employ my pen in de-
scribing it. . 1 shall, however, recite
one adventure which befel me there ;
which aflorded me, at the same time,
amusement and concern.

I was returning to Paris with some
of my comrades, intended, like my-
self, to form a part of the guard, and
we were halting at Pazzaro. Llodged
in the house of a lady I was ac-
quainted with, and who expressed
for me a degree of kindness which
was near costing me dear. It was
about two in the morning,. when
heard a mysterious rap at my door.
A taste for romantic adventures iben

~bespoke strongly the character of my

mind; and, on this occasion, my zealk
became mere than ever conspicuous,
Accordingly, in the spirit of this prin-
ciple, (virtue, perhaps, beginning te
be a vice, and wisdom giving place to
folly,) I rushed towards the door, with
a degree of pride and pleasure not
easy to describe. My hand, which I
stretched out in the dark, was then
suddenly seized by another hand of a
very masculine force. I started back
and grasped my sabre, sensible to my.
situation, but collected, and not sink-
ing under it with any horror. There
was occasion for courage and equani-
mnity, as I had to parry two violent
strokes of a poinard, aimed by one
who very mal-apropos called me his
rival. He then made a precipitate
retreat, but could not escape a cut
which I gave him across the body.
He lay rolling on the staircase, with
terrible groans, when I called for a
light, and found my assassin to be a
stout handsome monk, ascertained by
the servants, when with loud outeries,
they raised him up, to be the director
of madame. «

It will be readily conceived, that I
departed without taking leave; but,
though much affected with the afflicting
situation in which my sot-disant rival
was involved, I should have consi-
dered it as unmanly not to inform my-
self of the issue of this adventure. — In
fact, I learned, to my great satisfae-
tion, that.the monk was not dead, and.
that he still continued to oe

the

18244]

the conduct of his female penitents, in
the: hours of night; and, as was given
out; for the greater glory of God.
From the rank of ‘serjeant, which I
held in the line, I was reduced to that
of a common soldier in the guards. I
viewed this measure, though a general
one, as a degradation, but’ soon
adopted other sentiments on becoming
acquainted with my officers and com-
rades. The discipline of the guards
was’ So well understocd, and so honour-
able a fraternity existed between the
general and the lowest under his com-
mand, that we could not without
improving satisfaction, and increasing
comfort, taste the sweets and avail
ourselves of the many superior advan-
tages which we possessed. *'This
made all ready to exert themselves
with their best zeal and ability, in
every part of their duty.. With this
corps I remained to the last, but had
then the honour of fighting at the head
of that company wherein I had served,
as a simple grenadier. f
Throughout the years 1808, 1810,
and 1811; I served in Spain. I was
presentat the taking of Madrid, at the
battles of Burgos, of Rio Secco, Bene-
vente, and others. . On ‘the subject of
this war let me publish my opinion,
that the principles which then had a
powerful influence on: my mind were
not correctly defined; its injustice did
not. then ‘appear to me, as at present,
when, having better studied the history
of societies, I have entered more
largely into the spirit of the times.
My apprenticeship in arms was. on the
natal soil of the Romans; enthusiasm
had condensed and hardened the im-
pulse of my ambition to an improper
degree. I supposed it right and
natural, all in the highway of human
affairs, that Paris should become the
capital of the world, as Rome had
been. ‘he deceptions and falsehood
of supérstition, the numerous abuses
of ignorance and prejudice, the base
tyranny and cruelty of monastic fraud,
conspiring with other circumstances,
called up so many disgusting ideas, that
I conceived it would be deserving of
the»greatest praise to root them out,
vi et armis. And now that my mind
has aequired more intelligence, I am
frank enough to acknowledge it, as a
right political opinion, that conquest
would be just, should the conqueror
impose on the vanquished, in lieu of
governments pursuing wicked plans or
weak: measures, a Constitution on the
Mowtnty Mac. No. 390,

After the Restoration of the Bourbons.

513

basis’ of public virtue or patriotism.
Imagination, perhaps, is leading me
here into anerror. Already, however,
another order of things seems matur-
ing in Spain. It may be a problem
worthy of discussion, whether a future
race of Spaniards will not hail, as
useful, the revolutionary principles
which the French professedly dissemi-
rated every where throughout Spain.
Napoleon said to the deputies who
presented him with the keys of Madrid,
‘Your grand-children will bless the
day wherein I appeared among you.”

In 1809, we were ordered from
Madrid to Ratisbon in Germany; our
marches were rapid ; gross infractions
of treaties, by the treacherous Austri-
ans, brought on fresh hostilities, which
were only terminated after the Austri-
ans had been several times defeated.

Waving Spanish and other details, T
proceed next to the campaign of 1812:
in that year, I was a serjeant of grena-
diers in the ever-glorious Old Guard.
I had cultivated the esteem of those
among whom I was placed; and,.for:
my military services and duties,had
obtained the cross. From this epoch
I date my rank of officer ; for, if 1 had
passed into the line, it wonld have been
as a lientenant, not as a sub-licu-
tenant.

Much has been said of the designs
and enterprises of Napoleon against
Russia. I believe that our politicians,
in general, opposed the measure, from
judgment, many pointedly condemning
it, as highly imprudent and dangerons.
I shall not contend against a generally
received opinion, but reserving my
own, enter into some particulars
respecting that famous march whereof
1 had ocular testimony, and for ‘the
truth of which Ican vouch.

On our quitting Moscow, the army
was well enough provided, and _se-
cured against the cold. It was then
severe, but not so terrible as it after-
wards proved. As the French have a
turn for a sprightly agility, and even
excel, perhaps, too much in gaiety,
the first days of our march might have
seemed like the last of a carnival; it
was a rolling fire of vivid pleasautvies,
of versatile quod. libets on the accoutre~
ments of this individual, and onthe
odd character of that, In the case of
the gentlemen thus singled out, all the
decorums of gravity were grossly in-

‘fringed on, if not wholly violated and

the materials for our humourous tem-
perament might haye lasted all the
aU way

514

way to Paris; if the rolls of destiny
had not designated for us a doom re-
plete with the most melancholy: de-
tails.

A different species of feeling quickly
prevailed; a spirit: as terrifying as
Death himself, the ‘horrible genius of
Want; soon after appeared. By such
an harbinger, we were introduced to
all the sufferings, the most dreadful
evils, ‘that adversity can describe, or
mankind suffer. The cold every day
became more intense, provisions be-
gan to fail; in trying to run; we
wearied ourselves without acquiring
heat. As to the horses, they perished
by thousands ; our great guns we were
forced to leave behind. In conse-
quence of this discouragement, dissa-
tisfaction and mortification, on disco-
vering our situation, on finding our-
selves thus personally entangled, were
echoed round, and became the order
of the day. Indeed, despair in many
cases was approaching so near to us,
—famine, also, in different instances,
being known to be making a contem-
porary progress, that numbers threw
away théir fusees, contrary to all the
usual laws of military regimen.

Poland, which had appeared so
frightful: to the army in the winter of
1807, was now commonly spoken of
throughout with respect as a paradise.
Poland was all the cry.

In the mean time, distress, while it
’ huddled us along, like a swollen
enraged torrent, tearing away every
thing in its rapid course, had annibi-
lated one half of our bravos ; the other
half; debilitated by continual fighting,
by numbers of the men daily taken
prisoners, by hunger, and by diseases,
had no more of an army than the
name: and even the chilling naked-
ness of a Poland winter was far
enough from being within our ken.

‘Threatened, as we now were, with
an universal deluge. of miseries, de-
structive in their career, and not able
to find vent for any little expression of
hope, in some individuals there would
still remain the solid features of a calm
intrepidity, which commanded the
admiration of every public observer
or ordinary beholder. . As an illustri-
ous pattern of unrivalled excellence,
long sanctioned, also, by his fame, as a
most able professor, &c. in the art of
war, the unfortunate Marshal Ney
shone conspicuous. At the passage of
the Berezina his tactical knowledge
was distinguished, and it failed not to

Travels and Adventures of the Brothers Bacheville.

(Jan, 1,

increase his reputation; but, as if jea-
lous of every species of glory, and
wishing to signalize his energy and
sensibility no less than his 'valour, this
man did every thing in his power to
alleviate the sufferings of the soldiers,
by sharing all fatigues and privations
with them, by constantly marching at
their head, on foot, his: fusee in’ his
hand, by raising up those that fell, by
encouraging others, and by appearing
as invulnerable, or insensible to hard-

ships, as he was fearless of danger.
With respect to: Napoleon’s Body
Guard, it was composed of selected
men; and, of all other‘corps, it main-
tained the most respectable attitude in
the retreat. The emperor, who was
ever with us, had taken precautions in
our favour, the absence of which, no
doubt, accelerated the dissolution of
other corps. Such as’ had lost their
horses were formed into a troop, and
continued to serve as infantry. Of the
latter, such as had suffered too much
from cold to serve in the ranks, were
removed to a sort of depét, under
officers that conducted them, either on
foot or in traineaux ; and a day or two’s
refreshment was often sufficient to
re-establish them. ‘The emperor’s
commendations or censures were of
efficacy to strengthen the feeble, to
heal the sick, and to animate all with
hopes, by anxiously taking notice of
each one in his station. Astomy own
feelings, my feet and nose were frozen ;
and I should gladly have spent some
time at the depét, if certain words of
Napoleon had not been ever sounding
in my ears, in which he developed with
all the frankness of a philosopher, that
it is only great minds that are capable
of braving the raging tempests of ill
fortune. I continued to serve under
the pressure of evils, -which it now ¢x-
cites my astonishment) that I was
capable of enduring. None but a
person endued with! such a force of
mind, such fine acquirements, such
military virtue,. as the emperor pos-
sessed, could thus influence; he first
raised us in our own esteem, and we
could not descend from that height so
as to sink, afterwards, in his, or fo
generate any cause of indiflerence or
coldness; He walked, always; on
foot, in the midst of us, supporting
himself on a large batoon, and often
giving his arm to King Murad. If he
happened to fall, like another indivi-
dual, he would recover himself with a
laugh, vowing vengeance with a me-
nacing

1824,]

nacing air, and promising victory for
the next campaign. ‘Nor did he
appear in the least intimidated by the
Jast remarkable “and dreadful catas-
trophe with wiich the campaign ter-
minated. » |

As a reward of my services, I
obtained the rank of second lieutenant,
in which capacity, in the month of
May following, I served in Saxony,
and fought at the battles of Lutzen,
Beautzen, Dresden, and others of
minor importance. For fifteen years
consecutively, I was always at my post,
having never bad leave of absence.

In 1815, the elemeiits were in
eague with our enemies; the army of
Silesia suffered immense losses from
an inundation, and we were obliged to
retire.. Our allies betrayed us; the
Saxons deserted us in the battle of
Leipsic; and the Bavarians, in con-
tempt of all treaties, were for inter-
cepting our march to Hanau.

Here I regret my being inexpert in
the art of writing; I could wish for
language more expressive and com-
prehensive to declare my ideas, lan-
guage dignified or familiar, language
that would furnish samples of all quali-
ties, all possible shades in the scale of
gradation. I mention this because I
feel myself incompetent to depict the
sublime efforts of Napoleon in that
campaign, wherein he had to defend
the Frencb territory. Let me quote;
however, an instance, wherein I can
vouch, as 1 said above, for the spirit
which Napoleon had. infused into
the guards. A Prussian battalion had
made a lodgment in a large farm in
the vicinity of Montmirail. The
major of our regiment sent thirty men
to harass them; it was my turn to
mareh ;-and, though I was then under
medical treatment, having received a
bad wound in my head, at Chateau
Thierry, 1 determined upon accompa-
nying them, though advised to the con-
trary by my superior officers. We
suddenly assailed the Prussian batta-
lion with fixed bayonets ; and, giving
them no time to collect themselves,
the whole battalion laid down their
arms to thirty grenadiers of the Old
Guard !

Ina few days after, Paris surren-
dered, the emperor abdicated, and 1
accompanied him to the isle of Elba.
Devoted as I was to Napoleon, with
a strong sincere regard, my attach-
ment was not so firm, nor had preju-
dice and passion such a hold upon my

Various Readings in different Editions of the Bible.

515

mind, that any motive could have
induced me to take up arms against
my country.
(To be continued. )
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
SIR,
N relation to a communication, in
the Monthly Magazine for Octobet
1822, signed Pater Familius, I beg to
inform your correspondent, that I
have recently collated various editions
of the Holy Scriptures, and chiefly
authorised ones; but have not noticed *
such a decrepancy in any passage as
in the 10th chapter of Proverbs, verse
23. I quote it as follows :—
Eyre and Strachan’s edition, 1816:—
“It is as sport to a fool to do mischief.”
Charles Bill, 1698:—** It is a sport,” &c.
Thomas Newcombe, 1699 :—‘* Tt is as
a sport,” &c.
Cambridge, no date, stereotype :—“‘It
is as a sport,’ &c.
Mark and Charles Kerr, 1795 :—“ It is
a sport,” &c.
——_______—_,, royal 4to, 1793:
—‘ It is as sport,” &c.”
SEE SDI UY Se OE Ee
Cannes’ notes :—“ It is a sport,” &c.
sk td et foliggs BPOS et

1799,

“Tt is as sport,” &c.

Blair and Bruce, 1813:—‘ It is as
sport,” &e. : :
—————., 1816;—‘‘It is a
sport,” &c.

—— » 1821:—“It is as
sport,” &e.

I find amongst my memorandums
there is one edition, but I have omit-
ted to mention which, that runs thus,
“Tt is sport to a fool,” &e. The
Bishops Bible, commonly called Mat-
thew Park’s Bible, folio, 1573, not now
authorised, has it thus; ‘A fool dvoth
wickedly, and maketh but a sport of
it.” How comes it that there are as
many readings as there are words in
the sentence, and why do the same
printers vary at different periods?

T might add other examples of the
same passage, but have not noticed
any varicty of reading from the above.

Nov. 11. Perer ''HOMSON.
——
To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.
SIR,

N your last Monthly Magazine,
page 424, I find a correspondent

to it enquiring for the real name of
the author of the ‘ Beggar’s Petition.”
LT can inform him, that it was written
by the Rey, Thomas Moss, A.b. who
Was minister of Brierly-hill Chapel, -
in the parish of King’s Swinford, Staf-
fordshire.

516

fordshire... Mr. Moss was also author

of another poem, ‘‘ On the Vanity of

Human Enjoyments,” published in the

year 1783, quarto. It is written in

blank-verse, and. about sixty-three
pages. I agree with your correspon-
dent, that the verses of the “‘ Beggar’s

Petition” are ‘truly popular and

beautiful,” yet I cannot help thinking

that he will experience far greater
pleasure and satisfaction in the pe-
rusal of the other. 8S.
P.S8.—Will you allow me to enquire the
best mode of making coal-tar proper for
painting gates, or any other ont-door work,
—
For the Monthly Magazine.
THE PHILOSOPHY OF CONTEM-
PORARY CRITICISM,
NO. XXXIV.

_ .» Retrospective Review, No. 16.
HErecent Number of the ‘‘Retros-
pective Review” isin no respectin-

ferior to those of its predecessors. ‘The

first article, Chronitcon Saxonicum, &c.

Edmundi Gibson, &c. A.p. 1692, pre-

sents a comprehensive review of that

invaluable document of authentic his-
tory, “the Saxon Chronicle,” of which
an English translation, together with
an claborate collation of the Saxon
text, has recently been published by
the Rev. Mr. Ingram, From | that
translation, indeed,—though with oc-
casional revision by reference to the
original Saxon,—the quotations in ge-
neral are selected; the reviewer, at
the same time, throwing upon his sub-
ject, so important both in a political
and historical point of view, such addi-
tional lights’ as are ‘derivable from
other sources of antiquarian research ;
and directing his efforts, with laudable
assiduity, to correct the innumerable
misrepresentations of Hume, and other
popular historians, relative to earlier
periods of our annals. “The negli-
gent manner (he well observes,) in
which the earlier periods of our his-
tory are thus skimmed over, will per-
haps in some degree account (though
this is not the only reason,) for the
little estimation in which our Saxon
ancestors are generally held. ‘The
study of English history hasbeen erro-
neously supposed 10 require no com-
mencement More remote than the
period of the Norman conquest; and
perhaps those great and powerful fami-
lies, who trace their descent from no
higher origin, by a feeling very natu-
ral to the human mind, may have little
inclination for a more extended re-

“¢ Beggar's Petition.” Retrospective Review, No. 16.

[Jan. 1,

trospect, or little suspicion that beyond
that era there is any thing to be
learned that could repay the labour of
enquiry; while, at the same time, the
historians of the succeeding, epochs
have been little solicitous to elucidate
the fact, that all the important: and
comparatively popular struggles of the
early Norman ‘periods, -(and, if*we
were to make the assertions in much
broader terms, the proofs would bear
us out,) were little other than strug-
gles for the restoration of those prin-
ciples and institutions which consti-
tuted the essence of the government of
our Saxon ancestors,;and which the
Norman sword had brought into astate
of abeyance.”—In addition to the po-

‘litical and constitutional information

derived from the primitive sources of
our historical antiquities, we have, in
this article, a good deal of; close and
analytical investigation with respect to
facts apparently only important in an
historical or antiquarian point of view.
On the supposed titular distinction of
Egbertas first: king of all England, the
writer is pointedly conclusive. » After
tracing minutely the successive growth
of the West Saxon kingdom, and'sa-
lisfactorily, demonstrating . that: the
actual sovereignty of Egbert,and! his
successors, to the time of Authelstan,
never extended beyond the states of
Wessex, Sussex (with the county of
Surrey), and [ssex, with a species of
protective superiority oyer the other
kingdoms, .designated by the title of
Bryten-wealda, (which the reviewer
censures Mr. Ingram for ‘‘ somewhat
too Jargely and. hypothetically. trans-
lating sovereign of all the British domi-
nions ;)” ‘Phe Saxon Chronicle, (cons
linues he,) in the passage referred to,
so far from adorning Lgbert.with the
comprehensive title of King of Eng-
land, or representing him, as having
effected the final dissolution of the
Heptarchy, expressly puts him on the
same footing with seven precedent po-
tentates; one of whom, Edwin the
Great of Northumbria, perhaps pos-
sessed a larger, and has been ¢cle-
brated for a more benignant, dominion
than himself.” ‘ Ella, king of . the
South Saxons, (continues the Chroni-
cle,) was the first who possessed ‘so
large a territory; the second) was
Ceawlin, king of the West Saxons;
the third was Ethelbert, king of Kent;
the fourth was Redwald, king of the
East Angles; the fifth was’ Edwin,
king of the Northumbrians;.the sixth

f was

1824.)

was. Oswald, who succeeded him ; the
seventh was Oswy, the brother of
Oswald; the eighth was Egbert, king
of the West, Saxons.”—Even our im-
mortal Alfred, we are reminded, nei-
ther in his public acts nor his still-
extant will, ever assumed any. other
title than that of King of the West
Saxons ;.nor did his great and glorious
successor, Edward the Elder, “ Athel-
stan, however, (continiés the reviewer, )
as has been ascertained by authentic
documents, assumed (and, we repeat
it, was the first who did assume,) the
title of King of England, and bequeath-
ed to bis successors the undivided
sovereignty of what had hitherto
[heretofore] constituted the states of
the Saxon heptarchy. ‘To him, there-
fore, and not.to Egbert, is to be
assigned the honour of founding what
has since been called the English mo-
narehy.”—This article bears through-
out the evidence of long and diligent
research into the subject to which it is
devoted.

The second article is the Poetical
Works of, Daniel, Se. which is a judi-
cious and tasteful criticism on a now
almost fergotten poct. of the age of
Qucen Elizabeth. With a discrimi-
naling spirit, the crilic separates the
gold from the dross; and, while he be-
stows due commendationon the beauty,
tenderness, and harmony, of several of
the smaller poems, he confirms, with
equal justice, ihe doom of oblivion on
the tedious and monotonous medio-
crity of that lengthy metrical chronicle,
“the History of the Civil Wars be-
tween the Houses of York and Lan-
caster,” which, by a strange, but un-
precedented fatuity, was the favourite,
as it.was the most elaborate, work
of its author. Some of the Sonnets,
presented as specimens of the amatory
vein of this author, are truly exqui-
site; and the following quotation, from,
the “Complaint. of Rosamond,” is
almost as beautiful as its subject :—

Ab, Beauty! syren, fair enchanting good,
Sweet silent rhetoric of persuading eyes;

Damb cloquence, whose power dothmove the blood
More tha the words or wisdom of the wise;
Still harmony, whose diapason lies

Within a brow; the key which passions move

‘Yo ravish sense, and play a world in Jove.

What might Lthen not do, whose power is such ?
What cannot. women do that know their powcr rf
What women know it not (1 fear too mueh),
How bliss or bale lies in their laugh or lour ?
Whilst they enjoy their happy blooming flow’r,
Whilst Nature decks them in their best attires,
Of youth and beauty, which the world admires.

Such once was l,—my beanty was mine own;

No borrow’d blush, which bankrupt beauties seck,
That new-found shame, a sin to us unknown;

The adulterate beauty of a falsed cheek,

Vile stain to honour, and to women eke;

The Retrospective Review, No. 16.

517
Seeing that Time our fading must detect,
Thus with defect to cover our defect.
Far was that sin from us, whose age was pure,
When simple beauty was acoounted best ;
The time when women had no other lure

But modesty, pure cheeks, a virtuous breast;

This was the pomp wherewith my youth was blest;
These were the weapons which mine honour won,
In all the conflicts which mine eyes begun.

The description of the king meeting
the funeral procession of Rosamond
is as. pathetic as the preceding is
beautiful; and that from the ‘‘ Dedi-
cation of the Tragedy of Cleopatra to
the Countess of Pembroke,” in which
he anticipates the diffusion of our lan-
euage over other Jands, is animated by
a prophetic enthusiasm, and breathes
the genuine spirit of poetry. But the
noblest of all the specimens presented
is the ‘‘ Epistle to the Lady Margaret,
Countess of Cumberland,” which is
written, as the reviewer justly ob-
serves, ‘in a high tone of didactic
moralization, and is pregnant with the
spirit of philosophy and humanity.” It
is too long for quotation in our pages,
and too valuable for mutilation. But
no reader of taste will lament the time
he may bestow ona reference to ‘this
article,

The third article consists of God’s
Plea.for Nineveh, or London’s precedent
for Mercy, delivered in certain Sermons
within the city of London, by Thomas
Reeve, 8.D. 1657. The review of this.
volume of sermon,—for it is printed
as “ one huge discourse, which it must
have taken wecks to deliver,”—will be
gratifying, from its quotations, to alk
those lovers of odd reading, especially,
who can ponder, or can chuckle, over.
the inflated jargon of fanatical enthu-
siasm and misanthrepy. rast

The fourth article, Quures completes
de M. Bernard, though a very ingeni-
cus and well-written one, :and highly
creditable to the taste and liberality of
the writer, is one relative to some of
the prosodaical principles of which we
should be disposed, if space could here
be afforded to it, to enter into consi-
derable length of controversy ; not so
much in what relates to the poetry of
France, as to those illustrative argu-
ments which. have reference to the
versification and) poetry of our own
language. At the same time, how-
ever, even with respect to French
poetry, candid and judicious as are
several of the premises laid down by
the reviewer, we oannot bring our-
selves to all the favourable conclusions
he adduces from them, 'That much of
our anglo-critical objection to the ver-
sification and poesy of that nation is
founded

518

founded in egotistical prejudice, we
have no doubt; and we join, with the
utmost cordiality, with the reviewer
in the anticipation, that this, like many
other of our national prejudices, is
wearing, and will wear, away; for
certainly no Englishman can have
witnessed the representation of the
fine scenes of Racine or Voltaire, by

Talma and Duchenois, without enter-

taining a much more exalted notion of
Gallic dramatic poetry than, with his
English apprehensions of the numbers
and the language, he is likely to have
formed in the closet. Some of the
observations in this article on the
structure of the French verse, and on
the hemistiche in particular, as far as
our English ears are competent to
their appreciation, are judicious,
though we confess ourselves to be of
opinion, that their heroic verse would
be found, upon strict analysis, to be
constituted not of dissyllabic, but
trisyllabic, feet ; and that it is only by
virtue of pause and e@sura, or, as the
reviewer would say, by cesura and
hemistiche, that their twelve syllables,
otherwise making but five, are ren-
dered into six, feet. But, if we do
not entirely accord with the writer of
this article upon the subject of French
poetry, still less are we disposed to
give implicit assent to his general
theory of rhythmical composition,
especially in its. application to the
structure of our own versification.
In the very nature of the thing, a
metrical foot is a portion of syllabic
utterance, beginning heavy and end-
ing light, (or, as the Grecian classic
would call it, an alternation of the
thesis and arsis of the voice,) whether
one, two, three, or four, syllables, &c. be
enunciated in that alternation, From
the different quantities and proportions
of the syllables that may occupy the
space of such alternation arise, in
reality, in every language, all the va-
rieties of the feet that can be employed
either in verse or prose. A_ single
example will illustrate the different
results of the respective theories in the
scansion of English verse. The fol-
lowing is the scanning of the reviewer
of one of Moore’s most popular
measures into lines of four hypothe-
tical feet:—
Oh, think—not my spi—tits are al—ways as light
And as free—from a pang—as they seem—to you
Nor expect—that the heart—cheering smile—of to-

night . I
Will return—with to mor—row to bright—en my
brow. {

Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism, No. XXXIV.

[Jan. 1,

—We quote but half of it, as being
sufficient for the purpose of illustra-
tion. . Our scansion of the same lines
would be as follows. We use the per-
pendicular bar, as more convenient,

for the separation of the feet.
Oh, | think not” my | spirits are | always as | light |
And as | free from al pane” as they | seein to you

now;
Nor ex| pect” that the | heart-cheering | smile of

_, to | night
Will re | turn with the | morrow” to | brighten my.
| brow. |

—Let any person read the two speci-
mens in separate portions, as they are
marked, with an obyious pause be-
tween supposed foot and foot, for the
sake of making the distinction more
obvious, and (especially if he adds, as
ought to be added, the suspensive
quantity of a foot or bar, where the
rhythmical c@sura are marked,) we
will trust the validity of our theory to
the result of the experiment.

The fifth article is the Spanish Man-
devile of Miracles, or the Garden of
curious Flowers. The extracts from
this very curious melange of marvellous
credulities will be not only amusive
but instructive, to those who wish to
be acquainted with that authentic and
ascertainable part of the history of
mankind, which preserves to us the
record of his gullibity, or what hereto-
fore he was capable of thinking and
believing.

The sixth article, Miscellaneous
Works of Dr. Arbuthnot, is a judicious
specimen of well-written criticism, as
far as criticisin is concerned ; and pre-
sents an amusive selection of extracts,
anecdotes, &c. illustrative of the lite-
rary history of the age of Swift,
Pope, &c.

The seventh article contains the Mar-
riages of the Arts, a Comedie, written
by Barton Holiday, Master of Arts,and
Student of Christ Church, in Oxford, and
acted by the Students of the same House,
before the University at Shrovetide. The
curious amalgamation of genius, wit,
and pedantry, to which this article is
dedicated, may help to inform us how
scholastic learning may sometimes
cumber and pervert, as well as ex-
pand and rectify, the powers of the
human. mind. The dramatis persone
of this ingenious piece of allegorical
foppery, will indicate sufficiently what
species of dramatic interest it was
calculated to awaken. But it con-
tains some good jolly songs, one espe-
cially on tobacco, and some spirited
versions of Anacreon. However,
Holiday’s fame will be more lasting

as

1824.] Retro spective

as a translator of Juvenal and Persius
than as the author of “the Marriage
of the Arts;” with which, however, we
thank the reviewer for bringing us
acquainted by a shorter road than the
perusal of the work itself, for which, in
its entireness, we suspect we should
have little inclination.

The eighth articie is Memoires sur
? Ancienne Chivalrie, considerée come un
etablissement politique et militaire, par
M. de la Curne de Sainte Palaye, &e.
1759. This is an interesting article,
which brings before us, by well-
selected extracts, the most striking
features of the ages and institutions to
which it refers, and connects them to-
gether with such reflections and ani-
madversions, as show that the writer is
habituated to the perusal of history
with a philosophic eye. The age of
chivalry loses some of its gloss and
splendour, as we follow this historian;
but who, in the present day; expects
to find the chivalry of romance rea-
lized in the pages of authentic history?

The ninth article contains Alazono-
Masiix, or the Character of a Cockney, in
a satirical Poem, dedicated (as a New-
Year's gift) to the Apprentices of Lon-
don; by Junius Anonymus, a London
Apprentice, 1651.

Capiat gui eapere potest.
The cockneys eat their breakfasts in their beds,
And spend the day in dressing of their heads;
Tho’ God, in mercy, may do much to save them,
Yet what.a case are they in that shall have them ?
This motto sufficiently shows the kind
of treatment the cockneys of his day
{the females, in particular,) received
from this renegade apprentice. The
reviewer has collected several spirited
and amusing passages from this lam-
poon; for some of which, particularly
the female cockney’s progress from
spinsterhood to wifehood, we wish we
could find space; but ‘those who are
induced (concludes he) to peruse the
character of a cockney, by the hope of
meeting with a repetition of the enter-
tainment presented under similar titles,
will be disappointed: it contains some
good passages in epigrammatic coup-
lets, and its descriptions are respec-
table ; but let the renovators beware.
We have refrained from minutely
investigating its merits, wishing to
keep our antiquarianism as distinet as
possible from criticism.”

The, tenth article is an analytical
abstract of Bishop Wilkins’s Discovery

Review, No. 16.

519
of a New World, or a Discourse tending
to prove that it is probable there may be
another Habitable World in the Moon,
witha Discourse concerning. the possi-
bility of a Passage thither ; in exposing
the absurdity of which, the reviewer
takes a fair opportunity of indulging
an occasional smile at some of the
visionary projects of the present day,
But the chief glory of the present
Number of this Review,—the longest
and the best,—is the concluding
article on The Memoirs of the Hon. Sir
John Reresby, bart. and last Governor of
York, containing several private and
remarkable Transactions, from the Resto-
ration to the Revolution inclusively ;—a
work so much the more valuable, as
it evidently appears never to have
been composed with any reference to
publication, and which presents an in-
structive picture of the interior of

‘courts and cabinets, and the nature of

that spurious loyalty which actuates so
frequently the zealous supporters of
their measures; while, at the same
time, it throws additional light on the
character and views of that profligate
and selfish hypocrite, Charles the
Second; whose high-vaunted good
nature, even, appears to have been
nothing more than a callous indiffe-
rence to every thing but the indulgence
of his own merry indolence and volup-
tuousness ; and who, for any principles
of sympathy or commiseration that en-
tered into his composition, might have
been as tyrannical in infliction as in
the objects of his political intrigues, if
he could have been so without inter-
ruption to his pleasure, or discompo-
sure to the voluptuous quietude of his
mind. The copious extragts given
from the work itself are equally enter-
taining and instructive, But the most
valuable part of the article is that high
and liberal strain of manly and consti-
tutional patriotism which breathes
through the ample and. eloquent ani-
madyversions of the reviewer. 'T'o quote
brief and detached passages from these
animadversions, at once so coherent,
so spirited, and so temperate, would be
alike injurious and unsatisfactory, and
for ample extract we have not space;
but we recommend the perusal of the
article itself to every reader who has
a heart that can be warmed by an ho-
nest and enlightened zeal for the liber-
ties of his country and of mankind.

BIOGRAPHY

[520 J

[Jan, 1,

BIOGRAPHY OF. EMINENT PERSONS.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH of the’ LATE
THOMAS LORD ERSKINE.
T has seldom occugred to'us to be
calied upon ‘to perform a dufy in
more accordance with our own Sympa-
thies, than ii writing this last tribute to
the labours, virtues, and patriotism, of
Lord Erskine. Our deceased friend
united, with his public talents, the feel-
ings of a man, and the endowments of
great genius. To the excess in which
he possessed ‘each of these qualities, i is
to be ascribed the affection in which he
was so universally held. In statesmen
of inferior or mechanical abilities, it is
the object of their education, and their
sedulous study, to sink the man in the
office, and to approximate as far as pos-
sible to the qualities of mere machines
withont sympathies or affections. Sach
are half the present cabinet, but such
was not Lord Erskine. This amiable
man admitted into full play the keenest
sensibilities of human nature, and in-
dalged in the luxury of their enjoyment,
forming his public character on them,
feeling as a citizen as he did as a: man;
and, surrendering himself to his affections
and antipathies, he trusted to their jus-
tite for the result. His’ intercourse
with the world, even in the demoralizing
profession of “the law, neither corrupted
nor warped his ‘moral sympathies; and
the renown which followed his exertions,
never raised in him any undue assump-
tion of his own superiority, or created
any unworthy feeling of pride. With
elements of human character so happily
blended, and with the reputation of his
unequalled powers as an orator, and of
his immoveable integrity as ‘a patriot, it
is not to be wondered, that: he has for
many ‘years been’ one of the most
esteemed characters of his age.»

The Hon. Thomas Erskine: was the
third son of the former Earl of Buchan,
and youngest brother to the present earl.
The’ second,’ Henry, held an eminent
rank at the Scotch bar, and died about
seven years since. He entered very
early in life into the navy, a service for
which’he had imbibeda strong predi-
lection.

He never had the commission of
lieutenant, but ‘acted for some time in
that capacity, by the appointmentiof his
captain. He quitted the navy owing to
the slender chance of obtaining promo-
tion; and, having served as a lieutenant

in consequence of the friendship of his ,

commander, he was unwilling to return

>

to sea in the inferior capacity of mid-
shipman,

On quitting the naval service, he
entered into the army as an ensign in the
Royals, or first regiment of foot, in the
year 1768, not from inclination, “but
because his.father, with a small and
strictly entailed estate; had not the
means of ‘assisting bim, with eonveni-
ence, to pursue one.of the learned pro-
fessions. He went with his regiment to
Minorca, in.which island he spent three
years, and continued in the aang about
six.

He acquired considerable reputation
for the acuteness and versatility “of his

talents in conversation. Mr. Boswell
mentions, in-his: Memoirs:of Dr. John-
son, the delight which the doctor and
himself felt from the ability of young
Erskine, in discoursing on some tempo-
rary topig.

Mr. Erskine had no merit whatever in
the extraordinary adventure of embark-
ing in the study of, law, but it was lite-
rally and most unwillingly forced upon
him by the importunities of his mother,
the Couutess of Buchan, after the death
of his father; while the hopes: of suc-
ceeding were fortified and kept alive,
against his own’ prepossessions, by her
counsel, and persuasions. She was a
lady of most uncommon acquirements
and singular penetration; and, thinking
that she perceived the capacity of her
son, in the confidence of parental affce-
tion planned this scheme of his future
destination, while he was absent in the
army at Minorca.

Mr. Erskine was about twenty-six
when he commenced the course of his
legal studies. He entered as a Fellow-
Commoner of Trinity College, in Cam-
bridge, in the year 1777; and, at the,
same time, inserted his name as a stu-
dent on the books of Lincoln’s’ Inn.
One of his college declamations, on the
revolation of 1688, is still extant and it
displays extraordinary powers of Jan-
guage.’ It gained the first:prize, which
he refused to accept; not attending Cam-
bridge as a stadent, and only declaiming
in conformity to the rules of the college.
An ode, written by Mr. Erskine about
this time, in imitation of Gray’s Bard, is
worthy of noticeas a sportive production
of bis fancy.’ He gave the manuscript
to the editor, and it was published in the
Monthly Magazine. Mr. Erskine had
been disappointed by his barber, who,
neglecting his usual attendance, pre-

vented

1824.] Biographical Sketch of the late Thomas Lord Erskine.

vented him from dining in the College-
hall. In the moment of disappointment,
tunger, and impatience, he is sapposed
4o have poured forth that malediction
against the whole race of barbers, with a
denunciation, prophetic of a future
taste for cropping and- unpowdered
hair.

Mr. Erskine did not enter into the
University fer any academical purpose,
‘but merely to obtain a degree to which
he was entitled as the son of a nobleman,
and by which he saved two years anda
half in his passageto the bar. His edu-
eation had been previously completed in
Scotland. His father, one of. the most
accomplished mon of his time, had uni-
formly felt an extraordinary solicitude as
to the eduéation of his children, and
removed from his family-estate fer the
purpose of residing at St. Andrew’s,
where he continued many years. Dur-
ing this time be procured for them a
private tutor, one~of the most elegant
scholars of that part of the island, to
assist their studies at the school and
mniversity. Mr. Erskine. always pur-
sued the study of the Belles Lettres
with unremitted ardour, and had the ad-
vantage of imbibing from the most emi-
nent persons of the day, that various and
extended knowledge which can never
be derived from beoks or solitary ap-
plication.

In order to acquire a necessary know-
Jedge of the mechanical parts of his
future profession, he was persuaded, by
the judicious counsels of his friends, to
enter as a. pupil into the office of Judge
Buller, then an eminent special pleader
at the bar. Daring this period of his
dife, Mr. Erskine was subject to the
necessities of a very limited- income.
He had been married about four years,
and was obliged fo.adhere to. the most
rigid frugality of expenditare. In
reviewing the difficuitics he had en-
countered, and in contrasting them with
the brilliant prosperity of his subse-
quent years, he must have felt a peeu-
liar gratification ; because he must have
attributed his extraordinary elevation to
the endowments allotted to him’ by
nature, rather than to the caprice or
partialities of fortunc. The part sts.
fained by Mrs. Erskine, before the
cloud that overhung their first entrance
into life was dissipated, is highly honour-
able to her feelings ; she accompanied
him to Minorca, followed his fortunes
with constancy; and, while he was
engaged in the pursuits of a most labori+
ous profession, never suffered any pleas
» Monruty Mac. No, 390,

521
sure or amusement to interrupt the assi-

duous discharge of her domestic duties.
While he remained in the office of Mr.
Buller, he pursued. the business of the
desk with activity and ardour; .and, on
Mr. Buller’s promotion, he went into the
office of Mr. Wood, where he continued
a year eyen after he had acquired consi-
derable business at the bar. Special
pleading, though frequently considered
as a mechanical part of the profession,
has lately arrived at a higher dignity
than lawyers of former times were wil-
ling to allowit.. The absolute and hourly
necessity of this law logic is now recog-
nized by every one who is, conversant
with the business of our courts of jus-
tice. It consists in a-sort of analytical
correctness, and its highest utility is
derived from the. habits .of artificial
acuteness which it imparts, and the nice
and skilful, subtleties om. which it is
perpetually occupied... .
Having completed the probationary
period allotted to the attendance in the
inns: of court, he was called to the bar
in the Trinity Term, 1778; and was a
singular exception to the tardy advance-
ment of professional merit at the Eng-
lish bar. By a singular. partiality of
fortune, he was not tortured by the
“hope deferred,” and the sickening ex-
jioriation of a brief in Westminster-
dall, which so many men of promising
talents are doomed to underge ; but an
opportunity was almost immediately
afforded him of distinguishing himself. -
Captain Baillic, who had been removed
from the government in Greenwich Hos-
pital by the Earl of Sandwich, then
First Lord of the Admiralty, and one of
the Governors of Greenwich Hospital,
had been charged with having published
a libel against that nobleman, and the
Attorney-General was instructed to
move for a criminal information against
him; and, to reply to this motion, was
the occasion of Mr, Erskine’s_ first
speech in court. In opposing the mo-
tion of the Attorney-General, an oppor-
tunity preseuted itself of entering into
the merits of the case in behalf of Capt.
Baillie. He expatiated upon the ser-
vices which had been rendered by his
client, and on the firmness with which
he resisted the intrigue and artifice to
which he attributed the prosecution set
on foot against him. In the course of
this speech, he attacked the noble earl
in a tone ef sarcastic and indignant
invective. Lord Mansfield interrupted
him more than once, but the advocate
did not abate of the severity of his ani-
3X madversions,

522
madyersions. It was at that time no
common spectacle, to observe a man, so
‘little known to the court and. the bar,
commenting, with asperity of remark,
on the conduct of a powerful statesman,
who held an elevated. post in, the admi-
nistration, and distinguishing himself by
a species of confidence not usually felt in
early, efforts of public. speaking, under
circumstances. that rendered -it more
prudent, to abstain from personal seve-
sily, and. to conciliate the court he was
addressing... These strictures.on Lord
Sandwich were uiqnestionably severe,
hint they are not unfounded. Colonel
Luttrell, speaking of bim in the House of
Commons, observed, with a pointed
cloquence, that “ there is in his conduct
such a sanctimonious composure of
guilt, that the rarity and perfection of
the vice almost constitute it a virtue.”

This was the first trial of his taients at
the bar, having been called-only in
Trivity-Term, and having been em-
ployed for Capt. Baillie in the Michael-
mas ‘Term following. He is said to
have been indebted for this opportunity
to no iuterference, recommendation, or
connexion, His acquaintance with
Capt. Baillie originated in his having
accidentally met him at the table of a
common friend. Almost immediately
afterwards Mr. Erskine appeared at the
bar of the House of Commons, as coun-
sel for: Mr. Carnan, the bookseller,
against a bill introduced by Lord North,
them prime minister, to re-vest in the
universities the monopoly in Almanacks,
which Mr. Carnan had succeeded in
abolishing by legal judgments, and he
had the good fortune to place the noble
Jord in a considerable minority upon a
division,

‘To the reputation which — these
speeches conferred upon bim, it has
been said, that he refers the subsequent
success he has experienced in his pro-
fession, and) that, ashe left the court
upon tbat, occasion, nearly thirty ‘briefs
were offered to bim by atlorneys who
were present.. He was now surrounded
by clients, and occupied by. business,
Of the. various cases in which he was
employed, it would be absurd to expect
any mention, as they comprised. the
whole of the ordinary and daily transae-
tions of the term and tbe sittings... For
twenty-five years he was not cngaged in
this or that cause, but literally, for plain-
tiff or defendant in every cause, aiid
there was a‘ constant struggle which
should retain him first. :

The public feelings, in 1799; were

;

Biographical Sketch of the late Thomas Lord Erskine.

[Jan. tf,
altogether occupied by the itteresting
trial of Admiral Keppel... Mr. Erskine
was retained as ‘couisel, for the admiral,
owing to the ignorance which Danning

and Lee (who. were originally engaged)

displayed. of .sea;plirases, withontisome
knowledge};of whichthe,-case - would
have been nbintelligibie... The duty of a
counsel, before.a court-martial is bimited
by the rules.and usages,of ihe court: he
is not permitted to put.any question to
the witnesses; but he may suggest to his
client such as oceur to him as, netessary
to be asked; nor, is he :saffered-to ad-
dress the court; and almost, the) only
assistance he can render,is, in! the
arrangement of his defence, and. the
communication of such remarks on the
evidence as are most likely/to\ present
themselves only to the minds of, those
who are habituated to. the rules of) testi-
mony in courts of justice... 'This service
for Admiral Keppel was most effectually
and. ably rendered’ by, Mr. Erskine.
Having drawn, up his defence, |Mr.
Erskine personally examined, allithe ad-
mirals and captains. of the, fleet) and
satisfied himself that he;could substan-
tiate the innocence of his,.client; before
the speech which he had written for him
wasread. For his exertions he received
a thousand guineas; and it,,was the
proudest office of his life to have,sayeda
good and honourable man from, disgrace;
and, even amidst the splendours,of his
succeeding fortunes, Mr. Erskine always
looked back on this event. with peculiar

satisfaction and triumph. ORY
He was now in possession of dle best
second business in the King’s .Bench;
by which is meant, that sort. of, business
in which the lead is not given, to .the
counsel who have .not..yet obtained) a
silk gown, and a seat within. the jbar. of
the court; but an event took place in
1780, which called bis talents into ac-
tivity on the memorable oceasion, of ; de-
fending Lord George: Gordon. Mr.
Erskine was retained jas counsel for, his
lordship, in. .conjunction,.with Mr.
Kenyon, afterwards ChiefJustice..).The
duty which more immediately devolved
on Mr. Erskine was that of, replying. 10
the evidence; a duty whichhe sustained
with infinite judgmentand \spirit..., His
speech on this trial abounds with many
of the most finished graces. of rhetoric.
li is rapid and impetuous;, and_alto-
gether in that style and character.which
are most impressive in judicial assem-
blies. The exordium is, composed,atter
the artificial method of the ancients, who
neyer begin an oration without..aa
appeal

1824.)

appeal to the tribunal they are address-
ing, upon the embarrassments and peril
of the function ‘they have undertaken.
“Tistand,’ said’ Mrv Erskine, “much
more:\ja need “of? compassion than ‘the
noble prisoner.” Hei rests secure in con-
scious iimocence, and in the assurance
that his innocence’ will suffer no danger
in yourhunds: Bat ¥ appear before you
a yoling and inexperienced advocate;
Jitile’conversant with courts of criminal
justice; and sinking under the dreadful
consciousness’ of that’ inexperience.”
There was, perhaps, no'department of his
profession, in ‘which Mr. E. reached
higher excellence, than in his observa-
tions'‘on evidence. The defence of
Lord George Gordon required the exer-
cise of these powers to their amplest
extent) “Having* delivered to the jury
the doctrines of high treason, be madea
most’ déxterous application’ of those
‘rules*to the ‘evidence; which had been
adduced. “They who study this’ speech
will observe, with emotions of admira-
tion; the'subtleties with which he abates
the force of! the testimony he is encoun-
tering,“ and’ tlie’ artful eloquence with
which lié exposes its defects, and its con-
tradictions. '’The concluding sentence is
troly pathetic, and it is a most astonish-
ing effort of vigorous and polished
intellect: «

In May, 1783, Mr. Erskine received
the hononr of asilk gown: his Majesty’s
letters of precedency being conterred
upon’ him, as it has been said, at the
personal suggestion of Lord Mansfield.
fo this distinction, his portion of the
business, aid his acknowledged talents,
gave'Wini a unanswerable pretension.
Mr. Erskine wiis a remarkable instance
of a rapid advaneement to this honour,
not haviiig been at the bar quite five
‘years. His business was now considera-
bly angmented, and he succeeded to that
station at the bar, which had been’ so
Jong occupied by Mr. Dunning, after-
wards Lord Ashburton.

In no part of his professional engage-
ments did) Mr. Hyskine deserve’ or
acquire/an higher reputation than in his
mode of conducting trials for crim. con.
Tt frequently fell to his lot to be con-
‘eerned in) behalf of plaintiffs in these
actions, a circumstance which gave him
considerable advantage; for besides the
attention which is‘aforded to accusing
cloqnence,-the 'syimpathics’ of mankind
are in allianee willy him who hurls his
invectives) ‘against’ ‘the
domestiv’ peaee, and the invader of con-
jaugal happiness. To this honourable

disturber’ of

Biographical Sketch of the late Thomas Lord Erskine. 523

and usefal end, the eloquence of Mr. E.
was stbservient. He called the slum-
bering emotions, and the virtuous sensi-
bilities of ‘men, into” active Teague
against the erime which he denouticed ;
nd his speech, in the memorable cause
of Sykes and Parslow, will always be
remembered as ‘an uncommon effort of
rhetorical ability. On behalf of defend-
ants, his exertions are well known in the
memorable cases of Baldwin ‘against
Oliver, and of Sir Henry Vane Tempest,
in both which cases there were but one
shilling damages. | His spéech in How-
ard against’ Bingham will be lone
remembered at the bar; it contained a
most affecting apology for the lady, who
was married against her consent, while
her affections had been bestowed ‘upon
another: it abounds with pathetic
remarks. on the harshness and cruelty of
chaining down to a man; whom she
hated, a ‘young and beautiful woman,
and, for purposes of family arrangement
or ambition, dedicating her life 10 a
reluctant discharge of dutics, the obliza-
tions of which she could not perceive, and
the conditions of which ‘she could not
sustain. . In this speech there was no
apology for vice, but an excuse! for
human frailty, which was pleaded with
great warmth and great eloquence.

He who looks for a perfect model of
the style of Mr. Erskine, neast examine
his speech on the trial of Stockdale.
When the charges against Mr. Hastings
were published by the Housé ‘of Com-
mons, a Mr. Logie, a clergyman ‘of’ the
church of Scotland, aida friend ‘of the
governor-geneéral, wrote’ a ‘tract, in
which those charges were-investigated
with some acrimony, but) with’ ‘consi-
derable warmth and vigour: the’pamph-
let being considered as libellous, by a
resolution of the House;°aerimimal
information was’ filed) by the attorney-
general agaitist Stoekdale; who was the
publisher, ‘for a libel. | In the ‘course’ of
his defenee, Mr. Erskine urgéd many
collateral’ topics ‘in favour ‘of “Mr.
Hastings, in a style of fervid and onia-
mented eloquence. He ‘takes notice of
the violations of human happiness, for
whieh the nation was responsible, in the
exercise of her eastern dominion ; con-
eluding in the following strain :—

“ Gentlémen; you are touched by this
way of considering the subject; and L
canaccount for it. T have been talking
of man) and his nature, not as they are
seen through the cold mediam of books,
but as I have myself seen them in climes
reluctantly submitting to our authority,

I have.

524°

I have seen an indignant savage chicf,
surrounded by his subjects, and holding in
his hand a bundle of sticks} the notes ef
his unlettered ¢loquences “Who is it,’
said the jealous ruler ‘of a’ forest, en-
croached upon by the restless foot of
English adventure, ‘Who is it that
causes these mountains to lift up theit)
lofty heads? Who raises the winds of
the winter, and calms them again ‘in the
summer? The same Being who gave to
you a country on your side of the water,
and our’s to us on this.’” ‘This is, per-
haps, a ‘species of rhetorical ornament
more figurative than Our national clo-
quence, which does not tolerate the
boldness of the prosopopeia, scems
strictly to admit; yet it is impossibje not
to be struck with the sublimily of
the passage, and the exertions of Mr.
Erskine proeured the acquittal of the
defendant.

Mr. Erskine was elected member of
parliament for Portsmouth in the year
1783; an honour which he derived from
the reputation he had acquired at the
eourt-martial which sat there on the
trial of Admiral Keppel. His political
ebharacter may be extracted from his
speeches in courts of justice, as well as
from his uniform conduct in parliament ;
and the merit of inflexible and active
patriotism, and a rigid adherence to the
principles of the Whig party, must ever
be yielded to him. From no circum-
stance of his life are greater and more
permanent reputation derived by Mr.
Erskine than in his struggles in des
fence of the trial by jary. The law, as
iit was finally expounded by Mr. Fox’s
bill; had» been maintained by Mr.
Erskine in the courts, and was seconded
and supported by him ‘in parliament.
A strange paradox had crept into jadi-
eial ‘practice, which, restricting the
power of juries’ in questions of libel to
the arbitrary interpretation of ~the
judges, reduced them in fact to a sha-
dow and anullity. | It was reserved for
Mr. Erskine, in his argument in support
of a rule fora new trial in the Dean of
St. Asaph’s case, to coneentrate all the
doctrines, and ‘to combine all the reas
sonings Which lay'seattered throughout
so many volumes of legal learning. «In
this elaborate argument, he triumphantly
established his’ position, that juries were
judges ‘of the law as well as the fact;
and, upon the principles laid down in
that speech, Mr. Fox framed his immor-
tal bill; which Happily’ rescued the
question from controversy by the esta-

3

Biographical Sketch of the late Thomas Lord Erskine.

(Jan, t,
blishment of a criterion, to which the
powers and: duties of juries in libel cases.
may ‘at alltimes! be referred. Onithe
original’trial of ithe DeanofoSt. Asaph;
at Shrewsbury; where: Mr. Erskine
appeared sas° counsel for the’ dean, a
special verdict was delivered bythe jury,
finding the defendant'guilty’ only» of the
fact of publishing: » Mr, Justice Buller,
who presided at the trial, desited' them
to re-considér it) as/it’ eould) not! be
recorded inthe terms in whieh they*ex<
pressed if. © On “this “oceasion’ Mr.
Erskine: insisted that the verdict should
be recorded as it was found. ‘This*was
resisted by the jadge;, who; meeting with
unusual opposition from) the counsel,
peremptorily told him ‘to sit downyor he
should compel him. ©‘ My: lord,” “re-
turned Mr. Erskine, “1 will not sit
down—your lordship may do your duty;
buat I wilk do mine.” iRzovepenti
The independence’ exhibited by Mri
Erskine on every occasion, ‘threw upon
him the defences of persons prosecuted
for sedition or libel by government No.
reasouing can be more unecandid, thamto
infer that his political opinions: had’ ¢om-
plete sympathy with those entertained
by all the libellers who: resorted’ to “him
for legal protection. As a servant ofthe
public, a counsel is bound by the obliga-
tions of professional honour to afford his
assistance to those who engage him in
their behalf. - It is the privilege of the
accused, in a free country, to be heard
impartially and equitably, and to ‘be
tried by the: fair interpretation’) of the
Jaws to which be is amenable. They
who imagine that the advocate identifies
with his own, tlie opinions and’ acts ‘of
the party he is representing, are ‘carried.
away by erroneous reasunings, tending,
in their consequences, to deprive ‘the
innocent of protection, by denying a fair
measure of justice tothe guilty, His
defence, however, of Paine, in Dee,
1792, occasioned his sudden dismission
from the office he: held ‘as: Attormey-
General to tlie Prince of Wales bye
The most brilliant event) ins Mr.
Erskine’s professional life, was the part
cast upon-him, in conjunetion with Mr.
Gibbs, at the State ‘Trials in the year
#794. -The accused persons looked to
Mr) Erskine’ ‘as ‘their’ instrament! of
safety, and ‘he undertook their several
defences with an’ enthusiasm» whieh
reridered him insensible'to the fatigues of
a long and continued exertion: Nothing
was omitted that coukl elucidate their
innocence ; nothing overlooked) that
could

1824.] Biographical Skeich of the

could tend to weaken the force of the
ease stated against them) by the crown
lawyers. These. trials lasted. several
weeks: ihe) public expectation) hung
upon. them with the) most inconceivable:
anxiety, and the feclings of good, men
and virtuous citizens accompanied the
accused, to) their, trial, with hopes, not
unmixed).with, apprehension, that al-
though, from their acquittal, the liberty
of the subject would receive additioval
strengily and‘ confirmation, yet, if con-
victed; the event wus to be considered
as the establishment of a glaring des-
potism.

In the prosecution of the publisher of
Paine’s Age of, Reason, he appeared on
the side. of the prosecution ; and,
although we abhor all such prosecutions,
and for this pretended offence in parti-
cular, yet a more eloquent, solemn, or
impressive oration was. never delivered,
than that which Mr. Erskine made on
this ,oceasion.

Inthe receipt of 10 or 12,0001. per
annum. for professional. fees, and in the
flood of his public glory, le was, in 1806,
on the death of Pitt, chosen one of the
new ministry, and elevated to the wool-
sack, with the rank of an English baron.
His natural, sense of justice qualified
him, io preside in. a court of equity;
and, his prompiness led the public
to hope that it wauld at length an-
swer to its name. ‘The Guelphs, now-
ever, having no. fondness for Whig prin-
ciples, or practices, soon found an op-
portunity, to enlist vulgar prejudices
against the ministry ; and, having lost a
bulwark in the.name of Fox, they. were
expelled from, power within twelve
months after they had been raised to it,
This. result closed the public,services of
Lord Erskine,—he could no longer prac-
tise with bis wonted glory at the bar,
and his assistance to, the state . were
redaced to those of a simple peer of
parliament, . while.’ his independent
12,000/, per anoum was reduced to a
pension, as ex-chancellor, of 4,000/,
rom these circumstances arose a va-
riety of adverse circumstances. He had
made speculations which a fixed pension
didnot enable iim to complete, and it
became. necessary to. mortgage even the
pension itself to meet expenses, and to
become more dependent on friends than
was compatible with the habits of his
former life,,, An unhappy second mar;
riage aggravated some of these difficul-
ties; and, there ig no doubt, but. the last
fen years of the life of this great man

late Thomus. Lord Erskine. §25

were rendered tolerable only by his own
strength of mind, aud his inherent pria-
ciples) of, virtue.

In. 181 Vhe had the chanee of returning:
again to power by coalescing with the
Earl of Moira; but he was. a second
time the victim of the stubbornness of his
political allics, to whom he adhered from
affection, inspite of his own judgment,
a conduct which he repented ever
afterwards.

Having no public’ employment, ex-
cept in great exertions accasionally
made in parliament, lie has for severak
years amused himself by revising, for the
press, an edition of his “ Speeches at the
Bar ;” and he has, also, published some
political pamphlets on various subjects of
paramount intcrest. Against the late
series of wicked wars carried on from
1775 to. 1815, against the libertics and
independence of mankind, he was the
determined and avowed foe, and never
committed himself but on one oceasion,
and then to oblige Lord Grenville, froin
whom he expected other concessions.
For forty years the votes of both Houses
have alwaysrecorded his voice on the side
of liberty and liberality ; and it was his
avowed glory, and the only pride in which
he ever indulzed, that he had reached
the hizhest station in his profession, and
attained a peerage, without on any occa-
sion compromising his principles, or the
liberties of bis country; and, in this
respect, he used to say, that he hoped
his example would be useful to those
who followed him in a similar earcer.

He has Ieft a considerable family, and
some children by both bis marriages,
In conducting one of his younger sovs to
Edinburgh, he caught cold in. the
packet, was in consequence sct, ashore
at Scarborough, whence he travelled by
land to Scotland, but died on the 17th of
November last, at his late brother’s seat
near Edinburgh. His remains. have
been interred in Scotland, although he
sume years. since prepared a splendid
mausoleum iu the charch-yard of Hamp.
stead. A meeting has, however, becn
held, of the leading gentlemen. of the
bar; and it has been determined to erect
a public statue to, porpetuate the rememe-
brance of his talents, virtues, and. yaricd
merits, ;,

Lhe character of this great man was
reflected by the actions of a life spent in
the. honourable exercise of an. active
profession, His various talents, even
by the violence of party, were never
questioned, He was unequal in his

intellectual

526
intellectual efforts, and the same may
be affirmed of the greatest men who
have flourished in cloquence, in poetry,
or philosophy. - No man was ever en-

Stephensiana, No. XXV.

{Jan. 1,

communicative to all who approached
him. His countenance was lighted by
intelligence ; and, in his personal contour
and, manneys, he was one of the most

dowed With a greater share of constitu-
tional vivacity: ~he was sportive and
playfal in his relaxations, and free and

graceful men of his time... Nature had
been Javish on him, and. he did uot
abuse her gilts. # Sitio

STEPHENSIANA. 3 gonloboe

ity
NO. XXV. >

The late ALEXANDER STEPHENS, Esq..of Park House, Chelsca, devoted an aclive.and
well-spent life in collecting Anecdotes of his contemporaries, and generally entered ina
book the collections of the pussing day ;—these collections we have purchased, und propose to
present asvlection from them to our readers. As Editor of the Annual Obituary, and many
other biographical works, the Author may probably have incorporated some of these seraps ;
but the greater part are unpublishéd, and stand alone as cubinet-pictwts of men and

manners, worthy of a place in a literary miscellany,

KSEE

—

LIBERTY. OF SPEECH.

HIEF Baron Eyre, in his charge

to the Grand Jury, on the. coin-
mission for the trial of persons on the
charge of high treason, in 1794, made
use, of the foilowing liberal expres-
sions :—-* All men may, nay, all men
must, if they possess the faculty of
thinking, reason upon every thing
which sufliciently interests them to
become objects of their attention; and
among. the objects of attention of
freemen, the principles of government,
the constitution of particular govern-
ments, and, above all, the constitution
of the government under which they
live, will naturally engage attention,
and provoke speculation. ‘The power
of communication of thoughts and
opinions is ihe gift of God; and the
freedom. of it is the source of all
scienee,—the first fruits, and the ulti-
mate happiness, of all society ; and,

therefore, it seems to fellow, that hu- .

man laws ought not to interpose, nay

cannot interpese, to prevent the com-

munication of sentiment and opinions,

in yoluntary assemblies of men.”
LADY. HAMILTON.

After the return of the royal family
to. Naples, the queen repaired on-
board the Foudreyant, and, having
embraced Lady Hamilton, she hung
round her neck a rich chain of gold, to
which was suspended her majesty’s
portrait, superbly set mm diamonds,
with’ the “motto” of— Eterna * grati-
tudine.” Seon after this; Lord Nelson
was déclared’ Duke of Bronte? he is
said to ‘fave resisted; uitil’ Lady
Hamilton on her knees constrained
him {0 xceede® to‘ the proposition.—
‘Nhe presents 'reecived by Sir William

and Lady Hamilton,.on this occasion,
were estimated at 6000. guineas; ..!
IRISH WHISKEY. ¢< sjoltieq
The fondness of. the Trishman*for
his whiskey;. L have. often «curiously
observed ; above the wines of France,
he quaffs his native punch’; and among
the vines of Spain le’ longs ‘for*it.
This love is only like the’Swiss ertio-
tion for the Range des Vaches ; but this
preference did not appear so Strange
when I found their faculty declarme
they knew no spirit‘ less: noxious in
dilution. It is still the eustom in
Treland to impregnate their, whisky
with fruit: some years ago black cur-
rants were generally used, and-gaye a
very pleasant flavour; but, unfortu-
nately, some doctor happened to take
it into his head, that the currants made
the whisky very urinal and . ener-
vating, and immediately the influence
of the gentle sex became evident:
currant whisky disappeared, from
every table in the island, and has not
since been seen. i pA
FIRST DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
IN NORTH AMERICA,
Early in the year 1775, a convention
was held in the town of Charlotte,
composed of two members. from cach
of the military companies in Mecklen-
burgh county. The object of the con-
vention was to take into consideration
the existing state of, things, and_ to
deliberate on the best measures, for
resisting the encroachments which
were making by.a foreign enemy on
their liberties and property, Their
deliberations soon , terminated in,a
unanimous agreement to throw olf) all
allegiance to the government of Great
Britain, and declare themselves inde-
' pendent,

18241]

pendent.- Resolutions to tbis effect
were passed on the 19th of May, more
than thirteen months before the decla-
ration of independence by the Con-
gress, and ted were on the same day
publicly ‘proclaimed, “amidst! the
shouts and huzzas of a large assembly
of people.” ‘The second and™third
resolves, contained in the De¢iaration,
will afford a good specimen of the
spirit by which the whole was charac-
terized.

“Resolved, That we, the citizens of

Mecklenburg county, do hereby dissolve
the political bands which have connected
‘us to the mother country, and hereby
absolve ourselves from. all allegiance to
tle British crown, and abjure all political
connexion, cuntract, er association, with
that nation, which has wantonly trampled
on our rights and liberties, and inhumanly
shed the innocent blood of American
patriots at Lexington.

Resolved,’ That we do hereby declare
ourselves'a free'and independent people ;
are; aud of right onght to be, a sovereign
and self-governing association, under the
control of no power, other than that of
God, and the general government of the
Congress; to the maintenance of which in-
dependence we solemnly pledge to each
oer bs mutnal co-operation, our lives,
our fortunes, and our mast sacred honour,
—The resolutions forming the decla-
ration of independence were drawn up
by Dr. Ephraim Brevard.

picN MR. COKE.

In Young’s ‘‘Survey of Norfolk,”
page 19, we have the following account
of the improvements of this celebrated
agriculturist, |

“In the specics of building pro-
7 Ms ahd a to an agricultural
report, greater exertions have, L be-
lieve, been made in Norfolk than in
any other county in the kingdom. One
landed proprietor, Mr. Coke, has
expended above 100,000/. in farm
houses and offices; very many of them
éyected ‘in a‘ style much superior to
the houses usually assigned for the re-
Sidence of ichants; and it gives me
pleasure to’ find all that 1 viewed fur-
nished by his farmers in a manner

ewhat proportioned to the costli-
fiéss ‘Of the edifices. When men can
i “afford such exertions, they are
ce dinly commendable.

“One? of Mr. Coke’s barns at
Holkham is built in a superior style:
120 fect long, 30 broad, and 30 high;

nd surrounded with sheds for sixty
healt of cattle : itis capitally executed
ju White brick, ahd covered with fine

Stephensiana, No, XXV,

527
blue slate. Af Syderstone be has
built another enormous barn, with
stables, cattle sheds, hog-sties,, shep-
herd’s and bailiff’s houses, ,sarround-
‘ing a large quadrangular yard, like-
wise ina, style of expense rarely met
with, &c. In all Mr. Coke’s new
barns, and other offices, he has sul-
stituted milled lead for ridge-tiles to
the roofs, which is far more fasting.
and ithe means of escaping the common
accidents, in raising.a heavy ladder on
tiling, in order to replace a sidge-
tile blown off,

“For :all Jocks, ‘particularly in
stables, and other offices, Mr. Coke
has found those with copper wards
much more durable than any others.
The front edge of his own mangers
are rollers covered with tin, the man-
gers themselves are plated with iron;
and the bottoms of the stall fences
are of slate. All these circumstances
are found very economical in duration.

“Mr. Coke hasat Holkham a brick
manufactory, which ranks very high
among the first in the kingdom; bricks
in allsorts of forms are made, so that,
in raising an edifice, there is never
-a necessity for breaking a whole brick
to have a smaller of a very imperfect
Shape, which takes time, aud creates
waste: cornice, round column, cor-
ner, arch bricks, &c. are made in
great perfection.” / '

DUKE OF ORLEANS,

This is not the only French prince
of this name who has been in Exeland;
for, not to mention his own father, who
came over here in 1790 and 1791, on 2
diplomatic mission, Charles duke of
Orleans and Milan, nephew of Charles
the Sixth of ‘France, and father to

ouis the Twelfth, visited this country.
He had been ‘taken prisoner at the
batile of Agincourt, on the 25th of
October, 1415, and ‘detained’ as a
prisoner during twenty-five, years,—
the greater part of which period’ was
spent in a modated mansion‘at Groom-
bridge, in Suss¢x,— ws
Where captur’d banners way'd -beneath

the roof, PAO a ;
To taunt the royal Troubadour of Gaul. _
He.is mentioned: among. the ‘Royal
and Noble Authors”) of Lord Oxford,
and an. entire new article bas| been
given, concernimyg him, by Mr. Parke,
in his, new edition of five volumes,
octavo, , He appears to have attained
a knowledge of the English language
during his long and rigorous confine-
ment.

528
ment. He, indeed, composed in it a
prodigious number of amatory poems,
but in a measure little used, either
then or since, in this country.

From the “‘ Lover's Lament,” I
shall present the reader with a spe-
cimen :—

; When that ye goo,
Then am y woo;
But ye, swete foo,

For ought y plane,
Ye sett not no
‘Lo sle me so,

Allas! and lo! ‘

But whi, soverayne, |
Doon ye thus payne
Upon me rayne,

Shall y be slayne?

Owt, owt, wordis mo.

Wolde ye ben fayne,
'Yo seeme dayne,
Now then certayne

Yet do me'slo, &e.

HUME’S ‘¢ HISTORY OF ENGLAND.”

It is not generally known how much
Hume. revised his History. When
living in Edinburgh, busy with, that
classical composition, he was intimate
with an old Jesuit, who, like most of
the order, was. a scholar, and a man
of taste; to his opinion} as the parts
were finished, the manuscript work
was submitted. Soon afler the publi-
cation of Elizabeth’s reign, the priest
happened to turn over the pages, and
was astonished to find on the printed
page, sins of the Scottish queen that
never sullied the written one; Mary’s
charactér was directly the reverse of
what he lad read before. Ale sought
the ‘author, and asked the cause:
“Why, (answered Hume,) the printer
said he should lose 500/. by that story ;
indecd he almost refused to print it:
so I was obliged to revise Has you
saw.” It.is needless to .add, the
Jesuit reviewed 20 More manuscripts.

ROYAL MISTRESSES,

In courts, the. fanits and follies of
the great, of such as are possessed of
fortune and power, are shaded. Among
other:acknowledged mischiefs brought
over by George 1. was Madame Kil-
mansegge, countess of Platen, who
was created Countess of Darlington,
and by whom he was indisputably
father of Charlotte, married to Lord
Viscount’ Howe, and mother of: the
tate Admiral. Lady’ Howe was never
publicly acknowledged as the king’s
daughter, but the Princess Amelia
treated Mrs. Caroline Howe, the eldest
of her children, (who had married a gen-

Stephensiana, No. XXV,

[Jan. I,

tleman of her own name, John Howe,
esq. of.Hanslop, Bucks,) on the foot-

-ing of one in an exalted station.

Horatio lord Oxford tellsiis, that one
evening, when he: was present, the
princess gave Mrs. Howe)a ring, con-
taining a small portrait,of,George I.
embellished with, a crown of diamonds.
I have no prejudices: against jnoble
and royal personages. and; if\f throw
out these hints! with sincevity, Ll would
do it also with’ respeet: © Fortnitous
advantages do not alter thereal cha-
racter: George I. sirpassed the gene-
rality of his brother’ kings, in. the
beaten tracks’ and common roads’ of
high life. He had. a well-meaning
mind, and I have seen but Jittle occa-
sion to make animadyersions on his
public conduct. novasil
Besides the Countess of Darlington,
the Duchess of Kendal, under what-
ever’ denomination -you please, had
obtained and preserved an ascendancy
over the king; but, notwithstanding
that infleence, he was not morer'éon-
stant to her than he had’ been {0 his
wife. The love of pleasure is Cémiion
to human nature; in the middle and
lower, as well as higher, ranks of life;
but in the latter it is more Steady and
powerful in its operation."
Lord Orford mentions his’ haying
seen Lady Darlington at his smo ér’s,
in his infancy; remembering’ the cir-
cumstance, {rom being frightened at
ber enormous, figure;:;,she was as
ample and corpulent as. the |duchess
was long and ) emaciatedsion S/2wo
fierce black eyes; (he says,) large'and
rolling, between two lofty arched eye-
brows ; two acres of cheek, spread
with crimson ; am ocean of Tieck, "that
overflowed, and was fot armappisned
from the lower parts of her body,
which was not restrained by'stays.”
No wonder thatthe bist dreaded
such an ogress ; that, when s pe appear,
ed abroad, tlie men stared, they omen
tittered; that the mobs of Lon on
were highly diverted at the importation

of so. uncommon a sera ods ASE WETe
i

food for all the spleen of the,fa¢obites,
who had. no. polite. prepossessions: on
the side of the ceurt, andone good
names to palliate with. Nothing could
be coarser thansthe ribatdry that was
vented in lampoons, libels,' and every
channel of abuse against the soverei 4
hawked and shouted about'the streets,
even in the hearing of the court.
George If. had the Countessés of

Suffolk and Yarmouth, in succession.
ORIGINAL

1824.]

f 529 3

ORIGINAL POETRY.

BEAUTY’s EYES:
( *A SONNET.

Hew’ delicately pencil’d are thiose
“+ chieeks,
Where'thepalélily strugeleswith the rose,
And those’ bright’ eyes, from which young
) Daylight breaks, f 5:4
Owhat acharm, a radiance, they disclose.
Expressiou’s thrones of light, with angry
beam, - .
Too oft some love-frail heart they dis-
compose,
And she who owns them,—ah, capricious
_ gueen,—
Too well their power, their fascination,
knows ;
Yes, they are diamonds, lent by smiling
heaven, :
The very atmosphere they seem t’illume;
Capid’s rich glowing gems, bright ‘* day-
stars’ given, © bss ‘
Lovelier than) hazels. glittering in ripe
Deletion 20s, cvansich
Then, fond admiring man, in Celia’s eyes
Behold a miniature of Paradise,

Cullum-stiect. ENORT,
an ey, MADRIGAL,
De lauriers immortels mon front est
couronné 3

Sur d'illustres tivanx j’emporte la victoire;
Rien ne manqueroit a ma gloire,
Si Louis, ce héros si grand, si fortuné,
Applaudissoit ‘au ‘prix qu’ Apollon m’a
donné:) ©" Mad. Deshoulidres.
6. 269 TRANSLATION.
Immortal wreaths my brow adorn,
“And noble rivals yield the day;
Allthumble contest hence I scorn,
And wing mg flight in glory’s way,
If Lonis, whose illustrious wame-
‘_ Embalm’d in every heart shall live,
Will but decree my deathless fame,
And sanction what the Muses give.

_ Brampton. Academy. LL,
THE MODERATE REFORMER.
FRIEND to half-measures, tinker of the

_. State, ps
Who boasts corruption to eradicate
By a mere mock-reform, call’d moderate !
ow acts the wretch, who to the doctor
_ shows flat
His'crown of pimples and his falling nose,
‘Then erics, “In wercy, save me from dis-
09 grace, ; :
Ab, make this tottering nose to keep. its
tows DIACE rio dii so:
$o that in publie I may show my face?”
He feels thro’ ey'ry bone the poison steal,
Vet madly trfés to bear it, and conceal.
What folly thns to.ask a partial cure, ’
When perfect liealth right med’cine might
F ensure!
‘ “Montary Mag, No, 390.

—~_

Such is the dolt?s petition. _Thiuk ye not

The driy/ling ideot, well deserves to rot? \

‘The half-reformer, then, his faction’s slave,

The world must think is either fool. or
knave.

Both, we pronounce the prating heartless
prig. ’

Say, is not this the portrait of a Whig?

—
TO GEORGE RUDALL,

Occasioned by his Performances on the Flute,
and the Superiority of the Instruments
manufactured by Messrs. Rudall and Rose.

Non est ad astra mollis 4 terris via.—Seneca.

ALtTHoUGH the Muse had tun’d her lyre
‘To fair Euterpe’s fav’rite* son,

Whose taste e’en Envy must admire,
When all her bitt’rest deeds are done ;

Not heedless has she pass’d thy worth
To honour his peculiar skill :

Bat, well rememb’ring that the earth _
Could boast another genius stil], *

She treasur’d up her Rudall’s name,

Intent to spread its deathless fame.

And here she owns that none can breatlie
A sweeter or a chaster song, +
Or more deliciously enwreathe
The flowers of harmony among’
Those classic discords, which ‘alone
To Music’s ablest sous are known =: ©
Nor is there, prhaps, amidst theifews.
Whom Taste and Science have ibspir'd,
One who ean glide more aptly through
Those ¢hords which angels have admir’d,
And which can never fail.to please :
When Rudall’s hand commands the keys.

What tho’ the foreignt flutist climb...

The loftiest heights of Muasic’s-framing,
He ne’er attain’d the “ true sublime,”

In spite of all his arduous aiming:

His rapid sounds no pathos pour,

No ‘spell divine” lurks in his tone,
And, when he fondly aims to soar — .
__To Music’s star-encircled throne,

*Tis still aboye his utmost reach, —
Despite of all his minions preach,

And Truth will fearlessly confess
is greatness is but littleness. —
But thine are talents nought can shake,
Nor need at any rival’s quake;
And I would ten: times sooher boast
Thy taste, thy skill, thy tone, thy car ;
And that soft style which pleases most
When Midnight’s twinkling stars appear,
Than all the tricks, and sleight of lrand,
Drotiett may reach, and understand,

Then; Rudall, let it be ihy pride
‘Lo follow where the Graces guide,—

To

-* Charles Nicholson (see Monthly Mag,
for August).
t Droiiett.

3Y

530
To shun that incoherent style
Which makes the learned justly smile;..
For tho’ a rapid rush of sound sue
May fill the ynlgar mob with wonder,
‘Tis not therein that fecling’s found, ~
But skill'from reason torn asunder :
No! 1'wottld rather boast thy sense
Of mnsic’s chaster eloquence,
Thy pathos, and distinguish’d tone,
To all :that rapid, voiceless‘din,
Which ew’ry dunce may make his own,
Whose fingers can the gamuts win.

But never letanght that ’s deficient in taste,
By thee, for'the sake of eclat, be embrac’d;
Prefer, as| thou. hast, that superior
expression
Which charms both the ear, and enlivens
» the soul, ;
For that still produces alasting impression,
And over the feelings maintains its
control :
Hence, Rudall, the fame of thy talents
_ > shall bloom
Ages after thyself shalt have sunk in the
tomb. > J.G
Islington ; Aug. 1823.

—_

ECHO AND NARCISSUS.
Haptess Echo! why, oh why,
Plaintive dost thon thus reply

To ev’ry, noise around;

When, midst on all the murmurs near,
Falling on thy list’ning ear,

Narcissus’ voice. can never sound?
Silence, Echo! for ’tis vain
Heark’ning for his words again.:

The lovely youth is dead., ;
Know’st thou, Echo, where he died?
Ona fountain’s lonely side

_ His verdant grave is spread.

New Patents and Mechanical Inventions.

(Jan. 1,
Know’st thou, Echo, how he fell?
List! the sad-troth I will tell,

_, And cause thy tears to flow. ;
Gazing on a-streamlct ciear,, ..
Wond’ring, he beheld appear , _.

A briglit face in the rill below.
Foolish boy; he never deem’d d
?’Twas-his own, fair, form that gleam’d,.:

Reflected in the wave,;,| h s24
But some nymph of neighb’ring wood,
Beauteous, in the crystal flood :

He thought had come to lave.

Then he panted to embrace
Body. with so fair a face,

And leapt into the rill;, ..
Nought was there,—but when onshore;
Weeping, he reclin’d once more,

The form was in the water still.

Rapturous words, eseap’d’his: tongues,
To the fount again he sprung,

And sought his image there;
With the splash the.vision, fled, |
To the shore again he sped,

And perish’d in despair

Perish’d,—and his blood: became

A fair flow’r, which bore his name 3
and when upon the green >

Nymphs drew nigh to raise his pile,

Sorrowing for his death the while,—
‘That little flower alone was seen.

Then, sweet Echo, tell me why
Thou dost plaintive thus reply, 0 9" 3)
Unto each murmur-ever?. 9." | %*"
Wailing at his hopeless lovey! 0? «(110%
Pan may call thee from the groves
Thy dear Narcissus nevers,iw 1
' , ~§, JE.

itry HIS

NEW PATENTS AND MECHANICAL INVENTIONS.

ee

To JosePH BoRDWINE, ESQ. of Addis-
combe College, for an Instrument for
finding the Latitude. A

AY he BorpDWINe’s nautieal instru-

‘#@ went is intended to put within
‘the reach’ of every commander of ‘a
vessel, the solution ‘of that important
problem in navigation, viz. the detér-
mination of the latitude by two obsér-
vations of the sun, or other celestial
body, taken at'any period of the day,

a problem which ‘has engaged the at-

tention of scientific men for a long

‘time past, with the view of rendering

the forms of ca'culation more simple

than they are at present. The instru-
ment does away with calculation alto-
gether, giving the results in itself. It
is formed of four circular acres, (the
greatest about nine inches in diameter)
having a common centre, and trayers-

7

ing about eachother. Ontwo'of these
are scales for the declination /of the
object observed, and on the other two,
scales for the altitwdés; ‘whith ‘are
taken by the usual instruments, ‘quad-
rant, &c: Thereisalso’a fourth: setni-
circle, tixed in position; for' the tithé
elapsed between the observations.” Tn
working it, the declination forthe day
is set off, the time adjusted,—and ‘the
verniers, marking the observed “alti-
tudes, brought together, ‘when . the
instrument wilf immediately ‘show,—
1. The latitude of the place of observa-
tion, to 15” of a degree, lw_asiod
2s The distance in: time from) noon of
either observation, to 2” of time, which,
compared with achronometer, will give, the
difference of longitude. a ee
3. The true azimuth, which compared
with a compass bearing, will give the
variation of the magnetic pole. om
e

1824.]
The operation may take about three
or four minutes, there being no other
calculation’ required than the usual
corrections for ¢ ip, refraction, &c. in
the altitudes; and. the like for the
declination from the Nautical Alma-
nack to adaptit to the place of observa=
tion, these; ‘being °reductions which
must take placé wider any solution of
the problem, whether by the calculated
forms, or by instrument.
To SamveEt Rowrnson; of Leeds, Cloth-
dresser ; for. Improvements on a
Machine for shearing and cropping

- Woollen Cloth.
his improvement on a machine for
dressg and cropping woollen cloth
consists. of a frame: supporting: a tra-
velling carriage,;witl cutters moved
by bands-and wheels ‘connected ‘to a
steam -envine, or from’ any first mover.

02 98) bi ; .

~~
To Joun BArton, of Tufton-sireet,

Westminster, engineer ; for Improve-
" amnents of Steam=Engines.

The principle of this patent is in
saving the heat which is’ generally
suffered to escape useless. Heé fixes a
boiler whieh may have a flue through it
to take the flame .and heat from. the
cupola (which ds, done quick with the
blast which is necessary to melt the
iron); to this: he connects © another
boiler-as ‘close ‘as he convenientiy can,
with which ‘the’ cylinder and other
working parts of the engine are con-
nected, with a force-pump to supply
water as it wastes by evaporation.
Phe chief advautage is the doing two
or three works by the heat originating
from one firey, He also claims: some
improvement in the steam-engine,—he
uses ,the cock for reversing the steam
with two, sides eut out, by which he
ean reverse the steam by. turning. the
cock about one-sixth round, by which
the steam en. the piston is changed
much quicker. He likewise uses the
piston very short, and has holes castor
drilled. nearly. through the piston
between the screws which tighten the
cap, to put in tallow when he packs the
engine ;this tallow escapes by small
holes. drilled. horizontally into the
holes where the tallow is, so it keeps
the packing greasy, and will wear
much longer; and work much better,
than the common way. He uses the
cupola, with the boiler suspended, but
the furnace performs as conveniently
‘as without i; and, when in full opera-

New Patents and Mechanical Inventions.

531
tion, raises steam above sulficient to
work the engine in a more effectual
manner than by the cominon mode.
The steam is afterwards applied to the
several cisterns, boilers, or vessels;
from which he excludes as much as
possible (when it can be advantage-
ously done) the atmospheric. air, and
produces avacuum. Thessaid cisterns,
boilers, or vessels,:are connected by
pipes and cocks, or: other) convenient
and. suitable methods to condense or
draw off the vapour... ‘He then opens:a
communication ‘from: the hot tothe
cold vessel, by which means he*brings
thelatter to’a forward state of heat, at
the same time that the vacuum’ of the
former is partly effected ; recourse
must be had to the main descending
water-pipe, shown-on the right of the
pans, by opening a communication
from, the-cistern or vessel from: which
you, wish to draw off the vapour, in
order to complete the yvacuum.,This
will be found a most. beneficial method
of boiling ‘and: manufacturiag many
articles, such as sugar, or any commo-
dities that require high temperature to
bring them to a boiling’ point,°as the
ebullition is brought about ata much
lower degree of heat, a considerable
saving is effected in time and expense,
the quality of the article is. retidered
superior, aid there is no danger what-
ever of injury in the process.” The
principle‘has been applied with impor-
tant advantage to a very considerable
extent. “The lower cisterns or pans
are shewn with double covers, and-the
inside plates or cases, représcnted by
the inner lines in the sides and tops,
are perforated with small holes, de-
signed for the vapour to pass, through,
and to prevent the goods being drawn
out by the vacuum and. boiling. he
pipe for conyeying off the vapour o
enters the top, cover.. The. various
deep and thick flanges at the tops of
the. cisterns or pans. are. intended. to
connect the seyeral. pipes, cocks, &c.
that may be required to be applied for
the various purposes aud applications
of these vessels, as well.as to strengthen
them when it is necessary. The, pans
can be made of any strong figure ; but
an. intelligent engineer, with, the as-
sistance of a practical person under-
standing the nature of the business to
which these improvements are applied,
will readily perceive and adgpt the
best form and shape without any diffi-
culty whatever.

To

532
To Wittiam Goopman, of Coventry,
' Hatier ; for certain. Improvements in

Looms. >.

‘Mr. Goodman’s ingenious invention
of certaiimprovements, apply to’ that
description of looms usually employed
for the.‘weaying of narrow articles
(commonly called Dutch engine-looms)
and consists principally in a novel
arrangement of the shuttles and slays
in the-batten. The construction of the
battén, with the slays and the shuttles,
aré’in: every respect the same as
usually’ employcd in engine-looms,
except, that in this improved loom,
there are three shuttle-boards, forming
two distinct races for the reception of
two sets of shuttles; the warp, or slay-
Spaces of the upper range intervening
between the spaces of the lower range.
Mr. G: only claims, as his own inyen-
gion, the new arrangement of the shut-

tles and the slays as connected with
the batten, and the suspending of the
knotted parts of the leashes on one set
of shafts, to arrange with the same.—
Repertory, No. 259.

Proceedings of Public Societies,

[Janis 1,
LIST OF PATENTS FOR NEW INVENTIONS,
Jobin, Ranking, of New Bond-street,
Westminster, ,esq.; for the means of
securing |valuable property. inimail and
other stage coaches, travelling, carriages,
waggons, caravans, and other similar, pub-
lic and private vehicles, from robbery.—
Nov. 1, 1823. Le ee Tee detest
George Hawkes, of Lucas- place, Com-
mercial-road, ship-builder ; for an improve-
ment in the construction of ships’ anchors.
—Nov. 1. 1 xii
George Hawkes, also, for certain’ im-
provements on. capstans, 9 6) © .
William Bundy, of Fulham; mathemati-.
cal instrument-maker; for anvanti-evapo-
rating cooler, to facilitate andwegulate the
refrigerating of worts or wash in all sea-
sons of the year, from any degree of heat
between boiling and the temperature re-
quired for fermenting. —Nov..1. owe?
Thomas Foster Giinson, of Tiverton ; for
improvements in, and additions to, ma-
chinery now in use for doubling and twist-
ing cotton, silk, and other fibrous sub-
stances.— Nov. 6. feces i
*,.* Copies of the specifications, or further
notices of any of these inventions, will: be
inserted free of ‘expense, on being: transmitted,
fo the Editor. Bove Set SU Vitag dos,

bs

PROCEEDINGS OF PUBLIC SOCIETIBS.

= ;

ROYAL SOCIETY.

'T affords us much satisfaction at

. being enabled to lay before the pub-
lie a series of curious experiments made
by a gentleman not it seems of the
society, but first promulgated at one of
its meetingsin April last. They relate to
the ‘condensation of several gases into
liquids,» by Mr. Farapay, chemical
assistant in the Royal Institution, and.
were communicated by the President.
' Sulphurous Acid.— Mercury and con-
cenirated sulphuric acid were sealed
up in a bent tabe, and, being brought
to’ ‘one end, heat was earefully applied,
whilst the other end was preserved cool
by wet bibulous’ paper. © Sulphurous
acid gas was produced where the heat
acted,:and was condensed by the sul-
phurie avid above; bat, when the latter
had) become saturated; the sulphurous
acid passed to the cold end of the tube,
and twas condensed into a liquid. When
the whole tube was cold, if the sulphu-
rous acid were returned on to the mix-
ture of ‘sulphuric acid and sulphate of
mercury, a portion was re-absorbed,
bat the jrest. remained on it ‘without
mixingwy: > >) :

Liquid sulphurous‘acid is very limpid

and colourless, and highly fluid. Its,

refractive power, obtained by comparing,
it in water and othér media, with water
contained ‘in a similar tabe, appeared.
fo be nearly equal to that of water. It
does rot solidity or Lecome adhesive at
a temperatare of 0° F. Whena tube
containing it was opened, the contents:
did not rash out as with explosion, but
a portion of the liquid evaporated ra-
pidly, cooling another portion so much
as to leave it in the fluid state at com-~
mon barometric pressure, It was how-.
ever rapidly dissipated, not producing,
visible fumes. but producing the odour,
of pure sulphurous acid, and leaving the.
tube quite dry. A portion of the ahd
of the fluid received over a mercurial

ped into the fluid insfantly made'it boil,
from the heat communicated by it.
To prove in an unexceptionable man-
ner that the fluid was pure sulpburous.
acid, some sulphurous acid gas was.
carefully prepared over ineveuby anit"
lung tnbe perfectly dry, and’ closed ‘at.
one end, being exliausted,was filled with,
it; more sulpburous ‘acid ‘was ‘then
thrown fy by a condensing syringe, til
; : " there

1824.] -

there were three or four atmospheres ;
the tube remained perfectly clear «nd
dry, bat on-evoling one end. to“ 0°, the
fluid suiphurovs acid condensed, and in
all its characters Was Tike that prepared
by the furmer process, "

A stall gage was attached {o a‘tabe
in which salphurous acid was afterwards
forme , and at a fempeérature of 45° F.
tie sure within, the tube, was equal
io three atmospheres, there being, a
portion, ef Jignid. sulphurous: acid. pre-
sent: but, as the.eommon air had. not
been: excluded’ when the tube was
sealed; nearly one atmosphere must be
dué 10 its presence, so that sulphurous
acid ‘Vapour exerts a’ pressure of about
two atmospheres at 45° F. Its specific
gravity was nearly 1.42.

Sulphuretted Hydrogen.—Atube being
bent, and sealed at the shorter end,
strong muriatic acid Was poured in
through a small funnel, so as nearly to
fill the short leg without soiling the long
one... A.piece of platinum foil was then
crumbled.up and pushed in, and upon
that were put fragments of sulphuret of
iron, until the tube was nearly full. In
this way action was prevented until the
tube was sealed. If it once commences,
it is almest impossible ‘to close the tube
in a manner sufficiently strong, because
of the pressing out of the gas, When
closed, the muriatic acid was made to
ron on to the sulphuret of iron, and then
left for a day or two. At the end of
that tine, much, proto-muriate of iron
had formed; aud, on placing the clean
end.of.the tube in a mixture of ice and
a nis urming the other end if necessary
by, a ie water, sulpburetted hydrogen
Mii iguid state distilled over,

The liquid sulphuretted hydrogen was
lourless, limpid, and excessively fluid.
ra er, when compared with it in similar
tnies, appeared tenacious and oily. It
did not mix with the rest of the fluid in
the tube, which was no doubt satu-
sah d, but remained standing on. it,
W aes a tube containing it was opened,
the liquor immediately rushed into
vapour;, and this being done under
wi ter, and the vapour collected and ex-
amined, it proved to be sulphnretted
hydrogen, gas. As.the temperature of
a containing some of it rose from
OH ted ©, part of the fluid rose in va-
pour, and its bulk, diminished; but
there was no, other change: it did not
seem more adhesive at 0° than at 45°.
Its tekaclive power appeared to be
rather greater than that of water; it
» decidedly surpassed that of sulphurous
3

Proceedings of Public Societies.

533
acid. A small gage being introduced
into. a tube in which liquid salphuretted
hydrogen was afterwards prodneed, it
was found. that,.the. pressure: of its
vapour, was nearly equal, to. seventeen
atmospheres at the temperature of 50°,

The gages used were, made, by draw;
ing out some. tubes -at. the blow-pipe
table until they, were capillary, and of a
trumpet form; they were graduated by
bringing a small portion of mercury suc,
cessively into their diferent parts ;, they
were then sealed at the fine end, and a
portion of mercury placed in the broad
end; and in this state they were placed
in the tubes, so. that none of the sub-
stances used, or produced, could get to
the mercury, or pass by it to the. inside
of the gage. In estimating the number
of atmospheres, one has, always. been
subtracted for the air left in the tube.

The specific gravity of sulphuretted
hydrogen appeared to be 0.9.

Carbonic Acid—The materials, used
in the production of carbonic acid, were
carbonate of ammonia and concentrated
sulphuric acid; the manipulation was
like that deseribed for sulphuretted hy-
drogen. Much stronger tubes are how-
ever required for carbonic acid than for
any of tbe former substances, and there
is none which has produced so many or
more powerful explosions. ‘Tubes which
have held fluid carbonic acid well for
two or three weeks together, have, upon
some increase in the warmth of ‘the
weather, spontaneously exploded with
great violence; and the precautions of
glass masks, goggles, &¢c. which are. at
all times necessary in. pursuing these
experiments, are particularly so with
carbonic acid.

Carbonic acid is a Jimpid colourless
body, extremely fluid, and floating apon_
the other contents of the tube.) It dis-
tils readily, and rapidly at the difference
of temperature between 32°) and:.0°,
Its refractive power_is much less than
that of water. No diminution of tem-
perature to which Ihave been able to
submit, it, has, altered.its: appearance.
Tn endeavouring to open the tubes at
one end, they have uniformly. burst into
fragments, with | powerful explosions.
By inclosing a gage ina tube.in which
fluid ¢arbonic acid was afterwards pro-
duced, it was found) that) ils: vapour
exerted a pressure of 36. atmospheres at
a temperature of 82°.

It may be, questioned, perhaps, whe-
ther this and other similar fluids: ob-
tained from, materials containing water,
do not contain a portion of that fluid ;
in

534
in as much as its absence has-not been
proved, as ‘it may ‘be with chlorine, sul-

pburous acid, cyanogen, and ammonia:
But,: besides’ thecanalogy which exists.

between the ‘latter and ‘the former; >it
may also be'observed in favour of their
dryness, that any diminution of tem-
peratore causes the deposition of a fluid
fromthe ‘atmosphere, precisely like that
previously: obtained; and there is no
reason for'supposing that these various

atmospheres, remaining as they do in -

contact.::with» concentrated sulphuric
acid, ‘are not as dry as atmospheres of
the same kind would be over sulphuric
acid at common pressure.
Ewehlorine.— Fluid. euchlorine owas
obtained by inclosing chlorate of potash
and sulphuric acid ina tube, ‘and leaving
them toact on each other for twenty-
four ‘hours. In that time ‘there had
been much action, the mixture was ofa
dark reddish brown, and the atmosphere
of abright yeHow colour, ‘The mixture
was’ then heated up’ to 100°, and the
unoccupied \end. of ‘the tube ‘cooled
to 0°; by degrees the mixture lost its
dark colour, and a very fluid cihereal-
Jooking substance condensed. ‘It was
not miscible with a small portion of the
sulphanic acid which lay beneath it; but,
when returned on to the mass of salt
and acid, it) was gradually absorbed,

rendering the mixture of a much deeper-

colour even than itself. «

Eachlorine: thus obtained}\is a very
fluid» transparent ‘substance, ‘of a deep
yellow colour. A’ tube containing a
portiom of it in ithe clean end, was
opened at the opposite extremity ; there
was a-rush’ of euchlorine vapour, but
the saltiplugged up the aperture: whilst
ctearme this, away, the whole tube
burst: with/a» violent explosion, except
the’ small end in a cloth in. ‘my ‘hand,
Where!the cuchlorine previously lay, but
the fluid had all disappeared.

Nitrous Oxide: -~Some nitrate of am-
monia; previously: made as dry as could
be:by partial decompositidn, hy heat in
theiair; was-sealed up iin, a bent tube,
and:ithen:heated’ in one‘ end, ;the» other
being preserved'cool. \ By repeating the
distillation once or twice im «this way,
it was found, on after-examination, that
very jittle of the salt remained unde-
composed.) The process: requires care.
Ehave had many explosions occar with
very strong tubes, and at considerable
risky»

When the tube is cooled, it is found
to contain two fluids, and avery com-
pressed atmospliere. ‘The heavier fluid,

Proceedings of Public Societies.

[Jan, 1,

on. examination, proved to be ‘water,
witli a little acid and’ nitrous oxide in
solution; ‘the ‘other was nitrous ‘oxide.
Tt appears in a very liquid; Timpid,! €o-
lourless ‘staté ; and ‘so volatile: that ‘the
warmth of the band generally makes it
disappear’ in ‘Vapour, \/Phe “application
of ice and salt Condenscs absidanee of
it into the liquid state again, «It 'boils
readily by the difference of temperature
between 50° and0°2°! It'\does not! ap-
pear to have any tendency to solidify’ at
—10°. Tts refractive “power''‘is “very
much less’ than that. of water; and’ less
than any fluid that-has yet ‘been’ ob-
tained in these experiments, or flian any
other known fluid. A tube being opened
in the air, the nitrous oxide iminedi-
ately burst into vapour. “Another tbe
opened. under ‘water, ‘and! ‘thé (vapour
collected and examined, it'provel to be
nitrous oxide gas. A gage being in-
troduced into a’ tube, in whieh Jiquid
nitrous oxide was afterwards produced;
gave the pressure of its vapour as équal
to above ’50 atmospheres at 459.910" |
Cyanogen.—Some ‘pure *eyanaret “of
mercury was heated until perfectly "dr fs
A portion was them inclosed: iy a greciv
glass tube, in’ the same manner ‘as in
former instances, ‘and béing selected»
to one end, was decomposed by “heat,
whilst tle other end was"cooledy'*"Phe:
cyanogen suon appeared ‘as a liquids it
was limpid, colourless, and very fluid’;
not altering its state at the temperature
of 0°. Its refractive ‘power? is rather’
less, perhaps, than that’ ofowatery) A’
tube containing it being opened in! ‘the’
air, the expausion within did not appear
to be very yreat; and the liquid passed
with comparative ‘slownéss into?! the
state of vapour, producing great edld,
The vapour, being collected over mer-
cury, proved to be pure cyanogens °°
A ‘tube was sealed up With eyanuret
of mercury at one end, and °a’ drop ‘of
water ‘at the other ; ‘the fluid cyanogen
was then produced in contact with the
water. It did not mix, at least‘i@ any
considerable quantity, with that’ flaid,
but floated on it, being lighter; though
apparently not’ ‘so much so’ as ether
would be. In the course of ‘sonic days,
action had taken place, the water had
become black, and changes, probably
such°as are known to take place in-an
aqueous solution of cyanogen, occurred.
The pressure of the vapour of cyanogen
appeared by the gage to be 3.6° or 3.7
atmospheres at. 45° F. . Its specific
gravity was nearly 0.9. tats
Ammonia.—In scarching after liquid
ammonia,

1824.) .
ammonia, it became necessary, though
difficult, to find.some dry source of that
substance; and J, at last, resorted, to\ a
compound *of it, whichy E, had occasion
to nutice some years since with chloride
of silyer., y/When dry. chloride of psilver
is pnt, imte,ammoniacal gas, as dry, as
it canbe made, it absorbs a large quan-
tity, of jit; 100.grains condensing above
130, eubieal;inches.of the gas: but the
compound, thus’ formed, is decomposed
by a temperatare of 100° FP. or upwards,
A portion,of, this compound was sealed
up in.a bent tube, and heated in one
leg, whilst the other was cooled by ice
or. water. The compound thus heated
under. pressure fused at.a comparatively
low temperature, and boiled up, giving
off ammoniacal gas, which condensed
at the opposite end into a liquid.
Liquid ammonia, thus obtained was
colourless, transparent, and very fluid.
Its, refractive power surpassed that of
any. other, of the fluids described, and
that also of water itself, From the way
in which°it. was obtained, it. was, evi-
dently, as,free from water as ammonia
in, any state could. be. When the

chloride of silver is allowed to cool, the,

ammonia immediately returns to if,
combining with it, and producing the
original compound. During this action
a, curious combination of effects takes
place: as the chloride absorbs the am-
monia, heatiis produced, the tempera-
tare rising. up nearly to 100°; whilst a
few) inches, off, at. the opposite end of
the tube,: considerable cold is produced
by ithe evaporation of the fluid. When
the, whole is'retained at the temperature
of 60°, the, ammonia boils till it is dis-
sipated and_re-combined, The pressure
of the vapour of ammonia is equal to
ahont 6.5,atmospheres at 50°, Its spe-
cific gravity was 0.76.

Muriatie Acid,— When made from
pure muriate of ammonia and sulphuric
acid, liquid muriatic acid is obtained
colourless, as Sir Humphry Dayy had
anticipated. “Ets refractive power is
seatet than that of nitrous oxide, but

iss, than. that of water; it is nearly
equal to that of carbonic acid, The
pressure of its vapour at the temperature
of 50°, is equal to about 40 atmos-

FOB. 1

Chlorine.—The_ refractive power of
fluid, chlorine is rather less than that of
water. The pressure of its, vapour, at
60° is, nearly equal to 4 atmospheres, |,

.® Quarterly Journal/of Science, vol. v.
p74.

Proceedings of Public Societies.

535

Attempts have been made fo obtain
hydrogen, oxygen, fluoboracic, fluosi-
licic, and phosphuretted hydrogen; gases
in-the liquid state; bat, though’ allof
them have been subjected torgreat-pres-.
sure, they have as yet resisted conden-.
sation. The difficulty with: regard) to
fluoboric gas consists, probably, in: its
aflinity for sulphuric acid, which; as Dr.
Davy has shown, is so great as to raise
the sulphuric acid with it)in vapour.
The experiments will, however, be con-
tinued. on these and other gases, in the
hopes that some of them, atileast, will
ultimately condense.

On. the Application of Liquids formed by
the condensation of Gases as mecha-
nical agents ; by Sir HuMPHRY Davy,
Bart. Pres. RS: - igh
One. of the principal objects that I

had in view, in causing experiments to
be made on the condensation of different
gaseous: bodies, by generating . them
under pressure, was the hope of obtain-
ing vapours, which, from the: -facility
with which their elastic forces might be
diminished» or increased, by small de-
crements or increments of temperature,
would be applicable to the same pur-
poses as steam. itd

-As soon as I had obtained muriatic .
acid in the liquid state, a body which
M. Bertholet supposed owed its power
of being separated front bases by other
acids, only to the facility with which it
assumes the gaseous form, I bad no
doubt, as I mentioned in my last com-
munication, that all the other \gases
which have weaker affinities or greater
densities, and which are ‘absorbable to
any extent by water, might be rendered
fluid by similar means; and, tliat: the
conjecture was founded, has been:proxett
by the experiments made with'so much
industry and ingenuity by Mr. Faraday,
and which: Ihave had the pleasure of
communicating to the society.) 90!)

The elasticity: of vapours.jin: contact
with the Jiquids from which they are
produced, under bigh pressures, by high
temperatures, such as thase of alcoliol
and water, is :knowe. tovinerease in a
much higher ratio than the arithmetical
one of the temperature ;. but the exact
law is not yet determined; and the re-
sult is a complicated one, and: depends
upon circumstances which require to be
ascertained by experiment. Thus the
ratio of the elastic force, dependent
upon pressure, is to be combined with
that of the.expansive force dependent
upon temperature ; and the: greater loss
of radiant heat at high base Ad

: an

536
and the development of latent heat in
compression, and the necessity for its
ze-absorption ‘in expansion (as_the ra-
tionale of the subject is at‘present un-
derstood) must awaken some doubts as
to the economical results to’be obtained
by employing the steam of water under
very great pressures, and at very ele-
vated temperatures.
“No such doubts, however, can arise
with respect to the use of such liquids,
as require for their existence even a
compression equal to, that of the weight
of 30 or 40 atmospheres: and where
common temperatures, or slight eleva-
tions of them, aré sufficient to produce
an immense elastic force ; and when the
principal’ question to be discussed, is
whether the effect of ni¢chanical motion
is to be most easily produced by an in-
crease or diminution of heat by artificial
means.

With the assistance of Mr. Faraday
T have made some experiments on this
subject, and the results have answered
my most sanguine expectations. Sul-
phuretted hydrogen, which condenses
yeadily at 3° F., under a pressure equal
to that which balances the elastic force
of an atmosphere compressed to 7, bad
its elastic force increased so as to equal
that of an atmosphere compressed to

by an inerease of 47° of temperature.
Liquid muriatic acid at 3°, exerted an
elastic force equivalent to that of an at-
mosphere compressed to 34; by an in-
érease of 22°, it gained an clastic force
equivalent to that of an atmosphere
compressed to 4, ; and by a farther ad-
dition of 26°, an elastic force equivalent
to that ‘of air condensed to 75 of its
primitive volume. These experiments
were made in thick glass tubes kerme-
tically sealed. The degree of pressure
was estimated by the change of volume
of air confined by mercury in a small
graduated gage, atid placed in a part of
the tube exposed to the atmosphere,
and the temperatures were diminished
from the degree at which the gage was
introduced, that is, the atmospheric tem-
perature by freezing mixtures; so that
the temperature of the air within the
gage could not be considerably altered ;
and as the elastic flaid surrounding the
gage must have had a higher tempera-
ture than the condensed fluid, the dimi-
nution of the elastic force of the vapour
from the fluids camnot be considered as
overrated.

From the immense differences be-
tween the increase of elastic force in
gases under high and low pressures, by

Proceedings of Public Societies.

(ean,
similarincrements of temperatare, there
can be no doubt that the denser the
vapour, or the moré dilficuit/of conden-
Salion the’ gas, the greater Will be its
power under changes of temperatire as
a mechanical agent : thus carbonic acid
will be much more powerfal than’ mu-
viatic acid. Th the only ‘experiinent
which has been’ tried upon if} its’ force
Was found to be nearly equal to thit. of
air compressed 6° $4 at 12°R.) and ‘of
air compressed to st at 32 degrees,
making on inérease equal to tlie weight
of 13 atmospheres by an’ inéréase of 20
of temperature ; and this immense elastic
force’ of 36 atmospheres béing exerted
at the freezing point of Water® And
azote, if it could be" obtained” fluid,
would, there is po doubt; be far more
powertal than carbonié acid; and tiy-
drogen, in such a state, would’ exert a
force almost incalculably’ great, and
liable 10 immense changes’ from ‘the
slightest variations of temperature. ~
To illustrate this idea, I shall qtvote
an experiment-on alcohol of sulphur.”
' The temperature pete Boa aeae
raised 20 degrees above its boiling point,
and its elastic force exansined: it was
found equal to less than that ‘of air e6m-
pressed to 3. It was now heated’tu'320°
under a pressure eqttal to that of air
condensed to 43, anda siimilar inere-
meut of 20 degrees added’; its‘elastic
force became equivalent:to that ‘of an
atmosphere compressei to 392, yo) T
I hope soon to be able to repeat these
experiments in a more ‘minatevand! é-
curate way; but the general-results/ap-
pear so worthy the attention of practical
mechanics, that Lihink ita datytodose
no time in bringing them forward) ‘even
in their present imperfect sfateo\'o! 9
In applying the condensed gases‘as
mechanical agents,’ there will be’ some
difficulty ; the materials of the apparatus
must be at Icast as. strong,and.as per-
fectly joincd as those used Jy, Mr.
Perkins in bis high pressure. steam-
engine: but the small differences, of
temperature’ required’ to produce an
. a er ada He

asf P cao?

SEG! SESS Ue ee eee
* Since this paper was read, Mr.

Faraday has ascertained that the vapour
of ammonia at 32% exerts an elastic forte
equal to that of anatmosphere comptessed
to t; and at 50° o that of an atmosphere
compressed to 49: and that the vapour
of nitrous oxide at 32° hasan elastie force
equal to that of an atmosphere compressed
to 7;; and at.45° to an atmosphere com-

4)

1,
pressed to = nearly.
51,3

1824.] .

elastic force equal to the pressure of
many atmospheres, will render the risk
of explosion extremely, small; and,_ if
future experiments should realize the
views. here,,developed, the) mere .dit-
ference, of. temperature between sun-
shine and shade, and air and water, or
the eflects.of, evaporation from a moist
surface, will, be, sufficient ‘to. produce
results, .which have.bitherto: heen ob-
talb only» by.a great expenditure of
fue Prat, %

- I shall, conclude this communication
by a few.general observations. arising
out, of this enquiry,

There. is;a simple mode of liquefying
the gases, which at first view appears
paradoxical, namely, by the application
of heat; it consists in placing them in
one leg of a,bent sealed tube confined
by,,.mercury,, and. applying: heat to
ether, or alcohol, or ;water, m ihe other
end....In this manner, by the pressure
of the-vapour of cther, L have Jiquefied
prussic, gas and sulphureous. acid. gas,
the vonly, two ‘on, which E have made
experiments;);and these gases in being
reproduced occasioned cold.
There canbe -little doubt that these
general, facts of the condensation of the
gases, will have many. practical appli-
cations,, /They: offer easy methods of
impregnating «liquids with. carbonic
acid) and, other gases,, without the ne-
cessity,of common mechanical pressure.

They affurd means of producing great
diminations of temperature, by the ra-
pidity, with» which large’ quantities. of

iquids,may -be:rendered aeriform ; and
as compression occasions similar effects
to,cold,\in preventing the formation of
elastic substances, there is great reason
to believe that, it; may be: successfully
employed for ihe. preservation of animal
and. vegetable substances. for the pur-
poses.of food... 9: dial
On the Chaiiges of volume produced in

Gases indifferent states of Density,
by heat.” fn
de Tn investigating the laws of the elas-
tie fe eee exerted by vapours or gases
raised from liquids by increase of tem-
perature under compression, one of the
me Important .circumstances. to: be

roc. is.the rate of the expansion,
or, What,is, cquivalent, of the elastic
wig. iin is '
,

Montury Mae, No, 390,

Proceedings of Public Societies.

537

force, in atmospheres in different states
of density. ‘hue
It has been shown by the experiments
of MM. Dalton and Gay Lussac, that
elastic fluids of very different specific
gravities expand equally by equal in-
crements of temperature ;. or, as it may
be more correctly expressed, according
to the eclucidations of MM, Dulong’
and .Petit, that mercury and air, or
gases, are equivalent in their expansions
for any number of degrees in the ther-
mometrical scale between, tle freezing.
and boiling. points, of water; and the
, early researches of M. Amontons seemed:
to show thatthe increase of the spring
or elastic force of air by increase of
temperature, was in the dircct ratio of
its density., I am not however ac-
quainted with any direct researches
upon the changes of volume. produced
in gases in very different states of con-
densation and rarefaction by changes of
temperature, and the importance of the
enquiry, in relation to the subject of
my last communication. to, the society,
induced me to undertake the following
experiments. , ian}
Dry atmospherical air was, included
in a tube by mercury, and_its tempe-
rature, raised from 32° Fahrenheit, to
212°, and. its, expansion accurately
marked, The same volumes of air, but
of double and of more than_triple the
density under.a pressure of 30 and. 65
inches of mercury, were treated in the
same manner, and. in the same tubes;
and when the necessary corrections
were made for the difference. of, pres-
sure of the removed column of mercury,
it was found that the expansions, were
exactly the same, natin sis
As apparatus was, constructed, , in
which the. expansions of rare air con-
fined by columns of- mercury, were, ex-
amined and compared with the expan,
sions of equal volumes. of air, under
common pressure; when it appeared,
that, for an equal. number, of degrees of
Fahrenheit’s scale, and between 32° an
212° they were precisely equal, whether
the air was 4, 4,,or 4, of its natural
density+\» SUF US Swiss tscratad ak
Similar experiments were made, b ut
they, were necessarily less precise, With
air condensed six and expanded, Seen
times, with similar results. jy 4.9 2),
YURI A yaa Ww
3Z NEW

ee [.. 538°}
NEW MUSIC AND’ THE DRAMA," *

e s5 fur ad 18) (
Number III. of-the Trish Melodies, arranged ,
for the Piano-Forte and, Harp, with Origi- ,
nal, Tatroductor'y, Intermediate, and Con-
. cluding, Sijmphonies ; composed ‘by John
Whitaker. 58."
HE airs-in' the present number of
otis deservedly popular work,
are?’ those? of) * Ceandubli | delish,”
“ Planxty Johnstone,” Thamama
hullay?°** Heigl, ho! my Jacky !”
““Oonagh,”"“< Fairy Queen,” “'Thady
you’ gander,” Thy fair bosom,” “I
oneé had a trae love,” “The Banks of
Banna,” “The Six-pénce,” and “ Gage
Fané.”"= These melodies, occupying
twenty-one” pages, fuinish samples of
tastein the selector, ‘equal to any evi-
deneces of that quality of the mind that
are found in the best compilations of the
day. It is, moreover, due to Mr.
Whitaker to say, that, in his basses,
accompaniments, and occasional em-
bellishments, “lie has uniformly con-
sulfed the style or cast of his originils,
and thereby not only heightened, buat
elucidated their characters. ;

Rondo ‘for the Piano-Forte ; composed by
‘80>. Joseph de’Pinna. 18. 6d. eet
‘The subjectof this rondo, or something
very much resembling it, we have heard
before; but, admitting it to be original,
it does credit to Mr. de Pinna’s imagina-
tion. The principal merit, however, ia
a composition of this species, lies in the
gooll conduct of the super-added matter,
the happiness of the returns to the theme,
arid the various yet analogous thoughts
by which the ‘main’ body of the piece is
supplied... A rondo is evolutionary, by
its very nature; and, when a felicitous
subject is handled witha dexterity that
draws from it ‘every adscititious idea,
that makes it, what it ever should be,
the! salient point of all the prominent
passages, every effect is attained of
which ‘a rondo is capable. Of this
Jatter excellence, the composition before
Us ‘possesses’ a creditable portion, and
claims the favourable notice of the
public. ide, “Ow Va)
Elementary Elucidation ‘of the Mujor and
Minor of Music, exemplifying the Diatonic
Scales, fe. Se. The whole prepared and
arranged hy R. J. Stephenson: »2ss 6d. :
_This work, for the attainment of its
useful and Jaudable object, concisely
classes, on a peculiar plan, the progres-
sive creation and reduction of the sharps

and. flats, gives the relative affinities of:

the major and. minor keys, explanatory

Jan, 1 x

gamuts;' aid a synopsis ‘of the’ cliffs,
followed ‘by*exathples of transposition,
revolving ‘chromatically throughout the
octave: So 'systeniatic a process, it will
strikesthe reader as promising; and Wwe
feel.ourselves tobe’ jastified in confitm-
ing. the favontable: impression, .° The:
whole appears to Us to be the result of a
well-cogitated design, and not to possess:
a point but what’ has’ been well consi-
dered, and cautiously® adopted. ' The:
whole occupying but five pages} but
their contents are multum in parvo, and
claim to be studied by all who.aré emu-
lons of theoretical. proficiency...
‘©O Mary turn those eyes uway;” a farourite
' Song, the Words and Air by Samuel Smith,
‘ esqui;” arranged: will an, Accompaniment
» far the Piano-Forte, by John Bardsley...
. The passages of this air. run smoothly
into each, other, and: are. nat, wholly:
devoid of grace, The music forms an
appropriate appendage to. the, words,
which, perhaps, possess more, of, pathos
than of poetry... However, as a trifle, it
is rather an auspicious specimen of. {he
abilities of the composer, and. the.ac-
companiment, by Mr. Bardsley formsya
favourable illustration-of the melody. ~
A Selection of Chants never before published ;
~ togebher witha Satictus: and .oRirie
. Eleison.. The whole arranged inv score,

with an Adaptution for the Organ: or

Piano,Forte, hy George Cleland. 58:11

In. this . collection. of, ecclesiastical
music we find very, littke: toowhich ithe
most. fastidious critic: mightiobject; ane
much that claims the warnicex pression
of our praise. Mr. .Clélandjea byoung
man, aud, as we \understandy: lately
from ‘Bath, appears jto, possess! )consi-
derable natural talent, and to have stu-
died with success. the melodies:of that
portion of the publication »which tis his
own, evince a free and flowing fancy; and
the combinations bespeak «more than’ a
common acquaintance with the princi-
ples of harmony. - Mr. Ci conclades his
prefatory ‘address to» his’ ‘subscribers,
with hoping that, this being: 'bis~ first
attempt in thisstyle of composition; it,
will be considered as some apology for
him, should .any irregatarities present
themselves to the eyes of ‘more ‘experi-
enced judges ;—but experienced judges,
we feel assured will say, that‘ bis apo-
logy, however becoming in a young
candidate for professional celebrity, was
by no means needful.

A New

5824.)
< New Sonala for the Piano-Forte; com-

: posed by-Ey Solis. 3s.”

This sonata has’ for two of its com-
mendable features, spirit and delicacy;
The subject, of the first,movement is
bold. and cnergetic.; that of the,second,

smooth and. sentimental, and. the,.third- >

opeus, Jn..an animating and engaging
st tera rthe-.whole, therefore, Mr,
Sole in, this.effort of his. skilful and
ingepions pen, has. produced, an \evi-
denee.of, his qualifications asa piano-
composer, which ought to encousage him
to, eontinue.to exercise his talent in that
province of his, art.. To .accamulate
patronage, he has,.we think, but. to
proceed, “ ’
The celebrated Medley Overture to the Siege
of Rochelle; - composed, selected, » and
arranged, for the Piano-Forte, by W. P.
Ry Cope 2s. 6d. ;
» ‘Phere’ is, ‘we think, in’ this modifica-
tion’ of ‘the Overture to the Siege of
Rochelle, ‘sufficient pleasantness. aud
diversity torecommiend it to the fayvour-
able Wotice of piano-forte practitioners.
The moyemenhts are not only agrecable
in themselves, but judiciously opposed
© each ‘otlicr, and both borrow and
impart an ‘effect which augments the
effect ‘of the composition. rhe
Riilitary Divertisement, and Quick Stcp, for
(09° © the Piano-Forte.
{a \\compositions..ushered+ to the
public ‘under. the) denomination of
ilitary Music, it too frequently falls
withinthes demarcation of our duty, to
censure, “and ~ rarely -to commend.
However,.as regardin& the publication
now (before us; we procced ‘in our task
cheerfully, because we find it pleasing,
‘Phe -character «of ‘the piece is bold and

martial ; and, if’ we. do not every-where

meet) with the union of, grace and
strength, we are; by the chequered cast
of the modulation, lulled into contented-
ness, while weeare gratified by varicty.
The «first movement is striking, the
passages are felicitously conceived and
effectively blended. -The conclading
Quick Step is vivacious, and only
requires) novelty to make: it generally
wiiractive.. Viewed as a whole, the
piece before us is no way unworthy the
attention, ,cither of masters or of
amateurs. 3"
The Cudiz Rondo for the Piano-Forte ; com-
5 posed hy Samuel,Poole. 1s.
The style-of this rondo, in the texture
of Which) Mr,,Poole bas. ingeniously

»

New Music and thé Drama.

539
interwoven Rossini’s favourite Cavatina
“ Aurora!. Sorgerai,” is familiar and

‘pleasing. The whole is comprised in

two ‘movements; and the design of the
author has included'as much variety as,
Perhaps, an intended trifle would admit.

«dep sus 4, TBE DRAMA. f 2:
The exertions in the management, of
both the national theatres continue to
Keep pace with the claims of the public;
and the. result has been, the production
of spirited and meritorious _perform-
ances, and the ensuring full’and splendid
houses. . The royal visitation at Drury-
Lane on the first of December, and at
Covent Garden on the third, augmented
the general cclat -of. the season, and
threw an exhilarating glow on the
efforts of both the well-appointed com-
panies, ‘
_ At Drury-Lane, the skill of manage-
ment has vied with, while it has been
more successful, that at, Covent-Gar-
den. owton’s Dr. Cantwell,..Mac-.;
ready's Gracchus, Macbeth, Leoutes, and
Rolla; Braham’s Henry... Bertram,
Prince Orlando, and. Hawthorn Kean’s
Richard, and Othello; and -Miss.\Ste-
phens’s Diana Vernon, and: Rosetta,
have formed a combination of excellence
that commanded the most ‘crowded
audiences, and extorted the warmest
applause. Mr. Elliston’s indefatigable
activity, sceonded by his spirit and.
judgment, has certainly succeeded jin
drawing around bim a phalanx of talent,
girted by which, he stands secure: of the:
continuance of popularity ‘and spublic’
patronage, and of maintainingoallethe
honour his exertions haye acquired'and
deserved. Hylan wise nt
_At Covent-Garden, . Young's King
Joln, Sir Pertinax , Mac Sycophant,
Homlet, and. Beverley; Mr--Kemble’s:
Charles, Surface, Benedict, ‘and/sother
equally distinguished characters; :Sin-
clair’s, Henry, Bertram, Prinec Orlando,
Young Meadows, and Lrumore> Miss
Paton’s Floretta,, Rosetta; andvAnnette ;
and Miss. Treo’s Ophelia,have proved,
as we think they ever will, .bighly
attractive, and. diflused.over theirepre--
sentations a lustre; which’! veiled” the
failure of Mrs..Heman’s tragedy, ‘called
The Vespers of Palermo, and sustained
undiminished the merited crédit ‘of the
theatre, > is rhs at ice

21k

NEW

\B& 5t0 7

a) [Jan. 1,

NEW BOOKS PUBLISHED IN DECEMBER: ~

WITH AN HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL PROEMIUM.

Authors or Publishers, desirous of seeing an early ‘notice of their Works, are
», Fequested to transnut copies before the 18th of the Month.

—=——

"TBE political .occurreuces: and. civil

, Warfare in Greece render. highly
acceptable any authentic account. of its
present condition. In our last number we
introduced some glowing pictures, drawn
by Greeks themselves, for the realization
of which we devoutly pray, and we are now
called upon to notice the more qualified
report of a distinguished British traveller.
Siz \WiLtiAm GEL, so deservedly re-
spected, for, his high classical attainments,
is nse authority, to whom we. are thus
n :

followed. We are sorry, howeyer, to
observe, that Sir William does not think
public liberty. worth the sacrifices neces-
sary to attain it, and he taunts the Greeks
about their present sutferings in its cause,
For our parts, on the contrary, we think
life so intolerable without civil liberty,
tat, in ts defence, it ought.to be willingly
sacrificed, even against moderated des-
potism; but, when opposed to such des-
potism as that of the Turks, existence and
social ease are quite out of the question.
The deterioration of the Greek character,
of which the author complains, is doubtless
owing to the vassalage in which the
* Greeks: live, while the liberality of the
Turks is ¢asily exercised at the cost of the
poor Greeks, Independently of this
leaning to the strong, the volume abounds
in various information, and is embellished
with a variety of striking ‘views, and with
many spirited sketches of the costume and
physiognomy both of Greeks and Turks,
_ The bookselling proprictors of Shak-
speare have brought out a very neat edi-
tion of the while of his dramatic works in
a single volume, octavo, It is printed
from the corrected text of Steevens and
Malone, and prepared by a Glossary and
life. All that can be said of such a volume

regards the typography, and this is clear’

and elegant. : f

Dr. PA AARE has edited and repnb-
lished an edition of Euler's invaluable Leé-
ters to a German Princess. Every thing in
them is good of its kind, but there is too
much metaphysical enquiry, and it wonld
have been more acceptable as a book for
young persons, if a third of the whole had
been altogether rejected. We regret,
also, that the editor’s notes are so very
scanty, while so many subjects called for
modern elucidation,

> Mr..J..W. Jongs has produced a very
useful, and elegant appendage to one of
the best, English rps Blackstone's
Commentaries, in a fait iful translation of all
us Latin, Greck, Italian, and French Quota-
tions, as well as to the notes of the best
editors.. Such a volume, so ably executed,
will of course be joined to. the original in
every library where it has place, and will
be highly useful to law students of every
denomination.

Law, Bisuop of CHESTER, has-pub-
lished A Sermon, for the benefit of the
Society for the Improvement of Prison
Discipline, and for the Reformation of
Juvenile Offenders.’ We extract the fol-
lowing passage, for the sake of the impor-
tant information which it conyeys ;—
“The period at length arrives, when the
prisoners must be removed from all further
discipline and restraint. But, when thus
liberated, whither are they to go? to what
place can they direct their steps or views ?
They may have seen the error of their
ways : they may be desirous of abandoning
the course they have unhappily ran. | Bat
how are they to regain the path of honest
livelihood? Character is gone ; professions
are not believed: even the most compas-
sionate, they who most sensibly feel and
lament the frailties of our nature, are
nevertheless afraid to receive under their
roof a practised criminal, the hitherto sup-
posed associate of the vilest and most
abandoned characters, ‘This is the sad
scene which presents itselt to maby a dis-
charged and repentant. prisoner. — His
course, alas! is almost certain. His former
haunts and companions are ready to
receive him, and scarcely does there
appear to be any other alternative. With
such facilities and inducements on one
side, with such difficulties and obstacles on
the other, we cannot wonder, neither
ought we too severely to condemn these
ill-fated outcasts, if they relapse once
more into their former babits: if the last
state of such offenders become worse
than the first. _The Committee, therefore,
of Prison Discipline, would have but
imperfectly discharged their Jabour of
love, if they had not directed their atten-
tion to the prisoners, at this the most deci-
sive period of their lives. And here the
frien(’s of humanity cannot too warmly ap-
plaud their hymane exertions, In the very
feelings and spirit of the religion of Jesus
Christ, they have established a ‘Tempo-
rary Refuge ;’ into which youthful prison-
ers may be received on their first discharge
from prison, Init they are taught some

useful

1824.]

useful: employment or trade, by the prac-
tice of which they may earn’ their lveli-
hood, when they areagain thrown upon, the
world. Nor is this all. They, at the
same timeyiare;instracted in the principles
of religion, in the knowledge of their duty
both te God and man. With this view, the
service of onr church is regularly adminis-
tered twice oneach Sabbath, and once on
every other day of the week. Can any
One receive the very mention of such an
éstablishment, without applauding the mo-
tive? Can he hear of such a deed, with-
ont the wish, and an effort, we trust, to up-
~ hold and increase its utilty?”

Cruise’s Narrative of a Ten Months’
Residence in New Zealund, is necessarily
interesting, as rela¢ing to islands so consi-
derable, and so important in the geogra-
phical position, The independence of the
SouthAmericans will tend to increase their
importance ina political point of view.
The object of the. voyage was to bring to
England, for the use of our dock-yards, a
quantity of the beautiful straight trees
called. kaikaterres and cowries, some of
which grow 100 feet without a branch, and
others jess in height are forty feet in girt.
It is impossible to follow the author
through his Narrative, which, however, is
interesting for its incidents and informa-
tion, and is the best modern account that
has appeared of these islands,

Mr, Tuomas Retp's Travels in Ireland,
followed by sketclies of the circumstances
and. condition of the people and country,
merit general perusal in England and
Scotland, and the special attention of onr
statesmen and legislators. Mr. Reid’s
facts will be the more credited, because he
is not.a party man; but, we are sorry to
say, they confirm all that we have read
and heard of the deplorable state of the
population, and of the wicked policy of
which, this otherwise fine country is the
victim. ‘The work very properly. com-
mences with a brief history of Ireland, by
which the reader is enabled to trace effects
to their causes, The author liberally
quotes Mr. Wakefield as authority, and
confirms our opinion of that gentleman’s
great work; but his own book, as more
succinct, is likely, as it deserves, to obtain
more general circulation.

A very useful little manual for medical
students has just made its appearance
under the title of the Pupil’s Pharmacopwia,
which is a translation, word for word, of
the London Latin Pharmacopeia, and may
be read either in English or Latin, as the
original text is printed, and the translated
word is rendered in italics. Remarks are
intvoduced on the chemistry of the combi-
nations sa) path the doses of medicines
are inserted ; and foot-notes are appended,
teaching the antidotes to be had recourse
to, in cases of accidental or designed
poison.

3

Literary and Critical Proémium.

<

541

_ Mr, Exrcg has published an interest-
ing volume; entitled) Practical Observations
in Surgery, in which he opposes the recent
statements of Sir Astley Cooper respecting
the impossibility of union to any effect
after fractures of the neck of the thigh
bone within the capsule of the joint. Itis
always more or less useful for the dogmas
of high authority to be called in’ question,
since there is a tendency in’ the humau
mind to receive implicitly doctrines pro-
ponnded by men of ‘acknowledged capa-
city; and, in the ‘present’ instance, the
attention of the junior members’ of the
profession will be summoned to ‘a sort of
independent exercise, which might’ not
have been the case but for the able stric-
tures of Mr. Earle. No one, after read-
ing the book before us, will doubt the
surgical tact or the literary ability of its
author ;. but here and there, we must say,
friendly as we are to opposition, that a
party spirit is too conspicuous in the criti-
cisms of Mr. E. upon the doctrines and
sentiments of his justly-celebrated’ an-
tazonist. sgh er

The Dublin Problems, or Questions to
the Candidates from the Gold Medal from
1816 to 1822. ‘This volume is curiotis, as
exhibiting the spirit of modern’ university
instruction; and, in that respect, merits
reference to a committee of parlianient.
Pedantry accumulated on pedantry, and
sustained by pride, is abusing public confi-
dence, and the modern university-courses
call for the special revision of qualified
authorities.

Dr. SHEARMAN, president of the
London Medical Society, has published a
small volume on the subject of debility as
leading to chronic diséase. This produc-
tion we think very well timed in the pre-
seut day, when the views of pathologists
are too much directed towards vascular
conditions as explicatory of every thing,
The whole is neatly written and ably
argued; and, if there are controvertible
points introduced, so much the better for
the thinking reader. Pha

Mr. Natuan’s History and Theory of
Music is a very pleasing and interesting
volume, displaying much knowledge of the
subject on which it treats, and 'considera-
ble powers even in literary composition ;
in respect, however, to this latter ‘quality,
we find more of talent than taste; more of
natural ability than acquired correctness ;
and, in the event of the book reacliing, as
it deserves, to a second edition, we advise
the author, prior to publication, to submit
it to some friend for correction, on whose
knowledge and fidelity he can rely for
pointing out inaccuracies. We were par-
ticularly gratified with the chapter in the

resent work, which treats of Expression
in Music ; and the whole book,we repeat,
deserves approbation,

The Associated Society of Apothecaries

and

542

and Surgeon-Apothecaries have issned a
very creditable volime of Transactions, in
which will be found;some interesting niat-
ter both, for students. and. practitioners.
We_ first, meet with.an historical account
of the. Society, its. objects and. progress;
next follows» avery, able. paper. -by. Mr.
Alcock, on the piesent condition, of .medi-
cal science, and on the. mode, in, which
medieal studies ought,to be proseented by
the individual destined for general prac-
tice, Essays, of a miscellaneous. nature,
surgical .and .medical,. theoretical : and
practical, are introduced both by members:
of the association, and some physicians of
distinguished name. ,. The;volume, it must
be admitted, is rather too bulky in pro-
portion to, the papers it contains ; but this
will not; be. the case, it is hoped, with the
subsequent, ones, since the, Jength of the:
preliminary essays is the cause of it in the
present instance, , ;

A._buiky. volume. has appeared of the
Debates, Evidence, and Documents, on
the Charges against Thorpe, High Sheriff
of Dublin, for ‘unduly empanreling a
Grand Jury on the Bills for insulting the
Lord Lieutenant at the theatre. As the
charges were passionately laid for, high
treason, we do not blame the decision of:
the jury ; but the facts which came out on
this case, as well as other facts of daily
occurrence, prove the doctrine which have
always maintained, that all juries ought-to
be convened in exact rotation from. at
least three districts, of the jurisdiction;

Till this is reformed by law, there. is no.

Security against packing juries; and, of
course, trial by jury is really but. delusive
form. No discretion ought to lie with a
sheriff, even if he were always chosen by
the people, and necessarily a, man: of
worthy spirit. Rotation from three dis-
tricts would make the institution perfect,
and the adoption of such a law is even
more important to personal liberty and
secutity. than, a reform of. parliament
itself. ‘The volume contains the regulations
of Orange Lodges, and many other curious
documents connected with Irish politics.
‘Mr. Curtis has. published. a, third
edition, enlarged, of his valuable Treatise on
the Physiology and Diseuses of .the Ear.
is great practice, has enabied him. to,
assemble many valuable’ facts; and. his
work is therefore important, with refer-

ence not only to its practical character, ; i
. the sufferings ofthe sea-faring classes, and

but as referring to a precious organ, whose
diseases are as inconyenientas painful,

A Formulary for the, Preparation. and
Mode ‘of Employing several. New Remedies ;

namely, tlie nux vomica, morphine, prussic .

acid, strychnin, veratrine, the active prin-

ciples of the cinchonas, emetine, iodine, ,

&c. with an introduction aud_ copious

notes; have been published, by CHARLEs..
Tuomas Haben, surgeon to the Chelsea .

Literary and Critical Proémium.

[Jan. 1;

and Brompton. Dispensary, &e.”, A varied
experience of move than» ten-years(says’
MriH,), both in the Jaboratory ani,at the
bedside, leads me.to affirmthat medicines
and, poisons act inj the samesmaniner.orl
man-asion animals... .L;would: willingly: try:
on. myself .substances|whiel have; been
proved to; be innocent when given, to-ani-~
mals; bnt L would, not recommendany one
to make the. experiment.in an.ijnverse way.
Time alone can,.pronoui¢e definitely -o
the advantages .and, inconveniences . of.
these new remedies; hut which ever way:
it may be, the following pages may) be, use-»
ful, by teaching the mode;of.preparing
them. without making. it meeessary to con-
sult general treatises of chemistry,or phar-
macy, and by giving medical men every
facility in submitting them.to personal .ex-
perience, which is-often afterall. the only
really profitable course. Ifa: review be.
made of the differeut new remedies which-
have been lately proposed, will it not: be’
seen that each of them) is. pretended to
have certain’ peculiarand distinctive pro-)
perties, which, if. they. really, belong to:
them, are greatly to be, valued, when pro~
perly applied to the treatment.ofi disease?)
Digitalis, for instance,|.seems.toyjexent a:
direct.influence on the:action. of the heart:
and arteries. Colchicum appears to,da,the
same thing with the addition ofa purgative:
quality. Prussic acid seems.to have-similar.
powers, with the additional onc.of appear-
ing to act particularly, ou-the).anncoas:
membranes... Strychnine imlikesmanper as:
said to exert-a peculiar influence oven the:
nerves? which’ supply, muscles; with, their:
energy; or, perhaps, it has.the power-of
increasing the irritability. ofthe muscles.
themselves... Zodine seems to possess; a:
similar stimulating. power, which is parti-*
cularly expended, on, that: part of; the:
system which. is called lymphaticg: (Ror.
introducing to the British faculty the:fors
mularies by. which these, important.reme-~
dies may be beneficially administered, the :
translator is entitled:to, much» publie gra-/
titnde. CBG Daa “i
Several institutions have recently sbeen
proposed for relief from theosses by; sbip=>
wreck... We wish they were: exténdedto:
consequences of storms'by.Jand as.welkas :
sea... In connexion with this,propen-feel-:
ing; as far as it goes, Siz W. Hipbaryhas
published an appeal to the nationjin) which *
he enlarges. withseloqnence and: pathos; on:

makes out a case) which demands the ener~ |
gies.of public benevolence, equal; tavany:
other subject ofits, meritorious exertion. :
We. are glad to see that: the:pamphlet:has
reached a second :edition, ‘and shavexno)
doubt but Sir William: willilive (to tsee: his °
publicspinit requited: by successsijalonen|'

Nosubjectismoreinmiportant, ina social |
and domestic-puint of view, thadethe ps it

1824.)

ful management of fruit-trees; and, as all
knowledge ‘on such sulijects vis derived
from experience, we are glad to see it fully
treated 6f by Mr. Charles Harrison, gar-
dener “of*“Wortley-hall.'* In an octavo
volume, sanctioned’ by a° splendid ‘list: of

snbseribérs; ‘Mr. Hs las’ discussed: the

entire*subjeéty “* root and branch.” ~The’
method of calture, and the disease of trees,
are*so ‘practically and* clearly ‘diseussed,
that the/éneral circulation of the volume
cannot fail'to ‘be eminently useful.) Tt has
long’ betn ‘our wish to see all’ fire-wood
trees’ yield'to’ productive ones, and‘thereby
render mere subsistence a secondary con-
sideration ina civilized country.
. The Phrenological Journal, ‘a new quar-
terly publication, bas just issued from the
press at Edinburgh. It professes to con-
tain the ‘essays of the Phrenological’ So-
elety of that city,—a society newly form-
ed;and containing among its menibers the
principal philosophers ‘of Edinbifglr. ‘It
is a Femarkable circumstance; ‘that, after
Drs! Gall! aid Spurzheim had laboured to
founda school of’ phrenology in most of
the Gapital’towns of Europe without suc-
cess; the first regularly-organized society
of ‘eranidlogists should be formed at
Budinburgli, where the most violent! oppo-
sition had been made to the new system,
and where Dr. Spiirzheim found it almost
impossible ‘to make a single convert. The
first lecture on -phtenology ever given in
Edinburgly was‘-read ‘at. the Wernerian
Society by Dr. Forster, who composed his
paper ona zoological subject at the re:
oe of ‘the president himself, Protessor
‘Janiieson’; 'and ‘numerous craniological
drawings. were made by the celebrated
artis¢° Mr, Lizars, aud exhibited to the
soe ap: But the doctor, having inter-
woven ‘thé system of human phrenology
wit that-of animals, some of tlie mem-
bers\of the Society taok offence, and the
paper’wus not received and published by
them. “Professor Jamieson paid the most
polite attention to (ie author of the paper,
and had previously requested. him to. be-
come aymember of the Society ; but it
was fond impossible to stem the torrent
of prejudice raised against the new doc-
trine, which seemed’ to ‘have a tendency
to refer'the apimal and the ‘human intelli-
gence'to tlie same physical causes. Dr. F.
determined, theretore, not tobe proposed
asa member ; this happened in the spring
of 1816; A few weeks afterwards, Dr.
Spurzheim afrived in’ Edinburgh; and the
strange treatment he received is ‘better
known tothe public already by the print-
‘ed accountiof it. After all this, it is very
yewarkable that Edinburgh should bave
a ‘the first: regular Society ‘ of
hrenologists, who are now. pursuing ‘the
systenr of ‘Drs, Gall and Spurzheim, and
have written oue of the ablest papers in its
defence,

List of New Publications in Deceniber.

543
LIST OF NEW WORKS, '
8 AGRICULTURE, — ;

A Guide'to Practical: Farriery, contain-
ing’ Hints on the Diseases of Horsés aad
Neat Cattle, with many valuable ‘and’ ori-:
ginal recipes from the practice of an emi-
nent veterinary surgeon; by J, Pursglove,
sen. 8vo. 108.60. > - prema

A’ Treatise upon’ Breeding, Rearing,
and Feeding; | Cheviot “anid “Black-faced
Sheep in high Districts, with some account
of, and a complete cure for, that fatal
malady the Rot, together with observations
upon laying out and conducting'a Store
Farm; by John Fairbairn, farmer, in Lam-
mermuir. 8yo.'58.bds. ©

4 ’ ANTIQUITIES. | A

Sabean Researches, in’ a Series of
Essays, addressed to distinguished Auti-
quaries, and including’ the sulstance of
a’Course of Lectures delivered at’ the
Royal Institution of Great Britain, ‘on
the erigraved "Hieroglyphics of Clialdea,
Egypt, ‘and Canaan; by Jolin Landseer,:
F.8.A. 4t0. with numerous plates, 21.125.6d.

Rec eaa dua 0) 77-5. |-) (ou aa Sa

Xenophontis Memorabilia Socratis, cum
Apologia Socratis eidem Auctori vulgo
adscripta; cum Texta et Notis Plarismus
J. G. Schneideri, auxit Notis et’ Variis
Lectionibus, ex Simpson et Benwelli, ex-
cerptis Johannes Greenwood, M.A. domus
‘Petri apud ‘Cantabrigiensis imper Socius,
et Regi? Orphanotrophii-Christi e Pracep-
toribus, accesserunt L. C, Walkenaerii’ et
D+ Rulinkenii Aunotationes Integra. | 8vo.
9s. bds.— with Latin Version, 10s. 6d, bds.

L. Amei Senece Tragediz recensuit
et accuravit Joannes Catey,'Li.D, 2imo.
6s, boards. Ke ; ..

- DRAMA, ee

Mary Stuart, atiagedy ; the Maid of
Orleans, a tragedy; from the German of
Schiller, with a Lite of the Author; by
the Rev. H. Salvin; M.B. 8vo. 10s. 6d. ©

Joseph and his Bretliren, a Scriptural
Draina;*by H, L. Howard.- Post 8vo,
78. 6d. boards. * Nhat RE

+

itd

EDUCATION, Ay is
Illustrations ofthe Interrogative System
of Education ; by Sir Richard Phillips, 6d.
A Couipanion to tie Musical Agsistant,
with an Appendix, containing” Exercises
for Pupils copying Music, &¢, and which
may be studied in conjanetion with any
elementary book already in the hands of
the pupil.’ A work ‘recommended to
teachers in schools and’families,
FINE ARTS. ree
Part XIV. of a Series of Engravings in
outline, by Henry Moses, of the Works of
A. Canova, witl descriptions. 8vo, 4s,
' A Treatise ou the Principles of Land-
scapes, Designs, in cight parts.
A concise Treatise on Perspective, in
two parts,
Studies of Trees, and’ Precepts for
Landscape Painting ; by Jolin Varley.
Past

544

Part V.. of a Series of Picturesque
Views of Edinburgh, eugraved in the line
manner by W. H.: Lizars, with «a she-
cinet historical. account of: par ors
royal 4to. 5s.

Myriorama, or many ‘Thousand Vaebens
censisting of numerous “cards; on which
are fragments of landscapes, neatly colour-
ed, and §0 ingeniously contrived, that any
two or more placed together will form a
pleasing view, or, if the whole are put on
a table at once, will admit of the:astonish-
ing number of 20,922,789,888,000 varia-
tions: the Cards are fitted up in an eles
gant box, 15s,

GEOGRAPHY. . |

Parts I. to V. of Clarke's Geographical

bein 2d edition, 4to. '
HORTICULTURE. ||.

A Treatise on the Culture and Manage-
ment of Fruit-trees ; by Charles Harrison,
FeH.S. 8VO.

Part III, Vol. V. of the Transactions of
the Horticultural Society. 4to. 11.

HISTORY.

Memoirs of the Reign of George III.
from the Treaty of Amiens, 1802, ‘to the
Termination of the Regency, 1820; by
William Belsham. vols. 8vo. 11. 4s. bds.

LAW AND JURISPRUDENCE.
. The Marriage Act, 4 Geo. 1V. cap. 76,
arranged under the heads—Repealing
Clause, Banns of Matrimony, Licence of
arriage, Register of Marriage, General
Clauses, Exemptions, with short explana-
tory observations, and’ an Appendix; by
George Lawton, proctor.
MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

A Treatise. on the Physiology and
Diseases of the Ear, containing a compa-
rative View of its Structure and Fune-
tions ; ; by J. H. Curtis,esq, 8vo. 7s. 6d.

‘The Second Volume of the Weekly

Medico - Chirurgical and Philosophical
Magazine: containing a portrait of the
Tate John Hunter, and other plates.
.. On. the’ Nature and Treatment of the
Distortions to which the Spine and the
Bones of the Chest are subject : with an
enquiry into the merits of) the: several
modes. of practice which have been fol+
lowed im the treatment of Distortions ; by
John Shaw. 8vo, 10s. 6d. bds.

‘The Medical Guide for the Use of the
Clergy, Heads of Families, and Practi-
tioners in Medicine and Surger y, com-
prising a Domestic Dispensatory, and
Practical Treatise on the symptoms,
causes, prevention, and~cure, of the
diseases incident to the human'frame, with
the latest discoveries in medicine ; by Ri
Reece, M.p. 10s, 6d. bds,

No. XII. of the Philadelphia Journal of
the Medical Sciences, supported by an
Association of Physicians, and edited by
N. Chapman, M.p. 8vo. 5s.

An Engraved Representation of the
Anatomy ‘of the Human Ear, exhibiting

List of New Publications in December.

[Jan. T,

at one view the external and internal’
parts of the organ, &c.; by Thomas Bu~
chanan,. folio, 12s. 6d. bas; tobe sym

Part III. of Lizar's Syatemvof! Anato-
mical'Plates;folio, 10s. 6d) pl—dhids: col.

MATHEMATICS INCI 10

The Second Volume of Drs. Hutton’s.
Course of Mathematies, with many eorrec~
tions and improvements); by Olinthus:Gre~
gory, LL.D. | 8v0.'10806d. bdsy «))

The Elements of «a: new Arithmetical:
Notation, and ofa new Aritlimeticef
Infinites, in two books:: in which the se-
ries. discovered» ‘by modern: mathemati-
cians for the Quadrature’of the Circle and
Hyperbola are demonstrated to be aggre-
gately incommensurable quautities, and a
criterion is given by which the commen-
surability or incommensurability of infinite
series may be accurately perme pby
T. Taylor, 8vo0. 8s. bds, > Hi

MISCELLANIES) ©

No. 77 of the Edinburgh Rettdw: ind
Critical Journal. 8vo. 6s,

Rivington’s continuation of Dodsley’s
Annual Register for the Year 1799. 8vo..1].

A new Series of the raeritcs ey ‘or
Quarterly Magazine. 3s.

A Treatise on the Game of Eearté, as
played in the highest circles of Londou
and Paris; translated from the Freneh;
with additions, annexed.to which are the
rules in French, printed verbatim from the
Paris edition. .18mo. 1s. 6d.

Part X. of the Bibliotheca Britannica,
or.a General Index to the. Literature of
Great Britain and Ireland; by Ry. Watt,
M.D. 4to, il, 1s.

Essay on the Inventions and Cnstoms of
Ancient and Modern Nations in the Use
of Wine and other Liquors, with an_histo-
rical view of the practice: of distillation;
by S. Morewood. 8vo. 12s. bds,’)

An Attempt to explain on Natural
Principles the Curés, alleged to be Mira-
culous, of Miss Lalor and Mrs. Stuart.
8vo. 1s. 8d.

Miracles, a rhapsody ; by” Bi Barton,
8vo0. 2s, 6d.

A Complete Exposure of the: late Trish
Miracles, in a letter to Dr. Murray, ’titu-
lar Archbishop of Dublin; by:a: Rational
Christian, | 8vor 2s. 6d. sewed. inv

NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. 9)! >

Four Dialogues between a Tutor of the
University of Oxford and a Disciple of the
Common Sense piilesepeys + a Richard
Phillips... 4s, 6d.» <

The Phrenological Journal ‘aud Miscel-
lany, No. I,» v AIEEE) 8

NOVELS, TALES, AND noutaneyiis

The Days of Queen Mary, or a Tale of

206.2408

the Fifteenth Century. 12mo. 5s, boards,
Mountalyth, a Tale, in 3 vols. by oe
Harvey. 15s."

. The Spae Wife, a Tale of the Scottish

Chronicles; by the author of the “ Annals

of the Parish.” | 3 vols, il. 4s. .
Corfe

1824.)

Corfe Castle; or, Keneswitha, a Tale.
8vo. 14s. boards,

Hurstwood;.a Tale .of the Year 1715.
3 vols. 12mo,.16s. 6d.

Adventures of Congo. 0 18mo. 53. plain.;
6s. 6d. coloured.

The! Lady of the Manor; by» Mrs.
Sherwood, 7s. extra boards.

The History of Geo, Desmond, founded
on Facts which) ocenrred jin. the East
Indiesyand. now: published as a useful
Caution: to: Young Men going out to that
Country.» post 8vo..7s,

Engenia; or, the Dangers of the World;
by Miss More. 4s, boards.

The Captivity, Sufferings, and Escape,
of James Scurry, under Hyder Ali and
Tippoo Saib. 12mo. ;

Mammon in London, or the Spy of the
Day; a Characteristic and Satirical Ro-
mance, on the Model of Le Diable
Boiteux. 2 vols. 12mo. 12s. hoards.

St. Johnstonn; or Johu, Earl of Gowrie.
3 vols, foolscap. » 11, 1s.

POETRY.

Hore Jocosz, or the Doggerel Deca-
meron, being Ten Pacetious .Tales, in
verse ; by Joseph Lunn, esq. 4s. 6d.

The Nun, a Poetical Romance; and
‘two others. Svo. 7s. 6d.

The Sea Songs of England, selected
from Original Manuscripts aud early
‘printed Copies, in the Library of William
Kitchiner,.™.p.. folio, Zl. vs. boards.

Nnmber I. of the New Calliope, being
selection of British, and occasioually
Foreign, Melodies, newly arranged for the
‘Piano Forte, and engraved on Copper;
‘by John “Bango ; witli vignettes to each
song. 4to. 7s.

The Pilgrim's Tale, a Poem; by Chas,
‘Lockhart. 6s, boards.

Clara Chester, a Poem; by the anthor
of “Rome,” and “The Vale of Cha-
‘mouni,” 8vo0. 78, 6d.

POLITICS AND POLITICAL ECONOMY.

An Appeal to the British Nation, on the
Humanity and Policy of forming a Na-
tional, Institution for the Preservation of
Lives and Property from Shipwreck ; by
Sir William Hillary, bart. 8vo.

Count Peechio’s Journal of Military
and Political Events in Spain, during the
last Twelve Months; with some intro-
ductory Remarks on the present Crisis ;
by Edward Blaquiere, esq.

‘The last Days of Spain, or an Historical
Sketch of the Measures taken by the
Continental Powers in order to destroy
the Spanish Constitution. S8vo. Sx,

apnea

*

MonrtTunry Maa. No. 390,

List of New Publications in December.

‘Warr, Haverfordwest.

545

THEOLOGY.

A Dictionary of all Religions, and
Religious| Denominations, To which are
prefixed; An Essay on. Truth ;—On, the
State of the World at Christ’s appearauce
and a Sketch of Missionary Geography ; by
T. Williams. ‘10s. 6d. boards,

A Monitor to Families, or Discourses
on some of the Duties and Scenes of Do-
mestic Life ; by the Rev. Heury Bolfrage.
12mo. 7s, 6d. boards.

Morning Conmunings with God,), or

Deyotional Meditations for every, Day of

the Years, Translated from the. Original
German of Sturm; by Wm. Johnstone,
A.M. 2 vols. royal 12mo, 16s. boards.

Sermons of the late Rev. James Saurin,
pastor of the French Cliureh at the Hague.
Translated by the Rev. R. Robinson,
Hebry Hunter, p.p. and the Rev. Joseph
Sutcliffe, a.m. With additional Sermons,
now first translated ; the whole corrected
and revised by the Rev. Samuel Burder,
A.M. 6 vols. 8vo. with portrait of the
author. 31. 3s. boards.

The Seventh and Eighth Volumes of a
New and Uniform Edition of the whole
Works of John Owen, v.v., Vice-chancel-
lor of the University of Oxford, and Dean-
of Christ Church; to -be completed in
16 vols. 8vo. 12s.

The Anti-Swedenberg. 12mo. 2s.6d, bds.

A Course of Lectures, illustrative of
the Pilgrim’s Progress; by the Rey, Daniel
Svo. 8s. ;

A Charge delivered at the Primary
Triennial Visitation of the Province of
Munster, in 1823 ; by Richard, archbishop
of Cashel. 8vo. 1s. a

The Doctrines of General Redemption,
as held by the Church of England and by
the early Dutch Arminians, exhibited in
their Scriptural Evidence, and in. their
Connection with the Civil and Religious
Liberties of Mankind ; by James Nichols.
1 vol. 8vo, 16s, boards.

VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.

Travels through part of the United
States and Canada, 1818 and 1819; by
John M. Duncan, A.B. 2 vols, post 8vo.
16s. boards, Pwr

Vol. II. of Travels in the Interior of
Southern Africa; by W. J. Burchell, esq.
completing the work; 4to. with 116 co-
Joured and black engravings. . 41. 14s, 6d.

‘Travels into Chile over the Andes, in
the years 1820 and 18215 with some
Sketches of the Production and Agricul-
ture, Mines, Inhabitants, &c.. illustrated
with 30 plates, &c, by P. Sehmidtmeyer.
410. 21, 2s, boards. ;

4A VARIETIES,

[ 546

{Jan. 1,

VARIETIES, LITERARY AND MISCELLANEOUS;
Including Notices of Works in Hand, Domestic and Foreign. ~

—

Wwe have seen many attempts to
explain. theypyipeiples of Mr.
Perkins’s new steam-engine, but none
whichis; more likely to render them
plain. to every capacity than the
observations contained in the | Four
Dialogues, just published between an
Oxfurd Tutor anda: Disciple of the
Common Sense Philosophy. Many of
our readers will therefore thank us
for giving place to the passage :—

. “The basis of Mr. Perkins’s improvement
consists in his bringing water into actual
contact with the metal, by which the ex-
citement is directly communicated to the
water, which excitement, heretofore, has
been allowed to dissipate itself by the
simultaneous generation of steam. _ The
atomic motion, transferred by the fixation
of the gases in the process of the external
combustion, passes through the substance
of the vessel .containing the water, and its
first effect has been to convert the ad-
joining liquid into steam. Room being al-
lowed in ordinary boilers for the expansion
of this steam, the ultimate force consisted
only of the first simple force; or, if accele-
rated, the acceleration depended on the
vague dimensions and decreasing strength
of an extended surface of boiler. But Mr.
Perkins has contrived to press his liquid
into his boiler, or generator, home to the in-
terior surface of his generator, and to keep
it full, so that no steam can be simulta-
neously generated; and hence, as the motion
transferred by the fixation of the gases in the
adjacent combustion is not simultaneously
distributed in steam, the contained water
receives all the acceleration of excitement
of which it is susceptible. This accumulated
excitement does not, however, burst the ge-
nerator, because the strength, other things
alike, is inversely as the dimensions, and
the thickness can, conveniently, in so small
a bulk, be, istereased to any required de-
gree; thus, less of the motion, transferred
from the combustion is lost, than when, by
the old system, steam was simultaneously
generated ; and the continued addition
accelerates the excitement of the water,
on the principle of accelerated motion in
falling bodies: From this effect, of ac-
eeleration; which cannot 'be complete in an
* ordinary expanded boiler, Mr. Perkins
obtains great. excitement with much, less
fuel, orless gas-fixing, by.combustion. .He
loses no motion, and he appropriates,the
whole by an accelerated result. The ex-
pansive force is all the motion of the gases
fixed by the combustion ; and, as long as
the stréngtli of cohesion in the materials of
the generator is greater than the expansive
force, no explosion can take place. But, as
soon as Mr. P. has sufficiently excited his

water, he allows some of it fo escape, and
every drop then evolves in steam many
hundred times the original bulk, The
excited atoms, of course, perform large
orbits, creating a local yacuum, therefore, a
perception of coldness to the evaporating
hand plunged into it, and a force of ex-
pansion equal to any required, as 500\bs.
or 20,000lbs. to the squate inch. Itisa
case of motion compressed. The confined
atoms of water are not to be supposed at
rest; on the contrary, no motion is lost or
gained in the whole process. It previ-
ously existed in the gases of the atmosphere;
these are fixed by the combustion, which
is a mere process of gaseous fixation; the
generator and its contained water are
placed in contact; the,atoms in water re-
ceive the motion, but are unable, for want
of space, to exliibit any of it in forming
steam; the contintiance of the transfer of
motion causes acceleration, and a violent
tendency tg escape, which, however, is
prevented, till the excitement is sufficient
to evolve gas of the required power.» Ra-
tionally explained, Mr. P.’s machine is
founded on principlesstrictly philosophical:
—he has safely generated a force before
unknown; and, if he had failed to apply it
with skill, his past reputation, as a me-
chanic of the first order, would have been
undeserved. Till we have fallen upon .a me-
thod of applying guses themselves in various
degrees of condensation, as contrasted me-
chanical powers, we must be content to re-
gard Mr. Perkins’s contrivance for pro-
ducing the same power with one gallon of
water as with sixty, and with one bushel
of coals as with four, as the limit of human
ingenuity in this branch of human’ art. At
the same time I am persuaded, that the ap-
plication of the force transferred by, com-
bustion through water, for the purpose of
arriving at mechanical. power, will by
posterity be considered as a very bungling
procedure; and I think that it has been
continued merely because mankind have
been confounded by ‘the nonsense about
caloric; and, in consequence, have not un-
derstood the nature and source of the
power which they were applying.”
Volume the Second is announced of
Travels in the Interior of Southern
Africa, by W. J. Burcuect, esq. with
a large and entirely-new map, and 116
coloured and black engravings. 'The
author penetrated into the heart of the
Continent, to the depth of nearly 1100
miles; and, besides the complete nar-
rative of daily occurrences, as far as
the most distant town in the Interior,
and of the various transactions with
the natives, this work contains a gene-
ral account of the inhabitants, and in-
teresting

1824.]

teresting contributions to the sciences
of zoology and. botany ; ‘above 63,000
objects of which were preserved and.
brought:to England. In the geogra-
phy ‘of the extra-tropical’ part of
Sonthem Africa, a map thirty-three
inches ‘by ‘twenty-eight, founded on
numerous; astronomical observations,
and of an entirely-new construction,
will be found to present considerable
improvements, and to, rectify many in-
accuracies. In the second volume
will be found an interesting account of
the native tribes, with whom the author
lived on terms which gave him very
favourable opportunities for discover-
ing their true character.

Rameses, an Egyptian Tale, with
historical notes of the era of the
Pharoahs, is announced in three vo-
lumes, It has been a vehicle to con-
vey illustration of Egyptian antiqui-
ties, and of a great epoch inits history.

Memoirs are printing of the Life and
Writings of Mrs. Frances SHERIDAN,
mother ,of the late Right Hon. R. B.
Sheridan, and. author of | “ Sidney
Biddulph,”, “< Nourjahad,” and. ‘the
Discovery,” with remarks upon a late
Life of the Right Hon. R. B. Sheridan,
criticism and selections from the works
of Mrs. Sheridan, and biographical
anecdotes of her family and cotempo-
raries, by her grand-daughter, ALicia
LEFANU.

_A History of the Origin and Progress
of the Greek Revolution, is preparing
By E. Buaquiers, esq.

The twelfth part of Views on the
Soutbern Coast of England, from draw-
ings by J. M. W. Turner, R.A. &c.
and engraved by W. B. and G. Cooker,
and other eminent artists, is on the eve
of publication ; and the four remaining
parts, which will complete the work,
will speedily follow.

The Odes of Anacreon of eos, as
translated into English verse, by W.
RicHARDSON, esq. are in the press.

_In the press, and will appear imme-
diately, in one volume, octavo, with a
portrait from an acknowledged like-
ness, Memoirs of Rossini, consisting
of, anecdotes of his life and of his

professional career, by the Author of

the lives, of Haydn and Mozart,
printed in an uniform manner with the
translation of that work,

The several Treatises. of the late
James Baverstock, esq. on the Brewery,
are about to be collected into one
volume, with notes, together with an
introduction, containing a biographical

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

547

sketch of the author, a paper on spe-
cific, gravities, and.on the various
hydrostatical instruments which have
been used in the nigh sa by ‘hisison,
J. WH. BAverstock, £.S.4.% | *

Mr. Buttock, with the laudable
spirit of enterprise which distinguishes
his character, has visited Mexico, and
returned with a rich cargo‘of relies
and antiquities, an account of which
is preparing for press.

Dr. Marty, registrar and secretary
of the Royal Humane Society, &c. is
about to deliver a course of Lectures
on the Preservation of Life, from the
effects, of submersion, strangulation,
suffocation by noxious vapours, pol
sons, &e.

A ‘Sketch of the System of Edeea.
tion at New Lanark, by R. D. OWEN,
is in the press, and will appear ina
few days.

The Annual Biography and Obituary
for the year 1824, is announced, con-
taining Memoirs of celebrated Men
who have died in 1822-23.

Prose by a Poet, is announced; but
not, we presume, as a novelty.

A work, called Plain Instructions
to. Executors and. Administrators,
showing the duties and responsibilities
incident to the due performance of
the trusts, with directions respecting
the probate of wills, and taking out
letters of administration, &c. will soon
be published.

A new edition of Mr. Avaric A.
Warts’s “ Poetical Sketches,” .. with
illustrations, is preparing for. publica-
tion, which will include Gertrude de
Balm, and other additional poems.

Early in January will be published,
the Pirate of the Adriatic, a romance,
in three volumes, by J. GRIFFIN.

The Life of Jeremy Taylor, and a
Critical Examination of his Writings,
by Dr. Hever, bishop of Calcutta, are
nearly ready for publication, in 2 vols,
post 8yo. with fine portrait by, Marten,
from an original picture. ;. .

Shortly will. be published, _ the
Plenary Inspiration, of the-Holy Serip-
tures asserted, and, Infidel, Objections
shown to be unfounded, in Six Lec-
tures, now delivering at) Albion [all,
London Wall, by the Rev. S. Nouun.
These public-spirited Lectures would
have a ten-fold effect, if lecturing
were the only means of conversion;
but the case of the victims of Dor-
chester gaol undoes the effect of a
thousand, arguments, which, it thence
appears, none dare answer. The

2 Dorsetshire

SAB.
Dorsetshire magistratés possess argu-
ments ten thousand tintes more ope-
rative than those of Mr. Noble) When
personal martyrdom ends, argument
may begin to have weight; but the
former utterly extinguishes ‘the force
of the latter. The Inquisition may
have terrified men, but it never con-
vinced them. We cannot too ofien
refer to the noble Petition of the
dissenting ministers to both Houses of
Parliament, published ih one of our
Jate Numbers.

Ih afew days will be published, ‘a
Narrative of the Sufferings of a Frénch
Protestant Fariily at the Period of
the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes,
written by Joun Macau t the Father,
translated and now first published
from the original manuscript, in the
possession of a descendant of the
family residing near Spitalfields, at the
request of members of the Spitalfields
Bertievolent Society.

Dr. Cox will shortly publish, Re-
marks on Acute Rhetiinatism, and the
importance ‘of early Blood-letting in
that Disease, as preventing Metastasis
to the Heart.

At the anniversary of the Royal
‘Society, ‘on the Ist of December, ‘the
Copley medal, which is directed “to
be given to the person who shall have
‘produced ‘the most important ‘expéri-
‘méntal investigation upon'tiny subject of
natural history during the year,” (these
are their own words,) ‘was adjudged
by ‘the council to Mr. Pond, the
“Astronomer Royal. This adjudication
has, we'learn, ‘created ‘thuch stirprise
and dissatisfaction ; because, although
no one presumes to question ‘the offi-
cial industry ‘and scientific merits of
Mr. Pond, yet ‘this medal is not sup-
poséd to have been intended to reward
official Sex‘vices, hor to mect the case
of mere’ astronomical registers kept by
‘public instruments. We have received
‘some strong observations about the
little coterie by which ‘this Sociéty is
‘now so mismanagéd, as, in the opinion
of ‘many, to render it necessary ‘to
establish new societies in‘self-defence,
but we forbear to become parties.
We conceive, however, that the'exér-
cise of ‘a free press can in no‘manner
‘be better directed than ‘to the conduct
of a élose corporation, invested With
‘the guardianship of Science ;'and we
will by no’ means refuse admittance 'to

‘accredited observations On ‘a ‘Subject
‘of so much national importance. We
ave, however, no desire to give coun-

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

[Jan. 14
tenance to perverse factions; thoagh
it i8 manifest that, if the RoyalSocie
continued equal to its original pur-
pose, sonrany new societies, embracing
its several objects, could not’be neces-
sary! The blame, however, may not
attach to the contemporary: “officers,
but to the constitution; for,;itsomehow
happens, that of 1000°or 1100 fellows,
not more than a dozen or a'score are
labourers in science, and not! more
than a hundred, perhaps, ever wrote
for the press @ paragraph on a ‘iséien-
tific subject, or aré known in” the
scientific world, except’by theirr.r:s.;
while, on the other hand, ‘thisi*great
and enlightened nation’ cohtains ‘at
least 10,000 individuals Whose attain-
ments ‘are ‘on a par with the twelve or
twenty working fellows ofthis: Society.
Under such circumstances, ‘something
must be wrong and rotten’; and it is’a
subject to which the ‘public attention
ought to be directed.

M.'de'la Becue will ‘sbortlyspablish
a Selection of the Geological Membirs
contained in the “ Annalesides Mines,”
together with a Synoptical: table of
equivalent formations, and M. Brong-
niart’s table of ‘the ‘classification of
mixed rocks. 0

Mr. C. Cuatrrevp ‘has Yn ‘thie ‘press
a Compendious View ‘of the ‘History
of the Darker ‘Ages, with genealogical
tables. At

A work ‘is forthcoming 6n the ‘Anti-
‘quity of the Doctririe of the Quakers
respecting Inspiration; ‘with a brief
Teview ‘of ‘that’ soéiéty, ts ‘religious
teréts, practices, ‘and egal exemp-
tions, dnd ‘a ‘eemparison "between the
Jife ‘and ‘opinions of the Friends and
those of ‘early Christiatis. Whi

The Crimes of Kings ‘and ‘Priests,
or Ex position ‘of “the ‘Effects'of Abso-
lute Monarchy and‘the’ Domination of
‘the Priesthood, will S6on’ appear.

A volume of Poéms, ‘by Mr. Par-
CIVAL, whose ‘fofther ‘work éxéited ‘so
much attention, will appear in’ Febru-
ary, and we have ‘heard ‘very -favour-
able reports of their mérits:

Recollections’ vf ‘an “Eventful Life,

‘chiefly passed in ‘the Aymy,°is an-
‘nounced by Mr. ‘M‘Pheen, ‘of: Glas-
gow, and nearly ‘ready. “Among other
interesting ‘chapter '-‘héads ‘are —

Sketches of a:sailér’s* life; ofthe army ;
operations at ‘Cadiz by ‘the “troops

under’ Géneral Graham ; ‘grand varmy

in’ Portugal, with sketches '6f ‘the va-
nous’ éngagénients Where that division

‘fought, ‘viz. Fuento de Orior, ‘Rode-

rigo,

1824.]

figo, Badajos, Salamanca, Vittoria,
Talavera, &e, up tothe peace in 1814.

In addition - to those. deservedly
popular works;'the Mechanics’ Weekly
Journal-and the Mechanic’s Magazine,
a prospectus is issued for a new publi-
cation, under the title of the Artisan,
or Mechanic's Instructor, intended to
serve aS a companion ‘to ‘the Insti-
tate,” and to appear in January.

‘On the lst of February, 1824, will
be published, No. I. of Original Views
of the Collegiate and | Parochial
Churches of Great Britain, by Messrs,
J. P. Neave and J. Le Krux.

Immediately will, be published, a
volume of Tales and Sketches of the
Westof Scotland, to include a sketch
of the changes in society and manners
which have occurred in that part of
the country during the last: half cen-
tury, bya gentleman of Glasgow. It
is likely to be the first of a series.

The Deserted City, Eva, a tale in
iwo cantos, and Electricity, Poems by
J. BounpEN, will shortly appear.

On the Ist of February will be pub-
lished, the first part, to be continued
quarterly, of the Animal Kingdom, as
arranged conformably with its organi-
sation, ‘by Baron Cuvier, with addi-
tional descriptions of all the species
hitherfo named, ‘and of many ‘not
before noticed. The whole of ‘the
“Regne Animal” of ‘the above ‘cele-
brated ‘zoologist will be translated in
this «ndertaking;; but the additions
will be ‘so considerable, as to give it
the cliaracter of an original work.

An Italiantransiation of Dopsvury’s
Economy of Human Life, ‘by Sigwior
Avotsi, anative of Tuscany, is nearly
ready.

Translations have been ordered ‘by
authority to ‘be made of the chief
Dlementary Books on the English
Interrogative System into the ‘Russian
language. ‘The pupil of Labarpe +ho-
nours ‘himself in literature, however
oblique may ‘be his career in politics.
A literary autocrat cannot, however,
be other than inconsistent.

‘A comprehensive System of English
Grammar, ‘Criticism, and Logic, is
‘preparing for publication, arranged
and illustrated upon a new and ‘im-
proved plan, centaining apposite
‘principles, rules, and examples, for
writing ‘correctly and ‘elegantly on
every subject, bythe Rey.\P.SMira, Am.

Mrs. 01. AoRonvDALL announces a
‘Sequel ‘to ‘the ‘Grammar ‘of ‘Sacred
History, being a paraphrase on ‘the

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

549

Epistles and Gospels forevery Sunday
throughout the year, with explanatory
notes. "To which are prefixed, a simple
Illustration of the Liturgy, and a
Paraphrase on the Church Catechism.

An improved edition is in the-press
of Milburn’s, Oriental Commerce, or
the Hast. India. Trader’s. Complete
Guide, containing a yeographical and
nautical description of the: maritime
parts of India, China, and neighbour-
ing countries, including the eastern
islands, and an account of their. trade,
productions, coins, weights, and mea-
sures: abridged, improved, | and
brought down to the present time, by
Mr. T. TaornTon.

An East India Vade-Mecum wall
soon appear, being a complete guide
to gentlemen proceeding to the East
Indies in either the civil, military, or
naval, service, or en other pursuits;
much improved from the work of the
late Capt. Williamson, being a .con-
densed compilation of his and various
other publications, and the result of
personal observation, by Dr, J.B.
GILCHRIST... Rai

The second volume of the duady of
the Manor, by Mrs, SHERWOOD, is im
the press; also, the Willoughby Fa-
mily, by the author of ‘‘ Margaret
Whyte,” &c.; Rose Grant, or a:Mat-
lock Sketeh; a Whisper to a. Newly-
Married Pair, from a Widowed Wite;
and Memory, by the author of ** 'Mar-
garet Whyte,” &c.

Sir Mark Syxeés’s Library,announced
for sale, is one of the fmest: collections
in the kingdom, and>particularly rich
in classics, large-paper copies, and
fivst ‘editions. Jt contains, also. some
volumes:of rare old:poetry, and jseve-
ral valuable «manuscripts; among
which the following :original document
has been lately found. . After /Henry
the Highthomarried Amn of Cleves, he
raised a question as to her chastity
beforevher nuptials, which he submitted
to the:dignitaries of thecchuxch;,and
im this document their decision, jand
the reasons for wt, ave given, It iis
fairly writtenion vellum, and_is signed
by. all the bishops and distinguished
clergymeh of dhe time; ‘Cranmer,
Gardner, and :Polydore Virgil, shave
placed>their autographs :to »this,extra-
ordinary «deed, by whieh ;the King’s
doubts were confirmed; and the «unfor-
‘tunate dady »was ‘put aside-——An offer
‘of 1200/. -has ‘been made: from) Paris,
forthe French ‘king’s library, for his
unique copy wpon vellum of the dirst

edition

550

edition of Livy.—The engravings by
Bartolozzi, alone, consisting of a com-
plete and matchless ‘series, of his
works, proofs, and: etchings, are said
to have cost Sir Mark nearly 5000/.
The sale of the whole of the prints
will, in all likelihood, occupy two
months, the same as the books.

Mr. G. PHiLiirs is printing a Com-
pendium of Algebra, with notes and
demonstrations, showing the reason of
every rule, designed for 'the use of
schools, and those persons who have
not the advantage of a preceptor ; the
whole arranged on a plan calculated
to abridge’ the labour of the master,
and facilitate the improvement of the
pupil.

Capt. Parry’s Second Voyage for
the Discovery of a North-west Passage,
with twenty-five plates, is announced
for immediate publication; with an
Appendix of Natural History, &c. to
Capt. Parry’s First Voyage of Disco-
very, with plates.

Aureus, or the Adventures of a
Sovereign, written by himself, is
printing in two volumes.

Procrastination, or the Vicar’s
Daughter, a tale, by S. Percy, is
announced. :

Shortly will be published, Plantarum
Scientia, or the Botanist’s Companion,
being a catalogue of hardy exotic and
indigenous plants cultivated in this
country.

The Adventures of Hajji Baba are
printing in three volumes.

Count Peccuio has in the press, a
Diary of Political Events in Spain
during the last Year. This work, like
his Letters on the Spanish and Portu-
guese Revolutions, is interspersed
with anecdotes of public men, and
on the manners and customs of the
Peninsula.

Dr. R: Sourney, poet-laureate,
author of “ Wat Tyler,” &c. announces
the Book of the Church; in two vo-
lumes, octavo.

Mr. Britton announces a Grammar
of English Antiquities.

Mr. J. Burton, who had been
employed by the Pacha of Egypt ina
geological examination of his domi-
nions, has made some. interesting
discoveries in the Eastern Desert of
the Nile, and along the coast of the
Red Sea. In the Eastern Desert, and
in the parallel of Essiout, is Gebel
Dokkam, a mountain, the name of
which in Arabic signifies smoke-moun-
tain. At Belet Kebye, a ruinous

Literary and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

[Jan. 1;

village, ‘situated, in ‘a valley on. the
south side of the mountain, he found a:
cireular shaft, twenty feet in diameter,
and its present depth is sixty feet. The
same village contains a beautiful. little
Tonic temple, on the pediment of which.
is the following inscription :—

For the safety and eternal victory. of our,
Lord Casar, absolute, august, and of all his,
house, to the sun, great Serupis, and the co-
enshrined Deities, this Temple, and all its
appurtenances, Epaphroditus af Casar,
Governor of Egypt. Marcus Ulpuis Chresi-
mus, superintendant of the mines under
— Procoluanus.

—Gebel Dokkan is zig-zaggéed to the
top: by roads and pathways, ‘which
branch off to large quarries of antique
red porphyry, immense blocks of which
are lying about roughly chisseled,
squared, and on supports marked and
numbered. There are also unfinished
sarcophagi and vases, columns of
large diameter, a vast number of
ruinous huts, and remains of forges.
Mr. Burton collected a great ‘number
of inscriptions at Fitiery, among which
was the following fragment :— ~
ANN. XII, IMP, NERVAE TRATANO
CAESARI AUG. GERMANICO
DACICO
P. I, R. SOLPICIUM SIMIUM °
PRAEF AEG.
The quarries of verd antique, between
Ghene and Cosseir, have also supplied
him with a vast number of inscriptions,
which are rendered interesting, and
may probably become yery useful,
from the intermixture of Greek with
hieroglyphies.

The Suffolk Papers, from the bollec-
tion of the Marchioness of London-
derry, with historical, biographical,
and explanatory, notes, and an original
whole-length portrait of the Countess
of Suffolk, are printing in two-volumes.

The Improvisatriee, and other
poems, are preparing for publication. .

The. Green-house Companion, -by
Dr. THORNTON, intended as a familiar
manual for the general management of
a gteen-house, is in preparation.

Mr. J. H. Curtis announces a
Course of Lectures on the Anatomy,
Physiology, and Pathology, of the Ear,
at the Royal Dispensary) Deamcstrens,
Soho.

Memoirs of the Life of Fusdinend
VII. King of the’ Spains, translated
from the original Spanish magoaltipt,
by M. J. Quin, are announced.

Australia; with other Poems, by
T.K. HERVEY, will appear in a few

days.»
‘The

41824.)

The first part of the third folio
volume of Mr, LopGe’s Illustrations
_of ‘English Portraits, accompanied
with biogr aphical narratives, i is printing.

A work, ealled Scilly and its {slands,
from, a, complete survey undertaken
by order of the, Lords Commissioners
of the, Admiralty, by Capt..W. H.
SMYTH, RN.» with fourteen plates
beautifully engraved by Daniell, in
quarto, will speedily appear.

- The Asiatic Society of London will
in future bear the title of ‘“ Asiatic
Society of Great Britain and lreland.”
Sir George Stauntou, vice-president,
has presented to. the Society about
2600 Chinese volumes, which “he
collected during his residence in
China; it includes all the branches of
literature cultivated in that country.
This Society has been new modelled ;
the plan enlarged, so as to encourage
all studies tending to illustrate the
sciences, literature, and arts, as culti-
vated, in India,;) and other countries
east of the Cape of Good Hope, ‘The
British possessions, however, to be
more especially attended to.

A Tour through the Upper Pro-
vinees of Hindoostan, comprising a
period between the years 1804 and
1814, with remarks and authentic
anecdutes ; to which is added, a Guide
up: the River Ganges, from Calcutta
to Cawnpore, Futteh Ghur, Meeratt,
&e, will soon appear.

Letters from the Caucasus and
Georgia are announced, with maps
and plates, octavo.

A’ Complete History of London,
Westminster, and Southwark, by J.
’ BAYLEY, esq. F:A.s. is in preparation.

Mr, W. Irvine has collected mate-
rials for a new work during his recent
‘tour in Germany.

The History of the Hundred of
Heytesbary, Wilts, adjoining that of
Mere, already published, by Sir R. C.
Hoare, bart. is preparing for publica-
tion. Also;, Lives of the Bishops of
Sherburne and ‘Salisbury, from’ the
‘year 705 to the present time, by the
"RevwiS. H. Cassanymeas

The Miscellaneous Works of Burnet
bishop of Salisbury, are printing, in
two series of seven volumes each.

A. copious Abstract in English of the
‘860 Deeds contained in the two an-
cient Cartularies of St. Neot’s Priory,
with outlined engravings of nine Seals
of that Mouastery, or of its Priory, are
‘preparing by the Rey. G. C. Goruam,
author of the “ History of St. Neot’s.”

Literary,and Miscellaneous Intelligence.

‘S51

A new translation of the Elegies of
Tiballus, by Lord Tuurtow, will soon
appear.

A volume. .of Eccentric, and, Hu-
mourous, Letters of Eminent Men and
Women, including several of Dean
Swift, Foote, Garrick, &e. is printing.

Highteen,, additional. Sermons, in-
tended to. establish the inseparable
connexion between the doctrines and
practice of Christianity, by the author
of the former volume, will soon
appear.

The Spirit of the British Essayists,
comprising the best papers on life,

Manners, and literature, contained in

the Spectator, Tatler, Guardian, &c.
with the whole alphabetically arranged
according to the subjects, is printing
in a small volume.

Portraits of the Worthies of West-
minster-hall, with their autographs,
being fac-similes of original sketches
found in the Note-book of a Briefless
Barrister, is announced.

The twelfth number of Mr. Fos-
BROKE’S Encyclopedia. of . Antiqui-
ties, which completes the first volume,
is printing.

Mr. Bore, the artist, has recently
returned from a journey in the north,
and has succeeded jin tracing and
restoring some very valuable speci-
mens- of. ancient monuments, particu-
larly those of the early Douglases.

GERMANY.

A number of human bones, mingled
with those of other animals, great and
small, some carnivorous, others of
species long since extinguished, were
lately found in some low lands, adja-
cent to the river Elster, near Kostritz,
in Germany,

According to the Almanack of 1823,
the duchy of Nassau Wisbaden con-
tains 82 square miles, 32 large towns,
27 market-towns, and 807 villages.
The population,, comprises _ 316,787
individuals; of »whom, 168,333 are
Protestants, 142,826 Roman Catholics,
207 Mennonites, and 542 Jews.

The workmen employed in digging
the foundation for a building on an
estate in Transylvania, in the valley
of Hazeg, where stand the ruins of the
Roman colony Ulpia Trajana,- disco-
vered, at an inconsiderable. depth
below the surface, some chambers,
thirty-six feet long, and about as
many broad. Two of these rooms
have been entirely cleared of the
rubbish, and each of them has a
Mosaic ‘pavement in perfect preserva’

tion,

552

tion. The walls of one have a border
composed of wreaths of flowers : in the
centre is a painting with figures as
large as life, representing “ Priam and
Hecuba begging Achilles’ to’ give up
‘the dead body of Hector.” The
painting of the second pavement re-
presents the “ Judgment of Paris.” It
is hoped that farther researches on
this remarkable spot will bring to light
other interesting remains of antiquity.
FRANCE.

Every thing connected with Bour-
bon France is in such bad flavour in
England, that, if we had any French
literature of importance to announce,
it would be considered as *‘ good out
of Nazareth.” The enslaved press of
that great people now exhibits little
besides libels on the revolution, and
eulogies in verse and prose on the
royal ‘conqueror of divided and be-
trayed Spain; while philosophy yields
so pliantly before priestcraft, that
even chemistry seems at a stand,
-except in some trifling experiments on
eleetro-magnetism. Legitimacy and
fanaticism have blighted in seven
years the fruits of the labours of a
generation of heroes and philosophers.
Under ‘such circumstances, and an
inquisitorial and insolent police, Paris
is avoided by foreigners; and few
English are now found there, except
those who sacrifice every thing to their
temporary curiosity, or who cannot or
dare not reside in their own country ;

Spirit of Philosophical Discovery.

[Jans i,
and even these prefer the Netherlands,
Switzerland, or Italy. ,
A second edition, enlarged and im-
proved, is announce! at Paris, of the
“Histoire Civile; Physique, et Mo-
rale, de’ Paris, depuis les’ premiers
temps historiques jusqu’a nos jours,”

‘by J. A. Dutaure, in ten volumes oc-

tavo, and atlas quarto.

In the Jardin des Platites at Paris,
there are.at present about 6000 species
of the végetable kingdom, caretully
classed and arranged, according to
the system of Linneus. '

ITALY.

It is intended to establish at Rome
an English Academy of the Fine Arts.
The English Academy of London, of
which Sir Thomas Lawrence: is presi-
dent, has already allotted a certain
sum for this establishment, which is
to be kept up by annual subscription.

M. ANnGELo Mat, prefect of the
Vatican Library at Rome, has just
published’ a second edition’ of ‘the
Fragments of the Works of Frontonus.
These he had discovered originally in
the Ambrosian Library of Milan, but
he has now considerably augmented
them, by fresh discoveries made in the
treasures of the Vatican. The literary
public will be gratified to learn; that
among’ these augmentations are more
than a hundred letters of Marcus
Aurelius, Frontonius, and others: This
edition, styled the ‘Palimpsest, is dedi-
cated to the Pope.

SPIRIT OF PHILOSOPHICAL DISCOVERY.

—_—_—— :
{The great increase of Journals devoted to Science, and the consequent accumulation of

facts, have determined us, as a means of putting our readers into possession of every novelty,
to .devote from three to. four pages regularly to ‘Notices of the New Discoveries and
interesting Facts scattered through seven or eight costly publications. We hope thereby to
add to the value.and utility of the Monthly Magazine, and leave yur readers nothing to desire
in regard to what is passing in the philosophical as well as literary world. The Belles
Lettres dcpartments of this Miscellany are, we believe, inferior to no work in the interest and
‘taste of the articlis, while, as an assemblage of useful materials, we have confessedly no rival
éither'at home or abroad. Our only ground of lamentation is the limitation of space, by the
limitation of our price ; but we have resisted every overture to raise it above two shillings,—
it being our ambition to present the public with the best Miscellany at the lowest price. This
weare enabledto effect by an established circulation, and by not expending our small profits
on merctricious advertisements. We calculate that every Number of our Miscellany ts its
own best advertisement, in theysterling merits of its contents ; and that the.commendation of
the public will continue to prove more advantageous than the equivocal representations of
newspaper advertisements, ]
ie

R. CLaNney’s pretensions, as the

J original contriver of a safety-
lamp, and asthe inventor of a very
secure one, begin at length to be re-
cognized. That wire - gauze, the
1200th.of an inch thick, should have

been preferred to glass, seems almost
incredible.. The meshes are easily
broken, and the flaming gas on the
inside, heating the wires to redness,
will themselves explode. the carburet-
ted hydrogen; and hence the wire-

ae gauze

1824:]

gauze Jamp is a fatal delusion, as has
been proved by tragical explosions
where they have been depended upon.
Dr. Clanney’s lamp is not liable to the
same objections; and too many fami-
lies have. reason to lament the in-
trigues by which.it was superseded.
The Preserving of Eggs, fresh and
good, through many months, may. be
effected by merely altering their posi-
tion daily to a fresh side downwards,
in order to preveut the yolk settling,
and coming in contact with the shell.
It is the practice of farmers’ wives, in

several of the midland and northern.

counties of England, fo closely pack,
with interposed straw, theirincreasing
stock of eggs, daily, into a bee-hive,
or a similarly-shaped. basket; laying
straw upon them, and strutting three
or four pointed sticks across, tight
upon tke straw, so as to enable-the bee-
hive to be tilted on its side, or even
turned upside down, into a new posi-
tion, each day, in their-dairy or beer-
cellar; and this daily turning is conti-
nued until, on the approach of. Lent,
the eggs are removed from the hives,
and carefully packed in the flats or
boxes. which convey them to market.
Lime-water, suet, and.other external
applications to the shells, have been
recommended for preserving of eggs ;
but all these must assuredly fail, when
Jeng rest in one position is allowed to
them ; and with frequent moying, and
avoiding extremes of temperature,
none others are necessary. It is often
pleasing fo a weary aud hungry tra-
yeller, on entering a small inn or pot-
house, in Derbyshire and its vicinity,
(sce the Agricultural Report on
Derbyshire, vol. iii. p. 180,) to see
‘strung cabbage nets full of eggs, sus-
pended by hooks from the ceiling, in a
fresh and good state; and this the
JandJady effects, through very consi-
derable periods, by her precaution of
every day hooking up the net on a
fresh mesh, so as fo turn the eggs,
tightly tied up therein,

are lelt to accumulate in a hen’s nest,
or during her sitting, instinet directs
her (o turn daily each egg.

. A Shaving-water boiling Apparatus,
of the most economic kind, capable of
heing used by any one in his bed-room,
before the servants rise, or have their
fires kindled, has been invented by
Mr. Gitt, of London. The furnace
consists of a small cubic or oblong
block of pamice-stone, in the top of
which a hemispherical cavity is work-
* Montury Mac, No, 390.

Spirii of Philosophical Discovery.

When eggs.

553

ed about two inches and a half diame-
ter, and one inch and a quarter deep;
and having a.gap cut in one of its
sides: this cavity is nearly filled with
pieces of charcoal, of the sizes of nuts
and walnuts; on to which a jet of
flame from the night-candle. is pro-
jected, by means of a portable blow-
pipe, until the charcoal is fairly ignited ;
when this furnace is placed.on_ the
hob of the grate, with the gap in front,
and the complete ignition of the char~
coal effected, by blowing with the
mouth. A small deep tin pot, with its
cover, coiitaining the water, is then
placed over this miniature fire, and left
for a minute or two, when, if the char-
coal seems not to glow sufficiently, it
is urged by a few blasts of the breath
threugh the gap; and thus, in a few
minutes more, the boiling water, so
essential to a comfortable shaving,
may be obtained.

Pressure applied to facilitate Dyeing,
Tanning, §e.—It was discovered a few
years ago, by Count de !a BouLaye-
MarsiLuac, (Philosophical Magazine,
No, 268,) that thread or woven fabrics,
put into a dyeing liquor, diluted as
such mostly are by water, imbibed the
liquor to saturation ; and the fibres
haying then quickly attracted and
taken up the colouring matter of the
imbibed liquor, the diluting water re-
mained in great part stagnated in the
interstice of the fibres, and thereby
prevented the access of fresh portions
of the dying liquor to the central parts
of the threads; and the expedient was
in consequence adopted, of repeatedly
passing the thread or fabric, whilst in
the vat, between very smooth rollers,
closely pressed together, so as te expel
the watery and exhausted dye, and
admit fresh portions, as often as was
necessary ; and hereby an astonishing
improvement in tbe brilliancy and
duyability of many colours, on cloth,
has been. effected. We. haye not
heard that these principles, though so
evidently applicable, haye been ap-
plied to the tanning of leather, using
rollers, or otherwise applying pressure,
to repeatedly: expel the spent tan-
liquor. f

Deceptive Muslins and Fustians—
An anonymous writer from Manches-
ter, in the “ Mechanics’ Magazine,”
asserts, that it has become too common
thereabouts to give an undue appear-
ance of stoutness and stiffness to poor,
thin, and rough muslins, (and such as
will become so after the first wetting,)

by

4
‘Gae o*
by covering the threads with paper
pulp, and using fine pipe-clay in the
bleaching; also, that the interstices of
fustians are often filled with. glue.
Soaking a small piece of either of these
fraudulent fabrics in warm water will
‘detect the cheat; and, without this,
the mere smell of glued fuStians is
generally sufficient to expose them.

Professor OrnmMsTe£AD, of the univer-
sity of North Carolina, has made a
discovery, that the petals of the garden
Tris, or blue lily, will produce a dye
superior to all the known blues. It is
coloured red, like the towrnesol, by cir-
culating about it a current of carbonic
acid gas. It is better suited to the
purposes of dyeing than the violet,
from the quantity of colouring juice
that each of its flowers yiclds, and the
‘colour produced is finer. ‘The pro-
fessor is about publishing the particu-
lars of his process.. .

Improved Hot-houses or Conserva-
ories.—Mr. JAMES WALKER lias disco-
vered, and experimentally proved, that
great advantages result in a more
equable diffusion of heat than hereto-
fore has been effected by the single
flues of hot-houses: he uses an inner
flue of,dron, encased with a brick flue,
in such a manner, as to allow a free
circulation of the air between these
flues, after its being much heated
near the fire, to the remoter parts of
the house.

The Vinerys, constructed on the
pian of Mr. ATKINSON, of Paddington,
are found, after several years’ exten-
sive use, to be so very.perfect in their
ventilation, as to supersede altorether
the necessity of movable sashes; by
which, great expense in first erection,
and of annual breakage of glass, and
wear and tear, are avoided. Mr.
Thomas Tredgold, the writer on the
“Strength of Cast-iron,” &c. in order
to introduce the great advantages of
iron rafters for hot-houses, and obviate
their chief objection in such situations,
as too perfect conductors of heat, has
proposed to the Horticultural Society
to encase the iron rafters in wood ; and
make them flat, rather deep in sub-
stance, in order the less to intercept
the oblique rays of the sun to the
Icayes and fruit of the vines beneath.

A Roman household Corn-mill, of
great antiquity, is preserved in the
Museum at Parma, and is of the most
simple construction, such as were
wrought by women slaves, prior to the
invention of water-mills and flat round

Spirit of Philosophical Discovery.

‘ [Jan. 1,

mill-stones, like ours. This ancient
‘mill, of which a figure is given ih the
“ Mechanics’ Weekly Journal,” prin-
‘cipally consists of two masses of grey
limestone. The vreater of these masses
forms the immovable support of the
other, and has the shape below of a
short cylinder, surmounted by the
frusium of a-cone, the top of which is
neatly rounded off. The smaller mass
is perforated vertically by a conic
hole, fitting so as to slope on tothe sides
of the cone already mentioned: from
which perforation a cylindrical hole

‘proceeds up through this stone to its

top. On the opposite sides of this
perforated mass, forming the upper
mill-stone, are the holes, into which
wooden handles or levers were in-
serted, for turning round the upper
stone. The coru was put into the
‘cylindrical hole, or rather, we believe,
into a wooden hopper, which fitted
into it; and, on turning round the
upper stone with a horizontal motion,
‘the grains insinuated themselves be-
tween the conic surfaces, aided, pro-
bably, at first by a slight lifting-up of
the upper stone, and were crushed and
sufficiently ground for the meal used
in those days. ‘The latter fell out be-
neath, around the lower stone, and
within a wooden case, which appears
to have surrounded it. The height of
the two ‘stones, when combined for
action, is about twenty-nine inches: it
seems probable, from the engraving
on anvancient gem, that this was the
kind of mill dedicated to Eunostus,
the god of mills,

An Barthquake felt at Sea.—The
East India Company’s. ship Winchel-
Sea, being on her passage to England,
on Sunday, the 10th of February,
1823, at 1h. 10m. P.M. in lat. 52° N.
and long. 85° 33’ E.; when some hun-
dred miles from any land, and out of
soundings, experienced a strong tre-
mulous motion, as though grazing
over a coral rock; a loud rumbling
noise being at the same time heard.
The captain, being astern, looked over
into the sea, which was so clear, that
any shoal or rock must have been
seen, but nothing was visible; the
ship at the time was going about two
knots-an hour. Without doubt, we
think, an eruption from some sub-
marine volcano occasioned these
effects.

Crucibles made from the Clay of Ant-
hitls.—It is related, by Dr. Davy, of
the Cingalese jewellers of the east,

~ that

1824.]

that they-melt their metals in small
erucibles, which they make from the
dome of clay which ihe commop ant
ejects and attempers, for throwing olf
the rains, which otherwise would pene-
trate and drown their nest, situated in
the centre of the hillock which these
industrious insects throw up. That
ants peculiarly infest and disfigure the
surface of such pastures only as have
a substratum of clay, was one of the
many results, interesting to rural eco-
nomy, of the.elaborate ‘‘ Geological
Survey.of England,” which our meri-
torious, yet shamefully - neglected,
countryman, Mr. William Smith made,
soon after 1792; and the fact was, by
one of his pupils, published more than
twelve years ago, that certain strips of
ant-hilly pastures stretch across Hng-
land from south-west. to north-east,
almost uninterruptedly, whicly conspi-
cuously point out the range of the crop
or basset of particular strata of clay.
Yet we have not heard, that any one
has since examined the clays, of these
ant-hill tops, in order to discover whe-
ther, iz the nature of the subficial clay
of these pastures, or through the cla-
boration by the ants, pila the ejected

Medical Report.

555

clay has undergone, there resides any

valuable property, like the infusibility

above mentioned. The English far-

mers ofthese soils know, to their cost, ©
that a peculiar dwarf thistle, wild

thyme, and a few other small and

worthless plants, are all the herbage:
which will grow on the tops of their

ant-hills, except after long periods

since the ants perished.

Two Meteorolites \ately fell near
Futtepore, in the East Indies; Mr. R.
TYTLER, who gave an account thereof
in alate Calentta Journal, describes
one of these stones as approachiag in
external shape to “‘ an irregular hex-
agon;” thereby clearly, as we think,
indicating it to be a fragment, con-
trary to the opinion which he mentions
concerning it. The same writer is not
less incorrect, in referring these and
other meteoric stones to volcanic ejec-
tions, founded on the mistaken idea.
that stones of the true meteorie cha-
racter are ejécied from Vesuvius, and
are found scaitered in great numbers
on its sides. ‘The theory which consi-_
ders meteorolites as ejections from
lunar volcanos is in all its parts fanci-
ful and untrac.

LS

MEDICAL REPORT.

Report of Diseases.and Casvuatits oceurring inthe public and private Practice
of the Physician who has the care of the Western District of the City Dispensary,
——=__—_

Witz a view of forcibly recommending
* the promised advantages of the new
instrument proposed for causing resuscita-
tion, an allusion has been made, by one
of the first medical authoritics in the
country, to the torpor induced from taking
a poisinous dose of opium, and other
narcotic drugs; this torpid state inter-
fering with the power of swallowing, and
thus rendering the use of the instrument
especially applicable. Against this novel
expedient for causing vomiting, the writer
has nothing to advance. He would say of
it, as of the French “stethoscope, Valeat
quantum valere possii ; but it ought to bein
the recollection of every one, that an
available mode of relief and probable
restoration, requiring neither tact in the
operation, nor particular condition of pa-
tienf, is always at hand; and that a tree
dashing of cold water over the surface of
the body, especially, the face and chest,
ought never to be omitted amongst. the
measures for endeavouring 10 counteract
the death-like and frequently-fatal ‘stupor
following the rcevption into the stomach of
the narcotic paisons, In the general way,
simplicity and efficacy are concomitants ;
aud how melauoholy to reflect, that sucha

life as the late Primate of Treland was
probably sacrificed to ignorance of the
virtues residing in a pail of cold water,
which any single one of the anxious at-
tendants might as easily have applied,
as the most sagacious adept in toxological
lore! The writer believes that his friend
Mr. Wray was the first to suggest and
adopt the plan of treatment now adverted
to, which has since, by others, been eim-
ployed with manifest and manifold ‘ad-
vantage.
A little patient has just been visited, who
is embued with scrofulons disorder to a
dreadful extent, and who, according to
the statement of its parents, was free from
all manifestation of disease, until inocu-
lated tor the small-pox. Had the matter
introduced into the system been the vac-
cine instead of the variolous virus, how
loud, in the present instance, would be the
lamentations and regrets of the enemy- to
cow-pox, ‘The fact is, that both one and
the*other will frequently rouse up into ac-
tion and energy otherwise latent or feeble
tendencies ; but thut, of course, is the most
likely to do so which is possessed of the
greatest virulence; and, that the small-pox
matter is more powerful in exciting com-
motion

556

motion in the system than that of the cow-
pox, who can deny? The writer will
just take occasion to say, that he, only last
week, saw, after variolous inoculation,.a
case of sach modified small-pox as is not
seldom seen subsequent, to vaccination,;
and he. believes. that these instances
would be much more common than they.
are, were the practice of the former as
general as of the latter,

_ Nothing has occurred in the month de-
manding particular nolice, with the ex-
ception of a remarkable tendency to snad-
den, and, insome instances, fatal attacks

upon the brain; calling upon the medical _

Meteorological Report.

{Jan. hy
attendant to interpose himself promptly.
and powerfully between the patient and!
death ;, and this interposition, though often
satisfactory in its result, has sometimes
been made without avail. Even post mor-
tem examination has in a few. instances.
proved the fatal stroke to have been func-
tional rather than structural; the traces
of the marcly of disease through the cere-
bral organs. haying been carefully sought
for in vain!

The writer hopes soon to be able to
report favourably om the effects of Iodine.

D. U wins, m.p.
Bedford-row ; Dec. 26.

METEOROLOGICAL REPORT.

—= a

Journal of the Weather and Natural History, kept at Harifield, East Grinstead’,
by Dr. T. Forster, from Nov. 16, to Dec, 20, 1823.

Wind. State of the Weather.
17 > 41 30:22 N.E. |Overeast-——-Much rain.
18 45 30°22 Calm. |Misty, cloudy, and dry.
19 43 30°00 S.W. |Cloudy—Mizzling.
20 44 50°02 Ww. Fair calm day.
21 47 30:01 Calm, |Fair—Clouds seen. .
22 45 29°80 Calm, |Dark but dry day.
23 46 29°88 W.-Calm. | Dark and clouded.
24 46. 29°98 . E.-Calm, |Calm fair day.
25 47 30°11 S.-Calme |Calm and fair.
26 45 80°10 Calm, |Cloudy.
27 45 30:00 Ss. Cloudy and dripping.
28 48 29°80 S. Cloudy— Dripping.
29 52 29°45 s- Wind and raia,
» 80 55 29°40 Ww. Wind and rain,
Dee. §
4 43 29:78 S.W. |Cloudy—Clear.
2 43 29°30 S. Rain—Stormy.
: 3 50 29°28 S.S.W. |Fair—Stormy.
4 42 29°50 S.W. {Fair blowing day.
5 43 29°45 W.N.W. |Fair—Rain.
6 37 3003 N.E. |Rain—Cloudy —Fair.
7 29 30°39 N. White frost—Clear.
8 44 30°19 W.N.W. |Some gentle rain.
9 33 30°23 N.-S.W. |Clear white frost.
10 37 30°17 N.W.. |Bright white frost.
it 47 29°89 W.S.W.. |Fair and pleasant.
12 35 29°67 W.N.W. |Clear and cold winds.
13 35 29°98 N. Cold windy, dry and clear,
14 3 30:03 N. Raw and cold.
15 30 30°13 N.W. {Cloudy.
16 45 29°81 Ss. Fair—Windy.,
17 49 28 85 S. Cloudy—Rain and wind.
»18 32 29°39 N. A pallid clearness.
19: 27, 29°60. N. Cloudy —Frosty and clear.
20,5 5 40 29:09 Ss. Rainy—Clear.
OBSERVATIONS. of cannons at Woolwich being distinctly

From Nov. 17 to the 28th, we enjoyed
the calmness of haleyon days, and might
hhave imagived it av Italian mid-winter,
had it ,not’ been for an almost uniform
veil of cloud above, and now and then a
little gentle dripping. ‘The smoke from
chimnies ascended’ into the air in almost
perpendicular columns.- Sounds were
heard at immense distances,—the report

5

audible at Hartfield, thirty miles off; and
the distant sound of village bells: and
elocks, the crowing of cocks, distant
voices, and other rustic sounds and noises,
seemed conveyed as under a sounding-
board of clouds; the temperature was
steady, and the mornings were dark. On
the 29th the weather changed, with rain
from the south, The weather was after-

wards

1824.7
wards distinguished by rapid changes;
calm early, then blustering through “the
evebing, and sometimes a few hoary ‘strong
frosts. ‘In general the changes have hap-
pened dnring midnight.

The wind, on the 2d, 3d,-and 4th, was
very violent, particularly in the night.

On the evening of the 20th, the alterna-
tion of colour in the light of the stars,
hitherto unaccounted for, were observed:
in one of the stars in Gemini (see Monthly
Mag. January last.)

a

Commercial Reporé.

557
Naluval History. '

I shall notice in future the successive
flowering of plants under the head of
Flora, the appearance of animals under
Fauna, and of traits under Pomona; follow-
ing the methods of antiquity.

Flura.— The sweet coltsfoot, or shepherd
of Edonia, Tussilugo fragrans, in blow ort
the 20th of November, and this flowering.
Many summer plants remain in flower, as
stocks, wall-flowers, and others, There is’
a single blossoim‘out on the Mezereon.

MONTHLY COMMERCIAL REPORT.

—a <
PRICES or MERCHANDIZE. = Nov. 25. Dec, 16.
Gocoa, W. I. common £5 0 0 to 5 8 0] 5 0 O to 5 8 O percwt.
Coffee, Jamaica, ordinary 3 8 0 — 316 0 | 310 0 — 317 Q do.
fne -- 5,8 0° — 6 0 O°] 5 8 Ol — 6 0. 0. do.
, Mocha iene 5 0 0 — 512 0 5 0 0 — 512.0. do,
Cotton, W.I.common-- 0 0 9 — O @ IE 0 0 9 — O O 102 perth.
, Demerara:+++** @ O11 — 0 1 1} 0 O11 — O 1 13 do.
Currants --++ +--+ vesese 5 G6 O — 5 8 0} 5 5 O — 512 O perewt.
Figs, Turkey «+---e++-- 113 0 — 20 0); 2 0 0 — 216 O perchesé
Flax, Riga ---+--+++++*62 0 0 — 63 0 0 |60 0 0 — 62 0 O per ton,
Hemp, Riga, Rhine ---- 42 0 0 — 4210 0 |42 0 0 — 4210 0 | do,
Hops, new, Pockets---- 16 0 0 — 18 0 0 (16 18 0 — 18 O O percwt.
, Sussex; do, 9 0-0 —12 0 0 9 0 0 —12 00 do,
Tron, British, Bars «+--+ 810 0 — 9 0 0 | 810 @ — 9% © O per ton,
———, Pigs coeete 6 OF 180 ~~ 7 00) 60 0— % O O° Wo,
on, Fincca »-seeesess.- 9 OrO!— 940 0 | 9 0 O;— M10 © S5zalls.
, Galipoli---«+2+++++-52 0 0 — © 0 0 |5t-0 0 — © O O per ton.
Rass seeccccccssessss 2 0 6 — 0 0 O 2-0 6 — 2 1 O percwe
Raisins, bloomor jar,new 4.0 0° — 45 0} 4 6 0 — 4 8 Odo,
Rice, Patna eoceserees 016 0 — 018 0 | O16 0 — O18 O * do.
——,Carolina ----.-+- 117 0 — 21 0 117 0 — 2 0 0. do.
Silk, "China, raw-+++0ese 013 9 — 10 8; 015 9 — 24 O & per Ib,
——, Bengal, skein -+++ 0 11 5 — 0 12 10 Oit 5 — 01210 do,
Spices, Cinnamon «--+2s0'°6277— 10 6 B O46 7 7 — 4m 6."oE dat
- , Cloves «sees 0 3 9 — 0 4 0} 03 9 — 0 4 O© do.
———,, Nutmegs -----. '0°°3°1°-— 00 0/0 3 0: — @ 3 1% do.
, Pepper, black-- 0 0 53— 0 0 6] 0 0 53— 0 0 6 do.
,whiteee 0 1 SE— 00 0] 0 &t 3§— O 0 0° do.
Spirits, Brandy, Cogniac 6 210 — 0 3 2} 0 210 — 0 3 2 per gal,
Geneva Hollands © 2.1 — 0 2 2|6 2 2.-— @ 2 4+ da,
: ” Rum, Jamaica-» 0 2 2 — 02 4/0 2 2 — 0 2 6° do.
Sugar, brown-+- «+42 «4: #18 0 — 00 0/] 219 0 — 3 0 O perewt.
—, Jamaica, fine +--+» 310 0 — 313 0] 310 0 — 314 0° do.
4, ” East India, brown. 100 — 1 4 0 10 0 — 14.4 0 do.band.
” Jump, fine. - «+++. 440— 4 8 O 4° 3 0 — 4 6 0° da.
Tallow, town-melted.--- 2 2 0 — 0.0 0{ 119 0 — © 0 0° do.
» Russia, yellows» 116 9 — 117 0 113 6 — B 0 0. do
Tea, Bohea+++ ++ seeve 0-2 SE— 0 2 41 0 2 42— 0 2 5 perlb.
—, Hyson, best «+445 05°59 — 0 6 0} 05 9 — 0 6 0 da.
Wine, Madeira,old «---20 0 0 —70 0 0 |20 0 0 —70 0 © per pipe
—, Port, Old ++. s.«t0Se Gig, — 48 0 0 42,0 0 —48 0 0° do.
—} Sherry - seseeeeee 20 0 0 — 50 0 0 20 0 0 — 50 0 O per butt

Course of Exchange, Dec. 16.—Amsterdam, 12 3.—Hamburgh, 37 8,—Paris, 2490.
horn, 463.—Lisbon, 52.— Dublin, 9} per cent.
vemiums on Shares and Canals, and Joint Stock Companies, at the Office of Wolfe and

Edmonds’. —Birmingham, 315/,—Coventry, 11001.—Derby, 110/.—Ellesmere, 66/.—
Grand Surrey, 49/,—Grand Union, 20/.—Grand Junction, ¢70/.—Grand Western,
6, — Leeds and Liverpool, 380/.—Leicester, 330/.—Loughbro’, 40001.— Oxford,
7501.—Trent and Mersey, 2150l.—Worcester, 36/. 10s,—East India Docks, 150/.—Lon-
don, —. —West India, 250/,—-Southwark BripGe, 171. aie and, dl. —Royal Exchange

ASSURANCE,

558.

List of Bankrupis.

[Jan. 1,

Assurance, 261l.—-Albion, 511. — Globe, ——.—Gas Ligut Company, 78l.—

City Ditto, 1511. ;

The 3 per Cent. Reduced, on the 21th, were 85}; '3 per Cent. Consols, —— ; 4 per
Cent. Consols, 1002 ; New 4 per Cent- —— ; Bank Stock, ——. i .
Gold in bars, 31. 17s. 6d. per oz.—New doubloons, 5/.15s, 6d.—Silver in bars, 4s. 111d.
.

Meo: acme ess eee sac ieen ane}
ALPHABETICAL List OF BANKRUPTCIES announced between the 20th of Nov.
and the 20th of Dee. 1823 : extracted from the London Gazettes,

—=p_—

BANKRUPTCIES, [This Month 95.]

Solicitors’ Names are in Parentheses.

A®BRAHAMS, J. Castle-street, Houniisditch,
jeweller. . (Aspinall and Co. 4
Allum, T. W. Great Marlow, builder. (Ellison

and Co. L. ;
Appleton, J. Tottenham Court-road, cooper. (Wat-
son and Son
se tah J. Catherine-street, Strand, bookseiler.
dyles .
Binti and M. J.Joseph Fox, Ordinary-court,
Nicholas-lane, merchants. (Parton
Bailey, J. Liverpool, merchant. (Orred and Co.
Baines, B. Canterbury, bookseller. (Smith and Co,
Baylis, E. Painswick, Gloucestershire, wool-dealer,
(Gardner, Gloncester
Bosher, Ji St. Stephen’s,
cattle. | (Lanner, L.
Brugeengzate, G.A.T. and T. H. Payne, Fenchurch-
buildiags, merchants. (Gatty and Co,
Buchanan, J. and-W. R. Ewing, Liverpool, insu-
rance-brokers. (Adlington, UL.
Chambers, J. Graeechurch st. tobacconist. (Jones
Champtuloup,J. Conuter-street, Southwark, orange-
merchant. (Bluatand Co.
Coutes, J. Fore-street, Cripplegate, dealer. (Butler
Cork, J. Rochdale, ironmonger. (Blakelock
Coudinehy, W. Russel-place, Bermondsey, brewer,
(Tost aushend
Crowshey, S. King-street, Westminster, cheese-

Hertfordshire, dealer in

monger. (Watson and Son

Cross, R. Manchester, leather-factor. (Edgerley,
Shrewsbury

Cutmore, J. Birchin-lane, jeweller. (Pownall

Damms, G. Chesterfield, draper. (Taylor, L.

Davidson, J. Chorlton row, Lancushire, stone-
mason. (Heslop, Manchester

Davies, J. Hereford, victualler. (Hail J

Dixon, G. Chiswell-street, ironmonger. (Hewitt

Dowling, W. King-street, Tower-hill, guocer.

_ (Baddeley 2

Driver, A. P. Colleze-wharf, Lambeth, flour-dealer.
(Sander, L. : 4

Ella, J. Lower Phames street,wine-merchant. peal

Ellaby, T. Emberton, Bucks, lace-merchant. (Gar-
rard, Olney

Eyre, W. Cockspur-strect, Charing Cross, wunk-
maker. (Cirlon

Farrier, W. Friday-street,
chant. (Spence‘and-Co.

Fasaner, D. Bath, fancy-stationer, (Courteen

Fox, ie Mosbrough, Derby, sythe-manufacturer.

» (Bibb, lL. a4 :

Ford, J ae Dartmouth, Deyon, lime-merchant.
(Blake, U

Glover, T. Derby. brush-manufacturer. (Welston, L

Gough, J. Little Tower-street, yintuer. (Wilkinson

Grace, It. Feuchurch-street, hatter, (Wilks

Grant, M. Clifton, Gloucestershire, lodging-house
keener. (Hurd and Ge. L 2

Hamilton, R. Stoke-upon-Trent, potters (Whiston

Harris, J. Kennington Cross, livery-stable khecper.
(Clayton, L

Henvey, J. Shoreditch, cabinetsmaker. (Webb

Hill, T. West Smithfield, grocer. (Whitton

Hodse, H. Dural’s-lane, Islington, brick-maker.
(Witiams, L.

Holbrook, J.Derby, grocer. (Greaves

Hodges, J. Aldgaté, blanket-warchouseman. (Tilson
and Co,

Hodgson, J. Newgate-strect, linen draper. (Butler

HolJand, T. Nottingham, lace-manufacturer.

~ (Briggs and Co. L

Hooper, J. Mitre-eourt, Fleet-st. stationer. (Dickens

Hutchinson, J. Little St, Thomas Apostle, butter-
factor. (Steel

Cheapside, wine-mer-

Isaacs, J. Haverfordwest, draper. (Pearson, L

Jones, EB. A. and W. H. Hackney-fields, prewers.
(Huxley, L

Jones, W. Dog-row, Mile-end, wheelwright. (M‘Dult

Joyce, L., Keyford, Somersetshire, innkeepex
(Hartley, L

King, I’. Frederick’s-place,. Kennington-lane, mer-
chants, (Grimaldi and Co. L |

Larbalestier, J. Angel-court, Throgmorton-street

Lincoln, J. Novwich, miller. (Poole and Co. L

Marsden, T. King-street, Portman-square, horse-
dealer. (Griffith ‘ ‘ oh

Minchin, T. Vernlam-buildings, Gray’s-inn, dealer
and chapman. (Rosser and Son. L ea’ ee

Mitchel, T. Oxford-sireet, Cannon-street road,
grocer. (Cousins and Co, L

Moody, W. Leeds, joiner. (Smithson, L.

Moon, J. Bristol, currier. (Poole and Co. .L

Morris, C. Fore-street, Cripplegate, victualler.
(Boxer !

Moody, J. L, Clifton-street, Worship-street, silk-
manufacturer, (Coke

Moses, S. Portsea, slopseller. (Hoskins, Gosport

Murday, R. Rochester, plumber. (Flexney,L

Olivant, A. Seuleoates, Yorkshire, miller. (Capes, L

Penny, J. and T. Shepton Mallet, grocers, (Bevan
and Co. Bristol . ‘

Powell, J. G. Egnam, dealer. (Thwaites, Lambeth

Preddey, R. liristol, baker. (Edmunds, L

Price, J. Lower-street, Islington, coach-maker.
{Pullen, L.

Ransom, J. Stoke Newington,
(Osbaldeston and Co. L

Reby, R. Radnor-street, City-road, tailor, (Green
and Co. L. :

Redfern, W., . Stevenson, and W. Blatherwick,
Nottingham, hosiers. (Knowles

coach-master.

Reeves, R. Stackport, shopkeeper. ( Newton andCo.L

Roberts, E. Oxford-street, Jinen-draper. (Parton, L

Robinson, J. Burslem, potter. (Wolston, L

Rogers, J. S. and J. Portsmouth, coach-makers-
(Collett and Co. L

Rowe, G. Chelsea, surgeon. (Harvey and Co. L.

Sargent, J. Wentworth-street, Whitechapel, manus
facturing chemist. (Richardson

Sealey, B. and £. Nash, Red Lion-yard, Aldersgate-
street, horse-dealers. (Stevens and Co. ;

Sinies, W. Cunonbury-tower, Isliugton, dealer:
(Coombe, L

Smith, G. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, draper. (Gracey
and Co. L 2 ‘i

Smith, W. St. Clement, Worcestershire,, brewer.
(Cardwle and Go. L a 7

Spencer, J. Norwich, bombaziue-manufacturer.
(Parkinson and Co.’ a

Symes, G. B._ New. Terrace, Camberwell-green,
dealerand chapman. (Jones, L.

Thomas, W. Regent-street, Piccadilly, stationer.
(Monney .

Tomes, C. Lincoln’s-inn fields, scrivener. (Howarth

Upton, J. Tadcaster, scrivener. (Lys, i ‘

Vincent, ©. Tarrant Rushton, Dorsetshire, dealer
and chapman. (Fitch, L.

Wadham, B. Poole, cooper. (Holmes and Co. L

Wagstaff, J. Worcester. saddler. (Gillam -

Watkins, W. L. Old Bailey, eating-house keeper.

(Niblett
(Adlington

Weedon, G,
and Co. L

Weller, T. Croydon, watchmaker. (Blake, L

Wharton, C. A. King’s Arms, Maidenhead, wine-
merchant. (Clowes andCo. L

Whalley, T. Chorley, Lancashire, manufacturer.
Hard and Co. L. : :

Whialley, C. Rivington, Lancashire, shopkeeper.

_.. (Hurd and Co.
Wilson, R. Birmingham, tea-dealer. (Hindmarsh.

Bath, brass-founder.

DIVUWDENDS.

1824]

* Adam, W. Narrow Wall, Lambeth

~ Andrew, P. P. Brighton
Apedaile, G. North Shields
Armstrong, G. A. Ratcliffe-high-

wa
Atkins. 8. Great Portland-street
Atkins, W. Chipping Norton
Austin, T. J. Gregory, and J.
: Husson, Bath
Avison, J. Kildwick
Baubury,C.H.Wood-st.Cheapside
Barratt, W, Old Broad-street
- Bates, T. Old Broad-street ~
Birch, R. Y. Hammersmith
Boxby, R. B. Commercial-roud
Brewer, S. Alderton, Suffolk
Brown, G. New Boud-street
Burn, J. Lothbury ;
Canning, H. Broad-street
Chalk, J. Blackfriars-road
Chambers, O. Vine Thames-st,
Chubb, W. P. Aldgate
Clarke, H. and F. Grundy, Li-
verpool «
Coldmare, J. New Kent-road
Courthope, F. W. Fenchurch-st.
Cooper, J. Newport, Isleof Wight
Collier, J. Rainow
Cooke, J. Fareham
Cuff, J. Regent-street
Day, R. H. Tovil, Kent
Denne, J. Lamb’s Conduit-street
Dikon, W. Portsinouth
Douthot, S. Liverpool
Fisher, S.Winchcomb, Somersets.
Forster, C. F. Margate
Fraser, J. Swithin’s-lane
Garrs, W. Grassiagton, Yorksh.
Gelsthorp, J. Mary-le-boue
~Gliddon, A. King’s-street, Covent
Garden
Gooden, J. Chiswell-street
Gooden, J. Chorley, Lancashire
Hague, G. Hull
Haffner, M. Cannon-street, St.
George’s, East
Hedges, T, Bristol

Agricultural Report.
DIVIDENDS:

Hellicas, J. Andover

Hellyer, J. Lioyd’s Coffee-house

Higes, D. Chipping Sodbury,
Gloucestershire

Holmden, W. Milton, Kent

Howarth, E. Leeds

Hudson, J. Birchin-lane

Hughes, R. Althney Woodhouse,

lintshire

Humphreys, S. Portland. place

Hunter, J. Hawkhurst, Keat

Hyde, W. Howford-buildings,
Fenchureh-street

Isherwood, J..Manchester :

Johnstone and M‘Pherson, Liver-
pool

Judd, G. Farinedon

Kelly, Messrs. Strand

Ketcher, N. Bradwell

Kinning, F. Oxford-street

Lambeth, R. Manchester

Mackie, J. Watling-street

Marks, M. Romford

Mather, E. Oxford

May, W. King’s-head Tavern,
Newgate-street

Meliis, G. Fen: hurch-street

Middlehurst, J. Blackburn

Minchin and Co. Portsmouth

Moorhouse, J. Chelsea ~

Moorhouse, J: Stockport,

Piercey andSannders, Birmingham

Plumb, S. Gosport

Porter, B. and R. R. Baines,
Myton, Yorkshire

Pothonier, F. Corporation-row,
Clerkenwell

Potts, W. Sheerness

Powis, J. Tottenliam Court-road

Pratt, J. Kennington

Pulmer, T. Cheapside

Purdie, J. Size-lane

Raincock, G. Harlow, Essex

Reddell, J. H. Balsal!-heath,Wor-
cestershire ,

Richards, W. Shoreditch

Ritchie, J. and J. Watling-street

.

559

” Rivers, W. and J. Clowes, Sliel-

ton, Staffordshire

Roper, J. Norwich

Rowley and Clarke, Stourport

Roylance, 8. Liverpool

Ryde bith Stewardson, Change
Alley

Ryhoft, F. Cheapside

Salmon, S. Regent-street

Svarth, J. Morley, Yorkshire

Scott, J. Alley-field

Sharp, G. W. and G, Thread-
needles street

Sharpley, A. Binbrook

Silver and Co. Size-lan

Smith, J. Cardiit ;

Sparks, W. and J. Frome:

Staff, H. A. Norwich

Steel) S. Rotherham

Taylor, H. and E. Manchester

Phomas, H. W. Wolverhampton

Thomas, R. S. Hanbury

Thompson, J. South Shields

_ Tippetts and Gethen, Basinghall-

street
Trickle, E, Nuneaton
‘Turner, J. Fleet-street
Turner and Comber, Manchester
Tyler, P. Haddenham
Underwood, C. Cheltenham
Viney, J. Bristol z
Voss and Essers, Crutched Friars
Wagsteff and Baylis, Kiddermin-

©. ster : e)

Walker, J. jun. Axbridge

Ward, J. Birmingham”

Whyte, D. Lewes

Wilkinson, J. Seulcoates

Willington, J. and E. Wellington

Willis, R, Bloomsbury .

Wills, T. Portsmouth

Wilson, R. Birmingham

Wood, J. Bishopsgate-st. within

Wood, ‘I’. Trowbridge

Wood, W. Monythusloyne,. Mon-
mouthshbire

Woolcock, J. Truro.

MONTHLY AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

—=> . ‘

HE storm and driving rains advertcd

to in our Jast report, had the further
unfortunate effect of wetting the corn in
stacks, and even in the barns, In conse-
quence, it became necessary in many situa-
tions to move wheat so exposed, and
thrash out muchof it; whence an additional
quantity of rough and damp grain has come
upon the markets. The autumnal season
has continued, to the last, mest propitious,
enabling the farmers universally io feed
their stock abroad upon grass and turnips,
and to economize with their hay and straw,
the quantity of which, however limited,
will be sufficient for the spring consump-
tion, without reaching that exeessive price
which might otherwise have been ex-
pete Never did autumn exhibit a more
blooming verdure and full-grown iuxuri-
ance of the grasses, seeds, winter tares,
lurnips, and young wheats, than the late.
The wheat-sowing, somewhat interrupted
in the middle of the season, has been most
successfully finished in every part of
Britain; and the winter ploughing, some-
what backward on difficult soils, has, on
those more favoured, been dispatched under
very favourable circumstances, On very

few soils, a less breadth of wheat has, per-
haps, been sown than in the previous sea-
son; but, on many, that. breadth is con-
siderably -greater. .Perhaps, too, much
imperfect and blighted seed has been
used, where want of money precluded the
possibility of purchasing the best. Dnill-
sowing is making gradual, and somewhat
more hasty, approaches to general use,
The crop of potatoes varies both as to

‘quality and quantity, in different districts;

on the whole, it is not a large crop, in part
blighted and defective in .quality; never-
theless, gteat part of the yellow: species,
always the most substantial and nutritious,
fully supports the character.of superiority
which the potatoe has attained of late
years, Wheat has been a rising market
during some weeks past; in fact, somewhat
beyond our expectations; doubtless oc-
casioned by. still farther experience of the
defective quality of the last crop. The
general opinion has not, even yet, reached
the extent of the mischief unavoidable from
evil influence in the atmosphere. Wool
isa rising market. Lean stock, pigs ex-
cepted, is slow in»sale, indeed cheap,
considering the value of fat neat, mr
¢

a
566
field market has lately overflowed its. boun-
daries far beyond any former experience ;
yet the sales were in proportion, and the pri-
ces great; a true index of great national pros-
perity : in the mean time, no want of food in
the provinces; on the contrary, vast conse-
quentaccession of employment and circula-
tion ; a substantial answer to those, who, in
‘these Jatter days, drivel about an overgrown
metropolis. Good horses for the saddle
and quick draught continue in great re-
quest, and , beyond all doubt, will command
extraordinary prices in the spring. In
most counties, the farming labourers are
fully employed, and might in probability
be equally so.in all, ander a better system.
‘Lhe Astrea of British prosperity is re-

Political Affairs in December.

[Jan. J,

turning ; and, under an honest government,

this country might ensure a state of plenty,
of freedom, of universal influence and hap-
piness, such as no nation of the earth, has
hitherto experienced.

Smithfield: —Beet, 3s. to 4s. 2d.—Mut-
ton, 5s. to 4s, 2d.— Veal, 3s. 4d. to 5s. 4d.
—Pork, 2s. 4d. to 5s. 4d.—Bacon, Bath,
4s, 4d. to 4s. 8d,—Irish, 4s, 2d.—Raw fat,
vs. Ida.

Corn Exchange :—Qld Wheat, 54s. to 70s.
—New 38s. to 63s.—Barley, 26s. to 36s.
—Oats, 21s, to 31s.—London price of best
bread, 9£d.—Hay, 65s. to 110s.—Clover
do. 84s. to 150s. —Straw, 335, to 44s.

Coals in the pool, 35s. to 45s. 9d.
Middlesex; Dec. 22,

POLITICAL AFFAIRS IN DECEMBER.

=

GREAT BRITAIN.
RADE flourishes ; agriculture im-
proves; stocks rise; and the
absence of irritation has created a ge-
eral apathy: on public topies. The
feature of greatest novelty in our na-
tional concerns, is the system of money-
lending to foreign. governments, or-
ganized, within a few years, by com-
panies of Jews residing in Londen and
foreign countries, who play into each
others hands, and who, having no
country, are regardless of the interests
of all, Inithis manner above fifty mil-
lions have been lent since 1818 to the
different members of the Holy Alli-
ance, to enable them to perpetrate
aheir policy. Half this sum, at least,
is British capital, advanced by rapa-
cious money-lenders, in the prospect
of getting 6 or 7 per cent. though on
the faithless security of despots, ‘above
the control of any law, but their own
convenience. | Usage prevents their
buying our ships of war, and raising
troops in Britain; but, if they are ‘thus
to be permitted to withdraw our ca-
pital, obtain the sinews of war, and
transfer the strength of the country to
their own dominiongs—and ifayarice has
no principle or public spirit, then the
legislature ought to exert prudence
enough to put an end to a system
which, in every point of view, is so
anti-national, pernicious, and dange-
rous. Privately considered, it is a
species of South Sea bubble, and must
end in like manner; thousands have
already been ruined by some of these
loans, and other thousands are com-
mnitted on these rotten and untangible
securities for all they are worth, and
often for more,

UNITED STATES.

The Speech of the jllustrious Pre-
sident, James Monroe, on open-
ing the 18th congress of the United
States, has reached Europe; and, al-
though in the succession of these noble
documents we know not which to ad-
mire the most, yet the last always
appears to be the best, and the present
one the finest of the series, in lan-
guage, policy, and sentiments. - Man-
kind at large must be so struck with
the glorious example of the practical
wisdom of these Presidents of a free
Republic, that their despots, in pure
shame, must take lessons from them,’
or be content to rank with the meanest
things that can crawi the earth. We
have been unable to make room for
the lucid details of domestic finance,
hut have given every passage of ge:
neral interest to the European and
the intellectual world.

Fellow-Citizens of the Scnate, and House
of Representalives.—Many important suly-
jects will claim your attention during the
present session, of which ¥ shall endeavour.
to give, in ald of your deliberations, a jyst
idea in this communication, I nndertake
this duty with diffidence, from the vast ex-
tent of the interests on which { lave to
treat, and of their great imporfanee to
every portion of our Union, I enter on
it with zeal, from a thorough conviction
that there never was a period, since the
establishment of our revolution, when,
regarding the condition of the civilized
world, and its bearing on us, there was
greater necessity for devotion in the pub-
lic servants to their respective duties, or
for virtue, patriotism, aud union, in our
constituents.

Meeting in you a Congress, I deem it
proper to present this view of pablic¢

: affairs

1824.) °

affairs in greater detail than might other-
wise be necessary. I doit, however, with
peculiar satisfaction, froma knowledge that
in this respect [shall comply more fully with
the. sound principles of our government.
The people being with us exclusively the
sovereign, itis indispensable that full infor-
mation be laid before them on all important
subjects, to enable them to exercise that
high power with complete effect... If kept
im the dark, they must be incompetent to
it. We are all liable to error, and those
who, are engaged in the management of
public affairs are more subject to excite-
ment, and to be led astray by thvir-parti-
cular interests and passions, than the great
body of our constituents, who, living at
home, ip the pursuit of their ordinary avo-
cations, are calm but deeply interested
spectators of events, and of the conduct of
those who are parties to them. To the
people, every department of the govern-
ment, and every:individual ia each, are
responsible; and the more full their infor-
mation, the better they can judge of the
wisdom of the policy pursued, and of the
conduct; of each in regard to it. From
their dispassionate, judgment, much aid
may.. always. be obtained; while their
approbation will form the greatest incen-
tive, and most gratifying reward, for virtu-
ous actions ; avd the dread of their censure
the best security against the abuse of their
confidence. Their interests, in all. vital
questions, are the same ; and the bond by
septiment, as wellas by interest, will be
proportionably strengthened as they are
better iuformed of the real state of public
affaius, especially in difficult conjectures,
It is by snch knowledge thatlocal preju-
dices and jealousies are surmounted, and
that anational policy, extending its foster-
ing care and protection to all the great in-
terests of our union, is formed and steadily
adhered to.

In compliance with a resolution of the
Honse of. Representatives, adopted at their
Jast. session, instructions have been given,
to all the ministers of the United States
aceredited to the powers of Europe and
America, to propose the proscription of the
African slave trade, by classing it under
- the denomination, and inflicting on its per-
petrators the punishment, of piracy.

At the commencement of the recent
war between [’rance and Spain, it was de-
clared by the French government that it
‘wong grant no commissions to privateers,
and that neither the commerce of Spain
herself, nor of neutral nations, should be
molesivd by the naval force of lrance, ex-
cept inthe breach of a lawful blockade.
‘This declaration, which-appears to have
been faithfully carried into effect, concur-
ing with principles proclaimed and che-
sished by the United States, from the first

establishment of their independence, sug: |

gested the hope that the time had arrived
Montury Mag, No. 390,

Political Affairs in December.

561
when the proposal for adopting it asa per-
manent and invariable rale in all future
maritime wars might meet the favourable
consideration of the great European pow-.
ers. Instructions have accordingly been
given to our ministers with France,
Russia, and Great Britain, to make those:
proposals to their respective governments ;
and when the friends of humanity reflect
on the essential amelioration to the condi-
tion of the human race which would re-
sult from the abolition of priyate war on
the sea, and on the great facility by which,
it might be accomplished, requiring only
the consent of a few sovereigns, an earnest
hepe is indulged that these overtures will
meet with an attention, animated by the
spirit in which they: were made, and that
they will ultimately be successful.

The state of the army, in its organiza~
tion and discipline, has been gradually im-
proving for several years, aud’has now af-:
tained a high degree of perfection)

The usual orders have been given to all.
ow public ships to seize American vessels
engaged in the slave-trade, and bring then:
in for adjudication ; and I have the gratifi-:
cation to state, that not one:so employed ;
has been discovered; and there is good,
reason to believe, that our flag is now. sel-
dom, if at all, disgraced by that traffic.

Many patriotic and enlightened citizens,
who have made the subject an object of
particular investigation, have suggested
that the waters of the Chesapeake and
Ohio may be connected together, by one
continued canal, and at an expense far;
short of the value and importance of the
object.to be obtained. If this could be
accomplished, it is impossible to calculate.
ihe beneficial consequences which would
result from it. Connecting the Atlantic
with the western country, in a line passing
through the seat of the national govern-.
ment, it would contribute, essentially to
strengthen the bond 'of union itself.

A strong hope has been long enter-;
tained, founded on the heroic struggle, of
the Greeks, that they would succeed. in.
their contest, and resume their equal sta~
tion among the nations of the earth. It is
believed that the whole civilized world
takes a deep interest in their welfare. ‘

It was stated at the commencement of
the last session, that the great effort was
then making in Spain and Portugal to im-
prove the condition of the people of those
countries, and that it appeared to be con-
ducted with extraordinary moderation.
In the wars of the European powers, in
natters relatmg to themselves, we have
never taken any part, nor does it comport
with our policy so fo do. It is only when
our rights are invaded, or seriously me-
naced, that we resent injuries, or make
preparation for our defence, With the
movements in this hemisphere, we ave, of
necessity, more immediately connected,

4C and

562

and by causes which must be obvious to all
enlightened and impartial observers. We
owe it, therefore, to candour, and to the
amicable’ relations existing between the
United States and the allied powers, to
declare that we should consider any
attempt: on their part to extend their sys-
tem to any portion of this hemisphere as
daugerons tu our peace and safety. With
the existing colonies or dependencies of
any European power, we have not inter-
fered, and shall not interfere. But, with
the governments who have declared their
independence, and maintained it, and
whose independence we have, on great
consideration, and on just principles,
acknowledged, we could not view any in-
terposition for the purpose of oppressing
them, or controlling in any other manner
their destiny, by any European power, in
any other light than as the manifestation of
an unfriendly disposition towards the
United States. In the war between those
new governments arid Spain, we declared
our neutrality at the time of their recogni-
tion; and to this we have adliered, and
shall continue to adhere, provided no
change shall occur, which in the judgment
of the competent authorities of this govern-
ment, shall make a corresponding change,
on the part of the United States, indispen-
sable to their security.

The late events in Spain and Portugal
show that Europe is still unsettled. Of this
important fact no stronger proof can be
adduced, than that the allied powers
should have thought it proper, on any
principle satisfactory to. themselves, to
liave interposed, by force, in the internal
concerns of Spain, To what extent such
interpositions may be carried on the Same
principle, is a question in which all inde-
pendent powers, whose governments ditier
from theirs, are interested ; even those
most remote, and surely none more so than
the United States. Our policy, in regard
to Europe, which was adopted at an early
age of the wars which have so long agi-
tated that quarter of the globe, neverthe-
less remains the same; which is, not to in-
terfere in the internal concerns of any of its
powers; to consider the government de
facto as the legitimate government for us;
to cultivate friendly relations with it, and
to preserve those relations by a frank, firm,
and manly poliey;: meeting, in all in-
stances, the just claims of every power—
submitting to injuriés from none. But, in
regard to those continents, circumstances
are eminently and conspicuously different.
It is ‘impossible that the allied powers
should extend their political system to any
portion of either continent, without en-
dangering our peace and happiness; nor
ean any one believe that our southern
bréthren, if left to themselves, would
adopt it of their own aecord. It is equally
impossible; therefore, that we should beliold

Political Affairs in December.

{Jan. 1,

such interposition in any form, with indif-
ference. If we look to the comparative
strength and resources of Spain, and those
new governments, and their distance from
each other, it must be obvious that she can
never subdue them. It is still the true
ypolicy of the United States to leave the
parties to themselves, in the hope. that
other powers will pursue the same.course,
If we compare the present condition of
our union with its actual state at the close of
our revolution, the history of the world
furnishes no example of a progress im
improvement in all the important circum-
stances which constitute the happiness of a
nation, which bears any resemblance to it.
At the first epoch, our population did not
exceed 3,000,000. By the last census it
amounted to about 10,000,000; and,
what is more extraordinary, it is al-
most altogether native—for the emigra-
tion from other countries has been incon-
siderable. At the first epoch, half the
territory within our acknowledged limits
was uninhabited and a wilderness. . Since
then, new territory has been acquired, of
vast extent, comprising within it many
rivers, particularly the Mississippi, ‘the
navigation of which, to the ocean, was of
the highest importance to the. original
states. Over this territory our population,
has expanded in every direction, and new
states have been established, almost equal
in number to those which formed the first
bond of our union. This expansion of our
population aud accession of new states to
our union, have had the happiest effect on
all its highest interests. That it has emi-
nently angmented our resources, and ad-
ded! to our strength and respectability as
a power, is admitted by all. But it is not
in these circumstances only that this happy
effect is felt. It is manifest that, by en-
larging the basis of our system, and in-
creasing the number of States, the system
itself has been greatly strengthened in
both its branches. Consolidation and dis-
union have thereby been rendered equally
impracticable. Each government, con-
fiding in its own strength, has less to ap-
prehend from the other, and, in conse-
quence, each enjoying a greater freedom
of action, is rendered more efficient for
all the purposes for which it was insti<
tuted. It is unnecessary to treat here of
the vast improvement made in the system
itself by the adoption of this constitution,
aud of its happy effect in elevating the
character, and in protecting the rights of
the nation, as well 2s of individuals. To
what, then, do we owe these blessings ?
It is known to all that we derive: them
from the excellence of our institations,
Ought we not, then; to adopt every mea-
sure which may be necessary to perpetuate
them?
James Monrog,
Washington ; Dec. 2, 1823.
SOUTH

1824.}

SOUTH AMERICA.

The attentions of the political world
are specially direeted towards the
Spanish provinces in South America,
because it is believed that the Holy
Alliance stands pledged to restore them
to Spain, and that this pledge was one
of the bribes by which so many Spa-
niards were induced to betray their
country to the foreign banditti. - Al-
ready an expedition is fitting out at
Cadiz; and negociations are afloat for
loans among the London Jews, to sup-
port the wicked enterprize.

‘Aware of their danger, BoLivar
has headed an expedition into Peru,
where a royalist party kept the field,
and advices of various victories over
them have reached Europe. The Co-
lumbian generals also haye stormed
and taken Porto Cabello, the last for-
tress held by Spain; and an invading
army will, therefore, be without a
resting place. The patriots of Mexico,
‘Columbia, Peru, Chili, and Buenos
Ayres, have, however, a delicate game
to play, and nothing but energetic
measures and councils will prevent
their becoming a prey to the European
despots. They must beware of the
priests and of the party of the mo-
derées, who, in such times, are wolves
in sheep’s clothing. . It is this equivo-
cating party who have ruined liberty
in Naples, Spain, and Portugal. If
BaRkERE writes as he promises, the
“« History of the Committee of Public
Safety of France,” he will furnish an
example to be consulted by all re-
volutionary governments.

The following dispatch from the il-
lustrious Bolivar to the government of
Columbia, explains the first benefit of
his march towards Peru:

The insurgents of Pasto, commanded by
the traitor Agustin Aqualongo, elated by
the success they had obtained over the
garrison, under the command of Colonel
Flores, and the retreat of ovr vanguard n-
der General Salom, marched upon the
town, and advanced as far as Puntal. His
Excellency’s orders to this general were to
avoid coming into an engagement; but to
' draw the enemy, if possible, into open
ground, and to a distance from his re-
- sources in Pasto. This manceuvre suc-
ceeded, and, on the evening of the 12th,
the insurgents occupied this town, Our
forces marched towards Guayabamba, to
unite with the columns of the vanguard,
which were marching from Guayaquil,
The whole being arranged in three divi-
sions; the first composed of guides (guias)
of the guard and the battalion of Yaguachi,

Political Affairs in Decémber.

563
under General Salom; the second of
horse-grenadiers and the battalion of
Vargas, under General Barreto; and the
third, composed of the artillery and the
battalion of Quito, under Colonel Masa,
marched on the 15th in the direction of
Tabaciendo. Yesterday, at one P.M, we
took up a position commanding that of the
enemy, who amounted to 1500, of all arms,
—ignorant of our movements, and em-
ployed in pillaging and in sending to their
rear the booty they collected,

His Excellency the Liberator, in person,
attended by his aides-de-camp and eight
guides, reconnoitred the enemy. The
latter, careless of every thing, only had, in
the direction in which we approached, an
advanced party convoying a drove of cat-
tle. Our advanced guard soon lanced
theirs; two only of them escaped, and
these wounded, who gave the alarm to the
enemy. His Excellency ordered the in-
fantry to file off to the right and leftof the
road, and the cavairy to occupy the mids
dle, and to take the town by asimultane-
ous attack. The insurgents, no sooner
found themselves attacked than they en-
deavonred to retire to the other side of the
river, That position would have suited
them well, from its narrowness and the
rugged ground, and they wonld have the
bridge between ; but our cavalry was or-
dered to attack them in the attempt, and
they charged with such celerity, that the
enemy were thrown into confnsion in the
streets, and numbers fe]l beneath our
lances. Three times they rallied, and
made a stand between the bridge and the
heights of Aluburor, our troops being un-
able to advance with the rapidity they

.wished from the narrowness of the ground.

The obstinacy of the Pastonians in charg-
ing and defending themselves was admi-
rable, and worthy of a nobler cause; but
all was useless. Our horse-grenadiers and
guias marched with the resolution to ex-
terminate for ever the infamous race of
Pasto. The greater part of them have been
killed, and tiiose who succeeded in dis-
persing themselves will be unable toreach
Gnuaitara without being taken by our ca-
valry, which pursues them, ov falling into
the hands of the patriots in the towns
through which they must pass, Between
this town and Chota the road is strewed
with 600 of the enemy’s dead; but the
courage and the vengeance of Colombia
has not been satiated with them. Their
military stores and all they possessed have
fallen into our hands,

Itis impossible adequately to praise the
intrepidity and daring of our chiefs and
officers, The worthy General Salom be-
haved with desperate valour, and General
Barreto with his usual courage. The con-
duct of those two brave generals is parti-
cularly commended : also that of Colonel
Harta, first aide-de-camp to his Excel-

lency ;

504

len¢y; that of Lieut.-col. Medina, who
performed prodigies; that of the other
aides-de-camp, Alvarez and O'Leary ; that
of Capt. Santana; of the commandant of
guides, Martinez; of the commandant of
the horse-grenadiers, Paredes; of Major
Herran ; Captains Sandoval and Pio Dias ;
Lieut. Camacaro; Ensigns Sanoja and
Jirons, of the guides, and the others of the
subalterns of the cavalry. Although the
‘whole of our infantry could not take part
inthe combat, they shewed the utmost in-
patience to engage, and Major: Arebala,
of Yaguachi, distinguished himself. Colo-
nels Chiriboga and Masa, and the comman-
dants Farsan and Payares, did their duty,

Marriages in and near London:

[Jan. 3,

as did also all the other officers and pri-
vates, We have only lost thirteen killed,
and eight poised among the latter,
Commandant Martinez, two subalterns
slightly,and only one soldier severely. The
miserable remains of the enemy who have
escaped are pursued in all directions by
the cavalry, and his Excellency followed
them as far as the bridge of Chota. ‘The
infantry follows by the high road. Receive,
Colombia, and in particular the depart-
ment of Quito, the congratulations of the
Liberating Army, which has for the third
time, and ander more trying circumstances
than before, obtained your liberation.

Adj.-gen, VICENTE GONZALES. *

INCIDENTS, MARRIAGES, anp DEATHS, in anp npak LONDON;

With Biographical Memoirs of distinguished Characters recently deceased.
; —=>

CHRONOLOGY OF THE MONTH.
.) OV. 1.—Subscriptions opened in
London, for relief of Spanish ex-
jles. Great numbers arnived in England.
To the honour of the country, the list was
headed by eleven noblemen, and twenty
members of the House of Commons.
2.—Heavy gales of wind experienced at
sea, which did considerable damage among
the shipping. ;

4.—The Metropolitan Society for the
opposition and prosecution of fraudulent
* insolvent debtors held their first anniver-
sary meeting at the Albion Tavern, Al-
dersgate-street. Upwards of sixty gen-
tlemen were present, Mr. Burbidge in the
chaiy.

9.—Intelligence arrived of farther great
losses among the shipping in the Trish sea
and German ocean, froma violent storm.
‘Many vessels were cast on shore, and many
totally lost, with part of their crews. The
same storm extended to the north of En-
gland, and great damage was also sustained.

10,—A melancholy aecident happened at
Norwood; the scaffolding belonging to the
new church now building, was broken to
pieces by the falling of a heavy stone:
one man was crushed to death, five were
taken up apparently dead, ‘and several
others had their arms and limbs dreadfully
bruised.

11.—A court of Common Conncil held,
when Mr, Slade moved a resolution for
erecting a monument in Moorfields to the
memory of the late Spanish General Don
Rafael del Riego. ‘The motion was nega-
tived, because it was alledged that its eree-
tion did not require the interference of
the corporation.

—.— The inhabitants of Bishopgate at
a public meeting subscribed fifty guineas
towards the relief of Madame Riego.

12.—The annual Smithfield Christmas
Cattle shew commenced in Sadler’s Yard,
Goswell-street, The cattle exhibited far
surpassed those of former years, and the

«company was much more numerous than

on any preceding occasion. The Duke
of Devonshire, Sir John Sebright, and
most of the leading agriculturists, weve
present.

13.— The well-known Martins, the
bankers of Lombard-street, appeared thi
day, as unsuccessful snitors,in the Court o
King’s Bench, to try a very extraordinary
claim about seven guineas, alledged to have
been paid in error toa Mr. Drew, a respec-
table law-stationer. From this transaction it
would appear to be very hazardous to receive
the amount of a check at a banker’s coun-
ter without witness; for the clerk who paid
the money, in this case, was by the plantiffs
adduecd as valid evidence to prove that lie
paid Mr. Drew cleven instead of four
guineas. The Jury, however, by a special
verdict, acquitted Mr, Drew and the clerk
of all blame in the affair. .Withont re-
ference to this case, but to others of daily
occurrence, we lament that some tribunal,
of the nature of a Grand Jury, is not in-
terposed in civil as well as criminal suits,
to determine whcther there is equitable
ground of action before any wealthy or
litigious plantiff should have it in his power
to harrass another by the expences and
vexation of a suit, of the propriety of
which, till its issne is tried before a Petty
Jury, the plaintiff is allowed to be the sole
judge. ‘
15.—Meeting of the legal profession
held at Lincoln’s Im Hall, when it was
resolved to erect a statue in Westminster-
hall to the memory of the lamented lord
Erskine.

17.—A tremendous storm of wind hap-
pened, which did great damage in and
about the neighbourhood of London.

Application is intended to be made to
parliament next session, for leave to bring
in a bill for erecting a patent wrought iron
bridge of suspension over the Thames, for
carriages, waggons, foot passengers, &c.
in the several parishes of St. Botolph

Aldgate,

1824.]

Aldgate, and St. Mary Magdalen, Ber-

mondsey-

The following is a statement,of the number
of persons committed to his Majesty's
Gaol of Newgate in the year 1822, and
how they have been disposed of :—

Males. Fems.

In custody Jan. 1, 1822-- 185 67

Committed Dec. 31, un- 2
der 20 years of age --++ 660 110 (2185

‘Above that age +-++++- 1134 281 §

Tot.
952

2457
Of which therehave beenexecuted.- 23
Pi|d cocicowccs-ccesecsecrscece 2

Removed to the Hulks at Gosport,

preparatory to Transportation -- 8
Ditto, ditto, Portsmouth «++++e+-++ 123
Ditto, ditto, Sheerness »+esee------ 292
Ditto, ditto, Woolwich ------ eee
Ditto to the Penitentiary, Milbank 51
Ditto to the Refuge for the Destitute
Ditto to Bethlem Hospital ---.+--> 1
Ditto by Habeas Corpus, for trial at

the Assizes
Ditto to the Houses of Correction

for London and Middlesex, pur-

Suant to sentence -++-eecesesees 549
Discharged, having received his Ma-

jesty’s pardon -+se-s-seeeereee = 21
Ditto having been acquitted at the

Old Bailey Sessions ------ sosces 512
Ditto bills of indictment not having

been found ---+cececscesceesees 919

Ditto not having been acquitted ++ 41
Ditto having undergone their sen-

‘ tence of imprisonment -------- fe 850
“Ditto having been whipped -------- 53
Ditto fined one shilling «+-+s++...) 104
Ditto upon bail and other causes -» 16
svi 7 2157

Remained in custody, Jan. 1, 1823

—Males 195— Females 85 +--->+ 280

Total 2437
Ng MARRIED.
F. H. Yates, esq. of Charlotte-strect, to
Miss Brunton, of the Bath Theatre.
Nathaniel Godbold, esq. of Bernard-
street, to Mrs, Murray, of Dulham Lodge,
: Surrey.
“* Major S. Cowell, of the Coldstream
Guards, to Euphemia Jemina, daughter of
Gen. J. Murray.
__.At Greenwich, Major Jones, Royal
Horse Artillery, to Miss C. H. Fisher,
’ daughter of John F. esq. of Elford, Devon.

At Hampton, George White, esq. of

the War Office, to Frederica Anne, daughter
_of the late Dr. Stevens, rector of Great
Snoring, Norfolk.

John Wordingham, esq. of Kensington,
to Hannah, daughter of homas Aldridge,
esq. R.N.

Henry B. Kerr, esq. of Lincoln’s Inn, to
Elizabeth Ann, daughter of Edward
Clarke, esq. of Cheshunt, Herts,

Marriages and Deaths in and near London.

o
565

Mr. James Heath, of Blackheath, to
Miss Sarah Pidding, of Cornhill.

Joseph Arden, esq. of Red Lion-square,
to Miss Munro, of Palmer-terrace, Is-
lington,. ’ wn

Mr. W. Dickinson, of Finsbury-square,
to Miss Lydia Mary Jourdain, of York-
place, City-road. ;

AtSt. George’s church, Hanover-square,
Jackson Muspratt Williams esq. of Elm
Grove, . Southsea, to Ann Belmuade.
daughter of the late Houghton, esq.

of the Cape of Good Hope.
Mr. S. H. Shepheard, to Miss Sophia
Miles, of Southampton-row, Russell-

square.

At St. Mary-le-bone, New church,
Thomas Compost, esy, of Whitehall, Kent,
to Miss Diffill.

John W. Borradaile, esq. of Fenchurch-
street, to Miss Ann Pullen, of Fore-street.

Mr. Frederick Augustus Bell, of Surrey-
street, to Miss Caroline Cordell, of Dalby-
house, ;

Edward Filder, esq. of St. James’s place,
to Miss Eliza Maria Jones, of Brithder-
house, Montgomeryshire. a

Robert Lumley, esq. of Blackheath, to
Harriet, daughter of the late J. C. Ellis,
esq. Ordnance Commissary. f

Mr. John Sherborn, to Miss Sarah
Holgate, both of Piccadilly. ,

Mr. Charles Berry, of Carlisle-street,
Soho, to Miss Mary Ann Swan, of Chapel-
street, Grosvenor-square.

At Mortlake, the Rev, John Thomas
James, to ‘Marianne Jane, daughter of
Frederick Reeves, esq. of East Sheen.

James Barry, esq. of Mincing-lane, to
Miss Ann-Cundel], of Hoddesdon. _

Joseph Heath. esq. to Susanna Mary,
daughter of the late Charles Thompson, esq.
of Mile End...

George Lucy, esq. M.P. to Mary
Elizabeth, daughter of Sir John Williants,
bart. of Bodelwydden, Flintshire.

James Hornby, esq. of Doctors’ Com-
mons, to Miss Harriet Herring, of the
Folly, near Hereford.

William Dobbin, esq. of the Army Pay
Pics, to Miss Rhode Summers, of Mil-
ford,

Charles Bolt, esq. of Edgeware-road, to
Miss Caroline Patrick, of Petersfield,
Hampshire.

John Everitt, esq. of Sloane-street, to
Miss A. Kelly, of Portsmouth.

DIED.

In Barnsbury-street, Islington, 76, A!
Macauley, esq. '

At Southampton, 47, Mr. Thomas Evans,
solicitor of Hatton Garden.

in Brook-street, Holborn, 90, Mrs. A.
Ducroz.

John Marsh, esq. 77, Yate chairman of
the Victualling board. 4

In the Minories, Robert Brockholes, esq.
of Chigwell-row, Essex,

At

566

At Greenwich, 77, Mrs. A. Martyr.

In Boreham, Essex, 67, Rebecca, widow
of John Mellersh, esq. of Shalford, Surrey.

The Right Hon. Thomas Steele, aged 70,
formerly a. distinguished member of par-
Hiament, and a very active and celebrated
member of Mr. Pitt’s administration.

At Blackheath, 81, Mr, Peter Young.

In Gower-street, Bedford-square, George
Jourdan, esq.

In Kentish Town, 72, Mrs. Greenwood,
widow of Thomas G. esq.

At Ham Common, Elizabeth Mary, wife
of Capt. Booth, 16th King’s Hussars.

Tn Colebrooke-row, Islington, 67, Mr.
John Haydon.

At Peckham, 63, Mary, widow of
William Codner, esq.

In Ludgate-street,. Eliza, widow of Gen.
Keith Macalister, j

At Wimbledon, Mrs, Meyrick, widow of
James M. esq. :

In Highbury-place, Mrs. Smith, widow of
Jabez S. esq. of Stoke ‘Newington.

George Augustus Buuverie, esq. Auditor
of the Excise. j

At Kensington-house, Julia, wife of
Major Johnstone, 14th rest.

‘Mr. Joseph Yellowly, many years a re-
spectable stationer of Gracechurch-street.

At Kew, Miss Tunstal/, many years
housekeeper to the King, at that place.
This lady's clothes caught fire, and her
person was so dreadfully burned, that she
expired on the following day.

At Deptford, John Mason, esq. a ma-
gistrate for Kent and Surrey.

In Grafton-street, John T. Vaughan,
esq.

ig Brunswick-square,84, Hardin Burnley,
esy. father-in-law of Joseph Hume, esq.
M.P. )

In Great Prescot-street, 72, MM. L.
Newton, esq.
In Sydney-place, Camberwell, 28,

Caroline, wife of J. H. Fletcher, esq.

In High-street, Mary-le-bone, at an ad-
vanced age, Mrs. Blathwayt, widow of
William. B.. esq. of Dyrham-park, Glou-
eestershire.

Charles, son of Charles Barclay, esq. of
Clapham Common.

In the Fleet Prison, Mr, G, Picket ; he
had been confined there since 1800, tor
pretended contempt of Conrt, a subject
which calls for legislative interference.

In Aldermanbury, Mr. W. Paiy, chief
clerk to the magistrates of Guildhall.

' In Upper Wimpole-strect, Mrs. Bridges,
widow of Lieut. Gen. B.
‘At Twickenham, Lady Catherine Marley.

In Bolt-court, Fleet-street, 56, Mr.
William Walker, late proprietor of the
York hotel, Bridge-street, Blackfriars.

Tn Old Palace-yard, 63, Frances, widow
of H. Bankes, esq. m.P. for Corfe Castle.

In Qneen-square, Robert Raynsford, esq.
chief magistrate of the police office,

Deaths in and near London.

{Jan. 1,

Queen-square.—Mr. Raynsford for many
years acted at Shadwell office, and was
removed to Hatton-garden, and lastly to
Queen-square. He was related to some
noble families, and highly respeeted by all

who had the pleasure of his acquaintance.

He was between sixty and seventy years
of age. }

At Port Eljiot, Cornwall, 63, John Eart
of St. Germains.. He succeeded his father,
Edward, in 1804, and was twice married,
but, dying without issue male, he is suc-
ceeded ‘in his titles and estates by his
brother, the Hon. Wm. Elliot. The pre-
sent earl was member for Liskeard, in the
representation of which a seat is yacant.

Charles Grant, esq. one of the directors
of the East India Company. Mr. Grant
was a native of Scotland, and, having by
his parents been well educated, was sent
to London to make his way in the world.
Here he was taken into the counting-
house of a gentleman of the same name,
who had interest in the East India House,
and procured Mr. Grant an appointment in
the civil service of the company. In this
Mr. Grant continued many years, and
made an easy fortune. Me also acquired
such an extensive knowledge of the com-
pany’s concern, and of the political eco-
nomy of India, which was afterwards of
great service to him in his future life.
On his return, he found Mr, Pitt in pow-
er, and communicated to him such in-
telligence as was of service. By his in-
terest he was elected, in the year 1794,
one of the East India directors, a situa-
tion which (except during the years he
was out by rotation,) he has held ever
since. He served as a deputy chairman,
and chairman, and was extremely active
in both capacities. Soon after bis return
from India, he. was elected member of
parliament for one of the districts of Scots
boroughs; and some time after, having
purchased lands in the county of Inver-
ness, he was elected representative. for
that county. In parliament lie invariably
voted with Mr. Pitt’s friends. Mr. Grant
left several children ; his eldest son has
filled several places under government,
and.is a member of the privy council ; his
second son is a barrister at law.

At Woolwich, Lieutenant-general Bailey
Willington, after a service of fifty years
in the royal artillery, He entered into
that corps as second lieutenant in 1771,
rose to be first lieutenant in 1779, a cap-
tain in 1782, major by brevet in 1791, and
soon after major in the corps; lientenant-
colonel by brevet, 1794; and lieutenant-
colonel in the corps 1799. In 1804 he
attained the full rank of colonel. He'was
promoted to be a major-general 1810, and
licutenant-general 1819,

At his castle, at Amerongen, near the
Hague, Rynan Doderich Jacob de Girkill,
earl of Athlone, in Ireland. ‘This noble-

man

1824.]

man descended from a very ancient
family,in Holland. His ancestor, Godert,
came over as a general officer with the
Dutch troops, brought by king William,
With that prince he embarked for Ire-
land, was present, at the battle of the
Boyne, and contributed much to the suc-
cess of the day. He was left by king
William in the command in Ireland, and
by two signal victories near Athlone and
Aghrim, contributed much to put an end
to the war. He was by that, king re-
warded with the titles of Baron Ballymore,
Viscount Aghrim, and Earl of Athlone, in
Zreland. These titles have descended
through’ seven generations, to the late
earl, most of them have resided in Holland,
where they have considerable estates, but
the French conquering that country,
Frederic, the sixth earl, came with his
family to England. This son, Rynan,
served in the Englisl army during the
war, when he attained the rank of lieut.-
colonel. His lordship was born in 1773.
The family possess the baronies of Reide,
Girkill, Amerongen, Livendant, Eist,
Stersitt, &c. in Holland.

At Havre de Grace, Caston Rohde,
esq. He was concerned with his brother
in a considerable sugar-baking house, in
Goodman’s Fields, and was one of the first
persons who engaged in the Phenix Fire-
office, and also in the Pelican Life In-
surance Office. When those societies
jointly built their fire-honse at Charing-
Cross, Mr. Rohde was induced to quit
business and become their managing and
resident director. In this situation he
continued for many years, but quitted
about two years ago, and retired to France,
where he resided till his death. Mr,
Rohde was twice married, and left chil-
dren by both wives. He was a man
of plain unaffected manners, and of a
friendly disposition,

At his seat, Blackheath, General Sir
Anthony Farrington, baronet, the eldest
officer of artillery in his majesty’s service.
He entered as second lieutenant in 1755,
and was promoted to be first lieutenant in
1757, when he was sent into foreign ser-
vice at Gibraltar ; he returned to England
in 1759, and was promoted to be captain-
lieutenant the same year. In 1765, with
the rank of captain, he embarked for
America, where he continued till 1773,
serving at New York, Boston, and
Halifax. The war of American Inde-
pendence breaking out, Capt. Farrington
was at the various battles of Long Island,
Brooklyn, White Plains, and the Brandy-
vines. Heserved also in the expedition to
the Chesapeak, and at the taking of Phila-
delphia,. He was made majoy in 1780;
on the peace he returmed to England, and
had the command of the artillery for some
years at Plymouth, He was made lieut.-

Account of Dr. Cartwright.

567

colonel in 1782, and colonel in 17943
major-general in 1795, and colonel-com-
mandant in 1796. In 1799 he served
under the Duke of York, in Holland. In
1804 he was made lieutenant-general, and
in 1812 full general. At his death he had
been sixty-eight years in his majesty’s ser-
vice, who, in 1818, created him a baronet.

At his apartments in Foley Place,
Michael Kean, esq. He had been long
afflicted with a pulmonary, which, in the
end, carried him off, He was a native of
Ireland, and bred a portrait painter, a
profession he followed for many years,
until he was called on to assist in the
Derby china manufactory, in which he
became a partner, under the firm of
Duxberry and Kean. ‘They opened a

‘warehouse first in Bedford-street, Covent-

Garden; and afterwards in Old Bond-
street. On the death of Mr. Duxberry
he married the widow, which did not tutn
out a happy connection, but involved him
in a long chancery suit. He had by his
wife a son and daughter, the latter of
whom survives him. He was a man of
genteel manners and a friendly disposition,

At his house in Beaumont-street, Wm.
Charles Collyear, earl of Portmore. His
lordship was born in the year 1745, and in
1770,when Lord Milsington, married Miss
Mary Lesley, sister of the Countess of
Rothes, by whom he had a son—Lord
Milsington, who succeeds him. His lord-
ship succeeded his father in 1785, The
family of Collyear bore, for many years,
the name of Robertson; and the first title
conferred on them was that of baronet, in
1676. June 1, 1696, they were created
barons by William III., and in 1703 Vis-
count Milsington and earl of Portmore,
by Queen Anne. William Charles, the
deceased lord, was the third earl of that
title. His lordsbip’s fortune being ‘con-
fined, he lived rather a retired life.

[The Rev. E. Cartwright, v.D. &c. (whose
death was announced in our last Number.)
His first masters were Mr. Clarke, of
Wakefield, and the celebrated Dr. Lang-
horne. He first entered at University-
college, Oxford, from whence lhe was
elected a fellow of Magdalen-college. He
was early distinguished for his literary
attainments, and published in the year
1762 an ode on the birth of the present
king. One of the most popular of his
productions was ‘ Armine and Elvira,” a
legendary tale, which has gone through
several editions, and well deserves to be
admired for its pathos and elegant simpli-
city. Another poem, in a higher style of
composition, entitled “the Prince of
Peace,” also excited great attention at the
time it appeared, It has been said, and we
believe correctly, that Dr. Cartwright was
the oldest living poet of the day. As a
proof that his poetical talent remained un«

impaired

568.

impaired in his Jatter years, we insert the
following spirited lines, which he com-
posed at the age of seventy-nine :—

Since even Newton owns, that all he wrought

Was due to industry and patient thought, °

What shall restrain the impulse that I feel,

To forward, as I may, the public weal ?

By his example fir’d, to break away,

In search of truth, thro’ darkness into day?

He tried, on venturous wing, the loftiest flight,

An eagle, soaring to the fount of light!

4 cling to earth, to earth-born arts eonfin'd,

4 worm of science of the humblest kind!

Our powers, tho’ wide apart as earth and heaven,
For different purposes alike were given :

"Mo? mine the arena of inglorious fame,

Where pride and folly would the strife disclaim,
With mind unwearied still will [ engage,

In spite of failing vigour and of age,

Nor the conflict till 1 quit the stage;

Gr, if.in idleness my life shall close,

May, well-earned victory justify repose !

For several years he was a principal con-
tributor to the Monthly Review, and some
of its most interesting articles between
tie years 1774 and 1784 were of his com-
position. But he was more particularly dis-
tinguished for his genius in mechanical in-
ventions, and his discoveries in that branch
of science have greatly contributed to the
commercial prosperity of the country.
From them the manufacturers of Man-
chester are at this time reaping immense
advantages. The application of machinery
to weaving is of his invention, for which
he took out a patent in the year 1786, ‘The
use of his machine for weaving formed a
new epoch in the history of our manufac-
tures; for, before that period, no other
method was employed but the simple one
which had continued from time immemo-
rial. His invention also included the art
of weaving checks, which the most skilful
mechanics had till then deemed to be an
utter impossibility. He had, however,
fo struggle against the clamorous op-
position of the working mechanics, and
the fears of the manufacturers, who
were not only deterred by the threats of
incendiaries, but by the actual burning
down of a newly erected manufactory, for
the reception of 500 looms. In conse-
quence of these adverse circumstances,
the patent elapsed before he reaped the

‘benefit which he had reason to expect;
and, notwithstanding its subsequent ex-
tension, and a liberal grant of 10,0001. by
Parliament in 1810, the pecuniary losses to
himself and his family, in bringing his ma-
chines to perfection, as well as in main-
taining his inventions in the courts of law
against piracy, have beenincalculable. Dr.
Cartwright also took out patents for comb-
ing wool and making ropes, and was, be-
sides, the author of many improvements in
arts and agriculture, for which he received
yarious premiums from the Society of
Arts and the Board of Agriculture. It
being to be presumed, that the patent
of a Mr. Hull, early in the last century, for
a steam-boat which had long sunk into
oblivion, was as uukuown to him as it was

Deaths in and near London. -

[Jan. 1,

till lately to the public, we may affirm
that the idea of propelling carriages on
Jand, and vessels on the water by steam,
was an original invention of his own. It
is well known in his family that, thirty
years ago, he communicated the plan of a
steam-vessel to the American engineer,
who afterwards introduced it into the
United States. Until his last illness, which
was not of long duration}he was occupied
ina discovery which, if he had lived to brmg
to perfection, would have been one of the’
most extraordinary ever promulgated in
mechanics, ‘Till within only a few days of
his death, he preserved unimpaired the
vigor of his mind, and that unwearied zeal
for improvement which cliaracterized him
from his earliest years, Dr. Cartwright
was a younger brother of John Cartwright,
esq. the father of reform, better known by
the title of Major ; he was also brother to
Capt. George Cartwiight, who, after re-
siding sixteen years on the coast of Labra-’
dor, published in his journal,’ in the year
1792, the first authentic account that ever
appeared in print of the Esquimaux na-
tions. They were all sons of William Cart-
wright, esq. of Marnham, Nottinghamshire.
—Dr. C. was twice married ; first, to Alice,
daughter of Richard Whitaker, esq.” of:
Doncaster, by whom he has left one sor’
and three daughters; and, secondly, to
Susannah, youngest danghter of the: Kev.’
Dr. Kearney, a dignitary of the church in

Ireland.—Tihe following stanzas, written.

by Dr. Cartwright on his 72d- birthday,
may not be unacceptable to our readers,
as affording an idea of his habitual turnot
mind.
To fame and to fortune adieu!
The toils of ambition are o’er;

Let folly these phantoms pursue,
1 now will be cheated no more,

Resignation be mine, and repose,—

So shall life be unclouded at last;
And while I pirpare for its close,

I will think with a smile on the past.

But, as still to the world must be given
Some share of life’s limited span,
The thoughts that ascend not to heaven
I'll give to the service of man.

The lute Dr. Baillic.—The father of Dr.
Baillie was the Rev. James Baillie, some-
time minister of the Kirk of Sholts (one of.
the most barren and wild parts of ‘the low
country of Scotland,) and afterwards pro-

fessor of divinity-in the University of °

Glasgow. His mother was the sister of
Dr. William Hunter and of Mr. John
Hunter. In the early part of his’ ednca-
tion, he enjoyed great advantages; and,
finally, he was in the. whole course of it
peculiarly happy. From the college of
Glasgow, he went to Baliol College, Ox-
ford, where he took his degrees; and
came under the superintendance ‘of his
uncle, Dr. William Hunter. By him he
was brought forward into life; and, through
his influence, was made -pbysician to St.

George's

1824]

George’s Hospital. While still a young
man, and not affluent, his uncle William
dying, left him the small family estate of
Longealderwood. We all know of the
unhappy misnoderstanding that existed
between Dr, Hunter and his brother John,
Dr. Baillie felt that he owed this bequest
to the partiality of his uncle, and made it
over to John Hunter. The latter long re-
fused: but, in the end, the family estate
remaived the property of the brother, and
not of the nephew, of Dr. Hunter, It
was Dr. Hunter's wish to see his nephew
succeed him, and take his place as a lec-
turer. To effect this, he united with him
his assistant, Mr. Cruickshanks; and at
his. death, assigned to him the use of
his collection of anatomical preparations
dnring thirty years. Dr. 8B. had no de-
sire to get rid of the national peculiarities
of language ; or, if he had, he did not per-
fectly succeed. Not only did the language
of his native land linger on his tongue, but
its recollections clung to his heart; and to
the last, amidst the splendour of his pro-
fessional ‘life, and the seductions of a
court, he took a hearty interest in the hap-
piness and the emiuvence of -his original
cour ‘ry. He possessed tlie valuable talent
of making an abstruse and difficult sub-
ject plain; his prelections were remark-
able for that lucid order and clearness of
expression which proceed from a perfect
conception of the subject; and he never
permitted any variety of display to turn
him from his great object of conveying in-
formation in the simplest and most intel-
ligible way, and so as to be most useful to
the pupils. We cannot (says Mr. Bell)
estimate too highly the influence of Dr.
Baillie’s character on the profession to
which he belonged. I ought not, perhaps,
to mention his mild virtues and domestic
charities; yet the recollection of these

Northumberland and Durham.

569

must give a deeper tone to our regret, and
will be interwoven with his public cha-
racter, embellishing what seemed to want
no addiuion, These private virtnes en-
sured for him a solid and unenvied repu-
tation. All wished to imitate his life—
none to detract from his fame. . Every
young physician, who hoped for success,
sought his counsel ;: and I have heard him
forcibly represent the necessity of a
blameless life, and that, unless medical
reputation be joined with purity of pri-
vate character, it neither could be great
nor lasting. The same warmth of feeling
and generosity which prompted him to
many acts of private charity and benevo-
lence, were not without a powerful in-
fluence npon his conduct on more arduous
occasions, and may well be supposed to
have guided and sustained him in circum-
stances which might have shaken other
men of less firm and independent minds.
But I shall not dwell upon this view of
his public character. The matters to
which I allude are ill fitted for discussion
in this place; they belong rather to the
history of the period in which he lived,
and will there be most suitably recorded.
Dr. Baillie had not completed his 63d
year, but his hfe was long in usefulness.
In the studies of youth, in the serious.and
manly occupations of the middle period of?
life, in the upright, humane, and honour-
able conduct of a physician, and, above
all, in that dignified conduct which became
a man mature in years and honours, he,
left_a finished example to his profession.
Dr. Baillie had two sisters, who survive
him; one of whom is Miss Joanna Baillie,
the authoress of “ Plays on ihe Passions ;’
and he has left two children, a son and a
daughter. . Mrs. Baillie was the daughter
of Dr, Denman, and sister of the Common
Serjeant and Lady Croft. :

PROVINCIAL OCCURRENCES,

WITH ALL THE MARRIAGES AND DEATHS,
Furnishing the Domestic and Family History of Englund for the last twenty- scven Years.
—e

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM.
SOCIETY has lately been formed in
Sunderland, for the mitigation and
gradnal abolition of the state of slavery
throughout the British dominions.

» Mr. J. Raestrick, engineer, of Morpeth,
has recently invented a safety-lamp for
coal-mines, which he considers superior
in safety to-that of Sir Humphrey Davy,
which now begins to be generally dis-
trusted,

Marvied.| Mr. Fisher, to Miss J. Smart,
of the Westgate, both of Newcastle. —Mr.
8. Aydon, of Newcastle, to Miss A. Smith,
of Lumley Forge.—At Gateshead, Mr. J.
Hunter, to Miss M. Roxborough, both of
the Teams.—Mr. Fenwick, to Miss Mason,

Montury Maa. No. 390.

both of Durham.—Mr. W. Dixon, to Miss
J. Robinson; Mr. S. Frazer, to Miss M.
Chicken: all of North Shieldsy—Mr. J.
Pease, of Darlington, to Sophia Jewett, of
Leeds, both of the Society of Friends.

Dicd.| At Newcastle, in the Hebbarn
Office, Quay-side, 81, Robert Rankin, esq.
—In Newgate-street, 63, Mrs. H. Watson.
— In Northumberland-street, 86, Murs.
Janes, greatly lamented,’

At Gateshead; 35, Mrs. E. Fothergill.—
5%, Mr. 'T. Wales, deservedly respected.

At Sunderland, 65, Mr.J. Hogg.—78,
Mrs, A. Dyer.—34, Mr. H. Cy Liston.

At Alnwick, 25, Miss Hindmarsh, au-
thoress of several reapectable poems.

At Monkwearmouth, Miss A, 8. Abbs.

4D At

570°

At Blanchland, 78, Mrs. C, Iveland.—At

Blackwell, 74, Capt. R. Milbanke, R.N.
CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND.

Murried.| Mr. S. Campbell, to Mrs. E.
Naylor; Mr. P. Graham, to Miss H. Rip-
ley: all of Carlisle—Mr. T. Plunkett, to
Miss M. Gill; Mr. W. Sandwith, to Miss
E. How: all of Whitehaven.—Mr. W.
Mackinson, to Miss A. Bainbridge; Mr.
R. Hetherington, to Miss ©. Creighton ;
Mr. P. Dodgson, to Miss J. Thompson: all
of Workington.—Mr. H. Dobson, to Miss
A. Hall, both of Brampton.

Died.] At Carlisle, the Rev. John Wil-
kin, a respectable antiquary.—In the
Abbey-street, 74, Mrs, Cox.—In George-
street, 36, Mrs. J. Railton.

At Whitehaven, Mr. J. Bowness. —80,
Mr. W. Clementson.—87, Mr. 8. Smith.

At Workington, 25, Mrs. J. Marley.

At Kendal, 76, Mrs. H. Bellington.

At Brampton, 41, Mrs. 8. Wallace.

At Skelton, 64, Mr. D, Crozier.—At
Longtown, Mrs. J. Turnbull—At We-
theral, 91, Mr. W. Robinson.

YORKSHIRE.

A public meeting of the artisans and
other tradesmen of Sheffield Jately took
place, for the purpose of petitioning Par-
liament to repeal the Combination Laws,
the bearing of which tliey considered pe-
culiarly prejudicial to them ; Mr. Sheldon
in the chair. A series of resolutions was
yead by Mr. Evans, which stated that the
combination laws had upon all occasions
exposed the workmen to the lash of op-
pression, prevented them from obtaining a
fair remuneration for their iabour, and
enabled the employers to reduce the price
of labour so low as to render it impossible
for the employed to support their families,
and that on these grounds it: was expe-
dient that a petition to the House of Com-
mons should be presented, praying for the
yepeal of the aforesaid Jaws. ‘These just
and proper resolutions were unanimously
agreed to, and, we earnestly hope, will
have their effect in the proper quarter.
Their prayer ought to be supported by
workmen of every denomination in the
three kingdoms.

Married.] Mr. T. Batley, to Miss M,
A. Brown; Mr. W. Hewitt, to Miss E.
Frazer: all of York.—Mr. T, Senior, of
Bowman-lane, to Mrs. Jubb; Thomas
Galleway, to Mary Lihsley, both of the
Society of Friends; the Rev. S. Crawford,
to Miss L. A. Wood: all of Leeds—Mr.
J. Butler, of Stanningley, to Mrs. Lons-
dale, of Meadow-jane, Leeds.—C. Ward,

esq. of Halifax, to Mrs. Crabtree, of

Peckham.—G.W. Dowker, esq. of Salton-
hall, to Miss Tindall, late of the Cliff,
Scarborough. _

Died.| At Hull, 54, Mr. T. Scoftin,
merchant.

At Leeds, 68, Henry Roche, a member
of the Society of Friends,--Mr. N, Wallis.

Cumberland and Westmoreland --Yorkshire, &c.

[Jan. 1,

At Sheffield, in Mulberry-lane, 70, Mrs.
A. Chadburn,—In New-street, 73, Mr. S.
Ashforth.—Ti Eyre-lane, 77, Mrs. Morvil.

At Halifax, 67, Mr. J. Jenkinson.

At Wakefield, 40, Mr. 'T. Barras.

At Pontefract, Mr. ‘T. Travis.

At Shaw, near Hawes, Wensleydale,
Mr. R. Pratt.~-At Leppington, 60, Win.
Aikinson, esq.—At Hunslet, 67, Mrs. Ma-
son.—At Yeadon, Mr. Kenion.

LANCASHIRE.

A numerous meeting was lately convened
at Lancaster, for establishing a Mecha-
nics and Apprentices’ Library ; Lawson
Whalley, esq. M.D. in the chair, A num-
ber of resolutions was passed, and a hand-
some subseription entered into to carry
this praiseworthy institution into effect.

At a meéting of the contributors to
the late Spanish subscription in Liverpool,
it was unanimously agreed, that the sum
of fifty pounds should be offered to the’
widow of Riego.

‘Two hundred Irish labourers or naviga-
tors are about to embark at Liverpool for
Buenos Ayres, for the formation of a canal
from Ensemada to the city of Buenos
Ayres. These men have bound themselves
to serve that government for seven years,
for which they will receive a certain con-
sideration ; and, at the expiration of that
time, a quantity of land will be allotted
to each.

Marricd.] Mr. T. Allen, to Miss H.
Thompson; Mr. J. Baines, to Miss M.
Moore: all of Manchester.—Mr. G. Gor-
ton, of Pendleton, to Miss A. Fallows, of
Manchester. — Mr. H. Hargreaves, of
Manchester, to Miss A. Hulse, of Rush-
olme-green,—M, Harbottle, esq. to Miss
M. Royle; Mr. W. Harrison, to Miss L.
‘Threlfall : all of Liverpool.

Died.] At Manchester, 68, W. Byfield,
esq.—lir. H. Marsden.

At Salford, Mr, J. Collier;
Collier, his son,

At Liverpool, in Branswick-road, 29,
Mrs. E. Jones —53, Mr. J. Hodgson. —
In Bedford-street, Toxteth-park, 71,
Henry Crouchley, esq.

At Hulme, 46, Mrs, M. Mather.—At
Oldham, 36, Mr. A. Abbott. _

CHESHIRE.

Married.| Mr. R. Willett, of Chester, to
Miss S. Farrall, of Aldford.—Mr. J. Jack-
son, to Miss S. Parrack, both of Nant-
wich.—Mr. J. Heald, of Disley, to Miss
M. A. Wild, of Marple.—Mr. J. Yates, of
Chance-hali, to Miss M. A. Hull, of
Nantwich.

Died.| At Chester, Mrs. Walker,—68,
Jane, wife of the Rev. W. Fish, a.5.—In
Trinity-street, 85, Mrs. Newton,

_At Knutsford, 33, S. Wright, esq. jun.
—50, Mr. F. Sharpe.

At Tarporley, 24, Miss Newton.—At
Wilmslow, Mr. J. Massey, suddenly.—At.
Beeston, 79, Mr. Joseph Bird.

DERBYSHIRE.

27, Mr. J.

1824.]

DERBYSHIRE.

Married.] Mr. J. Vhomas, of Ashover,
to Miss Jones, of Chesterfield.—Mr, W.
Lowe, to Miss M. L, Froggatt, of Chester-
field.— Mr. J. Oldfield, of Belper, to Miss
F. W. Bardill, of Leicester.—My. Fox, of
Ashborne, to Miss J. Fowler, of Alton
Grange.—Mr. 8. Massey, of Swarkstone,
to Miss S. Smith, of Swarkstone Lowes.

Died.|] At Derby, 32, Mrs. Walker.—
Mr. Wilmer, house-surgeon to the Derby
General Infrmary.—44, Mr.E.Davenport.

At Chesterfield, Mr. G. Dilks,

At Buxton, 76, Mrs. Cooper.

At Ashborne, 20, Miss G. Sowter.

At Dronfield, $4, Mrs, E. Heathcote.—
At Ashover, 95, Mr. R. Denham.—At
Spondon, 77, Mrs. Hayhurst, widuw of
Robert H, esq.

NOTTINGH.§ MSHIRE-

Marricd.| Mr. J. M‘Callum, to Miss M.
Arnold; Mr. J. Knight, to Miss S. Brooks;
Mr, S. May, to Miss M. Dilks: all of Not-
tingham.—Mr. Street, of Wollaston, to
Miss E. Holland, of Nottingham.—Mr., J.
May, of Oxton, to Miss A. Patethorpe, of
Nottingham.—Mr. J. Haw, to Miss E.
Ashmore; Mr. J. Newton, to Miss E.
Palmer: all of Newark.

Died.|] At Nottingham, in Bridlesmith-
gate, Mr. S. Bird.—In South-street, Coal-
vit-lane, 41, Mrs. M, Sponage.—In the
Pichaue, Market-place, 57, Mrs. Homer.
_ At Newark, 25, Miss M. Satton.—s2,
Mr. J. Streets. —814, Mrs. A. Girton.

At Whatton, Miss F, Wheatley,—At
Arnold, Mrs. Crowther.— At Holme
Pierrepont, 55, Miss Wright,

LINCOLNSHIRE.

After an arduous and memorable strug-
gle of ten days, between the partizans of
Sir W. A, Ingleby, and Sir John ‘Thorold,
for the representation of this county, in
parliament, in the room of Mr, Pelham,
the former was elected by a considerable
majority. At the close of the poll the num-
bers were—Ingleby 5,816; Thorold 1,575.

Married.] Mr. J. Kemp, of Utterby, to
Miss E, Graves, of Bath.—Mr. J. Smith,
of New Sleaford, to Miss Shaw, of Not-
tingham.—Mr. Goodwin, of Easton, to
Miss Baines, of Great Edston.

Died.| At Stamford, 70, W. Bary, esq.
of Ripon, formerly capt. 11th regt. foot,

At Asgodby, the Rev, W. Harris, an
highly esteemed Catholic minister.

& LEICESTER AND RUTLAND.

Married.) “ir. Madders, to Miss M.
Hacket, both of Leicester.—Mr. S. Atkin,
of Leicester, to Miss Charlton, of London,
—Mr.T. Hewitt, of Leicester, to Miss
E. Warrenton, of Market Harborough.—
Mr. J. Orgill, to Miss M. Proudman, both
of Ashby-de-la-Zouch.—Mr. Leader, to
Miss S. Sawbridge, both of Lutterworth.

Dicd.| At Leicester, Mr. Glover.—In
Shambles-lane, Mr, Roebuck, suddenly,—
Mr, J. Robmyon.

Derbyshire—Nottinghainshire—Lincolashire, &c.

571
At Loughborongh, 42, Mr. 'T. Ashby.
At Hinckley, 72, Mr, J. B. Appleby.—

Susanna, wife of Lieut. Scott, r.N.

At Narborough, Mrs, Eaton.—At Bree-
don-on-the-Hill, 64, Mrs. Hackett—At
North Kilworth, Mr. J. Whiteman.

STAFFORDSUIRE,

Av explosion of hydrogen gas lately took
place in a coal-pit at Fenton Park, near
Lane-Delph. ‘Twenty persons, men and
boys were considerably injured.

Married.} Mr. J. Alien, to Miss H.
Brown, both of Wolverhampton.—Mr. '¥.
Radford, of Wolverhamp on, to Miss Tart,

of Breewood.—Mr. T. Emery, to. Miss J.

Brindley, both of Trentham.—My. Stron-
githarm, of Daw End, to Miss Stanley, of
Bloxwich.

Died.) At Stafford, Miss Chesswass, of
Neweasile.

At Walsall, 59, Mr. W. Clarkson.—68,
Mrs, Hanghton,—35, Miss L Bullock.

At Castle Bromwich, 61, W. Smith, esq.
late an eminent attorney cf Birmingham.

»—At Trentham, Miss M.. Hutehinson—

At Hamington Old Hall, 70, Mr. J. Brown.
WARWICKSHIRE,

An eye infirmary has lately been es-
tablished in Birmingham.,—A meeting has
also been held there for the purpose of
establishing commercial and news rooms.

The small-pox has existed within the
month to a considerable extent at Bir-
mingham: the working classes are preju-
diced against vaccination, (says a late
Birmingham Chronicle,) from several fami-
lies having recently. been afflicted by the
disease who had been vaccinated by skil-
ful operators.

Marvied.] Mr, J. Hill, to Miss E. Ro-
berts, both of Mount-street, Birmingham.
—Mr. E. Walton, of Birmingham, to Miss
M. A. Brown, ef Union-street, London.—
Mr. W. Odell, to Miss M. A. Wall; Mr.
T, Turner, to’ Miss Westrap : all of Coven-
try.—Mr. P. Gailliard, of London, to
“Migs M.D. Pratt, of Coventry.

Died.] At Birmingham, in Temple-row,
32, Mv. Goodwin.—In Whittall-street, 39,
Mr. W. Allport.—In jDeritend, Mr. D.
Pears.—79, Mrs. M, Johuson.—37, Mrs.
E. Scott. .

At Bordesley-park, 72, Mr. T. Hooper.

SHROPSHIRE.

Married.) Mr. E, Vanghan, to Miss A.
Riobards, both of Shrewsbury.—Mr. E.
Keysell, of Shrewsbury, to Miss J. Els-
mere, of Upton Magna.—-W. Roberts, esq.
of Oswestry, to Miss E. Mansell, of
Ystymcolwyn, Montgomeryshire.—Mr, R.
Bagley, to Miss Willamson, both of
Bridgnorth.— Henry Wilding, esq. of All
Stretton, to Miss $. Lewin, of Womaston,
Radnorshire.

Died.| At Shrewsbury, on Claremont-
hill, Mrs. Gadd.—In St. Julian’s Friars,
Miss A. Whitford. —Miss ‘Pritchard,

At Ludlow, Mrs, E, Case,

At

572 Worcestershire—Herefordshire—Gloucester & Monmouth, Sc. [Jan.1,

At Wem, Mrs. Ratcliff.-At Ruyton,
Mr. E. Fonlkes.—At Newport, 48, Fran-
cis Eginton, esq. of Meertown-house.

WORCESTERSHIRE.

G. Builstrode, esq. of Foregate-street,
Worcester, by his will bequeathed 10001.
each to the Worcester Infirmary and to
the British and Foreign Bible Society,
payable upon the death of his sister, Mrs.
Bulstrode, whose demise has just taken
place.

Married.) S. Ashton, esq. of Rowington,
to Miss EF. R. Streeton, of Kempsey.—
The Rev. G. W. B. Adderley, of Fillong-
ley-hall, to Miss Caroline Taylor, of Mose-
ley-hall.

Died.] At Dudley, 36, the Rev. Charles
Hulme.

HEREFORDSHIRE. :

Married.] Thomas Beale, esq. to Miss
S. B. G. Lane, of Hereford. —At Hereford,
Henry Lawson, esq. to Amelia, daughter
of the Rev. T. Jennings, rector of Dor-
mivgton.—J. Fomkins, esq. of the Weir,
to Miss M. A. Clark, of Upper Lyde.—
Mr, E. Griffith, of Norton, to Miss J.
Hodges, of Monkton.

Died.] At Hereford, Elizabeth, widow
of the Rev. S. Beavan.

At Ross, 79, Mr. James Evans, the
original proprietor of the pleasure-boats on
the Wye.

At Great Malvern, Mrs. Plumer, much
esteemed for her general benevolence.

At Ledbury, 71, Mr. Nott, a much re-
spected solicitor of that town.—At King-
ston, 76, Mr. J. Fisher.

GLOUCESTER AND MONMOUTH.

Gloueester and its neighbourhood were
within the month visited by a violent
thunder-storm and rain. It raged with
considerable fury also at Bristol, Carmar-
then, Cheltenham, and in almost every
other surrounding direction.

The struggle between the Burgesses of
Monmouth and the Patron of the Bo-
rough, is about to be renewed. The Bur-
gesses, have pnblished a spirited appeal to
the friends of Independence for procuring
pecuniary assistance.

Married.] J. W. Wilton, esq. of Glon-
cester, to Mary Anne Cholmondeley,
daughter of Lieut.-col. Mason, of the Spa-
road, near Gloucester.—Mr. J. Houston,
to Miss E. Eaton; Mr. J. Brock, to Miss
M. A. Portch: all of Bristol—Mr. T.
Haines, jun, to Miss J. Sadler, both of
Cheltenham.—W. Nettleship, esq. of Chel-
tenham, to Mary, daughter of John Bert,
esq.—Mr. T. Prew, to Miss Baylis, both
of Tewkesbury.— Mr. T, Frankis, of Up-
ton St. Leonard’s, to Louisa, daughter of
Capt. Folkes.

Died.] At Bristol, in Hilgrove-street,
88, Mrs. E. Wilson.—In Marlborough-
stteet, 78, Mrs, E. Southcott.—52, Mrs.
M, Eunson.—Mrs, Chaddock.

At Cheltenham, T. Roberts, esq. fellow
of King’s College, Cambridge.—Mr. Tay-
lor, a respectable miniature-painter.

At Cirencester, 90, Mr. S. Barley, a
much-esteemed member of the Society of
Friends.—Mr. D, Masters.—Mrs. Adams.

At Blakeney, 63, Mrs. White-—At
Horsley, 57, Edward Wood, esq.

OXFORDSHIRE.

Married.) Mr. C. W. Chambers, to Miss
S. Watkins, both of Banbury.—The Rev.
Dr. Mavor, rector of Woodstock, to Miss
H. Seagrave, late of Castle Ashby.—Mr.
J. Smith, to Miss Bowerman, both of En-
sham.—T’. Lewes, esq. to Miss A. E. Har-
ris, both of Nettleber,

Died.] At Oxford, in St. Giles’s, 31,
Mrs. H. Swallow, of St. James’s-street,
London.—In St. Elbe’s. 42, Mr. B. Alder,
suddenly.—70, Mr. G, Young.—In St.
Clement’s, 33, Harriet, wife of Lieut.
Roads, Oxfordshire militia.

At Banbury, Mrs. Watson.—Mr, Gar-
rett, sen.—Mr., T. Gibson.

At Thame, 76, Mrs. Gray.

At Yarnton, 56, Mrs. Osborne.—At Bi-
cester, 67, Mrs. E. Kirby.

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE AND BERKSHIRE.

Considerable disturbances lately took
place at Buckingham, by the outrageous
brutal conduct of a detachment of the
58th regiment of foot. From some un-
explained cause they commenced a san-
guinary attack on several of the inhabi-
tants, who were severely wounded. By
spirited resistance they were overpowered,
and an account of their conduct trans-
mitted to the commander-in-chief.

The Aylesbury Book Society lately ce-
lebrated their tenth anniversary, and was
numerously attended.

Married.| At High Wycombe, Mr. J.
Prestage, jun. to Miss Havergale.—The
Rev. Rd. Battescombe, M.a. of Windsor, to
Miss A. Marshall, of Lawhitton, Cornwall.

Died.| At Reading, 54, Mrs. A. J. Bath.
—73, Mrs. Gilbertson, wife of Mr.
Alderman G,

At Salt-hill, 32, Mr. C. H. Curtis, of
Oxford.—At Taplow, Miss Eliza Neate.

HERTFORDSHIRE AND BEDFORDSHIRE.

At the late assizes for Hertford, there
were thirty-four prisoners for trial. “The
trial of Thurtell, Probart, and Hunt, for
the murder of Mr. Weare, was postponed
until the 6th of January, by representa-
tion of Mr. Andrews of the injury the
case of the prisoners had sustained from
premature disclosure of facts and evi-
dence, and of the necessity of time for
the’ removal of that extraordinary pre-
jndice which had been raised on the
subject.

The Duke of Bedford lately generously
gave one hundred pounds for distribution
among the poor of Bedford, who had sus-
tained injury from the late hurricanes.

Marvried.|

1824.] Northamptonshire—Cambridge and Huntingdonshire, &c.

Marricd.] The Rev. J. Roy, vicar of
Wobdurn, to Miss Hanson, of Regency-
square, Brighton—The Rev. W. Acton,
rector of Ayatt and St. Lawrence, to
Henrietta, daughter of Sir CharlesWatson,
bart. of Wrathing park.

Died.] At Bedford, Mr, Leech.—Mr.
Thompson, regretted.

At Princes Risborough, 82, Richard
Meade, esq.

NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

Marvied.| Thomas Francis Lucas, esq.
ef Long Buckby, to Miss S. Howes, of
Northampton.—Mr. W. Satchell, of Ket-
tering, to Miss Brampton, of Weekly. —
Mr. S. Tester, to Miss M. Pendered, both
of Wellingborough.—Mr. W. Watts, of
Naseby Lodge, to Miss E. Sharpe, of
Guelsborough.

Died.) At Northampton, 48, Mr. Harris.

At Wellingborough, 75, Mrs. Mary
Broughton.

At Rushden, 29, Miss S. Chapman.—At
Harpole, 51, Mrs. S. Garner.
AMBRIDGE AND HUNTINGDONSHIRE.

At Cambridge, the Norrision prize, (the
subject of the Essay was, “The Office and
Mission of John the Baptist, ) is decided in
favour of James Amiraux Jeremie, scholar
of Trinity College.

Married.] J.S, Heuslow, esq. M.A. pro-
fessor of mineralogy, University of Cam-
bridge, to Miss H. Jenyns, of Botten-
ham-hall.—Mr. E. Elam, to Miss J. Wray,
both of March.—Mr. J. Ross, to Mrs, C.
Bateman, both of Chatteris, and of the
Society of Friends.

Died.] At Cambridge, 21, Mr.S. Rowley.
—In the Market-place, Mrs. L. Reed.

At Steeple Morden, 60, Mr. Sim. Lecte,
— At Chatteris, 58, Mrs, Lyon.—55, Mrs,
Downs.—99, Mrs, Veasey.

NORFOLK.

An association has been lately formed
at Norwich for preserving the lives and
property of shipwrecked seamen, making
provision for the widows of the lost, and
rewarding those who rescue the lives of
others from shipwreck.

A man of the name of North was lately
executed at Norwich, on the evidence
principally of a boy, who proved insane,
and who afterwards hung himself at
Shadwell.

Muarried.| Mr. L. Fiddey, to Miss
Edwards, both of St. James’s; Mr. B.
Scott, to Miss R. Sussams: ali of Norwich.
—Mr. J. Thompson, of Norwich, to Miss
8. Ward, of Wood Dalling. —Mr. H.
Chamberlin, of Norwich, to Miss H. Tye,
of Ashwelthorpe.—Mr. F. Forest, to Miss
Kobinson, both of South Lynn.—Mr, R.
Savage, of Felthorpe Lodge, to Miss M,
Lamberts, of Buxton.

Died.) At Norwich, 85, Mrs. Calver.—
In King-street, Mrs,Smith.—Mr, J, Dring,
suddenly.

573

At Yarmouth, 86, Mrs. S. Morris. —65,
Mr. J. Wilkinson.—At Lynn, Mrs, S.
Harris.

At Blundeston, 81, Mr. H. Church.—At
Skimpling, 78, Mr. W. Etheridge——At
Swaffham, 34, Mr. W. Wright, late of
Fleet-street, London, bookseller.

SUFFOLK.

Merried.] Mr. W. Ridley, of Ipswich,
to Miss M. A. Ridley, of Bury.—Mr. R.
Fell, to Miss M. Nunn; Mr. J. King, to
Miss P. Critten : all of Ipswich.—Mr. W.
May, of Ipswich, to Miss Marianne Simon,
of London.— John Shafto, esq. to Miss J-
Stannard, both ef Framlingham.—Mr. J.
Trott, of Woodbridge, to Miss M. Jobson,
of Ipswich. t

Died.| At Bury, in Risby-street, 46,
Mr, E, Drew.—In Northgate-street, Mrs.
Higgs.—29, Mr. J. Love, jun.

At Ipswich, Mrs. M, Meadows.—37,
Mrs. Lioyd.—55, Mr. M. Davis. .

At Woodbridge, 94, Mrs. E.Woolmough.

At Saxmendham, 52, Mr. Thos. Waylor.
—75, Mr. G. Brooks.—At Little Bromley
Grove, James Eagle, esq.—At Hundon,
Miss M. Bear.

ESSEX.

Married.] The Rev. Robert Barls, of
Maldon, to Miss M. Death, of Hunsdon,—
Mr. J..Pepper, to Mrs. E. Coleman, both
of Maldon.—Mr. D, A. Green, of Gos-
beck Stanway, to Miss ‘limson, of Monk-
wick, Berechurch.—The Rey. George Ire-
land, M.A. of Foxearth, to Miss S. Rossiter,
of Keyford.

Died.| At Colchester, Capt. Bell, many
years Adjutant of East Essex militia,—32,
William, son of the Rev. Dr. Moore, of
Kempstone manor-louse, near Redford.

At Harwich, 48, Mr. W. Scott.

At Maldon, 73, Hannah, widow of John
Piggott, esq.

At Foxburrows, 80, Ann, widow. of
Ralph Ward, esq.—At Great Oakley, Mr.
G. Salmon. .

KENT.

A meeting is about to take place at
Maidstone, for the purpose of establishing a
Society for facilitating the apprehension
and conviction of persons committing
depredations and offences in the town.

Married.| Mr.'l. Bridges, to Miss F, A.
Pearson; Mr. J. Rogers, to Miss M. A.
Spice; Mr. T. Foreman, to Miss M.
Martin; all of Chatham,—John Matson,
esq. of New Rydes, Eastchurch, to Miss
H. Swift, of Borstal-ball.— Mr. J. Hatch,
of Leeds-castle farm, to Miss S, Chambers,
of Deal.

Died.] At Canterbury, in St. George’s-
place, 69, Richard Halford, sen, esq.
alderman.

At Chatham, Mrs. Symons.—40, Mrs»
Bland.

At Deal, 50, Mr. T. Petley, of Ash.

At Margate, Mr, J. Bull, of Baker-

street,

574

street, London.—In Cecil-square, Miss J.
Milner, of London.

At Tonbridge Wells, 70, J. P. Hobbs,
esq.

‘Ke Sittingbourne, Miss E. Tracy.—At
Biddenden, 24, Mrs. Roots. —At Halstow,
25, Mr. G. Smith, jun.

SUSSEX.

- A meeting lately took place at Chiches-
ter, attended by the philanthropic Mr.
Clarkson, when a committee was formed
for the purpose of preparing a petition to
parliament, in the next session, for amelio-
rating the condition of the slaves in the
British colonies.

The Chain Pier at Brighton was opened
within the month, and presents one of the
most beautiful marine ornaments in En-
rope. Its appearance is light, and, not~
withstanding, possesses great solidity.

A public meeting lately took place at
Brighton, the Dean of Hereford in the
chair, to consider the propriety cf esta-
blishing an Infant School in that town, on
the plans of Westminster and Spitalfields.
The meeting were of an opinion that
Infant Schools, under proper management
and superintendance, would prove highly
useful nurseries for the infant poor, and be
made subservient to training them in the
very first instance to obedience and regular
habits. It was accordingly resolved :—
1. That this meeting views the subject of
Infant Schools as one of great importance
to society. 2. That a committee be ap-
pointed to take into consideration the hest
means of carrying into effect the objects of
the preceding resolution, and to prepare
the details which they may consider ne-
cessary to submit toa future meeting, to
be called-at as early a period as possib!e.

Married.) Capt. Gillum, E. I. Co.’s Ser-
vice, to Miss Augusta Challen, of Sher-
manhbury-place.— Robert Weale, esq. of
Midhurst, to Miss Morey, of Moor-house,
—Mr. G. Wilson, of Berwick-court farm,
to Miss J. Saxby, of Westdean.

Died.) At Cinchester; Mr. LT. Forster,
—Mrs. Lacey. :

At Brighton, in North-street, Mr. Jos.
/Chittenden, jun,—Miss E. Gregory.—In
Lower Grenville-place, Mrs, Harmer.—In
Dorset-gardens, Mrs. Davis, »

At Horsham, William Sandham, esq.

HAMPEUIRE. .

Married.} Mr. J. Palmer, to Mrs.
Green, widow of Capt. G. R.N. both of
Southampton.—Thomas Townsend, esq. of
Winchester, to Frances, danglter of Capt.
Becher, r.N.—T. Brady, esq. R.N. to Miss
Am Atkins, of Barton.—Charles Knight,
esq. of Hall-place, Yately, to Miss ‘I.
‘Taunton, of Axminster. ;

Died.| At Southampton, 64, Mrs. F.
Newlyn.—In French-street, Mis. Cornish,

At Gosport, 83, Mrs. March.

At Portsea, Aun, widow of Capt. W.

Sussex— Hampshire—Wiltshire—Somersetshire, ,

[Jan. f,
Collis, r.n.—In Mile End, 87, Mr. T.
Treckell,

In Gloncester-street, Queen’s-square, 55,
Charles Taber, esq. of Portsea, cham-
berlain of the borough of Portsmouth.
He went to London for surgical assistance,
but the complaint under which he had so
long laboured proved to be of too compli-
cated a nature to be removed by the ope-
ration which be underwert. For several
years before his death, he scarcely enjoyed
a single hour free from pain; yet, possess-
ing a fortitude of mind, with a mild and
kind disposition, he endured great bodily
affliction with a degree of calmness which
was most reinarkable.. He was a man of
considerable attainments in practical’ and
useful knowledge: there were few subjects
within the score of those who seek to be
well-informed for the general purposes of
life, which he was unacquainted with, or
on which he could not communicate. To
an intelligent mind, was added a cheerful-
ness of temper, which rendered him at all
times an agreeable companion ; and, in his
general intercourse, his affability and gen-
tlemanly deportment, his rigid probity, and
the information he possessed, procured
him respect and esteem. There was a
playfulness of manner, a facetiousness, a
love of badinage about him, and particularly
in the company of young persons, which
often created much mirth and amusement.
He was the steady friend of the principles
of the Constitution, and his sentiments on
all subjects were of the most liberal cha-
racter; and, when oceasion required, he
maintained them with ability, and great
good temper and candour.

At Portsmouth, 69, Sir Samuel Spicer,
mayor.

At Cowes, 90, Mr. Maynard, R.N. who
was at Quebec with General Wolfe.

At Whitchurch, Mrs. Lucy Allen.

WILTSHIRE.

Married.) Y¥. Sailinjman, esq. of Salis-
bury, to Miss C. Brent, of Bath.—J. R.
Mullings, esq. of Wootton Bassett, to Miss
M. Gregory, of Cirencester.—Mr. T.
Bruges, tv Mrs. Romsey, both of Melk-
sham.—H. A. Hardman, esq. of Old Patk,
to Miss Armstrong, daughter of Edmund
A. esq. of Gallen King’s County, Ireland.

Died,] Ai Marlborough, 94, Mrs, Hollick.

At Devizes, 60, Mr. J. Westmacott.

At Melksham, Mr. G. Lucas.

At Maiden, 93, Mr. R. Hayward.—
At Milford-hall, Jom Phelps Geary, esq.

SOMERSETSHIRE.

A fire happened lately at Frome, which
destroyed the house and premises of Mr,
Fricker, pastry-cook. ‘i'wo children of
Myr. F. were burnt to death.

A young man named Samuel Voke, was
execuied at [fchester lately, for shooting
at agameKeeper of Lord Glastonbury.

Married.| Mr. 8. Bilatchly, to Mrs.
Coombs ;

1824.]

Coombs; Mr, G. Batt, to Miss H. Brittin :
all of Bath.—T. A. Gapper, esq. of 'Tout-
hill-house, Wincanton, to Miss J. Mead.—
At Walcot, Capt. C. Campbell, r.n. to
Elmira, widow of Lient. Gen. R. Gere.—
At Bathford, Capt. H. 8. Olivier, 32d
regt. to Mary Miligan, daughter of Rear
Admiral Daceres.

Died.] At Bath, 58, Col. Lyon.—84, Dr.
Smith.— Mrs. Thomas, wife of the Rev.
Walter 1.—33, Mrs. Tudor, sidderly.—
In Laura-place, 85, Mrs, Avis Justice,
widow of Philip J. esq. of Market
Drayton.

At Wells, Miss Lock, of Mount Ray-heuse.

At Frome, 22, Miss 8. Franptou.—Mrs.
Wiltshire.

At Taunton, 85, Gen. Barclay, R.M.

At Bridgwater, T. Allen, esq. alderman.

At Kingston-house, 47, Mr. Moody.—
At Woodchester, 75, Mrs. M. Quarington.

DORSETSHIRE.

For the honour of our laws, the reputa-
tion of professing Christians, and the credit
of the king’s name and reign, we are
grieved at reading of the treatment which,
for a series of years, Ricuarn Car.iLe
has received for rastily publishing polemi-
cal tracts against the Christian religion,
It appears; by his own printed statements,
that for a long period he was allowed to
leave his room oniy for haif an hour per
day, and that, after sundry concessions,
the time even now is bat three hours,
daring which he is watched; though,
having suffered the sentence, he is detained
only for his fine, while his property is in
the hands of the sheriff. We lament all
this as a dangerous exercise 6f power and
law, and as calculated to defeat its own
object, as far as concerns Carlile’s conver:
sion, or an increase of respect for the re‘i-
gion of the land. Wehave im oucs possession
an autogragh letter of Peter Annett, the
Carlile of his day, addressed to the then
Archbishop of Canterbury, thanking him
for the annuity with which he blessed the
old age of an unbeliever. ‘This was ge-
nuine Christianity, and, in promoting it,
worth all the Smithfield fires and Auto de
Fés that ever were lighted.

Married.) Mr. M. Baker, to Miss S,
Allen, both of Dorchester.—The Rev. G.
C. Frome, io Miss M. Pleydell, of What-
combe-court.

Died.| At Sherburne, 90, Mrs. Crutwell,
widow of Mr. William C. original pro-
prietor of the Dorchester and Sherburne
Journal.

At Charmouth, . 74, Gabriel
Bray, R.N.

Lieut.

DEVONSHIRE,

Ata general meeting of the subseribers
in this neighbourhood in aid of the Spanish
patriots, it was resolved to apply sub-
scriptions to the relief of meritorious
Spaniards who had suffered in the cause;

1

Dorsetshire — Devonshire — Cornwall—Wales— Ireland.

575

among whom the widow of General Riego
was particularly specified.

Married.] J. Gidley, esq. of Exeter, to
Miss E. C, Cornish, of St. David’s Hill—
Mr. J. Lendon, to Miss R. Moore: Mr. Jz
Crocker, to Miss A. Hinks: all of Bide-
ford.—Mr. ‘S. Phillips, of Bideford, to
Miss Elson, of Swansea.—At Britcham,
Capt. Smith, to Miss Furneaux. F

Died.) At Exeter, Mrs. M. Denham.—
In Dix’s field, 18, Charlotte Caroline,
daughter of the Rev. J. Palmer, dean of
Cashel.

At Plymouth, in Treville-street, 35, Mr.
J. Reep ; Mrs. Ingram.—In Morice-
square, James Baker, esq. Purser, R.N.

At Sidmouth, 79, the Rev. J. Bernard,
rector of Cambiflory, and of the Stood
leigh.

_At Cornwood, 72, the Rev. Duke Yonge,
vicar of that parish, and of Sherlock,
Cornwall.

CORNWALL.

A packet willin future sail from Fal
mouth to Buenos Ayres.

Married.) Mr. J. Thomas, jun. of Pen-
zance, to Miss M.A. Hickford, of Bath.
—Edward Jago, esq. to Miss A. D. Tre-
lawney, of Coldrenick.

At Truro, Miss Perrow.

At St. Anstall, Mrs. Merrifield.

At Kenwyn, Mrs. Hicks.—At Helston,
90, Miss Codd.—At Newport, 54, Mr,
J. Spettigue.—At St. Ensdor, 83, the Rev.
W. Hocker, A.B. in the 57th year of his
incumbency,

WALES.

A regular post has been lately establish-
ed on the road from Brecon to Merthyr
Tydvil. This will be a source of great
convenience; and, as it will communicate
with the Cardiff and Swansea mails, it will
afford a ready intercourse between Gla-
morgan, Brecon, and other counties.

Married.| Robert Foster, esq. to Miss
H. Lewis, both of Milford.—R. A. Poole,
esq. recorder of Carnarvon, to Miss E,
Yate, of Northwich.—Mr. Lee, of Wrex-
ham, to Miss Jones, of ‘Talwrn Cottage,
near Wrexham.—Benjamin Hall, esq. of
Hense! Castle, Glomorganshire, to Miss
A. Waddington, of Hanover.

Dicd,] At Swansea, the Rev. J. Williams,
a respectable Calvinistic minister.—go0,
John, son of the Rev, J. Harris, he
was the founder of the Cymreigyddion
Society of Swansea, and a zealous pro-
moter of Welsh literature,

At Nasberth, the Rev. S$. Moore, rector
of Kiirhedyn and Maenochlog-ddu, and
a justice of the peace for the county of
Pembroke.

At Kidwelly, 98, Mrs. Mary Keymer.

IRELAND.

The Society tor the Encouragement of
the Mechanical Arts and’ Inventions
among the labouring classes, lately offered

premiums

576

premiums for the best imitation of Leg-
horn plait: twenty-four specitnens were
exhibited; for three of which medals were
awarded. A person stated that he had
seen at Paris a Leghorn straw hat, plaited
for the Duchess of .Betri, the value of
which was estimated at 1000' frances; and
that, in ns opinion, the straw hat to which
the Society had adjudged the first pre=
minum was of a texture equally fine and

eeurious.
Oe : DEATH ABROAD.

At Leipsick, M. Brockhaus, the cele-
brated bookseller, His death is consi-
dered as a severe loss, even by these
worthle-s writers who exist by imposing
on booksellers, and whose frauds he ¢on-
stantly resented, not only to the cit, of
Leipsick, where he gave employment tonn-
merous persons, but toliteratnrein geneyal.
Some persons pretend, that his otherwise
strong constitution was overcome by the
increasing rigour of the Prussian censor-
ship. If the apologetical memorial, which
he addressed a few months ago to the
respectable Count Von Lottum, president
of the Council of Ministers, could be gene-
rally read, it would certainly excite com-
passion for a man, who had snch immense
property deteriorated, and such noble plans
frustrated. He first settled in Amsterdam
In 1796 as a Fretich and German booksel-
Jer. In his visits to the Leipsick fair, he
formed connexions with German authors
of the first class, found himself peculiarly
circumstanced on account of Massin«
bach’s Memoirs, and removed his business
to Altenburg ; where, under the immedi-
ate patronage of [ield-marshal Prince
Schwarzenberg and the Allies, he pub-
lished, in 1813 and 1814, the journal
called “ Deutsche Blatter.” Here he
purchased, from a Leipsick bookseller,
the first very meagre edition of the Lexi-
con of Conversation. ‘The work, which,
in the progress of five complete, constantly
enlarged, and improved editions, has in-
creased to twelve volumes, closely printed
in the smallest type, has been raised, by
an uncommon union of talents, to the rank
of a national work ; and its immense sale
enabled Brockhaus to venture on literary
speculations, which no other German
bookseller, except Cotta and Reimer,
wonld have ventured upon. A short time
before his death he had engaged hew and

_Tespeetive departments.

Death Abroad.

able editors for his “ Zeitgenofsen” (Con-
temporaries,) and his “ Litteraresche Con-
versations biatt.” Both those publications
were the cause of much vexation to him,
as it was hardly possible ta avoid many
errors. His quarterly critical journal,
“* Hermes,”? contained capital articles and
Reviews, by men of great talent in their
It isa mistake
to consider it ax in opposition to the
“Annals of Literattre,” published at
Viena, Brockhaus, who was a man of
various knowledge, promoted the success
of his journal by his extensive connexions
with the ablest writers in Germany, and
by liberal remuneration; so that the
nineteen volumes, which have already ap~
peared, are most interesting to all ‘per-
sons, in particular, whose studies relate to
political economy, legislation, polities, and
Belles Lettres. The favonrite pockets
book Urania, for 1824, will be published
in a few weeks. Brockhans has pro-
vided by his will, that his extensive busi-
ness, for which (calculating, indeed, on a
longer life,) he was building a real patace,
in one of the suburbs of Leipsick, shall be
continued undivided, for six years after his
death; and Mr, Reichenbach, one of the
first bankers’ in Leipsick, having volun-
tarily taken on himself the administration
of the whole, his distant commercial
friends will feel perfect confidence ; which
may be justly expected, for the two
worthy sons of a man, who, having heen
obliged some years ago, by untoward cir-
cumstances, to suspend his payments;
fully satisfied all/his creditors four years
ago, when he had the means inhis power.
The eldest son is an excellent printer 5
and, at the last Easter fair mission, the
booksellers assembled in his father’s
house, to see a new improvement of the
Stanhope press. Henry, the younger, has
been brought up by his father to his own
business. Death overtook this enter-
prizing bookseller, who often worked
for sixteen hours ina day, just as he was
on the point of taking a journey to Pava-
ria for relaxation, and was going to marry
again. Indefatigable activity, great know-
ledge of mankind, acute understanding,
and philological knowledge, cannot be
denied him even by his bitterest enemies,
of whom he made enough, by his resent-
ment of fraud, both inand out of Leipsick.

TO CORRESPONDENTS.

An elegant and vivid Comet may at this time be seen between four and seven in
the morning’, in the south-east, near the constellation Hercules,

Our usual Supplement will appear on the 1st of February.

The Editor having retired from his commercial engagements, and removed from
his late house of business in New Bridge-street, communications should be addressed
io the appointed Publishers ; but personal interviews of Correspondents and interested
Persons may be obtained at his private residence in Tavistoch-square.

SUPPLEMENTARY NUMBER
TO THE FIFTY-SIXTIL VOLUME or THE

MONTHLY MAGAZINE.

No. 391.]

TRAVELS,
Comprising Observations made during a Residence in
THE TARENTAISE,

And various parte of the
GRECIAN AND PENNINE ALPS,
And in
SWITZERLAND AND AUVERGNE,

In the Years
1820, 1821, and 1822.

Illustrated by Coloured Engravings and Nume-
rous Wood Cuts, from Original Drawings and
Sections. ¢

By R. BAKEWELL, Esq.

Two Volumes, Octavo.

[Mr. Bakewell is of the class of philoso-
phical travellers, superior alike in the
objects of their researches and their in-
formation. He has, moreover, rendéred
his work acceptable by treating of a
portion of Europe seldom visited, and on
subjects, in parts often visited, beyond
the scrutiny of less accomplished ob-
servers.. His reputation as a minera-
logist and geologist has been so well
established in his native country, that
curiosity was awakened at the first an-
noancement of his Travels among the
Alps. This expectation has not been
disappointed, and the author has pro-
dnced two volumes, replete not only
with scientific information cn the con-
struction and component materials of
these’ regions, but with various anec-
dotes and political discussions, which
will recommend his performance to ge-
neral attention, He has indeed suc-
ceeded in giving so popular a character
even to his mineralogy, that few per-
sons will find it necessary to pass over
those pages, while the bulk of his work
is altogether in the most amusing style
of modern travels.] ;

SAVOY.

CCORDING to its present limits,

the duchy of Savoy is bounded on

the north by the Lake of Geneva and
the Rhone. It is separated on the east,
from the Swiss canton of the Vallois, by
a range of mountains, extending south
from St. Gingoulph, near the upper end
of the Lake of Geneva, to the Col de
Ferret, in the central range of the Alps.
This central range, from the Col de
Ferret to Mont Cenis, forms the southern
boundary, separating Savoy from Pied-
mont. Sayoy is partly separated from

Monruy Mac, No, 391,

FEBRUARY 1, 1824.

[Vol LVI.

France by the Rhone, which forms the
western boundary, soon after it issues
from the Lake of Geneva, untilitreaches
St. Genix, where it leaves the confines
of the two countries, and enters France.
From Genix the line of demarcation is
carried along the river Guiers, and then
on the south-western side of the moun-
tains that bound the valley of the Mau-
rienne, until it joins the central range of
the Alps near Mont Cenis.
ALPINE DISTRICTS.

As modern writers on the continent,
as well as ancient historians, use the
Roman appeliations to designate certain
parts of the Alps, it may be proper to
state that the Romans, who made mi-
litary roads to pass over these mountains
into Gaul and Germany, denominated
different. portions of this range from the
people who inhabited the country near
these roads, or from the heroes, by whom,
according to the tradition, ‘the Alps had
been first crossed, See Plin. Nat. Hist;
lib. iii. cap. 23. 4

The Ligurian, or Maritime Alps, and
the Cottian Alps, separate France from
Italy on the south-east. The ancient
nation of the Ligurians inhabited the
Italian side of the Alps. The Cottian
Alps, so called-from Cottius, the friend
of Augustus, extended to Mont Cenis,
comprising also the lateral valleys that
branch from that mountain.

The Grecian Alps extended from the
east of Mont Cenis to the Col de Bon
Homme, beyond the little St. Bernard:
Pliny says they were so called from
Hercules, who first passed over them.

The Pennine Alps, or Summee Alpes,
comprised the mountains and valleys
from the Col de Bon Homme to tiie
Great St. Bernard, and eastward to the
mountains of the Haut Vallois. On
the Great St. Bernard, the inhabitants
of the country are said to have adored
the god Pen, under the form of a young
man. The Romans afterwards cone
verted this god into Jupiter Penninus.
The word Pen, or Ben, was the name
of a high mountain among many of the
northern nations of Murope: thus we
have, in England, Pennygent, Pendle-
hill, Pengaen, &c.; and in Scotland,
Len Lomond, Ben Nevis, &e. &e.

The Lepontine Alps extended from

4.5, St

578

St. Plomb to St. Gothard, along -the
Hant Vallois.

The Rheetian Alps comprised the
country of the Grisons, the Tyrol, and
Trient,

The Julienne, or Noric Alps, com-
prised the chain of mountains extending
through Friuli, the lower Austria, and
Istria.

VEGETATION AT DIFFERENT ALTITUDES.

The following table of the height at
which different vegetables and trees are
cultivated, or will grow, may serve as an
index of the temperature of the Haut
Vallois and of Savoy. The two coun-
tries adjoin; a great part of both are in
the same parallel of latitude, and they
are both bounded on the south by the
central chain of the Alps. In the
Vallois, the line of vegetation has been
attentively examined, and is given be-
low, in English feet. It must be ob-
served, that where the extreme height
is given at which plants and trees can
grow, it should be understood to imply
in situations exposed to the southern
and western sun, and sheltered from
the Bise, or north-east wind, as the ex-
treme line of vegetation in the same
Jatitude varies with the aspect very

much in an alpine country.
English feet above the level of the
sea. Lat. 45% to 46}.

Vines will grow - - 2380
Maize - - = 2772
The oak - - = 35518
The walnut-tree - - 5620
The yew-tree - - 3740
Barley - « - 4180
The cherry-tree - - 4270
Potatoes’ - = -» 4450
The nut-tree =.= +4500
‘The beech-tree - - 4800
The mountain maple - 5100
The silver birch-tree 5500
‘Phe larch-tree - = 6000
"Phe fir le sapin - - 6300
Pinns cembra - - 6600
The Rododendron - 7400

The line of trees extends to the height
of 6700 feet above the level of the sea,
and the line of shrubs to 8500 feet.
Some plants on a granitic soil, grow at
the height of 10,600, above which are a
few lichens; and vegetation ceases en-
tirely at the height of 11,000 feet. In
ithe garden of the inn, kept in summer
at the Schwarrepbach, on the passage
of the Gemmi, carrots, spinage, and
onions, are cultivated at the height of
6900 fect.

In the southern part of Savoy we may
estimate the height at which vines will
grow at 2600 feet, but near this ele-
vation I observed, the crops had all
failed in the cold summer of 1821. © -

‘was called juga montium.

Bakewell’s Travels in the Tarentaise, &c.

I believe the greatest height at whicly

oats are cultivated in England docx not
exceed: 1200 feet: sheep graze on the
summit of Helvellyn, which is 3052 feet
above the level of the sea, and is ca-
vered with herbage.

DEFINITIONS.

There are a few words uscd by the
natives of the Alps, or by geologists, ta
denote certain forms or accidents of
mountains, which are very expressive ;
but they cannot be translated without

circumlocution, or the substitution of -

English words which do not convey the
same idea. A previous explanation of
such words may be useful.

Aguille, or Dent, Fr.; and German,
Horn, are synonimous; they denote
a sharp and lofty pinnacle of rock,
throughout Savoy and Switzerland.

Col, Fr., literally signifies the neck,
but is used in Savoy and Piedmont to
denote a depression in a mountainous
range or ridge, considerably lower than
the other parts. It is over these cols
that the roads pass from one alpine val-
ley to another, as the Col de Balme,. the
Col de Ferret, &c.

Eboulement, Fr., denotes a falling
down of a mountain or mass of rock,
and consequent covering of the lower
grounds with its fragments; when an
immense quantity of stones are suddenly
brought down from the mountains by
the breaking or thawing of a glacier, 1%
is also called an eboulement.

Escarpment of a mountain denotes
the steepest side or declivity. Almost
every mountain, or mountain-range,
rises more gradually on one side than
the other; the side opposite to the
escarpment is called the back of the
mountain. Matlock High Tor, in Der-
byshire, presents a good illustration
of a mountain with an escarpment,
nearly perpendicular ; it faces the river
Derwent. Some of the summits of the
calcarcous mountains in Savoy have
perpendicular escarpments on every
side; they resemble castles placed upon
a hill.

Gorge, Fr. literally the throat, de-
notes a narrow straight or passage in a
valley, where the rocks on each side
approach near to each other.

The highest part of mountain ranges
from whence the descent on each side
begins, has no appropriate term to de-
signate it, either in our own or the
French Janguage. By the Romans it
The word
ridge, the top of a furrow, or xig, the
top of a roof, might be sufficiently ex-

pressive,

Bakewell's Travels in the Tarentaise, &c.

pressive, were they not appropriated to
diminutive objects.

At the bottom of most valleys there is
a flat, or plain, more or-less broad ; this
the Germans cal] the Thalweg, er val-
ley-way. Some valleysin the Alps have
no plain; but the hills on each side slope
down to the river which traverses them.
We have no word to denote the thal-
weg, but use the bottom of the valley to
desiguate the lowest part of every kind
of valley.

Thal, in the Swiss Alps, as well as in
Germany, designates a valley, but is
always written after the name, as Sim-
men-thal, or the valley of the Simmen,
&c. In Auvergne the summits of the
volcanic mountains are called Puys;
they are generally dome-shaped, or co-
nical. ‘he word is probably Celtic.
The rough and broken currents of Java
that rise abeve the surface of the coun-
try are called cheres, probably a con-
traction of sierras.

A SAINT AND HIS RELICS.

St. Francis de Sales was descended
from the noble family ef de Sales, in
Savoy; he was born in 1867. Having
devoted himself to the church and
evinced great zeal and eloquence in its
defence, he was ordained Prince and
Bishop of Geneva by Pope Clement the
Highbth ; for the popes assumed the righit
to confer these titles, long after the re-
formed religion had been established at
Geneva; Annecy being, made the bi-
shop’s seat when the Gevenese expelled
the chapter from their city. St. Francis
de Sales died at Lyons in 1622, and
was buried at Annecy. His canoniza-
tidn took place in 1665; but before that
event, his remains were so highly valued
by the inhabitants, that when this city
was taken by the I’'rench in 1630, one of
the six articles of capitulation stipulated,
“that the body of the venerable Francis
de Sales should never be removed from
the city.” In the year 1806, his bones
were translated with great solemnity
from the church where they were first
deposited, to a chapel in the cathedral,
and are much resorted to by devotees,

Never having seen the genuine relics
of a saint, we made application at the
cathedral to be admitted to the beatific
vision. ‘The service was just over, and
we were ushered into an apartment
where the holy things belonging to the
priesthood are deposited. Here one of
the priests was upon his knees performing
his secret devotions. When he rose
and was informed what we were come
for, he immediately put on a peculiar
crass, and taking a lighted taper walked

5/9
before us to the shrine. On entering the
chapel, he crossed himself, and made
two profound reverences; he then ad-
vanced, and, lighting two tapers, un-
drew the curtain which screened the
body from vulgar gaze; he again re-
peated his genuflections and crossings,
and withdrew, leaving us to gratify our
curiosity undisturbed. While this ce-
remony was going on, we endeavoured
to preserve a becoming grayity, for it
would have been both ungenerous and
crucl to have wounded the feelings of our
reverend conductor, particularly as he
seemed somewhat ashamed of having to
perform such a ceremony before English
heretics. ‘The glass case that held the
relics was the full length of the saint,
but all that we could see, on_a close in-
spection, was the scarlet robe that en-
veloped the body, and a silver mask that
covered the face. The relics of La Mere
Chantal, or Saint Jane Frances Fremiot
de Chantal, are deposited in a neighbour-
ing church, and may be seen, together
with the chemise of that pious Jady ; but
our curiosity was sufficiently satisfied.

Pious Catholics regard the friendship
of St. Francis de Sales and La Mere
Chantal, as an edifying example of mu-
tual affection spiritualized and refined
from all admixture with the infirmities
that flesh is heir to; but as they lived
at a period when the animosity between
religious sects had no bounds, the cha-
racter and memory of St. Francis de
Sales were attacked with much bitter-
ness by the protestants, who described
his attachment to the young widow as
partaking of the frailty and consequences
of earthly passion. Itis reported, that
a demon which had taken possession of
her person, was exorcised and cast out
of her in the'visible form of an infant.
This little imp, the protestants assert,
was no other than the natural offspring
of her spiritual friend and guide. Had
such been the fact, we may be almost
assured that the secret would have been
better guarded from the knowledge of
heretics, than by the flimsy veil of a
Romish miracle.

LAKE OF ANNECY.

The Lake ef Annecy is about ten
English miles in length, and varies in
breadth from one to two miles. The
lowest part of the lake, between Annecy
and Duing, is about seven miles in
length, and ranges N.N.E. to S.S.W.:
but the upper part, after passing the
island, ranges due south. ‘The lake is
surrounded by steep calcareous moun-
tains, which approach very close to it,
except on the north, near Apnecy, where
they

580
(hey recede, and form an_ extensive
plain.

TOURNETTS.

The highest mountains are on the
eastern side; the Tournetts, opposite
Chateau Duing, I found by admeasure-
ment to rise from 5560 to 5637 English
feet above the lake, and as the lake is,
according to Saussure, 1460 English
fect above the level of the sea, the ab-
solute elevation of the Tournetts is
about 7600 feet, or about 1000 feet be-
low the line of perpetual snow. The
show, however, remains near the sum-
mit till the commencement of July, and
even in the month of August I saw
Jarge masses of snow on the western
side of the mountain, in shaded situa-
tions.

* 'The next most remarkable mountain
here isthe Dent d’Alencon ; its sum-
mit is composed of a perpendicular wall
or ridge of limestone, the remains of a
calcareous stratum, ranged like the tur-
rets of au ancient castle, and standing
on a detaclied steep and narrow slope,
which is partially covered with verdure.
The height of this mountain I found to
be 3840 fect above the level of the lake,
and the height of the perpendicular
wall or ridge is from 400 to 500 feet.

OPPRESSION OF THE CORVEE.

We had here an opportunity of wit-
nessing the oppressions of the corvée, or
Jevy, by which all proprictors, or even
peasants, who have one or more horses,
mules, or oxen, are obliged to bring
them, and work themselves also at the
road, three or four days in every week,
for two months, without any wages or
recompense whatever. In case of fail-
ure, their goods are seized, or soldiers
are quartered on them in proportion to
the extent of their defalcation. ‘The
misery and dissatisfaction expressed in
the famished countenances of these poor
labourers, whom we frequently met re-
turning of an evening, I shall never for-
get. Great numbers of them came
froma distance, and nearly one-third of
those who worked on the road were wo-
men, who helped their husbands or
sons.

One day we passed the cottage of a
widow ; who appeared in great distress;
on enquiring the cause, she told us that
her only son had absconded to avoid
working at the corvée, and she was
every moment expecting the officers to
come and take away the little furniture
she possessed. Such are the blessings
of the legitimate and paternal govern-
ments which the allied powers bestowed
on Savoy and the Italian states, in 1814,

34 .

Bakewell’s Travels in the Tareniaise, &c.

when they replaced them under the do-
Minion of their ancient rulers, without
any regard to the feclings, the wants,
or the wishes of the inhabitants, and
then, as if in mockery, they styled them-
selves the liberators of Europe.. With
as much truth might the emperors of
Fez and Morocco be styled the liberators
of Africa. ‘

: THONES.

The town of Thones is situated higher
up the vale. There appears no car-
riage road to it, but I was surprised to
find, on entering the gate, that it was a
handsome town for Savoy, containing
above 2000 inhabitants, with a spacious
market-place, and a well-built chureh
in the centre of it.

‘The persons at the inn where Talighted
were surprised to see a stranger, and
still more so to find that I had no other
object in view but to explore the valley,
at which, however, ihey scemed much
pleased. They endeavoured to persuade
me to sleep there, in order that I might
visit some mountain. lakes the following
morning, which they represented as
highly curious. It may appear extra-
ordinary that there should be so con-
siderable a town in a situation appa-
rently so secluded, but Thénes is the
capital of a nnmber of valleys which
open into the main valley, and have no.
other outlet. Each of these valleys
contain several villages and hamlets,
and it would be searcely possible for
the inhabitants of these remote villages
to attend the market at Annccy, in order
to dispose of their produce. It is there-
fore brought to Thénes, and purchased
by agents from different parts of Savoy,
and even from Geneva.

The whole population of the valley of
Thones, including the mountain valleys
that branch from it, amounts to nearly
12,000 persons, Itforms a canton in
Savoy. There is a glass-house, tan-
neries, and various manufactures at
Thénes, to supply the inhabitants of the
district with articles of indispensible
necessity. Fairs for cattle and cheese
are held here four times a year,

On the eastern side of the valley,
about two miles from the town of Thoénes,
there is a rock which presents an ap-
pearance of double stratification, not
uncommon in the calcareous mountains
of the Alps, and which has frequently
induced Saussure to suppose that ver-
tical strata were placed in junction with
other strata nearly horizontal; au error
into which he has been led, by mistaking
very distinct vertical cleavages for
stratification, On approaching this rock,

I had

Bakewell’s Travels in the Tarentaise, &c.

i bad little donbt that the strata were
vertical; but when I came in front of it,
I perceived the truestrata-scams forming
curves, which were intersected at one
end by a vertical cleavage.

Sometimes it happens that the strata-
seams are entirely concealed in a per-
pendicular escarp2ment of rock, by a
caleareous incrustation deposited over
the face of the rock, and, in such in-
stances, the cleavages often project and
resemble strata so much that it requires
great care to avoid error in tracing the
true line of dip in the: stratification.

PEASANTRY OF SAVOY.

Though the peasants in this part of
Savoy are generally poor, yet, the land
being much divided, most of them pos-
sess a little portion of ground, sufficient
to supply their families with potatoes,
which is their principal food. This
gives them,a feeling of equality and in-
dependence among themselves, and they
are very courteous to strangers. Un-
like the inhabitants of Chamouny, who
have been spoilt by the influx of visi-
tors, and who are continually following
you wherever you go, and begging un-
der the specious pretence of offering
fruits, flowers, or milk, the peasantry
here greet you civilly as you pass, but
rarely obtrude themselves further on
your notice, though they are very ready
to answer any enquiries you may wish
to make.

The numerous little flocks, consisting
of a few sheep and goats, and one or
two cows, returning home in the even-
ing, winding down among the rocks,
form the most picturesque pastoral
groups imaginable. The women or
girls who conduct them are always bu-
sily employed, either knitting, platting
straw, or spinning wool or flax with the
distaff.

The distaff, the first of all spinning
machines, was used, in its present form,
in the remotest antiquity, and has been
the only instrument employed in many
countries for some thousand years ; even
a few years since it was used in the
counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, by the
country people, for spinning worsted
for the manufacturers of Norwich. Its
execution is susceptible of greater per-
fection than might have been expected
from the extreme simplicity of the ope-
ration; and it has this advantage, that
it may be used by the spinster in the
ficlds. From the distaff to the cotton-
mill of Arkwright, the progress of me-
chanical improvement appears almost
immeasurable; but the distance be-

58k
tween these two extremes is less than
might be imagined on the first view.

Almost every article of dress worn
by the peasants in Savoy, is of domestic.
manufacture.. The wool of their little
flocks is dressed and spun by them-
selves, and wove by the village weaver.
Black sheep are very general in Savoy 5
and. by mixing the black and white
wool together, a sort of greyish brown
cloth is produced, which saves the ex-
pense of dying. The flax is also dressed
aud spun by themselves, and wove in
the neighbourhood. Itinerant tailors
and shoemakers make the clothes and
shoes of the peasantry under their own
roofs, as was the case among the far-
mers in England half a century ago,
when the tailor was the travelling ga-
zette of the village, and brought to the
good house-wives of those days all the
important histories and anecdotes that
were known concerning the king and
he queen upon the throne, or the vicar
and the vicar’s wife of the adjoining
parish.

WALNUT HARVEST.

[ have frequently mentioned the im-
mense number of large walnut-irees
that grow around the Lake of Annecy,
and in the valleys of this part of Savoy.
The walnut is the natural olive of this
country, supplying the inbabitants with
oil for their own consumpiion, and also
a considerable quantity for exportation
to France and Geneva. The walnut
harvest at Chateau Duing commences
in September: they are beaten off the
trees with long poles; the green husks
are taken off as soon as they begin to
decay} the walnuts are then laid in a
chamber to dry, where they remain till
November, when the process of making
the oil commences. The first operation
is to crack the nuts, and take out the
kernel: for this purpose several of the
neighbouring peasants, with their wives
and elder children, assembled at the
chateau of an evening, after their work
was done. The party generally consisted
of about thirty persons, who were placed
around a Jong table in the kitchen; one
man sat at each end of the table, with a
small mallet to crack the nuts by hitting
them on the point: as fast as they are
cracked they are distributed to the
other persons around the table, who take
the kernels out of the shell, and remove
the inner part ; but they are uot peeled.
The peasants of Savoy are naturally
lively and loquacious; and they enliven
their labour with facetious stories, jokes,
and noisy mirth, About ten oles
the

582
the table is cleared to make room for
the gouté, or supper, consisting of dried
fruit, vegetables, and wine; and the re-
mainder of the evening is spent in sing-
ing and dancing, which is sometimes
centinued till midnight.
WALNUT, OIL.

In a fevourable season the number of
walnuts from Mr. B.’s estate is so great,
that the party assemble in this manner
every evening fora fortnight, before all
the walnuts are cracked; and the poor
people look forward to these meetings,
from year to year, as a kind of festival.
They do not receive any pay; but the
zouté and the amusemeuts of the even-
ing are their only reward.

The kernels are laid on cloths to dry,
and in about a fortnight are carried to
the crughing- mill, where they are ground
into a paste ; this is put into cloths, and
undergoes the operation of pressing, to
«xtraet the oil. The best oil, which is
used for salads and cooking, is pressed
cold; but an inferior oil, for lamps, is
extracted by heating the paste, ‘Thirty
people, in one evening, will crack as
many walnuts as will produce sixty
pounds of paste ; this yiclds about fifteen
wine-quarts of oil. ‘The walnut-shells
are not lost among so frugal a people as
the Savoyards, but are burned for the
ashes, which are used in washing. Two
pounds of these ashes are equal in
strength to three of wood-ashes; but
the alkali is so caustic that it frequently
injures ihe linen. The paste, after it is
pressed, is dried in cakes, called pain
comer ; this is eaten by children and poor
people, and it is sold in the shops in
Savoy and Geneva.

The best walnut oil, pressed cold, has
but very little of the kernelly taste; but
it may be easily distinguished from the
best olive oil, which it resembles in
colour. If the peel were taken off the
walnuts, the oil would probably be quite
free from any peculiar flavour; but this
operation would be too tedious.

RELIGION.

The Savoyards are more religious than
their: neighbours the French; and if a
Catholic wished to show his religion
under its most attractive form, he should
lead us to the remote villages of Savoy.
The curés, or parish priests, have a house
and garden, and from seventy to a hun-
dred Napoleons per annum, which is paid
hy the government out of taxes raised for
the purpose, tithes having been abolished
since the French Revolution. As the
priests have no families, this income is
sufficient to provide them with all the

Bakewell’s Travels in the Tarentaise, &c.

comforts of life. They are seldom trans-
Jated or removed from one parish to an-
other, and have no temptation to be
cringing to the great, and hunting after
preferment; but being once fixed in the
cure, where they expect to spend the
remainder of their days, they generally
devote themselves to the instruction and
edification of their flocks, or to visiting
the sick, and offering advice and consola-
tion to the afflicted. On many of their
countenances, benevolence and simpli-
city of character were strongly marked ;
and the conversation I had with some
of the Savoyard cnrés tended to confirm
the fayourable opinion I had formed of
them. Their influence and authority is,
however, very great. It is necessary to
obtain permission of Monsieur le Curé,
before a Savoyard can have a little dance,
even in his own house; and in many parts
of Savoy, daneing is entirely prohibited.

The religious fétes and processions,
which are more strictly observed here
than in France, form au innocent amuse-"
ment and an. agreeable variety to so
simple a people as the Savoyards: these
{étes must also tend to civilise them and
soften their manners’; perhaps there may
not be much religious feeling connected
with such observances, but this may be
said of ceremonial worship. of all kinds,
in cvery.age and country, ,

But it is not from their public proees-
sions that we can judge of the religions
feelings of the Sayoyards. The churches
here, as in other Catholic countries, are
left open for private worship. The Sa-
voyard, before going to his labour, ge-
nerally visits the church, if it be near, to
offer up hisorisons. Often, when Ihave
entered one of these retired: churches,
either from curiosity or to rest myself
after a walk, and supposed I was alone,
as my eyes became accustomed to the
gloom, I have discovered a peasant on
his knees, absorbed in scrious meditation
or prayer, after which he would rise,
cross himself, and retire.

EMIGRATION.

The young men in these valleys emi-
grate into various parts of Europe to
find employment, in the winter months.
The migration takes place at the end of
October. Mons. Grillet, a Savoyard cler-
gyman, has given the following interest~
ing description of the migration from the
vicinity of Faverge and Marlens, which
he witnessed when residing in that
neighbourhood.

“ An old trader from St. Ferrol, who,
by the frequent journics he hac made,
had acquired an exact knowledge of the

country

Bakewell’s Travels in the Tarentaise, Sc.

country he bad traversed, and of the
money that might be gained by migrat-
ing during the winter months, collected
from the neighbouring hamicts and vil-
lages ‘all the young people who wished
to follow him. The fathers eagerly pre-
sented their children to him, praising
their intelligence, health, and acquire-
ments. The old man, like a skilful re-
cruiter, examined attentively the shape
and limbs of the boys, and interrogated
them on their knowledge of business, or
their capacity for service or labour, and
finally he fixed the sums that he would
engage to give tu the respective parents,
for the services of their children during
the time of theirabsence. Boys, from
eighteen to twenty years of age, were to
‘have thirty-six franes, those from four-
teen to sixteen, twenty francs, and the
fathers of those who were only twelve
years old, were to receive twelve francs.
When the terms were agreed on, all the
boys were put under the authority of this
travelling merchant, and were com-
manded by their parents to obey and
respect him, and to give bim an exact
account of all the moncy they gained.
The parents also exhorted their children
to practise the duties of religion, and to
return to their native villages, free from
reproach, in the spring.

“The person who takes the charge of
the boys lets them out by the week or
day, and reccives their wages. When
they are in large towns,. like Paris, the
wages go fo a common fand, and a strict
system of police and subordination is
maintained. The necessary expences of
travelling are paid out of this common
fund, and after the parents have received
the stipulated sums, the residue is the
property of the leader or contractor.”

Mons. Grillet also gives the following
account of their return home,

“ The return of the boys was aunounc-

_ ed to the villages by the repeated firing of

pistols : the carayan, out of their moderate
gains, had bought an ornament for the
parish church; they presented them-
selves and their offering, first to the curé,
who received it with the most lively
gratitude, and on the following Sunday
it was displayed upon the allar, and
became an object of emulation to the
children who were yet too young to
migrate. In this manner the churches
in the mountains are supplied with orna-
ments and sacred vessels for their altars,”
CHAMBERRY.

We arrived at Chamberry late in the
evening, and lighted at the Hdtel de la
» Poste, one of the dearest and worst inns

583

we met with on the continent. Ona
second visit to Chamberry, we were at
the Hdtel de la Parfaite Union, opposite
the cathedral, and were well satisfied
with our quarters. ‘The next morning,
at four o’clock, | heard mach noise and
bustle in the streets, and, on looking out
of the window, I was surprised to see
the shops open, and the streets thronged
with people, all eagerly engaged in talk-
ing with their neighbours. No cause can
be assigued for opening the shops at so
very early an hour, unless it be to enable
the inhabitants to discharge a portion of
the talking fluid, which may haveaccu-
mulated to a painful excess during the
silence of the nigut. The Savoyards are
eertainly the greatest talkers in Europe.
Volney tells us that the Mrench settlers
in America do not thrive, for instead of
building their houses on their farms, to
be near their work, they pack them to-
gether for the convenience of talking:
he adds, that a Frenchman will rise at
four o’clock in the morning, in order to
go round to his neighbours, and talk
about ‘it all the rest of the day. The
shopkeepers at Chamberry cannot be
actuated by this species of vanity, for
where all do the same, there can be
nothing to boast of.
AIX LES BAINS.

Aix les Bains, in Savoy, has been
eclebrated for its thermal waters from
the time of the Romans. It was ealled
Aque Allobrogum, and Ayue Gratiane.
The latter is said to be from the empe-
ror Gratian, who is supposed to have
repaired these baths during his abode
in the country of the Allobroges, when
he also built Grenoble.

Aix being aname given to many dif-
ferent places in Europe where there are
mineral springs, we cannot doabt that it
is a contraction of the Latin accusative
Aquas, probably pronounced as the
moderns pronounce Aix.

The two thermal springs rise within
about 390. yards of each other. The
upper spring, or Source de St. Paul,
improperly called the Alum Spring,
gushes from the rock beneath an antique
archway. It bas nearly the same tem-
perature as the lower or sulphur spring,
and is taken by some of the patients as
a gentle aperient. It is occasionally
used for douches, It flows in a stream,
sufficiently large to turn a mill, and
supplies a large bath or reservoir below,
now used for the purpose of douching
horses that have the lumbago or stiffness
of the joints. ‘The poor animals stand
very quictly under the stream, which

falls

584

falls frow a considerable height on their
bodies, and the warmth of the water is
evidently grateful to them. The sum
paid each time is fifteen sous. This
bath was formerly called de Bassin
Royal, from Henry IV. of France
having bathed in it when be had posses-
sion of Savoy, in 1600.

The lower spring is called le Bain de
U Eau de Souffre, or sulphur bath. Phe
source is very abundant; its tempera-
ture is from 87 to 88 Reaumcer, or 117
Pahrenheit ; but in rainy seasons, by an
admixture with the surface waters, or
cold springs, it isnot more than 35, or
J11of Fahrenheit. tis nearly tasteless,
and emits the odour of sulphur, not
that of sulpbureted hydrogen. This
spring is peculiarly eligible for the opera-
tion of douching, the water being pre-
cisely of the requisite temperature as it
comes from the rock, and, owing to its
elevated situation, it can be niade to
fall with different degrees of foree from
the requisite height, and in any quantity,
withoui the trouble of pumping; whereas
at Aix la Chapelle, the water is too hot,
and the temperature must be reduced
before it can be used. At Bath the
douching is done by pumps, and the
water issues from one small apertare ;
whereas, at Aix, in Savoy, there are two
copious streams, constantly pouring
into each douching cell, and two douch-
ers to direct its application, who con-
tinue a brisk friction during the process,
which is altogether different from the
douching at Bath, and far more pow-
erful.

Till the year 1772 the sulphur bath
was merely a large cave, cut in the rock,
and divided by a wall into two apart-
ments, one for the men, the other for the
women, with an iron balustrade in
front. At that period the:king of Sar-
dinia caused the present handsome
building to be erected and fitted up,
expressly for the operation of douching.
The apartments. for douching, to the
uumber of fifteen, are placed in a semi-
circular corridor, and in a lower story
are two other rooms, for douching, into
which the water falls with greater
force,

DOUCHING.

To persons who take the douche for
the first time, the process is rather for-
midable. On entering the cell, when
the door was closed, 1 seemed in dark-
ness, and involved in dense vapour and
sulphurous odours; but as my eyes be-
came accustomed to the gloom, I could
discern a feeble glimmering of light,

Bakewell’s Travels in the Tarentaise, &c.

entering by a little wicket above the
door, covered with canvass; I then dis-
covered two silent and nearly naked
figures, whom I had not before per-
ceived, standing with their bare arms
extended, as if ready to seize me the
moment I was undressed. It would
have required no powerful aid of the
imagination, in such a place, amid the
gloom and sulphurous vapours, to have
transformed these figures into demons
or tormentors of the inquisition ; and
the horrid yells of the douchers, in the
neighbouring cells, to call the porters,
might have confirmed the belief. On
approaching the flight of steps, where I
was to descend to take the douche, I
drew back my foot, as I could not see
where to set it down. This they at-
tributed to fear, and cried out, ** N’ayez
pas peur; soyez tranguille; nous vous
ménagerons doucement comme un en-
fant gaté.” They then broughtlme under
onc of the sireams of water that issue
from near the top of the cell, and told
me to extend my hands, in order to’
break the column of water, and. dis-
tribute it gradually over my body, as it
would be too painful and scalding if
received at first in one stream. When
I had stood under the water a_ little
time I became accustomed: to the heat ;
I them sat down, and the process of
dcuching commenced, The water is
made to pass through long jointed tin
tubes, which are fixed on the two aper-
tures where the streams enter. Each
doucher takes one of these tubes, which
they direct to different parts of the body,
with one hand, while ihe other hand is
employed in rubbing the part on which
the waterfalls. The first morning the
douching only lasted five minutes, but
the time was increased.each suecceding
2orning, till LT was able to bear the

operation for twenty minutes or balf an
hour. When the douching- was finished,
the douchers set up the most horrid
yell L ever heard, -as a signal for the por-
ters to enter, to whose care I was then
consigned. ‘They immediately enfolded
my arms and body in a linen. sheet,
without drying the skin: over this they
put a thick woolen wrapper, or blanket,
tying up my feet: and, lastly, they
bound my head round with a napkin.
Thus equipped, you are precisely in the
costume in which the ancients used.to
bury the dead, as may be seen in the
pictures of the raising of Lazarus. You
are then placed in one of the chairs
above described, and the porters run
with you through the streets, and aD
the

Bakewell’s Travels in the Tarentaise, §c.

the stairs into your bed-room. This is
the most terrific part of the ceremony :
the stairs are generally very steep and
narrow, and, as the porters ascend with
great swiftness, it is difficult to preserve
a balance. Should you fall, you must
roll down like a log, as your hands and
feet-are completely confined; but such
is the dexterity of the porters, that acci-
denis of this kind are unknown. The
bed being previously warmed, the por-
ter’s take off the woollen wrapper,
leaving the wet sheet round your body ;
one man takes you by the shoulders,
the other by the feet, and you are lifted
like a corpse into bed. They wish you
good morning, and depart. - Your ser-
vant or attendant then covers you over
with the bed-clothes, and leaves you
for a longer or shorter time, according
to the directions of your physician. A
profuse perspiration immediately suc-
ceeds, and generally continues till your
attendant comes to release you from
your confinement; warm your linen, and
assist you to dress. Half an bour was
considered sufficient in my case, but
for rheumatism or palsy, the patients
sometimes remain in bed three or four
hours.

The operation is somewhat painful,
and very exhausting; it may be aptly
compared to purgatory, where all the
peccant humours are to be expelled, by
the continued modified agency of fire.

The whole expence of douching, in-
cluding the porters, is only a franc and
a half each time. Out of this the
douchers and porters have four sous, or
ouly one sou each; the remainder be-
longs to the government, and it is cal-
culated that the king of Sardinia re-
ceives a clear revenue of about 15004.
per annum from these baths. ‘The sca-
son for taking the douches is from the
middle of June to the latter etd. of
September. Before or after that time
douching is considered dangerous, the
the mornings and evenings being fre-
quently cold. he annual number of
patients varies from J500 to 1800. A
list, with the names and residences of
all the visitors who arrive at Aix, is
published by the government every
week. It is seldom that patients re-
main at Aix more than three weeks or
a month at one time, the process being
too severe to be continued for a longer
period without an intermission; but, in
obstinate cases, the physicians generally
recommend their patients to go away
to recruit, and then to renew the
@ouchings before the season is over.

Monrtuty Mae, No. 391.

585

The waters are particularly efficacious
in palsey, gout, rheumatism, sprains,
and rigidity of the joints; also in
scrophulous complaints and glandular
swellings.

I haye been more particular in the
account of these baths, as their merits
are not generally known in England,
and I believe there is no place in Eu-
rope, where douching can be practised
with so much advantage. There is
water sufficient to douche a thousand
persons a day, if the upper source were
employed in the same manner as the
lower or sulphur spring.

THE LAKES.

That the lakes in Savoy, in Switzer-
land, and in our own country, are gradu-
ally lessening, must be obvious to any at-
tentive observer, though the progress of
their diminution may, in somé instances,
be very slow. On the lake of Geneva
we have fortunately a chronometer to
mark the progress of the diminution,
The upper Rhone enters the lake at the
north-east end, and brings down the
débris from a line of Alps of nearly one
hundred miles in length, on each side
the valley through which it passes. The
immense quantity of sand and stones
thus»brought down, and deposited near
its entrance, must occasion the land to
advance into the lake ; in proof of which
Port Valois, the ancient Portus Valesia,
which is now situated about two miles
from the mouth of the Rhone, was a
port at the head of the lake, in the time
of the Romans.

The waters of the lake of Geneva are
said to be gaining on the land in some
parts of the southern shore. A gentle-
man residing at Colligny, immediately
above the lake, informed me that there
were formerly quarries at the bottom of
the hill, which supplied Geneva with
building-stone. They are now covered
by the water of the lake, and may be
seen under its surface.

It has been supposed that the submer-
sion of these quarries was occasioned
by the land on the opposite side having
been encreased by débris, carried there
by the Rhone or currents, thus throwing
the water back on the southern bank ;
but this explanation cannot be admitted,
unless the quarries had been always
lower than the level of the lake ; for the
water could not rise on the southern
side, without the general level of the
Jake had also been raised, which is not
the case.

A subsidence of the strata seems re-
quired to explain the submergence of

4F these

586

these quarries,—a subsidence which was
probably so giadual as to escape notice,
except by its cflects on the banks.

Accuraté observations on the relative
levels of different parts of the earth’s
surface are of too recent a date, and
have been too seldom repeated. or ve-
rified, to enable us to ascertain whether
the strata liave sank down to any con-
siderable extent since the world has
been inbabited by mau. There are
many facts, however, in our own coun-
try, Which might lead us to infer that a
gradual subsidence in certain parts is
now going on. Be this as it may, tie
changes that are taking place in many
lakes, can be satisfactorily accounted
fur by visible causes. Thus, the lake
of Bourget is diminishing at the southern
end by the débris, brought down by the
river Lysse, aud On the eastern side by
the débris from smaller rivers, which
flow into if, and the lake of Annecy is
diminishing at the southern end, and on
the western side, from similar causes;
but [ could not learn that the water is
gaining on the land, in éither of these
lakes.

; LES CHARMETTES.

On returning from Le Bout du
Monde, we ordered ovr yoiturier to
drive us. to Les Charmettes, once the
resideiice of Madame de Warrens and
of J. J. Rousseau. We had visited the
place when we passed throngh Cham-
berry to Aix; but I wished to see the
house again, as the upper rooms were
locked up, when we were there before.

My principal object, however, was to
re-examine the mill-stone quarries at
the foot, of the hill leading to Les
Charmettes. The stone at these quar-
ries is of a brownish gray colour; hard
and frangible, with a flattish conchoidal
fracture. The first time I saw it, I
supposed it to bea chert or horn-stone,
similar to some I had seen interstra-
tified with limestone, at the head of the
lake of Geneva; but en examining a
specimen which I had taken with me to
Aix, it proved to be limestone ; and, as
I was not then aware that limestone was
ever used for grinding corn, Timagined
that I must, by, mistake, have broken
the specimen from an upper or under
stratum, instead of the mill-stone stra-
tum. On this second visit, however, I
found that if was trae limestone ; and I
was informed that, these millstones an-
swer the purpose very well for grinding
corp, but they are not so durable as
those made of mill stone grit. In coun-
tries where siliceous mill-stones cannot

2

Bakewell’s Travels in the Tarentaise, 5c,

be procured, but at a great expense,
perhaps the knowledge that hard lime-
stone may be used instead, will, prove
useful. Phe mill-stones at this quarry
are cut out of the,rock upon the spot.
The strata are of the proper thickness,
and. nearly horizontal, A cirele is
drawn of the diameter required, and
the surrounding parts are chipped away.
Wedges are then driven in between the
strata, and the stone is raised by levers.

Under a climate like this, amid the
grandest and most beautiful scenery, we
need, not wonder that the ardent and
intensely susceptible mind of young
Jcan Jacques caught the inspiration and
enthusiasm, which breathe, through, all
his descriptions. of Nature. On the
hill, behind the, house, there is a still
more extensive view; it was there that
Rousseau, as he informs us, was accus-
tomed to take his early morning walk,
to observe the rising sun, and offer up
his oraisons.

On the front of the house is an. in-
scription, placed there by Herault
De Sechelles, when he was commissi-
oner from the Conyention in 1792. ‘The
poetry has nothing to recommend. it ;
but it gives a tolerably correct picture
of the extraordinary character who once
resided here, :

Reduit, par Jean Jacques habité,
Tu me rappelles son génie,,

Sa solitude, sa fierté,

Et ses malheurs et sa folie.

A la gloire, ala vérité,

Tl osa consacrer sa vie,

Et fut tonjours persécuté,
Ou par lui-méme, ou par lenvie.

“ Retreat, inhabited by Jean Jacques,
—thou recallest to my mind his genius ;
his solitude ; his pride ; his folly, and his
misfortunes. He dared to consecrate
his life to truth and glory: and was al-
ways persecuted either by himself or by

envy.”
NAPOLEON’S ROAD.

About ten miles from Chaniberry, the
road passes over a handsome stone
bridge, resting on a rock of sandstone ;
the upper part of the rock is distinetly
stratified, dipping to the river, but the
strata are singularly intersected at an
acute angle, by very regular cleavages,
which might be mistaken for’ stratifi-
cation, were’ not the strata here well
defined and accessible. me

After crossing'the bridge, the road
turn$'saddenly, and is carried westward
along a deep ravine for several miles,
called la Defile de la Grotte. The lime-
stone rocks nodW overhang both sides of

the road. Just before entering this ra-
vine,

Bakewell’s Travels in the Tarentaise, §c.

vine, I obseryed the lime-stone strata
on the left were perpendicular. The
limestone here is subcrystalline, and
extremely hard, but it is as much shat-
tered as some of the chalk rocks in
Kent. The road, after continuing a
few miles between rocks of limestone,
through which it appears to have been
cut, is suddenly closed by a natural
wall of rock, at least 800 feet in height,
which seems to bar all farther progress.
It is through, this rock that an archway
has been perforated, 27 feet in breadth,
as many in height, and 960 feet iu
length. We were five minutes in pass-
ing through it, but, instead of the bare
and rocky ravine we had just left, a
rich extended vale, surrounded by mag-
nificent mountains, burst in an instant
on our view, as if by enchantment.

The galleries cut through the rocks
on the Semplon route produce vo sur-
prise, for, before entering them, you
discover what the scene will be when
you are passed through, but the tra-
veller who arrives at the passage’ of les
Echelles from Chamberry, sees nothing
on his approach but barren precipices,
that seem ‘the confines of the habitable
world; when, after a few minutes of
gloomy twilight, villages, churches,
cornfields, vineyards, and forests, are all
before him, bounded by a range of
mountains, whose sides are covered
with verdure, though their summits are
capped with perpendicular walls and
turrets of limestone of amazing height.
On the farthest of these mountains, the
monastery of the Grand Chartreuse is
situated, but it cannot be seen from the
road. The western opening of the pas-
sage is considerably above the bottom
of the valley, and we descended gra-
dually for two miles before we arrived
at les Echelles, a frontier town on the
borders of Savoy, where we dined. On
our return, I examined the passage and
the rocks with more attention, The
gallery, or archway, is cut through a
very indurated limestone, susceptible of
a high polish; it was perforated by
blasting. Both ends were opened at
the same time, and the labour was con-
tinued by different relays of men, work.
ing day and night for three years, until
the excavations on each side were
united. Near the entrance of the pas-
sage I met with a very intelligent man,
superintending the repairs of the road,
He had worked at the gallery, and he
informed me that when the excavations
from each end nearly met, and the thin
partilion of rock between them was

Q
587
first broken through by the stroke .of
the pick, a deep and lond explosion
followed, resembling thunder. The
cause of this explosion is easily ex-
plained. The air on the eastern side of
the mountain, or rather wall of rock,
through which the passage is cut, must
frequently be many degrees colder, and
of course denser than that on tlie western
side, as it is sheltered botb in the south
and west from the sun’s, rays in the af-
ternoon. The mountain rises full one
thousand feet above the passage, and at
least fifteen hundred feet above the bottom
of the valley, forming a partition between
the hot air of the valley and the cool air in
the ravine, or Cul de Sac, on the eastern
side. Now a sudden opening being
made. for the dense air to rash into
a rarer medium must necessarily pro-
duce a loud report, on the same princi-
ple as a report is made by the bursting
of a bladder in the receiver of an-air
pump, when the air that surrounds it is
rarified. The sound of the explosion
would be greatly incrcased by rever-
beration through the long archyay on
each side.

The rock is so firm that the archway
appears to be in no danger of injury
from any natural cause, less powerful
than an earthquake: it will Jong re-
main a monument of the genius of
Napoleon, Travellers who visit. the
passage of les Echelles for the scenery,
should approach it from Chamberry,
and not, from the western or’ Lyons
side. On the one side you emerge fiom,
the earth to behold a sudden vision of
glory ; on the other you leave a splendid
valley to plunge into a caye, that opens
only on barren rocks. I have mentioned
that the rock through which the per-
foration is made, appears to bar all
farther access, and the inhabitants of
this valley and the adjoining parts of
Dauphiny had, in early ages, no direct
natural Communication with the other
parts of Savoy. On the left, or south
side of the ravine, just before you arrive
at the gallery, there is a deep fissure
between the rocks, which entends for
half a league, and turns round towards
the valley. Formerly persons on foot
were accustomed to pass along this

‘fissure, till they came to a natural ca-

vern, or series of caverns, which lead to
an aperture looking into the valley, and
a communication was formed with it by
steps and ladders, made tor the purpose
of descending from this opening down
the perpendicular face of rock into the
valley; hence the road obtained its

name,

588

name, de Passage de la Grotte, and les
Echelles. A zigzag road for mules was
afterwards eut in the rocks, so as to
join the natural fissure, and this re-
mained till 1670, when Charles Emanuel
the Second, undertook to make a wider
road along the bottom of the fissure, and
by aseries of terraces, rising from the
valley, a practicable descent was formed
for all kinds of wheel-carriages. This
road, till the time of Napotfeon, was
considered a miracle of art, though it
was far from affording an easy commu-
nication bet ween Chamberry and France,
for a voiture with four horses was
obliged to hire eight oxen, frum the
village below, to ascend.

GEOLOGY.

The strata of sandstone and limestone
in the yalley going to the town of Echel-
les must have undergone a great dis-
turbance, as is proved by their occurrence
in a vertical position at the lower end
of the valley, though they are nearly
horizontal at the upper end. Hence I
‘should be inclined to helieve, tbat this
extraordinary valley was formed by a
subsidUney of the ground.

The masses of limestone that form the
castellated summits of the muuntains in
this part of Savoy, range generally from
3000 to 4500 feet above the level of the
valleys, and are all probably parts of one
vast stratum, that once was continuous ;
but this can only be determined by an
actual examination, which, in many in-
stances, would be difficult to make. The
calcareous strata here, have not the same
regularity of dip over a considerable ex-
tent, as the upper calcareous strata in
England, but they very frequently dip in
opposite directions on the opposite sides
of the same mountain, and are nearly
flat on the top; and, as the dip on each
side is often very considerable, to this
cause we may attribute the occurrence
of caps of limestone remaining on the
tops of the mountains, when the strata
on the sides of the mountains have nearly
or entirely disappeared. Where the dip
is Iess considerable, they remain un-
broken, forming what the Wernerians
calla mantle-shaped stratification; which,
however, is always more or Jess broken.
Now, it is evident that those strata of
limestone which contain marine organic
remains, were formed under the waters
of the ocean, and their original position
must bave been nearly horizontal; at
least, it is impossible they could have
been deposited at an angle of sixty or
seventy degrees, or nearly vertical; in
which positions they very frequently oc-

Bakewell's Travels in the Tarentuise, Sc.

cur in this part of the Alps. It.is equally
obvious, that strata of sandstone, or
sandstone intermixed with rounded bol-
ders, could not have been originally de-
posited at angles exceeding forty-five
degrees, or nearly vertical; in whieh
position they are also found extending
from the bottom to the top. of a moun-
tain, aud preserving nearly the same
thickness throughout their whole extent.
In such instances, and they are of fre-
quent occurrence, we must admit that
the strata have changed their original
position, and haye been elevated either
bya subsidency of ott part of the strata,
or by the action of some power from
beneath, npheaving the whole mass with
a force which was most iulense, near the
present centre of the mountain. The
latter appears the more probable snppo-
sition, in all those cases where the strata
dip in opposite directions on the opposite
sides of a mountain, and are nearly flat
at the top. To this breaking up of the
strata, when the mountains were first
raised, and to diluvial currents which
have in remote periods passed over them,
I am persuaded, we must resort to ex-
plain their present appearance in this
part of Savoy. Water-courses, or at-
mospheric agency, however considerable
their effects in the course of ages, appear
altogether inadequate to occasion the
changes the strata have obviously ander-
gone; at least it will be admitted that
no atmospheric action could bend strata
of vast thickness into deep curves, or
change their position from horizontal to
vertical.

Whether the caps of limestone on the
summits of the mountains in this part of
Savoy are all parts of one vast bed, or of
different beds, I will not pretend to de-
termine, as there is more than one con-
siderable bed of sandstone interstratified
with this limestone, and the mineralogi-
cal characters of the upper and lower
beds of limestone are frequently so simi-
lar, that they are not to be distinguished.

I am not aware that any geologist
has hitherto adverted to the alterna-
tion of hard and soft strata, as offer-

sing an explanation of the furmation of
these mountain-valleys. To me it ap-
pears satisfactory. I am far, however,
from believing, that all valleys were
formed by the excavation of soft
strata; many of the valleys in this
part of the Alps appear most evidently
to have been formed by a violent de-
rangement of the strata, which has ele-
vated them in one part and depressed
them in another; but I must refer the

reader

Bakewell’s Travels in the Tarentaise, §c.

reader to another part of my work, for
the further consideration of this subject.
MOUNTAIN. FALL.

What has been said of the structure of
the mountains, in this part of Savoy, may
serve to explain the cause of those great
cboulements that sometimes occur. I
shall, therefore, proceed to deseribe the
present appearance of Mont Grenier,
about five miles south of Chamberry,
which we visited the day after our jour-
ney toles Echelles. A partof this moun-
tain fell down in the year 1248, and en-
tirely buried five parishes, and the town
and church of St. André. The ruins
spread over an extent of aboutnine square
‘miles, and are called les Abymes de
Myans. After a lapse of so many cen-
turies, they still present a singular scene
of desolation.

Mont Grenier is almost. isolated,

advancing into a broad plain, which ex-
tends to the valley of the Isere. It is
several miles in length, and is connected
with the mountains of the Grand Char-
treux ; but it is very narrow.
_ Itrises very abruptly upwards of 4000
feet above the plain. Like the mountains
of les Echelles, with which it is connect-
ed, it is capped with an immense mass of
limestone strata, not Jess than 600 feet in
thickness, which presents, on every side,
the appearance of a wall. The strata
dip gently to the side which fell into the
plain. This mass of limestone rests on a
foundation of softer strata, probably mo-
lasse ; but I could only examine it with
my telescope from below. Under this
molasse are distinctly seen thin strata,
probably of limestone, alternating with
soft strata.

There can be little doubt that the
catastrophe was caused by the gradual
erosion of the soft strata, which under-
mined the mass of limestone above, and
projected it into the plain; it is also pro-
bable, that the part which fell, had for
some time, been nearly detached from
the mountain by a shrinking of the
southern side, as there is at presenta
rent at this end, upwards of 2000 feet
deep, which scems to have cut off a large
section from the eastern end, that now

“ Hangs in doubtful ruins o’er its base,”

as if prepared to renew the catastrophe
of 1248,

Notwithsthanding a great part of the
Abymes de Myans is planted with vines,
they still present a mostimpressive scene
of wide-spreading ruin, far exceeding in
magnitude any of the eboulements that I
saw elsewhere itt Switzerland or Savoy.

589

The aricient chronicles which preserved
the record of this event, do not inform us
whether the fall of the .mountain was
preceded by any forewarnings, that al-
lowed the inhabitants time to make their
escape. To form some idea of the quan-
lity of matter that fell, if we calculate
only what covered the part now called
les Abymes de Myans, the average depth
of which cannot be estimated at less than
six yards, spread over an extent of nearly
nine square miles, this would amount to
upwards of one hundred and fifty million
cubic yards; and we may suppose an
equal quantity of earth and smaller
stones to have fallen near the foot of the
mountain; these, together, would be
more than four hundred million tons in
weight. Such an immense quantity of
matter, precipitated from the height of
three quarters of a mile into the plain,
mus thave produced a shock, inconceiva-
bly vast and awful.
MOUTIERS,

Though Moutiers is the capital of the
Tarentaise, there are only two inns in the
place for travellers. The fact is, few
strangers pass this way into Italy, to en-
courage improvement in the inns, and the
Savoyards are contented with their pre-
sent accommodations. ‘This town con-
tains about two thousand inhabitants.

Montiers is badly supplied with water;

he inhabitants are obliged to make use

of the water of the Isere, which, by pas-
sing over gypsum and limestone, is ge-
nerally white and turbid.

The mountains that surrounded Mou-
tiers are very precipitous, and subject to
eboulements. T'wo years before we were
there, the upper part of a mountain of
limestone fell down with a prodigious
noise, and its ruins spread across the
Isere, and formed a sort of dam oyer
which persons might pass, but in a short
time the river forced a passage through.

The salt-works at Moutiers are par-
ticularly deserving attention, being,
perhaps, the best conducted of any in
Europe, with respect to economy,
Nearly three million pounds of salt are
extracted annually from a source of
water, which would scarcely be noticed,
except for medical purposes, in any other
country.

VALLEY OF THE ISERE,

The valley of the Isere, from Moutiers
to the Bourg St. Maurice, is awfully wild
and gloomy. Vines are cultivated in
sheltered warm situations, as far as Bel-
lentres, a village twelve miles beyond
Moutiers ; and rye, maize, and hemp, are
grown on the lower slopes, near the

river ;

590

river ; but the mountain-pastures are the

principal resource of the inhabitants, and

large quantities of cheese, similar to the

Gruyere, are made for exportation. ~
BOURG ST. MAURICE.

The road from Moutiers to the Bourg
St. Maurice being very bad for a car-
riage, it was past pine o’clock when we
arrived at our inn in the latter place,
though we left Moutiers at half-past
two: the distance is about sixteen miles.
We had heard a good character of our
host and his inn, and were not disap-
pointed; he wasa respectablelooking man,
mach like a substantial Etiglish farmer.
Though we were now on the extreme
confines of the cultivated world, imme-
diately under the central range of the
Alps, the accommodations were much
better than in many of the more fertile
parts of Savoy. Bourg St. Matirice be-
ing the last market-town in the Taren-
taise, on the road to Piedmont, all per-
sons who cross the Little St. Bernard must
sleep here, and start from hence early in
the morning.

Nothing can be more dreary and de-
solate than the general appearance of the
country in the upper part of the valley
of the Isere, beyond Bourg St. Maurice
to Mont Iseran, where the valley termi-
nates. Black and frowning mountains,
with a few firs on their lower slopes, and
their bases covered with bare stones,
brought. down by eboulements, and
here and there a few scattered babita-
tions, and a marsh along the bottom of
the valley, offer no allurement to the
traveller, to visit the source of the Isere.

BATHS OF BRIDA. :

On the first evening of our arrival at
Moutiers, we proceeded to the newly-es-
tablished baths at Brida, in the valley of
the Upper Doron, where we resided se-
veral weeks, making excursions to dif-
ferent objects in the vicinity. The baths
are situated among the most remarkable
niountains in the Grecian Alps, anc the
accommodation provided at the boarding
houses for visitors, made this village a
convenient station. The excursion to
Bourg’ St. Maurice, above described,
was made on our return to Moutiers.
From Moutiers to Brida the road is
narrow and dangerous, being carried
along the’ side of a precipice, at a great
height above the river, and unprotected
by any parapet-wall or fence.

Wealighted at the hotel where we had
been recommended: here we dismissed
the voiturier, who had brought us from
Aix, and whom we had ordered to fol-
low us from Moutiers, expecting to re-

Bakewell’s Travels in the Tarentaise, &c.

turn the next day, but we were so much
struck with the singular appearance of the
valley, that we determined to remain
here some time, and examine a country
hitherto undescribed.

Five or six houses are already fitted
up for the reception of company, and
others are building, as the baths are
rapidly rising in reputation.

The house at Which we were, had
been the summer residence of a large
Janded proprietor, a range of new lodg-
ing-rooms being added to it for the
company; the charge for each person
was four francs and a half per day for
apattments, dinner, supper, and wine.
A sepirate charge was made for eofice.
These terms may be considered mode-
rate, as almost every article of con-
sumption, even the bread; was brought
each day from Moutiers. ‘The table
was as well supplied with beef, yeal,
poultry, and ham, as this part of Savoy
could furnish; we had also a desert,
and plenty of strawberries and ice from
the mountains; the wine was better
than at the public table at Aix,

As these waters were as yet but
little known out of the dominions of the
king of Sardinia, the company at Brida
consisted almost entirely of Piedmontes,
and natives of Savoy, among whom were
several of the nobility from Chamberry
and a number of the clergy. We were,
excepting one gentleman, the first Eng-
lish who had visited these baths, and
we found the company, both at our own
hotel and the neighbouring houses, dis-
posed to shew us all the civilities that
lay in their power to make our residence
agreeable. ;

The unfortunate situation of Piedmont,
prevented any political conversation at
the public ta¥le, but in private they
spoke freely; and here, as well as in
other parts of Savoy, there is but one

‘feeling, which is that of indignation, at

being transferred to their old rulers,
without any stipulation for their liber-
ties, contrary to the universal wish of
the whole nation.

The season for visiting the baths of
Brida commences about the middle of
June, and terminates near the end of
September.

MOUNTAIN VILLAGES.

There are several mountain villages
at a great elevation on each side of the
valley. As nearly as I could estimate
by the eye, some of these villages were
from 2000 to nearly 3000 feet above the
river, and therefore from 4 to 5000 feet
above the level of the sea; few villages

7

Bakewell’s Travels in the Tarentaise, &c.

in the Alps are placed, higher. The
village of Murren, above Lauterbrun,

in the Canton of, Berne, is stated to be’

5466 feet above, the sea, and 2700 above
the vale of Lauterbrun; but. it, did not
appear to me to be so high above the
valley, as some of these, villages near
Brida.

Several of the mountain villages, with
the white spires of their churches, form
pleasing obiects in the landscape, but on
entering them the charm vanishes, and
nothing can exceed the dirtiness and
want of comfort which they present,
except the cabins of the Irish. Yet
habit, and. a. feeling of independence,
which the mountain peasant enjoys
under almost every form of government,
makes him disregard the inconveniences
of his situation and abode,

The. mountain pastures, situated
above, the. line of) cultivation, are the
property of rich individuals in the valley,
or belong, to, whole parishes and com-
munes... In the former case, the pro-
prietor has chalets.on the mountains for
his servants, who yo there with the cattle
soon after the snow, is melted, and remain
in these eleyated situations during the
summer months,being employed in taking
care of the cows and in making cheese.
The proprietors, visit. them. occasion-
ally, to examine. the state of their cattle
and dairics. When we had travelled a
considerable way,up the valley, we met
a party. in their holiday suits, and. their
heads decorati:d, with Alpine flowers.

- The party consisted of an. elderly fe-
male, mounted on a mule, her son and
two danghters, on, foot, and a servant
girlon an ass. The mother, as we were
informed, was a considerable proprietor,
and was returning with her family from
the monntains, where, they had. passed
two or three days to inspect the progress
of their dairy... I confess there was
something peculiarly, pleasing in the
sight of this family group: it recalled to
mind the, simplicity ,of, the patriarchal
age. ‘lhe young people evinced much
hilarity; by them this visit to the moun-
tains was evidently regarded as an ex-
cursiop, of pleasure, The ass, in as-
cending, giad , been, laden | with, their
wine and provisions; for, on such, oc-
casions, the, proprietors and. their fa-
milies, are obliged to sleep. in the
chalets,

VILLARD GOITROU,

Returning to the village of Villard
Gojtron, we saw a number of the most
miserable objects collected round our
char, which was -quite a novel sight to
them, as there is no road for a carriage

591

of any kind beyond this place. Villard
Goitrou, owes its, latter appellation, to
the goitres with, which, the inhabitants
are Affected: perhaps, there is no other
village in the Alps, where so large a
proportion of the population have either
goitres or are cretins. Both these ca-
lamities are often united in the same
person.

After all that bas been written by
eminent, medical men on the canses. of
cretinism and goitres, the subject is
still involved in much uncertainty and
obscurity. It is said that the inhabi-

, tants at the extremities of valleys are

most liable. to -be affected with these

complaints. This has been attributed

to the stagnation of warm air in such

situations ; but though Villard Goitrou

is at the extremity ofa larger valley, two

smaller ones open into it, which must
produce constant currents of air. It is

placed also on the sunny side of the
valley, which is supposed to be less pro-

ductive of cretins.and goitres, than the

side whichis in the shade. Its appa-

rently beyond the range of the calca-

reous strata, and therefore the water is

not likely to be charged with carbonate

of lime, which has sometimes. been
thought to produce goitres; there may,
however, be gypsum on, some of the
mountains above this village. The sur-
geon,at Brieg, at. the foot of the Sem-

plon, told; me, that.he attributed. the

prevalence of, goitres and cretinism, in

the mountain villages in the Haut,
Vallais, to-want.of cleanliness, and to

their sleeping:in cabins, from which the
air was almost entirely excluded, in

order to keep themselves warm, A de-
ficient, or uuwholesome diet, has also
been supposed to increase the effect.

That none. of the causes here enume-
rated will satisfactorily explain the origin
of. goitres. or cretinism is obvious; for
goitres occur where, these, causes can
scarcely be supposed to operate in any
sensible degree. Thus,at Geneva, though
the streets are narrow, and the areas of
the houses are close, yet the situation is
dry, the air may be called salubrious,
and the streets are kept clean. In per-
sonal and domestic; cleanliness also, the
Genevese are by no means deficient, yet
they are often affected with goitres,; and
even the children of English families who
reside at Geneva for a short time, are not ~
unfrequently attacked with an enlarge-.
ment, of the neck, or with ineipient
goitres.

In various parts of our own island, the
natiyes,are affected with goitres; but it,
is, I believe, always in hilly or moun-

tainous

592
tainous districts. Soon after our return
from the continent; we visited Mon-
mouth; and, to my astonishment, I saw

that a great number of the country peo-'

ple who attended the market, had goitres
of a monstrous size, that rivalled the
goitres of the Alps. Many of the people
thus affected with goitres came from the
forest of Dean, which is table-land, co-
vered with sandstone strata of the coal
formation, and the limestone on which
they rest, is at too great a depth to affect
the water.

One fact must be generally admitted,
viz. that it is the inhabitants of moun-
tainous or hilly countries who are prin-
cipally affected with goitres, for they
rarely or ever seeur among the natives
of low or level countries, at a distance
from the mountains. But we cannot
ascribe the existence of goitres to the
action of carbonate of lime alone, as the
natives of mountainous districts are some-
times affected with goitres on siliceous,
as well as on calcareous soils.

Were I to hazard a conjecture on the
subject, it would be that goitres are pro-
duced by almost any kind of mineral
matter, finely comminuted and suspend-
ed in water. We are scarcely aware of
the extreme degree of minuteness to
which the particles of mineral matter
may be reduced by continued falls of
water; in this state the mineral matter
may afterwards remain chemically or
mechanically suspended in the water,
without affecting its transparency. The
extreme minuteness of the particles
may enable them to pass into the vascular
system, and ultimately occasion obstruc-
tions in the smaller vessels.

An English gentleman at Geneva told
me, that his children began to be affect-
ed with goitrous swellings after a few
months’ residence in that city, and the
physician who attended them, ordered
the water which they drank to be boiled,
and remain to deposit its earthy contents.
By following this advice, the swellings
were removed; buf, when the child-
ren went afterwards to Lausanne, the
servants neglected to boil the water, and
the goitrous appearances returned, but
they were again removed by boiling the
water as before,

With respect to eretinism, the cause
stems distinct from that which produces
goitres; all cretins have not goitres,
neither are all who have the external
appearance of cretins deficient in intel-
lect. Cretinism, when once generated,
appears to be hereditary. The guide who
conducted us from Villard Goitrou to a
coal mine-in the vicinity, was, in appear-

Bakewell’s Travels in the Tarentaise, Sc.

ance, a dwarfish boy of about fourteen
years of age, broad shouldered, with a
flat, frog-shaped head and face, and an
expression of countenance which indi-
cated a mixture of cunning and intelli-
gence. He was evidently of the race of
the cretins, though he seemed ho way
wanting in sense. A little child of the
same race was running after him; Fsaid,
“That is your younger brother, I sup-
pose?” He replied, “ Pardon, Monsieur,
c’est mon fils.” I could scarcely believe
he was serious ; bat on further enquiry,
we learned that our dwarfish guide was
thirty years ofage; he had been married
eight years, and the child who followed
us was seven years old. He bore a
strong resemblance to his father.

To return from this digression: the
persons round our char at Villard Goi-
trou, presented the most melancholy pic-
ture of the physical degradation of our
species I had ever bebeld, united with
an extreme degree of poverty and’ des-
titution, equalled only by that of the
poorest wretches in Ireland, with goitres
so large, as to hear a considerable pro-
portion to their dwarfish bodies; with
heads, features, and forms scarcely’ bu-
man, many of them unable to speak, but
expressing their wants by grating nvises
and uncouth sigus ; they exhibited all the
horrors of deformity, combined with idi-
ocy and extreme wretchedness. It was
impossible not to feel compassion for be-
ings sodegraded by nature, whose misery
was unmerited by any moral crime. It is,
however, some consolation to believe
that they are not sensible of their degra-
dation, as they appear cheerful, and are
said to evince much affection towards
those from whom they receive kindnéss.

AGRICULTURE.

Tn most part of Savoy, the land is di-
vided into very small farms,-and is oc-
cupied by the proprietors or paysans,
who live in an exceedingly frugal man-
ner, and cultivate the ground with the
assitance of their wives and ‘children;
for in Savoy, as in many other parts of
Europe, the women do nearly as'much
field labour as the men.

In the neighbourhood of towns, the
land is chiefly the property of sthe rich,
who let it on certain conditions, which
derive their origin from feudal institu-
tions, and were formerly prevalent ail
over Europe, and have noi entirely
ceased in some parts of Great Britain.

The lands belonging to the monas-
teries were sold during the French Re-
volution, when Savoy was annexed to
France. The gradual abolition of the
monasteries had been begun by the old

government

Bakewell’s Travels in the Tarentaise, &c.

government of Sardinia before the Revo-
lution, for the monks, were probibited
from receiving any new.brethren into
their establishments, in order that the
estates might devolve to the crown, on
the extinction of the different fraterni-
ties. This measure, though wise in the
abstract, was not unattended with incon-
venience, and perhaps we may add, in-
justice... The poor, who had been accus-
tomed to fly to the monasteries for relief
in cases of distress, were left without any
support, except the casual charity of
their neighbours, who had litile to spare
from their own absolute necessities. The
situation of the. poor is therefore much
worse in Savoy, than before the abolition
of the monasteries.

On the establishment of tithes in Eng-
land, they were expressly stated to be
for the maintenance of the clergy and
the poor, Such I suppose to have been
the case in other countries; but the rich
regular clergy, have Jong since forgotten
the claims of the poor to a portion of the
tithes, and abandoned them to the care
of the monks. On the lay appropriation
of the revenues of the monasteries, the
poor found no defenders to enquire into
the original intentions of, the founders,
or toassert their claim to a portion of the
property.

Though the peasantry in Savoy are
very poor, they cannot be called miser-
able... In the neighbourhood of towns,
their situation is worse than ata distance,
and not far from Chamberry, I have seen
a few families, that might almost vie in
squalid misery, rags, and filth, with the
poor of Ireland: but the general appear-
ance of the peasantry is respectable.

The annual wages of a farming man
varies from three to six louis. A day-
Jabourer receives from twenty-five to
thirty sous, or from oneshilling to fifteen-
pence Euglish, per day, if he keeps him-
self; or from ten to fifteen sous, (or five-
pence to seyen-pence halfpenny,) if he is
fed ; but these wages vary according to
the season, A carpenter or wheelwright
receives forty sous per day, or twenty
sous if he is fed. The price of a pair of
oxen, for agriculture, varies with the
nature of the soil. Near Rumilly it is
from eighteen to twenty-five louis; but
three leagues nearer Geneva the land is
stiffer, and requires stronger oxen for the
plough, and a consequent augmentation
in the size and price. The price of a
horse, for agriculture, is from twelve to
twenty louis, and of a mule from ten to
fifteen louis,

Monrtury Mac, No, 391.

593

The wages of female servants in those
families that are sufficiently opulent to
keep them, are from fifty to sixty francs,
or from forty-two to about fifty-two shil-
lings a year, but in some cases they are
as high as_ seventy-two francs, or three
pounds, ‘The wages of a cook are from
100 to 120 francs. In the year 1821,
when the above answers were given me,
the price of provisions in Savoy were as
under.

Wheat, 120Ibs., of 180z., fifteen to
sixteen francs, viz. twelve shillings and
six-pence to thirteen shillings and four-
pence English. Beef, three-pence to
four-pence ; mutton and veal, two-pence
halfpenny to three-pence halfpenny ;
pork, four-pence to five-pence. ;

The inhabitants of the mountains are
richer and more industrious than those of
the plains, the land being chiefly occn-
pied by the proprietors ; and those who
are tenants occupy on more liberalterms
than in the neighbourhoed of towns.
The riches of a mountain peasant, are
estimated by the number of cows he
can keep during the winter. An old
peasant from the mountains at the head
of the lake of Annecy, was pointed
out to me as remarkably rich; he kept
twenty-five cows. This implied that he
had a quantity of land in cultivation,
sufficient to supply them with fodder dur-
ing the winter months, when they are
kept entirely in stables,

The vineyards in Savoy are cultivated
for haif the produce of the wine. The
cultivator pays the whole expence, ex-
cept the taxes, which are paid by the
proprietor.

Walnut-trees, of immense size and
great beauty, enrich the scenery of Sa-
voy, and supply sufficient oil for the con-
sumption of the inhabitants, and for the
adjoining canton of Geneva. Walnuts
have been called the olive of the country./
The trees belong principally to the larger
proprietors. They are planted by nature,
being scattered over the fields, and in
the woods and hedge-rows, intermixed
with chesnut and forest trees of various
kinds. The walnut harvest has been
already described, Sixty pounds of ker-
nel, of 240z., equal to 90h. avoirdupois,
I was informed by M. Berthel, yield from
20 to 24 quart bottles of oil.

THE GLACIERS.

Descending on the valley of Cha-
mouny, we passed a rivulet,which we
scarcely noticed; but on our return,
alter a few hours rain, it Was become a
powerful stream, In this riyulet the

4G. father

594
father of Dr. Pacard, of Chamouny,
who first ascended Mont Blane, was
drowned when crossing it to visit a
patient. The road soon after turns to
the east, and enters the valley of Cha-
mouny, which is near twelve miles in
length, and in most parts exceed a mile
in breadth at the bottom, but, owing to
the great height of the mountains which
bound it on each side, the valley ap-
pears much shorter and narrower.
Pines and larches clothe the lower parts
of the mountais, and give a sombre
appearance to the western end of the
valley, which is rendered Still more so
by the unvaried snows of Mont Blanc,
which hang over it; but, after passing
the priory of Chamouny, the scene
changes, and to this dreary magnificence
succeeds a series of majestic pyramids
or aguilles, of astonishing height, and
too steep to admit the snow to rest
upon them in any season.

What constitute the chief interest of
Chamouny, are the numerous glaciers
which descend from Mont Blane and
the mountains on the south, to the very
bottom of the valley. No where in the
Alps, are they of such magnitude, or
approach so far into the regions of cul-
tivation as bere; the glaciers in the
Berneze Oberland are not to be com-
pared with them, nor can any descrip-
tion or graphic representation give an
adequate idea of the scene. —

Could we suppose a torrent, nearly a
mile in breadth and several hundred
feet in depth, to be descending down
the side of a mountain, rolling waves
over each otber, more than fifty feet in
height, and the whole to be instantly
consolidated and split into angular frag-
ments on the surface, we might have a
tolerably correct potion of a glacier, but
without seeing it, we should still have
but a feeble conception of the impres-
sion that such an object would excite.

The first glacier that descends low
into the valley is called the Glacier de
Boissons. The ice of this glacier is
more pure and unsullied by the fall of
earth and stones from the mountains
above, than that of any of the others.
Among the singular forms of the ice
upon ‘its surtace, one resembled the
steeple of a church. Our guide said it
was about fifty feet in height; it had
been observed fifteen months, and
would probably fall down the following
stimmer.

Nothing respecting the glaciers is
more extraordinary or better attested,
than the progressive motion of these

Bakewell’s Travels.in ihe Tarentaise, &c.

cnormous masses of ice. In order to
prove it, marks have been fixed on
some of them. Our guide told me that
the block of granite, ‘that bad fallen on
the Mer de Glace, had been observed to
move about three-quarters of a league
in twenty years; hence the progressive
motion of this glacier may be stated at
ore hundred and eighty yards ina year.
It will easily be coneeived, that a. mass
of ice descending into a warm valley,
would disappear in the course of time,
and the valley would be free from ice
did not other ice advance to supply its
place. ‘The process may be thus briefly
stated: the ‘glaciers are principally
formed in the bigh mountain valleys im
the Alps, the bottoms of which slope
down towards the lower valleys. As
the ice at the lower end of the glacier,
which is exposed to a warm temperature
is dissolved, the ice above, as it rests
upon an inclined plane, is pressed for-
ward by the force of gravity, and thus
the whole is put in motion. By this
motion, the ice is often rent with sur-
prising noise. TFissures are made many
feet or yards wide, and of vast depth,
and the surface of the descending gla-
cier is broken into irregular masses, that
project a great height above the sur-
face. A newly made. fissure may be
known by the emerald colour of the ice.
The ice of the glaciers is formed by the
consolidation of the snows lodged in
the mountain valleys: as the surlace of
the snow thaws and percolates through
the mass, it is again frozen, and acts as
a cement, and by a repetition of this
process, the whole mass is converted
into solid ice; not so compact, bow-
ever, as that of rivers or lakes, for it is
full of air bubbles, owing to the mode of
its formation. As the ice. descends
from the higher into the lower valleys,
there is a certain pvint at which the
equilibrium between the two forces,
heat and gravity, that act on the gla-
cier, is established—the heat diminish-
ing as much of the ice, as descends into
the valley in a given time, the lower
termination remains nearly stationary ;
I say nearly, for after a series of cold
seasons, the glaciers enlarge and ad-
vance further into the valleys, and after
a series of warm summers, they di-
minish and recede; but, as far as ob-
servations have been carried, we are
warranted in the conclusion—that on
the average of a great number of years,
the quantity of ice and snow in the
Alps remains the same.
One day I walked round the bottom
oO

Bakewell’s Travels in the Tarentaise, Sc.

of the Glacier de Bois, at Chamouny, to
examine its structure more attentively.
Where this glacier terminates, it is
formed of three distinct beds of ice,
with seams of earth between, comprising
a total tliickness of ice, above the Mo-
raine, of about 200 feet in height, end-
ing in three perpendicular precipices
behind each other, over which a very
considerable water-fall was passing
down into the valley. The length of
this glacier is more than seven miles.
{1 divides into two branches above, and
is connected with other glaciers. In
some parts it is more than a mile in
breadth. On the edge of the precipice
of ice were several large masses of rock,
partly projecting over it, and while I
was attentively viewing the glacier, a
stone fell from it, and passed me with
great foree. We had scarcely removed
to the western extremity, when a crash
fike thunder was heard close to us; our
guide returned to see what had taken
place, and informed us that one of the
masses of rock, which we had seen on
the edge of the ylacier, had been pro-
jected from it, and had fallen close to
the place where we had been standing.
This glacier has lately been advancing,
and had covered an orchard in the val-
Jey the preceding spring. A pear-tree
was growing almost in coutact with
the ice.

The spires or pinnacles called aigu-
alles, which rise to such an amazing
heizht above the yalley of Chamouny,
are composed of nearly vertical plates
or beds of granite; and it is most pro-
bable that they derive their present
form from this structure. That these
beds have been raised by sone violet
convulsion into their vertical position,
may, I think, be demonstrated, as I
shall endeavour to show in tie follow-
ing chapter. The same force by which
the beds were upheaved would, it may
be casily couceived, break their edges
or summits into irregular forms; and
the moisture of the atmosphere, which
subsequently penetrated between the
perpendicular fissures, would split and
disintegrate the masses on their sides,
without diminishing much of their
height. Perhaps in this manner we
may satisfactorily account for the ex-
istence of these narrow perpendicular
ridges and pinnacles, or aiguilles, that
occur in the valley of Chamouny ;
whereas we may suppose Mont Blanc to
haye been raised in one vast mass, less
broken than the otber parts of the Pen.
nine range; aud thus its broad summit

595
admitted the snow to rest upon it, and
cover it to a vast depth: this covering
protects it from disintegration, at least
on the northern side. The southern
side of Mont Blanc, facing Italy, is
a nearly perpendicular escarpement of
bare rock, which must be constantly
exposed to the destructive effects of at-
mospheric agency, : :

The most striking object in the val-
ley of Chamouny, next to the glaciers,
and far better worth the labour of the
journey to see than Mont Blanc, is the
Aiguille de Dru, a taper spire of gra-
nite, which shoots up to the height of
eleven thousand feet above the level of
the sea, and is apparently detached
from all the surrounding mountains,
The upper part, or spire, rises nearly to
a point, in one solid shaft, more than
four thousand fect: it is utterly inac-
cessible; its sides are rounded, and are
said to have a polish or glazing, like that
Which is sometimes seen on granite
rocks exposed to the action of the sea,
but this I could not discern with my
telescope., It appeared composed of
perpendicular plates of granite. By
what means it has been shaped into its
present form is difficult to conceive.
When approaching the Glacier de Bois,
it is impossible to view without asto-,
nishment this isolated pinnacle of gra-
nite, shooting up into the sky to such an
amazing height. I have neither seen
nor have I heard of any pinnacle of
granite in the Alps than can be com-
pared with it, for the elegance of its
form, or for the length of its shaft. The
Geant, it is true, is nearly equal to Mont
Blanc in height, but it does not rise so
far above its base as the Aiguille de
Dru, and, when seen at a distance, its
form is like a bended finger.

GLACIER DE BOIS.

In approaching the Glacier de Bois
from the inn at Chamouny, after passing
through a wood of pines and larches, the
glacier is seen descending from the Mer
de Glace into the valley, and over it, in
the back ground, rises the Aiguille Vert.
The latter nearly rivals Mont Blanc in
height, and presents a very striking
escarpement of bare rock towards Cha-
mouuy, while its back, which is rounded,
is covered with snow.

The upper part of the Glacier de
Bois is several thousand feet above the
valley, and after a warm day in August,
avalanches from it are very frequent.
In the course of one hour, we saw four
considerable avalanches, and heard se-
veral from the other side of the glacier.
The

596

The masses of ice may be observed in
motion for a little time before they de-
tach themselves, and when they fall
upon the rocks below, the noise resem-
bles the distant discharge of heavy ar-
tillery, followed by a succession of
echoes. When the ice was once in
motion, it would fall in a continued
stream fora cousiderahle time, which,
seen at a distance, resembled a cata-
ract: with the ice were intermixed large
blocks of stone, which had long lain
upon the glacier. ~I counted several
seconds between the first motion of the
ice and the time when it struck against
the rocks, and some seconds more be-
fore the sound reached the ear. I could
have waited for hours to observe these
avalanches, but as the sun declined they
were less frequent, and ceased before
evening.

Beyond the Glacier de Bois, there are
two other considerable glaciers; the
first, that of Argentiere, has a large
cavern at the bottom; the other is called
the Glacier de Tour. 'The little village
of Argentiére, with its church and glit-
tering spire, and the two lofty Aiguilles
above it, form a most pleasing and sub-
limely picturesque scene. ‘The cheerful
appearance of cultivation, with a village
and village-church, is always gratifying
amidst lofty precipices and snow-capped
mountains.

GENERAL PROSPECT.

Having ascended the summit of the
Col de Balme, we saw on the castern
side below us the upper valley of the
Rhone, and the mountains which border
it, as faras St. Gotbard; but the outline
was not well defined, owing to a slight
degree of haziness in the eastern horizon,
though the atmosphere was uncom-
monly transparent on the western side
of the Col de Balme. We descended a
little below the summit to be screened
from the wind, while we took our din-
ners on the grass; there was a mass of
snow immediately “beneatir us, though
the mountain is below the estimated
Jine of perpetual snow. Lovking to the
west, Mont Blane is seen in profile,
from its sommit to its base, and its dif
ferent parts rise: above each other in
their just proportions. The summits of
the principal Aiguilles, those of Char-
mos, the Aiguille Vert, the Aiguille de
Dru, @ Argentiére, and de Tour, are
seen nearer, and in the same range.
These peaks rise from eleven to thir-
teen thousand feet above the level of
the sea, and would in any other posi-

tion be regarded with astonishment, but
Bs

6.

Bakewell’s Travels.in the Tarentaise, &c.

the effect of their amazing height is
diminished by the superior elevation
and magnitude of Mont: Blane. On
the north side of the valley are’seen a
lower range of mountains, whieh, from
their red colour, are called the Aiguilles
Rouges ; beyond these is Mont Breven,
and nearer, on the north-west, rise the
mountains of the Valorsine. ‘The val-
ley of Chamouny appears deep and
narrow, and is scen from one end to the
other, with the Arve winding along it.
The Col de Balme on which we stood
closes the eastern end of the valley, and
a mountain called the Vaudange closes
the western extremity. The lengthof the
valley is about fifteen miles: when view-
ed from hence, there can be little doubt
of its having once formed a lake, before
the waters of the Arve escaped, as at
present, through a lateral chasm'to Pont
Pelissier. The occurrence of‘ valleys
closed in at both ends is not unfrequent
in Sayoy. I bave before remarked that
such valleys could not have been formed
by submarine currents, or by rivers run+
ning through them; this is evident from
their present structure.
FORMATION. :

The base of the mountain ofthe Col
de Balme is gravitic, but the north and
the north-west side of the mountain are
composed of nearly vertical: beds of
sandstone, puddingstone, micaceous
sandstone, nearly resembling mica-slate,
dark soft schist, schisty grey limestone,
and slate. The sandstone, puddingstone,
and micaceous sandstone alternate ; they
range nearly north-east by north. Stand-
ing dn the summit of the Col de BaJme,
one of these beds, of vast thickness, is
seen plunging down into the valley to
the north-west, and is nearly vertical and
uncovered by any other bed, to the depth
of fifteen hundred or two thousand feet.
Were any decomposition, or erosion of the
lower part to take place, the whole bed
must fall into the valley. .

The beds of which I obtained speci-
mens, are greyish or reddish schist; with
rather a fine paste, and containing par-
ticles of mica, and would, in the Wer-
nerian nomenclature, be donominated a
grey-wacke schist. In the paste are
imbedded numerous bolders and frag-
ments of, gneiss, mica+slate, and quartz,
varying in size from that of a pea, or
smaller, to seven or eight inches in di-
ameter; some are perfectly rounded,
others are angular, and some have a
rhomboidal form, derived from the cleav-
age of the rocks, from whence they were
originally broken. Many of these beds

are

Bakewell’s Travels in the Tarentaise, &¢.

are absolutely vertical, others have a
slight inclination; they alternate with
sandstone, and thin ‘beds of ‘schist, in
which are few or no fragments. ‘The
total thickness of the beds of ‘schist and
puddingstone is about 620 feet, and they
may be traced along their basset edges
to the distance of a league, where they
are covered by earth. They are suc-
ceeded by sandstone and slate. That
these beds of puddingstone contain the
true fragments of other rocks, cannot be
doubted; had they been all of quartz, we
might perhaps have supposed them co-
temporancous with the bed in which
they occur; but it would be contrary to
all probability to believe that rounded
pebbles, and bolders of gneiss and.mica-
slate, together with angular fragments
of other rocks, were originally formed
in a bed of soft schist, and whilst it was
in a vertical position. Indeed, such a
mode of formation appears impossible;
we have therefore a satisfactory proof,
that these beds have been raised from an
horizontal position, or nearly so, to their
present vertical one ; and, as all the other
beds in the same mountain, even the
lower slate and granitic rocks, have the
same range and position, we are compel-
led. to admit, that they have all been
elevated at the same time, and by the
same cause. The mountains on the op-
pesite side of the valley, present also the
same yertical beds, and Saussure ob-
serves, that it would be absurd to deny,
that they owe their elevation toa similar
cause,

The range of the beds in the whole
chain of Alps in Savoy and the Haut
Vallais,is generally conformable to that
of the beds in the Col de Balme and the
Valorsine; I therefore think we should
not extend the inference too far, were we
to admit that the vertical, of highly-in-
clined beds, in the whole of this range,
owe their elevation to the same cause,
whose operation is so manifest in the
position of the strata of the Col de Balme.
It is true we find nothing analogous to
such a case in present operation, except
the very extended, but less intense agency
of earthquakes. We have however only
1o conecive a similar force to that which
shook the mountains, the earth, and the
sea, over one-third of the surface of the
globe, in 1754 and 1755, to be more con-
centrated in its action; and we cannot
doubt that it would be adequate to break
a portion of the crust of our planet, and
elevate its beds to the height of the lof-
fiest mountains in the Alps.

One important fact may be deduced

597

from these elevated beds of pnddingstone,
sandstone, and other strata, ranging con-
formably with beds of granite and gneiss;
namely, that the granite did, not acquire
its highly-inclined or vertical position,
till after the formation.of | secondary ,
strata, which are comparatively modern,
as I believe I shall be able to shew those
in the Valorsine and in. the, valley of
Chamouny to be. This opinion is, I
know, at variance with that of many
geologists. | Daubuisson, as if he had
been present at the time; states, “ that
the beds of granite in the Alps were
raised into their present vertical, or
highly-inclined position, soon after their
formation,” an opinion opposed by the
position of the secondary strata, both
here and in every part of the Alps that
I have examined, unless we admit the
granite to be also of recent formation.
In England, the dower secondary strata
appear to have beey elevated by the
same eause that raised the rocks on
which they repose; but this: elevation
took place before the deposition of the
upper strata consisting of, magnesian
limestone, lias, odlite, and chalk, and the
intervening sandstones; for all these
strata lie nearly flat over the edges of the
inclined under strata. On the contrary,
in Savoy, strata of similar formations
occur nearly vertical, and frequently con-
formable to the range and dip of the
granitic formations. These facts would
prove that the causes which elevated! the
granite, have acted at different epochs on
various parts of the globe, unless we are
prepared to admit, that calcareous form-
ations, containing similar organic re-
mains, were not contemporaneous in
different countries, a supposition, not
altogether void of probability.
RED SNOW.

It will be recollected that, on the re-
turn of Captain Ross from Baffin’s- Bay,
much surprise was excited by the ac-
count of the red snow (as it was called)
covering some of the snow mountains
near the coast in those high latitudes. It
is a little remarkable that it should have
escaped public attention at the time,
that the same phenomenon occurs every
year in the Alps, but at a season when
it is not often exposed to the view of
travellers. Our guide said that its ap-
pearance was like that of minute red
grains scattered on the snow; they were
to be seen in March, and generally dis-
appeared about the end of May or the
beginning of June. Several persons: in-
formed me that they had seen this red
show, and, on referring to Saussure, I

find
®

598

find he has given a very full account of
if, as occurring in Mont Breyen, and
also on the great, St. Bernard. The
powder or grains penetrate two or three
inches into the snow, and are of a very
lively red colour: it occurs chiefly
where the suow lies in a concavity, it
is deepest near the centre, and very faint
pon the borders, as if it had been, car-
ried down from the edges towards the
lower parts, by a partial melting of the
snow. On the return of Captain Ross,
the residue of some of the red snow from
Baflin’s Bay, a‘ter the water was evapo-
rated, was examined, and the substance
was said to be oily, and the product of
some yegetable.. Saussure had come to
the same conclusion in 1788, from a
series of experiment on forty grains of
this powder. See Voyages dans les Alpes,
tom, li. p. 44. to 48. Saussure was in-
clined to believe, that the red powder
was the pollen of some alpine plant, but
it is a subject still involved in obscurity,
as there is no plant known in Switzer-
land which yields such a powder.
CHaMOUNY.

As the valley of Chamouny is the only
part of Savoy which is much frequented
by the English, the two inns lire are
more like English inns, than those in
any other part of the duchy; the charges
are also very reasonable, considering the
distance from whence most of the articles
of consumption are brought expressly
for the use of the company; indeed, they
are cheaper than in most of the other
parts of Savoy or in Switzerland, where
the accommodations are much inferior.

As the winters commence early, and
last till late in the spring, there is little
employment for the men during that sea-"
son; and the guides being accustomed to
a wandering life in the summer, and toa
certain degree of intellectual excitement,
by associating with well-informed fo-
reigners from every part of Europe, they
would sink into a state of torpor, were it
not for the daugerous resource of gam-
bling, with which they are said chiefly
to occupy themselves: in the winter
months. It would be extremely difficult
to remedy the evil here; in England the
substitnte for gambling would be smok-
ing and drinking, or politics; bat under
the paternal government of his Sardinian
Majesty, great care is taken, by the pro-
hibition of books, that the peasants shall
neither read, nor think, if it be possible
to prevent them, The Chamouniards,
however, from their summer intercourse
with the world, are less under the influ-
ence of the priests, and less superstitious

Bakewell’s Travels in the Tarentaise, §c.

than the peasants in other parts of Savoy-
Weasked our guide whether they did not
amuse themselves with disinal stories of
ghosts in the winter evenings, to which
he replied, as if a little piqued, “ Nous
ne croyons pas aux revenans ict.”—We
don’t believe in ghosts here.
GENEVA.

After leaving our passport at the gate,
we proceeded along a gloomy street, to
les Ballances, the principal hotel. The
next morning I sallied forth to recon-
noitre the streets in the vicinity; a
quarter of an hour’s walk brought me to -
la Place St. Antoine, which overlooks the
Jake, when I was surprised to discover
that Ihad made the circuit of more than
half the city. Geneva had, from my
earliest recollections, occupied a large
space ‘in my imagination, as the metro-
polis of Protestant Europe, placed in
opposition to the mighty papal Rome :
I was, therefore, rather disappointed to
find that this celebrated city covered
only a quarter of a square mile of the
earth’s surface, or about four times the
extent of Russell-square in London.

Geneva, as a city, possesses few ob-
jects to recommend it to the notice of
those travellers who view only ‘ the sur-
faces of things.” The public buildings
are devoid of beauty, the streets are
dull, iand the houses, though lofty, ap-
pear massive and heavy; they are built
of sandstone, and covered with dark tiles.
There has been only one new house built
in the city during the last forty years ;
thelfurtifications prevent its extension on
each side, :

Many families live under the same
roof, as at Paris, each family generally
occupying one story, or what, in Edin~
burgh, is called a flat; but, among the
poorer citizens, one room often serves for
a whole family.

The streets of Geneva generally feel
cold, as from the height of the houses
the sun’s rays rarely shine into them.

The number of inhabitants in the city
is about twenty-two thousand. Before
the accession of territory, granted by the
‘allied powers, in 1816, the population of
the whole republic scarcely exceeded
thirty thousand ; at present it amounts
to forty-two thousand, and Geneva forms
a canton of the Helvetic confederacy.

Geneva may be compared to a bone
placed before the mouths ofihree growl-
ing mastifls, each one ready to seize it,
but fearing an attack from the other
two.

The lower classes of citizens, at Ge-*
neya, with their wives and children,

are

-

Bakewell’s Travels in the Tarentaise, 5c.

are generally neatly dressed, and the
labourers have their clothes well men-
ded; and appear clean and comfortable
Beggars, or persons in rags, are rarely
seen in the streets, unless it be a few
stragglers from Savoy. The very re-
spectable appearance of the female ser-
vants, speak strongly in favour of the
morality of the higher classcs. -

Genéya is surrounded by what may
be styled a level country, slightly di-
versified with gently sloping hills of low
elevation, and richly adorned with neat
country houses, cheerful villages, and
groves of the horse-chesnut.

Perhaps no city in Europe basa greater
variety of fine drives around it than Ge-
neva; the roatis are excellent, and suf-
ficiently broad for any kind of English
carriage. Another advantage is, that
the view of the country is not obstructed
by ‘bigh walls, as is the case in the
neighbuurheod of Vevay and Lausanne.

} THE NECKARS.

A: few miles east, on the side of the
lake, is situated the chatean of the late
Madame de Stae!l at Copey. It con-
tains the body of her mother, Madame
Neckar, full dressed, and preserved in
brandy, by her own particular reqitest.
In this singular state it was shown to
visitors for several years, but the vault
which contained it, was closed a litle
before we were there. The early at-
tachment of our historian Gibbon to
this lady, will preserve her memory
much Jonger than brandy can preserve
her body ; and the austerity of her tem-
per and singularity of her disposition are
sufficiently knewn by the writings of ber
daughter. The memory of M, Neckar
will also remain a striking instance of
talents egregiously overrated by his
countrymen, and, at one period, by all
Europe.

M. Rocca the young and handsome
second husband of Madame de Stael,
did not long survive his wife: he died
of a decline in Htaly, after lingering
some time in his native place, Geneva.

POLITICS.

Of the present state of political feel-
ing in Geneva I had some opportunity
of judging, in the winter of 1821, when
the Austrians were invading Naples and
Piedmont, aod restoring depotism with
the bayonet. I was both grieved and
surprised to find that many of the opulent
Genevese took -part with the unjust ag-
gression of the Austrians, and rejoiced
at the extinction of liberty in Italy.
Their joy appeared to me perfectly in-
sane, for the independence of the Swiss

599

republics cay only be secured by the
existence of other independent free
states in Europe; and, whenever the
allied sovereigns have fully succeeded
in their impious design to crush the li-
berty of larger states, so surely will they,
soon after, stamp out the liberties of the
Swiss cantons, and that with as much
ease as an elephant would crash an
ant-hill with its ponderous foot.* Many
of the citizens at Geneva have their
treasures in foreign funds, and where
the treasure is, there their hearts may
be also, and they may prefer a high
price of French rentes to all the free
constitutions in the world.

am EN EDUCATION.

With respect to the eligibiiity of
Geneva, as a place of temporary resi-
dence for families, or for the education
of British youth, I must leave parents
to make what inferences they please
from what I have already stated. It
may, however, be right to say some-
thing respecting the expense of edu-
cation. ‘Those who wish to economize
should not send their children to Geneva
for education : the terms for respectahie
boarding-schools for boys or girls under
fourteen years of age, are eighty Napo-
Jeons and upwards per annum. Young
men received as parlour boarders, or as
pupils, into the houses of professors who
take only from four to five pupils, pay
very high. I have heard of three hun-
dred napoleons per annum being given,
Parents who have large families, and
who educate their daughters at home,
may save something in the expense of
masters; the price per bour for attend-
ance is from two to five frances. There
are excellent drawing-masters; hut the
music-masters are regarded by the
English as inferior to our own. In every
respect Geneva may be considered as
dearer than other towns on the conti-
nent; but it possesses the advantage of

being

* I was informed by a senator of Berne,
that soon after the marriage of Napoleon
with the Archduchess, the house of Austria
earnestly solicited him: to suffer the Aus-
trians to take permanent possession of
Switzerland, which he sternly refused.
The fact was well known at Berne. We
may be assured that the object is not lost
sight of ; and, should the crusade against
liberty in Spain prove successful, Austria
will find no power able or willing to pre-
serve Switzerland from her grasp, and a
grand Te Deum will be sung, for the de-
struction of republicanism in the centre of
Europe.

600

being a Protestant. city, and of being
free from the immorality and dissipation
that prevail in many cities, which might
in other respects be more eligible.

The facilities for studying natural
history are greater at Geneva than in
England, but they are by no means
equal to those in Paris.* :
. There is an excellent botanical gar-
den, well arranged, under the superin-
tendance of M. deCandolle. A public
museum is forming, intended to com-
prise the animal and mineral kingdoms,
and a considerable number of animals
and mineral specimens are already col-
lected and arranged. To the museum
is attached a library for the use of sub-
scribers, and also a reading-room and
news-room, in which all the periodical
scientific journals in Europe are taken
in, with the French, Italian, and Ger-
man newspapers. To this room, stran-
gers, properly introduced, are admitted
gratis., Annexed to the reading-room,
is a room for conversation and chess.
These rooms are open from nine o’clock
in the morning to ten or eleven in the
evening, and are a most agreeable ac-
commodation to those who may spend
a few months in Geneva.

RELIGION.

The Sundays are more strictly ob-
served, at. Geneva than in most of the
towns on the continent; during the
hours of service the city gates are shut,
and carriages are not permitted to drive
through the streets. ‘The churches are

* The facilities for the study of natural
history at Paris are truly enviable; beside
the lectures which are accessible to the
public, the museums are arranged accord-
ing to the most approved systems, and
every thing has its name affixed. The
student, with Cuvier’s Régne Animal, or
with Hauy’s Mineralogy in his hand, may
gain what information he requires. Where
the labels are only partially affixed, and
no well-known arrangement is followed, a
public museum, however rich in speci-
mens, is little better than a splendid toy-
room. Some of the professors at Geneva
have private collections, and give lessons
in’ mineralogy. M. Andrew de Luc has
also a very extensive collection of shells,
both recent and fossil ; and those who wish
to study conchology, may take private
lessons in his museum, where they
may gain a knowledge of the system of
Lamarck, and cannot fail to be pleased
with the agreeable manners and intelli-
gence of their instructor. M. De Luc is
advantageously known by his able illustra-
tion of Hannibal’s passage over the Alps,
published about four years since.

Bakewell’s Travels in the Tarentaise, §c.

well atiended; but. when the morning
and afternoon services ‘ate over, the
Genevese, like the other inhabiiants of
the continent, whether Catholic, ,.Cal-
vinist, or Lutheran, indulge im their
common recreations ; and the places of
public amusement are open, but they
close at an early hour, 'The majority of
Catholics and Protestants (except in
Great Britain) agree that the sabbatical
observance of the first day of the week,
farther than by devoting a part of it to
public worship, is not enjoined either
by the precepts or the example of the
earliest Christians ; and even since the
Reformation in England, royal. procla-
mations were fixed upon our church-
doors, commanding the people to play
at foot-ball and other pastimes, after the
service was over.
BERNE,

The country round. Berne is highly
cultivated, varied, and rich; and the
city, being considerably elevated above
the river Aar, has ap imposing aspect.
The public walks and grounds are kept
in excellent order, and every thing here
presents an appearance of neatness,
comfort, and opulence. The most
striking feature in the landscape is the
northern range of the Swiss Alps, that
separates the canton of Berne from, the
Vallais, extending in a north-easterly
direction above the valley of the Rhone,
and running nearly parallel with the
chain of the southern Alps that separate
the Vallais from Italy. These. two
great chains, which comprise the loftiest
mountains in Eurepe, secm to blend
confusedly into each other, as they ad-
vance farther eastward, in approaching
the Tyrol. The northern chain is seen
from Berne, along a line of about sixty
miles; and all its highest summits are
most distinctly conspicuous, the bases
of the mountains being more detached
from each other than in the southern
chain. Fifteen of these. magnificent
mountains are seen at once, with their
snowy summits towering from ten to
twelve thousand feet above the sur-
rounding country, without any inter-
vening object to obstruct the view. The
sublimity of the view, in the evening,
when all these colossal masses are splen-
dent with the rosy tint of the. setiing
sun, resembling pyramids of ruby, is
not to be described. The walks in the

_church-yard, or on the trenches, at
Berne, are good stations for observing
the effects of sun-set on the Swiss Alps ;
and the scene would richly reward the
labour of a long journey to behold, were

there

Bakewell’s Travels inthe Tarentaise, &c.

there is no other object worth notice in
the canton of Berne: 'The rose- coloured
tint‘on the snowy Alps, continued about
fifteen minutes in the elear evenings: in
October, remaining the longest on those
‘mountains which bad the ¢reatest ole-
yatioli; ‘and were situated on the western
‘end of the line. :

1. FQ29 49 & AIOPERLAND.

“oWeremained a month in the Bernese
Oberland, as the antumn was ancom-
monly mild. "To ‘the delight received
from the’scenery,; was added the satis-
faciion of ‘observing the neatness, com-
fort;and enjoymient, of the people. I
could) not ‘compare ‘their situation with
that'of the Savoyards, without reflect-
ingion the cause whence this difference
arose. “It certainly is not from the soil,
or climate; for in both these respects
Savoy bas the advantage. The supe-
tiority of condition of ihe Bernese pea-
santry ‘must'be sought in a fecling of
independence, an exemption from all
oppressive services or taxes, and a just
goverment. “If history docs not) sufii-
ciently convince us, that national mi-
sery isthe invariable result of a des-
‘potic ‘government, we may contem-
plate the actual condition of ‘the people
under the*domination of ‘Austria and
Naples, or of Tunis or Constantinople,
and we-‘stiall be fully sensible: of this
trath:' On ‘tiie other band, the supe-
ridrity which England has long enjoyed,
and’stil enjoys, over all despotic Eu-
ropeaw states, is’only owing to the su-
perior Gegree’ of freedom we possess.
With thesé striking facts before our
eyes, it is\passing ‘strange that writers
are still to. be found in Britain, who
revile with ‘bitterness nations struggling
to: be! ‘free, and) who would ‘make the
interests, the happiness, and ihe una-
lienable: riglits’ of the people, yicld to
the arbitrary claims of a few imbecile
families. “1 was partly lead into this
train of thinking, by the conversation
we had frequently at the public table
with travellers returning from Italy:
the oppressive and atrocious conduct of
the Austrians’ to the people, was on
every “tongue. © When ‘the Austrians
were on their march to Naples, they
displayed ‘all the hesitation and fear of
felons abuat to break into a house ; but
when treachery had made ‘every thing
éasy tothem, their extravagance of joy
knew no bounds. From that ‘moment
the combined despots saw themselves
independest of Britain, or regarded her
only as am humble agent, ready to for-
ward their further attacks on the liber-

Mowtuty Mac. No. 301.

601

tios of Earope ;oand well’ might they
think ‘so, for: we had aided them most
essentially inthe subjagation'of Naples,
and had willingly thrown away the op-
portanity°of securing the peace of Eu-
rope, At that) period, a single; sincere,
and spirited remoustrance would have
kept the Austrians at home.” But the
evil genias who then directed our coun-
ceils, was too’ much infatuated by ‘the
smiles of despots, to perceive that the
power of England would be diminished
hy extinguishing the free states on the
Continent, who alone’ :would be our
sincere friends.
ALPINE SCENE.

From Grindelwald there is a ‘mule-
road on the north, leading overamonn -
tain, called the Sheideck, to Meyrengen,
in the valley of Hasli. This road lies
under the west side of the Wetterhorn
and Wellhorn, and presents some as-
tonishing ‘views of those mountains.
Another road conducts the traveller
over the Wengen Alp, into the valley of
Lauterbrun. This passage, sométiines
called that of the Wengen Alp-Scheidei?,
is stated to be 6840 feet above the levek
of the sea. It is a day’s journey over;
the road is little frequented, and in'some
parts is trackless without a cuide; if is
occasionally difficult, and very rough.
We were five hours in ascending, in-
cluding an hour we rested ata cattle
shed, in the neighbourhood of a spriug,
and we were four hours in descending,
The sky was without a cloud, and the
air was of a delightful temperature, ¢e-
nial and invigorating. ‘The highest
mountains of this Alpine range were im-
mediately above us, on our left, and the
dazzling whiteness of the snow, con-
trasted with the deep azure of ithe hea
vens, was too powerful for the eyes long
to rest upon. The. pines« became
stunted in their growth as we ascended,
and | disappeared entirely before we
gained the summit of the pass, which is
above the zone of treess The first part
of the ascent may be said to be on the
side of the Higer, and is diréctly under
the lofty walls ‘of limestone, that form
the middle region of that mountain,
below ‘the line of perpetual... snow.
When we had gained the ascent, the
ihree giants of the Swiss Alps,» the
Monk. Kiger, the Silver Horny and the
Jungfrau, were only separated from us
by a narrow chasm, or valley, nearly a
mile iu depth, into which the avalanches
were falling, in rapid succession, from
one or other of these colossal misses.
The noise was indescribably deep and

I awful,

602

peated echoes, which might truly be
called the music of the mountains, and
was in perfect harmony with the vast
sublimity of the scene. 'To these deep
echoes succeeded a solemn silence, till
again an appalling crash, from another
part of the range, was repeated by
louder echoes, responding from moun-
tain to mountain. It would have re-
quired no very poetic imagination to
haye heard amid these sounds the
mighty genii of the Alps, holding con-
verse together ih an awful language,
that spoke of the feebleness of human
power, compared with the force and
immensity of nature.

All that I had hitherto witnessed in
the Alps, sunk in comparison with the
‘scene before me. Nowhere, in that
vast range, can the two senses of sight
and hearing receive a more powerful
combined impression of the sublime ;
but to experience this fully, certain con-
ditions are required. ‘To the clearness
of the atmosphere must be conjoined
the proper season, and hour of the day.
The latter end of sammer, when the, sky
js clear, every day, between the hours
of two and four, the avalanches begin to
fall, and are greater and more numerous
in proportion to the warmth of the
weather.

AVALANCHES.

Few persons who have not visited Al-
pine countries, have a corrgct idea of an
avalanche. It is not, as frequently de-
scribed, snow set in motion, and ac-
cumulated by rolling, for the noise can-
not be produced by snow rolling over
snow. Anavalanche isa mass of snow,
sliding from the upper part of a moun-
tain, and falling over a precipice, and
then striking against the base of the
mountain, or upon the rocks below.
To compare .great objects with small,
the snow falling from the roof of a
house upon the pavement, is an ava-
Janche on a small scale; judge then of
the effect, when many tons, or hun-
dredsof tons, of snow fall from the height
of several thousand feet upon the solid
ground, The snow on the Alps is much
consolidated, being partly changed into
ice, by partial thawing and repeated
freezing.

{t may be briefly stated, that a sloping
bed of snow, over a precipice, like the
yoof of a building above a wall, are
essential conditions for an avalanche, or,
at least, for producing an avalanche
which will be attended by those loud
and appalling sounds, that break in on

Bakewell’s Travels in the Tarentaisc, &c.
awful, reverberaling in Jong and ro-~

the silenoe of Alpine regions. “There

may be, and often is, a sliding down

of snow, from the upper to the lower

part ofthe mountains, without the snow

falling over a precipice; but such ava-

lanches can produce but little noise.
PUBLIC PRESS.

The newspapers published in the
Swiss republics contain scarcely any
political information. As the govern-
ments of the different cantons are afraid
of offending their powerful neighbours,
the editors avoid any comments on pas-
sing events. Even the Genevesée are
content with publishing, twice a weck,
a single sheet of advertisements called
Feuille d’Avis, without any political
news whatever.

GRAPE DIET.

The physicians at Geneva send some
of their patients to Vevey, during the
vintage, to take what is called a regular
course of grapes, that is, to subsist for
three weeks entirely on-this fruit, without
tasting any other food or drink. The
quantity recommended to be eaten is,
in many instances, about seven English
pounds perday. The patients generally
dislike the grape diet at first, butin a
few days it becomes agreeable, and they
feel no inclination for other food.
An English gentleman, who had been
at the same pension where we boarded
at Geneva, was sent to take a course
of grapes, near St. Saphorin; he was
in a state of great debility, after an
attack ofthe measles, and was declining
rapidly ; he had eruptions over his body,
and his recovery seemed doubtful. After
three weeks he returned to Geneva much
improved in appearance, and in good
health and spixits. In certain cases of
insanity, a grape diet is said to be very
efficacious in restoring the patient to
a sound state; and so far as an entire
change of food can effect a material
change in the constitution of the patient,
ii may be readily admitted that sub-
sisting entirely on grapes, for several
weeks, may have a powerful influence,

TOUISSANT.

The unfortunate negro chief, Touis-
sant, died at Vevey. The seizure and re-
moval of Touissant is one of the deepest
stains in the history of Napoleon, and it
was as impolitie and ruinous to the in-
terests of France, and of St. Domingo, as
it was flagrantly unjust; but it does not
appear that Touissant was kept in the
painful state of durance that has been
generally believed.

CANTON OF VALLAIS.
The mountains on each side of this

Bakewell’s Travels in the Tarentaise, &c.

valley are the highest of any on the Old
Continent, except the Hemmeleh in Asia,
for on one side are the Joftiest summits
in the southern range of the Alps, and
on the other the loftiest summits of the
northern range. They form two walls
of rock, much shattered and iniersected,
and varying in height, from nine. to
twelve thousand feet above the valley.
The central mass on each side is granitic,
diyided into beds which are nearly ver-
tical, and their general range is N. E.
and S. W. or nearly in the direction of
the valley. The bottom of these moun-
tains in the valley are generally covered
with secondary strata, except near its
upper part, and also for a short space in
its lower part near Martigny, where a
deep section is made through the se-
condary strata, and has laid bare the gra-
nitic rocks. From each of the ranges on
the right and left, numerous deep ravines,
besides the lateral valleys, open into the
great valley, and bring their tributary
streams to the Rhéne.

Vast eboulements are every year fal-
ling from the enormous precipices that
overhang the lower ground; many of
these are recorded which have destroyed
entire villages. Avalanches have also
sometimes fallen of such vast size as to
occasion dreadful inundations of the
Rhone; and on the 18th of February,
1720, the village of Obergestelen, with
eighty-eight of its inhabitants, were
overwhelmed by an avalanche.

_ In‘sucl a situation as the Vallais, man

seems to be placed amid the ruins of na-
ture, in a state of warfare with the ele-
ments, and he is compelled to. be inces-
santly on his guard against the powers
that threaten bis destruction.

The air at the bottom of the valleys is
often hot and suffocating, when the cold
is severe upon the mountains. From
various causes, but principally from the
stagnation of air in the valleys, from the
mineral impregnation of the water, and
from want of cleanliness and wholesome
diet, cretinism, in its most horrid forms,
is more prevalent in this canton than in
any other part of the Alps. The places
most subject to cretinism are where the
lateral valleys enter the valley of the
Rhone, and the torrents are most charged
with minute particles of mineral sub-
stances, and also where the air is most
stagnant. It is obseryed that in the vil-
lages that are situated about 3800 feet
above the level of {the sea, the inhabit-
ants are not affected with this malady,
Intermittent fevers are also frequent in
the marshy parts of the yalley, and the

603

inhabitants are affected with cutaneous
disorders, from living on cheese and
salted meat:#indeed the general. appear-
ance of the peasantry is indicative of po-
verty and misery.

Though nature appears to have dealt
unkindly with the Vallaisiens, they suffer
much less from natural than from moral
evils, or rather the former are greatly in-
creased by the latter. Superstition, ig-
norance, and indolence, deprive them of
the comforts and’security which an en-
lightened industry might procure. For
instance, the valley might be rendered far
more healthy and productive by draining.

Many parts are extremely fertile, and
the warmth is sufficient to favour the
growth of the vegetable productions of
more southern latitudes. Round. Sion
and Sierre, fig-trees, almond- trees, pome-
granates, and mulberry-trees, flourish
abundantly, and the grapes are rich in
flavour.

The vegetab!e productions of this can-
ton comprise those which grow between
the latitudes of Marseilles and of Green-
land. On the rocks facing the south,
the thermometer is said to be frequently
at 48° Reaumar, or 140° Fahrenheit,
while on the heights above are growing
the lichens of the arctic circle. Its
zoology is rich and varied, comprising
seyeral animals seldom found in’ the
other parts of the Swiss Alps. ‘The lynx
infests the valleys of Conches, of Viege,
of Bagnes, and of Herens. ‘Fhe lam-
mergeyer has its nest in the inaccessible
rocks above Conches, Brieg, and Viece.

The deep intersections made in the
central range of the Alps, by the gorges
and lateral valleys, have disclosed a
great variety of mineral substances, some
of which are rare: but many of these
valleys have never been explored by the
naturalist or mineralogist.

The Vallaisiens are ‘said to be ex-
tremely superstitious, and to trust much
to supernatural power for the remedy of
evils, that require only prudence or in-
dustry to avoid, It was customary to
exorcise the maladies of the sick, or even
a rock that was in danger of falling, or
any natural calamity, by which they
were menaced, 'They retain some fétes
and processions of pagan origin, which
the church does not approve.

I have often reflected on the misery
that exists in this canton, compared with
the Oberland of Berne, which is only
divided from it by the same range of
mountains, and is less fertile. I am in-
clined to attribute the misery of the
Vallaisiens chiefly to the circumstance

of

604

of the land belonging to.a few great-pro-
prictors, who let it tothe peasantry, and
-they being merely tenantss feel but little
interest.in its improvement.

The Vallais, though wanting men for
the proper cultivation of its soil, yet,
like. many of the. other cantons of
Switzerland, still submits to a disgrace-
-ful traffic in buman flesh, by agreeing to
furnish a cerfaiu number of mercenary
troops to any government that will pay
for. them. The Wallais supplies the
French government with 1600 men.

SEMPLON ROAD.

October 13, 1820, we left Bricgg, at
nine o'clock, to ascend the Semplon,
taking two; additional horses to the
chariot we had hired at Lausanne.

It is truly remarkable, that the most
striking object which is seen in ascend-
ing the Semplon has not hitherto been
noticed, that I know of, by any tourist:
this is the view of the southern. side. of
the Swiss range of Alps, that divide the
Vallais from the canton of Berne. Every
one who has been at Berne knows the
conspicuous figure these mountains make
from thence, but on ascending the Semp-
lon, you are almost four times nearer
them than, at Berne, and all the most
Jofty summits) of the Swiss range, with
a host.of snowy pinnacles on this side of
them, and the glaciersfrom whence they
rise, are immediately before the eye of
the traveller, if he will turn back to look
at them: a more sublime spectacle can-
not be imagined.

The road up the Semplon, and along
its. summit, is surmounted by moun-
tains that rise much above it; some of
them are covered. with perpetual snow.
Near the top of the road is a large un-
finished building, intended for an hos-
pice, by Napoleon. We passed several
scattered. cottages, with gardens, or-
chards, and pastures, before arriving at
the village of Semplon. This village,
though 1700 fect below. the highest part
of the road, is one of the highest large
villages in Europe, being 4836 English
fect above the Jevel.of the sea. The
descent from the Semplon, on ihe
Hialian side, is far grander and more
striking than thaton the side of the
Vallais, . Precipices of granite, of ama-
zing height, havg immediately over the
road, and dark profound chasms open
beneath it, on the right, throrgh which
the torrents are roaring and foaming,
and rushing on to: the plains of Ttaly.
The Semplon_road is forty-two miles in
Jengih: from Gliss to Domo d’Ossola,
and about nine yards wide; it is. every

~

Bakewell’s Travels in the Tarentaise, &c.

where as safe aud commodious, as. thie
roads round: Londow.” A. mail) cored
would ¢cross\it in six bours. Phe ascent
is nowhere more than ove footia twenty-
nine feet. There are ten houses of; re-
fuge built by. the ‘road: side; to. afford
shelter to travellers, in case of sudden
storms. ‘Twenty-two bridges arethrown
over the ravines and torrents, and, ten
galleries are pierced through the rocks.
The largest gallery, that of Gendo, is
157 yards. long. ‘This read cost ‘the
French government twelve million: li-
vres, or about four hundred and cighty
thousand pounds sterlivg. faioa3
The view of the rich valley:of D’Ocella,
in descending into. Italy, is inaconceiva-
bly fines Sach is the extraordinary
fertility of the soil, that the-earth seems
over-burthened with produce ; the seene
forms a most striking contrast; tothe
sterile grandeur of the overhanging rocks
in the defiles of the Semploni., ‘The
change of climate, too, is, almost Jike
enchant{ment; for» you descend inva few
hours from the vegetation of Lapland,
to a country abounding with! vines, figs,
and pomegranates; nor can: the traveller
see for the first time, without-deep, emo-
tion, a land rendered interesting to binr
by so many early associations» with’ bis-
tory and poctry. ‘its Heat
LYONS. nei tor
Approaching to Lyons the» soil twas
more highly cultivated : barley was itr
full ear, (April 17,) and veady to blooms
the foliage of the trees was expanded,
and numerous nightiugales were singing

_in the bushes by the road side.

Many gentlemen’s houses, with: :ex-
tensive gardens and vineyards, )an-
nounced our proximity to an ‘opulent
city, as we proceeded.» As’ Lyons» is
one of the principal omanufacturing
towns in France, I shall state the ad-
vantages of its situation, aud other cir-
cumstances, which may enable the reader
to compare it with the large mann-
facturing towns in Great Britain. » Phe
magnificent ‘rivers, ‘yie) Rbéne»and ‘the
Saone, whieh flow on the’ north» and
south side: of this city, offer» natural
facilities for ecommerce, which are. pos-
sessed by few towns so) far removed
from the sea. Lyonsis built-at the ex-
tremity of anextensive/and fertile plain,
but immediately under a range of moun-
tains that shelter it-from!the north and
north-east. ‘Their sides ave richly adorm-.
ed with wood; aud thus form a beautiful
back ground to the view of this: eity
seen from the south. “Numerous villas,
placed on the different exinences, afford !

p deligtstial

ell

Bakewell’s Travels in the Tarentaise, &c.

delightful summer retreats to the opu-
Tent citizens. The winter at) Lyons is
Tess severe and of shorter duration than
at Paris; but the heat of the summer
months is unfavourable'to manufacturmg
industry. In'respect to climate, there-
fore, Manchester and Glasgow have
greatly’ the advantage over Lyons, as
mantfacturing towns, except that Lyons
enjoys two'hours more daylight in the
winter months. Coal of a good quality
is found atno great distance from Ly-
ons; the nearest pits are about seven
miles below the city, not far from the
Rhéne. The Lyonese are, however,
onfy beginning to avail themselves of
its use in their manufactures.

The inhabitants of Lyons and its
suberbs formerly amounted to 160,000;
they are now estimated at 150,000, their
number being diminished during ‘the
revolution. The principal manufactures
are that of silks and gold and silver tis-
sues, for which this city has been long
eclebrated ; >the manufacture of gal-
Joons; ‘ribbons, and bindings; and, third
ly, of hats; bonnets, and stationery wares,
to which must be added gold and silver
wire-drawers, dyers, &c.: these differ-
ent manufactures are said to employ
eighty thousand persons. ©
~ J had an opportunity of seeing alarge
portion of the manufacturing population
of Lyons amusing themselves in the
fields ona féte day. ‘There were ‘se-
veral thousands playing at bowls and
other diversions; their wives and chil-
dren were also present. Twas. highly
gratified in observing the quiet cheer-,
fulness, sobriety, and good temper, which
prevailed, and the respect aud civility
willi which the lowest classes of citi-
zens addressed ‘each other. It) was
altogether different: from the veciferons
brawling,swearivg,and quarrelling,which
would have been beard among the
same number of English people col-
lected in any of our manufacturing dis-
tricts.

~The quais and buildings facing the
Rhone are very magnifieent. The
square called Place Bellecour, is spa-
cious, and worthy of a great city. At
each end are two very handsome build=
ings; they are exactly similar. On
otie side isa public promenade, planted
with rows of trees. ‘The quais and
buildings, and bridges on the Saone,
have also'an imposing-appearance ; but
in the interior of the city the streets are
narrow, dark, audintricate, like those in
all very ancient towns, :
There is a chapel, dedicated to the

-

605

Virgin, called the chapel of Notre Dame
de Fourviere, placed where''the ‘Forum
Vetus formerly stood: this’ chapel ‘has
been long celebrated for the miraelés
which the Virgin performed, and. pil-
grimages to Fourviere were wadertaken
from’a great distance. During ‘the re-
volution the chapel’ was closed, till the
pope, on his last visit'to Lyons) in 1804,
ordered it to ‘be re-opened) ‘and or-
dained that plenary indulgences might
be granted bere daily. The anniversary
of this precious gift'to ‘the chapel’ of
Notre Dame de fourvierc, was cele-
brated while we were at Lyons, by a
religious procession, which set oat from
the cathedral and mounted the hill to
perform a grand mass in the chapel.!» Tt
was announced the day licfore by printed
bills, posted all over the city, and’ con-
taining the order of the archbishop for
the ceremony. The ‘people of Lyons
took little interest in this religious
farce. A number of old women,’ of the
tower class, carried ‘tapers, and were
preceded by the choristers of the ¢a-
thedral, and about twelve priests, some
of whom’ were excessively” corpulent;
like’ the friars of the *‘* olden’ ‘time 3”
their appearance told plainly’ that’ they
knew liow to grant themselves “plenary
indulgence” without the aid of the pope:
The procession ascended the bill, chant-
ing, and we followed it into ‘the chapely
which contaius nothing worthy of no-
tice, except the eavoto offerings that ate
huug up in immense numbers! against the
walls, to exhibit the pious ‘evatitade of
the votarics of the virgin, who had been
miraculously cured by her assistance, or
delivered from shipwreck or other im-
mineot dangers.

We hired w boat aud went. up ‘the
Saone, to view the majestic scenery on
its banks.» "Phis river is about the
width of the thames at Windsor ; rocks
of granite, in some parts, rise iimmedi-
ately from the edge of the water ov both
sides, and are surmounted’ by “forts,
ruins, or villas, and, where the sides are
more sloping, they ‘are’ adorned with
horse-chesnut trees, which were then’ in
full flower. There is a coche @’eau on
the Saone, that goes from Lyons’ to
Chalons, and returns every day in sum-
mer; and, if the scenery continues similar
to that near Lyons, it most be a most
delightful excarsiou. Many of the ci-
tizens go by this conveyance ‘to their
country-houses, situated near thg banks
of the river. The nimber of these
houses give to the country round Lyons
much more the appearance of being the

Vicinity

606

vicinity of an opulent city, than. the
eountry round either Paris, Dublin, or
Edinburgb.

NAPOLEON.

An elderly respectable-looking woman
rowed us on the Saone ; she was plainly
but neatly dressed: she told us she had
followed that occupation from ten years
of age, which hadalso been the oecupa-
tion of her mother... She said she very
much wished to ask me one question,
for she knew, as an Englishman, that
I could tell-her the truth. On desiring
her to state her question, she enquired
with much earnestness, “Is the em-
peror really dead? We have been told
it,” she said, *‘many months, but we
know not how far we may believe what
is published by the present government.”
On assuring her that the emperor, was
dead, the tears rolled down her cheeks,
and. she rested on her oars to give vent
to her grief.
to sec him once more in France, for he
was the; man best suited to promote our
prosperity.””. She bad Jost two. sons, in
the army. On passing a fort, placed on
a rock, she exclaimed, *‘ Ah! there I
saw the emperor for the last/time ; he
mounted the rock, on his. white horse,
and none of his officers had the courage
to follow him.’ . This feeling of attach-
ment to Napoleon, or rather of aversion
to the present government, appears to
be general through that part of France
which I passed.. In all the coffee-
houses which I entered, the liberal
journals. were read exclusively, (That
this feeling shonld be general need ex-
cite no surprise. ‘The French have little
eonfidence in the present government ;
and they are fully aware that it is a
settled design of the ultras to take
away every remains of a free consti-
tniion, and to restore the old regime,
with tithes, and feudal privileges.

VOL@ANOES IN AUVERGNE.
. Two naturalists, who were returning
in 1751 from: Vesuvius, stopped to bo-
tanise on the mountains in Auvergne,
and were’ surprised at the resemblance
which these mountains presented to that
eelebrated volcano. ‘They were parti-
cularly struck with the similarity of the
lavas and minerals in both. M. Guettard,
one of these naturalists, published an
account of this discovery; but it ap-
peared so extraordinary that it was not
generally believed. ‘Future observers,
however, confirmed the truth of M.
Guettard’s statement, and. proved in a
satisfactory manner the oxistence of an-
cient volcanoes in Auvergne; yet the

She said, “ We had hoped |

Bakewell’s Travels in the Tarentaise, &c.

attachment to particular. theories in-
duced certain, goologists;in this, country
to withhold their assent,.and. even to
question the yeracity. of the, accounts
which had been, published. Nature
fortunately remains moye stable than
prejudice, and the volcAnic characters
of the rocks in Auvergue are so clearly
and indelibly impressed, that they can-
not be called in question by any one
who has examined them,

The road from la Barraque to the
Puy de Pariou, passes near a great cur-
rent of lava, which has flowed from that
mountain; this lava rises to the height
of from thirty to sixty feet above. the
plain ; from the surface there are nume-
rous projecting ridges, which seemed
like the fractured: portions of enormous
waves, that had been congealed and
then broken by the progressive motion
of the current. We. passed, over this
current twice; itis covered with scoria,
and masses of basaltic lava... The, era-
ter, which is the best preserved of any.
in Auvergne, is nearfy circular... £
walked round it, and estimate its cir-
cumlerence at about eight hundred
yards, Its shape is that of an inverted
cone or funnel, quite perfect, aris

The present state of the crater of
Pariou, and of the bed of lava. that.di-
vides into two branches, and may be
traced for several miles into the yalley
of Clermont, leave no room for doubt
respecting the former activity of voleanic
fire in this part of Auvergne. We bave
here a crater as perfeet as that of any
recent volcano, and most of the mi-
nerals of which the mountain and, the
lava from it are composed, are the same
as those found in the lavas of Etma and
Vesuvius, or those of the volcanoes in
the Lipari islands, or im Iceland... . ~

CLERMONT.

Clermont, called Clermont. Ferrand,
is a city containing more than 30,000
inhabitants. There are seyeral spa-
cious streets and market-places, and
halls for cloth and corn, and the public
buildings are respectable; but many of
the streets in the interior of the city are
narrow and gloomy. The, cathedral is
the finest Gothic building I saw south
of Paris, its. external appearance is
sombre, being built of the dark lava
from Volvic. $

The plain in which Clermont is situ-
ated, called the Limagne d’ Auvergne, is
the richest soil in. France: provisions
are good and plentiful. ‘The seasons
are later than at Lyons, but the beans:
were in flower onthe 30th of aM

an

Nugerre.

Bakewell’s Travels in the Tarentaise, §c.

and the’ sheep ‘are-gencrally shorn the
beginning of May. Many of the fami-
lies in the lower or middle rank of life
have small ‘vineyards, and make wine
for their own consumption : these vine-
yards are in the immediate vicinity of
Clermont. :

Sy FRENCH ARMY.

There were about four thousand cavalry
at Clermont: they received orders to
proceed towards Spain when we were
there. One day I dined with some of
the ‘officers: they did not seem to ap-
prove of a war with Spain, but they
said the French soldiers think but little
about the object of the war, when the
enemy is before them; and in case a
war took place, they calculated much
on the assistance of ihose traitors
(coquins), many of whom, in every
country, were ready to join the in-
vaders, for their own interest. Some of
the measures of the French government
which appeared arbitrary were alluded
to, and one of the officers remarked,
that such acts were indications, not of
the strength, but of the weakness of a
goyernment. Both the officers and pri-
vates were strong soldier-like looking
men, and well equipped.

VOLVIC.

The following morning, a drive of
about an hour westward brought us to
the feet of the most northern volcanic
‘mountains of Auvergue. We passed
by the ruins of the ancient castle of
Volvic, situated on a commanding emi-
nence on the right of the road, and
entered the large village of Volvic,
celebrated for its extensive quarries.
These quarries are excavated in one of
the most remarkable currents of lava in
this country: its course, from the mouth
of the crater of the Puy de Nugerre to
its termination in the valley, may be
traced without interruption for about
three miles, as distinctly as if it had
been a torrent of water suddenly con-
yerted into ice. In many parts the lava
contains Jamings of specular iron ore in
great abundance; it contains also irre-
gular nodules, and plates of quartz: its
colour is very dark grey, and its general
appearance is exactly similar to sotne
of te modern dark grey lavas from
Vesuvius.

When we had arrived at the elevated
plain above the valley, we turned to
the right, and ascended a mountain, on
the sides of which the same current of
lava was continued: this is the Puy de
The crater is of great extent
and depth, and is elongated. The vio-

.

607

lence of the last eruption which' threw
out. the lava of Volvic, has broken
down the eastern side, by which’ we
entered it, Within this crater there is
a hill of Java, about thirty or’ forty
yards in height, which appears’ to be
placed over the mouth, through which
the latter part of the ernption was
made, the lava congealing and accumu-
lating round if, until it ceased to be
ejected. To this inner hill part of the
lava of Volvic may be traced. On
climbing the sides of the crater, I per-
ceived that there were two other craters,
one on the north, separated from the
larger crater by a semicireular ridge of
scoriat of great height, and another on
the west, separated by a lower ridge.
The lava kas flowed down three sides of
the mountain, but the different streams
united at the base; and, as the quality
of the lava is similar, we may conclude
that the cruption from each crater was
simultaneous. ;

In Auvergne, a connection may
traced from currents of scoriaceous lava,
on the sides of existing craters, to cel-
lular and compact basalt; from basalt
to pitch-stone and phonolite ; thence to
trachyte ; and from friable trachyte and
pumice to the bardest porphyries, ex-
actly resembling those called primitive.
Now geologists are agreed that por-
phyry is only a mode of granite, in
which the minerals that compose the
paste are so minute and intimately
blended, as to form an apparently ho-
mogeneous mass, in which the larger
crystals are imbedded. We have,
therefore, a regular series, from volcanic
products to granite. Again, in the
granite of Auvergne and the middle of
France, as well as in the granitic rocks
of England, in Leicestershire, Warwick
shire, and Worcestershire, we may re-
verse the series, and see granite passing
into porphyritic granite atid’ syenite ;
and syenite passing into greenstone, in
every respect resembling basalt ; and I
believe the basalt of Dudley’ to be a
part also of the same formation, The
rocks of this granitic series may, there-
fore, with much probability, be regarded
as elder brothers of those belonging ta
the volcanic series, having one common
parentage. In England we have not
the opportunity of tracing the volcanic
series, as we have no remains of craters,
or currents of lava, similar to those of
volcanoes, at present in a state of actia
vity; the chain of evidence in our own
island is: therefore ineomplete; but in
Auvergne it is perfect in all its parts.

The

608 i

_ The existence of voloanio mountains,
spread, over)60 imanyy hundred square
miles» in !the: interior cof rFranee; matu-
rally leads t6 twoimportant inquiries'*—
) Ustee How! many years or “dyes hive
passed away since the most recent of these
dulednoes were in an’ active state? and,
2dly, Is; the volcanic fire which once
raged so extensively in these districts
extinel ; or. has it, like the fires of Vesu-
vins,, periods of returning activity at
distant intervals of time? Yo the first
of, these inquiries, the history of Europe
yives)us no: answer 5.and «from this si-
Jence, it has been:generally inferred that
no ‘volcanic eruption has taken place in
Auvergne’ since’ Caesar was encamped
before Gergovia, ior for a considerable
period before that timc, as he mentions
no tradition of any such event.

There is nothing in the external
appearance of the yoleanoes of Au-
vergne: which can lead, the observer
to conclude that their, eruptions will
never. ibe. renewed; | and) the springs
of shot: water in this district) indicate
ihatithe! source of subterranean heat
beneath it is*not:extinet. ‘The most
abundant ‘and best known “of /these
springs are at Mont d’Or and Vichy:
ihey- have a temperature of from 120°
to 125°; but there are many other
springs, which, haye as high a tempe-
rature. From the whole of the evidence
before us, it does not appear improbable
that, the voleanoes of this disjrict may
agaimoresume, their activity; for such
anjevent wonld mot be at variance with
our ‘present knowledge of these ope-
yationss* “Ao voleano that had been dor-
matt fortwo ‘thousand years, is said to
have Droken out suddenly m Calabria,
in the yeard702; and we are. not cer-
tain that those of Auvergne bave been
inactiye for so long a period.

+ te odnit PRQURBONS:

At. dhe. end, of the. market-place. in
Riom,) a) Jofty. crucifix: has lately been
erected by the missionaries, with a eolos-
sal figure suspended upon it, of Christ in
the last agonies, but superbly gilt, and
surmounted by the crown and arms of
the Bourbons: A number of devotees
were kneeling down in the open air be-
fore’ it, abd ‘Adoring ‘these crblems of

religion tad" teyalty, © In what manner ;

the French goverimetit can. suppose
that the cause of religion will be. pro-
moted by thas reviving ihe rites of an-
cient superstition, aud mijigliug with
them much’ military parade, aid the
tawdry decorations of royaliy, it is dif
ficult to conceive, unless it be supposed
4

Bakewell’s Travels in the Ti rentaise, 5c.
: ‘abe: ADEM RGIS hE.

HOMS19

practicable to, revive. also the, ignorance

and b par of the dark ages, ) That

as,
these exhibitions -haye (the, tendency, to
prejudice intelligent people in France
against all religion, Lam fully convinced
from my own observations ; and among
people less intelligent) it produces a
strange jeonfasion'y Of ideas, avbich is
sometimes truly dudierousy At Paris,
the nobles have movi a god/of their own,
created by tbe government, called, \Le
Saint. Esprit-de Cordon, Blen,”, or, the
Holy Ghost of,.the Blue, Ribband ; nor
are the.common, people, in the. country
behind them.in absurdity.
FONTAINBLEAU. 5
The palace and gardens,of Fontain-
bleau have been often described; we
spent a day here.,...A small :apartment
in the palace contains the table.on which
Napoleon’signed his abdications»;When
we consider the staterof mind:ofi thatex-
traordinary vbaracter,*thes:situation cof
France, and’ the hopes and fearssof' ‘all
the civilized world!at'thé times weimeast
recard. the moment’ of ey
cation, as the most eventful érisis in:
history of modern Enrope. 900" 28".
Fontainblean appears lke, a, deserted
city ; many of the best.houses,are closed,
and grass..is,, growing ; im)the, streets.
Those inbabitants. whem (hb conversed
with, preserve a kindy of treligions;yene-
ration for the memory of theremperor>
Fontainbleau mast be, Dconceive,oa
healthy and cheap residence,saml with
good society’ would be’ \partienlarly
agreeable in. the summer, on “which
account Kwwas surprised to set $6 many
houses unoccupied. It is also wconye-
nient distance, from: Patis., ~ were
told that several .English families had
lately hired houses at; Voutaimblean,
FUNERAL OP THE) ABBE; HAUDYs) airllp
Returning) late ‘from Versailles: one
evening; I found: upen.my table,if the
hotel) a card of ‘invitation torattend the
funeral of Professor Hatiy;°theécle-’
brated mineralogist, ‘on! the “following
morning. infeed
On arriving at the Jardin des Plantes,
I found the cofin placed! in the gateway
of the Abbé’s;house, to receive the; fus-
{rations of holy. water. from, dhe, passen-
ers. ; ; 6? e& talonisds
On this aceount the) faneral, (service
was\porformed ja the éharchy of StieaMe-
dard: Phe procession’ was on foots you
DP had a placevim the? church between
tle 'Goflin and the altar; where mass) was
performed? AS*the Abbé Haity Wasa
member of the Jegion of hovonr,‘a file of
soldiers stood round the coffin, and pre-
sented

Napoleon’s History of France.

sented arms to the host. The ceremony
was long and uninteresting, and desti-
tate of every thing which conld properly
impress the mind on so solemn an occa-

MEMOIRS
z : OF THE
HISTORY OF FRANCE
© DURING THE REIGN OF
» NAPOLEON,
Dictated by the Emperor at St. Helena, to the
GENERALS WHO SHARED HIs CAPTIVITY ;
mu And Pablished
_ FROM THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPTS
Corrected by himself.
DICTATED TO GENERAL GOURGAUD,
His Aid-de-Camp.

[Onur attention bas been ealled to two series
of works, illnstrating the extraordinary
eharacter and great deeds of Napoleon.
By a false association, we, as well as

_ others, Jong considered these books as
\stratagems of the enemy, because they
proceeded from a quarter which prac-
ised but the other day on public gulli-
bility in organizing an opposition to this
miscellany, on the sole ground of its
honest and accurate discrimination be-
tween Napoleon and his rancorous ene-
mies, Good, however, may come out
of Nazareth, and in the present case it
lias been well contrived, that more should
be published from the quarters of the
enemy than the friends of trath and
justice dared to have promulgated with-
out being brought before the tribunal
of a special jury. ‘The volumes in question
RBA at two series, the one published
by Count Montholon, containing me-
‘tmoirs of his public life, dictated at St.
Hefena, by Napoleon himself,—a work,
which will last as long as civilization ;
and the otlier, of the curious journals of
the private life and conversations of the
illustrions victim of legitimacy, written
by his secretary Count Las Cases. Both
works great separate interest,
aud’will break in upon the rest of most
of their readers. They vindicate in the
completest manner the policy and cha-
racter of their hero, and prove the insi-
ous power possessed by governments

of making dupes of mankind. They
jake us proud of many of our pages;
while Napoleon himself admits that the
affair of Spain was of so equivocal a
character as to justify our feelings on
that subject, and the clamours which it
generally excited. ‘The issne proves,
however, that it was no crime to rescue
a nation from such a governor as Verdi-
naud, The events of the next twenty
years will be a farther commentary! Of

Moatucy Mac. No. 391.

609

the illegal deportation and outrageous
treatment of this truly great man, we
have often expressed our abhorrence,
and it is a stain on onr national character
which all the waters of the ocean will
not remove, and his death a legacy to
its author and authors for which a
hundred pen-knives such as that used at
Foots’ Cray, will never atone. We hope
the work is simultaneously published in
various languages ; for the living genera-
tions of Europe ought not to die in the
delusions of which they have been made
the victims, The only crime of Napo-
leon which we can trace in these volumes
was his extraordinary talents and industry,
and the conscious ascendancy which he
exerted over all his cotemporaries. This
offence excited their envy and hatred,
and hence the conspiracies organized
against him, aud the implacable rancour
of the feeble creatures whom he con-
stantly eclipsed. The fall of Napoleon
arose from tle error of all fortanate men,
—too great confidence. Hence he drew
off his forces from Spain to make a si-
multaneous war for the restoration of
Poland, by which he conferred a plansible
repntation on the British commander in
Spain ; and under the same feeling he di-
vided his army in Flanders, and confided
in traitors, through which, after a des-
perate conflict with his left division, he
was easily routed by Blucher. Again,
whatever may have been his own liberal
views, his government bore too military
and arbitrary a character to be sup-
ported or loved by the more enlightened
population of France ; and these either
opened their arms to the enemy, or were
indifferent to their intrusion. Perfection,
however, is not the lot of man. Napo-
leon could have been, under all the cir-
cumstances, no other than he was. Had
the ferment of the revolution been
tolerated, he would in three years have
been its victim ; and on the other hand
he was ultimately overthrown by dema-
gognes whose ambition he had thwarted
and overwhelmed ; for, without the acts
of the Senate in 1814, and those of the
Legislative Body in 1815, the invasions of
foreigners, and the treacheries of Water-
loo, neyer could have succeeded. J

RETURN FROM EGYPT.

On the 9th of October 1799, (16th of
Vindemiaire, year VIIJ.), the frigates La
Muiron and La Carrére, and the zebecks
La Revanche and La Vortune, cast
anchor, at the break of day, in the gulf
of Frejus.

No sooner were the French frigates
recognised, than it was conjectured they
came fiom Egypt. The people ran in

41 crowds

610

crowds to the shote, edger for news from
the army. “Tt was soon understood that
Napoleoti was On boards arid’ such was
the enthiisiasm among the people, that
even the wounded soldiers got out of
the hospitals, in spite of the guards, and
went to the shore. The spectators wept
with joy. In a moment the sea was
covered with boats. ‘Phe officers belong-
ing to the fortifications and the customs,
the crews of the ships that were anchored
in the road, in'short every body, throng-
ed ‘about’ the frigates. General Pérey-
mont, who commanded on the coast, was
the first to go on board. Thus they were
enabled to enter, without waiting for the
officers of quarantine ; for the communi-
cation with the shore had been general.

Italy had just been lost; war was
about to be recommenced on the War,
and Ttejtis dréaded an invasion as soon
as hostilities should begiu. “The neces-
sity of having a leader at the head of at-
fairs was 100 imperious; every one was
too much agifated by the sudden ap-
pearance of Napoleon at this juncture,
for ordinary considerations to have any
weight. :

At six o’clock that evening, Napoleon,
accompanied by Berthicr, set off ina
coach for Paris.

The fatigue of his passage, and the
effect of the transition from a dry climate
to a moist one, determined Napoleon to
stop six hours at Aix. he inhabitants
of the city, and of the neighbouring vil-
lages, came in crowds to testify their
happiness at seeing him again. The joy
was universal. Those who lived too far
in the country to present themselves on
the road in time, rang the bells, and
hoisted flags upon tle steeples, which at
night blazed with illuminations.,

It was not like the return of a citizen
to his country, or a general at the head
of a vietorious army, but like the triumph
of a sovereign restored to his people.
The enthusiasm of Avignon, Monteli-
mart, Valence, and Vienne, was only
surpassed by the rapture of Lyons. That
city, in which Napoleon rested for twelve
hours, Was iv an universal delirium.

In the mean time the news of Napo-
leon’s retarn had reached Paris. It was
announced atthe theatres, and caused
an universal sensation—a general deli-
rium, of which the members of the Di-
rectory partook.

Baudin; the deputy from Ardennes,
who was really a worthy man, and sin-
cerely ‘grieved at the unfortunate turn
that the affairs of the Republic had

Napoleon's History of France,

taken) died of jdy when he heaid).of
Napoleon’s return. motaaky gil

Napoleon had already quitted. Lyons,
when his landing» was «announced, in
Paris. With a precaution which was
very advisable ‘in his situation, he vex-
pressed to his courtiers an intention of
taking a different road from that, which
he actually took; so that his wife, his
family, and particalar friends, went/ina
wrong direction to mect him, and by that
means some days passed before he was
able to see them. Having ‘thus arrived
in Paris quite unexpectedly, he was in
his own house, ini the rue Chantereine,
before any one knew of his being in the
capital. © Two hours afterwards be pre-
sented himself to the Directory, and,
being recognised). by the soldiers on
guard, was announced by shouts of glad-
ness. All the members of the, Directory
appeared to share in the public joy ; he
had every reason to congratulate him-
self on the reception he experienced on
all sides. The nature of past events suf-
ficiently instructed him as to the situa-
tion of France; and the ‘informatio he
had procured on his journey, had made
him acquainted with all that. was, going
on. ' His resolution was taken, . What
he had been unwilling to attempt on his
retarn from Italy, he was now determin-
ed to do immediately. He held the go-
vernment of the Directory and the Jea-
ders of the councils in supreme con-
tempt. Resolved to possess himself of
authority, and to restore Franee to her
former glory, by giving a powerful im-
pulse to public affairs, he had left Egypt
to execute this project; and ail that he
had jnst seen in the interior of France,
had confirmed: his sentiments», and
strengthened his resolution.

Of the oid Directory only Barras re-
mained. The other members were Ro-
ger Ducos, Moulins, Gohier, and Sieyes.

Ducos was aman of narrow mind and
easy disposition.

Moulins, a general of division, had
never served in war; he was originally
in the French guards, and had been ad-
vanced in the army, of the Interior, He
was a worthy man, anda warm and up-
right patriot. j tigi ;

Gohier was an advocate of consider-
able reputation, and exalted patriotism ;
an eminent Jawyer, and a’‘man’ of great
integrity and candour.

Sieyes had Jong been known! to Na-
poleon. He was born at) Prejus, in
Provence, His reputation commenced
with the Revolution. He, bad, been

called

during his own Reign.

called io the constituent assembly by
ihe elcetors of the third-estate, at Paris,
after having been repulsed: by, the as-
sembly of ithe clergy at Chartres... He
was the author of the pamphlet intituled
“ Whatiis' the “Third Estate?” whieh
made so ‘much noise.. He was. but a
man’ of business: knowing but) little of
men, he knew not how. they might be
made'to act. All his studies haying
heen directed to metaphysics, he had the
fault of metaphysicians; of too often de-
spising positive notions: but. he was ca-
pable of giving useful and luminous ad-
vice on matters of importance, or at any
momentous crisis. To him France is
indebted for the division into depart-
ments, which destroyed all provincial
prejudices: and, though he was never
distinguished as an orator, be greatly
contributed to the success of the revolu-
tion by his advice in the committees.
He was nominated as director, wher
the Directory was first established; but
he refused the distinction at that time,
and Lareveillere was appointed instead
of him. He was afterwards sent ambas-
sador t0 Berlin, and imbibed a great
mistrust of the politics of Prussia in the
course of his mission. He had taken
a seat in the Directory not long befure
this time.

At the period of the 13th of Vinde-
Mmiaire, ibe following occurrence had
enabled Napoleon to form a correct
judgment of him. At the mest critical
moment of that day, when the committee
of the Forty seemed quite distracted.
Sieyes came to Napoleon, and took him
into the recéss of a window, while the
commitiee was deliberating upen the
answers to be given to the summons of
ihe sections. ‘ You lear them, Gene-
yal,” said he; “they talk while they
should be acting.”

Napoleon accepted an invitation to
dine with each of the directors, on con-
dition that it should be merely a family
dinner, and that no stranger should be
present. A grand entertainment was
given to him by the Direetory. The
legislative body wished to follow the ex-
ample. ‘The festival took place in the
vehurch of Saint Sulpice; covers were
laid for seven hundred. Napoleon re-
mained at table but a sbort time;—he

‘appeared to be uneasy, and much pre-
occupied, Livery one of the ministers
wished to give him an contertainment ;
but he only accepted a dinner with the
- Minister of dustice, for whom he had a
gieut ustecn.

611

Constant, to his system, he entered
but little, into, these .public entertain-
ments, and,,pursued the. same. jine of
conduct that he had, followed on his first
return into aly... Always dressed ,as a
member, of the Institute, he ,shewed
himself-in public only with that society :
he received at his house none but men
of scienee, the gencrals of his suite, and
a few friends;—such as Regnanll-de-
Saint-Jean-d’Angely, whom he had em-
ployed in Maly in 1797, and subsequently
placed at Malta; Volney, the author of
excellent. Travels in Egypt; Roederer,
whom he respected for bis probity, and
noble, sentiments; Lucien Bonaparte,
one of the most powerful orators ef the

Couneil of Five Hundred, who had, pro-

tected the Republic from the revolution-
ary regime, by opposing the declaration
that the, country was in danger; aud
Joseph Bonaparte, who lived in splen-
duur and was higbly respeeted.

He went frequently to the Institute ;
but mever to the theatres, except, at

times when he was not expected; and

then always into the private boxes.

Talleyrand was fearful of being: il-
reecived by Napoleon. Napoleon did
not repulse him; Talleyrand, moreover,
availed himself of all the resources of a
supple and insinuating address, ix erder
to conciliate a person whose suflrage, it
was important to him to secure.

Touché had been for several months
minister of police; he had, after the
13th of Vindemiaire, some transactions
with Napoleon, who was aware of, his
immoraland versatile disposition, Sieyes
had closed the Manége without, his par-
ticipation. Napolcon effected the 18th
of Bramaire without admitting Mouché
into the secret.

Réal, commissioner of the Direetory
in the department of Paris, gained more
of Napoleon’s confidence. Zealous for
the revolution, be had been substitute
for the attorney of the..commune of
Paris, at a time of storms, and troubles.
His disposition was ardent, but he was
full of noble and gencroas sentiments.

AM glasses of , citizens, all. the .pro-
vinces of L'rance, were jimpatient, to, sec
what Napoleon would do, From all
sides came offers of support, and of
entire submission to, his will.

Napoleon employed himself in listening
to the proposals which were submitted
to him; in observing all parties; and,
in short, in making ‘himself thoroughly
master of the truc state of affairs. All
parties desived a change, and all de-

sired

612

sired. to effect, it;in concert with) him,
even the. leaders) of the, Manége.|

Bernadotte, Augereau, Jourdan, Mar-
bot, &c./ who were at the head of the
plotters of this society, offered a military
dictatorship to Napoleon, and proposed
to acknowledge him as chief, and to
confide the foriunes of the Republic to
him, if he) would but second the princi-
ples of the Société du Manége.

Sieyes, who commanded the vote of
Roger-Ducos in the Directory, swayed
the majority of the Council of Ancients,
and influenced only a small minority in
the Council of Five Hundred, proposed
to place Napoleon at the head of the
government, changing the constitution
‘of the year LI. which he deemed de-
fective, and that Napoleon should adopt
the institutions and the constitution
which he had ;projected, and which he
had.by him in manuscript.

Regnier, Boulay, a numerous party of
the Council of Ancients, and many of
the members. of that of Five Hundred,
were-also desirous to place the fate of
the Republio in Napolcon’s hands.

This party was composed of the most
moderate and wisest men of the le-
gislature; it was the same that joined
Lucien, Bonaparte in opposing’ the
declaration that the country was in
danger,

The directors Barras, Moulins, and
Gohier, hinted to Napoleon his re-
suming the command of the army of
Ttaly, his re-establishment of the Cisal-
pine Republic and the glory of the
French arms. Moulins and Gohier had
no seeret plan in reserve: they were
sincere inthe scheme they proposed:
they trusted that all would go well from
the moment that Napoleon should lead
our armies to new successes. Barras
was far from partaking of this security ;
he knew that every thing went wrong,
that the Republic was sinking ; but whe-
ther he had made engagements with the
Pretender to the throne, as was asserted
ati the time, or whether he deceived him-
self as) to his personal ‘situation—for
what errors may, not! spring from the
vanity and self-love of an ignorant man?
—he imagined he could keep himself at
the head of affairs... Barras made the
same. proposals as were made by
Moulins and Gohier, ,

On. the) 8th of Brumaire (30th. of
October), Napoleon dined with Barras ;
only a few persons were there. | A con-
versution took place after dinner: “SPhe

Republic is falling,” said the director,

Napoleon’s History of France,

‘things can go no’ farther ; the govern-
ment is powerless; a change must: take
place, and. Hedouville must/be named
President of the: Republic. \.As:to you,
General, you intend to rcjoin the army 5
and for my (part, ill as. Iam, unpopular,
and worn out, I am fit only toreturn: to
private life.” mata
Napoleon looked steadfastly-at him
without replying a word, Barras cast
down his. eyes, and. remained “silent.
Thus the conversation ended, General
Hedouville was a man ofthe most or-
dinary character. Barras: did not give
utterance to his thoughts; but. his
countenance betrayed his seeret. 9!
This conversation was decisive: A
few minutes afterwards, Napoléon called
upon Sieyes: he gave him to understand
that. for ‘ten days all parties had )ad-
dressed themselves to: him; that)-he
was resolved to act with Sieyés and the
majority of the Council of Aneientspand
that he came for the purpose of giving
him a_ positive assurance) of this... Lt
was agreed. that the change might be
effected between the 15th and) 20th of
Brumaire.
On his return to ‘his own house,
Napoleon ‘found there, Talleyrand,
Fouché, Roederer, and {Réal. Heré+
lated to. them unaffectedly, plainly; and
simply, without any indicationvof couti+
tenance which could betray his opinioti,
what Barras had just said to «him.
Réal and Fouché, who had: a ‘regard
for the director, were sensible how ill-
timed his dissimulation was. >: They
went to him on purpose-to upbraid him
with it. The following day, : at» eight
o’clock, Barras came to Napoleon; who
had not risen: he insisted on wsecing
him, entered, and told him he feared: hie
had explained himself very imperfectly
the preceding evening ; that) Napoleon
alone could save the Republics: that-he
came to! place himsclf at: his disposal,
to do whatever he wished, and to act
whatever part) he chose to assign ‘him.
He intreated Napoleon to-give bimean
assurance that, if he had! any’ projeet in
agitation, he would rely upom him.) »
But Napoleon had already:made up
his mind: he replied thathehad nothing
in view; that he ‘was: fatigued; indis+
posed; that he could) not accustom him-
self to the moisture of the’ atmosphere
of the capital, just ‘arrived, ashe was,
from the. dry cliniate of the sands) of
Arabia; and he put an end. 4o) ‘the
interview. by similar common-place: ob-
servations. ir at
Meanwhile

Puuroys

during his‘own Reigns \ >

‘Meanwhile Moulins went: daily be-
tween eight and*nine’o’clock | ‘to ‘the
house of Napoleon, toorequest his ad
vice on the business’ of the day. He
always had military intelligence, or civil
matters, on ’whicl he wished: for in-
structions’) On what related to military
affairs, Napoleon replied as he felt; but
with respect to’civil concerns, ‘thinking
that he ought not to disclose his private
opinions to him, he only answered ina
Vvarue manner.

'Gohier came also'occasionally to visit
Napoleon, for the purpose of making
proposals to him; and asking his advire.

The officers of the Garrison, headed
by General) Moreau, commanding the
citadel of Paris, demanded to be pre-
sented to Napoleon; they could not suc-
eeed in their object, and, being put off
from«day to day, they began to com-
plain of -his manifesting so little desire
tosce his old comrades again.

Phe ‘forty adjutavts of the national
guard of Paris, who-had ‘been appointed
‘by Napoleon, when he commanded the
army) ofthe Interior, had solicited as a
favour to see him. He knew almost all
of thems but, in order to conceal his
designs,| he on off the time for receiving
them.

»The eighth and ninth regiments ‘of
dragoons, which were in garrison at
Paris, were old regiments of the army
of Italy’; they longed to muster before
‘their formerfgeneral. “Napoleon ac-
cepted the offer, and informed them
that he would fix the day.

»/The~ twenty-first ‘light-horse, which
fiad contributed’ to the success of the
day of the 18th of ‘Vindemiaire, was
likewise at Paris: Murat came from
this corps, andiall the officers went daily
to him, to ask him on what day Napoleon
would review it. They were as unsuc-
-césstul as the rest.

“The citizens of Paris complained of
the general’s keeping so close; they
went to the theatres, and to the reviews,
where it was announced he would be
presevt, but. he came not. Nobody
could account for this conduct ; all were
becoming impaticnt, People began to
‘murmuragainst Napoleon: “ Itis now,”
they observed, “ a fortnight since his ar-
rival, and-he bas yet done nothing. Does
*+he mean to beliave as ‘he did on his re-
turn from Italy, aud suffer the Republic
to-be torn to pieces by these contending
factions.”

But the decisive hour approached.

On the 15th of Brumaire, Sieyes and

613

Napoleon’ had'\an ‘interview, ‘during
which they resolved ‘on the measures for
the day of the! eighteenth. “Tt owas
agreed that ‘dhe Council of “Aneients,
availing itself of the 102d article*of the,
Constitution; should decrce the removal
of the Levislative Body to Saint:Cloud,
and) should appoint Napoleot Com-
mander-in-chief of? the guard belonging
to the Legislative Body, of the troops
of the military division of Paris, dnd
of the national guard.

This decree was to be pasied on the

eighteenth, at seven o'clock im the
morning : at eight, Napoleon was-to ‘go
1o the Tuileries, where the troops were
to be assembled, and there to ussutne
the command of the capital.

On the seventeenth, Napolcon in-
formed the officers that he would receive
them the next day at six in the morniny.
As that hour might appear to be unsea~
sonable, he feigned being about to set
off ona journey; he gave the'same in~
vitation. to the forty adjutants of the
national guard; and he informed the
three regiments of cavalry thathe would
review them in the Champs-Elysées,
on the same day, the eighteenth, at
seven in the morning. He also inti-
mated to the generals whohad returned
from Egypt with him, and to all those
with whose sentiments he was ‘ae~
quainted, that he should be glad to see
them at that hour. Lach thought that
the invitation was confined to himself
alone, and supposed that Napoleon had
some orders to give him; for’ it was
known that Dubois-Crancé, thé minister
at war, had taken the reports of the
state of the army to him, and hadadopted
his advice on all that was to be done; as
well on the frontiers of the Rhine ‘as in
Italy.

Moreau, who had been at the dintier
of the Legislative Body, and whom
Napoleon had there, for the first‘ time,
become acquainted with, having learned
from public reportthat a change was’ in
preparation, assured Napoleow that he
placed bimself at his. disposal, that he °
had no wish to be adinitted into’ any
secret, ‘and that) he required ‘but one
hour’s notice | to’ prepare > himself.
Macdonald, who happened then to beat
Paris, had rhadé the same tenders of
service. Attwoo’clock in the morning, '
Napoleon let them know that he wislied
to see them at his house at seven O'elock,
and on horseback.) He did not apply! to
Augereau, Bernadotte, &ev; however
Joseph brought the fatter.

General

614

General Lefevre commanded the mi-
litary division; he was wholly devoted
to the Directory. Napoleon sent an
aid-de-camp to him, at midnight, de-
siring he would come to him at six.

Every thing took piace as had been
agreed. About seven in the morning,
the Council of Ancients assembled under
the presidency of Leniescier. Cornudet,
Lebrun, and Targues, depicted in lively
colours the miseries of the Republic, the
dangers with which it was surrounded,
and the obstinate conspiracy of the
Jeaders du. Manége for the restoration of
the reign of terrer. Regnier, deputy
for La Mearthe, moved that, in pursu-
ance of the} 102d article of the Consti-
tution, the sittings of the Legislative
Body should be transferred to Saint
Cloud; and that Napoleon should be
invested with the chief command of
the troops of the seventeenth military
division, and charged with the execution
of this measure, He then spoke in
support of his motion, “'The Repub-
lic,” said he, “is threatened by anarch-
ists and by the foreign party: measures
for the public safety must be taken; we
are certain of the support of General
Bonaparte: under the shelter of his
protecting arm the Councils may dis-
euss the changes which the public in-
terest renders necessary.” As soon as
the majority of the Council was satisfied
that the motion was in concert with
Napoleon, the decree passed: but not
without strong opposition.

"This decree was made at eight o’clock;
and at half past eight, the state messen-
ger who was the bearcr of it arrived at
the house of Napoleon. He found the
avenues filled with officers of the garri-
son, adjutants of the national. guard,
generals, and the three regiments of
cavalry. Napoleon had the folding-
doors opened ; and, his house being too
small to contain so many persons, he
came forward on the steps in front. of it,
reccived the compliments of the officers,
haraueued them, and told them that he
relied | upon them ail for the salvation of
Franee. _ At the same time he gave
them to understand that the council of
Ancients, under. the authority of the
Constitution, had just ecuferred on him
the command of all the troops; that
important measures were in agitation,
designed to rescue the country from its
alarming situation; that he relied upon
their support and good will: and that he
was at that moment going to mount bis
borse to ride to the Tuileries.

Napoleon’s History of France,

Enthusiasm was at its height: all the
officers drew their swords, and promised
their service and fidelity... Napoleon
then turned towards Lefevre, demanding
whether he would remain with him
or retarn to the Directory. Lefevre,
powerfully affected, did not hesitate.
Napoleon instantly mounted, and placed
himself at the head of the generals and
officers, and of 1500 horse whom he had
halted upon the boulevard, at the corner
of the street of Mont- Blane. He gave
orders to the adjutants of the national
guard to return to their quarters, ‘and
bert the generale; to communiedte the
decree that they had just beard, and to
announce that no orders were tobe ob
served but such as slrould erivameite from
him.

Napoleon presented himself a the
bar of the Council of Ancients, attended
by bis brilliant escort.“ You are’ the
wisdom of the nation ;” said he: ‘“At
this crisis it belongs to you to point out
the measures Which may save the coun-
try: I come, surrounded by all the ge-
nerals, to proniise you thei¥ support.
I appoint Gencral Lefevre my lieute-
nant; I will faithfully fulfil the task
with which you have iutrusted mes let
us not look into the past for examples
of what is now going on. Nothing ia
history resembles the end of the eigh-
teenth century; nothing in the eighteenth
century resembles the present moment.”

All the troops were mustered at the
Tuilcries; Napoleon reviewed’ them,
amidst the unanimous acelamations of
both cilizens and soldiers.’ He gavé the
command of the troops intrusted with
the protection of the Legislative Body
to General Lannes ; and to General
Marat the command of “these sent to

Saint Cloud.

He deputed General Moreau to guard
the Luxembourg ; and, for this purpose,
he placed under his ordérs five hundred
men of the eighty-sixth regiment... But,
at the moment of setting off, these troops
refused to obey: they had no confidenee
in Moreau, who was not, they ‘said, a
patriot. Napoleon was obliged to ha-
rangue them, assuring them that Moreau
woutd aet uprightly.’ Morea had be-
come suspected through his conduct in
Fructidor.

The intelligence that’ Napoleon was
at the Tuileries, and that he alone was
to be obeyed, quickly spread through-
out the capital. The people flew to
thé ‘Tuileries in crowds: some ‘led by
mere Curivsity to Uchold so renowned a

general,

during his own Reign. |

general, ofhers by patriotic enthusiasm
io offer him their support,

. Napoleon nosy sent an aide-de-camp
to the guards, of the Directory, for the
purpose. of communicating the decree
to them, and enjoining them to receive
no order but from him. The guard
sounded,to horse;. the conimanding
officer, consulted. his soldiers, they an-
swered by shouts of joy. At this very
moment,an order from the Directory,
contrary) to that of Napoleon, arrived ;
but thesoldiers, obeying only Napoleon’s
commands, marched to join him. Sieyes
and Roger Ducos had been ever since
the morning at the Tuileries. It is said
that Barras, on seeing Sieyes mount bis
horse, ridiculed the awkwardness of
the uvpractised equestrian: he little
suspected where they were going. Be-
ing shortly after apprised of the decree,
he joined Gohicr and Moulins: they
then: learnt that the troops followed
Wapoleon ; they saw that even their own
guard forsook them. Upon that Moulins
went, to the Tuileries, and gave in his
resignation, as Sieyes and Roger Ducos
had already dene, Routot, the secretary
of Barras; went to Napoleon, who
warmly, expressed his indignation at the
peculations which had rained the Re-
public, and insisted that Darras should
resign. Talleyrand hastened to the
Director, and related this. Barras re-
moved to Gros-Bois, accompanied by a
guard of bbonoar of dragoons. From
that moment the Directory was dis-
solved,.and; Napoleon alone was_ in-
vested with the executive power of the
Republic. =

In the mean while the Council of Five
Hundred had met, under the presidency
of Lucien. The constitution was ex-
plicit; the decree of the Council of
Ancients was consistent with its pri-
vilege: there was no ground for objec-
tion. The members of the council, in
passing through the streets of Paris,
and throngh the Tuileries, had learnt
the occurrences which were taking
place, and witnessed the enthusiasm of
the public. They were astonished and
confounded at the ferment around them,
They submitted to necessity, and ad-
journed. their sitting to the next day,
the 19th, at Saint Cloud.

Bernadotte had married the sister-in-
Jaw of Joseph Bonaparte. He had been
two months in the war department of
the administration, and was afterwards
removed by Sieyes: all he did in office
was wrong. He was onc of the most
furious members of the Socidié du

615

Manége. His political opinions were
then very violent, and were censared by
all respectable people. Joseph ‘had
taken him in the morning to Napoleon’s
house, but, when he saw what was go-
ing forward, he stole away, and went
to inform his friends of the Manége
of the state of affairs. Jourdan and
Augereau came to Napoleon at the
Tuileries, while the troops were passing
in review: he recommended them not
to return to Saint Cloud to the sitting
of the next day, but to remain quiet,
and not to obliterate the memory of the
services they had rendered the country $
for that no effort could extinguish the
flame which bad been kindled. Augereau
assured him of his devotion, and of his
desire to march under his command.
He even added, “What! general, de
you not still rely wpon your little
Augereau ?”

Cambacérés, minister of | justice;
Fouché, minister of police; and all the
other ministers, went to the Tuileries,
and acknowledged the new authority.
Youché made great professions of at-
tachment and devotion: being indirect
opposition to Sieyes, he had not been
admitted into the secret of the day.
He had given dircctions'for closing the
barriers, and preventing the departure
of couriers and coaches. “ Why, good
God!” said the general to him, “ where-
fore all these precautions? We go with
the nation, and by its strength alone
let no citizea be disturbed, and let the
triumph of opinion have nothing m com-
mon with the transactions of days in
which a factious minority prevailed.” |

The members of the majority of the
Five Hundred, of the minority of the
Ancients, and the leaders of the Manége,
spent the whole night in factious con-
sultations.

At seven o'clock in the evening,
Napoleon held a council at the Tuileries.
Sieyes proposed that the forty principal
leaders of the opposite parties should
be arrested. The recommendation was
a wise one; but Napoleon believed he
was too sirong to need any such pre-
caution. “I swore in the morning,”
said he, “to protect the national repre-
sentation; 1 will not this evening vio-
late my oath: I fear no such weak
enemies.” Every body agreed in opi-
nion with Sieyes, but nothing could
overcome this delicacy on the part of
Napoleon. It will soon appear that he
was in the wrong.

It was at this meeting that the esta-
blishment of three provisional consuls

Was

616

was agreed on; and Roger Ducos, and
Napoleon, were appointed ; the adjourn-
ment of the councils, for three months
was also, resolved on... ‘The. leading
members of the two councils;came to
an understanding onthe manner in
which they, should act atthe sitting of
Saint Cloud... Lucien, Boulay, Emile
Gaudin, Chazal, Cabanis,: were. the
Teaders of the Conncilof Five Hundred ;
Regnier, Lemercier, Cornudet, Fargues,
were those of the Ancients,

‘So :late as; two.o’clock in the after-
noon, the place assigned to the Council
of Five Hundred was not ready. This
delay of a few hours was very unfor-
tunate, . The deputies, who. bad been
ou the spot from twelve o’clock, formed
groups in the garden: their minds grew
heated; they sounded. one another, in-
terchanged declarations of the state of
their feelings, and organized their
opposition.

At length the sitting opened. Emile
Gaudin ascended the tribune, painted in
lively colours the dangers of the country,
and proposed, thanks to the Council of
Ancients, for the, measures of public
safety which it had set on foot; and that
it should. be invited, by message, to
explain its intentions fully. At the
same time, be proposed to appoint a
commiltee of seven persons, to make a
reportupon the state of the Republic.

The furious rushing forth of the winds
inclosed in the caverns of Eolus, never
raised a) more raging storm. (The
speaker was violently hurled to the bot-
tom of the tribune. The ferment be-
came excessive.

Delbred desired that the members
should swear anew to the Constitution
of the year LN.—Chenier, Lucien,
Boulay, trembled. ‘Phe chamber pro-
eceded to the Appel Nominal.

During, the Appel. Nominal, which
Jasted,. more, than. two. hours, reports
of what was «passing. were, circulated
through the capital., The leaders of
the assembly, du Manége, the tricoteuses,
&eShastened up. Jourdan and Augercau
had. kept. ont of the way; ,, believing
Napoleon lost, they .made all. haste to
Saint Clond. Augereau drew, near to
Napoleon, and, said, ‘6 Well! here you
are, in. apretty situation!” ‘“ Augereau,”
replied Napoleon,, ‘“xemember: Arcole;
matters appeared much more desperate
there... Take my, advice,,and remain
quict, if you would not fall a victim to
this confusion., In half.an hour you; will
see What a turn affairs will have taken.”

The assembly appeared to, declare

1

Napoleon’s History of I'rance,

itself, with so much unanimity, that ne
deputy, durst sefuse .to swear to, the
Constitution ;even, Lucien himself, was
compelled to, swear. Shouts and eries
of “ brave” were heard tbroughout-the
chamber,. .;'The ;moment. was.critieals
Many. members, .on, taking. the.eath,
added, observations, and the) influenee
of. such, speeches; might, operate upon
the troops... All. minds were: in a:state
of suspense ; the zealous became. neuter;
the timid had. deserted) their, standard.
Not.an instant was tobe lost. Napoleon
crossed the saloon.of Mars,-entered, the
Council of Aneients, aud, placed :him-
self opposite to the president. )(At-the
bar.) Is) o4 ald 4D
“ You stand,” said he, “upon) a vol-
cano; the Republic.no longer possesses
a. government; the Dircetory isydis=
solved; factions areat work; >the: bour
of decision is come... You, have, called
in my arm, andthe, arms of my) com-
rades, to the support of your wistlom:
but the moments are: precious ;) itiois
necessary to take, an ostensible» part.
I know that Cesar, and Cromwell,are
talked of—as if, this day could: be;com-
pared with past timess..Noyd:desine
nothing but the safety of the Republic,
and to maintain the resolutions:to whicls
you are about to come,—Aud you, gre+
nadiers, whose caps, L»perceive atthe
doors of this hall—speak—have I ever
deceived you? Did 1 ever forfeitymy
word, when in-camp, in otlie: midst:of
privations, I promised you victory and
plenty ; and when, at your head, bded
you from conquest to, conquest 2o New»
say, was it for my own aggrandisement;:
or for the interest of the Republie2” «i
The general spoke with energy. «Fhe
grenadiers were electrified ; and, waving:
their caps and, arms in-the air;sthey all
scemed. ta. say, ‘Yes, true, true! be.
always kept his word:t” fadeaoI9 0
Upon this a member: (Limglet)rese)
and said with a-lond: vdice, “ generaly
we applaud what you'says swear then
with us, obedience! to the constitution’
of the, year ILI. which alone:can pre:
serve the Republic.”
The astonishment caused> by othése
words produced «the, most profound:
silence. , Lodw, has:
Napoleon recolleeted) himself for’ a),
moment; and then went on againmem-
phatically:. “ The iconstitution ofothes*
year LL. !-+you have it no ‘longer—yor)
violated) it-on) the eighteenth of Prue=
tidor,, when the government: infringed)
on the independence of the Legislative
Body; you violated it on ‘the thisitieth
Mo vinryotef

iiiw? fiv7O8

during his own Reign.

of Prairial, inthe year VIT.,'when the
Levislative “Body ‘stratk “at the. inde-
pendence’ of the goverment; you vib-
lated it'on the twent¥=second of Floreal;
when; bya 'Sacrifegious “decree, the
Goverment! atid the “Legislative Body
invaded the sovereignty of the’ people,
by®annulling the elections made by
then. “Phe' Constitution being violated,
tlére- ‘must’'be’ a new compact, new
guarantees.” © i

'Fhe®s force’ of this speech, and the
energy°of the General, brought over
three-fourths of the members of Comneil,
who rose:to indicate ‘their approbation.
Cornudet and Reguier spoke powerfully
io the same effect. A member rose in
opposition; he. denounced’ the Gencral
as’ the-only conspirator against public
liberty. Napoleon interrupted the ora-
tor and declared ‘that he was in the
secret’ of every party, and that all des-
pised) the:Consfitution of the year TIT. ;
that:the-only difference existing between
them was;othat| some ‘desired to have a
moderate Republic, in which all the na+
tional interests, and ail property, should
beiguaranteed); while, on the other band,

the-othérs wished for a revolutionary:

government)as warranted by the dangers
of ithe countrys. At this moment Napo-
leon, was informed that the Appel No-
minal was. terminated) in the Coancil of
Five Hundred, and that they were en-
deavouring to: force the president Lu-
cien to put tlie outlawrg of his brother to
thes vote... Napoleon immediately has-
tened tothe Five Hundred, entered the
chamber with his hat off, and ordered the
officers and» soldiers who accompanicd
him, to-remain at the doors; he was de-
sirotis to, presert ‘himself at the bar, to
rally bis party, which was numerous, but
Which had Jost all unity and resolution.
But to.get.to the bar, it was necessary
to cross half the chamber, because the
President had his seat on one of the
wings: «When Napoleon had advanced
alone across one-third of the orangery,
two or three hundred members suddenly
rose, crying, “ Death to the tyrant!
down with the dictator!”

ofDso grenadiers, who, bythe order of
the General, had remained at the door,
and who had reluctantly obeyed, saying
to him, You do not know them, ‘they
are-capable of any) thing!” -rashed in,
-sabre in band, overthrowing all that op-
posed their passage, to join the General,
and cover him with their bodies. » All
the other: grenadiers followed» this \ex-
ample, and forced, Napoleon out of the
chamber, In the confusion one of them,

Monruty Mac. No, 301.

617

named Thomé, was slightly wounded by
the'thrust of a dager; andthe clothes
of another ‘were cut through, ©)
Tlie General descended into the court-
yard, called the troops ito a circle by
beat of drum, got’ on borseback, and
harangued them: “ I-was about,” said
he, * to point ont to them the means of
saving the Republic, and: restoring our
glory. They answered me with their
daggers. It was thus they would have
accomplished the wishes of the allied
kings. What more could England have
done? Soldiers, may I rely upon you?”
Unanimous acclamations formed ihe
reply to this speech, Napoleon instantly
ordered a captain to go with ten men
into the chamber of the Five Hundred,
and to Jiberate the President. par
Lucien had just thrown off his robe.
“ Wretches!” exclaimed he, “ you in-
sist that Pshould put out‘of the protec-
tion of the laws my brother, the saviour
of the country, him whose very name
causes kings to tremble! T lay aside the
insignia of the popular magistracy; I
offer myself in the tribune as the defender
of him, whom you command me to im-
molate unheard.” 5B Ss
Tuas saying, he quitted the chair, and
darted into the tribune. "The officer of

“ grenadiers then presented himself at the

doot of the chamber, exclaitning, “ Vive
la République!” It was supposed that
the troops were sending a ‘deputation to
express their devotion to the councils.
The captain was received with a joyful
expression of feeling. © He availed him-
self of the misapprehension, approached
the tribune, and secured the President,
saying to him in a low voice, “It is
your brother’s order.” The grtenadiers
at the same time shouted. “Dowa with
the assassins !’””

Upon these exclamations, the joy of
the members was converted into sadness;
a gloomy sileuce testified the dejection
of the whole assembly. No opposition
was offered to the departure of the Pre-
sident, who left the chamber, rushed igto
the court-yard, mounted a ‘horse,’ and
cried owt in his stentorian voice, ‘* Gene-
ral—and you, soldiers—the President of
the Council of Five Hundred proclaims
to you’ that factions men, with’ drawn
daggers, have interrupted the delibera-
tions of that assembly. He calls apon
you to employ force against these dise
turbers. ‘The Council of Five Hundred
is dissolved.”

“President,” replied the General, “it
shall be done.” NS

“He then ordered Murat into the
4K chamber

618

chamber, at the head of a detachment in
close column.) ‘At this crisiss General
B * #o* ventured to ask) him ‘for fifty
men, in order to: place himself in ‘am-
buseade upon the way, and fire upon the
fagitives:’ Napoleon’ relied! to ‘this’ re-
quest) only’ by enjoining ‘the grenadiers
to: commit! no ‘excesses.’ ‘It is my
wish,*said she, “ that not one drop of
blood may’ be shed.” ;
| Marat presented himself at the door,
and summoned the Council to disperse.
The shouts and vociferations continued.
Colonel Moulins, “aide-de-camp of
Brune, who had just arrived from Hol-
land; ‘ordered the charge to be beaten.
Thedrum jut ao end to the clamour.
The soldiers entered the chamber charg-
ing bayonets.- The deputies leaped out
at the windows, and dispersed, leaving
their'gowns, caps, &c.: in one noment
the) chamber was empty. Those mem-
hexs of the Council who had shewn most
pertinaeity; fled with the’ utmost pre-
cipitation to Paris.

About one hundred deputies of the
Five’ Handred rallied at the office and
round the|inspectors of the hall. They
presented themselves in a body to the
Couneil of the Ancients. Lucién re-
preseiited that the Vive Hundred had
been dissolved at his instance; that, in
the exercise of his functions as Presi-
dent of ihe assembly, he had been sur-
rounded ‘by daggers; that he bad sent
attendants to ‘summon the Council
again; that nothing had been done con-
trary to form, and that the troops had
but obeyed his mandate. The Council
of the Ancients, which had witnessed
with some! mneasiness this exercise of
military power, was satisfied with th
explanation. At eleven at night the two
Councils‘ re-assembled; they formed
large majorities.’ Two committees were
appointed to report upon the state of the
Republic. On the report of Beranger,
thanks to Napoleon and the troops were
carried. Boulay de Ja Meurthe; in the
Five Handred, and Villetard in the An-
cients, detailed the situation of the Re-
public, and the measures necessary to
be-taken. - The law of the 19th of Bru-
maire was passed; it. adjourned the
Couneils to’the Ist of Ventose follow-
ing; it created two committees of twenty-
five members each, torepresent the Coun-
ceils: provisionally. | These committees
were also to prepare a civil code. A Pro-
visional Consular Commission, consisting
of Sieyes,'Roger-Ducos, and Napoleon,
was charged with the executive power,

4 soe

Napoleon s\ History of France,

“PASSAGE OF THE SAINT-BERNARD,

The first Consul preferred the passage
of the Great Saint-Bernard, to that of
Mount Cenis: the one was not’ more
difficultthai the other. There is a road
practicable for Artillery, leading from
Lausanne to Saint-Pierre, a villagevat
the foot of the Saint- Bernard; and from
the village’ of Saint! Remi | to Aosta;
there is likewise away practicable for
carriages. The difficulty then lay only
in the ascent and ‘descent of the Suint-
Bernard: the same difficulty ‘existed
with respect to the passage of! Mount
Cenis; but the passage of Saint#Bernard
offered the advantage of leaving ‘Parin
on the right, and acting in a country
more covered and’ Iess known,‘ and “in
which the movements’ ‘of ‘the army
could go on more secretly than upon the
high road of Savoy, where’ the enemy
would of course have numerous’ spies.
A speedy passage of the artillery ap
peared impossible. A’ great numberof
mules, and a considerable quantity of
small eases, to hold the infantry cart-
ridges and the ammunition ‘of: the ‘ar-
tillery, had been provided. These eases,
as well as mountain-forges, were to be
carried by the mules, so’ that) the real

_ difficulty which remained to be ‘str-

mounted, was that of getting the pieces
themselves over. Buta hundred trunks
of trees, hollowed out for the reception
of the guns, which were fastened into
them by their trunnions, had been pre-
pared before hand: to every piece’ thus
arranged, a hundred soldiers were to be
attached ; the carriages were to be taken
to picces and placed upon mules.) Alb
these arrangements’ were carried’ into
execution by the Generals of Artillery
Gassendi and Marmont, with'so muctt
promptness that the march of| the’ ar-
tillery caused no delay: the troops them-
selves made it a point of honour’ not’ to
leave their artillery in the rear, and un-
dertook to drag it along: Throughout
the whole passage the regimental bands
were heard; and it was only in ‘difficult
spots that the charge was beaten 'to
give fresh vigour to the soldiers:'* One
entire division, rather than Ieave their
artillery, chose to bivouac upon the
summit of the mountain in the ‘midst of
show and excessive cold; instead® of de-
scending into the plain, though they had
time to do so before night. 'T'wo half
companies of artillery-artificers iadibeen
stationed in the villages of Saint-Pierre
and Saint-Remi; witha few field-forges
for dismounting and remounting 'the-va-

ww ‘rious

during his own Reign,

rious artillery-carriages. The . army
succceded in getting a hundred waggons

ver, Perit tele 7
. On the 16th,of May, the First Consul
slept at. the convent of Saint-Maurice,
and, the whole army passed the Saint-
Bernard on the J7th, 18th, 19th, and
20th of. May.. The First Consul, him-
self. crossed on the 20th; in the most
difficult places, be rede a mule belonging
to, one of the inhabitants of Saint-Pierre,
pointed,gut by the Prior of the convent
as the most sure-footed in all the eoun-
trys) The, First. Consul’s guide was a
tall robust, youth of twenty-two, who
eonyersed freely with him, with all the
confidence becoming his age and the
simplicity,of .the inhabitants of | the
mountains: he confided all his troubles
to the First Consnl, as well as his dreams
of happiness te come, On their arrival
at the convent, the First Consul, who
had till then shewn no intention to do
any thing for the peasant, wrote a note
and gaye it to him, desiring him to carry
it according to its address. This note
was an order for certain arrangements
which were)made immediately after the
passage, and realized all the poor fel-
low’s hopes;\such as the building of a
house, the purchase of a piece of ground,
&e..,.The astouishment of the young
mountaineer at seeing, shortly after his
return, so. many people hurrying to
fulfil his wishes, and riches pouring in
upon him on all sides, was extreme.

The first Consul. remained an hour at
the consent of the Hospitallers, and per-
formed the descent a-la-Ramasse, down
an almost perpendicular glacier. 'The
cold was still sharp; the descent of the
Great Saint-Bernard was more difficult
for the horses than the ascent had been;
there hapjened, however, but few acci-
dents. The monks of the convent were
stored, with a great quantity of wine,
bread, and cheese; and each soldier, as
he passed, received a large ration from
the good fathers,

_ On the 16th of May, General Lannes
with the sixth light hall-brigade,. the
28th and 44th of the line, the Llth and
12th, regiments of bussars, and 2lst
echasseurs, arrived at. Aosta, a town
whivhwas a great resource to the army.
On, the),17th, this van-guard reached

Chatillon, where an Austrian corps of

trom 410 5000 men, whieh was thought
suflicient for the defence of the valley,
was in position; it was immediately at-
tacked and routed; ,on this occasion
three guns and some, hundreds of pri-
soners were taken.

619

DESAIX,

During. the battle of the 11th, Desaix
who had returned from, Egypt, and had
been performing quarantine!,at Toulon,
arrived at the head-guarters, at Monte-
bello, with his aides-de-camp, Rapp and
Savary. The whole night,was spent in
conferences between the First. Consul
and Desaix, om all that had. passed in
Egypt since the former had. quitted. that
country—the details of the campaign of
Upper Egypt—of the negotiations ‘of
Ei|-Arisch, and the composition of the
Grand Vizier’s grand Tarkish army—
lastly, on the battle of Heliopolis, and
the present situation of the reach, army.
“* Flow,” said the Virst Consul,‘ could
you, Desaix, put your name. to the ca-
pitulation of El-Avisch ?”—*« £, did it,’’
replicd Desaix, ‘‘and I ,would do it
again, because the Commander-in-chief
was not willing to, remain in Egypt;
and because, in an army af a distance
from home, and beyond the influence of
Government, the inclinations. of «the
Commander-in-chief are equivalent. to
those of five-sixths of the army, | Lal-
ways had the greatest contempt forthe
Grand Vizier’s army, which, I have eb-
served closely. I wrote to Kieber that
[ would undertake 10 repulse it with my
division alone, If you had left me the
command of the army in Egypt, and
taken Kleber away with you, I would
have preserved that fine province. for
you, and you should never bave heard a
word about capitulation; but, however,
‘things turned out well; and Kleber made
up at Heliopolis for the mistakes he had
been committing, for six . months.”
Desaix burned to sinalize himself, He
thirsted to avenge the ill-treatment he
had received from Admiral. Keith; at
Leghorn; this lay at his heart...The
Tirst Consul immediately gave him
the command of the division of Boudet,

MARENGO.

On the 14th of June, 1800, at break
of day, the Austrians defiled by the
three bridges, of thé Bormida, and made
a furious attack on the village of Ma-
rengo, ‘The resistance was obstinately
kept up for a long time. The First
Consul, finding, from the briskness of
the cannonade, that the Austrians bad
commenced the attack, immediately
dispatched orders to Gencral Desaix to
return with his troops upon San-Juliano;
he was half a day’s march off, to the Jett,
The First Consul arrived on the field of
battle at ten o’clock in the morning, be.
tween San-Juliano and Marengo. The
enemy had at length carried Marengo;

an

620
and the division under “Victor having
becn forced toi give: way after a firm re-
sistauce, was) thrown into» the utmost
disorders: ©The plain) on the left) was
coyered with our fugitives, who spread
alarm wherever they went, and many
were even exclaiming in dismay, ‘‘ AdZ
is lost.”

The corps of General Lannes, a little
in the rear of the right of Marengo, was
engaged: with the enemy, wio, after
taking that place, deployed upon its left,
and formed) its line opposite our right,
beyond which it already extended. ‘The
First Consul immediately despatched
his battalion of the civalry gnard, con-
sisting of eight hundred grenadiers, the
best troops in the army, to station them-
selves ai five hundred toises distance
from Lannes, on the right, in a good po-
sition, in order to keep the enemy in
eheck..| Napoleon himself, with the se-
venty-second demi-brigade, hastened to
the support of Lannes, and directed the
division of reserve of Cara Saint-Cyr,
upon the extreme right, to Castel-Ce-
riolo,| to flank the entire left of the
enemy.
~ Jn the mean time the army perceived,
in the middie of this immense plain, the

First Consul, surrounded by his staff, .

and two hundred horse grenadiers with
their fir caps: this sight proved suf-
ficient to inspire the troops with hopes
of victory ; their confidence revived, and
the fugitives rallied upon San-Juliano,
in the rear of the left of General Lannes.
The latter, though attacked by a large
proportion of the enemy's army, was
effecting bis retreat through the midst
of this vast plain, with admirable order
and coolness. This corps oceupied three
hours. in retiring three-quarters of a
league, entirely exposed to the grape-
shot of eighty) pieces of cannon; at the
same time that by an inverse movement

Cara Saint-Cyr advanced upon the
extreme right, and turned the left of
the enemy.

» About three o’clock in the afternoon
the corps of Desaix'artived: the Virst
Consul! made him take # position on the
yoad in advance of San-Jaliano. Melas,
who. believed the victory decided, being
overcome | with fatigue, repassed’ the
bridges, and entered Alessandria, leaying
to General Zach, the head of his staff,
the care of pursuing the French army.
The latter, thinking: that this army was
eficeting. its retreat’ by the road from
'Tortona, endeavoured to reach this road

- behind San-Juliane ; but the Virst Con-
sul had altered his line of retreat at the

Napoleon's History of France,

commencement of the: action; and had
directed it between Sala and ‘Tortona,
so that the) high:+road from ‘Tortona
was of no consequence to ‘the’ French
army. Mo1s

Lannces’ corps in its retreat constantly
refused its left, thus directing its course
towards the new point of retreat; and
Cara Saint-Cyr, who was at ihe! ex-
tremity of the right, found himself almost
upon the live of retreat, at the very time
that General Zach imagined the: two
corps were intersected.

The division of Victor had, in the
mean time, rallied, and burnt with im-
patience to recommence the’ contest.
All the cavalry of the army was con-
centrated in advance of San-Juliano, on
the right of Desaix, and in ‘the rear of
the left of General Lannes. Balls and
shells fell upon San-Juliano ; its left was
already gained by a column of 6000 of
Zach’s grenadiers. The First Consul
sent orders to General Desaix to charge
with his fresh division ‘this column’ of
the enemy. Desaix immediately 'pre-
pared to execute these orders according-
ly; but, as he advanced at the head of
two hundred troopers of the ninth ight
demi-brigade, he was shot! throughtlie
heart by @ ball, and fell dead at the very
moment that he had given the word to
charze: by this stroke the Emperorwas
deprived of the man whom he esteemed
most worthy of being his lieutenant,

This misfortune by no means discon-
certed the movement, and General
Boudet easily inspired the soldiers with
the same lively dcsire of instant revenge
for so beloved a chief, which acttiated his
own breast. The ninth ‘light “demi-
brigade, who did, indeed, on. this '‘occa-
sion, deserve the title of Zncomparable,
covered themselves with glory. General
Kellermann, with 860 heavy horse, at
the same time charged’ intrepidly’ the
middle of the left flank ef the column:
in Iess than half an hour, these 6000
grenadiers were broken, overthrown,
dispersed, and put to flight, ~ General
Zach and all his staff were made pri-
soners. [OTSA S

‘General Lannes immediately charged
forward. Cara Saint Cyr, who was on
our right, and ex potence with the left
flank of the enemy, was’ much neater
than ihe enemy to the bridges upomthe
Bormida. | The Austrian army “was
thrown into the most dreadful confusion
in a moment: From: 8 to’ 10,000) ac-
valry, which were spread over thetfield,
fearing that Saint-Cyr’s infantry might
reach the bridge befure them, retreated

at

eS

during his own Reigns,

at full gallop, and ‘overturned all they
met with ib their way.) Victor's division
made all imaginable: haste to resume its
former field of battle, at the village of
Marengo. The enemy’s army was'in
the most horrible disorder. - No> one
thought“of any thing but flight) The
pressure and confusion became extreme
on the) bridges of the Bormida, where
the masses of fugitives were obliged to
erowd together; and at night, all who
remained upon the left bank fell into the
power of the Republic.

‘It would be difficult to describe the
confusion and despair of the Austrian
army. On one side the French army
was on the bank of the Bormida, and
Was expected to pass it at day-break.
On the other, they had General Suchet
with his army on; theirrear, in the direc-
tion of their right.

Which way could they effect their re-
treat? Behind they would be driven to
the Alps, and ‘the frontiers of Vrance:
they might: have moved towards Genoa
on the right, before the battle; but they
could not bepe to do so after their de-
feat, and closely followed by the victo-
rious army. Ti this desperate situation,
Geieral) Melas resolved to give his
troops the whole night to rally and re-
pose themselves, availing himself of the
sereen of the Bormida and the protection
of the citadel of Alessandria for this
purpose; and afterwards to, repass the
Tanaro, if necessary, and thus maintain
himself in that position, and endeavour
atany rate, by entering into negotiations,
to save bis’ army hy capitolating. On
the 13th, at day-break, the Austrians
senta flag of truce with proposals for an
armistice, which produced, the same
day, the convention, by which Genoa
and all the fortified places in Piedmont,
Lombardy, and the Legations, were
given up to the French army; and by
which the Austrian army obtained leave
to retire behind Mantua, without being
made prisoners of war. Thus was the
conquest of all [taly secured.

WG MOREAU,

General Moreau never commanded
‘im Flanders or Holland; he served in
the campaigns of 1794 and 1795, ander
Generals Pichegru and Jourdan, like
Svahain, ‘Taponier, Michaud, &e.2 he
beeame a gencral in chief, for the first
time, im the. month of May 1796; when
he took the, command of the army of the
Rhine; \m July he passed: that river.
Napoleon was then master of all Italy.
| The campaign in Germany, in 1796,
did little honour either ‘to the military

/

*

621

talents of those whovphaumned itp'or 'to
the general whovyprincipally directed it,
and) who ‘commanded: the: maim army.
In) the campaign of 1799,' he served at
first in Ftaly under Seherer, asa general
of division: he there shewed'equal bras
very and talentvat the head) of one ‘or
two divisions; but when raised tothe
chief command of the same ‘army,! at
the end of April, by: the wecall) of
Scherer, he continually made niistakes,
and shewed no more kuowledgé of the
great art of war thanhe had evineedin
the campain of 1796.) In 1799; Moreau
enjoyed no credit) whatever; cithér in
the army or witli the nation; his‘conduct
in Practidor 1797 had | disgraced: him
with all parties. “He had: withheld: in
his own possession the papers found ia
the waggon taken from Kiinglin, whieh
proved the correspondence of Pichegru
with the Duke d@’Enghien and thes Aus-
trians, as well as the plots: ofsthe rin-
testine factions; whilst Pichegray undér
cover of the reputation whieh sheehad
acquired in Holland, was exerting) a
great influence’ over the. Jegislature,
Moreau had no system, either in politics
or war: he was an -excellent)soldier,
personally brave, and capable of /ma-
noenvring a small army ona ficldof
battle effectually; but absolately!iguo-
rant of the higher branches of tactics;

. The Empress Josephine > married
Morean to Mademoiselle - Hutot; ia
creole of the Isle of France. ‘This youre
lady had an ambitious mother, who
governed her, aud soon governed> hér
husband also. She changed: his«cha-
racter: he was no longer the same man;
he began to intrigue; his house becane
the rendezvous of all the disaffected sihe
not only opposed, but conspired against
the re establishment: of religions! wor-
ship, and the concordat /of/1801 tothe
ridiculed the legion of honour! Rorv’a
long time, the first consal refused to
notice this imprudent conduct; but’ at
Jength he said, “I wash my: havds! of
him; let him rum his head /against) the
pillars of the Tuileries”) This conduct
of Moreau was ‘contrary tov his'cha-
racter; he was a Breton: lie detested
the English, abominated the Cliouans,
and had a great-antipathy to the nobi-
lity. Le was incapable of any great
mental efforts, but) was naturally honest,
and good-hearted. Nature liadnot des.
dined:him to play a first-rate eharauler:

had he formed some other: matiionial
seonnexion;, “he would have been al mar-
shal, and aldake ; he would lave! made

the campaigns of the grand army ;
would

622

would bave acquired new. glory:;, and,
if it had been his, destiny to ‘fall on, the
field).of battle; he, would haye been
killed: by, a Russian, Prussian, or Aus-
trian ball: he ought) not)to have fallen
by/a French, shot.

Moreau bad served) his conntry;. and
his: name will gure gloriously in many
a page of the history, of, the, revoluti-
onary wars. His political opinions al-
ways shewed great sagacity : and some-
times. Napoleon has been heard to pity
his deplorable end. ...... “'Those
women destroyed: him!” Such are the
fatal consequences of a weak, irresolute
character.

HOHENLINDEN.

The whole effective force was 150,000
men, ivcluding the garrisons and men
in the hospitals... Of these 140,000 were
disposable, and actually under arms.
The Freneb army was therefore more
numerous than that of the enemy by
one-third; it was also very superior in
the character and quality of the troops.

‘The Austrian army came on in three
columns; that of the left, consisting of
10;006 men, between the Inn and the
Munich road, directing its march on
Albichengen) and. Saint-Christopher;
that: of «the centre, 40,000 strong,
proceeded by the road leading from
Mithldorfito Munich, by Haag towards
Hohenlinden ; the erand park, ; the wag-
gons and bareage took this road, the
only one which was firm. The column
of the right, 25,000 strong, commanded
by: General Latour, was to march on
Bruckrain; Kienmayer, who, with his
flankers of the right, constituted part of
this.corps, was to proceed from Dorfen
on Schauben,, to turn all the defiles,
and place himself in a situation to de-
bouch in the plain of Amzing, where the
Archduke. expected to .encamp. that
evening, and to wait for Klenau’s corps,
which was proceeding thither up the
right bank of the Iser.

The roads were much eut up, as is
usual in the month of December; the
columns: of ‘the right and left marched
by» almost impracticable cross-roads ;
the snow fell heavily. The column of
the) centre, followed, by the parks and
baggage, haying the advantage of the
high-road, soon distanced the others; its
head penetrated into|the forest without
impediment. Richepanse, who was to
have defended it-at,Altenpot, was not
arrived ; but; this) column was. stopped
at the village of Hohenlinden, which
was) the appui of Ney’s left} and, the
station of Groueby’s division. The

Napoleon's History of France,

French, line, which had thought itself
covered, was as first surprised ; seyeral
battalions were. broken, and, some ae
order prevailed, Ney hastened up;,

terrible charge carried death and me
sternation into the head-of a column, of
Austrian grenadiers ;, General Spanochi
was, taken. prisoner. At that moment
the vanguard, of the Austrian sight de-
hbeuched from the heights of Bruckrain,
Ney was obliged to gallop to, his Jeft)in
order to face, them; his efforts, would
have been insufficient had Latour sup-
ported his ‘vanguard; but |he, was, two
leagues distant from. it, In the, mean.
time the divisions of Richepanse. and
Decaen, which ought, to, have arrived,
before daybreak at the debouché of the
forest, at the village of Altenpot, being
embarrassed in the midst of the, night
in dreadful roads, and. the weather, being
tremendons, were, wandering .a; great
part, of the night on the edge ofthe
forest. Richepanse, who marched, at
their head, did not reach Saint-Christo;
pher’s till seven o’clock, in the morning,
where he was. still two. leagues, from)
Altenpot.,, Gonvinced of the importance,
of the movement he was operating, he
accelerated his march with bis first, Lyi-
gade, leaving) the second considerably
inthe rear.. When the Austrian colunin
of the left reached, the village of Saint:
Christopher's, it cut him. off from, his
second brigade; General Dronet, who
commanded it, deployed. Richepanse’s
situation became frightful ; he was half-
way, between Saint-Christopber’s; and
Altenpot; he resolved to continue, his
movementin order to occupy, the, de-
bouché of the forest, if it,should nat be
in the possession of the enemy; or, to
retard his march, and to concur. in, the
general attack by throwing himself on
his flank if the Archduke should haye
already penetrated. into the forest, jas
every thing seemed to indicate, that, he
had. On arriving at. the, village, of
Altenpot, with the 8th, the 48th.of, the
line, and the 1st chasseurs, he, found,
himself in the rear of the enemy’s parks, |
and, of all bis artilleny, which| had, de-
filed. He passed ‘through, the. village,
and \drew. up inline, on, the heights.
Eight squadrons of the cnemy’s \eayalry,
which formed the-rear-guard, deployed;
the -cannonade commented; the.-1st
chasseurs charged, and were repulsed:
The situation of General Richepanse
became more and more critical ; lie was
speedily informed that} he was not;4o
depend on |Drouet, whose.,progress: had
been arrested by considerable alin

an

during his own Reign.

and of Decaen he ‘had’‘no intelligence.
In this dreadful predicament he took a
desperate’ resolution; leaving General
Walter with the cavalry, iis keep ihe
cuirassiers of the enemy in check, he
entered ‘the forest of Hohenlinden at the
head of the®48th and 8th of the line.
Threé battalions of Hungarian grena-
diers, forming the escort of the parks,
formed; they “advanced on Richepanse
wit the ‘bayonet, takiug his soldiers
for an‘irregular force. The 48th over-
threw ‘them. This petty engagement
deéided ‘the fortune of the day. Dis-
order’ and alarm) spread ‘through the
culivoy? the drivers cut their traces
and fled, abandoning eighty-seven pieces
of cannon and three hundred waggons.
The confusion of the rear spread to the
the*van.' Those’ columns which were
far’ advanced in the defiles fell into dis-
order; they were struck with the recol-
Iection’ of the disastrous campaign of
the summer; besides which, they were
in’ great measure composed of re-*
eraiis.’ Ney and Richepanse joined.
The Archduke John retreated with the
utmost confasion and precipitation on
Haag, with the wreck of bis corps.
‘General Decaen had extricated Ge-
ncral' Drouet. He had kept the left
column of the cnemy in check at Saint-
Christopher’s ‘with one of ‘his brigades,
whilst'with the second he had advanced
into’ the forest to complete the rout of
the’ battalions which had taken refuge
there. Of the whole Austrian army,
only the column of the right, com-
manded by General Latour, now re-
mained entire ; it had joined Kienmayer,
who had debouched on bis right by the
valley of the Issen, ignorant of what
had passed in the centre. This column
marched against Lieutenant-General
Grenier, who had with him the divisions
of Legrand and Bastoul, and General
Haut poult’s cavalry. The action was
extremely obstinate; General Legrand
drove Kienmayer’s corps into the defile
of Lendorf, on the Issen; General
Latour was repulsed, and lost sume
cannon; he commenced his retreat, and
abandoned the field of battle as soon as
he was informed of the disasters which
had befallen the principal corps of his
army. The left of the Austrian army
repassed the Inn over the bridge of
asserburg, the centre over the bridges
of Crayburg and Miihldorf, the right
over the bridge of Octting, General
Klenaa, who had put his troops in mo-
tion to approach the Inn, fell back to!

623

the Danulhe “to” cover: Bohemia; and to
threaten ‘ind engage the Gallo-Batavian
army. ‘Phe evening after’ ithe ‘battle,
the head- quarters of ‘the’ Fiench army.
were transferred to Haag. © In this
battle, which decided thesuccess of thie
campaign, six “French divisions) com-
posing half the army, alone engaged) al-
most the whole of the Austrian army.
The forces on the ficld of battle were
nearly equal, being about 70,000 men
on each side. But the Archduke John
could not possibly have assembled «a
greater number, whilst Moreau might.
have brought twice as many into the
field. ‘The loss of the French army
was 10,000 men, killed; wounded, and
taken, either at the actions of Dorfen
and Ampfingen, or atthe battle:of Ho-
henlinden. Thatoftheenemy amounted,
to 25,000 men, exclusively of deserters.
Seven thousand prisoners, amongst
whom were two generals, one hundred
pieces of cannon, and an immense num=
ber of waggons, were the ra of
this day.

The victory of Hohenlinden-wasia
fortunate chanee; the campaigu was
there won without any calculation or
coutrivance. Phe enemy had»a better
chance of success than the French; and
yet ihe latter were so superior impum=
ber and quality, that had they) beeit
conducted with pradence and aceording
to rule, every probability would aa
been in their favour. Dy

PAUL.

The Swedish and Russian squadrons
were arming with the greatest activity,
and coustituted considerable forées.
But all military preparations were ren+
dered useless, and the confederation of
the northern powers was dissolved, by:
the death of the Emperor Paul, who
was at once the ‘author, the chief, and
the soul of that alliance. Paul Tsiwas
assassinated in the night of the’23d of
March; and the news of his death
reached Copenhagen at the time of the

signature of the armistice,
#8 8 OH kee ee

* * *£ @ © @ &

* #
This ‘monarch
had exasperated part of the Russian
nobility against himself by an irritable
and over-susceptible temper.’ His ha=
tred of the French revolution had: been
the distinguishing featare of his reign
He considered the familiar manners of
the Trench sovercign’and princes, and’
the. suppression of etiquette ‘at o their:
court, as one of the causes of that revo-
lutiony: He, thercfore, established ia
‘most

624

and exacted, tokens oft respect by: no
means Confermable to. our.mauners; and
which.ex cited .gencral. discontent.....'To
de dressed ina frock, wear around_hat,
or omit, to, alight, from.a carriage when
the Czar, or, .oneof the princes of his
house, was. passing. ia the streets. or
public walks, was suflicicnt to excite
his..strongest ,animadversions, and to
stamp the ofeuder as a jacubin, in, his
epinion,.. Aiter bis reconciliation with
the first consul, he had partly given up
some of these ideas; and it is probable
that, had he lived some. years longer,
he would bave regained the alienated
esteem aud alfection of bis court. The
English, vexed aud even extremely irri-
tated at the altciauion which bad taken
place in him in the course of a twelve-
month, took every means of encoaraging
his domestic enemies. They succeeded
in causing a report of his maducss to be
generally believed, and, at. length, a
conspiiacy was formed against his life.
The; general opinion is, that * * *
es * % # * ® * * *

The evening before his death, Pan,
being, at supper with his mistress. and
his, favourite, received a dispatch, in
which. all the particulars of the plot
agaiust Lim were disclosed; he put it
into. his pocket, and deferred the pe-
rusal to the next day. In the night he
Was inurdered.

This crime was perpetrated without
impediment; P * ** * * * * had unli-
maited influence in the palace; he passed
for the sovereign’s favourite and confi-
dential miaister.. He presented him-
self,..at two, o'clock in the morning,
at the «eor of the emperor’s apart-
ment, ,accon:panied by B** * ** *#,
S422 **,,and..0 *% **, A. faithful
cossack, who was stationed at the door
of, the ‘chamber,;. made seme, difficulty
of aliowing ikem to enter; he was. in-
stantly massacred. “Phe nvoise awakeued
the emperor, who seized his sword; but
the conspirators rushed, upon him, threw
him down, and strangled him. Lt was
B&****** who gave him, the last
blow, and trampled on his corpse, . The
empress, Paul's wife, although she had
much reason to complain-of ber hus-
band’s, gallaptries, testified deep and
sincere ailliction ; and none of those who
were engaged in this assassination, were
ever restored 10 her,favour, «°°... «
. . . . * . = abate 7 . . . °
wind ANPLAP AIA DS GAA TLDS MEMES TLC,
General B * ** ** ** still held his com-
mand. ay" 9

Napoleon's History of France,
most strict cliquctte at his ©Wn cotrt,

oh geek navaL DEFEATS.
(Our naval deteats are.to beattribotod
to three causes: Ist, ‘Po irresolution
and want of cnergy in the commanders-
in-chicl; » 2dly,. To errors. im tagties :
Sdly,. To want of experience aed au-
tical knowledge in the captains of-ships,
and. tothe opinion, these oflicers byai-
lain that they ought only io act.accord-
ing to signals. Tie action off Ushant,
those during the revolution in the ocean,
and those in the Mediterranean in 1793
and 1794, weve all lost through these
different, causes... Admiral Villaret,
though personally brave, was wanting
in strength of mind, and was not even
attached to the cause. for which he
fought. Martin was a good ‘seaman,
but a man of lifthe resolution, They
were, moreover, both influenced by the
representatives of the people, who, pos-
sessing no experience, sanctioned erro-
ncous operations, ics Sh aba
The priuciple of making no move-
ment, execpt according to signal from
the admiral, is the more erroneous, be-
cause it is always in the power of th
captain of a ship to find reasons in jus-
tification ,of bis failure to execute the
signals made to him, In all theé’sci- |
ences necessary to war, theory is useful
for giving general ideas which form the
mind; but their strict execution is al-
ways dangerous; they are only axes by
which curves. are to be traced. Be-
sides, rules, themsclyes compel one to
reason, in order to discover whether
they ought to be departed from:
Although ofien superior in force to
the English, we vever knew how to
attack them, and we allowed theirsqua-
drons to escape whilst we were wasting
time in useless manoeuvres. “The fitst
law of maritime tactics ought to be,
that as soon as the admiral’ has madé
the signal that he means to attack,
every captain shonld make the necés-
sary movements for attacking one of the
enemy’s ships, taking part i the acticn,
aud supporting his neighbours.) ~°"
This was latterly the principle of
English tactics. Had it been adopted
in France, Admiral’ Villeneuve would
not have thought himself blameless at
Aboukir, for remaining inaetive with
five or six ships ; that is to say, with half
the squadron, for twenty-four ‘hours,
whilst the enemy was overpowering the
other wing, bah showy Raa
The French’ navy is called on'to’ae-
quire a superiority over’ the Engtish.
The French understand building Wetter
than their rivals; and Freel shi em
} Bnglish

English themselves admit, are better
than their’s. ‘The guns are superior in
calibre to those of the Enclish by one-
fourth. These are two great advantages.

“The English are superior in discipline.
The Toulon and Scheldt squadrons bad
adopted the same practice and customs
as tlie Fnetlish, and were attempting as
severe a discipline, with the difference
helonging to the character of the two
nations. The English discipline is per-
fectly slavish; it is patron and serf. It
is only kept up by the influence of the
most dreadful terror, Such a state of
things would degrade and debase the
French character, which requires a pa-
ternal kind of discipline, more founded
op honour and sentiment,

In most of the battles with the English
which we have lost, we have either
‘been inferior in strength, or combined
with Spanish ships, which, being ill or-
ganized, and in these Jatter times de-
generate, have weakened our line in-
stead of strengthening it; or, finally,
the. commanders-in-chief, who wished
to fight while advancing ‘to meet the
enemy, have wavered when they fell in
with him, retreated under various pre-
texts, and thus compyoniised the bravest
men,

A GEEEK CAPTAINS. _

Alexander conducted eight cam-
paigns, during which he conquered
Asia and part of India ; Haunibal, se-
venteen, one in Spain, fifteen in Italy,
and one in Africa; Cesar, thirteen,
eight against the Gauls and five against
Pompey’s legions; Gustavus Adolphus,
three, one in Livonia against the Rus-
siams, and two in Germany against the
House of Austria ; ‘Turenne commanded
in eighteen, nine in France, and nine in
Germany; Prince Eugene of Savoy in
thirteen, two against the Turks, five in
Italy against I’rance, and six on the
Rhine, or in Flanders; Frederic con-
ducted cleyen, in Silesia, in Bohemia,
and on the banks of the Elbe. The
history of these cighty-cight campaigns,
carefully written, would be a complete
treatise on the art of war; the principles
which ought to be followed in offensive
and defensive war, would flow from it
spontancously,

TACTICS OF ALEXANDER.

His mode of warfare was methodical ;
it mevits the highest praise; none of
his convoys were intercepted ; his armies
constantly keptinereasing : the moment
at which they were weakest was when
he commenced operations at the Gra-
nictis; by the time he appeared at the

Montiuty Mac, No. 391.

. during his own Reign.

625

Indus, hisnembers had tripled, without
reckoning the ¢orps commanded by the
‘governors of the conquered proyintés,
which were composed of invalided or
wearied Maccdonians, recrtits sent from
‘Greece, or drawn from the Greek troops
in the service of the satraps, ‘or, finally,
of foreigners raised’ amongst tlie natives
in the country. Alexander mérits ‘the
glory he has enjoyed for so many aves
amongst all nations. But suppose he
had been defeated on thé Issus, where
the army of Darius was’ drawn up'in
order of battle on his line ofretreat, with
its left to the mountains, and its right to
the sea; whilst the Macedonians had
their right towards the mountains, their
left towards ‘the sea, and the’ pass’ of
Cilicia behind them! | OF stpposé he
had been beaten at Arbella, with the
Tigris, the Euphrates, and the Deserts
in his rear, without fortresses, and at a
distance of nine hundred’ leagues from
Macedon! Oy suppose he’ had been
vanquished by Porus when driven tothe
Indus! L ®

TACTICS OF HANNIBAL,

Hannibal's principle was to keep al
his troops in junction, to have no gar-
rison but in a single place, which he're-
served to himself, to hold his hostages,
his great machines, his prisoners of dis-
tinction, and his sick: depending on'the
fidelity of his allies for his communica-
tions. He maintained himself ‘sixteen
years in Italy, without receiving any
succours from Carthage ; and he only
evacuated Italy by order of his go-
vernment, to’ fly to the defence of bis
country. Fortune betrayed him “at
Zama, and Carthage ccased to” exist.
But had be been vanquished at T'rebhia,
Thrasymene, or Cann, what greater
disasters could have happened ‘than
those which followed the battle of Zama?
Although defeated at the gates’ of his:
capital, he could not save his army from
utter destruction, '

OF CHSAR,

He left the care of hiis communications
to bis allies, having always a month’s
provisions in his camp, and a morith’s
provisions ‘in ‘a’ fortress, where, like
Hannibal, he kept his hostages, maga-
zines, and hospitals.’ On the same
principles he conducted his seven other
campaigns in Gaul. During this great
contest, the whole of Czesai’s army was’
in his camp ; he Jeft no point vulnerable.’
In Cesar’s campaigns of the civil war,’
lie conquered by following the same! me-
thod and the same principles, but he
run much greater risks, He passed the

4L Rubicon

626
Rubicon: witha single legion; iat’ Cor-
finium: he took ‘thirty! colierts;) and) in
three months drove Ponipey put of Italy.
What sapidity! whatpromptitude! what
Aoldness }\) Ceesar’s ‘principles were the
same as.those of Alexander and Hanni-
bal;:to keep his forces in junction; not
to) be: vulnerable im any direction, to
iadvance rapidly on important points, to
calculate on moral means, the reputation
of his arms, and the fear he inspired, and
also on political means, for the preserya-
tion of the fidelity of his allies, and the
obedience of the: conquered nations,

CAMPAIGNS OF NAPOLEON.

Napoleon made fourteen campaigns;
two in Italy, five in Germany, two ia
Africa and Asia, two in Poland and
Russia, one in Spain, and) two in
France.
dn the first’ campaign of Italy, in
1796, he set out from Savona, crossed
dhe mountains at the weak point, where
the Alps end) and the Apennines begin,
separated ithe Austrian army from that
of Sardinia, took possession of Cherasco,
a fortress ai the confluence of the Tanaro
and Stura, twenty leagues from Savona,
and established) his magazinos there,
He compelled the King of Sardinia to
surrender to / him the fortress of Tortona,
situate twenty lcagues east of Cherasco,
in ‘the direction of Milan; established
himself there ; passed the Po at Placenza
sejzed.on Pizzighettone, a fortress on
the Adda, twenty-five leagues from Tor-
tona; advanced on the Mincio; took
possession ‘of Peschiera, thirty leazues
from Pigzighettone, and on the line of
the Adige; occupying the wall and forts
of Verona on the Jeft bank, which se-
cured him the three stone bridges of that
eity,and Porto Legnano, which gave him
another bridge over ihat river. - He re-
mained) in ‘this: position until the taking
of ‘Mantua, which he caused to be'be-
sieged and invested, .. Between his eamp
under ‘Verona °and'Chambery, his ‘first
depét on thie frontier of France, he had
four’ fortified places*in ‘echelon, which
inclosed ‘his +hospitals°and ‘magazines,!
and only ‘required jgarrisons amounting
to 4000: anhen; convalescents ‘and ‘con-
scripts were sufficient for this purpose:

thus he had;) on this dine of a hundred:
leagues; a place'of depot atievery four:

mareohes,« After theo taking of Mantua,
when he proceeded into the States of the
Church; Petrava swag his place of depot

on ithe Poy and Aneona, seven’or ¢izht

marches farther on, his second place, at
the foot of the Apennines,

‘

Napoleon's Historysof France,

odin the-campaign: of 1797;he, passed
the Piaye and the Tagliamento, ying
Palma-nuova and Osopo, situated) eight
‘marches from Mantua. passed: the Ju-
lian Alps, repaired the old fortifications
of; Clagenfurth; five marches:from Oso-
po, and took up a position on'theSim-
mering. He was there eighty leagues
from. Mantua ; but: he had, on thisiline
of operations, three places im echelon
and a point of appui at every five or six
marches. rf :

Tn 1798 he commenced his operations
in the East by the taking of Alexandria,
fortified that great city, and made it the
centre of his magazines and organization.
When he marched on Cairo; he caused
a fort to be established at Rehmaniah,
on the Nile, twenty leagues from Alex-
andria, and had the eitadel and several
forts‘at Cairo put in a state-of defence,
He caused one to be erected. thirty
Jeagues from that capital, at Salahia, at
the entrance of the Desert, on’ the road
to Gaza... The army, encamped at; this
village, was fifteen days’: march from
Alexandria ; it had three: | fortified
points of apput on this line of opera-
lions. ; :

During the campaign of 1799, he
crossed a space of eighty leagues inthe
Desert, laid siege to Saint-Jean d’Aére,
and pushed his corps of observation to
Jordan, two hundred and fifty leagues
from Alexandria, his grand depdt. || He
had caused a fort to be builtat Quatich,
in the Desert, twenty leagues from Sa-
lahia; another at EJ-Arich, thirty leagues
from Quatich; another at Gaza, thirty
leagues from Salahia. On this line of
operations fof two hundred and » fifty
leagues, he had eight places sufficiently
strong to resist the enemies he had to
apprehend ; and, in: fact, in-ihese four
campaigns he never had a ‘convoy:or a
courier intercepted. «In 1796) a few
stragglers were massacred in the vicinity
of 'Tovtona ; in Egypt, a fewsdjermes
-were stopped on the Nile, between
Rosetta and Cairo; but this was imabe
first commencement of operations. The
dromedary regiments, which he had or-
ganized jin Egypt; were so)\campletely.
accustomed to: the: Desert, that they.
always keptthe communications: open
between €airo’ and Saint-Jean d Aere,
as wellias in Upper and Lower Hgypt:
With an army of 25,000 men; he) then
occupied Egypt, Palestine, and/Galilee;
which» was. a’ space of nearly, 30j000
square leagues, inclosed in a triangle.
It was three hundred leagues froin his

head-,

ov during his own Reigns ~

head: quarters before Saint-Fcan d’ Acre
to, Desaix's head-quarters: in. Upper
Egypt 0%

‘Fhe campaign of 1800 was conducted
on theisame principles.:’- When the army
off Gerntany reached the Inn, it) pos-
sessed!ithe fortresses of Ulm ‘and In-
golstadt, whieh afforded two grarid de-
potsi!'In the armistice of Pfullendorf,
tliecsarrender of these places had been
“omitted tobe required; Napoleon con-
sidered them of such importance for se-
curing the success of his operation in
@érmany; that: this surrender was made
the condition, ‘sine’ qué-non; of the fresh
prolongation of the armistice.

“The Gallo: Batavian army at Nurem-
Berg secured the left wing on the Da-
nube ; and the army of the Grisons the
right wing, in the valley: of the Ln.
When! the army of reserve descended
fron the Saint-Bernard, its first) place
of depot was established at Ivrea; and,
fevenciafter the ‘battle of (Marengo,
Wapioléon did not consider the whole of
Ttaly reconquered, until all the fortified
(places! between ‘him and. the Mincio
should ‘be occupied by his troops. He
gave Melas permission to return: otr
Mantra, om condition of surrendering all
those fortresses.

In 1805, ‘having carried Ulm against
the: Austrian” army, 80,000 strong, he
advanced) on the Lech, had-the ancient
rainparts of Angsburg repaired; lined
them, and made'this town, which offered
himiso’ many resources, his place of
depOt-' He would have restored Ulm,
but the fortifications had been razed,
andthe local circumstances were too
nnfavourable. ) From Augsburg he
marched on Braunau, and secured him-
selfa bridge on ihe Inn by the posses~
sion of this important point: this. was a
second» place of depot, which enabled
him to proceed as far as Vienna, whiclr
capital was fortified ‘against jany sud-
den assault. . He afterwards passed
into Moravia, took possession of. the
citadel of Brann, situate forty leagues
from Vienna, which was immediately
armed and provisioned, and became his
point of apput for nranceuvring in Mo-
yavia. At aday’s'march from this place
he fonglit the battle of Austerlitz. From
that ficld of battle he could retreat on
Vienna, repass the Danube there, or
direet bisomarch by the left. bank on’
Liutz, and: pass: that river by the bridge
of that town, which was covered by,
strong works on the hills.

In 1806 he fixed his head-quarters at
Bamberg, and effected the junction of

627
thé different. corpsof his army en the
Rédnitz.) The King’ of Prussia thouglit;
by advancing: to the Maine, to cut'6ff
his: line: 6f operations on Meniz, and
stop his movement. For this: purpese
he directed Blucher’s ‘corps, and that-of
the Duke of Weimar, thither ; but the
French army’s line of communication
Was no longer on Mentz, but tan from
the fort of \Cronach, situate at»the' de-
bouché of the mountains of Saxony, to
Forsheim, a fortified place/on the Reds
nitz, and thence to Strasbarg!: Having
now nothing to apprehend frond the
offensive » march «of » the’ » Prussians
Napoleon debouched iu three columns ;
his left by Coburg, under the command
of the Dukes of «Montebello and
Castiglione, and composed: of the» fifth
and seventh corps of the army ; dis weh-
tre, with which he: marched in’ person,
by Gronach and Schejlitz, was forined
of the first and third corps; commandéd
by. Marsbal Bernadotie: and the Prince
of Eekmuhl, of the guardandoreserves
of cavalry. The right marched ‘by cthe
country of Bayreuth: it d@debouched ion
Hoff, and was. composed of the fourth and
sixth corps, commanded by the Duke of
Dalmatia and the Prince of Moskowa.
The Prussian army, between Weimar
and Neudstadt, which was already! in
motion to supportits van-guard, halted.
Finding itself cut off from the Elbe and
Berlin, and all its mayzazities daken, it
comprchended its danger, but not before
its position was qnite desperate ; and
although so near Magdcburg,'-ine the
heart of its country, two! marehes only
from the Elbe, it was beaten, cut off,
and could effect no retreat... Notatian
of this old army of | Frederic: escaped,
except the King and a ‘few sqtadrons,
who with difficulty'gained the right bank
of the Oder. Above’ 100,000 men, :atrd
hundreds of cannon and colours; were the
trophies of this day. bits fas."
In 1807, being master of Custrin,
Glogaw, and ‘Stettin, Napoleon passed
the Vistula at Warsaw, and had Praca
fortified, which served hint at onee for a
téte-de-pont anda place of depidt; he
constracted Modlin, and put Thorm in a
defensive state. The army took ap #
position on the Passarge, to cover the
siege of Danzic, which became its place
of depot, and its point of appui for the
operations that preceded the: hatile. of
Friedland, which decided the wir. If
hostilities bad continued, this line would
have been shortened by the’ fortress: of
Pilaw, which would have been taker
before the army passed the Nicmen.
fo

628

Napeleon's\ History ofFrance,

In 1808 most of. the ifortresses of the'! the:capitalsfrom becoming ifatalto- tlic

north 6f Spainy Stimt:Sebastian,“Pams! allies) » bhe of eqioo 9
peluna,. Piguéras, and | Bareclonay were»

in thé!power df dhe Frencli atmy when
it narebed on Burgos.) oi '

1m4809! the first guns were fired near
Ratisbon? | Augsburg was Napoleon’s
centre ofopcrations.* ‘Phe! Austrians
havibg razed»Braunan, he’ chose the
fortress of Passaw; situate at the con-
fluence ofthe Thn.and:the Danube; and
much more advantageous, as it secured
him’ at‘once aibridge over eachiof these
rivers. ©! He had \it:fortified, and also se-
cured the bridge of Lintz by works of the
first’strength.) His army, on arriving at
Vienna, had)independently_ of that com-
munication on Bavaria, «a commupica-
dion secared with Italy, by the castle of
Gratz:and the fortified: place of Clagen-
furthi®.

In 1812 Dantzie, Thorn, Modlin, and
Praga; were his places;on the Vistula?
VeilanyKowno, Grodno, » Wilna, and
Minsk, his mawazines near the Niemen:
Smolesko, his grand depdt for his move-
ment on Moskow. {nithis operation he
hada fortified) point of appui at every
eight days’ mareh; all the post-houses
were ‘embattled “and intrenched; they
were oéeupied only by one company and
one’ piece of cannon; which so eflectu-
ally secured the service, that during the
whole! ‘campaign not a single estafette
or convoy was intercepted; and that
even during the retreat, except the four.
days when Admiral Tchichagoff was re-
pulsed beyond the Beresina, the commu-
nications of the army with its places of
depot were constantly free.

In 1813 Konigstein, Dresden, Torgaw,
Wittemburg, Magdeburg, and Hamburg,
were his places on the Hlbe ;) Mersburg,
Erfurthy!aud'Wurtzburg, his echelons
for reaching’ the Rhine. on

In the'campaign. of 1814 he had for-
tresses in‘all directions ; and the fall im-
portance ‘of ‘those of ‘Flanders would
have been seen, if Paris had not been
given up by treachery; or even if, alter:
its fall, the defection of the: sixth corps
d’armée'to the enemy had not prevented
Napoleon from marching'on Paris: the
allies would have been forced to abandon
the capital,! for ‘sorely their generals
would neverhavecrisked-a battle on the
left bank of the Seine, with that great
city in their tear,’ which they had only,
occupied for thtee days) The treachery
of several ministers /and civil agents faci-
litated the'entrance of ‘the: enemy ‘into
Paris, but it was that of amarshal which
prevented the momentary ovctpation ‘of

mo Dasamo0g 1}
The: plans’ of /all Napoleon's fourteen’:
campaigis are \conformabletoithe trues
principles (of war; his wars ‘were bold,’
but methodical 3:nothing: can be!/more!’
satisfactorily proved than ‘this: is) by the!’
defence of the Adige in 1796; when ithe:
House of) Austria Jost \several: armies):
and by that of the Passarge in 1807, to"
protect the siege of Dantzics) 8 on:
GREAT PRINCIPLES. 15)
Unity of command: is of the mtmos
importance in war. | Two-armies ought’
never to be placed on the same'scene'of:
action.. Modern troops haye'\1o0"' more
occasion for bread and “biscuit: than the
Romans had: give then flour, ri¢ey:or’
pulse, on their marches,’ and they will
take no harm. It is an error to suppose
that the generals of antiquity did not pay
great attention to- their magazines 2\it
may be seen in Cesar’s ‘Commentaries,
how much he was ‘occupied. by this care’
in several campaigns. ‘hey badvonly;
discovered the art of not! being slaves to»
it; and of not being obliged to dependon'
their purveyors; und ‘this oart/has been!
understood by all our great captains,
The system followed. ‘by ‘the! Prenehony
the war of Hanover; (was) the art col
getting great: armies beaten» by small:
ones, and of doing nothing with immense’
means. auld ti
Generals-in-chief are guided by their:
own experience, or their genius. 'Tac-'
tics, evolutions, the science of tho-en+)
gincer and the artillery-oflicer, maybe»
learned from treatises, much inthe! samer
way as gcometry; but the knowledgeof;
the higher branches of the art: of :war is’
only to be gained by experience, andiby
studying the history of the warsiand- bat+
tles of great leaders. | Cany one learn in’
a grammar to’! compose a book of the:
Tliad, or one of Corneille’s'tragedies?\ ’
HIS ARMIES. ud olde
The maximum of) the numberof
troops which Napoleoti: ever: hadvon;
foot is 600,000 men’ The population of.
his empire was above’ forty millions of
souls; double the population of Hrance
under Louis: X}V. who: Jong kept
400,000 soldicrs in pay! It! wonld be’an
extraordinary:mistake to imagine that .alb
the: conscriptidns «decreed> were! aciu-
ally levied ; these ‘decrees -wetee strata
gems of war employed to: deceive foe)
reigners|;: they: were\used as'a sonrée off
power, and) it) was ‘the constant sadtie+
rence to this system whith always made.
people think: the Preuch armies: more
numerous than they actually were. <1.)
In

eoduring hisown Reigna
En Eeypteit was:agréed,,amongstyalli;

the commanders of corps, to add a third
above; the actual-qaantity of provisiviis,
arms; clothing, and. other carticles:dis-
tributed, imtheorders of the days“ Hence
the author ofthe: Military.Sammary of
the/campaign;of 1799, is surprised that,
aceording,to the orders of the day issued
ins dhat; army; it amounted to 40,000
men, Whilst all the other authentic > in-
formation he, could procure went: to
prove that its ,eflective force was con-
siderably below that number. In the
reports of the eampaigus of Italy in
1796,.1797,,.and ‘subsequent years,: ihe
samenmeans, were used for conveying
exiggeratcd ideas of the strength of the
Vreneh.
; LOSSES. |

Tt would be easy.to prove, that, of all
the powers in Hurope, France is that
which has-suffered, the least losses since
1800,; Spain, which. has: sustained so
many defeats, has been a greater loser in
proportion to, her population; let it be
considered what Arragon alone sacri-
ficed,atSatragossa. Phe levies of Austria,
in 1800, destroyed at Hohcnlinden and
Marengo; those of 1805, destroyed at
Ulm and: Austerlilz ; those. of 1809 de-
stroyed at Eckmuhl and-Wagram, were
all disproportioned to her population. In
these campaigns the French, armies had
with them auumber of foreign troops—~
Bavyarians,»/ Wirtemburghers, Saxons,
Poles; Ltalians, and Russians, who com-
posed) One-half of ihe grand army: the
otlier -half;,,undcr the Imperial eagle,
was, to’ the extent of one-third, com-
posed of Dutch, Belgians, inbabilants of
the four departments of the Rhine, Pied-
montese,'Geioese, Tuscans, Romans, and
Swiss. Prussia lost her whole army, con-
sisting of between 250,000 and 300,000
men, in her first campaign of 1806.

Our losses jin Russia were consider-
able, but not such as people have ima-
gined. Four, hundred , thousand: men
passed the Vistula; but only 160,000
went, beyond Sniolensko to march ion
Moscow ; 240.000 remaining in reserve
between the: Vistula, the Boristhenes,
and the Dwina); that is to say, the corps
of Marshals the Dnkesof Tanento, Reg~
gio, atid. Belluna, of Count Saint Cyr,
Count Reynier, Prince Schwartzenburg ;
Loison’s division at. W ilnay; Dombrows-
ky’s at Borisow, Durntte’s.at Warsaw;
Of these 400,000;:men, one-half, were
Austrians,:-Prussians,, Saxons, Poles,
Bayarians, Wirteiaburghors,. people) of
Berg, and Baden, Hessians, W estpha-
Jiaus, Mecklenburghers, Spaniards, [ta-

629

liavis, and.Neapolitans .:onesthirdjof tlic
Impefial.army, (properly. soi callad, was
composed.of Datchmen, Belgians, inha-
bitants of the banks of thé Rhine, Piel,
montese, Swiss, Genoese; "Lusceins,:Ro-!.
mans, inhabitants: of the thirty-second
military, division, Bremen, Hamburg}
&ew It contaified scarcely:140,000-men
who spoke the French language, <The
campaign of 1812;in Rassiadid not.cost,
the present. kingdom, of) Brane6 50,000),
men. The Russian:army,/in its, cetteat,
from Wilaa to Moscow, ahd inptherdit=,¢
ferent battles, Jost four times more thaw
the French ; the burning of Moscow cost
the lives of . 109,000! Russians; who;
perished in the woods, of coldiantd svant;,
finally, the Russian, army, :in :itsmarely,
from Moscow to the Oder, was, also af-:
feeied by the inclemency.of the weather.
It amounted only to 60,000 men oniits
return from Wilna; and at; Kalitseh not
to 18,000 ; it may. be asserted,,thaton:
calculating every thing, the, losses); of
Russia in this campaign.were six times
greater than those of medern Trance,
The. losses which England/suffers,in
India, and, the. West Lndies, and; those.
she sustained in her-expeditions to Hol-
land, Buenos, Ayres, Saint; Domingo,
Egypt, Flushing, and, America, exceed,
all that can be imagined. . The. generally,
received opinion that, the) English, ane,
sparing of their soldiers. is, absolutely,
false; on the contrary, they are, very
prodigal of their lives, constantly, .ex-
posing them-in. hazardous expeditions,
in assaults contrary to all) the rales. of,
the art, and in most unhicalthy, colonies.
It may be said that this: nation, pays, its
purest blood for the trade, of the Indies.
This may suffice to. explain, how, the
population of France has inereased con;
siderably since 1800.) Eanpty.deelama~
tions, propagated by maliceiordguorance,;
made Europe belicve, in) 1514; hab there
were neither men, cattle, agriculture,»
nor money, left in P'ranee j ithat the,peo-,
ple of that country were reduced, tothe |
last degree of misery);\ that nobody, was
to be. sven. in! ithe fields, bat. old men,
women, and childyens:) Yet (France was,
at that time: thertithest country, in, the
universe, and: possessed more specie than
all the rest of Harepe together, How
ill do. such assertions, become, French
olficersh) PY
1.0 (MAINES! AND ST.,HILAIRE. 5
At Essling) and, after that, battle, the
Archduke did every thing that was, pro-
per, ito ibe utmost of bis power, On that
day fell Generais the Dukes of Monte-
bello aud Saint-Lilaire, two herves who
were

630

were. Napoleon's best friends: he shed
tears for their Joss, These were men who
would not have been wanting: in con-
stancy, in the Emperor’s misfortunes;
they would never haye been faithless: to
the glory of France, The Duke: of
Montebello was from Lectoure: when
a chief of battalion, he distinguished
himself in the’ campaigns of 1796 in
Ttaly; asa general’ he acquired im-
inortal glory in. Egypt, at Montebello,
Marengo, Austerlitz, Jena, Pultusk,
Friedland, ‘Tudella, Saragossa, Eck-
muhl, and Essling, where he found a
glorious death. _He was discrect, pru-
dent, and daring; and before the enemy
imperturbably cool. He had received
Jittle education ; nature had done every
thing for him; Napoleon, who had wit-
nessed the progress of his undersianding,
often expressed bis surprise at it. He
was superior to any of the French genc-
rals- on the field of battle, for manoeay-
ring 25,000 infantry. He was still young,
and) would have improved; be wonld
probably have become skilful in high
tacties, which he did mot yet under-
stand. Sairt-Hilaire was a general at
Castiglione. in 1796: he distinguished
himself) by his. chivalrie character, ~was
an agrecable companion, a good coni-
rade, an,excellent brother, aud kind to
all his family... He was covered with
wounds, He had been attached to Na-
poleon ever since the siege of Toulon.
He was ealled, in allusion to Bayar,
the kuight without fear and without re-
proach,

The history of the campaign of Russia
will never be well known ; because the
Russians either do not write at all, or
write without the slightest rezard to
truth; whilst the French are seized with
a strange mania for dishonourine and
decrying their'own glory. ‘The war of
Russia became a necessary consequence
of the Continental system, the moment
the Emperor Alexander violated the
conventions of 'Tilsit and Erfurth ; but
a consideration of much greater impor-
tance, determined Napoleon to com-
mence it... It. was ‘considered that the
French empire, which he had created
by so many, victories, would infallibly
be dismembered at his death, and the
sceptre of Europe would pass into the
hands of a czar, unless Napoleon drove
back the Russians beyond the Boristhe-
nes, and raised up the throne of Poland,
the natural barrier of | the) empire.
In 1812, Austria, Prussia, Germany,
Switzerland, and Italy, nvarched under
the French cagles; was it not natural

1

7

Napoleon's History of France,

that Napoleon should,think the moment
Was arrived for) consolidating, the im-
mense. edifice which he had. raised, ‘bat
on the summit of which Russia.would
Jean with the whole! weight of her power
as long as she should be able tosend her
numerous armies, at. pleasure, jon othe
Oder? Alexander was young and.wigor-
ous, like bis empire ; it was'to beopre-
somed that he woull survive Napoteott.
Such is the whole’ sceret of. that war.
No personal feeling was ever concerned:
in it, as pamphleteers baye ,pretended.
The campaign of Russia'was the most
glorious, the most diffieult,> and) most
honourable to the Gauls, of all thatare
mentioned in ancient and modern history,
The Russians are very braye) troops;
their whole army was in junction: atthe
battle of the Moskowa, they had170,000
men, inclading the Moskow © trooyis,
Kutusow had taken up ‘a fine position,
and occupied it judiciously. Alhadvané
tages were on_ his side;, the superiority
in infantry, cavalry, and artillery, am ey-
cellent position, and a great number. of
redoubts; but he was, vanqnished., In
trepid heroes, Murat, Ney; Poniatowski!
it is to you that the glory of, the victory,
is due! What great, what, brilliant: ac+
tions might history collect from thes¢
events ! She might-tell how those daunt+
less cuirassiers forced the redonbts,, and
sabred the cannoncérs at their guns; she
might -relate the heroic, devotion, of
Montbron and Caulincourt, who, met
their death in the midst of. glory: she
might say what our exposed: artillery-
nien performed in the open fieid against
more numerous batteries. covered by
goo epaulments ; and how the intrepid’
infantry, at the most critical moment,
instead of needing encouragement fronr
their general, exclaimed: Be not alarm=
ed; your soldiers have sworn to pan
this day, and they will conquer! ill
some few particles of so much glory
reach posterity? or will falsehood, ca’
lumny, and crime, prevail?

The space of four hundred) leagues
between the Rhine and the Boristhenes
was occupied by friends and allies; from
the Rhine to the Elbe, by the Saxons;
thence to the Niemen by, the Poles;
thence to the Boristhenes by the Lithua~
nians, The army had four lines of for
tresses; those of the Rhine, the Elbe,
the Vistula, and the Niemen; on, the’
latter were Pilfaw, Wilna, Grodno; and’
Minsk ; as long as it had not passed the
Borisihenes ‘at|Smolensko, it ;was,inia
friendly country. From Smolenske to
Moscow there were a handred lard

o

n bite

_ during his own. Reign.

~ef hostile country;! that, is.to'say, Mus-
-eovy, Smolenskoowas taken and armed,
dand becume the pivot of the march on
Moscow.* Hospitals for 3000 men were
‘established there, with magazines of mi-
itary’ stores, which contained more than
250,000 cartridges for cannon, and con-
siderable supplies of clothing and pro-
visions. Between the Vistula and the
Boristhenes 240,000 men were left;
160,000 only passed the bridge of Smo-
Jensko; to march on Moscow, Ofthese,
40,000 remained to guard the magazines,
hospitals, and depéts of Dorogholowy,
Viazma, Ghjot, and Mozajsk ; 100,000
etitered Moscow ; and 20,000 bad been
killed in the march and in the great bat-
tle of the Moskowa, in which 50,000
Rassians perished.

‘The French might have adopted the
plan’ of marching on St. Petersburg;
the court was apprehensive of this, and
had’sent its archivesand most valuable
treasures to London; it had also directed
Admiral 'Pchitchagoff’s army to cover
that eapital.. Considering that it is as
far from Moscow to St. Petersburg,
as from Smolensko to St. Petersburg,
Napoleon preferred going to pass the
winter at Smolensko, on the bord@rs of
Lithuania, reserving his march on St,
Petersburg to the spring. He com-
menced his movement on Smolensko, by
again attacking and defeating Kutusofl’s
army at + Malsioroslawitz, whence he
continued it, unimpeded, until the ice,
the snow, and the cold, killed 30,000
horses in one night, and obliged the
army to abandon the waggons, which
caused the calamities of that march;
for it ought not to be called a retreat,
since’ the army was victorious, and
could equally well have marched on St.
Petersburg, Kalouga, or Toula, which
Kutnsoff would in vain have attempted
1é' Cover. The army would have
wintered at Smolensko, if Prinee
Seliwartzenburg had not abandoned it,
and manveuvred on Warsaw, which al-
lowed Admiral Vchitehagolf to proeeed
tothe Beresina, and to menace the

and magazines and depds of Wilna,
where there were provisions for the
army {or four months, clothing for
50,000.men, borses, ainmunition, and a
division 6f' 10,000 mento guard them,
Genetal Dombrowski, who oeenpied the
fort of Borisow and the ‘bridge: of the

Boresina, could not defend theny: he

had! only (9000 men, and was? dist!
lodged.) “Admiral Vehiteliagoff passed!
the Beresiva fo proceed oti the’ Dwina,’
but attempted nothiog against Wilna 5

631
‘he was met by the Duke of Reggio,
wlio defeated him, and drove him back
on the Beresinz, after having taken ‘all
his baggage. In his consternation, the
admiral ‘burnt the brid¢e of Borisow.

Had it been August instead of No-
vember, the army would have marched
on St. Petersburg; it was retiring on
Smolensko, not because it was beaten,
but for the purpose of wintering in
Poland; had it been summer, neither
Admiral Tchitchagofi’s army, nor that
of Kutusoff, would have dared to ap-
proach within ten days’ march of the
French army, en pain of immediate
destruction.

RETURN TO PARIS.

Within two days’ march of Wilia,
ihe army having no farther dangers. to
encounter, the emperor conceived that
the urgency of affairs required his pre-
sence in Paris; it was there only that
he could dictate to Prussia and Austria :
if he bad delayed proceeding thither,
the passage might have been closed
against him. He left the king of Naples
and the Prince of Neuchatel in com-
mand of thearmy. ‘Ibe guard was then
entire, and the army contained more
than 80,000 combatants, exclusively of
the Duke of Tarento’s corps, which was
on the Dwina. The Russian army, at the
utmost, did not now exceed 50,000 men.
Flour, biscuits, wine, meat, dried pulse,
and forage, abounded at. Wilna. Ac-
cording to the report of the state of the
stores of provisions, presented to the
emperor on his passage through that
city, there then remained’ four millions
of rations of flour, three millions six
hundred thousand rations of meat, nine
million rations of wine or brandy’; con-
siderable .mayazines of .clothing’ and
other articles, as well as of ammunition,
had likewise been formed): ‘Had the’
emperor remained. with the army, or
delegated the command. ‘to’ Prince
Eugene, it would never have passed
beyond Wilna: there was: avecorps of
reserve, at.-Warsaw and ‘another at
Koenigsburg ;. butia few cossacks inti-
midated the commaniters ;\Wilna was
eyacuated by nightav adisorderly man-
ner! itis from) this: period in: particular
that the great losses of this campaign
may ibe dated; and it'wassone of the
misfortunes of the statevof aflairsat that
times tidt theemperor was, imall great
and evitical cir¢umstanees, reqnired to
berwith the army and at Paris at the
same time.» Nothivg was, or could be,
more totally unforescen by him than the

senseless

632
senseless conduct which was adopted at
Wilna.

The disasters of the Russian campaign
arose from the premature change of the
season. Those of the! campaign of
Saxony were the result of political
events: perhaps it will be'said that these
political events ought to haye been fore-
seen: be it so, but, afterall, the result
of this campaign would have been to-
tally different, had it not been for the
defection of the Saxon and Bavarian
troops, and the alterations which ‘took
place in the policy of several cabinets.

‘SAXON CAMPAIGN.

Of the 250,000 men composing the
army of the Emperor Napoleon, in this
campaign, 50,000 were Saxons, West-
plialians, Bavarians, Wirtemburghers,
natives of Baden, Hessians, or troops of
the Grand’ Duchy of Berg, who were
very ill disposed, and proved rather in-
jurions than serviceable. The remain-
ing 200,000 were young troops, parti-
cwarly the horse, except the guard, the
Poles, two or three regiments of light,
and four or five of heavy cavalry. The
want of light cavalry prevented our
gaining intelligence of the enemy’s
movements. — ;

The victories of Lutzen and Wurtzen,
on the 2d and 21st of May, had re-es-
tablished the reputation of the French
arms: the King of Saxony- had been
brought back in triumph to his capital ;
the enemy had been driven from Ham-
burg; one of the corps of the grand
army was atthe gates of Berlin, and the
Imperial quarters were at Breslaw ; the
Russian and Prussian armics, greatly
discouraged, had no choice but to repass
the Vistula, when Austria, interfering,
advised France to sign an armistice.

Napoleon returned to Dresden; the Em-,

peror of Austria left Vienna, and pro+
ceeded into Bohemia; the Emperor of
Rassia and the king of Prussia stationed
themselves at Schweidnitz. The con-
ferences began; Prince Metternich pro-
posed the Congress of Prague; it was
accepted, but was only a pretext. The
Duke of Vicenza, however, procecded
to the Congress of Prague, and the ne-
gociations begaig all the means employed
to induce the powers to desist from
some part of their pretensions, had only
obtained) some insignifieant modifica-
tions; the Emperor resolved to make
important concessions, and to send them
1o the Hmperor of Austria by Count

subua, who resided at Dresden. The
relinqnishment of the Hlyrian Provinces,
divided from the kingdom of Ltaly by

Napoleon’s History of France,

the Isonzo; of the Grand Duchy - of
Warsaw, and of the titles of Protector of
the Confederation of the Rhine, ‘and
Mediator of the Swiss Confederacy,
were consented to. As to Holland:and
the Hanseatic towns, Napoleon engaged
only to retain these’ possessions’ until
peace, and as means of compensation to
obtain from England’ the restoration of
the French colonies.
Bubna arrived at Prague, the term li-
mited for the duration of the armistice
had expired several hours before; on
this ground Austria declared her adhe-
sion to the coalition, and the war re-
commenced,

In October Napolcon left Dresden,
and proceeded ‘towards Magdeburg by
the left bank of the Elbe, in order to
deceive the cnemy. His’ plan was to
repass the Elbe at Wittemberg, and’ to
march on Berlin. Several corps were
already arrived at Wittemberg, ‘and the
bridges of the encmy at Dessau had been
destroyed, when a letter from the King
of Wurtemberg justified the suspicions
already conceived with respect to the
fidelity of the Court of Munich, signi-
fying that the King of Bavaria liad sud-
denl¥ changed sides, and that without
any declaration of war, or any previous
notice, and in eonsequence of the treaty
of Reid, the two armies, Austrian and
Bavarian, cantoned on the banks ‘of the
Inn, had joined into a single camp; that
these 80,000 men, under the command
of General Wrede, were marching ‘on
the Rhine ; that Wurtemberg, compelled
by the force of this army, was obliged
to add its contingent; and that it must
be expeeted that 100,000 men would
shortly surronnd Metitz. ish
_ Thearmies met on the field of Leipsie
on the 16th of October. ‘The French
army was victorious, and would. stilt
have been so on the 18th, notwithstand-
ing the check sustained on the 16th by
the Duke of Ragusa, had it not been for
the defection of the Saxon army, which,
occupying one of the most important
positions of the linc, passed over to’ the
cnemy with a battery” of sixty guns,

which it turned against the Freneh army. |

Such an unheard-of picce of treachery
might have been expected to produce
the destruction of the army, and secure
the Allies all the honours of the day.
The emperor hastened up with half his
guard, repulsed the Saxons and Swedes,
and drove ‘them from their positions.
The battle of the 18th terminated ;' the
enemy made a retrograde ‘movement
throughout his line, and” fixed” his

biyouacs

When Count,

during his own hitae
“bivouacs beyond the HEN of Sanne. a “Yery atte

twhich wGinained inothe Secretion of. the
tPrenchiort % eaitid oil? Yo WARIS
fait the! Mbaitle of ketipaist the,’ yoble
“guard was engaged; underthe:, Dukes Of
Biotind! Lieviso. Pheoamiddle guard,
H manded dy:@cneral Carial, atticked
Geek erent Aapstiiy ay! aorps! urider
GendtalyMerfeld, who owas made» pri-
isonehie Phe cavalhy.ofitlie guard, with
(GenbrakNansouty: at, Ats-head, went to
-thenright; re puised the:A astrian cavalry,
. @tiditeek algroamnimber of prisoners.
(Dhe artillery,of the :guard, directed by
Count Dronot, was engaged throughont
the day. Qf tal: the guards, the eld ia+
fantry alone remained constantly drawn
uplimhitic, ‘posted om att eminence where
ip présence was necessary, but -where
ey meverhad toiform the square.
of Inthe:eburse Of thenight-the Freneh
army: began its movenrent to place itself
behind, the Eister,¢in direct: communi-
CAtipncwith. ixfarth) svhenee it expected
theconvoys. oftammunitionof which it
fs ne need,; yAt)-hiad fired more than

-eavnon-shot. in. the battles. of

Alte seca Owing to. the trea-
of: severahGerman corps: belong
ron ee a of the’ ‘Rhine,
misied-by the éxample.sct the day before
hy. the, Saxons, and, to. the accident of
the -beidge*of Leipsic, which a scrgeant
blew up. before he had received oriichs
from his‘ecouimanding officer; the army,
)-vietorious, sso fered, through
_thesesfatal ovcurrences, the losses com-
“monly xesniting from the. nust disastrous
% ,2t-wepassed the Saale at the
bridge.of, Weisseutelds there it was to
have,rajlied, and: waited fur the ammu-
ion; from Erfueth, which, place was
al bundaotly supplied j but certain intel-
"] ee be tug veeoived that. the Austro-
varinti, army had) arrived, :by forced
Saunt ion, oa the Maine, it be came neces-
sary, to,mect it.
7 On the 391i,of Qetober; the Freneh
army.came vp with the enemy drawn
up, in dine of batile before Hanan, inter-
ting die road to Brankfort: although
issforce ee Siroug anil occupied fine
Denitionss ibwas overthrown, completely
Jd, cual driven. from (Hannu, Phe
anny, comtinted its alovemerdt in
retreat, cbind. the, bbing, whieh it-re-
passed, OM Aho, Qh.of November.
vit to WATERLOO. A oil
hie.: Vrenghsarny, did (not tos tive
mariage abo 1sthan. preparing tor bat,
tles.ihawas taady toongage at day-breakes
but it was compelled; to svait natil the
ground, was sufiviently dry fur the arlil-
Monrucy Mac. No, 301,

633

wavy to manoouvre, It had
srainedsingtorents all tights Phe detach-
meni of Marshal Grouchy’ s 35,000 men
coneWavreye was imdde agreeably 46) the
tue prigeiples of} wan; for badvheap-
jproachedwwithina leaguorol the army by
\passing the Dyle, he worldwot havesfol-
lowed thepmarel of dheyPrissiany arary,
which haihjust bees joined, afteritside-
featat Ligny, by General Balow’s 30,000
men, aid-which,:if it-had mot been fol-
lowed, micht; after that junctiob, have
returned ‘iroinGembloux), to, Quatre-
Eras, on the rear of the! french army.
35,600 mev were not too many to direct
in pursnit, eax) te. prevent the rally ing
of an army whieh:the: day: before: had
consisted. of 120,000,.men,,\iandy still
amonnted to: 70,600, of which, number
30,000 were fresh troops. If Marshal
Grouchy had executed, his orders, and
arrived before Wayre on/the levening. of
the 17th, the battle.of Mont: Saint Jean
would have been gained by Napoleomon ~
the 18th before three o’elockin the after-
noon: if. he had) coven arrived /efore
Wavre at eight in ibe\morning ofthe
18th, the! vietury weuld have been ours;
the English army would have beenide-
stroyed, repriséd in disorder on Biassels ;
it Could? not stistam the shockief 63,000
French f6r four hours; it could Ho loiger
support it after:'Gencral Bulow’ attack
on our right waeexhansteds/ the wieliciny
was still ours at that time. © 9.1)

The charge of the eavalry at) four in
the afternoon ef the 1640. was;made a
litle too early ; bat; being made, it-was
necessary to support it ;accordingly yNa-
poleon, though extremely dissntisted,
gave orders to. General Kellermanny who
was in the rear.on the left, torhesten to
support ait, At this moment) Bilow's
corps Was menacing thediauk tuidsrear
of the:army.) twas iinportastiomake
noretrograde siovement, andito thaiatain
the position whigh thecavslry had taken,
although promatitely; however: iowas
not the dntentioi\ ofthe Hmperorcthat
the cavalry of Mis: gdard should proceed
to the plainjsthese. treops:avere! this .re-
serve. » When cbe!) peneesveds that they
were allowing the yhovemesit/ofikejlore
mun’s cOirassiors; ‘behind »whom «they
formed a seeonddige/hesent them urders
to dalipibut intwas doo late whew) the
orders atriveda) they) were ‘alveady»an-
eased; and hus) ate five,o'clockoinethe
‘evening, the Hwiperorfound himselfde-
priverlof. his bresenve of cavalry that
rosenve which, when wellemployed, had
so Often pained him the victory. ‘hese
twelyo thousand chosen cavalry, how-

4M ever,

634

evor, performed | miracles,* they broke
all the English lines,''cayalry and’ int-
fantry, ‘and’ took’ sixty guns) and
several stand of colours. The enemy
thought the battle lost: terror prevailed
at Brussels.

“This braye body of horse, not being
supported, were compelled to halt, and
confine themselvés to maintaitiug the
ground they Lad so intrepidly won. Ge-
neral Bulow’s attack occupied the sixth
corps, and the greater part of the infantry
of the guard. The Emperor was im-
patient to see it at his disposal, in order
to direct it to the plain to decide the
viclory. He then felt doubly the want
of the division of ‘infantry of his guard
which he had been obliged to detach
into La Vendée, under the command of
the intrepid General Brayer. Only four
battalions were disposable, and yet it
was of importance that the twelve bat-
talions of the guard should engage at
the same time. ‘The unexpected ap-
iearance’ of Blucher’s first colunins on
the extreme right, made the cavalry fall
back, and obliged the Emperor to send
Géneral Friant to the plain, at the head
of the four disposable battalions; the
fottr ‘buttalions followed at an interyal
of-ten minutes. The guard overthrew
all it met with. The sun had set. The
enemy appeared to be forming his rear-
euard to support his retreat. Victory
eseaped us. The fourth division of the
fitst corps, which occupied La Haye,
aliandoned that village to the Prussians
after a feeble resistance. Our line was
broken. ‘The Prussian cavalry inun-
dated the field of battle. The disorder
became frightful. The night angmented
it, and opposed eyery expedient. Had
it heen day, and the froops could have
scen the Emperor, they would have ral-
lidd. The guard effected its retreat in
good order. The Emperor, with his
stiff, Jong remained in ilie midst of his
squares. ‘Those old grenadiers and chas-
scurs, who had been the modcts of the
aimy in so many campaigns, covered
themselves with new glory in the fields
of Waterlob. Gencral Friant was wound-
ed; Michael Duhesme and Poret de
Morvan met a glorious death. Never
bad the French army fought better than
on this day: it performed prodigies of
valour. Had not the first’ and second
Prussian corps come up, at night, we
should. have gained the victory, and
120,000 English and Prussians would
have been defeated by 60,000 French.
"LEGION OF HONOUR.

No comedian ever received the deco-

4,

Napoleon’s History of France,

Fation of the Legion ‘of Honour.’ Ave
Gretry, Paésicllo; Mehul, and ‘Lesucur,
our ‘most eclebrated composers, to be
compared to’singers? Must the proserip-
tion be extended to David, Gros, Vernet,
Renaui, and Robert Lefebre, ‘our most
eminent painters; and even'to Lierange,
La Place, Berthollet, Monge; Vauquetin,
Chaptal, Guyton de Morveau,' Jouy,
Baour’ Lormian, Fontanes, Sisiionui,
andGuinguené? The French soldier must
entertain sentiments highly uniworthy’ of
him before’ a decoration worn by'such
men cap, on that account, Jose’ any'part
of its value in his eyes.’ If the Legion
of Honour were not the recompense! of
civil as well as military services, 1t would
cease 10 be the Legion’ of ‘Honour.’ It
would be a strange piece of presumption
indeed, in the military, to” pretend! that
honours should be paid to ‘them only.
Soldicrs who knew not how to .read/or
wrile, were proud of bearing, in recom:
pense for the blood they liad shed, the
same decoration as was giveh to dis+
tinguished talents in civil life ;/and, ‘on
the other hand, the latter attached.a
greater value to this reward of theirla-
bours, because it was the decdration of
the brave.— But then, Crescentini?-It
is true that, in a moment OF erithasiasm,
just after hearing the fine scenes of Ro-
meo and Julict, the Emperor gavechim
the cross of the iron crown., Crescentini,
however, was of good birth; he petongee
to the worthy citizens of Bologna, a city
so dear to Napoleon’s heart, He thought
it would please the Italians; he was
mistaken ; ridicule attacked the transae-
tion; had it been approved by public
opiuion, he would have given the ¢rogs
of the Legion of Honour to Talma,
Saint-Prix, Fleury, Grandmenil, Lais,
Gardcl, and Elleviou: he refrained {rors
so doing, out of consideration for the
weakness and prejudices af the age;
and he was in the wrong. The Legic
of Honour was the property of every ote
who was an honour to his country, stood
at the head of his profession, and contri-
buted to the national prosperity ‘and
glory. Some officers were’ dissatisfied
because the decoration of the Léevion of
Honour wasalike foroffieers and soldiers.
But, if ever it cease to be theireeqmpecnse
of the Jowest class of the: military; anda
medal be instituted; through aristodrati-
cal feelings, to: reward the soldier orif
ever the civil order be deprived of vit,
it wiil be ‘the’ Legion: of >Honéur no
longer. sake oc oot
RUSSIA. rd Gt els
Napoleon wished to restore the king-
dom

—

during his own Reign.

dom of Poland, because it was the only
way to erect, a) harricr againstthat for-
midable empire which threatened sooner
or later, to, subjugate. Europe, ) 1f Alex-
ander do. not, like Paul, tum, bis atten-
tion to India, to acquire wealth and fur.
nish employment, for. bis numerous, na-
tions, of, Cossacks, Calmucks, and. ether
barbarians, whorliave acquired a taste
fonluxury in, Lrance and: Germany, he
will, he jobliged,.in ,erder to prevent a
revolntion, in, |Russia,to make an ir-
ruption jate, the South of Europe.
Should he suceeed.in thoroughly blend-
ing. Poland swith Russia, and in recon-
ciling the Poles, to the Russian govern-
ment, all must.bend: beneath his yoke,
Every country in Europe, and England
in? particular, will, then regret: their
having - neglected. .to . re-establish the
kingdom ‘of Poland . independently of
Russia, and, their having made it a. Rus-
sian provinee at the Congress of Vienna;
bat the/-English ministers. were then
blinded .by, their hatred, of Napoleon.
All |they. did ;was impolitic, Had. the
Congress ,of,.Vienna made peace, with
Napoleon, Europe would now have been
in,a, state, of tranquillity, and the revo-
Jutionary,spirit would, not be under-
mining |every ; throne. ._In France, it
would have been repressed and satisfied
by new, institutions.
[UU ESS°o° PAPERS OF LOUIS.
The table in, the king’s closet was
covered with all, the works which had
been dedicated, to him dnring the pre-
ceding vine, months, and with seven or
eight bundrcd memorials or reports on
secret affairs, Lis true that his personal
Porttolo, in. which were his private pa-
‘pers, such asthe Duchess of Angouleme’s
correspondence since {he time when she
Was in the Temple; that of Louis XVI.
-and Lord Malmesbury’s letter announ-
-cing the death of the king, had been left
on the small table. No person obtained
jany knowl dge of these papers; Napoleon
eseryed the examination of them to
‘;bimself, exclusively; several of them
pwere very curious, and sometimes gave
irige to singular scenes,
eat to DUKE (DENG HIEN.
~The death: of the Duke. d’ Enghien
Ought to: bev attributed to those! persons
at London who direvted and ordered the
‘assassination of the First Consul, and
who intended the Duke de Berri to en-
tern France | by, Beville-cliffs, and, the
Duke d’Enghien by Strasburg ; inought
also to be ascribedtothose who eagerly

Ait ;

635
sought, by, reports and conjectures, to
represent the, Duke as the head of, the
conspiracy; it ought to,form.an eternal
reproach ,against., those who,. hurried
away by. acriminal ,zoal, did) not. wait
for the orders of their sovereign. to exe-
cute the judgment of the, military .com-
mission, The Duke d’Enghien fella
victim, to the intrigues of the time. His .
death, with which. Napoleon had. becn so
unjustly reproached, was. injurious. 10
him, and could not. have. answered any
political purpose. Had Napoleon been
capable of such a erime, Louis XVIII.
and Ferdinand would not now. be reign-
ing: their death, as has already. been
observed, was several, times. proposed,
aud even recommended to him,
THE GIRONDE: AND MOUNTAIN. ..

The factions of the Gironde and the
Mountain were. too violent in their mu-
tual animosity. Had they both con-
tinued to exist, the proceedings of ad-
ministration would have been encumber-
ed with so many impediments, that. the
Republic could not have maintained the
contest against. the. combination of. all
Europe. _ The good of the country re-
quired the triumph of one of these par-
tics. On the 31st of May, the Gironde
fell, and the Mountain thenceforth, ¢o-
verned, without opposition. The .con=
sequence is known: the campaigns of
1793 and 1794 delivered France from
furcign invasion. et

W ould the result have been the same
if the Gironde party had gained the day,
and the Mountain bad been sacrificed.on
the 3lst of May? We think it would
not. The Mountain party, although
checked, would alwa;s have possessed
great influence in France, in the popular
societies and armies,,and weuld have
essentially diminished the energies of the
nation, the whole of, which were ne-
cessary at that erisis. There was. un-
doubtedly more talent in. the, Gironde
than in the Mountain; but.the Gironde
was composed of more spcoulative men,
with less, resolution and decision of will ;
they would have governes more mildly,
and it is probable that.under their reign
only part of the excesses which the .e-
yolationary government of the Mountain

-committed,, would bave. taken. place.

The Gironde prevailed, in the towns of
Lyons, Marseilles, 'Voulon, Montpellier,
Nismes, Bordeaux, and Brest, aud in
parora provinces. The home, of the

ountaip was the, capital, and it was
supported by, all the Jacobins in Vrance.
On the 31stof May it triampbed; twenty.

| two

636

two deputies, the leaders of the: Gironde,
were) proscribediico'l hus cues!
9 ORECAPTURE) OF TOULON,
One ithe 151h? of» December, at; ten
o'clock at/nighty GeionehCervoni broke
down a gate and:entered the city atthe
head) of \a patrol of 200 mens) He tra-
versed the whole:town :) the deepest: si-
lence prevailed. The port was crowded
with baggage which the inhabitants had
not had time to put ow board.) A report
previiled-that: matches were lighted for
the purpese of blowingyup the powder-
magazines; piquets of ;cannoneers were
accordingly sent to secure them. Tm-
mediately after, the troaps intended to
guard the city entered. Lixcessive con-
fusion prevailed’ at) the naval »arsenal,
where'8 or 200 galley siaves were making
thé most) strenuous exertions to exiin-
guish-the fire, These conviets had ren-
dered the greatestservices, having over-
awed ithe) English’ officer, Sir) Sidney
Smith; who-had orders to. burn-the' ships
and! tbe arsenal, and performed bis) task
very) illsDhe: Republic was indebted
to:hii for all the: valaable treasures! re-
coveredi Napoleon ‘preceeded. to the
spot with! allsthe disposable cannoncers
and) worlamen, and succeeded, in .tbhe
coursenofi afew days, in) extinguishing
the fireand preserving the arschal... The
lossowhich/ the navy: had suffered. was
considerable, but it still retained im-
mense resunrees ; all the magazines were
saved excoptithe general one. There
were thirty-one) ships of war at Toulon
atthe time of its treacherous surrender:
four\sailhadi been employed in carrying
5000 soldicts to Brest and Rochefort;
the combined troops burned nine in the
roads, they Jeft:tiirtecn dismantled in
the basins\;amh-earried off four, one of
which was: bunt at Leghorn. » Fears
had beenrester(ained that) they would
blow op) the: basin! and several of the
jettiesy imtithey bad: not time enough for
thaf:purpose.)/Thewrecks of the: thir-
tecn ships and frigates which were burnt
and sunksin the roads cotitructed the
channel;) manyvattemptsswere made to
removerthem im the course: of ihe tea
following: years; at! length, \some; Ne-
apolitan divers suceceded in getting the
whule oitt, piece by piece, by sawing the
hulls. “| Phelarmy entered Ponloir on the
19th ;:tlie troops:iiad beem seventy-two
hours: underrarmscunidst amd) andenain 5
they abandoned-themselves, on entering
the town, to some: excesses, Which seem-
ed authorized by the promises made to
the soldiers during the siege:

(jit

Napoleons: History.of France,

« The: General-in-Chief restored order
by @eclaring! that all-effectsinCPouton
were:the property of ‘the army joliehad
the contents lof the private: warehouses
and the furniture of the deserted\howses,
collected in: central «magazines. Nhe
Republic afterwards: \scized the) whole,
allowing only the gratification of a year’s
pay to every officer and soldiers\1 The
emigration: from.) Toulon was very scout
siderable, the! »refugees!: crowded Dthe
English, Neapolitan, and Spanishiships,
which were ‘consequently jobliged! to
anchor in the roads of» Hieress and ito
make the emigrants cncamp in the isles
of Porquerolles and the» Levant. ) Dts
said that the number of these’emigrants
amounted to 14,000. hyp ail 16
The representatives established a re-
volutionary tribunal, according) to | the
laws of that period; tut; alli:the guilty
had escaped aud followed the euemys
all who had) resolved to stay, were: con-
scious of their macence.)) Nevertheless
this tribunal caused scveral personsiao
he | arrested, who! had beet prevented
from following the enemy by ivagionsadc-
cidentsy and caused them to be punished
in expiation of theinguiits) Butceight/or
ten victims were too few, and a drcadfal
measure, charactenisticcof the spirit! lof
that (period, was resorted: to.) ditiiwas
proclaimed that alb those perseds:avbo
had been employed in the arsenal wiitlst
the English were iu possession ofthe
town, were to repair 10 the Champ de
Mars, and give in their names ;;andithey
were led to believe thatit! was wforitie
purpose of employing them). tgain,
Nearly two hundred persons, bead: work~
men, inferior clerks, and other
terns went aceordingly,odu ‘full, con
denee. Their names were registered);
it was proved by their owny confession
that they had retained their placesiunder
the. English covernment,) and the reve+
lutionaty. tribnnal, in the opens ficld;
immediately seutenecd: theny toodeathy
A battalion of Sans-Culottes and M
seillese, brought expressly for, dhe ipmrs
pose, shot then.) Phis action requires
no- comment; but it was the: only ex-
eculion that took placeat4 mesidibiis
false that any persons: whatever swere
killed. by grape-shots neither the com-
mandant of the) artitlenyy: Don! theseans
noveers. of the line, would have lent
themselves, to: such auction. It was
thes cahnoneeys, of) the. revolutionary
army who committed such atrocities at
Lyons. le Sachi bet
Duagemmien, with part of the army,
sc is | umarehed

during his own Reign.

marched «for the Eastern -Pyrenees,
where Doppct Was only waking blunders.
Avoflier -part of this army) was ‘sent into
la-Vendée, andmany battalions returned
tothe Armyof Italy. » Dugommier er-
dered Napoleon to follow hin, but other
orders arrived from Paris, directing him
first Ao replace: the coasts of the Me-
diférranean in a state of defence, es-
pecially Toulon; and afterwards to pro-
e¢ed to|the Army of Italy to command
the artiliery.
ot Lbwas at Toulon that Napoleon’s re-
putation.commenced. All the generals,
representatives, sand soldicrs, who had
heard lisopinions given in the different
councils, three months before the taking
of the place, anticipated the military
Garecr he aiterwards fulfilled. From
that moment le had acquired the confi-
denec of all the soldiers of the Army of
italy.) Dugommicr wrote to the Com-
mittee of Public Safety, soliciting the
rank of) brigadier-general for tim, and
using these words “* Reward. this young
‘oman;;audipromote him, for, should he
“bemngratelullytreated, he would pro-
‘prote: himself”) Ino the, Army. of the
Pyrenees, Dugommier was continually
talking of his commandant of the ar-
tillery at ‘Doulton, and impressed a bigh
epiniva of him on the minds of all the
generals and offiecrs who afterwards
went from the Army of Spain to the
Army of italy. Whenever he gained
anyysuccesses, he used to send couriers
from Perpignan to Napoleon at Nice.
After the taking of Toulon, Napoleon
passed the first 1wo months of 1794 in
funtily ing and: arming’ the coasts of the
diterranean; he reached “Nice in
arch, and took the chief command of
the artillery... The urmy was com-
manded by Genera! Dumorbion. | ‘This
general, an old ivaptain of grenadiers,
hadobiained the ranks of brigadier-ge-
neral and general of division, in the cam-
piign of 1792 aud 1793, in the Army of
Jtaly ; be was acquainted with all the
positions, and had commanded an’ at-
tack upon Brunet in the month of June.
He was) sixty -years of age, of a clear
understa y personally brave; and
tolerably well informed, but.a victim to
the gout, and constantly in bed; he
passed whole months without being able
to stir.
HIS) SECOND) PLAN.

_ Napoleon: conceived a plan of opera-
tious, which, without engaging the army
in difficult affairs, was adapted to put it
in possession of the upper chain of the
Alps, and to oblige the cuemy to aban-

637

don of bis| own accord: the formidable
camp of Raus and Fourches..cPhis plan
consisied (in turning the leftcf the enemy
by: passing the Roya, the: Nervias ‘and
the Taggia; in occripying «Mount 'Ta-
nardo, -Roeca Barbena, and! “Lanarello,
aud in cuiting off the Saorgio road the
enciny’s line of commuaication spprears
the bill of Marta.

This plan was laid before a eomlolljut
which were) present the two popular’ re-
presentatives, commissioners: to) the ar-
my, General Dumerbion, the:generabiof
tae artillery, General Massena, General
Vial of the cugineers, and) Brigadier-
generals Rusea, a light-infantry. officer,
horn ia these mouutains, and: partieu-
larly acquainted with them. 0«Pherepu-
tation of the author saved hinv alllong
discussions... His predictions concerning
Toalon were remembered, and a plan
was adopted,

On the Gth of Apriloa dibtiniden of
14,060 men, forming five brigades, pas-
sed the Roya, and took possession of the
castle of Ventimiglia; one brigade, com-
manded by Massena, marched on Mount
Tanardo, aud touk up a. position) there ;
a second, atter having passed ihe Taggia,
took up a position at Monte-Grande;
the three others, under the immediate
command of Napoleon, advanced on
Oneglia, and overthrew an Austrian di-
Vision posted on the: heights: of St.
Agatha. The Freneh Brigadier-gene-
ral Bralé was killed in this affair, The
next day the army entered Oneslia,
where twelve pieces of cannom were
found. The whole. population of: the
town and valley had fled.) I'welve more
guns were taken near ‘the: €ol Saint
Silvestre; the Piedmontese wished to
carry them off to Ormea, but they fell
iuty the honds of the 2d brigade, which
debouched by the Col Mezzatuna: | The
army marched on Ponte di’ Nave: the
remains of the Austrian division! werelin
position there’; they were. attacked,
beaten, and precipitated fromthe heights
of Mount Ariol into the Tanaro; the
fortress of Ormea capitulated the: same
day, with a garrison’ of 400 men, an
armoury. Of.several thousand musquets,
and twenty pieces of caunon; a: cloth
munilacrory, the: warchouses of whieh
were fuil, served to clothe the soldiers.

Prom Pamarello, Massena dchouched
inthe rear ef Svorgio, thus: cuttiog off
the road and. the cncmy’s retreat behind
the hill of Marta.; Saorgio capitulated on
thie29th of April; this fort might have held
out longer, as it had)considerable quar.
tilies of provisions aud military stores.

On

638
On the Sth of May,Massena proceeded hy
the Col Ardente to the, Col di Tende,
whilst General Macquart. attacked, in
front, "Phe attack sueceeded, The army
now possessed the whol@ upper chain of
the maritime Alps: ifs right, placed belore
Ormea, communicated with the Col di
Tende by the Col de Termini, and from
the Co] di Tende oceupied the chain of
the Alps as far as the Col d’Argeutiere,
where was the first post. of the Army of
the Alps. The exceution of this, plan
produced 3 or 4000 prisoners, sixty, or
seventy pieces of cannon, two fortresses,
and the possession of all the high Alps,
as far as the first bills of the Apennines.

The loss of the army wasslight. The
fall of Sacrgio and all those grand po-
sitions for which so many plans had been
formed, and so. much. blood. shed, in-
‘ercased Napoleon’s reputation in the
army; and public opinion already called
him to the chief command.

THE MODESTE.

The catastrophe of the Modeste was
also remembered; this frigate had an-
ehored in the port of Genoa, and moored
agains! the quay. On the 1athyef Octo-
ber 1793, three English ships and two
frigates anchored in the port; an En-
lish seventy-four muored alongside the
Modeste. ,The master civilly requested
the, officer. on, the quarter-deck of the
* frigate to remove a boat which was in
the way.of the manceuvres of the En-
glish ship, which was readily done by
the French. . Half an hour after, the
Bnelish captain requested the commau-
der of the Modeste to hoist the white
flax, saying, he did not know what the
tii-coloured flag was, (the Allics were
then masters of Toulon.) ‘The French
officer answered this insult as hononr
dictated: but the Enelish had three
platforms prepared, which they threw
on the frigate and boarded her; at the
same time commeneiy a brisk fire of
musqueiry from the tops and deck ; the
evew of the Modeste were unprepared
for any attack; part of them . threw
themselves into. the water; the Bagush
pursued the fugilives with their boats,
killing and wounding them, The rage
of the people of Genoa was unbounded;
the Engtish.agent Drake was looted and
threatened, and incurred some danger,
but Doria was doge; the senate made
excuses, aud the, frigate was uever, re-
stored. Ag

MURDER OF BASSEVILLE.

Zasseville, a Frencli agent, commis-

sioned to the Pope, bad. displayed. the

Napoleon's History of France,

tricoloured cockade, jas, had the artists
ef, the, Roman,.schaol. who sat),at) the
Academy,,, A. great number, of Hrencia
emigrants, .who,.were,iny that, capital,
excited a popular commotion. ..Gn the
311 of January, 1793, the rabble assailed
Basseville’s carriage; with stones; his
coachman. turned, back and, drove, him
home; the gates, were; brokem doy;
Basseville received the;thrust,of a bayer
net in. the, alalomens, he, was dragged
into the street, in :his shirt, holding his
bowels in his hands, and) at length left
on a field-bed in, a guard-house, where
he expired the next dayy..9) ssonanh/
SUPPRESSES A TUMULT, dil
A. French privateer brougbt inte Tou-
lon a Spanish prize, on, board, of which
were ahove twenty emigrants, most of
them. of the Chabrillant, family.,)..A
inmultacus mob assembled at, the arse-
nal and in the streets, and proceeded.to
the prisons to slaughter these, unfor-
tunate persons... The, representatives
went to the arsenal, and after haranguy
ing the oflicers of the department inja
hall, they, addressed. tbe, men, in}, d4he
workshops, promising to deliver up ;the
emigrants to an extraordinary,commis-
sion, and to .have them tried, within
iwenty-four hours; butitheythemselyes
were suspected, they; had no, influence
over public opinion; their speeches were
misinterpreted, a voice called,out,) ‘S/Lo
the Lanierne with the, protectors, of the
emigrants!” It was late in the day, and
they were just beginning, to, light the
lamps. ‘The uproar -became, horrible, the
crowd outrageous, the guard, came, up
and was repulsed, Atithis crisis Napo-
Jeon recognised amongst, tbe .principa
rioters several gunners who dhiad served
uuder him at the siege, of Toulon; he
mounted a platform, . the gupners. ene
forced respect to their general, and ob-
tained silence; he had the.good tortnne
to. produce an effect; the, representa-
tives got safe ont of the arsenal, dntithe
tumnit was. still greater, in the streets.
At the gates of the prisons the resistauce
of the guards. begaw to slakenj be,re-
paired thither, the populace cestnain-
ed from violence by bis, pro Ahat,the
emigrants should, be; delivered: np, and
sentenced ; the following; mornimy,,.. It
would. have been no casy, matten to sper-
suade them. of .what was; perfeetly eyi-
dent, namely, that Ahese. emigrants had
not infringed the law, as they, had not re-
turned, yoluntarily..... During) the night
be, had, them put into some, artillery
Wargevs, aud carried out of the towhasa
‘Convoy

‘during his own Reign.

eonvey of ammunition’; a boat was waft-
ing for them in Hyeres roads, where they
embarked and were thus saved.
Napoleon, then’ twénty-five years of
age, was entered on the ‘list of géencrals
of infantry, to be employed in thie artil-
Jéry when’ there’ should be inspections
vacant.’ He was to’ quit the Army of
Ttaly,of which Kellerman had jast taken
the command. fe conferred with that
general at’ Marseilles, gave him all the
inforitiation he could want, and set out
for Paris, ‘At Chatillon-sur-Seiic, he
Visited: the father-of his aidc-cic-camp
Marmont, where he heard the news of
the events of ‘the first of Prairial, which
induced him to remain there a few days
until tranquillity should be restored in
the “capitul. On reaching Paris he
waited on Aubry, a member of the
Committee of Public Safety, who had
made the report on the military service ;
observed to him that he had commanded
the artillery at the siege of Toulon, and
that! of the Army-of Italy for two years;
that Ae had fortified the coasts of the
Mediterratiéan,’ and that it was painful
to him 6 leave a corps in which he had
served’ from childhood. The represen-
tative objected ‘that ‘there were many
fenerals’ of artillery, and that he was
the youngest, and that when tlicre should
he a vacati¢y he shonid be employed.
But Aubry himself had heen a captain of
artillery six’mionths before; he had not
served in the ficld since the Revolution,
and yet he had placed himsclf on the
Vist as a general of division and inspector
of artillery. “A few days after, the Com-
mittce “of Public Safety despatched
ders to Napoleon to proceed to the

rniy of La Vendée to command a
brigade of infantry; in answer to which
he gave in his resignation,

=U I ATALIAN COMMAND.

Bight days after Nupoleon had given
in ‘his resigwAtion, and whilst he was
Waiting for the answer of the Committee
of Public Safety, Kellérman got defeated,
lost his positions at Saint’ Jacques, and
wrote that unless he received reinforce-
ments speedily, he should even be ob-
liged 10 qait Nice. "This excited great
‘alarm; the Committee of Pablic Safety

ssembled all the deputies who liad been
with the Army of Italy, in order to ob-
tain ‘ifurmation. The latter unani-
‘mously nominated Napoleon iis the per-
sun best’ acquainted with the positions
oocupied by the army, and most capable
of pomting out the measnres proper to
‘be adoptod; he received a requisition (0

639
attend the Conimitice, did had several
conferences with Sicycs, Douleet, Ponte-
conlant, Letourneur, and Jean de Brie.

’ . ; eit a
He drew up the instructions which the
Committee adopted. He was then by
a special decree appointed’ brigadier-
general “of artillery, to’ be specially at-
tached, until farther order, to the direc-
tion of the military operations. In, this
situation he passed the two or three
mouths previous to the thirteenth of
Vendeininire.

When Kellerman took the command
of the Army of Haly, on the 19h of
May, 1796, the army was in the positions
in which Napoleon bad placed it in, the
month of October in the preceding year,
after the action of Cairo. It consisted
of 25,000 men, commanded by the ge-
nerals of division Serruricr, Laharpe, and
Massena.

Kellerman was a brave soldier, ‘ex-
tremely active, and possessed of miuny
good qualities; but he was wholly des-
titute of the talents necessary ‘for’ the
chief command of an army. Through-
out the conduct of this war he was con-
stantly committing errors. eas

The Goverument considered tlie com-
mand of the Army of Italy beyond the
abilities of Kellerman, and in September
placed him at the head of the Army of
the Alps, intrasting the Army 6f Italy
to General Scherer, who commanded
the Army of the Eastern Pyrchees,
which had become nseless through the
peace with Spain. Scherer conducted
a reinforcement of two divisious of good
troops into Italy.

BARRAS.

Barras was officer ip the reziment of
the Isle of France when the Revolution
broke out; he was elected ‘a deputy to
the National Convention hy his depart-
ment, that of the Var. After the 31st
of May, he and ’reron were nominated
commissioners to Provence, the seat of
the civil war. On his return to Paris,
he joined the Therinidorian party. Be-
ing menaced, as well as ‘Tallien, by Ro-
bespierre, they united with the remainder
of Danton’s friends, and brouzht about
the events of the 91h of Thermidor. At
the critical moment, the Convention ap-
pointed Barras to march to the commune
which had risen in favour of Rubespierre ;
he succecded, and acquired great cele-
brity by this eveut, After the fall of Ro-
bespierre, (he Thermidorians became the
men of France. On the 12th of Vende-
miaire, at the time of Metion’s arrest, the
committees, in order ‘to get rid of the
three

640

three commissioners to the army of the
interior, adopted the plan of combining
in the person of Barras the powers of tie
commissioners and those of commandant
of that army. But the occasion was too
critical for him he had not seen service.
The events of Thermidor and Vende-
miaire brought him into the Directory.
‘He did not possess habits of application,
yet he succeeded better than was ex-
pected. ‘He was censured for his ex-
travagance, his connexions with con-
tractors, and the fortane he made daring
the four years he was in office, which he
took, no. pains “to conceal, and which
greatly contributed. to the corruption of
the administration at that period. Bar-
yas was of tall stature ; he sometimes
spoke in moments of violent contention,
aud his voice would then fill the hall.
His moral‘ faculties, however, did not
allow bim ‘to go beyond a few phrases ;
the passionate manner in which he sppke
might bave made him pass for a man of
resolution. In Fructidor, he with Rew-
bell and Ja Reveillere formed the ma-
jority against Carnot and Bartclemy.
After that day, he was, apparently, tie
most considerable person in the Direc-
tory; but in realit} it was Rewbell who
managed affairs, After the 13th of Ven-
demiaire, te always supported in publie
the character of a warm friend to Napo-
Jeon, although they had quarrelled ; Na-
poleon having severely censured the mea-
sures which followed the 18th of Prue-
tidor, and especially the law of the 19th.
He displayed some dexterity on the goth
of Prairial, year VII. and vid not share
in the disgraec of his colleagues.
LA REVEILLERE LEPAUX.
La Reveillere Lepaux, deputy to the

Convention for Maine and Loire, was .

one of the seventy-three persons arrested
on the 31st of May. He was lame, and
of the most disagrecable exitcrior pos-

>

Napoleon’s History of France.

sible ; he was as deformed as Alsop. He
wrote tolerably ; his mind was of little
scope; ‘He was neither aettstonied to
busitiess, nor skilled in tle characters of
men; he: was alternately governed, ae-
cording to events, by Carnot and Réw-
bell. The Jardin des Plantes and Tlieo-
philanthropy formed bis whole oeenpa-
tion; he was constitutionally fanatical,
but a warm anid sincere patriot, ‘an
upright citizen, and a tan of good in-
tentions. He entcred the Directory poor,
and left it sd. Nature had onlyendowed
him with the qualities of a subaltern
magistrate, ‘ ;
REWBELL:) ~ «sot
Rewbell was one of the best advocates
of Colmar; be had a considerable portion
of the spirit which characterises’ a good
practitioner; be was apt to conceive
prejudices against individuals ; had little
faith in virtuc, and carried his patriotism
to extremes. Notwithstanding all that
lias been said about him, he did net aes
cumulate wealth in the Directory ; lie
was, indeed, constantly surrounded by
contractors, but that was beeapse he
was partial to the conversation of active.
and enterprising men. He enjoyed their
flattery, without making them pay for
the complaisance he ocvasionilly shewed
them. He had a partieuldr ‘aninsosity
against the Germanic systtin, Aud ‘the
immediate nobility of the empire. He
evinced energy in the assemblies, buth
before and after his magistracy : he was
fond of oé€upation; he had been a
niember of the Constituent. Assembly
and of the Convention. “When he was
commissioner at Mentz, be did not per-
form what might have been expevt
of him ; he did not oppose the surrender
of the place, which might have been
longer defended.” He” Trad, ike” host
lawyers, a professional dislike to the
military, which he could wot dissemble,

IMPORTANT STATISTICAL TABLES,

¢

they lead,

We continte indebted to Mr. Marshall for a series of Statistical INustrations, whieh
[ >

in extent of detail, perspicnity of arrangement, the inferences to whi

and the serious reflections which they are calculated to produce, have the highest.
claim to general attention. Regardless of the prevailing distaste to figures, especially
when they make against theoretical mistakes, Mr. Marshall, with an ardour worthy
of the subject, pursues his series of Statistical. Analysis as the only principle by
which correct conclusions can be obtained, that is, by arithmetical ilinstration, and
the unerring evidence of figures. To the Readers of the Monthly Magazine, however
yaried from ifs usual’ matter, the insertion of the following pages will require no
apology ; they will_remaia-.prond and lasting memorials,-constituting standards-for
yeference, aud claim the attention‘and regard of future ages, whenall the 'specula-
tive opimons of the present time, with whatever pretension to fine writing and
charm of language they may be embodied, will be totally obliterated.]

- TaBLe

Present State f Great Britain compared with bi Aho oat

4 s TABLE (A,) .
Nite 4—Sra TEMENT of the TovaL Poputation of GREAT Rasradh,iut fave Decitnal
eriods pee ares peeled the proportion in reaper balers and- Seotland,
__ Separately. ula

England. Wales. Scotland, Army and Navy) Great Britain,

7,473,000 486,000 1,470,000 250,000 9,673,000
8,175,000 500,000 1,500,000 200,000 10,175,000
8,331,434 541,546 1,599,068 470,958 10,942,646.
9,538,827 611,788 1,805,688 640,500 12,596,803
11,261,437 717,138 2,093,456 319,500 1 14,591,631

No. 2.—AnALysis of the PoPULATION in 1821; showing the Number of Families of
which it was pompned: their Avocations, and the Number of Houses they peeaniew:

England. Wales. Scotland. Britain,

773,752 | 74,223
1,118,295 | 41,680

Families employed in Agriculture: -
Do. in Trade, Manufactures, or 2
Handicraft see ew eseserecee 4

130,700
190,264

1,350,239

i 5

De. not comprised in either - - --- 454,690 | 30,801 | 196,997 | 612,488
he) | orodal No. oF Families ------ 2,346,717 | 146,706 | 447,960 | 2,941,383
3h ing fn!

Inhabiting Houses +..+..+-..-+++/1,951,973 | 136,183
Houses Building ----+++++.+e-+--]. 18,289 "985
“Do. ‘unoccupied +-++++-.++e06+] 66,055 3,652

2,499,630
21,679
82,369

341,474
2,405

'Totat No, of Houses--+--+++| 2,036,317 | 140,820 2,533,673

No.3 a) OMPARATIVE View of the IncREASE and Extent of PAupERISM and
i yi ME in ENGLAND and W4LEs, at different Periods, and in cach Year since 18115
owing the Total Amount of Parish Assessments, and the Proportion, thereof
pended for the Relief of Paupers, and the equivalent of that Amount,in Quarters
sppen Wheat, according to the Average Price of Wheat in each Year; the Number of
“Commmittals for Crime in each Year in England and Wales since 1811; and the Total
“Amott of Taxes in Great Britain, and of British Produce and Manufactures
‘exported in each Year.

nivalent in ;
uarters of | No. of British
) Total Proportion ‘Average| Wheat, of | Com- Produce and
Amount of } expended for | Price of| Amount ex- | mittals | Taxatio n. | Manufacture:
atish KelieF ot | Wheat. | pended on for ’ Expotted.
)| Assessments.| | Paupers. Paupers. i

| ———_ $$$ —$— |

.-4

689,971 etute -

if 1,521,732 -- | 11,000,000 4
2,167,748 | 1,912,241 ‘ 18,000,000 RAP Fp
5,348,204 | 4,077,891 ** 1 38,511,812|92,959,102
8,540,842 | 6,656,105 6,576) 64,752,025)|51,243,362
8,388,974 | 6,294,584 7,164) 68,302,859|52,000,000
7,457 ,676 | 5,418,815 6,390} 70,240,312|33,299,580
6,937,425 |'5.724,506 7,818) 71,203,141 (41,712,002
»128,418 | 6,918,217 9,091) 62,496,506|34,774,520
9): 320,440 | 7,890,148 13,932] 52, 135, 739139,235,397
8 "952,185 7,531,650 13,567 3 937, 218144 ,963,527
8,719,655 | 7,529,594 1,008,108 14,9541 5 ,258,914)32,923,575
8, 411,893 6. 3958, "445 | 2,122,016 | 13,710 55, 139, "077 59,818,036
8A PT 7761441 6,358, 103 2,250,868 13,115 55, 530, 072/40 194,893
: . se 15 4,974,043 43,558,490

Moneurty Macy No. 391 4N

-—
ogwanywor OSS MOON

642 Comparative Consumption,—Malt and Tea, 1793-1823.

TABLE (BY ofthe °QUantity or Orricray Vatus’ of ‘British’ PRopuée and
MANUFACTORES® Exported’ from’ Great ‘Britain, ineach Year since 1776; the
Niiniber'6f Commissions: of Bankruptcy, and Average Price of Wheat, in England
and Walés, in''each Year since 1789; the Number of Quarters of Malt'and Pounds of
Tea cliarged with Duty, and the Amount of Taxes and Loans raised in Great Britain,
in each Year since 1792. Bre

Com-
British Pro- | mis- |Average | CHARGED WITH DUTY. Paid-into
sions. ; Brice Fe Ss a Taxes Exchequer on
Manufactares| of of 5 raised. Account of
Exported. |Bank-|Wheat. Quarters Pounds of Loans raised

of Malt. Tea. & Bills fanded
1, 3 4, } 6. ey

10,000,000 ne 1
“8,000,000
11,255,057

13,779,506| =: .

ee eo

14,921,084
16,810,019
18,336,851

£ #2
13,892,269 24,452,837 17,869,937 | © 4,438,827]
16,725,403 25,358,151 |” 18,037,696 | 12,714,122
16,338,213 24,693,567 18,585,023 | 41,562,853
19,102,220 | 9: 28,149,068} 19,654,780 } 30,738,504
16,903,103 | 1115 30,923,419 23,861,954 | 27,709,809

19,672,503 26,963,454 | 19,566,934 | 30,490,995 |'1'7j075,734
94,084,213 31,751,645 | 19,906,510 | 35,311,038 | 17,915,677 1
94,304,284. $ 14,480,715 | 20,358,703 | 34,079,058 | 20,391,744
95,719,980 18,566,946 | 20,237,753 | 35,516,350 | 27,611,411 |
27,012,108 30,338,382 | 21,848,245 | 37,111,620 | $3,870,530 |

98,252,102 50,479,202 | 21,647,922 | 38,511,812 | 11,950,000]

23,934,292 22,491,791 | 18,501,904 | 46,107,153 | 13,209,351
25,003,308 22,343,385 | 21,025,380 | 50,545,289 | 25,130,405
27,403,653 27,487,920 | 20,355,038 | 54,071,908 | 19,699,263
25,190,762 44,912,163 | 23,599,066 | 58,477,330 | 15,257,212
26,692,288 | 145 22,406,300 | 23,888,033 | 62,147,600 | 14,102,621
35,107,459 22,812,791 | 23,251,065 | 63,879,881 | 92,607,769 |
34,910,550 | 2314|106 24,283,212 | 25,927,567 | 67,825,595 | 21,553,357
24,109,931 | 2500] 94 26,798,085 65,309,100 | 23,655,075
31,243,362 | 2223]125 18,658,693 64,752,025 | 34,700,287 |
32,000,000 | 1953|108 22,381,935 68,302,859 }' 50,806,275"
33,200,580 | 1612) 73 26,110,285 70,240,312 | 36,078,048
41,712,002 | 2284) 64 27,072,082 71,203,141 | 50,569,859

We have not
been able to
obtain correct
Returns for
these Years.

34,774,520 75
94
84
32,993,575 73

_
corDNOoO FR OUoD

26,255,435 62,426,506
17,456,020 7 Average. | 52,135,739
26,462,933 99,186,000 | 53,937,218
22,346,259 § 58,238,913 | 18,756,087
37,818,036 65 7} 24,535,155 | 22,549,000 | 55,129,077 | 24,999,545
40,194,893 56 6428,697,057 | 22,656,822 | 55,530,072 | 13,828,784
43,558,490 43 | 3125,151,508 | 23,912,044 | 54,974,043 |.44,708/617

Be il pe ee | ngjae8,589

oan

*,* The Accounts of Malt are made up on the 5th of July in each year; but the)
Account for 1823 is only to the 5th of April.—The consumption of Tea is not given
prior to 1798, as it was not an article of great importation long prior to that period ;
there is an actual decrease of consumption since 1807-10, _ 7

2

Pauperism, Friendly Societies, and Property Tax, 1814-15. 643 -

TABLE (C) of the Amount of the Sums of Monry,ExpenveD on PAUPERs in
each County. of England.and Wales, in the Year, ending March 25,1815, the Counties
arranged in Order of Total Population; showing the Number, of, Families in each
County ; the Number receiving Parochial Relief, distinguishing those who, received
Permanent Relief from. those who received Temporary, Relief, and the Rate, each
Family receiving Permanent Relief received per Annum; the. Numher of Persons
in Friendly Societies, and the Amount of Real Property assessed for Property-Tax _
in-1814, in each County:

PAUPERS RELIEVED,

coUNTIES, | expaniea | Exclusive of Children,

thaba on Total No.

arranged in Paupers Permanently : |Received of
rder of Total jin the Year Families

> Population. 1814-15. i ary in 1821.

Amount of
No. of |RealProperty,
Persons | Assessed
i for

tion out
receiving

BOO

Pro
oo = | of]
me permanent relie
ie &
S Rate per Family
receiving Relief.

Middlesex -«
Lancashire - «
York, W.R.
Devon .«--.-
Kent «--ee.
Surrey «+e
Somerset. ««
Norfolk eeee
Stafford ..»-
Gloucester. -
‘Essex erroee

rary
aoow

Cornwall .-
Sussex+s++*«
1,090
525
691] ,
Salop ++++e« 9,701
Northumb..- - || 748
York, E. R. 817
Nottingham 1,024
Worcester: - 1,049
N.R. f 611
997
Northampton 954,
Cumberland } . 657
1,053
841
1,292
1,322
‘ 1,416
Cambridge -- 729
Hereford -- 330
Bedford ..«- 849)
Tonmonth;« 87
estmorela, 5} 236
Huntingdon 346
Rutland..+« 125)

En Jand!5,202,931 78,709'87,274 387 ,113]2,346,717| 199
Wales ++] 215,915} 28,939] 841i] 13,360) 146,706] 196

88,115/400,473]2,493,423] 198]11 0]925,264)51,898,423

5y428,856]406,748,

644 Present State of Great Britwin

TABLE (D) of the Numeer of InuapiteD Houses and of the ToraL PoPULATION.

‘in each County of England, according to the Population Return of 1821, the
Counties arranged in Alphabetical Order, with Numbers of References to their Order
of Total Population, and of Agricultural Population; the Total Amount of Parish
Assessments in each County in the Year ending March 25, 1822, according to the
Account printed by Order of Parliament, July 1823; the Number of Parishes, and
of Select Vestries and of Assistant Overseers, in each County ; and the Rate perhead
of the Parish Assessments, divided on the Total Population.

: No. in ‘Eotal
COUNTIES, No. in |Order of} | No. of Total No. |Aniount.of

Order of|Agricul-| Inhabited of Parish
.. ‘arranged in Total | tural Houses Persons Assess-
Alphabetical Order. | Popula-| Popula-| in 1821. iu 182). ments in
tion. tion. 1821,

~ No. of
Assistant

No. of Se-
lect Vestries
)verseers.

L
Bedford »--+0+.- 15,412 85,400) 83,798
Berks se+ee-sees| & 24,705! 134,700) 124,404
Buckingham ----| 3: 5} 136,800) 159,101
Cambridge ++«+«- 124,400) 103,380,
Chester 4 275,500
Cornwall-«+-+e.- 262,600
Cumberland ---- 159,300

217,600
447,900
147,400
211,900
295,300
342,600
105,500
132,400

49,800
434,600

Surreysseasesee-
Sussex recess scce
Warwick --«es.
Westmorland «+--+

Wilts socesecece 226,600
Worcester - 188,200

a J Nor Riding 194,300

280,000
52,400

54 North Ridmy 187,400

> C West Riding 815,400

Total of England ++ |1,951,973|11,486,700|7,455,647| 9860] 2284)2065 13 6
Wales -- 3 731,800} 305,794

—

2,088,156|12,218,5007,7 61,441 0693 2504

compared unth former Periods. ~ 645

TABLE (E) fFxurpitine the Counties of ENGLAND, arranged in ORDER of ToTAL
PorvLation, distinguishing the Number of Families returned, as. employed. in
Agriculture from those employed in Trade, Manufactures, or Handicraft,. and. those
not included in either of those two Classes, according to the Population Return of
1821; and showing the proportion of the Parish Assessments for the Year ending
Mareh 25, 1822, expended on Paupers, from the proportion expended. for other
Purposes than the Relief of Paupers; and the Rate per head per, Annum of the

Amount expended on Paupers, divided on the Total Population.

22] NOMBER OF FAMILIES. {PAYMENTS OUT OF THE
2S | According to the Population | PARISH ASSESSMENTS,
2s Return of 1821. Year ending March 25, 1822, 3 3
COUNTIES, 3S Moran 1tmra Triqe Tene aoe
F =% {Employed} In Trade, | cluded inj For other Loe
in Order of Total Os in Manufac- | either of {Purposes than} Expended 3 = © }
Population. 5] Agricul-| tures, or the the Relief on ons
x ture. {Handicraft |precedingy of the Poor. Paupers. jE 35;
s Classes.

9,393) 161,356) 91,122) £139,844 | £532,055 10s
22,723) 152,271] 98,179) 3
31,613} 108,841) 21,012
Won. olg| naye.s'e 37,037] 33,985] 19,692
7 | 30,869] 30,180] 24,890

14,944) 46,811) 27,0519
51,448) 27,132] 14,957
56,368} 26,201] 11,928
18,285} 42,435) 8,060
23,170) 35,907| 13,079
35,206] 17,160) 9,263
24,303| 19,810} 13,829
34,900} 15,845) 8,015
16,780] 39,189) 4,155)
, 30,795) 17,418] 6,851
Poses eee : 18,120) 97,105} 6,799
Sch AAA 19,302) 15,543) 16,357
Sussex++eesesses 21,920) 15,463) 6,189
Wilts +eeeeeeees 24,972| 16,982) 5,730),
14,582) 20,505) 7,317
9,427| 20,212| 16,301
18,414) 17,485) 5,737]
11,567| 20,565) 10,996
15,480} 16,637] 8,382
15,664| 21,832) 3,107
14,926] 18,566] 5,514!
16,737) 11,570] 10,42
13,028) 20,297] 3,481
18,794) 11,695) 4,883

a
O03 06 >

A7,484 | 249,991
97,480 | 153,906
41,535 | 256,044
41,467 | 133,701
28,741 | 159,994
39,556 | 254,837
25,73 193,294 f
51,400 | 168,786
43,347 | 146,185
35,268 | 240,384
32,640 | 104,081
17,861 | 104,178
30,583 | 262,246
20,914 | 163,168
20,871 86,756
18,841 91,182
19,459 92,907
12,160 | 77,505
17,166 |. 97,522
27,630 73,315
15,289 83,761
13,207 | 82,638
26,445 | 124,244
19,939 | 145,093

Stafford eerasece
Gloucester <-++e.
Essex tos eeweene
Southampton --.-
Lincoln --<-.+-.
Warwick-++s.++-

>)
_
IS WROND

Salop Dasandeeses
| Northumberland

York, E.R.------
Nottingham ----
Worcester sereee
York, N. R. +++.
Leicester -++++:
Northampton,.--

4
~movysstacoowonvovovesas

30 1}Cumberland -+--- 11,297] 13,146) 7,361 10,209 52,352 |. 6 7h
31 1Dorset.----- 14,821) 10,811] 4,680; 10,119 | 85,647 fad H
15,965} 8,971] 3,905} 16,457 | 115,647 [16

ph pale 16,640} 8,318} 3,909, 16,791 | 117,477 Jaz

14,769} 8,773) 4,158
13,485} 7,935} 4,750
15,536] 6,964] 3,103
13,558} 5,633} 2,726
10,754) 4,897] 1,792
6,020] 6,147} 1,955
5,096] 3,801] 1,545
6,435} 2,937] 1,025
2,410] 1,03 49u}

16,142 | 104,338 |:
13,526 895129)
14,375 87,872
11,461 62,729) |:
13,066 68,826
6,325 26,039
4,505 27,207
65794 39,429
4,400 10,575

Hertford-+++....
Cambridge ------
Hereford... +++.-
‘|Bedford .-+- «++
Monmouth +++«+«-
{Westmoreland «+

Huntingdon --+.«
Rutland .s++--++

=y
fae
_

~
WOBS De EHR OO

773,732|1,118,295] 454,69
74,225) 41,680)' 36,801

England and Wales
Scotland +«eeeee.
Eng, & Wales,1811

he» 1847,95711,159,975] 485,491
130,700} 190,264|"126,997

770,199] 959,632] 412,316

1,356,593 | 6,358,203 110 4f

646 Agricultural Population, Territorial Extent, Rental, §c.

TABLE (F) ExHiBiTinG the Counties of “ENGLAND, atranged in Orper of
AGRICULTURAL POPULATION, with the Number of Families in each, stated in the
Population Return of 1821, as employed in Agriculture; the ‘Territorial Extent of
each County in Statute Acres, deduced from the Trigonometrical Surveys; the

proportions in a State of Tillage and Pasture, by which the Wastes and u

a

cultivated

Lands in each County may be ascertained; the Annual Rental of Land in each
County, deduced :from the Property-Tax Returns for the Year ending April 1811.

COUNTIES,

in Order of Agricultural
Population.

1/Devyon eoevoe..s,
9\ Norfolk were cece
3\Lincoln «+...e.-
AIESSeX: 0s Scape
5|York, W.R. eeee

OLWilts® sw oh atx oe Os
10/Southampton --.
11)Gloucester -.....

15|Northampton --.-
16|/Salop ++++eecees
17|Stafford ........
18]Chester eortercrves
19] Warwick«eoeseree
20/York, N.R, ....
21IBucks e+coceseee
22\Oxford eoeeeees
23\Cambridge ------
24\York, E. R, eee
25\Surrey++--+eee-
26\Worcester ++-e2s
QT7|Dorseteoccecccecc
28\Berks @rveeereeecs
29!Derby -«ee+--++-
30|Nottingham ---.

8 No. of | TERRITORIAL EXTENT. Amount of
= @ | Families Annual ~ |Keal Property
Q's |returned Reutal,accord-} | Assessed
55 | as em- Proportions ; _ ing to for
== |ployed in} In Statute Property-Tax |Property-Tax,
=z |Agricul- Acres. In In. | Retura, 1811. 1815.
6s} ture. Tillage. |Pasture ‘
r=) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. SB.
& ) <-f
37,037} 1,650,560 | *400) *800} 1,217,547) 1,897,515
8 | 36,368} 1,338,880 730|” 263) 931,842) 1,540,952
13 | 34,900} 1,758,720 400) 1,100} 1,581,940} 2,061,830)
11| 33,206} 980,480} 380} 52 904,615} 1,556,836
3| 51,613} 1,568,000 350 700} 1,555,608) 2,392,406
7 | 31,448} 1,050,880 330 534, 1,355,108) 1,900,651
5| 30,869} 983,680 400 200 868,188) 1,644,179)
15 | 30,795} 979,200 250 500 694,078) 1,127,404
19} 24,972] 882,560 150 25 810,627) 1,155,459)
12| 24,303] 1,041,920 380} 620} = 594,020] | 1,130,951
10} 23,170] 803,840 300 450} = -805,133] 1,4655;260
2{ 22,723) 1,171,840 450 350} 1,270,344) 3,087,774
18 | 21,920; 936,320 280 345) 549,950}. 915,348
17| 19,502) 849,280 250) 255) 566,472 916,060)
29| 18,797] 648,880 290 235) 696,637) 94961
22) 18,41 858,240 300 500 758,495] 1,037,988)
9} 18,28 734,720 500 100 756,635) 1,150,285
16} 18,120] 675,280 200 45 676,864) 1,083,084
14| 16,779} 577,280 200 508 645,139] 1,236,727
27 | 16,757] 1,311,187 2738 596] 1,056,010} 1,145,252
33| 16,640] 477,600 355 170; 498,677| 6445150)
32| 15,965] 485,280 150 230 497,625) © 713,147
36 | 15,536] 549,120 140 160) 453,215 655,221
24} 15,480] 819,200 150 350 500,000! 1,190,326
6| 14,94 485,120 80} 400) 369,901) 1,579,17
2€| 14,926] 466,560 200 15 516,203} 799605)
31| 14,821] 643,200 250 430) 489,025 698,59.
34| 14,769] 483,840 260 120 405,150] 652,082
20} 14,582] 656,640 100 400) 621,693 887,659
25 | 13,66 535,680 200} . 100 534,992 737,229
37 | 13,558] 556,400 300 251 453,607 604,614
35 | 13,485]. 337,920 225 50 342,350 971,107
28 | 135,028] 514,560 65 45 702,402 902,217
23| 11,567] 1,197,440 150 650 906,789] 1,240,594
50} 11,297] 945,920 es °° 469,250 705,446
38 | 10,7544 296,320 40 168 272,621 343,683}
21) 93427) 679,040 300 200 506,063 791,359
1| 9,593) 180,480 40 100 349,142) 5,595,53'
41} 6,435} 236,800 100 6 202,076 320,188
39} 6,02 318,720 100 245) 203,576] 295,097
40| 5,096] 488,320 30 13¢ 221,556 298,199
42] 2,410, 95,360 aie oo 99,174. 133,48

++ |773,73232,332,400

»- | 74,29

4,752,000

_++ |130,700}26,460,000

10,500] 14,200} 27,890,354| 49,744,629
900} 2,600} 1,586,498] 2,153,801

11,400] 16,800) 29,476,852| 51,898,423

* In these two columns, the three right hand places of figures have been dispensed with, for the sake

of abridgment.

647

Commerce — Imports, East and West Indies.

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649

Specification of Imports, 1814-22.

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998‘CSFFT | £80°6S6'TT

-_——_——

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826‘11e‘6 | 060's09‘0r | 90‘8as‘ot | 9g2‘628°6 | 008*SEs‘OT | 122°69B‘OE | S99'THF ET | PEP*8OL*CL

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[————- —______

-_——_—_

026'F2zE°9% | $S0°Sse‘t¢E | 022°0Z9%SE

-—_——_ |—___--.

208‘ T0F63 | F21'S2'6S | L68*ZIS'TE | 068°FS9'GS | 862°6T8‘CE |.028'916°6G sq10dway JO [e}0 7,

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650

Foreign and Colonial Produce

ore’6st § 6, res’sot = 966446 coutatt. |ogeser |rrofost | szt%s 69 28S T9eF
BRL5 EE 0se‘s 299'0T OL1'SB #8209 Peles ToPPSE | 94g°E¢ P2e°OR
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oce pe ¢96°06 938866 921EFEL ost‘scr |22s‘oat | zze‘orr | 286'shS | 802626
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651

Re-exported, and Totals of Exports, 1814-22.

—

¢ ‘ ¢ ‘ ‘ 6, ¢ ‘ be n> ¢ ‘ G G ¢ ¢ | < < ON] LA [Voy 10 paavjoag ye
SFO'ARG ST) 626 FOL'9T) GO8*ELE'FT) TEB'SLH‘HE | T23‘F05 0S | 69006902 | 89°G6E'26 | 9B9*6SS‘ee, OGHFSE'GE } poduyiaaoisodxq yoss20xq

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++ aNI@A [BINGO 32 sz10d
“W] J0AO s}10dxg Jo ssaoxy

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Quantity of British Produce

652

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cos‘9c TSP FS GsP{rs 912528 6T2‘68 698'c6 6168 . sees OLY pure lag
SPE 90T OTO‘80T GO0‘OFT Cor‘TSt FOL TLE 2GT6E BGLBST [eee neers Blog pure joag
60g‘ G60‘ 26 tsz'ob = | 9g0FS ors‘eb OLi TS 609°T¢ sooee: SUIUET pue node
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091‘b9 809‘69 968°G6 96106 gge‘sor PEL Lo C682 Lene neeee QIBMUOY WET
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T69‘946 89286 S81 ‘OEPr occ PTS G08 “F68 TE6‘SSS FL46°8Ct teeeeennee es O29 QqBIg
ps9! ors 3L9°CP cor‘0s¢ 188 ‘6EP ¥986EL PT6°608 EIP08S eee eee sees SOIBMDICET.
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626% fsost & |042°s09% | oor" Pre’ ‘9 126/929" q | 98 ‘986 ‘G TL¢ ‘otik 299°T 86‘ bp | |eols sees nerd tts BURILOO MM
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653

and Manufactures Exported, 1814-22.

BTO'L86‘ST | 866°EOL°9F | COS*SLSFT | TSS'SLP FT | £S3°F0S'0S | 690'069'0G | S89°G6E'2S | 9B9'GES‘SE | OSF*FE6'6S 3c. * S0TRA. eu ye ord
LI9‘B9E‘ES | 808'E40°TS | EALGBB‘OT | TIG*LPTST | 669°626'9T | SbS*BBs‘6r | S9B‘THR‘TS | Sas‘acs‘cs | sco‘zer‘6T ie quodxgy at

—|—— - —- —_—_

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Q1P022°SS | 686°L6250S | 290'Sts'sF | TT8‘s08‘aP | 2sS'662'SS | 899%F0G‘6F | S8T‘9rs‘sF | SEP osPr'z¢ | BeEg*ece’sg |**++ [20 purin

-|= ———$

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o6r'scc‘er | e68‘P6t ‘or | 9¢o‘e18'z¢ | Gzc‘ee'ss | L69'S96'TF | ZEE‘Ssa‘6e | OZS*PL2°bE | ZOOSTZ‘TH | O8S‘008Es | poyodxg Ajnuenb peyoy,
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—

———-.

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ASAE ATES UO Ants pew 8 OS on Oe

GENERAL INDEX

: ; TO THE
-FIFTY-SIXTH

(LAST SIX MONTHS OF 1823.)

VOLUME

——
BREVILLE; deseription of .- 403 | Animals, on cruelty 60" 0 acsa 256.
' Abernethy, "Mr. anecdotes and Anglo Saxon ianguage, on the acqnisi-
professional character of ...- 10 tion of - Kel $b oe 406-

Absorbing, on the faculty of =... 251
Agademy of Sciences, French, pro-
reedings of the jeae 246, 441

Aetina sepia, insects, observations on S44.

Adams, John, ex- -prosident of the Uni-.

ed. States, account of, and his let-

‘ fers ta Mr. Brand Hollis 8 330

his opinions on govern- a
eune pers)

Mrs. her letter to Ms Hollis 333
Aérial tides, Col. Wright on -- 439
sehr R88

A€rolite, description of a
A FAIRS, Poriticat, 80, 177, 273, 368,

A RiguLtTuRAL Report, 76, 177,273,

366, 463, 539, 560

Aix tes Bains, Savoy, description of 583
————. on the operation

DF douching 584
* Pashioapligt Toate Parkins on the
iquefaction of . wwe 544,
xander the Great, on his mode of
atfare | bay = 625
iance, the Holy, on the anti-na-
ional conduct of the
ine districts, geographical descrip-

lion of

99
576

meee

vegetation at differ-
peayendes in 577
. definitions in wat ibs
a saint and his relics in ib.
the tournettesin the 5380
town of Thones in ib.
— —— mountain villagesin 590

jens, “deseviption of the cathedral
nd city of
well, deseviption "of the late Mr,
cot’s (poet) house at

erica, North, first declaration of
end nce in. tenes 526

- South, on the present state
563

see. aane

403

193

re aweee

Jo-Sax ms, critical observations

0 fe ereten rary books of the

Animal and vegetable departments in
the British Museum, observations

on ean > ms 230

eo kingdoms, on their
approaches to each other e194, 2
livat, observationson ..., 250

Montuiy Maa. No, 591,

465.

122

Anecdotes and traditions of St. Cle-
ment Danes, Mr. Lacey's addi-
tional alone

Annecy, description of the lake of

Annuitarts, usurious, details of the
practices of abs’

Annuities, exposure of the fraudulent
practices of the grantorsof {2.2 441

Antiquities, historical observations on, 516-

Apparatus, effiuvia destroying, Mr,
Hawes on sae 197-

, galvanic, Mr. Pepy’s des-

cription Gowis: Massvalin) gull tee.

» Leslie’s freezing, mode of

499

523

174

using Biel eeaabis's 40S
———, a shaving water-boiling,
description of tees sone: O52

Artificial palate, description of a su-
perior one | ¥ . 544
Arnollet, M, on his improvenient ingolit
hydraulic machines Sal8 353
Arts, fine, observations on the .. 330
Artists, address of the new Society of 451
Assimilation of the magnet, observa-
tions on
Arago, M. his discovery in coloured:
polarization sae
Arctic Seas, on Capt.Parry’s exploring
voyage in the
Asthma, spasmodic, observations on
tkinson, Mr. onhis yineries at Pad-
dington cleat |
Atmospheric aqueous pubatences, ob-
servations on oetellg
Author of the “ Beggar’s Petition,”
query who was?

248)

44%

— reply to the po

a another Te-

query

ply concerning the Sows BAS
Authors, remarks on 4B iv 414°
Auvergne, on the voleanoes in ~. | 606

Avalanches of the Alps, description of ib.
Bacheville, travels and adventures of

the brothers
Bahama islands, on the capabilities of

511

waee

the ae ooh 8

—— » further observations
on the oome wane $15
Ballad writing, observatioys on .. 306
4P Ballo on

INDE

Balloon speerilations, observationsron,:.257
BANKRUPTS AND Divivenns, 79,.176,
272, 366, 464, 558

Banners, on the origin of = 23

Barras, Napoleon’ saccount of +.

Bartlemy fair, Mr. Prior. on the hu-
mours of Sees naan 398

Bartley, Mr..on the mannfactare of

straw hats afaas wrist 2.200
Bath, an.evening’s walk near, in an-
tumn pyaey nik 217

——, effects of a late storm in the
neighhourhood of
Baths, sulphur, on the importance of
a question in the modem im-
provements in ames os ely noe
Bayle, observationson an assertion by,

479
28

on learned men Sows 329
——— some account of JOO 434.
Belzoni, M. letter of, at Fez oe 72

———— —— letter of M. Cailliaud on
an incorrect statement by ..
Bentham, Mr. on the religion of St.
Paul
Berne, description of aE
——— onthe peasantry of =...
Bible, onthe language of the. ....
— society meetings, Mr, Indigo
on
—— Mr. Thomsonon vavions read-
ings in differenteditions of the .. 515
Bu ds,. onthe inhuman practice of
_. shooting, for amusement
Birmingham, account of a public din-
nergiven to. Mr, Hunt at ‘a 91
Blaquiere, Mr, his report of the pre- _
sent state of the Greek Confedera-

404

sees --

201

' tion eeee =elds 359
Bleaching, improvement in Se
Blood, noble, analized en 414
Bodies, on the conductibility of .. 249

Boletus igniarius, or tender fungus,
observations on
Boleyn, Ann, translation of Henry
VIIPs love letters to.
Bonaparte, adulation of, by the bish-
ops of. France 453
Bones, fossil, at Oreston, ny ac-
- count of cae é
Bonnetts, straw, Mr. Bartley « on the ‘
manufacture of 200
Books, on the canonical and moral, of
the Chinese 417, 489
Boreholes and Artesian wells, Mr.
Farey. on ee ——- 500
Bourg St. Maurice, Savoy, descrip-
tion of,
Brande; Mr, W.'T, chemical lecturer,
remarks ou
Brighton, public meeting “at, on the
Greek cause), , méhe
Bourbons, religious superstitions con-
nected with the, in France ‘ns
Brida, description. of the baths of | .
Britaiv, on, the power of, in India and
its Archipelago
Brixton, description of the treadmill»
at, and observations on

eree

590

408
94

600
590
«A521

55

344
108

XK.
Brodie, Mr, professional aie er. ne 408
Brougham, Mr. acconnt.o ha, fit
ner given to, at hasta ohn tat

Brunel, -Mr,strietures on bis pied

tunnel uder the Thames
his new. plan.of tunnelling 4 hag

Buchan, earl, letters of Gen. Washing-
ton to

255

—

138
-—~ letter of lord Fairfax to Ada
Bull-baiting, dn the suppression of, at
WwW okingham Ree me yo
Burke, Mr,, and, Dr, Jobuson, anec-, 6D

mein

OIG, Ore,, “alesaiann ori 242
puns by. ladamor s pier

Burridge, J..on curing dry. "ile and
facilitating tanving "345

Batterflies found near Epping, “fist of 8
Byron, Lord,-observations on... dt ig
Byrons, description of Newstead. Ab. f
bey, the famity-seat of the ..... 289
Cabbages, on the preservation of .. 417.
Cxsar, on his. mode of warfare. 625
Cailliaud, M. Letter of, on an incor:
rect statement of M. Belzoni “_.
Califor nia, eommercial informatio

Fespecting phate hel «ph 03

Campaigns of Napoleon, remarks. on
the dacs nto etamain 62 5
Campaign of Russia eeeane! 5 630
of Saxony 832

? =a7ti {

Cauals in Holland, on travellmg on, gies

Cancer of the stomach; observations...
on aS 45

on the treatment of, by. BES ied
2

sure res ives: 429 Fy
Captains, Greek, characteristié.. Fes, tit

marks on sFrau spre: 3
Carlile, Mr. on the treatment ‘of, in

Doichester Gaol MINE RS

Carpets, Turkey, ov the manalacture
of, in England oii qit Ait

ete

Carriages, on the causes of their OVER >, Ne

turping «st
“Case absolute,”
vations on the 8
Caspian sea, commercial rout Hemi 1"
the, to China and Bneharia ;- -.. rey
Casting of iron, observations on
Cathedral, of Amiens, description of oo
Celebration, scientific, account o ifror
near New York, in honour of L
nzus o
Cellini Benvenuto, on a recent)‘ ‘frst rit)
translation of bigksd! onigic tat >
Censorship of the, press,. observations...
on [ tr-HYeerh eed
Chamberlain, Mr. ona singular, pro
perty of napshaline

in | English te

opr as

Bi 2

aeos

Chamberry, Savoy,, description, pf a ie
Chamouny, Savoy, description, o Be

Charcoal, experiments 6n_,
CHEMISTRY, REPORT, OF, 76, 1735 ed
Chili, on the political state of... 40
Chimneys, on the first,in England © 14%
00) the cruelty of, employ;

ing cbildven.in sweeping, .~..... 267
Chinese, on the canonical and moral,
books of the. 447, 489
amie ys

view

Loar itt

‘

» Deatiy!”

aT SN

‘Clanney, Dr. on lis! safety ‘Taip) 3 )° 552
Clark ie. ‘AY description of his arti-

€cial palate. 344
Senate Mr. on thie distillation of sea-

---- 440

Gierniont) Fiance, descri iption of 606
tee acvount “of: the

ry arnty in eee €07

cob tt, Mr. suggested improvement °
is ‘grammar os eit StU Bil) IRGs $98

‘Coffee-houses, French, ebservationson 24

Ag ke, Mr. of Nor folk, on his agricul-

Maral i improvements

ld, a remarkable degree of
Goldy: Mr. Owen's, observations on
Comet, the Encke, observations on
in 1822) observations on

Commerce, view of, and its resultsin _

England "and France 150
OomMERCIAL. Report, 78, 175, 274, 365,

463, 557

Commercial System of Great Britain,

527
440)
193
343
445

eres

o. seeece

diizing the war, observations.on +- 316
—— » modern
observations on ses sees 501

Common Sense, on the miracles of
eee Holienlohe contrasted with
“~ the principles of modern philosophy 215
PS mnalanre sy plan by, for cleansing
a “and po ceri the streets of the Me-
trop ta) eeveee 485
Conductibility of bodies, observations
“Yon.the oo ee ae 949
Confacitis, some account of - 418
Conquest, “on the oppresstons follow-

. ing the Prey y womens G10
Conesronvents, NOTICES TO, 96, 192,

576
Corneille, account of = eves 244

Corn-mill, ‘a’ Romaw household, : de-
‘scription of a
Country, on the love of See 222
urt of Chancery, on the power of

eeee

the’ + 200 59459
uote, Sydney, some aecontitot 0817
rel bitton, account of oe O42

nea, Mrs. Holderness on the pea-~
~*santry of the -» 164

Biche ONS eMeHp ART PuHi1o-
SOPH ‘OF, 105, 229, 516
srnickshank, Mrthe late, surgeon, ac-

eS “connt of, see os 48

Crnjan, bishop of Mai, manner of his’
‘obtaining the bishopric th 88436
wum, Mr. his analysis of indigo, ++ 174

orax ‘Ansata, or Egyptian: Ve au, de--

_ scription of °° +s wi Ty 309
Chiste m attending matriages in anid
“hear London, acvoupt ofa +s ¥e4

Eiagitron, Wi'tiam, his journal (called’”
“'the Bloody Jouirhaly of'a voyage in
°@ Russian privateer in 1769, detail-
‘ing horrible massacres
vy, Sith
liqaids forinea by the conidetigation

“dt gases =H meelii vical dvents” 8435

:
;

129

DEnshvin, the Duc, Savary’s Cpue’’

‘on ‘the ap ptiedtioh: gp

ereeee 554.

5, 1615979, 473) 479) Ht | Evskines"PHéiag! Lord Habwiaphiedt

E:

“de Rovio)’ account” of the ‘catas--
trophe of the"
—— to whom his death ought

to be attributed
De Berenger’s Poenis, with ‘transla-

tions, review of 210
A SRE at ae account of 212
Denon, M. his account of the Zodaic

of Dendyra ;
Desaix, Gen, on the causes of his con-

duct in Egypt. : 618
Derangement, bilious, gheérvatiens of 75
Dieppe, descriptiou of my S34
Diligence, the French, desctiption of 225
Dialogue of the gods, ‘tlie sixth, Wie-

land's 124
Discipline, prison, bishop Law'on «> -344
DiscoveRY,PHiLOSOPHICAL,SPIRIT

OF, “9° 343,439, 5A
Disease, on the efficacy of medicine

Th
ee

425

633

a

52

oe

in subduing sep oo 270

- spasmodic, on a singular 344
Dissenters, peatien of the, to Y pailia-

ment °° 380

» Rev. J. Evané on’ the loyal-
ty of 503
Distillation of sea water, Mr. Clement

on

oo 440
Divipenps, 79, 176, 273, 366, 465, 559
Don Juan, review of 112
— i —— cantos9, 10, and 11414
DRAMA, THE, 52, 149, 263, 342, 449; 539
Duke of Mantua, tragedy, review of? 166
Dying, a certain ’phenomena of y. 409
-, on pressure applied to facilitate553
Earth, on the physical economy ‘of

the

bbee

ors 9221
,on the figure of the» +» 246,'446
Earthenware, British, observations on 293
Earthquakes, obser vations on 499
ECCLESIASTICAL PROMOTIONS, ” 87, 183,
x ‘81

Eggs, method of preserving, fr esh and
good ©

Electricity and magnetism, on ” ‘the
identity of 948,443

Employment of fompled, a siiggestion |

553

) for the FIR alle iy
Embalming hadiens Baron Latrey's H
method of = © eowisé (1998

Engine, steam, on Mr. Perkins’ imiprove-
ment in cee. . p46
Ergland, on the manufueture! of
Turkey ‘carpets In a5 ono ats
———, on the first use of chitaneys
im gl, te
, view of the commerce of,
and France, and its public results 150
English visiting: nics on the sae!
of the ¢ : pat 3S 29)
Epilepsy, Mr; Graham on thie eure of 36
Episcopacy i in Treland, on the peeent
‘state-of
Epping, list of batterfies found near,
| Eras, Saxon und early Norman; obser
‘Yations onthe

oo”

e

141

ole A :

507
8

oe elie

458

‘wee

520
Evskine ,

‘

‘skete rf of

PeNG Du Ex XY

Erskine, Thomas, Hord,on his defences
'~ of Captain Baillie sath 521
pr eH oferic)
Admiral Keppel ixoel 2iff Io 423/22
. - t+, on hisdefence
of Mr. Stockdale omisl TA 5235
—- ,onhis conduct: '
in parliament eer es 524
en OO
the state trials in1794 * ib.
Eruption of a volcano in Iceland, ac-
count of a recent a
Esther, on the book of
Estimate, tabular, of the political and
’ oratorical character of twenty lead-
ing members of the House of Lords ~ 4
Eternity*of divine punishments, Dr.

312
i8

Paley on ve eer 245
Eton, Dr; Watson’s opinion of ee O41
Evans} Revi J, on the loyalty of dis-

senters ~ oa e 503

Eyre, Chief Baron, extract from his
charge, in 1794, on the liberty of’
speech “*

Fairfax, lord, letter of, to earl Buchan

’ Faraday; Mr. on the condensation of
several gases into liquids *
Farey, Mr.’on the means of procuring

526
140

532

fresh water in the sea-sand ++ 37
- —, on Artesian wells and bore-
holes +. Seb 4 509
Fenelon, instance of the modesty of: 241
Fermentation, new discovery im the
process of, with description of the
apparatus oeee = 103
Fever, scarlet, observations on 172
» query what is ite wre 364

First consul,on the conspiracies against 425
Fishery at and ‘about Gravesend, ob-

servations on =~ 142
Ford, Mr. D. E. on his psalm and

hymn tunes ane- 506
Fothergil, Mr. on the means of living

by the common toad peed 440
Fontainblean, description of © 2... 608
Fox-hunter, letter ofa’... QA
Fox, hon. Charles James, lines by,on
~ the dowager duchess of Rutland 243

France, journal ofa lady in a recent
trip to 924, 809,400
—— proceedings of theInstituteof 246,441
French naval defeats,, Napoleon's ob-
servations on 624
Fresnel, M. his improvement in lamps 440
Funded system, elucidation of .... 34
Funds, on money in the oP. eMBUSS5
Gas, on tlie'extent of streetsin London
lighted by gu
lights and gasometers, on the al-
leged danger of if 3
——, portable, on the supply of, to
shopkeepers) |) + .--=)
Gases, on condensing
——-, Mr. Faraday on ‘condensation
of several, into liquids: “0...
——, on the changes of volume: pro+
duced in, in different states of den-
sity by heat

157

532

557

gace

Geese, on the cruel practice of pluck-
ing lives: ‘ } i »ideaag
Geneva, description of 598
pon the political feeling in’ +2599
2o+—., an the state of education im ™!>ib.
—-—— of religion) 2.4 600
George I, some account of ‘his:mis+:
tresses I oi §28
I{I..on the several atrotious’:
attacks upon ; 435
IV. while prince of Wales, and'\o''
Mr. Coke, onthe intimacy between 434
Georges’ conspiracy against the First
Consnl, remarks on Mien) 1425
Germans, ancient, on! their towns), 5) 47
Gironde and mceuutain party, remarks |:
on: * : » 633
Glaciers of Chamouny, descripiionof 594
———- ——_ —_— ,general prospect! ©
from wh cetaNnati 596

ib.

meee eflkts

pst

—

en ae eon

sees

eorese t ete

“ate ee

tion of agus 1.36)
Glasgow, account of a public diuner-
given at, to. Mrs Brougham
Good, Dr. J. Mason, his observations”
on the tread mill Beadl MOH RES
Government, observations Om an.ex)”
tract from the Quarterly: Review, on ~
the initiative measures of ts tearenon 98
Graham, Mr, on:the cure of epilepsy 6°86
Grammar, Cobbett’s, on suggested im: /
provements in o's y922.kiveC) oneS58.
Grantors of annuities; on the fraudu-—-
jent practices of fegit
Gravesend, oni the fishery atand aliont/ 142
Greek cause, public. meeting! vat:
Brighton on the A Je snsoiri OA
——— confederation, Mr. Biaqniere’s
« report of the present state ofthe 7/1559
revolution, extract from Mr,

, on the formas

Pee

C. B. Sheridan’s work ono o9s.Ju(5! 457
captains, characteristic re-\'
marks on Jel 2d ciegiaes .ovilGey

Greeks, original account of the capture»
of Napoli di Romania by the!) sL.s00'
, on the progress and present’:
state of the insurrection of the 005466
Grenier Mont, on the fall of) J... 901587
Grey wacke, Mr. J. Hawkins on ie ©) 345
Guelphic. literature, ebservations on 1329
Guiliana Felix, of Aliola;, Corsica, res (>
lative of Bonaparte, some account)
of GoULION NT rch wate
Gutenburg, John, biographical sketeh-
es of $395 1588
Helifax, lord, in 1680, account of «43.4

Veeel

Hall, Crosbie, residence of Ri¢hard .

III. deseviption of) ecbay eed
Hamilton, lady, and» the «queen -of

Naples, anecdote of. > .«--1
Hanmbal, om his*mode of warfare |

526
2625

Hare, Dr. and. professor: Silliman;

their experiments on plumbagoss S45
Haiiy, Abbé, account of the funeral of 608
Haverstock-hill, description of Sir)

Richard Steele's cottageat ». 252) 481
Hawes, Mr. on the effluvia-destroying

apparatus

ul?

Hawkins,

IX Nu Del Ev. ¥a

Hawkins; Mr. d.:onm-grey wacké 315
Heights, Rev. B. Powell on baromes:
tric admeasurements of) ):; 1022: 440

Henry. Vilbotranstation of the love-
Jletters of, twAnn Boleyn 9 U.22
Hippesley;: ‘Sir John-Cox,-his obser~
* vationscon the tread-millio. 0.
History, English, cluciddgions of pors
tionsef >: 0b.) | 807,997
——- DocuMENTS ILLUSTRATIVE OR 425
Hohentinden,/account of the battle of 624
Hohenilche, Piince Alexander; on the
extratlinary cures performed by
Holderness. Mrs. her abservations on
Sethe peasantry of the Crimea 164
Holiaad, on travelling on the ¢anals of 47
Hollis, Mr. Br aud, letters of Mr.
Adams): ca. Se sea of the United
States, fo sees
Home, Sir'Everard, pro! fessional cha-
raeteriof etd 408
Hospital, St. Barth praia iy accountof 9
——++=> Sti George’s, Hyde-park 407
Riot. houses and conservatories, im-
proved, Mr: Jas: Walker on’ 2.2.0 6554
Houlton, Me..on the cure of ring worm: 206
Houses, ‘localities. and curiosities “in
StClemenit’s’ Danes,’ Mr. Lacey's
2 aceount of » ie won. as
Humboldt, M. onthe ashes of Mount
Vesuvius:
Hume, David, anecdote of saey
remarks connected with
Whis History of England «)) 2.2.
HorityoNir(s account’ ofa public dinner
given.to; at-Birmingham | 22... 1
Hurricane at Scarborough, aecountof 69
Hydravlic machmeés, on M, Arvollet’s
‘Auiprovements' in Tyeote
Ice ca¥esin/ Switzerland, account of
Iceland, account ofa recent eruption
ing) 91) Sires 318
Indigo, analysis of, re Mr. Crum 174
INCIDENTS 51)! 84, 17952775 372, 472, 564
— Incumbents of the Lrish bishops, state-
* ment of the. oat.
Tudependence in North America, first
~\ declaration of
‘India andits archipelago, on the power
‘of Britainin sous 151
Tadigo, Mr.on Bible-society meetings 422
Inquisition, history of the «om 504
‘Tastitute, London Mechanics’, foundas
tion and resolntions of the
Thterrogative system of education;
Rev. A. Smithon the 210
Tonian philosophy, object of od od ASS
Treland, on the distressed distriets of | 385
—— _, on the piesént state of episco-
“pacy. in £507
Inks, the garden, om ay ssuipienior blue
produced by the 534
Tron, on the casting of iio Q47
“o-%, ore, on converting into malleable 459
Irving, Rev. Edward, on'the oratori-;
- cal powers of 1163,
Jaines Tycharacterof (0 yy ole. eQd
e—— LL, his partiality for favourites» 244

108
58

over

160

330

ies sos

cece

508

res) 526
és 449

J a DiiandMe; Bur key andalote

wsee Hiisd. ga6

ee Dr. Mr. eiitalens on the: high —
value of his Lexicon yesh

Judges, instanceof, soliciting

Jullian, M. his. account ‘ef a visit) to.

Lanark Ss wives ~ 9S
Juries, packing, remarks onasiys dean h42
Kantesian philosophy, axiomsof the: 357
Kings, on the society/of ei -iL2.5 213
Kroo language, specimensofthe =» 4 434
Kroomen, account of a‘tribe of people

so called whe Gee Aoldot
Kyrle, John, Man of Ross, descr iption

of his town residence,summnich ebpReSp

and farm-house i oe tee 897
Lacey, Mrs his account: of ‘eurions

houses and localities in St. Clemenv’s%

Danes > eran eet lS

, his-additional anecdotes
and traditions of St-Clement’s Danes 499
La Harpe, his hatred to English lite-;
rature wate eee
Laines and St. Hilaire, charaetesetio
remarks on diol.
Lamps, M. Fresnel; his improvemeuits
in vw ot .
Lanark, M. Jullien’s account of his:
visit to oR SBIR OE heat saat
Langley, Mr. on the high value of Dr.
‘Jones’s Lexicon 506
Language, Chinese, mistake: bys Dri :
Murray, in his History of European»
Languages, : respecting the non-exs|
istence of an. English anter pascal of:
the

20

3
629

440
193

, Statement of Dr,
Murray ripeeenee the, defénded
—, Anglo Saxon, on the acguin ;
sition of the rE
Larrey, Baron, his method of embalnis'
ing bodies ak hs
Law, Dr. Bishop of Chester, his ob- |:
servations en prison discipline
Laws, Poor, observations on io -
—-, usury, "and restrictive in general,
Mr. Lawrence ou Ee Sp
-» combination, meeting at Shefs))
~ field to obtain repeal of suse. 24°
Leasowes, query on the present state”
of Lia alal )¢
Legion of Honour, Napoleon's res
marks on ernetot
LEGISLATION, Brivsu, 60, 169,
Tighe BAT, ee
Lepaux, La Reveillure, Napoleon's
aeconnt of wie le
Les Charmcttes, residence of Reshioeiat
description of 6H Jue us
Leslic, Mr, mode of using his freezing»
apparatus wa. .
Liberty. of speech, extract from the
charge of Chief Baron Ryre on
Libraries, on village and neighbor ly,
observations on 1 og
Light; on the transmission of 4... 442
——) Sir He Davy. on the applica-
tion of

yA29

vy

570
415

Shake 3

At-- 694
640
586
206

wee!

526

535
Light,

a” 3 St et 8

Light, practical, Mastration of | Somie of
the properties of
Linnean coilection, ‘sale Of the "4,
Linneus; account es a scientific cele-
bration near New York in fionour of 29
Lima, ‘chatacteristics of the women of 101
——-} population of * peers 101
Liquetaction of atmospheric air, Mr.
Perkins on sins
Liquids, Mr. Faraday on condensation
Of several’ gases into eit §
Liverature, ANCIENT, LYCEUM oF
Livings, church, Dr.. Watson on the
“equalization of piesa:
Lobsters, method. of preparing for
market He ay: 4
Lords, tabular estimate of the political
‘and oratorical character of twenty
‘Teading members of the house of 4
Louis XVI, private MSS, of, in the
possession of Napoléon *s 633
——XVIli. observations on 2... 3587
, on the gluttony of A85
Loyalty of dissenters, Rey. J. Evans
“on the. dare
Lussac, M. Gay, reflections by, on
volcanos © :

Lyons, description of aha
M‘Adam, Mr. on making streets on
the principle of his roads =
, further observations on

his principle
Machinery, on the disadvantages from
the nse of. eel
Magnet, on the assimilation of the
8,on the conductors on ....
Magnetisin and electricity, on the
identity
Mail, an East India steam, Mr. H.Wil-
kinson’s proposals for
Mantua, account of La Marson Joy-
euse, an establishment for education
at, in the 15th century wssy » A9G
MARRIAGES, 85, 180, 278, 372, 473, 565
; »-——, account of a.custom at-
tending, in and near London .... 224
Martin, Gen. San,biographical account — «.
of
Marengo, account of the battle of -
Mary, queen of Scots, lines in French
b whos peiwime ie 44
Mathematics, on the theory Of 2. 442
Mevicab REPoRT, 75,172, 269, 364, 461,
555
Medicine, on the efficacy of, in sub-
dning disease
METEOROLOGICAL Revort, 364,

443
45

344

moon

532
413

942

503

494
604

155

296

---° 7
248
443

248

481

Meteorological Society, formation and
resolutions of anew
Metropolis,plan by Comnion Sense, for
cleansing and puvitying the
Miller, Mr, Mat, on the temperature
of m nes
Miracles of Prince Hohenloe contrast-
ed.with the. principles of modern’
philosophy Pg 8
Money in the funds, observations dn

486

wees een. 314

215
20 >

v0

40

Mnle ed lies hewspap-r, on the”

salé’'and Political character of “45.
,» further observa-
“tions dn its liberal principles ~~“ 3514

Mortimer, Mr. his, Notes on Paris” 587
epee hisfurther observations

on Paris
Moutiers, Savoy, description of ©
—, valley of the here near = ij
oantaee, Lady M. W discovered MS: *

ee<*

eth, Tee

tia ait! Toric oF THE :
Monro, Mr. president of the: qigted”
States, his speech on opening Con. ”
gress eee
Montreuil, description hipaa eee. 3
Morris, Robert, one of the fonmders of
theNorthA merican republic, § sketch 2
of the life of a.
Moreau, Gen. historical atcownt of 5 i
Murray, Dr. allexed mistake “by, oy”
~ specting the existence of aff pmetich
interpreter — of the’ ‘Chinese lap-) ia ,
guage Se aes
- —, his statement defended fi ,
Museum, ‘British, on the animal and Tis
getable departments in 250
Musrc, New, 52, 149, 262, 340, 448, 539
Musicus yentusorum, Mr. Week’ 3.83 sug- lug
gested improvement-in "fe
, Mr. Week'so

560
2

aeooe

}

iat
23

vations on the
eign ‘further ©

Momo

observations on eoen 2 983
Muslins and fustians, genes how. tay
to detect pare cone $58

N, on the pretensions of the tear
Napthaline, Mr Chamberlain. on
gular property of , ae
New:tead Abbey, family seat of | the. a
Byrons, description. of ; Soar XM “Yo.
Napoleon and Marshal Ney, energy
of, and sympathy for their soldiers sti

in the retreat from Moscow
—, his road’ through the meeting

). p.on cee ve ate

—, instances of attachment'to 606

—, on the treatment of, ‘sinte ~
509,

capture by the English °
Siti ob ay | 0

—, his reception in Frané¢, on”
, on his conduct which Ted tor

retorn from Egypt

the consulship St Soe 16
———, his passage of the St. Ber- ~~

nard ok see he 68

, ON hiscampaigns ++ ao 626

- , on his great principles: O28
——-— ; his armies, cause ‘of the ule

numbers ety aware . a ib.

—, hislosses~-* +++ +5 He’ 699

—his account oF the baitle oto.
‘Waterloo - 1°%6b3

s——— oF the mer

of Honour Bp-- it
his wish, to restor e the King. hae

dom of Poland | 4
— his re-capture’ of Fouton °° « =

his second plan ré¢peécting it 657

Napoleon,

L, N, D, E, X%

Napoleon, his account of the eatastrophed3s
no murder Oh."

Bassevil'e Pees |
nis. suppression ‘ofa tumult. ih.
: =o nis Ttalian command 639
——— his acconnt of Barras ib
——————— of La Reveillere
re 7) a 640)
aE of Rewbell’ ++ ib,
Napoli, di Romania, original account
of the capture of, by the Greeks ~~ > 1
veckar family, some account of the 599
Jeéro slavery, obsetyations on 338

Nerves, as the organs of sentiment and
..Xoluntary motion, observations on 252
News From PaRNASsus, 20, 210, 306,414
Norse and, Celtic poetry, obser vations

on Sees 307
Norrs, AN IRISHMAN’S, on Parts,

No. V-.
Nouns, English, Dr. Shaw on some

eencece “eescee I4

peculiarities ‘of Risin cas 500
Novels, Scotch, strictures. on the con-
. struction, genius, and composition

of the... 5 cote’ = 118
Oakley, “Mr. his Jetters on the medi-

«al schools of London mere Aye ie

ce CURE EN ERS, Provincial, 88, 184,

281, 377, 474, 569
Gils, ao query for the mode of

prepat 424

Bees -

mele 6

207

ee Duke of, in 1415, account
of, while resident in England,
Oreston, Deyon-hire, account of fossil
bones found at as «- 440
Oxford, uoi versity M. Taillardier’s
oy account ts)
Owen, Mr. observations on his colony
at Lanark EN ER
ppReckine J juries, remarks on * 542
Paley, Dr. on the eternity of divine
unishment ;
Tapes .on the decay of modern
are on the adulteration of, by gyp-

Batis, on the conduct of the “English
snisiting ane

—, change of sepulture in

7B" journal of a lady in an excursion

527

_ ese

224

a , descitption ofthe Pantheon at 226]

Pere la Chaise 927
— the Mureun of —

TNataral History
Palais Lycée

Bourbon oune

——_——_—_——_. Chamber of

_ Deputies
Hospital of In-
_valids gate ib
Mr, Mortimer on the strects,
public buildings, &e. of 387, 501
-—~-~, on erimes and suicides committed
at . 383

509

ence a,9.9 1

~——,

--s« ree

Paris, on the useful and ornamental at 388

——, on the general filthy state of ib.
——, palace of the 7 ‘nileries at... 400
——- -the Loiivre » ong 40 L
——, the Fonntain rane ib.
—, Gallery of Paintings, Palais du
vc RS a ees ae sane SOF
— , the exhibition akan 50k
— * the Museum of Natursl History,
the Garden of Plants 6 yl i 502
——, 0n passports at snag tae
——, schools of ga'eth ib.
—-, on the expense of living at. ib.

——., a novel mode of interpretation at 503

Parliament, petition of dissenters to 80
Parry, Capt. on his exploring voyage

in the Arctic Seas bia 349
Parties, political, obseryations on, 120

Patents, NEw, 53, 144, 42449 553, 438,
‘530
Paul I. of Russia, characteristic re--
niarks on, and death of vss = 693
Pepys, Mr. on bis galvanic apparatus 174
Perkins, Mr, on the liquetaction of
atmospheric air A-6E 244
Perkins, Mr. on his improvement in
the steamengine ‘
Persecution, religious, sketches of
Persia, on the ancient history of —.-
on the establishment of jirda- |
ism in pense aD,
Persons, EMINENT, BIOGRAPHY OF,
40, 327, 530
Pern, on the political state of Sth 40°
Peveril of the Peak, review of -.... 118
Pheedrus, historical. account. of, and

516
504
18

character of his writings ae
Phenomena of dyeing, observations on y:
certain ee >. 409

. voleanic, on the causes of 494
Phenomenon, geological, accountofa 411
Piccadilly, account of, in the time of |

Charles I. oan wp as 243
Pinkney, William, esq. American di-

plomatist, memoirs of —..-- 527
Planets, observations on the ..--, 222
| Plants, experiments on’ Seraale dL
'Plumbaygo, Dr. Hare and Professor -

Silliman’s experimentson .--. 345
Plucking live geese, on the cruel prac-

tice of SeAS ate 423
Polarization, coloured, M, Arago’s dis-

covery in eee eperes 442
Poland, Napoleon's wish to restore

the kingdom of peas 614
Powell, Rev. B. on ‘the barometric.

measurement of heights a 440

Poerry, OxrGinaL, 50, 149, 245, 354,
457, 529

Danish, observations on 306

Norse and Celtic, observa-

tions on wane cen ‘
———— French, observations on 518
Pope’ s house at Twickenham, des-

cripfion of ata 585
Potteries, Staffordshire, description of

the district of the, w ith the state of

the manufactories peek 290

Potteries,

LON SOE MR:

Potteries, on the condition, manners,
and opinions of the people of the 291
Preservation of cabbayes.” method of 417
Printing, on the‘origin and progress of
. the art of bop
Prior, Mr. on the humours of Bartle-
my fair oe
Prisoners, 08 preventing access to, be-
fore trial gene A72
Proemium, Crrvicar, 62, 1635, 264,335,
435, 540
Posi ICATIONS, New, List or 65, 167,
266, 561,459, 543
Punishment, legal, on the infliction of 265
Puns by Burke 529
Pym, King, account of 141
Quass, on the method of making, in

388

wens

ee

wees

Russia ~ gy hs Bes 164
Quentin Durward, reviewof = .. 118
Racine, some account of ash $29

Rain at Bombay, Mr. B. Noten on the
depth of Piet
Rainton colliery, Durham, account of
a melancholy accident ia
Rates, poor, statement of the retarns
of the’ Aer
Rats, wator,. on the sagacity atid ra-
pacity of 509
Reading room and library, the West-
minster subseription, account of
Republic, North American, sketch of
the life of Robert Mors, one of
the fonnders of the
Respiration, observations on”
Resuscitation, on the vew instrament
for cansing®
Review, Quarterly, observations on an
extract from, on the initiative mea-
sures of government
review Of No.

wore

3416

474

40

4535

55

98

“OXXXIL
Edinborm, observations | on 156
250
a Retrospective, No.XXXIV., 576
Rewbell, Napoleon’s account of 640
Richard - TTI, description of Crosbie

105

hall, residence of Pa 3 1
Ringworm, Mr. Houlton on the cure

of soars Sua 205
Rooks, singular habit of =. --- 509
Roquefeuil, analysis of his ponte’

of a voyage round the world | 100, 102
* Ross, man of,” John Kyrie, deserip-

tion ‘of his town residence, summer-

house, and farm-house ~ ~ eee on
Rot, dry, Mr. Burridge on curing 313
Rouen, descziption of Bute 225
Rushes, river, on the uses of VEN ISS

—_—_—_—— further observations on 508
Russia, on the moral retrogtadation of 177
Rutland, dowager duchessof, lines on,
by Hon: Charles James Fox 24S
Returns, statement of the. of the poor
rates, &c:"”
Safety lamp, on Dr. Clanney’s
Savary, Duc de Revigo, his account
of the catastrophe ‘of the ‘Due
D Enghien

405
"B52

: i
--

- bo hae
eaak eaee

25°}

‘Savoy, geographical déseription of ©) 5%7
—--, on the peasantry of aids
a walnut harvestin .. ib.

————— Oi] LL Be

——_- - ——— lakes in fee 58a

Se geology a ea
—_— agricultere of! 9 59
Savoyards, on the religion of the! 582

-, emigration-ofthe ~ rhe

Sctroor, Muptean, ‘OF Lonpon 9,407
Scliools, infant, observations'oa Natah eB
Scott, Mr. the late poet, deseription:

of his house at Amweéll! «© .22u 0499
Sempl!on road, description of the mse, 604
Sepultare at Paris, on the change in 141
Session of parliament, on 09 as fs

sion of the 3 UR Ds ay
Shaving-water- boiling apparatus,’ enaih 7

cription of 1S tia wie $
Shaw, Dr. his observations. on some;

peculiarities of English nouns..." 390
Shefiield, meeting held at, to oblzin

repeal ‘of combination: laws... 5
Sheridan, Mr. C. B. his observations |

on the Greek revolution seme 4 ~AdT,
Ships, suggestions for improving the ?

security of JSR i etlens 2%
Shooting birds for amusement,,on the...

cruelty of oa. Ee 20%
Skin, on disorders of the © ».4..% aot

Slavery: , Tesolutions.of the society: for.
abolishing, in the British dominions 33a
Smith, Rev. A. onthe intexregative

system of education wie 210
Snow, red, on the frequent occurrence, .
of, im the Alps sibese 97°

Societies, PUBLIC, PROCEEDINGS.
OF we D815 09216, 336, 441, 532)
Society of kings, observations on... ..245
Metereologicals:.. formation he
and resolutions.of anew ..#-. 348
Bible, Mr. Indigo on MeEtr | :
ings of the 422
Royal, on the management of 548)
Spain, on the French invasion of gree
—-, on its conclusion 568
Spanish question, on the true state of
the “She
Spirit and enterprise, British, obser-..
vations on r a
Stag-hunting, on the inane practice it

oiehete ous
vene ¢ sift

coe. eee 5

}

St. Clement’s Danes, Mr. “Lacey's acc

“eonnt of curious houses. and locali- >

ties in eave Crea iick tae.”
—— observations on .

some localities:of oer 205
a — a | 7

tional anecdotes. and traditions of “499 ‘

St. Paul, Mr. Bentham on the religion _
of 536, 433- :

oe eres see

St. Peter,, il St. Ananis

“documents concerning -

St: Clond,-deseription of the “palace: ates

St Denis: fo Soe ge

Stecle, Sir Richard, description of his ag
‘cottage at Haverstock Hill +s 1

Steel, on hardening cated _.
5 eH Sadan!

I: ND @-X.

Statistical Ulustrations
STEPHENSIANA, 4d, 138, 241, 329, 433,

seas

; 526
Stomach, on cancer of the stress 45
weakuess, remedy for 173

Streets, on making them on the prin-
ciple of Mr. M‘Adam’s roads_ -- 155
-—+--— of London, on extentof, lighted

by gas. tere . gjej2 © 157
——— farther observations on Mr.
MéA dain’s principle respecting 296

STUDENT, THE GeRMAN, No. X XIX, 194
Switzerland, on the state of the pub-

‘lie press in eeeeee 682
es on the grape dietin -- ib,
Taillardier, M. his account of the uni-

versity of Oxford ' 395
Tanning, Mr. Burridge on facilitating 313
on pressure applied to faci-

litate eeesee 553
Tau, Egyptian, or Crux Ansata, pb-

servations onthe .-- 21, 302
Temperature of mines, Mr. M. Miller
on . _ peewee eres
Thermometers, on mistrusting the ac-
curacy of sees
Tides, spring, on the canse of the in-
creasing height of the 7
Toad, the common, Mr. Fothergill on

“the food of ,
Touissant, some account of ye
Totlon, re-captare of

——, horrid massacre at .
——, Napoleon's second plan res-

_ pecting tens 637
Towns of the ancient Germans, obser-

_ vations on Sorece 47
Translations, on the faithfulness of
Tread-mill 2t Brixton, description of,

and observations on - 55

— ;Sir Jolm Coxe Hippesley

on the ~ Sees eeee 58

—— =, Dr. J. Mason Good on .-+ 965

anes, psalni and hyma, Mr. Ford on

eeee

344
sees 441
199

e@ecene

: - eereee 506
Tunnell under the Thames, strictures

on Mr. Brimel’s proposed

nnelling, Mr. Brunel's new plan

198

Warbot fishery, manner of the ++
Turnpike’Act, new, sections of —--
Twickenham, description of Pope's
house at A Ph obi f 585
Typography, on the history of +--+» 388
Un versity of Oxford, M, Taillardier’s

account of veers 393
——_ — of the -chancel-
or of the © = wweeee ib,
oT Se +—— vice-thiancellor ib,
i highstewatd ib,
ce ___ > procters +. ib,
eS its’ parliamentary re-
_ presentatives rr |
ee colleges and lialls's94:
—-- fellows of the: ++ ib.
— EE Le terms “ot the ib.
$s gttidents © sei ib.
Li degreés) ieees ib,

“Montuny Mac, No. 391.

640°

_Vallais, eanton- descriptionof ....

University, of Oxford, collections at the 397

Clavendon press ib.

United States, adnirable speech of
the president Monroe, on opening
congress play

<p 560
6028
VARIETIES, 69, 155, 256, 348, 449, 546
Versailles, description of the palace of 311

—— Little Trianon
Vesuvius, M. Humboldt.on
“ Vicarof Bray,” query. respecting

the anthor of . SSE i has 210
Vineries, on Mr, Atkinson's, at Pad-

dington ,
Voleanos, reflections on, by M. Gay

Lussac_. see ‘
———— in Auvergne, account of +» 606

ib.

eee ae

Volvic, Auvergne, on the volcano of 607,

Voyage in the Hindoostan convici.ship
to New South Wales, notes ona .- 15
Wales, New South, notes ona voyage
in the Hindostan convict ship to -. 15
Walk,.an evening’s, near Bath, in au-.

tunin, account of eeeees 217
Walker, Mr, J. on improved hot-

houses and conservatories sees 554
Washington, Gen. letters of, to earl of

Buchan os hiaines 138

—— city, description of +. 904
a ——— the ca-

pitol, or congress hall hi 294.

Water, fresh, in the sea sand, Mr, Fa-
rey on the means of procuring... 37
sea, Mr. Clement on the distil-

lation of +* - 440
Watts, Mr. A. A. onthe poetical cha-
racter of ere on 20
Watson, Dr. bishop of Llandaff, his
opinion of Eton tee 241
——_——__--— — onthe
equalization ofchureh livings +. 942
Wells, Artesian, observatiunson -+ 200
— — Mr. Farey. on, and
bore-holes * on 509
Wenzen, Abp. description of ---» G01

Weeks, Mr. suggested improvement
in-his Musicas Ventusorum >--- $3
— his observations in the Mu.

sicus Ventusorum, «e+e 195
———— further obseryations on

the. Musicus Ventusqarum +---- 995
Whiskey, Inish,nemarkson +++ 526

Wieland, his sixth dialogue of the gods 124

his other works tree ib.

Wilks, John, ancedotes of, ++ 48

. —~- onthe characterof -- 209

Wilkinson, Mr, H. his proposal for an -
- Bast India. steam, mail if

481
‘Wokingham, suppression of bujl-bait- a
tree ot

ING AL, ji) peer.
Women and children, Mr, Bartley on

the ehsployment of ‘hi Sits
World, analysis of the journal of M.

de Roqueteuil’s voyage round the

200

100,
: ; 202
Zodiae of Dendara, M. Dcnon’s ac-

count of the - 2° 32
4Q INDEX

————— Great 'frianon near 312°

346.

494.

.

INDEX .to NEW. WORKS REVIEWED in. THE “CREEICAL

PROEMIUM.”
Adrastus, a tragedy (Dallas’s) + 358 { Memoirs-of John Aikin, M, D, (iss ie
Antiquities of Freemasonry (Oli- Aikin) A 46
vers) > 64 Memoirs of a Captivity ‘among the
Appeal to the Nation on the Suffer. Indians —_ of North Amen, yar
ings of the Sea-faring Classes ( Hil- (Hunter's) 65
lary ’s) p . 542 | Memoirs ofa Young Greek Lady. foe
Atlas¢ of Nature . 5856 | Memorable Days in America( Fax’ 3)
Beauties of Cambria ( Hughes’ s) . 165 | Memoirs of the Baron de Kolli ~~. ‘ea
Banker's Daughiters of Bristol + 456] Meteorological Essays (Daniell’s) _. “S57
Characteristics, in the manner of Monitor to Families (Belfrage’s) ~. 455:
Rochefoucault’s Maxims « 167 | Nature Displayed.(Shaw’s) 355
Clara Chester’. 457 | Naval Records, or Chronicles of
Culture and Diseases of Trees (Har- Line of Battle Ships’. » 455
rison’s) . 543] New. Mercantile Assistant.
Debility (Dr. Sherman on) - S41] (Wright's). “es 465
Dublin Problems : . 541 | New Trial of the Witnesses 356
Duke of Mantua . 166} Not Paul but Jesus (Smith’s) | "356°
Essay on Criminal Law (Green’ 8) . 264| Notes relative to the Crim Tartars ©»
Eton Grammar (Prattent’s) 265} (Holderness’s) ’ eae |
Exposition (third) of the Votes of Phrenological Journal. 0 BAS.
Parliament daring the preceding Popular Tales and Romances of the e."
Session ( Marshall's) > » 266 Northern Nations 3 360
Ferdinand the Seventh, or a Drama- Practical Essay on Mill-work (Bue
tic Sketch of the recent Revolution chanan's) 4 . 966
in Spain ‘ 964 | Practical Observations on Surgery
Five Thousand Receipts. in every (Earle ’s) - 2) 54f
Branch of Art and Economy - 858 | Principles of the Kantesian, or Trans-
Flora Domestica cendental Philosophy (Wireman 's) 557
For the Oracles of God, Four Ora. Prize Dissertation on Homer = 163
tions (Irving’s). 463 | Pupil’s Pharmacop@ia ~. 15a
Formulary for the Preparation and Remarks on the Country extending
Mode of Employing several New from Cape Palmas to the River ©
Remedies (Haden’s) ‘ 542 Congo (Capt. Adams’s) 69
Geography, History, and Statistics Remarks on the North of Spain
of America. 4165 | -(Bramsen’s) WS 264
Hints on Ornamental Gardening Report of the Present State of the. |
(Papworth’s) 165| Greek Confederation (Blaquicre’ 8) 359
History and Theory of Music ( Na- Saxon Chronicle (Ingram’s) + 458
than’s) _ 544 | Sermon on Prison Discipline ( Bie ny ae
Influence and Example, or the Re- of Chester’s) A
cluse,a Tale .. 166 | Sketches in Bedlam 4 : ie "es
Journey in the Morea (Gell s) - 540} Thoughts on the Greek Revolation,
Lectures on Experimental Philosophy (Sheridan's) 5.97 UESMet
(Gurney’s) 357 | Times’ Telescope oes 456
Letter to Sir John Cox Hippesley, Transactions (Society of Apo-
bart. on the Mischiefs incidental to thecaries’) . + o4L
the Tread-mill (Dr. Mason Good’s) 965 | Travels in Ireland (Reid’s) Pays vib.
Letter to the Mistresses of Families Treatise on the Physiology and Dis- bony:
on the cruelty of employing Chil- eases of the Ear (Curtis) 542

dren in the Sweeping of Chimneys, 167 | Trialof the Rev. Edward ievingiunes Ne

Letters to Marianne (Combe’s) #361 a Cento of Criticism ~- + (358.
Lexicon, Greek (Dr. Jones’s) . 62] Talli, M. Ciceronis de Republica ‘VE62

London and Paris ‘ ~ 455 | Pwo Dialogues’ betweem an Oxford
Mathematical Sciences(Dr, Mitcheles ibe. _ Tutor and a Disciple of the Sarat od

Cyclopedia). 455.) mon,Sense Philosophy - :

i St
Y

INDEX to tHE NAMES or LIVING AUTHORS, and OTHER PERSONS 1
Tuis FIFTY-SIXTH VOLUME.
Te
Craig, Rev. C. m.A. Gilchrist, Dr. J. B,

Abdy, Rev. W. J.
M.A. y 4, 460

Adams, Capt. J.169

Aikin, L. 167
Aloisi, Sigs 549
Anderson, J. M.D.
Maly 4600
Amolet, M. 330
Aspinall, Rev. Jas.

cs #- M. 460
Atherstone, Mr.350
Babbage, C. esq. 76
Bango, J. 545
Bakewell, R. esq.68
Baring, C. esq. 460
Barclay, Rev, G.

259
Barfett, J. 68
Barlih, S. 460
Barton, B. 459
Barton, E. 544
Bather, Rey. E. 364
Batty, Capt. 450

Baverstock, J. H.
F.S. A,
Bayley,J.esq F.A.s.

551

Bean, Rev, Jas.m.a.

. 169
Belfrage; Rev. H.

71

Belgrave, H. » 460

Bell, 'T. F.L.s.. 350

Beche, M. de Ja 518
Beedell, J. 72
Belsham, W. 349,

544
Belzoni, M. 72
Benger, Miss 158
Bernardo, A. 454

Bigelow, J. M.v. 75
Burbeck, 350; 449
Bird, J. 148
Blaine, Dr. 158

Blaquiere, E. esq.
85045455 547
_ Blomfield, Rev. C.
oat DD. 169

Booker, Rev. L.
LL.D. 68
Bounden, J. 549
Booth, Mr... 136
Bowring,J. esq. 549
Bowdler,T.r.R,8, 68
Vay o ERs! AE
Brayley, E,W, 71
Brande, W. T. esq,
71

Bransby, Miss A.
268

Brayley, Mr. jun.
259
Brealey, Mrs, $. 71
Brewstey, Dr. 76

1

Bright, H. M. A.
267
Bristocke, Mr. 295

Britton, J. F.s.A.
be ie 362, 550
Brooke, A. __.:« 67
Broome, Rev. A.67
Brown, Rev. J..363
Brun, M. MM. 459
Buchanan, R. 661
Buchanan, T, 544
Buckingham, J. S.
350
Buckland, Rev. W.
B.D. F.R.S. 66,449

Buckland, W. H.

"453

Bullock, Mr. 547
Burder, Rev.S.a.m.
545

Burchell, W. J. 545
Burney, Miss, 268
Burton, J. 550
Butler, S. D.D.
F.R.s. 453, 460
Capper, B. P. 55,
449
Cary, Rev, H.F.452
Carey, F. J. 68
Carey, Dr. 453,543
Carlile, Rev. Jas.
269
Carpenter, P. 362
Cashel, Archbish-,
op of 545
Casson, Rev. S. H.
MA». |} 551
Chapman, N, m.p.

544

Chatfield,C. | 548
Chevalier, T, F.R.s.
459

Children, J. G, F.r.
and L,s. 350

Churchill, T. O. 65
Cleaveland, Prof.

Meg hesf |
Clarke,J.W. 66
Coates, Rey. J.A.M.

453
Coffin, J.G, m.v.
74
Cohen, B. 362
Coleridge, S. T. 364. °
ae 4955

Conder, J. 258, 453
Cooper, Sir A. 69
Cottle, Mr. 559,268

269
Clouh, Rev. T. 68
Conquest, Dr. 258,

550
Coxe, P. 67
Coxe, J. H. 68

68

Cruise, R. A. esq.68

169, 460
Cruise Capt, A. 458

Crum, W, 174
Curtis, J. 453
Curtis, J..H. 544,

550

Cuvier, Baron, 549
Dallas, R, C. 70,363
Dana, L.m.p. 75
Daniel, J. F. F.R.s.

69, 363 -

Davenport, R. A.
268
Davidson, D. 167
Davis, Rev. D. 257
Davies, Rev, D. P.

452
Dick, T. 460
Dickenson, W. esq.
267

Dods, A. M.D. 362
Donovan; Mr. — 69
Dow, Rev. J. 269

Drummond, J. L.
M.D. 259, 459
Dubois, C. r.u.s, 70
268

Dubois, abbé
Dulaure, J. A.
Dunean, J. M.

Dunglison, Mr. 454
Earle, H. F.R.s;168,
362

Edwards, I.W. C.
M.A. 362, 453, 459
Egan, P. 450
Ekins, admiral 351:

Elliott, E. 460
Ellis, R. 362
Ensor, G. esq. 67

Exton, Rev. R. B.

169
Fairbairn, J. 543
Fairman, Mr, 70
Faraday, Mr, 174
Faux, Mr. 68
Fawcett, J. a.m. 68
Fenwick, T. 362
Forbes, Sir W. 70,
362

Forster, T. v.e.1.
67, 362

Fosbrooke, Mr. 551

Franks, Mr, 454
Galt, Mr, — 259
Gamble, Mr. 350,

455
Garnett, Miss 259,

451
Gifford, Mr, 451

) 547
Gleig, Rev. G. R.

M.A. 460
Gorham, Rev. G. C.
45>
Gorham, J. u.p. 74
Guy, J. '. 65
Godwin, Mr. 957
Goodwin, Mr. 158
Graham, Dr. ~ 159
Graham, T. I. u.p.
168
Gray, S. F. 459
Gregory, O. LL.p.
544
Groombridge, Mr.
shit 6 4)
Giffin, J, 547
Gurney,G, "459
Haden, Mr, 351

Halliday; Sir A.349

Harding, W. . 362

Harness, Rey. W.
A.M. (A538

Harrison, Chas,

“ FRS, 544,
Haber, Dr. 547
Harvey, Miss J.350,

544

Hawkins, L. M.169
Hemans, Mr... 460
Hervey, T. K. 550
Henderson, Dr, 351
Henderson, J. 351
Henniker, Sir F.
bart. 450
Herbert, E. esq.452
Hibbert, D, 69
Hillary, Sir W, 545
Hogg, J. 268
Holford, Miss 168
Holden, Rey. G.169
269
Home, Sir Everard
298
Howard, H. L. 543
Hughes, J. 0.002.168,

j 363
Humboldt, M. de

; } 258
Hutton, Rev. w.
p 168
Irving; Rev. E. 157
Irving, W. 551
Jackson, Dr. R. 74
Johnstone, W.
A.M. 545
Jones,G.H, 455
Jopling, J. 158
Jouy, M. 70

Kay, T. W. esq. 74

Kenrick, Rev.
John, 65
Kigan,

Kigan, J. 65
Kitchener, W. M.p.
263, 459, 545

Klaproth, J, 454
Kowalski, M, 352
Krafft, M. 74
Lambert, Mr.” 259

Lander, W. S. esq.

71; 363, 452
Landseer, Mr. J.

F.s.A. 71, 548
Langdon, Rev. T.

68

Laplace, M.

Lawton, G. 544

Lefanu, Miss A.

455} 460, 547

Le Keux, J. 451,

* OP 5ag

Lewis, Fred: ©.168

Lizars, Wi H. 168,

459, 544

Lloyd, FE. Ri 460

Locke, DrJ. 75
Lockhart, H. m.a.

267
Lockhart,C. 460,
545
Lodge, E, esq. 66,
550

* Lum, Jos, ésq. 545
M<Adans 155
M‘Diarmid, Mr. 71
M‘Henry, L. J. A.

158
M‘Pheen, Mr. 548
Macleod, Dr. A. 67
Mai, M. A. 260,552
Malcolm, Sir J. 71,

168
Mant, A. C. 158
Harriott, Rev. H.

453
Marshall, Lieut. J.

R.N. 65
Martin, M. 266
Maturin, Rev. €.R.

t 350
Maxwell, S.. 268

Maugham, W.' 459

Maule, Kev. J, M.A.
‘ 68
Mayo, Has 9) 168

Mecklehant, Re 71
Meeke, Mus... 168
Mence, R, ats 958
Merewether, sA4

y 70

IN DE X.

Meyrick, S.R.LL.D.

365
» Miller, Dr.G» ) 70
Mitchell, W. Lr.p.
, 459
Moor,’ E. F.R.s. 67
Moore, Miss \ 67

Moore, A. esq.) 451
More, Miss 545
Morewood, 8. 454,
544
Morgan, Lady 158
Moses, H. 543
Nares, Rev. Arch.

168
Neale, J.P.451,549
Nichols; J. 545

Noble, Rev. S. 547
Oom, Mrs. 71
Opie, Mrs, 451
Oswald, H.R. 168
Ottley, Ww, J. esq.

168
Oxford, J. 76
Palmer, R. . 562

Papworth, J. P. 66

Paravey, M. 73
Parissot, M. 73

Park, Hon. Sir
Jas. A. 167
Pecchio, Count 550

Pepys, W. H. 174
Percival, Mr. 548
Percy, 5. 550

Philips, G. 167, 550
Phillips, Sir R. 449,
543, 544

Riggott, Rev. S.
> th We 169, 460
Plumbe, Mr. 69,70,
351
Poole, FE. R.
Pope, C. 362.
Porter, Miss259,452
Pott, J. H. A.M. 68
Prescott, B. 268
Pringet, G. A: 168,

oye BOT
Probert, W. 459
Prout, Dr. 351
Pursgiove, Mr. sen.
352, 543

Quin, MJ. 67; 550
Quin, M. 2459
Raymond, L. | 168
Reece, R. M.D. 544

Richardson; W. esq.
one ndlz

tec

Riddle, Mr, 351
Robinson, J. D.D.66

‘Roche; Ra My ; ) 363

Ronalds, F. 67, 167
Roseoe, Mrv | 256
Roughley,.T.)! 65
Rowbotham, J..351
Rundall, Mrs, M.A.
Russell, D. 71
Rutter, J. 169,362
Salvin, Rev, H.m.n.

460, 543
Schmidtmeyer, Pp.

345

Scott, E. 67

Seuriey, Mr.» 452,

» BAS

Seagrave, Revs JS.

460

Shaw, Sim. 1u.p.268

Shaw, J. 454, 544

Sherwood, Mrs. 67,

545, 549

Shiel, Mr, 258
Silliman, Prof. 173
Smith, J. G. m.p,
S51
Smith, W. 452
Smith, Rev. T. 454,
459
Smith, Rey. P. 549
Smith, H.N. 156
Smith, Sir J. E. 256
Smyth, Capt. W.H.
R.N. 551
Small, Rev. A. 266
Southey, R. Li.p.
451, 550
Sowerby, J. deC
F.L 8. “350
Sowerby, G. B.
F.L,S. 350
Stanhope; Miss'L.S.
460
St. Clair, Rosa, 363
Stephens, J.T.F.1.s.

451
Stewart; J. 269
Sweedland, BE, 453
Taylor, Jeffs © 351
Taylor, T. 544
Thornton, T. » 549
Thornton, Dr. °550
Thouars, M. 1). 162
Thurlow, Lord 551
Thyer, R. S62

‘Tilloch, A. niin. 88

Tooke, ‘Ty rinis, 67 ©
| ‘i

a

Towers, J. L.
Townley, Mrs. J.
¥ CLT 259
Tudor, W. 75
Turner, S, F.SsA» 66

Tumer, Rev. D:

69

yay a AbD
Tytler, P. F. F.R.S.

r i» 266,
Une, Dr. 71, 259
Van Dyk, He S-esq;;

349
Varley, J. ein d BAS

Yastey, Baron de

wa wpe | i aa
Ventonillac, L.
Hf 158,453,

Yabenty Rey, M..74.

Walker, E,; 352

Walker, Rev, G, A,
: 455

Waloud,. Rev. .R., «;

M.A. i 68

‘Wasnery Rev. R..66,

70, 269

Warr, Rev. D. 259,
545

Waterhouse, B.m.v.
74

Watt, R. m.p. 66,
544

Watts, A.A. 68,363,
547

Watson, P. W. 167
Wellbeloved, C. 67
Wentworth, W. C.

268
West, W.,, 69
Westmacott, C, 258
Westgate, J. 362
Wicland, C. M. 268
Williams, Rey. John

M 65
Williams, 'T. Ww. sesy.
ask Aad

Williams, T,...):/545
Willich, C. M.4.159
Wirgman; Mr, 549
Wordsworth, Weesq.
arin ye ié8
Wright, Rey. GUN.
19doF hive
Wright) We. bio®e

Young, SoBe. i362,

Pe dhe) fF 29* aly »A59
¥ oungmany Wir 68
“sag ths sehic ton Ss

40% 2665
fisvoutoe> fof ies

INDEX

IN DEX TO THE ECCLESIASTICAL PROMOTIONS.

Atley,, Rev. M. A.
OM8Z

Austin, Rev, A.m. A.
~~ 88

Baber, RevL »P.B.De
281

Bedford, Rev. W.R.
* inst

tham, Rev. C.
he cab wigs

Bland, Rev. M. B.D.
a! ‘88

Bouverie, Hon.
and Rev, F.P. 88
Brassey,Rev.W. 281
Brittaine, Rev. Mr.
. 184
Browne,Rev.W.
B.A. 88
Cecil, Rev. W. M.A.
185

Christian,Rev.J. 83
Cliffe,Rev.L.A0281
ae

Cooper, Rev. As 103
Darch, Rev. W.) 88
Daubeny, Rev.F. 08
&
Dicken, Rev. A. 281
Every, Rev. N. 88
Gilby, Rev. W.R. 87
Gisborne, Rev.T.
M.A. 183
Goodman, Rev.
A. M.A.
Henley, Rev. C.
M.Ace 87
Hoblyn,Rev.Mr. 88
Hole, Rev. G. 184
Hulbard,Rev.J.1384
Hume, Rev. G, 183

184

Knight, Rev. W.
B.Ad
Leech, Rev: J... 184
Leicester, Rev. Ox
: 87
Lochore,Rev.Av 183
M‘Arthur, Rev.J. 88
M‘Cairy; Rev. D.
183
Macfarlane,Rev.Dr.
183

Moore, Rev. G. 87
Orman, Rey.N, 281
Owen, Rev. E.P. 87
—-, Rev. W. 87
Paton, Rev. R. 184
Paul, Rev. J. 183
Postle, Rev. E. 184
Preston, Rev. W.S.
M.A. 261
Rennel, Rev. T. 88

a 1845) 284;

Scholefield, Rev. J.
61 98h

Sergroves Rev. J.S.
87

Sheen, Rew: S. om M.A.
oo) 84

Smyth, Rev. E..281
Spragg, Rey. R.m.A.
Tv

8
Steggall, Rev. J. 88
Sumner, Rev. J.M
88
Thackeray, Rev. E
184
Thynne, Rev. Lord
John 88
Warren, Rev. Z. A.
B.A, 184
Williams, Mr. 71
Wood, Rev. W. 88

INDEX TO EMINENT AND REMARKABLE PERSONS,

Addington, Hon.
Mr, 183
_Asgill, Gen. Sir
Charles, Bart. 87
Athlone, the Earl
of 566
‘ Baillie Matthew,
MDs 280, 568
- Bayning, Lord 183
Bloo eld, Mr.
Robert 182, 376
Bond, Right Hon.
~ Nathaniel 374
‘Bridges,Lieut.Gen.
‘Yhomas 87
_ Bridgewater, Gen.
the Earlof 374
Buckley, General
279, 875
Caithness, Karl of
183, 374

Cardigan, Countess
Dowager 86
Carr, Miss 86
Cartwright, Rev.
Eduiwnd,p.v.474,
567
Coombe, William,
esq. 182
Cornwallis, Marquis
163
Dickson, William,
LL.D. 181
Erskine, Thomas
Lord 474
Farnham,Earlof183
Farrington, Gen. Sir
Anthony, Bart.567
Grant, Charles, esq.
474, 566
Hastings, Sir
Charles, Bart, 374

Whose Death are Recorded in this Volume.

Hopetoun, the Earl
of 280
King, John, esq. 375
Ledwich, the Rev.
Dr. LL.D, 181
Napier, Lord 185
Nassau, George
mg we Savage,
; 181
Nobie, William,
esq.
O’Langhlan,
Charles, esq. 374

Perry, Sampson,

> ey 86

Plonket, Mrs. 875

Portmore, the Eart
of 474, 567

Raynsford, Robert,

375

esq. 566
Ricardo, David,
esq. Mw, 279

Richardson, Mrs.
574
oe gh, ee

Richards LordChief
Baron 47 4

St. Germain’s, the
Earl of 566
Taylor, Mr. Charles
574

Willington, Lieut.

Gen. Bailey 566
Winstanley, Rev.

Thomas, p.p. 279
Wollaston, Rev.

Francis John

Hyde, a.v, 374

Yarborough,
Lord 5738
NDEX

INDEX, TO THE NEW PATENTS.

*

: Lagi ee Bh le RPL b 28)
Barton, J. for improvements in Jessop, Mr. for an elastic pisthts - 354
steam-engines ary 531 | Law, A. for bolts and nails for ships. 255
Bordwine, Joseph, esq. foran. instrn- Martin and Grafton for spirit-black 353
ment for finding the: latitude . 530 | Parkes, 'l. fer steelmills_ aoa oth 145
Daniell, J, for rolling i iron bon bars | te _ | Perkins, J..for steam- us 54
for’ ‘tin-plates w yoo) 4 53 | Robinson, S. fora machine for shear, |;
Gauntlett, T. for. inaieberanathats on ing and cropping of verano 531
4 vapour-baths ‘ - 438 ‘Roxby, Mr. fora quadrant, + / 144
Gladstone, J. for improvements in Sowerby, T. for ship’s chain-eables . -, 144
steam-vessels 53 | Whitcher, J. Whitbourn,, J,, at
Goodman, W. for improvements in Pickford, M. for improvements in
legnis, 5 aP ie 1 ow 552 |. ~wheeled- “carriages eroll ee te
i ‘ ed it <q Fat A ic rt om
fa é 4
So a a .

>

SEPARATE ENGRAVING IN THIS VOLUME.

View of the Fread-mill for the Employment of Prisoners'at Brixton-++ «+++» »Page Sis

END OF VOL. LVR) hae

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