ve Shes: peat Sey marin aS kee o> conn ye viet i >> SS DP >>> ‘SDD Me o> SP DLP P@> ‘Zs I> > - 22> >> D> ey D> D>» PS de See ae = 2 PID >> 2D >> : >_ D> 2 BIS: s Ss i> ee > >>>» Sp > >) 2> >>» 2 Se Ee > = WW er w ~ NAG V 2» > 5» > 2» > Sp oe > > OD955 > 330 2» pee ae ~e >_> > oe VY Wy My UW vy > Ss teres + DE a> SS See B3335° SD. 2D Ss> S53 S35 > D> D> = ivi vy WWW ey YY Swuvey sgGeS WUV VINIV FOL AY, ihe We, aan f , af AAAWARARAAARAEW A A A, AAAAAR ANA he \ | AA NAAN A Via ae Anh NAn LAY AR aaal ARAN [NA A aff y \ } SoA AA NA AN AA AAR ry A /\ AAR | \Ay AAA \f AAA VA Nae AAn an ARARN. AY ala - - \) AR AA AAR nanny" ARAAnAN Wala A Aan A al Ne i in ‘a Adm\ee Nin ARI AA Aaa \AARA A IVA rN AON nnn ava | P \ A A AaAAAnann A & AAn. AAA AN \ ANAA, 7 AaAaan SAAAAARAAA Raf MA AAA pun ~ ral ‘ , \F Ann Af A < xf ate iA t AAs Aa u AA AIA AN! AAA BARA A ok ) &~ Asaa A ‘Ote SU ee we EE C @ C a ac OC RQ € Cc « A ,y¥ U ‘a " aa nninnnn _ i Cir wi a eee ee Sd a et Ge We Sy “ee ke ee ys ee ee ee WA ce ee Aan A A! A R An a w, nan A A A =| aA af aly A e\ rn oN OR AAA i ole A ih A A Af Pa Min y ac MANA AA \ N AA << QZLKK CO Ce ral” & Gn. Se, a6 << : a eee 42 @ereals for tinblysipeeae-- eee ae eae. = eee ee ee ees eee oe. eee 445 Cheese, Mo@uetartsscccre pak. <- a1 n2 so5 = temo niee = mnin eeepc are seen on Se 40 Cherry, Black Tartarian ..---..----- .----------+ -------- eee — SOO 427 Chestermonnty pigs. <2. <<. 22 22 awed ----- I es se cos ao COPE ORO Se OS - 237, 246 JW coe pes = 22 Anita Snes 2 311 August and September...-....-...----------------------> 343 October.d.acs esa sees Ja soce sae eeiaee = cle 4 = seater 387 Novemberand Decemer.so5-enseeeeee eee eee eee eee 423 increase and decrease in acreage of, 1868 .....-....-..------:------------ ut Crop statistics of California...-------------:--- -----+ --------+-++-++------- 26, 29, 363 Crops of Hancock county, Dlinois, 1867.....----..--------------------------- 396 Jeffergon county, West Virginia, 1867...-.< .22.2--24- ----+---s- cee 33 Kamsasjesere= sis ee BREA ee mete Pee o5. eros ene a lpogBUeeeeeSocos = 355 Marion county. Oller OM: 2. sso 22-0) nes See eee oleae ee ea 394 Prussia. ISG6.552<6 22 sts cS anes o oc eee eee == = = eee 326 Culture and product of the vine in Europe ....---------------------- +--+ -+---- 146 Cumberland table lands of Tennessee -.--.-.-.--.---------------------------> 220 D. Dairy in Orleans county, Vermont....-.--.---- .----- +---++ e+ 2-22 eee eee eee eee 246 INDEX. V , , Page Prony mons American, in Switzerland’... 225 2256 6226s Sec oe sco dane cee teee 366 Melaware, iarmi resources and! products of 2.05... 5 52 22.55. 2 scl. ete we cece eee 21 Menver Galorado, business'and resources! Of--- 25-52-55 5-225¢ oc. 22 cc cceew ce ese 143 Dittasiow proéess in sugar manufacture ..-..-. 2.0.22. 2 cae cs ce tees ete eee 457 Pe MEINEM Meee ee etame ns one snes oneness et one one ee enn 179, 320, 403 Rngeesy roe Sl eetet ai Foals 2 te = SS Gcho RLS SS Es Seen eee 184 EE 8 5 5 Se So ee ee ace 177, 320, 360, 403 MMGUBS 250 0555 na 55en 6995 SoS05S JosSec SR IE oS S6 250 Mecosodesidacsee 360 ee eee eee a Sone Serer menses eta a ane ce esas cine « meen ee 35, 183 NEU GS) me Sea Be5c0 soce5op 9950S HOSOno, Ss Some beceaseanocebec 35 sinveeGOGS, COM pPaTISOMOLeMpPOlts Olimermaes= sche anata 6 vce s see ace fe oeeieee cee 32 E. Exchanges, international.......- 2A aie no Beebo Sabre dOAeoOUt GsoE cea sCeeaaES 365 Benprts andcimports:. Hrenchy. ssoc ss. ens seicieas shee eee soe tcetltses bees accce 217 Ole CoOLtO NP Ladys ass rehome eset cee coe CHER E oeee wee sete Soe ee eee 4] Eee as Hees ces etoee based deeb asa tcleocca ss dedusues sosue 217 PUL AMOI ok avn ac gwiioc gacae ss ones beeen a ane todees =e sce 30 Wheabanc. four trom Calitormide-=scekmosstotesemens sce sas saceee a 29 LOPE MOAN nasa he tae ce las talcieotaine ieee ai veces soem ee 325 Bree isukain COMES pONGenCe, Of JaNUALY ac. 5)-cin\s ase sana) o- oses So sees ne ees 33 May ANG) JUNG hese kee a'an on patina anoles 243 Mly; cc ocemee sec sss. ones cone cam acini saan 318 August and Sepiember-.-- s26.2)s-% -2--22-oes-) === eee 459 imports of Howe Of 2. n20csex csc comes de deca hoe Bee eee 39 linseed, linseed cake, &c.----! © cerns code de SOR 7 MAN TTES ANS aka ee eee eee rien | een rr 32 wheat imporis Of. .--2- 2. ss—2 sees cee6 pe = eee ae =a eee 285 iH: : Hampshire Down ENG) Ne eon bear 0 doSsen De Se as Baan Soa sp Oeee socsesaaas-- 462 Hancock county, Illinois, crops of, in 1867.-.--..---...----------- ------------ 396 Hog cholera..---. -----+ ---+ 0-2-2222 eee net eee eee cee een cee ee cee 320, 356 Hogs, diseases of.-..-.---- ---- +--+ 22022222 cet e eee cee tees eee eee etree 184, 320, 356 number and prices‘of, January J, 1868~. 2... 22 oo eames wo 137 Hop crop, European ..-..----- -------+ s-2+ 222202 reece ee creer cee cere eee 409 Hops, wool, and grapes in Mendocino county, California_-_.<..--.=------ -2seee 393 Horse-hoeing wheat..----.----------------+ +--+ +--+ e+e + eee eee eee eee reese 90 RTOCSES (a Cimnitl CS nCIS CASES et NO D1 9ee eaeteeeeree elaleee oe. 360 GISGHSES Ol. <-2o- oa-- === © oes amen e= =a ~~ a> 22 oeelseee 177, 320, 360, 403 number and prices of, January |, 1868.....------..---- ------ ---200 te 135 Humboldt county, Nevada, statistics of.....--------.------- -------+----------- 456 I. Illinois, farm resources and products of-....-------------- -+--++-+-e++ +--+ ---- 257 Importation, free, of animals, eecds; and. plants... --. |. 222 =e ane 62 Imports and exports, French.----.------+-------+-++-22 cers eecec steers ee ecee 217 British womcottOneere ess ==- = --s=c6 << = oe eee ea 459 oflmseeds linseed cake, &e -..- .--so0 ene e er ieee === ae 37 Olvussianawheabee..-sec26< =< 2< ee eee ete ee 39 HE Anaahat! Whe ea gaeemeCeee oe sao OsoSaS qemace Gese=ss2- 39, 285 of dry goods, comparison of.-..-----------------------+-++-+--- ee 32 of wools, woollens, and shoddy.-....----------- -----------------+---=-- 95 Indiana, farm resources and products of .--.---.------------------++++--+------ 255 Indian agricultural exhibition .----.-.--.---------- +--+ +--+ -++e-2 eee r eee 406 Cottons = = ee eee eee a BS OOS See osSaseOSS a: 217 [IM SOCtS cece cose ee eee eee eae - Sc 0 06 eS eee eee a ee 319, 452 injurious to the grape ---------------+---------- + +--+ 2 eee ee eee tee eee 452 Towa, farm resources and products of...-..-----.-------------------+--+------ 202 northern, cultivation of fruits in-.--...--..--..----------- -------------- ; 321 Treland, agricultural statistics of..---.---------------+ ++---+ +--+ eee eee renee ee 408 K. Kansas, crops in -.-..--- ------ +22 2-0 tenet eee ee eee eee renee er eee cence 355 farn TesoOunces|ang) products Of -2a2)2--> -e- - ee eee eee 209 grasshoppers in.--------------+ +--+ 2-222 tree ee eee eee eee eee 456 productions in-... ------------ +--+ + e222 ee eee eee ee eee reer eee eee 395 Kentucky, farm resources Ald PLOGUCHS Ofecs- 2eceme mene > =n eee eee ee 127 INDEX. VII L. Page er RMIOHG Heels Obeere: eras Ake een na CAs. oere see bed\ Ss eds cen ceee 407 Linseed, linseed cake, &c., British imports Ole Ryea ee neler ie CFO eRe) oe ee 37 ENE) SOUS Td AR oS ea So ie i et a 35 OME OStOm HOUR = 52 sc Sch i bSaeabech bes Sets SEE ek 38 Mouisivng, tar resources and products of. ..-.22-.-25.0255. -22.20 2.2. eee ene 85 MIRE RAE eee Meme es Steere Ree ees Reem ee es PAE ope ee AS ms 247 Mamma mucan Crops Ol=sesssecs,Sess.ccec)s2 cee os ee eae op bes a< 394 Humbermtiracde of-bay< county, Michigamecess 25-252 3552200-2 2 sece es cccees once 3 pmer par ite Of Catto, HIStory Of. 2.22 .2es25.-25. 0226 coe ace ce ee 440 KEOON Os soscsas docuss ose son oseeos coscobesecanesscos 432 SVN PlOmis! Ofmese stems Rete sect Sete a nee od eee 435 M. Meine tarm resources aud products Of 2220 s<-2-- «2+oce <4~-000ccecs nedies acta 4 PEPE saON OW 1 APPLY CHOY «oui ccecc me etacwicis coche ae Faia a awe hese owas 93 TEMG he duals Hiteln meets aay aye Je Sees Aas s 2S Nese sce eaves essen 38 ONE WU yan OLECOOM COPS Ne ese eave sense Aros ae sere 2 areas ciete ree) ercieete 394 VET oe RCO MES AMC Wella VSISNO Limam tae ne Senne es 6 ade Ao as RAs Socialis aca ce caieee 31 GS PhaiGhNURS com or oun eps bores OCUKdb ao ose LoocDedobone Beec= 30 Meany lan Umpaninenes OUNCES* And prOdGis) Of =e cme sense ee = oe see eee 63 MOOUCULLUTENN eee si swclee sos eas Sate oes Seciea Scacte see etme a aee 219 Massachusetts, farm resources and products of.....-..--.-.-+--. ---- ++ eee eee eee a Mendocino county, California, grapes, hops, and wool in ...-....---.-------.--- 393 Pee Oy OL MGCEMUETY LOOd soso - = ose dn tats o dnjacdi deni delie oso niece eae 43 January, WSGS! I 2.6 saacs seeccs nsccaas eos ces esr sana nee oe etee 96 Hebiaryp USGS ise aa foe cate Sas Seen eee tee hoes sere 157 WE ats ANS Gch gt at Se eo Sh a i net a Pe ae eee Ge d= . Pal NDIA a Miby Mle GGease sates Seimei ee seer awe ete opener 288 oD ad USL Se HAE SNR ie te gs pe ei ER ad IN Spe EEN Sey a 327 SolyrandeAttousti pl BOSia- n+ soeeenle ose sceees Seno Se eee ees 367 Sonsctimerminiene secs. hee aocahh etem ere ie cue eS eta ee 411 OctoherandseNovembermmleos eee sce se cae ce ee eee eee eee oe 464 MICO MPIOLe CHO NAOMOLCHALO Stroma sac erssieeee ase oe sees oe tees sae ses caeelee = 404 Michigan, farm resources and products of.----..--- eee ee ee eee ass 189 MEStCMM sit CUMMING MMe eae a ke Roemer eet OMG te OMe eek akc 322 Rich cows, number arid prices of; January 1/1863 222: 2.2. ........256..-255--- 136 Pan aecomechiseds, MemnTO pe eas. 2% Ue at's al Se itee to a's ons soe ee ta gine s aes 39 difference in quality and value of ese Srey ek Ree meet em ea AE ll Ye 218 Vitter al sire OUnstanrar pera ersrse nthe rts ened LON EE a oe eee 247 S Muannesota, tatin resources and products of "22... 2.8). 52-24-2222 245522 tAtLo 198 Buipsiscipyii, farm resources and products of... 2.8.0.8. 2.2. 2 ede nee oo lil BEHeoun, tari Fesontces and products or. = ot 2240 June Wik se Peace ee we ee eek 263 Rialestanduluries mdiseuses amonmss-4/-6U.'.0 owls ee eeece sence ees dees 360 UEer and prices Of, Januany 0, 1OG0'. 24... ue ES Lok Loe 135 Bees nC UniememeC ene Seer enaete = J 22.) Oe ER eee eae 218 . N: Nebraska, farmwresources and products of..2a.22.2252-- 2--2-- -<<52- 2020055005" 207 EDGE LVN (SUSE. SINE Bee SRST ORI C0 2 ee ee ae re 356 Nevada, farm. resourcesiand products of... -. . 2-222 q-- <4 .e2-2- 222-2 epee aeenes 271 New Hampshire, farm resources and products of.--------.-----------++ ---++-+- 5) New Jersey, farm resources: und products of. .22.-.2..---2--.<--00--22-5-55008- 15 New, Mexico, farm resounegsiand products of <2... .25--- .2<--- »----ecn-ess ters 279 ew Work, farm resources ana@iprodnets Of -...-. -s—-a0 2-2 a5 see occ ene neseenee 10 Worth Curolina, farm resources and products of ....-......----- --22c-=- 0+ --- 73 VALET INDEX. Page Notes’ on the weathers December, MS67.c-co+ css tee a ee emer ce eee cee coees 50 Sannary, OGG) 2.2 2... ~ Sete ee eee ee a, 104 Hepruary, W808. .-<.5-< -ceace ee ee ee er neko oe enae 165 March 18082-4662. 5 Je Se ete = Ss one ra cone ite oe 229 Ap, L868)... 2-ncaeees ccssee ee eennse ee eee acca 297 May, 1668... <2 2s os 2 Oe eee eee ae ree eee 302 June, USS 2. jeans Sis abed one coeeroeeese ts eee oe 334 July, 186822323. ses cca ssc enter e sae Moen eee eee 376 August, 1668) 22-2 een eels de sek aeene esses eee eee 381 September, le@68so2. 54-22 sc os ce meeeet eee ae eee 417 October! W868 22225 3. sb sce .,nn os ee eee: ee 473 November, ROB. ous soe cae ee eee 478 0: Ohio mam resources MiG products: Of meses mncaneeeeeeee eee mes oe eee eee 249 pOrchards; protection Of, irom Wis ----- cee - =e 263 Nebraskaeeoct S22. See heteee 207 Nevadate terete conse cece cose 271 New Hampshire.-.------------ 5 New Jersey ------.-.-..+----- 15 New Mexico) ses2s5sss-c~ enn ~~ 279 New York ....-...----------- 10 x INDEX. Page Special statistics of farm resources and products of North Carolina -.........-.-.. 73 hic... So seins ths eee 249 A Oregon-29. cobs. dete tse Saas 275 Pennsylvanian. sees. -- 5255 2eee 17 Rhode Tsland 32.322 -2-s0<26e 8 South Carolina..-.-...-... -.- 75 Tennessee 2.222252. oes Soe 122 Texas cscs oko See see goa 115 Vermont 23525205 ses eeeee 6 Virginia... 12 202 tineee eee 67 Washington Territory......-.. 277 West Virginia... o-. o-cocesmee 132 Wisconsin. -..- 222. --s-neoeee 194 Statistics, moricultural, of Australia, 2.02262 - nie 394 Sweet potatoes, drying... cose penal s se ewealas me ate Ea = secre = - 5 2a nee 216 Switzerland, American dairymon $n 2 <5. gee m= one e meee en em = 30 = in 366 Ae Tappahanunock wheab.,..s-: s-ncrs snese= ==> =~ -ee eee ose 2 =~ oo = =o aeee 35, 355 in: Califannia .: . seree see eee coke ok: 3.25 35 RMennessee, (Cumberland tablelands ims ersse ete) slaeie a tellement =| a eee 220 farm Lesources ANG productsiphe cma enema eee = eae e-em = ata 122 PREXAS AAITS Was. sense ota eeeciot ce oe See eee eer he= lo = =| oni=\=') See 318 PG] OS AIG ENS pomp eces cons AGne ego DO60o IS05e6 sso pRB SEMSOEA seco c255 451 farm) Tesources|/ and Products|Obs sate =e eee lone mole 115 Habaeco crop, notes .on,. in November. .h- --ssssieecee en =—-~- «250 2e eee eee 431 Menkey sheep farming In <. ciscaor aes soca eee eae © «asian eee eee 365 U. Universal exhibition of agricultural implements...... 2.005 seeees cece ccee scenes 138 INDEX xI Page. Atal, AGrICHIMECIR: o 5.0 gUvasew Scceoderdrcenevecs saeeuswosees cons . ; & , ee ts) ee ee ie (4g ood ees ee cleGueryyeme pai ; 4 E 4 she bees a) Bee aes 4 ore = 7i=2 ~ sa pee el wm ne Gy xs ee : oad) ., = 2 * i 4 — apt! ali ta on eee ie ryee hale A 5 ye ain aes at ee | pete ptnan thes ess ‘aad ‘ ma Big) Sekt 4d , Thi PS rh On Oe eee 2 + swe eden BRE ae . a) jee —_ see t im - 4 t i . AL s Loans 24 5eees cee Per Ge Se RATE, bt A . 5 iW . bd ; ' ; ‘ hy F ‘ #4 ae ote Bald 9 a }<. + HO eee 43143 PAB Mikes) a il | wt a ; ha ti Ait + ~ “<2 - \* “yi v ret — ‘ A 7 ~~ r 2 nik gah = a F “4 a 4 A ' 7 iu ij e > a> Ae -S pS F > aad ial ' Pi aT wih - 9 o f = . : a WwW i = 1% : i ’ er ‘ Z ( 26 c 7 ? - ‘ Steg = ae ah rh. 4 a a alta ae ee oe . . Abe) 3 a te epee peies jie * aS ee 4 , s ‘ be - -< . - - : oe os > ~~ ™ r a 4 Pe =4> = P ‘ - # = £ f ‘ ’ . ‘ * * ~ ; * 2 i ¥ - ‘ - o>. « j ! - » > rn “ < y % a - = F s > : sf = 1 ; Vy 4 Gay ene e= + - is ‘ if t. . * ot iy & | : Ra ‘ ce 4 ‘ 7 y i i $e tl ! 4 e MONTHLY REPORT THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Pew A ear Tee 8 WASHINGTON: — MAUTTVOLMOA TO CDR aelte - cee \ a” a. ¢ ’ - > * . > * ~ 4 . * pie tr : hk Z igh: . Ke " rene ‘Riis C0 iy - she mei | MONTHLY REPORT. WASHINGTON, D. C., February 1, 1868. Sir: I herewith report, for publication, the following matter, collated in January, including subjects as follows: Special Statistics of Farm Resources and Products; Table of Yield and Prices of Farm Products; Productions of California; Greensand Marl as a Manure; the Potato Bug; Comparison of Imports of Dry Goods; Extracts from Correspondence; the Liverpool Wool Trade; Linseed Oil and Cake; Manures in Great Britain; British Imports of Russian Wheat; Prices of Flour in London; Condensed Milk in Europe; Roquefort Cheese; Prussian Agriculture in 1867; Various Matters; and Meteorology for December, 1867. Respectfully, J. R. DODGE, Statistician. Hon. Horace Capron, Commissioner of Agriculture. . SPECIAL STATISTICS OF FARM RESOURCES AND PRODUCTS. A digest and analysis of returns, in response to the following queries, are herewith presented : ’ 1. What is the average percentage of increase (or decrease, if cases of decrease exist) in the price of farm lands in your county since 1860? 2. What is the average value of wild or unimproved tracts of land? and what is the character, quality, and capabilities of such land ? 3. What marked or peculiar resources have you in soil, timber, or minerals ? and what is the state of their development, or inducement for attempted de- velopment ? 4. What crops, if any, are made a specialty in your county ? and what facts illustrating their culture, quantity, and the profit derived ? 5. What kinds of wheat are cultivated ? and which of them are preferred, and why? What is the time of drilling or sowing? For harvesting? And what is the amount and mode of culture? What proportion is drilled ? 6. What grasses are natural to your pastures? How many months can farm animals feed exclusively in pastures? What would be a fair estimate, per head, of the cost of a season’s pasturage of an average herd of cattle ? 7. What are the capabilities of your county for fruit? What fruits are best adapted to your soil and climate? Give some facts concerning yield and profit. It was not expected that subjects involving so wide a range and so extensive a field should be exhausted, scarcely even approached, but the design was to show the results of peculiar and various causes affecting prices of farms and wild lands; to compare the length of the pasturage season in different States and the differing seasons and modes of wheat culture; with such isolated facts as might be deemed of interest relative to certain specialties of production. Returns have been general, and a mass of facts elicited, from which the following statements are condensed. The eastern and middle States are included in this number, : and the southern and western will be considered in the February issue, with deduciions from all the facts presented.; MAINE, 1. An increase in the value of farm lands since 1860 is reported from nearly every county in the State, though not equivalent, with few exceptions, to the appreciation of gold. In Piscataquis county this increase is placed at fifty per cent.; in Cumberland, forty ; Androscoggin, Somerset, and Oxford, twenty-five; Waldo and Kennebee, twenty ; Sagadahoc, ten; Penobscot, seven; York, five per cent. In some localities farms have been thrown upon the market, owing to the searcity of farmelabor, high taxes, and the opportunity to invest in untaxed gov- ernment bonds. Increase in values is more marked in the vicinity of cities. 2. Tracts of unimproved Jand, divested of wood and timber to a considerable extent, of sandy soil, and growth of oak and pime, are held at from $1 to $10 per acre in Cumberland county. In Oxford county similar tracts, valued mainly for growing wood, are estimated at $8. In York rough pasture lands are worth $10 to $12. Average value of wild lands in Kennebec $12; growth, maple, beech, birch, pine, spruce, larch, and fir; cedar swamps ‘becoming valu- able; pine very remunerative ; poorest lands sw ampy and ledgy, yet abounding in muck. In Somerset $5 per acre, the growth paying for the land In Lin- coln $15, two-thirds of it good farming land In Sagadahoc, at the mouth of the Kennebec, a lumbering county formerly, the average is put at $45, though timbered lands are worth $100. The soil, a clayey loam, is suitable for grass. In Penobscot $5. Wild lands in Piscataquis, the Moosehead Lake region, are somewhat rocky, yet capable of cultivation to some extent, and can be bought as low as $1 per acre. 3. The timber resources of Maine are not unknown. In Somerset county, west of Moosehead lake, lumber is yet abundant, mills plenty, and the product sent to warket, the pine by water, the hard wood by railroad. Penobscot has been a great lumbering region, and has an abundance of peat. Cumberland county claims uusurpassed water power, awaiting improvemeut, “ which will st'mulate and develop the resourees of the soil.” Fine granite for building pur- poses abounds in Kennebec. ‘Traces of iron are found in the rock formation, yielding a pigment used by mezhanics in lieu of sienna. In Piscataquis are inexhaustible quantities of slate, plenty of iron, and some lead, silver, and gold. The iron interest, neglected during the war, is beginning to look up; slate quarries are doing a good business. The county lacks railroad facilities for the transportation of these products. York abounds in granite, and a fine article of trippli is worked. 4. In Waldo county, which has a soil well suited to the potato, the cultivation of this esculent is made a successful specialty. Hay and potatoes are extensively shipped from this region, and, in fact, from other sections of the State. In Ken- nebec the potato yield is estimated at 150 bushels per acre, worth $165 at the railroad depots. In Oxford hops are considerably grown, one man (T. P. Duston, of Bethel) having produced 3,800 pounds from three acres, which he sold at home for $1,900. In Lincoln county hay is said to yield a profit of $6 per acre. After planting with corn and potatoes, with applications of stable manure, lands are seeded to grass with some kind of grain; and lands not ploughed are top dressed with ashes, lime, plaster, and superphosphate of lime. ‘Lhe wool business is prominent in Somerset, and fine-wool sheep more abun- dant than elsewhere. ; 5. Among the varieties of wheat preferred are Canada and Wisconsin, Bald Spring, White Malaga, Canada Club, &e. It is very little grown. The time 5 of sowing is reported in York, Lincoln, Waldo, and Piscataquis, “ May first ;” Somerset, ‘‘ May ;” Sagadahoe, “last of April ;” and others indefinitely, “ April and May.” ‘Timeof harvesting, York and Lincoln, “ August ;” Waldo, « August ist to 15th ;” Sagadahoe, Penobscot and Oxford, « August ;” Kennebec, “ early in September ;” Somerset, “ September.” It is significant that most of the counties expressly report ‘“ none” of the wheat drilled, while no county is credited with any portion of the crop as drilled. ; The crop is almost exclusively spring wheat. In Cumberland, within a few years, premiums have been paid on forty bushels per acre; ‘twenty-five or thirty years ago wheat was one of the most profitable crops of this county, but its culture was at one time almost abandoned, owing to the ravages of the weevil, but its disappearance has encouraged some farmers to attempt its cultivation again.” 6. The cost of pasturage varies greatly in the different sections of the State. The highest rate reported is $8 per head for six months; in Penobscot and Lincoln, $6 50; Cumberland, $6; Sagadahoe and Lincoln, $5 for five months; Somerset, $4 for six months. Pasturage for sheep is placed at fifty cents per month in Oxford county. About seven months feeding per year is required— from the end of October to the end of May. Red top, white clover and June grass, with other grasses, furnish the summer pasturage. 7. Apples are produced abundantly and cheaply throughout the State. A correspondent in Oxford mentions a small orchard from which $800 has been received. In Lincoln, instances of a yield of 200 bushels per acre are given, with a net profit of $50. Hardy varieties of pears and grapes are grownin thesouthern counties. The Hartford Prolific, Concord, Delaware and Creveling, if laid down and covered in the winter, have ripened and yielded well. NEW HAMPSHIRE. The returns of this month from New Hampshire are unusually meagre, rep- resenting but three counties—a fact to be deplored, as many facts concerning special industries, and mineral and other resources would be interesting. 1. The increase in the value of farms is stated at 15 per cent. in’ Cheshire county; 10 per cent. in Sullivan and Belknap. The tendency, however, in the latter is said to be downward. 'The increase is generally attributed to the cur- rency and the activities induced by the war. The growth of manufacturing has had a tendency to render farm property more valuable, but this extension enlarged the labor demand and raised the price to such an extent that farmers could not compete, and farms are neglected. But the difficulty is owing to spasmodic rather than healthy increase of manufacturing, and in a still greater degree to the emigration of the farming class to the rich lands of the west, making effi- cient farm labor scarce and high. 2. In Belknap the value of unimproved lands varies from $10 to $75 per acre. Manufacturing villages of recent growth and the building of lines of railroads have wonderfully increased the value of wood or pasture lands in imme- diate proximity, which were previously of little value. In Cheshire an average of $25 per acre is noted, the most valuable furnishing timber and hemlock bark. Wild lands in Sullivan are generally rocky and hard, much of it upon hills and mountains, more remote from railroads, and are worth about $5 per acre. If cleared up they would be of some Value for grazing purposes. 4. No specialties of importance are reported. Hay in most sections is the principal crop. In some localities potatoes are extensively and profitably grown for shipment. 5. Spring wheat is almost exclusively grown. The varieties are almost as 6 numerous as the producers. Drilling is not praeticed. Sowing is done from April 20th to May 20th, according to the soil and season. Harvesting com- mences between the 20th and the last of July, and continues to the middle of August. 6. The cost of grazing cattle in Sullivan is estimated at $3 50 per head for six months; in Belknap, about the same for the season, from May 20th to Oc- tober 20th. In Cheshire the price is $4 for six months. 7. New Hampshire is an uncertain region for fruit production. Apples have sometimes been profitably grown. Belknap claims to be agood county for fruit, and with some show of especial reason, on account of the great extent of water surface in the system of small lakes south of the White mountains. One firm delivered in the town of Laconia, the past season, $3,000 worth of fruit trees. It is estimated that $10,000 has been expended in this county in ten years (mostly in five) for pear trees. One man in the town above mentioned receives $500 annually for pears and plums grown on two acres near the lake. Grapes are grown in very favorable locations. One Isabella vine, neara lake in Belknap, produces annually 2,000 pounds of fruit. The vineis 22 years old, has 11 main branches from the same root, and a total length of vine of about 1,300 feet. It is located on high ground, a mile from the water, soil hard and rocky, the site well protected against winds. The soil is manured with a top dressing of well-rotted stable manure; the vine is laid down but not covered in winter, and the fruit generally ripens and sells for 20 to 40 cents per pound. This state- ment is reported by O. A. J. Vaughn, of Laconia. VERMONT. 1. The increase in the value of farms ranges from 10 to 30 per cent.; the latter in Orleans county, the former in Bennington and Essex. Orange, 11; Addison, 15; Grand Isle, 12 per cent. 2. Unimproved lands are highest in Addison, a good section of the State, and a county famous for sheep husbandry, in which pasture lands are in demand. The average value of wild lands in this county is placed at $20; $5 in Essex ; $6 to $8 in Washington; $8 to $15 in Orange; $10 in Orleans. In some of the counties these lands lie mostly among mountains, with a rough and rocky surface, and are well timbered with hemlock and spruce. The opening of rail- road facilities and the establishing of lumber companies have doubled the value of timber lands in many places. Spruce, basswood, birch, cherry, white ash, butternut, and other species are used for lumber. 3. The disintegration of rock containing carbonate of lime is the source of fertility to soils in the western part of the State, and deposits of muck and peat abound. Soapstone, serpentine, chrome, and iron are found in Orleans. In Orange are copper mines, which have been worked to some extent. A slate quarry has recently been opened in West Randolph. In Monkton, Addison county, an extensive bed of kaolin is worked profitably. In Northfield, Wash- ington county, granite and slate are largely manufactured for building purposes. Marble quarries are worked to advantage in Grand Isle and Rutland. 4, Grass, oats, potatoes, and wheat are the most reliable sources of profit to the farmer. A common rotation in Washington is as follows: First year, corn or potatoes; second, oats or wheat, (mostly oats;) then grass six or eight years. In one or two towns in Orleans hops are extensively grown; in some others potatoes, at the rate of from 100 to 300 bushels per acre. In three or four of these 50,000 bushels have been sold for starch, at thirty to thirty-seven cents per bushel. Dairies are sources of much income. Many Orleans farmers obtain 200 pounds of butter per cow. In Grand Isle wheat is assumed to be profitable, costing $1 50 per bushel, yielding at the present time $2 35, or a profit of eighty-five cents per bushel; and oats fifty cents, selling now at eighty cents. T 5. Soule’s winter wheat, and Siberian and Black Sea spring varieties, are pre- ferred in some counties, on account of early ripening, by which rust and the midge are escaped. Scotch Fife is common in Orange. In Addison, Canadian White-flint, Red-chaff, and Red Mediterranean are sown in autumn, and in spring the Black Sea, Berlin, &e«. The “Gold-drop” gives good satisfaction in Orleans, where spring wheat is grown exclusively, and the practice of bringing seed wheat from the west is common, and productive of good results. In Wasb- ington the Canada Club is preferred, as less subject to rust or mildew ; Tea and Black Sea are also grown. ‘Winter varieties are sown about the last of August or first of September, and harvested the last of July. Spring wheat is put in from the last of April to the 20th of May, and harvested in August. Our Orleans correspondent says he never saw a wheat-drill in the county; that the crop is reasonably sure if sown early, and the acreage is increasing, though but half the local supply is produced. The reporter in Orange alludes to using a one-horse drill last year, the first drilling of wheat of which he has any knowledge in New England. In Addison, summer fallowing usually precedes the sowing of winter wheat, and for spring sowing the ground is usually manured and ploughed in the fall. 6. Pasturing costs from $4 50 to $6, and in Bennington it is estimated at $8. About six months, or from five to six, is the average length of season, and $1 per month about the average price. _ 7%. Reports are not generally favorable concerning fruits; apples, pears, and small fruits are produced with some success. MASSACHUSETTS. 1. The increase in values, in most of the counties, is estimated at about an equivalent of the increase of gold—in some localities, less—in a few others, a little more. The largest increase has been in Berkshire, amounting to fifty per cent. ; in proximity to villages, seventy-five per cent.; in remote locations, thirty- five—about the same as in 1860, if calculated upon a gold basis. The attention of business men in New York has for several years been directed to the mountain air and scenery of Berkshire, and their improvements have increased the value of lands, especially in the vicinity of towns. 2. Some unimproved lands in Worcester county are reported at the low price of $6 per acre. Woodlands in Barnstable may be found at $5 per acre. In Hampden, rocky and swampy lands, with a sparse growth of wood, are worth $5. In Bristol are swamps which are rising in popular estimation, and are regarded, when reclaimed, as the most valuable grass lands in that region. In Suffolk are salt marshes worth, when ditched and made available for hay, $50 per acre. Swamps in Middlesex, susceptible of drainage, are made to yield large crops of Indian corn, potatoes, oats, or grass. Different classes of unim- proved lands are thus estimated: Woodlands, cleared, $16 per acre; swamp lands, capable of drainage, $30; peat meadow, $75. ‘These prices are greater than those of Barnstable, Bristol, and Hampden, by reason of proximity to Lowell and a circle of smaller manufacturing towns. In Berkshire, the best pine, hemlock, and chestnut growth are ‘valued at $250 per acre; lands less densely timbered, at $50 to $75; in less accessible districts, among the moun- tains, the best woodlands, at $100; an average of $100 per acre for timber lands. When divested of timber, the roughest and+most rocky tracts are scarcely worth more than $5 per acre. The planting of the locust is reeom- mended as a profitable disposition of such lands. 3. Peat meadows are receiving much attention. Many have passed into the possession of manufacturing companies. ‘The peat is pressed ina machine, dried, and used for fuel, especially in furnaces. In the town of Mansfield, Bristol county, a mine of inferior coal exists, not now worked, ,The varieties of timber common to New England are utilized most fully, but few peculiar resources of 8 soil or minerals contribute to the wealth of this State. The Berkshire mountain district, of varying elevation, averaging, perhaps, 1,500 feet, is underlaid with tal- cose mica, with detached ledges of lime. East of the Taconic is a limestone range, upon which are the towns of Adams, New Ashford, Lanesboro’, Lee, Pittsfield. West Stockbridge, Egremont, and Sheffield, furnishing very good marble. The white marble of the national Capitol was obtained from this section. The Girard College, at Philadelphia, was furnished from Egremont. East of this lime. ledge is a vein of hematite iron ore, probably extending from Vermont into New York, by a southwesterly trend. In Richmond is a mine that has been worked extensively for forty years, and is yet valuable. ‘The Cheever mine, in the same vicinity, is successfully worked. “The “Leet” has been continuously worked for thirty years, furnishing ore for furnaces in Richmond, Lenox, Hudson, (New York,) and other furnaces. Lime is largely manufactured in South Stock- bridge, and sold at fifty cents per bushel for building purposes, while the lime ashes are readily purchased by farmers at seventeen cents per bushel. Last of Lenox mountain the limestone and iron ore again occur, aud to some extent in Stockbridge, Barrington, and Sheffield. 4. Grass is universally regarded as the most profitable farm crop. Indian corn, oats, and potatoes, are prominent. Gardening, near towns, is practiced success- fully. Productions of the farm, orchard, and garden generally take as widea range as the climate admits. For Suffolk county, the following statements are made: Hay yields 3,000 pounds to the acre; rye, cut and threshed by hand to save the straw, (worth as much as hay,) yields thirty bushels and 4,000 pounds of straw ; cabbage, cultivated in rows, 8,000 per acre; potatoes, drilled in by plough, in rows thirty inches apart, every eye being cut separate and dropped nine inches apart in the row, from 200 to 300 bushels per acre, at thirty per cent. profit. 5. Wheat is little grown. Spring varieties are mostly sown. There is no report of the drili. ‘The Tappabannock, from the Department of Agriculture, has been successful in some places as a winter wheat. In Bristol county some success has attended the culture, and twelve to sixteen bushels per acre obtained. The most popular varieties are some that have been disseminated by the de- partment. 6. Pasturage in Suffolk county costs about $2 per month for neat cattle. In Barnstable, six months in pasture costs $8; in Worcester, $6; in Hampden, five months, $4. The season runs from five to six months, though some herds obtain a partial subsistence for a longer period. In the mountain pastures, June grass gives an early bite; orchard gzags is also early and continues longer ; red top is common, as also white clover. 7. As in other sections of New England, the apple crop is becoming precari- ous in Massachusetts. ‘‘ Formerly there was a great quantity of apples, but of late years they have been blighted by the drought, worm, and other causes,’ is the record in Hampden ; and “ Berkshire,” it is said, “in olden times was noted for its extensive apple orchards, but the old fixtures, planted by the early set- tlers, have nearly passed away.”” Many in this section of the State, as in more eastern counties, are putting out new orchards, and striving to secure a return of the old abundance. ‘The canker worm has been very destructive for several years. Pears have met with some success here, and still greater on the eastern coast, and especially inthe vicinity of Boston, where the soil and climate seem well adapted to their culture, which is made very remunerdative, prices ranging as high as $20 per barrel. They yield well in Bristol], upon a stratum of clay found there. Peaches have nearly failed of late, as well as cherries. RHODE ISLAND. 1. The increase in farm values is scarcely sufficient to cover the depreciation of currency. Newport county is reported at 33 per cent.; Bristol 25; Kent 9 10; Washington 7 per cent. Occasionally a wealthy gentleman will purchase a farm at a price exceptionably high for amateur or fancy farming, the advance being limited by the demands of the seller or the fancy or wealth of the pur- chaser. 2. There is necessarily but little unimproved land in Rhode Island. In the southern part of the State are swamp or bog lands that can be obtained at $10 per acre. There are rough lands in Kent of little value but for wood, worth $15, There is a little rocky or swampy land in Bristol and some woodland, nearly all of which is pastured. No wild lands are reported in Newport. 3. Few peculiar resources exist in this State. An inferior quality of anthra- cite coal is found in Kent and Bristol, offering no inducements for working. A mine is worked in Newport and found useful for smelting purposes. The soil of Bristol county is dark, heavy, with a stiff sub-soil deficient in sand, but strong and productive when properly manured and cultivated, and it does not leach. The soil of Newport is kept fertile by fish and seaweed fertilizers from the waters of Narragansett bay, from the shores of which the extreme borders of the county are scarcely three miles distant. A mixed husbandry is practiced to meet the demands of the home market. 4, The grass and hay crops are reckoned of most value, and generally used on the farms in the production of milk, butter, beef, and mutton. Potatoes and onions are in some localities cultivated for the West India market, with less profit of late than usual on account of the potato blight and onion maggot. Gardening on the borders of the Narragansett bay is found remunerative for the supply of neighboring manufacturing villages in Rhode Island and Massachu- setts. Thirty tons of good manure, costing four dollars per ton, will secure, with proper care, five hundred bushels of onions and four hundred of carrots if not injured by smut and maggot. The onions are planted the first of April in rows twelve inches apart; the carrots on the first of June between the bills of onions, every third row. The onions are harvested about the first of August, when the carrots have ample time to mature. A crop of 10,000 bushels of potatoes and onions in 1867 are reported from Bristol county. : 5. Very little wheat culture is attempted. Other crops are. more remunera- tive as well as more abundant and certain. The White Flint, Tappahannock, White Mediterranean, and other kinds have been tried in Newport, but with little success. A red variety, which succeeded best, in the hands of the reporter, gave 16 bushels per acre on soil that would yield 50 to 60 bushels of corn or oats or 40 to 50 of barley. 6. Pasturage for the season of six to seven months is far more expensive in the more populous and improved portions of the State. It is estimated at $20 for Newport; Bristol $15; Washington $10; Kent $9. 7. Fruit culture is becoming precarious. Insects are more numerous. The canker worm and other insects are doing much injury to orchards and vines, especially near the salt water. Extremes in temperature in spring are injurious. Small fruits are fine and remunerative. The Rhode Island Greening, once the glory of all orchards, is not now produced in perfection. CONNECTICUT. 1. Little change in the prices of lands is noticed, further than is caused by the difference in value of currency, except in proximity to growing manufac- turing villages. In Windham county, it is claimed, prices of lands have varied little in fifty years. 2. A very small extent of swamp or peat lands are found in Hartford county. Their value is from $15 to $40 per acre. Muck is extensively used as a fertil- izer. Small tracts of woodland sell for $25 to $150 per acre. A larger area of uncultivated land is found in Windham county, partly wooded, of some value 10 for pasturage, worth, on an average, $18. In Litchfield are rough pasture lands of low value and woodland valued at $20 to $50, according to the growth. In Telland there is very little unimproved land. 3. Iron, copper pyrites, and silver are reported in Hartford county, but are not worked. In Litchfield county there are valuable beds of iron ore, the man- ufacture of which consumes most of the wood in the northwestern part of the county. The soil of the Connecticut valley is a productive alluvial; west of the river is a belt of rich clay loam; still further west is a good region for gra- zing and general farming ; other sections contain the usual variety of soil and surface found in Massachusetts and Rhode Island. 4. Tobacco is a specialty in the vicinity of the Connecticut. A gross product of $1,000 per acre is sometimes realized; $300 to $600 are regarded as paying yields. ‘The quantity obtained is often 2,000 pounds per acre. From $300 to $450 per acre profit on onions is occasionally received, upon a yield of 600 to 700 bushels. ‘the growing of garden seeds by societies of Shakers and by joint- stock companies is extensively engaged in, and profits are presumed to be large. Corn and wheat are not generally profitable crops. 5. Wheat is scarcely worth mention, so little is produced, though both winter and spring varieties do very well, with proper care; red Mediterranean is gen- erally preferred, as less liable to rust or iyi. It is sown from the first to the middle of September. It is sometimes put in after corn and potatoes, but gener- ally follows tobacco. But asmall proportion is drilled—not exceeding one-tenth. 6. The cost of pasturage in Windham county is placed at 30 cents per week, or $7 50 per season; in Hartford, $9; in Tolland, 16; in Litchfield, dairy cows 50 cents per week. Stock is usually pastured about six months, yet not exclu- sively more than five to five and a half months. 7. Fruit is more successful and abundant than in many other sections of New England. Apples are of the most importance, and some farmers can pay the entire expense of cultivating their farms with the proceeds of their sale. Peaches are less successful than formerly, being injured in many places by the “ yellows.” Pears, plums, cherries, and grapes are grown with fair success; and a large amount of small fruit, in the aggregate, is produced, and a portion sent to the New York market. In Litchfield peaches and plums are reported uncertain. NEW YORK. 1. The average increase in the value of farms, upon the basis of thirty-two coun- ties reported, is 28 per cent. It is not to be expected that land will fluctuate with the movements of the gold market; prices of real estate did not go up with the extraordinary rise in gold in 1864, nor fall with the tumble of metallic cur- rency in 1865; and when specie payments shall be resumed, there is little prob- ability that prices of farms will again recede in New York to the figures of 1860. ‘Lhe average of 28 per cent., in view of all the causes affecting values of real property, indicates an actual increase at the present time of, say, 15 per cent. since 1860; less in remote country places, but much more in the vicinity of towns. The tendency to congrégate in towns is apparently greater than before the war or at any former period, and it is observed alike in all parts of the country. It is so, too, in Great Britain, though such has long been the case there; and it is especially the fact in France, causing much loss to proluction, and no little anxiety for the bread supply and the real welfare of the whole population. The increase is generally greater along the central lines of railways than elsewhere, is marked in Herkimer and other dairy districts, and greatest in the vicinity of Rochester, where it is estimated at 100 per cent. In Seneca county the selling price is at least one-third greater than it was in 1860, and the ‘anxiety to invest in real estate is becoming very marked. Farms which could readily have been bought for $70 now command $100 per acre. The improved methods of farming have been the main cause—under-draining 11 to a large extent, clearing, increasing the manure pile by feeding of stock, and the greater value placed upon the grass and hay crops. Some farms have been very much improved by the turning of the little creeks on the high lands for the purpose of irrigating, and the low lands are bettered by under-draining. In Chautanqua county, many farms that, seven years ago, could have been bought for $50 per acre, would sell now for $150 per acre. 2. The reports of local averages of unimproved lands reduced to a general average, give $32 as the value of such lands in the State. In some cases they are more valuable than cultivated lands; in the mountains of the Adirondack region, and other mountainous localities, tracts of wild lands are found at low prices. In the more populous sections unimproved lands, with the exception of wood and timber preserves necessary to each farm, are either very hilly or swampy. Inthe northern part of Oneida the north woods, a wild tract of spruce with a very poor soil, is worth but $5 per acre. In the Catskill moun- tains, land valued only for bark and timber is held at the same rate. As near New York city as Dutchess county are mountain lands valued at only $10 to $20 per acre. There isa wild tract in Herkimer containing about one hundred thousand acres, worth from fifty cents to five dollars per acre, very billy, full of lakes, and wooded with hemlock and spruce—a great resort for hunters and fishermen in appropriate seasons for such game. In Suffolk (on Long Island) is a large tract which produces quantities of cord-wood, 100,000 cords having ‘been shipped from a single town (Brookhaven) in a single year, estimated at $8 per acre. In Washington county unimproved lands are valued at $3 per acre. Woodlands, in counties supplied only with wood lots reserved upon farms, are often the most valuable portions of farms, as in Livingston and other counties. In Monroe such lands are worth from $60 to $200 per acre. 3. ‘The peculiarities of soil and minerals are too well known for particular mention. ‘Timber that is conveniently accessible is getting-scarce and valu- able. In the western part of the State prices of wood and timber are rapidly increasing ; in Ontario courty the best lumber is worth $40 to $50 per M, and wood $4 per cord. Lumbering operations are rapidly reducing the supply. Mil- lions of feet of the most valuable ship timber were hauled to the St. Lawrence river from Jefferson, rafted down to Montreal and Quebec, and sold to England for a trifle, and now the want of building timber is, or soon will be, felt severely. In Westchester marble for building purposes is largely quarried and shipped to New York; and peat is also abundant, though unworked. ) MSs 10s? BOmnMOnrolinay 225157212. uu 35 85 | 11.6 | 10.9 int (ee eae | 66 66 | 11.6 | 10.4 LNG, SS ee eS eee Sven meee | Panne fab aca PATADAMS 05 (tee ae eS Sed Jee 2 46 Bly | 1252) 1 MBSISBIID! he ceiey One ate et Se a 50, 377 | 15 10.3 | ENG VST oe ae SG Ue 10 10 PRGRAS) 2a 3 seis wise kia oe Jos SSR 78.3 92) |) 8.55| 59 PATGANSSA.. 5525 A eee ee 68. 6 85 | 14.9 | 10.4 MeNMESSEOs ss crciees Se cok ach aate 82 69 | 15 11 West Virginiay 2i:..2 sees. coe 86 73 | 14.6 | 10.2 MOMBCKY «ios, 2. saee se anes 68.8 64 | 10.5 | 9 IRSNOUTE cc 2c sees Seto /aod aatataet 86 69) | J4ea | 4 955 Milimoises osaapegses 255.5 see 87 68 | 10 935 HAVEN |: fo seey eee ee eee 88. 1 671 12.1.| 1063 ONO) = seictnane ee iat Ae tts 84.8 69 | 12.5) 9.8 Michigan: 2 2aes see ta Sass 99, 4 87 | 13.5 | 9.8 AVASCONEIN Jose eao sateen. oh es. 67.4 Aa 96) 9.5 ERNINOS OLS, .6)<. tt a seis oa tar 86 96 Ba). 02 TOWRA r as <6 = oo sed Sele Seis es 113.4 ae 39 9.1 Ren Sane. 5... . <- cans abies « 111 74 |} 11.4} 9.9 Nebraska eer ee oe 133 BO se 5s) 8 2ec. Average amount sown last fall compared with 1866. s© to Average condition of same on lst day of January, 1868. WINTER BARLEY, on Average amount sown last fall compared with 1866. 1gt day of January, 1868. Average condition of same 10 10 10.5 | 10 9 10 9.6 8.7 10 9.3 10 10 10 9.3 14 9 10 10 9.8.| 1053 9.6 | 10.5 8.7 9 12 10 11 10 98!) 20 9.6 8.3 8. 4 9.3 9.2 9.9 9.6 ad 9.8 9.5 10.6 | 10 9.4 9.6 8 10 10 10 9.8 9 26 PRODUCTIONS OF CALIFORNIA. The estimates heretofore given of the agricultural products of California are actually exceeded by the exhibit of the surveyor general, from returns of the assessors. It is the first official report made, and a summary will be found in- teresting, as made by our correspondent, Horace D. Dunn, as follows: For the first time in the history of California, the surveyor general has been able to make a report of its resources, which may be considered approximately correct. This result is very gratifying to our people, and reflects great credit on Surveyor General Houghton, who, in 1866, induced the legislature to enact a law making it the duty of assessors to inquire into and report statistics of the resources of their respective counties, under penalty of loss of one-fourth their salary. The only drawback is that the reports are required in November of the preceding year, making the information fully twelve months old when it is given to the public. As matter of interest to the department and the people of the Atlantic States, I herewith append an extract taken from the report, and a partial synopsis of the statistics connected therewith : For many years the mining interest of the State largely preponderated over the agricul- tural, but a change is rapidly and steadily taking place. This is abundantly shown by com- paring a few years of the assessors’ valuations of the counties styled mining counties with those devoted almost entirely to agriculture. Production of leading staples——The value of the total production of a few of the leading staples of our State for the year 1866, so far as reported, may be summed up as follows: 14, 080, 752 bushels wheat, at $1 per bushel ..---..--..-..-..----.------- $14, 080, 752 11, 605, 922 bushels barley, valued at 45 cents per bushel ......-.-...---- 4,722, 615 1, 864, 379 bushels oats, valued at 50 cents per bushel .----...---..------ 932, 189 3o8;0e4 tons hay, valued at $8xper ton ¢..- 25 -..b 2.8 cba eee se cess cts 2, 868, 672 4, 449, 835 pounds butter, valued at 30 cents per pound ..---.-.---...----- 1, 334, 950 2, 110, 058 pounds cheese, valued at 15 cents per pound ....-..-----.----- 316, 508 5, 229, 826 pounds wool, valued at 16 cents per pound ....-..-..-------.- 836, 772 1,791, 633 gallons wine, valued at 40 cents per gallon ..--.......-..------ 716, 653 1, 983,068 bushels potatoes, (sweet and common,) valued at 60 cents per VETS HG wera Sart he Nae Bs Sate Oe er ae Re ce ame A nie ent eh 1, 195, 841 181, 850 bushels peanuts, valued at $3 per bushel .-..-..-.---.----------- 545, 550 242, 213 bushels beans, valued at $1 50 per bushel .-----.----.-----.----- 363, 319 ALG UE Ce eae See EL a nes ae ry tae Ee ee ee eae a ee 27,913, 818 In the above estimate of value I do not think that the quantity reported by the assessors of a single product is large enough, except it may be the one article of barley. Wine, wool, hay aud potatoes, I believe to be much too small; yet the total is several millions of dollars in excess of the gold product for the year 1866, which, from the most reliable information to be obtained, may be put down at $24,000,000; and it is highly gratifying to know that, as fast as the gold product of our State falls off, the agricultural products much more than make up the deficiency. From the siatistical tables of the report I glean the following items : 1866—land enclosed, 4,207,131 acres; cultivated, 1,774,327 acres. In wheat, 690,745 acres, yielding 14,080,752 bushels, an average of 20 bushels per acre. Largest wheat-growing counties: Santa Clara, 109,000 acres, 3,506,000 bushels; Solano, 141,150 acres, 2,117,250 bushels; Yolo, 47,705 acres, 1,446,579 bushels. In barley, 472,621 acres, 11,605,922 bushels, an average of nearly 25 bushels per acre. Largest counties: Santa Clara, 81,000 acres, 2,194,000 bushels ; Monterey, 22,375 acres, 1,221,500 bushels; San Joaquin, 48,294 acres, 922,000 bushels. , Tn oats, 48,583 aeres, 1,864,379 bushels. Largest county, Mendocino, 10,000 acres, 200,000 bushels. In potatoes, 18,886 acres, 1,834,603 bushels. Largest county, Sonoma, 3,300 acres, 241,192 bushels. In hay, 295,716 acres, 358,584 tons. Largest county, Santa Clara, 16,000 acres, 30,000 tons. In hops, 318% acres, 200,912 pounds. Largest county, Sacramento, 36 acres, 38,300 ounds. 5 In tobacco, 143 acres, 63,017 pounds. In cotton, 2 acres, 150 pounds, (San Bernardino.) In silk cocoons, 296 pounds. Largest county, Santa Clara, 150 pounds. P Butter, 4,449,835 pounds. Largest counties, Marin, 1,337,500 pounds; Sacramento, 379,350 pounds. ; Cheese, 2,110,058 pounds. Largest counties: Santa Clara, 543,000 pounds; Marin, 378,600 pounds. 27 Wool, 5,184,826 pounds. Largest counties: Santa Barbara, 587,500 pounds; Los An- geles, 405,000 pounds. Apple trees, 1,694,986. Pear trees, 482,477. Peach trees, 1,088,038. Plum trees, 234,280. Almond trees, 28,640. Walnut trees, (English, ) 17,271. Olive trees, 12 881. Lemon trees, 3,029. Largest county, Los Angeles, 1,842 trees. Orange trees, 11,284. Largest county, Los Angeles, 8,799 trees. Grape vines planted, 19,710,814. Largest counties: Los Angeles, 3,000,000 vines ; So noma; 2,830,195 vines ; Sauta Clara, 2,00 000 vines. Wine, 1,791,633 gallons. Largest counties: Los Angeles, 600,000 gallons; El Dorado, 235,680 gallons; Sonoma, 199,030 gallons. Brandy, 127,140 gallons. Largest counties: Los Angeles, 79,000 gallons; Sonoma, 6,835 gallons; Sacramento, 5,714 gallons. General statistics —Horses, 109,907. Largest counties; Los Angeles, 10,901; Sacra- mento, 8,873; San Joaquin, 8,836. Mules, 21,310. Largest counties: Shasta, 1,942; Yolo, 1,976; Sacramento, 1,828. , Cattle, 436,363, as follows: Cows, 150,198; calves, 78,305; beef cattle, 188,352; oxen, 4,150. Sheep, 1,346,749." Largest counties: Los Angeles, 135,000; Santa Barbara, 104,358 ; Colusa, 101,228. Cashmere and Angora goats, 2,753. Hogs, 332,049. Hives bees, 27,204. Grist mills, steam power, 74, with 187 run stone; water power, 65 mills, with 112 run stone. Flour made, 1,655,327 barrels. Saw mills, steam, 180; water, 160; sawing 188,938,643 feet lumber. Woollen mills, 2, using 3,500,000 pounds wool. Cotton mills, 2, using 110,000 pounds cotton. Railroads, —, with 3622 miles rails laid. Coal mines, 63,350 tons; all in Contra Costa county. f Total assessed value of property in the State for 1866, $197,789,107, as follows: Real estate, $93,379,737 ; improvements, $15,306,817; personal property, $88,239,582. ‘ Lape population, (estimated, ) 470,597; registered votes, 119,481; poll tax collected, 288, 494. The report also gives the following figures relative to 1867, the present year: Land culti- vated, 1,793,286 acres; of which 846,377 acres were in wheat, and 354,873 acres in barley. The largest wheat counties were: Solano, 160,000 acres; Santa Clara, 150,000; and San Joaquin, 91,790 acres. The largest barley counties were: Santa Clara, 40,000 acres; San Joaquin, 30,616 acres; and Sacramento, 30,000 acres. It will be seen from the foregoing that only 18,959 acres of additional land has been cultivated in 1867. The total of wheat and barley in 1866 were 1,163,366 acres, while in the present year there were 1,201,250 acres, showing an increase of 37,884 acres cultivated in those grains. The greatest disparity between the two years is in the different apportionment, viz: in 1866 there were 690,745 acres wheat, while in 1867 there were 846,377 or 155,632 acres, or over one-fifth more land. In barley, in 1866, there were 472,621, and in the present year 354,873 acres ; a decrease of 117,748 acres, or fully one-fourth less. No statistical information of the crops of 1867 (the present year) have as yet been received by the surveyor general from county assessors, so that no estimates made can be safely relied on. As the crop of wheat in 1867 was harvested from fully one-fifth more land, it is probable that as much was produced as in the preceding year, although the grain was some- what less in weight per bushel than in other harvests. The demand for wheat has been great, at very remunerative prices, and supplies have been brought forward more freely than in previous years. The total receipts of the harvest of 1867, at this port, from July 1 to De- cember 23, amount to 4,265,008 sacks, or 7,108,346 bushels, of which 3,157,083 sacks, or 5,261,805 bushels, have been exported up to December 25, 1867. Large as our exports of wheat have been, it is highly probable that they will be much increased next year. Our farmers have learned by experience that summer fallowing and dry ploughing insure good crops, even in dry seasons, and the practice has been largely indulged in this year. The high price of wheat has also stimulated capitalists to engage in its culture, and many thou- sands of acres of land are being broken up for the first time, and will be put in that grain. In fact the desire to plant wheat seems to have becomea mania, and land has been rented at higher a than was ever known before. What the aggregate of new land planted in wheat will be I have no means of knowing further than the practice is general-in all the val- ley counties in the State. In one county, (Contra Costa,) I am credibly informed that two tracts of land, of 5,000 acres each, have been rented, and will be sown in grain for the first 28 ime; and many farmers are sowing all their land in wheat, with exception of small plats hat they require in other grains, for their own use. So far the winter has been most favorable for planting, and I believe that at the present time as many acres are already in wheat as produced the entire crop of 1867. I judge that there will be fully 150,000 acres of new land put in wheat before the season passes; and, unless very adverse weather prevails, the crop of wheat in California, in 1868, will be fully 30,000,000 bushels, which will make her the first wheat-producing State of the Union. This will, doubtless, seem strange to the people of the Atlantic States, who have looked upon California as most valuable fer her mineral wealth; but I predict that in less than a decade she will, in agricultural wealth, be the richest State, for her products are more varied and valuable than can be found in any similar area of land in the Union. The great want of California, at present, is population, for there is room, and profitable employment, for 100,000 additional workers, within the coming year. Give the necessary population, and California will astonish the world with the variety, quantity, and value of her agricultural products. As you will see by reference to the statistics, in the first portion of this letter, we are mak- ing great progress in the production of hops, silk, butter, cheese, wool, wine, and brandy, while the cultivation of semi-tropical fruits, olives, and nuts, is attracting considerable attention. . From extensive personal observation derived the past year, I am inclined to agree with the opinion of the surveyor general, that scarcely a single product he has named in the list is reported in sufficient quantity. The number of vines, and the amount of wine made, I feel certain are largely understated. As an illustration, Sonoma county is put down as hay- ing only 2,830,195 vines, and made 199,030 gallons wine. I happened to be in Sonoma valley last October, when the township assessor had just completed his assessment of vine- yards, aud heard him state that he only assessed vineyards as having 600 vines per acre, and did not count the cuttings of 1866 at all. I visited most of the vineyards in the valley, and found that there were from 660 to 1,400 vines planted to the acre, or, on an ayerage, fully 900 vines—just one-half larger quantity than had been assessed. I had occasion, a short time since. to make inquiry regarding the wine crop of Sonoma valley, for 1866, of Arpad Haraszthy, formerly of that place, but now of San Francisco. Mr. Haraszthy made a memoranda of the vintages of the principal wine-growers in the township, which footed up 360,000 gallons, for 1866, and calculated there must have been considerable more made in small lots, which he could not remember. Sonoma township makes from two-thirds to three-fourths of the wine produced in the county, which would make the latter about 500,000 gallons, instead of 199,030 gallons, reported. Of the other crops of 1867, the following quantities have been received in San Francisco up to date, (December 26,) viz: Barley, 379,123 sacks, 100 pounds each ; oats, 182,356 sacks, 100 poundseach ; and 350,781 sacks potatoes, the sacks averaging 140 pounds each. With exception of potatoes, all the above are consumed in this city, or exported, the other portions of the State producing their own supplies, besides shipping largely to other points, by land, in Nevada and adjoining Territories. The above is but a slight sketch of the productions of California, of which her people feel justly proud. The total population of the State, in 1866, was estimated at 470,597. Of these, fully 130,000 were in this city, 12,000 in Sacramento, 5,000 in Marysville, 6,000 in Stockton, 3,000 each in San José, Santa Clara, Nevada City, Grass Valley, and Placerville; making a total of 168,000 people in nine towns. ‘The other interior towns, villages, mining camps, the inland and coast navigation, and railroads in course of construction, will absorb fully 100,000 more; leaving an agricultural population (counting men, women, and children) of about 200,000, who have produced the amount of articles derived from the soil as before stated. If any similar number of farming population in any other State of the Union have or can make as good a showing as the result of their industry, the people of California would like to know it, when they will try again. From the San Francisco Commercial Herald and Market Review we extract some valuable and interesting statistics of the crops of California for the past year as compared with the preceding year. ‘The total receipts and exports of wheat, flour, oats, and barley of San Francisco for the year ending December 31, 1867, foot up as follows: Receipts. Exports. aylidat’; .\.< sie) lL eae Bere 9 2 sacks..-... . 6, 603, 676 4, 659, 285 0 RS a sy RRA oe PARE aay Yet enh barrels...... 470, 388 519, 309 2S ae ore bots ice ici ete meeiet ace sacks...... 261, 363 ‘10, 782 PI TMMIE ola 2 Lola ve win 'n Ulan eoteen eye Wie sacks...... 725, 783 68, 232 29 The following table exhibits the receipts and exports of flour and wheat since July 1, 1856: RECEIPTS. EXPORTS, Flour. Wheat. Flour, Wheat. Qr. sacks. Sacks. Barrels. Sacks. July 1, 1856, to July 1, 1857...--... 152, 509 340, 030 36, 541 22, 257 July 1; 1857, to July 1, 1858-..-.-. - 141, 825 243, 052 5, 387 3, 801 July 1, 1858, to July 1, 1859....... 274, 216 433, 002 20, 577 123 July 1, 1859, to July 1, 1860..-.... 365, 628 985, 026 58, 926 381, 766 July 1, 1860, to July 1, 1861...-... 455,115 | 2, 160,723 197, 181 1, 529, 924 July 1, 1861, to July 1, 1862....... 426,260 | 1,361,218 101, 652 851, 844 July 1, 1862, to July 1, 1863..-.... 638, 352 | 1,864, 652 144, 883 1, 043, 652 July 1, 1863, to July 1, 1864....... 402,408 | 1,846,118 152,633 | 1, 071, 292 Judy 1, 1864, to July 1, 1865....-.--. 538, 941 527, 881 91,479 25, 360 July 1, 1865, to July 1, 1866.--.--.. 716,053 | 2,198, 158 279, 554 1, 039, 518 July 1, 1866, to July 1, 1867..-..-- 1, 192, 275 5, 079, 71 465, 337 3, 636, 194 July 1, 1867, to Deccember 31, 1867. 779, 444 3, 926, 314 198, 183 2, 644, 019 Of the 2.644,019 sacks of wheat exported during the six months ending December 31, 1867, 2,333,342 sacks went to Great Britain, and 239,106 sacks to New York; and of the 198,183 barrels of flour exported, 43,947 barrels were sent to Great Britain, and 57,770 came to New York. The close of the year 1867 found the market for all grades of wool at a lower point and with less movement than at any time since 1861. The receipts for the year were as follows: Spring clip, 6,206,930 pounds; fall clip, 2,421,356 pounds; from Oregon and elsewhere, 859,400 pounds ; pulled wool, 1,000,000 pounds. ‘Total, 10,487,686 pounds, against 9,487,686 in the preceding year. Exports in same period, 7,221,327 pounds. An increase of twenty-five per cent. is anticipated in the California clip of 1868. It is estimated that there are now 1,000 dairies in California, with a product of about 5,000,000 pounds butter and 2,500,000 pounds cheese in 1867. Marin couuty is the chief butter-producing county of the State, there being no less than 3,500 cows, divided into 17 dairies, grazed on a single ranch consisting of 75,000 acres. ‘There are 100 dairies in the county, and the average yield is one pound of butter daily or 200 pounds for the season for each animal. The in- creased production of butter and cheese greatly reduced the importations for 1867, the imports of butter being little more than half the amount of preceding ear. The following table gives the destination and value of all merchandise and produce exported in 1867, in comparison with 1865 and 1866 : To— 1865. 1866. 1867, New York, Ge ooo)... te. os. 3. -- = -| $6, 200, AIS | Bo, 744, 384 || 26, 760, 378 Baers ees a hE 7 1,175,658 |} 2,609,262] 8, 318, 642 MMoxico\..\. sine. ee Jost he alist we 6 oh ROS? F041 703: 20d 1, 992, 862 tl Ammer Nee eye 541, 538 381, 132 770,509 1) EPP TES aoa Fd by £00 [SY 2 2 748, 142 894, 891 665, 366 China ...-. EEE cic cae ace accel Ly eoontae.| Tih Olo. lve’ |) dngeo, ooo British Delambini mmc. oro" iors eK: 1,257,629 | 1,073, 347 978, 993 Papas: 62.2... eae. 2 ews sae 122, 061 - 123, 702 811, 063 Australia, oe 4a, 546,808 | 2,666, 455 62, 999 iher COMNGICS. «<2 nce Sonn yee oe 575, 322 588, 466 | 779, 755 Motil... 2... LUNIA 2th ie oF peep ene) 17; 908,078" '22, 465, 988 30 The exports of treasure for the same period foot up as follows : RAE en ae, Geen ABRAM anaes Ma aU eae a (ody eS Pm Se $23, 355, 903 45 "To Fieri oe ee ae oboe ies oleate igen me oa el pa le eee 5, 841, 183 99 FD BRATS epee antes ohalke ve asve eval icons chats cokshete el areme eM ALA 1, 283; 2850" FG anette aes Sie (Sry hae Sia eM le eet ete abate ce iawaiar ts icin 9,031, 504 35 Tones sere lL ee ie ee eeleleinl we = 641, 949 52 ui Dass Erica ay a ga SRP RS a ea Te et ae 372, dol 70 piheritral Ameri@ai. dais pee ee wletetellatmia's weiter be ate tie mie oie 171,980 00 Mare; alinatelandss ! . Ree ee OC ee Gin bp oto ote a bie eee ele 57, 032 45 Melwexico' CO a2 so Re Oe RL, | Saeatec aes ale, 42,000 00 ‘Mey Valparaiso... 2 eee ees «iain sas == = alee se ee = 723,450 97 Ll Doha Dendy Mae eee ee Re Siti LC A dl ba iis al seu et a 500 00 FICO ae Cored 8) begs eee Ye sheers Sec Sto ienet. Rieic \- anes aie Se ote 155, 000 00 otal tn Veer! ee te was ce e's et eae eenee ee oak 41, 676, 722 16 otal LS GOK sk e-toc ee arte coe oS pee Bnet --- 44,3645 393 a Wecrease wise T Rise Bee ee I, cS lie oe SE 2,688, 100 89 SS The combined exports of treasure and merchandise during 1867, as compared with 1865 and 1866, were as follows: 1865. 1866. 1867. Neves Lee Me yaa ces a cig ter eae op $45, 308, 228 | $44, 364, 394 | $41, 676, 292 Mierelaidige:sivjis). Sse. ates etoile teers ae niess 14, 355,399 | 17,303,018 | 22, 465, 903 epee CUNY Aik hilly, AML oP ry 59, 663, 627 | 61,667,412 | 64, 142, 195 To the above amount of treasure should be added about $6,000,000 shipped east by the United States sub-treasurer, making the total $47,676,292, and the aggregate of treasure and merchandise $70,142,195, GREENSAND MARL AS A MANURE—‘Continued.) The marls of the State of Maryland, for the purposes of examination into their composition or value, may be conveniently classed as follows : 1. Containing shells or carbonate of lime in considerable amount. 2. Containing a preponderance of the true greensand element—glanconite. That is, these marls may be valuable either as containing potash, in the glau- conite constituent, or carbonate of lime derived from the presence of the fossil shells. ‘Those varieties which contain the glauconite are the most valuable, and the nearer the approxch of those to the standard of the New Jersey marls, as given in the last communication, the more desirable are they as manures, since potash is more desirable as a manure element than lime, because more costly when purchased by the farmer, and not usually found in any amount in mineral substances used as manure, while, on the other hand, lime carbonate can be derived from many sources and at comparatively cheap rates. The greensand particles being much heavier than the calciums or other constituents of the marl, are easily separated by washing, when the relative amounts of them may be 31 determined. Thus, a specimen of marl from near Marlborough, Maryland, fur- nished by washing— Dark greensand grains ......--- Ae aCe ee ee et ee 4579 Shelly particles and clay .-..-..-.-s5---------0------. 54.21 100.00 Now many agriculturists would consider this marl rich in possessing the lime element so abundant, whereas its real value is in the amount of greensand, which, in the proportion above, would yield between five and six per cent. of potash, estimated in an uncombined form; five per cent. of this form of potash would represent eight and one-third per cent. of pure carbonate potash, so that the above amount of greensand grains would yield in 45.7 pounds about five pounds of pure carbonate, or just 100 pounds of the same pure salt to the ton of marl as now constituted. As the shelly particles were found to yield forty- five per cent. of carbonate of lime, each ton would yield nearly 900 pounds of mild lime. The analysis would thus show that the valuable ingredients in one ton of this marl are 100 pounds of pure carbonate potash and 900 pounds of car- bonate of lime. In a ton of farm mauure (cow) there are obtainable not quite three pounds of carbonate of potash, so that the amount of alkali afforded by this marl is greatly superior to that given by cow manure; and as an average crop of potatoes raised on one acre removes from the soil about 102 pounds of carbonate of potash, there is in one ton of this marl nearly a sufficient amount of that salt to replace what the potato removed, supposing the manure to be evenly spread over the whole surface of the ground. In the lower counties of Maryland the marl beds extend and cross the Poto- mac into Virginia, near Aquia creek, along which into the interior it may be traced in Stafford county. ‘The following is the constitution of a marl from the Maryland side of the river at that point. By elutriation, or washing, in 100 parts of dry matter: Pine -yelluweehiy .j Pej Posie Se 8 S28 Serie rie a 48.00 Dalearedus matter, (ANeUn Gs tie.s foe See tee Se ia 18.00 BaPRT TL Doreen) hate eae aN cde 3 3 aisle so aielalel de < aikido 10.00 Grcendand marly dmpuarercciw ies nae Si Soe ee 24.00 100.00 And by chemical analysis it yielded in 100 parts: Quartz and fine sand ..... 3 EOE Pee ye 58.5 Mluminaiand Perot GEMM) shee. nha nwrere's weve ts eite BY 2 Porbandar ime pemre dl bese ts ct oS ee PN ie Carbonate of magnesia, traces. Soluble saline matter containing ? of one per cent. of potash. . 0.3 Motstereranablepsy siacs ate. 5. oi WS ae Se 11.8 100.0 The proportion of potash in one ton of this marl is about twenty pounds of pure carbonate, corresponding to about twelve per cent. of pure glauconite in the marl. The carbonate of lime being seventeen per cent., the total quantity per ton of these two elements would be 20 pounds of pure carbonate of potash and 170 pounds of carbonate of lime. This marl, therefore, has one-fifth the money value of the one from near Marlborough. me 32 THE POTATO BUG. We have received from Mr. J. S. Little, Rei, Ripley county, Indiana, the fol- lowing communication in regard to remedies for the potato bug, (Lytta,) which are worthy of trial : Take sawdust and coal oil, (that used for burning,) about one bushel of the former to half a gallon of the latter; mix well together and sow broadcast, com- mencing on one side of the field, and as the ground is gradually covered the bugs will be driven out. make their appearance. The operation should be repeated as often as the insects This was tried with other remedies in 1866. Make a weak brine of common Kanawha salt, one and a half pounds to two and a half gallons of water, to be sprinkled over the vines after sunset, that they may have the night to take up the salt. the tops to wilt. in 1867, alone, and proved effectual. If the brine is. too strong it will cause Three applications will prove it asure remedy. ‘This was tried [Notr.—The above remedies may be very good, but great care should be taken in the use of salt, as the remedy might be worse than the disease. | COMPARISON OF IMPORTS OF DRY GOODS. The following is an unofficial statement of the imports of dry goods into New York in three successive Januarys : + ENTERED FOR CONSUMPTION. Manufactures or wool siete 22 2 oes cee eee oe eee Manufactures:of cotton ss.u.d bse eee os 2: = Manutactaues Gtssilk=. ocecie- secs Serete a noua Manufactures of flax.......... Miscellaneous dry goods....-------------------- Total entered for consumption..-..--..----- ENTERED FOR WAREHOUSING. Manufactures of woole.c22226 2. ene eee eaeeee Manufactures of cotton.......2 c.05 ss0s ecco eos Mantactures of silk... =. 52 eee ae ae eee Manufactures of flax......-...--- Miscellaneous dry goods -- Total entered for warehousing.-.......-..--- Total entered at the port..........-.- Total withdrawn from warehouse......--- Add entered for consumption......-.-...- Total thrown on the market ..........-...-- 1866. $3,740, 464 2,181,451 2.177, 813 1, 798, 390 839, 912 10, 738, 030 $2, 313, 860 1867. $1, 680, 183 1, 625, 857 943, 349 954, 847 632, 234 5, 856, 470 $2, 182, 140 1,108,648 | 1,720,379 827, 835 988, 480 648.349 | 917,864 132, 369 283, 539 5,031,061 | 6,092, 402 15, 769, 091 | 11,928, 872 _......| $3,775,612 | $3, 060, 973 _......| 10,738, 030 | 5,836, 470 14,513,642 | 8,897,443 TAG. 1868. $573, 838 645, 633 1, 011, 850 496,704 432, 027 3, 160, 052 $742, 515 474, 220 285, 623 321, 216 135, 733 1, 959, 307 5, 119, 359 $1, 604, 974 3, 160, 052 4,765, 026 The falling off in imports of manufactures of woollens is significant and grati- fying. The total amount thrown upon the market in January was but 33 $1,059,489, against $2,970,028 in January of 1867, and $5,153,967 in January of 1866. In seven months past there has been a decrease of $9,000,000 in value of these imports as compared with the same period of the previous year, and $14,000,000 as compared with a similar period of the previous year. It is to be hoped that this diminution will be continued. EXTRACTS FROM CORRESPONDENCE. Shepherdstown, Jefferson county, West Virginia —The following is a sum- mary of the agricultuial products of this county for the past year, as furnished by our correspondent, Dr. H. C. Evans : ‘ Products, | Bushels. | NOx oF | Average | Pace. | rout valu Indian corn...----.------| 465,990 | 15,533 27.5 $0 90 $419,391 00 Wiihtenteee steer: 202 5..21) 2B6716 | 20, 584 11.5, 2 37 551,016 92 Tepe eee ea eS -~2)-4}, » 10,430 | 91,043 10 1 45 15, 123 50 Oats....-.---------------| 37,365 | 1,366 7.5 0 55 20; 660 75 Buckwheat ...... ----..- 600 50 42 I 30 780 00 Potatoes (Irish)-.:--------]° 17,100 190 90 0 90 15, 390 00 Potatoes (sweet)-.-------- 10 ae 50 1 50- 15 00 Grea 5,2 = Fa8,-4 =~ -' 2, 000 10 200 0 50 1,000 00 1g 22S oS GUS eSB eee ese 75 5 15 2 50 187 50 Sorghum (gallons) ..--..--- 3, 502 74 48 0 80 2,841 60 Wine (gallons) .....-.-.-- 350 ae 100 2 50 875 00 Leaf tobacco (pounds) -. -- J, 259 a 250 0 12 150 00 Hippel tots). - 75 - 2 28 5542 6.708 | 5,215 1.29 16 00 107, 380 00 2 se aie PAR al dea ahh le 5 (iy Gee A dae 1,134,811 27 Quite an encouraging exhibit for an indifferent season. THE LUMBER TRADE. Bay county, Michigan —The following figures show the extent of the lum- ber business in this county during the year 1867, being the aggregate returns frem twenty-three business firms: Lumber, 160,077,253 feet; lath, 21,622,775 ; logs, 159,608; total value, $2,639,627; number of men employed, 703; value of mills, $1,207,000; lumber, &c., on hand, 26,805,000 feet. Mills generally begin about May 1, and shut down November 15. AGRICULTURE IN THE SOUTH. Macon, Georgia, January 2, 1868 —I have been pretty well over the Atlan- tic States. In North Carolina the crops of cotton and corn were light, and there will be much suffering in the spring among the laboring population, from the fact that the planters will be unable, from their own impoverished condition, to supply food or labor. In South Carolina the crops were generally better, but still there will be a deficiency in food and means to employ labor another year. In Georgia and Alabama, both cotton and corn have done well, except in particular localities, and sufficient breadstuffs have been made to sup- port the hands while planting and cultivating a larger surface to both cotton and corn the coming season. Contracts are now being made for the year, and there is not only an abundance but a surplus, and wages are low—not lower, how- ever, than future prospects necessitate. Prime hands get six dollars per month 3A 34 and rations. Many plantations are being worked on shares—one-half or one- third, as the parties find their own provisions. There is a marked improvement in the condition of the negro, and when the political troubles are settled it will be still more’ preceptible. As an agricultural people the South has made pro- gress the past year slowly, but still they are in a better condition, from the fact that they have a greater amount of provisions, and are gradually becoming more self-sustaining. They are beginning to understand that their true prosperity is in making cotton a secondary crop. Could they be relieved of their terrible load of debt the country would soon be more prosperous than ever, for I do not know of any section of the Union that would so soon recuperate its wasted en- ergies. Planters are already preparing for spring planting, and in less than two ° weeks plans will be in motion for the corn crop. a Lauderdale county, Mississippit cultivated ten acres of sorghum last year. The yield was satisfactory considering the labor expended, and it is be- lieved that the crop will pay, the season giving ample time to ripen, and the plant growing luxuriantly. I am making arrangements to plant forty acres the ensuing season, and several of my neighbors will grow small patches. Pike county, Mississippi—F rom the difficulty of controlling labor there will be less cotton planted this year than heretofore. A general determination pre- vails to raise everything needed for home consumption. The cotton cultivated will be more from the force of habit than with the expectation of profit, for even with hands at fifty dollars a year and board cotton cannot be raised at present prices, burdened with the government tax. Should the present year be tolerably propitious the South will be hereafter self-sustaining. Giles county, Tennessee.—For the past four years cotton has been a specialty in this county. Last year the crop was a failure, or nearly so. This year we have made a fine crop, but the prices are a failure. It costs from fourteen to fifteen cents per pound to grow cotton here, and it is now netting but seven cents per pound. 4 a As a consequence, there has been a- larger amount of wheat sown than I have ever known before. It has been mostly sown in cotton land, and is now looking remarkably well, and at present prices will be very remunerative. I have never known a year when there was a bet- ter crop of everything than was made the past season in this county, and had cotton netted us twenty cents per pound we would have been in a prosperous condition. As it is, we are dependent, money scarce, and no demand for our surplus mules and pork. I fear there will be a good deal of suffering among the freedmen. There will not be one-fourth the acreage of cotton planted this year as last season ; hence many laborers are out of homes and are not disposed to work for wages. Anticipating fair prices for their cotton, our planters run in debt for dressing, and nine-tenths of those in this county are unable to pay their debts. There’is a general disposition among our farmers to raise more of the small grains, grasses, &c., and the large land-owners are wanting to sell and reduce their farms to two or three hundred acres. Lands in this county are very rich, water and timber in great abundance, the finest facilities for manu- facturing, and as fine a climate as in the United States. We need manufactur- ing establishments, cotton and woolen, labor-saving machinery, and steady, re- liable, and intelligent laborers, and only grow cotton as a surplus. Orangeburg county, South Carolina.—TVhere has been much wheat sown, and it is looking well. The great depreciation of cotton prices will largely augment the cultivation of grain crops this year. I do not think there will be more than half as much in cotton as last season. Provisions are more abundant than last year, but still there is too great a disposition to shun agriculture or to carelessly prosecute it. It is much to be regretted that our people are so little disposed to give attention to the culture of rice, a very remunerative employ- ment at present prices. There might be a great deal raised if attention were given to it. Our people are entirely too careless about agricultural improvement. 35 FATALITY AMONG SHEEP. Corpus Christi, Texas.—“ During the past season, in many localities, through the months of August, September, and October,” writes F. W. Shaeffer, “the sucking lambs have died in great numbers. Upon a post mortem examination, I found in the abomasum, or fourth stomach, a small fine red worm, about one inch in length, appearing to the naked eye sharp-pointed at both ends. Upon opening the stomach, I usually found them rolled up in the shape of a ball. The lungs of the lambs were diseased, the intestines watery, and without any fat upon the kidneys. ‘The first evidence of their being affected is their lagging behind, generally commencing in the latter part of July. The skin loses color, the eyes become bloodless, and the lambs pine away from day to day, losing strength, until, in the course of a month or six weeks, they die. In many instances the entire crop of lambs have died out. Should any of those attacked by the worms be living when tke northers commence, being poor and thin, they are killed off by the cold winds. The worms are found only in the lambs while sucking, or living upon milk, or shortly after being weaned. Generally all in the flock are affected more or less before it is known, too late to save them. The cause of their origin we have not yet been able to find out, although it is attributed by some to the lambs feeding upon the red sedge grass while it is young, tender, and watery. Upon mesquit grass ranges it has not yet made its appearance. Any information the department can give us through its nume- rous correspondents would be of great public benefit, not only to this county, ‘but to a large portion of western Texas.” THE TAPPAHANNOCK WHEAT. San Bernardino, California —* The Tappahannock wheat received last fall has proved a complete success, the return being one hundred fold, and the quality raised superior to the seed sent. In this climate the variety is distin- guished from all others by its dark-green color before it commences to ripen ; soil, a coarse, sandy loam; no manure applied; potatoes raised on the ground the preceding year. Fig-trees and grape-vines were growing within twenty feet. I esteem it a valuable acquisition, and if I am fortunate this year, shall be able to dispose of at least seventy bushels among my neighbors.” THE LIVERPOOL WOOL TRADE. The general and unprecedented depression of business which has prevailed throughout the year, with hardly any intermission, has been shared to a material extent by the English wool trade, none of the hopeful anticipations that were indulged in at the commencement of the year having been fulfilled. Although the British imports, and more especially the exports, of wool, as well as of woollen manufactures, show some increase of business over that of the year 1866, the home trade has been in the most languid state known for’ a long time. ‘The tendency of prices.of the raw material has been downwards from the beginning of the year, and at the close their range was lower than for many years. As an evidence of the advantage to American wool-growers of the increased tariff upon wools and woollens, we may state that the depression in the English trade is in a large measure attributed to “ the high, indeed almost prohibitory, duties on manufactures and the raw material imposed by the present American tariff.” Taking the returns of the Liverpool Board of Trade, we find that the imports of wool during the eleven months ending November 30 are in the aggregate 36 about 4,000,000 pounds in excess of those of same period in 1866. The in- crease, however, is considerably larger if Australian and Cape wools alone are taken; but this is counterbalanced to some extent by a falling off in Kast Indian and wools from European ports. The total for eleven months amounts to 213,385,609. The exports have been much larger than in the previous year, especially as regards colonial wools, of which to Belgium alone nearly 8,500,000 pounds, and to France, Germany, and other countries, about 11,000,000 pounds more than in 1866, have been sent. In foreign there is also an increase of about 3,500,000 pounds, while the only decrease is in domestic wools to France, which has taken 2,000,000 pounds less than in the preceding year. ‘The total export of wool shows an increase of upwards of 22,000,000 pounds over 1866. Total exports of wool, 90,262,097. With regard to the quantity of wool left for home consumption, it appears that, deducting the increase of 4,000,000 pounds in the imports from the 22,000,000 pounds of exports, there are 18,000,000 pounds less than in the previous year; and assuming that the domestic clip (estimated at 152,000,000 pounds) has undergone no material alteration, this would in some measure account for the fact that, notwithstanding the limited demand experienced for nearly eighteen months, stock, with perhaps one or two exceptions, have accumulated to much less extent than might be supposed. Although the exports of woollen yarns and manufactures show considerable increase, a declared value exhibits a decline, the figures standing $120,253,210 for the first eleven months of 1867, against $120,531,835 for corresponding period of 1866, the falling off being consequent upon the depreciation of prices. Australian and Cape of Good Hope wools have, as stated, arrived in greatly increased quantities, and have been brought forward in London at the quarterly’ public sales, (including withdrawals of former sales,) viz., 547,119 bales, inelud- ing 130,963 bales Capes. About 240,000 bales were taken for export, chiefly to France and Belgium; prices have ruled lower at each succeeding series, but the decline has been most severely felt on faulty and inferior descriptions. From Spain and Portugal, as in former years, only greasy and black wools were received, for which the demand has not been very active. The imports of River Plate wools are somewhat less than in 1866, but equal to those of the three preceding years. Fine-washed, as well as greasy River Plate wools, are gaining favor more and more with British manufacturers, and the demand has been fair throughout the year. The arrivals of alpaca bave been less than in the previous year, and the principal sales were made in June, at other times the demand having been languid; and prices have suffered a great reduction since the Ist of January, 1867, when the highest quotation was 84 cts. per pound, while recent sales have been made at 52 cts. per pound. Sheep’s wool from the west coast of South America arrived in inereased quantities, and the stocks on hand have consid- erably increased, while prices have suffered a serious decline. Lima and Chili have been in fair request, and the reduction in value less marked. A material falling off in the receipt of East India and Persian. The amounts offered at the quarterly sales of the year (including parcels withdrawn from former sales) reached only 68,893 bales, against 79,414 in 1866. ‘These wools have participated in the general decline. Persian wools have been chiefly of the bastard kind, but little true-bred wool having come forward during the year, and even the former has been of low character. The quantity of unwashed East India has considerably declined. Donskoi (Russia) wools have until recently maintained higher prices than they otherwise would by reason of the demand for shipment to this country, but late sales in London show a serious decline. 37 Egyptian and other Mediterranean wools have shared in the general reduction of value, thongh the demand appears to have equalled the supply. The demand for Barbary wool has been dull and sluggish throughout the year, and prices have’ suffered accordingly. The imports from Iceland show a decrease from the preceding year, but the stock left on hand at the beginning of the year supplied the demand until the new clip came in, and when the fresh imports arrived they shared the general decline. Mohair has fallen materially in price, and has at no time within the past twelve months commanded much attention in the English market. Although the im- ports have been less than in 1866,-stocks now amount to 4,500 bags, while its value has gradually receded from 92 cents this time last year to 60 cents per pound, its present quotation. . In domestic wools, instead of the improvement anticipated in the beginning of the year, prices continued to decline, until at clip time they had receded about fifteen per cent., and since then a still further decline of about fifteen per cent. has taken place, so that prices are now lower than at any time since 1856. The imports of sheepskins from the River Plate district reach 8,783 bales. They have been in request, and fully maintained their value in proportion to that of wool. LINSEED, LINSEED CAKE, ETC. The following figures give the aggregate imports of linseed into Great Britain for the years named, indicating the immense manufacture and consumption of linseed cake and oil in the United Kingdom. The quantity for each year is given in quarters of eight bushels : Quarters. Quarters. Rae PU Mit) tte TSO TONE Wea. JI Pedy te 1, 088, 472 Me eh EO a ett Pig Co wal oo peat ae 1, 104, 578 Ee ee PAT: aa reg SOA oa, at 1, 434, 973 RIG CON oak Pareto ites Meee ee OL 1, 435, 414 HG) 8 OOF HCE NS < 1, 330, 623 | agi A hire 34: 1, 158, 736 Bes eI oe ER 1 AGOSTO | THERE Coes ee, 1, 100, 000 The demand for seed throughout the past year has remained in excess of the supply. Tor next season large additional supplies are everywhere reported. The imports for the working season—from July 1 to June 30, 1867—’68—will probably be, in round numbers, 1,200,000 quarters. The aggregate import into the United Kingdom is made up of about 275,000 quarters from Calcutta and Bombay ; 336,000 quarters from Petersburg ; 31,000 quarters from Archangel ; 52,000 quarters from Riga; 55,000 quarters from Memel, Dantzic, and other lower Baltic ports ; 317,000 quarters from the Black sea; the remainder from the Mediterranean and sundries. The re-export is very little in excess of last year, and amounts to about 20,000 quarters. . The export demand for linseed oil has fallen off during the year, but has been counterbalanced by the increased home consumption. ‘The aggregate exports for the past six years are as follows: Tons. j Tons. Pee cee ee SE TON PebS. Sousa ie tee). Dat 37, 000 ToGee iol... ee MOU I) TEGO ee Bee Le eel 25, 000 DGG oi oe a 5 2 3 = BEMOOD: Nr ESGre cose wees SSI e 20, 000 38 The consumption of home-made linseed cake has been on the same extensive scale as in 1866, and the high prices of other feeding stuffs has caused a good trade in cake. The import of foreign cake of all descriptions nearly equals that of 1866, being 120,000 tons. Rape-seed were in very large supply from the East Indies, and prices have been low throughout the year. Rape cake has been in large'demand. The import of cotton seed amounted to about 93,0C0 tons, being about the same as in 1866. MANURES IN GREAT BRITAIN. The aggregate imports of bones into Great Britain for the year 1867 were about 7,000 tons against 7,400 tons in 1866. Theimports from South America have fallen off, while those from other parts have increased. The whole stock on hand at the end of the year did not reach 200 tons. The supply of bon ash has been fully equal to the demand, and owing to large arrivals from Rio Grande prices have not fluctuated more than $1 25 per ton. Imports of bone ash, calcined bones, and pottery ash, exceed 10,000 tons, and the stock of bone ash in first hands is about 1,200 tons. The imports of nitrate of soda reached 27,000 tons for the year, but the quality of many of the cargoes has been inferior. Of Peruvian guano there has been imported 14,415 tons, and 3,394 tons of Upper Peruvian. Of brimstone 10,115 tons imported, and only about 190 tons on hand at the close of the year. We annex the current prices of the various articles of manures, &c., named, on December 31, viz: Bones, common grinding, $27 50 to $28 12; legs, $27 50 to $30 62; shanks, $32 50 to $33 75. Bone ash, ordinary, for manufacturing, $20 62 to $22 50 per ton on 70 per cent.; calcined for pottery ware, $26 25 to $30 per ton. Animal charcoal, $21 50 to $22 50 per ton on 70 per cent. Brimstone, best thirds, $35 per ton. Nitrate of soda, $2 62 to $2 75 per ewt. Muriate of potash, $41 25 per ton on 80 percent. Borate of lime, $4 25 to $4 50 per ewt. Sulphate of ammonia, $62 50 to $70 per ton. Gypsum, ground, free on board in British channel, $3 75 per ton; ditto, on spot, $6 25 to $7 50 perton. Salt, common, $2 65 perton. Linseed cake, English, $57 50 to $60 per ton; American, in bags, thin oblong, $55 to $56 25 perton. Cotton- seed cake, undecorticated, $32 50 to 33 75 per ton ; ditto, decorticated Ameri- can, $45 to $46 25. Rape cake, English, $30 to 32 50 per ton. Guano, Pe- ruvian, $61 87 to $66 25 per ton; ditto, ditto, damaged and discolored, $50 to $55 ; ditto, Upper Peruvian, $33 12 to $33 75; ditto, Madden Island, $17 50 to $30 ; ditto, Ichaboe, $45. Acid, sulphuric brown, 148 to 150 degrees, without carboys, $20 to $21 25 per ton; ditto, muriatic, ditto, $2 50 to $5 per ton. PRICES OF FLOUR IN LONDON. The following were the prices of flour on the first of January, in London, in shillings, four of which represent a dollar very nearly : ods Flour, per 280 pounds, town-made, delivered to the baker......... cee OO 64 Gpantry market). f 280.558... TR oe 46 55 eee: tio SPOR. Se SRR Shea Ce... . See 44 56 American and Canadian fancy brands, per 196 pounds.............. 40 42 Amipmiean superine to extra superiilies. 220-2 --.......-eeeee eee 35 37 Atmiecremmrammon.to tne . 2. 5 2 eee 2 ies Se cn on eee 4 . B4938 39 BRITISH IMPORTS OF RUSSIAN WHEAT. The exports of Russian wheat to Great Britain were very heavy last year, having amounted to November 30th to 13,186,521 ewt. against 7,765,207 ewt. to the corresponding date of 1866, and 7,127,624 ewt. in 1865. The following figures show the total deliveries since 1852: Cwt. c Cwt. HOU) Uh ri 3507 Bi Sleeies ASEAN 2c. ty ha oes el 5, 638, 298 Dee on ne a #. (40 Ste LSE oo. Se eee 4,512,999 Te re te wt 2. UGG aueauline Mle as oe an Set aS 3 5, 751, 018 Sa 2 ete AG eer roe 4, 534, 305 (2 oleae ileal Phage Tks 3) (all ees 5:5 el a ee 5, 119, 234 oe pes EM ire eo oN ia pea iere sana 8, 093, 879 1S ie a ae bites RGD OPA Tee BOE a. 2 esc e « sie ec 8, 937, 199 I i A aa ete 3, 836,993 || 1867, to November 30..13, 186, 521 ——————S IMPORTS OF FLOUR INTO GREAT BRITAIN. The imports of flour into the United Kingdom in the eleven months ending November 30, shows some falling off, the receipts from abroad having been 3,040,350 ewt., against 4,403,133 ewt. in the corresponding period of 1866, and 3,136,091 ewt. in 1865. The total imports of flour’in the fifteen years ending Decembeer 31, 1866, were as follows: ‘ Cwt. Cwt. Pees ee ec ae Sead ie ee BOGUT so aie tioe chine 5, 086, 220 Pee kee ce ose ooG teat’ 2. 2. Apia: Bixee: 6, 152, 938 ee ee Meee area”. it Eee ee ee ante ee 7, 207,113 £25 4g tnepe! Bes Alp eli aidle A Y9orese N Pegs Verh ss Pn Ley 5, 218, 977 mene eee eet Seo TUs POO PO LSER , 3. POF Ao Hien, 4, 512, 391 fae oe STs) Pie? seb fe or ge 3, 904, 471 co ae le a S856, 127> SPP RIGGS PSE Hs) By et Pe 4, 972, 280 (io | See f TSA 3, 328, 324 || 1867 (to November 30,) 3, 040, 350 The following figures show the proportion of the above imports received from France : Cwt. Cwt Loe ss caiaciee tebe 880, 833 NEG OR Sratan sie dd gars, staelige 1, 751, 043 LOGrs. sigttt Segadaoas 854, 730 TS Cpbetpeteye: «Sycitsisid feiltetan bene 460, 775 ROBE oh ote. pa anede «ike AED ad Sictea | Ret O Sieh ac eveters so craved eydotere 790, 040 ee eee $8, 196 USGa i isis siete apap ater ae 1, 367, 938 TSDG sys 2 3 es ire dele 69, 841 WSGAr . sch. ee Qageetaesetarere 1, 813, 855 USF 5s) « SR le ws 327, 114 LS65) |< «\vare MeaeeeY Se « 3, 044, 823 1868.0. cwetbeadia.cide ib, G2Sp 24S ell» 1866. 2.308 Pf Oot one 3, 640, 320 1859 scant eee : 2, 698, 186 CONDENSED MILK IN EUROPE. The consumption of “condensed milk ” is said to be largely increasing in Eng- land, and its manufacture is becoming quite an important interest among Swiss 40 dairymen. The process of manufacture differs little, if at all, from the Ameri- can process, save in the use of beet sugar instead of cane sugar; Dr. Liebig recommending the former on the ground that its preservative qualities are as good and the price cheaper than cane sugar, while in saccharine properties it is stated to be equal to the other sugar. The process of the Anglo-Swiss com- pany, as stated by Mr. Merriman, before the food committee of the Society of Arts, is simply abstracting the watery particles from the milk and the addition of the sugar. It is claimed that the milk thus prepared, after it has been open six months, is in no way spoiled, though dried to a great extent, and that the milk so prepared will bear the ordinary changes of temperature without injury. It is sold in canisters containing the equivalent of half a gallon of good milk. Dr. Liebig estimates that the addition of five parts of water will produce a qual- ity equal to the original Swiss milk, and the richness is varied according to the quantity of water added. For each canister the quantity of sugar is about one-third of a pound, but less is required when used for domestic purposes. A reduction of the quantity of sugar would endanger the preservation of the article when sent to a warm climate. The factory of the Anglo-Swiss company is situated on the Lake of Zug, a short distance from Zurich. The milk is brought in on men’s shoulders and emptied into a large reservoir, and within one hour after, the whole quantity is put under the process of condensation. The preparation takes place so quickly after the delivery at the works that no change can take place. ‘he Swiss authorities are very rigid in measures with regard to the audulteration of food, and especially milk, but milk is so cheap in Switz- erland that there can be little advantage in adulteration. Each farmer’s milk is tested, however, a sample being set aside to see if the cream rises. All that is done with the milk is to deprive it of the water. Microstopic observation shows that the substance of the milk after condensation is unchanged, and analysis of the water abstracted shows that the original properties of the milk are all re- tained. After the milk has been placed in the vessel it is heated by steam, and the milk is evaporated im vacuo at a low temperature. The whole process is completed in about two hours. As soon as the gauge indicates that the evap- oration is completed, the steam is turned off, and the mass of milk is put iato the canisters and sealed up, ready for use. ROQUEFORT CHEESE. A cheese factory at Roquefort is called a cave. It is niched high up in the head of the rocky table-land, where the sheep brouse in artificial meadows and herbs abound which are peculiarly beneficial to their milk, but where only the native flocks of the country flourish to perfection. Merino sheep from Spain have been introduced, and failed. The increased demand for cheese has tempted speculators to extend their operations, but to no purpose. About 400,000 sheep _and lambs appear to be all that. Roquefort and its neighborhood can sustain. They cannot be multiplied—their pastures cannot be increased. The sheep are milked twice a day. he milk is instantly carried to the dairy and strained, left for an hour under a covering of linen, then warmed nearly toa boiling point, or to a middle degree. It is next partly skimmed for butter, and so on, through many delicate processes until it comes from the mould complete. Complete, but not finished, for now the cheeses have to be turned over twice a day, dried, warmed, sprinkled with bread crumbs, which produce a moist-like growth in them, or with powdered cheese or wheat flour, and then inoculated by means of a bit of old cheese put into the new one to leaven it. After all this ceremony the Roque- fort is ready for the cave, whither it is conveyed with the utmost care, not to say tenderness, registered and received, treated with a little salt, and then dis- 41 posed in piles of three. Aveyson and Herault, in the immediate vicinity, with natural caverns in abundance, have tried to imitate Roquefort, but the scent and flavor communicated by the Roquefert caves are inimitable.. The cultivators of the district realize from this single branch of industry eight millions of pounds annually. This, briefly, is the art and mystery of Roquefort cheese. PRUSSIAN AGRICULTURE IN 1867. An official publication recently made enables us to give the results of the harvest in the several provinces of the kingdom of Prussia as compared with the crops of the preceding year. The system adopted by the Prussian govern- ment for the collection of these statistics is the same as followed by this de- partment, with the exception of the use of the figures 100 instead of 10, to represent the average or preceding crop, the decimals showing the extent to which the product, as estimated, exceeds or falls short of the crop with which it is compared. The averages of the whole kingdom are as follows: Wheat, .78; rye, .74; barley, .90; oats, .98; pulse, .89; potatoes, .82; thus proving that throughout Prussia the crops of wheat and rye have only been about three- fourths of an average crop; and that while barley, pulse, and potatoes have been somewhat more productive, oats alone have nearly approached the aver- age. ‘The following additional averages are given: ape seed, .70; beet root, 81; lupins, 1.04; from which it will be seen that the growth of lupins ag an article for feeding cattle has been very advantageous during the past year. Returns are also given of the various kinds of straw that may be available, as follows: Wheat, .88; rye, .82; barley, .89; oats, 98; peas, .94; buckwheat, 83. These figures serve to confirm the returus made of the grain produced, for although from an excess of moisture during a part of the growing season the proportion of straw has been inercased, the quantity secured is less than an average. VARIOUS MATTERS. The total exports of cotton up to the 1st of February are 510,000 bales to Great Britain, and 246,000 bales to the continent of Europe, against 426,000 and 69,000 bales same time last year, by which it appears that the continent has this season taken direct from our ports 177,000 bales in excess of last year. Mr. P. 'T. Quinn, of New Jersey, gives the following as the amount of seven years’ sales of the product of a row of thirty Duchesse d’Angouleme pears, the seven crops being the yield of eight years: The first crop, the trees eight years old, $120; second, $139 41; third, $156 17; fourth, $201 28; fifth, $267 49; sixth, $310 20; seventh, $705; total, $1,900 55. ‘The row last year produced ninty-four bushels of marketable fruit, which sold at higher prices on account of the scarcity of peaches. The total amount of coal mined in the United States in 1867 is estimated at 25,800,000 tons. The coal trade in Penusylvania has not been so unprofitable since 1861 as during the past year, it being stated that there hag been an average loss to the producer on the whole trade. The total consumption of sugar is estimated at about 2,035,000 tons per annum, or fifteen pounds per head for the 312,972,000 souls from whom returns can be obtained. The United States and Great Britain are the largest consumers, using 1,420,000 tons annually, averaging about forty-one pounds to each inhab- itant. ‘The average in France, Spain, Italy, Belgium, and Switzerland is some- thing over twelve pounds, with a total consumption of 500,000 tons. The Teu- 42 tons are third, consuming 230,000 tons, or an average of about seven pounds. The sources of supply are at present so numerous, and the cultivation of sugar can be so largely extended, and the crop is so remunerative, that there is a pros- pect of a continued increase in the use of this product, as the wealth and civil- ization of communities increase, until the present figures become insignificant. The growers of sugar, therefore, need have no fear of extending cultivation too far, as on the American and British scale of consumption the production might be increased three-fold. Ai a recent sale of short-horned cattle in Victoria, Australia, fourteen bulls were disposed of at an average of over $440 per head—the highest bringing $790. ‘The oldest was only fifteen months old, and the youngest three weeks. The average price of fifty-seven cows and heifers was nearly $315—the highest $740. Of the cows, many had long since passed their prime, and several of the heifers were quite young. Professor MecCall’s report on the dairies and cattle-sheds of Glasgow, and the losses by cattle-disease within the boundaries of that city in 1866, states that the direct loss, in money value, from rinderpest, in Glasgow, during the year, amounted to nearly $45,000; from “puerperal fever,” $35,000; pleuro-pneu- monia, $273,300; murrain, $36,000—the greatest loss from pleuro-pneumonia, lung disease and murrain being among Irish and other travelled cattle, which had been hurried to the railway stations, thrust from the railway trucks to the holds of the steamers, and there kept for thirty or forty hours huddled together without food or water, and almost without air to breathe. METEOROLOGY. [Compiled in the Department of Agriculture, from the reports of observers for the Smith- sonian Institution. ] DECEMBER, 1867. Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, (with dates pre- Jjixed,) the mean temperature and amount of rain, (in inches and tenths,) for December, 1867, at the following places, as given by the observersnamed. The daily observations were made at the hours of 7 a.m. and 2 and 9 p.m. Rain Stations, &c. Counties. Observers. Date. fee Date. ae rae bane d snow. MAINE, ° fe} ° ie Bteaben!s 25.5556 Washington ..... J. D; Parkers... 1... 27 44 20 | —16 17.3 | 6:10 armard 6. 2. a5" <2 Piscataquis...... Edwin Pitman...... 28 36 10 | —20 9.5} 1.80 West Waterville....| Kennebec -.-...-. BLE Walbarscece =. 26 44 12|—7 16,40 edais Gardiner set eusscas2}sete BOls soemrecie dct R. H. Gardiner.....- 26 44 Ji |—7 18.6 | 1.89 WED OR ec we ase ee- Amdroxepgeingo--)) Aiea bs) MOOR = cteewis|\ tae ete icle cfm cia we] mia ale ol mim ele atmo ale 2. 60 Cornish. sii. .<55-. Monka cee soe s5c<6 Silas West--- 22-2 =. 26 43 12|;—9 16.4 | 3.30 Cornishville .-...--./- see dos cb Seas G. W. Guptill....... 26 41 9|/—S 17.0} 2.18 AVOLAPENE a 275-1]5 nas omiaaam came cansiasctamcessswecccmenae|vasasenc|sasncr| seeeaaccligceca = 15.9 | 2.80 NEW HAMPSHIRE, ieee Se Siratiord <2. -.<..525 (WOOK <= <2 285-2555 Branch Brown...... 27 39 12 | —22 9.5] 2.75 North Barnstead....}/ Belknap-......... €. H. Pitman....... 26 46 9/—5 20.0] 1.49 (SV CTABORS om eriat aia cao siviciiaie cestatt oil else cide aiaie vies osleainimiall Giac aaiales('stconine | amiss a|stnean's 14.8 me 3) VERMONT. Lunenburg ......... (BHO Kt oe ecaseits Hy A. Cutting. 222222 26, 27 40 19 | —25 9.8] 1.78 North Craftsbury -..| Orleans ......-.. Edward P. Wild .... 26 40 12 | —14 15.8 | 2.83 Randolph ....------ Qrange:s.5+ 2-4-0 Charles S. Paine .... 26 42 11 | —16 15,0) dead Middlebury......... A AISON areas coe H. A. Sheldon-...-.-- 26 44 | 12,13 | —13 13.0:| 1.21 ARVET ARO Marea aeteacia acres siarcisra acts Seam amtatte tet eraaiuatmae an| osiacscmic| = aoeel paecieoael acne 13.4] 1.73 MASSACHUSETTS, Kingston) 322 se-rte tee Plymouth ....... G. S. Newcomb ....| 26, 28 50 19} —5 27.8 | 3.42 Ropsfield- so seess-= = 1)-C CG) <2 Bee eeepe Eel S. A. Merriam .... .-. 26 47 911/—3 25.9} 1.07 Lawrence .....-..--|- ar OOlecaccs «aes John Fallon ........ 27, 28 59 9|/—2 22.9 | 3.45 Georgetown..-....-. hhc Gls Sal ae S. A. Nelson -..-.... Q7 50 10; — 6 23.0} 1.53 Newbury......----- Bein) see Soe John H, Caldwell... 27 48 9|/—2 PPO) Se Ore PAUILOR ecco < 2-9-5 INonfolks jae eae. Rey. A. K. Teele.... 26 47 9,19 0 22.9] 2.67 North Billerica....-- Middlesex ......- Rey. E. Nason.....- 27 48 11|—8 DO Tal lenacels West Newton...-.-..|- ~ sed Ormaeaite, 305 Jobn H. Bixby ..... 26 50 11};—1 20.1} 3.15 New Bedford ..-..--- Bristolizeeees 528 Samuel Rodman.... 26 51 95) 5 26.9 | 3.90 Worcester. .--..... Worcester....... Jos. Draper, M.D... 27 54 14;—3 23.0] 2.07 Mendomee.2 ceo... lsu dO... 55 eae Jno. G. Metcalf, M. D! Q7 46 9!'—3 21.0 |...-- + 44 Table showing the range of the thermometer, &c., for December—Continued. Stations, &c. Counties, Observers. Date, me Date : emp Mass.—Continued. ° Lunenburg.......-- Worcester..-..--- Geo. A. Cunningham. 28 45 9 Amhershs ce s5 05221 Hampshire ...--.- Prof. E. S. Snell.-.- 26 46 14 Richmond ....--..-. Berkshire - .---.- Wm. Bacon...--.--- 27 44 14 Williams College -...|..-- Gls) Sorina sna6s Prof. A. Hopkins -.- 27 46 14 JAMS ESS S850) MSOC Oona RK Ort pc 5. banaGons- onSeemooseng Poco vece|seso54)/h-osocsrieesase RHODE ISLAND. Newport ..........- Newport ........ Wm. H. Crandall... 26| 48 9 CONNECTICUT, Pomiret:ceoncm eso Windham ....... Rev. D. Hunt ......- 26 46 14 Columbia. =~. 6. - i=: Molland) 22 —-- <8 2 Wm. H. Yeomans... 26 54 14 Middletown ....--.-. Middlesex ....... Prof, John Johnston. 26 53 iD Colebrook <2... <<< << Litchfield........ Charlotte Rockwell - Q27 44 14 AMIGIEIET S569] |S nosopsncopescsas|[seosdosastogoshasgces|lecpsse so/sessda|bossasdell ea5< NEW YORK, Motichesecni- 2 done = NUTOMG see, pans E.A.Smith & daugh’s 26 59 19 South Hartford ..... Washington ..... G. M. Ingalsbe ...... 26 52 12 Troy ee ctens cs caee Rensselaer .. ...-. Jno. W. Heimstreet-. 26 47 13 Garrison's. .../. 962: Putnam. 2. -5-% Thomas B. Arden... 26 52 13 Throg’s Neck....... Westchester ..... Miss E. Morris .....- 26 50 13 Deaf and Dumb Inst.| New York .. -.-- Prof. O. W. Morris. - 26 50 13 Columbia College. ..|---- Glo ss sea6 Prof. Chas. A. Joy..| 26, 27 50 12 Mlathbusl #6 < ..25=- mine’s..caces< 08 Bi I. Mack .--22.22 26 49 13 Newburgh...--....: Orange. ak «sic James H. Gardiner... 26 52 14 Minaville..--....... Montgomery ....| Prof. D. S. Bussing - 27 44 14 Gouverneur ........ St. Lawrence....| C. H. Russell .....-. 27 44 19 North Hammond....|---.do-..--...... C. A. Wooster ..-... 27 48 | 12,13 South Trenton...... Qneida sh255-5-22 Storrs Barrows ..... 22, 28 42 14 Cazenovia .......... Madison. ........ Prof. Wm. Soule.... 27 46 13 Oneida. cte5-< oes W. A. Whitehead ... 26 50 14 New Brunswick ....| Middlesex -.....- Geo. H. Cook ....... 26 49 13 TETeRton <)> o.5\- sees MeENCercacceric ces EK. R. Cook. steccs os 28 52 13 Burlington’..<....2 Burlington .....- John C. Deacon..... Q27 55 14 Moorestown ........|---- GD 525 5d 5555 Thos. J. Beans-...... 27 54 14 Mount Holly........|---- Gla? a sre M. J. Rhees, M.D ... 27| 54 14 Dover’= Saews acl oei5 2 MOrris\= -See === es Howard Shriver ..-.. 26 49 13 Haddonfield ........ | Camden......... Samuel Wood ...... Q7 56 | 14 45 Table showing the range of the thermometer, §c., for December—Continued. ' Stations, &c. Counties. NEW JERSEY—Con. Newfield. .-....--.. Gloucester....-... Greenwich ......... Cumberland ..... Winelan@ 2... 2c -=--|--=~ TO pct coe esrerigc PARVSGE SGN ae a tial| a= aininiaivinie's sin idm ni alme PENNSYLVANIA, INS CORR ice an cinicinc =~ IPIKO) Sa ee tase ssi = Fallsington ........ Bucks..f ace ose Philadelphia . ...... Philadelphia -.--. Germantown .....--|.-- dO emeseeeepee Borgham-te oe ces. Montgomery..... Dyberry sitet. 4-2 « Wayne. --..4-.- Wihtitehall eee ease Mphrainysves<- ake Lancaster ..-....- Harrisburg -..<--3.- Dauphin.... .... Ickesburg .........- OILY a ee onic Lewisburg . ........ MUON) soe cc's Kast Tioga -.....-.. MMOPA fem seh =a aie= Pennsyille,.\...----.- Clearfield - ...-. Branklint Se 42)5 65.6.2 Venango; +...) Connellsville . ...---. Fayette ......-.. New Castle...-.....) Lawrence -...-..- Canonsburg -..-.... Washington ..... Averages...... MARYLAND. Woodlawn ......... PeCWeontmame ahs Catonsville ......... Baltimore .....-. Annapolis -.....-.-.. Anne Arundel -.. St: Inigoes:-.. 2-0. St. Mary’s....... Emmittsburg ....-..- Wrederick --:.--.. Mt. St. Mary’s Coll..|.-... OEE Ree eee IVEY ATOg Se oasis Getdecadas ass che 2 VIRGINIA, Cape Charles L. H..| Northampton .... Surry ©: Ho... ca. NUM Y 2 sete. aces @omorn’ 22:5 <:\-2s 052 King George ... Lynchburg ......... Bedford -........ Snowyalles:...cbS: .- Pulaski jo. 2-.. Aweraventeser =|op as sce sece aces WEST VIRGINIA, ONINGY-"-e 02 eaee Hampshire ....-. (Gratton > -c<.. soon SESVION ss seco == = Cabell C. H.....-.-.- (Of) 1)) ee Burning Springs....| Wirt....-....... Averages NORTH CAROLINA. Goldsboro’........-- Waylev cceeccces Oxfordesetecs<--5- Granville........ be Rain ax. Min. | Mean | and Observers. Date. |, emp. Date. |, emp.| temp. \mel’d bd snow. S i) ° In. E. D. Couch ..-.--.. 26, 28 55 | 13,14 11 S41 setee R. C. Sheppard..--.. 26 52) | 13,14 13 31.9] 0.89 John Ingram, M. D-. 25 deu|, 1319) 10 30.2 | 2.26 ry i Sea ST II emis oy 29.9| 2.17 John Grathwohl .... 26 51 14 | —22 22.9) 2.34 Eben’r Hance....... 27 49 14 9 29.0} 3.50 Prof. J.A.Kirkpatrick 27 52 14 10 31.7 | 2,86 Thomas Meehan .... 28 50 13 7 shalt eee Miss Anna Spencer - 27 47 14 6 28.1 |} 1.20 Theodore Day...---. 26, 27 46 14 | —27 alone Lees Edward Kohler..... 26 48 14|—7 DASA 1ess F. Darlington..-...- 26 50 13 5 27.8 | 2.81 J. Heyl Raser....... 27 dL 14 1 29) Gu esate Wok Sperayoede-ce 28 50 14 4 2B ku he QeAT John Heisely, M. D- 27 48 14 4 28.5 1.05 Wm. E. Baker ...... 27 56 14 | —12 27.5 | 2.86 Prof. C.S. James. ... 27 48 14 | —23 26550) |) 2577, EB. T. Bentley ...-... 27 56 13 | —14 26. 0 1.80 99 95 Elisha Fenton ...... me a Igep i 6| Peale |) 4554 Rey. M. A. Tolman.. 27 62 13 | —10 26. Oil |Past Johnie Taylors a-.sce 27 68 13)—9 QO 4 toes E. M. McConnell . ... 27 61 13 1 Soria maeete Revi We omiith, a loosen ata: aoc 13 | —15 24.0 | 2.02 eas See ae cial eee ea ee ae ates Pere a eievope | mieten |e tatcrere alate [eitce ears BieUl ie sao Jas. O. McCormick .. 28 54 | 12,13 6 29:2°| 2.41 George S. Grape.... 28 50 | 13,14 6 Ps He idl Ee Ses Wm. R. Goodman... 27 61 | 13,14 14 36.2] 2.98 Rey. J. Stephenson. . 28 62 13 13 SGn1g iS. te Bi Smitth= 26st 2 o52). 27 55 | 14,19 10 18 Ae Prof. C. H. Jourdan . 27 52 14 9 2927 |. 3.0L fe Oe ee aa ee A Oa RNS 2 cll ws oecsrele ma cles 31.5 2. 80 Jean G. Potts...-... 26 60 13 20 34.5 | 2.92 BWVs ODER acids au 27 71 13 18 40.7 5.18 BAMaylopt ose. c® sales aaosk Peer rea pe ae | cae canes 2, 74 C. I. Meriwether ... 28 61 19 Sib bial J. W. Stalmaker ---.. 27 64 6| 34.8] 1.69 ARC HORE EE OR eee ata Se SE) Ce: oi Rae al sneer 37.4 3. 13 W. H. MeDowell.... 27 62 14 6 34. Ob esos. W.H.Sharp, M.D . 22 60 13 6 35.9 | 3.50 Gu LsRoffe:aa58.6.< 27 74 1 14 39. 4 4. 60 Rob’t H. Bliven..... 27 (Bs poeemeee tease camels oapie aa = Bo: PE MR oe A A ae ~90.8| 4 05 E. W. Adams, A. M.. 28 ra 14 19 45.0 | 2.75 Wm.R. Hicks, M. D. 28 66 14 14 39.0} 4.00 46 Table showing the range of the thermometer, §c., for December—Continued. Stations, &c. Counties. Observers. Date. ao aX.) Date . emp N. CAROLINA—Con. e Raleighseee== <.-.=- Wake=22t.22-2 Rev. F. P. Brewer. .. 28 73 | 14,16 Alfemarie®? ... 52. Stanley -.-..-..- Bde keronieeeeenesee 28 76 9 Statesville ...-....-. Iredell's22 2.2228 Thos. A. Allison .-.. 28 68 1,9 ASHeVille oc cs eke. 2 Buncombe...--.-- IB. DevABton soe secs = - 27, 28 67 13 PACY CRAP GS gmrate jal Se een eee cnn a Sields eee niet ae eel siaterseee | wo eal ee SOUTH CAROLINA. > (Aiken. < Scck ck oe on Barnwell . ....-.. John H. Cornish .... 26 75 13 Gowdysville........ ition! oo. — = Charles Petty .....- 28 78 1 IVOTAPES sole sams ocak cin tease eewicce sates costs ceeatals sere owalSocets beteee acteceeme GEORGIA. Atlanta o- = -- 5 sacmele-eeke reece IOWA, Cinitone epee see = Clinton... soo. ee: Davenport) <---cc-=- Scott=-- 4452545 se Dubuque ~--- 2 c=. Dubwque se .-)5 Monticello . .....-.-. PORCK Ss). = aaa> Ss Fort Madison -....-.. WMeerrse doce se ss Guttenberg..--..... Clayton es. ce OO ossqn0 concessslease Gone cere Mount Vernon..-..-.. Wanner ne Dowie @itiy = sien es Johnson ........ Independence - ...-.. Buchanan ....... (DOsclassboedosos| econ Oj talsteinaa coe ‘Waterloo....-.--.- Black Hawk..... Marble Rock .....-- Bloy ds fae ceiee Iowa Falls......-..- andini= . anaes Observers. Date Daniel Carey.....-- 25 E. S. & Miss Phelps-. 25 Verry Aldrich ...... 24, 25 O. A. Blanchard -.... 25 Frederick Brendel -. 20 G. M. Brinkerhoff - - - 31 EL UMRGON etoile 25 Wm. C. Spencer..-.| 21, 26 Prof. W. Livingston. 11 Rey. A. Dunean..... 25 S. B. Mead, M. D.--. 25 Dr. B. C. Williams. - 27 Wacob Wtipg*seensae 25 G. Moeller a=. tosis 25 I. A. Lapham, LL.D 3 John (HICKE.—--enen3 25 Ww. H. Whiting.... 25 Leveus Eddy ....... 25 -| E. Everett Breed -..} 24, 26 Henry J. Shintz..... 24, 25 M. C. Waite .....-... 24 J. L. Dunhgan -.-..--. 24 Wm. Gale, A.B .... 26 C., Wieland... <2:/.2 25 Rey. A. B. Paterson -| 2, 9, 25 Wm. Cheney --.---- 20 Charles Roos ....... 9 Dr. P. J. Farnsworth 25 D.S. Sheldon....-..- 25 Asa Horr, M.D..... 25 M. M. Moulton......| 2, 24 Daniel McCready. -. 25 Jas, P. Dickerson ... 24 Jno. M. Hagensick ..] 2, 20 Prof. A. Collins -.... 24 Prof.Theo.S. Parvin. 24 Mrs. D. B. Wheaton . 25 Geo. Warne, M.D .. 25 AUS sits lg eeaagu spare 10 EE Wadeyemcn nm <2 20 N. Townsend....... 10 42 22 Rain Mean | and temp. | melt’d snow ° In. 23.0 |. sec6 25.6 | 1.05 27.2 hee 26.1 | 1.23 28.6) at 318 peer 36.85] eaeeee 35.0} 3.45 28.0} 0.96 30. Qa soe 30.0} 1.30 31 OW asee 29,2]. 1.45 49 Table showing the range of the thermometer, §c., for December—Continued. Rain rare t 4 : | Max. Min. | Mean | and tations, &e. | Counties. Observers, Date. temp. Date. temp, | temp! lmeld IS dt te he ul eee I ce Ph AIA oD eM Bo 8 snow. Iow.a—Cont’d | ° ° ° In. Ajeonaseteses ene: | Kossuth .... -.-. Ph. Dorweiler...-.. 9) 48 18 | —11 1BIS) es aoe Deitel ne -ordo Bg James H. Warren...| 9,26] 3 ig|—ie! 13.4| 1.10 Dacotah.......----- | Humboldt .....-. Wm. O. Atkinson. -. iS 47 18;—8& 0! So (il eee Boonesboro’....---- iBGONe:.--'; cou HoBabeoeket. .. 752 15 46) 17,18!|—9 23.1} 1.20 Fontanelle . --...--. Adair (S28. Je5- it would be a great public bene- factor. There are good farmers who know little of science, and men of scienee with less knowledge of agriculture ; but it is difficult to find a thoroughly scien- tific writer who is, also, thoroughly acquainted with agricultural practice, and is thus able to apply correctly the principles of abstract science to the processes of agriculture. A clear thinker, and lucid writer, who could thus unite truth with action, and marry thought to labor, would be worthy of higher honors than the greatest savans of the time. 93 CASTOR-OIL BEAN. Intimations of a revival of interest in the production of the Ricinus communis (or Palma Christi) have been received from the southwest particularly, with assurances of its attempted culture as a field crop. Mississippi, Louisiana, Ar- kansas, and Texas are peculiarly adapted, in soil and climate, to its profitable culture ; and many persons in the southwest propose to engage in the business this spring. In Illinois and St. Louis, where a successful farm product has been made of it, the following varieties are grown: Ricinus communis, early, four feet in height ; R. Spectadilis, dark green leaves, five feet; R. Sanguineus, fruit red, in clusters, stalks dark red, seven feet; R. Lividus, stems brilliant red, fruit green, five feet; R. Leucocarpus, dwarf, three feet, white fruit, au African variety ; R. Brasiliensis, brownish yellow fruit, five feet high. In South Carolina it was reported, years ago, growing twelve feet high; in the vicinity of Vicksburg, Mississippi, it has been made a very profitable crop ; in Texas it produces plants of great size and height. From thirty to one hun- dred bushels of beans per acre have been obtained in different locations, and two gallons of oil, or twenty-five per cent., obtained per bushel if the seeds are good; but twenty to twenty-five bushels are an average yield in Illinois and Missouri. The R. Lividusis a native of the Cape of Good Hope, and will thrive in a variety of soils of different elevations. In the tropics it is planted singly, ten or twelve feetapart. In poorer soils or more northern localities, a less dis- tance would do. In its native clime the plant bears the first season, grows con- tinuously for four years, and continues to yield for many seasons. ‘The seeds are gathered when the pods begin to turn brown. It is acommon crop in all parts of India. The oil is there extracted by boiling in water and skimming off the oil—a very crude and wasteful mode, and the oil thus obtained is used exclusively for burning. St. Louis has heretofore been the centre of production in this country, and the principal place of manufacture. The culture required is very much like that given to corn, and the soil should be the best of corn land; the planting should be done with the first warming of the soil, after danger from frosts is over; the hills should be five or six feet apart, and even seven or eight if the soil is sufficiently rich to make the requisite growth; the distance should be greater in the south than in more northern locations. As with corn or anything else, thorough culture pays best. The receipts at St. Louis last year are estimated at 50,000 bushels. The Prairie Farmer says, concerning prices and profits : The market price is variable. During the past winter the beans in the St. Louis market have ranged from $3 90 to $1 25 per bushel. As the cost of growing does not differ mate- rially from that of corn, the approximate profits can be caleulated. At the present depressed condition of the market, an acre of beans would yield about $25, leaving but little margin for profit. The oil is quoted at $2 10 to $2 25 per gallon. As the yield of oil is about sixty-eight gallons per acre, the manufactured oil would amount to about $150 per acre. This gives tour dollars to the manufacturer and one dollar to the producer—a division which cannot be regarded as equitable. MANURES AND HOW TO APPLY THEM. In an interesting discussion upon the above subject before the Bedford (N. H.) Farmers’ Club, Mr. Josiah Clark, of Hooksctt, claimed to have discovered a new process of chemicalizing manure, by the application of which large crops can be raised upon a small quantity of manure, He said he had been experi- menting for the past seventeen years on different soils, and had satisfied him- self from actual results that, at an expense of three dollars per acre, he can in- 94 troduce chemicals into five cords of manure that will produce larger crops than can be obtained from ten cords of crude manure, and last longer for future crops, saving at least fifty per cent. in labor and application. Dr. Wilkins thought that if five or six tons of hay could be produced, as promised by Mr. C. by chemical results, it would have a tendency to injure the soil, and illus- trated his view by referring to the vineyards on the Rhine, which, when manured heavily, will, for one or two years, produce extraordinary crops of ” grapes, and then become fruitless, requiring more than twelve years to restore the soil so as to produce grapes again. The chairman of the club said, in reference to the application of manure, that ‘after trying several ways, he prefers breaking up the sod early in the fall, ploughing not less than seven inches deep; in the spring drawing out the manure from the barn cellar after it had been forked over, placing it in heaps ; making five heaps from a cart-body full, five paces apart each way, spreading it, and harrowing it under the depth of three inches. If to be planted in corn and potatoes, chain it both ways and drop the seeds on the square. Or, if to be sown for fodder, harrow in four bushels of oats to the acre and cut in the milk, which makes a superior feed for milch cows, nearly equal to herd’s-grass. After the oat crop is harvested, plough the stubble under, across the furrows. The next spring harrow, haul from the barn cellar the same quantity of manure as applied to the first crop, about twenty-five loads to an acre, spread as before, and harrow or cultivate in to the depth of three inches, sow on three bushels of barley, eight pounds of clover and twelve quarts of grass-seed, harrow with a light harrow and roll; you will then get a good crop of barley, a good catch of grass, and a mowing field that will give you good crops, but do not fall-feed unless you want to spoil your mowing fields and be obliged to take them up in three years.” Mr. P. T. Campbell suggested the addition of two bushels of salt and three bushels of plaster per acre, immediately after the manure is spread, to be har- rowed in at the same time, to keep the ammonia from escaping and to chemicalize the manures sufficiently for a successful crop. Messrs. French, Manning, and Rollins thought leached ashes the best manure that can be applied to the soil, especially for fruit. The last named gentleman had doubled his crop of grass by the application of one hundred bushels per acre. At the close of the discussion the club voted twenty to one that manure should be applied to the sod after it had been turned over, and as near the surface as it is possible to cover it, not over three inches in depth. PUBLICATION OF THE REPORTS. The dissemination of the reports of this department is tenaciously adhered to by Congressmen, acting for and at the direct and urgent request of their con- stituents, notwithstanding occasional expressions of dissent from persons engaged in publishing agricultural books. Recognizing the great utility of the distribu- tion, and to some extent the reasonableness of a protest against issuing a mere agricultural compilation on general topics, the Commissioner has expressed his intention of restricting the acceptance of essays from outside sources and con- fining the matter mainly to the actual work of the department, thus making the annual volume in reality and exclusively a Report of the Department of Agri- culture. No book publisher could then, on any pretext, object to their wide circulation, and all would concur with a correspondent—one of a multitude— who says: “They would increase the demand for such works by stimulating the appetite and awakening a desire for further investigation.” 95 _ The Monthly Report cannot, in any sense, come under this protest, as it is not sent to individual farmers, but to the agricultural, metropolitan, and local press; to officers of agricultural societies ; statistical reporters; meteorological observers; industrial and technical societies in this country and in Europe; and writers for the press. The design is simply to furnish useful data, officially obtained—much of it otherwise practically inaccessible—to the people, not directly, but through the press. Its office is to enlarge and enrich, in an agri- cultural point of view, the current matter of such publications, and not to com- pete or interfere with any of them in the slightest degree. If this aim is properly understood there certainly cannot be found a publisher with views so narrow or prejudices so small as to make possible the least hostility or jealousy in the case. Wool imported in first four months of present fiscal year—from July 1, 1867, to November 1, 1867. Wool. Shoddy. Month. Pounds. Value, Pounds. | Value. PM yt sce Bint hin inicio sep incceases = 2, 798, 275 $496, 157 50, 237 | $5, 339 PMU eet cies watain tease Smicicie wen ei) seit 1, 342, 015 226,573 | 108,232 | 10,389 Remtembene vereseotocceacecceee scetestees 2, 193, 490 281, 418 5, 490 2, 105 Octoberea-a-b = aa hese\tacm seach se oe nel 3, 077, 146 474,805 | 127,696 4, 288 UNH Se ee Sect Bes SS6e 85 secncgs. 9,410,926 | 1,478,953 | 291,655 | 22,121 Total amount of woollens imported in the period of four months as above. Kinds. Quantity. Value. “ G@iothstand cassimeres ccc pee Soca. oo scene se Sans selsnee obs crs [lnacircle lalate nie 6 $3, 932, 221 NAIR Boe tet Miateoe he Sen A A) | PO RNG ae AS Jos eats seeetletlepe. 661, 662 Blamlce tebe ce A Cooma hero 22k iis Te Sale i ee ee sc A sai ale 13,113 CHINDO IS SESS ese soste Se cod:! Sao SCE ECe One ROOEe She ee yards .. 619, 144 675, 147 Weg enodsen och soe. cijais visieb tac) SREB Peers Bene yards..| 26, 218, 478 8, 233, 514 Manutactures metispecitied ss ccets = srece cies ciacerisic catas cemcccascn Thomas Meehan .... 4 45 31 Horsham. . onc once Montgomery..... Miss Anna Spencer .- 2 42 31 Dyberry = to. -2s62 Wayne = oo..ccs. Theodore Day...... 3,4 38} 11,17 Whitehall >. = ccc ehigh -.;.-.-.-- Edward Kobler..-... 3 42} 10,19 Parkesville ..... Seen POMERLEM sera onciecas F. Darlington....... t 44 31 IRPAGIN Po sece sae Barks < O. F. Russell. -...... TENNESSEE. S. S. and Rev. W. Tusculum College ..| Green..... Ronan ; Gienyonte: } Clarksville ......... Montgomery..... Rey. C.F.P. Bancroft Memphis ..........-. Shelby ..... -----| Edw. Goldsmith..... Date. Date. es emp. ° 3 30|/—4 4 12,13 4 4 18 17 4 31 12 4 18 12 5 18, 31 8 4 18 8 3 31 3 3 31 22 8 31 12 3,7 30 6 7 30 15 3 30 14 7 30, 31 Q1 3, 4,7 30 12 3 30, 31 17 7 31 29 3,4 3l 26 2 30 15 2 30 15 5 30 19 7 30 25 3, 4,6 30 15 3 30 18 3 29, 30 12 vf 30|—4 3 9, 29, 30 11 3 30 13 es er 30.9 33. 0 eecce 100 Table showing the range of the thermometer, &c., for January—Continued. Stations, &c. Counties. Observers. TENNESSEE—Con. Austins eo cas iWillson’.cp ceeese< P. B. Calhoun...... Elizabethton ....... Carter: - = 2 Alex. P. Rodgers ..-- 4 Kelley’s Island ..... EEG (= cecye cee wiale = Geo. C. Huntington-| 20, 23 Norwalk j5-<2525- Muon === s- <== Rey. A. Newton .... 4 Greenwich Station..|....do........... Mrs. M. M. Marsh. --. 4 North Fairfield ..... Shoct)s Baqoneee se MOS di Snes ceo sS 23 Westerville.....-..- Branklini eas s-6 Prof. Jno. Haywood. 23 Mariontce secs ceees Marion = use eeens H. A. True, M. D.-.- 4 Williamsport ....--- Pickaway ..----. Jobn R. Wilkinson .. 6 Moledo cscs INGA sogsacc0n0e6 J.B. Trembly, M. D. 6 Bowling Green .-..-. WVO0d wines ceee ee = John Clarke .......- 23 entonise te. ic em - ardin' yee C. H. Smith, M, D-.- 4 Urbana University..| Champaign . ....| M. G. Williams ---.. 4 Hialisboro’...- 5-...- Highland . ...... J. McD. Mathews ... 6 Bethel): so as6-2-cj<- Clermont........ Geo. W. Crane....-- 6 Cincinnati. .-.. ....| Hamilton..-..... R. C. Phillips. ...... 6 College Hill ........ Soe einenosscne John W. Hammitt -- 6 AV CNaCGs aesee | cecseece se esieeerae MICHIGAN. Monroe City........ Montes incerta Miss F. Whelpley - - - 23 PAU PEN Bene ese (a a= Allpenaeesnce--s= SB Viol bd Gy Ss sonee 3 State Agricult’] Col..| Ingham ......... Prof. R. C. Kedzie. -. 2 Maitchtield’<----- <... Hillsdale ........ ea nard seers == = 2, 23 Nerthport esc e—. = Leelanaw ......- Rey. Geo. N. Smith. - 2,3 Otsegone- access 5 Allegan an. osc cc Milton Chase, M.D-.- 21 Holand ie menncs siete: Ottawa.....-.... TSH Stren osetia. 29 Central Mine ..-.... Keweenaw ....-- Dr. 8S. H.Whittlesey.| 2, 3,5 Ontonagon ......... Ontonagon ...... Edwin Ellis, M. D-.- 4,5 J WiGREISG Ss seb6o4||-nespcoddadgocanso|lsosasebassssqscsseess INDIANA, Richmond .......--- WE socedeecc John Valentine -.... 4,6 ZAI) 8) sGoaca osease Dearborn. ...--. Geo. Sutton, M.D. ../3, 4,5, 6 Vievaymoree. s-25- Switzerland ..... Chas. G. Boerner... 4 Muncioleeee= a5 = Delaware ....... G.W.H.Kemper, M.D 4 9, 28 Rain Mean | and temp. jmelt’d snow. ° In. 33.5 | 4 33.1) zene 32.4] 4.94 27.9 | 4.65 29.6 | 4.29 32.6 | 3.95 30.0 | 4,30 260)|\Saseee 20.6 | 3.43 23.2 | 9.23 21.5 | 1.46 2212) seater 22) 9Nseeees 29.4] 4.42 21.7 | 1.00 21.9} 0.94 22.7 | 0.49 21.0} 0.46 20,4 as 8E 20.8) 1.84 27.1 | 6.45 2150) | 25 2251) |eeaee 27.5 | 2.44 21.8 | 2.44 24.2 | 4.10 24.5 | 4,25 Sica sleeeeeo 25.2 | 8.90 23.6 | 3.45 19.5) 2.20 20.9} 1.15 19.0} 1.47 16.4 | 2.34 20.5 | 2.98 23.1 | 2.00 23.4 | 5,24 11.4] 6.80 TAVON Eee a= eA NS: PEPE Peay 26.0) 4.32 29.2 6.20 20.5] 2.9 101 Table showing the range of the thermometer, §c., for January—Continued. Rain Stations, &c. Counties. Observers. Date. ba Date. ea Pa Para snow. ° ° ° In. INDIANA—Con, Indianapolis -.....-- MarIONs see soa. W. J. Elstun, M. D.. 48 30|—3 22.2 | 2,94 Meroni eee eeia- <4 Sullivan......... Thomas Holmes ---. 59 29 | — 2 23.8 | 2.30 New Harmony...---. IPOs sc eonin ers aele'e'ain\a Aineasses| peccce ne peocos) Hoscence| Beccre 17.8 | 1.07 ——=—— | WISCONSIN. Manitowoc ........- Manitowoc ...... Jacob Lips. ..-..... 2, 5,6 37 9,13 | —12 15.9 | 1.64 Plymouth’. :......<. Sheboygan ...... G. Moeller.......... 5 38 | 12,13 | —17 12.0 |. 1.90 Milwaukee ......... Milwaukee .....-. I. A. Lapham, LL.D 7 43 12;—9 16.4 }. 1.29 Waupacca.......... Waupacca ...-.- yO) Mead <2. anc emnc 4 38 | 12,13 | —20 DOneh eae cicin IEDAITASS, <5 2 0cisa| aaa (OIE Ate ccnckibe E. Everett Breed ...| 4,5, 6 3 13 | —19 12.4) 3.20 Bidgerton.\...<-j.0=1\= 119 SB oe oronatcise Henry J. Shintz..... 4 44 1G) |) SST Be cee Bees Baraboo... oases Sauk ese snias3 sare M. C. Waite .......- 4 34 | 12,13 | —20 BE | ERED New Lisbon........-. UUNeCAW << s5. J.L. Dungan ..... 2, 2 * } 34 12 | —33 SUG een = « Rocky Run. 2252s Columbia.....-.-- Weave OFEI GIB amc oa.<)- 2 38 12 | —18 14.2] 1.44 Galesville University) Trempealeau .-..) Wm. Gale, A.B ..-.. 3 29 12 | —40 4.7] 1.60 Bayfield: .....2-ssa- Bayfieldi= <<<. .= Andrey Tate....... 6 34 7,8 | —22 50 | AVELales= sosawel sateen dea ace oa tcdlawacs ces clehasseeenaciimemmesit | secs celts acctaaalMacmse ie ige ie) 2.05 MINNESOTA. pai emit. 8) .028<8 Ramsey ......--. Rev. A. B. Paterson - 5| 31 1239 | 4.5] 171 Minneapolis -....-.. Hennepin ......-. Wm. Cheney ....--- 3,5 26 12 | —40 3a0)| 1.96 otic. ie Sibley.eee.5 i Woodbury, E. } 3| 30 13|—36| 24] 076 New Wlm....5...<.- Browiltceeses a Charles Roos ......- il 34} 12,13 | —30 3.8} 0.86 Averages....... eae ccesvaneed aenlGcoscdes eee eA eee Bee eran ce oad Sedo cs 3.7 | 1.32 102 Table showing the range of the thermometer, c., for January—Continued. Rain tations, &c. Counties. Observers. Date. pat Date. sae oie eo " | |) ee IOWA. 2 Clinton <-eee--==---- (Clinton tosses. =. Dr. P. J. Farnsworth 5 40 16 Davenport ..--..--. Seoit=-ssamee= se D. 8S. Sheldon......- 5 44 29 Dubuque ........-. Dubuque . -.---- Asa Horr, M.D..... 5 36 16 Monticello - ...-..--- SOMOS! oaiasaiam eee M. M. Moulton ..-... 5 40 29 Guttenberg..-...--- Claytonic-----ee- Jas. P. Dickerson -.. 5 39 13 Ceres ....-- --------|---- do. ....------ Jno. M. Hagensick -- 5 36 13 Mount Vernon..-.-. ID Ser Ssacha Se Prof. A. Collins ..... 5 40 29 Towa City .-...---.- Johnson ..-.-..- Prof. Theo.S. Parvin. 5 40 29 Independence - .---. Buchanan ....... Geo. Warne, M.D .. 3,5 38 29 Near Independence -|....do-....--.--- Mrs. D. B. Wheaton - 3 39 13 Waterloo .-.-..-..--. Black Hawk..... T, Sieed’ :t2c.--scee 5 40 | 16,29 Marble Rock .....-.- Moye een ercan= H Wadey :----.---- 3,5 36 13 Iowa Falls.........- Hardin J-5ece css - N. Townsend......- 3 40 29 AICOUB sees eee == EOusnthyoos. omee Ph. Dorweiler .....- 3 35 29 LN ON EEA STOO SEES Ct tere erigeer, sae James H. Warren... 1 33 29 Dacotah......------ Humboldt ......- Wm. 0. Atkinson. -. 3 40 29 Boonesboro’ ....---. IBQONCHacesesce n= E. Babcock...-.---- 4 37 29 Fontanelle. .....-... AGaiT: 5. -scscec- A. F. Bryant.-.....-. 4 48 29 LD ee er ore Seer Harrison) 22 .ss~-- Jacob F. Stern..-... 4 48 29 Whitesboro’ ......--|.... Oisae'asieioe a David R. Witter. ... 1 44 29 Fort Dodge........- Webster......... C.N. Jorgensen..... 3 37 29 Muscatine........-. Muscatine .....-. JP WWaltonss.s=0 5 47 29 ioltene se = sees ese Pocohontas...... Oscar I. Strong -..-. 3 45 29 IE STE 355555) pee ene s5eeeee Hoot seseosseceesosc4 Bea esé4 bse5) aa soses}esoce MISSOURI. St. Louis University-| St. Louis........ Rey. F.H.Stuntebeck 3 61 | 17,29 AUuenton ~-..2-...--}--.. AO eae ae © A. Rendler << -s.520- 3 67 29 Hermitage.......-.. Hickory.....-... Miss Belle Moore ..- 2 60 21 Lets bE 5-55 Ge csoe=- Phelpsisds<-s00'4- Homer Ruggles .... 4 67 29 Harrisonville -.....-. CARBS cdbrawmcmcae John Christian...... 4 60 29 Oregon: -=--.....-.- Holt csc aece dese Wm. Kaucher ...... 4 62 29 Cantonesass—ee==== Tiewissocosnidose Geo; PsRay ccse->=2 5 56 29 AVOVASOS s: cces alos avene pete codoa ls roswsccboedacsassconltecestsentaeas ence eeleats [tees KANSAS. Leavenworth....... Leavenworth....| Dr. J. Stayman..... 2 65 | 17,29 Olathe ............. JORNNSON- cocoa ae Wm. Beckwith ..... 2 57 29 Atchison -.......... Atchison ........ Dr.H.B. & Miss Horn 4 60 17 Holton p.s05-12-c5='52 Jackson\.e.cceese Dr. James Walters... 4 58 29 State Agricult’] Coll.| Riley ........... Prof. B. F. Mudge... 2 61 29 Council Grove...... Morris) 5-5, cassee A. Woodworth, M.D. 2 60 29 Baxter Springs ..... Cherokee........ Ingraham & Hyland. 5 64 29 Averages.....--|.------.--- Bee sea-| soso a wiathenoneheed gp |-nneeeeefecenee|ee eee nee]-ee eee NEBRASKA. RG ON coe sie icinicio oe Washington ..... John 8S. Bowen..... 1 45 29 De Seto).----<----=-|---- dO) cacceteogeae Charles Seltz ......- 1 43 29 Glendale ........... ORC ecaesaactioce Dr.A.L. & Miss Child 4 52 16 Dakota: cs-sosen== == Dakota, occcasus i. HeiBrown:.o-- = il 50 | 27,29 Omaha Agency..... (Reserve) ......- Rey. Wm. Hamilton. a3 49 29 103 Table showing the range of the thermometer, §c., for January—Continued. Stations, &ce. UTAH TER. Great Salt Lake City CALIFORNIA. Monterey........... Antioch ~<~. ....-...- Averages....... OREGON. Corvallis =... ..c22: MONTANA. Rrelona res. c2 ee Counties. Observers. Great Salt Lake .| W. W. Phelps....-. Thomas Bullock .... Monterey . .....- Contra Costa ...- C. A. Canfield, M. D. F. M. Rogers.......- Benton..... .----| A. D. Barnard ...... 104 NOTES OF THE WEATHER—JANUARY, 1868. [Compiled in the Department of Agriculture from the reports of observers for the Smithso- nian Institution. ] Steuben, Maine.—The coldest January, except two, on my record. Gardiner, Maine—TVhe mouth colder by 0°.7 than the J anuary average of thirty-two years; ground frozen forty-two inches deep. Cornish, Maine.—Average temperature for the month 0°.79 above that for thirty-five years; depth of snow fall for the month forty-three inches. Stratford, New Hampshire-—Thermometer not above 32° the whole month; snow twenty-seven inches deep on the level. Claremont, New Hampshire—A cold month, without a severe blow or thaw. Lunenburg, Vermont.—Sleighing excellent all the month ; springs and streams the lowest known for many winters, some apparently frozen dry; ice on ponds and rivers two feet thick, very clear and solid. Randolph, Vermont.—About three feet of snow fell during the month, and is now twenty-two inches deep on open plains, deeper in woods; no extreme cold, neither much thawing. Kingston, Massachusetts.—A cold, stormy month; snow fell on twelve days. Topsfield, Massachusetts —Ice twenty-two inches thick, superior quality on 1st; the month closes cold with twenty-two inches of snow, and ground frozen eighteen inches deep. Georgetown, Massachusetts ——A month of no extreme in temperature, but steady cold made it severe ; no storms, only one rain, and lack of water in wells and streams. North Billerica, Massachusetts—Sinow about twelve inches deep on 31st ; splendid sleighing. New Bedford, Massachusetts —Sleighing unusually prolonged for this locality. Richmond, Massachusetts —A violent gale all day, with rain and hail, on the 1st; on the 12th, p.m. tempest from northwest; sleighing unusually good through the month. Newport, Rhode Island—Snow and rain on the 4th, 20th, 28th and 29th, and snow on the 8th. ; South Hartford, N. Y—Mouth colder than for many years; sleighing good throughout; snow 18 inches on a level; ground frozen 30 inches. ‘That por- tion of Lake Champlain known as “ Broad Lake”’ has been frozen over before the 15th of January but thrice in fifty-two years, viz., January 10, 1835, January 11, 1859, and January 7, 1868. It has been entirely open all winter but five times since 1800, viz., 1808-’09, 1826-’27, 1833-’34, 1841-’42, and 1849-50. March 4, 1819, is the latest date of closing in fifty-two years. ‘lhe earliest opening of navigation was March 1, 1851; and the latest, April 30, 1847. Garrison's, N. Y—Month more than usually dry and cold. Columbia College, New York city—The month very cold, especially the first half. Depauville, N. Y—Snow much drifted this month, but about 12 inches deep on a level. Wells and streams low; ground frozen hard under the snow. Palermo, N. Y—Many snow storms during the month—45.25 inches fell, in all. Nichols, N. Y—On 21st hardest snow storm in many years; more snow fell in a given time, in all about 15 inches in 14 hours. Susquehanna closed with ice since the 10th. Little Genesee, N. Y—An unusual month; no rain in measurable quantity ; only one day of thaw ; good sleighing all the time, and streams low, and many springs and wells dry. Buffalo, N. Y—Mean temperature of the month 7° below the Januarys of ten years past. Lake Erie closed on the 9th. Good sleighing all the month. 105 Newark, N. J—A large proportion of fair weather this month, with snow and some rain distributed between. Dover, N. J—The month much warmer than in 1867. Greenwich, N. J—Month uniformly cold, yet the average nearly 6° above that of last year. From 25th to 30th the sun did not shine five minutes. Fallsington, Penn —Delaware river closed on 1st, the second time; opened on 6th; closed third time on 10th. The month has been 3° colder than the ave- rage here. Dyberry, Penn.—Snow fall during the month 31 inches—is 2 to 3 feet deep in the woods. Franklin, Penn.—Snow fall this month 20.7 inches—now 20 inches deep on the ground. New Custle, Penn —Temperature of the month uniformly low, without reach- ing an extreme. About 18 inches of snow fell. Wells still dry. Woodlawn, Md.—Susquehanna closed the second time on 10th. Comorn, Va.—First week of the month wet and mild; the remainder very cold, with much snow—all very unfavorable for farm work. ‘The Rappahannock was frozen over several times. Snowville, Va.—New river frozen over on 11th; open on 24th; frozen over again on 30th. Albemarle, N. C—December snows nearly gone on 3d. The month unfa- vorable for farm work—ground either too wet, or frozen hard. Statesville, N. C—December snows nearly gone on Sth. Atlanta, Ga—Lightning and thunder in northwest at 3 a.m.on 8th. Thunder in northwest at 9 a. m., and lightning without thunder in southeast at 10.30 p.m. on 20th. Coldest morning on 30th since February 14, 1866. Moulton, Ala—Ground frozen 4 inches deep, and ice thick enough for skating on 30th. The whole month wet and cold—but one perfectly fair day. Opelika, Ala—The first snow this season on 29th; fell rapidly for four hours. 31st, some snow left on northern exposures. Gordon, Ala—On 20th disagreeably warm; severe storm from southwest at night, with high wind, vivid lightning, and heavy thunder—twenty-four distinct peals were counted. On 24th unusually warm, with copious showers, thunder and lightning from east. Thunder showers on 27th, 28th, and 29th, followed by severe frost on night of 29th. Plum trees in full bloom. New Orleans, La.—t\st, ice one-eighth of an inch thick. 2d, soft, warm morning—peaches size of hazel nuts. 3d, mosquitoes troublesome. 6th, air clear and sultry—unseasonable weather. 10th, sleet—no frost—dull, wintry weather. 14th, strawberry vines in blossom; many fig-trees in favorable loca- tions have ripened their fruit. 17th, cold, damp, wintry weather. 21st, delight- ful spring morning. 25th, hoar frost. 31st, ice quarter of an inch thick. Houston, Texas.—2\st, white frost. 28th, hail and rain, with lightning and thunder. Grenada, Miss—Heavy white frosts on 15th, 18th, 22d, 24th, 25th, and 31st. Copious rains, accompanied with heavy thunder, on 19th and 22d. Natchez, Miss—On 28th, at 10 a. m., sprinkling; at 12.50 p. m., sleet; at 1.30 p. m., distant thunder in southwest; at 1.45 p.m., thunder peal overheard ; 2.25 p.m., snow till 9 or 10 p.m. Two inches of snow on the ground on 29th. Extremely cold and clear on 30th. Memphis, Tenn—Month noted for continued cold; mean temperature 4° 06’ lower than in 1867, and 8° 16/ lower than in 1866. Chilesburg, Ky —TYhe year commenced with rain, hail, and snow. On 6th, violent thunder storm and strong wind from south and southeast. On 11th, ice was 3 inches thick on streams; on 13th, 43 inches thick. More or less snow fell on 1st, 8th, 9th, 14th, 16th, 17th, 20th, 21st, and 27th. 4A 106 Salem, Ky.—20th.—Thunder and rain on the 6th, and cold ever since, with abundance of sleet on the ground. Norwalk; Ohio—The month was steadily cold, though the average is above January of last year. Wells continue dry. North Fairfield, Ohio.—Month steadily cold; good roads, with but little sleighing. Williamsport, Ohio.—Uneovered ground frozen 25 inches—under snow 6 inches deep it is frozen only 15 inches. Toledo, Ohio —The drought continues. The month has been steadily cold. Bowling Green, Ohio.—Remarkably cold month; no severe storms, nor wholly clear days; six snow-storms; in all 15.5 inches fell. Bethel, Ohio.—On 6th, distant thunder in southwest, at 6 and 11 a. m. Alpena, Mich—Lake covered with drifting ice on the Sth. Litchfield, Mich—‘he monthly mean nearly a degree higher than last year; snow eleven inches in woods, but very dry and loose. Springs remain low. Northport, Mich.—January, on the whole, has been of even temperature and agreeable. Richmond, Ind.—Ath, west wind, but day remarkably clear and warm. 17th, coldest morning this winter. 30th, still colder. Aurora, Ind—Thunder-storm on 6th, at 3 a.m., with diffused lightning ; atmosphere foggy; rain all day. 20th to 21st, snow-storm; 7.75 inches fell. Vevay, Ind.—On 6th, heavy rain, with thunder, from west, at 2.30 a.m. On 20th, violent snow-storm from northwest; snow wet and heavy; broke down limbs of many trees. 31st, Ohio river running heavy ice since 27th; naviga- tion dangerous and nearly stopped. Aurora, Iil.—Coldest steady weather known here in twenty years; farmers still inconvenienced in watering stock. Hennepin, lil—Month regular, free from storms and sudden and extreme changes, and, except scarcity of water in some places, pleasant and healthy for man and beast. Tiskilwa, ll—Steadily cold and dry month; cisterns and wells nearly all dry ; snow about two inches deep, but sleighing good since 14th. Waterloo, lll—A_ heavy thunder-storm, with rain from northwest to south- east, on night of 4th and Gth. Mt. Sterling, lli—Frost out of ground, aud farmers ploughing on 3d; thun- der-storm from southeast, with considerable hail and vivid lightning about 4 p. m. on 5th in the evening; lightning visible in northwest horizon. On 6th, thunder-storm, with hail and sleet from southwest, at 6 to 7 a m. Augusta, Iil.—Thunder-storm of sleet and snow at 6 to 6.30 a. m., on 6th. Plymouth, Wis.—Unusually steady, but not severe cold weather, with just snow enough to make good sleighing. Waupacca, Wis.—Good sleighing all the month; no drifting of snow. Edgerton, Wis —Very cold month, with little rain or snow. Baraboo, Wis.—Month remarkable only for continued mild weather for this high northern latitude. Continuous good sleighing all the month. St. Paul, Minn —The coldest January for twelve years. Sibley, Minn —The coldest January since I kept record. Clinton, Iowa—A uniformly cold month, without much rain or snow; wells drying up; ice in river twelve inches; ground frozen eighteen inches. Monticello, Iowa.— Very pleasant month; no rain or mud; little severe cold, but for last three months very dry. In this city not one well in twenty has a full supply of water. . Muscatine, Iowa.—The coldest and dryest January for many years. Marble Rock, lowa—Finest sleighing this winter I ever saw; just snow enough to keep you from the ground. 107 Algona, Iowa—The month one of the finest for winter business in many years; remarkable for steady cold, but not so low a degree was reached as usual. Hermitage, Mo.—Since the 5th, the month has been steadily cold, without wind, rain, or snow. Atchison, Kansas.—Missouri river closed on the 7th, and since the 9th teams cross on the ice. Holton, Kansas.—No rain this month; ground very dry; streams frozen up and water very scarce; hard weather on what grain escaped the grasshoppers. Manhaitan, Kansas.—The Kansas and Blue rivers froze over for the first time this winter, on 5th and 6th. Baxter Springs, Kansas—Ground commenced freezing on 6th; now (31st) frozen four inches, and ice on ponds seven inches thick. Omaha Agency, Neb.—Steadily cold month; sledding generally good; ground on the north side of a hill frozen five feet deep. Great Sali Lake City, Utah —Rain and snow on Ist; snow 3d, 4th, 7th, 11th, 14th, and 21st; hoar frost on 27th, 28th, 30th, and 31st. Wanship, Utah.—Snow on Ist, 2d, 4th, and 25th; thunder on 2d. { gry ay +) ar eet FiitOie Coco Mtby i at WuthOgey CNR o>. 1 IRQs : , . ae | v co r ) en ee | oT if DOR Fae fo 578 w a ie t r ‘“_. td P ve | = Paul 4 } a3 % NR lig Rhee at i 4 a4) eA. es wf ny : ‘ q i P 7 ; k . ‘ ° 7 Tinta be oN va Py rs? 4 eilts & } ; i . 1§ ‘o'* « = ae Sian ' \ _ \ ¥ ~ i 4 2 \ v1 : = + _ MONTHLY REPORT THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Peep NG REE: | GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. we i 7 ch nity WAS. m 7 i i ae ae ‘at én ia i wise aad hoe t a8 tf } Saat a ‘] ; ; roth ) by pyle i 4 Os abel ) Sl eucll ‘ eee v | a . p ar BY, ye bg ay ‘ ' Plies x} ter ay >. * v 4 .| i pe j 4 f 4 ee ee Gey ee ee Se iL, ERROR Nee ae 4 , Pe te t A NEE, PR ; al s Mare , cae Cod ate See F ; ao a ae + | J ; ul . a i ’ \" df > “ : bs rt a Pe i iy yi AR ate = ry 7 r 1 oS f . e Se} ws ey " ' 4 ” a a 4 y ‘y , y ASTON er . ~ ¢ (i © . 1 . ‘ ‘ . “in P 4 ® y ; P > 1 “ - . 5 ’ Mr dat, gk os RAM G0 1D: ND, pan CO ear 7 aaa , MONTHLY REPORT. ; WaAsHINGTON, D. C.,’March 31, 1868. Sir: I herewith report the matter for publication in the monthly issue for March, as indicated by the following captions: Special Statistics of Farm Resources and Products; Number and Prices of Farm Stock; Universal Expo- sition of Agricultural Implements; The Cotton Supply; Agriculture in New Jersey ; Pork Packing in 1867-68; Business and Resources of Denver; Farm Statistics of Great Britain; Culture and Products of the Vine in Europe ; and Meteorology. _ Respectfully, : J. R. DODGE, Statistician. Hon. Horact Capron, ; Commissioner of Agriculture. a SPECIAL STATISTICS OF FARM RESOURCES AND PRODUCTS. Continued. 1. What is the average percentage of increase (or decrease, if cases of decrease exist) in the price of farm lands in your county since 1860? 2. What is the average value of wild or unimproved tracts of land; and what is the character, quality, and capabilities of such land ? 3. What marked or peculiar resources have you in soil, timber, or minerals ; and what is the state of their development, or inducement for attempted develop- ment ? 4. What.crops, if any, are made a specialty in your county; and what facts illustrating their culture, quantity, and the profit derived? . 5. What kinds of wheat are cultivated; and which of them are preferred ; and why? What is the time of drilling or sowing? For harvesting? And what is the amount and mode of culture? What proportion is drilled? f 6. What grasses are natural to your pastures? How many months can farm animals feed exclusively in pastures? What would be a fair estimate, per head, of the cost of a season’s. pasturage of an average herd of cattle? — ; 7. What are the capabilities of your county for fruit?’ What fruits are best adapted to your soil and climate? Give some facts concerning yield and profit. MISSISSIPPI. 1. Returns from Mississippi indicate a large decrease in value of farm lands as compared with the valuation of 1860. De Soto and Tippah, in the extreme north- ern part of the State, show a decrease of 75 and 50 per cent., re€pectively, attributed almost entirely to the unsettled condition of political and financial affairs, and the disastrous results of the cotton culture of the past. In De Soto, one year ago, farming lands would sell for about three-fourths their value in 1860, but the financial distress, consequent upon the fall of cotton prices, has thrown a 112 great deal of land on the market, and reduced the price to very low figures, more than three-fourths of all the land in the county being for sale, and much of it must be disposed of at forced sale, it having been mortgaged for supplies, &c. The same may be said of many other counties, largely: engaged in cotton eul- ture. Along the central tier of counties, Kemper reports a decrease of 75 per cent.; Lauderdale, 70 to 80 ; Winston, 66 to 75; Attala, 66 ; Leake, 50; Wash- ington, 75; Yazoo, 66; Madison, 60 to 70; Hinds, 75—with few sales at any price. In Pike county, in the south, bordering on Louisiana, farming lands have fallen in value 50 per cent., except those adjacent to railroads, while in the adjoining county of Marion the decrease is set down at 75 per cent. The average depreciation throughout the State is 65 per cent. ; ; 2. Half of the land of Mississippiis not included in farms, and only a third of the area in farms has ever been at one time under improvement. In the best cot- ton districts, cultivated lands have been comparatively high, but few were ever held at their intrinsic value, on account of the extent of the unoccupied area in the southwest. In the southeastern portion of the State, between the capital, Jack- son, and Mobile, in Alabama, the population is sparse, the land mostly is anen- tered, the soil sandy, with a small extent of rich creek bottoms, the price of unimproved tracts varying from twelve cents to one dollar per acre. ‘The growth is composed of oaks, hickory, gum, cypress, and long-leafed pine, the latter predominating, of great height and size, of industrial importance in con- nection with turpentine making and lumbering. ‘The soil, like other sandy loams, is easily worked and productive for a few years, becoming exhausted . witht constant cropping and no fertilizing. A bale of cotton per acre has been obtained upon such soil; sweet potatoes in unlimited quantities are easily pro- duced, and might prove a source of large revenue under the new mode of slicing and drying for distant markets ; the castor-oil bean grows finely here, and might be made a source of profit and improvement to the soil; peaches area sure and abundant crop, beginning to bear in three years from the séed; and wool- growing will prove remunerative and a valuable auxiliary to tillage farming, wild grasses everywhere abounding, succulent and rank in growth by the mid- dle of February. The water is excellent, and the climate healthy. All that is needed to start this region upon a career of prosperity is a railroad to the Gulf coast from some point on the Mississippi Central. With such a road, land now a drug at 124 cents per acre would be greedily taken at $1, and eventually, with improvements, would be cheap at $20. Similar lands, though generally better, on the line of the New Orleans, Jackson and Great Northern road, west of Pearl river, are now attainable at $5 to $10; or $20 near stations, and are bargains at those prices. In the northern part of the State, unimproved tracts average about $1 per acre ; in Hinds: county, $2 50; in Madison, $2; in Washington, on the river, fine Mississippi bottoms, perhaps unsurpassed in the world, $5 per acre. On the line of the Mobile and Ohio railroad, $2 50 is a common price. ‘The Hinds and Madison county unimproved lands will yield 300 pounds ginned cotton, 25 bushels of corn, or 200 bushels of sweet potatoes per- acre without manure. Productive tracts in Yazoo can be purchased for 50 cents per acre. In De Soto are some 60 sections of “ Mssissippi bottom” at $4 or less per acre. The following statement concerning wild lands in Pike county is made by Wm. H. Garland, correspondent for that county : The average value of wild or unimproved lands, within a circuit of three or four miles of a railroad depot, is about $5"per acre, but taking the whole county it is about 50 cents per acre. The*general surface of the county is undulating, marked by long leading ridges, which divide the water-courses. The bottom lands are hommock, and are very productive except where there is too much sand. The following analysis of pine upland, at Summit, Pike county, avill show the general character of the hill lands. This analysis is from as poor 113 a ridge as is in the county; depth, nine inches; vegetation, long-leaf pine, post oak, Spanish red and common red oak; color of soil, yellowish “puff—somewhat ashy : Insoluble matter, chiefly fine sand ..-... ------ -----+---+ 2+-- +--+ ----+------- 89. 801 Potash ..-.2. 22 --------- ---------3-- Jacob eae Gaeinn> seals aot eis = rere ao & "OF218 EU ORE he Bombe atic ieee am ee eke at Ape. 6 nce ae a MS Oe eae 0. 076 Aaa pepe Ae AR ee ge. San ae oe ee 0. 034 Macnesia..-<------+---->--------------- Bote bee Sty cdeoceese ESE E Goce Saas 0. 806 Biswaeeatemmambatiesg i 22 a Oe to | 0. G72 Deen. 2 ty RS aR ep a Gk CAR ofl yh NES, Sa el Al a 2. 402 PWiicen7s * oe AER AR | ae eas aes ss See Be SG Se eS oe SB ee 3. 783 Phiqsnleme gogo. 2 os . - n PPL 6 eR oe lak AP ete 6 eae 0: 036 PSR a A il # nie ee ee sain mime = 0. 038 Organic matter and water ....-...--..---------+ Ce ao acid ad hen ee ade ae a 3. 446 400. 712 The following was taken directly under the preceding analysis of pine upland eel: depth, nine to twenty inches; vegetation, same as preceding; soil, rather sandy loam ; color, orange yellow : Insoluble matter, clay and fine sand .----...---.-- EL sees css aaerintoeted #9772981 see lS nn St a ee See Cae re the Se twit ae at ye. BOO Sodw ee. RS... seeks ae oe eo) ae ot i Te RES os Sie Mee nae [05072 eight e S Ec e s te tes i. te aioe pike ccs te secte Ondo Magnesia.----- -- SERS SE ee Se Ee Se ee ee Se ae Pee eee - 0.352 Brown oxide of MIBWPANGSE 2 = seo’ sas os Soot Ghose Sea Se Seo aces aS aa ene Bees OUORL Herexide Gn irom. = te. Mpebeee soon ce Be omnia nttite oie nse a ele ate elena WOUISISNASS = S25 ose eH 5, Mexas ase oe ses Le i Arkansas atue sew etiecsc Tennessee: foeb.e30 2 ac West Virginia .......---. Kento ckiy-2 sos ccee see MIssOUTs: .c2<5 2s5ee ee MUMOISexs o-e e ee es WNCIANG aa oe eA os Meee eae OMOEA cosa isectnesee eel CHIC AN a. ace soe econ WWHISCONSIM) 5. cette cms MInNeSOLG o- oe eee ene Set ee ce ne comets ees tle 280, 579 The average weight of hogs and the yield of leaf lard per hog for each State compare with last season as follows: Average weight per hog.| Yield of lard per hog. 1867. 1868. 1867. 1868. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. (OOS BEES atcle acee neo ee eee a eee 2344 2044 314 244 Wicd ternrey een ee yee Settee 232% | 2058 314 224 WIM OMS Ne ee ete ete ee tecias oa aces 2318 2028 23 223 MCTUUCKY Ae pce one ee eek. oes 228 206% 20% 22 MISHOUT: ej atene vate caee eo eee See 2264 2083 ‘314 214 NOVAS nas meal cite cits our ac eiene cage 2314 1994 Ror 214 AVIS CONSE Net Sa tens eyeteia a eS cn eereceays ere 2182 US) 314 21 The general averages for all are—of hogs, 201 pounds; and of leaf lard, 202 pounds ; which compare with the last two seasons as follows: Hogs. Lard. Lbs. Lbs. NSOGi seh ieee 2 ots) a eee en ira RRS Eo ett MeL ogee ate Ae 231% 314 ASG tigets SSSR ES see Sho o'm aioe eee Paes Sess =. 5 a 2 ay ane eee ne 2324 298 USGS et nae ce ed ks eee a Ee RO Den ie scac sncnmeeneeeetes 201 202 ork“ pounds, lastiyear: .c05- AAT EO LE COD: 6 OT L ‘6% 9°L6 0°ST 66 A ‘TL € ST Gg LIL LOBI ts br Cb 8 °SB L°bL c'6 acs 6 'ST 19 FSI OORT! |e tate te TARE tees Srna edema eeee> ss doto Weeds topul) 1 °S6! 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The following is a report, to the United States commission at the Universal Exposition of Paris, in 1867, of the committee “on the culture and products of the vine :” The exhibition of wines at the Universal Exposition of 1867 was large. Every wine-growing country of Europe, as well as Australia, Canada, California, and other sections of North and South America, were represented. As there were no jurors from the United States, our American wines were not subjected to so full and fair an examination as they were entitled to, and to remedy this omission a special committee, consisting of the undersigned, was appointed by the Board of Commissioners to make an examination of the wines of our own and other countries, and to report especially with reference to wine growing in America. To properly judge, however, of the different kinds, of the qualities, cost, sanitary influence, and adaptability to our country—points upon which we would have been glad to report more fully—would require more thorough tasting and more time than the committee could command, or had a right to demand from the courtesies of foreign exhibitors or commissioners. As regards French wines, full reliance cannot be placed on what is furnished to the American traveller at hotels or cafés, or even what is sold him at the shops, no matter what price he pays. It would, however, be doing French wines a great injustice to judge them by the qualities sold in this way, or exported to America. ‘The great body of American consumers have palates as yet so unskilled, and the merchants of Bordeaux, and fabricators and imitators are so adroit, that it seems impossible for the honest wine grower here to come into such relations with the wine drinkers there as shall secure to the latter the benefits, sanitary and moral, which the French people themselves derive from the pure juice of the grape so abundantly produced in this country. It is not an unusual practice for dealers to buy of producers in the back country a coarse, deep red wine for 30 cents per gallon, and a strong white wine for 45 cents per gallon, mix and bottle them, and send them abroad labelled with all the high- sounding names of “ Medoe,’’ to sell at enormous profits to unsuspecting foreigners. Further south than Bordeaux, in the country about Montpelier and Bezires, an inferior article, but perfectly pure,.can be obtained of the producer at five and six cents per gallon, or one cent per bottle. Of late years, and since the abatement of the grape disease, the production of France has been very large, the 4,000,000 of acres in cultivation yielding an average of 1,200,000,000 of gallons, which would give to every man, woman, and child in the country, a half bottle-full every day, even after allowing 200,000,600 of gallons for exportation. Owing, perhaps, to the intimate relations between America and Germany, our wine commerce with that country is couducted in a much more satisfactory man- ner. A good deal of excellent German white wine now makes its way to us, and is highly appreciated. Hungary, whose product is second to that of France only, can supply a wide range of varieties, and at prices extremely reasonable. As the Hungarian pro- ducers seem to know, as yet, but little of chemistry, we suppose their wines to be generally pure, and as they are not yet fully introduced into the markets of the world, we should think they might be advantageously purchased to a greater extent than has yet been done. Besides the sherry, of which we consume so largely, Spain has an abundant and rich vintage with-which American consumers would be better acquainted if her merchants had more of the enterprise of those of Bordeaux. Portugal also produces plenty of excellent and pure wines of which we know little, for hardly a drop is allowed to leave the country without being so strongly brandied as to lose its character as a wine, and become rather a spirituous liquor 147 Port wine is repeatedly dosed with spirits until it contains at least as much as 24 per cent. of alcohol. Fifteen years’ age is required before it is fit to drink, not because the wine is slow to ripen, but because the spirit needs to remain 15 years befure the disturbance it causes can subside, aud the antagonistic ingredients of the mixture harmonize. Notwithstanding bold and persistent assertions to the contrary, it has been satisfactorily proven to your committee that the adulteration is made not to pre- serve the wine, but solely to make it sw@et and stimulating. As America is destined to become a great wine-producing country, her people ought to be better acquainted than they are with the higher grades of foreign wines, but they have as yet drunk so little of these, that their standard of excellence remain comparatively low. Now, except in California, none of the European vines will grow in America, and we are compelled to search in our forests, and develop in nurseries and vineyards the varieties which are in the future to be our reliance for competing with foreign producers, and finally, it is to be hoped, emancipating ourselves from them altogether. Of course then the higher our standard of taste is, that is, the higher our aim, the better will be our success. Our vine growers have much more to learn of the character and quality of good wines than they have of cultivation and manufacture, for really, as to the preparation of the soil, planting, cultivating, pruning and training the vines, gathering, selecting, and pressing the fruit, fermenting and keeping the wine, (white wine, at least,) our experienced vignerons have but little to learn of European rivals. Our American vineyards compare very well with those of France, and so do our cellars, presses, and casks, so that an elaborate report on methods would be of but little benefit, and might even mislead, for there seems to be no one method in use here, in any stage of vine-raising or wine-making, concerning which there is not a confusion of practice and a conflict of theory, such as it would be hopeless to attempt to reconcile. Probably sound reasons for much of this diversity may be found in peculiarities of soil and varieties of vines that are local and special, and with which we have nothing to do. Still, a pretty thorough tour among the vine districts of France has not been wholly barren of suggestion. _ SOIL AND EXPOSURE. The soil of Medoc, where stand ‘ Chateau Margeaux,” “Chateau La Fitte,” and “Chateau La Tour,” is a bed of coarse gravel, among whose pebbles the eye can barely detect soil enough to support the lowest form of vegetable life. In the vicinity of Bezires, on the other hand, the land is rich and strong enough to yield any kind ofa crop; yet Medoc grows wine that often sells for ten dollars per gallon, while that of Berzires sometimes sells for the half of ten cents per gallon. In Burgundy there is a long hill, on whose dark red ferru- ginous limestone sides a wretched thin covering of earth lies, like the coat of a beggar, revealing, not hiding, the nakedness beneath. Here stand little starve- ling vines, very slender and very low; yet here is the celebrated ‘‘Clos Vaugeot,”’ and this is the hill, and these are the vines that yield a wine rivalling in excel- lence and value that of Medoe, and to the fortunate proprietor the Cote d’or is what it signifies, “a hillside of gold.” At its base spreads out a wide and very fertile plain, covered with luxuriant vines, whose juice sells from ten to twenty cents per gallon. If you go further northward and examine the hills of Champagne, you will find them to be merely hills of chalk; and these instances only illustrate the rule derived not fiom them alone, but abundance of others, that, for good wine, you must go to a dry and meagre soil. Yet we should be sorry to have to extend the rule, and say that the poorer the soil the better the wine, for there are cer 148 tainly very few patches of ground in America that can match in poverty the mountains of Champagne, the hills of Burgundy, or the slopes of Medoc; nor would it do to conclude that manure should not be applied, for although some say itis hurtful to the wine in its quality, it is yet an open question whether this isso or not. Meanwhile the practice is to manure, although sparingly. PREPARING THE GROUND, PLANTING THE VINES. « This is probably as well understood in America as in France. We usually break up to the depth of two feet and drain thoroughly. In many parts of France they trench to the same depth, but in many other parts this is imprac- ticable, unnecessary, or injurious. Here, the distance between the vines is from eighteen inches to two feet, according to their size. We, however, are compelled, by the greater vigor of our vines, to place them five and six feet apart. In Burgundy, Champagne, and some other districts it is the practice to renew the vigor of the vines, by laying down the cane and rooting the plant in a new place, which quite breaks up the original lines, so the plough cannot be used. This is doubtless a good way to renew the atrength of the plant, but it is objected to by high authority, on the assumption, that the older the stalk is the better the wine will be; on the other hand, Champagne wine dressers have attributed to this ‘practice in a great measure their almost total exemption from the vine disease. But then again, others attribute that exemption to the general and long estab- lished custom of spreading over the vineyards a bituminous shale containing sulphur, a well-known antidote; and here we would recommend most strongly to our countrymen a renewed and sustained effort to combat mildew with sul- phur. The experfence of France and other countries is entirely in its favor, and its use is still felt to be necessary, and is still kept up. We think Americans have not been thorough enough, and patient enough. Let them try again, and this time let them begin early, and to be sure to follow carefully these rules on the subject, which have been hitherto much better promul- gated than observed. On rich and level land, a common plan in some districts is to set out double rows of vines at wide intervals, in fields chiefly devoted to other crops. ‘The free exposure to sun and air thus secured seems largely to augment the yield. and this will be understood by any one who has noticed the superior productiveness of such of his vines as grow bordering on a wide alley or other open space. This is very different from planting vegetables, &c., among the vines, which is a bad practice. : WIRE TRELLIS. These are becoming quite popular here, as we think they are in America also, notwithstanding the cheapness of wood. The size of wire preferred is number 16, and but two wires are used. Our large vines would need three wires. They are stretched to strong posts set 20 feet apart, passing intermediately through holes of smaller posts or stakes. On the lower line, about 18 inches from the ground, the fruit-bearing wood is trained, while the upper line, about 18 inches above the other, supports the new wood. Many prefer to allow the fruit- bearing cane to do service two years, instead of one only, as is the practice in America. There is no doubt that with wire trellises the pruning, tying, pinching off, &c., can be much more cheaply done than where the training is to stakes, and from the way the clusters depend from the horizontal cane, it is easy to see that there must be also a superior access of sun and air, and a greater ease in gathering the vintage. It is a common practice to go through the vines with a plough every fall, and throw up a good ridge of earth against the stalks. The Hungarians have a more effectual way of guaranteeing against the cold of their vigorous winters, 149 which is to lay the vines on the ground, cover them with straw, and on. the straw throw the earth; without this it is said they could produce no wine at all. Our native grapes are generally hardy, and will live wherever their fruit will ripen, but occasionally there is a severe season which seems to touch the very heart of the wood, and so enfeeble it that it falls an easy prey to disease. It was noticed that the mildew set in with great destructiveness after the two hard winters of 1854 and 1856. The thorough covering employed in Hungary would secure it against such occasional risks, and also might render it possible to grow European vines in our country. By its means, too, we could, perhaps, make the ‘“Scupper” live in our northern Siates, and obtain from it a sparkling wine, of foam and flavor unsurpassed. From these considerations and others, we recommend to the wine- growers of our more northern States to lay down and thoroughly cover their vines regularly every fall; and to those in milder regions, to bank up the earth against the stalks as is done in France. We have derived most of our instruction in vine-dressing from the Germans in whose native country there are no sunbeams to spare; and the celebrated “Risling’’ grape is said to hardly ever ripen, and thus, perhaps, we have been led to attach too much importance to letting the fruit remain on the vine as long as possible before gathering. If we have been in error, it would be well worth while to know it, for, besides the loss by shrinkage, the ravage of insects and birds, quadrupeds and bipeds, during the last fortnight of the vine-dressers’ watchings’ is most disheartening. Now, it is contended by good authority in France that early vintages are the best, and that it is important, not merely in regard to quantity but quality, also, to gather the fruit before it beeomes.over-ripe. Pos- sibly what is true of white wine may not be so of red wine, to which last named kind attention is so widely directed in Europe. Here the proportion of white wine to red is very small, and it may be said that red is the rule, and white the exception. Our wine-growers in America understand very well the principles to be observed in the manufacture of white wine, and many of them, as regards care and nicety, are as good models as need be desired. But it cannot be denied that the practice of selling the ripest and finest grapes for table use, and convert- ing the unsalable into wine, prevails to a great extent among American vineyardists, and the result is the manufacture of much inferior wine. This has already injured the reputation of American wines, both at home and abroad. Of the much more complicated. process of making red wine, however, American manu- facturers are but little informed, for the reason that until recently they have had no grapes suitable for the purpose; but now that we have discovered those excellent varieties, the “Morton” anu “Ives” seedlings, our estimate of the value of which has been very greatly raised by comparing wine from them with some of the highest grades of foreign productions, a few observations of methods of fermentation for red wine as practiced in France may be appropriate. In France, they will make either white or red wine from the same grape; but in America they have grapes whose pulp is so rich in coloring matter that they yield a very pretty tinted wine without any further treatment than what is given to make white wine, and a pure white wine cannot be made from them; of this kind is the “Morton” seedling. Yet not for beauty alone do they put them through the process of fermentation on the skin, but because that process imparts qualities which, as affecting the palate, stimulation, digestion, &c., are quite different from what the other process imparts; many persons find red -wine essential to their health, who cannot use white wine, and vce versa. STEMMING. The fruit having been gathered and selected, the next thing to do is to stem it. In “Medoc” and all the “Borderlais” this is invariably dove. But in 150 “Burgundy” and other districts they commouly omit it, and throw stem and all into the vat; if, however, the season has been bad, and the stems remain unripe, they are of necessity excluded in whole or in part, lest they do more harm than good. The chief reason for putting in the stems is to correct the disease called “teitter,” for which the turrin acid, &c., of the stem is thought to be an antidote. Fortunately we know comparatively little, as yet, of any wine dis- ease, except acidity, but still it will remain for us to decide upon experience which of the two methods it is best to adopt. Probably we shall arrive at the same diver- sity of practice as is witnessed here. Stemming is usually done by rubbing the fruit upon a grating of iron rods, but the better way decidedly is a grating of wood. It is made of bars two-thirds of an inch square, carved into each other where they cross so as to bring them down to an even face, leaving openings or meshes two-thirds of an inch square. ‘This is established like a table with four legs, with a rim around it about ten inches high, and a proper receptacle beneath to receive and carry off the stemmed fruit as it falls through and the juice which escapes. ‘I'he table is four feet square and four feet high. About three bushels of grapes are put on to the grating, which four men with bare arms soon rub through, leaving the stems behind, which are then thrown into a small circular press like our hand cider presses, which extracts the juice of the few grains remaining on them. In this way four men can stem enough to make fifty barrels of wine per day. For one who makes but a small quantity, adeep tub and a three-pronged stick will do very well. CRUSHING. © . This is next to be done, by trampling the grape with the naked foot. It is said to be a better way than to use a large mill, for the reason the mill will crush the seed; but the seeds are not easily crushed, and a properly made grape mill need not bruise them in the least. At a well managed wine house, that of Messrs. Averons Brothers, in “ Paulliac,” they put the grapes to ferment with no further crushing than what is given them in the process of stemming, which experience has satisfied those gentlemen i is all that is needed. Treading out grapes witb bare feet is well enough if the feet first be made clean, but “probably no American will ever adopt fhe plan of crushing with naked feet, either clean or unclean, but will either rely en the crushing given in the stemming process, or use a mill, or a bucket and tripod. FERMENTATION. The crushed mass, with or without the stems, is next thrown into vats and allowed to ferment. The vats are large casks, generally without bulge, the largest at the bottom, and open at the top. In some of the large houses they are covered with loose boards; in others the boards are jointed and made her- metically close by plastering with cement or clay ; in others there is merely a floating mass of stems; and in others there is no covering at all except the seum of stems, skins, seeds, &c., which rise to the surface. After the fermentation has ceased and the wine becomes clear, it is drawn off and put away in close casks, which in France are almost uniformly of the size called‘ barrique,” holding about fifty gallons. In Burgundy these are kept above ground and in the light until spring, and then put into cellars, while in the Bordeaux country they remain in the light in storehouses above ground until one or two years old, and then removed to dark rooms on the same level. A careful way of making red wine out of grapes not fully ripened is to allow it’to remain in the vats for a sufficiently long time after fermentation to let the greenness held in suspense settle to the bottom. At“ La Tour,” in the vintage of 1866, they allowed the wine to remain in the vat a whole month, though the fermentation was probably complete in half 151 of the time. After sagem off the remaining undissolved pomace, it is pressed and made into a wine of inferior quality. [t is commonin France, and it would be sometimes necessary in some parts of America to provide means of warming the wine-house up to at least 20 degrees of “Centigrade” or Fahrenheit, as well as to introduce steam heat into the vats themselves, which is done. by means of a tin pipe, entering to the right of the faucet and a little above the bottom of the vat, bending to the bottom and rising again in the form of a letter U, and then passing out at the other side of the faucet, at the same distance from it, the steam entering at one end and the condensed vapor escaping at the other; but heat is only applied in cold seasons and when the grapes are badly ripened. ; In France, the fruit of different varieties are commonly. mixed together, and generally but little account is taken of “cesaye” (variety) as compared with the quality of soil. Well-informed persons, however, are disposed to complain of the introduction, which has been quite general of recent years, of coarse varieties grown for quantity rather than quality. There is one variety of vine commonly seen on rich soil and deemed unfit for poor ground, except where grown for brandy, as in Cognac, that may pos- sibly be of value to us. It is called “la folle,” (the crazy;) “en ragatt, ’ (from enraged.) Except in its infancy it needs no stakes, but holds itself erect by the strength of its stalk, which is trained about one foot high, and from which the cane or branches shoot out with great vigor, like those of the osier willow pruned low. Every winter all the branches are cut back to two or three eyes, and during the season the ground is cultivated in the usual manner, but further than this it demands no attention. There is no summer pruning nor any tying, winter or summer It is never hurt by frost, is proof against all disease, and is unfailing in its fruiting, and yields, when in good condition, 12 to 15 gallons of wine per acre. Its most favorable soil is a sandy loam, and when grown on such its wine, which is quite strong, is worth 40 cents per gallon. Of that produced about Bordeaux a good deal is mixed with coarse red wine and made into claret for American consumption. Of itself it will not make red wine. It is possible that this hardy vine or grape will stand our severe winters, and, with or without winter covering, obtain a footing in American soil. If so, every farmer or whoever else can command a quarter of an acre of land might raise for his own table an abundanee of good sound wine at a trifling cost. Gener- ally it is a bad policy to introduce a coarse plant of any sort, but we have so vast a spread of land that is too rich for growing delicate wines, no matter . what variety of plant is tried, and of late the mildew and rot have been so dis- couragingly fatal in many parts of our country, it might be well to give the ‘“‘en ragatt’’ a trial; and, since we wust drink the juice baptized with the names of «St. Julian,” “Chatteur,” “Margeaux,” and all the saints of Medoc, we may as well enjoy the satisfaction and the very large profit of raising it ourselves. Not only do the French mix different kinds of grapes in the vat and on the press, but they freely compound together different kinds of wine in every stage of maturity. This is done of course with great carefulaess, and the success of the merchant in his business depending on his skill in concocting what will please the palate. Such combination may be agreeable to the taste of the con- sumer, and profitable to the merchant, but it may well be doubted if it is as good for the health as that which is simply natural, and made from one variety of grape. A French wine-grower has introduced the Catawba into his vineyard, and uses its juice to mix in very small proportions with that of native grapes to give flavor. Any considerable addition of the Catawba’s musky quality would be more than the French palate, trained to like only that which is negative, could very well bear. When American wines were tested by the jury at the Exposition, the French 152 jurors, whose scale was from one to four, with a zero at the foot, generally com- plimented our Catawba with a zero, and they remarked that the more of the natural flavor the wine possessed, other things being equal, the lower they should estimate it. In America the very contrary is known to be the case. The German jurors, accustomed to wines of high bouquet, held quite different opinions from the French, and were much pleased with the American samples. In regard to the more delicate wines of Europe which do not bear exportation, an important discovery is said to have been made by the distinguished che mist Pasteur, of the Institute, which is exciting great interest, and promises nothing less than to secure wine against disease and deterioration for an indefinite period, to enable it to be transported with safety any distance, and kept in any sort of storehouse. The best way to make known in America the discoveries of Mr. Pasteur would be to translate and publish his very valuabte work, entitled «Etudes Sur le Vin,” sold by Victor Masson & Sons, Place de l’Ecole de Medicine, Paris. Meanwhile we will give a brief synopsis of it. After explaining at length the nature of the different diseases of the wine, acidity, bitterness, &c., tracing them all to vegetable parasites, and detailing his experiments in search of an agent to destroy the parasites, Mr. Pasteur arrives at the conclusion that they are effectually destroyed by heating the wine upto a point between fifty and sixty-five degrees of centigrade, which would be between 122° and 149° of Fahrenheit. The heating can be done in a “ Bain Marie,” that is, by placing the bottle or cask in a vessel filled with water and heating the water, or by hot-air closets or steam-pipes introduced into the casks. The heating should be gradually and carefully accomplished in order to enable any one to test the value of this invention, so important in its aims. We extract the following, which gives all the author has to say on the mode he has himself followed with wine already in bottle, whether new or old, dis- eased or sound : «The bottle being corked. either with the needle or otherwise, by machine or not, and the corks tied on like those of champagne bottles, they are placed in a vessel of water; to handle them easily, they are put into an iron bottle- basket. The water should rise as high as the ring about the mouth of the bottle. I have never yet completely submerged them, but do not think there would be any inconvenience in doing so, provided there should be no partial cooling during the heating up, which might causethe admission of a little water into the bottle. One of the bottles is filled with water, into the lower part of which the bowl of a thermometer is plunged. When this marks the degree of heat desired, 149° of Fahrenheit for instance, the basket is withdrawn. It will not do te put in another immediately, the too warm water might break the bot- tles. A portion of the heated water is taken out and replaced with cold, to reduce the temperature to a safe point, or, better still, the bottles of the second basket may be prepared by warming, so as to be put in as soon as the first comes out. The expansion of the wine during the heating process tends to force cut the cork, but the twine or wire holds it in, and the wine finds a vent between the neck and the cork. During the cooling of the bottles, the volume of the wine having diminished, the corks are hammered in further, the tying is taken off, and the wine is put in the cellar, or the ground floor, or the second story, in the shade, or inthe sun. There is no fear that any of these different modes of keeping it will render it diseased, they will have no influence except on its mode of matur- ing, on its colors, &e. It will always be useful to keep a few bottles of the same kind without heating it, so as to compare them at long intervals with that which has been heated. The bottle may be kept in an upright position, no mould will form, but perhaps the wine will lose a little of its fineness under such condition, if the cork gets dry, and air is allowed too freely to enter.” Mr. Pastuer affirms that he has exposed casks of wine thus heated in the 153 open air or terrace, with northern experience, from April to December, without any injury resulting. Wine in casks may be heated ‘by introducing a tin pipe through the bung- hole, which shall descend in coils nearly to the bottom and return in a straight line and through the pipe imparting steam. If, after thus. being once heated, there is such an exposure to air, as by drawing off and bottling, as to admit a fresh introduction of “ parasites,” the disease thus introduced may be easily cured by heating a second time. Mr. Pastuer claims also to have discovered and proved that wine can be advanced in ripening and improved by ‘“riation” conducted by a slow and gentle manner. This is a bold assertion, but such confidence is felt in the value of suggestions coming-from him that both of his methods, cutting, as they will, a tangle of old theories, will have a fair trial by his countrymen, and that with- out delay. Your committee would say, in conclusion, that from what comparison we have been able to make between the better samples of American wines now on exhi- bition at the ‘ Paris Exposition,’”’ with foreign wines of similar character, as well as from the experience of many European wine-tasters, we have formed a higher estimate of our own ability to produce good wines than we had hereto- fore; and from our investigations in vine culture we are now more confident than ever that America can and will be a great wiue-growing country. All that is necessary for us to rival the choicest products of other parts of the world, will ere long come with practice and experience. We have already sev- eral excellent varieties of the grape borne on American soil, and suited to it a soil extensive and varied enough for every range of quantity and quality. Who would discover a patch of ground capable of yielding a “ Johannesberger,” a “Tokay,” or a “ Margeaux,” need only make diligent and careful search, and, somewhere between the lakes and the gulf and the two oceans that circumscribe our vineyard territory, will be sure to find it. Accompanying this report is a paper from William Griffith, of Pennsylvania, on the propagation of the vine referred to us. This is deemed of such import- ance as to jusiify its publication entire. without comments on the subject by your committee. Finally, your committee cannot close this report without acknowledging the many courtesies extended to them by European ex ibitors and commissioners in facilitating the investigations incident upon the discharge of their duties. MARSHALL P. WILDER, ALEXANDER THOMPSON, WILLIAM J. FLAGG, PATRICK BARRY, Committee. SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT. The committee, since making their report on the third branch of the subject given them in charge, have visited the principal vine districts of Switzerland and Germany, and deem some of the observations there made worth being em- bodied in the supplemental report now submitted. The vineyards to which attention was more especially given were those of the borders of Lake Geneva, those of Pfalz or Rhenish Bavaria, and of the banks of the Rhiue, the Neckar, and the Main. With regard to the quality of the soil, we have the same remark to make here as was made in the former report, viz, that the vines yielding the best wine were found to be growing on the poorest soil. Geologically, the soil throughout all the above districts is very much the same, viz, basalt and sandstone, both formations usually seen in close proximity, the basalt uppermost and resting on 154 the other. The only exceptions were a few patches of limestone and slate The basalt soil is esteemed richer than the sandstone, and is often hauled on to the other to enrich it. For instance, the vine-dressers of Durkheim actually manure their thin, poor, gravelly land with tens of thousands of yards of earth, brought from the neighboring town of Deidesheim, and yet the Durkheim wine is quite superior to that of their neighbors. All this was quite different from anything we noticed in France; theeet calcareous rocks seem to underlie every- where, vor could we learn of any wine of high repute in France, that derived its quality from sandstone or basalt. The vine husbandry of the Swiss and Germans is of the first order. Nowhere do you see in their vineyards the straggling appearance so common in those of France, (the effect of frequent layering ;) but the lins were always beautifully true and even. Although the intervals or rows werewide enough for the plough to pass, nearly all the cultivation was done by hand, and done’most thoroughly, too In France, as in America, they stir the ground two or three times during the season. In the Rhinegan it is done four times; but about Forst Deidesheim and Durkheim they do it as often as every two or three weeks from the beginning to the end of the season. It is in the above neighborhood that basaltic earth is applied as a manure, as is also clay, to make the ground more retentive of manure; and tkis they do to such an extent that old vine fields are seen which have been raised visibly above the level of the others adjoining them. NOTE.—Some years since the vineyard of F. 'T. Buhl, of Deidesheim, produced wine on the natural soil of a very inferior quality, selling at fifty centimes the titre, at a very great expense. The whole vineyard was covered to the depth of three feet by volcanic or basalti¢ earth brought from a distance of several miles. The experiment at the time was thought to be a very hazardous one, but the enhanced value of the wines after the addition proved that the owner was wiser than his neighbors. The expenditure of labor in a year on an acre of those fields amounts to about one hundred and forty days’ work. In the Pflaz, it is usual to train upon hori- zontal Jaths or lines of wire running fifteen inches above the ground, very much as is done in Medoc, only that where wire is used a second line is stretched above the other. If the plan is good in Medoc and the Pflaz, it is hard to see why it would not be good everywhere, especially in countries so cold as Ger- many and the northern part of the United States. Indeed, Mr. Guyot, to whose book we have already referred, argues strongly in favor of everywhere adopt- ing the method of training the fruit-bearing cane horizontal with the ground and very close to it. We ought, however, to note here, that the fields where this mede was more particularly noticed, or connected with, good results, were in gravelly deposits of nearly level surface. Manure is freely used in Germany, much more so than in France, and is prepared and applied with much care and system. Cow manure, largely composted with straw, is the only kind thought fit to manure vines. They sprinkle the heaps almost daily to keep them moist and allow the mass to rot, at least twelve months before being used. It is applied every three years. As to quantity, it is certain that some soil, like the poor and unretentive gravel beds of the Pflaz, should receive more than those of the neighboring slopes, and that the calcareous earths of France need less than the sandstone and the basaltic earths of the Rhine valley. Guyot, arguing strongly in favor of manure, recommends the French culti- vator to put on at intervals of three years a quantity of manure that will be equivaleut in weight to that of the fruit he has taken off at vintage, while Mr. Herzmansky, the steward at Johannesberg, who tills some 50 acres of vines, keeps about 40 very large cows in his stables. But will not manuring hurt the quality of the wine ? Tn our former report we say that this is an open question as yet, and so it is in France, and Mr. Guyot treats it as such in arguing upon it. Of course none will doubt that were a vineyard to be treated in this respect, as we treat 155 _the soil of a grapery, very poor wine would be produced, and the only question is will a moderate quantity do harm? ‘This is precisely the question the com- mittee put toeMr. Herzmansky, the intelligent and thoroughly experienced director at Johannesberg, where the best wine in the world is made. His answer was, “No. As we apply it on this soil it does not impair the quality of the wine in any degree; on the contrary, it improves the flavor.” Then he led the way to his well-ordered cow stables, and pointing to the compost heaps remarked, “ There is the beginning of Johannesberger.” Nore.—The vineyard of F. T. Buhl, alluded to in a previous note, is fertilized by a com- post made of wood-ashes, stable manure, and earth. This is applied in the spring in trenches dug to the depth of about ten inches and again covered with earth; the application is made in this manner to every alternate row of the vineyard. The fellowing year the same pro- cess is gone through with in the remaining rows, by the removal of the soil as previously stated, and the treatment of manure as just detailed; this vineyard now produces wine of a very superior quality of a delicious bouquet, rich in saccharine matter, and alcohol, and pos- sessing all those excellences that we prize in a first-class wine, and is now readily selling at twelve francs the titre. To which is this wine most indebted for the extraordinary change in its character, to the volcanic soil, or the manure which is annually buried in the vineyard ? Now Johannesberger is the most delicate of wine, as it is indeed superlative in every respect. By the kind invitation of the Princess Metternich the com- | mittee were allowed to taste specimens of the best the castle cellar contained, including some that was 21 years old in the cask, and some from a cask that was par excellence, called the “ bride of the cellar,” and the opinion formed was that the quality of Johannesberger is such that it cannot be described, and can be communicated only to the organs of taste, nor can it be understood or even imagined, except by those who are so highly favored as to have a taste of it. But this marvellous wine is but the ‘crowning product of the famous district of the Rhinegan, or that portion of the valley lying just north of Mayence, a strip less than ten miles in length, whose fruit yields a juice which surpasses all others of the world, combining richness with flavor and delicacy with strength. The soit of the Rhinegan seems to be of a red sandstone mostly, if not wholly. Johannesberg hill reminds one strongly of the soil of some parts of New Jersey and Connecticut, and in the neighborhood of New Haven, in the latter State, the “basalt” is seen resting upon the red stone, just as it does upon the hills that skirt the Rhine. Nearly all the German and Swiss wines, and, indeed, nearly all the grapes grown in Germany and Switzerland, are white, for which the soil and climate of the former country seems peculiarly adapted, while at the same time unsuited for ripening colored grapes to the tint needed in a true red wine. The peculiarity of the better sort of Rhenish wines is “bouquet,” and of the inferior sort, acidity compared with them; their French rivals are quite negative, and so are those of Switzerland. A French wine, white or red, must be very poor indeed if it shows any acidity, and must be very fine indeed if it possesses any easily-tasted “bouquet.” Altogether, we must award the palm of excellence to the white wines of the Rhine, as we do to the skill and industry of the vine dressers who produce them. In considering the merits of the different soils as geologically distinguished from each other, we seem drawn to the con- clusion that, so far as our observation has gone, the red sandstone is the superior one, but we confess ourselves unfit to make any such sweeping generalization, and will only say that the soil in question, for aught we can see, seems as fit as any other to grow a superior wine. The difference between wine made by fermenting the bruised grapes, juice, skin, pulp, and seeds altogether, and called “red wine,” and that made by pressing immediately after gathering and fer- menting its pressed juice by itself, called “white wine,” is not a difference of color alone. For certain bodily temperaments, and for certain conditions of health, possibly, too, for the peculiar constilution of the German people, whzte wine may be the best. And to that of the Rhine country Leébig attributes the virtue of being an antidote for calculus and gout. But all this being admitted, 156 the better reasons seem to favor the production and use of the red wine in preference to the white where it can be done. The testimony we have obtained from the best sources of knowledge on this point amount to this: Red wine is much less heating, much more tonic, much less exciting to the nerves, much less intoxicating to the brain, and its effects are more enduring than white wine. As we of America are, by reason of our dry climate, as well as from moral causes, more. excitable, both from brain. and nerve, than the Europeans, and at the same time much oftener in need of tonie diet, and our summer heats are so much more intense than in the wine latitudes of urope, all the above considerations should have peculiar weight with us. So highly, at least, do the French people appreciate them that they con- same now little white wine, and it bears always a lower price in the market than red of equal quality. ‘To the general consumption of this drink intelli- gent Frenchmen are apt to attribute the fine health of their peasantry, as well as their habitual gaiety and habitualtemperance. (The habitual use of whiskey has quite another effect.) An American gentleman, for many years residing in France, and for a time a professor in one of the universities, afirms that the greatest longevity is amoung those people who take red wine three times a day and abstain from both tea and coffee. When Americans consult French physi- cians, three times in four they are ordered to drink red wine as a habitual bev- erage, and one of the commonest daily events among Americans residing in Paris is the cure of an obstinate dyspepsia by the same iia remedy, even in the unhealthful air of that city. The German vineyards have hitherto escaped any very serious ravages from the ‘vine disease.” It is met as often as it appears, and successfully combatted with sulphur. Three applications are made, the first as soon as the berries have grown to be as large as the head of a pin. Early in the day, and before the dew is dried off, the flour is sprinkled on the lower surface of the leaves, where the moisture causes it to attach. ‘The implement used is a tube of tin, perfor- ated with numerous small holes at the lower end, and with a tassel of woolen yarn attached to that end. At Rheims we were shown a large vine, trained to a wall, one-half of which had been treated as above in the spring of the year before and the other half neglected. The latter had, as a consequence, lost all of its fruit, and we visited the place and, saw it the following season. It showed yellow and falling leaves in July, and very little fruit, while the other portion was perfectly healthy, and was loaded with a good crop of fruit. This experi- ment was made by a French gentleman, who had recently returned from a long sojourn in . America, and visited that country for the purpose of satisfying him- self if the sulphur be really a preventive or not against the vine disease, of which he had heard so many doubts expressed while in America. MARSHALL P. WILDER, ALEX. ‘THOMPSON, W. J. FLAGG, PATRICK BARRY, Committee No.9 United States Commission. METEOROLOGY. [Compiled in the Department of Agriculture, from the reports made by the observers for the Smithsonian Institution. ] FEBRUARY, 1868. Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, (with dates pre- fixed,) the mean temperature, and amount of rain and melted snow, (in inches and tenths,) for February, 1868, at the following places, as given by the observers named. Daily observations were made at the hours of 7 a. m. and 2 and 9 p.m. | hE Rain Stations, &c. Counties. Observers, Date. fare Date. Nase rab a a | snow MAINE. SC > ° Be Steuben . .......... Washington ..... | J. D. Parker.....-.- 21 45 12 | —13 16.9 | 3.70 Williamsburg......-. Piscataquis...-.- Edwin Pitman...-... 20 36 1L | —16 10.2 | 2.00 West Waterville....) Kennebec -...-... Bes Walbure.acs=s- 9, 20 38 |8, 12,25 | —12 14.8} 1.85 Gasrainoerc-.-.-.-.- Bac aC MR GSE eesence R. H. Gardiner.....- 20 44 12; —12 16.9 | 1.87 TORO Seema en Androscoggin. ...| Asa P. Moore...-...-. [ee oee oes [ia Sone er cee | saci jooeetess 0. 83 Standishi. J... -.2-- Cumberland ...-. | John P. Moulton.... 21 47 8} —I8 1489) lows INGE od oopepereres Oxford! 2.20 2=.-% | Howard D. Smith ..| 20 44 12 | —22 12.9 | 1.30 Womnish!s 22252. 2524 ork) {eet cs Silas West-..--.:-.. | 21} 42 Si] tate | 5s 38 110 Gornmikhvillel- =. -~5.|-—s-do. ~--e=-. | G. W. Guptill -...... 21) 41 23 | —10 16.6 | 3.00 yn cra Ma 1 fees te), STM ORES AAS || ee chee, packard 14.8| 1.93 NEW HAMPSHIRE. reyes Portsmouth. ........ Rockingham. .... John Hatch.....-.--- 21 50 8\|—7 21.0) 278 Stratford <-22---2.5 Goos, 22-228: = Branch Brown...-.- 20 36 8 | —24 9.3 | 2.00 Shelburne .......... OF sans aoe ee BY Odelincs. {QoS ON Soc. Sib es OR DRO Soe 1 AW SR it |)» TASIE 3)/—5 23.9 0. 83 3|—12| 23.8] 0.88 3 | —l4 24.4 0. 84 3|—13| 25.1] 0.55 3)) 13 eer 0.04 3 | —10 24.7 0.95 3/—9 23. 6 1. 00 3}/—2 SL. 7 1. 82 3 | —10 ose 1. 06 3 | —18 24.9 1.99 3 2 By Lt2 3);—4 25.1 1.03 3 2 28.3 0. 62 1;—1 27.4 0. 70 7 Gir ol0 0. 57 iat 14 35.3 0. 88 7 0 29.8 0. 25 Hc a gel a Be ae 26. 4 1. 07 162 Table showing the range of the thermometer, §c., for February—Continued. Stations, &c. Counties. | MICHIGAN. Monroe City..-..-.. EAST Shae sone | State Agricult’] Col--| Hitenfield’. 2 oc i.< cel Grand Rapids -...-. | Northport .......-.- Otsego s-- 2s. = <8 } Allepan2 eee. Holland!) .: Sosjeonccic | Ottawa-.......... Copper Falls........ | Keweenaw .-.--. Ontonapon -...2 2... Ontonagon ...... AV @FAG6S 322225). |Ssecee cosese te ames INDIANA. | PAMITOFA) 2 2a5s6 hese Dearborn 2 --222- | Wevayiorasvssssc +: Switzerland -.... MUNGO sense = Delaware -.. ...- Columbia City....-- | Whitley ......... Indianapolis --...... Marion] *-2=-c-n2 MGLOMI SS seh ate oe l Swilivan 2552-52 New Harmony..---.. POseY -222--ehe= Garthage sscccs<<.252 Rushhss.ss5-te2= Averages....-.. Bee at a eee ILLINOIS. Chicago ~ 222 <2 scent ItGooks 52. -seon5 Near Chicago ...--.. : SAR Se Se ee Ss Golconds v=s24:.3:-2 [sPopejzs==s2 54262 AMTOE Ao tonic shee === 2 Kiane~ 225.22 ssns Sandwich .2- 2:2)... iDeiKalbee~ - 3226 Otiawa-~.- 6 sae Ba\Salle.= --22=. Winnebago......... Winnebago...... Hennepiny.--22-—-—- iePuinamipees- ses Macnoliaissso5-2-2.|= w=-0) oseeaseas Rochelle. .--d225<<2 Ogle. 22552-8523 Wryanet....--f--a2<% IBNTeAN == -<-5--5 Diskilwa...-2=<2=-- == eect iar syase sec Mlmira\- 22 -bajesce es Stark: 522-228 PeOTIA ence nce Se | Peoriaiictep sce Springfield ......... Sangamon......- Wiaterloo-£ 2222-2 Monroe.e=-—--e—= LOU G St Sess ee see Washington -..-.-.. Galespurgic-ceecce. [eken Ox see Mount Sterling -.... 333 Andalusia .......... | Rock Island ...- Augusta...-........| Hancock ....-... Ridge Farm. .:.....=- i) Wermillione=-emee MATengo = -- 225 == McHenry...----: iW apello. 2. --.-.... De Witte=-< sons: Averages....--- loeedbeS-eeea eee WISCOPSIN, \ Manitowoc .. ...---- danitowoc ...... Observers. | Miss F. Whelpley --- J. W. Paxton | Prof. R. C. Kedzie. -- R. Bullard | E. S. Holmes, D.D.S.| Rey. Geo. N. Smith-. Milton Chase, M.D-~. | L. H. Streng | Dr. S. H. Whittlesey. | Edwin Ellis, M. D--- Geo. Sutton, M. D.-.} | Chas. G. Boerner. --| G.W.H.Kemper, M.D} Dr.F. and Miss L. } | McCoy. | W. J. Elstun, M. D--| | Thomas Holmes -... | John Chappellsmith . Charies M. Hobbs. -- | J.G. Langguth, jr-. | Samuel Brookes .-.. | Wm. V. Eldredge... A. & E. D. Spaulding | N. E. Ballou, M.D .. | Mrs. E. H. Merwin .. | J. W. & Miss Tolman Smiley Sheppard -.-| | Henry K. Smith .-..| | Daniel Carey E. S. & Miss Phelps. . | Verry Aldrich | O. A. Blanchard -.... Frederick Brendel -- G. M. Brinkerhoff - -- H. Kiinster | Wm. C. Spencer .-.-. Prof. W. Livingston. Rey. A. Duncan E. H. Bowman, M. D| S. B. Mead, M. D---. Dr. B.-C. Williams. - O.P Rogers2eae— T. Louis Groff.----- } Jacob Liips.......--| Date. 16, 16, 20 16, 20 — ~ — | Kain Max. Date Min. | Mean | and temp. * | temp.) temp. |melt’d | snow. ° Nees | ° In. 47 3/21) 225] 0.90 39 10.|—2| 17.4))eers 44 3|—19| 18.7] 128 46 3 | 30 |, deste 48 3,10/—6| 213] 1.59 44) 13/—4| 180] 245 55 | 3,10 | —10.]/ (26:0) ae50 47 | 7|/—2| 23.5] 144 40} 12] —16 8.1| 4.45 40 10 | =222'|' aHsghleeees. at Se eee 18.6 | 2.10 — po 60 | 1} _ 0 | s3psgebeaeas 60 | 7 5! 33.7] 0.90 55 | 1 | =16)|) ex50 |S 50 | 3 | 214) joa las 56]. 11| 2 | Seon 59 | 10|° 1) S0s8H Malmo 60 | 10 | 7 36.2 | 0.82 54 | 3|/—6]| 25.0] 0.50 ett he ce ae 28.9) 1.01 —— 56 | 10/—9]| 27.8] 0.93 54 | 7 | 12 | Saale 82} 10] 10| 40.1) 060 51 10 | —27 | 21.3 | 1.05 48 10 |—25| 19.7] 0.85 55 | 3|/—12] 220) 1.40 47| 10 | 26 | 183) 9077 56 | 10 | —14.| 25: 0))a55-%- 62 | 3|—16; 23.3] 0.80 50| 10|—32| 19.0) 0.55 63} . 10|—16| 241] O82 49 10 | —13 | neice ese oer 56 | 10|—8| 24.9) 0.83 55 | 1|/—6] 26:8) 9095 63|- 10 | = 2) sean eee 68| 10|° 5)ece 56{ 11} O| 261] 050 61| 10|/—7| 245] 0.40 58} 10!'—6]} (29)0))22-. 52] 10.| 20] areas 56 | 10|—6] 28.5] 0.80 60| 10 | —= 4) ees) oee 48} 10 —27| 20.4] 0.95 58 | 3|—15| 27.4] 2.00 ec: en es, 25.6 | 0.79 oak nes. AT 10 | —17 19.3 | 1.34 163 Table showing the range of the thermometer, §c., for February—Continued. tations, &e. Counties. WIsconsin—Con. Plymouth .....----- Sheboygan ...... Milwaukee -..--.---- Milwaukee ¢..... Geneva. .-.....----- Walworth....... Waupacca.....----- Waupacca ....-- Embarrass - -------- ~2ac)® Sacsecck se Edgerton.......---- Rock. erase ATA pOOs..0-4----=- Saki ios soo: Gene New Lisbon ...-.--.-- Juneau. .! a ' Gir i L } 5 ‘ , a ‘ ‘ ay) " ' : , - . 7 * . 7 ty ; in 40 i ‘ | . i id : . p t , = , = ? : mf : o y ee eee - A 5 . WO os a a! rays ; 12 ? ary, v2 Adi A ahi hadi POL, ; er ith al Le ae be eT 0/2 , x ? res pss ; ! j ee ! 4 MONTHLY REPORT. D5EPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Washington, D. C., May, 1868. Str: I herewith submit, for publication in the April report of this division, a statement showing the Condition of Farm Stock of the United States at the present time; a continuation of the Special Statistics of Farm Resources and Products; a concise statement of the distinguishing features of rinderpest; and facts from various quarters. Respectfully, J. R. DODGE, Statisticzan. Hon. Horace Capron, Commissioner of Agriculture. CONDITION OF FARM STOCK OF THE UNITED STATES. The customary review of the diseases of domestic animals during the year, and their condition upon emerging from winter quarters, has been taken, based upon returns to the April circulars from all sections of the country, which were very full and evidently considered with care. The practical lesson of this mass of information, if heeded, would be worth millions to the country, though it is not to be expected that disease may be warded off entirely. ‘The following letter, from the Commissioner to the chairman of the Committee on Agriculture of the House of Representatives, is inserted as a suitable introduction to the detailed statements following : DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Washington, D. C., May 15, 1868. Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge your favor of the 7th instant, relative to “the extent of the prevalence of diseases of domestic animals in this country at the present time,” and also to the propriety and value of an investigation of the nature and causes and possible cure and prevention of these diseases. The subject is one of the first importance, affecting the interests of farmers scarcely more than the well-being of all consumers of meats. Could three- fourths of the diseases of farm stock be prevented, the cost of all meats would be lessened, and food production proportionally increased. The annual inquiry into the condition of farm stock in the United States at the close of winter, and the diseases and mortality of the past year, has just been made by the statistical division of this department, and its results have been analyzed and condensed. It shows that the past winter has been unusually favorable to the health of domestic animals, and that leanness and feebleness, which might almost be said to be the rule throughout whole States one yearago, are now the rare exception. The uniformly low temperature of the western States, with the absence of severe storms, while causing the consumption of an unusual amount of hay, grain, and fodder, proved conducive to health and fine condition; so that returns of “condition” are everywhere burdened with such phrases as “very good,” “extra good,” “excellent,” “better than for years,” and “better than was ever before seen.” As an instance, and not the only one, 174 showing total exemption from leanness, fifty counties of the State of Iowa report “very good;” a few others in equivalent terms, with no county acknowledging inferior condition. The long drought of last autumn in the Ohio valley so injured late pasturage as to affect injuriously cattle and sheep in a large area, and to carry the injury to a certain extent through the winter ; and in some places cattle suffered from scarcity of water through the same cause. In the New England States the winter was also very favorable to health and growth. To some extent sheep suffered from the neglect which invariably follows depression and temporary unprofitableness of any agricultural interest in this country. In the southern States both cattle and sheep were affected, more or less seriously, by the invariable neglect and utter lack of shelter to which they are subjected. It is well known that no provision, either of food or shelter, is made for stock in the more southern States, with very rare exceptions, and to a less general extent this may be said of the northern and western States; and yet, in many cases, especially where cattle have wintered in canebrakes, they have come out fat in the spring. A larger portion came from their winter quarters of fence corners or old fields, lean, hungry, even emaciated, while the bones of many others strew the waste places on which they have starved. The mortality resulting from exposure, starvation, and other common forms of disease, makes a considerable aggregate of loss; sometimes but two or three per centum, in some localities five, and occasionally ten, and even twenty per centum of the total number of cattle and sheep in the township or county. ‘The occurrence of epizoétics and contagious diseases often sweeps off a large portion of the stock of whole neighborhoods. In the item of swine twenty-five per centum of loss from hog cholera is not unfrequent in a county, and fifty per centum has been reported to this department in several instances. Notwithstanding the fact that prevailing diseases have been less fatal and general than in previous seasons, cattle have wintered much more successfully than in former years. The aggregate losses of farm animals of all kinds for the past twelve months could not be covered by fifty millions of dollars. The Spanish fever, communicated by Texas or Gulf coast cattle to those of the country through which they pass in travelling northward, and which has proved so fatal for several years in T'exas, Arkansas, Missouri, and Kentucky, has been less destructive than usual the past year, in consequence of the restrict- ive or prohibitory measures adopted by citizens of the border, yet its ravages have been continued in several counties in Missouri and Kansas, and in Barton, Newton, and Towns counties, Georgia. The loss in a single season has exceeded $200,000 in one sparsely settled county, from this cause. ‘The disease is peculiar—fatal in almost every case; is highly contagious, while the animal communicating the contagion appears to be exempt from disease and improving in flesh ; and it yields to no remedies, and is but slightly modified by treatment. A lung disease, locally characterized as pleuro-pneumonia, has been prevalent in the vicinity of Baltimore, in eastern Pennsylvania, and, to some extent, about Washington and Alexandria. Abortion in cows has occasioned no inconsiderable loss ; -more severe in New York and Vermont than elsewhere. Local investigations have been made, as yet without conclusive results. A disease in Nassau county, Florida, has swept away twelve per centum of the cattle, and in Baker county, in the same State, 2,000 died last spring. In several counties of North Carolina, and in Charlton county, Georgia, an unknown disease has destroyed fifteen per centum. A great variety of diseases has attacked sheep, destroying not less than a million in number, in addition to a large percentage of lambs lost by exposure or from other causes. Horses have fallen victims to many named and unknown diseases in all sec- ions of the country. In Gates county, North Carolina, the loss is reported at 175 twenty per centum from a disease commonly designated “blind staggers,” and other portions of the south have been severely afflicted with the same disease. The mortality among swine exceeds that of any other species of farm stock, involving a loss of not less than fifteen millions of dollars, though the extent of the ravages of hog cholera has been less than in previous years. Not unfre- quently from 1,000 to 5,000 hogs are reported to have fallen in a single county. In the Ohio valley and the southern States this disease has been most prevalent. In some localities it has discouraged the raising of this variety of farm animals, and in many pork producing districts it has cut off the entire surplus for ship- ment, leaving a scanty supply of bacon for local use. Tn view of such facts as these, I deem a scientific investigation of the causes and character of these maladies worthy of the early attention of Congress. If remedies may not be found for all of them, the best means of prevention can certainly be pointed out by veterinary science. I am, very respectfully, yours, HORACE CAPRON, Commissioner. Hon. Row.anp E. TROWBRIDGE. Chairman Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives. CONDITION OF FARM STOCK AT THE CLOSE OF WINTER. The heavy losses and depreciated value of cattle and sheep during the winter of 1866-’7, from insufficient feed, care, and shelter, in those partions of the country where good barns and constant attention are not deemed vital points iu stock-growing, have evidently had an influence in the direction of sound econ- omy, true humanity, and good husbandry. It is remarked particularly that greater attention than usual has been given to the care and feeding of the ani- mals of the farm, and the results have been satisfactory and remunerative. The past winter has also been peculiarly favorable to the health and comfort of domestic animals. The season has been long, uniform in temperature, and not excessively cold; and these characteristics have been more general than usual throughout the national area, which includes so many varieties cf climate and meteorological conditions. In the eastern and northern States hay was generally abundant; in the Ohio valley, between latitude 38 and 40 degrees, the long and severe drought diminished the supply of feed, so that this region of ordinary superabundance of forage was put for once to a severe test, and in some places an actual scarcity resulted. The necessity of barns, or efficient shelter of some description, in the entire area west and south of Pennsylvania, demands the immediate and urgent con- sideration of humane and thrifty farmers. The region of the northern Missis- sippi and Missouri is far better calculated for grazing and feeding of stock than for growing of cereals. It combines a healthy climate with a deep, fine, rich soil, and a long summer of high temperature, giving rampant growth to vegeta- tion, succulence, bulk, more straw than grain, more grass than seed, a better growth of green than of white crops; and its capabilities are not improved, or its resources utilized, by growing grain and ignoring cattle. In Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, and to a great extent in more eastern States, the only barns, with few exceptions, are poles or boards forming a skeleton frame, covered with heavy masses of straw from the stacks, from the interior of which nearly all light and air are excluded, and in which horses, cattle, and sheep lie upon their filth, until the whole structure is a mass of rotten straw, mold, and reeking dampness. In some cases these rude shelters are arranged with some regard to cleanliness and healthfulness of stock, but most of them are damp, noisome, and repulsive in the extreme. The business of stock raising will never be sufficiently extended, or properly remunerative, till some attention, some expense, is bestowed upon barns and eattle sheds. 176 In the south it is a little worse, and only a little, with no barns or shelter whatever. In a good winter, in the lee of fodder stacks, the protection of a for- est, or the dryest hummocks of a canebrake, the animal may seek the range in the spring in a medium condition. The attention of southern farmers is called to the urgent necessity for a better provision of forage for horses and cattle. The most disheartening reports of weakness and death from lack of nutrition have been received—in some instances of horses and mules dropping down exhausted in the furrows. 'Themillious lost by such indifference and inefficiency, in the sacrifice of flesh, health, and ability to fatten, are scarcely less than the heavy losses now incurred by actual disease. The eastern, the western, and northwestern States report, almost without exception, the successful wintering of cattle; a few exceptions are named in New York and Pennsylvania, and a larger number in Ohio. The following local notes include most of the counties reporting unfavorable condition: Salem, New York.—Poor from long and severe winter. Niagara, New York.—Fine during the winter, but continued “ dry weather and frosty nights are having a bad effect, and they do not look as well as they did.” Onondaga, New York.—Good ; attributed to “a better system of housing. Aman with any regard to Christianity or his pocket will not allow his cattle to range unprotected in open fields.” Erie, New York.—A little below the average. Western Maryland—As bad as in 1867. In Lunenburg, Lee, Albemarle, Gloucester, King William, and Tazewell counties, Virginia, “ poor condition” is reported; in Norfolk “ never worse.” In Harnett, Bertie, Cumberland, Cabarrus, Franklin, Sampson, Gates, Guil- ford, Camden, Onslow, Stanly, Caswell, Hertford and Jackson, North Carolina, the condition is placed below the average. In Lexington and Union districts, South Carolina, “ below the average.” In Georgia the counties reporting similarly are Columbia, Chattooga, Charl- ton, Merriwether, Glynn, Decatur, Tatnall, Johnson and Baker. Nassau, Florida—Poor. Clay, Alabama.—Poor. In Mississippi, Oktibbeha, Yazoo and Leake, poor. In Louisiana the parish of Avoyelles returns condition “very bad.” In Texas, Harris, Gillespie, Navarro, Dallas, Victoria, Lavacca, Hindman, Falls, Hunt and Prairie, below an average. ell, Arkansas—Poor but healthy. In Tennessee unfavorable returns come from Meigs, Bedford, Haywood, Shelby and Davidson. Henry, Kentucky.—Poor; drought injured winter grasses. Franklin, Kentucky.—Poorer than usual. Jefferson, West Virginia.—Poor. In Ohio the following counties return cattle as “ below the average,” “rather poor,” or “thin:” Seneca, Miami, Jefferson, Butler, Harrison, Fayette, Wash- ington, Madison, Highland, Coshocton, Athens, Hancock, Wayne, Ross, Shelby and Fairfield. Sanilac, Michigan —Not so good. Emmet, Michigan.—Poor. Waushara, Wisconsin —Very poor. Sheep are reported in far better condition than last year. Upon examination of returns of a greater portion of the counties of the several States, the follow- ing are the only named exceptions to the rule of general health. Maine.—Kennebee. New York.—Chautauque, Washington, Suffolk and Seneca. 177 Pennsylvania.—Dauphin, Erie, Armstrong, Susquehanna and Huntingdon. Maryland.—Anne Arundel. Virginia.—Lee, Gloucester, Madison, Tazewell, Scott, Patrick. North Carolina.—Harnett, Bertie, Mecklenburg, Guilford, Perquimans, Greene, Hertford, Richland. South Carolina —Columbia. Georgia.—Chattooga, Merriwether, Johnson, Catoosa, Morgan. Florida.—Levy. Mississippi.—Yazoo, Amite, Marion, Madison. Louisiana.—Avoyelles, Plaquemine. Texas.—Harris, Hays, Navarro, Dallas, Blanco. Tennessee.—Meigs, Sevier, Shelby, Fayette, Davidson. Kentucky.—Owsley, Carroll, Boone, Rockcastle, Anderson, Franklin, Henry. West Virginia —Jefferson, Wood, Putnam and Lewis. Ohio.—Holmes, Seneca, Miami, Jefferson, Erie, Butler, Clinton, Geauga, Har- rison, Washington, Madison, Highland, Tuscarawas, Coshocton, Athens, Mon- roe, Hancock, Wayne, Ross, Perry, Shelby, Muskingum, Carroll and Fairfield. Indiana.—Brown, Jefferson, Pike, Porter, Perry.- Ilinois —Crawford, Cumberland, Iroquois, Lee, Grundy, Pope. Missouri.—Osage, Carter, Phelps, Clark. Jowa.—W arren, Kossuth, Montgomery. Wisconsin.— Columbia. The following extract illustrates the scarcity in those portions of the west that suffered most from the drought : Ottawa county, Ohio.—Cattle and sheep have fared alike during the winter, viz: on short rations. The severe drought set in in June last year, which of course affected the hay crop,. and continued all through the summer and fall and cut short the pasture and corncrop. The farmers were compelled to feed their horses and cattle at least two months earlier than usual, which was so much taken from a scanty winter store. The winter too has been noted for being continuously cold, and all kinds of stock have needed more feed than usual, but did not get it because their masters did not have it to give; consequently, cattle and sheep will come out of their winter quarters looking worse than usual. DISEASES OF HORSES. Less than the usual amount of diseases in horses is reported. The contagious. diseases so prevalent during the war-have disappeared in a great measure. In Alabama and Tennessee horses and mules have died from “ eating bad corn,’” brought down the river. Glanders is reported in Alleghany and Washington, Maryland; in Nelson and Smythe, Virginia; in Rockcastle, Kentucky; in Oktibbeha, Mississippi; in Avoyelles parish, Louisiana, and in other counties, designated in the following notes. In Gates, North Carolina, a loss of twenty per centum from blind staggers is chronicled, and in Emanuel, Georgia, the same disease has prevailed to an alarming extent. Lung fever has occasioned some los: in Jefferson, Pennsylvania. Inflammation of lungs and bowels have been fatal in Livingston, Michigan. In Westchester county, New York— A great number of horses were taken very suddenly with loss of appetite, shivering, swel- ling in the throat, which generally proved fatal in two or three days. The horse doctors could do nothing for it; some of them considered it a sort of diphtheria. Whatever it was,, not one taken with it survived. In Bucks county, Pennsylvania, there is some complaint of lung fever among horses ; in York, glanders, colds, and distemper have caused some fatality. A few cases of distemper are mentioned in Cecil, Maryland. In Virginia the legacy of the war, in glanders and other diseases so prev- alent in 1865 and 1866, has mainly disappeared, few counties reporting any form of disease. Glanders to some extent is found in Nelson and Smythe; in a small neighborhood in Montgomery several horses have died from jaundice ; 178 “many die” of gleet in Highland; pneumonia has “ prevailed to some extent ” in Norfolk ; “distemper” is reported in King William and in Cecil; an aggra- vated form of distemper, called “ Kentucky distemper,” in Craig, has been almost universal, “killing a number of fine animals, and seriously injuring those that remain,” and in Middlesex an unknown disease, the symptons of which are not given, has proved fatal to mules and horses. An epidemic in Perquimans, N. C., and adjoining counties, has been productive of considerable losses among horses; it was described by local surgeons as apoplexy. Our correspondent says of it: “The treatment recommended by Youatt and others has in almost every instance proved inefficient. The only cases which have come to my knowledge as having been successfully treated were those said to have been given calomel, followed with Epsom or Glauber’s salts, and the sulphate of quinine in very large doses. I saw none of these, but did see many which were treated by bleeding, (largely,) aloes, (Barbadoes, ) as a cathartic, and blisters, with cold applied to the forehead ; nine-tenths of these cases proved fatal. I have not received information of this disease having appeared in any other than malarious districts. May it not be influenced by the same causes which produce our ordinary congestive or pernicious fevers ? and if so, may not the success said to have been accomplished in the treat- ment above be owing to the antiperiodic effects of quinine? The actual loss in this county I am not able to arrive at definitely, but feel confident it would reach if not exceed from eight to ten per centum of the horses in the county.” Our Onslow reporter says: “Staggers has been quite prevalent and fatal to horses, especially to young horses, and large numbers have died from this awful malady, and a few have died from phrenitis, or inflammation of the brain, produced by over-exertion ; staggers is natural to this section, where horses are allowed to run in the pasture; horses that are kept stabled seldom have it. Farey and glanders have prevailed to some extent and proved very fatal, more particularly thelatter. Large numbers of horses, mules, ‘ government stock’ from the corrals, are scattered all over the country, and are dying very fast with the glanders; the country is filled with broken-down ‘government stock.’ ” In Craven horses and mules have died with glanders, and the staggers was also very fatal last fall. The correspondent says: ‘We have had no staggers in this country since 1855, until last year; during that time we had very little bilious fever, or ague and fever. Bilious attacks among the people and stag- gers among the horses seem to prevail together, and they may be, and probably are, produced by the same causes. Staggers prevails only in the autumnal months; horses are more subject to it than mules; nineteen-twentieths of all the animals attacked die.’”’ In Sampson a disease known as “sleepy staggers ” carried off a considerable number in the months of August, September, and October. It is worthy of note that all the disease reported exists in the tide- water counties. Great fatality attended a disease among horses and mules in Camden, which was at first thought to be “sleepy staggers,” but after- wards decided to be lung fever. The symptoms were, first, a chill, followed by high fever, with drowsiness, loss of appetite, and death on the fourth day. Some farmers lost all their horses. The fatality was not so great among mules. Treatment for lung fever cured many cases; a similar disease is estimated to have carried off 20 per cent. of the horses of Currituck. ‘Some cases were suc- cessfully treated with this prescription, viz: half a pint of gin, quarter of a pound of aloes, half an ounce oil of sassafras, two ounces sweet spirits of uitre, thoroughly mixed, and given as a drench. In South Carolina two districts, Richland and Abbeville, report cases of glan- ders; and in Georgetown 15 cases of blind staggers are noticed, 13 proving fatal. Detailed reports from 40 counties in Georgia represent the health of horses to be unusually good, the only exceptions named being a few cases of glanders in Talbot, and blind staggers in Benton and Crawford. 179 "The only exception to the universal healthfulness of Florida is reported from Manatee, where they sometimes “become sanded by feeding where the grass is short, but are easily relieved by physic, if seasonably given.” No unusual diseases of horses are returned from Alabama. The same may be said of Mississippi, except Madison county, where many losses have resulted from sudden attacks resembling colic; the animal swelling rapidly, and stand- ing until he falls dead in a few hours from the attack. A Texas correspondent says: About three months ago a disease made its appearance among the cavalry horses at San Antonio and Austin, Texas, which spread among our stocks of horses on the prairies, from which the losses in this and adjacent counties must have been ten per centum, mostly among one and two year olds; it was supposed to be black tongue. The treatment was generally washing their mouths with strong copperas water; some used a weak solution of nitrate of silver. The correspondent for Craighead county, Arkansas, says: No unusual disease has prevailed among horses with the exception of buffalo gnats, which have been very troublesome for some three weeks during early spring, frequently causing death by the animal inhaling large quantities. In Drew county an unusual disease prevails. The following statement comes from Desha: A disease, vulgarly called ‘‘ sharbone,” prevailed during the summer months of last year, and proved fatal to a large number of horses and mules. The disease is said to have origi- nated in France, some 20 years ago, and was then very fatal; it spread over Europe, with the exception of Ireland. From the best information I can get I am led to believe that at least 250 mules and horses died in this county alone during the past summer from this disease. The animal was attacked in the neck, and the first evidence of it was the appearance of a swelling on each side of the throat, something like wind-galls; the swelling gradually extended back to the shoulders, andthen appeared to concentrate in the heart, killing the animal very suddenly. Although many remedies were resorted to, I know of but one case where a cure was effected after the disease had fully developed itself, and the remedy then used was the juice of the roots of the common poison oak vine, extracted by boiling the roots, and continuously applied for two days, externally, as hot as the animal could bear the bath. From Tennessee the distemper is reported in Montgomery, and a fatal disease has made its appearance there under the name of “twelve-months’ glanders,” of which the correspondent says: “It is very slow, but very sure.” In Hickman, the “yellow glanders” has prevailed to some extent among horses and mules bought at government sales. No disease is mentioned by our corps in Louisiana save a few cases of gland- ers in Carroll parish. ‘Is there any remedy?” asks the correspondent at that point. None; none whatever. In Texas, glanders also prevails to some extent in Lamar; distemper, in Nueces; Spanish fever, in Burnet; farcy, in Red River; also a disease, not named, in Bell county. DISEASES OF CATTLE. Exemption from epizodtics and all uncommon maladies of cattle is distinetly announced in a large portion of the counties reported; in the northern States exceptions to this rule are comparatively rare. The diseases most fatal are pleuro-pneumonia, Spanish fever, murrain, distemper, abortion, black leg, &c. Starvation in some cases has resulted from the pernicious practice of burning the range, which destroys much of the value of southern vegetation. In Duval county, Florida, a disease vulgarly named “salt sick,” supposed to result from eating plants growing near salt water, has been fatal. In Baker, Florida, an unknown disease has destroyed 2,000 cattle during the past year. A disease, the symptons of which are not given, caused the loss of fifteen per centum of the cattle of Charlton county, Georgia. A disease of the gall, affecting milch cows, occasioned some loss in Washington, Tennessee. Murrains and distempers, without defined characterics, are reported from various quarters, particularly in 180 North Carolina and South Carolina. While in some localities many herds were starving, in ‘Tompkins, New York, “a few died from over-feeding.” The ‘Spanish fever has been less severe than for many years past; in Barton, Geor- gia, twenty cases are reported, a few in Newton and towns, in the same State, and some mortality in Missouri and Kansas. Pleuro-pneumonia is reported from Baltimore, Maryland, and Montgomery, York, and other counties in Pennsyl- vania. Pleuro-Pneumonia.—Our correspondent in Hudson, New Jersey, says : We had the pleuro-pneumonia in our county during the past year, and fortunately kept it in check by a strict quarantine. Thirteen cows died in the herd in which it broke out. Mr. John Boyd, jr., their owner, says he purchased a cow in New York city which introduced the disease into his herd. His cows were fed on grains brought from the breweries during the winter, which in our experience causes them to be more susceptible to the disease than cows fed on hay and roots. A Maryland correspondent writing from Baltimore county says: There is a disease prevailing among cattle in and around this county, proving fatal in nine cases out of ten. It is known to be very contagious, and heavy losses have occurred in many localities. The disease is pronounced by many experienced dairymen as ‘‘ dangerous,” and is as much dreaded as the rinderpest, that dreadful scourge of cattle in Europe. The disease has baffled all medical skill, and thus far remedies have proved unavailing; it is probably pleuro-pneumonia, or identical with it. TLleavy losses of valuable cows have taken place in a number of stables: a loss of 14 in one stable; in another 20; in another a loss of 35 is reported out of 38; in another a loss of 30 out of 70; in many other stables the losses are in proportion. This same disease prevailed one year ago in this locality, and was then called ‘‘lung disease,” but it is now universally conceded to be pleuro-pneumonia. The animal when attacked becomes exceédingly sluggish and low-spirited ; appears to be not in much pain; refuses food; the secretion of milk ceases from the day the animal is attacked ; death follows in from five to ten days—the mortality being almost universal. An animal which is discovered to be affected with the disease should be at once removed from the herd, as the disease spreads rapidly by contact. A bill will probably be presented to the legislature at an early day to prevent this much dreaded disease from spreading to other localities. Our correspondent from Union district, South Carolina, says: Last year cattle seemed to be generally affected throughout the county with a disease which attacked them, of all ages and conditions; perhaps nine-tenths of them were attacked, and about one-fifth recovered. The disease was styled distemper, or murrain. The cattle when attacked grew languid, feverish, lost appetite, became very weak, and generally died within ten days from the attack. Those which recovered required several months to regain their usual strength, flesh, and spirits. No remedy was successfully used. To prevent the disease, after two had been attacked, I used salt, slacked lime, and tar,freely, and had no other case. I believe the free use of the above twice a week will prevent nearly all the dis- eases among cattle. SPANISH FEVER. Our correspondent in Vernon county, Missouri, sends us the following : Previous to the year 1867 we had but little protection from our State laws, or, if we had any, these laws were not enforced, aud great losses in cattle resulted. This is a new and sparsely settled county, and, consequently, not as wealthy as many others, yet we have lost in one season (1858) in this county over $200,000 worth of cattle by the Spanish fever. This disease has been known in this county since 1853, and has been more or less fatal every year the Spanish cattle have been driven through. Perhaps I cannot better describe the facts concerning this disease than by copying a part of a report made to the Missouri State Board of Agriculture, which reads as follows: “This disease was first recognized as having been propagated by cattle driven from Texas some 12 or 13 years ago; the disease having been in the county some two seasons previous to its having been traced to the Texas cattle. _‘* From the first breaking out of this fever it was found to be confined to the large roads or highways running through the county from south to north, and, finally, was centred on the Texas cattle, I believe, in the year 1853, by its being confined to one highway through the county over which these cattle passed that year. On this road the disease was quite fatal, killing about 50 per cent. of all the cattle on the road, and persons living near the watercourses over which the road crossed lost as high as 90 per cent. Captain Freeman Barrows and Peter Colley, the one living at the ford of the Osage river, the other near by, lost 90 per cent. ; one of them owning about one hundred head, while the other had consider- 181 ably above that number. Mr. Collins, living at the ford of Clear creek, south of the above, lost an equal proportion. The disease being in no other part of the county that year satis- fied the people, on this road at least, that they had found the true origin, as it had been among the cattle in the county for two summers past. In a season or two after almost every settler of the county was convinced that the Texas cattle in some way communicated this fever to our stock, although a few persons, living secluded from the great highways, were unbelievers, and still remain so. In fact, the way this disease is propagated—the obscurity surrounding it, together with the different opinions of persons familiar with it—gives them, at least, a reasonable excuse for doubting the prevailing belief. Two things are agreed to by all: the symptoms of the fever, and its fatality—the latter being much greater in a warm dry sum- mer than in a cold wet one; the disease always ceasing when the frosts have killed the vegetation. ‘“‘The first symptom of the fever, distoverable several days before any appearance of sick- ness, is a dry cough, noticeable by careful observers. In a few days after this the nose be- comes dry and the ears slightly drooping, and more flies will collect than on healthy cattle. At this stage the breath will be found to have lost its sweetness and assumed the sickening feverish smell generally, if not always, found in the Texas cattle, which I can best describe by comparing it to the smell of our slaughter-houses, or constantly crowded stockyards in cities. From this condition in one or two days the fever gains its highest stage, and is found to have disseminated itself over the whole body, the heat being very great; the arteries of the neck are seen. to beat in short, heavy throbs, the ears becoming very much lopped, the hinder parts reel in walking, the animal getting up or lying down with difficulty ; the breath and exhalations are very disagreeable, the end of the tail usually hollow for two or three inches; the pith in the horn has commenced to decay, if not already decayed; the animal refusing to notice the herd, remaining stupid, if not disturbed, neither seeking food nor water. Some, in this stage, will pass water mixed with blood, and dung naturally, others will pass water of a natural color and not dung at all, or but very little, and that in-a dryish lump. In another type of the disease, which will occur perhaps in every eighth or tenth case, after being taken the same way, and having the same symptoms as those described, even to the hollow horns and tail, the animal does not get weak, sluggish, or stupid, but is always to be found on its feet, in a watchful attitude, with head turning to any noise, which, if close by, it rushes towards, even through fences or against trees, the eyes being of a green cast, very glaring and wild; those of the first type have a dead, sleepy, and glazed appear- ance. Both these classes die, as I have described them, without any change, except that the hair deadens before death and has the appearance of that on a dry hide. ‘‘ The drove mentioned as having passed through the county in 1853 was owned by Mr. Richard Burris, of Spring river. They were driven from Texas the fall previous and wintered about 50 miles south of here, near Sarcoxie. In the early part of June, Mr. Bur- ris came into this county with his cattle, apparently healthy, in good order, and no lame ones in the drove, numbering about 450 head. He made a slow passage through the county, grazing on the best grasses near the road unmolested, as no one knew at this time that this species of cattle communicated a disease to ours. Early in July the fever broke out on the road travelled by this drove, lasting until the frost puta stop to it, with the fatality pre- viously mentioned. As the disease this year was in no other locality except where these cattle were driven and grazed, the citizens, after carefully tracing their route through the county, in all its windings, came to the conclusion, for the first time, that this fever was engendered from the Texas cattle. This was fully verified in the next year; and up to the outbreak of the war hundreds of cases occurred to prove that they were not mistaken. No Texas cattle, until this year, (1866,) except two yoke of oxen worked here in the fall of 1865 by Mrs. Box, have passed into or through this county since 1860; neither has there been a case of Spanish fever during this period, or any other fatality among our cattle. Mrs. Box’s oxen, so far as could be seen, were healthy, and not lame. The neighbors whose cattle came in contact with these oxen were Mrs. Smalley, Mr. Cothran, and Mr. Packard, each having the Spanish fever among their stock, losing some notwithstanding the lateness of the season. About 3,000 head of Texas cattle passed through this county in the month of June this year, (1866,) and a portion of them reached six or eight miles into Bates or the adjoining county before being turned back by citizens of that county. They returned on the same road previously travelled, making no delay in their passage either way more than was necessary. The disease did not break out for some six weeks after the passage of the droves—many more recovering than usual, and about 40 per cent. dying—extending into Bates county to the point where they were turned back. It proved more fatal on the cross- ings of watercourses, killing about 70 per cent. In 1858 my stock were exposed to this fever by coming in contact witha drove of Texas cattle. The fever was very bad among them, one or two dying every day through the mouth of August; they were in daily con- tact with Mr. Millender’s stock, who kept a herder, not suffering them to reach the ground that had been used by the Texas droves, yet he had nota single case of fever. When spoken to about keeping my stock from coming in contact with his, he told me there was no danger of our own cattle diseasing one another. I have since watched many such exposures, and in no case has the fever been propagated. The farmers have each an opinion as to how the disease was propagated to their cattle, some thinking it is through the lame ones, a few of 182 which will be found in almost every drove coming from Texas. Their feet become worn out and sore from long travel, matter forms between the hoofs and is left on the ground and in the water through which they pass, and, it is contended, this inoculates our cattle by being taken in the stomach or otherwise. Others think it is done by the excrements left by those that are lame or diseased, while some think it is through the slobber or froth which is left on the grass. On one thing they agree, that the fever is communicated in some way, raging until the cold weather puts a stop to it, no remedy appearing to have any effect. From the few cases mentioned, which are selected from many of like nature, I have been led to believe, first, that the disease is conveyed to our cattle by those from Texas; second, that the feeding of a large herd one winter in this climate does not prevent the spread of the infection from them the next season; third, that Texas cattle, in apparent good health, give disease to ours; fourth, that the disease is not contagious from our own cattle to each other; fifth, that killing frost will stop the disease ; sixth, that no remedy has been found to cure this fever. ‘* By avery close observation of this disease among my own and neighbors stock for the last thirteen years, I have generally found, on opening those that had died, but very little blood, and the following results: in those that passed water mixed with blood the kidneys and surrounding parts were entirely decayed, the other parts of the body sound; those that did not dung at all, or but little, with manifolds perfectly dry and partly decayed, while the large stomach would be more or less mortified, other parts healthy ; those that appeared to dung and pass water naturally, with a liver more or less decayed, the gall always swelled to its greatest tension, other parts healthy ; those that were on their feet in a watchful atti- tude, the brain was found more or less decayed. This leads me to believe the disease is in the blood, which finally becomes congestive, destroying the parts in a few hours after it be- comes seated, and no doubt in many cases could be cured if we knew exactly where it had located itself—blood-letting not being sufficient of itself to check the inflammation. The hol- low horn and tail no doubt is caused by the fever destroying the blood in the extremities before it does in the vessels, which it does in a great measure before death. This county has suffered very severely with this disease for a number of years, losing, in the year 1858, cattle estimated to the value of near $200,000. The present law is very defective, First, it ouly precludes the sick ones from passing through the county, and few men under oath can say that because a steer has an unhealthy smell he is sick ; secondly, in order to separate the lame or sick ones, if any, the drovers under the present law are reqnired to impound them in erder that the selection may be made, &c. But it is little use to select the sick ones when there is equal danger from those that are apparently well.” The above is as good a description of this plague as can be given until the Congress of the United States or our State legislatures shall be induced to have it more thoroughly exam- ined. That it is nearly related to and can be be classed with the rinderpest of Europe there can be no doubt. It acts here in its mildest form, for this reason: our cattle are confined to no fenced pastures or regular watering places, but have the range of miles of open prairie. Whenever our cattle are confined to a limited range, as those of Mr. Colley and Mr. Bar- rows, before mentioned, the fatality increases from 50 to 90 per cent. That Congress should take some action in this matter there can be no doubt. Why delay investigation until this disease reaches the States east of the Mississippi, and millions are los! in a season? I have often stated, and still think, that the best thing that can be done in the premises is to open a public highway for the passage of Texas cattle. Drovers would be willing to pay for the use of such a privilege. The public domain in Kansas intervenes between the cattle region of Texas and the nearest point onthe North Pacific railroad. Here the highway could and ought to be opened, until the southwest branch of the Pacific railroad might offer a greater convenience. ‘This matter is worthy of investigation by the general government. Great interests are involved both to Missouri and Texas. The writer is referred to an article in this issue, entitled “ We have no rind- erpest,” which will convince him of his error in classing Spanish fever with that disease. The virus in the former case is communicated to other cattle by ani- mals in apparent health, which may be constantly improving in condition, while the subjects of the infection inevitably sicken and generally die without in turn communicating the disease to others. These facts are as well substantiated in the severest as in the mildest types of the malady. In the rinderpest, on the contrary, the poison is fatal to the animal communicating it and to all others through which it successively passes, with very few exceptions, mitigated very slightly, if at all, in its virulency, by its diffusion through the blood of many healthy subjects. If necessary other points of difference could be shown, but it is very evident that the Spanish fever is very different from the rinderpest, by no means so generally fatal, and only in a limited degree contagious. Greenwood county, Kansas—“In September, 1865, large numbers of cattle in my immediate neighborhood died with Spanish fever. I lost 52 per cent. of 183 my own cattle that were running at home, while three other of my herds which were four or five miles away from the range where the Texas cattle had fed were perfectly healthy. The experience of my neighbors was similar to my own, and the route over which the Texas cattle that communicated the disease ~ were driven could be traced by the carcasses of domestic cattle around the watering and camping places. The disease attacked our domestic cattle from 10 to 20 days from the time they were exposed.” Abortion.—The correspondent of Essex, New Jersey; says of abortion: I cannot help thinking that when the causes of abortion among cows come to be prop- erly investigated it will be found that keeping a large number of them confined closely together in one house, all breathing the same atmosphere, and that a very impure one, from the disregard of strict cleanliness, which prevails too generally, without proper exercise and without due friction and cleanliness of the skin, has more perhaps to do in inducing the dis- ease than all other causes combined. Still, there must be some remote cause giving rise to this specific form of morbid action, which deserves the closest study and investigation on the part of pathologists and scientific breeders. DISEASES OF SHEEP. The losses from disease have been greater among sheep than cattle, due mainly to the want of care and feed, and to some extent, apparently, to consti- tutional debility induced by injurious practices of fine-wool breeders. Grub in the head, liver rot, scab and foot rot, are too common in all parts of the country. In New York, Ohio, and 'Texas, disease appears to be more prevalent than else- where ; in the latter State scab and foot rot producing most of the loss. In Liv- ingston, New York, one-eighth of the total number are estimated to be suffering from the foot rot. The Onondaga correspondent says, with some show of prob- ability, that ‘ where a lazy farmer’s flock becomes infected they are sure to have it always, though it can be cured.”’ In Beaver, Pennsylvania, an unknown disease has caused much loss. One man lost 100 from a flock of 330, partly from grub in the head, but mostly from the malady referred to, the animals falling into a kind of stupor, post-mortem examination showing the intestines lumpy or knotty. The flock was well kept. Another wool grower lost 80 from a flock of 275, and another 200 from a flock of 800, the latter from scab and foot rot, probably intensified by over-crowding in winter. Our correspondent in Athens, Ohio, represents the losses of sheep as more than a fourth of the entire number. Feed fell short and flocks were turned very early out upon the naked plains, either to obtain a scanty subsistence or to die. In Medina, Ohio, the loss is placed at six or seven per centum, a lower figure than would have resulted but for culling out the poorest for their pelts. Few reports of losses of lambs are received. One-fourth of the young lambs in Middlesex, Virginia, were lost by inclement weather. In Barry, Michigan, goitre in Jambs has been fatal. The reporter for Rockingham, New Hampshire, claims that Southdown lambs are stronger than Merinos, and that fewer have died. The losses of young lambs is very general and often quite severe. | Losses of sheep from disease during the past winter have exceeded those of the previous winter in the following counties : New Hampshire.—Sullivan. New York.—Wayne, Seneca. New Jersey.—Essex. Pennsylvania.—Mercer, Dauphin, Armstrong, Susquehanna, Butler. Virginia.—Gloucester, Tazewell, Norfolk. North Carolina.—Cabarrus, Guilford, Davie, Greene, Caldwell, Hertford. South Carolina.—Georgetown, Union. Georgia.—Glynn, Tatnall, Johnson. Florida.—Nassau, Levy. Mississippi.—Yazoo, Marion, Hinds. 184 Texas.—Navarro, Ellis, Hardin, Dallas, Victoria, Lavacca, Blanco, Hender- son, Falls. Tennessee.—Meigs, Knox. West Virginia.—Putnam. Kentucky. —Carroll, Fayette, Franklin. Missouri.—W ebster. Illinois —Grundy. Indiana.—Scott, Newton. Ohio.— Holmes, Seneca, Wayne. Wisconsin.—J uneau. Holmes county, Ohio.— A very fatal disease has prevailed among sheep, resulting in a loss of probably eight to ten per centum in some neighborhoods, and perhaps it would average that through the county, some farmers having lost more than half, and some nearly or quite all their flocks Some call the disease dropsy. Owing to the extreme drought of last fall and the scarcity of pasture they went into the winter in a thin or poor condition, and were not well prepared to stand the long, severe winter that has not yet closed with us.” DISEASES OF HOGS, The losses from hog cholera, ordinarily not less than $15,000,000 per annum, and greater probably than the damage by all diseases to any other kind of domestic animals, have been less the past year than for several previous seasons, yet is so destructive as to cause a general despondency among swine breeders ; to interrupt the prosperity of the surest corn-growing sections, and increase the cost of living to consumers of ham and bacon. In every direction calls for a remedy are made, but they cannot be satisfactorily met. No remedy is likely to be found, as in the case of rinderpest in the cattle of Europe; but veterinary science, if such a science exists in this country, should do something in devising means of prevention. It is important in its influence upon the health of the human family. It cannot be possible that the flesh of those hogs that partially recover is fit for human food ; and yet it goes into consumption in someform. In Franklin, Kentucky, our reporter says that “the sickness of several persons, it is thought, resulted during the winter from eating diseased pork ; no death ensued, and no investigation was made.” Our correspondent in Cherokee, Georgia, seems to believe—and the reader will doubtless agree with him—that something is the matter with the hogs of that county, when he says that “they can be fattened, but have all through the meat something like fish eggs, full of corruption.” In Winnebago, Illinois, a brain disease, very fatal, is reported; and in a few other localities some other forms of disease are named. It is impracticable to attempt to give the names of all the counties reporting hog cholera. That some idea may be received of its extent and fatality the worst reports of losses will be given, as follows : Craig, Virginia.—Fifty per cent. Patrick, Virginia—Ten per cent. Tazewell, Virginia —Fifteen per cent. Madison, Virginia —One farmer lost all—Forty head. Nelson, Virginia.—Twenty-five per cent. Chatham, North Carolina.—Tweuty per cent. In some localities three-fourths of the stock. Richland district, South Carolina.—In one section two-thirds of all. Clark, Georgia—One-seventh. Morgan, Georgia.—Fifty per cent. Calhoun, Alabama.—One-third. St. Clair, Alabama.—Ten per cent. Clay, Alabama.—* Very bad.” 185 Attala, Mississippi.—Ten per cent. Tippah, Mississippt.—T wenty-five per cent. Marion, Mississippi.—Ten per cent. Carroll Parish, Louisiana.—Seven and one-half per cent. Union Parish, Louisiana.—“Slight—1,000 head.” Anderson, Kentucky.—One thousand hogs, without including pigs. Putnam, West Virginia.—Kight per cent.; not so fatal as formerly. Wood, West Virginia.—¥F armers lost their entire crop of hogs. Marion, Ohio.—Ten to twenty per cent. of the distillery hogs. Martin, Indiana.—In some localities one-third. Wayne, Indiana.—Damage, $5,000. Rock Island, Illinois—Ten per cent. Butler, Missouri.—One-third lost. St. Francis, Missouri—Ten per cent. It is stated in Clark (Missouri) correspondence that some hogs “died from eating grasshoppers,” which are very numerous there. WOOL ON HAND. The following calculation is based upon the returns of per centage of last year’s clip remaining in each county at that date: Estimated amount of wool unsold April 1, 1868. States. Pounds. States. Pounds. Witrige seme cine eoces see ols 263, 560) |) OuIslanane. «case cosets eee 11,778 New Hampshire..-.-......--- QiBHL7G! || Vexaskeeuc wae eet es case ee 310, 262 Wenmontesssscssscees ol Ueese E406; 785) |||¢ Arkansas vee .cas oe seer tess 23, 437 Massachusetts’ <2... ..---.,.-- 210, V7G% |i; Lennessee)s «.< <.32%2im.ctae etaejooe 46, 205 Ode yISlaNndt 2. cet cc eec ca 5n 51,220), West, Virginia,o5- 3-2 5.-2-.. 236, 250 Connecticuiee-- sucess c-ss. 2. TOAS Cool MOnGUC Ryn sa ate eel tee cleei ea 313, 500 Newel orkas 2252 .22eR ues 3) 997 S12 Missouri scctcceeeee Cee cse 330, 609 New Jerseyenceesecisesos— cs os Sen feel) Minos 2 22 can. cosas eee as 957, 750 IRPEnnsylvaniaesa- a - a cls cinci= = 1790) 5508) | iindianay. seca oe ina = oe 504, 378 Me lanyaney=/jareatasicio samishacioie sic SHIOSe ORIG) crateseiseetsie cers s sees 1.615, 108 Maryland) 2-2 Jens siccs= H, A. Sheldon.....-- 16,17 58 2;—9 30.6} 2.25 ANCTAGES 62625 oe eee epee wale ote [oe oon cla set ain onsen laamase ce leetece| Ceeeneee ome us 29.8 ae 27 MASSACHUSETTS, ‘ Say ae RAM SOM ee = ae cc's aio Plymouth ....... G. S. Neweomb ....| 14,15 60 4 2 36.2 |. 4.15 Topsfield...........| Bipsex! Jeee eee. S. A. Merriam .... -. 15 | 55 aa, Rb eSpsP alee Lawrence .......--. PRO Qecscis cries John Fallon... .....- 14,15,18} 55 2 2 SBE EC dt eile oe Georgetown .....-..|- == 200 Ease S.A. Nelson -....-.. 15 56 1,3 4 SPs beaass ING WSU oes eee = == == Om emotes John H. Caldwell... 15 57 1 1 Bais Gocco Milton eepenerscs= RHODE ISLAND. Newport -.---..-... Newport ....-.-- Wm. H. Crandall...) 28, 31 64 4 CONNECTICUT. EQUINE ieee arise soe Windham ...-.-- Rev. D. Hunt -..-....- 15 55 3 Columbpiase= 22-46: Tolland’@-esescee Wm. H. Yeomans. -- 15 63 335 Middletown ..-.---. Middlesex ....... Prof, John Johnston. 28] 63 3 | Colebrook ....--.--- Litchfield.-.----. Charlotte Rockwell - 15 64 3 Eile Saqosecoos New London ....| Rev. E. Dewhurst. -. 3] 60 4 JAMGR Ten aa5| sqnncin oo spades] sssece SESS RDEScse Hed ponsoSSd lgapend| Sascpccc NEW YORK. Moriches/=--- 322 -=- Sulfolk:2eees--5- E.A.Smith & daugh’s 31 70 4 South Hartford ..... Washington -.... G. M. Ingalsbe .-.-..-- 3l 67 4 dO hn scdeboee SO5Cr Rensselaer -- -<-- Jno. W. Heimstreet- - 31 63 ill Germartown --....- Columbia....--.. Rey. S. W. Roe ...-- 15 70 3 Gamisonive--.----1- iPoinam senses Thomas.B. Arden. - - 31 61 3 Throg’s Neck......- Westchester ..... Miss E. Morris ..---- 31 62 3 White Plains -...--.. Shae 0 Etec ioicee ©; RB; Wallis):-=2--=-- Gf 60 3 Deaf and Dumb Inst.) New York .- -..-- Prof. O. W. Morris- - 31 57 3,4 Columbia College.-..|....do-.....----- Prof. Chas. A. Joy-- 17 59 3 Flatbush -.........- HGH ei ooscoaes Eli T. Mack .---.--. 3 58 3 Newburgh..-.....--. Orange-fece nen James H. Gardiner... 31 65 3 Minavilletsce-s~s—- Montgomery ..-..| Prof. D. S. Bussifig - au 61 3 Gouverneur .-.....- St. Lawrence....| C. H. Russell ---...- 17 64 1 North Hammond....|....do...-...-.-. C. A. Wooster ...-..- 17, 31 70 i South Trenton...-.- Oneida ........-.- Storrs Barrows --.-. 16 65 i Cazenovia...-...--. Madison......-... Prof. Wm. Soule.... 17 64 1 Oneida ce... -- == BESO OY scareipuna se S. Spooner, M. D.... 16 7 1} Houseville.......--. Wie wasaasae eee Walter D. Yale..... 17 59 1 Depauville -........ Jefferson .....--. Henry Haas --..-..-.- a 66 1 siheresaeenase== = bosntWicscsass coos S. Gregory ..----.-- 17 68 1 Gawerorees sce aa Oswego .......-- Wm. 8. Malcolm..--. 17 65 1 IPaAlerMOr a =e .=\--- Be. OOisciea cn sate E. B. Bartlett....--- 17 60 al Nichols seu-- -'s-525- Miogassee he sae Robert Howell. .---- 17| 66 5 Newark Valley -...-- rote OWE steam acts = Rev. Sam’] Johnson -|17, 30,31) 60 1,4 Geanovare---\s----- Ontariome ne sece5| Rev. Dr-W.D.Wilson.| 9,15 64 3 OCHESTON = 0 --12'.6.=.0+ Monroemec-ne see Henry W. Mathews. U7 72 3 lL, s4aseeetened Bae dozer eeeeees W.L. M. Fiske,M.D.- 17 72 3 Little Genesee .....- Allegany. ......- Daniel Edwards ..-.. 30 68 5 Suspension Bridge..| Niagara... ..-..- W. M. Jones--....... 17 64 3 Buitaloieo--- ---... WON oneiscetecenee Wi Vesi- we nee ba 28 63 3 Averages......|-..05 Spenciosensccd Besageass4sgc5sc6s4-|Bsae seeps sss besss- ac) becasc 223 Table showing the range of the thermometer, Sc for March—Continued. Stations, &e. Counties. Observers. Date. e NEW JERSEY. Paterson) -s2<-5a2-== PPASKSIC\s) 2255 ss => Wm. Brooks......-- 14, 31 INewarkteasnaee ar cinc DORRGNS ce oneeeserc W. A. Whitehead --- 31 New Brunswick ....| Middlesex ....... Geo. H. Cook ..-...- 17 Mirentoreee see cn ac = Mercer 2-2 <'-en = Bye COO Ke aseecereyea 17 Burlington. .......- Burlington ...... John C. Deacon..--.. 17 Moorestown........|- BeedO!. ecoscscece Thos. J. Beans.-.---. 17 Mount Holly.....-.-. 25-00" J2ccetemae M. J. Rhees, M.D -.- 17 PBIWOOG, = - EAM ries MDs / 23 69 3 | —l1 39.6 | B42 Poledo.. ! 2h... ae Tessa eee |: J.B. Trembly, M. D. | ; Pet ; 62 3] 16s), “ashes! e875 Bowling Green ..... WOO Cheteraaterstaic.s bic John Clarke ....-.-- "93 V7 3 | —24 39.9 | 14.00 PSENTON =e o occcms Hardin cies c nicks C. H. Smith, M. D-.. 16 60 3 4 3918) || 12. 72 Urbana University .-| Champaign . -...| M. G. Williams ..-.. 15, 23 72 3 0 42.6] 7.51 EfIBDOLO ween - <2 - <= Highland . ...... J. McD. Mathews --- 15 71 3 3 44.5 | 6.59 Ist) 6 Geehooeeenae Clermont 2c. 2-6 Geo. W. Crane...... 15 16) 3 4 46.0 | 5.75 Cincinnati. .....-.. Hamilton=eo-seee Geo. W. Harper .--. 15 74 3 8 47.0 | 4.87 Worse sc cin «|- Spb Seincntian = R. C. Phillips...-... 15 75 3 14 50.7 | 5.41 College. Hill .....-.-..|- ice O's craaeeete .--|John W. Hammitt -- nis) 73 3 6 5.8 | 10. 48 AN CLS EBB eee sensl|'=/< sdea. ~~ ; fe Wis igs que solttg oy toe pws 7 ‘ he Seats ti A 2 ‘ a3 " = , wg rs - "Tenin Hir 4 (ome . ; i a F ie aie Praia tt ‘ sires . 4 } } ' a R ; . = rz) ta! 1 ite r a he » ¢ i 1 i i. | ad pee ~ x Cc i ot Peres? : - im ' , oa FOLLY ’ ms ' » a 7 G “4 bara | ASAI a S7OTUE pane { D1 1 yee ay une . * ; ay < vaND by bs 8 & were | 5 i pes im, Pd Bey Pe eS ted? | fa) Ar th ' 5 7 7 p 3 ’ MONTHLY REPORT. WASHINGTON, D. C., June 30, 1868. Sir: I herewith report for publication matter collated for May and June upon the following topics: Condition of the crops; protection against wool- buyers; special statistics of farm resources and products; wine-growing in California ; British agricultural statistics of 1867; seed wheat for the north- west; the cotton trade in 1868; American ploughs in Europe; encouragement of silk culture; and meteorology for April and May, together with a variety of extracts from letters of correspondents. J. R. DODGE, Statistician. Hon. Horace Capron, Commissioner of Agriculture. CONDITION OF THE CROPS. Wheat.—An increase of acreage is observed, in a greater or less degree, in nearly every State. ‘The eastern States show no increase of fall sowing, except 4 per cent. in Vermont, but the enlarged area of spring crops, which are the main home reliance for bread supplies, is very marked in Maine and Vermont; the former showing an advance of 26 per cent., the latter of 16 per cent. A very slight movement in this direction is shown by New Hampshire and Mass- achusetts. New York indicates 5 per cent. increase in fall acreage, with no change in spring wheat. New Jersey shows an increase of 3 per cent. of winter wheat. In Pennsylvania the acreage is very slightly enlarged—3 per cent. for winter wheat. In Delaware a reduction of 7 per cent. appears; while an increase of 9 per cent. is shown in Maryland; 11 in Virginia; 17 in North Carolina; 21 in South Carolina; 11 in Georgia; 10 in Alabama; 53 in Mississippi; 31 in Arkansas; 40 in Tennessee; 30 in West Virginia. In Texas a decrease is shown of 6 per cent., and in Kentucky of 1 per cent. Spring wheat is not grown in the south. The increased acreage in the west, where the great bulk of the wheat crop of the country is grown, is of peculiar significance. Of the States in which winter wheat is most largely cultivated, Ohio presents an increase of 5 per cent. of that variety; Indiana 10 per cent., and Michigan 17 per cent. In portions of these States an unusual effort has been made to enlarge the area by spring sowing, showing respectively 11, 14, and 6 per cent. increase. In the States which rely mainly upon spring sown crops, Illinois indicates an increase in that variety of 12 per cent.; Wisconsin 4 per cent.; Minnesota 23 per cent.; Jowa 12 per cent.; an increase having been made also in winter wheat in the same States, with the exception of Wisconsin and Iowa, though in Minnesota the total product of fall sown wheat is too trifling to be much affected by it. The increase of winter wheat in Illinois is placed at 10 per cent.; in Missouri 50 per cent.; in Kansas 265 per cent. 238 ® An analysis of these averages will show a general average of about 11 per cent. increase in the fall sowing, and 28 per cent in the breadth of spring wheat; altogether an increase of 18 to 20 per cent. in the aggregate number of acres in wheat. The reports of condition, for June, are generally very favorable. A promise of the best crop ever known is held out by local correspondents in many places, particularly west of the Mississippi; but such drawbacks as these are occasion- ally presented, proving the constant deterioration of wheat lands: ‘ Winter grain on new land is looking very well, but there is a large proportion of wheat sown on old, worn-out land, poorly managed, and a very light crop will be the result.” Many washing rains have occurred, and some complaint of falling is made. The extent of this damage, which has been more severe during the latter part of tle month, is not generally determined. Many of the most serious complaints of winter killing in Kentucky and Ten- nessee have been greatly modified by the subsequent growth and tillering from roots presumed to be dead. One Kentucky correspondent says: ‘I am com- pelled now to say that I never in all my life saw a greater outcome in wheat;”’ and this remark is applied to all the counties west of the Tennessee river. Damage from rust has been severe in Abbeville district, South Carolina, and in Barton county, Georgia, the loss from this cause will make the crop lighter than for several years; and more or less complaint is made throughout Virginia and Maryland of appearance of rust upon the blades, which has affected the stalk but slightly in most cases, and done little damage to the crop. Similar reports have come from parts of Ohio and Kentucky. The weather, which has been so wet during the period of growth, has generally been quite propitious as the period for ripening approached. It is gratifying to observe that some farmers are practicing upon the sugges- tion made in the February report relative to horse-hoeing wheat, with wide drill culture and thin seeding. Our correspondent, in Rock county, Wisconsin, is experimenting with ten acres of spring wheat, put in with a twelve-toothed drill at intervals of 18 inches, at the rate of three pecks of seed to the acre, to be carefully cultivated by means of the machine with which it was planted, used as a system of hoes, two running in each space between the drills, the one used for drilling being fastened up. A fine crop of white Mediterranean and Tappahannock wheat, distributed by the department, is reported in Washington county, Mississippi, sown November 11, and ripe June 1, promising 35 bushels per acre. FRye.—About the usual acreage of rye is reported. Maine is the only eastern State that fails to come fully up to the average; the Middle States have scarcely the usual breadth; and in the west, Ohio, Illinois, lowa, and Kansas, are slightly deficient, Iowa falling short six percent. The other western States are a little in excess of the usual sowing. The south shows about an average breadth in this crop. Bavley—Kentucky, Missouri, and Minnesota, have given increased attention to barley, but most of the other States are either slightly below the average or barely up to it. The fall sowing, especially, was deficient in most of the west- ern States, but the deficiency was generally made up by extra exertions in pre- paring for a spring crop. Oats.—An increased area in oats, averaging seven per cent. for the entire country, is reported. The States showing the largest proportionate increase are in order: Kansas, Missouri, Arkansas, North Carolina, Nebraska, West Vir- ginia, Minnesota, Vermont, Kentucky, Jowa, South Carolina, Jlinois, Michi- gan, Tennessee, Virginia, Georgia, Indiana, Alabama, Wisconsin, New York, Florida, Mississippi, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Louisiana, and Connecticut. Those showing less than last year are in the order of their“deficiency : Delaware, (27 per cent.,) Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Maryland, New Jersey, New 239 Hampshire, and Maine. Reports of condition are generally favorable; Illinois constituting the only exception of a reduced average in the west; in the south, Texas, Florida, South Carolina, and Maryland; in the east, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts and Maine. Clover—lIt is worthy of note that every State in the Union reports an increased attention to the clover crop, with the single reduction of two per cent. in New Hampshire, and the prospect for a good crop is almost universal, Kentucky only being marked a trifle below the average. Pastures. —Delaware and Wisconsin are the only States failing to give increased averages. Fruits—TYhe appearance of apple blossoms was unusually late on the Atlantic coast, opening very fully at last, they were injured in many places by storms and unpropitions weather. In the central part of the west, bloom of orchards was not generally abundant; it was small on the Atlantic coast between New York and Georgia, with the single exception of apples; west of the Mississippi it was large, and in some localities excessive. In Kent county, Maryland, a severe frost occurred about the 8th of May, which killed the peach crop and injured materially the prospect for apples and pears. A few orchards appear to be partially exempt from the injury, otherwise the failure is very nearly total. Similar reports, generally indicative of injury less severe, come from Maryland. The condition of peaches in New Jersey shows a reduction of 24 per cent. Michigan comes fully up to the average in condition of peaches, but the amount of bloom was less than usual. In [linois the prospect when the trees were in bloom was better than the recent indica- tions. On the whole, a comparatively short peach crop may be expected this year, though some localities may have a full supply. In Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, peach trees have been winter-killed, as ‘well as grape vines that were unprotected ; quince trees are dying ; and much complaint is made of the destructiveness of worms upon currant and gooseberry bushes. In Berks county apples and pears bloomed fully, but were destroyed very generally by the rain. The fruit of Clarke county, Virginia, was greatly injured by frosts. The crop of apples, pears, and peaches in sections of West Virginia will be much re- duced by killing frosts which followed the early appearance of blossoms. Much irregularity exists in the fruiting of the orchards of the Carolinas. | The correspondent from Queen Anne county, Maryland, says : I do not think that I place fruit estimates at too low a figure. The amount of bloom was very great, but the frost of the 6th and 7th of May commerced the work of destruction. It was evident a few days after that there could not be a half crop, and siuce that time, the newly formed fruit has been dropping off, until very little is left. We suppose this was owing to the long continuance of cold, wet weather. An extensive peach grower, whose usual crop is from 8,000 to 10,000 boxes, told me that he did not think his entire orchard of 10,000 trees, would yield fifty boxes of fruit. Williamson county, Texas. I have known but twice in the last ten years, when we have had such a crop of Mustang grapes. They are nearly grown and will be fit for making wine by the 15th July, and continue growing better until frost, some time in November. A very superior wine is made from this grape. I believe if all the grapes of this State that are now . sutfered to rot, were made into wine it would be worth more than the entire cotton crop ot the State, and saved at half the expense and trouble. Two years ago I sent a barrel of this wine—my own make—to my brother, of the Massachusetts State council, who had it thoroughly tested by judges, who pronounced it a very superior wine. I have several orders for barrels of wine. I expect to manufacture largely this season, at a cost of less than fifty cents per gallon, sugar, barrels and all expenses included. _ Sacramento county, California. At my Natoma vineyard, which contains 76 acres or vines, and 560 acres of land, of choice foreign varieties of grapes, I believe the yield will be 35,000 gallons of wine, and a large amount of raisins; and at my Duror vineyard ot twenty acres, 8,000 gallons. Maple Sugar.—The States giving increased attention to this production are respectively Massachusetts, (80 per cent. increase,) Vermont, (60,) New Hamp- shire, Wisconsin, Maine, New York, Minnesota, lowa, and Pennsylvania. 240 Table showing the condition of the crops, &c., on the first day of June, 1868. WINTER RYF. | WINTER SPRING BARLEY. 2 zs | 8 eR | e Be | os ee.) oe za oc Ra uo} ae b=) Se | Js 4s = C= ie) 2 2g 2 oe 2 og | SE og | OE 2s | ze|5.|23| £. | gale BE ay | dg STATES, er cS Be ep | ee Se hae o= =i 8s mee ou Zi Ec aps és | of Es ag ec eo. | 22 | & | se] | SS] ws | Be | 2s | Be e oa ae Bee ie Ze | ee m BS | 236 5s =f Maing 22! 43.2. O91 10-2 9.8] 1028") -|--- | 12.6 | 10.6 | 10 9.5 New Hampshire...| 10 |10.3]10 | 10.6 |...--.|.----- 10.2 | 10.1 | 10 10.3 Mermont ost 2535. 10.4} 9.4] 10 HON Hees oe |e 11.6 | 11.2) Oras aes Massachusetts ..... | 10 9,2 | 10.4 | 10.1 | 10 9 |{10.2{ 9.6} 10.1 | 9 Rhodewisland=~.H2. |/222423}3- 45-2 11 a7 (el We SBs5|loseoss||sanec- [pose 10.5 8.2 Connecticut ...---. 10 | 10.2 | 10.5 | 10 9.5110 |10 | 9.7 | Q.7uleeuey New York..--..--- 10.5110.5| 9.7] 10.4| 9.7| 9.8] 10 | 10.5 | 10.3 | 10.3 New Jersey ...---. 10.3} 10.2/10 | 97] 9 9.5] 9.5|10 | 8 9 Pennsylvania...--. 10.3 | 11 9.8/10.1| 9.5|10.1/10 |10.6| 9.9 | 10 Delaware --.-...--. 9.3 } 10.6 | 10 OO plfecn sco eee eae hate jseeeee [eee ee|eee eee Marybimnd 1-49.99.) 109) }51239' | 9. 6:} 003! 1.22=--)--- 22. Pees ee 10 9 Virginia .......... (45419906 |}: 9-9: | 40:8'|..-.-.].--.--|e-----| <2. =| North Carolina. ...- tea) OSs 94Sh | Se ONG UT 10.. |:--42-|.252 alee eee South Carolina .... | 12.1} 8&8! 10 9.6 | 10 7 eee ee 9 9.5 Georgia. .----..... PVE Te B42 987) 1956) 1..9..24]. 9.8 | Bees |f2352- 9.3 9.3 Mla BES, Ni eRe. eae Ley ees | | a [ete at leeway Alabama........-- 11 8.7] 9.8] 9.4 | 10 a3 | Ns ceeeee[seetee ceeee Mississippi .--..... 15.3 | 10.1 | 10.4 | 10 om iP Mae oe Cees Spee ee Ihonisiana,. ee cule lee ee REST Hed i a 0 te ea Le ate we soos | pee fic eee Sis gan 9. 0) NO FR y= 1G i el = [eee 8.3 | 6.3 Arkanaas piece ate epaP \iM es a 10.3 | 10 9.6 ators 35. \| Sa ae 1055 set O Tennessee. ........ LMA 32g ee Mg A 10.1} 11 West Virginia ..... 13). | 4197 (1053 143.7) 7.8) 9.7| 9.3) 11.5 ]e eee Kentucky .... .... 99) 16 948 (elas 9191} 9.4 |) 9.9)... =. |ee see 11.5.) 11.1 Missouri ....-..... 15) {1221 }10/8:| 11/3'| 11.1] 1.3) 16 | 12.1 | ese aes Iinois’. -......... |-10:4 | 10:7 | 9.6'| 10.7 | 9.6 | 10.3 | 12.8 | 11,2 | 90 1 egies Indiana. 2... 2.22 | 1s 1353, |pl0p3) 453. |.10. | 14.2 |.43.5 | 11. 4, Oe itiiel ya5 ome 10.5 | 11 9.9] 11.1} 9.8] 9.3| 122/111] 9.7] 10.3 Michigan ....._... 11.7 | 11.9 | 10,4] 10.8 | 10.1 | 10.5} 11.6 | 10.6] 10.3} 10.4 Wisconsin .......- 9.9 | 10.3 | 10 9.5) 10 | 10.2/11.8/ 10.4] 9.7) 10,4 Minnesota .... ....| 11 | 10.1} 10.2] 12.2] 11. | 11.7 | 13.3 | 12.3] 11.2] 11.8 ane Stk te” 10°} 1253] 94}a3| B38) m1 }|13, - | 11,2) es Kansas . 2.2 2.-... |°12.5 | 11.5 | 9.8| 10.7] 9.4] 9.1 | 14.5|11.3]}10 | 106 Nebraska .... .-.- 8.4| 7.8| 10.8] 9.4] 10 8 | 14.8 10.2 11.1] 10.1 241 Condition of the crops, &c—Continued. os S STATES. as a3 % IM RING} sce co cictinla clajan ooo eae eS See apes 9.8 Ney; Hampslite. 2.25226 os suet esse 9.7 Vienmont+ aos osese eee e ss case eee 11.5 Massachnsettsicce as2cs ot cee w scien soe eti- ori Huvode Islandiwasen sass Se kseec. oe us 92 Wonnechent a eep ix snes 3 aes tak aoe 10 ANGE Obie canis Sa ae Re Sk keane 10.6 INGW FOIsey, sci seb ee woow se ccss a cewee 9.4 Deanpy avait e sca. nwa = hae ae eat 10.1 Welaware: seyscssssscw we dsteeseersase ted Weyland S. 23c254.ooesicse Bie cee So 9.4 Wiemrtaetie Sues SoS 5 ee oe haas ee sne 10.9 Norm Carolinas 2252 s)o5coe ) sc ceek se etesls 12.2 Hout) CArOluNAal= 55502 teams ce ose ewe ame 15 Bal EL ee BSE Soe en eae a 10.9 long sisres oeis oS Sa se eeiosccecetaseee 10.6 AAAI ee acc te Selene he nce = oelcmeree 10.7 aE SED Rr aa 5 cp rotate on ook ala gt 10.6 Touistanae ses osacietSelecca. oaeewtetus 10 Pexasp ss Soec sae soa et eee nde Seu, ce eeeae 9.6 AVRKansas pos sc5ecoutedseee aascts se 1255 Pennessee+s.252 Shelby county : Nearly every farm has an orchard, and the trees do well. Apple, pear, and plum trees bear nearly every year. Peach trees grow thrifty, but do not bear more than one year out of two; but when they do bear they yield well, and the fruit is of superior quality. Many of our older orchards yield 15 to 20 bushels to the tree, worth 75 cents per bushel. Howard county: This being one of the first counties settled has more fruit than any county except St. Louis. Winter apples are chiefly cultivated, and three-tourths of the trees are Rawle’s Jannetting, though most varieties of summer and winter apples do well. I have in my grounds, now nine years old; of summer apples: Strawberry, Harvest, Astrachan, Early Joe, Early June, Summer Pearmain; and of winter and fall kinds: Rambo, Swaar, Spitzenburg, Rhode Island Greening, Northern Spy, Newtown Pippin, Fall Pippin, Golden Pippin, Lady Apple, &c.,. which are bearing freely and promise well. Peaches are very uncertain, except on the bluffs near the Missouri river. Standard and dwarf pears do well if properly trained and cared for. Nectarines and apricots uncertain, though I have had some fine crops. About 1,600 bar- rels of winter apples were shipped from our village (Glasgow) last fall by river, at 50 cents per bushel, though on the north Missouri railroad, passing through the uext tier of counties, the same varieties brought $1 per bushel. Linn county: Our capabilities for fruit are very fine. We produce apples, pears, plums, peaches, (about half the seasons, ) grapes, quinces, and all the small fruits. Apples, pears, and plums have not failed in 10 years. Apple trees five years from the nursery last fall yielded $10 each in fruit. Many trees have been set during the war. Grapes are doing well—no mildew or rot for three years past, nor previous to that, except on Isabella. Varieties grown here: Con- cord, Clinton, Hartford Prolific, Delaware, Rogers’s Hybrid, No. 15, Isabella, Catawba, &c. Chariton county: Apples are very profitable, and peaches do well when not killed by frost, and are very fine. Grapes succeed well. The past season peaches sold at from $1 to $4 per bushel; apples, 75 cents to $1 per bushel; grapes, 20 cents per pound. One farmer in this vicinity seld $2,500 worth from his orchard, the fruit being gathered by the purchasers. Another from an orchard of about 14 acre, realized about $600. 270 Cass county: Splendid fruit country ; apples most plentiful. Last season (1866) was an average crop, E. P. West, from 20 fifteen-year-old trees, gathered 300 bushels. Several orchards’of from 120 to 150 trees, of about the same age, produced upwards of $1,000 each at home. The Union Pacific railroad will give us an unlimited market. Peaches bear three years in five. In Livingston, one gentleman gathered from 100 trees 1,000 bushels of apples, worth 75 cents to $1 per bushel ; peaches do not succeed so well ; pears grow large and delicious; many persons are putting out vineyards, but the business is yet new. In De Kalb, one small orchard of 27 trees, set nine years, yielded 117 bushels of apples, worth 75 cents per bushel; peaches yield about once in three or four years; pears, cherries, &c., do well. Our Pike reporter says that 50,000 bushels of apples are annually shipped from that county. In Lincoln, an orchard of 1,200 trees, 14 years old, yielded $1,500 worth of apples last year, at $3 per barrel. Our Miller county reporter says: I have never known any place to exceed this for fruit. Apples and pears receive most attention, but pears, grapes, and all the small fruits do well. I have one apple tree (Wine- Sap) only six years old from the seed, which last season yielded one bushel of good, well- grown fruit; the tree is three inches in diameter. A dwarf pear tree, only four years from the bud, ripened 70 pears of the Seckel variety. Beat that anywhere else, and let us hear of it. In Cooper county, apples rarely fail, and our correspondent says that 10 acres set out in good winter varieties will be a fortune to a young man; he can set 40 trees to the acre, which will bear in about five years, when he can get $5 per tree for his fruit standing, $200 per acre, $2,000 for his orchard. Our Cole reporter says: . All our uplands, ridges, and hills are specially adapted to the growing of peaches, apples, and grapes. We have already varieties of apples which are a sure and profitable crop. Early peaches, except chance seedlings, are still on trial; the Karly Crawford has failed for two years past on account of ice in March, or perhaps from neglect. Late peaches do well. Cherries, pears, plums, &c., grow well. One pear orchard of several thousand trees is a fail- ure, either from an unlucky choice of varieties or from want of proper cultivation. Grape vines do exceedingly well in soil which was at first thought sterile. Strawberries grow luxuriantly. In the western and southwestern portions of the State fruit culture promises to become a profitable branch of farming operations, a number of counties report- ‘ing the setting out of orchards of apples and peaches on an extended scale. Our La Fayette reporter writes as follows: I think we can beat the world in fruit culture. We export north of the river to Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, and to all the Territories. Last year (1866) the crop was short but still enormous. Fyrom all the data at hand, I should estimate the crop of 1867 at not less than - $500,000, besides home consumption. The culture of the grape is encouragingly spoken of from various quarters. ‘Our Dade reporter says : As to fruit our soil is wonderfully adapted to the growth of all kinds of fruit, especially ithe grape, apple, &c. The grape grows here spontaneously in astonishing quantities, and -of quality almost equal to the imported varieties. Your correspondent could any day during the grape season fill his wagon bed with grapes that grow spontaneously on the brush-land of his premises, and might repeat it for many days. Jefferson county : Fruit is our specialty, including grapes, apples, peaches, pears, and all the small fruits. The grape vine grows wild all through the woods, the fruit hanging from our largest forest trees. The vines grow from 10 to 20 feet the first year, and bear almost a full crop the second year. A peach bud will grow an inch in diameter and eight feet high the first year on a two-year old root. Our soil, climate, and elevation combine to make Jeffer- son the great fruit and wine county of Missouri. Our grapes and strawberries are 10 or 12 days in advance of any in the market. The grape and apple crops never fail; peaches have failed but once in 33 years, viz., in 1865. Peaches yielding $500 per acre, apples $300, pears $750, and grapes $900 to $1,000, are considered average crops. There are 350,000 fruit trees and 250,000 grape vines now planted in this county, with room for ten times the num- ber. : 271 Madison also claims to be one of the best fruit counties in the State. Applesand peaches seldom fail ; the pear and cherry also do well, and all the small fruits produce abundantly. The grape does well so far as tried, and our reporter thinks they have the best grape soil and climate in that part of the State of any in the west. From the very encouraging reports of our correspondents fruit culture is becoming an important interest in Missouri, promising complete success in quality of productions and remunerative profits. NEVADA, 1. Our only reports from Nevada come from the counties of Washoe and Esmeralda. ‘The agricultural portions of the former were sparsely settled prior to 1860, and but little attention had been paid to raising cereals or even vege- tables, the chief production being hay from the wild grasses bordering the ponds or streams of water; the opinion generally prevailed that the soil beyond these margins named was worthless, but from small experiments made, confidence in the productiveness of the soil in the higher portions of the valley began to increase, and at the present time it is generally conceded that all of the cereals and more hardy vegetables can be raised with profit. Many tracts of land have been taken up, therefore, and rendered productive and valuable, that have been considered worthless. The grass lands of 1860 are probably worth no more now than then, excluding improvements. Of Esmeralda, also, very little.was known prior to 1860, at which time the mines were discovered, bringing in large numbers, and as a consequence most of the agricultural lands were taken up, and are now under a good state of cultivation, showing an increase in value of not less than 100 per cent. 2. The average price of wild or unimproved lands in Washoe is $2 50 per acre, being government as well as Railroad Company price, there being none’ held outside. The character of such lands suited to agricultural purposes is upland valley, covered with sage brush; soil sandy, in many places a loam predominat- ing, in others a kind of clay. In Esmeralda the soil on the margin of the rivers, and in the valleys where there is water, is rich and deep; four-fifths of the unimproved land of the county are covered with sage brush, rocks, and a few secrub-trees, and is consequently worthless; the wood is pinyon pine, with a small portion of timber. 3. Washoe county embraces no marked or peculiar resources excepting in min- erals, which have not been thoroughly tested, not to an extent sufticient to demonstrate their value. Peavine mountain, lying in the western portion of the county, evidently contains large bodies of ore, copper probably predominating, fused with gold and silver, but from the pecuniary inability of the owners of leads, together with other hindering influences, they have not been developed. Our Esmeralda reporter writes a6 follows : Our minerals are principally silver and gold in most of the districts. The ledges are large and the rocks rich, they being the only productive minerals thus far; but we have copper, iron, lead cinnabar, gypsum, and some large salt beds, some of which are 20 acres in extent and the salt two to four feet thick. For the great want of capital in this new county the mines are but partially developed, and it is believed that no place offers greater inducements to capitalists than this county. 4. The hay crop is the specialty in Washoe; the grass of the natural varie- ties mainly, though considerable attention is now being paid to timothy, and some to the clovers. But little dressing has been put upon these lands as yet, but they would doubtless be improved thereby. In Esmeralda, wheat yields about 30 bushels to the acre; barley about 35 bushels ; oats 40; corn 30, and potatoes 150 bushels—the culture and profit of which are satisfactory. 5. Australian and Sonora wheat are mostly cultivated in Washoe, the former being generally preferred as more hardy, producing a large white berry and 272 making excellent flour. Some prefer the Sonora because it yields well and matures quicker. The best time for sowing is early in the season, in February or early March, if the weather will permit; some have sown in January, with good results. Harvesting, about the 20th of July. Mode of culture: sowing broadcast and harrowing, accompanied by irrigation during growth, but if sown early little water is required; none drilled, though our correspondent thinks the drill would be an advantage, if introduced. In Esmeralda, the Australian, Club, red Mediterranean and Tappahannock wheat are cultivated; about one- tenth of the crop is drilled. 6. Blue-joint, red-top, clover, peavine, wire-grass, wild rye, &c., are the nat- ural grasses, upon which farm animals frequently graze the entire year, and perhaps 11 months on an average. Our Washoe reporter estimates the cost per head for keeping full-grown stock, $25 to $30 per year, whilst in Esme- ralda it is given at $15 per head. 7. Fruit has been but little tried as yet, but apples, peaches, &c., of the hardier varieties have done well so far as experiments have been made. The question has not been so fully tested, however, as to warrant an opinion as to capabilities. CALIFORNIA. 1. Our returns from California are quite meagre, and not sufficiently com- plete to form a basis of judgment for the entire State; yet we give such as have come to hand, as being of interest so far as they extend. Yuba county reports an advance of 75 per cent. in the value of the higher farm lands since 1860. Monterey puts the increase at 30 per cent., and Del Norte 12 per cent.; whilst Amador and 'Tuolumne report a decline of 50 per cent. since the date named. Our San Francisco correspondent says that farming lands throughout the State have largely increased in value, and estimates that all improved farming property has fully doubled in value since 1860. Our Yuba reporter writes as follows: In order to make my answers plain to you I must state that in California we have two chains of mountains running north and south, the Coast range and the Sierra Nevada; the former stretching along the coast to the west, and the latter along the State line to the east. Between these mountains there is a valley called the valley of the Sacramento, reaching from Mount Shasta on the north to the southern limit of the bay of San Francisco, and about 400 miles in length. This depression or valley is from 20 to 60 miles in width. Along the bays and the lower extremity of the Sacramento river there are thousands of acres of swamp and overflowed lands. Higher up on the rivers and in the valley there is a great deal of lower bottom lands, very rich and productive, and subject to nearly annual overflows. Much of this is yearly being destroyed by mining, by the deposit of from two to ten feet of sand, gravel, and debris brought down the rivers in times of overflow from the working of the mines in the mountains. This deposit has already destroyed over 8,000 acres of the richest lands in my county that ever lay under the sun: lands worth from $100 to $150 per acre are now not worth $3 per acre. Indeed the garden of the State has been and is being destroyed ; fields, orchards, vineyards, fences and improvements all buried up and obliterated, and only remaining a white, drifty, sandy waste. So*the mines are becoming a curse to the State. Now, besides these overflowed swamp and bottom lands there is in the valley whiat is called the higher plain lands, which constitute about two-thirds of the whole valley. This land is of a heavy, dry clay soil, and was at first considered worthless. Along the mountain sides there is a similar soil; and this, with the little valleys in the mountains, is now being extensively cultivated. These high lands, as I shall call them, are adapted to wheat, barley, oats, rye, orchards and vineyards, but are too dry in summer for corn, potatoes, &c. Various reasons are given for the decrease in value of farm lands in Tuolumne and Amador. In the former it is attributed in part to the failure of either State or federal laws to protect improved lands from the miners, or those who are ever on the watch to locate claims upon lands improved by the money and toil of the honest settler. 2. The average value of wild or unimproved land in Yuba county is $4 per . acre; this land is productive, and of the character indicated in the above extract ; it will produce, according to our reporter, if fallowed, 60 bushels of wheat to the’ acre, and 40 to 45 bushels if not fallowed, and other cereals in proportion. In 273 Monterey the price ranges from 50 cents to $2 50 per acre. In Del Norte, $1 25 per acre; chiefly mountainous, and all heavily timbered, mostly with red wood. In Amador our reporter says the wild lands are worthless. In Tuo- lumne these lands belong to the United States, and may be taken up by settlers; the valleys have a rich deep alluvial soil, capable of raising almost any crop with irrigation. The hills are volcanic, caleareous, granitic, and slaty, and fur- nish the best of sites for vineyards, and yield good crops of grain if sown early in the season. Our San Francisco correspondent, speaking for the State, says : We have so sparse a population, however, that there are vast quantities of good arable land which can be purchased of government at from $1 25 to $2 50 per acre, while some of the large grant owners are willing to sell good lands, but not very eligibly situated for market, at the same prices. The Central and Western Pacific Railroad Companies also sell land within a few miles of the line of their roads at from $2 50 to $10 per acre. Almost all of the valley lands of the State may be termed wheat lands, the great majority, with proper ploughing, producing from i5 to 40 bushels per acre. Almost any product of the north tem- perate zone can be raised on the ordinary lands in California. Besides the parties named the State has large quantities of swamp or overflowed lands, (which can be reclaimed at moderate expense,) and school lands in different sections which can be purchased at from $1 to $2 50 per acre. 3. The soil of the valley lands is universally productive, while the mountain ranges furnish an abundance of timber. A large lumbering business is done in Tuolumne, a ready market being found in the valleys of that county, Stanis- laus and St. Joaquin, at from $25 to $50 per thousand feet. In Amador the timber is mostly cut, except in the higher eastern portion of the county border- ing on the ‘Sierra Nevadas, where remains some of the finest timber in the world, while in Del Norte and other counties the redwood timber is almost inexhaust- ible. The mineral wealth of this country is too well known to require detailed mention here. 4. Wheat and barley are the staple products of all the valley counties except Los Augeles, El Dorado, and Sonoma. In Los Angeles and El Dorado wine- growing is the great interest ; a large quantity of grain, however, is raised in the former county. In Sonoma the wine-growing interest predominates, although grain of all kinds is raised in considerable quantities, that county being the second wheat-growing county. Wheat and wine are considered the most profit- able crops to raise. The products of the leading crops of the State for 1866 were as follows, in round numbers: wheat, 14,000,000 bushels; barley, 11,600,000 bushels ; oats, 1,860,000 bushels ; hay, 360,000 tons; potatoes, 2,000,000 bushels; peanuts, 182,000 bushels; beans, 240,000 bushels; butter, 4,500,000 pounds; cheese, 2,100,000 pounds ; wine, 1,800,000 gallons; wool, 5,230,000 pounds. ‘Total value about $28,000,000, being several millions in excess of the gold products of the State. Santa Clara, Solano and Yolo are the largest wheat-growing counties, aggre- gating more than half the crop of the whole State in 1866. In barley, Santa Clara, Monterey and San Joaquin take the lead, producing more than one-third of the entire crop. Santa Clara also leads in hay, cheese and silk ; Mendocino in oats; Sonoma in potatoes; Sacramento in hops; Marin in butter; Santa Bar bara and Los Angeles in wool, and the latter county in oranges, lemons, grapes, wine and brandy. 5. A variety of wheats are sown in California, but the white Australian appears to be the favorite, as it makes better flour, is productive, and rarely has any drawbacks in bad seasons; white Chili, Sonora and Club wheat are also sown in the interior counties. In Del Norte a white winter wheat is grown and preferred by many farmers because it is a winter variety, and also on account of the superior quality of its flour. In this county winter wheat is sown from September 1st to November Ist, and the spring varieties from February Ist to April 15, harvesting about the 10th of August; all grain sown by hand. In 274 Monterey wheat is sown from November to March, according to the amount of rain. Our Tuolumne reporter says ‘the land should be summer-fallowed, and the grain sowed before the first rains ; it may be sowed as late as March, but is liable to injury by the drought; harvest last of May or June.” In Yuba they sow from October to February, and harvest from Ist of June to 15th of July. None drilled. Our San Francisco correspondent writes : Seeding on summer fallow and dry-ploughed land has been done in September and Octo- ber, but the experience of our farmers is that wheat sown prior to March in good seasons produces favorable crops. Harvesting of barley commences in the southern part of the State early in May ; wheat is generally two weeks later, most of the crop being gathered in June, new wheat coming to market about the 1st of July. Ploughing is, on an average, not over four inches deep, some being only three inches, while in exceptional cases the soil is disturbed from six to twelve inches, but such instances are very rare. A practice called ‘‘ volunteer- ing” prevails among farmers, which consists of simply harrowing by implement, or, inmany cases, brush-harrowing, viz: dragging limbs of trees over stubble, so that the waste grain of one harvest is made the seed for the next. The average yield of wheat is reported at 20 bushels to the acre. 6. Of the natural grasses of California our Monterey correspondent says : The most of our pasture plants are annual. In most places the Erodium cicutarium, or ‘‘alfileria,” grows first, and immediately afterward the wild oats, Avena fatua. But inmany places the first spring pasturage is furnished by two or three species of Boraginacea, viz: Eritrichium chorisianum and two other species. The cattle of all kinds eat these greedily and fatten on them. After these come up the annual grasses; two or three species of Poa; Reardum jubatum, Polypagon monspeliensi, &c.; and later in the season the perennials, such as the ‘‘bunch-grass,’’ Festuca scafrilla, ‘‘grama,’’ Bizopyrum spicatum, and Elymus arenarius, &c. Stock cattle are not fed at all here. They pasture 12 months. Wild oats, when cut at the proper time, are said to make the richest hay. When there is sufficient range, horses, cattle and sheep pasture the entire year, the rainy season not excepted. In the greater portion of the State the natural grasses are turned into hay while standing, the extreme dryness of the elimate being the cause. Cattle feed on this dried grass, which is very nutritious until the rains come, which destroy all the nourishment. When the rains come early, in October or early in November, the new grasses spring up in a few days, and if they get three or four inches high, frost does not stop their growing, and stock have excellent feed the season through. When the rains come in December, followed immediately by frost, cattle suffer greatly, and large numbers of horses, sheep and cattle are lost. The crop of natural grasses, when not fed down too much, seeds itself and yields from one to two tons of hay per acre. Our Tuolumne reporter says that pasture is good from March to October, but stock will subsist the entire year. Usually the only expense is cost of herdsmen. Several correspondents estimate the cost of pasturing stock at from 50 cents to $2 per head per month—the average $1 per head. 7. The fame of California as a fruit-growing State is too widely extended to need lengthy notice in this chapter. The capabilities of the entire valley lands of the State, and also the foot-hills of the mountain range, to produce fruit, are perhaps unsurpassed if equalled in any part of the world. All the fruits of the temperate zone flourish well, and such semi-tropical fruits as oranges, figs, limes, citrons, olives, almonds and pomegranates are produced in great abun- dance. It is difficult to say which kind of fruit is most profitable, as all pay well until the supply exceeds the local demand. At present it is said that almonds and Madeira nuts pay best, though figs and oranges are quite profitable. Our Toulumne correspondent says that grape-vines bear a good crop the third year from the cutting. Vineyards produce from four to five tons of grapes per acre, or from 500 to 700 gallons of wine. Grapes for wine-making sold last season at $30 per ton. ‘The price of wine one year old varies from 40 cents to $1 25 per gallon, according to quality. Apple, pear, peach, plum, cherry, fig, orange and pomegranate come into bearing the third year, and produce good 275 crops. The price the past season for best apples, pears and peaches, was $40 per ton; plums five cents per pound. Our Yuba correspondent says: Nearly all the fruits are adapted to our soil and climate. The apple, peach, plum, nectarine, apricot, cherry, quince, pear, fig, pomegranate, orange, lime, lemon, currant, ete., not only do well, but excel anything I ever saw. The grape, for wine and raisins, is perhaps des- tined to be one of the fruits most extensively cultivated. The yield is immense, and the profit very great. A vineyard of ten acres will yield a clear profit of $5,000 per annum, and orchards from $250 to $1,000 per acre, according to the kinds of fruit. A correspondent in Amador says that he gathered three crops of apples from the same tree last year. Los Angeles had, in 1866, nearly 2,000 lemon trees, 9,000 orange trees, 3,000,000 grape-vines, and made 600,000 gallons of wine and 20,000 gallons of brandy. Sonoma had over 2,800,000 vines and made nearly 200,000 gallons of wine and nearly 7,000 gallons of brandy. Santa Clara had 2,000,000 vines. In the State, according to the assessors’ reports, there were, in 1866, nearly 1,700,000 apple trees, 480,000 pear trees, 1,090,000 peach trees, 234,000 plum trees, 28,000 almond trees, 17,000 English walnut trees, 13,000 olive trees, 2,000 lemon trees, 11,000 orange trees, and nearly 20,000,000 grape-vines—the numbers of each rapidly increasing. OREGON. 1. From Oregon our reports are quite meagre; but four counties—Columbia and Multnomah on the northern border, and Lane and Douglas in about the centre of the tier of ecast counties and of the settled portions of the State— returning answers to our circular. Columbia reports an increase of 50 per cent. in the value of farm lands since 1860, and Multnomah puts the advance as high as 100 per cent. Our Lane reporter writes : Probably about 10 per cent. ; but lands do not change owners in general, so as to ascer- tain the exact rate of increase; and we have to estimate chiefly by what the farmers seem to think their lands worth. In 1860 the gold mines in Douglas attracted settlers; and the agricultural lands were taken up in small farms, and more cultivated than at present; but the mines having failed, and the population attracted thereby dispersed, the farms are in fewer hands, and much that was cultivated is now in pasture. No advance in price. 2. Lane county returns $2 per acre as the average value of unimproved lands in that county; a portion prairie, but mostly adjacent to hills or mountains ; quality various—some quite good, but the declivities and barren hills detract from the immediate value of many tracts. In Columbia $3 50 is the average per acre; mostly timber and brush land; such timber as yellow and white fir, hemlock, spruce, cedar, soft maple, ash, and alder. In the eastern part of the county it is black mold underlaid with clay; advancing west it changes to a light sandy loam; will produce good grain, grass, and vegetables. The average in Multnomah is $1 50 per acre, including government lands ; chiefly dry, timbered lands of fine quality, cedar, ash, oak, maple, and hem- lock ; capable of raising all kinds of grain and fruits suited to the latitude. Much of the surface of Douglas county is mountainous, and most of that which will serve for pasture is in private hands; but as there are still government lands vacant, unimproved lands cannot rate much above the minimum for public lands. Probably two-thirds of the lands of the State are for sale at govern- ment prices; settlements now being principally confined to a strip bordering upon the Pacific and embracing about one-third of the area of the State. 3. Columbia and Multnomah report iron ore in great abundance, and the former also coal and salt, with but little development beyond sufficient to demonstrate the presence of the minerals in large quantities, of superior quality, and easily worked. Both gold and silver are found in Douglas county, but not in large 276 quantities, and few of the mines are worked at present. The mountains are heavily timbered with fir, cedar and pine; the hills with oak and other decid- uous trees. 4. Vegetables, fruit, and hay are the principal crops in Columbia, and are eul- tivated with success in large quantities and with profit. Vegetables and fruit are also largely and profitably grown, together with general crops, in Multno- mah; whilst in Lane wheat is the staple, but oats and potatoes are successfully grown. Wheat yields from 20 to 30 bushels to the acre, and often weighs 62 to 64 pounds per bushel. Oats are superior; 25 to 40 bushels per acre; weigh- ing 36 to 40 pounds to the bushel. Peas grow well, but are troubled with the bug or fly. Corn yields a fair crop, not very large, but of good quality. Barley does very well. Our Douglas reporter says : Wool is the crop and sheep the specialty in this valley. Fine wool sheep have been mostly sought; but owing, as farmers suppose, to the long-continued rains of winter, sheep of the merino grades are not so healthy as the straight-wooled varieties, which now seem to be favorites. White winter wheat and common red-chaff spring wheat are grown in Columbia; but the white is preferred as making the best flour. It is almost impossible to sow spring wheat, on account of the rain, so as to ripen in season to harvest before the fall rains set in. White wheat is also preferred in Mult- nomah for the same reasons. The Rio Grande, Club, and Mediterranean are grown in Lane, but the winter varieties are mostly raised. The winter wheat is sown in August and September, and the spring seed in March and April, as most practicable. Harvest commences the middle of July with the fall-sown crop, and extends into September for the spring grain. The seed is chiefly sowed broadcast; much being sowed after the plough and harrowed in. Our Douglas correspondent says that— Owing to expensive transportation no more grain, fruit, or vegetables are raised than are needed for home consumption. Of wheat the Oregon smooth-head is preferred as best suited te the soil and climate; the fairest staple and about as productive as any other; sown broadcast any time from September to March when the ground is in order to receive it. 6. Our Columbia correspondent says that timothy and white clover grow almost spontaneously, he having a field of clover and timothy mixed (five acres) upon which no grass-seed was ever sown, except what may have been scattered by the birds and the cattle, from which he has cut annually, since 1861, three and a half tons per acre. Orchard grass and blue grass also do well, Cattle can subsist upon pastures all the year, except when the ground is covered with snow; expense about 50 cents per month per head. Stock will do well upon pastures alone about eight months of the year, as reported from Multnomah, where the cost per head, upon tame pastures, is estimated at about $12 per head for the season. In Lane the pastures are mostly what is called bunch grass, together with some of the larger kind of marsh grass, so common in the western States, though not so rank; but, being thick in the ground, yields good feed, excepting when injured by summer drought. About six weeks in winter and the same in summer dry weather the feed is short, but the rest of the year stock ean do very well. The cost of pasture ranges from 75 cents to $2 per month, the latter for convenient pastures near towns. Young stock is allowed to range upon unfenced lands. In Douglas the bunch grass on the hills and a variety of red-top in the valleys are the most valuable wild grasses. Almost all the tame grasses succeed, but timothy above all others. 7. Apples, peaches, pears, plums, cherries, quinces, berries in variety, grow abundantly, and our correspondents claim superiority for their State in the cul- ture of fruits adapted to that latitude. Our Lane reporter writes as follows : For most kinds of fruit this country is very good indeed. Apples and pears do the best ; peaches tolerably ; cherries, though uncertain, are a good crop. The small fruits do exceed- ingly well—gooseberries, currants, Lawton blackberries, and black and red Antwerp rasp- berries yield profusely. Strawberries are a very singular crop; when they fruit, they yield 277 remarkably and of fine quality ; but some seasons they blossom and do not bear, and yet not killed by the frost. Apples yield from 100 to 300 bushels per acre, the trees being yet small, though the crop is sure every year. In Douglas all kinds of fruit suited to the temperate zone succeed well ; apples, pears, and plums better than in the Mississippi valley ; peaches and cherries not so well. The yield is abundant and the fruit fine ; but as yet there is no market, and the surplus is fed to the hogs. WASHINGTON TERRITORY. _ 1. From Washington Territory, occupying the northwestern extreme of the republic, north of Oregon and south of British Columbia, our returns include Clallam, the most northern, and Pacific, the most southern county ; Wahkiacum and Clarke, (back of Pacific, on the Oregon border,) and Walla-Walla, a large county in the southeast. Owing to the decline of mining operations in British Columbia and the high tariff upon produce imported into Victoria, the price of farm land has decreased 50 per cent.since 1860. In Pacific there has been little or no change. Improved land is worth $10 per acre, chiefly confined to river bottoms. ‘There is an increase of about 50 per cent. in Wahkiacum and 25 per cent. in Clarke, though in a few instances in the latter there has been a decline, owing to the freshets in the Columbia river. Walla-Walla reports an increase of 50 per cent. also, making the average increase of 25 per cent. for the counties reporting. 2. The average value of wild or unimproved lands in Clallam is $1 25 per acre, covered with a dense growth of heavy timber. When cleared the high land is capable of producing good crops of wheat, oats, barley, &c., and the low lands will yield, in addition to the cereals, abundant crops of hardy vegetables. The same average price rules in Pacific ; land said to be of little value except for timber. Lands entered, but unimproved, in Wahkiacum have advanced 50 per cent. since 1860. There is still much government land in this county; but it is generally hilly and covered with fir timber, which will not pay for clearing. The settled land is chiefly valley—heavy, rich alluvial soil, suited to the cereals and vegetables. Clarke county averages $1 25 per acre and Walla-Walla $2, the former mostly uneven and heavily timbered with fir; soil about second quality; no vacant prairie land. In the latter county the land is prairie, good for wheat and splendid for grazing. There is a vast quantity of government land remaining for sale or. subject to entry under the homestead laws or sol- dier’s warrants in this Territory. 3. In the counties named no mineral resources of consequence, except coal, have been developed as yet. Coal is said to exist in large quautities in some localities. ‘Timber is abundant. Our Clallam reporter says : The whole of this county, with the exception of about 3,500 acres of open land, is cov- ered with a first-rate quality of timber, the principal part of which is red fir; the next in quantity being cedar, white pine, spruce, maple, and hemlock. The red fir* that is within easy hauling distance of the salt water is being rapidly taken to the adjoining county and manufactured into lumber. iia In Pacific the tide-land spruce furnishes excellent timber for shipbuilding, in ‘addition to which there is an abundance of fir, hemlock, and cedar timber; but as yet little has been done to make it a source of revenue. In speaking of resources of the soil, our Wahkiacum reporter says : The valley land is almost inexhaustible. I have examined it down 10 feet and found it about as rich as it is at the surface. In the valley the principal timber is soft maple, alder, with scattering spruce, very thick underbrush. It costs from $25 to $50 per acre to clear it. 4. Beef and wheat are the staple productions of Walla-Walla county, its extended prairies furnishing a rich grazing region. Our Clarke reporter writes as follows : Wheat, hay, and apples are our chief crops. Wheat is cultivated by nearly all the farm- ers; average yield about 25 bushels per acre; yield of the county this year, (1867,) 75,000, 278 of which 55,000 was winter wheat. No rust, no weevil, very little smut, sound and healthy ; average price $1 in coin; cost, 80 cents per bushel; net profit, 20 cents per bushel, $5 per acre in coin. Hay, mostly herds-grass, averages two tons to the acre; about 3,500 acres cultivated ; 7,000 tons of hay, worth $8 per ton. In clover, 300 acres, two crops a year ; two tons per acre; worth $12 per ton. Apples by far the most profitable ; winter varieties worth 60 to 70 cents per bushel. Potatoes are the staple crop in Wahkiacum, the yield being about 300 bushels» of 60 pounds, to the acre under the best cultivation. Our correspondent made last year a net profit of $75 per acre. From Pacific our correspondent writes as follows : The business which employs the most men here, and the greatest amount of capital, is the cultivation of oysters. From 60 to 70 men are employed, with a corresponding number of sloops, boats, scows, &c., in transporting them from the natural to private beds. By an act of the legislature every citizen is granted 10 acres where there are no natural beds of oysters. This ground is covered with young oysters at a cost of about $180 per acre, 3,000 baskets being about what one acre will grow. These are fit for market in from three to five years, and bring $1 per basket. The cost of gathering is about 25 cents per basket, aside from the first cost of planting. ‘The amount of oysters annually shipped from this shoal water is about 40,000 baskets, the greater part going to San Francisco. About 5,000 baskets are sent to Oregon. The past winter has been very hard on the oystermen, many thousand bushels of oysters having been killed by the severe cold weather. 5. In Clarke county white winter wheat is mostly sown, it being considered the most productive and making the best flour. Slender Straw Spring, Noe Tsland, and Hybrid, are also cultivated, the latter being the best spring variety. Winter wheat is suwn in September and October, and harvested in August ; spring wheat sown in March and April, though sometimes as early as February, and harvested in September ; but small proportion drilled, being generally sown broadeast, upon ploughed ground, and harrowed in. The Mediterranean spring wheat is preferred in Clallam, being less liable to smut than other kinds tried ; none drilled; sown in March; harvested in September. There is very little wheat cultivated in Pacific or Wahkiacum, though the climate and some of the soil are well adapted to its growth. The white club spring wheat is grown in Walla-Walla, winter varieties generally freezing out. 6. White clover, wild red top, bunch grass, a coarse wide blade swale grass, and a kind of winter grass, a coarse variety between English rye and blue grass, growing upon the upland, are the principal natural grasses. Red clover and timothy are successfully cultivated. Our reporters in Pacific and Walla- Walla state that stock will subsist upon pastures and do well all the year; in Clallam and Wahkiacum eight months are given as the limit during which cat- tle can subsist exclusively upon pastures; and in Clarke seven months, at a cost of $3 per head. The estimated cost in Clallam is $12 per head for the sea- son. 7. All our correspondents report favorably upon the capabilities of the Terri- tory for fruit culture. Our Clarke reporter answers the questions as follows : Apples, peass, plums, cherries, gooseberries, raspberries, strawberries, currants, and black- berries, are well adapted to our soil and climate. Peaches and grapes not so well suited. Of apples, the Roxbury Russet, Rhode Island Greening, Pearmain, Spitzenburg, and Jersey Sweeting, bear at the age of four years from grafting, if set out at one year old. Our Wahkiacum reporter says apples grow so abundantly that they will not pay to market; hence he turns them to profit by feeding them to his hogs, for which purpose he thinks them better than potatoes. In Pacifie apples, pears, and plums grow in abundance. Apples sell at 50 cents per bushel. The orchards are all young, and little or no fruit is yet shipped from the county. Our Walla-Walla correspondent says : This is one of the best countries in the world for apples, pears, plums, peaches, cherries, grapes, &c. Four years ago I planted 1,000 small yearling trees. Last season T had 1,000 bushels of fine fruit, 800 bushels of which were peaches. This fruit was sold at from $4 to $12 per bushel in gold. é 279 NEW MEXICO. 1. Our returns from the Territory of New Mexico embrace the counties of Mora and Valencia. Mora county reports 25 per cent. advance in the price of farm land since 1860. In Valencia there appears to be no settled price. If a person wants to purchase, he is asked an exorbitant price, and whoever wants to sell must sell for almost nothing. 2. The wild lands in Mora are of no value except where timber is plenty; they are chiefly mountain and prairie, good for hay and pasture only. In Valencia lands held by private parties fluctuate in accordance with the necessities of the holder or the wants of the purchaser. There are large tracts of land, however, subject to entry under the homestead laws, or purchase at government prices. ‘They are at some distance from settlements, and are vis- ited by hostile Indians. The country is very mountainous, but has rich valleys in which almost anything will grow to advantage, when water can be procured for irrigation. 3. Gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, cinnabar, gypsum, quicksilver, and coal, abound in the districts reporting. The Moreno mines (gold) are in the north- ern part of Mora county, about 50 miles from the town of Mora, yg > ig b> Lae) > rg > rg > iy > rg > | 5 8 g g 4 g 5 g gq 8 § 5 5 a 5g 5 Pa Sole rele sae hs P 8 P 8 z 8 B 8 z a e z aaa ee 5 5 = Bo ea lz oy‘Aosuiony) ‘osaoe Be 5 ; x i ° ‘Spuvyisy oun “avy JO ost “puvyloly BMI aan) “puRyyoog “sO[B MA ‘puelsuny ‘sdowo jo uoydnosaq ‘wMopsUurr, papuy ay fo uorsrarp yova ur doto UdaLF PUD UL09 fo pury yovoa fo suorsodosd aapuaaiad DUD agDILID 10707, “LOST “SOLLSELLVLS TY UO TOOIMODV HSLL1aa 285 IMPORTATIONS, ETC. Imported Entered for home consump- 7 tion. Wheat from— 1866. 1867. 1866. 1867. Russiat-=22.-- ooo nee dse dea SSaeb a Sheesse* ewts.. 8, 937, 199 14, 025, 236 9, 028, 935 14, 159, 861 Deniankeee eee eo ae cen cee do... 506, 236 418, 012 507, 709 422, 509 PSR ete oa aw loncie sine win ates ain ete do... 4, 401, 409 5, 572, 263 4, 416, 663 5, 603, 694 Schleswig, Holstein, and Lunenburg ...--..- do... 187, 938 127, 222 188, 529 127, 632 MeMMETIDUNE fae - cee ara woe erties secs do... 733, STL 651, 884 734, 664 654, 569 EIGEAROREOW DS nto = cst eee icine ceRIe -CEeee do... 878, 912 700, 935 886, 586 705, 794 Tie D DC Se BOS See aoe ae eee eee ane do=== 3, 473, 130 597, 405 3, 496, 931 599, 402 Turkey and Wallachia and Moldavia ...--. do... 528, 433 2, 446, 638 529, 739 2, 455, 311 DS he Ba ae eee EOS en AER Sasoe Sammars da. 33, 831 1, 451, 774 33, 831 1, 458, 457 Umiteds States eo. . s~Job. oases do... 635, 239 4,188, 013 639, 852 4, 219, 966 British North America’s: 224.262. 25... - 828 do... 8, 789 683, 127 8, 789 684, 492 Omer countries |...22.25..5ceuecuscmes ones do... 2, 831, 642 | 3, 783, 060 2, 836, 387 3, 796, 682 Totaleecsan mentee sewer sass see eeeee 23, 156, 329 34, 645, 569 23, 308, 615 34, 888, 369 Wheat flour from— ; IEISIR ELL O wal ae et eats eas sane einstein ewts.. 347, 012 444, 710 348, 351 450, 941 since ese ee eee eae ee = ae oe cies crs ela dows: 3, 640, 320 1, 234, 742 3, 666, 740 1, 242, 719 (ingen States sees aeans saeco a= nie ae aes 280, 792 722, 976 282, 664 723, 211 British: Northe America 2.5 .- 29, 30 75 6 20 | 45.5 | 1.42 29 77 12 20 | 42.5 | 2.97 29 80 12 Ban Bevay bil arateteret 28 W7 6 a | Sts: Pasion = 30 78 | 5,9,13 28 | 51.1 | 5. 06 29 66 5 22 | 42.2) 1.83 29 74 5 18 | 43.8 | 4.13 29 76 5 16 | 43.7 | 1.69 28] 78 5| 12] 46.6 | 1.67 28 78 5 18 | 44.6 | 1.84 29 76 5 22 | 47.6 | 3.57 28, 29 72 5 9 | 44.3 | 3.85 29 74 5 23 | 47.4 | 4.12 29 71 5 13 | 42.5 | 3.38 27 7 5 3 | 44.5 | 5.55 30 | 70 |6,7,9,13] 30] 43.8 | 2.44 30 76 5 22 | 46.7 | 3.35 29, 30 7D 5 24 | 47.3 | 3.50 29 74 5 25 | 49.1 | 2.72 30) 85} 9,13] 33 / 53.7 | 3.30 30 75 6 26 | 48.5 | 4.44 SO Aa | RHE S] biel aa ae 46.0 | 3.18 27 |) 275) | 4eeut0) |e 23) 4493) 02287 28 48 5 15 | 33.7 | 1.32 28 72 5 17 | 42.7 | 1.83 27 72 4 12 | 40.5 | 3.38 28 76 5 Ae Pale 8} eas. = 5 By ge 5, 8 |e alGr boweSh|es.- + 28 70 8 21 | 41.7 | 2.58 25, 26 72 4 a ia oy 7 ee 26 dL 2 5 | 14.3 | 3.90 20 62 9 Gi \esadee| tos sci Bore std an s5c.4 Fe asaaes eerore 37.5 | 2. 64 29 71 5 23 | 45.8 | 4. 62 29 80 5 22 | 50.9 | 3.69 28, 30 85 5 23 | 53.1 | 3.95 22, 27 74 4,5 25 | 46.9 | 5.25 22 72 4,5 25 | 47.1 | 5.70 Date. ss eeeeee May, 1868. Max Min temp Date temp ° ° 85 22 45 87 22 56 85 il 36 82 "ea 41 84 7 40 85 7 42 | 78 U 43 78 1 44 84 i 40 81 b 39 80 4 40 79 7,8 42 78 7,8 42 80 8 40 88 1,8 45 81 14 38 83 8 42 82 18 40 86 19 50 80 8 43 76 | 1,7,18 44 84 7 38 88 1 42 | 82 1 35 79 \1,7,13,16 44 84 9 37 82 i 32 88 9 32 78 v 43 95 | 8,9, 14 49 85 7 41 83 a 44 . |Mean .| temp. oO ~ ND Rae ae 294 Table showing the range of the thermometer, &c., for April and May—Cont’d. States and places. INDIANA—Cont'd. Columbia City Carthage Indianapolis State University - -- Rensselaer New Harmony ...-.- Averages ILLINOIS. Marengo Golconda Ottawa - Winnebago Rochelle Tiskilwa Magnolia Mlmiras.5< 5. -- Peoria ates. 250-2 Springfield -.-..... Duboiss sco ons oe Wraterloo-5..222--- Galesburg. -.....-- Manchester.......- Mount Sterling ---- Andalusia Averages...... WISCONSIN. Manitowoe Plymouth Milwaukee Waupacca Embarrass New Lisbon Bayfield Averages Date. APRIL, 1868. ae Date. been, ° fo} 74 Allee 78 10] 34 72 5 5 71 By Oly 72 Aveo 72 Bi) 25} 17 Al) ae 73 5 19 70 4,5| 14 74 Ages 69 5 9 87 4,5 | 26 67 Fi) ae 72 4 18 79 4| 24 71 5 17 72 Files 74 5 | 22 82 5,10 26 7 S|) 23 79 All 27) 78 5 ee 77 Sieeo8 82 5| 26 75 Gl) Be 78 13) |) 720 78 5,9 | 26 72 G\| Be 72 9] 23 70 4 15 72 4,8 18 71 8 13 70 5| 16 64 8 13 70 5 6 72 8 10 72 5 12 73 8 17 75 5 9 | 70 8 12 72 Sue 12 See | Sete ae | eee Mean} Rain temp.) fall. HO MH wt Max. Date. A am temp. In. MAY, 1868. Min. | Mean Date. temp.| temp., 5 82 28 81 5 83 28 84 5 86 25 75 4 86 5 80 4 79 30 94 25 79 Pay |} Pa 25 86 4 84 | 5 84 4 85 24 88 25 86 £ nas 82 | {30,31} ° 30 83 30 92 25 81 29 86 31 88 4,25] 84 25 81 21 75 424,25] 84 2 56 23 79 25 82 24,251 85 24 86 4,25| 83 26 90 24 86 23 80 om oO 8, 13, 14 295 Table showing the range of the thermometer, §c., for April and May—Cont'd. States and places. MINNESOTA. Averages IOWA. Clinton Dubuque Monticello Burlington Fort Madison Mount Vernon Iowa Jity-..-...-. Independence ...-. Near Independence Waterloo Iowa Falls Fort Dodge Boonsboro’ Bowen’s Prairie -.- Averages MISSOURI. St. Louis University Allenton Hematite. . OAS esses sae Jefferson City Hermitage Harrisonville KANSAS. Leayenworth Date. Max. | temp. APRIL, 1868. Date... ow oo oo ooo mo OU Min. | Mean} Rain temp.| temp.| fall. 48.0 47.7 = No] oo > er oo ou = 2. 36 | 3.44 | May, 1868. Date. |iemp| Date. | funy, tee! tae | ° ° ° In. a4] 87 231 39! 60.4] 3.96 4 | 91 98 | 38 / 59.6] 4.37 24| 85 12| 43 | 60.0] 3.80 24| 84/ 8,28] 46} 61.7] 3.68 Sacieemacleae eas lms teas ac) teeere leeeee- mae oe saciid (Gomes Ia versee,- [Mee wies | 60.2 | 3.95 | 22,24] 92 7,8} 40} 60.2| 10.00 25! 82 7,8] 46|60.7| 3.53 26) | 890) | 43,19" |)! = 47, | 61.2] 4.59 25 | 84] T |} AGi Gage a seee 31 | 86 19| 41) 62.0] 9.84 25 | 89 | 19 | 42'|-5e 7" 2S 4| 86 6) |)) 405s 6240h eee a5i) es: |" ste. |¢) a0°|-ea see 21} 32 13| 46] 61.6| 7.20 23 | 89 7| 45/615 | 3.60 24 88 12| 43/568] 5.70 24,25| 86} 29| 46) 67.0|.--.-- 24,25 | 84 8| 36) 64.0] 3.98 24| 86 7 lt 4401 G06" [eeceee 23| 82] 7,29| 44 | GONOy aera 24,25 | 88 7| 44/613] 5.02 a7 | 87 12} 44/625] 6.58 23 89 | 6,7] 42] 62.6| 4.47 25| 87| 7,11| 47 | 64.7] 6.36 5| 84 12| 40 60.9] 4.00 25| 88] Ti || 44 yearn eee 23} 88 30| 44/ 61.7) 5.09 aN ae ae Deere | 61.8 | 5.60 5| s7| 7,13] 51] 66.9] 4.00 1,25| 90) 19,22] 40| 65.1] 5.71 1,2] 88 22| 42! 66.1] 7.70 3, 31 87 | ui 47 | 64.7) 6.05 Lee SD WY 22 tee tig Peep (be see 1| 87 8| 39| 64.1| 3.39 3| 86 Us a Oy Ps. (0) | eer 2| 92 | 13| 45] 67.0] 1.29 2) 88 7| 46| 663] 4.23 2| ge 12| 50| 66.7} 3.50 Be ses ae: ema Maaee els Ble 65.7 | 4.48 ——_ 2|° 94 92| 42) 64.6) 4.35 296 Table showing the range of the thermometer, &c., for April and May—Cont’d. APRIL, 1868. tat d pl 4S Sete ae Date Max Date Min. | Mean} Rain ~~ | temp * |temp.|temp.| fall KaANnsAs—Cont’d. ° Fo) ° In. Olathe S22 tees. 30 83 9 29 | 48.9 | 5.90 Baxter Springs .... 30 83 5 32 | 56.4 | 2.80 PAG chivoni secs: 21, 22 82 5 23 | 48.7 | 7.10 St. Univ. Lawrence 11 83 5 25 | 49.7 | 2.95 Holton 4-7 225/22: 21, 23 83 2 Bb AR alee State Agric. College 1 83 5 27 | 46.6 | 1.96 Council Grove..... 22 82 2 26 | 50.6 | 2. 65 JCI pea aoa iS Sa RObd ae soa bascodes| Hascac 49.3 | 3.58 NEBRASKA, Mlkhorn 33 2553295. - 30 73 3 Ui ie 2025" | Mme le DeiSotozs-s: ss. 11 78 3 22 | 44.5 | 3.16 ‘Believe sees see 21, 30 76 3 24 | 47.3 | 2.60 Glendale .......... 22 89 3,8 22 | 45.5 | 3.60 Dakota: esses: eke 30 72 3 A MeO A el ee Omaha Agency....- 30 79 3 23 | 45.9 | 1.00 JERE St ema sen| Saonsaad bsebs| boacsoak| Sesoce 46.9 | 2.57 UTAH TERRITORY. Gin Salt ake! Citiys||-[ Sa.) 2 cleat olf fu cee sme | tn cea ics eaten CALIFORNIA, San Francisco..... 24 72 15 48 | 52.7 | 2.35 PAIBIOCH iin oie s/oe 24 74 18 A7NSOG 9 Lad3 Mrphiy sce eceancn 25 80 13 34 | 54.8 | 2.91 AV Graces hos. 2b cites o|eciccien| cleieet oce| Se seme 58.2 | 2.13 WASHINGTON TER. Port Townsend..-. 1 65 11 40 | 52.2 | 0.65 May, 1868. Max. Min. | Mean| Rain Date. temp Diite: temp.|temp.| fall. ° ° ° In. 27 96 8 46 |. 71,4 |» 2:95 2 92 12 46 | 66.7 | 9.45 2 91 7 46 | 66.7 | 2.81 § 1,2,4, ia sis 89 |, 461,90; tale oe 2 88 12 51 | 67.0} J.38 2.5.9 90 12 46 | 70.8 | 3.05 Sota ominl siete sie ae iete ere Sees 68.1) 3.99 25 83 6 45 | (64: 6) |sesaawe 1 85 6 45 | 65.1 |------ STD 86 6 48 | 65.0 | 7.20 1 89 8,11 45 | 65.0] 8.20 31 90 il 45) G456u on aae 5 84 vf 45 65.50 b= eee Pe See a See. 2 eee 64.9; 7.70 —S 13 73 7 41 | 56.3 | 2.36 12 92 5 30 | 56.0 | 21.26 297 NOTES OF THE CROPS, WEATHER, &c., APRIL, 1868. Steuben, Maine.—A severe storm of snow, hail, and rain on the 7th and 8th. West Waterville, Maine.—From 4th to 7th sleighing as good as in the winter. Spring farm-work began on 25th. Snow-fall in April 18 inches, Gardiner, Maine.—Four winter months usually spoken of; but this year April must be added. Lisbon, Maine.—Month cold, dry, blustering, but few places free from frost so that farmers could sow grain. Standish, Muine——More snow fell on the 7th than in any winter storm ; sleighing for six days. Norway, Maine-——Month remarkable for absence of rain; ground dry, and ponds and streams low. Cornish, Maine——Snow all day, 7th; frogs peeping, and snakes crawling, 16th; firstswallows, 30th. Snow-fall in April 16 inches. Stratford, N. H.—Coldest April on my records. Snow yet on mountains in all directions, aud drifts in open fields. Antrim, N. H.—April a cold month; spring very backward; 15 days of snow and rain, but quantity less than in April, 1867. Goffstown Center, N. H—Frogs peeped on the 3d; but the snow-storm on the 7th silenced them. Snow on the hills disappeared on the 23d. No thunder or lightning this April. Lunenburg, Vt.—Very dry, mild weather; roads settled ; and more maple sugar made this season than for many years. ‘Craftsbury, Vt.—An excellent sugar season ; frost mostly out of ground, 25th ; vegetation a fortnight earlier than last year. Randolph, Vt.—Snow-storms on 4th, 5th, 7th, and 27th. Kingston, Mass.—Great numbers of wild geese, 2d; frogs peep, 4th; snow fall of the season two feet more than 1866-’67, which was a snowy season. Newbury, Mass.—Heard frogs on Ist; good sleighing on 11th; ground frozen hard on 24th and 27th. Topsfield, Mass.—Sleighing, 8th and 12th; ice half an inch thick on 24th. North Billerica, Mass—Snow-storms, 4th, 5th, and 7th; the last severe and snow four to five inches deep; snow gone, 16th. No May-flowers visible on 30th. New Bedford, Mass —Oriole heard, 3d ; house-swallows, 14th. Mendon, Mass.—Three inches snow on 5th, seven on 7th; three on 25th; all gone on 26th. Lunenburg, Mass—Thunder-showers on 2d and 16th; coldest April since 1857. Williamstown, Mass.—Hepatica, arbutus, poplar and alder in blossom on the Ist; frogs heard, 15th; elm and willow in blossom, 20th. April snow-fall 15 inches. Newport, R. [—Snow on the 7th ended in rain, with a very high tide and heavy sea. Pomfret, Conn. —The coldest April of which we have record. Columbia, Conn.—Snow on the 5th, 7th, 10th, and 25th; rain on 2d, 7th, 10th, 14th and 20th; ground frozen on 24th; a remarkable ‘April for cold and snow ; farm work a month behind time. Moriches, N. Y—Remarkable thunder-storm on 16th ; rain in torrents part of the time. A young lady at Christian Hook was killed in her bed ; the light- ning passed through the shingled roof, entered her ear, passed thr ough the neck and left a large hole under her arm opposite the entrance of the fluid. Her mother was also severely injured, and the dwelling much damaged. The month has been unusually cold. South Hartford, N. Y.—April cold and Paekvard: probably more snow 298 than in any April for 50 years; in some places nearly three feet fell, of which two feet fell on the 7th. Good sleighing on the 13th and rrogs out on 14th. Troy, N. Y—On the 7th, 14.3 inches of snow fell, the heaviest in April since 1856; on 10th, 7.5 inches fell. Garrison’s, N. Y.——April wet and cold; not a furrow turned before the 25th. Minaville, N. Y—Severest April snow-storm remembered, on the 7th; 15 inches fell, and sleighs ran six days. Farmers commenced sowing grain on the 20th; frost and ice the 28th. North Hammond, N. Y—Month very dry and backward ; the St. Lawrence lower than ever known. Houseville N. Y—Snow on the 2d, 4th, 5th, 7th, 18th and 27th; sleighing till the 14th. South Trenton. N. Y—Frogs heard the 15th; first thunder-storm the 30th. Depauville, N. Y—¥ rom the 2d to the 14th, weather cold, freezing most of the time; from the 7th to the 14th, sleighing; last half of the month warmer, but variable. Palermo, N. Y.—Coldest April in 15 years; on the 7th and 8th snow fell eight inches deep with wintry fury. Nichols, N. Y—Snow-fall in December 18.25 inches ; in January, 28 inches ; in February, 17 inches; in March, 13 inches; in April, 14 inches (of which eight inches fell on the 7th;) in all, 90.25 inches. Newark Valley, N. Y—A very early spring; farmers have all their grain sowed. Little Genesee, N. Y.—First week unpleasant, with snow squalls and cold; since, pleasant as usual; a very good sugar season. Buffalo, N. Y—TYemperature 2° below the average of ten past Aprils; - much tine weather for farm work, and from March 20 to the 20th inst., excel- lent sugar season and more made than usual. Newark, N. J—April closed with scarcely a blossom on fruit trees; the mean temperature being 4° lower than that of 24 Aprils preceding. | Moorestown, N. J—Heavy thunder-shower throughout the 16th; the light- ning struck the earth within 75 yards of a barn, making a hole two feet deep, branching off in various directions under ground, marking its course by occa- sional ruptures of the sod. Elwood, N. J—April cold and wet; snow on three days and rain on ten. Dover, N. J—Frogs heard on the 2d; freezing all day, 9th; hepatica and epigeea in bloom, 19th; wintry, 23d; vegetation struggling to hold its place, 30th. Newfield, N. J—A wet and cloudy month; very white frosts, 4th and 14th ; chewink and swallow, 20th; whippoorwill, 27th ; lark and kingbird, 28th. Greenwich, N. J—Month closes backward ; few peach and no apple trees in bloom ; farm work hindered by cold and wet. Fallsington, Pa.—-Snow-storms on the 5th, 10th, and 12th; the last very severe. Rain on ten days. The coldest April since 1857; farmers not done sowing oats, and no blooms except on a few cherry trees. Philadelphia, Pa—¥rom November 138th, 1867, to April 12, 1868, snow fell 33 times on 35 days. Dyberry, Pa.—Oats sowed and potatoes planted from the 27th to the 29th. April snow-fall, 25.8 inches ; since November 6th, 1867, 114 inches. Whitehall, Pa.—Farmers two weeks behind time; as much snow in April as in the three months preceding. Harrisburg, Pa-—Snow on the 4th, 7th, 9th, 10th and 12th, and rain on ten days. Tioga, Pa—On the 1st, beautiful warm day with thunder-shower in the evening ; from 4th to 15th more like winter than spring ; unfavorable weather for farmers, and severe on sheep and lambs. 299 Fountain Dale, Pa—Peach blossomed, 23d; cherry, 26th; pear, 30th ; corn planting began, 25th; ground free from frost all the month. Parkesville, Pa.—Slight rain, then snow, on the 4th; snow on 9th, 10th, and 12th; rain on ten days; hail on 23d. Grampian Hills, Pa.—Except a few days, April has been wet and cold, ground mostly covered with snow, and vegetation backward. Johnstown, Pa.—Peaches in bloom, cherries and plums nearly so ; grass green but short ; fall grain looks well. Connellsville, Pa.—On the 12th, rain and snow at 10 a. m.; thunder at 11 a. m., rain till 3 p. m., then snow till 5.30 p.m. Heard whippoorwill on 25th. New Castle, Pa—¥rom 2d to 15th unusually cold; on 10th, six inches of snow fell and sleighs were going. The average temperature of this April was 5° lower than that of ten Aprils past. Beaver, Pa.—High wind with flurries of snowon 8th; ground frozen hard, 9th; heavy frost, 26th. . Canonsburg, Pa.—Snow on 3d, 4th, 7th, 9th, and 12th; martins, 14th; swallows, 20th; peach and cherry blossom on 30th. Woodlawn, Md.—Blue martins appeared on the 8th; ground and puddles frozen, 9th; whippoorwills heard, 28th ; cherries in fuli bloom, 30th. Surry Court House, Va.—Martins appeared and cherries bloomed, 2d ; White frost and ice, killing peaches and plums, 9th; whippoorwill heard, 12th ; apple and pear in full bloom, 14th; lilac, 22d. Johnsontown, Va.—Skim iceon 4th; half an inch thick, 6th; plums in bloom, 15th; cherries, 16th ; apples, 23d; lilacs, 30th. Mount Solon, Va.—F rost on 1st; mountains white with snow, 5th; ground frozen, 6th. Snowville, Va.—Month wet and cold, farm work retarded. Wytheville, Va.—Frozen rain and freezing on 14th, killing most peaches and cherries ; barn swallows appeared on 17th. Romney, West Va—April very wet ; vegetation backward, and farmers hin- dered in work. Cabell Court House, West Va—Hard frost on 5th, killing peaches, pears, and cherries. Kenansville, N. C—Dogwood in blossom, 2d; whippoorwill heard, 4th; chilly northeast storm, 13th and 14th; vegetation 10 days later than last year, but every indication of good field and fruit crops. Albemarle, N. C—A wet month, retarding farm work. Statesville, N. C—Peaches in full bloom on 6th; heavy white frosts, Ist, 6th, and 11th, and light frosts, 2d, 4th, and 5th; more than half the corn planted by 30th ; summer heat on only three days this year, viz., March 16, 81°, April 29, 76°, May 30, 82°. Aiken, S. C.—Thunder-storms and showers on 10th, 13th, 15th, 16th, and 20th; that on 16th with a hurricane swept 300 yards wide and two miles in length, from southwest to northeast, prostrating trees, stables, cabins, fences, &c. The trees fell toward northwest, or at right angles to the course of the tornado. Atlanta, Ga.—On the 8th tender vegetables were frozen on low lands. On 28th grapes in bloom and strawberries ripe. Carlowville, Ala.—Vhe seventeen-year locusts appearing in great numbers. Moulton, Ala—Month wet and warm, and planting much delayed. Havana, Ala —F¥ ost, 4th and 8th; whippoorwill heard, Sth; apple in leaf and dogwood in bloom, 9th. Jacksonville, Fla—Compared with the average of several Aprils, this is nearly 2° above mean temperature; 6° above mean maximum temperature ; nearly 3° above mean minimum temperature, and nearly 8° above mean range of thermometer. 5 300 Waco, Texas.—Grasshoppers have destroyed some fields of wheat, and farm- ers are ploughing them up for corn. Gilmer, Texas.—Grasshoppers destroying garden vegetables and cotton plants, but not the young corn. New Orleans, La—vViolent storms of wind and rain, with lightning and thunder, on 6th and 14th; considerable damage done. Marion, Miss. Board on 15th at 11.45 p.m., with a constant blaze of lightning. Itextended from Mobile, Alabama, to Columbus; Mississippi, 225 miles, varying from a quarter to two miles wide, in some places upturning trees and houses, in others touching lightly. Brookhaven, Miss—White frost, 7th; very high wind, doing considerable damage, 14th and 15th. ; Elizabethton, Tenn—Severe frost on 6th, doing great damage to the peach in bloom; barn swallow, 5th. Austin, Tenn —Light frosts on Ist, 2d, 3d, 4th, 17th, and 18th; heavy frosts dth and 6th; and very white frost and ground frozen on 7th, injuring fruits. Clarksville, Tenn.—Light skim ice on 5th; white frost and ice, 6th; heavy white frost, 8th. Memphis, Tenn.—White trost on 8th, damaging vegetables and fruits. Month had 15 rainy days; fire-flies and mosquitoes now numerous. Chilesburg, Ky.—Light frost, lst; heavy frost and thin ice, 3d and 4th; snow 4th, all gone next day ; ground frozen, 5th; heavy white frost and ice an inch thick, 6th; purple martins, 16th. The fruit in bloom was generally killed on sth and 6th. New Lisbon, Ohio—Hard frost and ground frozen 3d; snow storm 4th; ground frozen 8th; martins 16th; frost 26th, 27th, and 28th. Kelley’s Island, Ohio—Snow on 4th, 7th and 12th; crocus in blossom on 21st, 11 days later than last year, which was more backward than nine years preceding. Sandusky, Ohio —Saw garter snake on 3d. Snow 4th, Sth, 11th; heavy white frost 26th. Apricot in blossom 27th; swallows 28th. Carson, Ohio — Thermometer 8° at 6 a.m.on 5th. Barn swallows 26th. North Fairfield, Ohio—A very cold April, with 12 inches of snow; but the best run of maple sap I ever saw, from 6th to 19th. Filisboro’, Ohio-—Snow 7th and 9th. Early cherries in blossom on 15th ; peaches, 19th; late cherries, 28th; apple trees, 30th. Bowling Green, Ohio—Snow-storms on 4th, 9th, and 12th. ‘The last snow laid till 15th. On 5th thermometer only 3° at sunrise. Kenton, Ohio.—The coldest April in many years; the snow-storm on 12th as severe as any in the past winter. Urbana, Ohio—On 12th had lightning, thunder, rain, hail, snow, and high wind; snow also on 9th; each laid only one day. Bethel, Ohio.—White frosts and hard freezing on 3d, 5th, Sth, and 13th. Litchfield, Mich—Snow-storm on 4th, severest of the season; on 15th, farm- ers hauled logs on sleds; bank swallow 20th; whippoorwill 29th; season back- ward, but wheat looks well. Northport, Mich—Month much more stormy and ¢loudy than March, three or four times as much snow fell, and yet the seascn appears more forward than usual. Aurora, Ind.—Martins on Ist, but disappeared on 2d. Ice formed on 4th, Sth, 6th, 8th, and 13th. Martins returned 14th ; chimney swallows 15th, when peaches blossomed. The 17-year locusts are coming up. Vevay, Ind.—Ueavy white frost on 2d, 3d, ath ; early peaches in bloom suffered by freezing on 5th; snow-storm on 9th, trees cased in ice, and limbs broken down, and peaches i in blossom destroyed; but late peaches promise well, Wheat looks bad. 301 Muncie, Ind.—Several frosts in April, and what is unusual, snow; fruits uninjured. Spiceland, Ind—On the 6th 1.5 inches of snow; on the 10th 3.5 inches; on 13th ground frozen hard; peach in bloom 29th ; woods show green 30th. Merom, Ind.—Half-opened peach blossoms enclosed in ice on 9th; hard frost 13th; peach in full blossom 15th, and appears but little injured. Indianapolis, Ind.—On 9th and 10th snow for 20 hours; melted rapidly, but laid three inches deep. Marengo, Ii.—We had April in March, and March in April. Golconda, Iil—Month pleasant, and crops looking well; fruit but little hurt by the hard frosts early in the month, verifying the saying, “frosts during the light of the moon do little injury.” Aurora, Ili—Wheat fine; ground in good order for corn; fruit prospects ood. i Ottawa, Ili—Snow flurries 3d and 4th; ice 4th and 5th; hard frost 9th; snow an inch deep 12th; rain on seven days. Magnolia, Ii.—Ice half an inch thick 5th and 18th; very cold and dry 9th; snow 12th, and drifts three to four feet deep on 13th; house martins 14th; green heron (“thunder pump”’) heard on 30th. Dubois, Ili_—Peach blossoms opening Sth; seyere frost, killing peaches, 8th ; martins 15th; peaches in full bloom 17th; pear 18th; apple and cherry 27th. Waterloo, 1/1 —On 9th fruit blossoms covered with ice, probably all killed. e Augusta, Ill—Thick ice on 2d; severe snow-storm 5th; very wet and cold 9th to 15th; peach in bloom 21st; wild plum 27th; very wet 24th to 30th. Waupacca, Wis.—Heavy snow-storm on 22d, 16 inches deep in some places, and laid nearly a week. Embarrass, Wis——Hard frost on 5th and 7th; very hard on 8th, 9th, 12th, 13th, and 18th. Rocky Run, Wis—Snow on 3d, 4th, 16th, 22d, 23d; wells and ponds lower than at this season since 1850. Edgerton, Wis—Frost out of ground 10th. It was frozen five feet deep last winter. Minneapolis, Minn.—Blue bird appeared on 12th; anemone ard blood root blossomed 25th. The coldest April since 1857. Sibley, Minn —Last April I sowed grain on 30th; this April 1 finished on 30th—two sowings in one year. Clinton, Iowa.—Month backward; much rain and east wind. Monticello, Iowa.—F rost out of ground, 12th; last frost, 18th ; corn planting commenced 30th. Fort Madison, Iowa.—Gale nearly all day, 12th; rain frozen on trees, &c., 13th; cherries blossomed 26th; apple and peach, 29th. Guttenberg, Towa—TVhe fine weather of March was followed by harsh April. Independence, Iowa.—Snow on 3d, 4th, 12th, 16th, 17th, 24th, 25th; hard freezing, 2d, 5th, 7th, Sth, 17th, LSth, 23d; rain, 11th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 19th, 22d, 24th, 28th, 29th; hail, 22d, 24th ; wild pigeons appeared 21st; mar- tins 27th ; currants leaved 28th; grass quite green 29th. Algona, Towa.—April did nof fulfil the pleasant promise of March; the first half was 2° below the mean of March; after the snow-storm of the 24th April was warm. Prairie grass is now fit for grazing. Towa Fails, Iowa,—First eight days very cold; grain all sown; some up and looking well; one-half more breadth sown in this county than last year. Fontanelle, Iowa —F reezing and ice till 12th; sleet and rain till L6th; freezing, 17th, 18th; rain and fog, 19th and 20th; young grasshoppers numerous, 21st. Logan, Iowa.—Month mild and pleasant ; vegetation and grasshoppers devel- oping rapidly, the latter having consumed considerable young wheat. 302 Whitesboro’, lowa.—Month cold and backward ; grasshoppers still hatching out, though many have been destroyed by the cold rains. Jefferson City, Mo.—Wheat and oats fair; barley winter-killed; corn plant- ing going on; grafted peaches nearly all killed on Sth and 9th, but natural fruit along the rivers escaped. Harrisonville, Mo—lIce formed 3d, 4th, 5th, 7th, and on 7th many peaches were killed. Oregon, Mo—Ice formed on 2d, 3d, 5th, 7th, 9th, 10th, 13th, and on 5th spring wheat was badly injured; violets bloomed on 15th. Leavenworth, Kansas—Hard freeze on 2d, 5th, 10th, and apricots, many peaches, and some cherries were killed. Baxter Springs, Kansas.—Season medium, but rather dry ; crops all doing well; the Boughton wheat from Agricultural Department superior to all others. Law rence, Kansas —The heavy frosts of 2d, 5th, 7th, and 10th did not greatly injure fruit buds. Holton, Kansas.—Never a better prospect for grain and fruits ; never greater breadth sown Council erie Kansas.—Ice and frost on 2d, 5th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 17th, 18th, 20th ; rain on 11th, 23d, 24th, 25th, 26th, 27th, yet peaches and other fruits are all in splendid condition. Elkhorn City, Nebraska—Month wet, somewhat cold, and quite windy; the rains have killed off successive hatchings of grasshoppers, but others come, and damage to growing wheat is reported in some places. Swallows appeared 20th ; robins 21st; ; plums i in bloom 30th. Dakota, Nebraska—Season three or four weeks earlier than in 1867, and wheat looks well, but grasshoppers are damaging it. Glendale, Nebraska—Much wheat entirely killed by hard freezing early in the month. Wild strawberries and blue violets bloomed 27th to 29th. Grass- hoppers are eating every green thing. No hopes for vegetables and grain. A neighbor put some newly hatched grasshoppers into water, and it froze solid over night; yet next morning, when thawed out, they hopped away as lively as ever. [Nore sy A. B. G.—What says our observer at Elkhorn City to this state- ment by Dr. Child? May there not be a certain stage of development of the eggs and of the hatched insect at which they can be drowned or frozen to death, while at other stages they defy death by water or frost? A few careful experi- ments, at different stages of growth, by our numerous correspondents, if reported to this department, mzght enable us to answer the oft and anxiously repeated question, what can we do to destroy them ?| NOTES OF THE CROPS, WEATHER, &c.—APRIL, 1868. Steuben, Me.—White frosts, 2d and 11th; snow, 2d and Sth; month remark- able for rains. West Waterville, Me—Six inches snow on 8th; plum and cherry blossom, 26th; double the usual average of rain in May, and only one entirely clear day. Gor diner, Me. —Remarkably cold, wet month, more than 2° colder than the average of 32 years ; more moisture than average of same time, except May, 1850; six inches of snow fell on the 8th. Lisbon, Me.—Bobolink on 18th; planting seriously delayed by the wet. Standish, Me—Farmers sowing wheat on 2d; frost 13th; chimney swal- lows, 26th ; strawberries bloom 28th. Norway, Me.—Month very wet, farming suspende ed on low lands. * Cornish, Me—From 13th to 26th, the “ May rain storm ;”’ more rain fell than I have ever known in the same time and season. 303 Stratford, N. H—Snow on 7th, 8th and 9th; barn swallows on 12th; dande- lion in bloom, 20th ; wild red cherry on 31st. Antrim, N. H.—Apples in bloom, 31st; great want of rain; farmers behind in work. Goffstown Centre, N. H.—Remarkably wet month; few farmers done sow- ing wheat, and very little corn planted. Lunenburg, Vt—Month mild and wet, no frost, vegetation forward and prom- ising. Craftsbury, Vt.—First swallows, 4th; first thunder, 14th; bobolink, 15th; May 5° warmer than in 1867. Charlotte, Vt—A dash of hail, 8th; white frost, 11th; cherry and plum in bloom, 22d; apple and peach, 31st. Kingston, Mass.—Cloudy, rainy, foggy month; 15 rainy days, only 5 clear mornings. Topsfield, Mass.—May remarkable for many cold stormy days; grass prom- ises well, but little planting done. Milton, Mass.—Snow on the 8th; 23 entire cloudy days, and wind N. E. 24 days in the month. Mendon, Mass—Month very backward, ground wet and rivers high. Lunenburg, Mass—Mean temperature of month less than for 30 years; rain on 22 days. Worcester, Mass —Snow on 8th; cherries blossom 12th; lilac, 29th. Williamstown, Mass.—Snow of 8th lay on the hills till 14th; plums and pears blossomed on 21st, and apples on the 27th. Newport, R. I—The rainicst month I have ever recorded; farmers much discouraged. Pomfret, Conn.—A cold wet month: temperature 4° below the average of many years. Columbia, Conn.—Water froze on 9th; hardly a pleasant day in the whole month. Waterbury, Conn.—Snow on 7th, frost on 9th; humming bird seen 10th ; and Baltimore oriole on 16th; cherry and quince bloomed 15th; pear, 20th ; apple, 26th; lilac, 27th. Moriches, N. Y—A remarkable May, and the latest, cloudiest spring ever remembered here ; vegetation later than ever known. South Hartford, N. Y—Swallow on 10th; bobolink, 11th; apple full blooming, 25th ; all vegetation late. Troy, N. Y.—Snow on Sth. May had 14 days altogether cloudy, not one wholly clear, and 18 rainy days. More rain fell than in any May since 1833, and the mean temperature was nearly a degree below any May in same period. Garrison’s, N. Y—Month unusually wet, farmers have just begun to plant corn. North Hammond, N. Y.—Cold and frosty, 1st, 3d. 7th; spits of snow, 8th ; bobolinks, 14th; plums bloom, 17th; apple and cherry, 27th; crops flourish- ing. Depauville, N. Y.—F¥inished sowing grain on Ist, earlier than ever. First half of May cool and dry; since 15th copious rains; grass, grain and fruits promising. Nichols, N. Y—Apple blossomed 22d to 29th; corn planting 26th to 31st, many not yet done. Newark Valley, N. ¥Y—May very wet, but farmers mostly done sowing and planting, and crops and fruits promise well. Little Genesee, N. Y—Apple not fully in blossom and corn not all planted ; wheat and grass promising. Buffalo, N. Y.—Currants and lilaes in leaf, 17th ; cherries and plums in blos- 304 som, 18th; strawberries and peaches, 19th; apple, 27th ; prospect of crops and fruits cheering. Newark, N. J—Month cool, mean temperature nearly 3°. 5 less than aver- age in 25 years; blossoming and leafing nearly two weeks later than usual. Elwood, N. J—May remarkably wet and cloudy, 22 days rainy, of which 14 were in succession; vegetation 20 days later than usual. Dover, N. J—Wilson’s strawberry begins to blossom, 16th; pear and cherry, 16th; peach and lilac 23d; first warm day, 31st; no corn planted yet. Greenwich, N. J—May equably cool; frost and ice 9th; wheat heading and clover blossoming, 31st. Fallsington, Pa—Very wet May, but 2 wholly and 5 partly clear days, and east wind 25 days. Horsham, Pa—Very wet and backward May ; few have planted corn. Dyberry, Pa.—May wet, cool and backward; forests show green on 27th; fair promise in crops and fruits. Whitehall, Pa—Frost 11th and 12th; plum in blossom, 15th ; peach, 18th; pear, 21st; apple, 25th; corn planted, 30th. Factoryville, Pa—Corn planted very late, prospect good for hay, oats and apples; cloudy and wet month, but no high winds. Tioga, Pa—Hard freeze and ice, 9th, 10th, 11th; from 12th to 25th rain every day; much corn must be planted in June. Ickesburg, Pa—Seventeen-year cicada heard on Ist; light frost, 9th, 11th, and 12th. Fountain Dale, Pa—Great rain 12th to 14th, (3.26 inches,) more than in any one fall in ten years. Grampian Hills, Pa—May closes with fine prospects for grass, wheat, and probably fruit; corn and oats are late. Franklin, Pa—F¥rost on 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th; apple full bloom, 22d; vegetation backward. Connellsville, Pa.—Thunder showers on 2d, 6th, 7th, 14th, 27th, and 29th. Woodlawn, Md.—Dogwood blossoming, 7th; apple, Sth; hoar frost 10th; lilac full bloom and rye heading, 18th; Boughton wheat heading, 26th; red Mediterranean, 29th. White Day, W. Va.—F¥rosts on 10th, 20th and 21st. May backward ; wheat crop more promising than for years; oats and grass good; fruit reported injured by frosts. Surry C. H., Va—Chuck-wills-widow or North Carolina whippoorwill heard on 9th; blackberry in blossom, 14th; strawberries ripe, 26th. May was cloudy and wet, with much lightning and thunder, but calm, mild and agreeable. Comorn, Va.—-May wet and cold, corn and oats late, the latter unpromising. Johnsontown, Va.—First humming-bird, lst; clover blossoming, 8th ; slight frost, 9th; locust trees in blossom on 21st, three days earlier than last year. Goldsboro’, N, C.—Cool weather injurious to some crops ; cut worms damaging the corn. ‘Oxford, N. C—Seventeen-year locusts appeared, 23d; are very numerous, 31st. ; Albemarle, N. C-—Wheat sown last September was harvested on the 30th in fine condition ; wild grapes in full bloom, Catawbas as large as squirrel shot, and strawberries nearly over, on 31st. Gowdysville, S. C—Karly wheat heading on 1st; locusts appeared on 10th, very numerous in some places. [T'wo correspondents in the south call them “thirteen-year”’ locusts: is that their term of disappearance there ?| Atlanta, Ga.—The seventeen-year locusts have appeared all over the coun- try. Mout. Ala.—First half of May wet; from 7th to 16th cool; last half dry and sultry ; the seventeen-year locusts quite numerous. 305 Opelika, Ala.—Ripe Chickasaw plums on 17th; ripe dewberries, 19th; ripe apples, 24th. Talladega, Ala.—About 11 p. m. on 6th, a terrible tornado passed 3 miles north of this—a volume of electric flashes followed by adark cloud, with a roar- ing noise, sweeping everything before it, and leaving vegetation as if scorched by fire, and horses, mules, cattle, poultry, birds, lying dead all along its path, and trees, buildings, &c., prostrate wherever it reached. Mr. Henry and household (5 persons) were killed; the son seemed to have every bone broken. In another family a daughter’s jaw was broken by the concussion. Its track was about three-quarters of a mile wide, and it seemed to touch the earth only at intervals of hundreds of yards. Its course was to the northeast, distance not given. Lake City, Fla--Magnolia grandiflora bloomed on 1st; on 5th, four acres in Hamilton county sunk, so that tall trees in its centre were covered with water. Austin, Texas.—Chuck-wills-widow heard on 2d; lightning and thunder on 2d, 6th, 10th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 25th, 29th. Columbia, Texas.—Cotton-worm here, 4th, six weeks earlier than last year ; corn tasselling, 18th. Mean temperature of spring months, 71°.68. New Orleans, La—May 1st to 8th, humid and warm; 8th to 18th cool, especially at night; mosquitoes, 19th; 20th to 21st generally warm and sultry. Shreveport, La—Thunder with hail, on 28th; some hail-stones weighed eight ounces each; heavy storm from northwest prostrated and broke off much corn, 30th. ° ; Grenada, Miss—No washing or baking rains in May; crops and fruits promising ; cotton has a good stand. Brookhaven, Miss—WHeavy dews and cold rains retard corn and cotton; sweet and common potatoes growing fast and have fine tubers; beech and oak full of nuts; birds preparing for second brood. Memphis, Tenn.—Green peas, strawberries and new potatoes plenty by 11th ripe cherries, 19th; flies and mosquitoes numerous, 25th; ripe plums, 29th. Lexington, Ky—'rom 2d to 20th, rain almost daily; after 20th, pleasant and growing weather. Salem, Ky—Oats fair; other crops poor; few apples, cherries, strawberries and peaches ; no pears. Chilesburg, Ky—Month rainy ; much thunder, some hail; no apples, pears or peaches ; small crop of cherries and strawberries ; promise of later berries and grapes. Lisbon, Ohio.—F¥rost on 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 18th and 19th; spring about 10 days too late. Wooster, Ohio.—Rain on 13 days and frost on five mornings, but no damage to vegetation. Norwalk, Ohio—Last frost on 19th; apples in bloom, 20th, ten days later than usual; grass and wheat look well; apples and cherries promise fair, but grapes and peaches much injured during the winter. Kenton, Ohio.—Nearly all rains this year from northeast; last year from south- west; ice formed on 20th. Urbana, Ohio.—Mean temperature of May 5° below last May, and 1° below the average of May for 16 years; fine promise for fruits. Sandusky, Ohio.—Cat-bird seen on 1st; chimney-swallow, 20th; plum and early cherry blossomed, 2d; pear and peach, 10th; apple, 19th to 21st. Bowling Green, Ohio.—Light frosts on 10th, ilth, 19th and 20th; great amount ot cloudy weather, but wheat, grass, oats and flax look well; peaches killed ; apples show some fruit. Cleveland, Ohio.—Cherries blossomed on 1st; peach, 3d; apple, 17th; lilacs, 18th. 306 Toledo, Ohio.—Early cherry and plum blossomed on 6th; apple in full, 22d ; frosts on Sth, 9th, 10th, 19th, 20th and 21st. Litchfield, Mich.—Wheat and grass good, all else backward; some have mowed off the top of their wheat to prevent lodging. Folland, Mich.—Rain on 13 days and frost on six mornings, the last on 19th. Otsego, Mich.—Grass, oats and wheat very good, except wheat on low grounds, which has fallen and is rotting. Northport, Mich—Mouth has been very dry; grass has suffered some, but vegetation is about ten days more forward than usual, with great promise of fruit. Copper Falls, Mich—May, up to 29th, remarkably warm and extremely dry. Vevay, Jnd.—On night of 26th and 27th, during a violent thunder-storm, the lightning struck a wooden rack for hitching horses, near the market-place. The rack was surrounded by high buildings, all without conductors, yet the buildings were uninjured and the rack was shattered. ‘The thermometer stood at 74° throughout the storm; the barometer at 2 p. m., 29°.30; at 9 p.m, 29°.15; on 27th, at 7a.m., 29°.17’. The sycamore trees are dying in great numbers, commencing at the lower limbs. Spiccland, Ind.—Wet month, delaying corn-planting two to three weeks. Carthage, Ind.—More rain this month than in any month in the year. Rensselaer, Ind—Heavy thunder-storm on 26th; the rain and hail fell in torrents, making two inches deep in eight minutes! Indianapolis, Ind—May a wet month; some corn not planted up to June 4. Aurora, Ill.-Spring wheat looks well; corn mostly up and good; potato- bugs numerous and destructive; fruit promises an average crop. Sandwich, Ill_—Weavy frost on 19th, injuring pears; May favorable to all forage crops. Winnebago, Ili.—Moreilo cherry blossomed 5th to 9th; wild plum, 11th; apple, 17th; lilac, 21st. Tiskilwa, Ill—Wheat, oats and grass good; corn coming up well; apple promises hardly a medium crop. Magnolia, Ill—Bobolink on 1st; strawberry in blossom, 15th; frost, 8th and 19th; an uncommon number of heavy rains, with thunder and lightning. Peoria, lil—Ten thunder-showers on Ist, 3d, 5th, 6th, 26th, 28th and 31st. Dubois, lil.—Seventeen-year locusts, 15th to 27th; millions in the woods, though it is only 13 years since their former appearance here. Galesburg, Ill.—Terrible tornado at Shaugh’s (12 miles northwest) on 4th; 16 houses and two churches destroyed, five persons killed and 30 wounded. A wet month, with much heavy thunder. Mt. Sterling, Ill—Thunder-showers on Ist, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th and 27th; from 14th to 25th the sky almost cloudless, and much planting was done. Andalusia, Ill.—First 10 days were very rainy; next 15 dry and hot; next five cool and wet; no corn planted until 15th; promise of much fruit. Belvidere, I//,—Indian summer weather on 10th. [Several correspondents in Illinois mention this as extending over several days.] Weather quite dry, 14th to 25th. Manitowoc, Wis—Fog, 2d, 4th, 15th, 29th; frost, 10th, 11th, 18th, 19th. Geneva, Wis.—Corn-planting not finished until 20th; spring backward, but wheat looks well; potato bug appearing. Embarrass, Wis—Oriole, 2d; plum and pear in blossom, 10th ; dogwood, 15th. Baraboo, Wis.—¥ vost on 8th, 10th, 11th, 18th and 19th, cutting vegetation on low grounds ; May was rather dry. Rocky Run, Wis.—May very dry, and crops suffered ; wheat thinned by it; more northeast wind than usual. 307 Minneapolis, Minn.—Wild plum blossomed, 11th; lilac, 16th; wild colum- bine, 17th. Sibley, Minn.—F rost on 8th, 12th and 13th, doing no injury. Clinton, Iowa.—First part of May rainy ; much east wind during the month, but crops looking well, though late. Monticello, Iowa —First nine days rainy, and seven days not a cloud seen. Fort Madison, lowa.—Wettest May since 1851; farmers not done planting corn. Guttenberg, Igwa.—F rost, 19th—first since April 26th ; Indian summer from 20th to 25th; no rain from 9th to 26th. Independence, Iowa.—Wild plum blossomed, 8th; cherry, 10th; apple, 12th; peach, 14th. ; ‘ Waterloo, Iowa.—Up to 26th very dry, but grain never looked better at this season. Algona, Iowa.—Crops fine; no grasshoppers, but potato bugs are operating in some places. Boonsboro’, Iowa.—Martins came, 10th; bobolinks, 12th; clear days, 17th to 24th. Logan, Iowa.—A pleasant growing month, but grasshoppers are destroying wheat, and farmers are ploughing it under and planting corn. Woodbine, Iowa.—Grasshoppers at work, new broods hatching out; the “new ground” or “ sod” wheat suffers most; corn and sorghum not attacked. Allenton, Mo.—Immense numbers of locusts coming up out of the ground. Rolla, Mo.—First half of May remarkably wet; last half warm, and very little rain. Jefferson City, Mo—Wheat heading out finely, promises more than an aver- age crop; oats good; corn doing well; apples not half an average; peaches few; grapes plenty; small fruits fine, but not an average. Canton, Mo—W oods full of 15-year locusts, for they were here in 1853. Hematite, Mo.—About the 10th the “periodical” locusts made their appear- ance after an absence of 13 years. By the 25th they were in myriads, and began piercing twigs to lay their eggs. The month has been cold and rather unfavorable. Norr.—By the different reports we have 13, 15 and 17 year locusts ; that is, if the main body appeared at these different intervals in the several places. Is such the fact ? Lawrence, Kansas —Green peas on table, 17th ; winter wheat heading, 19th ; strawberries ripe, 20th; new potatoes, 30th. Dakota, Kansas —Wild plums blossom, 2d; corn and wheat looking well, but grasshoppers are eating the latter. Holton, Kansas —Best season for farming ever known here. garden, field and orchard crops, all fine ; more wheat by one-half, and more fruit than ever raised here; but immigrants plenty also. Elkhorn City, Nebraska—Month warm and wet; grasshoppers still abound, doing injury ; no frost since April 25th. De Soto, Nebraska. Grasshoppers destroying all vegetables except peas and asparagus, damaging some wheat, and even injuring shrubbery, young trees and grape-vines. ; Glendale, Nebraska —Catbird on 1st; apple blossomed, Sth ; wild columbine, 15th; locust tree, 25th. Locusts |query, grasshoppers or 17-year locusts ?] doing much damage. 6 i) ' Pir. ue 4! e@ | deh! a wie ; “we dak Vita diace five MONTHLY REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOR WE Ee, abe Ce, ee WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1868. MONTHLY REPORT. WasHINGTON, D. C., July 29, 1868. Sir: I herewith report, for publication, the following matter, collated mainly from the returns of July: Condition of the crops; several reports of fruit cul- ture in the northwest ; wheat-growing in the northwest ; extracts from consular correspondence ; export of wheat to England in 1868 ; the crops of Prussia; and meteorology. Respectfully, i J.R. DODGE, Statistician. Hon. Horace Capron, Commissioner. CONDITION OF THE CROPS IN JULY. Corn.—The most remarkable fact in connection with the corn crop of the present year is the great increase of its acreage in the south, the difference in number of acres between the present and preceding year being more than two millions anda half. A slight decrease is apparent in the eastern seaboard States, resulting from the unpropitious character of the recent cold, wet, and backward spring, which sadly interfered with planting. A careful estimate of the acreage shows a decrease of 49,609 acres in eight States, and an increase of 3,108,215 acres in the remaining States, as follows: DECREASE. Acres, || Acres. Maine. 7g jcciie oes oe Bee wae bee SHOOONKConneeticutisoeeee ve soetese oreo cier 9, 511 NewsElampshizesis 82-2 gs. eee 3, Lod News Volks sucks -245 |. dee sks 12, 888 Massachusetts. 22.saseue eee one LS 98ai|| New Jersey. so 4can- see es ae aie LOROLS nde Tsland £6 2 Acces ee ae Lobe Namvlanderis= secs ca os clare pee 8, 204 INCREASE. Acres, Acres. Wetmoritis iss oc eeeeeae tae ses Oman ie Renn Gssee S45 shes eae eee eee 127,215 Pennsylvatis 5. seereecce< sso08 Soe Sa UG Wrest Virginia $5455 984s cee cer 13, 131 Ola aT eso 3:2

|ddt.|) \ Oe Sid ago 4- ORO a a7 Georgia..-1-...... 192 | 9,9 1-7. Fol ghee | 10.1} 9.9 [BOM Bree cee hate HOGS ALO MMs The ese ee Ne Sts: LOM | AVA aI Biss cee se sce 10,2 122 0% Saeed. 2) SEG Mississippi ----.-.-. 12a LL. Pi VT. Gils. 235) MOS 10; 2 UUOUISIaNa soe se oe TOE S| STG tc ee he ee se NZS | ee Pema 2 44 02 38 Ne SOs Eyl GS Se 8 Peseta Avkansas!: 3.2.52 LACT ESS BE Bu Le Oe. ie 21 OF a | Tenmessee--.....--. PONG | SHOE WON soles 10.2 9.9 | West Virginia ..--. 10.6] 9.9) 15.341 11 | 10.5.) 10.8. | Kentucky .... ---. 11.1 | 10.3 | 10.8 | 10.4 | 10.1 | 11 Missouri ..-.-.---- 12.2 | 10.9 | 12.6 | 13.4 | 11.4] 9.8 | Iigois': 2... .Lsenenos8: | 10) 6] i Gal 13] 10.3 | 10.141 Indiana. 2.2; .. 22900: 4) | | 9.7 Waren 8. 1) 11.3) Ir- 4 Olive sob Seay 10.8 | 9.7 | 13.1 | 11.2] 10.9 | 11 Michigan ......... ie 10:4: |, IOS ae. Ie | 11 10.4 Wisconsin 32.52.62 ee | 10; 4 } 19.-4))) 10.25) 10:5 Minnesota .... .-.. | 11.7 | 12.3 | 12.4]13 | 10.6] 11 it: ree oe: 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.1 | 10.2] 10.1 | 10 Haas... .\.- oui | IAS Ne a) Dh, 1 OL Nebraska .... ...- 19,5 001.7% 9.2) 31:12] 10.5.) 12.2 Average condition of winter barley July 1, compared with last year. Average condition of spring barley July 1, compared with last year. 9.4] 9.3 Arata 10.1 12.5 | 10.6 6 | 10 E08 10 9.3 10.4 | 10.9 10 | 10,2 a eal ce a eee 10 9.6 9.7 | 10 9.5} 9.2 10 | 10 Sel 725 10.3 | 9.6 9.1 | 10.6 1 3 es 9.8 | 10 10.8 | 10.6 101 ounces 10.6 | 10,4 9.6 | 10.6 10.6 | 11 10.1 | 11 11.6 | 11.5 10 9.8 10.9 | "10.6 Gry 11 OATS. Average condition July 1, com- pared with last year. se i — sae wo © WO — ae me 0 owl —) ~ — “~OODOrF WWW FW O PAS- TU RE. Average condition July 1, com- pared with last year. 316 Condition of the crops, &c—Continued. CLOVER| Cayy.| POTATOES. | BEANS, SORGHUM. | APPLES.|PEACH’S : r= 2 4 oD a = | a edi ienles) | Saal aa aa te | Eanes STATES. Tae teen) Ae eel Se Pee ease ee | Crain 5 5 es a 1 e 3 Ee 3 3 5 fle (ele (6 | 2.) 6 3. ae Swe: Gas Ge i Maineheeeet se aes S) |) ils 3s | OS Shei Wier il icessSelisse-Je | IS 7peaees New Hampshire -..{ 11.4 | 11 11 9.3 | 10.9 Weck pb Sao odor ec 12.8 | 10 Vermont 220. <2. 10.8 | 10.2 | 11 10,7 | 11.3 | 10.6 |.-----]------ |. OS Sceeeeen Massachusetts -....| 10.6 | 10.8/ 10.5] 9.8] 9.8} 9.5] 8 10.5 |/13 9.5 Rhode Island...--. 10.21 10:2) 9.5 952 |-10 el RS Sse Asis 14,751). dO Connecticut) -- -.:-} 11 1139) TONGA S865). OFGnie 9535) 28550 TRS ion eG She INew Vork22 = 2-27 TONE ey Le ET LOSS) 1066 1026 || 8571955710 Naan New Jersey --.---- 10.8 | 10.7 | 10.2 | 9.9 | 1o 10 9 9.3) Sah Bib Pennsylvania - -...] 10.9 | 10.6 | 11.7 | 10.3 | 10.1 | 10.6 | 8.7] 9.4-| 11.6 9 Delaware ......-.- 10 | 10.6) 10.6) 9.3) 11. /10. | 9.) 9 |) 6:3ynaama Marylandye peers ONG) ilu L5s04! S92 64I0) 4 OB ve ger Bo eee 5 Watery Saeco pase 1} LOPS) 10555) 1054s 1. 10 7A MBC ose 4.5 North Carolina.....| 10.3 | 9.8 | 10.7 | 10.3 | 10.2 | 10.2] 7.9] 9 8.8 | 10.1 South Carolina ....| 9.6 |------ 1O.5y | OF ONG" -8.-8at 18 9.2 | 10; dys jae Georpia: Jo 2.222222} 10.7 |°10.1 | 10.54 9,2 |) 10,2] 8.9). 98.9 1 2818)) Tera ae Hiloritlact oe fae 8 Sek ae LU 13.654 00-84) 9,6 | A024 og ee 6 Alabames,-<2.2. 4.5 LOPS ES 10 8.2) 98] 82; 10 tom eles 13,5 Mississippi -.....-- 10 10.6) 13,2) 11.6 | 10'5)4 10.84 40,3} 9. 12.5 | 18 Louisiana .-.....-. IOs 12eee ne da ON TOPS a. 4a aS! A 10. vial 13:8 TOxas cose) 283 £0) | £08 <1) MONE) 9.'8 | 10) 2/10 9,2) .9.1 |.11. dae AT Kansas mist eens 10.1] 9.6 | 12.4] 10.2) 12.6) 9.7) 121) 9.7) 9.6) 124 Tennessee..--.---- SEASON OSS ESO LOD Orel esd aieeceom miley 10.1 West Virginia -.-.- TONS Teena anelOcG 10.1 | 10 98)10.5| 7.8 7.5 Kentucky...22.22% 61 10. Fy eT) 10,0) 1034 9.71 QB 6.8 MUSSOUnIeE oe eaeeer 10.4] 9.6)| 12:7 1 10.5 | 11,2 | 10.6 4 10.1.) 10.4.) 72 o aes Mlindig . <.......-.] 10.2 | 10.44 1019} 1103-1 10.5 | 10 | 9.3) 10.1 116 7 eae Endiany.—. 02.022} 11:2!) 11 --| 291d. | 10.2) 10:4) 915}. 9.7.) Grae 0) ONS sa aaa LOSS) 10567) 1O83e eS) 2055) TOCSR ONS 10 11.2 8.8 Michigan’. 2. —-\-- 11.1) 1058") 12.67) 4056) 1153.) 10234 18.9) 10.1 |ealp 9 WWHSCONSIM == 1-2. 2 10.3 | 9:2) 1669" 16.3.1 154 10-0 8 10.3.) 853i none: Minnesota .-...... ONS y ORGS Paldeeset ete | 1A ORE |) HONS | ONS a alse 5.5 LOWAe Oe te.) J: 9.7 | 9.4) 16) 10:5) 10.799 /9'2| 9:9 7 10.8 | oneal KWansas/eeeeee- ee 11.4 | 10.6) 15.4) 11.34 2157-41072.) 10.34 10.7 aa Nebraska sateen TUL 10.4 | 15.1 | 12.7 | 11.5) 11.4 | 11.2) 10.9 | 10.4) 1.5 317 Condition of the crops, §c—Continued. GRAPES| ys | TOBACCO. COTTON. | Gee esha) WOOL. ie ie a S| ee = i a iss j eee ie a2 | S28) see ee) ee | eal ee) les so | 2h eeieeeee | = Ise ee pce ov | & Bee eueroenh | Sis Ss Sy | oz 5 5 C morris Sauer Bis Be ae ae ee DE es baal tees = “4 ae fae | F Maines si Ane. ot GeO Na Olmh ioa= secilene See Ye a sely? Hie aes aoe | 13.1 per cent. New Hampshire .| 10 ONE ES. F551 ase hosts. ae icasiies are A | 12.8 per cent. \Vermontreose. 25 Be POKO bas eit Sean aoe aie cee Ppt ob JO an 13 per cent. Massachusetts-..| 7,5 | 10.9 | 12 Quel eRe Fe aera eee ora | 8 per cent. aumento: ==) G5.) TO") je. ois dose Ge] isto t ogee eee 3. 3 per cent. Gannewinert’.: 4) Sas 1026) WS (9.6). 2b eoecee eee aoe 5: | 15 per cent. New, York. 22222.) 10.4 11.5 |. 10,9 0004 |e... Soeons geen Peat _ 13 per cent. Wawisercey, 2c! Ova WO} oe eee se | Se ot Aakers Pee lentes. | 4 per cent.* Pennsylyania.:../ 9.5 | 11.3 | 10.2 | 10.2°|......|------ Higa Miaka 9 per cent. Delaware. .2bcc-)) 96.) B56 io... SBeSee | FEN SESE) Ne Bee | 10 per cent. Maryland .-..... 10.5 | 15 oo i 3 ks pea Pty [sabeéellesebuelséeeec | 18 per cent. Virginia ........ EE ASB (TAC ate 9 at ae CC cs | 15 per cent. North Carolina...| 10.6] 10.1 |. 9.3) 9.3). 6.8) 10,4 |......|.--...| 8 per cent. South Carolina...| 9.6 | 9.2 | 10 8.7 | 8.2] 9.4 |..---.|------ 16.7 per cent. Gdormia sl... 10525 10/1449 8.9| 88] 9.4] 10.6] 9.3 | 14 per cent. Milonidays. st Ss.) LOS 5a) 9 11 9 8 10.2 |} 11.1 | 10 | 20 per cent. Alabama ........ 10.1'}) 8.9 | 9.1 | 8.4 710 Cie Sees 9 | 11.8 percent. Mississippi .-.... KOSS ell ae ORO See eh Selo eTO 18 per cent. Louisiana ....._. 15 13 12 LOE OR eGo Oni ise a! el 11.5 WOxaS oot sal 0) 10.5] 87] 9.8] 13.4 | 10.2 | 10 10 | 6. 4 per cent. Antangan 2--2--2) MI | Woh 1904925 | 8.7 LE eS Se 2 ee | 9 per cent.* Tennessee....-..| 9.7} 8.5 |10.4| 83) 8 0 ay Ae 9. 3 per cent. West Virginia...) 10.7 | 10.1 | 11 ee rt De A Ses hic 5 MEE “oo 6 per cent. Kentacky = 2. Vithgele mais |e hOs cuore BUS We Orato aye Se: 1. 3 per cent. MGSBOUTI = oc Uke 11 ONS Mo Salen ONO ite Gog | MLO: ten eerie eee 4 per cent.* Illinois ..2...... 1G 2.3 i geiedeo. |) Bet") “OvG |e 3.25 Oe | 4.8 percent. Indiana 5... < 22 fie! “SL 90F Oreoory fo. = 2s. eee er s---| 3 per cent. Olioe 2-65 ae Bn '92 5. Gus eee gill. «oI 2h (an eh Ss 0 | 10. 1 per cent. Michigan: =... -.- LOS Za ISm| ONG rN On alte fs sce ete SalI = RE 6. 3 per cent. Wisconsin [eae peer AO. h, ||” SoA ec OG: | soc Se he eel ieee os 74 per cent.* Minnesota -.-..- i Tats) [PG OES eel eases) eeone ted ete pear | 2.1 per cent. MORE 2/22 nes ep 9.8) 9.3] 9 NES TN RE SEEE Rae Jeiaetaclc st Sate | 0.8 per cent. WKANSAS) =... 25] Omnia OVS qledOud | O55} LOSS ess aa hams | 3 per cent.* Weprasicn ....2..| Mave 024 ( TO8 feo la. eee fae oe Ree 17 per cent. 318 EXTRACTS FROM CORRESPONDENCE. UTAH AGRICULTURE. Salt Lake City, Utah—The spring, up to the middle of May, was very propitious for our seeds, and fine rains, interspersed with fine weather, gave everything such a start that the grasshoppers or locusts could not make much headway in their destructive warfare; but since that date a dry spell has set in, and these insects have flourished and grown prodigiously. Our citizens in various parts of the Territory set to work, digging ditches, driving the “ hop- pers” in, and then burying them; also driving them into creeks, having traps or baskets, gunny-sacks,or netting placed to catch them, and then burying them. By these methods many millions have been destroyed. On one small stream there were caught, to my knowledge, twenty bushels a day, about the size of house-flies. But nevertheless, they still crowded the gardens, the fields, and thoroughfares, and have done considerable damage in various places. I presume the breadth of land put in cultivation this spring is at least double that of any previous year, and as there are no grasshoppers in the north part of the Terri- tory, (though very thick in the south,) we have hopes of raising sufficient to victual us. The grasshoppers have used me and my garden pretty badly. Have saved nothing but peas and squashes, and my trees have suffered consid- erably from them. They commenced to fly ten days ago, taking a south- easterly course. Utah county, Utah--The prospect of our fruit crop is fair, although we have had myriads of grasshoppers. ‘They have destroyed much of the crops, many of our farmers warring with them, and burying them in the ground, &c.; Mr. A. H. Scott, with the help of his family, having bagged and buried about 80 bushels, and he now expects to make quite a crop of wheat. We take pleasure in acknowledging the regular receipt of monthly reports, which are perused by members of the club with profit and satisfaction. At our meeting last evening Mr. Charles Twelves brought in a sample of green peas, from seed forwarded by you this spring ; the name is Advance, a sweet, excellent growing pea. On June 1 last, the same gentleman brought forward a sample ‘of the Philadelphia: Early, ready for use; they do well here. * * * HLA. Cheever, of this place, has grown the Excelenta strawberry, of large size and good flavor, 25 berries weighing one pound. COTTON. Craven county, N. C—There has been quite a falling off in the amount of cotton planted this year, compared with 1867, in this county, owing to the fact that farmers failed to grow sufficient breadstuffs last season for their support. Attention has been turned almost entirely to the culture of corn, field peas, potatoes, wheat and rye ; consequently only about one-third of the land planted in cotton last year has been devoted to that crop in this section the present season. The inability to feed their animals, from the want of grain, the absolute necessity of making something to eat, the very low price at which cotton sold during most of the last season, and the fear that Congress at a late period of the present session would re-enact a tax upon the cotton crop, together with the impossibility of farmers procuring funds to enable them to purchase supplies, and the searcity of horses and mules, have operated greatly to deter the farmers of the State from attempting to cultivate cotton on a large scale. AFFAIRS IN TEXAS. Nueces county, Texas——The enhanced value of wool, and the great demand for beef cattle for export, have had a tendency to turn all planters to stock- 319 raising, and to leave off planting either cotton or corn—both uncertain crops, at least in this county. The high prices paid by our merchants during the past season have given a fresh impetus to wool-growing. Nearly the entire clip of this spring has already been purchased, and at paying prices. Our flocks are gradually being improved, and have done well since October last. The clip is about 25 per cent. more than last year. At no time have the wool-growers had their pockets so well lined with money as this season. The liberal prices paid by our merchants is drawing an immense amount of wool and hides from the interior of Mexico, through this port, which, together with our home production from all the counties west of us, makes the county more prosperous than at any time within my recollection. A great amount of beef has been packed at this point by the infiltration process, with fine success. Next wintér a great deal more will be packed by the same process. The sheep stock suttered from drought in the earlier part of the month, but the general rains commencing on the 20th have set all things right, and all are again doing well. Up tothe present time lambs have done splendidly, and if we have no loss this summer, the wool clip of 1869 will be 50 per cent. more than that of 1867. Wool, with careful management, can be grown in this county at 15 cents per pound, specie, and if it continues to improve in price, and flocks do well, our county will be in a most flourishing condition. We have not yet tried any mutton sheep, but it is our intention this fall to import a few of Scott’s Kentucky, or Cotswolds, to see how they will do in our hot, dry climate. FRUITS IN FLORIDA. Putnam county, Fla.—Before the war the lands of this county were not much cultivated. ‘Che hummock lands were not suited to the growth of cotton,. aud the agricultural interests were confined mainly to stock-raising. Since the war, however, a new system of agriculture has been introduced, and the atten- tion of our people is now directed to the culture of fruits and vegetables, par- ticularly upon the lands bordering on the St. John’s river. The other lands remain in about the same condition as before the war. The culture of vegetables for the early northern markets is a new experiment, initiated by northern men, and has so far been attended with very flattering success. With proper facilities for transportation, the cities of the north might be supplied with early vegetables raised here by open field culture, and which are now obtained only at great expense through the agency of forcing pits and hot- houses. ; But the attention of our people is mainly directed to the culture ‘of fruits, especially those of the orange tamily, embracing the orange proper, the lemon, lime, and citron; all of which thrive well in this latitude. As yet there are but few groves that have begun to bear, but the young groves of one and two years” growth promise well, and the number of trees that have been set out during the past two years, between this place and Jacksonville, will not fall far short of 250,000. INSECTS. La Pointe county, Wis—The potato bugs have made their appearance and commenced their ravages cn the vines ;-we do all that can be done to destroy them. Polk county, Wis.—The potato crop looks well, but would have been entirely destroyed if growers had not daily picked the bugs, so that but few eggs were hatched. In some gardens, where this was neglected, the tops are entirely eaten up. Carver county, Minn.—Our crops promise well except potatoes, which, on account of the potato bug, I fear will be a partial failure. 320 Green Lake county, Wis——The potato bugs are numerous and threaten to destroy the entire crop, but the season is so far advanced that a portion may be spared. Cass county, Mich —TVhe ten-lined potato bug (beetle) is rapidly extending. First seen here last year. Mahoning county, Ohio—The cut worm has been very bad on many pieces of corn, otherwise corn would be good. Stark county, Ohio—Corn is backward and injured by worms. Linn county, Kansas —The chintz bugs have injured late wheat somewhat, spring wheat in particular. Rutherford county, Tenn—Insects are preying upon some crops. ‘The red ants, the louse, (apis,) and grasshoppers are injuring the late planting, and the boll worm has appeared in several localities. DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. Holmes county, Miss—That dreadful pest of stock and cattle (sharbone) has again made its appearance in its most terrible form. Males being so valua- ble, and tlre impoverished condition of the people, prevents experiments, but I am satisfied that the cauterization of the affected part with nitric acid, and the internal administration of muriated tincture of iron, would prove beneficial. One party has used nitric acid internally, 30 drops in a quart of water with a little sugar, used as a drench, and the success seems certain. I did not have nitric acid, but administered last night to. two mules 50 drops of the nitro-mu- riatic acid, with decided benefit: they are living this morning, and I shall repeat the dose. The poison oak root was tried, as recommended in the April number of the Agricultural Report, but with no success whatever. I know ot five mules cured one after another by the administration of nitric acid—30 drops—with the external use of pine tar. Some attribute this disease to the sting of a fly. It attacks cows, horses, mules, &c. In my neighborhood 108 mules have died within the last 18 days. Clay county, Ky—¥rom the 1st of May to the 14th of June there has been prevalent here a disease that has killed 50 to GO head of cattle. It seems to be a kind of fever. Some die in three days, and from that up to 20 days. When opened they are found mortified inside. I have found calomel a certain cure, giving to three-year olds 40 grains; under three years, 20 to 35 grains. HOG CHOLERA. Madison county, Miss —I have closely observed the various symptoms and stages of a disease among swine, known as cholera, and have tried nearly all the published remedies, both as preventives and cures, with but little success. About-seven years since I determined to adopt remedies used by my father near forty years ago for a similar disease. I have not lost a hog from cholera when I used the remedy as a preventive, and in every instance when, from, neglect, the disease made its appearance among my hogs, I have succeeded in curing it in afew days. Procure two or more large barrels and have them placed conven- ient to the kitchen; deposit all the pot-liquor, dish-water, and greasy water of any kind, refuse pieces of bacon, and a few buckets full of soap-suds. Let it stand a few days or until fermentation begins; then add to each barrel one bushel of pine charcoal, (I have never used any other kind,) a half bushel of corn-meal, one handful of salt, and one-half pound of copperas. Let it stand a short time so that the coal may become thoroughly saturated with the liquid, then pour into troughs made for the purpose. One barrel thus prepared, given 321 once or twice a week, will be suflicient for fifty hogs, and prevent cholera and keep them in a healthy condition. Sullivan county, Tenn —The hog cholera made its appearance about the 1st instant, but in a mild form; is there no preventive or remedy? Other farm stock exempt from disease. [There is no remedy whatever—kEp. Rep. | Hickman county, Tenn.—Hog cholera is again making its appearance. In some neighborhoods one-half of the killing hogs for the coming season have died. It is difficult to find a preventive. CULTIVATION OF FRUIT IN NORTHERN IOWA. George W. Wheaton, esq., of Wilson’s Grove, Fayette county, Iowa, sup- plies the following interesting details of his experience in fruit-growing on the prairies of northern Lowa: For the last ten years I have been endeavoring to raise an orchard on the prairie in northern Iowa. After many disappointments, by not knowing how to do it, and the varieties that would flourish here, I have at length succeeded tolerably well. Raising an orchard here is a very different matter from what it is in northern Indiana or other good fruit regions ; yet, by selecting the proper varieties, and the right kind of cultivation and protection, suc~ cess is certain. Many persons are deterred from emigrating to this country under the im- pression that fruit cannot be grown here, but Jet the news go forth that, with judicious selections, and proper care, as good apples can be grown in northern Iowa as in any part of the northwest. |The proper varieties are hard to find, however, as most nurserymen will recommend such as they have to sell. I am not a nurseryman and have no trees to sell, but I have tested quite a number of varieties of grafted fruit and a good many seedlings,. and my experience may be of benefit to others who contemplate starting orchards in this region. Every person, before paying his money for trees, should resolve to take care of them or he had better keep his money. Thousands of dollars are lost in this country every year by buying unsuitable trees, and more by not taking care of them after they are planted. The varieties which have succeeded best with me are, Duchess of Oldenburg, Tallman’s Sweet, Fameuse, English Golden Russet, Perry ;Russet, Roxbury, Antrim, Strawberry,. and Red Astrachan. The Duchess of Oldenburg, is the hardiest of all, and I never have had any of the trees injured in the least by our hardest winters. The Jonathan also suc- ceeds tolerably well with me, and I have one tree, about ten years old, which last year bore- a bushel of most excellent-apples. I consider the Oldenburg, Fameuse, and ‘T'allman’s Sweet the most valuable for this place, and they are all abundant and early bearers. Many suppose seedlings to be more hardy than grafted fruit, but I do not find such to be- the case. Out of 500 seedlings I have not more than 8 or 10 as hardy as the kinds eh a besides, there is an uncertainty in getting productive trees or good fruit from: seedlings. The next thing in order is the preparation of the soil. If it is designed to set trees on prairie with a clay subsoil, which most of our prairies have, it should be ploughed at least: a foot deep in order to make a better and firmer soil for the trees; the surface soil alone being too loose and peaty, and gives too soft and sappy a growth to the trees. I think it best to set the trees about three inches deeper than they grew in the nursery, and they should be well cultivated until about the middle of July, when cultivation should cease in order to let the trees ripen up for winter. About the time the ground freezes there should be an inch or two of barnyard manure spread about the roots in order to prevent dry freezing, which destroys great numbers of” young trees and shrubs on the prairies. I have lost quite a number of young trees from this cause. It is also best to set the trees leaning somewhat to the southwest, as they generally do better when set in this manner than when perpendicular. Before winter sets. in each tree should have the trunk wound with a rope made of prairie hay, which is an effectual preventive against injury by rabbits, and also prevents the bursting of the bark of the tree. This bursting of the bark seriously injures the tree, and various expedients are resorted to to prevent it; some nail a piece of siding on the south side of the tree, others tie a few cornstalks around the tree ; either will do some good, but a hay rope is best; itshould be removed in the spring. It is a good plan to raise corn in the orchard every year, and to leave the stalks standing until the next spring, as they help to keep the snow on the ground and prevent deep freezing. If a part of the orchard is set with currant bushes or black-cap raspberries they will answer the same purpose, and will be found profitable. At the time the orchard is set a screen should be planted on the north and west sides. A row of Scotch pine set six fect apart, ora row of Norway spruce set four feet apart, will make a beautiful and effective screen by the time the 322 trees come into bearing if given good cultivation, and young trees can be bought by the thousand very cheap. A good and cheaper screen can be made by planting two or three rows of the acorns of the common black or scrub oak, which retains its leaves all winter, and with good cultivation will grow rapidly. Fruit trees in this revion should always be planted out in the spring, as they are much more likely to live than when set out in the fall. An important consideration is to set good trees. The best I have, and the best I have seen, came from Wisconsin. From some cause eastern trees do not succeed so well here; they are grown too closely in the nursery and have long, naked stems ; no fruit tree for the prairie should have a naked trunk of more than two feet. I have experimented somewhat with pears, as I have a great desire to grow them, but my efforts have not been sucessful, and, without having a single pear, my trees are now all dead. Ihave also tested several varieties of plums, but find none that will pay for cultivation. They are all too tender here except our native wild plum, of which we have an abundance, of good quality, in our groves, and which can be readily transplanted to the orchard, where they will produce abundantly._ Cherry trees of the Morello class grow very well, and are hardy, but they have not yet been very productive of fruit with me. The Concord grape grows well, and produces abundantly and generally ripens its fruit. It has never been attacked with mildew or rot, but the vines need protection in the winter. The Catawba ripens its fruit about one-third of the time when they do not rot. FRUIT CULTURE IN WESTERN MICHIGAN. Henry 8. Chubb, corresponding secretary Lake Shore and Western Michigan: Horticultural Association, writes as follows of the Grand Haven fruit region : The prospect for peaches among the orchards of this vicinity is excellent. Every living peach tree has on its limbs a superabundance of rapidly advancing fruit. The prospect for apples is not as large. Strawberries are very abundant and are selling at from 10 cents to 15 cents per quart. The late exhibition of strawberries and other small fruit, at Spring Lake, showed that this sandy region is well adapted to the production of these first fruits of the ‘season. Gooseberries, currants, and raspberries also promise well. The cherry trees are laden with fruit, and, notwithstanding the curculio, there will be a fair crop of plums. Grapes, also, are looking well. An orchard of 20 acres, peaches and apples, planted about 10 years ago in this city, is for the first time bearing a full crop. It is estimated that there will be about 3,000 bushels of peaches this season, besides the apples, pears and grapes, which occupy more than half the enclosure. The other old orchards of this vicinity, some of which have borne well before, are also heavily laden with peaches. The upward tendency of prices in fruit lands is a sure indication of the increasing interest attached to fruit-growing in this vicinity. Large tracts of land around the city, purchased less than a year ago for from $5 to $11 per acre, have been selling rapidly in ten acre lots at from $25 to $100 per acre, for fruit lands; while close to the city, one-quarter acre lots in almost inaccessible positions on hillsides, &c., held for years at $25 a lot, are now selling at $75 to $100. Some of the ten-acre lots, sold for fruit lands at $100 an acre late last fall, are now realizing $800 per acre in quarter-acre lots. Fruit land in eligible locations can still be had for $25 per acre in the wild state, but this price is very likely to double before the close of this season. Improved fruit lauds vary from $500 to $800 per acre when in bearing. These prices, however, do not include the present crop, which promises so well that it will almost purchase the land at these prices. FRUIT CULTURE IN WISCONSIN. L. L. Fairchild, of Dodge county, Wisconsin, writes as follows in reference to the progress of fruit culture in his section of the State: There are a goodly number of orchards in this county, producing from 200 to 500 bushels, and occasionally higher, up to 1,500 bushels. We are in latitude 434° north, and the sever- ity of our winters (the mercury occasionally running as low as 35 degrees below zero) makes it absolutely necessary that only the very hardiest varieties of fruit trees be planted. Many having failed with favorite trees brought from the east, thought it useless to try to grow fruit, but the persevering ones who kept on trying have found a few varieties that bid fair to stand the test of our severest winters. The Duchess of Oldenburg, Red Astrachan, Golden and Perry Russets, Winesap, Tallman’s Sweet, Fameuse, and some others seem reliable. The quality of our apples I think superior to fruit produced in southern Hlinois. 323 We have plenty of wild plums; some of them are quite good, and on account of the tough- ness of their skin not so liable to be stung by the curculio as the tame varieties. The hardier varieties or the tame plums grow finely, but the curculio stings all the fruit. Wild black and choke cherries are plenty, but the fine cultivated kinds are mostly failures. The common Morello grows well and bears sparsely. The Early Richmond grows well, but so far as my observation extends does not bear very profusely. The Isabella grape with proper care, will ripen about one year in three. One man tells me that by severe cutting back he succeeds in ripening them nearly every season. The Hartford Prolific, Concord, Diana, Northern Museadine, Delaware and some others do well. They should be laid down and covered in the fall with an inch or two of earth, to guard against injury to the fruit buds. I left a vine each of Hartford Prolific and Clinton on the trellis the past winter, and both are now throwing out fruit spurs, though the mercury at one time sunk 32 degrees below zero. Doolittle Black Cap, Purple Cane, Yellow Cap, and Cincinnati Red raspberries are all hardy and produce good crops. Brinckle’s Orange will not succeed without protection. Wilson’s, Russell’s Prolific, Agriculturist, and some other varieties of strawberries do well. It is better to cover in the winter, as the frost throws out the roots. The Triomphe de Gand is worthless here, being unproductive. Currants, gooseberries and tomatoes are abundant. WHEAT-GROWING IN THE NORTHWEST. A casual correspondent in Iowa, referring to the correspondence between Congressman Donelly and the Commissioner of Agriculture, in the monthly report for June, questions the conclusion of the congressman that the diminished yield of wheat in his State ‘is to be attributed to a degeneracy in the vitality of the seed more than exhaustion of fertility of the soil.’ The following extracts from his letter are made: One thing is very certain, that nothing will impoverish the richest soil and the most indus- trious people more certainly than devoting all their energies to the production of asingle crop, and sending that crop away to distant markets for sale and consumption. So far from encour- aging this tendency in any people, it ought to be earnestly discouraged. If the people of Minnesota can find no other profitable crop to plant in their soil, ‘‘ for eighteen years in suc- cession,” no spirit of prophecy is required to foretell what their fate will be in a very short space of time, comparatively. The only hope is in the intelligent, well-directed efforts of the people of Minnesota themselves. Rotation with other crops must be their first object. No soil that is at all worn can have justice done it by planting the same crop two years in succession. It must be rested with some other.crop—with grass, or with fallow. Unques- tionably, good seed is a requisite, but only one of many quite as imperatively necessary. We have skinned and skinned our lands, western and southern fashion, with the same result. Now, living in an old settled county, with railways and other conveniences bringing us close to the large markets, and with prices of grain that will compensate for taking intelli- gent pains to do differently, we must either do differently, or give up this branch of agricul- ture to newer virgin soils farther west, or elsewhere. We are all busily at work now at the former, and so far find our efforts well paid. Nothing is more certain than that it is far better to till but 20, or even 10 acres of land, and do it right, than to skin over 100 year after year in the old style. He thus illustrates the value of a proper seed distribution : About four years ago the,superscription was lost on a package of one pound ef Tappa- hannock wheat that was passing through our post office. After knocking about the ottice for some time, the postmaster gave it to a wide-awake farmer of this county. At first he paid but little attention to it, and sowed it broadcast, in the usual way, on a piece of land he had prepared for it. he product of that pound was 20 pounds of most beautiful grain. Though he had never raised wheat to any extent, he liked its looks so well that he bought a drill expressly to plant it the next year. ‘The details of his cultivation are not at hand, but this year, from that small beginning, he will have upwards of 1,000 bushels of as choice wheat as ever was seen, from 40 acres of Jand. He hus just shown a sample, which is better, if possible, than the original. When it is threshed we will give its weight per bushel, and send a sample to the department, if desired. I have advised him to advertise and scatter this seed widely, and not sell any of it to the mills, and that he had better not sow the same seed on the same land for a succession of years. He is very confident, how- ever, that by his division of fields and rotating to different parts of his farm, he can main- tain the quality, if not gain in it, for an indefinite number of years. The seed is now per- fectly pure, though in 40 acres he found 16 heads of rye, which he carefully cut out. If this had not been done, it would have injured his seed very much for future use. Too great 524 pains cannot be taken to keep specimens of this wheat perfectly pure and free from weed- seeds or other grain of any kind whatever. For my own part, if the price of a very superior wheat keeps up, as it has for many years, I am confident that it will pay to cultivate wheat somewhat as we do corn. If not, why not? The yield is not quite in so tangible a shape or so large a pile, but it is correspond- ingly of more value. Let as many farmers as can be persuaded to do so, make the effort this season, on even a fraction of an acre; sow in drills, in some dry spot, where it will not winter-kill. In spring work it as soon as possible with the cultivator, and continue to work at proper intervals as long as possible, to keep down weeds, to aerate the soil, to invigorate the plants, &c., precisely as we do corn. Why should not the result be the same? Why should we not do this?’ Only because we have not been accustomed to do it, and because we ‘‘haven’t time.’’ These reasons are altogether unsatisfactory. We all know that a single grain, sown by itself, will tiller out, if it has room, over a space of four or five feet in diam- eter, with 20 to 50 or more stalks, containing from 300 to 1,500 grains. This yield is never even approximated in field culture. The more we reflect on these facts the more we must be convinced that the yield which it is not only possible but easy for us to obtain from our soils has not yet even been approached. CONSULAR CORRESPONDENCE, From Russia. The following extracts from a letter written by Eugene Schuyler, esq., United States consul at Moscow, to the Commissioner of Agriculture, give interesting . data eoncerning Russian flax, fruits, and wine. Further experiments in the intro- duction of apples from that country, for the northwest, should be undertaken The Duchess of Oldenburg has already proved one of the most hardy and reliable apples of the extreme northwest, and it is probable that other varieties from northern Russia may be found equally valuable: The chief agricultural products of my district are flax, hemp, the cereals, and apples. Good varieties of wine are made in Russia, but only in the Caucasus and the Crimea, which are in the district of the consulate of Odessa. The best flax districts are not far from Moscow. With regard to hemp, a Mr. Puzyanof has invented a mode of bleaching it so as to be perfectly white, and of softening the fibre, without injuring its durability. If you wish, I will endeavor to procure for you the particulars of this invention. The apples of the Crimea are fully equal to the best apples of America; those of central Russia, while not so good, are very fair. I received some time ago a letter from Mr. Smith, the editor of the Wisconsin Farmer, saying that in the district lying between Lake Michi- gan and tke Rocky mountains all the late apples are winter-killed, and requesting me to send him some grafts of Russian apples, as the climates are similar. After consultation ‘with Mr. Krasnoglazof, the best pomologist of Russia, I forwarded to Wisconsin some grafts, but do not yet know if they reached their destination safely. Mr. Kraznoglazof advised me to send out young trees in the autumn, as that would be much better. I would suggest to you that it might be well for you to import some trees, and give the people of the north- west a fair chance to try if these apples would succeed there. Should you wish any sent, please give directions as to the mode of sending them. Beets are also very largely cultivated for sugar. Almost all the sugar used in Russia is produced in the country. There is near Moscow an imperial agricultural academy. Iam unable to say whether it is good; but two students there have come to me for information about the agricultural aad of the United States, saying that they were dissatisfied with the instruction given ere. From the Azores. The United States consul at the Azores, Charles W. Dabney, esq., writing from Fayal, presents this picture of the primitive condition of agriculture in a country that contains no theoretic farmers, and remains in blissful ignorance of “book farming”’ and the mechanical contrivances for shirking honest labor : Imagine, sir, that the plough used by all here is of the same improved shape as was used anterior to the flight of the Israelites from Egypt. and their carts are of a type coeval! I once imported one of the lightest ploughs used in Massachusetts. I used my personal influence to induce one of the most enlightened farmers to try it. In a very short time he 325 objected, saying that the use of it would kill his cattle! (Cows are generally used.) I imported a pair of wheels and an axletree, and had a cart made, in other respects similar to those used here, (not to attempt too much at once.) I gave it to a cartman who with others was engaged in carting hogsheads of sugar, who, finding that with greater ease he could convey double the weight, was delighted. At the end of three days he returned the cart, saying that it jolted so that it would destroy his cattle! His fellow-countrymen could not be convinced that if the cart were not driven faster the jolting could not be greater. EXPORTATION OF WHEAT TO ENGLAND. A very great increase in wheat exportation over last year has been hereto- fore noticed. Official statements of imports into Great Britain for five months of 1868, up to May 31, represent a movement of 3,034,093 ewt., against 858,116 ewt. for a similar period of last year—about 1,000,000 bushels per month. The following table shows the total imports in detail. It will be seen that only Russia exceeds our figures : 1868. BIRGIMEICISRI ke sane cao ee eetas thao site cee ome ee sinc -| 4,587, 629 3, 895, 033 PLONE eHMAac se aetas concierae sue cee jaataciss aeeioee S 3 293, 503 221, 165 HOMIE TUSSIN aus = sae a sae sislcoe cece see les cas base -| 93,015, 614 1,716, 566 From Schleswig-Holstein and Lauenburg a 70,175 27, 879 Batty MeCIIOR DUD soon an sacseosscee : 213, 289 558, 308 From Turkey, Wallachia, and Moldavia....-.......-..-. --| 1,152, 682 1, 633, 838 romybl oy pts so ojo a esi nin weapons coerce a eaaee tions s 26, 998 2, 013, 279 Oma Mite States csc c/sce aie sete totes sere arse eee A 858, 116 3, 034, 093 roma Mb seer leas) a's ctor taiee siemcia aia seis areata oes eee 723, 355 249, 362 Brompbrniash North America. s2seaece nessciees seo se ee eos a 87 96, 802 Eronmotner COUDLTICS:-<<)- sever. eaeettasis Jacente si eeeee eee E 367, 682 674, 074 PP otal cre coe es. erosion eoena eee eee ates ees 12,504,077 | 14,780,739 © 326 GS 0G | GPCAL GL GG | LG °ST LI°@G | GL°GB 8G 6L | 99 “ZT PG Gs | 9S VL OSE | S°6T G8 °06 | 89°61 96°8L | PO 'FI SI °6T | 6S “ol GI 1G | 6b '0G ysng | “*ysngy nV ‘aloe Jed do1d sseIoA ‘aioe ied 9981 Jo dor | “adv ‘wosvas quasasd ay) fo 69 VG 9S 6 62L°6T 64ST 80 80 61 Of 06 ‘OT R9°LT | 66°6L ‘ysng | tysng ‘aioe iad ‘dod aSRI0A ‘gov led ‘g98T Jo dorg “LVGHM YONG Gh ke 98 ‘ST | a0 °GT 8°21 | S38 I c6 61 Co PT Ov GI 08 “SL "YSN ‘aioe Jad ‘aroe ied *sVdd £6 “9S SLIP 99 °GE 6G OE 80 SG ce SE GL LG DY "8G 08 “66 “YSN ‘aioe rod ‘dora Beers 1 6 °0€ LL025 90 “8S £6 GE P8 "ES 48°61 68 TS 9G LG 08 *9% 9& “SG “ysng ‘aloe Jad ‘ggg Jo dorg “SLVO \ 0G PE OL ‘PE 66°86 OL 6G RO SG GE TRG Car daa CO QL °9G GS "8G “YSN ‘a10v Jed SBIIAY do1o 9 ed ee IN C9 EE 18°66 98°16 GV 9G PV 0G cI SG 6G OL £0 °SG 6S SG “YsSng 19 2) =r) fer) “AUTUVGA snsuao ay 02 Furpsovow ‘pissnsq fo wopsusy b8 ‘OT 8h “ST 6G GG OLS GR OL 18 SI v6 ‘OT v9 VL 90°71 OV “0G "YSRT ‘doio oseloAVy | aioe red ‘9981 jo dorp P0836 LE “8G GG "EG LL 61 9078S LI 'GG T8 1@ 99 “GG €8 "EG CE GG “YSN ‘aloe Jed ‘doid osvloAVY “LVGHM Belicia > OABIOAY; seo2-" ---TJO[[OZMIYOFT °G --- -"(BISSNIg) ‘OUlyY, ‘eg vores sees BIB SOMA *L --- (uvissnig) ‘Auoxrg “9 2yseissiscoeiicin ss ( DUB] -Og upissnig) ‘woesog *G Sistecar cte)e "-" BISOTIG “Pf Ssioicics er rinnls VIURIOMOT “¢ POOR O EES GIMGUIpUBI, *% ---- - (xodoid) ‘vissnig *] “SOOULAOL ay2 ws ‘9931 lof doso ayn fo havmung METEOROLOGY. {Compiled in the Department of Agriculture, from the reports made by the observers fur the Smithsonian Institution. ] JUNE, 1868. Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, (wit, dates pre- Jjixed,) the mean temperature, and amount of rain fall, (in inches and tenths, Jor June, 1868, at the following places, as given by the observers named. Daily observations were made at the hours of 7 a. m., and 2 and 9 p.m. : r ; Max Min. Stations, &c. Counties. Observers. Date. temp Date. temp MAINE. # ° ° BiGHDEN--25-;226e4 Washington ..--- Je DSPAarkers-sss2=- 27 82 9 47 West Waterville....) Kennebec ..-.... Ba Wilbur. 0 20 96 12 50 Gardiner.22 5. ¢-s5-5-|---- doe ss esee sees R. H. Gardiner...... 20, 27 81 4 45 Standish ....- =<-..2- Cumberland..... John P. Moulton.... 20 92 3,4 43 NORWAY so se sose-m- Oxford’. 2 5225-7 Howard D. Smith... 20 90 3 AOE O44 certs OMAN. 25. o3--5 5c Workt-v- sesso cess SuagiWiesha-onccsaee 20 89 3,4 49 Cornishville ....-=..j.... dese ser G. W. Guptill.-..--. 2 $9 3,4 50 IDWCFUPES oo. poh on = a accumsan Sen beset seinem ababce a lemiamcemefae’ Sun elemee inc eee S ° NEW HAMPSHIRE. WONCOTE a8 cea Merrimack ...... John T.Wheeler.... 2 93 11 49 Goffstown Centre...| Hillsboro’ .....-- Alfred Colby. ..--.- 19, 20 93 5 49 PAR OY APES ac om ice swan deb Sic Sakis dolce cqa cnt matress asee eee cise cfs ac abe e eee capes VERMONT. Lunenburg ---...... DORE eA SS sce Bmigc e H. A. Cutting....... 18 &7 3 36 Woodstock .......-. NWIMGEON ees Doton & Miller. .... 18 + 86 2 AV) Gasf esse. St.zAlbans-2 =. -.22—5 Franklin :=....6- A. H.I. Gilmour .... 18 90 2 48 1) (GovSrieeens Middlebury.-.-....-... Addison ......... H. A. Sheldon. ...... 17, 20 82 2 47 PAV CYADER = 3 oSacon meant ae cnunes eee lee eeemene waite cece tc tase se | BE oe enced eaeer MASSACHUSETTS. Kaneston:2.5-2-<0- Plymouth ....... G. S. Newcomb .... 20 94 3, 4 49 Miltony-2----0 2-2-5 Wortolic 22-3 52-5. Rey. A. K. Teele.... 20 | 93 f 45 Cambridge ......-.. Middlesex -.-...-. Rev. J. Bs rerry-.--- 19 98 4,11 zy Ata sooo North Billerica......|.... Gon estetecwss Rev. E. Nason.....- 20 8s 3 Oe oloTaeii HEAR West Newton......-|.... Glo Sea Soe John H. Bixby -..-.. 20 98 4 52 2. New Bedford -..---- BTIstOlasse aie ccna Samuel Rodman.... 27 82 28 52 2.94 6. Mendon joss == aeeee Worcester. .....- Jno. G. Metealf, M. D 20 87 il 49 4,2) 2. Lunenburg......... |----dO-......--.. Geo. A. Cunningham. 20 91 11 49 | Beh ee FAUHHOY St |=: <- = -'0cea O@neida-------=------ Smee Scoasea5ane Depauville ........- Jefferson .....--. Oswego ...--..---.- Oswepol-.. <--- IPAlenmnO ses secs e eo] = sssdOswe ms enwaisc INiCHO Sse sees ae IBGE cc soosceede Newark Valley -..--|- pec): Bae scsoacse Geneva ..-.-. ...-.. Ontario}=--s-=-= Rochester .........- Monroe! 74 | | 25,27, | | (29) 30 | J Hennell Stevens ..../ 8,16 96 10 7 J. Van Nostrand....| 18,19 95 24 72 ! JE. Carter ——nscee (3, 12,19 91 22 68 | Robt. W. Foster... —o a AP) a) 22, 25 79 Albert Moore....... 15, 29 92 22 57 T. J. R. Keenan.... 29 98 23 64 | Wm. McCary ...---- | 15,30] 88 12| 67 | | Sam’l D. Martia..-.| Hey 3p) 10 48 ! | S. R. Williams -.....- 15 87 10 50 | Mrs.L. Young..----. | 15 | 93 |10,11,12} 50 Rey. T. H. Cleland ../16,18,19, 92) 22,2 59 3d1 Table showing the range of the thermometer, §c., for June—Continued. Stations, &c. TENNESSEE, Elizabethton Tusculum College -- Lookout Mountain. - Counties. Observers. Charles H. Lewis-.- S. S. and Rev. W. , S. Doak. P.B. Calhoun: ...-.- st Rey. C.F.P. Bancroft 14, 16, 29} 12, 13, 16, 28 19 16, 17, 18, 29 Clarksville ........-| Montgomery. .-.- Prof. W.M. Stewart - 19 Memphit’-.-..-.....| Shelby ......-.... Edw. Goldsmith .... 19 J GRISEA Geol Beeeeseceeeeceeed|| csccccdancs:s-cesesde! bessssme OHIO. New Lisbon.....--- Columbiana ...-.. JoeB Benner... +---- Milnersville .. ....-- Guernsey - ------ Rey. D. Thompson... AV OOSGGI es iaaaataaicie Iida etata samara Martin Winger -.... Gallipolis....-,.--.. Galliatece st atesact Alex. P. Rodgers .-.- Kelley’s Island .-.-- Tie) a) anise = see Geo. C. Huntington. SPG [3 AR See eee Pee GO senrcen see Thomas Neill .--.--- NOT Welle =o aipisiaiae 12 brid ees Sees Rey. A. Newton ..--.- North Fairfield .....j.-.. Ga eacseanead OF BUNrAS cece e acres Westerville. ........ Franklin ........ Prof. Jno, Haywood. MSTION es aaao= ans <- Mariony = fetes ee HAL True, Mi DP. HGUSPOLOL- oss nies Highland - ...... J. McD. Mathews -.. Moledow <2 -52h--—5- WWUCAS ss aaa seuss J.B, Trembly, M. D- Bowling Green ..-.. Withee asosa5 John Clarke .......- NR GMLOU see. oes Hardin = s2c2ss=5 C. H. Smith, M. D...- Urbana University-.} Champaign . ....| M. G. Williams -.---. 1:2 UY) eee eee Clermont.....--. Geo. W. Crane..-.... Cincinnati. .-..-.--. Hamilton.<--.... Geo. W. Harper .... Os aee mee sos Boe ieee Fra ©. onulips = eer == College Hill .....-..|. ete OOhrs aerate John W. Hammitt -- PAV CPAGER (= tease le cieisis ere wpe aie eo cate elem alate, 200 . -..sese-2- Samuel Brookes ..-. Ridge Farm ........| Vermillion....... B. C. Williams..M. D. Marengo ...........| McHenry........ OP ROgerscs sete Geolcondas-ce->-.-54|) Ope->..cbiss-e Wu. V. Eldredge... ANIEOLAE oe eevee inns | WANOL secs 5 eeae se A. &E.D. Spaulding NANG WICM eases se>} De Kalbasences.-2 N. E. Ballou, M.D -- Ottawaracss-i2--52e65e+ Prof. W. Livingston.| Manchester......... SCottssn coco se Dr. J. & C. W. Grant Mount Sterling ..... TOWN eoss seo ~- Rey. A. Duncan...-. AROAUNSIB IE Re si omnis Rock Island ..... E. H. Bowman, M. D ANIBUBLD coc piesisin'e cleo Hancock -....... S. B. Mead, M. D..-. Belvidere’. 225. .ic 2: Boone :.--2-. 22-- Gi Bo MOS62. =... 2-2a' VOL AR GR Nee see oan sos chose okie laos cance ase Ba eeeee WISCONSIN, Manitowoc .. .......| Manitowoc ...... Jacob Liips......... Plymouth). ..-.0-5-- Sheboygan ...... G. Moeller. --- 2-2-2 Milwaukee ......... Milwaukee ....-. I. A. Lapham, LL.D Genevarcs- 09 WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1868. MONTHDYOREPORT. Wasuineton, D. C., September 19, 1868. Sir: Lherewith respectfully submit for publication, as a report for the months of August and September, a statement of the condition of the crops, from the returns of the circulars for the months named, with extracts from correspond- ence; also brief articles upon the Spanish fever; diseases among horses and mules; experiments with the potato bug; pisciculture; Scuppernong wine; agri- cultural resources of San Joaquin county, California; the cotton trade of 1868; premiums for wheat-growers; international exchanges ; sheep farming in Turkey; American dairymen in Switzerland; and tables and notes upon meteorology for the months of July and August. J. R. DODGE, Statistician. Hon. Horace Capron, Commissioner. CONDITION OF THE CROPS FOR AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER. Wueat.—The correspondence of August and September has been very volu- minous and indefinite concerning wheat, furnishing numerous and contradictory elements in a calculation of quantity. Statements of disappointed expectations in threshing are sufficiently abundant in the south, in Wisconsin and other parts of the west, to furnish themes for agricultural croakers; a little rust here and there, the chinch bug, and other causes of failure are found; the grasshopper at certain points in the distant west has been a burden to wheat-growers. On the other hand, cases are mentioned of a three-fold acreage with half an average yield, giving a fifty per cent. aggregate increase notwithstanding the loss; numer- ous returns declare the present the largest crop in many years; and the majority, in view of the general increase in acreage, show a better result than that of last year, after accounting for losses in the yield. It may be stated, however, that the average yield per acre of the whole country is scarcely equal to that of 1867, but the increased area sown will secure an aggregate somewhat larger than the pz oduct of that year. The States indicating a decreased product are as follows, 10 representing an average yicld: New Hampshire, 9.8; Connecticut, 9.6; North Carolina, 9.4; South Carolina, 8.9; Georgia, 8.3; Alabama, 8.4; Texas, 6.6; Wisconsin, 9.8. Other States give an increase: Maine, 10.8: Vermont, 10.9; Massachusetts, 10.6; New York, 10.3; New Jersey, 10.1; Pennsylvania, 10.3; Delaware, 10.5; Maryland, 10.2; Virginia, 10.5; Mississippi, 12.5; Louisiana, 11; Arkansas, 12 ; Tennessee, 10.7; West Virginia, 11.8; Kentucky, 11; Missouri, 13 5; Illinois, 10.4; Indiana, 11; Ohio, 10.8; Michigan, 10.6; Minnesota, 12.5; Iowa, 10.6; Kansas, 11.5; Nebraska, 12.5. he September reports of condition when harvested represent the following States below the average: Maine, 9.5; New Hampshire, 9.5; New Jersey, 9.3; Delaware, 7; Virginia, 8; North Carolina, 7.5; South Carolina, 8.3 ; Georgia, 7.3; Alabama, 8; Mississippi, $8.8; Texas, 4.8; Arkansas, 9.1; Tennessee, 9-1; Kentucky, 8.6; Illinois, 9.2; Wisconsin, 9.8; Iowa, 9.5; Nebraska, 9.8; and the following up to or above the average: Vermont, 10.5; Massachusetts, 10; 344 New York, 10.3; Pennsylvania, 10.4; Maryland, 10.1; West Virginia, 10.1; Missouri, 10.6; Indiana, 10.6; Ohio, 10; Michigan, 10.5; Minnesota, 11.4; Kansas, 10.8. A study of the accompanying tables, in connection with the extracts from notes of statistical observers, which follow, will reveal in a large measure the peculiarity of the present wheat crop of the United States. Lehigh county, Pennsylvania.—The yield of wheat is considerably below what was anticipated. ‘The fields had a fine appearance all summer, but when ripening a large number of the heads remained erect; many were half filled, some less, and others more. In some cases the straw was clean and bright yellow ; in others it appeared as if attacked by mildew; but this was not the case, for of the late heads which came up along the fences, the straw remained bright, the heads large and well-filled with plump kernels; nor could it have been occasioned by the weevil, for not enough could be found in the heads to do all the injury. The heads shrivelled and dried up before the stalks were’ ripe. Newcastle county, Delaware-——There is much disappointment in the wheat crop. arly in the season a large product was expected. It came out of the winter well, and the plant produced a superabundance of straw. The spring was cold and wet, and long-continued, and when the weather cleared it became very warm, with hot sun, giving but a short period for the maturing of the ear, which is short, but the grain is better than last year, suffering little from insects or rust. Upon the whole, quantity and quality considered, the crop may be set down at twenty per cent. better than last year. King George county, Virginia—The yield of wheat has disappointed farm- ers, ‘Lhreshing shows the product to be one-fourth less than that of last year. The greatest failure is in the white, smooth-head varieties. ‘The red bearded has been the most productive, but the heads were far from full. This result disheartens the farmers; the more because they cannot discover the cause of failure. Fallows have failed ‘as well as the corn-land wheat; fertilizers have not enlarged the crop to a great extent, and in some instances have produced no decided effect. Nelson county, Virginta—The wheat crop of Nelson was unusually promis- ing until a short time before harvesting, when, from excessive wet, it showed sigus of rust. This is proving to be much more damaging since threshing has commenced than had been anticipated. Sussex county, Virginia.—Most of the wheat crop bas been threshed, and the yield is not more than two-thirds the anticipated crop; quality average, and yield of straw enormous. Chowan county, North Carolina—The wheat crop of 1867 was a failure, and the present year there is not half the quantity raised. In many instances the farmers failed to get back the amount sown upon the land. Macon county, North Carolina.—Wheat yields less per acre than last year, but the deficiency is probably made up by the increased acreage. Prairie county, Arkansas—Have the best crops here we have had since 1862, which was the best crop year ever known in the county. Fayette county, Tennessee—Never was there such a disappointment in the yield of wheat. All previous estimates have failed since the grain has been threshed out. It is small and shrivelled, due to rust and smut; in some crops so poor as not to justify getting out. The average per acre will be very small, but the immense increase of acreage over last year accounts for the increase of sixty per cent. in the aggregate yield. Jefferson county, Missouri—The extremely hot weather, lasting from July 1st to 20th, lessened the crop about twenty per cent. in this county, still leaving us, we think, the largest crop since 1860. Vernon county, Missouri.—W heat much better than common, the dry weather seeming to increase the crop. 345 ‘ Shawnee county, Kansas.—I have travelled over the southern portion of Kansas, and find good crops of small grains, some fields of wheat of 30 acres yielding 33 bushels per acre. Wheat has been mostly threshed. The yield will average about 18 bushels to the acre. Dizon county, Nebraska—The damage done by the grasshoppers and dry weather, just before the wheat headed, turns out to be more extensive than at first supposed. Cedar county, Nebraska.—The wheat will not turn out as good as was expected the Ist of July. Clarke county, Iowa.—W heat, corn, and oats are better this year than ever known before. Boone county, Iowa.—In consequence of the favorable weather, and the sud- den disappearance of the grasshoppers about the 1st of July, the yield of wheat has far exceeded our expectations. Ford county, Illinois —Our wheat crop has come far short of our expecta- tions, both in quality and quantity. There was a larger breadth of land sown to spring wheat than usual; but the dry, hot weather and chin+h bug damaged it materially. From what I can learn, it will not yield over 12 bushels per acre, 52 pounds to the bushel. Warren county, Indiana—Our winter wheat is good, and the quantity exceeds that of last year two to one. Our spring wheat looked well and prom~ ised a good yield up to the time of cutting, but upon close examination it was found that the chinch bug had destroyed or damaged it very much, so as to reduce the quantity per acre to less than one-half that of last year; yet the quantity sown foots up, in the aggregate, three times the amount of last year. Fayette county, Indiana—The wheat threshed in this vicinity is falling at least 25 per cent. below the estimate of most farmers, ranging from 5 to 13 bushels per acre; averaging about eight bushels per acre. Wells county, Indiana—Our wheat yields well—best crop since 1864; is generally saved in good order without rain. Kosciusko county, Indiana.—W heat is not threshing as well as was expected, but, I think, will make a full average crop. Washington county, Ohio—We have just threshed in our neighborhood; the best crops of wheat yielded about 12 bushels per acre. Mr. J. S. Slow, one of our largest farmers, sowed about 100 bushels last fall, and had 300, mostly on good land. Green county, Wisconsin —W heat will not yield more than from 10 to 14 bushels per acre. The yield of straw was immense, but the grain was not there. I often hear such remarks as, “I had straw enough for 500 bushels of wheat, but I got only 250.” Washington county, Wisconsin—The winter wheat had a heavy growth of straw, but shrunk so badly that it is hardly marketable. Spring wheat ripened too quick, and is not as plump as in former years. The yield is from 11 to 27 bushels per acre, the average 15 bushels. Rock county, Wisconsin—Wheat, as far as threshed, indicates a yield of about 10 bushels per acre. Racine county, Wisconsin—Wheat lodged badly, and is much shrunk by long continued hot weather, reducing the yield fully one-half. Washtenaw county, Michigan—Wheat heavier than ever known before; that is, a greater growth of straw, which is “struck” with rust, and the berry a little shrunk; still the crop is immense for this section. Lapeer county, Michigan—Wheat is generally a very good yield, better than was expected before harvest. ~ Box Elder county, Utah.—The grasshopper visitation has caused a deficiency of wheat, as compared with an average crop. Much good fall wheat has been raised without irrigation this season. Generally, fall wheat was but little 346 injured by grasshoppers. Farmers talk of sowing wheat extensively this fall. InDIAN corN.—This crop is generally reported in fine condition, and in most sections is so rapidly maturing as to be in little danger from frost. In portions of the west, especially so in parts of Kansas and Nebraska, the drought and the grasshoppers have materially injured the crop; but the season since June has been generally favorable, and, with the unprecedented increase in the area planted—3,000,000 of acres, or about nine per cent.—there must be an immense aggregate yield of this great staple. New Hampshire reports the average con- dition of the crop September 1, as compared with same time last year, at 11 tenths, (or 10 per cent. better ;) Vermont, 13-tenths; Massachusetts, 10.4; New Jersey, 10.5; North Carolina, 10.8; South Carolina, 12.7; Mississippi, 11.5 ; Louisiana, 20; Texas, 10.5; Arkansas, 11; Tennessee, 11.4; Kentucky, 12; Illinois, 10; Ohio, 10; Wisconsin, 12; Minnesota, 13.1; Iowa, 10.9; while Maine indicates a decline to 9.3 tenths; Rhode Island, 9.6; New York, 9.9; Pennsylvania, 9.8; Delaware, 8; Maryland, 9.8; Virginia, 9.6; Georgia, 8.8; Florida, 8.5; Alabama, 8.5; West Virginia, 9.4; Missouri, 9; Indiana, 9.8; Michigan 9.2; Nebraska, 7; and Kansas, 5.8. A few extracts, indicative of the promise in the localities named, are given: Kosciusko county, Indiana —Siuce the rain, corn has come out beyond all expectation ; with a favorable fall it will be a full average crop, though it is quite late. Kankakee county, Illinois —We never had so good a prospect for a very large crop of corn as at present—some out of the way of frost; all will be by the 15th September, with good weather. Athens county, Ohio—The corn prospects have heen cut short by the grass- hoppers, especially in the low-lands; they have done immense damage, and are still operating. In some parts of our county hill-lands have suffered by drought. Allen county, Ohio.—Excessive dry weather in July and August has put the corn crop back. Harrison county, Iowa.—The corn crop is very promising, although some of it was planted late. The uncommonly hot summer has brought it on very rapidly, and if there is a favorable fall there will be more corn than ever before. Clarke county, Iowa.—Corn better than ever known before. Pawnee county, Nebraska—Corn injured by chinch bugs, by excessive dry weather, and by grasshoppers. These pests stopped only a few days with us, but they took the blades of corn and a part of the ears, leaving us a shorter crop than that of 1860. Franklin county, Kansas.—The corn crop is not as favorable as was expected about July. We have had a season of showers. In some localities corn is good. Late corn has suffered. Russell county, Kentucky—The weather has been very favorable to the growth of corn, and, although our prospect for a crop in May and June was dis- couraging, the crop has come forward rapidly, and should the season continue favorable we will make 20 per cent. more corn than last year. Greene county, Tennessee-—Our corn crop promised but little at the end of the great drought, but the rains have brought it wp wonderfully, except on poor land. Burke county, North Carolina.—Our farmers say the prospect for a big crop of corn was never better. King William county, Virginia.—Appearances indicate a good crop of corn. The early corn sufiered by the dry weather which prevailed about four weeks, but the chief portion of the crop was late, and the rains were in time to relieve it from suficiing severely. 347 Queen Anne county, Maryland.—Corn, on good, high land, has made wonder- ful improvement and looks finely ; in low and wet lands it is hopelessly gone. Hudson county, New Jersey —The extreme heat in July has advanced our corn finely, and we think we shall have a large crop. Bradford county, Pennsylvania —The drought of July greatly injured the corn. Corron.—The reports of condition of cotton are favorable in a majority of cases. The average planted was somewhat less than in 1867, but the culture is generally better, and the prospect of a fruitful yield more promising. The improvement is more marked in Texas than elsewhere. ‘From all sections of our State,” said our Galveston correspondent in August, “we have the most encouraging accounts of the coming cotton yield. The weather is extremely pro- pitious, and although we have occasional complaints from some sections, of the ° worms appearing, the season is too far advanced to fear extensive ravages from them. In the lower tier of counties picking has already commenced.” The August returns from Tennessee claimed a very favorable season for growth. Rutherford, one of the few counties in which cotton-growing is promi- nent, reports an improvement of 20 per cent. in condition, in 20 days, and repre- sents that “the fear is now that the plant is going to weeds; that the rain has been too abundant. A considerable reduction in acreage is to be noted, esti- mated three-tenths as compared with 1867. The crop of the county in 1867 was 20,000 bales. I estimate for this year, at 500 pounds seed cotton per acre, 16,200 bales.” ‘This indicates a decrease of 30 per cent. in acreage, and about 28 in yield. From Fayette, “cotton, though lessened as to acreage, has a fine appearance, and will come up to the average yield.” Louisiana, which has suffered in the cotton yield more than any other State since the war, is more prosperous this year. Some of our correspondents there report a decrease of one-third in acreage, and an increase in yield per acre of 20 to 30 per cent. From Georgia a few gloomy reports have been received. A drought of ten weeks injured certain sections of the State in the early part of the season, (May, June, and July,) and further injury resulted by excessively hot weather in August. In Decatur the cotton caterpillar has nrultiplied and destroyed from half to two-thirds of the crop; and the same pest is reported among the sea- island cotton of McIntosh county, and also the boll worm. Hot sunshine and heavy rains caused, in some places, the dropping off of bolls and squares, as in Columbia county, where a yield of 400 pounds of lint in certain fields is still counted upon. The following notes on cotton are appended : Henderson county, Texas—In some portions of our State the cotton worm has made its appearance. On the Trinity river, in Polk county, and also in Fort Bend and Brazos counties, on the Brazos river, the worm first appeared among the cotton between the 20th and 25th of July. The crop of this county promises very fine. No worms as yet. Rusk county, Texas——The cotton looks well. The cotton worm has appeared in small numbers, and may yet injure the crop, which will not be safe yet for 30 days. Marion county, Mississippi—The panic about the cotton “army worm” has subsided for the present. Monroe county, Mississippi.—The boll worm has commenced his destructive work in this county, and may yet ruin the crop. finds county, Mississippi—Cotton worm at work; little damage done yet by them; boll worm worse than ever known; season unpropitious. Prairie county, Arkansas——Have the best crops in this county since 1862 ; some of the farmers will have at least 14 bale per acre. Wake county, North Carolina —Cotton was kept back on stiff lands by 348 drought until August, when frequent rains stimulated the weeds too highly ; on light lands the prospect is good. : , Onslow county, North Carolina—Cotton and corn are 20 per cent. better than last year; though not an average yield in corn, it is about an average in cotton. Spartansburg district, South Carolina.—The cotton weed is large; but bolls few and small, and many of the blooms and squares dropping. Wilcox county, Alabama~—-The cotton worm (caterpillar) noticed July 20; three weeks of rain every day has caused them to spread faster than ever before. Nothing but hot, dry weather will save us any length of time. Leon county, Florida.—The caterpillar has just about finished the cotton of this county. Pike county, Mississippt.—The weather that sueceeded the rainy spell, by checking the rapid growth of the plants, caused the forms on the middle branches to fall off to some extent, and to this must be added the depredations of the boll worm; these two causes have affected the middle cotton, and hence I have materially reduced my estimate from last month. Notwithstanding this draw- back the crop is more than an average ; the weed is larger than it has been for years, and as the weather is now propitious the prospects of the crop are flat- tering; but the maturity of the top cotton and the consequent yield of the crop will depend on the lateness of the frost. Some fears of the army worm are expressed, but: the season is too far advanced for any serious injury to result from this cause. The planters are now generally picking, and the quality of the crop promises to be good. Tensas county, Louisiana.—The rainy weather has forced the cotton stalk along almost too much for some of the old planters, but with good weather in August there will be a large crop, if there are no caterpillars. There is some talk of worms about the parish, but I have not been able to see a genuine cot- ton worm yet. Hay.—Hay shows an increased product in all the northern States, except Illinois, which reports a decline of 2 per cent.; Wisconsin, 10 per cent.; and Kansas, 31 per cent.; and in each of the southern States, save South Carolina, where the decline is 12 per cent.; Florida, 10 per cent.; and Alabama, 1 per cent. In some of the States the increase is quite large—Louisiana reporting an advance of 35 per cent.; Delaware, 20 per cent.; Rhode Island and Minnesota, 13 per cent.; New York, 11.1 per cent.; Maine and New Hampshire, 9 per cent.; Vermont, New Jersey, and Michigan, 8 per cent.; Arkansas, Kentucky, Missouri, and Nebraska, 7 per cent. While the quantity is greatly increased the value is also largely enhanced by the superior quality of the crop, being har- vested in excellent condition. Oats.—The crop has not fully redeemed the promise before harvest, and in several States is reported considerably below an average yield. New York, Massachusetts, and Georgia show 9.2 tenths of a crop; Pennsylvania, 8.3; Virginia, 8.6; South Carolina, 8; Maryland, 6.2; New Jersey, 7.6; Rhode Isiand, 7, and Delaware only 3; but Missouri, Minnesota, and Vermont report 11.2; Kentucky, 11.8; Indiana and Tennessee, 10.9; Arkansas, 10.7; other States ranging from 9 to 10, which, with the increased acreage, will probably bring the crop up to a full yield. as compared with an average crop. Rye AND BarLey.—Rye and barley show no material changes from previous reports, the crops having been well harvested, with few complaints of bad con- dition. Buck wuerat.—A slight increase in acreage, with promise of fair product. Porarors.—Potatoes are not so promising as appeared at the date of our previous report, considerable damage having been done the crops by depreda- tions of the potato bug, which has appeared in various parts of the west in immense numbers, reference to which will be found under head of ‘ Extracts 349 from correspondence.” Comparatively little injury has been occasioned by the rot—more, perhaps, by the drought—and the greater area planted will insure a large crop, despite the local drawbacks named. SuGAR-cANE.—Sugar-cane indicates a considerably increased yield as com- pared with last year; Louisiana reporting an advance of 28 per cent.; Texas, 46 per cent.; Florida, 5 per cent.; while Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi main- tain an average yield. Hops.—Hops show a large increase in acreage, Wisconsin reporting an advance of over 70 per cent.; Minnesota, 43 per cent.; Michigan, 25 per cent. ; Jowa, 13 per cent.; Ohio, 12 per cent.; Missouri, 6 per cent.; Tennessee, ‘6 per cent.; New York, 18 per cent.; Maine, 25 per cent.; New Hampshire, 5 per cent.; and Vermont, 3 per cent. ‘The general condition of the crop is also somewhat better than last year. Tosacco.—Tobacco promises about an average yield in Vermont, Massachu- setts, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Alabama, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Indiana; in Michigan, Virginia, North Carolina, and Arkansas, 9 tenths of an average; New York, 9.5; Maryland, 7.7; Georgia, 9.1; Tennessee, 9.7; Mis- souri and Illinois, 8.6; Ohio, 9.8. AppLes.—Apples will prove a full crop in few States; in a majority not half a crop, and in several States almost an entire failure. Michigan reports 6 tenths of a crop; Ohio, 6.3; Wisconsin, 5.2; Indiana, 3.8; Illinois,4 7; Virgi- nia and Maryland, 3.8; Delaware, 2; Pennsylvania, 6.9; New Jersey, 4; New York, 7.3; Masssachusetts, alone, of all the Eastern, Middle, and Western States, claims more than an average yield. Peacues.—Peaches have been quite abundant in the south and in parts of the west, but in the middle States, to which, with Maryland, the great, cities look for their supply of this fruit, the yield has been very small; New Jersey, Maryland, and Delaware reporting very general failure of the crop. GRAPES.—Grapes in Vermont, New York, Alabama, Texas, West Virginia, Missouri, Kansas, Illinois, and Indiana, promise a good yield, while in few of the States is the crop set down at less than 9 tenths. Woo..—Wool shows a general decline in weight of fleece of from 3 to 5 per cent. as compared with an average product. Srock Hoes.——A considerable reduction is noted in the number of fatten- ing hogs, and also in their condition as to size and weight, as compared with the average of former years. This is especially true in the southern States, Louisi- ana alone showing increased numbers; of the western States, only Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, and Minnesota report above or up to an average stock. Indiana reports 9 tenths; Illinois, 8.5; Ohio, 8.9; Wisconsin, 9.5; Lowa, 9.3; Michigan, 9.7; Kentucky, 9; West Virginia, 9.1; the New England States, 95; and the Middle States, 9.4. 350 Table showing the condition of the crops, &c., on the first day of August, 1868. STATBS. New Hampshire.-...--.- Vermont Massachusetts -..---.---- PhodenSiand sets se se essen iar Connecwout se. s.= ING OW Saanendaa sceemcee iNew RIGISGYs 2222 - soot sect Pennsylvania-.---------- Delaware Maryland (essen a ojecsin = =n NASA) oe See ees te Nonthi @anolinace..s5-6/525- South Carolina. -...-.---- Ga@Raii) 45526 8256554 soe Florida PMA DAMA ee veces See niene see Mississippi WOUISIaNA ces es eles sees Texas ENnNe@SSEG2.2—-15 + soe.-/<'= West Virginia Kentucky Missouri MUCHIO BI «5-0, sac snis isles Wisconsin -- Minnesota MAGEE? - oko eee ee IN Glos Walmer sis are acie cs a,5e Quantity of winter wheat, com- pared with 1867. Quantity of spring wheat, com- pared with 1867. WHEAT. | Total quantity, taking winter and spring wheat together, com- pared with 1867. | Total quantity of rye, compared RYE. with 1867. BARLEY| OATS, | CORN. BUCKWHEAT, Condition of barley, compared with 1867. Condition of oats, compared with 1867. Ist day of August, compared Averave condition of corn on the with 1867. co Ol ® lor) — ae ae 10. _— oS ft =) 10. 10. ‘ wo = 0 © m 1 W Ot amwet & ® a > 6 — or Ww WwW eH OW ao we D&D & . or — m4 eore e = DO = a so) — © @W — Oe OOM Ee AK — 2 w~w oe A - DH Go m 1 O09 WM CO em Orme COC M S PW m= SC) Ol On co or or) Bm On D> = © wor oO Ww on the lst d with day of August, compare _with last year. last year. Average acreage sown, compared Average condition on 9.6 9.3 10, 3 obi! eh tli 8.6 8.6 9.3 9 10.2 9.8 ot Shi 10.5 | 10 10.4 | 10.2 Bh 8) ONG 10 9.8 10 10 10 10 i0 8.3 $58) Shi 10 9.9 10.1 | 10.5 10,1 9.7 Ox8 Shit 27 9.3 10 10.1 9.8 9 10 whit 10.6} 10.6 1.5 9.8 9.5 8.9 15.65} 12.4 351 Condition of the crops, &c.—Continued. Quantity of hay of all kinds, compared with last year. ons BEANS.| goat, aes Jae teed Se ce ee | Se Sag| s°| 58] 8 S 3 5 aay a fe. [ee ee ee MVE MIITG) a) royce re ee Ch eee coat LOS Dae as |e se Se 1 ea | Ord (OLD 3) 10LS New Hampshire .....-...---.-- Oe La (OP Ad ge A Ose lee eo es Wienmonti soc ak soe seca So Deal LOMAS eee 9.5 | 10.5°} 11 11.4 Massachusetts tos+ acjacejsce4 Ss LORGe ISS OLE LOSS OSS WetOe | atOsS nodemistan dts. sete cnc eee 10 LOSS Nee 10 LOSS e105 55) 8055 Wonnech Cue sss eso ssismse 5 eis i eer AOSGH OTA a0 HUES enw ernie Bott oy ie re 9 LOR OES. Sait Oe satan 10.6 ING wvccherseyyy es oo Se oat Sth LOA) ON4As SS GN 058 1G | LON) Wis PENNA VARIA. 222 kama Doli) 9655p 9.53), 9. 9°).10.5:).00.4: ates IDLO Pie ee aes Seer eae 10 LOCSal Geo te 12 12 12:2 Ninnylandesee sae Seo eh nee eS 2 OFS ONOMmee dal TOcoe|) toucai al Ose ehO “TLS SE TES a Rp 9.6 | 10.2} 9.5] 10.2 | 10.1 | 10.5 | 10.7 Norhh Carolinatess 6S s22 od ee 10.2 | 10 Bore 9°67] 95S Tes ORS MouinCArolinal-s:csc ss. o5428e HOS TaeLO Beale ee eo 1! | 10 GS EOLMIAR ens esa cis tot ea cee | 8645) “822 (8:6 | LONG FS eG IPLGTNOKY iS eae Sat S Sea a a 11 9 PSE ORS ee eee te eee eres Me cree JAISIORY TENE 28 See mess eee Oe Gatied eae LO ia eae | Ee ae 9.6 | 11 IMESSISSIP Plein c.ceacisc tence Saee LSS LAOS Ag Sees | ae 10.6 | 10 GO IS AAG el ye esi ois, aS TosBalt So 2hs3 Uh aac) (eieseeree ae 102 Slee ANE) LSS Se ee ee APS LORD SY Giiewaces LOU see ee PATTER OSES ARIA eee EE a eee 152 a POSSE ite oe LOS gal Se Le tOS Gs) ao PLENNESSECE L ciiS se he ecto n nase OMA ee Sareea 4 Og Ose ha Oe ESO WiestAV Ironia 2.25.2 ones 3 Seek 9.1 | 10 Shem Oke? | Eas a eee |) a Rontucky e413 ccaec se eee 12 HOSA PLE) 10040) 10565) Oz Gat MISSOURI. ae )or Sys Soe ee 9 9.3 | 10 AOLAG es Over ein 10 MU O18 Fe Se55\ 3s Sane eet de OeSr10 LOD 4S OE SS OLS) | ORS n oes intiana te 2s eee ee tee 9.4] 9 LOSS 105 69) TONG | SOS Gr Oi GREE se ait. Seber Re ae in 10 10 10.7 | 10 10.6 | 1053) 1056 Michiganima aaa a5. < 8.2 Sem oon] OSG eLOs sa) eit 10.6 Wisconsin: -S-esseee cone os. Te Opite Gatel 9: Ole, 9. Sel. Ooo leks 10.3 Minnesota’ 2215254 epiaeee neo OFMeilonl pice ls elie ld. alias hose WOWs., .-'2 ==> Jie dee eee LOS SH Oya ht 10.6 | 10 10.2 | 10.3 IKGSAS ©; 15) 3. Boas. eee eee 7 Beas es bide Sate 10 9.6 NGOS (oe seen Sacco cee LOSS SSRs TOLLS il 11 352 Condition of the crops, §c—Continued. PAS- TOB’CO, | TURES. ES STATES. “a os > & 58 = MAIO neeeen ce saeute ce ae ee ae ee 10.7 New Hampshire ............ aanaeieiee = 10.3 WIGTHIONG Re Aah 522% 5c ceteehie mee anes 10.7 WMessachusetis 908s) B23 9 Bt) CONS i Ono A LO 8.3 Nad esr ac Dele ee | 07, 7h ae 2 seb leseese 8 8 7 9. isdoees ides | Ont = Sy 5 kOe 652 9288), Oo 21110 8 8.7 8. 45a eee as 8 Roy Saco S56. O26 ohOs eno ean ago. 2 9,2 9.3 5 INFIC2 Ufa) 9.6 8.8 | 10 10.8 8.5 ONT, 9,4 10 wel 10,2 Sec secu ON Aa sated 8 12S. 25-4 OS uloa 9. 6. ae 9.5 Geormia 24.0") 9,15) 79, 4 9995) 8:8) 10 10.2} 9.3 9.5 10 8 TG SIC ETE BS See eee eee ae 10 SaDulesse ee HOS SS Ee Se oer se 10 4 Alabama| 8 OOM TOL Sue Oe Ssoo| ween 9.7 | 10 10.5 10.2 7.8 Misseee-|) v6u8) | 956.1 79 Oey elinon ete sees pil econ | MLO ne ileal 12 9.1 Nigeeces eee etree ore ly 10 AO | eee aloe ay OT Da 12 Jol Texas __| 4.8 Sas 9,4 9.8 | 10.5 9 Lone LOS2 Ie 12.8 12 Arkansas} 9.1 | 10 Pere igi (ering Wt Bees idl tb 10. 4 10.5 TO: Siete Tenn...| 9.1 | 9.5] 9.7 | 10.9] 11.4] 11.4] 10.2] 9.6 9,7 9.6| 98 W. Va../ 10.1} 9.9] 10 G6) US: 44) 927-1 9;8'| 9.5 8 9.3: | aueut Mey) 8) 8261 199. 49.5 OB 00,3} 10.2 |. 1022] ~ 11.1. | OZR aaa Missouri| 10.6 | 10.5 | 10.1] 11.2} 9 8.51 8 9.7 7 9 9.7 Illinois .| 9.2] 9.8] 9.5] 9.3] 10 9 8.4} 9.2 eh 8.7| 9.4 Indiana.| 10.6 | 10.9] 10.1] 10.9} 9.8] 9.8] 91] 9.3 7a GU eset Ohio. 221/10 42804 .09. 2"). 10. 2:10 8.31 88] 9.4 7.5 Goh Ga, Mich ..-; 10.5 | 10.6] 10.5| 9.4] 9.2] 9.7] 8&7] 86 7 Ce Ee Wis ....| 9.8] 10 O27) 9.2 12) 4 a0. | 9:94) 75 GEOR EUnAaiuenst 8 Minn ...| 11.4 | 10.5 | 11.2 | 11.21 13.1]10 | 10.5 | 10.6 oo) Pa ee Iowa...| 9.5] 9.5] 9 9.1110.9} 9.5] 8.7 | 10.2 al 9 Lens Kansas .! 10.8 | 10.4 | 10.1! 10.4] 5.8] 9 684) 9 5 Oo. dae Nab. 9.81 10.2] 9.7] 10 ri 7.6) 5.91] 10.1 7.9 6: dae | 554 Condition of the crops, &c—Continued. SUGAR CANE, (not/APPLES.|PE’CH’S |GRAPES sorghum.) STATES. compared with an average pros- Condition September 1, 1868, as pect of crop. Maino settee eroeccee New Hampshire - |-. ----.-. Vermont Massachusetts . -. |- Rhode Island Connecticut New eYorkseeeae. |e New Jersey Pennsylvania - --|- Welaware seees cy == Manyland 2 <2 e225 |see so Nita Gao geo melee seer Worth) Carolinasen |sseccee- South Carolina -. 10. 3 (Ceormian ere eos 10 lonidasee eee 10.5 Alabama <== -.4: 10 Mississippi -.-. -- 10 Woui signa ee ae oe) sh ae WMexasi sow as 14.6 Anrkansastetects eo yess nae Tennessee... 2.5. }jccce. -- West Virginia’ <2 }52-5522- INGMMCIG7 5 socace 10 Missounige sen ee ans eee MiMo1s,s Met <2 oleae indiana 2 eat eee ee OM Oe Sock 8 al eee noha LG TCE) «ae (ee Wisconsiniees) Join oye see Minnesota s2.2./).25.2.42 Mowapeeee cess celasccse IKansasiemeecce re (aettocs S compared with an average pros- Condition September 1, 1868, as pect of crop. ¥ 8.7 Iw GS Re wo ee) wo on () Amount of crop, as compared with an average one, Se IH WW & WwW ow seers Condition September 1, 1868, as compared with an avera pect of crop. ge pros- HOPS. Acreage of hops, compared with last year. 1868, as compared with an ayer- Condition of crop September 1, age prospect of crop. S22 co @ 11 wo @ Oo Ol — ht ite OU ~~ = OD DO © © © w Ww STOCK HOGS. | WOOL. |TOB’CO. with an average clip. pared with an average crop. and size, as compared with an Condition September 1, 1868, as compared with an average pros- Condition of same as to weight Weight of fleece, as compared Number for fattening, as com- 5 a & 2 Ba o os} Py 9.3 | 9:6)) sO87 a eee 10 9.8 | 9:4) iaeee 9.2 | 10 9, edo 9.5 | 10 9.5} 10 9.3 | 10 9.6) |.aee 9.4 | 10 9.7 I 1985: 9.4 | 10 9.8! 10 9,5.| 9.9). 9.7 | >aom a 110 110 9,7 | 9.7 | 10 77 8.1 1.9.1 | 29,8 Re 8.1.) 9.1 | hee 5.7 1.08 | AON 7.5110.21,.9.9] 91 G51 WL ere 11 7.41 8.5 | 10 10.1 6 9.3 | 10 10.3 10.7) | 10.) | 10 15 8°) .10.5)) 8) 5n mae 9.5 | 10.7 | 10.4} 10.1 8.61 9.9] 9.8] 97 9.1| 9.2/9.6). %9ne 9 | 10 9:9 |. 9n9 10.1 | 9) 7°) Oa aes 8.5.) 9/4) (Ore eet 9 9.7 | 9:84 adoat 8.9 |) (9:3) 9.8 9.71 9.84 9.7 a8 9.5110.3| 9.8| 9.9 10, 9 i 10:4’) 10sai eames 9.30" | et 10 10 9.7|10.1] 9 10:1) 10) aONee exe 355 EXTRACTS FROM CORRESPONDENCE. THE TAPPAHANNOCK WHEAT. Braxton county, West Virginia—We have been trying the Tappahannock wheat for the past two years in the small quantities sent out from your depart- ment, and the conclusion is that it is ten days earlier than any other kind, better grain, well filled, large yield, and free from rust and weevil, and is well adapted to this country. ‘The red Mediterranean has also been tried, and found to be early, well filled, large grain, and free from rust and weevil, but not as large yield as the Tappahannock, but well suited to the country. The old Blue Stem has been much injured by the red weevil in the same field with the Tappa- hannock and red Mediterranean. I think the Tappahannock will prove a val- uable acquisition to this section, and under this impression we are careful with what little we have, so that all our farmers may get a start. Coffee county, Tennessee—The Tappahannock wheat, I am satisfied, will prove a success in this latitude. From the package sent me in 1866 I raised seed for about four acres. Last season it stood well through the hard winter, and has made beautiful wheat as well as a good yield. The white Mediterranean and white California sent me last fall were both carefully planted in drills, came up and grew luxuriantly, but cid not stand the hard freezes of winter, and I did not save a grain of it. Amelia county, Virginia.—Of 20 varieties of wheat tried here the preference is given to the ''appahannock, which is now to be found on nearly every planta- tion.. Sown properly from the 20th of September to the 10th of October, it will ripen from the 10th to the 25th of June, and in most cases escape the rust, which destroys much of our wheat, and this year injured late-seeded crops. Hardin county, Ohio—¥ rom the quart of Tappahannock wheat sent me from the department I have raised 20 quarts of handsome, plump grain, fully equal, if not superior, to sample. This must be the grain for our section. CROPS IN KANSAS. Davis county, Kansas.—Our principal crop (corn) during the month of July was almost completely cut off by the extreme hot winds. During the first part of the month the corn appeared to wilt and the leaves curled up; in a few days the green, rich color, common to our cornfields, vanished, and, instead, the dry, parched, earless and dead stalks only were to be seen, where, in June, we prophesied the largest corn crop ever raised in Kansas. Many of our farmers believe it is not drought which has destroyed our crops; they argue that the chinch bug is the destroyer. I am inclined to believe, how- ever, that the prime cause of failure is drought. Plenty of rain, in my opinion, would have enabled the crops to withstand all the attacks of bugs, &c. During a residence of 12 years in Kansas I have never seen so complete a failure of crops as we have this year. I am told that in eastern Kansas crops are good. I have been considerably over the western portion of the State and pronounce it a great failure of crops. The grasshoppers are now upon us by the million, and are harvesting the little corn not destroyed by the drought. Many of our late immigrants on the border will be compelled to return this fall to the eastern States to winter. Many are discouraged, but the greater part of the farmers will remain and try again next summer. 356 TOO MANY ACRES. Our Marion county, Iowa, reporter, writing in reference to the condition of farm crops in that county, adds: We have again a very striking exemplification of the very foolish, in fact almost insane, rage for putting out large crops in acres. At least one-third of the small grain in this county has suffered damage and loss from want of care and attention at the proper time. Small farmers, and moderately large farmers, have their work well in hand, while the large farmers are literally and univerally overrun and run over with work that they cannot get done in season, and perhaps not at all. GRASSHOPPERS IN NEBRASKA. Merrick county, Nebraska.—Corn, buckwheat, beans, potatoes, apples, peaches, grapes, &c., are a total failure. I will give you the facts on my little farm. From Monday, 3d, to Friday, 7th of August, the grasshoppers destroyed 45 acres of corn, which was better than an average crop, four acres of potatoes, one acre of Lima and other beans, 2,430 head of nice cabbage, one acre of watermelons, one acre of onions, one acre cucumbers, one acre ruta bagas, two acres buck- wheat, and all the herbs in my garden, as well as grape-vines, and took nearly all the leaves from more than 50,000 shade trees of various kinds. ‘They even ‘chew tobacco,” for, in company with a green worm and green man, they chewed up my Connecticut seed-leaf tobacco plants. My sorghum stands unhurt. I will say that on Thursday, 6th, when they commenced leaving for the south, they obscured the sun somewhat. Their line of operations extended east from here (140 miles) to Omaha, and west about 100 miles. CHESTER WHITE PIGS. Dr. Edwards, of Alleghany county, New York, renorts the gain of 226 pounds in 88 days, by a pair of Chester county white pigs, upon 315 pounds of meal and a pailful daily of whey or sour milk. The meal was boiled with a little salt. Their weight, July 10, 1867, the time of purchase, was, respectively, 65 and 55 pounds. For a portion of the time they also had the run of a clover field. HOG CHOLERA. Coffee county, Tennessee—The crop of stock has been reduced within the last two months by cholera, so called, the destruction still progressing. THE POTATO BUG. Green Lake county, Wisconsin.—The potato bug ( Ten-line Spearman) con- tinues its ravages till many fields are destroyed, and others partially so. A remedy has been found, however, which promises to check if not entirely remove them. It is as follows: One part Paris green (paint, so called) and five parts ashes, mixed and sifted on the hills while the dew is on, in the morning or evening. So far as used it seems effectual, and I think the trials have been numerous enough to warrant a recommendation of the remedy. Brown county, Wisconsin.—The potato bug has destroyed all potato erops, except in those fields small enough to be picked over daily by hand. Vernon county, Wisconsin.—The potato crop almost entirely destroyed by bugs. ees county, Wisconsin.—The potato bugs have made their appearance in small numbers, but we think they have come too late to do the crop much injury. The bug is destroying the crop in Bayfield county, 20 miles east of us down the lake, and 18 miles west of us it is doing great damage. Jackson county, Wisconsin—The potato bug and drought have severely injured the crops. OST Bayfield county, Wisconsin —The potato bug has destroyed nearly all our crops. Appanoose county, Iowa.—The potato crop is almost ruined by the ravages of the potato bug, both the Colorado and the old striped bug, the latter literally covering the ground, and flying from place to place, and even swarming in the dwellings, gardens, &c. Des Movnes county, Iowa.—The potato bugs (the old kind) in immense num- bers have stripped our potatoes of their leaves. Lee county, lowa—The old-fashioned potato bug is very numerous, and is doing much damage. Sangamon county, Illinois —The Colorado potato beetle is not so bad as last year, but the dry weather and the old-fashioned potato beetle ( Lytta vittata) are injuring the crop not a little. Cumberland county, New Jersey—A few of our potato patches have been attacked by the potato bug and been completely stripped of their leaves. Morrow county, Ohio—Potatoes never promised better until two weeks ago, when the striped bug appeared and has been very destructive. Mahoning county, Ohio——The potato bugs are very bad through the county ; many fields have been eaten up. Marion county, Ohio—The potato bugs are doing great injury to the crop, but more potatoes have been planted this year, and many are doing well. Geauga county, Ohio.—The potato bug has made unusual ravages in some parts of this county. Tippecanoe county, Indiana.—Late potatoes nearly a failure, owing to the bugs and drought. THE SPANISH FEVER. Soporus, CHAMPAIGN COUNTY, ILLINOIS, August 4, 1868. Your favor is received, saying you have Professor Gamgee investigating this desperate malady now killing our cattle. After a careful consideration of all the facts in the case, I offer for your con- sideration the following : SYMPTOMS WHILE LIVING. First. Fever, dead appearance of the hair, and a slight swelling between the inferior maxillary bones, accompanied, in most cases, with a dull look of the eyes. Bee sea) A hacking cough, drooping of the head and ears, dragging, reeling walk, breathing hurried, and in odor resembling the first stages of gangrene in man. In milch cows, a sudden failure of the milk; the animal shows distress, frequently lying down, and almost always rising immediately and walking about. In most cases the bowels are found constipated, but are normal; others scour ; in nearly all the urine is bloody. T'o a close observer it will now be seen that the animal is fast passing into the third stage. From the first, all will be struck with the sudden failure of flesh. Third, The breathing is more hurried, panting; rises with great difficulty ; breath very offensive; nose resting on the ground, a yellow mucus constantly running from the nose. If the animal can rise at all it gets up first with its hind parts, and showing evident signs of paralysis of the whole body, with almost constant jerking of the tendons and reaching of the head and neck. At this point death soon comes to the poor sufferer, some dying in spasms, some are delirious. 2 358 POST MORTEM, In three I found the right lung slightly diseased, but not sufficient to cause death. I may as well state here that the lungs are not the seat of the disease. The slight cough is caused by the free flow of mucus in the air passages, being caused by a suspension of vital power. The air passages and lungs of all are found covered with this yellow mucus. In some, the kidneys are found enlarged ; in all they are very black. The covering does not Seem to have undergone any organic change, but the pulp is congested, acid, and very tender. Here, too, you find effusion, the cavity being full of bloody urine. More marked traces of disease are found in the spleen; in all cases it is found enlarged, pied, and very tender. A very characteristic change is found in the bile, it is con- verted into a black, thick, granulated mass, that will hardly run, and the portion of liver to which the sack adheres is gangrenous. The bladder does not show any change in texture, but contains a large amount of bloody urine, generally very offensive to the smell. In some cases the bladder is enormously distended, the bladder and contents of one weighing nine pounds. In some the heart and its covering show evident signs of a diseased condition of the blood, to wit, the pericardium and heart being spotted by blood extra- vasations. in a tew cases the same have been found under the skin. I will here remark, before I proceed any further, that sufficient evidence is here found to prove conclusively that if it is not a blood poison from the first, the vitality of the blood is soon destroyed in part. In all cases I found the liver congested, tender, and the pulp black. In some it is normal in size. The spinal cord, as far as examined, in color is nor- mal, but too soft; in some places the covering shows congestion, and here, too, is found the same yellow effusion. In one, the thyroid gland was found enlarged, but from what cause could not be told. In the second stomach evident traces of a high grade of inflammation is found, probably from some local poison, as the manifolds in nearly all are found morti- fied. In a few cases I have seen drops of blood standing on the animal before death, and reliable men tell me of the same. The nostrils, fauces, and respiratory passages are found covered with this yellow mucus, or serum. It is also found deposited in the areolar tissue, and in a few cases large quantities were found in the cavity of the body. Nor is this strange when we take into consideration the congested condition of the liver and yellow appearance of the fluid. The above are the anatomical conditions of the parts so far as I have been able to go. Not having time to investigate all, | here offer you a few facts in regard to the Texas cattle : First. Are they diseased ¢ They are; at least some of them, and this can be proved by good men. I deprecate the necessity of having to differ with high authority. But when proof looks you in the face as plainly as it has in this it should not be passed by or covered up. Go to the farmers, and all who have seen these cattle, and they will tell you that the Texas cattle, when sick, had the same symptoms that our sick cattle had. Ask the men that had them in Chicago what was the matter, and they will tell you that they had been hurt on the cars. Who ever heard before of sick steers by shipment only 230 miles by rail and there were between two and three hundred died. One man at Tolono told me “he had skinned 170 himself,” and that ‘“ part of them were injured so as to cause death, but their vital organs were healthy.” Also, that part had died of disease, and the same organs in the Texas cattle 359 were found diseased as in our native cattle that had died of what we call Span- ish fever. One Texas steer was so badly diseased as to cause marked attention, and his spleen was found to be three feet long and fifteen inches wide. If it should become necessary, I can, at any time, bring forward the affidavits of good men in proof of the above statement. This disease is not like the r7nderpest of Europe, nor is it like the pleuro pneumonia of the eastern States. Any careful observer can readily detect the difference in the symptoms. It is to be.regretted that some of our agricultural papers have been duped into the error of calling them the same disease. So far, the facts point to the Texas cattle being diseased, and it is probably confined to localities in the south. ‘That part of them were diseased is proved by post mortem examination. It is a singular fact that the diseased cattle will eat dry food to the last. I saw one in particular that took water and old corn, chewed her cud, and licked herself a few hours before death, and this is not an uncommon thing. I am sorry to be compelled to differ so widely with Professor Gamgee. As to his theory of eating certain kinds of plants in the south, not injurious to them, and retained until they arrive here, when it is thrown off in the excrement and proves poisonous to our cattle, it is not probable. If it were true, the meat of the Texas cattle would be poisonous to man. Any plant containing sufficient poison to render the urine or feces poisonous to other cattle, three to twelve weeks after eating it, would poison the cattle that eat it. Tf these cattle leave 'Texas in March or April, feed on dry feed on the way, and arrive here in July or August, they will hardly have the same food in them that they ate in Texas. It is now proved that the native cattle will take the disease from the Texas cattle when separated by afence. This being the case, how can it be the drop- pings from the Texas cattle? These native cattle have not been out of their pasture since the Texas cattle came, nor for some time before. The Professor says: “ Native cattle will not give it to other native cattle.” How does he know this? His first visit to Tolono was on the 1st of August, and the second visit to Tolono and this place on August 5th, and his report was made on the 7th, two days after his last visit. The first case of fever was on the 27th of July, being eleven days to test the reality of our native cattle giv- ing the disease to others. He hints at characteristic signs of blood disease, but will not, as yet, own it. May not a solution of this desperate malady be found in some one of the para- site tribe, developed under certain conditions, and killing both Texas and native eattle, when circumstances favor its development ? The above is worthy of consideration. We have the trichina in the hog, and the proof that the hog will fatten with this parasite in it, while if man partakes of the meat infested it is sure death. It would seem that under some peculiar law of development they gen- erate in man faster than in hogs; so it may be with the Texas cattle disease, and if it should prove to be true the changes could be accounted for. The above is submitted for consideration, feeling thankful if I can only be the means of causing investigation to be made, whereby the cause and cure of this awful malady may be found out and made public. Respectfully, A. CATRON. Hon. Horace Capron, Commussvoner of Agriculture. Our Ford county, Illinois, correspondent states that the Spanish fever has been prevalent in that county for some time past; about forty cows having died 360 from it, up to the time of writing, in the village of Paxton, and one hundred head of cattle within a semicircle of five miles from northwest to southeast. The disease can be traced directly to Texas cattle landed at that station from the Illinois Central railroad. The same disease prevails in Iroquois county, and from the same cause. DISEASH AMONG HORSES AND MULES. GEORGETOWN, WILLIAMSON CouNnry, TEXAS, September 4, 1868. Sir: In one of my reports to the department last fall I called attention to a fatal disease that had made its appearance among our stock horses, running on the range in this and adjoining counties. It was first introduced in this section by the cavalry horses of San Antonio and Austin. About 20 per cent. of the one and two year old colts died from this disease last fall and winter. It is now more malignant than ever, mostly confined to the young colts, and is spreading fearfully throughout this portion of the State. Out of 50 young colts on my ranch 20 have died, and several more probably will die. Not over one-half that are taken with it recover, and those that have it late in the season go into the winter so poor they are apt to die before spring. It is very seldom that the oider stock take it; when they do it appears to be lighter than with the colts. So far I know of no remedy that appears to be of much benefit. We gave plenty of salt and sulphur; some of my neighbors think it makes the disease lighter and less fatal, but I cannot discover it. The first symptoms are, the animal appears to droop, and in a few days swells between the fore legs near the breast, often as large as a man’s head ; this sweiling is very hard. It seldom breaks, but sometimes discharges a little yellow, bloody water. After about ten days the swell- ing appears to dry up and become honey-combed; or rather, small, hard, white, corny sub- stances protrude one-eighth of an inch over the diseased parts. I have counted over fifty of these cores (or whatever they may be called) on a space six inches square. Some, when apparently nearly well, swell out the second time, which generally proves fatal. They occa- sionally swell on other parts of the body or head, but not often. My observation is, that the best blooded stock sutters most. Ts this a new disease? If an old one, what is the remedy? Can you throw any light on the subject? I wish to draw the attention of the scientific to this most fatal disease. I will add that most of the young colts became very tickey in the month of June. To remove these we used a preparation of tallow and sulphur. One or two applications freed them from these pests. Could it be that the head of this insect, by remaining in the flesh, poisoned the blood and produced the swelling? I think not, from the fact that we have generally used the same remedy for 17 years with no such consequences. I fear that, unless some remedy is discovered for this fearful malady, it will sweep over the vast prairies of our State, and the losses may equal those of the Old World last year, with the rinderpest among their cattle. I will watch this disease closely, and report to you, from time to time, its progress. R. E. TALBOT. Hon. HORACE CAPRON, Commissioner. Waterproof, Tensas Parish, Louisiana—The disease called ‘‘charbon” has commenced its ravages in our immediate neighborhood. It attacks mules, cattle, and horses, in the order stated. There is a prospect now of its making a clean sweep of all the mules in the county. It is spreading from one place to another rapidly, and as yet no one has succeeded in curing any cases. The animal first shows ‘signs of being sick by drooping and lag- ging. On ciose examination there wiil be found a lump somewhere about the neck or shoulders, or perhaps in the flank. ‘his swelling grows rapidly. The animal lias a high fever, and generally eats and drinks to the last. Some die within 12 hours after the disease manifests itself, and some live five or six days. Generally they die in 36 to 48 hours. The cause of this fatal disease is yet wrapped in mystery. MARK ANDREWS, M. DPD. 361 EXPERIMENTS WITH THE POTATO BUG. Edwin Reynolds, our Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, correspondent, writes as follows of his experience with the potato bug: I planted potatoes May 7 and 8; the field 30 by 8 rods; planted east and west. In the centre I planted 10 rows of early varieties, which came up much sooner than the main field, and some days earlier than the Early Goodrich, planted side by side at the same time. On the 26th full grown bugs (two) made their appearance, the field being 80 rods from where potatoes had been before; 27th, ten were destroyed; 28th, thirty; 29th, sixty-seven; 30th, thirty; 31st, fifteen—up to which time all were on about a rod of ground. June 1, two other small spots were infested, when I came to the conclusion that the price of potatoes was eternal vigilance. Therefore, with two paddles in hand, I scrutinized every hill myself, destroying bugs and larvee until the 22d, when the larvee that I had overlooked became crawling slugs and so numerous that I resorted to a pan and stick, knocking them off and destroying them. This I practiced until July 5, when I was told by a farmer from Iowa that one pound Paris green and four pounds dry ashes sifted and well mixed, applied to the infested vines while the dew was on, was sure death to the bugs and no injury to the vines. I tried it, and to my ereat satisfaction found it to be so. I used the composition, passing over the field twice a week, and kept the bugs subdued until the leaves had become too tough for their food, and they have disappeared. It will be noticed the bugs appeared in my field in patches. Many conjectures arose in my mind, as to whether they were deposited in the ground last fall or flew in the night from one field to another. I came to the former conclusion, for had they flown in the night they would have been more evenly distributed over the field. I would recommend planting in fields of long narrow strips, and, at least once in two rods, plant the earliest varieties across the piece, that the bugs in the ground may be destroyed before the main field is up, as they will surely concentrate on the earliest varieties. [ would further recommend that planting be done with single eyes, say five in a hill, that they may crow single stalks in order to more closely detect the larvee as they are deposited on the under side of the leaves. The most convenient method of destroying the bugs is by using a pair of tongs made of nail-rod. With such an instrument bugs and eggs can be kept off for some time with as little labor as using the Paris green and ashes, and saving the cost of the pigment. A neighbor of mine planted potatoes on ground that grew potatoes the year before, and when covermg them found from three to seven full-grown bugs on each potato. PISCICULTURE. In a recent letter to the Commissioner, Seth Green writes as follows in reference to his labors in pisciculture : Last spring I visited the James, Potomac, Susquehanna, Delaware, Hudson, Connecticut, and Merrimac rivers, and find that all the fisheries are failing, a less number of shad, herring, alewives, etc., being taken each year. The chief cause of this decline is the great amount of fishing tackle used on the rivers, the take being greater than the increase. ‘The rivers can aJl be restocked artificially, but not without legislation. The fishermen want to take the last fish, but no one of them will do any hatching for fear some other fisherman may take some of the fish. The season varies in all the rivers. After a certain season in each river there should be no fish taken except for artificial propagation. The rivers must be farmed from one end to the other. You might as well undertake to raise produce on one farm to feed a country as to hatch fish enough at one fishery to stock the river. They should be hatched at every fishery, and when the fishermen put back in the river 1,000 fish for every one taken out there will be plenty of fish, and that will be done when the legislatures make laws recommended by the commissioners of fisheries. But when the fish commissioner prepares a bill, after long expe- rience and careful consideration as to what is requisite and proper, the legislator thinks a few minutes to see if he or his friends are to be interfered with, and strokes his beard very know- ingly; and there are so many such to convince that you are right, that it is almost impossible to get a bill through. I think the hot weather has killed a great many fish in all the rivers and bays. On the 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, and 16th of July, the water in the Connecticut river stood at from 82 to 83 degrees. I saw many dead shad in the river, and the fatality must have been much greater in the less rapid rivers, bays lakes, and ponds, and I think it a serious loss to the country. I began to operate June 18, at Holyoke, on the Connecticut river, and hatched about 362 40,000,000 shad by July 12, when the water became so warm that it cooked the spawn in the boxes. Shad cannot be hatched successfully in water warmer than 78 degrees. Shad spawn cannot be carried more than two days’ journey. All the water of this country can be filled with fish adapted to them, Every acre of water is worth two acres of land if properly farmed. Most persons suppose that it can be done at trifling expense. It can be done cheap, but it cannot be done for nothing. Spend one-thousandth part of the sum spent in tilling the land, in tilling the water, and fish may be sold in our markets at two cents per pound. I hatched about 500,000 trout last season and sold about 500,000 impregnated trout spawn. Those who followed my directions hatched a fair proportion. I send the spawn to any part of the United States by express, and have sent them to the Rocky mountains by mail and express. The young fish can be sent almost any distance if sent in January or Febru- ary. In hot weather they do not carry well. I have trout growing in almost every State in the Union. All the spring streams in the country can be stocked with trout. I spent two weeks on the Hudson river and hatched a few shad, but I cannot do anything without legislation. SCUPPERNONG WINE. The following is the analysis of a sample of Scuppernong wine forwarded to this department by Mr. J. W. Page, of Bath, Maine: Suspended matter.....-...-- chime ee te ok eee neE Pee 0.13 per cent. BOO KibiyaeiOn tetera as ticle as serecewledinn Bi cence ee 10.23 do. HG Ne iio yarns) ire ey See RE eet Ra og ae 12.50" “de: eee PI RCURE or cnc csc maccce sein othe Rot ee ae ee ere 2.50 do. ANG, SUPA Sc. mic,5 nei ERE Re ae A Reine onic ace sha ate 2.90 do: IEGNAGES cl Si. neo Seats Sane eis t Bvhvcic? Sic erat cited 8.02 do. In reply to sundry questions in reference to the manufacture and treatment of the wine, Mr. Page writes as follows: et answer your inquries about the Scuppernong wine in the order in which they are made. ist. The wine was pressed the last week in September, 1863; the cask kept full and flow- ing at the bung until October 11th, when it was plugged up, a gimlet-hole vent being occa- sionally opened the following three or four days, when it also was stopped. On the first of November it was taken from the first floor to the second floor of the house, where it remained subject to ail the variations of the seasons of the low country of Carolina, until it was shipped north in December, 1865. Since that time it has remained undisturbed, on the bilge, in a cool inner cellar where the temperature is rarely, if ever, above 65° in the summer, and never low enough in the winter to freeze fruit or vegetables. This afternoon a thermometer left in the cellar indicated 64°, while out of doors in a north and shady exposure, from 12 m. to 4 p. m., it stood at 84°; the previous ten days the outside temperature ranging at sun- rise from 56° to 68°, and at noon from 70° to 93°. 2d. Whether there was. “any deposit of tartaric acid left in the cask after bottling ?” The Wine was drawn off with a syphon, leaving a gallon or more of dregs, which was poured out and the cask filled with water, with no examination for any deposit of acid. 3d. ‘‘Was any means employed to check fermentation when first put in cask?’ The Juice was put into a new 20-gallon cask, which was first rinsed with a single bottle of French brandy. The wine was not further manipulated. It was tapped for sample in December, 1863, December, 1865, and in the spring of 1867. 4th. There was no fermentation on the skins. 5th. “Did you press the grapes slightly, so as not to break the pulp?” The grapes were submitted to severe pressure, so as, probably, to break much of the pulp; but the pressure was not exhaustive, as three gallons of water were afterwards added to the mash, and twelve gallons of additional juice obtained, from which, with ten pounds of sugar added, a sweet and more cordial wine was made. The grapes were carefully selected with special reference to a trial of their richness in the wine-producing qualities, and no foreign aid given except the preparation of the cask men- tioned. I judge a richer product might be obtained if the pressure was so regulated as to bring out only the luscious juice between the skin and the pulp without adding the qualities of the last two; and quite a variety might be made in the qualities of Scuppernong wines by different combinations of the three parts of the berry. The grapes from which the wine was made grew in the vicinity of Newberne, North Carolina. 363 I have known the Scuppernong grape and the wine since my first residence in North Car- olina, in 1848, and have met with the bearing vines on the Hatteras sand-spit, on Roan- oke island, in its palmy days before the war, through the low country, on the first range of hills near Halifax and Warrenton, and in the country around Raleigh, and have never known the vine to be subjected to any other treatment or care than to furnish it the support of a strong horizontal trellis and allow it to grow ad libitum. The largest specimens of vines I remember to have seen were at Jones’s springs, near Warrenton, where three vines covered an immense trellis of more than a quarter of au acre, and yielded abundantly. From what I have observed of the quality of the fruit, [judge that the Scuppernong responds consider- ably to variations in locality, and if the wine ever becomes established in the markets of the world, the brand of some localities will gain a marked preference. At the risk of being tedious, I will mention a single vine, the fruit of which came under my observation the year following the war, 1866, when I was filling the office of United States pension agent, at Raleigh. An old lady, past her 80th year, rode into town one morn- ing to consult me in reference to the pension laws for the soldiers of J812. She afterwards sent me a basket of grapes from her farm. They were purple grapes, but of the Scuppernong variety, with its peculiar skin and flavor, and growing single, or in those sparse clusters peculiar to this grape. I had never before met with what was called the purple Scuppernong which appeared so well as or would compare favorably with the white variety inrichness and flavor. The berry was of a dark, rich color, round and full, iarger than the ordinary white variety, the skin thinner, the pulp smaller, and the intermediate juices much more abundant and more luscious ; which last would.seem to be extravagant praise. In answer to my inquiries of its history, she told me that many years ago she obtained from friends in the ‘‘low country” eight Scuppernong vines, and that when they came to the period of bearing seven produced the common white, but this proved to be a purple variety. I was so struck with the peculiar richness of this splendid grape that I intended to have obtained cuttings for some grape culturists to propagate from, but resigning my office and leaving at an unfavorable season, I neglected it. Several interested in the grape culture, including Mr. Saunders of your gardens, to whom I have mentioned this vine, have thought it worth attention; and I meution it here that you may have cognizance of an individual vine which might be worthy of your attention, and might not otherwise come under your notice. SAN JOAQUIN COUNTY, CALIFORNIA. Our San Joaquin correspondent, Dr. E. S. Holden, writes as follows in refer- ence to the resources of this county : The sectional area of this county is 1,452 square miles, or 929,280 acres; about one-half of which is agricultural land, the balance tule and foot hills. The soil is principally adobe or clayey, some sections sandy and sandy loam, and on the river bottoms alluvium. The reclaimed tule land is deep and rich, almost a perfect compost; and 108 bushels of wheat have been raised on this land to the acre. From two to three crops of vegetables can be © raised in the year. . The sandy sections are producing very large crops of wheat and barley this season, which is very wet. Wheat is quite free from disease or smut. Farmers kave generally adopted a better system than heretofore, by selecting pure and plump seed, and soaking wheat a few minutes in vitriol water. Harvesting commenced June 25, about two weeks earlier than usual, owing to a cool spring and summer. It has been well tested that the soil and climate of this county are perfectly adapted to the sure and profitable culture of the semi-tropical fruits, flax, hemp, sugar-beet, sorghum, tobacco, mulberry, silk-worm, &e. Raising the sugar-beet for sugar is now attracting much attention all over the State; also, the sorghum for sirup. The reclaimed tule land, sandy loam, and river bottoms produce zn immense crop, and within a few years this State will export these home-made products. j The culture of the mulberry, the silk-worm, and the manufacturing of silk will be one of the first, if not the first and most profitable, of the industrial arts. The mulberry tree flour- ishes well in most of our soils, and the worm is free from disease. Large orders are often received from France and Spain for the worms and eggs. But little corn is raised in this county. Its culture is confined to the river bottoms. Rye is not raised to any amount, not being yet used much in this State. Large crops of it can be grown. The oat (wild) is indigenous, and found in all sections of the State, on the plains and hill- sides. More than one-third of the hay eonsumed is from the wild oat, worth from $10 to $25 per ton, according to the season. This year $10 is the market price. h Barley is the great horse feed, and is usually raised in very large quantities, selling from 80 cents to $1 per 100 pounds, worth now from $1 30 to $2 per 100 pounds. A small sur- face was cultivated this year, farmers preferring to plant wheat. 364 Summer fallowing is becoming the custom, farmers having found it the only safe and sure mode to secure crops in al] seasons. Wheat and barley are sowed in October, November, and December, and are called winter grain. No spring grain in the State. Sometimes these grains are planted in February and March, in new ploughed ground, but there is no certainty of a crop. The grasses are wholly indigenous, principally red and burr clover, red-top and timothy. No grasses except as garden plants cultivated here. Potatoes and beans are not much raised in this county, although in many sections large crops can be raised. Wheat and barley are yet the favorite products. Pasturage is yearly lessening, owing to the cultivation of grain and mixed crops. Farm stock is fast improving in quality by higher breeding, but decreasing in quantity. The wild or mustang race is about extinct in this county. Sheep, like all farm stock, are healthy—no disease. Farmers and stock raisers are yearly increasing their flocks in quantity and quality, breeding to thoroughbred French and Spanish Merinos, Southdowns, and Cotswolds. The cost of keeping sheep is but a trifle aside from herding. The celebrated Cotswold ram, ‘‘Golden Fleece,” from Mr. Johan D. Wing, Dutchess county, New York, has recently arrived in this county, together with a small herd (14) of the same breed. They are splendid animals and much admired here. Apples do not thrive well, the climate being too warm, or rather the summers are too hot. All stone and small fruits do well, producing in quality and quantity equal to any other section of the State, and far better than in the eastern and western States. The peach suffers in very hot seasons, and is here a short-lived tree, owing to its early maturing and over-bearing. Blossoms of the apple and stone fruits were injured by late frosts. Grapes (over 100 varieties of which have been cultivated here) do as well in this county as in other sections of the State, and California’s success in grape production is unparalleled either in quantity or quality. Cotton has been raised in this county, and the experiment proved satisfactory, but it is believed by some that the late frosts, which happen in some seasons, would destroy it. Others, who are well posted in the culture of cotton in the southern States, think that a sure and profitable crop can be grown throughout the southern counties to Mexico, and that this State can and should raise enough to manufacture, not alone for our own wants, but sufficient for the Pacific coast. THE COTTON TRADE IN 1868. The following is an exhibit of the cotton imports into Great Britain for the first quarter of the present year. It shows a marked increase in the supply from the United States, and a material advance in the relative proportion obtained from this country. In fact, the old predominance is almost shown, 69 per cent. of the entire importation being brought from this country, against 55 per cent. in the same period of 1867, and 53 per cent. in 1866. From whence imported. 1866. | 1867. | 1868. Einited ‘Sidteawewt ese) Wiha eee 1,078,955 | 999,403 | 1, 681, 830 Bahamas and bermudasicwihess sess) = -rieeeeieee 2, 602 2 4i IVEEXIGO MC Wits he ar ec ee Deer i en 2 SO Nee ies cece | on. a ee Brazil ew. 22 Seek tc ce each ce eae 149,701 | 114,778 | 151, 178 Minrkoy: Gwe 202 oi eo ys eee 41, 374 | 33, 215 | 4,217 IBeypl, CW: 22-225 clone ee pee nes wee ane 246, 897 | 454, 005 322, 881 Bitisheindiacwit i. 2222. ae. ede = eee o- 457, 450 | 147, 030 238, U32 > (CHINITES Oi Ae ee men ee ai ie een Ah! hos ee ee 2.041) |5b222 ee Othemcountries, Cwt. 2. foes eee e ee ee eee 46, 580 64, 705 32, 627 hic eee ape iM ese 2,026,409 | 1,815,219 | 2, 430, 806 PREMIUMS FOR WHEAT-GROWERS. Messrs. Moore, Foote & Co., of Detroit, Michigan, having placed at the disposal of the Michigan State Agricultural Society $400 to be awarded in three premiums for the best white winter wheat, in quantity and quality, raised upon 365 any five acres of land in that State for the year 1869, the society announce the premiums, with the rules and regulations by which competitors are to be gov- erned, as follows: For the best five acres of white wheat sown in the fall of 1868, and harvested in 1869, of the crop of which not less than five bushels shall be exhibited at the State fair of 1869, $250; second best, do., $100; third best, do., $50. Competitors must be members of the State Agricultural Society, and all entries must be made with the secretary of the society by December 1, 1868. Each entry must give the name and post office address of the person making the entry, the size of the lot in which the wheat is situated, the name and quality of the soil, the time the field has been cleared and the crops grown in preceding three years, the tillage during the preparation for premium crop, the kind of seed sown, the quantity used upon the five acres, the method of sowing, by drill or broadcast, and the amount of plaster or other manure or top-dressing used. When the grain is placed on exhibition each sample must be accompanied by a bunch of the heads, with a statement showing how the crop was harvested, whether by hand or machinery, how threshed and cleaned and by what machinery, the number of bushels by weight of the five-acre crop and the number of bushels per acre. Competitors will be examined under oath if necessary. IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES. The Commissioner of Agriculture has completed arrangements for exchanges of cereals, rare seeds, and medicinal and other plants, with various institutions and several governments of different divisions of the globe. These arrange- ments include the governments of Austria, Prussia, China, Japan, Guatemala, and British Honduras; the botanical gardens of Melbourne, in Australia, ind of Kew, in England ; the India museum, in London; the Cape of Good Hope Agricultural Society > and the commissioner of patents of the Argentine Repub- lic. The hearty co-operation of scientific men representing these governments and institutions has been secured. These arrangements avill be carried out mainly through the active assistance of the following named officials : C. F. Loosey, consul general of Austria, New York. W. D. Poston, agent of the department, and S. De Champs, secretary of the Chinese commission. S. C. Golding, secretary of Cape of Good Hope Agricultural Society, Cape Town. Superintendent of the botanical garden, Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Forbes Watson, secretary India Museum, London, England. Dr. Hooker, secretary Kew gardens, London, England. United States vice-consul at Hakodadi, Japan. Royal minister of agriculture, Berlin, Prussia. General Fitz-Henry Warren, Guatemala. William 8. Meckling, Belize, British Honduras. George Latimer, Saint John’s, Porto Rieo, West Indies. David Maxwell, commissioner of patents, Argentine Republic, Buenos Ayres. Dr. Joseph Cooper Reinhardt, Campinas, Brazil. SHEEP FARMING IN TURKEY. The British consul at Adrianople gives some interesting details of sheep and goat farming in that district. He gives the number of sheep at 4.512,000, and of goats at 778,000; the tax on which, at four piasters each, yielded £171,297 366 in 1867, £10,596 more than that of the previous year. It is estimated that sheep husbandry yields 20 per cent. profit; aud the number of sheep has steadily increased for the last teu years. Large quantities of butter and cheese are made from the milk of sheep and goats, and sent to Constantinople; sheep and lambs are also sent to Constanti- neple for consumption. There is an active demand for the skins of lambs aud goats, which are salted and packed for the French and English markets. The average cost of a flock of 1,800 ewes, 150 rams and 50 goats, is about $2 per head ; the cost of keeping, &c., about 70 cents per head ; and the total value of produce, exclusive of skins, $2,500, or $1 25 per head. The two prominent breeds which are considered by the natives as distinctly local, are the Kavirjik, which bear some affinity to the grade Merinos, and the Karabash, which are black faced, and not unlike the sheep of Macedonia and Thessaly. The wool of the former is most esteemed, being long, soft, and elastic, and twisted in ringlets, which gives the name to the breed. AMERICAN DAIRYMEN IN SWITZERLAND. American enterprise appears to be looking to other continents for new spheres of activity. A company of Americans has located a milk-condensing establish- ment at Charn, by the lake of Zug, in Switzerland, intended to contribute to English cousumption particularly. George H. Page, of Dixon, Illinois, is superintendent of the “Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company.” Milk from the Alpine region is celebrated for its richness and flavor. About 400 gallons daily is received from the peasants of the neighborhood, and manufactured so earefully that a specimen kept twelve months, as reported by Baron Liebig, has been churned into excellent butter. METEOROLOGY. Compiled in the Department of Agricuiture, from reports made by the observers for the Pp eT Pp yy, Smithsonian Institution. ] JULY AND AUGUST, 1868. Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, (with dates pre- fixed,) the mean temperature, and rain , fall, (in inches and tenths,) for July and August, 1868, at the stations named. Daily observations made at 7 a. m., and 2 and 9 p. m. [We go to press on the 17th—reports received after 14th must be omitted in the Notes, those after the 17th will be used in the Annual Report and in the Smithsonian Reports. J JULY, 1868. AUGUST, 1868. States and stations. Max Min. | Mean} Rain Max Min. 'Mean| Rain a temp. Buse. temp.|temp.| fall. es temp. Wee temp.) temp. fall. SORE eee UME: EOS Perreed eeemeras Wee poee ee) tere | SS) MAINE. ° ° ° In ° ° ° In. Steuhens= 24.) . 22. | 4 81 23 52 | 63.0 } 2.40 24 81 27, 28 50 | 3. 80 West Waterville. ..| 5 96 25 59 | 71.9 | 3.15 } 2,3, 25 86 28 52 | 0. 96 Gardiner 2-2.) 555<% | 5 90 23 58 | 69.3 | 1.87 3 82 28 53 | 67 1. 06 Standish.s2-: sa.) 14 97 23 54 | 73.0 | 3.70 2 89 13 BOC | ee eee Norway ........--- ; Pane 94] 6,26] 58 | 72.1|..--.- 3] 98] 12,28) 54|67.6|.-..-. Gomish e225. 5<22 ‘ 15 99 6 56 | 72.8 | 2.90 26 85 |17, 18, 28 53 | 67.5 2. 30 Cornishville -...... 15 97 6 58 | 74.1 | 2.80 2,3 84 12S; 56 69.0 | 3.13 14, 27 \ JT) EEE: asl Dee ee eel Caen) Be saree TOROR MOE RD esccen oboe oo eto ece eh aeeete 67.6 | 2.25 NEW HAMPSHIRE, | Portsmouth. ....... 13 100 23 54 | 73.4 | 3.05 2 86 17 46 | 64.8 2. 42 Stratford .........- 15} 102 6 58 | 9.0 |.-.---].--.----]------]--------[------ |------|------ Goffstown Centre-.- 15 | 104 1 63 | 75.4 | 2.40 2 92 17 56 | 72.8] 3.20 SHORING se arise Aan ee ee nee eee hg Pe 2 93 18 COM ees. | aaa je {es Averncen So: 22 [the eee. t hee ae eee eel ae FENG: WW DTS abe ss. eee ae | eee | 68.8] 2.81 VERMONT. eae Lunenburg ......-- 343915 | 95 Palos evel | A463 3)} 85.) 17, 28))) 49 67e20) (Sh North Craftsbury -. 14 101 25, 26 56 | 73.2 | 1.42 2, 26 84 17 44 | 64.8 2. 20 Randolph ~--....2.. 13 102 | 26,28 o7 | 74.7 | 1.97 3 89 17 43 | 66.4 3. 56 Woodstock -......-. 13 94 27 GOIN illest sly eee ee 26 82 | 17,18 47 | 64.2 |.----- St; Albankis cece 14 95 27 58 | 75.8 25, 26 83 17 49 | 67.7 |------ West Charlotte ....| 14,15 107 27 G4 i BOO) | aa tase oN ee see era pe oe! no's easel era Middlebury ....... 5 90 26 57 | 73.5 | 1.91 2 79 a7 48 | 66.4 2.17 DN) EXE eel So ooe cl eot a he| Seeeemed sooo ARAN ONAN eS ee: eee (SE see as |odoe = | 66.1) 2.44 MASSACHUSETTS. | Hemprion ..=.--..=-. 5 102 7, 29 60 | 72.8 | 1.87 30 91 28 51 | 70.7) 3.79 Popsfieldt.....-=.-- 15 97 6 55 | 73.1 | 0.41 3 88 | Q7 53 } 69.2 3. 09 Lawrence ......-... 15 96 6 58 | 72.0} 1.41 30 85 28 47 | 69. 3 4.45 Georgetown.....-. |. ae age 6| 54 | 75.2| 0.70 2} 92} 28] 53|70.8| 3.7 368 Table showing the range of the thermometer, &c., for July and August—Cont’d, JULY, 1868. AUGUST, 1868. States and stations. i Dete. (MOE | Date. | Mi Men Bae | Date. [ie | Date. | eee ae Pe ee Sh 2 ee | Mass.—Continued. brake phiege | 7 | , : In. Newbury....-.-... 15 | 103 6 Gay Bote ame rents Se RS ee ee |. Mister. <)2-- == 5| 98 Bay eae lad 4 tnd 3 | 90 28| 46/665) 4.25 Cambridge .....-. 12} 101 Silly Gs ERG ee ee 399),|) 4938 Dy Al aay Ea) eo. North Billerica. -.... 15| 97 Ghee omens ns s8ee | 3)| (87) lieu; 28/48 ONG n | eee West Newton...... 5 | 105 B51 AGOLCTE.B. 1,26) (enone. ipo Sa. ues eee ee New Bedford......| 5,12/ 92] 9,10] 61 71.2'3.66/1,3,30! 92] 17,28! 56| 69.1] 4.99 Worcester .. ...... ii), 12 6} 60° 74.0! 1.08 | 8) i) ass 98:| 51 6BNOeshb7 Mendon:--.22--22- 5,12; 92 Glaser olen s20 3 85 | 27,28] 49] 68.4] 5.20 Lunenburg -------. 15 98 7 59) 75) 290 3 87 17 53 | 69.6 | _ 3.30 Amherst -2- << 222 15| 95 27 | 57: 74.0} 3.28 SHS 13 | 51 | 69.0} 5.67 Richmond ......... 14| 98 9| 62 78.5; 2.82 2] 90 25| 56) 73.6] 7.10 Williams College... 15} 94 QT ie. So. 40702 (0N37 93 84 17| 48! 67.9] 3.40 Hinsdale .......... 14! 93 Gil ten Baye 2 | a5] 1e| 50| 67.3) 4.25 Averages...---|.. 02... aN 3 ae ae ds a, Oh ype. Se Ie a eee bh. 69.5 | 4.31 RHODE ISLAND. ‘fogee! Newport:....---.-. 12,14} 86] 1,2,10} 59 69.7: 2.99 110, 14, 24. 82 28] 53] 67.9] 271 CONNECTICUT. | | | | IDNR ES Ane eenne 5,13 | 89 7| 58 682); 1.35|1,3,30| 8 28] 53 | 67.5_|. 5.63 Columbia . ........ 11} 98 Gil qpseen Ose eae ce 30 | “92 |. 981 52° |"sovaneaeee Middletown . ...-.. 13 | 95 el) ail = Zibi exeb 30) | 87 98| 56| 70.8 | 7.38 Colebrook ..-..-.-. 13/94 7 GLAST se eee 2, 30 84| 13,17 52) (68161 seaeeee Waterbury. .-....- TG WIBY |) 2 PXGPA) GIL eb eeisls 30 | 86 13) | - 1530} 16952) onl ANTE Bes PIN LS al ere eee (eer ERS 1B et teat ko SSG See ctsch Se eeer aol loca 69. 6 6. 57 NEW YORK. | Moriches’-=-)-- 22,5 - 13a) 105 299} 66 781) 5.92 oao3 13 | 62 | 75.3 | 4.07 South Hartford -... 14} 98 9 67 | 79.7 . 0.80 21 86 17 47 | 72.6 | 1.84 IBRD se ee cstooe 15 | 100 97 | 64; 79.4; 2.35 | 2,19) 87 17| 54 | Teoiie sep Garrison's. .....--- 5} 96 (26, 28,29} 66 77.@ 1.63 30 7 13 | 57) Ties Gses Throg’s Neck._.... 5} 95 DBa | eNGGMnTOsD A eeeees 4| 89 14 |) *60)) 62onl eee White Plains -....- 13, 15 90 Q7 Foye OSs Geese) Beapenee Seascae [ooneeeee|-2enee Hepes soca DeafandDumbIns.-|5, 13,15 | 92 7| 65 76.2); 6.44 3] 88 13,17 | 60)|;7259nimenot Columbia College... 5:15 | 95 vi GE iiin a! 14.02 30 88 17 61 74.3 5. 25 Hlatbush)-—-- 2-22! 13, 15 04 24 62. 7.2 | 5.27 20} 89} 12,27} 61 | 73.2 | 2.90 Newburgh: -_.---<: i168 Gy ING |), Gs 5 Tasha Be 19| 9&8 17 | 62: 73.3] 5.88 Minaville......._.. 14| 100 27) totem onOly 1. 10 19 | 989 | 17| 501725) 2.89 Gouverneur ..____. 14/. 98 22 57. (75.7 | 1.91 26 84 | 12 521 66.9 | 1.25 North Hammond ..| 2,15 | 100 26] 63 80.4 1.00 28] 96, 16,17] 56] 723] 1.55 Houseyille........ 13 95 25| 60 76.1! 4.35 12,25,26! 82| 16| 47 | 67.1] 4.88 Cazenovia. ........ 2} 93 26 | 62 76.0 j.-.--- ac | 4 | 17 | 47 "ere Ongidayesa ten... 14 97 26 60 - 77.3 | 5.97 Qa 87 | 16 | 51 69.0} 6.60 Depauville --...... 14| 95 26 60 76.5 | 1.00 7 87 | 17 45 | 68.1] 3.43 OsWerpeseteeeeee- 4} 90| 26,27] 61 72.9 | 1.93 [28,29,31) 82 17; 49 | 67.4) 3.13 Palermo. 2222. /5-- 14! 99 5 | 57 ie79he 0.70 1.25,29 | 87 | 17} 48. 69.2 2. 70 North Volney ..... 4,14| 96 96 |) Giana een reste olka bse a ee [poe Nichols. 225)..2-9. 14| 101] 26,27 59) A eonleeees 126} 92) 17| 52) 70.2 |------ Newark Valley....] 14,15! 98 26 | 56 77.2 | 4.25 |2,22,26/ . 86 | 19:|).46 | 66.'9(|2oeeee 369 4 Tuble showing the range of the thermometer, §c., for July and August—Cont’d. JULY, 1868. Sta esand stations. Date. New Yor«K--Con‘d. Geneva Rochester Little Genesee Suspension Bridge - Buffalo Averages NEW JERSEY. IPRLCIRSON! cm iace set) Newark -.......... New Brunswick - -- Mrenton-- si 2116 Moorestown ...---- TRIN W.OGU: 2 = sae e=.=fa~ Rio Grande....-.-- 1D Cos Soe ees HMaddonheld!s. =. -s2t-~--2.5 = Newfield ..--.----.-- 15 Greenwich .....--. 14 Vineland .....-..--.. 14 AVCYAPOS.. = <2=|- 202 coe PENNSYLVANTA. NCGS ecto en emt | 13, 14 Fallsington.....--. 13, 14 | Philadelphia. -.-..--- 14 Germantown .-...--. 14, 15 Horsham .--.-.---- 14, 15 Plymouth Meeting. 14 Dy bDerty~. = on 2 14 Whitehall): =. -...-. 14, 15 Factoryville .....- 14 Reading. <---2 7... 15 Parkesville..-.--..-. 14 West Chester. --.-- 14,15 phrata-o=--- =.= 15 Mount Joy ...--.-- 19 Harrisburg .-.-.--- 14,15 | Fountain Dale ---. 15 | ARGH ec oeooasssecs5 14 | Iokesburg..:--.-+<- 15 Grampian Hills... 14 | Jobnstown ......-. 15 ranklin: -..-s2cs<. 4,15} Connellsville -.---.- | 4,19 New Castle.-...--. | 15 Beaver -:-------. | 14 Canonsburg .....-- 3 101 | 27,28 95 a7 106 27 95 26 95 27 97 27 98 QT 92 | 97,29 95 QT 97 Q7 96 28 98 26 98 28 98 27 92 127, 28, 29 103 29 103 29 96 29 96 QT 106 | 26,28 100 29 102 29 94 99 98 26 98 Q7 98 | 17,26 94] 17,26 97 | 18,29 Averages.....- | ner eet EP Sore ticcoscoc ) AUGUST, 1868. temp.| fall. | Dete. ° In. 79.3 | 0.85 29 76.9 | 0.68 | 28,29 74.7 | 1.90 sag ay 77.3 | 0.50 26 78.5 | 3.11 29 Tip || ONGBY eee ee 77.8 | 7.30 3 75.7 | 8.54 30 77.4 | 5.04 19 | 82.3 | 4.10 13 | 78.4 | 3.60 1,30 SOs Os |eee see | 31 79.4 | 9.88 30 15.9 | 4.16 30 secon leeesss 3 Weal |gaeeee 1 78.7 | 2.68| 1,30 82.6 | 3.00 31 78.9 | 5.37 75.2 | 3.75 30 78.0 | 3.80 30 81.6 | 2.63 30 IGE 4 |Geoner 1, 3, 30 76.9 | 3,58 31 OTA Neeser 30 7 4Ga| Ratan. 19 Ti LA oe 31 76.9 | 1.05 19 TON) | |Seseee 27, 30 80.5 | 5.70 77.2 | 4,14 81.5 | 2.48 ONE eeeae 30 82.6 | 2.36 27 “77.7 | 2. 67 1 79.3 | 1.00 7 77.8 | 4.08 26 75.8 | 3.36 31 74.0 | 5.76 2 ISS hice os Q7 7OnGa| Reeser 18 BOrsrieeeee = | 27 82.4 | 0.25 18 78.3 | 4.08 27 BAG GIPON LT tere canste —= >| forme | DEM. |teup,| ene ena ° O° O° In. 93 a4| 56|73.9| 1.29 86 17| 56] 69.8| 3.22 g4| 12,13] 50] 67.8| 1.65 92 13| 53] 69.31 2.50 g2| 13,16) 55/708] 2.43 PS ide | Ae eb ER 70.8) 3.62 93 13| 561733) 4.15 87 131 56| 72.2] 4.99 89 17| 59/730! 3.15 88 13| 60| 74.8] 3.91 88 17| 61| 73.21 3.67 90 13 |; -BarlPyeseneeee 95 13) 59| 73.8 |...-.- 87 13| 57/719] 4.04 89 14| 60/724] 3.32 95 1a: |. 58) | 750 eae 86 14| 59| 74.21] 3.83 95| 12,13|- 60| 76.4) 6.02 ae tai Se aeen es 2 eee 73.0 | 4.12 85 13 | 48/69.5| 5.60 90 |12, 13,28} 63 | 74.u| 35.60 8g 17| 65| 77.5} 2355 94 - aan 60 | 73.6 |...... 87| 13,17 | 59|72.4| 4.82 es | 13,17| 60 | 73.7 |.----- 84 17} 46 |"66 Qi 88 17 | 56°) yacrsleeeees 87 17| 49 | 69.3] 5.30 87 13°| 590) 74,40 92 13} sailwmes ek. g7| 13,14} 65| 76.0} 1.70 86 13| 60] 71.2] 3.01 90 i3| 50/670] 3.21 89 is} 35] 71-9{ 1.79 e5| 13,14] 52] 68.0! 3.57 82 13| 46| 66.4) 2.50 88 COMM CHR ene - 90 13 |) 52"|) 7-0. eee 88 19 [> -ae:) 7800 oes 89 13| 53|75.6| 0.50 90 33| 50| 69.0] 3.33 2 ee ee 1.7 | 3.34 370 é Table showing the range of the thermometer, &c., for July and August—Cont’d. States and stations. Date. MARYLAND. Woodlawn ........ 14, 15 Annapolis ......-.. 15 Emmittsburg -----. 15 Mt. St. Mary’s Col_ 15 Averages....--|---.---- VIRGINIA. Ply A Oy s Wee aes 16 Johnsontown..---- 15 COMO se See cans 5 16 Mia Solon o- a s2--- 16 Lynchburg ....-.--. 16 Snowville ........- 16, 19 Wytheville -...-.- 16, 17, 18 PAV EY SOON Gem if Saves = = WEST VIRGINIA. Romney. <5 2. 5:3 14,19 White Day........ 3, 4,5, 6 AV CTAPOR. 62 o2-Iicscse= < NORTH CAROLINA. Kenansville ....-.- 16 Goldsboro? 2... <5. 16 Reale eh ae ae cte cies 16 Oxiordi er sccsseek Se 16 Albemarle. -....... 16 Statesville......... 16 Ashevailleneus mec 4 Averages: +22 tasec nian SOUTH CAROLINA. IKON: ose aee seers 17 Gowdysville...-..- 16, 17 IAVELAGOS = << sacs sac e GEORGIA. PRC AN Ga pace = -12 17 Summerville -....-. 17 PACVION ACER cain 73 | 76.2 31 | Columbia: .-=-..-.- 24, 25 95 3 73 | 82.5 | Wreeoke 5225 seco. 17 | 100 7| 73 | 87.1 | AUR aa =97- 5227! 28, 29,30) 96 3, 4 72 | 82.2 JAS RES EAs ABs) BA SeneGs BoSas8 pocntoos Ecce 82.0 LOUISIANA. ; 16,17, ) Benton <---- =... -- 18; 19, | > 92 7 74 | 83.8 20, 21 § New Orleans ..-.--- 19 98 28 74 | 82.8 TAN OUAD CNet st) G. Sainta/o mb santo nme sey ae I iajet—sie 83.3 MISSISSIPPI. SANT Grenada’s+c.- =.=: 19 93 10, 14, t 70 | 79.9 15 | Brookhaven ....-.-- 16 96 29 70 | 78.5 | INAtChemr asac-ic> <= 19 89 4 72 | 8k9 PVP GN oem oom es ates| poe a= |seatecaia- Vonoens 80.1 | 9. TENNESSEE. Elizabethton. --.--| 16,17 96 6 64 | 77.3 Tusculum College.-} 17,18 98 27 67 | 80.1 Lookout Mountain- 17 96 30 70 | 80.1 JACI cans peaeeoe 17 | 100 1,2 72 | 86.0 Clarksville .....-..- 18 94 1 70 | 79.4 Memphis... ..<2.-- 13, 18,19} 101 8 74 | 84.6 AV ETASOR.- sos eclbemescealt oscaa|tecce see | sence 81.3 KENTUCKY. Chilesburg-........ 16 98 5, 28 66 | 79.6 | Lexington.-....... 14 94 6, 28 67 | 79.6 Louisville ......--. 16 99 2 68 | 81.7 Clinton /.s2-3--5=58 18 93 1 73 | 82. AVOCLaZeR: 0-2. 2|moassone serene saa sacsclecs ate 80. 8 OHIO. New Lisbon ....--.. 15 | 100 26 60 | 80.3 Pueulbemuille: .o- =... |. 55c4ec6|; see tales neeee cles aes Peinenwallewes wi. 22<2)ost--cec ed fo AUGUST, 1868. 272 Table showing the range of the thermometer, &c., for July and August—Cont'd. | JULY, 1868. AUGUST, 1868. States and stations. | Dato, |MS | mate, | Min. [Mean Ham! Date, | Mex! cate, | on, eae so ———— are y| ‘ SS ee Onto—Cont’d, | fe} fe) fo} In. Milnersville. .....- 41 99] 17,27] 67] 78.9 | 2. 65 17 13 Cleveland ...-...-. 24,18) 92 28] 62 | 77.7 | 0.45 | 8,31 13, 22 Wooster ....-. -.-- 14 | 100 OB 5689) 63.2 oo. 3- 17, 26, 27 13 Gallipolis..----.... 15} 98 BON et i792)1 3, ole. ee al anes Eee Kelley’s Island. .--. 3,18 92 8,9 72 | 81.7 | 0.53 | 15 12 Sandusky ..-...--- 1g} 92 28} 68 | 82.9 0.48 | 8 13 Norwalk ......---- 1g | 94 26) 64 | 78.1 | eer 7, 26, 31 13 North Fairfield .-.. 15| 98 28] 66/ 79.9 / 1.33] 17,3 13 Westerville........ 15} 98 )25, 28,29) 68 |.-.--- / 2.99 27,31 12 Mariont-ssss2-a---- 15} 94 |26,27,28] 66 | 78.5 | 2.32 |17, 97,31 13 Hillsboro” -2-. ===. 16| 94| 25,26] 68} 77.7 | 2.87 28 13, 14 MoledOn ena sce 2 2- 14,18} 100 27 (PONE CUE ES Me ATU Ee tinal aries Re A 4, 13, 14, | | Bowling Green a re a 99 BM GOP RGEYGh | PC SC 1c): SEE Pe seal heeee| eae beciss on “78 |° 101 e7| 71 | 87.3} 4.25| 6,20 24 Urbana University-| 14,15 | 96 98 | 67] 80.5|1.88| 16,17 12 | Bethel es=-- 54 --< 17} 96 15,10,26] 68 | 80.7 | 4.38 17 13 Gintinnatiees---- =. 17 99 29 69 | 82.1 | 1.21] 17,28 13 Byrd ee 15} 102 28 | 73 | 85.8 | 1.70 28 13 College Hill -..---- 14,16 | 99 5,6] 70 | 82.0 | 2.50 1 15 Jacksonburg...---- 19, 23 96 8 66 | 80.9 | 1.50 19 15 PASVONA DEB aeee In tactoctalocaaut ideas edlesemicd BO 247A secsoa-w soos eee ee eee ot MICHIGAN. 4,5,12, Monroe City..----- iu 13 96 26 | 63 | 80.9 | 2.39 15, 20 12 State Agric. College}.__.. a Fl rss Sal RS ee Beas eed eee ans | 25 10 Litchfield..-..-...- 13,14,17| 98 27 | 61] 79.2 | 2.80 1 10 Grand Rapids....-- Nias } 98 25 (yl et GS e Cares| Raceaeso ilndeaee seseerae aso Northport -.....--- 14, 17 94 7 58 | 75.3 | 0.42 6 21 Rolland ots. <- ig} 96] 25,26] 61] 78.9| 0.73 ; 2s ae 10, 21 Otsezon-=26as-e one: 18,22] 89 9611) (50) 6723 learns 23 11 Copper Falls ------ 11, 16 91 5 51 | 70.2 | 0.70 6 8 Ontonagon ....---- 16 98 4 SO oto | cseesla ates Soac)acnseo lessos5o+ Coldwater ........- 18 | 99 Q1| 54 | 77.5 | 1,63 | 28 13 | AY OFAPeS: so ss-faoeecese | BS ae baton eee TRON IGE SY | 555 ccn as socassleoeootas |sc'sece INDIANA. | | Richmond......... 15| 95 519627 NOR 7 ONS. || 4519) |e omen seems cee Anrora...----:--- 4,14,16 | 102 i Dee etl outa Vaai@ | Sl? 16| 94 13 We viEVar eros - a." = 17| 99] 26,27] 73 | 84.8 | 1.17 28 | 90 13 Mnncies es. = <= ; e e ; 98 26| 66 | 81.5 | 2.40 17| 92 14 Spiceland .-.------ 4.155 985 V5 SOS nl Menu ater iN 4400Nleermeee) cera eeeeeeee Columbia City....- 12 | 100 30} 66) 82.9|3.44| 6,28] 90 10 Jilapa scttecs—>. be C17. 97 26| 60|80.3/246| 7,17] 89 13 Indianapolis -..---- 16,17 | 95 26| 66 | 80.8 | 4.49 | 28 | 90 13 State University. -.| 16} 94 968 |" v6Gi Giulia Pp 2esGuleaace oc 2 sae Rensselaer..--.---- 18 | 100 25 | 64 | 82.0| 2.55 | 17,27} 88 13 Metomes-s-stes se: 7| 99 25 | 72 | 85.3 | 1.00 98 | 90 12 373 Table showing the range of the thermometer, &c., for July and August—Cont’d. JULY, 1868. AUGUST, 1868. | States and stations. . 2 : taeem | fail, | Date. |femp.| Date. | ome (terap.| fall. ae ee? ee eee InDIANA—Cont'd. | | ° °o ° In. ° ° ° In. New Harmony .... 1g} 99] 9,25| 70] 841) 2.42 1| 91] 12,21] 63/749] 4.82 LS oa DRE SS eeee| DER BBEIDS SHEE | eoeeseeo jaoose 2 Se) PORN eo areee tleso605)locosged eseSSe 72.8) 4.11 ILLINOIS. ee Chicago .......---- 4| 100 COV GC GDA ane eee Peet een eae ebbean See Near Chicago...... 4] 102 8 66) i845). |---.- 17 97 20 56) | wssOu Gesee. Ridge Farm ....... 7,13] 98 27| 66 | 82.1] 1.75 17} 92 12| 57] 70.5} 2.40 Marengo ......---- 17,18 | 100 95) (es ye eon Oh bee 6| 89 12| 48} 83.8| 5.29 Golconda.......... 19 | 107 29| 68 | 83.0 | 2.10 1| 99] 14,17} 58| 75.1] 2.60 arora. £2.22 0ee os 17| 95 25| 621| 77.5 | 2.28 27 | 8 22/ 531 66.1] 4.60 Sandwich ......... fa a : 97 is | a 57 tepeal ae )s' beso. Wek lee oc od a Belvidere.......--. 1g | 96 26 |. 54| 78.6 |....-- 27 | 90 30:1. . .51. smb est ese Ottawatsc: o.<=-2-- | 18 | 102 25| 60]784/1.96} 16,27] 94] 11,30] 55] 71.4] 3.19 Winnebago.......- 17,18 | 97 26] 60 | 79.1 | 2.93 27} 90 30| 46] 68.0} 1.68 Rochelle .......... 28} 100 25 Bul) |e. 97) | (91! |i 12!30\). .529|heps5n ees. . iWiyanetsc=--26---- 14| 101 26| 52 | 79.1] 2.03 27 | 92 21| 49] 70.1] 208 Tiskilwa ....-..--- 14,18 | 102 26| 62] 80.9 |......| 27 | 90 21) |) ..55:| bay a eseeee Hennepin .......-- 1g | 98 98| 54 | 79.0 ]...... 97 | 92], .4,30)|| -52u|eoh eneeeees Magnolia.......--. 18 | 105 25 | 58 | 84.8] 2.4 26 | 4 21| 47] 67.6| 2.70 ming) =. Ac0ce- = 17,28 | 97 26| 65] 81.9 | 1.25 27 | 90 30| 54] 68.9] 3.38 Peoriay: sf o-h55<2 14] 99] 2526] 66 | 83.1] 1.47 26! 90 21) 56) 71.5) 274 Springfield .......-. 16,18 | 103 2 il 2) ay fll ae al a eee SS 5RSo Memeesed morsel mace ooo ae TOTO Ge oa oc eee 18} 98] 9,28| 64| 79.5|2.70| 2,627] &8 21| 46 | 67.6} 2.10 Waterloo.........- 1g | 103 26; (M20) |PBBSO) RE. <2 6,7,16 | 93 21h; 60} } Weasel eee Ron HRP Hun mesa Se ee sel ele os lene ety IN etek (aaah Pe 1,29| 93 21| 58 | 76.0'|------ Galesburg. ......-- 18| 96 26| 72 | 82.3} 1.79 27 | 87 30]. Sze | 68h ae5L Manchester....-.-- 18 | 100 25 | 68 | 84.0 | 1.70 |6,26,27] 92 12} 56 | 71.9 { 3.03 Mount Sterling --..| 17 | 103 25 | 70) 88.0 [.....- 26,27} 90! 30,31] 58 73.8 | Sighs Andalusia .......-- 17| 100 95] 60 | 82.2'].-.-.- 6| 93 a1} 50} 70rr |e Aupariges: 2. os<..2 | 14,15] 94 25| 67 | 84.5 | 5.24 | 97 | 86 29| 58 73.2 | 4.37 Averages. .-.-- les seed teossco||bandsan dscopec GUM ae ee ve ep eal ee 71.2 | 3.13 WISCONSIN. Sviaael wy Manitowoc ..-...-- 14{ 94 7| 59 | 73.6 | 2.45 Plymouth .......-- 1,13 97 25 59 | 78.0 | 3.00 Milwaukee ....---- 1| 96 26| 56 | 74.6 | 3.73 Geneve .-- .- << .-- 13, 18 98 24 61 | 80.2 | 1.05 Waupacca .. .----- 12,13,14| 97 25 5) |) TRH al Bee Embarrass ..-.---- 10] 96} 26,28| 55 | 77.4 | 3.59 Rocky Run.......- 17| 98 26| 61 | 80.4 | 5.19 Edgerton--.-------- | 16 | 102) 26,27 DARREN cl Bere Baraboo. .--.------ 17 99 25 58 | 77.7 | 1.00 New Lisbon .....-- fmec esti 25 | 60] 81.2 |...-.. Bayfield .- --------} 11,14 96 5 BO) W7ORAn iS. oe Ayitapes.:.. 1h eevee a <.|E,, 77.8 | 2.86 MINNESOTA. StpPanles...=- --. 16 | 97 |5,25,27| 65 | 784 | 4.07 Minneapolis .....-- 16 | 101 |§ GPa ; 63 | 78.5 | 3.09 5| 97 31| 48/661] 2281 Ci? eae 16| 98 “og |. 59 | 77.5] 1.73 o4| 88 31 | 41| 65.2] 2a 374 Table showing the range of the thermometer, §c., for July and August—Cont’d. JULY, 1868. States and stations. ree Date. | temp. — MINNESOT A—Con. | New Ulm......... 16, 29 96 Sauk Centre ...... 10} 97 PAVELAROR SS ee athe. soi }) REL IOWA | Clintons sate ee 13,14 > 98 Davenport .-...... 17,18 | 95 Pubugnes-.2.--,.. alpen Ney, Monticello.-.-..... 1 ee) Bowen's Prairie - -. 20|° 94 Fort Madison.-..... 18 | 103 Guttenberg........ a ant F 96 Mount Vernon..--. 13, 14,17) — 99 State University --) 14,28; 96 Independence -..... 17, 20 101 Near Independence 17 | 105 Waterloo::..2:.... 15 | 100 Marble Rock ...-.. | ae bce Habe: Algona. cb 25.55. 20); 93 Near Algona...-... 20 96 Fort Dodge.-....... 20} 99 Boonsboro’ ........ 3 | _ 101 Mole, were sabk=- ce 20ie= 99 Fontanelle ........ 20 | 103 aroranis => -ces se 19 | 100 Woodbine........- 20 104 PAV ELA PER Sema cl roe sosoe gees MISSOURL. | S% Louis University) 18 98 Atienton =-2-=2--2: 1g | 109 Hematite s<\0--<2.5: | 18 102 Cantons ceseec.csks 18 | 106 “lee a 17,18 | 96 Jefferson City:...-.- 19} 101 Mermitage..-2.-... | 22 | 108 | Harrisonville .-.... 19} 105 Grecony--- -. £25 = 21 | 105 Warrensburg. ..... | 20,22 | 104 Averages. ..... ee ge! baer KANSAS. | Leavenworth...... 21,22 | 108 Baxter Springs --.. -| 22 | 106 PATCHIBONG oo oc 22 20 | 107 Holtonsees sees 20} 111 State Agric. College) 20,21 98 Council Grove.....), 21 } 306 AVEFAZOBIn.< 2 |oeanssas}ia=0ce Date. oat fo} 95 65 271 58 26} 62 26| 59 26] . 59 26| 60 25,26 | 66 26] 64 26] 56 26 | 63 26| 53 24 | 66 251 60 | 26] 64 4] 65 27| 64 28 | 64 241 56 lh Sortie 64 24| 66 25,26! 61 24| 63 eee \seues 25,26 | 69 28] 64 a7 |=64 25| 64 28] 62 a | ees 26} 68 1,11,25| 70 | 251] 68 | 26] 67 | | 24] 68 24] 70 24,25} 70 24| 69 25| 67 25| 64 Ja Rain temp.} fall. ° 80.8 | 3. 62 75.5 78.1 COP ty Yk U2) a Dawn Ww on oo © In. 5. 72 3.65 | (Js) 2) Ww oO 67 Pt yp YO oS a1 Ww D> ran o x AUGUST, 1868. Date. | Date. ae ° ° 23 | 90 29 | 53 15)|/ esa Ee30))\ -\48 | | for fe BO Az 96 | 786 12| 55 e7| 90 30| 50 26| 88 29} 50 26} 80 30| 50 es 88 30} 53 27 | 99| 21,30| 44 26| 91| 21,29} 51 24} 92] 12,21] 48 26| 97 30] 48 25,27 | 93 29} 46 15,25] 90| 29,30| 48 blokes 30| 48 15) 29|/< 30]. 50 15| 88 |20,29,30| 54 15| 92] 8,9,31| 50 15 | - 92 | 8| 52 17| 90 29] 52 16 | 86 |11,29,30) 50 5| 90] 30) 50 | | | 6 | 91 12,21,30) 61 7,27| 97| 12,21| 54 s| vas | 53 1| 95 13| 45 6, 7,8 | 92 | 9| 61 6| 95 |10,22,31! 60 6|*100|°. 21 |- sa 11| 98 '29,30,31) 54 Sea it Pea ated 6,10; 92} 29] 55 | pee | eR et ee | 1| 100 21,22) 48 eee ee ee te SS a ee 5 | 94 |12, 30, 31 54 5a Oval 04314 | es 1 | 92|/ 30] 54 J | 94 | 20,22} 55 fare Mean) Rain ag fall. ° In. 70.5} 0.90 | 66.5 | 5.44 67.1 | 3.02 71.7) 1.50 68.8 | 3.68 68.9 | 2.35 68.1] 1.70 7.6 | 2.65 70.3) 3.34 64 2q bree. G7. 7oleeeeee 69.1 | 4.67 68.9 | 1.90 | 68.8 | 3.00 | 70.0 | dest 67AGr eee 66.2'}05.0. ee [eee 68.4) 3.83 67.2 | 3.00 68.0} 3.55 69.0 | 3.00 | 66.5 | 2.80 ot 68.2| 2.93 | | 75.2} 3.95 72.2) 5.54 73.8 | 5.90 70.1 | 2.46 73.0 eels sh eee 73.2)| 5.54 71.7 | 8.95 | 721] 3.02 | 74.2 | 6.86 73.1 | 5. 49 | 69.3] 7.15 72.1 | 6.40 a2. |s: ee 71.1} 5.94 75.6 | 15.50 72.5) 8.75 \ 375 Table showing the range of the thermometer, &c., for July and August—Cont’d. JULY, 1868, AUGUST, 1868. States and places | | 4 - Date Min. |Mean| Rain} p,,, | Max. Date, | Min. | Mean} Rain ? temp.|/temp.! fall. “* 1 temp, * {temp.|temp.| fall. | NEBRASKA, 2 ° In. oe} ° ° Tn. Wikhorn' sete secs <% « 20; 102 24 65} 81.4 |.....- 23 89 | 22 SSC 69S5) (oie ee Dersanerescs ssc. 20} 104 24 67 | 82.0 | 3.39 5, 23 88 29, 30 53 | 68.8] 2.45 TOs 2) gee ae RR IR ARI (sone sa 1¢| 99) 8% 90-|) “se [ayia (oe Bellevue: --=-=.... 20 99 24 68 | 85.2 | 1.40 24 89 | 29,30 55 | 70.0} 1.90 Glendale<:....-... 20) 106] 24,25 66 | 83.7 | 3.00 115) 90 29 50 | 69.6 | 6.30 Omaha Agency...- 20} 105 /4, 24, 31 AO) PSone |pesOOn ieee ssc [c samo] sees aerate (eee aS 5 eee Nebraska City..... 20 99 25 68 | 83.2 | 2.82 |2, 23, 24 &4 | 31 55 | 73.0 | 5.40 Avernceds ste su(c Ls sees e lesan | eeeeme[eee om SEP VOT OTE ale eA el A ee bea gees 70.5 | 4.01 —— | —————s UTAH TERRITORY. GigSaltibake) City |o-oo- se|c soe -lacie cons laos |aemee - esse] 3 91 31 50 | 73.3 | 3.69 Wranshiples cus os. - 24 95 9 604.73. Bu). 3 95 | 30 SOF Eve 2) saceee PASROne pee. oe | eee weet Se See WO oe eae ode BLO Ye ces af a Seek oe eiaeae oe eee 72.8 | 3.69 CALIFORNIA, dA ek 5 i San Francisco. .... 2 70 11 572 |) BYGU AS seaolssose oso ssqo0ns prttet eee [scree e|-ee eee) eee ee Murphy’s ....-:..- 24] 104 2 lar a ely Chea) aa ee Fa a a | A See en eae biter | Biase LAC CRABB eee ami omcaien aie oar |a'==ie ane iets GG: Soe ee ee ones ote maamed ecto de eet | he Se ¢ 376 NOTES ON THE WEATHER, CROPS, ETC., FOR JULY, 1868. [To save room we omit many notices of the ‘‘ heated term,” so severe, long, and general’ as the tables show. The fires in the Canadian woods, destroying several million dollars worth of timber, during the latter part of July, filled the air with smoke all over the northern and middle States, from Minnesota and Jowa to the Atlantic—notices of which we also omit, except in a few southern States. ] Steuben, Maine—On the 15th, heaviest thunder-storm ever known here, with a deluge of rain; barns and houses struck, and bridges and crops swept away. West Waterville, Maine-—Much thunder in July ; temperature 2.20° above the average of the month for four years. Gardiner, Maine-—This July is 0.6° above the July average of 32 years; the rain-fall is 1.5 inch less than the average of same period. Standish, Maine.—Haying began on the 6th. On 15th thermometer 101° at noon; farmers had to seek shelter from the sun; very little wind in July. Lisbon, Maine.—But two clear days after the 18th. Norway, Maine—The hottest July remembered here, and more damage from lightning than for ten years previous. Cornishville, Maine—Average July temperature for 35 years, 67°; in 1844, 72°; in 1854 and 1855, 70°; this year, 74°. Stratford, New Hampshire-—The warmest July on my record by some 5°. Goffstown Centre, New Hampshire.—Unexampled heat; thermometer above 100° on three days, and above 90° on ten; but little thunder in July. Lunenburg, Vermont.—A hot month; but little wind; partial showers, so that some sections are very dry ; much thunder and lightning, but little damage. Randolph, Vermont.—Up to the 15th hotter than ever known; people suf- fered severely. West Charlotte, Vermont.—Early Harvest apple ripe, 28th. Middlebury, Vermont.—Very hot and dry ; many crops suffering; streams low and mills stopped. Kingston, Massachusetts —July 4th, thermometer 104° from 2.30 till 4 p. m.; the hottest day on record; average temperature of the month 5° above that of July, 1867. Topsfield, Massachusetts—July closes warm and dry, with suffering crops, though rivers and springs are full as usual. Georgetown, Massachusetts—Rains few and light ; no heavy winds. Newbury, Massachusetls—Very dry; showers pass around, but so much cloudy weather protects vegetation from drought. Billerica, Massachusetts —Very dry month; dry, dry, dry. West Newton, Massachusetts —Thermometer 100° and upward on six days in July. New Bedford, Massachusetts —Locust trees blossomed on 14th; catalpa, on 23d. Lunenburg, Massachusetts —Warmest July since 1847, when average was 75.63°; average for 30 years, 70.86°; for 1867, 69.24°; this July, 73.10°. Richmond, Massachusetts —July 2d to 19th, the earliest and longest heated term ever known here. Newport, Rhode Island.—TVhunder on Sth, 7th, 13th; rain on 7th and 20th. Pomfret, Connecticut.—A few days of extreme heat, but the July average is below that of several years. Columbia, Connecticut——A month of unusually severe and steady heat. Waterbury, Connecticut——Thunder, 3d and 19th; rain, 3d, 19th, 20th, 24th, 25th ; after 25th sun seldom seen ; sky, very seldom, so smoky. Moriches, New York.—Tremendous rain on 24th and 25th, from 12.30 a. m. till sunrise; 5 inches fell. 377 South Hartford, New York.—Month of excessive heat and drought; on 14th the farmers had to suspend work till evening ; many cases of sun-stroke during this heated term. Troy, New York.—Hottest July since 1830; probably hottest ever known here; mean, 5.92° above any July in 12 years. Garrison’s, New York.—Month warm and dry. Mohawk,.New York—Month dry ; a few partial showers. North Hammond, New York.—arthquake distinctly felt between 8 and 9 a.m.on 30th. Warmest July on record here; great drought, ground baked three feet deep. Depauville, New York—Remarkably hot and dry July. Palermo, New York.—Hottest July on record here in 15 years. Nichols, New York.—Hottest and dryest July ever known here, with much thunder and lightning. Buffalo, New York.—Gardens and pastures suffered severely until rains of 22d and 24th. Newark, New Jersey—Heavy thunder with lightning on seven days, with much rain 19th, 24th, and 25th. Hail onthe 15th. Mean of July for 25 years, 73.18°—this July 24° hotter; but in 12 of the 25 the mercury rose higher, and 1856 and 1866 had higher means, but in every one the mercury sunk lower than in this July. Trenton, New Jersey—On 19th heaviest thunder-storm ever known here, from 7 to 9 p. m.; high wind from north, tearing down roofs, trees, &c.; light- ning terrific and incessant, (some 20 places struck in this city;) rain-fall, 2.4 inches. Elwood, New Jersey.—Just enough rain to keep the crops growing finely. Newfield, New Jersey —Hot month; first half wet—numerous thunder-show- ers. Wheat harvest commenced 6th; katydid heard 29th. Nyces, Penasylvanta—Thunder-showers on seven days. Fallsington, Pennsylvania—Warmest July on my record since 1849. Dyberry, Pennsylvania.—Month clear, hot, dry. Frequent thunder and some hail. / Factoryville, Pennsylvania.—Since May 12th only 1.8 inch rain. Reading, Pennsylvania—Last 17-year locust seen on the 4th. Month remarkably dry ; cases of sun-stroke (men and beasts) numerous. Parkesville, Pennsylvania —Last half of July wind mainly southeast; air hazy, obscuring the sun, and dimming it at noon. West Chester, Pennsylvania —Thunder-showers on seven days. From 27th emoky, without odor. Fountain Dale, Pennsylvania—Rain in season to save corn, but gardens suffered from drought. Tioga, Pennsylvania.—WV armest weather ever known in this county, aver- aging 10° above twelve Julys previous. Only once in 12 years has the mer- cury been above 100° ia shade; this year, once in June, five times in July, and on 14th 106°. The winds were mostly from the north in the heated term. Indiana, Pennsylvania.—On the 5th two clouds met five miles west, (one from east, the other from northwest,) and passing west, with incessant lightning, swelled the streams, with 20 minutes’ raining, more than ever known before. Franklin, Pennsylvania—Thunder-showers nine days. Smoky from 16th to 20th. New Castle, Pennsylvania —From 1st to 5th and 11th to 21st mercury rose to 90° and 98° on north side of house, shaded with trees; in the village 5° higher. A few 17-year locusts appeared June 16th; potato bugs on July 15th. Grampian Hills, Pennsylvania.—Mean temperature 5.75° above the average of July tor 5 years, and 3° warmer than either of them. 378 Beaver, Pennsylvania.—Month almost one continued heated term, with very little rain, and that in veins, leaving some places very dry. Surry Court House, Virginia —All but last six days warm and dry. First dry month since 1866. Last days smoky. Johnsontown, Virginia.—Lightning or thunder, or both, on 14 days; rain on eight days; smoky on 26th, 27th, and 28th. Comorn, Virginia.—July rain-fall 6.52 inches, nearly all in last. 10 days; almost double the July average of 10 years past. Mount Solon, Virginia—July 26th dense smoke came through the gorges of the North mountain, filling the air the rest of the month. Snowville, Virginia —Thunder on 10 days; rain on 12 days. Wytheville, Virginta—July 16th, 17th, and 18th, mercury higher than in the 12 years I have kept record, except July 14th and 17th, 1866. Kenansville, North Carolina— From 21st to 27th numerous heavy thunder- showers caused extensive freshets on low lands. Raleigh, North Carolina —Thermometer ranged from 100° to 109° on 4th, Sth, 14th, 15th, 1S8th,.and 19th. Oxford, North Carolina—July 16th, thermometer 100° to 101° from 2 p.m. till sunset. Albemarle, North Carolina—Since the 20th general rains have revived the erops. Smoke from the north filled the air during the close of July. Gowdeysville, South Carolina.— Hottest July for years, with frequent showers. Atlanta, Georgia—July 17th, the hottest day in three years. Lightning and thunder nearly every day in July. Summerville, Georgia —Temperature of springs and wells much changed during the heated term. Moulton, Alabama.—Month unusually showery—showers local ; no storms ; heat oppressive. Fish River, Alabama.—F rom 21st to 25th, inclusive, squalls of wind and rain; the dampest time ever remembered. Houston, Texas——Much thunder and lightning ; 8.35 inches rain-fall. Austin, Texas—July unusually oppressive, owing to the absence of the southerly breeze and the great humidity. New Orleans, Louisiana.—F requent, but brief, showers of great violence; occasionally very sultry. Grenada, Mississippt—Rain on 18 days, and in sight nearly every day. Mostly brief and limited in extent. . Brookhaven, Mississippi.—Peaches ripened June 20th. On 4th instant, ripe apples. Rain on 20 days in July. Elizabethton, Tennessee—From 1st to 12th a thunder-storm in sight or hearing daily. From 12th to 19th hot weather, drying earth and crops. On 19th, the severest storm of wind, rain, hail, &¢., ever known here—to 27th almost one continuous rain-storm. Tusculum College, Tennessee—Thunder-showers here or in sight on 13 days; rain on two days, and on four days lightning only. Clarksville, Tennessee-—Frequent showers, mostly with lightning and thun- der; and from 25th to 31st very smoky, seeming to come from the west. Lexington, Kentucky—Month intensely warm; frequent brilliant electric phenomena, and numerous light rains; no violent storm. Clinton, Kentucky.—First summer locust, (cicada pruinosa,) 2d; katydid 8th; ripe peaches 23d. New Lisbon, Ohio.— Cutting clover 1st; wheat 9th. From June 29th to 24th instant, inclusive, (except 9th,) mercury ranged 90° and upward; the longest and hottest term ever known here. oto Cleveland, Ohio.—Average temperature 2.73° higher than in any July in 13 years past. Norwalk, Ohio—Hottest month ever observed here; average temperature 8° higher than average of six Julys past. Kelley’s Island, Ohvo.—Compared with 10 years past, the mean temperature has been 7.71° higher this July; yet the maximum no higher than in 1866 ; the uniformly high temperature makes the difference. North Fairfield, Ohio —The hottest summer in 10 years, except 1862, which it equals. Toledo, Ohio.—This heated term extended from June 27th to July 25th—29 tropical days—and for 17 of these the mean temperature was above 80°, and rose to 87°; and in none of the 29 days was the mean of the 24 hours below 74s: Urbana, Ohio.—The mean of the observations at 2 p. m., for 36 Julys is 80°: this year 87.60°. The nearest to this is July, 1854, when it was 84.5°. Litchfield, Michigan—The warmest July (days and nights) in 30 years ; up to 30th, rain-fall only 0.8 inch. Northport, Michigan.—Scarcely any rain since early in June. Copper Falls, Michigan —An extremely dry and warm month. Aurora, Indiana.— The 17-year locusts last seen on 13th. From 25th to 29th, smoky ; wind from northeast. Muncie, Indiana.—Red-eyed locusts did very slight damage. All gone. First green-eyed locusts appeared on the 11th; katydids 28th. Mean average temperature 5.5° higher than 1867. Rensselaer, Indiana.—Month very hot and dry. Chicago, Illinois —July 20th, temperature of lake at 30 feet depth, 72°; warmest in many years. Near Chicago, Illinois. —Thunder, lightning, and rain on six days. Marengo, Illinois —Temperature of well, 49°, on the 12th. Heard katydid on the 15th. Golconda, Illinois —Thermometer 100°, and above, on 15 days. Aurora, Illinois —Month unusally warm. Belvidere, Illinois —Hot from 3d to 18th; supposed hottest July since 1855. Rochelle, Illinois——A few persons died of sun-stroke, others sickened, and some horses died at work. Wyanet, Illinots—On the 14th, from 10 a. m. till 4.45 p. m., the thermom- eter ranged 100° to 101°; no day equals this in my observations of over 25 years. * Tiskilwa, Ilhinois—July 19th; the past fortnight the hottest known in my residence here of 25 years. Dead calm nearly all that time. Hennepin, Illinois —Heat extreme, but equable ; thermometer 90° and upward on 21 days; and below 70 on only eight mornings. Magnolia, Illinois —July 20th ; an unprecedented hot spell; for 20 days the thermometer ranged from 95° to 105° in the shade, and on sandy soils to 106° and 108°. On the 24th everything appeared autumnal; fall crickets singing, and blackbirds forming into flocks. Dubois, Illinois —The locust years here were 1842, 1855, and 1868, 13-year periods. Mount Sterling, Illinois —Averages : 9 a. m., 1867, 75.5°; in 1868, 88.35° ; at 2 p. m., 1867, 85.59; in 1868, 94.7°; at 9 p. m., 1867, 76.8°; in 1868, 84.2°; of all the observations in 1867, 78.8°; in 1868, 88°; nearly 10° higher this July than in July, 1867. With few exceptions, it was higher this year at 3 p. m. than at 2 p. m. Augusta, Illinois—Potato flies the 13th; katydid heard the 14th; early harvest apples ripe 16th. 380 Plymouth, Wisconsin—July unusually hot and dry ; mean temperature 6° above July average for 4 years past. Geneva, Wisconsin.—Katydids the 24th ; wheat harvest began the 25th. Rocky Run, Wisconsin.—July 9th to 20th, mercury above 90° every day at 2p.m.; longest excessive heat in nine years ; people prostrated by it all through this section. St. Paul, Minnesota —July 29th; violent thunder storm, with high wind ; lightning struck eight or ten times in the city, but did little damage. Minneapolis, Minnesota.—Hottest month recorded here. Thunder-storm the 29th, lightning doing some damage here. New Ulm, Minnesota-—Aurora borealis on the 8th, 10th, 14th, 15th, 19th and 25th; most splendid on the 10th. The Jatter noticed specially in reports from St. Paul, Clearwater Lake, Minneapolis, Dubuque, Iowa, and generally in northwestern States. Clinton, Iowa.—Hottest month recorded here. Dubuque, Iowa.—Month marked by uniform high temperature, steady bar- ometer, and absence of winds. Records for 16 years show no July with so high a mean temperature. Fort Madison, Iowa.—Rye harvest began the 2d; wheat the 16th; potato bugs cleaned out our potato patch the 18th; oat harvest the 19th. Guitenberg, lowa.—Great and long continued heat delayed harvesting. Winds few and light; several horses killed, and some men sickened by heat. fowa City, Iowa —The hottest month in 30 years, in all of which the average temperature was, at 7 a. m., 64.9°; at 2 p.m, 82.6°; at 9 p. m., 70.2°; and of all the observations, 72.3°. This July the means were 75.6°, 89.1°, 79.5°, and 80.8° for similar observations, respectively. Waterloo. Iowa.—Longest, greatest, and hottest drought known in 11 years. No copious rain before 31st. Rolfe, lowa—Blossoming of wild flowers about a week earlier than last year. Fontenelle, Iowa.—F light of grasshoppers, 3d to 20th, when all were gone. Katydids heard on 9th. Wheat harvested 26th. The warmest July on record. Logan, Iowa—Grasshoppers left early in July. Allenton, Missouri —TVhunder storms on 11 days; thermometer in shade 100° and upward on 13 days. : Rolla, Missouri—High, even temperature; no cool nights; heavy dews; thunder and lightning for 18 days, almost in succession, without cooling the air. Jefferson City, Missouri.—No beneficial rain since June 9th, and distressingly hot; grapes wilting on the vines. Hermitage, Missouri.—Twenty days at and above 98°, and 11 days 100° to 110°. Thunder showers daily from 3d to 24th. Leavenworth, Kansas —Like Indian summer 24th to 29th, both inclusive ; thermometer 100° degrees and upwards on 16 days. Holton, Kansas—Heard katydid on 12th. Much suffering from heat; on 20th thermometer stood at 113° in shade for one hour—on 20 days it was 100° and above. Elkhorn, Nebraska—The hottest month in 11 years; breezes soft and ener- vating, and nights still, sultry, and often without dew. Omaha Agency, Nebraska.—Fine growing season. Harrisburg, Utah —The latter part of July was the hottest season ever known here. Wanship, Utah.—-Clouds of locusts daily, sometimes obscuring the sun, until the 25th, when host after host successively rose, organized and passed away. In rising their wings rattled like a hail-storm. In about two hours thirty such swarms rose and flew away. For two days afterwards swarms were seen over- head, flying from other quarters. Port Townsend, Washington Territory.—Fine season for gathering crops. 381 NOTES ON THE WEATHER, CROPS, &c., FOR AUGUST, 1868. Steuben, Maine—August 15th—In three weeks had only six hay days, and two of these were Sundays—and yet it is dry weather; 28th, light frost. West Waterville, Maine—Swallows left on 29th; springs and wells getting low. Gardiner, Maine—The dryest August on record; the nearest to it (1841) had 1.08 inch rain. Norway, Maine —Slight frost on 13th. Cornish, Maine —Temperature 4.95° higher than the average of August in 13 years. Stratford, New Hampshire—August warm and dry. ’ Goffstown Centre, New Hampshire.—Little lightning and thunder; drought; pastures suffering. Shelburne, New Hampshire.—Haying commenced July 6th, and ended August 29th. Lunenburg, Vermont.—Pleasant month; latter part dry; much of it smoky ; sometimes almost dark with smoke. Craftsbury, Vermont.—A cool, dry month; severe drought; many wells and springs have failed. Woodstock, Vermont.—A slight frost on 17th. Topsfield, Massachusetis—Earth very dry ; wells failing; slight frost on 28th. Georgetown, Massachusetts—Ponds, &c., almost as low as in 1864~-'65; in many cases trees set out last spring killed by drought. Many sultry days, much damp weather, heavy dews and low-lying fogs, but little rain. Billerica, Massachusetts —Rains early in the month saved the crops, but now dry again; two thunder-showers this season. Lunenburg, Massachusetts—Thunder-showers on’six days. Average mean temperature of August for 30 years, 68.6°—of 1867, 69.23°—this year, 69.6°. Newport, Rhode Island.—Frequent showers on 1st, 4th, 5th, 8th, 9th, 16th, 20th, and 30th. Troy, New York.—Not a day in August free from clouds, and five fully clouded. Garrisons, New York—A warm, wet month. North Hammond, New York.—Great drought. Nichols, New York.—Last of month very dry. Rochester, New York:.—The average temperature a little higher than the August average for 30 years. Little Genessee, New York—Month unusually warm and dry. Buffalo, New York.—Month 1.5° warmer than the August mean for 10 years; pastures and gardens suffered for want of rain. Newark, New Jersey—The maximum temperature of this August was exceeded in 18 of the 25 preceding Augusts, but all save three had lower mini- mums, so that the mean temperature was 14° above their average. ‘The summer mean temperature was nearly half a degree above the 25 summers preceding, and the rain-fall nearly 6.75 inches more than those 25 summers. Katydids about the 7th. Newfield, New Jersey—aA flock of Yankee mocking birds (bob-’o-links) in their autumn dress (as reed birds) passed south on the 28th. August has been very changeable ; numerous showers but not much rain. ' Nyces, Pennsylvania —Thunder storms on 3d, 5th, 6th, 7th, 9th, 16th, 19th, 30th, and 31st. Fallsington, Pennsylvania—Rain on 11 days, but a month of very fine weather. ; Dyberry, Pennsylvania —On 7th, p.m., coarse hail and rain in torrents, with erashes of thundex, came from the north ; then moved slowly four of five miles 46 382 north again, roaring like a great water-fall; was heard several miles; then moved slowly two or three miles east, and after returning again partly, moved off east, going over some of the ground three times, leaving the ground covered with hail, (some over an inch through,) and destroying gardens, oats, buck- wheat, &c. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania—Rain on 14 days. Fountam Dale, Pennsylvania —Until 27th very dry. Johnstown, Pennsylvania—Month unusually dry and streams low. Beaver, Pennsylvania.—Less rain than in any month on record; dust not laid until 31st. Surry Court House, Virginia —August was warm, fair, calm; sfavorable for farmers ; rain enough for corn and warmth enough for cotton. Comorn, Virginia—Temperature equable and pleasant; rains seasonable and plentiful ; no severe storms. Snowville, Virginia.—August 14th, frost in a neighboring county; only a few light showers this month. Kenansville, North Carolina.—Lightning and thunder on 3d, 4th, 5th, 7th, 10th, 12th, 25th and 29th. Atlanta, Georgia.—Lightuing and thunder on seven days. Moulton, Alabama.—Month cloudy, and more or less damp, with foggy morn- ings and rank vegetation, denoting a sickly season. Carlowville, Alabama.—Corn seriously injured by drought, and cotton by boll worm and army worm. Jacksonvilie, Florida—Mean temperature of August averages 82.55°, one degree below this month. MRain-fall of August for 16 years averages 7.055 inches, or three inches above present month. Average summer temperature is 81.82°; the summer just past was 82.099. New Orleans, Louisiana.—Cutting second crop of hay, 13th; elderberries ripe, 15th; oranges (not quite ripe) in market, 26th. Grenada, Mississippi.cMuch fodder lost by wet weather; cotton suffering by wet, boll worm, and caterpillar. Brookhaven, Mississippt.—Cotton-picking commenced, 20th. ‘This is said to be the sickliest season since 1833; not enough weil to care for the sick; disease, bilious fever, tending to congestion and sometimes to typhoid type. Elizabethton, Tennessee.—Nearly every rain this month commenced with lightning and thunder; a very copious rain on 22d and 23d. Chilesburg, Kentucky.—Grasshoppers abundant, 8th; Concord grapes ripe, 20th ; Dianas and Clintons, 28th; grasshoppers in swarms, 30th. New Lisbon, Ohio —Martins left here 1st; month dry; pastures dried up. Kelley's Island, Ohio—On the 18th, during a thunder-shower, a singular tor- nado arose suddenly, breaking off trees, &c. It occupied a space of only 30 rods, east and west, making perfect wreck; on either side no damage. At the same time another devastated a similar path of 30 rods on the northern side of the island. Otsego, Michigan.—Late potatoes much injured by drought. Ridge Farm, Illinois —Potatoes suffering from fly, 10th; early peaches ripening, 16th. Aurora, Ilinois.— August, less wind than usual—favorable for harvesting. Hennepin, Ulinois—August of equable temperature, with little wind and much hazy weather. Dubois, Iilinois—Corn badly injured by drought. Belvidere, Illinois —Month quite cool and dry. Bloomfield, Wisconsin —A dry and excessively hot season. St. Paul, Minnesota —Harvést earlier than last year. Clinton, lowa.—Mouth pleasant, but dry—gardens suffering. » Dubuque, Iowa—Slight frost on low lands on 5th and 26th. ¢ 383 Monticello, Iowa.—Hop picking commenced on 3lst—a week earlier than last year. Independence, Iowa.—August very dry; even sloughs dried up—maples shed- ding leaves, and other signs of an early fall. Boonsboro’, Iowa.—Mean temperature same as average of 12 years past. Logan, Iowa.—Myriads of grasshoppers came again on 2d, and after eating corn, &c., departed from 10th to 15th, leaving vast numbers of eggs, which are now hatching out. Woodbine, Iowa.—W eather favorable, but grasshoppers returned from NW. on 3d to 8th, remained some ten days, doing considerable damage and vedas numerous eggs, now hatching. Rolla, Missourt—Drought continued till middle of the month, when rains revived the crops. Warrensburg, Missouri.—August 29th to 31st, first general rain since April—crops have suffered in many places from drought. Leavenworth, Kansas—Hartford prolific ripe, 1st ;; Concord, 8th; Delaware, 15th; Catawba, 29th—all earlier than last year. Grasshoppers came 31st. Atchison, Kansas.—Grasshoppers came 13th, and have been numerous and destructive ever since. Holton, Kansas.—July heat damaged corn and late potatoes to a half crop— grasshoppers have eaten the turnips. Elkhorn, Nebraska—Coldest August in 11 years. Glendale, Nebraska.—A wet month and cold as July was unusually hot. Grasshoppers coming and going in great numbers all the month. In the spring their course was northerly and easterly, now southerly. Nebraska City, Nebraska—Grasshoppers reappeared 11th; have stripped husks and blades of late corn; destroyed buckwheat, potato vines, &c., 16th; leaving for the south 22d. (a ef 4 ; i ae pun &, ) ubeey h a i) h, ns ao, ao ' ‘J “i rar) ihs atAt ane hh ene eaitu 7, Ne yO ae ee } Pl Gag ayn aut Ae hemes ae ee it nee ha re me vie r oe ve NAS SS “2a 7 f ii ay iam us 4 : aes ' ; ‘es 3) oC are ,ou ‘ : , iy the " 14 - We " ives y Me Evite & re. ¥ y f r : et | f é tee a hk le iia | ho cm) - “aly ay tk a it A t a" 7 a ; > ye J mou, } ok a a oe Dy es Ay yWa! 5 ote i ‘ Ve ‘ hey! AL i v4! . ; i ; ® a ‘ j \ a A? i A 4 Ry j i . ” ie he igse fet “ 4 Usihty | A. ‘ a i E . i iS ‘ ’ d j ; i Cid a” ere et erty Veet Gee Oe ee ee Eg ge : 2 J \ ‘ “ ‘ 4 * it ‘ ua tee ¥ ‘ . pe \ é y ‘ a , ' “I ¥ \ nae . A ; ee: a Km ire ‘ we i TA ‘ 7 Tn ptitn ty saat ; ‘ Ope nF / : lds ae rn hy iL et , , ‘ ! ’ ¥ \ ery \ i v i Mi : | uf! oH ] ' i ' ; ' ' a ; ; i Deis ; - i a y z bbe i iy i Ls 5 Py hoe) MONTHLY REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, OCTOBER, | LS) Ger. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1868. = hl Ve *), it i} t* i Ven bee 2 fe) Bo MONTHLY REPORT. WASHINGTON, D. C., October 26, 1868. Sir: I herewith respectfully present for publication a statement of the con- dition of the crops for October, with tables of averages, and extracts from cor- respondence; with articles upon the following topics: The Spanish fever ; Indian agricultural exhibition ; evils of land monopoly ; rice and sugar crops in Louisiana; agricultural statistics in Great Britain; sales of sheep in England ; European hop crops; meteorology, &c. J. R. DODGE, Statistician. Hon. Horace Capron, Commissioner of Agriculture. CONDITION OF THE CROPS IN OCTOBER. Wueat.—The full promise of the early summer has not been realized in the wheat harvest. The increase of area over that of last year, in its effect upon the aggregate production, is nearly neutralized by a small diminution in.some of the principal wheat-growing States, in the yield per acre; so that the increase in the total quantity, as shown by our October returns, is scarcely more than three per cent., and that is obtained mainly from the Pacific coast. The progress of wheat culture westward is somewhat remarkable, and its history is not altogether unlike that of cotton, in its occupancy of new lands, and their desertion after a few years’ use, not indeed to grow up in sedge or forest, but to be laid down in grass or employed in a more varied range of pro- duction. Not only does it go with population westward, but its movement is in an accelerating ratio, yielding results in bushels to each inhabitant surprising to eastern farmers. Thus has the territory between the Mississippi river and the Pacific ocean, which in 1859 yielded about 25,000,000 of bushels, harvested about 65,000,000; while the country east of the Mississippi, with its accession of population and wide distribution of agricultural implements, has made no increase, as a whole, a few of the western States barely making up the deficiency suffered in Virginia and Kentucky. It is a remarkable fact that a region which nine years ago produced only one-seventh of the wheat in the country, now supplies nearly one-third of it. A similar progress in another decade will carry the centre of wheat production beyond the Mississippi, and were it possible for the Pacific coast again to quadruple its yield, that distant wheat field will give a larger product than the aggregate production of the United States in 1850. Well may the East imagine the supply of breadstuffs decreasing, and naturally enough the West may deem their harvests golden; but when twenty more years shall pass and the virgin soils of California shall be despoiled of their fatness, and their yield shall be reduced to ten or twelve bushels per acre, where will the spoiler go for new wheat fields to ruin ? The averages for October appear to show a decrease in production in Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Texas, the latter having only half a crop. The other States indicate an increase, in most of those east of the Mis- 388 ‘ sissippi very slight; in Minnesota, 13 per cent.; in Iowa, 6; in Missouri, 8; in Nebraska, 13; in Kansas, 23; and in California, 25 per cent. Many places in different parts of the country, especially in Maryland and Wisconsin, report a disappointment in the yield of grain in threshing. The disappointment, however, is sometimes in the other direction, as in the following case : Erie county, Ohio. —F rom extended observations, after threshing of wheat had been more general, I have made in this return the average higher, as I am borne out in the larger estimates, and the quality of the wheat is better than last~year. * The following items illustrate the tenor of many reports in favored districts : Brown county, Minnesota —Threshing commenced three weeks ago; wheat will average 26 bushels to the acre. This is above the average for the last five years. The grain was all put in the stack in good order and the quality is good. Winneshiek county, Iowa.—W heat will average full 23 bushels in this county, some as high as 35 to 38, and but a few go under 20. Bates county, Missouri—T here never was a better crop of wheat harvested in our county. Some fields went as high as 35 bushels per acre, and one 37, and this in a region where it was said wheat could not be grown profitably until the Yankee invaded the country. McCracken county, Kentucky—Our crops will probably average one-fourth better than usual. Coryell county, Texas.—The grasshoppers made their appearance yesterday, (23d,) in vast numbers, and if they continue with us as long as they did last fall, there will be another entire failure of wheat. The prospect was never more favorable for wheat sowing than now, if it were not for the grasshoppers. Oats.—This crop is light in the eastern, middle, and southern Atlantic States ; is not a full average in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Iowa; in the other States the product is above the average, the largest increase being 21 per cent. in Nebraska. In Wisconsin the deficiency is 9 per cent. Our Green county cor- respondent says: ‘The oat crop of this vicinity has been considered almost a certainty, but owing to very hot weather just as the oats were beginning to fill, the crop was materially injured. Fields that bid fair from 40 to 75 bushels per acre, when harvested, actually produced from 20 to 30. From many inquiries, I have heard of but one field producing over 30 bushels per acre. As a whole, the crop has been quite as large as that of last year.” Rys&, in most of the States, is marked by figures very similar to those which show the relative product of oats. BarLeY.—The barley crop is somewhat deficient in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and in most of the Atlantic States. It will scarcely make so large an aggregate in bushels as last year. Corn.—Oonsiderable injury from frost is reported in northern Indiana, Illinois, Towa, and more northern latitudes. In some portions of Iowa an estimate of two-fifths of soft corn is made. From southern Indiana, southern Ohio, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania, come complaints of immaturity in consequence of wet weather, and a few accounts of injury from drought are received. No gen- eral or very severe droughts have been reported. The high temperature of July was favorable to the growth of corn, but the unusual coolness of the later summer gave a sudden and injurious check at the critical period of earing, result- ing in late ripening, smut, and other evidences of abnormal conditions. Yet the acreage is undeniably large in most of the States, and nowhere is there very serious failure. The total product will be, therefore, not what was hoped in the early season, or what is needed for a country with a rapidly increasing popula- tion, but a somewhat larger quantity than last year, which was a season peculiarly adverse to corn production. A good crop should exceed one thousand millions 3&9 of bushels. Last year’s production was little more than. three-fourths of that quantity, and the present, though not yet fully harvested, and the material for a final estimate returned, does not promise to reach that figure by 10 or 15 per cent. Corron.—The area in cotton is somwhat less than last year; its culture has been better; the preparation for planting more complete; aud labor more regular and reliable, as a general rule. Early in the season the promise was fine ; seri- ous losses have of late been incurred, however, principally from depredations of the cotton caterpillar, or army worm, which have proved more general and severe in Georgia than elsewhere, very troublesome in portions of Alabama and Missis- sippi, and somewhat prevalent in the Carolinas and in Arkansas. Heavy rains in Tennessee and the southwest have caused anxiety, but done less damage than was expected. Our returns indicate a smaller crop, possibly by 15 or 20 per cent., than last year; but the complete estimate will not be made till the crop is gathered. It is the aim of the statistician to give the exact truth, nothing to extenuate, and nothing to depreciate. Some farmers would conceal the actual facts of the harvest, with the expectation of better prices as a result of the deception. The hope is fallacious; the fraud will always be discovered. On the other hand, there are always buyers who will give publicity to extravagant estimates to depreciate prices and magnify a scarcity, after having purchased heavily, to give an unnatural stimulus to the market. Honesty is decidedly the best policy, for farmers as well as others. In these estimates, while a doubt exists, it may be proper to give producers the benefit of it, and make the figures somewhat smaller rather than larger than the probable result. Acting on this principle, the cotton estimate for 1866 was placed at 1,835,000 bales, and that of 1867 at 2,340,000 bales, while the actual shipments of the cotton for those years reached very nearly 2,000,000 and 2,500,000 bales respectively. Could every pound have been counted in advance, no fairer statement could have issued from this depart- ment. PEAS AND BEANS will be nearly an average crop. BuckWHEATis very generally deficient ; Connecticut, New Jersey, Minnesota, California, and some of the southern States, furnish favorable exceptions. Sorcuum has been more successful than last year. Illinois and Wisconsin are not quite up to last year’s production. Both buckwheat and sorghum were injured by early frosts in high latitudes. PotaToges.—In southern New England, New Jersey, Delaware, the Gulf States and California, potatoes are reported a full average crop, with a deficiency of 10 per cent. in New York and Pennsylvania, from 3 to 7 per cent. in the southern Atlautic States and Tennessee, 20 in Illinois, 10 in lowa, 11 in Indiana, 15 in Ohio, 16 in Michigan, and a greater or less reduction in other western States. SuGarR-caNE.—Returns from Louisiana indicate an increase of 42 per cent. over last year. OLD WHEAT.—The amount of old wheat on hand is somewhat less than usual throughout the country with the exception of the cotton States, which have a higher average than last year. This remark will notapply to Texas, where the granaries are uniformly empty. The quantity left over in Wisconsin is rela- tively somewhat lower than in the neighboring States. FATTENING €ATTLE.—The stock of beeves in preparation for market is larger than last year west and south of New Jersey, except in Indiana and Illinois, which States constitute an important beef-producing section. The deficiency in Illinois is placed at 2 per cent.; in Indiana 5 per cent. The condition of fattening cattle is almost universally superior, giving promise of better and larger meat supplies than usual. 390 Table showing the condition of the crops, §c., on the 1st day of October, 1868. 4 a & b> < STATES. Average product compared with Average quality compared with Average product compared with OATS. 1867, B 2 Maine 2525-2 3oceeneece< scout 9.3 | 10 New Hampshire ......--.------ 8.6] 9.1 Wermont 2225226.-5:- 024222226 10.2 | 10.2 Massachusetisl 2. -choc eee e es NAAN I9E3 hodemsland 2 secs en. = SS Sly oU ke eee ee Connecticut’. 2222 20552-22525 22 9.8] 9.8 INew2VOrk=ss--s2oer cece seees 1053) 958 INC Wr CIREYs Soctee een nn aca E55 lie ate: Pennsylvania..----.------.---- 10.2 | 10 Welaware! sos.c 5. ssh cece ee 10.1 | 10.6 \wihislbvilil $A 8 -e see Sdsees5 Sec 10.5 | 9.7 Vee ee a ee 10.3] 9.9 Worth Carolina jo. ccc cece 8.7] 8.8 South Carolina ~.=--5 <--2 ---==- T(AY fal\ MTs COORG a5 5855 eaScn6 caee ss oese 8 8.7 Wlonmda Beetiesasaiesee aero ess eaclesse ae WWabama =- 2) oa eceows oats ee Baz 9 MISSISSID Dee = a= == =a AO RON, WIGUISIANA Go Aoe.< eae eee eee 12.5 | 10 |WEENG) OS ene S58 abaees eaco soos ASO Arkansas es. 720 Oe eee eee 11.5 | 10.5 Tennessee2- == fee eee eos cence 10.2 | 9.5 Wrest Varemin pose ee nen W501 aS Kentuckyjes- ser aes eee eee eee 10 TE bask SMISSOUT! oo2 eee cece coer ee nines 10.8 | 10.1 )INnGIis: anche eee eee 10.2} 9.6 indiana. 22... scco. eee eee ener ES) | TRY ONO oe ssi sand oon eo eee 10.5 | 10.4 Michigan. So cess eee eee 10.5 | 10.3 PMIRCOUBIN 4s 'sc02 cee ee eereeee 10.3} 9.8 MaINeSOta 2% -\ 520 sae eeeeeee 134) 10:2 WOW sc gse SSS SoS 8 == 10.6 | 10.4 GOES sob s50 pepo Reeser eon ace 12.3 | 10.3 INebiiskageen- oe ose -t-o- lo Sse ea LON Calitomineretssciesos- > 22... 5s 1274 S051 — _— 10 ce) a ao ce ron) sO 0 — os Ok SK ee Re OT ON 10. © OO vo FESS nw eo RYE. | BARLEY. Average product compared with 1867. 1867, Average product compared with 1867, Average quality compared with 1867. Average quality compared with 1867. Average quality compared with 95:55) (945) TONSaeS 9.2 856.) 92133 MOSS Bere 8.3 OF 49767) 10 9 9.3 O¥6R| LOS O65 eae 9.6 Seal oh a Os valao 8.5 sre (lesz OPAL END ses 9.4 O29) 9.917 Vos Onl oe 9.5 8 By lal ss 9.5 suo) EO |) Si7/ 9.6 6 10 Tl |) eeceeeeeeees 7.2 | 9.63) 1050 9.5 9 9.9) 10°) | Saeeeeeeeeees 957 | 10 9.8 9.6 85451) 19557) 16 10 OF 27 FO. eo aa 10 O74) 8.010 OF ou| 2a ae 9.50) SSO 10.2 LOST ND. TOE 9 10.6 | 14 10/5" |-2 S34 eee LORS 9.139) LOM 10 HONG a LOT eal one, 9.4 LOFT O5Ar oes 9.6 LOS ie 10.8 9.6 10.9 | 10.1 } 10.2 Shs) 10.4 | 11.5 | 10.4 10 9.5 mil Dh .7 9.3 A) 9.2 Me 8.7 Lil Shu $3) 10.3 10.4 10.2 391 Condition of the crops, §¢—Continued. PEAS. - STATES. pared with an average. Condition October 1, com- pared with an average. Average compared with 1867. Condition October 1, com- New Hampshire Vermontiisss2. 26455 Massachusetts Rhode Island..---.---- Connecticut New? Yorks. 2255 "2-52 New Jersey ----------- Pennsylvania -. ...--.-- Delaware Maryland Wireiniai 2 225. sos <- North Carolina South Carolina .... ..-- cat eee oe Mahamatess25cs- ess Mississippi ---..--.---- louisiana a2. bes-tsoss- @ © @~ 0 © Or vw Sees ant —" Ra) for) eS on Ro) na on _ oO S$ Sours : woownn & KH WD W Yoennesseets s2-2 .--5-5 West Virginia....-.---- Kentucky Missouri Illinois Tndieateee ss. 6 sot ees 2 OWMOweesee es she 6 oss Michigan Wisconsin Kansas Nebraska @almormia./s....--.5429 BEANS. POTATOES, (Solanum tuberosum. ) POTATOES, (Batatus edu- lis, sweet.) BUCK- WHEAT CORN, Condition October 1, com- pared with an average. Condition October 1, com- pared with an average. Condition October 1, com- pared with an average. Condition October 1, com- pared with an average. Condition October’ 1, com- pared with an average. es m © © ~! ww 11 sence co) oO 92 Condition of the crops, &c.—Cuntinued. STATES, New sHamps nike 7h a. ope we seeiee en eel # 2po esis) 2c a ae deca lems WWenmMOMi He seerme ce seee sees aniee ctcnte see MARSA CHIISOLES Cente se oicinuie Swieerieroers ae Rhode sland. =2- 2b boca cas see ee cclse esi Wonnecticnthes-=- eee ceed amor eee ING we Ork: gen coe. ieee ease elisecmeletes Whi? digtvah/ oSesea55 ces So5cunessosose once Bennsylvania - 2-6. s22cmee semis cee ince = WMelaware ates ose nee oe tebe sole acisisimy aslo a5 = Winn deyvil e435 ssced- omacospes cosa se dosc AWiiverten) (cosa dene ponam eee oe. eros dese Initia Chytihit asa ese meee copaoH Saar Sout Ganolmnaes sess .se sitet oso) eee (COG pasos dbespobscleoS. S505Ges8 dase OMI a pees masa e = oars se mim clsioe ele male si See- NIA DAM Ar eee sei Seine se tews aa eeteas WARSI DO -Sh600 Sopetsascccndé so sezeteane Wogisianay eee see ace eel eee area OxAS wen ae sca cee Se eee ieee ee eee = eee Arkansas 23:66 2ccres ice oe comeecdecnmcade Menn esseeess seer sese sass. poem awiseme ee Wiest Watowniale ess sseeao- ence e eee GINO? He Skaekselson S555.cbdo cease s656 MUSSOUDI. d- 2c <2 o-ce tee eae aeas ose cedeaee Mien ey eee Oee ae Sascdige Saas csomae 7c | IDRC ONIN hs nico =e Sinm Ae eae ctereeenctete pelican MINING S OLE: cai oss bi :-- 5.22. St. Mary’s Emmittsburg ....... Frederick Mt. St. Mary’s Coll-.|....do..... -- Averages......|-.-.- Soctocece VIRGINIA... purry ©. Hen sosce. Barry esses MtSolon ss. 222. <2 Augusta Lynchburg ......-... Bedford Snowville .--....... ) Pulaski Wytheville .. -.....| Wythe-...--- Deaf, Dumb, and | Augusta Blind Inst. LAS GRE OTS SS I CA et frat, a cp rt rr Mere 265,000 dbs NASI So oo 6:4 eee Ss eee eioess oes es oc ae 200,000 (Ghee tates emis. ~~... epee oe Pe) 2) ae eee 75,000 Malizia. eemetetetete mites 2 cs. c.2 aie Cre eieietetare to's owe sc séaden | "2,000,008 425 Table showing the condition of the crops, &e., on the 1st day of November, 1868. POTATOES. (So- lanum tubero | POTATOES. (Ba- | tatus edulis, ) Sweet. TOBACCO. CORN. sum.) a iS = = 3 S STATES. 2 : A PES a Ex Sol oder | sees E =e ane ae nes Maines ssf 25s LOSE ON) 1cak New Hampshire -.-| 10.7 | 10.9 | 10 Viermontiee. 2-5 c= 11 10.6 | 10.8 Massachusetts ---.. Oomph 10.7 Rhode Island.----- 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.2 Connecticut ..----- SiGe Ja 1} Se: News Vorkscesse os! 10.2 | 10.3] 9.9 New Jersey .----- =| LOCSaLOsS Pennsylvania --...- 10.5 | J0.1 | 10.6 Delaware <-2. <-.-.- 9 10 11 Maryland. .- 5. =>. - 10.6 | 9.9 | 10 Wires 8 dos 10.8 | 10 She North Carolina .-..| 13 10.9 | 10 South Carolina ..-.| 12.6 | 10 9.4 Geprpg <=. 4- === - 9:47) 9.37) 10.3 Bilonidays- 422: .=- 2: TW steht) || he: Alla bamaaescscetao2 = lstitete|| Mentor fi deste: Mississippi -.-..-.- 14 TOL Sa MONT Lodisianaiss30 2-222 olen hOse ale. 2 Texaa. 2% <3/s2255¢ HORS SOl7 eEL 3 Agkansas: cast s--24|| 15 10 re Tennessee. ....---- TR) a |e! West Virginia .-.. - | TO Sales ie |e Weniocky, 22-75-28 12.5 | 10.5.) 11.9 MiIssoumies- 32% 2ye o> LOS 74 | eR ees Ilinoist2- ss<- 452 1.4 | 9 oN Wndiangers.tsoeee5 11 8.5 | 10.4 Ohiog we 2.2 Uae PSE 105 1s) LOL6 Michigan ....-...- 3,54). 9.6 | > 9d Wisconsin s222s5=- a OSG y|* Bel Minnesota. -.-.-2...-. 13.9 | 13.6 | 10.6 WO Wate = cies cee Loa 9: 4.) 10.6 INGINAS << ses cee SOMGLON| Nebraska ....-..-. On4aalers 10.9 California ...- 2... 1252) | LO eal is. 2 = E 2 : Ss Lo} : 8 iS : See |: Se be ° iol S a 1 es > > > > > > = = 2 Sl US < < | <4 < < < A a Ay in fe ee A TRICO LR A eg | Ap tad 7.5. | SOope eee New Hamp..| 11.5 | 11 . el ie | eee bce awe oe ee tener 9 10.9 8.5 Mennontes VaNet Bb | OL5.) 22 deco Nee esl pea 10 8.6) 9.5 Massachus’ts| 11.7 | 9.2] 8.8 )...--- 1 ON Steere cece oey ae. 8 12 76 RhodeIsland| 10.7 | 11.2 | 10.5 PE a aes eae a a ee pee ST eS 7) Gules 6 Connecticut | 12.3 10 | 9,3 |.-----|------|------ UG les Sane 8.6 | 9 8 New York...| 11.4 | 10.1 | 9 Ug A eke Daigce: i na es 10.5| 8&7) 86 New Jersey .| 10.8| 10.5} 11 | 10 |....-.|-.---- Wen Wee: 8.1] 32) 5 Pennsylv’nia| 10,1 | 10.1 | 9.3 |) 9.5 |...--.|.----- 169 |oceaoe 9.2.) Tete eas Dotiyareee (ii M0. Wet 400 2s ee Beeb somal G me 4 Maryland -..| 10.3 | 10 95 | 10)" jz232 ra sese WB Pee 8.1} 4 7.2 Warpamiay WOT IOs F112) OO cso Oras ee 9.6{ 5.5} 5 N.Carolina..| 10.4 | 9.9 | 10.5] 8.9] 9.4} 176] 9.6 |..-... 6.5 | 10.3 | 10.8 SiCazoling -.) 11.2.) 9,6 |.--.-|...... Pees tetova 6 geen ee oe 9.5 feprrin e254 OLA SB he. o2. | om | 8 | 147] 10.3) 11.6) 9.5 | 13.8) ieee Florida ..... | 85] 10 |..-.-.|.-.--- 6 st lhe 13.1 |-2-42.|-- 5 Mebane. 23/93 oa eo aes AW Efi) Silo eae 9.5 | 12 9.9 Mississippi-.| 10.7} 10 }°10 |..--.. 10.5 | 205 | 13.1] 11 ca Pel i 9.9 Louisiana...| 9 ced Pee ee 173°) 266 | 14 - | 22.5 | 16.2 | Mie Texaste 2 2 19.2] 9.8 |..-...|....-. 13:3] 277.| 10,9.| 14.5) 19.2) Saas A Eareaal iic sal ph Saleen vee hae i300 8. 3 ees 11.7/10 | 10.4 Tennessee. .| 10.1 | 9.4] 11 adn 3), TAO: ded ol eee 9,4 | (8.80 73 W. Virginia |) O70) “Ofey S25 | Seg leo 222. |. 2 oe Oreier ae. & 9.4| 5.7] 6.8 Kentacky) 4 029 eeo son OO LO mea ems) ccc 1 BW eater eek lia 6 Missouri .--.| 9.6 | 9.7 OE SOON eee sell as atte a (02) eee 1 | Tena 7.8 Illinois. ....| 10 | 10.1) 8 2) Ps ae eae pate Cy fauna 110.6] 46) 63 Indiana . .... 1656: ||"£02 24) 93d das ees’ Ce ae 10.3 | 4 7 hiro... 976 tO 149.711 Oieileae. «jee ees CD yl ela 9.9°] 7.5 eee Michigan. ..| 10.7 |'10,1 | 9.8.) 12.9 |..2...)-2.-2- ie Sg 9.4] 6.9] 8 Wisconsin --/| 9.3 10.2 | 8.9} 9.7 |......|------ 620 Noose ellen ee Dad Minnesota -.| 11.1 | 10.2 | 11 fy Ce EP eee 1S: | See TOU) | Oe eee Towaeesce: 10.4 | 10 SiO Ne Qos Hes ase le eee dM Pg Ba ed 907 i} Bee FAG) Kansas 5 aoe- evel be eal «VETO Nae eel = el eee SO nee 10/5 quien OE7 Nebraska - ..| 10.2 | 10 9 AlaIO. Bes eller 2. B27, eee ee fe a) California ...| 12.4 | 10.2] 9.5 | 10.5 |..--..|-..... 10nateseee 1Ote 10.2 rasa 427 EXTRACTS FROM CORRESPONDENCE. PEACHES IN NEW JERSEY. Morris county, N. J.—I have been engaged here since 1856 in the cultivation of nurseries and orchards, making the cultivation of peach trees a specialty. I find that new varieties, such as the Mountain Rose, Stephens’s Rareripe, White Rareripe, Keyport White, &c., (all free-stone fruit,) are more profitable to cultivate than the old varieties, such as the Oldmixon, Crawford’s arly, and late Malacatons, Walter’s Early, Honest John, Smock Peach, Morris White, &c., the new varieties being the most productive, hardiest, and healthiest. ‘The Pride of Hssex (cling) is the largest white cling I have ever seen. I measured one that was over 12 inches in circumference; it is very sweet and juicy, ripening here about the 1st of October; very handsome, with a clear white skin. Peach trees are cultivated very extensively in this county, particularly in the townships ot Morris, Mendham, and Passaic. We had good crops of peaches in 1862, 1863, 1864, and 1865, the last being very heavy. In 1866 the cold weather destroyed the fruit buds, causing an entire failure for that year; in 1867 the crop was light; this year there were only a few orchards that had any ‘fruit ou, and those were well protected from the east winds, being covered by heavy forests or high ground, ‘situated on the side.of hills. The Mountain Rose succeeded better than any other variety. I think the Mountain Rose is the best early variety cultivated ; for flavor, color, productiveness, &c., it is unsurpassed. Apple trees and grapes were destroyed this year in consequence of the wet weather. WINE AND FRUITS IN UTAH. Sé. George, Utah—We are now wine-making, and I think our little village will this year make near 4,000 gallons, and a considerable amount of raisins— and our colony is but eight years old. To-day I ate a pomegranate. We raise rice and sweet potatoes, and grow the tenderest grapes out of doors. Our season of heat is the greatest, longest, and most even, and the grapes the sweetest I have ever seen. The following data may be of interest : July 15, apricots ripe; June 15, thermometer up to 105 in the shade at noon; July 7, ripe figs; July 6, wall cherries ripe; July 8, Israella grape colors; July 8, tomatoes ripe; July 8, Codling and Sweet Bough ripe; July 10, first ripe peach; July 10, Japan lilies in bloom; July 12, white Chasselas grapes ripe; August 1, Old Mission begins to ripen; August 1, Black Hamburgs coloring; October 20, pomegranates ripe. r THE BLACK TARTARIAN CHERRY. A correspondent writing from Germantown, in reference to the origin of this cherry, says: : Permit me, very respectfully, to call your attention to plate XI, page 147 of the Report for 1864, wherein a description of the ‘‘ Black Tartarian cherry” is given, and the state- ment made that it came to this country ‘‘about 1806.” I have seen the same quotation made by other writers, but I know of the fruit being in this country as early as 1790. The original tree was cut down about ten years ago, but grafts taken from it are now to be had. The engraving of the fruit in the report is much better than any I have seen before. CORN. Sagadahoc county, Me.—Corn would have been above the average had it not been for early frost, which was very sevére on the nights of the 17th and 18th of September, but little corn being ripe at that time. 428 Burlington county, N. J—I have never seen a better corn crop in our county and it ripened nicely before frost. Indiana county, Pa.—The corn crop will be a short one; that is, for sound, merchantable corn. The frost of September did this damage. I think not more than a half crop will be saleable. The frost and the drouth have made a pretty short crop. Baltimore county, Md—The favorable weather, and the continued rain in due season, created a heavy crop of corn. Our crop is estimated at 1,400,000 bushels, the best yield since 1860. Kanawha county, W. Va.—The corn crop, as to quantity, has exceeded expectation; but it is discovered that there will be considerable rotten corn amongst it, no doubt caused by the severe wet weather in September. Bedford county, W. Va —Corn greatly injured by drought, but the acreage being greater than last year, I estimate the crop at the same. King George county, Va——The corn has been mostly gathered in fine con- dition ; the crop on good land, well cultivated, being the best for many years. The large quantity cultivated slovenly by the freedmen reduces considerably. the average crop. Middlesex county, Va.—The warm wet weather has considerably damaged the corn crop. ; Duplin county, N. C—Corn we have in plenty, for our own support, and a little to spare; the present year we have had to buy largely. ‘The increased production is to be ascribed first to the season; secondly, better cultivation, and the large amount of cotton-seed used as manure, Osage county, Kan.—The corn crop is only half that of 1867; it will in all probability not reach that amount. Many fields in this county will not yield five bushels per acre; and much of what is raised is eaten by worms. Up to July 1, the prospect was very flattering, but the extreme heat of that month injured it severely. Stark county, Ohio—Corn is good in quality and product where the first planting remained; where fields were injured by worms there is a large proportion of soft corn. 4 Madison county, Ark.—The continued rains during the past months of Sep- tember and first of October, with heavy winds which have blown down the corn, have caused the larger portion of the crop to rot. : Grecne county, Ga—My corn crop exceeds anything of the kind that my eyes have ever beheld. I havea piece of river bottom that will yield 50 bushels to the acre, and I hope to sell 2,000 bushels this year. Russell county, Ky.—The yield of corn has been better than for years past, but will not produce near as much money as last year. Corn sold last fall at 60 cents per bushel; corn can be bought now at from 25 to 30 cents. McDonough county, Ul—We had some severe frosts last month, which caused a good deal of injury to the late corn, which happened to be unseasonably green in consequence of September rains. Perhaps I overstate the injury, but farm- ers complain a good deal. Warren county, [ll—Our corn crop promised to be much larger than stated in my report, but was damaged and-made lighter by the frosts, about the middle of September—except the earliest fields. White county, Ind—Corn crop seriously damaged by frost in September. Marion county, Iowa.—Of corn there is a heavy yield, but it is somewhat injured by frost, being 10 days earlier than usual. Fannin county, Texas—Corn is not yielding as well as anticipated, having been injured by drought. Walker county, Texas.—The corn crop of this county is equal to that of 1865, when little else was planted. 429 : Grayson county, Texas.—The corn crop is short in consequence of the drought, both in quantity and quality, at least one half. Ellis county, Texas—Corn crop falls one-fourth below the expected yield, on account of the drought. COTTON. Beaufort county, N. C—The crop of cotton is much better than in 1867, but the quantity planted is much less. Franklin county, N. C_—It was at one time thought that the cotton crop would yield one-third less than last year, but it is coming in better than was anticipated, and the season has been of late favorable. Duplin county, N. C—Cotton is nearly all picked out, and we can estimate the crop with a degree of certainty. The yield is above an average one. The army worm appeared September 10, and ate the leaves entirely off of two-thirds of the cotton, but I don’t think they injured it in the least. The rust also was very general but has not seemed to injure cotton to a great extent. Our cotton has opened much earlier than usual the present year. The freedmen have gen- erally worked well and cheerfully, much better than the past year. St. Clair county, Ala.—Cotton has been cut wonderfully short by the worms, worse than anticipated early in the season. Randolph county, Ala.—The last days of August the worm stripped our cot- ton of leaves and all bolls not grown. More cotton planted in our county than ever before; bid fair for a good crop until the approach of the worm. Putnam county, Ga—The average yield of cotton is about a bale (450 to 500 pounds) to three acres. The iate season has improved the crop somewhat since last return. The worms reached this county too late to materially injure the crop. ’ Stewart county, Ga.—The cotton crop was injured in early spring by pro- tracted wet weather. This period of excessive rain was followed by one of drought of about nine weeks continuance. After this the caterpillar made its appearance, stripping entirely of its foliage most of the cotton in the county. In addition to this the boll worm has committed ravages to a most unprece- dented extent, besides the average is not estimated at more than eight-tenths of 1867. All these unfavorable circumstances considered, it is no matter of sur- prise that the present crop should not exceed six-tenths of the crop of last ear. Holmes county, Miss—Cotton is doing well in the way of opening, and the valley yield will be large compared with the two preceding years, but in the hill portion of the county the worms did a great deal of damage, and the crop is consequently short. I send you some cotton, a sample of my crop known as the Peeler long staple. All who have seen it say it is a decided improvement on the original. I purchased seed this year at $3 per bushel, and the variety of cotton is now selling at about 50 to 60 per cent. on common staple produced. I hope to make six, perhaps seven, bales off nine acres, and have, on the first picking, off of one and a half acres, obtained 1,240 pounds seed cotton. Deduct- ing two thirds for seed, I have quite a commercial bale of lint cotton. I think it every way an improved variety. It is better limbed and better bolled, and though this has been a bad fall for cotton, and the worms injured it materially, yet if I had had seed at first to replant, and secure a good stand, I would have made over a bale to the acre. Grayson county, Texas—The cotton crop was also injured, first, by reason of the wet weather, then the drought, and to some extent by the caterpillar, so that the crop will not be more than two-thirds. Walker county, Texas—The cotton crop of this county this year is about equal to two-thirds of an average crop, being about double the amount raised last year. 430 Fayette county, Texas ——Cotton is a special crop in our county, and our plant- ers are turning their attention to a small, curly prolific varicty that will mature a crop by the first of September, thus in a great degree escaping the ravages of the worms. This cotton is yielding this tyear, on upland, three-quarters to ‘a bale per acre, although the worms appeared in it the last week in August. The crop in the county will average a little over one-quarter of a bale per acre this ear. Sorghum is attracting considerable notice as acrop. It will yield, when properly cultivated and manufactured with the improved iron mills and evap- orators, at each cutting, four barrels, of 40 gallons, of sirup, 50 gallons of supe- rior vinegar, and 30 bushels of seed. The sirup is worth 80 cents (specie) per gallon ; the vinegar 50 cents per gallon; and the seed 40 cents per bushel. It will make two crops in a year. In the fruit line, peaches, plums, apricots, nectarines and pears thrive well and produce abundantly. The early varieties of apples will grow and produce some fruit. Small fruits, the blackberry, dewberry, and strawberry, thrive well. One of my neighbors has 14 acre in peach trees, from which he derives an annual profit of, say $500, besides supplying his own large family. They are seedlings, and it must be remembered that we have as yet no market for the frult in its fresh state. When railroads penetrate into the interior of our State we will doubtless do well in producing early peaches for a more northern lati- tude, and sell at high rates. Fannin county, Texas.—Cotton is not yielding as was expected ; much of it was injured by caterpillars and boll-worms. Severe frost on the 5th and 6th instants destroyed a large amount of bolls, that of an ordinary season would have matured. Late cotton is very much injured. The owner of a field of 20 acres late cotton told me he would lose fully one-fourth, perhaps more, but there re not many such cases as that. The amount of cotton planted was greater this season than last, yet I think the crop will be lighter than most of men are willing to believe. Arkansas county, Ark.—The crop of 1867 was a very bad one, one the aver- age yield was less than 200 pounds of lint per acre; this year the average is jess. One and one-fourth bale is the average amount of cotton picked to the hand, up to the present time; but I fear much cotton will be lost if the weather should be bad, in which event the crop may fall 20 to 30 per cent. below my estimate, and not above that of last year. Ellis county, Texas —Cotton grew well until the rain set in, followed by unusually hot weather, causing the cotton to shed all of its squares, or so nearly all that in many instances the ground was covered with the fallen squares; still we have an average yield. Panola county, Miss—The worm destroyed some cotton, but less in this county than in any other portion of the State. Rutherford county, Tenn.—1 am convinced that the estimate made August 1—16,200 bales as crop of this county will be near the mark ; the staple is bet- ter than last year. Clark county, Ark.—The drought in August materially lessened the cotton and corn crop, though a fair crop of each, at least double that of last year, has been made. Prairie county, Ark.—The acreage planted in cotton was about 20 per cent. less than last year, yet the crop exceeds that of last year by about 100 per cent. The product of this county will be about 7,000 bales, agaiust 3,400 last year. Leon county, Fla.—-Tise cotton crop is nearly gathered. J do not think there remain 50 bales to gather in the county. The crop was first shortened by a wet season, just as it got fairly to bearing, and then it was cut off earlier than ever before by the caterpillar. 451 POTATOES, Addison county, Vt—There were no potatoes of any account the middle of September, but from that time to the 15th or 20th of October they grew to be a fine crop both in quantity and quality. Burlington county, N. J.—KEarly potatoes were light; late, heavy ; ; in some localities a loss from rot, especially among Monitors, but not so much as last year; one large grower reports loss of one-third of his crop. Delaware county, Penn.—In 1867, in this part of our State, we lost almost all qur potatoes by rot.. This season the crop was large where it was not destroyed by wet weather in the spring. Indiana county, Penn.—Potatoes are about a half crop and in quality not a half crop. Hancock county, Il—Potatoes yielded poorly and are quite deficient in quality. Appanoose county, Iowa.—Potatoes were ruined by the bug. Portage county, Ohio.—The great drought of July and August has injured the crops with us very much, but potatoes grew rapidly when the rains came so that where they had set in the hill they have made a large growth, but of inferior quality as compared with average crops, being watery and heavy; still they may be considered fair; we have hundreds of thousands of bushels to export. Marion county, Iowa.—Potatoes were nearly destroyed, or apparently so, by bugs; some peculiarities of the species are long in shape, very lively, in color from ash to slate, and their numbers ‘were legion,’”’ enough to defoliate a potato patch in three hours after reaching it; subsequently, however, the plant revived, and the result is better than was at first anticipated. Marion county, Mo.—Potatoes turn out iar better than reported yield, and quality good. SORGHUM, Salt Lake City, Utah—Our sorghum is greatly inferior to that of previous years; the cane has little juice compared with other seasons, the stalks are filled with an almost sapless pith, and what juice is pressed out is devoid of sugar to a great extent; it takes from 8 to 20 gallons of juice to make one gallon of sirup. One enterprising, good-managing farmer got only 30 gallons from ground which yielded 100 gallons last season, though his land was properly attended to. Clark county, Ark.—I planted the cane seed sent in the spring on good upland, and made 104 gallons of sirup from the quart of seed planted on three-quarters of an acre; the largest cane measured 194 feet in height and 8} inches in circumference. Lewis county, Mo.—The crop of sorghum was good, but was neglected in order to save the corn fodder. Graves county, Ky.—The sorghum crop is 20 per cent. above that of (1867. McCracken county, Ky.—Our sorghum crop was very fine, but a frost came before much of it was cut, which affected it a good deal; the molasses seems to be very good. . Sangamon county, Ill—Sorghum makers say it takes double the usual quantity of juice to make a barrel of molasses this year. TOBACCO, Baltimore county, Ma. —The tobacco culture is getting smaller every year, being discontinued altogether in many localities; corn culture is taking the place. 432 Bedford county, Va—Drought retarded the growth of tobacco, but when rain came ripening was delayed until frost destroyed a great many entire crops, and injured all more or less. Randolph county, W. V—The tobacco erop is indifferent. Groves county, Ky.—Tobacco very fine, not eaten much by worms, housed in good order, very little damaged by frost; some little cut too green. Pendleton county, Ky.—The crop of tobacco is unusually large and fine in this county. Osage county, Mo—The fall rains kept tobacco from ripening, and on the 7th of October we had a frost that destroyed two-thirds of the entire crop. Me Cracken county, Ky—The tobacco crop has probably -never been excelled in this county; most of it was well matured before cutting; we have had very few worms, so that our tobacco is very nearly whole, which greatly improves the quality of the crop. The season has been rather wet to cure tobacco of a very fine color, but our crop is mostly a very nice red; some, how- ever, is fine piebald, hickory leaf, &c. THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. New York, December 31, 1868. Sir: I havethe honor of transmitting to you a brief preliminary report on the contagious lung disease of cattle, in accordance with your instructions of the 7th of November. It has been my aim to devote less space to details of visits and cases exam- ined than to the general history and the best means of preventing the disease. The motive which has actuated me in this has been your desire to condense in a short memoir the facts and suggestions best calculated to insure the adoption of rational means for the complete extinction, on American soil, of a disease that is entirely of foreign importation. I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant, JOHN GAMGHE. Hon. Horace Capron, Commissioner of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, I. NAMES BY WHICH THE DISEASE IS KNOWN. * The earlier outbreaks in the British Isles of a very fatal form of inflamation of the organs of respiration were described under the title, “ New Disease.” Reports from Germany soon indicated that the malady was the “ Lungenseuche” of the Germans, the “ Péripneumonie contagieuse des bétes bovines” of the French, the “ Polmonea dei bovini” of the Italians. It was, therefore, soon identified in England under the names of the “lung disease,” “ pleuro-pneu- monia,” and “ contagious pleuro-pneumonia of cattle.’ It was truly a new dis- ease in England, and the readers of our great and pains-taking veterinary com- piler Youatt can be assured that had the malady existed in England at the time he wrote, 35 years since, it would have received very different notice at his hands than reference, under the head “ chronic pleurisy,” as a “ species” of this disease, “or of mingled pneumonia and pleurisy.” All he knew on the subject he translated from a French journal*, in which Professor Lecoq described the affection as it occurred at Soire-le-Chateau, in Avesnes, France. * Recueil de Médecine Vétérinaire, 1833. 433 Il. WHAT IS THE DISEASE ? An Epizootic_—The lung plague is a fever attacking cattle, of a purely con- tagious character, spreading from farm to farm and country to country as an epizootic, and exclusively in the lines of communication established by the eat- tle trade. It never originates spontaneously. All domestic cattle, whether high or low bred, are alike subject to its ravages, without distinction even as to sex, age, or condition. Milch cattle have been destroyed in by far the largest numbers, inasmuch as the facilities for communication to this class of cattle have been greatest. The lung plague is, in my opinion, a disease of the greatest antiquity, and during the past century numerous reports from all parts of Ku- rope, and wherever it has been transported, indicate that in all climes and at all seasons it presents well defined and immutable characteristics as to its insidious origin and propagation, symptoms, fatality, and incurability. The poison, or virus.—The poison of the lung plague is dep osited in varying amounts, but usually to the extent of many pounds weight, and not unfrequently as high as half a hundred weight, in the lung tissues, cavities of the chest, and air passages. The same poison may be reproduced in any part of an ox’s sys- tem as the result of inoculation, and its development is usually co-extensive with the mass of areolar or connective tissue—the tissue that binds the skin to the tissues beneath and all the tissues to each other—into which it is introduced on the point of a needle, or by injection. The deposit is limited in parts sparsely supplied with this connective tissue, or where the parts are firmly enveloped by skin, as towards the end of the tail or tip of the ears. But occasionally even the greatest care in introducing a small quantity of virus on the surface of the. skin without penetrating the more open textures below, results in extensive swellings due to.a deposit which is identical with that. occurring in ordinary cases of this lung complaint. Tests for the poison.—Attempts have been made to discover microscopical or chemical tests for the poison. The only test is the physiological one, viz: the development of the same poison capable of indefinite propagation among cattle. It is only recognizable in the diseased animal, and every ox, bull, cow, or calf showing signs of such contamination should be dealt with as a bottle of poison, a carrier of pestilence, breathing forth, even when its pulse is quiet, nutrition unimpaired, and it is convalescent, quite enough of the same poison to kill hun- dreds and thousands of its kind. Infection —The malady has been recognized as infectious, that is to say, the poison is diffused through the air by the breath of sick cattle. The poison is not gaseous or volatile. The solid elements in its composition like the solid germs of decay, or the delicate seeds of plants are carried by atmospheric cur- rents: Myriads impinge on inert matter, but any passing into the air passages with the air breathed by cattle produce a local change, which is at first slow and unobserved, usually followed by a general fever, and in any case attended by the expulsion of abundant volumes of a similiar material. Inoculated disease not infectious.—Some years’ experience and a large num- ber of observations in various parts of Europe would indicate that when the virus is developed in or beneath the skin it remains in the system of the inocu- lated animal, the lungs are not affected, and there is no communication of the disorder except by inoculation. It may safely be accepted that the inocu- lated disease is,.as a rule, not infectious. The virus of lung plague, when transmitted through the atmosphere, can alone be preserved and transported in the breathing organs of susceptible cattle, which reproduce it. It is not carried, so far as we know, by other animals. Incubation of the poison—It may lie latent for a considerable time. Usually the period required for inducing obvious symptoms of sickness extends over 30 434 to 40 days, but during this time it is producing local effects, as proved by the results of inoculation, which are obvious nine days after the operation. Latent effccts—It has been supposed that an animal may be infected and remain in health for several months. This is an error. The virus sometimes induces local changes without outward manifestations such as usually arrest attention. Its development under some circumstances is slow, and the affected animal or animals beginning later than usual to discharge poison into the air retain the faculty of communicating the disease until an almost complete recovery. The lung plague has therefore a latent stage in all cases, and in some it assumes what pathologists term a latent type, whereby its earliest attacks pass unnoticed. Preservation of the virus—The most certain means of preserving the virus for artificial propagation is by maintaining, as one gentleman has especially done near Glasgow, sick cattle, infected in succession. By transmission—aAn animal that has once had the disease is incapable of reproducing the poison, and although there are a few isolated cases of tardy relapse which would seem to indicate that a second attack of the malady may occur in an animal, it is almost universally admitted that, as in the case of other true epizootics, the lung plague attacks an ox but once in its lifetime. In botiles.—The owners of cattle, and especially dairymen, have adopted the plan of preserving the virus for periodical inoculations in common bottles pro- vided with a cork. The matter thus kept decomposes, but retains’ for many months the power of producing the usual and, generally aggravated, results after inoculation. This is a fact well worthy of careful inquiry and most sug- gestive to the many now engaged in tracing the history of animal poisons. With glycerine —It was proposed, first in Australia, to mix the lymph from the lungs with glycerine. After many trials I had to abandon this plan, inas- much as the glycerine impaired and ultimately destroyed the virus. Desiccation—The lymph obtained by draining the diseased lung may be placed between strips of glass and dried; as vaccine lymph does under similar circumstances, it retains its power for many months. Destruction of the virus.—Preparations of chlorine, iodine, bromine, sulphur- ous acid, carbolie acid, sulphate of iron, &c., destroy the virus and render it inert. Ill, WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES FAVOR THE TRANSMISSION AND REPRODUCTION OF THE LUNG PLAGUE POISON. Contact of sick and healthy—Approach of sick and healthy susceptible cat- tle is the fundamental and essential cause of contagious pleuro-pneumonia. Cohabitation not necessary, but the most common cause.—Transmissivn of the disease does not require cohabitation. ‘The most common means whereby the virus spreads is undoubtedly by sick or convalescent cattle being admitted into sheds, yards, or pastures, and retained in close proximity with other animals; but a variable degree of susceptibility is noticed from the animals first seized being often at the most remote’ part of a stable into which a sick beast has been introduced. There is some uncertainty in observations of this kind, from the fact, already stated, that some cases are latent and symptoms being very imper- fectly observed by farmers and the usual attendants on stock. Exposures in the open air, communication on railroads—The communica- tion of the disease in many European cities is due to the exposure of sick cattle for sale in public markets; the driving of sick cattle on roads; the transporta- tion of diseased animals in railway cars in which, or in cars adjoining which, are healthy cattle. ‘The ready propagation of the virus under these circumstances is generally admitted, and an inquiry into many outbreaks shows that when the disease enters among cattle in the fields it is often more rapidly fatal, less fre- quently latent, and better calculated to alarm stock owners than the more insidious 435 ravages by the disease in confined sheds. This is singular and not commonly known. ? Malady aggravated by turning cattle out.—It has been observed that a stock of cows, among which the disease had been lingering, may be rapidly thinned by deaths from the disease if turned out to grass in spring. Deaths have been more frequent and rapid when cows have been turned out for some hours daily and housed at night than when they have not been moved from their sheds. By free ventilation.—The disease having been introduced among stall-fed cattle kept in warm, and even ill-ventilated stables, the symptoms have been aggravated and deaths occurred much more rapidly after ventilating apertures have been made facing the heads of the cattle, and especially if such openings were made to the north and produced cold draughts through the stable. These facts have coustantly led to the confounding of contagious pleuro-pneumonia with colds and ordinary inflammations of the lungs. The disease transmitted by offal—The only circumstances under which I have known the lung disease to be communicated when there has been no imme- diate contact between living sick and healthy cattle has been on fields adjoining slaughter-houses, when cattle suffering from pleuro-pneumonia have been slaughtered. It is evident, however, that even in this case the sick cattle have breathed in the vicinity. How fur the virus may be carried in the air —We do not know how far the virus will be carried in the atmosphere. Usually the distance is very short. If a cow driven along a road communicates the disease, she does it by cattle approaching and drawing her breath as they rub their noses against each other. Influence of the introduction of steam in spreading the lung plague.—The history of the lung plague, which is dealt with in another section of this report, indicates that the introduction of steam has been a most active cause favoring the transmission of the malady. The wants of large cities,and the advance made towards annihilating distance as one of the impediments to the cattle traf- fic, have led to the dissemination of the disorder. Cities “ fixed stations” of the disease—In large towns, where cows are kept for dairy purposes, it is necessary that frequent purchases be made. ‘This tends to render cities “fixed stations” for the reproduction of the lung plague poison, and of these stations the most important and the oldest in America is that of Long island, in and around Brooklyn. Cattle.feeding districts liable—In Europe, those portions of countries where cattle are fed for the butcher and not bred—for instance, Fife in Scotland, Nor- folk in England, and Meath in Ireland—are, next to the large cities, ravaged by the disorder. : Breeding and exporting districts usually ecempt.—The breeding and export- ing districts, like ‘Texas and the western States of America, escape, except where blood-stock is introduced from infected countries to improve the breeds. The long period of incubation and the frequently latent cases of the disease explain its propagation from England or Holland to the United States, the Cape of Good Hope, and the Australian colonies. IV. SYMPTOMS OF THE LUNG PLAGUE. Premonitory symptoms in herds—When pleuro-pneumonia is introduced in a dairy or on a farm it is not unusual to,have newly-bought animals sickening and dying. At other times an ox or cow recently bought thrives, and an ex- pert auscultator is required to indicate that the animal is but recovering from the disease. Incubation of the disease-—Not uncommonly a herd thus contaminated re- mains healthy for six weeks or two months from the date of the last purchase. Often no indication of sickness is recognized by the farmer for as long as three ‘ 436 and four months. A general unthrifty look of the cattle, and a frequent cough, especially if the animals are turned out of a warm stable daily into the cool air, may be observed. Soon one animal and then another from different parts of the same stable droop and show signs of sickness. In Europe town dairymen have noticed that their first cases usually occurred in fresh cows, often transmitted to markets from healthy districts, but which have been confined in railway trucks or in markets in contact with sick cattle. These animals, bought at the time of calving, remain healthy until they come in season, and immediately after taking the bull show signs of the disease. It has been thought by town dairymen that they might prevent the disease if they could only prevent the cow going to the bull; and the idea of spaying has been entertained, though never adopted to any great extent. The experience of town dairymen affords a conclusive proof of the apparent length of the latent or incubative stage of the disease, and that experience is supported by numer- ous other observations and experiments. { should be disposed to believe that the first changes in the lungs occur as rap- idly after ordinary infection as after inoculation, and experiments on this point are well worthy of being instituted. The period of incubation in inoculated eases may be as short as seven days. It is often nine, and there are eases, of which a considerable number have come under my observation, in which the local eruptions and swelling have not manifested themselves under twenty or thirty days. Invasion.—The earliest changes in the lung tissue occur slowly and without producing marked general disturbance. In examining infected herds it is usual to find animals in apparent health, which on auscultation reveal the ab- normal sounds caused by the rush of air through inflamed bronchial tubes. So latent is this condition that I have known expert butchers purchase cattle that I have ordered to be isolated. They have paid full prices, doubting my opinion; and on keeping the animals that they might improve in condition on extra keep, the outward symptoms of the disease have appeared in from one to three weeks from the date I had condemned them. At this stage there is usually a slight elevation of temperature, amounting to one or two degrees. Obvious premonitory signs—The obvious premonitory signs are shivering fits, as in ordinary fever, but their transient and mild character lead to their often being passed unnoticed. The animal’s coat looks dull, staring, and the skin is often rigid. An occasional cough of a dry and harsh character is no- ticed, and, when inspecting a herd in a field, if the cattle are made to move briskly several will be found to cough. For some days the cattle appear to thrive well, and milch cows yield a copious amount of milk. It has been re- marked that they appear full—indeed fuller in the early morning than other animals which, like them, had not fed since the previous evening. The exere- ment is dry and urine somewhat scanty. An expert dairymaid in the habit of milking cows where the disease prevails is apt to notice, as the malady declares itself, that there is some stiffness, and the milk is not so freely drawn as usual. The quantity of this secretion then diminishes. The progress of the malady is then characterized by loss of appetite, altered gait, segregation of the sick from the healthy in the field, the sick standing with their elbows turned outward, their feet drawn forward, neck and head extended, and nostrils somewhat convulsively expanded at each inspiration. There is quickness of breathing, especially if the animal is even slightly dis- turbed, and on the slightest movement there is an audible grunt. The ex- pression of countenance indicates uneasiness or absolute pain, and the eyes are prominent and fixed. The pulse rises to 70, 80, and even 100 beats per minute. In hot cow sheds the pulse is more frequent than in the open field in healthy cattle, and a corresponding increase is seen in this disease under simi- 437 lar circumstances. The respirations rise to 35 and 40 per minute, are labored, audible, and each expiration is often associated with a short characteristic grunt. This grunt is especially marked if the sides of the chest or the spine are pressed, and many years ago Leroy showed that graziers regarded this asa . decisive symptom of the malady. A somewhat watery discharge from the nose, increased in the act of coughing, is noticed early in the disease, and driving sick cattle in the earliest stage produces much thirst, and there is a ropy saliva discharged from the mouth. The muzzle is hot and dry. Cattle suffering from this disease as it advances are readily identified by per- sons having seen a few cases. ‘They stand motionless, with protruding head, arched back, extended fore limbs, with elbows turned as far out as they canbe held, and the hind limbs drawn under them, with knuckling at the near hind or both hind fet locks. When lying, especially in the latter stages of the disease, they rest on their brisket or lie on the affected side, leaving the ribs on the healthy side of the chest as much freedom of motion as possible. As the disease advances the pulse gets more frequent and feeble, and the heart’s beats, which are at first subdued, become marked and palpitating, as in cases of poverty or anemia. The membranes of the eyes, mouth, and uvula are usually pallid, though the membrane of the nose is often red. The tongue is foul, covered with fur, and the exhaled breath has a nauseous and even fetid. odor. Listlessness, grunting, grinding of teeth, diminished secretions, weakness and’ emaciation, increase with the progress of the malady. The animals getting: weak, lie more. They sometimes show symptoms of jaundice, have a tendency to hove or tympanitis from gases accumulating in the paunch, and their gait is so- staggering that they appear to suffer from partial paralysis of the hind quarters.. As all these aggravated symptoms declare themselves the pulse gets weak and often rises to 120 per minute; the breathing gets more frequent and labored ; the animal gasps for breath. The spasmodic action of the nostrils is very marked, the grunt very audible, and there is a peculiar puckering of the angles of the: mouth. The temperature, which‘is elevated during the acute stage of the disease, is irregularly up and down, according to the complications of the disease, and. there is great tendency to coldness of the horns and extremities. Abortion is not an uncommon accident. The constipation which is a very common symptom: of the lung disease is apt to be followed by diarrhcea in the later stages, and this is also associated with a considerable discharge of clear-colored urine. Auscultation and percussion are valuable aids in the diagnosis of lung plague.. Most persons can with a little care distinguish the sick from healthy cattle by listening to the sides of the chest. It does not require a skilful expert to recog-. nize that the ribs are motionless and flattened over the consolidated lung, that there is an absence of resonance on striking the ribs over the affected region, and. that the ear distinguishes a very distinct respiratory murmur wherever the lung is pervious, and an absence of this sound where the lung is transformed into a. solid mass. At an early stage of pleuro-pneumonia there is a harsh sound, roar, or rhonchus. produced by the passage of air through the windpipe and its subdivisions. This. varies in intensity in different cases, as some animals have more exudation on the mucous surface of the air passage than others, and the leathery-looking: shreds of lymph adhering to the inflamed membrane vibrate as the air rushes. past them and give rise to the harsh sound which may sometimes be heard by per- sons standing by a sick animal. In many cases one lung alone is affected and: then the respiratory murmur is more distinct than in health, wherever the lung tissue is pervious, whereas there is a total absence of sound over the consolidated: organ. Occasionally an air passage remains open through a mass of hardened. lung, and the air rushing through this rigid bronchial tube makes a very decided whistling noise. 2 438 In the earliest stages of pleuro-pneumonia the deposit of lymph on the serous covering of the ribs and lungs produces a leathery friction sound, and as liquid aceumulates in one or both cavities of the chest the respiratory murmur is lost towards the lower part of the affected side or sides, and it is alone distinct over the upper portions of pervious lung tissue. A careful examination of the chest reveals day by day the progress of the disease. When one lung is affected an animal is much more likely to recover than when both are diseased. Portions of the diseased lung tissue are apt to die, and becoming detached or softened, producing cavities on the lungs, which are indicated by a cavernous rile or sound somewhat similar to that produced by blowing air in the hollow of the hands when closed against each other. By parerul auscultation the cases that tend to don veleseeee may be dis- tinguished by less marked roughness in the inspirations, and a gradual though slow return of the respiratory murmur, with increased mobility of the ribs and easier movement of the flanks. Termination.——Cases of lung diseases in cattle end in partial or complete res- toration to health or death by prostration, suffocation, purulent fever, or hectic. As a rule, when a herd of cattle has suffered from the contagious pleuro-pneu- monia, the surviving animals whenever slaughtered show old adhesions, partial collapse of the lung tissue, atrophy or wasting, of the lung, thickness of the heart’s covering or pericardium, and sometimes chronic abscess. Complete -recovery without leaving the slightest traces of pre-existing lesion occurs. It has been noticed that cattle that have once had pleuro-pneumonia fatten more readily than others. Death supervenes during the acute attacks of the disease from shock, prostra- ition, or gradual suffocation. When animals linger on for some time in the blood- less state peculiar to this disease,and which is mainly due to the great drain on the system by the immense discharge which occurs in the substance of the lung and cavities of the chest, a permanent impairment of the functions of nutrition ‘or assimilation occurs, and although the appetite may be partially restored, emaci- ation advances, and the animal sinks. A terrible diarrhoea or dysentery usually accompanies this form of disease. In other cases abscesses form in and around the lungs and in other parts of the body, and the animals die of purulent infection. Occasionaliy a cavity formed by the breaking up of diseased lung tissue communicates with the pleural sac or cavity of the chest, and a condition known to pathologists as empyema results to the certain destruction of the animal. ‘Duration of the disease.—Aftected animals usually pass through an incuba- tive stage varying from 20 to 80 days, and usually averaging from 25 to 40 days. The acute stage of the disorder varies from 7 to 21 days. Convalescence extends over.a period of one, two, and even three months, during the greater part of which the convalescent animal is often capable of infecting healthy cattle. The mortality varies from 1 to 90 per cent. of the affected animals. When a first case is isolated early all the remaining animals may continue to enjoy health. As arule in mild outbreaks the mortality obtains 25 per cent., and in severe cases 60, 70, 80, and even 100 per cent. In England the lung disease bas doubled the usual cattle mortality of the country, and during many years 50 per cent. of the cattle that have died of disease have died of the contagious lung disease. Latent form—lt is necessary that I should draw special attention to the large number of cases which run an insidious course and pass unobserved. These are the most dangerous, as less care is paid to their isolation. Relapsing form.—An animal affected with contagious pleuro-pneumonia may to all appearances recover, the affected lung becomes limited by a capsule of solid lymph, and convalescence may apparently advance for some days, or even 439 weeks. Suddenly, however, a fresh deposit occurs, either in extension of the original seat of the disease or in another part of the lungs, and under these circumstances a fatal termination is the usual result. V. APPEARANCES AFTER DEATH. Animals that are slaughtered or are permitted to die in advanced stages of the lung plague present. the following characteristics : The internal changes are confined almost entirely to the chest. On opening this, by splitting the brisket, as the animal lies on its back, layers of yellowish, friable, false membrane, of varying tenacity, stretch across around the sac (peri- cardium) containing the heart. These adhesions exist on one or both sides of the chest, and are sometimes altogether absent. They are found bathed in a yel- lowish, grumous fluid or serum, highly charged with albumen and shreds of solid deposit. Portions of one or both lungs are found more or less firmly adhering to the membrane (pleura) covering the ribs and diaphragm, and in passing the hands, especially round the large posterior lobes of either lung, it is difficult, in advanced stages of the disorder, to detach the diseased portions of the organ from the ribs. The false membranes, disposed in layers which may be stripped off the pul- monary surface, are found adhering more or less closely to it, and the membrane _ (pleura) covering the lung, which is usually smooth and glistening, is rough, of | a mottled color, and with more or less marked papillary or warty-looking emi- nences. These are the vascular offshoots of the membrane feeding the deposit around, and in time the process of growth and formation of vascular or blood- carrying tissue may lead to as solid a connection between the lung and the sides of the chest as between healthy tissues. Such complete development is only seen in very chronic cases or animals that have recovered from the disease. The fluid around one or both lungs varies in amount from a few ounces to several gallons. At times it is tolerably clear when warm, and gelatinizes on cooling. At others it is difficult to separate it from the shreds of lymph and false membranes in the meshes of which it is held. Pus cells frequently abound in it, and it assumes in a few cases the character of pus. It is especially purs- lent when abscesses have formed in the gangrenous lung tissue, and an opening has led to communication between the lung tissue and the pleural sac. Under © these circumstances the foetor noticed on opening the chest is intolerable. On removing the lungs, great variations in extent but uniformity in essential appearances of disease exist. In recent and mild cases one lung is found affected. Its surface may be smooth from the absence of deposit around it. Parts of the organ are collapsed, as in health, and the usual normal pink color is noticed. The affected part is swollen, hard, and mottled. On cutting into this, the older diseased portions present a very peculiar marbled or tesselated character. The substance of the lobules is solid and of a dark red color, and the tissue between the lobules is of a yellowish red, more or less spotted with red points, but sometimes of almost pure yellowish white*color. The more recent deposits are distinguished mainly by a lighter red color of the thickened lobules, and there are gradations from this condition to that in which the lobules are but slightly infiltrated with semi-liquid serum, and air still passes more or less into their air vesicles. As the disease advances the extent of solidified and darkened lung increases, and portions of the lung tissue lose more or less the marbled appearance, from the blood-staining of the interstitial deposit. The consolidation of structures advances so that the blood vessels are obstructed, the diseased lung loses all means of nourishment, and the older, darker, and more solid portions become detached, so that they remain as foreign bodies imbedded in cavities in the r 440 diseased tissue. The admissions of air through the air passages into these cavi- ties by dissolution of the lung tissue lead to the cavernous sounds which the ear can detect .in the living animal, and the broken-up tissue decomposes and induces great foetor of the breath. One lung may have several points diseased; each lobe may be affected and little or no communication between the several parts implicated. The great tenacity of a yellowish white deposit around a marked marbled centre of dis- ease has been said to indicate a certain tendency to limitation by the formation of a capsule, and several encapsulated centres may be found. On taking a warm diseased lung, severing the still healthy portions, making incisions into the parts solidified, and suspending them so that they may drain, a large amount of yellowish serum of a translucent character, almost wholly free or more or less tinged with blood, is obtained to the extent of pounds in weight. ‘The amount varies with weight of diseased lung drained. 'The quan- tity of this and solidified deposit in a diseased lung is so large that from a nor- mal weight of four or five pounds, a lung attains to 10, 20, 40, and I have seen one as high as 54 pounds in weight. Air passages.—The condition of the air passages varies from a condition of perfect freedom down to the diseased portions of lung, to a state in which the mucous membrane is coated with false membrane or solid exudations of lymph. By suitable means it is not difficult to isolate the solid white lymph clogging the terminal bronchial tubes and air vesicles in the consolidated tissues, but at a distance from these parts it is only in some cases that a kind of croupy compli- cation exists. I have seen an animal gasping for breath, with its mouth open, nostrils widely expanded, eyes prominent, and visible mucous membranes of a bluish red color; on opening the air passages of this cow after death, they were found throughout their whole extent nearly filled with a deposit similar to that usually found on the surface of the diseased lung. There is little necessity for prolonging this description of cadaveric manifes- tations. ‘The heart’s sac is sometimes thickened by deposits around it. Not unfrequently it contains an excess of serum. The heart itself is contracted and pale, containing a little dark blood. ‘The organs of digestion at different stages manifest a state of dryness. he third stomach, which is so constantly packed with dry food in febrile diseases, is in the same condition in pleuro-pneumonia. I have known the mucous layers spotted with irregular or circular congestions or blood extravasations, and the membrane softening in these parts has become perforated. In advanced cases there is more or less diffuse redness, and even blood extravasations in the large intestine with fluid, fetid and sometimes slightly blood-stained excrement, such as is discharged during life. The anzemia or bloodless condition of other tissues, the dark dry look of the meat dressed by the butcher, the yellow color of the fat in some cases, and the small quantity of fat left in animals that have succumbed under a chronic attack, are all general signs of greater or less value, when taken in conjunction with the changes occurring in the chest. VI. HISTORY OF THE LUNG PLAGUE. It is only necessary for the present purpose to refer briefly to the history of contagious pleuro-pneumonia in order to show where and how this disease has traveled in the Old World ; its importation into America, and the alarming char- acter of its present existence at remote parts of this continent. History abroad—The contagious pleuro-pneumonia of cattle is a disease doubtless of the greatest antiquity. All reliable records point to the simple truth that has to be told of many contagious disorders, that it has travelled from the east westwards. Older writers confound it with rinderpest, and a host of other maladies. It was only towards the end of the last century that the 441 universal prevalence of the lung plague, wherever cattle were being driven to provide the many armies then stirring, led to its distinet and satisfactory de- scriptions. Early in the present century it ravaged France, Belgium, Hanover, and Holland. England, isolated by the ocean, and the extreme north of Ku- rope, alone remained free. With peace came the development of new industries, and the most import- ant in relation to the history of pleuro-pneumonia was the establishment in Ger- many, Belgium, and Holland of distilleries, starch and sugar manufactories, &c., the refuse of which it was found profitable to feed to stock. This led to great activity and important modifications in the cattle trade, all favorable to inter- course between different countries and the dissemination of contagious disease. Holland had long imported fat and milch stock from the Rhine provinces and other countries to the east. The malady was for six years in Belgium before it entered Holland. In 1835 it was transmitted from Gelderland to Utrecht. It . reached South Holland immediately afterwards, and prevailed especially near the great cattle markets of Rotterdam and Scheidam. It then appeared when- ever and wherever infected cattle were introduced into South Holland, the island of Zeeland, Drenthe, Groningen, and Overyssel. By this time—1840-41 and 1842—cireumstances favored an agitation for the repeal of restrictions on free trade in cattle with England. The barriers to con- tagious disease fixed by our forefathers after the appearance of rinderpest in England were at last removed by Sir Robert Peel, and this caused the cattle . traffic to grow apace from Central Europe through Holland to England. The great cattle-feeding province of the Netherlands, Friesland, was alone infected with the lung disease when its people eagerly sought to supply British wants, and from that day to this has been constantly the seat of the malady. Dutch stock first introduced the lung plague into the south of Ireland. _ It ap- peared in 1842, in London. In 1843 English cattle communicated the disease to Scotland, and ever since, with the exception of a period of cattle trade re- etrictions enforced for the prevention of the Russian murrain, has been the most widespread, as it has been, taking the entire period of its ravages into consider- ation, the most destructive of all maladies attacking British cattle. . From Holland the disease travelled to the Cape of Good Hope, and from England at various periods it was communicated to Sweden, Oldenburgh, the Australian colonies, and other parts of the world. History of the Lung Plague in America.—The first notice of the lung plague in the United States dates back to 1843, when a German cow, imported direct from Europe, and taken from shipboard into a Brooklyn eattle shed, communi- cated the disease. which, it is said and believed, has prevailed more or less in Kings county, Long Island, ever since. In 1847 Mr. Thomas Richardson, of New Jersey, imported some English stock. Signs of disease were noticed soon, and the whole of Mr. Richardson’s stock, valued at $10,000, were slaughtered by him to prevent an extension of the plague. In 1850 a fresh supply of the lung-plague poison reached Brooklyn from England in the system of an imported cow. Mr. W. W. Chenery, of. Belmont, Massachusetts, has related the history of the introduction of lung plague from Holland into Massachusetts in 1859. Four cows were purchased for him at Purmerend and Beemster, shipped at Rotterdam early in April on board the barque J. C. Humphreys, which arrived in America on the 23d of May, 1859. ‘T'wo of the cows were driven to Belmont ; the other two had to be transported on wagons, owing to their “‘ extremely bad condition,” one of them “not having been on her feet during the twenty days preceding her arrival.” On the 31st of May, it being deemed impossible that this cow could recover, she was slaughtered, and on the 2d of June following the second cow died. The third cow sickened on the 20th of June, and died in 10 442 days. The fourth continued in a thriving condition. A Dutch cow, imported in 1852, was the next one observed ill, early in the month of August following, and she succumbed on the 20th. “ Several other animals were taken sick in rapid succession, and then it was that the idea was first advanced that the dis- ease was identical with that known in Europe as epizootic pleuro-pneumonia.” Mr. Chenery then did all in his power to prevent the spread of disease from his farm. The last case at the Highland farm, Belmont, occurred on the 8th of January, 1860. In June, 1859, Curtis Stoddard, of North Brookfield, bought three young cattle, one bull and two heifers, from Mr. Chenery. One calf showed signs of sickness on the way home. Leonard Stoddard, father of Curtis, thinking he could better treat this sick calf, took it to his own barn, where he had 48 head, exclusive of calves, and with which the calf mingled. One animal after another was attacked, till the 12th of April, when 13 head had died, and most of the remainder were sick. The disease continued to spread from farm to farm as . rapidly as circumstances favored the admixture of stock. The period of incu- bation in well defined cases varied from 19 to 36 days, and averaged 26% days. The people of Massachusetts, a little slow at first, overcame the delays inci- dent to legislation, established a commission for the purpose of exterminating the disease, and an appropriation of $10,000 was placed under the control of the commissioners on the 4th of April, 1860. The disease was gaining ground rapidly, and a bill to extirpate the disease passed its several stages and was approved on the same day. Commissioners were appointed; herds were ex- amined by surgeons, and, if infected, slaughtered; the animals pronounced healthy at the time of inspection alone paid for ; all the money appropriated was spent, and such was the feeling then in Massachusetts that private gentlemen made themselves responsible for a second amount of nearly $20,000. An extra session of the legislature met on the 13th of May. Fresh powers were sought and obtained, additional commissioners appointed, and the disease apparently exterminated. Itreappeared in 1861,a new board of commissioners was appointed, and further successful efforts made to prevent the disease. On the 24th of De- cember, 1863, Mr. Charles L. Flint, in a letter to Governor Andrew, asserted that pleuro-pneumonia still existed in 12 or 15 towns of the commonwealth of Massachusetts. Mr. E.'T. Thayer, to whom the people of Massachusetts owe much for his skill and industry as the veterinary commissioner, and Mr. Charles P. Preston, wrote their final report to the Senate and House of Repre- sentatives of Massachusetts on the 30th of December, 1867. In that report, and tendering their resignations to the governor, they congratulate the people on the success which had been insured by efficient co-operation ‘in eradicating one of the worst forms of contagious disease which has been found among cattle.” From numerous inquiries there is not the slightest doubt in my mind that the lung disease continued, ever since its first introduction, to attack some of the numerous dairies on Long Island. One of the best informed dairymen in Brook- lyn informed me that, three months after starting in business, 16 years ago, he lost 11 out of 12 cows he had purchased in Newark, New Jersey. He bought more and began to inoculate with excellent results. . Other people were losing, and he established himself on Jamaica Pond to be clear of every one. When he stopped inoculating the disease reappeared. Mr. Benjamin Babbit, of Lafay- ette avenue, was the first to inoculate after the introduction of this practice in Enrope, and many dairymen adopted it. The board of health opposed the practice, as many of the cows lost portions of the tail, and reports were made of blood and matter finding their way into the milk-pail. The disease has never ceased, and I have visited many dairies, in all of which at one time or another and in most of which during the present year, the disease has pre- vailed. In five dairies I examined, within 100 yards of each other, I found 443 one or two sick cows in each. The Hartford Insurance Company, which has recently suspended operations, lost heavily on the insurance of cows from the prevalence of this disease, and that company objected also to the practice of inoculation. From Mr. Bedell’s statement, there is no doubt of the existence of the contagious pleuro-pneumonia in New Jersey when he first bought his cattle. Mr. Robert Jennings, veterinary surgeon, had his attention drawn to the disease on its appear- ance in Camden and Gloucester counties, New Jersey, in the year 1859. In 1860 it crossed the Delaware river into Philadelphia, spreading very rapidly in all directions, particularly in the southern section of the country known as “ The Neck’”—many of the dairymen losing from one-third to one-half of their herds. The sale of sick cattle continued, as it always does, unless prevented by rigid laws. In 1861 the malady appeared in Delaware, and in Burlington county, New Jerséy, and the disease could be distinctly traced to the Philadelphia market. The records of outbreaks are by no means satisfactory, but a gentleman well known in Maryland, Mr. Martin Goldsborough, informs me that the malady has been very destructive on many farms of that State for the past three years. Individuals have lost their entire herds, in some cases numbering 24, 30, and as high as 47 head. Last year an effort was made to direct the attention of the legislature in Maryland with a view to the adoption of successful measures, but without effect: Mr. Goldsborough’s statement is to the effect that the disease in Maryland is due to the purchase of cattle in the Philadelphia market. There is no doubt of the great prevalence of the malady for some years in Philadelphia. I have seen it on two farms in Delaware county, and it has been on several others recently. Bucks county has suffered much for two years. A correspondent informs me that in March, 1867, a drove of cows was taken into that county, and one of them was observed sick. ‘These animals were dis- tributed among the farmers and soon the plague appeared in all directions. An effort was made then to secure the aid of the State’ legislature, without effect, and to this day the disease is in Bucks county. ‘The last case I have to report is at Newtown, Bucks county, where the disease was introduced by cows bought in the Philadelphia market. That the malady has attained such proportions as to demand constant atten- tion, apart from the fact that but one case on the whole continent is a source of incalculable danger, is proved by a circular recently issued by gentlemen in Westchester, Pennsylvania, and which is of sufficient importance to be repro- duced here: PLEURO-PNEUMONIA.—The great increase in the disease known as pleuro-pneumonia among cattle within a few years past, its highly contagious character and the acknowledged inability of the most skilful veterinary surgeons to control or in the least mitigate its severity in certain stages of the disease, calls for immediate and earnest attention from the com-’ munity. It is a well known fact that the cupidity of many induce them as soon as the dis- ease develops itself on their premises to hurry off their stock (diseased as well as those not diseased) to the nearest drove yard, to be there sold for whatever they will bring; to be either sold as food or driven off to new sections and there to infect and poison other animals with which they may come in contact. With the view of arresting this increasing and wide-spreading evil, the undersigned, a committee of the ‘* Mutual Live Stock Insurance Company of Chester County,” an institution established purely for mutual assistance and protection, respectfully invite your co-operation in procuring such action at the hands of our next legislature, by the passage of a law authorizing the appointment of a suitable number of qualified and conscientious inspectors throughout the State, whose duty it shall be to examine thoroughly all animals, especially those offered for sale, wherever they may be; and subjecting those offering such diseased animals to both fine and imprisonment, and to take such other measures as may be deemed necessary to effect the entire extirpation of the disease from our midst. I ean corroborate the statements made as to the sale of cattle that are infected. Not only has this occurred often where the disease has been moat rife for years past, as on Long Island, but recently, in making inquiries in Delaware county, 444 Pennsylvania, I learned of three cows which had been sold “healthy” (?) out of an infected herd. Such a practice explains the progress of the disease even further south than Maryland. I recently visited the dairies of Kendall’s Green and Georgetown, near Wash- ington, and found that last year the cattle had been nearly entirely exterminated by the disease—so much so that to the present day the poor people who keep one or two cows are afraid to buy and in constant fear lest the malady should return. Three years since the lung plague appeared in Alexandria county, Virginia. It has been steadily on the increase ever since, and continues to the present day. I have been informed that the malady has travelled as far west as Kentucky and Ohio, but of this I have not been enabled in the brief time since I com- menced the inquiry to obtain satisfactory evidence. I have taken some pains to ascertain if the disease had reappeared in Massachusetts, and personal inqui- ries in various parts of the State show that it is quite free from the disease, thanks to the energy of its people and the enlightened action of its legislature. The conclusions that are warranted by the facts I have gleaned are as fol- lows: First. That the lung plague in cattle exists in Long island, where it has prevailed for many years; that it is not uncommon in New Jersey; has at various times appeared in New York State; continues to be very prevalent in several counties, especially Delaware and Bucks counties, Pennsylvania ; has injured the farmers of Maryland, the dairymen around Washington, and has penetrated into Virginia. Second. That the disease travels wherever sick cattle have a chance of being introduced, and that the great cattle-rearing States of the west, which may not at present be entirely frée from the disease, have been protected by the fact that they sell rather than buy and import horned stock. Third. There are no proper restrictions on the sale of infected stock, and in another year or two, unless some definite and immediate action be taken, the disease is likely to find its way in so many parts of the country that its eradi- cation will be almost a matter of impossibilty. Of all the cattle diseases pleuro-pneumonia is in the long run the most destructive, because the most insidious and the least likely to rouse a people to united action for its effectual suppression. To ignore its presence is, however, to insure that the cattle mortality of America, like that of England, will be at least doubled in a few years’ time. Rational means, energetic action, and earn- est co-operation between the different States and the central government may, with a moderate expenditure now, save many millions annually in the not dis- tant future. VII. WHAT ARE THE RATIONAL MEANS THAT SHOULD BE ADOPTED? First. Reliable and complete data should be obtained from all parts where the disease is known or supposed to exist. Second. The several States directly interested should take action in accord- ance with the example set them by Massachusetts. Third. If possible, Congress should pass such laws and institute such inqui- ries as may tend to the discovery and prevention of the disease wherever State authorities cannot or will not cope with it. From the inquiries instituted by me in Long Island, New Jersey, Pennsyl- vania, Maryland, and Virginia, I am convinced that a great deal can be accom- plished by diffusing information and stimulating farmers to pay attention to the subject. Unfortunately all will not act for the interest of their neighbors and their country, and it is therefore essential to exercise some coercion for the universal good. In Massachusetts, as in England, there was at first some objection to the 445 slaughter of entire herds. In relation to the lung plague this slaughter is un- necessary if competent authorities are appointed to superintend the slaughter, or complete isolation of absolutely sick cattle and the inoculation of the remainder. I was once opposed to the practice of inoculation, but the experience of sey- eral years, especially since the meeting of the first International Veterinary Congress, in 1863, has convinced me that the practice is most beneficial. Space forbids my entering into many details on this occasion, but it may be accepted as proved that whereas it would be inadvisable to introduce a whole- sale system of inoculation among healthy herds, it is wise, economical, and ade- quate to the prevention of the disease to introduce the practice in all stables and on all farms where the lung plague appears. It fails only when the vattle have all become simultaneously infected and no time is allowed for the inocu- lation to take effect. The isolation of infected herds, whether inoculated or not, should last for at least two months after the last case of sickness. The method of practicing inoculation is extremely simple. A portion of a diseased lung, if possible in the early stage of the disease, is taken warm and sliced so as to drain the lymph into a convenient vessel. A small syringe with a sharp-pointed steel tube is filled, and a drop or two of the lymph is injected into the skin of the tail, which is punctured about an inch from the end. The rude old plan of inserting a piece of lung into an incision at the top of the tail succeeds, but is more likely to prove ineffectual or dangerous than the simple and ready method I have described. It may be desirable to collect the lymph and prepare it for distribution. This can be done, in my opinion, by evaporating the liquid from the lungs in shallow porcelain vessels at a low temperature and with the aid of the air-pump. CEREALS FOR ANALYSIS. The Department having resolved upon making a series of chemical analyses having for its object the determination of the chemical values of cereals (wheat, ‘corn, oats, and rye) grown in this country under the varying conditions of lati- tude, altitude, and general climate, has issued to the various State societies of agriculture the subjoined circular, in the hope that a more extensive collection may be obtained in that way. Replies and samples are being received from some sections of the country, and the circular is here inserted in order to give it more publicity, so that the Department may obtain specimens of cereals of fair average from every State in the Union: DEPARTMENT oF AGRICULTURE, Washington, December 20, 1868. Sir: In view of the great extent of our agricultural territory and its conse- quent variety of soil and climate, and of the fact that the United States has become one of the greatest grain producers for European and other markets, it appears necessary that an extended examination of the breadstuffs grown in the several regions of our country noted for producing corn and grain of prime quality should be made, in order to determine accurately the chemical composi- tion and food value of American crops. The chemical examinations of food materials grown in the United States hitherto made have been of a few samples and from a limited area of growth. It is now desirable to ascertain what differences climate, elevation, latitude, and meteorological conditions have in determining the food value of certain cereals, and the relative variations of nutritious principles contained, as produced 446 ‘by such modifying influences. The information thus obtained must have a most beneficial effect upon our future cultivation. To arrive at truthful results several hundred analyses should be made; and to further the object of the Department, and carry out this undertaking success- fully, I have to solicit your assistance in obtaining and forwarding, during the coming autumn, samples of corn and grain grown in your State, (or county,) which you will please select and forward in accordance with the suggestions appended. I am, respectfully, HORACE CAPRON, Commissioner. , Sec. ——— State Agricultural Society. SUGGESTIONS. 1. Corn and grain, (wheat, oats, rye,) the growth of this year. _2. Samples of average character only desired, except in cases where the prize specimens represent a large cultivation, when the latter are preferred. 3. Not over two pounds weight of each sample will be needed; which may be enclosed in eotton or linen bags, and well protected on the outside from moist- ure. Agriculture, Washington, D. C.” 4. Any particulars in reference to growth, as location of land, physical pecu- liarities, quality and quantity of manures, sowing and harvesting. Such samples will come free of postage if addressed to “ Department of POTATOES—YIELD OF VARIETIES. The following table exhibits the yield of the several varieties of potatoes named, grown upon the grounds of the Department the past season : Ss S a. 5 ‘ oo ° Varieties. ee = Percentage in pounds. Se a Sd =) Ai i Bluetkidueyeeaerecee eae 21 187 | 9 pounds for 1 pound, 3} bushels. Scotchsblucseeee-ueroe rece 23 637 | 274 pounds for 1 pound, 11 bushels 14 pecks. Rock sseeereemtetn ee cee: 94 776 | 324 pounds for I pound, 13% bushels. Napoleon) Saaes epee eee 23 539 | 224 pounds for 1 pound, 97, bushels. Early Goodrich. .......-..- 14 226 | 16} pounds for 1 pound, 4 bushels 2 pounds. PLATTISON = teem ae aeieeee 15 493 | 3272 pounds for | pound, 8% bushels. Hverent SSR eee 20 602 | 30/5 pounds for 1 pound, 102 bushels. Pictorna:...2. 2255 tk ess: 223 365 | 16o'3 pounds for 1 pound, 64 bushels. PRION = 2h oe eee Ree 13 327 | 25,%, pounds for 1 pound, 5{ bushels. Early red kidney -.... .... 8 21 | 22 pounds for 1 pound, 14 pecks. Weamliyee cok: <= - 00 book eo 15 585 | 39 pounds for 1 pound, 10,°, bushels. PipeEieer o...25 5.25.82 Pins 20 943 | 47,8, pounds for | pound, 18,’, bushels. Heeromist< .... 20... =. 22 956 | 4349 pounds for 1 pound, 18? bushels. Ina! 5 Se RCo eee 22 494 | 2249 pounds for 1 pound, 8,"; bushels. Total amount -.--.. 262% | 7,151 Average, 27.23 pounds for 1 pound. The Early Red Kidneys were affected with the rot when planted, and the yield was therefore very light. 447 CONDITION AND PROSPECTS OF SOUTHERN AGRICULTURE. From the many interesting letters received in response to a circular sent out by this Department for the purpose of collecting information in reference to the condition and progress of southern agriculture, we select the following com- prehensive paper from John A. Trenchard, esq., of Elberton, Georgia, for inser- tion in the monthly report : 1. For an average of 10 years, say from 1850 to 1860, there was about one- third of the acreage cultivated in what is called in this State clean crop, to wit: cotton, and corn planted in cotton; the balance, or the other two-thirds, was planted in corn. Add to the above 33% per cent. for the land planted in small grain, (principally wheat and oats,) and you will have about the average per- centage of the principal crops grown in this section of the State. 2. The mode of culture was the same as that now practiced, to wit: the land is first bedded up ; this is done by laying off the rows with a small scooter plough about three feet apart; then a turning-plough is used to throw up the soil on-each side of the row furrow, making a high bed of soil over the row furrow and leaving a deep water furrow in between the rows; the top of this bed is then opened with small scooter plough two to three inches deep ; the cot- ton seed is then sown in this drill furrow at the rate of three to five bushels per acre ; asmall harrow, or, what is more usual, a piece of board about twelve inches long, fastened to the foot of a small wooden plough stock, is then run over this drill furrow, covering the seed from one to one and a half inch deep. In a period varying from five to ten days, owing to the temperature of the weather, the young plant makes its appearance; as soonas fairly up the working commences. Some chop through the rows with a hoe before ploughing ; cutting out a portion of the young plants and stirring the earth about the roots of the remaining ones, so that the rays of the warm sun may penetrate and permeate among the roots, for cotton is a sun plant; the more sun the young plant gets the more rapidly it grows; but more usually the cotton row is sided with a very narrow scooter plough, so arranged as to throw the soil from the roots of the plant, for the same purpose as above stated in manipulations with the hoe, namely, that of giving the young plant the benefit of the sun. After this siding of the cotton, the hoe is run through it, thinning it partially to a stand, leaving enough in the rows to make a stand after the plants quit dying, which is not generally the ease till the second working, after it is thinned down to a stand of two or three plants in a hill, six inches to one footapart. After first siding and hoeing the cotton as before stated, the middle of the rows are ploughed out with a wide shovel or a sweep, which latter implement only cultivates the surface of the earth from one to one and a half inch deep. The crop is then ploughed and hoed alternately three or four times, keeping up the working till the middle or last of July. The surface culture for cotton is the most approved mode by our best and most scientific farmers. 3. The product of genuine cotton per acre varies according to the quality of the land cultivated. Unmanured lands produce from 50 to 400 pounds of. ginned cotton per acre; the general average for this State is about 100 pounds per acre, and the average per hand is about 1,200 pounds ginned cotton, or three bales per hand. Some of our best planters have by the free use of fertilizers and by skilful modes of culture grown on one acre 1,200 pounds of ginned cotton. Mr. David Dickson, of Haneock county, Georgia, who has carried experimental farming to a higher degree than perhaps any other man in the State, has even exceeded the foregoing amount per acre on a small lot highly cultivated ; but these are only exceptional cases; still they show what can be done by high fertilizing and improved and skilful modes of culture. 448 4. The profit per hand during the ten years preceding 1860 varied from $50 to $300, but since 1865 the farmers‘have generally sunk money by their farming operations; owing partly to the inefficiency of the recently freed labor, together with the long drought of 1866 and the excessive rains of 1867. 5. The price paid for the labor of men in 1860 was $125 per annum, with food and clothes furnished by employer ; for that of women, $80; for that of youths, $50. The price sof same classes in 1867 were, formen, $100, with fuel, but no clothes furnished—that is, the laborer furnishing his own clothing; women, $60; youths, $30. For the present year, same classes, men, $60 to $70; women, $40 to $50; youths, $20 to $30. A large portion of the hands this year have contracted for a part of the crop. Some get one-half of the net profits after de- ducting all expenses, some one-third, gross products, the laborer feeding himself and the employer bearing all other expenses ; others get one-fourth of the gross mee, the employer feeding the laborer and paying all the expenses of the arm. 6. There has been no material change in the mode of culture since 1860. The size of plantations has been considerably diminished in the last two years. Planters find that they must only cultivate their best lands with freed labor; and that, too, at a decreased ratio of profits. 7. As before stated, Mr. David Dickson is the most scientific and also the most successful planter in this State; he uses No. 1 Peruvian guano, dissolved bones, salt and gypsum, 100 pounds of each per acre, manipulated or mixed together, which, according to his published statements, pays him one hundred per cent. on his investment. Mr. James Davison, of Greene county, Georgia, ex- perimented quite extensively last year with stable manure, and several of the commercial fertilizers. 'Theexperiments with Peruvian guano increased the yield 140 per cent. when compared with the yield from same kind or quantity of land without fertilizers; some other of his fertilizers increased the yield to over 200 per cent.; this was done with common wood-ashes and salt. 8. The cost of the production of cotton in 1867 was about 15 cents per pound; and as most of our planters sold their crops for less than that figure, cotton-planting was a losing business last season. 9. But very few colored men have planted much cotton entirely free from the control of white men, so far as my knowledge extends ; but the few instances show that they have succeeded about as well as the whites. 10. The principal circumstance that affects the comparative profits of large and small plantations is, the labor not being well trained under the new system, renders it necessary for the planter to give close personal attention to all the minutiz of his planting operations; and this he cannot well do with more than 10 or 12 hands. #211. There is little or no improvement in the use of farming implements in this State. 12. There is no crop cultivated in this State that will pay as well as cotton. 13. Thereis notsufficient attention paid to the improvement of the breeds and raising of stock in our State. First, stock can be raised with very little ex- pense ; the winters being short, but little gathered food is needed to winter stock. .In some sections of the State, stock winter well on the cane-brakes, and on the native grasses that flourish during the winter seasons without any gathered food at all. Second, by increasing the number of stock on a farm, you greatly augment your means of enriching your lands by manuring. ‘Third, the beef and mutton from your flocks being an excellent substitute for bacon, should be another incentive for raising more and better stock. 14. Our State is gradually sinking lower and lower in poverty and general demoralization under the new state of things with which we find ourselves sur- rounded. A confusion almost equal to the confusion of tongues at the Tower of Babel compasses us about, and threatens to overwhelm us in general ruin, 449 and in all this sad state of things the laborer is not so much at fault as the em- ployer. Almost the entire mode of culture must be changed under our new status. Before the downward career of our prosperity can be arrested, the white population must become inured to habits of industry; they must learn how to manage free labor by offering the rewards of good wages to the faithful laborer, and must get rid of the old idea that the whip is,the only real incentive, and must learn to bring out free, voluntary and spontaneous labor by those nobler and sublimer incentives that will make it pleasing in the eyes of the laborer, and which a just Providence can bless; then, and not till then, will this once great Empire State of the south begin to emerge from her sinking condition; to develop her mighty resources, and again become not only the Empire State of the south, but the Empire State of the Union. THE SCUPPERNONG GRAPE. The following letter has been received from Louis Froelich: Kenansville, N. C., November 1, 1868.—It gives me pleasure to send, in accordance with your request, my 10 years’ experience in the culture of the Scuppernong grave. I will first give the several points, from one to six, and then present a general view of the subject. 1. The vines should be planted 45 feet apart, or 21 vines to the acre. 2. The vines should be planted in December or January. 3. We have the White and Black Scuppernong, and the Flower, the Mish, and the Bullace. 4. One hand is required for each 10 acres under cultivation, and in the gath- ering season one hand to the acre. 5. The yield this year has been equal, in quantity and quality, to the crops of the preceding 10 years. This variety is the only grape entirely free from disease, and the vines are not troubled by insects. They sprout very late in the spring, and are, therefore, never injured by frost, and their hardy wood, and the thick, leathery skin of the grape exempt them from injury from hail-storms, &c., rendering the Scuppernong the surest crop of grapes I have ever found or heard of in any wine-growing country. At my old home on the Rhine we had in each five years two entire failures, two seasons of inferior wine, and only one perfect crop; and I found nearly the same results in Austria, Hungary, France, and Italy, and in the northern or western part of the United States. Indeed, _ we have not in this country a single variety, except the Scuppernong, which is not liable to injury from frost, or in danger of not ripening through unfavorable seasons or the various grape diseases. With this variety, however, we may calculate with certainty each year, in both quantity and quality, and with the fifth part of the labor and expense attending the cultivation of other varieties, the average yield for a three year old vine is one peck; five years old, two bushels; full grown, ten year vine, 25 bushels. 6. Expenses per acre the first year are as follows: 21 plants, of good size and well rooted, $5; planting and staking, $10. Third year, 84 arbor posts, and 21 dozen fence rails, $15. Fifth year, 336 posts and 1,000 rails, $60. Tenth year, 500 posts and 1,500 rails, about $100. From the fifth year it takes one hand for cultivation and the extension of arbors, and from the first to fifth year about two years labor of one hand is requisite. After the tenth year it costs very little to manure the vines every two years, and gathering expenses and repairs of arbors may reach $10 per year. When 15 years old, and kept in the highest cultivation, the vine will yield 35 to 40 bushels of grapes. We have a good many single vines that bear 50 to 75 bushels. A full ripe bushel 450 of Scuppernong grapes weighs 60 pounds, and will yield 4 to 44 gallons of juice, after which the pommace will make five gallons of vinegar: ‘T’o the four galjons of juice add four pounds of crushed sugar, and at the end of six months you will have 33 gallons of good marketable wine, worth on an average $2 50 per gallon. The five gallons of vinegar will yield at the end of three months 45 gallons of first quality vinegar, worth 50 cents per gallon, thus realizing from one bushel of grapes $11; from one vine, in full bearing, $275; and from one acre of 21 vines, $5,775. The expenses attending the production of this wine foot up nearly $800, and for the vinegar $125, leaving a profit of about $4,850 on the product of the acre of vineyard. The Scuppernong is the most profitable grape in the world, but is known only in the south, especially in the Carolinas, as the summer seasons of the north are not long enough for its successful cultivation. In the Carolinas it grows on the poorest sand hills, on the lowest swamp lands, and on stiff, clay, gravel land, the last named being the best for it. This grape has grown wild, without care or effort to improve it, but last year I gave this subject special attention, and found the vines highly susceptible to improved cultivation. The vine must be planted well rooted. Dig a hole four feet square and two feet deep. ‘Throw the first foot of earth on one side, and the second foot on the other side. Throw the first foot of earth back into the hole, then all up to within six inches of the top with good compost, and then spread the roots of the vine out carefully, and fill the hole with the same compost, about three inches above the surface, trampling it level with the surface with the feet. Fasten the vine.to a pole about three inches thick, and eight feet above ground, put in when the vine is planted. During the first and second years, when the vine is sprouting, all side limbs should be pinched off smooth, the main stem only being allowed to grow up. Keep the main stem well fastened and straight, and raise it about a foot higher than the pole, and then allow the sprouts to spread out in all directions on a 12 feet square arbor. I used last year, instead of slats or rails on the arbors, telegraph wire, spread over like a sifter, about two feet square, with surprising results. The vines grew twice as much ‘as those of the same age on wooden arbors, and the grapes ripened more equally, and one-third more in quantity. The wire arbor costs little more and will stand 30 years when galvanized. ‘The sun and air strikes better through the wire, and the vine will grow much faster than when 6n the slats or rails, the little ringlets which sprout out from the vines winding around a small thing more readily, and thus keep the vine steady and assist growth. The third year the vines must be manured and every three years thereafter. For this purpose dig a ditch around the vine (so far as the little roots reach) one foot wide and one foot deep. Fill the ditch half full of compost and then fill up with top soil. The manuring should be done in December or January, as summer manuring makes the vine rusty, and causes the fruit to drop off before ripening. Raw stable manure should not be used, but should first be composted, mixed with any soil. The cheapest and best is swamp muck, and if you wish to make it as rich as guano, mix with it bone-dust, ashes, and lime, and about 10 per cent. of stiff soil. Unlike all other grape vines the Scuppernong does not need to be pruned back. After the grapes are gathered take out all the dead limbs, and cut off all ringlets, for they are destructive enemies of the vine when wound around the limbs, preventing full growth, and sometimes killing the limbs. The outside end limbs, of last year’s growth, should be straightened and spread out on the arbor in all directions and fastened. This is an important work, as without it the vine will grow wild and tangled, and the limbs be prevented from spreading, in consequence of which some of the fruit will never be reached by the sun or air, the sugar in the grape will not get a chance to concentrate, and the grapes will fall off before maturing. 451 Grapes should be gathered at three different times by the following plan: Make a wooden frame about ten feet square, placed on two axles with four small wheels; cover the frame with a strong cloth, made a little deeper in the middle ; roll this frame under the vine you wish to shake; then shake the vine gently with a smooth iron hook fastened on the end of a stick, when only the perfectly ripe grapes will fall. The unripe grapes must be picked out for vine- gar, and the leaves and trash should also be taken out. In this way two hands may pick 100 bushels a day. From the first gathering you will get about one- third of the crop. The second gathering comes 14 days later, and the third 14 days after the second. The above treatment of the Scuppernong insures the following improved results on the old treatment : The first year we get three times as many grapes, which will, without the addition of sugar, produce a splendid wine, similar to Rhine wine. By adding one-half to one pound of sugar to the gallon we get heavy wines, similar to Malaga, Madeira, and Port. Scuppernong rooted plants can be raised only by layers; cuttings do not take root, but bleed to death. The seeds of the White Scuppernong produce the Black Scuppernong. The white grape is a grade richer in sugar, and finer in flavor than the Black, Flower, and Mish grapes. IS TEXAS A WINE LAND? C. E. Bauer, of Fayette county, Texas, thus writes : In what is properly called wine-growing Texas, and especially in this district, there has as yet been little done in vine culture. Only here and there have one or more species of grapes been planted, which, in the majority of cases, have returned a very poor result, and have soon disappeared either on account of the climate or in consequence of neglect. Of the transatlantic vines the greater part do not prosper here; some species wiil bear and ripen tolerably, but only for table use, as they are never reliable enough to be raised for the wine-press. There is, however, a species here, forwarded to us by Mr. Brink from the gardeu of Dr. Moore, in Houston, which promises to become very profitable, and, according to my judgment, it is the Catawba, at least it resembles it strikingly. Messrs. C. Schuedemagen and Carl Vogelsang have vines of it in bearing, and I had during the present season the opportunity of seeing them in full fruit. They bear a luxuriant crop and yield good claret. During the present as well as the last season, however, they were somewhat affected by the dry rot, but this may have been in consequence of the wet seasons, which were unfavora- ble for vintagers, and moreover, in both cases, the vines were not sufliciently exposed to the air, which ought to be done in every vineyard. Also the roots may have been too flat and shallow, as in both instances the vines were raised from cuttings, which should be avoided in southern States, as it has been proved that in all vineyards planted with cuttings dry and wet rot and mildew have prevailed a great deal more than in those planted with roots. It is an ungrate- ful job to plant cuttings here. I have pianted such for three consecutive years, and each time, on account of dry weather, have lost two-thirds of them. We have, therefore, to practice the layering of the plants so that we may more speedily and more surely raise plants with roots. The best and surest way, however, to raise acclimated and richly bearing vines would be to improve our own indigenous Texas wild grapes, for even the European vines of the highest fame, as Chasselas, Muscat, T'raminer, Malvasia, Reisling, &e., were not always what they are at present, and only by constant improve- ment have they been brought to the present climax of perfection. We have 452 three principal native species, (of which each one has several varieties,) viz: the Mustang, the Postoak, and the Winter grape. The Mustang bears a cluster of middling size, with large berries, well shoul- dered, of thick skin and dark bluish color, covered with blue bloom and of sharp acid taste, and ripens at the end of July. Many prepare from this species wine for domestic use, but it is mostly quite inferior in quality. The Postoak bears also clusters of middling size, well shouldered, with large berries of thick skin, but they are of dark brown hue and of spicy acid taste, and ripen near the end of July. Of this species I never yet have seen fermented wine. The Winter grape with middling large, rather long bunches, without shoul- ders, has very small round berries of thin skin, transparently brown, covered with bluish bloom, of exceedingly pleasing and spicy taste, only a little too acid, ripens in October. When gallicised and the fermentation is properly guarded, it yields an excellent claret. The latter two species are adapted for general cultivation, but neither scaffold - ing nor pole could follow the exuberent growth of the Mustang and render it the necessary support. The Postoak does not creep high and easily grows, even from cuttings. The Winter grape is the finest and noblest of all three, and bears also on low vines, but cuttings of it cannot be coaxed to grow even by the most tender care. There, are some other species of grape in Texas, as the Muscatine, which is mostly found near the shore, but it shows itself very sterile in its wild condition. We need not be discouraged by the failure of some persons, as most of them do not understand anything of the culture of the American grape. I have never seen as yet a vine trimmed according to the splendidly successful renewal sys- tem, and no one as yet could give me thorough information as to the ameliora- tion of vines by and through themselves, so whatever knowledge I possess I have had to acquire from books and correspondence. Let us unite and begin the work, for there is not a hill between the Sabine and the Rio Grande, nor a valley from the western mountains to the Gulf, where the luxuriant vines do not smile from the top of the mighty oak and with exuberant clusters of delicious fruit proclaim to us: Texas is a wine land! INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. S. V. Rathvon, of Pennsylvania, furnishes the following paper upon a subject of increasing interest among grape-growers : The grape vine is, unfortunately, subjected to the depredations of quite a number of insects of various species, but perhaps there are none more troublesome or more pernicious in their effect than the different species of ‘‘ leaf hoppers” that infest it, and which are sometimes very improperly calied thrips. Before we enter into a discussion of the habits of this spuri- ous thrips, perhaps it would be well and useful to have a more correct understanding of the true one, in order that we may kuow precisely where we stand and what we are talking about in relation to their history and habits. The true ‘‘ thrips,” of which there are several species in the United States, all belong to the single family thripide, and they constitute Mr. Haliday’s order thysanoptera.* They are minute black insects, rarely exceeding a line in length, with four equal, long, narrow, mem- branous wings—neither folded nor reticulated—with long cilie, or fringes, all around both edges, and laid horizontally along the back, when at rest. There is very little difference, in the general form, between the larva, the pupa, and the imago. In the first state the wings are entirely absent, in the second theyare present rudimentally, and in the third they are fully developed. The commonest species usually occurs most abundantly about the time of the wheat harvest, and hence it has been supposed that this insect ( Thrips cerealeum ?) is insome manner connected with the injury of the crop; but this, from recent observations and inves- * Fringe-winged insects. 453 tigations made by competent and intelligent observers, is found to have been a mistake. The thripide, so far as their habits are known, are not vegetable feeders at all; but, on the con- trary, they feed on the eggs and larva of the wheat midges, bark-lice, leaf-gall insects, flea- beetles, and various other species, and are, therefore, carniverous or cannibal in their habits. There are, however, some of the most respectable European authorities who have gener- ally described the various species of thrips as injurious to vegetation, but Mr. Walsh, of Rock Island, Illinois, assures us that they are all entirely mistaken. The mature insect is very small, and the larva is still less ; and as it is in this latter state of an orange color, those English farmers, upon whose reports both Messrs. Kirby and Curtis seemed to rely in their descriptions of its habits, may easily have mistaken it for an enemy of the wheat, when, as Mr. Walsh positively asserts, it only visits the wheat heads to feed on the eggs and larva of the wheat-fly already there. If this be really so—and every closely observing wheat-grower may have an opportunity of testing it for himself—then our American entomologists have made a step in advance of those of Europe. But whether this is really so or not it has nothing to do in determining what a thrips really is, in contradistinction to that of another insect which passes by that name. European authors say that the males of these insects are apterous, and that only the females have wings; but as this differs widely from the usual order that obtains in other allied species, they are probably also mistaken in this. My object being merely, in this introductory part of the subject, to convey to the mind of the reader an intelligent idea of what a thrips is in its form, in order that it may not be confounded in name with an insect of a different order, form, and habits, I do not deem it necessary to make any suggestions in regard to a remedy for that from which fruit-growers have not, as yet, suffered any injury. I will just remark, in conclusion, that I have seen the common species in millions during harvest time, and that when they light on the exposed parts of the body they cause an unpleasant sensation, perhaps by their bite. Having said this much in reference to the true thrips, whose real character may not be truly known in this country, I pass on to consider the ‘* vine-leaf hoppers,” and others, which infest the grape leaves in various ways, and to which have been applied, mistakenly, the name of thrips ; a practice which only tends to involve the whole question with mystery and untold difficulties ; because, when inquiries are propounded to the entomologist, without accompanying them with specimens of the insects complained of, he is altogether in doubt what answer to make, in consequence of this confusion of names. The vine-leaf hoppers, or at least a number of them, belong to a family of small homopterous insects, called *‘tettigo- nians,’’ ( Tettigoniide,) and are of several genera, the most common of which is Erythro- neura. ‘The most common species of this genus is E. vitis, and is probably the one that is generally alluded to when grape-growers make their complaints about the ‘‘thrips,” in various parts of our country. ‘These insects, of which there are some eight or nine species, are all of the same shape, and pretty much all of the same size, but differing from each other in color and general markings ; and even the same species differs very much in its various stages of development; the young also differing from the adult in being without wings. Dividing one inch into 100 parts, these insects, when matured, will measure from 12 to 15 of those parts, in length. Their bodies are broad in front, and taper backward to the end of the abdomen into a cone shape, or like a miniature Minié rifle slug. The head is broad, and the antennz are short and bristle-shaped. The upper wings extend beyond the body, and are deflexed, closing over it roof-shaped. The anterior and medial feet are small, but the posterior pair are long and armed with small spines along the outer margin of the tibia, something akin to the common grasshoppers, which gives them immense leaping powers ; a power which they never fail to exercise when an attempt is made to capture them, or when they are disturbed. The adult species, however, do not depend wholly upon leaping, but have also the power of an extended flight. If their interruptions are not of too violent a character, they will eiude their enemies by merely dodging around to the under side of the leaf, instead of leaping or flying. Their colors are different shades of yellow, green, pink, white, and brown, according to species and stages of development, diversified by bands and markings of various kinds. They usually attack grape leaves in swarms, near the endof July, and during the months of August and September; and, as every grape-grower well knows, they are exceedingly injurious, destroying the vitality of the leaves, causing them to become crisp and shrivelled, and to fall prematurely. These insects, however, do not gnaw holes into the grape leaves and feed upon their entire sub- stance, as some others do; but, on the contrary, they pierce them with their small sharp haustellum, or sucker, and drain them of the sap that is necessary to their health and thrift. The eggs are deposited on the under side of the grape leaves in the month of June, in clus- ters, and when the young come forth, they for a time remain in the-same place, with their suckers inserted in the leaf, and are actively engaged in sucking the-sap. From that period until the Ist of August they moult several times, and their white, cast-off skins may often be found in numbers upon the leaves. As they grow older they become less gregarious, and leap from one leaf to another with increased activity. It would be impossible for me, in a limited paper as this must necessarily be, to enter into a specific description of all the insects that in various ways attack the grape vines, and there- fore I can only allude to them in general terms, and even then, Iam compelled to omit many that may have come under the observation of grape-growers. in different lovalities, 3 454 from the fact that the history of many of them is still unknown, and those species that may abound in one particular locality nay be wholly unknown in another. The next most com- mon species of these insects belongs to the genus Otiocerus, of which, perhaps, the O. coque- bertit is the most common example. These insects belong also to the family Tettigoniide, and are nearly of the same size as those of the former .genus I mentioned, but more slender in their forms. But as they are more common to the wild grape than the cultivated varie- ties, it will be unnecessary to do anything more than to make this passing allusion to them, and also to say that there are some 9 or 10 species of them, comprised under the genera Otiocerus, Anotia, Brachymorpha, and Naso, and that some of them are of a shining black color, and have the anterior portion of the head extended into a cone shape; with very short wing covers. In addition to these ‘‘vine-leaf hoppers,”’ there are several species of Thelia, commonly called ‘‘ tree hoppers,”’ which are much larger in size than the former, but which do not occurin such formidable numbers. These belong to the family Membracide, and in shape approach the form of a beech nut; often with a perpendicular protuberance arising from the thorax of the males; being of a chestnut brown in color, and about one-third of an inch in length, and one-fourth of an inch in height; and one species, Thelia univittata, havinga whitish or yellowish stripe along each side, extending from_one end to the other. Another species, Acutalis dorsalis, of a greenish white color, with a large black spot on the back, is also found on the grape leaves. There are three species of insects belonging to the order Hemiptera, or ‘‘ half-wings,” nearly allied to those before named, that are injurious to the vine when they happen to occur in great numbers, which, however, fortunately is not often the case. The insects are from three-eighths to five-eighths of an inch in length, and very nearly the same across the widest part of the body, and are of a green color; and although suffici- ently large, one would suppose, to be easily detected, yet so near are some of them to the color of the leaves, that they are often entirely overlooked. ‘They belong to different genera, namely, Pentutoma, a grass-green in color; Raphigaster, the same color, edged all around with a yellow marginal line; and Arma, of a greenish or yellowish gray, with brown punc- tures on the wing covers, which, in some species, are red towards the ends These insects, like all of the foregoing, are haustellated or suctorial in their habits, stinging the leaves and feeding on the sap. But these do not include all the ‘‘sap-suckers” that infest the grape vines, for, in addition to these insects are also various species belonging to the great family Aphide or ‘‘ plant lice,”’ especially the Aphis vitis and the Pemphigus vitifolia, small in size, and generally too well known to need a specific description here. But there are other orders of insects found on grape vines that eat up the buds or the entire foliage, either in their larva or mature states, or in both; and perhaps the most numerous and destructive of these is the ‘‘blue grape-leaf beetle.” This insect belongs to the order Coleuptera, and is the Haltica chalybea of authors, and in some localities is known as the ‘‘ orape-vine flea-beetle.’’ In early spring the adult insects cut off the buds of the vine, and later in the season their larvee destroy the leaves, and if left alone, they multiply rapidly, and eventually strip the vine of its foliage and destroy the crop. They undergo their trans- formations in the ground, and the adults hybernate during the winter season, so that their extermination ought to be effected in their larva state; they are thena small brownish bristled worm. ‘Then, in addition to these, and belonging to the same erder, we have various species of Anomala, about one-third of an inch in length, that feed upon the grape leaves. These insects bear a close resemblance to the famous ‘‘rose bug,” only more robust in form, and as they ure gregarious, and often occur in great numbers, they become very injurious to the vines. The rose-bug itself, Macrodactylus, is very often found on the grape vines when they are in bloom, and I have often known them to cause the entire destruction of the crop, by devouring the flowers and buds. Last, not least, of the destructive coleopteras the Pelidnota punctate, or six-spotted ‘‘ grape beetie.”” This is a large brownish yellow beetle, of various shades, found on the vines in the month of July, and is too well known to need a special description at this time. Of the lepidupterous order there are various species that belong to the Sphinz family, that in the larva state feed on the foliage of the grape vine. These belong to the genera Chero- campa and Philampelis, and in their larva state are large cylindrical, fleshy worms, approxi- mating in form to the ‘‘ tobacco worm,”’ and are of various shades of color, from a pale green to a light velvety brown, with oblorg cream-white spots along the sides, and a projecting horn from the upper side of the last segment, pointing backward. The matured insects are large parti-colored ‘‘hawkmoths,” and they undergo their final transformations under ground. They are found on the grape-vines, eating the leaves and sometimes cutting off tue fruit, in August and September. Then we have the larvee of Procris americana and Alypia 8-maculata, that infest the grape leaves in colonies; usually found on the under side of the leaf, lying side by side, and moving along ina body, destroying all except the coarser veins as they go. The former is yellow, dotted with black. and the latter is light blue, banded with black. These spin a flat cocoon, side by side on the leaf. ‘The former comes forth in the month of July, a small black moth, with a bright yellow band around the neck; and the latter in May or June, of the same color, but more robust than the former, having yellow shanks, and with two yellow spots on each of the fore wings, and two white ones on each of the hind wings. The latter insect is, however, not so common as the former. The larvee of the beautiful ‘‘ wood nymphs’’—very much resembling the above named, only larger—are also found on the grape vines. These 455 belong to the genus Eudryas, and are of a milk-white color, with the wings beautifully bor- dered with brown, and greenish and waved with blue. These insects are not so common as some of the aforenamed. The larvee of the miller moths sometimes infest the grape vines. These belong to the genus Spilosoma, and are of various species. The caterpillars are from an inch to an inch and a half and more in length, and are densely covered with long yellow or white hairs. The mature insects are mostly virgin white, and are commonly called ‘‘millers.”’ There are also several species of insects of the order Orthoplera, which feed sometimes upon grape leaves, pretty much all belonging to the genus Ccanthus, but commonly called * tree crickets.” Indeed, all of the insects belonging to this order, except a single species, in this country, are leaf eaters, and it might possibly transpire that they all would eat grape leaves if they could obtain nothing else more palatable. These tree crickets are usually found on the vines in the month of August, but are as often found on other species of vegetation, especially on trees, as they are on the vine, but they somehow cannot be very prolific, as I have never, in twenty-five years, found more than two or three together in the same place. They are only noticed here because they belong to the company of noxious insects that infest the grape vines; and, although they may do little or no harm, yet it is quite certain that they do no good. These insects are mostly of a white, or pale yellowish or greenish tint in color. The females are of a darker color than the males, and might easily be, and no doubt often have been, mistaken for a different species. “Their antennze are exceedingly long and thread-like; the feet are also long and slender, especially the posterior pair, which . are more than twice as long as the anterior and medial pair. The wing-covers are shaped like a boy’s ‘‘ bat,” and overlap each other horizontally on the back. The total length of the most prominent species ( CZ. niveus) is about half an inch from the head to the end of the abdomen, but the wings extend a quarter of an inch beyond. Like the ‘‘katydid,” to which they have a family alliance, they sometimes enter houses in the cool evenings in Sep- tember, and make a sharp, shrill monotonous noise, which is often continued throughout the night, tothe great annoyance of many nervous people. So far as concerns a preventive or a remedy tor the foregoing insects, what would be applicable and useful against one species might perhaps be employed with the same efficacy against the whole of them, or any others found upon the grape vines, of which there are a number of species, which space will not permit me to mention in this paper. In enumerating remedies, allow me to remark in the beginning, that boxes put up for wrens and bluebirds, in the grapery, have been found effectual, although not wholly so. Some insects appear in such vast numbers, and multiply so rapidly, that birds seem to have a surfeit of them, and at length to cease cap- . turing and feeding upon them, especially towards autumn, when the ripened fruit begins to appear. Therefore, birds ought not to be depended upon wholly. Syringing with decoce- tions of tobacco, and saline and saponaceous solutions, ought to be resorted to instead. Much has been claimed quite recently for diluted sharp vinegar—say half and half or two- thirds water, or even three-fourths—according to the particular insects, or the season, and state of the vegetation, to which it is applied. Diluted carbolic and cresylic acid—say a half pint of the acid to a gallon of saponified water—comes recommended as a “‘sure cure” for nearly all insects. It is claimed, at least, that alult insects will not deposit their eggs where this acid has been employed; besides, it is a good antiseptic and disinfectant. These acids can now be obtained in our drug stores, and sell at about one dollar a pound, which is about three half pints of the fluid acid; but they can also be obtained solid, for about seventy-five cents a pound. Within the last two days an imposing circular has been placed in my hands, purporting to have been issued by J. Ahearn, No. 63 Second street, Baltimore, Maryland, in which is adver- tised a new patent remedy for the destruction or prevention of all insects of whatsoever kind that infest vegetation, and especially the different kinds of fruit trees; and for the invigora- tion of trees, shrubbery, and plants. It is called ‘‘Best’s Patent Fruit Tree and Vine Invigo- rator,” and claims a great deal—perhaps too much—much more, I apprehend, than will ever be realized. I will not condemn it, however, unheard and untried; there may be something in it; moreover, it comes with a large number of horticultural recommenders, principally from Maryland, Ohio, Indiana and Kentucky. From Pennsylvania there is only one—Mr. Nathan W. Secrist, of Middletown, Dauphin county—who, it appears, has purchased the right of that county. I am acquainted personally with only one of these recommenders, and he is a man of intelligence and integrity. It might perhaps be well for fruit-growers to make a trial of this remedy, if they have not already done so; but as I know nothing more of it than what I have seen in punt, I can do nothing more than make this sugges- tion at this time, leaving it optional with those interested to try it or not. A remedy of some kind is so very desirable at the present time, that fruit-growers must submit to the liability of being deceived, in order that a reliable remedy may be discovered, and unreliable ones may be exposed. Whatever the remedy may be, however, in order to be successful, those who use it should apply it perseveringly aud judiciously, in order that its true merits may be devel- oped, because an injudicious and partial application may be worse than none at all. Most of the insects mentioned in this paper are more or less preyed upon by insect parasites, so that they may really not be so formidable as they seem, bad us they are; and these parasites render a greater assistance in arresting the multiplication of some species than is apparent to the casual observer. Trogus fulous, a beautitul reddish-brown wasp, with black shining 456 wings, and about the size of a common paper-making wasp, is parasitic on the larger species of lepidopterous larvee that infest the grape vines. There are also various minute species of Hymenoptera, belonging to the genus Microgaster, that deposit their eggs in the bodies of the Sphina larve, in great numbers, which eventually destroys them. In conclusion, I will mention that there is a species of fungus that is found on the grape leaves, which is as bad in its effects as the ‘‘ leaf hoppers” are, or perhaps any other insect. This, sometimes, may be noticed about midsummer, and continues late in the season, causing the leaves to shrivel up, become crisp and brown and to fall prematurely, exposing the fruit and preventing its ripening. It usually occurs on the lower side of the leaves, and many persons have taken it for the effects of the ‘‘ hopper,” or ‘‘thrips,” as they call it, but not so; I have seen abundance of it where no insect of any kind was present, and have plainly detected it by the aid of a common magnifier. I have also arrested its progress by the immediate removal of such infected leaves, or parts of leaves, as soon as I discovered them. This fungus is called ‘‘ mildew,” and it, or an allied species, communicates itself also to the fruit, injuring its quality very much. A pair of pruning shears, artistically handled, is the best thing I know of for the cure of this fungus; but by all means burn the leaves as soon as removed. LOCUSTS OR GRASSHOPPERS IN KANSAS. S. J. H. Snyder, of Monrovia, Kansas, writes as follows in reference to the grasshopper visitation in that State : The ‘‘ Egyptian locusts’ or grasshoppers, so called, are assuming a position here as a ‘*yegular institution ;”’ our farmers are hopeful, however, that they may finally ‘‘ fizzle out.” The ground on which our faith is based is the fact that they were unknown here prior to the ear 1866. I have myself been here all the time since 1554, and neither saw uor heard of them until they made their appearance in that year (1866 ;) the Indians also assert the same fact. In 1866 they came from the west, being brought here by a westerly wind, which strangely continued to blow from that same quarter for about three weeks, their regularadvance © being reported to us from Denver, Colorado, by freighters and travellers until they crossed the Big Blue, when in a few days the country was covered withthem. The fact is clear that they came from the land of their nativity in the mountains. This season they came from the north or northeast, after a regular wind from that direction of some four days’ duration. Their first appearance was in broken sections scattered over the country, but in about a week after, on the lith instant, the head of the main column advanced with a regularity almost majestic, and pouring down myriads upon myriads of these destroying pests upon the defenceless farmers, who were thus suddenly plunged from the highest joy of an unbounded harvest, into the very depths of painful uncertainty and foreboding ruin! This monstrous column was bounded on the west by a well-defined margin some 14 miles west of St. Joseph, 22 miles west of Atchison, 7 miles west of Monrovia, 3 miles west of Grasshoppers’ Falls, 4 miles east of ‘Topeka, and so on in a southwest direction toward the Mississippi, at the mouth of the Osage ; its eastern boundary I have not yet learned. Their flight is a very remarkable pheno- menon. From about 10 to 4 o’clock each day, while they move, the very heavens are covered as with a pall, sometimes obscuring the sun, the whirling hum of those below resembling an immense number of bee swarms, and their sound that of dim distant thunder. Higher up, where they strike the current, the nviseless, ceaseless tide flows on with a regularity and pre- cision truly astonishing; and when beheld toward the sun the seeming immensity of space in which they move, the instinct that governs their flight, and their countless numbers, fill the mind with a strange admiration and a sense of overwhelming amazement! An attempt to estimate their numbers would be utter folly, and if numbered no finite mind could comprehend a fraction of these countless hosts! Their destruction of vegetation is equally amazing ; the tobacco and Jamestown weed (stramonium) are devoured as readily as the cabbage and delicious peach! They are depositing their eggs everywhere, in the mellow, - field and in the beaten roadside, and these number still a thousandfold more than the incal- culable number of individuals that swarm in myriads all around. J hear that a column has also descended upon the Big Blue and its tributaries, but this needs confirmation. HUMBOLDT COUNTY, NEVADA. Our Humboldt, Nevada, correspondent forwards to this Department a copy of the report of the county surveyor and county assessor of Humboldt county, 457 from which we extract the following paragraph in reference to the agricultural interest : ' The area of Humboldt county is about 16,000 square miles, equal to the aggregate area of the States of Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts and Delaware. There are probably 150,000 acres of tillable and 650,000 acres of grazing land, and the quantity of the former may be greatly increased by irrigation ; this has been done already in many places to considerable extent, and at no distant day it will be practiced much more extensively, particularly in that section through which the Humboldt canal is being constructed, and on either side of the Humboldt river. The soil is fertile and requires only irrigation to render it productive for nearly all kinds of cereals and vegetables. A great amount of rich alluvial land can be re- claimed in the lowest part of Paradise valley, by means of a canal through the centre of the same, to carry off the surplus water during the wet season; the soil is of. such a cbharac- ter that a canal can be easily eonstructed. This valley cannot be surpassed in the State for agricultural facilities. It is 35 miles in length and from 6 to 10 miles in width. There are numerous streams in different parts of the valley, that afford ample water for irrigating pur- poses. This section is pleasantly located, as its name would indicate, and is already a valu- able portion of the county. A flouring mill is being erected on Martin’s creek, near the head of the valley, at anexpense of $15,000. Aside from this valley, Queen’s river, Grass and Pleasant valleys, Big Meadows, the Humboldt river section, and the mountain canons, produce large quantities of cereals, vegetables, and hay. The following were the leading pro- ductions last year: barley, 2,500 acres, averaging 40 bushels per acre, worth 5 cents per pound ; wheat. 1,200 acres, average 40 bushels, 5 cents per pound ; potatoes, 50 acres ; hay, 3,000 acres, average per acre 14 ton, worth $20 per ton. ‘There were in the county 900 oxen, 350 cows, 600 horses, 60 mules, 650 stock cattle, 300 calves, 300 hogs, 1,500 sheep, 20 colts. Average price of work oxen per yoke, $150; cows, each, $75; beef cattle, per 100 pounds, on foot, $12; sheep, ditto, $12; hogs, ditto, $12. ‘The county is peculiarly adapted to stock-raising, the rich bunch grassof the mountains, and the blue-joint on the Hum- boldt river and Big Meadows, growing in abundance during the warm months, and the white sage or ‘‘ winter pot’? is ample for the winter. The tules of the Humboldt river are highly favorable to the raising of hogs, which live and fatten there with little trouble or ex- pense. The Pacific railroad is now running through the whole length of the county. YUBA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA. A correspondent in Yuba county, California, writes as follows: Much of our rich river bottoms have been and are being destroyed by the debris coming down from the mines in the mountains. Our streams and rivers are thick with mud, and during high water in winter a heavy sediment or deposit is left on all the bottoms over- flowed. ‘The river channels are filled up from 20 to 30 feet, or within afew feet of the bank along these bottoms, so that almost every rise of water overflows the land. Upon these lands were our orchards, the most. extensive and celebrated in the State, worth from $25,000 to $250,000. These orchards are beginning to die out. A few trees did not bud in the spring, being dead; the remainder came out and bloomed and set the fruit, and then died, so that the peach crop was a failure. Hundreds of acres are entirely dead, and the remain- ing trees must die the next or succeeding year. The apple and pear have been but little affected as yet from these deposits; but a year or two more and all the lowland orchards will be destroyed. Hundreds of acres of vineyards have sufiered in the same way, so that the crop was an utter failure. Time, however, will work a change, as the higher lands are found to be the best farm lands and the best adapted to fruit if properly cultivated, that is, ploughed deep and well tended. We can well afford to lose the bottoms to gain what were once deemed barren plain and hill lands. Over ten years ago I began to experiment upon these dry plain lands, and for ten years, as president of the agricultural society of the southern district of California, I have warned farmers against planting vineyards and fruit trees upon the lowlands, and urged upon them the feasibility of making homes upon and cultivating _ the higher lands. During all that time I have urged deep ploughing and summer fallowing, and to-day Yuba county and its vicinity has more acres of dry land under cultivation and does more summer fallowing than any other section of the State. This county suffers more by the loss of her rich bottom lands, but has to-day more wealth in her upland farms than any other county in the State. ° THE “DIFFUSION” PROCESS. Dr. Theodore Canisius, late consul at Vienna, now of Aurora, Kane county, Illinois, (where a beet-sugar enterprise is loeated,) communicates the following 458 with regard to the “diffusion process,” the discovery of Jules Robert, a sugar manufacturer of Austria, for extracting the saccharine matter from cane, beets, or other sugar-yielding plants: This process is called “ diffusion” from the fact that it is based upon the natu- ral process “‘endosmose and exosmose,” which means the.interchange of two liquids of different components, if these liquids are only separated from each other by an animal or vegetable cell-membrane. Where such two different liquids, as before stated, are brought into close contact and only separated by the membrane of a cell, an interchange of the liquid outside the cell and of the liquid within the cell takes place till both liquids become identical in their composition. Seientific men call this natural process ‘ membrane diffusion.” It is well known that the cane consists of a large number of cells, differing in size and form, and the contents of which are of a different nature according to the quality and situation of the cell. Within those cells are, as well as the sugar, the salts, in short, all the soluble matters which we find in the liquor obtained by our sugar mills, as also the insoluble substances remaining in the bagasse or offal. Each cell is enclosed by a membrane, as already remarked, giving it its shape and form. This membrane, however, is not absolutely closed; it has very minute perforations of larger and smaller dimensions, but the greater number are very small. We, therefore, may compare the cell mem- _ brane with a fine sieve, or with a sack of delicate, loose, and irregular texture, containing corpuscles of different sizes, and which corpuscles may, under favor- able circumstances, leave their enclosure with more or less facility, in exact proportion to the size of the perforations in the sieve-like cell-membrane. The large corpuscles within the cell-membrane must necessarily meet with more hindrance to escape through the cell-wall, for the reason that the cell-membrane has a greater number of very minute perforations than of large ones, in conse- quence of which the large corpuscles escape with difficulty, while the small corpuscles or grains, (the so-called erystalloides,) pass without hindrance through the minutest perforations of the cell-membrane. The relative proportion of the sizes, the volumina of the said corpuscles in the juice, like sugar, salts, albumen, &c., can dnly be found out by the atom weight and the specific weight of those minute bodies, and the way of calculat- ing it is to divide the ciphers representing the atom weight by the ciphers rep resenting the specific weight. Without entering further upon such calculation f will remark that bodies of a high atom weight, but small specific weight, like gum, pectin—the gelatinizing principle of plants—albumen, &e., have a large atom volume and represent the large or coarse particles of the cell, while bodies of small atom weight, but large specific weight, like sugar, salts, &c., represent- ing, consequently, finer corpuscles or grains, have a small atom volume. It is therefore apparent that the liability of soluble chemical compositions to leave their cell, or, according to our example, to go through the small meshes of the cell wall, is the greater the smaller the atom weight of the corpuscles is. We find, under otherwise identical circumstances, that this liability exists in a higher degree in such corpuscles which crystallize, like sugar, salts, asparagin, &c., and termed erystalloides, than in corpuscles not erystallizable, like gum, pectin, albumen, &c., termed by scientific men colloides. In short, the ten- dency of the matter within the cell membrane to leave this enclosing wall is in- creased proportionately with the smallness of the atom volume and the readiness of such matter to crystallize. We see by the above that the extraction of the saccharine matter from the cane or beets by means of “diffusion” is a microscopical, sifting process, en- tirely different from all other methods now in use in the European beet sugar manufactories or the American cane mills.to extract the saccharine matter from the sugar plants. This sifting out of the corpuscles within the cell membrane is done through the aid of water. It is clear that through the application of 459 the diffusion process not only particles within the cell wall will find their way out of the perforated membrane, but that also some portions of the water surrounding the cell membrane will penetrate through the minute meshes of the cell membrane into the cell to fill up the room vacated by the corpuscles which left the cell. This process goes on without intermission until on each side of the cell wall two liquids are formed, identical in their compositions, As soon as this is the case an equilibrium between the liquids out and inside of the cell has taken place, and a further exchange of water and crystalloides is not any longer possible. When the liquid on the outside of the cell membrane is removed and replaced by fresh water the sifting process begins anew, until again an equilibrium is effected, and so on, till finally all the erystalloides have left the cell. The water which finds its way into the cell exercises, according to scientific and microscopical investigations, a special influence upon those particles in the cell. membrane termed coarse-grained bodies or colloides, which are non-erystallizable substances; namely, it coagulates the same into one mass as soon as the crystalloides interlining or separating the colloides from each other have left the cell membrane, thus rendering the non-crystallizable matter unable to penetrate through the meshies of the cell wali. Technical chemistry has a procedure by which the foregoing may be well illustrated. It is called the “Bahmil flour trial.” The wheat flour contains principally starch and gluten, being in an intimate intermixture in the flour. If we enclose a small quantity of wheat flour—say a teaspoonful—in a piece of fine silk bolting cloth, and tie this up in the form of a little bag, we can, by pressing and kneading it under a constant stream of water, with the hands wash out all the sturch of the flour through the minute meshes of the cloth, while the gluten coagulates into an adhesive paste, which can be drawn out to long threads. This procedure gives us a beautiful illustration of the diffusion process, for the perforated cane or beet cell membrane will, under the applica- tion of water, allow the sugar and salts (corresponding to starch) to pass through the meshes of the cell membrane, while the coarser matters (albumen, pectin, &c., corresponding to the gluten of the wheat flour) coagulate in the cell to one body. The diffusion process may, therefore, justly be termed a sifting process, of which the result is on the one hand a sifted out liquor, furnishing the sugar, and on the other a sieve-like membrane containing the colloides and forming the offal or bagasse. It can readily be seen that the liquor obtained in this way has become already, through the action of the cell membrane itself, relatively a pure juice, from the simple fact that those particles which do not form sugar are retained in the cell membrane, an advantage doubtless appreciated by persons who know what it is to purify the liquor obtained in cane mills by the pressing and centri- fugal process. The new process will doubtless bring about an entire revolution in the manu- facture of sugar. The old processes destroy the cell membrane in order to ob- tain the saccharine matter, by which procedure the manufacturer receives a liquor mixed with all the impurities the beets or the cane contain. The old methods are also extremely expensive, the machinery to get the liquor from the cane or beets being costly and requiring constant repairing; and besides the purification of the filthy juice requires great labor and expense. BRITISH RECEIPTS OF COTTON AND WHEAT IN 1868. The trade and navigation returns of Great Britain afford encouragement to the cotton-growers, of the United States. The exhibit of receipts from this 460 country are more flattering than those of last year. The increase is 4 per cent. for the period between January 1 and September 30. They constitute 55 per cent. of the total receipts from all quarters. On the other hand, British India, for the same period, has suffered a dimi- nution of cotton exports amounting to 26 per cent. Turkey shows a still greater falling off, 43 per cent. Egypt, with all her efforts, including the intro- duction of steam ploughs, sends 5 per cent. less than last year. Only Brazil makes an increase. The decrease from other sources of supply averages 20 per cent. The following is the statement of receipts for nine months of 1867 and 1868: Cotton, raw, from— | 1867. 1868. WanitedtStates; -a52e4 |. ee ease: . Sesehete cee ewts | 4, 188, 054 4, 362, 983 Bahamas and bermuda. as Pere ssc <2 Saco oe ole Slee bisroe do.. 10, 439 474 - Lugs Vip see ae Soa ee ed ee ee, Ie ee oe ene ere gs do.. Oo Nl ee BL agieeete ee es omen nee ae ee ccs seca e. tote eae do.. 504, 284 689 511 Mareen ae eet s eee cor Re heeh ed Seta ea SE do.. 55, 560 32, 345 Miya Sac sot Slt Me - orcs te eae MeL ed eeee BAS: SERRE do.. 891, 398 842, 521 Brag is Hien a ey Ah ce hs rics ein ED do..| 2,963, 850 2, 187, 359 (Cinitnn 2583 Seeks eee eA ee Cee. eee oe do-.- 4,707. |.-<2. = eee LNGIACOUMIMER eee ae eee eee teen mae cee tet oe oes cs dos 225, 919 178, 856 jhotalet fe aaesees 2s es ae aot ds Le eee cee cet inee 8, 844, 233 8, 294, 049 The exhibit of receipts of wheat from this country for the same period shows equally gratifying figures, as compared with the receipts to the same date in 1867, the increase reaching nearly 140 per cent., while the receipts from Russia show a falling off of about 28 per cent.; Prussia 38 per cent. decline, and Chili 33 per cent. decline. ‘Turkey and Wallachia and Moldavia show an advance of 30 per cent., and Egypt 350 per cent. The following figures show the total receipts in ewts. of wheat from the countries named for the nine months ending September 30: Couutries. 1867. 1868. | CIS STa I ee ee eee eee en Oe eS coe) 2 heer aos ewts | 9,916, 855 7, 142, 034 WnitedtStates 3 ee testes tete sae eee A do..| 1,980, 007 4,714, 203 IBRugslasca a eee Seen) Pete oR et Bee ees see eee do..| 4,698, 876 2, 909, 271 Turkey and Wallachia and Moldavia ---.-...---.-------- do..| 1,792,489 2, 882, 596 1 TA ene pees Se ere ak a i cyl iy ees aE mE do.. 635, 169 2, 870, 068 Chilis ee ee ee renee kas eee eee eee cee Se do..| 1,740,631 1, 153, 006 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES AND MODEL FARMS. J. H. McChesney, United States consul at Newcastle-upon-T'yne, in a letter to the Commissioner upon the subject, says: I have visited the Royal Agricultural College at Cirencester, and my judgment as to the expediency of carrying on a model farm in connection with an agricultural college is fully sustained by the experience of that institution. They owned a farm of over 500 acres, and for some years conducted it in connection with the college as a model farm, and though en- tirely distinct from their experimental grounds, which, of course, are never expected to pay, they not only did not make it pay anything, but lost a large amount of money by it. As long as they permitted the institution to be burdened by this and other bad practices, they no more than maintained an existence. For 20 years they struggled against bad fortune. The farm is now let toan educated farmer, one of their own graduates, with the reserved right to visit it with their students, and the farm pays the tenant, though he has high rental expenses to pay, and answers the college equally well, and the college may now be said to be in a pros- perous condition. I believe model farms in all cases to be detrimental to the prosperity of agricultural colleges if attempted by the institution. 461 COAL ASHES AS A FERTILIZER. A series of experiments has been in progress at the Museum of Natural His- tory, Paris, during the past season, under the eye of Professor Naudin, to test ‘practically the value of coal ashes as a manure, the results of which seem to confirm the opinion that for such purpose.coal ashes are worthless, if not actually injurious to and destructive of plant life. The first experiment was with hari- cot beans planted in three pots, one of which was filled with coal ashes, another with sandy heath-earth of middling quality, and a third with a mixture of heath- soil and coal ashes in the proportion of three parts of heath-soil and one of coal ashes, three beans being planted in each pot and all of which were sunk in a plot bed and given the same attention. All the beans germinated at the same time, but those in the pure coal ashes had more difficulty in vegetating and developing their first leaves, and from the first were sensibly behind those in the other pots, and soon one of them turned yellow and perished. The plants in the heath-soil pro- duced eleven beans, those in the mixed earth seven, while those in the pure coal ashes made a sorry figure. Their stems did not exceed four and three-fourths inches in height, and one of them was nothing more than a staddle without leaves while the other still preserved their yellow leaves ; on each of their stems were three or four flower buds which fell off without opening. Like experiments followed with watermelon seeds, maize, varieties of grasses, &c., with similar results. he last experiment was with the haricot beans again. ‘Two large pots were filled, one with good free earth, the other with equal parts of the earth and coal ashes, and three beans planted in each. Another bean was planted in the open ground of the ridges where the pots were sunk. All the beans germ- inated, but the plants in the pot containing the coal ashes were weaker than the others. ‘Those in the pot of pure earth became relatively very fine. On the 28th of September, though stili green and full of leaf, almost all the pods had reached their normal development and it was easy to reckon their grains. The plants were cut off at the level of the neck and put upon the scales. The three plants grown in the mixture of earth and coal ashes weighed together 78 grams, or an average of 17? dwts., and bore 8 pods containing 20 developed grains. The three plants in the pot of earth alone weighed 320 grams, or an average of 3 ounces 8} dwts. each, and bore 20 matured pods, (besides 4 ur 5 small, young pods) containing 59 grains; being more than triple the product of the three plants raised iu the mixture of earth and coal ashes. The plant from the single bean planted in the open ground weighed 243 grams, (7 oz. 16 dwts.) and bore 15 fine pods, contaning 42 beans. Professor Naudin concludes from these experiments that for any of the plants tested coal ashes have been neither a manure nor even an earth of the most infertile quality. AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS OF AUSTRALIA. The land alienated from the crown during the year 1867 amounted to 144,021 acres, bringing up the total to 3,568,724, giving an average of nearly 21 acres to each man, woman, and child of the population. The enclosed land amounts to 4,712,276 acres, being an advance of 173,187 acres upon the previous year. The wheat crop of the year, through red rust, was reduced to an average of 43 bushels per acre, or 93 bushels less than the preceding year, and all other cereals showed a comparative decline in average product. ‘The acreage in wheat was 20 per cént. greater in 1867 than in 1866, and monopolized 68 acres out of every 100 acres under cultivation, yet the crop proved little more than a nomi- nal improvement upon that of 1858—’59 when the area sown was two-thirds less. 462 There were 3,499 acres in peas against 1,853 bushels the previous year, and the average yield per acre was 10 bushels 23 pounds. Fallowed land exhibited a falling-off of 10,280 acres. In orchards and gardens there has been an increase of 652 acres, there being now 2,563 of the former and 3,912 of the latter. Vineyards show a decline of 152 acres. . The total acreage in vines is 6,209, with 5,869,406 vines in bearing, and 1,022,740 vines yet unproductive. The quantity of wine made is returned as 863,584 gallons, or 128,601 gallons more than at the previous vintage. The production of the past three vintages has averaged 816,000 gallons, or nearly 5 gallons per head) of the population. The shipment of wine amounted to 8,924 gallons, valued at £1,90!, against 20,574 gallons, with»£50,545, in 1862. The produce of an acre of vines is returned as 140 gallons. A large increase in the number of sheep is reported, over half a million, and the diminution in the number of horned cattle, so rapid of late years, has reached its limit, being for the past year merely nominal. Since 1863 the number of cattle has decreased one-half, whereas for the past five years the increase in the flocks has been 30 per cent. More attention is now being paid to dairy products for the supply of the home market and for exportation. AMERICAN CORN IN PRUSSIA. Experiments made with samples of corn sent out from this Department, through Q. H. Brockman, United States consul at Koenigsberg, Prussia, for trial in that country, have been attended with but limited success. The varieties sent were Darling’s Early sugar corn, Stowell’s Evergreen sugar corn, large sugar corn, Adams’s Extra Early corn, improved seed corn, and King Philip. At theagricultural academy in Popellau, near Rybrick, Upper Silesia, the King Philip alone ripened, but this variety turned out of superior quality and its cultivation will be continued. The Central Association of West Prussian agricul- turists, at Dantzic, reports that though the season was unfavorable, the summer wet and cold, the 40-days corn generally, and the King Philip corn in the greatest part, reached maturity, whilst white corn, white Canadian, and even the red and the versicolor Silesian corn did not ripen. The large sugar corn, Stowell’s Evergreen, Darling’s Early, and Adams’s Extra Early, also failed to mature. Mr. Stetter, a large landholder in Great Mischen, near Koenigsberg, reports that ears formed on the stalks, but the grains contained no starch and were milky. At the experimental farm of the Royal Academy of Agriculture in Waldau, none of the varieties ripened fully before the heavy frosts, but were soft and soon moulded, though the ripest grains were removed from the ears and dried in a moderately warmed room, to be used for seed another season. HAMPSHIRE DOWN SHEEP. The following points have been gleaned from a private note to the Commis- sioner of Agriculture by Robert Morrell, of Manhasset, Long island, New York. His imported ram Chancellor is pictured in the report of 1867. Chancellor was dropped iu Quebec, March 23, 1865, out of an ewe imported by John Ashworth, esq., in 1864, from the flock of Edward Hetherington, of Surrey, England, and got by ram “ Pride of England,” purchased by John Hetherington, in Arling- ford, Hampshire, England. The ewes will clip 54 pounds washed wool, and rams 64, the quality of wool about the same as Southdown, only longer. 463 The demand for Hampshire rams, “ for crossing for mutton sheep,” is greater than I have been able to fill, and have been compelled to rent out my breeding rams in order to accommodate farmers that have been depending on me for this ~ year’s lambs. The sale of 170 Hampshire Down ram lambs, which took place at Basingstoke market a short time since, throws all sales which have preceded it into the shade. The lambs realized over £11 11s. per head all around. The Hampshire Chronicle, an agricultural paper published at Winchester, in the south of England, states that in 1822 the late Mr. George Budd, father of the present owner of the Hatch Warren flock, founded the valuable breed of sheep now so celebrated as “Hampshire Down.” METEOROLOGY. [Compiled in the Department of Agriculture, from reports made by the observers 0 the Smithsonian Institution. ] OCTOBER AND NOVEMBER, 1868. Table showing the highest and lowest range of the thermometer, (with dates pre- jixed,) the mean temperature, and amount of rain fall, including melted snow, (in inches and tenths,) for October and November, 1868, at the sta- tions named. Daily observations made at 7 a. m., and 2 and 9 p.m. [We go to press on the 17th—reports received after 14th must’be omitted in the Notes, those after the 17th will be used in the Annual Report and in the Smithsonian Reports. ] States and places. Date. MAINE, Steuben West Waterville. -- Gardiner Standish NEW HAMPSHIRE, Stratford Shelburne North Barnstead. -- Goffstown Centre. - Averages VERMONT. Lunenburg North Craftsbury -- Randolph . ..-----. Woodstock St. Albans West Charlotte ..-. Middlebury. ......-. Averages MASSACHUSETTS. Kingston Topsfield OCTOBER, 1868. NOVEMBER, 1868. Min. | Mean) Rain Max. Min. | Mean) Rain Ss temp.|/temp.| fall. Date. temp a temp.|temp.| fall. ¥ a A ° In. fe) ° ° In. | 24,31 | 18] 41.2 | 3.24 1) 53 17| 11] 388] 5.69 24| 21] 42.7) 0.70 1| 57] 17:28). 16.) G2x4\\ea7ng0 31 | 22| 43.5 | 0.98 1| 56 17] 17 | 33.75 | eas 30 | 24 | 44.2 | 1.20 1 56 17) 18/3454 wGsar 315) | AGdAIeG hee 1| 54 17] 05) Si;0s eee 241 18] 42.3) 1.13 1] 52 28 | 13] 31.2] 5.65 30} 24] 42.9 | 0.65 1| 54 28| 16| 32.0| 6.64 es | asined| ABS doe | oc. 12h. ee. ease. rr 24/ 10] 39.6 | 1.29 Ah 50 17 5 | 27.6] 6.88 24) 14] 43.0] 1.70 cH Sy 18 | 20 | a2 @)(teee 24,30} 25 | 45.4} 1.51 4| 48 17| 24/348] 2.87 18,24 | 25 | 48.2 | 1.60 1] 56 17| 23/368] 5.60 See EAs. AAW) 1553 |ooco5-celsccewc|eces sec [eee ee ee 30| 15 | 41.6 | 1.30 1| 54] 17,30] 14]29.6] 7.15 30] 11] 37.4] 1.20 1| 48 17| 10] 27.4] 5.84 90; 25 406045 |o325e2 8. |Soeees|- oss eee eee Oye Sh || SE Sea 1] 53| 4,23] 14 | 29.9].....- SD) weedo alse tee 1| 46 16] 16) 30:2)|22 24| 22) 46.0 | 2.19 oe 51 17 | 2 |340 5h esses 24| 23 | 43.6 | 1.10 lel owt 30| 18] 32.5] 638 eee PTET a ie 1 eee ae ———— | een |e 24,30] 28} 50.1 | 2.25 al 65 17| 271 42.2| 3.62 31| 18 | 44.7] 0.95 1| 60! 17,28] 20| 346] 4.88 465 Table showing the range of the thermometer, c., for Oct. and Nov.—Continued States and stations. Mass.—Continued. Cambridge ....... North Billerica. ..-- West Newton..--.-- New Bedford . Worcester: 2:55:22. Lunenburg Amherst Richmond ......... | Williams College. -- Hinsdale Averages RHODE ISLAND. Newport CONNECTICUT. | Pomfret Columbia Middletown - ------ Colebrook Waterbury.....--- Brookfield.......-. Averages...... NEW YORK. | Moriches South Hartford .... Garnisonis: --..<--. Throg’s Neck White Plains Deaf and Dumb Ins. Columbia College. - Mistbuay sss... 5 Newburgh Minaville Cazenovia Oneida Date. ee Se ee ee S| OcTOBER, 1868. feap.| Date. | smn ° ° 73 | 24,31] 24 73 |23, 24,31) 28 72 24] 22 78 24} 2 76 24] 16 80 24} 20 70 30| 27 73 24| 26 70 24] 22 15 24 | Qi 68 24} 19 69 24] 18 66 30| 16 72 24) 24 70 24} 2 16 24| 22 15 24| 25 69 30} 20 67 24] Ql 70 24| 22 78| 24,30] 31 65 30] 21 7 30| 26 70 24| 27 68 | 24,30] 32 75 | 18,24] 30 67 18 | 30 69 30'| 32 68 24| 31 11 (S28? a 67 30 |° 20 68 30| 15 70 30 | 23 64 30| 18 63 | 29,30] 24 67 | 29,30] 24 68 | 29,30] 25 70 30| 23 68 30| 26 val 30} 20 72 29 | 24 Rain .| fall. NOVEMBER, 1868, 24 Date. ae Date. ° 14| 65 3 1}. 57 17 | 4) 60). 17 1]. 581. 16,17 1] 64] 13,28 15,9| 57] 16,28 2| 58] 16,28 1} 57| 16,17 1} 55 16 1) "58 20 9] 53 7 9} 61 30 9] 57 16 9| 56 17 9] 62] 16,17 9] 64] 17,27 9] 67] 17,2 9| 65 28 9| 66 28 9} 70 28 9| 66 28 9| 59| 17,30 9| 58 30 9| 70 28 9! 67] 23,28 9,10} 70 24 9] 66| 13,23 9| 65 23 9| 67 28 en 9th 90 16 1| 54 30 13| 46 23 1| 56 23 4| 49 30 a7| 44 3 10} 59 30 4] 53 30 4,14] 50 23 13} 49 30 4| 51 30 Mean | Rain .| temp. | fall. ° In. 36.3 | 5.60 36.6 | 4,49 SiGe) Bases 301.0) | aera BY OC a eso 40.5} 2.85 37.6 | 4.24 36.2 | 3.25 35.2] 4.90 36.5 | 4.80 35.7 | 6.40 36.0 | 4.42. 33.9 | 4.35 36.8 | 4.48 39.4 | 4.32 36.6 | 4.42 3056. |Sesse. 38.5 | 3.85 5 Lage Ua ee 38.5) 4.94 38.9 | 3.50 37.9 ~ 4.18 45.1 | 5.54 36.5 | 8.30 38.3 | 4.94 39.2 | 6.42 42.'0) | Sosa 42.9 | Sveeins 42.1 | 5.13 42.4 | 3.46 39.8 | 4.03 41.9 | 4.28 32.4] 5.81 32.0 | 5,13 30.2 | Gis 33.4 | 4.95 32.6 | 4.74 Bb ho) | pagan 36.0 | 10. 64 34.1} 6.09 37.4) 6.44 34.4 | 6.63 4C6 Table showing the range of the thermometer, &c., for Oct. and Nov.—Continued. OCTOBER, 1868. NOVEMBER, 1868. Sta esand stations. ’ f F , ‘ Date. |MSX| Date, | Mi | meen | fail | Date. |tomp,| Date. |zemp.|temp.| fall. NEW YORK--Con‘d. ° ° ° In. ° ° ° In, INiGholsieeeemiciscm < 5 72 18, 30 Pasi Eh All eaneae 9 66 30 24 | 385d eaeees Newark Valley....| 5,7, 11 66 | 24,30 OP ve Bee Seo 9, 10 60 30 20) Sod eee Rochester ...-..--. 7 73 18 Q7 | 44.3 | 1.67 4 52 30 24 | 37.5 | 4,42 Little Genesee..--. 7 74 18 18 | 45.3 | 2.25 10 64 30 PPM olehtes | 22's Suspension Bridge - 7 1B; |i: 128) 1:46:41 13,160) || asec ce |beee cet somensi4 eee Seeeeel eee Butfalo:. ces. =-52- 7 76 29 Q7 | 47.2 | 2.55 4 57 30 22 | 38.2 | 4,92 J SIRS SGV lon 5 se|\seooDc ad ae sese| Koons) roc 9 AG Ibu VON OT tact . -is~=<=: 7,13 67 Urbana University - 7 75 Bathole nce sisc-- == 1 78 Cincinnati..-...---- 2 75 WWOp ee as ase occ 5 86 College Hill ...-..-- 2 75 Jacksonburg...---- 2 76 Averages. -..--- Sosessac MICHIGAN, Monroe City..-..--- 27 68 State Agric. College BS 69 Litchfield.........- 30 68 Grand Rapids.....- 30 70 Northport ......... 60 Holland? <2 s=<--% 10 66 Omer ~-5---25.5.. 10 70 Copper Falls .....- 4 62 Ontonagon ......-- 4 64 Coldwater ......... 5, 30 68 Muskegon ......--. 70 AVOTAPOS: oo c0c|=-nn0-s=leccncele" eo ire ee = -|en== = WISCONSIN, Manitowoe ........ 5 64 17 | °25 Plymouth ......... 4 66 7 20 Hingham .......... 9, 27 65 17 20 Milwaukee ........ 4 67 22 21 Appletons2-22.--.2 5 61 17, 22 25 Geneva ees 26 72 17 Q1 Waupacea........ 4 72 7 22 Embarrass .......- 5 64 17 20 Rocky Run......-. 4 71 lv 17 Edgerton.:-..-..-. 26 72 17 18 AV Ora Ges < cal sacs cal maser tee e Saleeeeee MINNESOTA. Sieaulens scence e 4 77 17 16 Minneapolis........ 78 Ue [Pe hy Sibley -.--..--..-. 26} 70 17] 14 Newliim'=--.-- <<. 4 79 22 23 Sauk Center....... 716 17 14 PAW OlaP Os emma |ssieisicice 3|ose cal sececcee teenies IOWA. Clinton. ----...--2. 26] 80 ip || oe Davenport ......-.. 26 72 17 24 Dubuque----s-c- 5 26 74 17 27 Monticello...... Son 25 75 16 26 NOVEMBER, 1868. Date. we Co -2 2 © © m 3 Ow WwW Max. temp. 70 | 58 | Date. 19 19 19 17,19 17, 18, 20 17 | 115) 19 17, 18, 19 17 11 18 13, 18, 27 27 27 18 Min. temp. Mean} Rain temp.| fall. PN) 76 36.2 |) 3.18 51.9 | 1.00 37.6 | 2.55 36.5 | 3.36 35.6 | 3.34 36: 20s. = = 39.2 | 3.57 SHES te eeceic SBOE eeeee 38.5 | 3.20 41.3 | 4.50 41, lw yesaers 41.0] 5.18 40.3 | 1.52 46,4 | teenie 40.4 | 3.74 42.1 | 3.12 Ale 8a Sams SROs eee 40.8 | 5.02 40.0 | 3, 36.0] 3.04 32.8 | 4.40 Bl ae 37.0 | 3.23 3674) |Saeae 36.1 | 5.70 3Ds/D4| sume 31.4] 3.58 34.6 | 4,94 36,9) lease 3502) 74. 14 31, iL |) 3.68 30.5 | 4.13 31.3 | 3.00 32.4] 3,73 27-5 ee te 30.6 | 3.45 41.0) 4.45 37.3 | E18 36.4 | 2.05 A471 Table showing the range of the thermometer, §c., for Oct. and Nov.—Continued. States and stations. | Sa ae Jowa—Continued. Bowen’s Prairie. --. Muscatine. ....--.. Fort Madison Guttenberg Mt. Vernon State Univesity.... Independence ..--- Near Independence Waterloo OCTOBER, 18€8. Fort Dodge Boonesboro’ MISSOURI. St. Louis University Allenton -......... Jefferson City. ---. Hermitage Warrensburg Harrisonville KANSAS. Leavenworth Baxter Springs ..--. Atchison State University - -- Holton State Agric. College Council Grove Averages NEBRASKA. Bellevue Glendale Date. NOVEMBER, 1868. famp.| Pate. | gem oman ° O° ° 72 17] 22] 49.0 72 17 | °25 | 51.0 78 17} 16} 43.1 71 17} 19 | 46.1 73 17] 25 | 49.8 77 Ui bi THe ste 76 17| 22 | 46.4 78 17| 14 | 46.0 70 17| 24] 47.2 £0 8] 22] 45.2 81 17} 19 | 45.0 73 17| 19 | 46.6 74 17 | 20) 46.1 84 22| 25] 46.7 77 17| 19] 49.0 76 17] 22] 49.4 74 8] 18| 46.4 spate pens halle at a 47.9 75 7 PB sel Se 83 8] 31] 54.4 84 9} 28] 57.3 73 8| 27] 51.8 78 9] 32} 55.4 80 8] 30] 54.0 88 Si || 30) 567 83 _8| 28 | 58.2 86 8] 28) 53.8 83 | 8,22] 29] 55.1 Sapna elas 55.2 84] 8,22] 24] 523 86 8| 34] 60.8 84] 8,22] 28] 54.5 81 22) 27 | 53.1 83 22] 25 | 52.4 79 8] 32] 531 84 QOS | Sa Raat Ape toa DIS ce 54.8 82)|) 7.1% | 28) | 5056 81 8| 20 | 49.5 88 17%} 25 | 52.2 827) Bele 337 || 59.5 a5! 7,21! 251 49.7 1, 30 1. 90 Date. Max. temp. Date. 11, 27 22 16 17, 19, 20 19, 26, 27 Min. |Mean | Rain temp.| temp.) fall. io c In. 18 | 36.2! 4.50 21| 38.1] 271 22 | 42.2] 4.02 13)| Say ou leeese = ABI RSGNS eee 18 | 38.0] 4.38 14 | 34.5] 1.90 10 | 31.9| 2.70 Tas \xerndlts 19) Rap eee 1) | ete |e 18 | 32.9 | 1,04 13 | 33.1 | 1.52 7/313) 1.65 14 | 35.3] 1.48 10 | 33.6} 2.40 BUN Messy in ee Late 35.4 | 2.57 a 31 | 45.7 | 1.90 18 | 42.9} 2.01 19 | 46.4) 2.05 26 | 40.9 | 5.0L 20 | 42.9] 1,47 96) |4qrar eee 20 | 42.0] 3.35 23 | 42.9} 5.01 20| 40.5! 6.2 19 | 39.1} 3.05 kame 42.9 | 3,34 } 16 | 37.9 | 5.17 17 | 38.8) 8.40 17/380} 4.14 sah Sy ear al eee 16 | 38.1 | 272 20 | 42.3! 3.45 Mowak 32.8 4.78 | aah 10 33.3 | 1.18 teas [ya ke s 17 | 37.1} 0.50 9 33.9 | 1,90 472 Table showing the range of the thermometer, §c., for Oct. and Nov.—Continued. OCTOBER, 1868. | NOVEMBER, 1868, States and stations. Date, |BISE-| ate, | Min.) Mets) Bain} ute, | aR. NEBRASKA—Con’d. ° ro) ° In ° Dakota....--.=-<-- 2 90 17 PIPER RY, | Reaaae 2 68 Nebraska City.-... 4.6 80 17 33 | 53.5 | 6.47 2 “fi (OPE) <= Saco ssacas besceess bsssss| 6s5s5ce5|ss5e5e)scsse|fpesss- 14 73 Omaha Agency.... 4 78 17 26 | 50.3 | 1.7 2 73 Averages......|---. Spode caess|beesdage seeeice “50.9. 22,574 |laooseaasiocsac UTAH TERRITORY. ov: Wanship ...-....-- 3 75 8 Pal ete |leeagse|| ocessor| bosonic CALIFORNIA. mt Moneeray.....-..-- 10 90 30 ZR RG AB (OSS) eeacosad eSecec Murphy’s......... 8,9,10| 84 25 m 32) | 56;3)| Wegil- con W eat! IESE Reena bo osooed sconad haoonesahessor | 56.7 0.34, Senne Geen Beer enn Gettin Beemnn penne 473 NOTES ON THE WEATHER—OCTOBER, 1868. Steuben, Me.—Rain turning to snow on 17th, four inches laid; windows frosted: as in winter 18th; much snow still on ground 24th; month colder than usual ; potatoes caught by suow. West Waterville, Me.——Robin seen 10th; snow, two inches, 17th; ground frozen two inches deep 18th; month dry and cold; temperature 2.38° below usual average. Gardiner, Me.—Oetober unusually cold, nearly 4° below average of 32 years , dryest October on record, except in 1839, when rain-fall was 0.41 inch, in 1859; 1.08 inches. Standish, Me—Frost 7th and 10th; snow 17th; ground, and apples on trees, frozen hard, 18th; last part of month cold and rough, ground frozen every morn- ing since 17th. Norway, Me.—Snow 17th and 21st; the coldest October in several years. Cornishville, Me.—October temperature of last 39 years averaged 46°; this October, 42.9°. Lisbon, Me.—Ground frozen hard on 24th, 25th, 27th, 29th, 30th, and 31st; th cold, very little pleasant weather. Antrim, N. H—First snow 17th; the coldest October in several years. Stratford, N. H—Half ine) snow 17th; the month cold and dry. Goffstown Centre, N. H.—Month peculiarly severe; frost on 3d, ice on 7th, six inches snow on 17th; ice nearly 14 inch on’ 18th, freezing thousands of bushels of apples on trees, and many potatoes in heaps and under ground. Shelburne, N. H.—Ground frozen 10th; an inch of snow 17th; many springs dry and rivers lower than at this season in 20 years. Lunenburg, Vt—A raw windy month, but crops harvested in good condition. Randolph, Vt—One-half inch snow on 9th; hard freeze 10th; two to three inches snow 21st and 22d; month very dry, with much cloudy weather. Woodstock, Vt—First snow 17th; five inches snow on hills 21st and 22d. Kingston, Mass.—Snowed nearly all 17th, melting as it fell; a killing frost on 18th. Topsfield, Mass——Snow-storm on 17th; month closes cool. New Bedford, Mass.—Foliage coloring and falling 1st to 11th; first snow- flakes 17th. Worcester, Mass.—Showers 1st, 2d, 3d, 14th, 15th ; snow-storm 17th, whiten- ing hills and followed by ice; frost and ice 24th, 30th, 31st. Mendon, Mass.—First snow, an inch, 17th; ground frozen 18th; snow 23d. Lunenburg, Mass.—Hard snow-storm 17th; coldest October since 1850. Amherst, Mass——Rain with snow 17th; snow with rain 22d. Hinsdale, Mass——Two or three inches snow 17th; snowed all day 22d, but much melted; snow 23d; month very cold and unpleasant. Newport, R. [—Flurry of snow reported 22d; first white frost 24th. Pomfret, Conn.—Snow 17th, 23d; coldest October since 1859, when mean temperature was 44.37°; October average for last 16 years, 49.18°. Columbia, Conn.—Rainy, 2d, 14th, 17th, 19th, 21st, 25th; snow melted as it fell 17th; ground frozen an inch 18th; an inch of snow 22d. Colebrook, Conn.--Ground frozen 9th; snow, melting as it fell, 17th, 22d. Waterbury, Conn.--Ground frozen first time 9th; snow flurry 17th. South Hartford, N. Y——October cold and wet; fall work retarded ; several snow flurries; three inches snow. Troy, N. Y.—F¥irst snow 17th, second 23d; temperature of month 4° below mean temperature of 12 last Octobers. Newburg, N. Y.—-Mountains white with snow 23d; ice, nights of 18th, 23d. 23d. A474 Deaf and Dumb Institute, N Y—First ice 9th; first severe killing frost 18th. Minaville, N. Y—Ice, thick as window-glass 10th; one inch snow 17th; October had 2.2 inches snow. North Hammond, N. Y.—Six inches snow 21st and 22d, remained four days ; October cold; streams low; St. Lawrence river very low. Houseville, N Y.—Hoar frost 1st; first snow 16th; copious rain 31st. South Trenton, N. Y.—First snow 16th; ground frozen hard, 23d. Depauville, N. Y—F¥rost and ice Ist to 23d,; clear, with cold northeast wind, 17th; northeast storm 21st to 23d, rain, but most ‘of time snow, till 2.5 inches laid ; ice over an inch 23d. Before 21st ground was dry and ploughing dificult. On 31st gale all day, doing considerable damage. Palermo, N. Y—First killing freeze 17th ; first snow 22d. The coldest Oc- tober in 15 years, except 1865. Volney, N. Y.—VFirst frost 17th; first snow 22d; rain on 11 days, and frost on 9 mornings in October. Nichols, N. Y—Many rainy days but no heavy rain. Springs very low. Buffalo, N. Y—Very light snow 17th, followed by severe frost; 2 inches snow 22d; no thaw in shade 23d; plenty of ice 24th. October colder than average of ten years by 3.4°, and less rain by an inch. Newark, N. J.—First severe frost 9th ; first ice 18th. ‘Temperature more than 3° below 25 preceding Octobers. Much lowery weather, but not much rain. Trenton, N. J—Frosts 9th, 12th, 24th, and 25th; first snow 17th; first ice 18th. Moorestown, N. J —Rain and snow 17th; ice 18th; corn well ripened, grain sowed, and farmers ready for winter. Elwood, N. J—Only four frosts and not a flake of snow in the month. Dover, N. J—Month dry; the last day nearly as much rain fell as in Sep- tember. Haddonfield, N. J—I\ce 18th, 23d, 24th, and 30th; ground frozen 24th and 30th. ; Newfield, N. J—Snow flakes 16th; freezing and frosts 18th, 24th, 29th, 30th, and 31st. Greenwich N. J-—Mild until 17th; several frosts and some ice after that. Vineland, N. J—Month good for securing crops; first killing frost 18th. Nyces, Pa—Snow in air 17th; snow-squall 22d; on 31st gale ending in rain, and turning to snow November Ist. Fallsington, Pa——Rain or mist on 11 days ; light frost 9th; hard frost and ice 18th. Fine weather for the season. Horsham, Pa.—On 17th dark clouds north, then west wind, and snow flurry, followed by ice half an inch thick, killing vegetation. Plymouth Meeting, Pa.-—First snow 17th; first frost 18th ; frost eight morn- ings and ice three mornings in October. Dyberry, Pa—-Wild geese 9th; first snow 17th; snowy, after fine rain, 22d. Whitehall Pa—Frost on 4 mornings ; cloudy and rainy 20 days in October. Factoryville, Pa——A few snow flakes, 17th and 22d. A cool, cloudy, dry month; 2.25° colder than four preceding Octobers. Reading Pa.—A little snow 17th; frosts on five mornings, with ice two of them. Tioga, Pa—Severe snow-storm, 17th; ice an inch thick on 18th; apples on trees frozen hard; coldest October morning known here. First ten days pleasant; the rest, the reverse. West Chester, Pa-—Vegetation not much hurt till 18th ; many oaks in bril- liant foliage, 28th; fringed gentian still blooming even on northern slopes 31st. Fountain Dale, Pa—First killing frost 8th; hard frost 29th ; snow-flakes 22d. Month dry and pleasant, but few frosts ; foliage still on most forest trees. . A475 Grampian Hills, Pa.——October fine weather; four heavy frosts; trees bare, but pastures pretty good. Water low till heavy rain at the close of the month. Johnstown, Pa—-First slight snow 17th; heavy frosts 18th, 24th, 29th, and 30th. Franklin Pa.—First frost and ice 9th; snow and sleet 17th; very heavy frost 18th ; Newcastle, Pa.—Mean temperature about 4° lower than October average of ten years. ; Canonsburg, Pa—LWLeaves of hickory, maple, &c., coloring Ist; smoky 7th to 15th, and 27th to 29th; a few snow-flakes 23d. Woodlawn, Md.—White frosts on ten mornings ; ice on five ; ground frozen on two 3 snow-squalls on 17th. Emmittsburg, Md.—First freeze and ice, 9th; snow-squall 17th. Surry Court House, Va-——The month mostly mild and pleasant, and one-half fair, rain on ten days. From frost to frost (April 6th to October 18th,) six months and 12 days. Camorn, Va.—Indian summer for three weeks in October; frosts 18th, 24th, 29th, 30th. Lynchburg, Va.—F rost, killing some tobacco, 9th ; a severer one 18th. Snowville, Va.—First ice and frost 9th; again 18th, 23d, 24th; frost only 25th, 29th, 30th. Sensible earthquake shocks on 10th, at 11.30 p.m.and 11th at 12.30 a. m. Wytheville, Va.—F¥ive light and five severe frosts; first snow-flakes 31st ; weather favorable; corn very good, but slightly frozen; wheat looks more flourishing than for years. Kenansville, N. C—Very severe lightning and thunder 9th; cold northeast, storm 10th; killing frost 22d; wind easterly nearly all October. ean N. C.—F¥irst heavy frost in last of month ; a few light ones pre- peede it. Albemarle, N. C.—First white frost 18th ; injured pea and sweet potato vines ; “killing frost 28th. Gowdeysville, S. C_—Light frost 18th, injured very tender plants. Atlanta, Ga—First hoar frosts, 23d, 24th, 25th, did not sear potato tops. Opelika, Ala.—First frosts of season, 24th, 25th; tomato and sweet potato vines unhurt by frost. Between frosts, April 11th to October 24th, 195 days. Carlowville, Ala—October, one of our driest months, had over 17 inches of rain ! Moulton, Ala.—Slight frost in low grounds 8th, others 23d, 24th. October quite pleasant ; little rain; sickness abated ; roses still blooming. Havana, Ala.—Slight frosts 9th, 23d, and 25th; cotton one-half to two- thirds usual crop; corn inferior to last year. ; Jacksonville, Fla— Average October temperature 70.75° ; this year 2° higher. No frosts this month. Gilmer, Texas.—First wild geese arrived 7th; first frosts 9th, 10th, 22d, 23d, 24th, only touching tenderest vegetation ; field peas still in blossom. Austin, Tecas.—Gyrasshoppers appeared 4th; lightning and thunder 19th, 20th. New Orleans, La—Heavy rains with lightning and thunder 2d, 3d. From 2d to 12th the river rose 7 feet—unprecedented at this season. After 22d much pleasant cool weather, sultry before. Grenada, Miss—First frosts 10th, 23d, did not hurt cotton. But one copious rain, (on 30th, ) and 6 light showers. Brookhaven, Miss.—Crops light, and all gathered ; vegetation yet fresh and green ; wild geese passing ; snow birds and ground sparrows singivg ; robin red- breast here. Austin, Tenn —First frosts 9th, 18th; first ice seen here, 23d. Clarksville, Tenn.—Rains 7th, 16th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 27th, 30th, 31st. An unusual prevalence of northerly and easterly winds this month. ¥ 476 Memphis, Tenn.—First frosts 9th, 10th, 23d— 22 days earlier than last year ; October temperature 2.75° below last year. Foliage falling rapidly. Pinegrove, Ky.—(Formerly at Chilesburg post office, but the observer’s resi- dence the same.) Heavy white frost with one inch ice 9th; slight frost 15th; frost, ice, and ground frozen, 23d. Clinton, Ky.—Killing frost 9th; katydid heard last 15th. New Lisbon, Ohio—Hard frost 9th; first spit of snow, 17th. Steubenville, Ohio.—A few snowflakes 17th; frost 24th, 30th; thunder storm 25th. Paimesville, Ohio—The dryest October I ever knew ; roads dusty as in August. Cleveland, Ohio.— Hard frosts 9th, 18th, 24th; sprinkling of snow 22d. Kelley’s Island, Ohio.—October 6th, temperature of Lake Erie 60°; 21st, 52°; 31st, 48°; ice formed 17th, 23d. Mean date of first killing frost for 9 years, November 13th; this year October 17th, nearly a month earlier. Sandusky, Ohio.—W hite frosts 4th, 6th; with ice 9th, 18th; slight snow 22d. Toiedo, Ohio.—Severe frost 4th; hail and sleet 18th; the 23d the coldest October morning on record. Bethel, Ohio.—October 1st scattered oats among peach trees for winter pro- tection ; finished sowing wheat 3d; heavy frost 9th. College Hill, Ohio—The first part of October cold, the latter part pleasant. Litchfield, Mich.—Ice 8th, 17th, 18th, 23d; the night of 22d the coldest. of the season ever known here. ‘The month very cold and very dry ; many pota- toes frozen in the hill. Grand Rapids, Mich—Hard freeze night of 17th, killing vegetation. Northport, Mich.—Mild and wostly pleasant till 17th, when ice formed ; slight snow and hail 18th, 21st, 22d, then mild till 27th, then a slight snow; also on 31st. Holland, Mich.—Frost on 9 mornings ; flakes of snow 16th, 18th. Copper Falls, Mich.—A very stormy, unpleasant month ; 13th 7 inches snow. Vevay, Ind—Dense setting fogs 6th to 11th, and 25th to 29th; rising fogs 12th, 13th, 26th, and 27th; heavy frosts with ice 17th, 18th, and 23d; and on ~ Sth, 2 miles from the river. Spiceland, Ind.—On the 29th counted 130 solar spots with telescope 6 feet long and 46 inches diameter. Month was generally pleasant. Jalapa, Ind.—October weather beautiful; potato crop increased beyond ex- pectation ; corn, large crop, but grains light and chaffy. Chicago, llil—Some snow 17th; first ice of the season 8th. Ridge Farm, Ili.—tIce 0.3 inch and ground frozen 9th ; ice half inch 16th, 23d. Very dry, roads dusty ; corn ripe, but some injured by frost. Marengo, Ili—F roze to affect apples 17th, when temperature of well was 48°. Golconda, Ill.—Light frosts 8th, 9th; heavy 16th. October very pleasant. Aurora, Ill.—October colder with less wind than usual; crops all secured ; much fall ploughing done. Belvidere, lll—Much cloudy weather, little rain; less Indian summer than usual Winnebago, Ill.—Rain with lightning 6th; lightning and distant thunder 30th. No snow. Tiskilwa, Iil—Very hard freeze 17th, ground froze 1 inch, and apple and pear leaves fell before night; Osage orange also, which in 15 years’ acquaint- ance I never knew it to do. Forest leaves fell fully a month earlier than usual. Hennepin, Ill—Wood crickets and katydids silenced by the ‘freeze on the 17th. Dubois, Tll—Indian summer 3d to 14th; first wild geese 7th; first killing frost 10th. A477 Mt. Sterling, Ill—Wild geese flying westward 13th; first snow, very light, 18th; late corn and much fodder injured by frost. Augusta, Ii] —F¥roze hard 8th; wild geese 9th, 27th; lightning, west, 30th. Manitowoc, Wis.—Thunder storms 6th, 7th, 30th; distant lightning 29th. Plymouth, Wis.—Lightning, thunder, rain, and snow 6th. October weather unsettled ; very cool, few Indian summer days. Milwaukee, Wis.—White frost 4th; hard white frosts 14th, 15th; ice half inch 17th; snow flurry 21st; ice on ponds 22d. Waupacca, Wis.—Hard freeze 1st; rain and snow 7th; 2 inches snow 8th; snow squalls 18th, 21st. Embarrass, Wis-—Hard frost and ice 1st; frost, followed by thunder, 4th, 6th; first snow 7th; hard frosts 8th, 12th, 14th, 16th, 17th, 22d, 28th ; aurora, 14th, 16th, 17th, 22d; snow and sleet all day 18th; snow, hail, rain, lightning, and thunder 29th; distant thunder 30th, 31st. Month cold, wet, and unfavor- able for fall grain. Rocky Run, Wis.—Thunder, or lightning, or both, sometimes with rain, 1st, 2d, 7th, 14th; aurora 14th, 20th, 21st, 22d; frosts 3d, 16th, 17th, 18th, 21st. St. Paul, Minn. —Snow 7th; 17th the coldest October day known here. Average mean temperature of October for 40 years, 47°; this year 43.59°. Minneapolis, Minn—Thunder storm for 20 hours on 29th and 30th. Sibley, Minn.—Snow 7th, 17th; heavy thunder storm from 10 p. m. on 29th to 7 p.m. on 30th. Sauk Centre, Minn. —Frost 1st; snow 7th, 27th, 30th; aurora 16th, 21st. Clinton, Iowa—Thunder storm 30th. On the whole a favorable month. Dubuque, lowa.—Wild geese 7th; mud frozen solid 8th; frosts 15th, 28th. Monticello, lowa—Diffused lightning, north and west, 29th. Month pleasant. Fort Madison, Iowa.—Month dry, springs low. Guttenberg, lowa.—Lightning and thunder with rain 6th, 30th; without rain 29th; snow 7th, 17th; Indian summer 7th till 12th. Finest month for plough- ing T ever knew. Independence, Iowa.—F rosts 1st, 15th, 17th ; hard freeze 8th, 22d, 28th ; light snow 17th; light thunder shower 30th. Marble Rock, Iowa.—Rain and snow followed by freeze 7th; rain and snow 18th; thunder, rain, and hail 29th, 30th. Algona, Towa.—Rain, then snow, 7th; hail and snow 12th, then rain 13th; sleet and snow 17th, then rain 18th; lightning and thunder with little rain 29th, 30th, 31st. Crops all good. Near Algona, Iowa —Smoky 1st to 6th ; frosts on 14 days, dense fogs on 4, rain on 4, and snow on 2; auroras 14th, 16th. Month remarkably cold and unpleasant; mean temperature 4.6° below October, 1867. Boonesboro’, Iowa —Snow squalls 7th, 17th; freezes 8th, 17th; thunder storms 29th, 30th; beside 11 clear days, 11 smoky days, and 6 heavy fogs. Rolfe, Iowa.—Furious thunder storm 6th; snow storm 7th ; thunder’ storm 29th. : Logan, Iowa.—F¥ rosts killed prairie grass about 20 days earlier than usual. Fontanelle, Iowa.—Fogs 2d, 3d, 4th; smoky 5th, 6th, and 8th to 19th, and 27th to 31st; sleet and snow 7th; frost and ice 19th, 21st, 27th. St. Louis, Mo.—High winds and thunder storm 7th; first frost 8th; heavy wind, then frost, at night, 17th. More than half the mornings in October were foggy until 8 a. m. Allenton, Mo—Thunder storms, morning and evening, 7th. Canton, Mo.—YVhunder storm 6th ; first freeze, severe, 8th. Rolla, Mo—Thunder storm 7ih; hard frost 8th; ice Linch 9th; cold northeast storms 14th, 16th. Warrensburg, Mo—Foggy 1st, 2d, 3d, 15th, 19th, 20th ; frost and ice 8th, 22d. 478 Harrisonville, Mo.—Distant diffused lightning 6th; ice 9th; thunder and lightning 13th. ; Oregon, Mo.—Heavy fog 1st, 2d, 3d, 22d; lightning and thunder 6th, 14th, 20th ; frosts 19th, 22d, 28th; ice Sth, 17th. A 6-pounder fired at Rockport, 35 miles distant, was distinctly heard here and 10 miles southeast of here—45 miles in direct line. Leavenworth, Kansas.—Fogs 2d, 19th, 22d; continual lightning, north and northwest, at 9 p.m. 6th; sprinkle of snow 7th; thunder 13th, 20th; frosts 7th, 22d, 23d, 27th, 31st. Holton, Kansas.—Grasshoppers hatching out 3d, eating wheat 24th; wild geese 5th; ice 8th, 17th, 22d; first buckfly (a fall butterfly) 10th. Council Grove, Kansas—On 13th tremendous dark clouds covered the north- ern sky, wind northeast, east, and west; the southern part half covered with mot- tled clouds ; after half an hour’s bluster a gentle rain, then a copious one. From ' 19th to 31st grasshoppers passing, 20 miles off, in every direction ; they are lay- ing eggs and eating every green thing. Lilkhorn City, Neb—F¥rost 1st; mosquitoes 4th; ground frozen 8th; snow- flakes 11th, 17th, 30th; month fine and mild. Glendale, Neb.—Indian summer Ist to 7th; sleet and snow 7th; hail and rain 17th ; October pleasant as usual. Dakota, Neb.—Driving storm of rain, sleet, and snow 7th; snow 17th, 30th; prairie fires the last half of the month. Nebraska City, Neb.—Rains from northwest, with lightning and thunder, 13th, 20th. Wanship, Utah.—Thunder and thunder showers Ist, 2d, 16th; rain, followed by 14 inch snow, 29th. Harrisburg, Utah—Rain and large hail 5th; killed fowls, destroyed vines and fruit-trees, and laid several days; after 5th pleasant; grasshoppers thick and ground full of eggs. Monterey, Cal.—On 21st, 7.55 a. m., very heavy earthquake from northeast to southwest; a long, heavy shock; cracked adobe walls, stopped pendulum elocks, and set hanging lamps, &c., swinging; at 10 a. m. another slight shock, and at 2 a. m., on 22d, a smart shock. Murphy's, Cal—Thunder-shower 4th; slight hail 15th; earthquake at 8 a. m. on 21st, northwest southeast; lasted 5 to 6 seconds; no damage. Cathlamet, W. T.—Greater part of month foggy and smoky; on 25th heavy rain; put out fires, and ended drought of 4 months. NOTES ON THE WEATHER.—NOVEMBER, 1868. NovTe.—We omit all notices of the meteoric display on the i3th to 18th for want of room, except in one or two cases where it is merely referred to in connection with other phenomena. Lisbon, Me.—November cold and uncomfortable; ground frozen hard ; good sleighing 10 miles north, but none here. West Waterville, Me—Rain of October 31st closed on 3d November with 34 inches snow; sleighing 10th, (7 months since last sleighing;) snow-fall 19 inches in November, now 8 inches deep; mean temperature 3.69° below last four Novembers. P Gardiner, Me.—Lightning and thunder 5th; snow 8th, 10th, 24th, 26th; auroras 14th, 15th, 16th, 20th, 22d; a very cold, wet month; 2.38° below aver- age temperature of last 32 Novembers. ; Standish, Me.--Trees crushed with ice 10th; aurora 16th; sleighing 19th to 2 lst. 479 Norway, Me—-Heavy rains 1st to 3d, then snow; snow 8th, 18th; good sleighing all month after 8th; snow fall, 12.5 inches in November. Cornishville, Me.--Snow 2d; aurora 16th; mean temperature of 40 last Novembers averages 33.33°; this month, 31.96°; November snow-fall 13 inches. Concord, N. H—We have had no Indian summer. Goffstown Centre, N. H—Ponds and streams closed 20th; ground now frozen 7 inches. Shelburne, N. H—Sleighing 9th to 18th; excellent sleighing after 18th; November snow-fall 18.8 inches. Lunenburg, Vt—Month wet; streams full; good sleighing after 19th. Craftsbury, Vt.—Cold, cloudy month; good sleighing after 18th. St. Albans, Vt—First sleighing 18th; first good skating 28th. West Charlotte, Vt.—Aurora 16th; snow storm 18th; good sleighing 21st; snow gone 30th. Kingston, Mass.—Rain on 10 and snow on 3 days; remarkable auroral cloud in north-northeast on 14th, at 4 to 5 a. m., during meteoric shower. Georgetown; Mass-—Fewer wild geese than usual, none seen early, some as late as 24th; streams full by the 11th; but little ice in ponds. Milton, Mass.—_A pleasant month, with Indian summer. Worcester, Mass—Rain on 6, snow on 2, and rain and snow on 3 days; aurora on 19th. Mendon, Mass.—No snow; ground little frozen ; grass in yards green; springs lower than usual this month. Lunenburg, Mass.—Coldest November since 1858, (mean temperature 35.17°,) average mean temperature of November for 40 years, 40.199; for November, 1867, 35.969. Richmond, Mass.—After the brilliant meteoric display of 13th, 14th, we had a few fine autumn days. Newport, R. I—First snow, melting as it fell, 5th; rain on 10 days. ’ Columbia, Conn —Month quite warm; ground not frozen. Waterbury, Conn.—On 19th, 10.30 p. m., aurora, white light, narrow streaks, gradually working westward by repeated vanishings and renewals. Moriches, N. ¥—On 19th faint illumination, low in north, as from aurora. Before suniise on 21st, lightning, and some heard thunder. South Hartford, N. Y—A rough month for out-door work, and farmers, therefore, ill prepared for winter. Garrisons, N. Y—Slight snow Ist; aurora 19th; month of very uniform tem perature. North Hammond, N. Y—Rain 1st, 5th, 8th, heavy 9th, 10th; sleet 17th, and snow 18th; remained on ground till 23d. Depauville, N. Y.—Thunder 10th; snow 11th; Indian summer 13th, 14th; month even in temperature; 26 days varied only 5° from monthly mean, which was 2.75° below the average of last four Novembers. Palermo, N. Y—The coldest autumn and November in 15 years; this fall had five inches snow, and 11.7 inches rain. Nichols, N. ¥—The rainiest November in many years. Buffalo, N. Y—Snow on five, rain on nine, and frost on four days; mean temperature 2.1° below November average for 10 years. Newark, N. J—A few snow-flakes on 2d, the only snow of the month. The average temperature of 25 Novembers, 43.279 ; this November, 42.25°. Moorestown, N. J—Lightning and thunder south, at 6 p. m. on 20th. Elwood, N. J—Thunder all afternoon of 20th in southwest, and at 7 p. m. heavy thunder storm. A delightful fall; no severe cold; little rain, and only a few snow-flakes on 2d. Dover, N. J—Pleasant month; no snow to cover ground; only filmy ice, whereas last year we had skating on November 7th. 480 Newfield, N. J—Crickets and grasshoppers heard on 10th; ground frozen 13th ; thunder-storm of 20th followed by snow to whiten ground, 10 days ear- lier than last year. Mean temperature 3.5° below last November. Greenwich, N. J—Dandelion in bloom 8th; Indian summer 12th to 16th; aurora 19th; thunder-storm 20th; first snow on ground 21st. Nyces, Pa.—Snow 1st, 2d, an inch; numberless shooting stars 17th, a. m. Fallsington, Pa—Lightning, south, 20th ; snow-squalls 21st ; fine November weather. Philadelphia, Pa.—F¥irst ice in streets 12th; a few snow-flakes 21st. Horsham, Pa—Unusual amount of Indian summer this month; ground hardly frozen or whitened with snow. Whitehall, Pa.—Only 10 fair days, 17 cloudy, and five rainy days. Factoryville, Pa.—Month cold and wet; rain-fall since April 1st, 1868, 28.61 inches. West Chester, Pa.—Snow 1st, 21st; ice 12th, 28th; aurora 19th; lightning and rain 20th. Farmers still pasturing their stock. Fountain Dale, Pa.——Rain on 20th, turned to snow, here nine inches, on west side of the South mountain 16 inches on 21st. This November, like last, was mostly fine and seasonable, (except the very unusual deep snow,) and with- out the usual high west winds. Harrisburg, Pa.—Rain and snow 1st, 20th; snow squalls 22d; rain on nine days. Ickesburg, Pa—Rain 12 days; snow 11th, 20th, 21st, 30th; lightning and thunder, 10th. Grampian Hills, Pa——Month cloudy; some rain; not stormy, with 5.5 inches snow. Franklin, Pa—Rainy 10 days; snow on eight days; heavy frosts on 3d and 4th. Newcastle, Pa.—Mean temperature a few degrees below average; no Indian ~ summer. Tioga, Pa—Lightuing and thunder 10th; month very unpleasant. Woodlawn, Md.—Frost six mornings; ice six; lightning and thunder 20th; ground white with snow 21st, 22d. Surrey C. H., Va—Shooting stars 5th, 7th, 9th, 12th, 14th; snow-birds 6th; alder and bright-eyed daisy in bloom 12th, 13th; first snow 20th ; month fair and chilly. Johnsontown, Va.—Heavy white frosts on 8 mornings—first snow spit, 20th. Comorn, Va.—Month nearly all Indian summer; no severe cold; just rain enough; best corn for years; some wheat quite green and tillering finely. Wytheville, Va—First snow, slight, lst—some flakes 20th. Remarkably pleasant month. Romney, West Va.—First snow 20th; fine fall for farmers ; crops all good, especially corn. White Day, West Va.—Snow 19th, 20th—hail, snow, and rain squalls, 28th. Albemarle, W. C—The fairest, dryest month this year; weather excellent for farmers. Gowdeysville, S. C—Light earthquake on 3d at 6 a. m.; shook furniture in second story. White frosts and ice 11th to 16th; Indian summer after 29th ; month clear and cold. Opelika, Ala—First killing frost and first ice 2d; (207 days since the last severe frost ;) ice also on 18th and 21st. Moulton, Ala.—White frost 19 mornings, ice 9 mornings, rain on 3 days, ground frozen on 21st; pleasant, healthful weather for securing crops. Havana, Ala.——Frost and ice 2d, 18th, 21st; rain 9th, 10th, 24th, 25th. Columbia, Texas—Frosts 1st, 2d, 11th, 12th; continuous lightning north- east, afternoon of 15th. 481 Houston, Texas—Frosts on 7 mornings; sun rose and set clear on 15 days. Austin, Texas.—Frosts 5 days ; lightning and thunder 15th. Jacksonville, Fla—First frost 2d, frost and ice 21st, 23d; winter gardening prosperous; English peas will be shipped north shortly. New Orleans, La.—First frost, slight, 13th; ice in some localities 21st ; aurora 20th; forests bare 30th; 14 severe frosts, some with ice, in November. Grenada, Miss—First killing frost 2d; also on 13 days; rain on 6 days, but only one that was copious. Brookhaven, Miss.—F¥irst killing frost 12th; geese passing south 21st. Clarksville, Tenn.—Very light first snow 19th. Memphis, Tenn.—F air days 19, cloudy 6, rainy 5, frost 15 mornings. Pine Grove, Ky—Hail and snow Ist; snow 19th, 20th, 21st, all slight. Lexington, Ky.—First snow 19th, 20th, slight; heavy frosts on 9 mornings. Clinton, Ky —Earthquake at 2 a.m., on 14th, rattled windows and awoke sleepers to see meteoric shower. First snow 20th, slight; large breadth of wheat sown and looking well; corn crop finest ever seen here, selling at 30 to 35 cents; hog cholera in a few places; roads firm and dry. Kelly’s Island, Ohio—Flurries of snow whitened ground 18th, 19th—an inch fell on 20th. North Fairfield, Ohio—Snow squalls 11th, 28th, 30th ; snow all day 18th, 19th, all melted. Westerville, Ohio.— Ground white with snow 19th—snowing moderately 20th. Toledo, Ohio.—Snow, sometimes with rain or sleet, on 9 days; aurora very red 12th. November mean temperature lower than in 9 years, except in 1860. Litchfield, Mich._—First fall of snow 17th and 18th. November very dry for the season. Northport, Mich.—W orst fall in 17, if not in 19, years, and November, like September and October, cold, windy, and wet. Buckwheat not harvested— some potatoes yet in ground. Holland, Mich—Snow on 8 days, sometimes with rain. Copper Falls, Mich—Month very stormy and unpleasant ; sleighing for last three weeks; 294 inches snow fell in November, 16 inches remain; winter a month earlier than usual. Vevay, Ind.—Light first snow 19th ; 14 heavy frosts in November. New Harmony, Ind.—Very slight first snow 20th. Knightstown, Ind.—Leaves all fallen 1st; very light snows 10th, 18th, 20th, 28th. Chicago, Ill_—Heavy frost and first ice 2d; snows 11th, 30th. Aurora, Iil—First snow squall 17th; month colder than usual, but good for gathering corn crop and ploughing. / Tiskilwa, Ill.—Snow squalls all day, 1st, 17th, whitened the ground. Hennepin, Iil—Weather generally favorable; a few snow-flakes ; potatoes gathered, corn nearly so. Manchester, Ili—Distant thunder on evenings of 6th, 7th; hard frost 23d. Mount Sterling, Iil.—Month mild and favorable for farmers. Augusta, Iii—Lightning all night, with distant thunder, 7th; first snow, just covered the ground, 17th. Manitowoc, Wis.—Distant lightning southwest and southeast on 14th, and southeast on 15th, both at 5 a. m. Plymouth, Wis —Vivid lightning and distant thunder in east, early morn- ing 14th. No sleighing yet. Milwaukee, Wis.—Rainy 7th, 8th, 9th; snow flurries 10th, 18th—an inch snow 17th. Embarrass, Wis—Bright aurora 3d; faint aurora 10th; ground frozen hard 18th ; November very cold, with much rainy and cloudy weather; snow-fall, 11 inches. 482 St. Paul, Minn. —tThe fall, as a whole, was more wet and unpleasant than in many years. Snow-fall in November, 10 inches. Minneapolis, Minn.—Snow, 6 inches, 9th ; firstice in Mississippi river 11th; skating on ponds 21st. é New Ulm, Minn —Minnesota river thick with snow and ice 16th; frozen over 17th; not yet crossed by teams 30th. Sauk Centre, Minn.—Faint auroras 20th, 25th, 26th; nearly a foot snow on ground—18 inches in November; lakes frozen 3 to 4 inches. Clinton, Iowa.—Month uniformly low temperature—not very eold—mostly cloudy and quite damp. Dubuque, Iowa.—F requent lightning in south, and afterwards thunder, 7th. Monticello, Jowa.—Ditfuse lightning and thunder southwest, evening of 7th; ae 2 inches, 17th, (24 days earlier than last year ;) farmers ploughing 30th. Muscatine, Iowa. —First snow 10th; many wild ducks 29th; snow-fall, 2 inches. Bowen’s Prairie, Iowa—First snow 17th; month cold and unsettled; much corn not yet gathered. Guttenberg, Iowa—An unpleasant month for farmers and farm stock. D2? _> Pe Dp vDD_ >>> => Dry». 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