V by EDW: %OBEL. -c3t2p73T_: JiARCHJTREET, BOSTON . Marine Biological Laboratory Sept., 1941 Accession No._ Given .By Place,_ clmsetts Institute of Technolo Card) ri d ge , Lla s n . MOSQUITOES, GNATS, CRANEFLIES, MIDGES AND FLIES OF THE NORTHERN STATES Bv EDWARD K NOBEL BOSTON: I'I-HI.ISIIKH nv ISRADLKK \VHIDDKX Copyright, 1897, BY BRADLEE WHIDUEN. INTRODUCTION. The mosquitos, gnats, flies, ticks, and fleas constitute the order Diptcra of the class Insecta. They have only two wings (a few wingless excepted) ; in place of hind wings, they have a minute hair with a knob on the end of each called the balancers ; mostly covered by a scale when at rest. Their mouth parts are formed for sucking or lapping, never for biting, though often enclosed in sharp horny needles for piercing; some have their tongues enclosed in a s.ift trunk. Their food is always liquid. They lay their eggs inthe water, on fruit or on various growing or decaying vegetable or animal matter, on which their larva-, footless maggots live. The maggots when full grown transform to pupa, mostly enclosed in their own dried skin, though some times naked. In 1853, Dr. T. \V. Harris counted 247 kinds in Massachusetts. Now over 2500 are named, and as in Europe, 10,000 are known to exist, a similar number may be expected in the United States. Many kinds appear in countless swarms and as a veritable plague, but some are useful. The order Diptcra has been divided into sub-orders by the way the fly opens the pupa when leaving it; but as the pupa is rarely met with, the old way of dividing the order by the various number of joints in their feelers (aiiici/i/ic) is more convenient. The sub-orders are divided into families by the variations of the veins in their 541*5 I. SUB-ORDER NEMATOCERA. Feeler, except the first tvo joints, composed of main' similar joints. This comprises the mosquitoes, gnats and midgets, — all more or less mosquito-like, with slender bodies, long legs and small heads and eyes. Generally of delicate build, though gradually approaching the next division. II. SUB-ORDER BRACHYCERA. Feeler short, of fc\c and unequal joints : sometimes a bristle at t/ie end. This comprises the various flies, all more or less like the house fly. though some resemble wasps, bees or bumblebees ; generally of robust build, strong bodies, stout legs ; head and eyes large. III. SUB-ORDER PUPIPARA. Parasites on animals, -c/iic/i tliev seldom /care. Instead of developing from the egg to the maggot, pupa and fly, like all the foregoing, the female gives birth to the pupa, from which the insect is transformed. OBSERVE THE WING. The veins running from the shoulder to the edge are called len^t/t-i'fi/is : those from one vein to another, cross-veins: a space enclosed by veins is called a cell. On some wings a vein splits into two or more branches ; then it is called forked . Do not count the cells which border one side on the edge of the wing, nor those from the first cross-vein to the shoulder: only those in the middle of wing. (4) KEY TO SUB-ORDER I. MOSQUITO-LIKE DIPTERA. Wing with three or more cells : ;i V-shaped seam on chest point: wing long and narrow - no V-shaped seam ; wing broad Wing with two cells ; some of the veins from cell to edge forked : veins covered with scales veins not covered with scales veins not forked PAGE Tipri.in.K. ii. RnYpHin.E. 6. CULICID.E. S. DlXID.K. IO. BlBIONID.-E. 2S. Wing with one cell ; with irregular net-like veins on the edge BLEPHAROCERID.«. 20. with forked veins from cell to edge MYCETOPHILID.K. 20. few veins only ; wing narrow, with no distinct cell CHIROXOMID.K. 10. S Wing with only few veins ; the hindmost forked - CECIDOMYID.K. 21. Wing with hardly any veins, except on front edge - Wing with many veins ; several forked SlMULIID.«. 23. PSYCHODID.-E. S. 4: (5) KEY TO SUB-ORDER II. FLY-LIKE DIPTERA. \Vinsr with more th:in si\ closed cells : O veins at point running parallel with the hind edge, ,,1GE and curved to the front edge MYDAID.K. 30. ith six closed cells : Wing with five closed cells : veins running into edge five veins end in hind edge four veins end in hind edge two veins end in hind edge one vein ends in hind edge first vein running parallel with front edge two cells end in hind edge one cell ends in front edge Wing with four closed cells : one nearly closed cell at point NEMISTRINIDYE. 36. AcROCERIDvK. 36. BOMBYLIIDyE. 36. CONOPIDvK. 46. SYRPIIID.K. 39. AsiLID.K. 30. THEREVID^E. 30. XYLOI>HAr,lD.-!i. 28. MUSCID.E. 50. ' PIPUNCUI.ID.K. 47. PLATYPEXIDyK. 47. (6) Wing with four cells : one vein from cells to edge forked ; one fork branch PAGE curves to front edge - TABAN'ID.-K. 24. both branches end in hind edge both branches end in front edge both branches end at point not forked veins from cell end before reaching edge onlv fe\v veins in hind legs LEPTID.K. 27. : - SCENOPINID.K. 47. DASVPOGON IN Asn.in.i-. 31. • KMPinin.i-:. 35. * STRATIOMYim.t. 38. Wing with three closed cells : - Wing with one or two closed cells: - Wing with one closed cell : Win" with few veins and no definite cell : ANTIIOMYID.-E. 54. * OESTRID.K. 60. DOL.ICHOPODID.iB. 48. LoNCIIOPTERID.li. 47. ^ HlPPOBOSCID.-E. Ol. PERSIA. 62. 1'lIOKID.K. 60. (7) I. SUB -ORDER NEMATOCERA. MOSQUITO-LIKE FLIES. Family 1. PSYCHODID/E. .Volli-like Flies. The Psychodas are small moth-like flies, sometimes found running on windows. Their bodies and wings are covered with hairs. Little is known of their habits. They are interesting as the connecting link between moths and flies. i. Psychoda alternata. -fa in. ; yellowish white, body brownish, wing banded, dotted with black. Family 2. CULICID/E. Mosquitoes. Stinging Gnats. The males neither sing nor sting, but dance ; and their food is unknown. They are easily recognized bv their feather-like feelers. The feelers of the female* are hairy though less feather-like. Their eggs are laid in a boat-shaped mass on the surface of stagnant water on which it floats. In a few days these hatch and the larva; wiggle out on the water side of the boat, grow rapidly, and have a breathing tube on the joint before the last of the tail. When full grown they change to pupa, and at the same time they develop two breathing tubes on the chest part, and lose that of the tail. After a few days the pupa bursts on the back, and the mosquito crawls out and rides on the cast off skin till its wings are hardened enough to flv away. A mosquito's mouth is composed of six pieces and a sheath: three fine needle-pointed hairs form the underlip, two stronger ones with barbed points, the npperlip ; these five form a tube enclosing the tongue. The mosq'iito differs from the following families not only in the veins of the wing, but also by having a long fringe on the hind edge, and scales on the veins. (8) -J:I|T in. ; reddish brown . body brown, with yellow edges on the rings. i». ; brown ; chest with three dark stripes ; feeler of male with four. 2. A. 3. A. i . C. CULEX. Mosquito. C. {Megarhina} fcrox. .; $ in. : head brown, with green gold shine; chest chestnut; bodv. legs and trunk steel blue, golden below. C. cifiatiis. j\ in. : brown ; chest yellow, black striped ; legs yellow, with black and white bands. C. fiisr/ittrts. j3lT in. ; brown ; feet with white bands : wings transparent, brown veins. C. tainiorhynchus. ^ in. ; brown : a white band across middle of trunk ; joints of feet white. ( '. tainiatus. of female with two white bands : bodv brown, edges of ring yellowish, and a white spot ; legs dark brown ; two white bands on fore feet, and five on hind feet. C. triseriatiif. i',, '"•• brown; chest blackish above, sides white, hairy, body with three r>ws of triangular white spots on each ring ; front edge of wing brown. C. (Psorop/iora} boscii. % in. ; pale yellow, brownish legs and hairy veins, two scales on the fore part of chest. ANOPHELES. Fork gnat. A. crucians, -fa in ; brownish ; chest with three dark lines, bodv grav, hairy ; veins of wing brown ; wing spotted, rusty brown ; bodv blackish brown, with yellowish hair; no marks on chest or wings except veins. quadrimaculatus. ^\. in. : grav, a brown stripe on each side of chest, two larger and two small brown spots on each wing. CORETHRA. Bushy gnat. punctipennis. '4' in.; whitish, with brown dotted wings anil legs ; chest with three yellowish brown stripes. (9) i3,T i»- Family 3. CHIRONOMID/C. .VidffCS. Like the mosquito, with smooth wings. The feelers in the males are extremely feathery. They appear early in the Spring, before the snow melts. Some kinds bite like mosquitoes. CHIRONOMUS. Feather midge. 1 . Ch. cristattis. 3/% in. ; yellowish, with three ash gray stripes ; body with brown bands ; legs- yellowish. 2. C/i. glancurus. 3/& in.; whitish, chest part with three reddish stripes; body reddish with whitish bands and end ring with black dot. 3. Ch. lobifcr. y% in. ; whitish, with three brown stripes on chest part ; body black with grayish bands ; wing with faint brown dot. 4. Cli fcstiviis. l/^ in. ; greenish, with rust-yellow stripes ; body with black bands. 5. CJi. lineola. 3 g in. ; greenish, chest part with one black, and two yellow lines in the middle. 6. Ch. oceanicus. 3/% in. ; found on eelgrass and seaweeds. 7. Ch. taiiiiotus. J^ in. ; bright green. 8. Ch. modestus. ^V m- • green, with yellow stripes ; wing white with front veins and point brown ; joints of feet brown. Family 4. DIXID/E. Wood Midges. Mosquito-like, but differs in venation of wings. Is found in shady swamps on skunk cabbage. DIXA. Wood midge. (10) Family 5. TIPULID/C. Ci'di/ejl ies. Glints. Easily recognized by the V-shaped seam on the upper chest, between the wings anil the very long fragile legs. Their larva; are grub-like, gray, brown or white, and live in rotten wood, mould, earth or fungi, on leaves or in the water, feeding on water-plants. KEY TO THE TIPULID.E. ( Ibserve : If ihe first length-vein from the edge of the wing turns at its end into the next vein, and does not connect with the edge; and if this secund vein, at the point of the wing, turns into the next vein (jig- fl.) : - Cteitophora and Tipula If the first length-vein runs into the edge of the wing and there connects by a cross-vein with the next vein: and if this second vein at the point runs into the edge of the wing ( fig. b) : And if the third vein, branching from the middle of the second vein runs with two ends into the edt;e ( fi^. />) : With no spurs at the end of shank - - Limnobina. With spurs at the end of shank Cylindrotomina. Or, if the third vein branches again and runs with three ends into the edge ( fig. c) : With no spurs at the end of shank - Eriofiterina. With spurs at the end of shank, and a long snout - - I'tychopterina. If the cross-vein connecting the second vein with the hrst is before, nearer the point of the wing, where the third vein branches from the second (fig.b): ....... I.imnophilinu and Anisomeriiia. Or, if the cros-.-vt-in connecting the second vein with the first is behind, nearer the shoulder of the wing, where the thirit vein branches from the second {Jfg~. C) : - - - Aitttilopiiitr (II ) I. TIPULINA. CTENOPHORA. Comb Cranefly. Feeler comb-like^ feathered on one side onlv. Ct. abdominalis. \ ]/± in. ; pale brown, with brown stripes on chest ; body rust yellow, a brown line on each side and end rings brown ; wings clear, with brown marks. Ct. nubicitlc. 5 g in.; orange and brown, fore part of chest and head whitish ; wing clear, with yellowish brown veins. 5- T. 6. T. brerii'cntris. TIPULA. Daddy-long-legs Cranefly. T. tephrocephala. I '4 in.; yellowish brown, with a dark spot-stripe on body, liUe a large T. angnstipennis. T. trii'ittata. i in. ; chest ash gray, with brown stripes ; body yellowish, with three brown stripes ; wing with four brown bands. T. strepens. "g in- ; yellowish brown ; no stripes on chest, but a spot- stripe on each side of bodv. T. tricolor. ~$ in. ; brown ; sides ash gray ; body striped ; wing with a white spot in the middle. in. ; ochre brown with three stripes ; the very long legs white at the joints. cunctans. |j| in. ; brownish, body yellow with brown stripes ; wing light brown. (12) 7- 8. T. aiiffnstif>cnnif. ;4 . ; yellowish brown ; nowhere dark except middle stripe on body. T. niacitlipenins. 3/4 in. : gray, brown striped : wings light smoky color. T. flavicans. 5 3 in. ; gray, sides of body yellow brown ; wing yellowish, with brown spots. 7. tostalis. Y-Z in. ; yellowish brown ; feeler black banded ; legs brown. (13) 11. T. macrocera. ^ in. ; yellow, with long feelers; body, sides and belly black dotted. 12. T. colaris. ^ in. ; yellow, with black stripes : body with black bands. 13. T. ferruginea. T7C in. ; yellow, brown striped ; body with triangular brown spots. 14. r. atimtlata. 3g in. ; brownish ; body yellowish, with brown bands. II. LIMNOBINA. Meadow Craneflies. DICRANOMYIA. Feet slender. 1. I), pubipennis. 3% in.; dark brown ; wing plain. 2. D. defuncta. 3,g in. ; gray brown, chest with three brown stripes ; upper shanks with a white ring; wing brown-spotted in rows. (14) 10. ii. 13. 14. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. D. liberta. -fa in. ; gray ; chest brown-striped ; feeler black ; wing clear. D. hacrctica. y"'t.in.: drab-colored; chest striped; feeler black; snout yellow; wing transparent, with a grayish tint. D. Inidia. T% in. ; brown; body with light bands ; wing clouded-brown. in. ; black ; brownish body and wing. in. ; bufl"; chest reddish, with three dark stripes ; wing clear. in. ; burl": chest with one brown stripe ; wing clear. in. ; brown ; with one dark stripe on chest ; snout long; wing clear. D. morioides. D. longipennis. D. innnodesta. D. rostrifera. GERANOMYIA. Snout longer than /lead and chest. G. rostrata. Jg in. ; gray ; feeler black ; wing with five brown spots and clouds ; snout long. (T. dirersa. J^ in. ; gray; chest with three dark-brown stripes ; snout short ; wings lightly brownish tinted. RHIPID1A. Feeler comb-like. A'. maciilata. -'« in. '• grayish brown ; chest with one brown stripe ; wing with brown spots, largest on front. A'. fidelis. 24 'n- i grayish brown; chest with a brown stripe ; wing clouded with brown. A". doinestica. 36 "'• '• head gray ; chest yellowish, silky-brown ; wing with five spots on middle vein and clouded. LIMNOBIA. Feet stout. /.. cinctipes. y2 in. ; yellow; chest with four brown stripes; upper shanks with two brown bands; wing yellowish, with brown clouds and spots, four on front edge Z. immalura. l/> in. ; like last, with three bands on upper shanks. /.. solitaria. }/z in.; yellow; chest with a light-dark bordered stripe ; wing clouded and dotted with brown. 7.. indigcna. y7^ in. ; yellowish; head black ; chest brown striped ; wing brown-clouded. Z. parietina. 5« in.; brown; chest with dark stripes; wing long and broad with pale-brown clouds, streaks and spots. /.. trioceUata. 3/8 in. ; reddish yellow ; chest with black lines and dots ; wing yellowish, three brown spots. (15) TROCHOBOLA. 21. T. arg'iis. l/^ in.; yellowish brown ; chest with three brown stripes ; wings yellowish or whitish with brown eye-spots, mostly on the edge of wing. RHAMPHIDIA. Sao,,/ ai long as head. 22. R. flavipes. ]£ in.; brown; shanks and feet darker ; wing transparent, clouded with brown ; snout shorter than chest. ELEPHANTOMYIA. 23. E. ivest-voodi. 3/& in. ; yellow buff; shanks brown ; feet yellow ; snout as long as body. TOXORRH1NA. 24. T. miiliebris. 3,4 in.; dark gray ; feet pale-reddish ; snout long ; wing clear. DICRANOPTYCHA. Snout shorter than head. 25. D. germana. ^ in. ; brownish yellow ; feet reddish ; wing blueish. ANTOCHA. 26. A. opalizans. % in. ; yellowish gray ; chest with reddish stripes ; wing with a whitish tinge. III. ERIOPTERINA. RHYPHOLOPHUS. Ifing- hairy: no . v;///vV)«/.v. ^ in. ; yellowish brown ; more or less bright yellow on chest and body ; wing not spotted. 3. E. c/iloroplivlla. '4 in. ; pale green ; eyes black. 4. E. i-cspei-tina. ^ in. ; yellow; chest reddish ; wing not spotted. v /:". -.-cH/ista. '4 in. ; brown; chest reddish ; wing yellow, with two brown bands. 6. E. caloptcrti. J4 in. ; brownish yellow; chest whitish above ; wings brownish, with trans- parent spots. TRIMICRA. f ' 3Ti T* I/. 7. T. anomala. y\ in. ; brownish gray ; chest with three brown lines: wings not spotted, but tinted slightly brownish. SYMPLECTA. 8. S. pitnctipcnnis. % 'in. ; gray; chest with three brown stripes ; wing whitish, cross veins clouded brown. ONOPHOMYIA. /inrella. J^ in. ; sulphur yellow ; wing slightly grayish, variegated with brown. i i . (i. Ithuida. '4 in. ; gray, with yellow edges ; chest with two brown stripes ; wing clouded. CLADURA. 12. Cl. indii-isa. {}, in.; yellow; sides spotted; body with brown bands; wings yellow with reddish tinge. CH1ONEA. i^. Cli. -.'ali^a. Reddish; wingless; found on the snow. (17) I. E. fasciponiif • A in. ; brown spots. 2. L. rzij'ibasis. T?U 'n' ; y 3- L. adusta. 3,g to y2 in. 4- L. macrocera. y& i> 1- i ! 5- L. poetica. 3,j in. ; redt 6. L. tenuipes. 3/8 in. ; br 7- L. recondita. 3/8 in • ;y S. L. montana. 3 3 in. ; g' 9- L, lutcipeniiis • T% in. ; 10. L. inornata. T% in- ; bi 1 1. L. ultima. f\ - in. ; gra: 12. L. aprilina. /^ in. ; gi 13- L. fiiscovaria. /^ in. ; I4. L. tenuicornis • A- in. ; '5- L. munda. % '. in. ; blac 16. T. bimacitla. Vir '" • ; y cloiuls. 17- T. scut data. r\ i'1- ; bh IV. LIMNOPHILINA. EP1PHRAQMA. Veins of wing not hairy. brown, with yellowish and reddish variations; wing with dark outlined pale- LIMNOPHILA. yellowish gray ; wing pale-brownish ; legs reddish. ; yellow ; chest reddish ; point of wing brown. glossy black ; wings brown-spotted. reddish yellow ; wings not spotted. brown ; body yellowish ; wing not spotted, but brown-tinted. llowish red ; glossy. y ; chest with four brown stripes ; wings brown-spotted. brownish, with a brown stripe in middle ; wings clouded-brown. brown ; breast gray ; wing clouded. gray ; chest with four brown stripes ; wing transparent and unspotted. ayish ; body brown ; wing with six or seven spots near the front edge. grayish ; body brown ; wing thickly dotted with brown ; spots largest near front. black, with gray bloom ; wing not spotted. k; wing brownish ; feet yellow. TR1CHOCERA. Winter Gnat. in. ; yellowish gray ; chest with brown stripes ; wings with two brown in. ; blackish brown ; end of chest white. (18) ERIOCERA. 18. K. spinosa. J^ to ^3 in.; brownish: chest with brov n stripes; wings reddish: feeler of male twice the length of body, beset with spines. 19. E. longicornis. '/^ in. ; dark-gray ; chest with black stripes ; feeler twice the length of body. V. AMALOPINA - CYLINDROTOMINA - PTYCHOPTERINA. AMALOPIS. 1. A. inconstaits. J4 in. ; yellowish or brownish ; chest and wing reddish. 2. A. aiiripeintis. J4 in-: brownish; wings yellow. 3. A. calcar. ]/z in.; yellow; chest reddish, to transparent yellow. j\. A. vernalis. y% in. ; brownish ; wings with brown spots. PBDICIA. 5. P. albivitta. i^ to iffi in.; brown, silvery; chest with a double-brown stripe, wing transparent with a brown band on front edge and one in middle of wing ; a row of brown spots on live segments of the body. CYLINDROTOMA. 6. C. americana. y^ in. ; yellow ; chest black striped ; wing transparent. 7. C'. nodicornis. y7^ in. ; dark yellow ; chest black striped ; head black. PHALACROCERA. S. P. tipitlina. }•? in. ; brownish ; chest dark gray with indistinct dark-brown stripes ; wings with gray-brown tinge. (19) 9. P. rujicincta. PTYCHOPTERA. in. ; black : body with reddish bands ; feet reddish ; wing with a brown spot near shoulder, and three brown bands. BITTACOMORPHA. 10. B. clavipes. T!k in. ; black; front of head white ; chest with white stripe in middle, and sides white ; wing transparent. Family 6. RHYPHID/E. Strap Midges. Like Tipulids, without the V-shaped seam on chest-part. DILOPHUS, Ray Midge. 1. D. tlioracicus. ]^ in. ; horny yellow ; body and legs black ; wing smoky. 2. D. orbatus. fa in. ; shiny black with green smoky wings. RHYPHUS. Strap Midge. 3. R. alternatus. ^ in. ; brown ; three stripes, with three brown and three white spots. 4. R. marginatus. T3ff in. ; gray, with three reddish stripes ; body brown with whitish edges. 15. R. scalaris. % in. ; honey yellow ; bands and tail-end black. Family 7. BLEPHAROCERID/E. Net-Winged Midijes. Like mosquitoes, their larv;c live in swift- flowing streams and are there easily seen, as they are a conspicuous black. Family 8. HYCETOPHILID^E. Fungus Gnats Their larvae feed on fungi, decaying vegetable matter, and some upon ripe fruit. They live often in great numbers together. In the venation of the wing there is often much variation. They appear like short-legged, strongly-built mosquitoes. (20) i. //. fascia/a. 1. S. bijasciata. 2. S. fasciata. HETEROMYIA. in. ; greenish; wing with brown bands. SCIOPHILA. Shade Gnat. ig in. ; brownish yellow with black lines, with two blackish bands. in. ; yellowish; with three stripes; body with brown bands. MYCETOPHILA. Fungus Gnat. 1. .)/. sericea. fa in. ; brown, with whitish-silky bloom ; body yellow-edged. 2. .17. maculiftennii,. ^ in. ; yellow, with three striped wings with three brown spots. i. S. fulviventris. SCIARA. Mourning Gnat. in.: black; waist yellow, hairy. Family 9. CECIDOMYID/E. (fall Gnats. Small, often very small flies, which cause the curious out- growth on manv plants, as on the willow, blueberry, etc. Some kinds are very injurious to the crops. DIPLOSIS. 1 . 1). Hiacrus. } 4 in. ; yellowish ; chest reddish-striped ; legs and feelers black-banded ; wing with violet spots. 2. D. carryce. Pale, with gray and black stripes. On hickory trees. (21) 2. 3- 4- 5- 6. 7- S. 9- 10. 1 1. •3- C. solidaginis. ^ in. ; stem of goldenrod. C. liirtipes. Bright red C. serrulata. Brown. C. chrysopsidis. V6 in. C. CECIDOMYIA. Gall Gnat. reddish; body with black bands; wing blackish, hairy. On with black hair. On alder, red ; wing gray, hairy. On golden aster. destructor. — The Hessian fly. yjj in. ; black; body tawny, with black rings; wings black. In the stems of wheat, which causes it to stunt in growth. C. tritici. — The wheat midge. TV in. ; like the last, but wings transparent. Attacks the ear of wheat. C. robinice. ^ in. ; forms swellings in the locust stems. C. grossiihiritc. Causes the gooseberries to turn premature red and rot. C. salicis-rigidcc. 1 in. On willows. C. strobiloides. Causes the pine cone-like end-buts on willows. C. albovittata lives in them. C. pini-inopis. Attacks the needles of the pine trees. C. ornata. T^ in. ; body red ; wings with five brown spots. C. trifolii and C. leguminicola. In clover-leaves. LASIOPTERA. Edged Midge. 14. L. ventralis. Tlg- in. ; blackish-brown, with yellow legs; front edge of wing black, i^. /.. vitis. T*g in. ; red ; black head. On grape vines. (22) Family 10. SlflULIID/E. Bl/tck Flies. Unlike the foregoing families, they like hot sunshine, and they are one of the greatest pests where thev abound. Their larva' live in swift-flowing streams. Their feelers are short, but composed of many joints ; their body more robust, and legs stout, but heads small. This family and the next connect the mosquito tribe with the flies. SIMULIUM. Black Fly. 1. S. molestum. -fa in. ; the Adirondack black fly, which is very bloodthirsty. 2. S. innn\iiim. fa in. ; does not bite. 3. 51. pccuariim. The southern Buffalo-gnat. 4. .V mcridionale. The Turkey-gnat. Family 11. BIB1ONID/E. March Flies. Hair Midge. Like last family, but differs in veins of wing. Does not bite, and its larvae live on roots and decaying vegetable matter. 1. B. tlioracica. y^ in. ; black ; chest and shanks reddish. 2. />. ruf thorax. J-jj in. ; black; chest only yellowish-red. 3. B. femorata. :/% in. ; black, with yellow hair and chestnut-colored shanks. 4. B. xanthopiis. .:ij in. ; black, with yellow bloom ; black legs and yellow wings. 5. />'. hctcroptcra. T\ in. ; black, with smoky wings. 6. B. albipennis. -fa in. ; shiny black, whitish, hairy ; wing white with brown veins. 7. />'. articulata. ]/± in. ; chest and legs yellow ; head and hodv black. S. B. pallipcs. black ; white, hairy, with yellow legs and wings. (23) II. SUB -ORDER BRACHYCERA. FLIES. Family 12. TABANID/E. Horse Flies. Breeze Flics and Golden-eyed Forest Flies. All the females are greedy bloodsuckers ; a plague to man and beast. The males frequent flowers. The larva1 teed under ground on roots of grasses, and transform there in Spring. These flies resemble each other in shape. PANQONIA. Beaked Horse Fly. Trunk Horse Fly. 1. P. iiicisa (incisuralis.) ?K in.; back grav with yellow hair; body brown and smooth ; wing brownish. „ ... 2. P. clirysocoma. J<£ to $/% in. ; brown or pale yellow, with yellow hair. il. P. tranquilla. l? in. ; brownish black ; sides of body reddish, covered with golden- yellow hair. 4. P. rasa. 3/s to >4 in. ; feeler black, chest part black with short gray hair; body brown, with hair on last (24) CHtfYSOPS. Oolden = cycd Forest Fly. Wings -with black or brown markingi 1. C. celer. jg in. ; black ; a tuft of reddish hair on each side of chest. 2. C. excilans. 3,'s in.; black; point of wing transparent. 3. C. sordidus. |g in. ; blackish ; sides with a few yellow dots ; rings of body with gray edges. 4. C. fl.i-cidus. SB in. : brownish yellow. ^. ( . vittatus. •- « in. ; chest brown and yellow ; body yellow, with four black lines. 6. ('. /lilarts. 3 g in.; yellow. •j. C. snlet/«. -v; in. ; brown, with three short yellow stripes on body. 8. (-'. Ht'gcr. ,',. in. : black, with red face. 9. C'. pndic.HS. j"'-; in. ; resembling last. 10. ( '. frin. : g''ay, vvith bro\\n maiks mi chest and brown bands on bod\ . 9. A. niger; J/g '"• : black; chest with gray stripes. it). A. ( Triipancn} vertebratus. ' , in. : grav ; I'lu-st with hrown stripes: liod\ \\ith liha'k spots : shanks reddish. 11. A. nitipes. Ja in-: hrown ; body yellowish, with short black bands ; shanks reddish. 12. A. macrolabis. "« in.: blackish, with gray stripes and four triangular while spots on bod} : legs chestnut. 13. A. ( Erax) pogonias. '^ in.: brown, with indistinct chestnut stripes ; legs black ; shanks chestnut. 14. A. sericcus. ^-4 in.; Ljolden ; chest with a hroad black stripe and indistinct narrow side stripes; win;; brownish Yellow. 8 15. A. (Mallopkora) orciniis. Y^ in. ; black, hairv : waist yellow. 16. A. (Erax) aesitians. }$ in.; reddish brown; chest with faint black lines; body black mai kcd ; awhile ring around end of body on the male. 17. A. (Era\) apicalis. 5gin. ; chest brassy yellow, with black stripes; body black, with ti iiingular gray- haircil side-spots ; legs reddish. 18. A. gracilts. Y% in. ; gray ; body, point and hind edge of wing brownish ; feeler and legs yellow . 19. A. miatus. YZ in.; black; chest grayish ; body with white bands. 20. A. atrupanea laphroides. *•> in. ; gray, hairy with black shanks. (33) 13. L, LAPHRIA . Murder Fly. (Dasyllis) tergissa. i in. ; black, with yellow hair; both ends of body and legs black. lasipes. "/% in. ; black, head, chest and legs yellow- ish ; end half of body gold-yellow, hairy. saffrana. "s in- ; chest black, edges and two stripes vellow ; body orange ; wings brown. dersata. 3^ in. ; slate black ; head and legs gray. hairy : veins of wing brown. georgina. |/£ '"• i black ; chest yellow, hairy, with a short black band ; body- except first rings, chestnut. melanogaster. ^ in. ; slate black ; head, chest and fore-legs yellow, hairy. sericea. i^ >n- i black, with yellow hair; hind shanks black. thoracica. S/% in. ; rough ; black ; chest sulphur yel- low ; wing brownish. pyrrhacra. y2 in. ; black ; chest striped ; body with a white spot on each side and end rings yellowish red. posticata. J* in. ; black ; chest and end of body yellow-hairy. flavicollis. y? in.; black; chest yellow, hairv. mclanopogon. l/2 in. ; black ; head, legs and chest gray, hairy ; body black. (Atomosia) macroccra. ^ in. ; black, with white bloom ; edge of body and legs red. (34) LEPTOGASTER. Slim Fly. I. /,. histrio. ^3 in.; chest reddish brown, with three black stripes; body brown, with white bands ;md yellow legs ; hind legs with brown bands. HYBOS. Hunchback Fly. i. H. thoracicus. % in. ; brown, with yellow shanks : wing smoky, with brown edge spot. Family 18. EMPID/E. Dance. Flies. They dance and hunt in swarms on shady brooks, and feed on insects. Their grubs live on decaying vegetable matter. RHAMPHOMY1A. Bill Fly. 1. R. cilipes. ]£ in. ; gray, with four stripes on chest and white hairy hind shanks. 2. R. americana. ]^ in. ; slate gray, with yellow legs. 3. R. scolopacca. t3ff in. ; blackish gray ; chest faintly striped ; body silvery ; legs brown. HEMERODROMIA. Catch Fly. i. H. superstitiosa. ^ in. ; whitish, with broad black stripe on chest and body. TACHYDROMIA. Race Fly. I. T. fenestrata. }% in. ; black, with yellow legs and black stripe on shanks. (35) Family 19. ACROCERID/E. Small-headed Humpback Flies. Their larv;v are parasites in spiders or their cocoons, and live in their bellies. ACROCERA. Tophorncd Fly. I. A. fasciata. }•% in.; black; body yellow, with three black bands; feeler on the top of the head. Xemestritmkt are very rare bee-like flies with long trunks. Family 20. BOHBYLlAD/e. Bee Flies. Hover Flies. They feed on the honey of flowers, are very swift flyers, and stop suddenly in the air. Their larvae lives as parasites on other insects. ANTHRAX. Mourning Hover Fly. 1. A. simson. §4 '»• ! black ; chest grayish red ; body silver spotted ; wing clear, with brown spots. 2. A. pluto. l/2 in.; black; body with intern upted while band; wing with black blotches at base and point. 3. A. lialcyon. 'j in. ; black, with yellow hair; wing brown, with a spot in the middle, the point and edge cells clear. -1 . .1. tc/f»ii>iipeiniis. }.? in. ; black, with yellow hair; wing dark brown; legs reddish. e;. A. oedipus. -fa in.; black; body with white spots; wing clear, with black blotches and spots. (36) 6. --I. fulviniia. JJJT in. ; black, with golden hair; wing blackish brown on front edge. 7. A. altci-nata. ^ in. ; black ; gr:\y hairy : boily white handed ; wing smoky, a light spot on front edge ne.n shoulder. S. A. tioctula. Jj in. ; black ; sides of chest and bands on body yellow ; wing blackish brown, a spot near shoulder, hind edge and some spots in the middle clear, y. .-1. sirmosa. 3jj in. : black ; gray hairy ; wings more than half black ; legs yellow. 10. A. fulvo-hirta . .J ,-; in.; black; yellow hairv : sides of body rn>.t yellow; wing half black; legs yellow hairs'. 11. A. celer. ^ in. ; black ; yellow hairy on sides of chest, body and tail-end : wing more than half black. 12. A. aitalis. /',-; in.; black, tail-end silvery; wing half black. i^. A cantata. /'n in. ; black, with gray hair; hotly with white bands; wing with black edge and veins. 14. A elongata. t% in. ; black, with yellow bands on bodv and vcllow legs. 15. A. lateralis. }{ in. ; black : yellow hairy; yellow bands on body and brown front edge of \\in-. 16. A. fascipcnnis. <± in.; black; body with gray band; wing clear, with brown stripes; point clear. I. .V. iiiticcr. in.; black and orange. SYSTROPUS. (37) 5. B. atriceps. BOMBYLIUS. Hover Fly. Bee Fly. 1. B. varius, ^ in. ; yellow hairy ; hotly white marked and two black spots on the sides of each ring ; wing brownish. 2. B. fi-atellus. 3/g >"• ; yellow hairy ; darker on back ; wing half reddish black. 3. B '. acquaint. ^ in. ; yellow, hairy ; front hall of the wing brownish. 4. B. fuli'us. }£ in. ; black, with golden hair ; wing clear, with gold yellow veins. in. ; like B. fratel/its in color, but darker. Family 21. STRATIOHYIID^E. Soldier Flies. Coat-of-arms-Flies. So named from the resemblance of the body to a coat-of-ai ms. They feed on flowers in swamps near water. Their larvae live in moist mould or water. They carry their wings, one covering the other, when at rest. SAROUS. Flat Fly. 1. S. decorus. 3/fr in. ; green bronze, with yellow legs. 2. .S. virid/s.' }{ in. ; bronze green or blue, with green legs. 3. 5'. xanthopus. % in. ; green gold, with yellow legs. 4. ^. pallipes. l/£ in. ; brownish black ; back of body, belly and legs yellow. (38) I. JV. pallipes. 4. S. virgo. 5. S. picipes. NEMOTELUS. Swamp Fly. fk in. ; black ; body steel blue: legs yellow. STRATIOMYS. Coat-of-Arms Fly. 1. 6\ Meigenii. T\ in.; black; body on each side a triangular spot, and tail-end yellow. 2. .S. nor ma. ^ in. ; black, with chestnut stripe on chest part : body with yellow spot and streaks ; legs yellow. 3. S. intermedia. |g in.: black; yellow hairy: body with a yellow- spot on each side and yellow edges. in. ; black : body green, with black stripe ; legs yellow, in. ; black ; body with four white spots. 6. -S\ -'crtcbrata. l/4 in.: black; body whitish, with a black stripe; legs yellow. Family 22. SYRPHID/C. Hi/iu mi/n/ Flies. I)r»>ir Flits They feed on the honey of flowers. Syrphus are the most valuable plant lice destroyers, laying their eggs among the plant lice nests. I uliicclla is parasitic on bumblebees. Others live in ants' nests or rotten wood. Eristalis lives in the water. Many of the flies closely resemble bees, bumblebees or wasps. PSARUS. Humming Fly. 1. P. ornatns. 5;-;in. ; black; chest with two yellow stripes : body with eight yellow- bands. 2. P. qiiadrifasciatus. % in.; black, chest with four yellow spots; body with four yellow bands. (39) MICROCODON. Bee Fly. I. M. globosus. y2\n.; brown ; hairy. Has a curious beetle-shaped pupa. MELANOSTOMA. i „!/. mellinnm. 3g in. ; black and orange ; chest hairy. XYLOTA. Saw Fly. 2. 3- 4- A', h&matodes. '., in.; black; hotly red : wings blackish. A", ejuncida. T\ in. ; dark green ; bodv with four yellow spots. A. quadrata. 3/% in. ; black, body with four square yellow spots. A. metallica. 3/g in.; chest green bronze; bodv black, with four large square spots. A. proxima. -fa spot on hind shanks. black ; body with unequal yellow spots and a re MILES! A. Mould Fly. 1. .17. virginiensis. t in.; gold yellow, with black bands ; wing smoky black. 2. M. ornata. Y4 in. ; black ; chest and body with three broken yellow bands each. The last band entire. 3. .17. notata. '_> in.; black, body with two spots ; knees rust yellow. 4. .]/. iic/t ta. Dark blue ; chest and spots on body gold hairy. (40) RHINO I A. Nose Fly. i. R. iift.tifa. •• s in. ; chest gray, with white stripes; body yellow, with black stripe. CHRYSOQASTER. i. C/i. nilidiis. '4 in.; green bronze ; chest with four coppery stripes ; bodv with black stripes and bands; wing brown, streaky. SYRPHUS. Hover Fly. 1. S. ribcsii. '_- in.; The raspberry fly. Black and yellow. 2. S. Icsncri. ' _. in.; like last, but no mark on second ring of body : tail-end black. 3. S. cori-iis. \2 in. ; like last, but a dark orange shade on middle of body ; lighter at sides, and one black ring more. 4. -S\ abreviatus. % in. ; like last, but bodv verv short, and no light mark between chest and body, v A', lappuiiicus. YZ in. ; black and yellow; wing brown on fiont edge. 6. S. americanus. ?t in.; chest bronze green ; body black, with broad yellow bands; legs rusty : wing yellowish. 7. 6". coitca-cus. .3 a in.; like last, but chest less bright and wing not yellow. 5. S. obscurus. -'gin.; dark green bronze ; body with triangular coppery spots. 9. 6'. politHS. .'« in. ; chest olive, with yellow edge and whitish middle stripe; body black, with bands and square spots. 10. S. diversipes. -3 in. : chest black, with yellow hairs: body black, with yellow bands. 11. S. {Platychirus) hyperboreus. j\ in. ; like the next, but brown woolly. 12. .S'. (JPlatychirus) quadrntns. ^ in. ; shinv bron/.e green; body with yellow spots. (41) 13- -5- (Sphaerophorid) cylindrictts. f\ in.; chest metallic olive green; body rust yellow: first ring black. 14. S. obliquus. % in. ; chest metallic green ; body black, with two yellow bands and eight stripes. .. 15. S. geminatus. % in. ; chest black, with yellow sides; body black, with yellow bands, double spots and stripes ; legs yellow. 16. £. marginatns. T% in. ; chest black, with yellow sides; body black, with yellow bands, spots, streaks and edges ; legs yellow. TRIODONTA. (POLYDONTA.) (MERODON.) Shanks Fly. 1. T. curvipes. yz in.; black, with yellow hair; body reddish, with a black triangle above ; hind shanks thickened. 2. T. (Merodon) bctrdus. |^ 'n- ! shaped like curvipes; chest, first ring and sides of body covered with yellow hairs. SERICOMYIA. 1. .9. chrysotoxoides. l/> in.; black, with yellowish hair on chest, and whitish marks on body. 2. S. militaris. V? in. ; white and black. (42) V. U@K ^t ER1STAL1S. Mud Fly. 1. .fi1. tenax. 5 a in.; bronze brown, with yellow hair around chest ; two spots and one band on body ; wing clear. 2. E. fiavipes. fyfa in. ; black, and strongly yellow-haired : m> spots on body, but the first ring yellow hairy. 3. E. bastardi. fa in. ; black : gray hairy ; four orange spots on bodv. 4. E. saxorum. }'2 in. : shiny black ; body with steel blue bands and yellow rings ; wing blackish brown. E. dimidiatus. yi in. ; metallic black, with gray hair ; IM,,|\ with yellow spots ; leg joints white. E. transvcrsits. T\ in. ; black ; chest yellow hairy ; body with yellow spots. E. tcneus. -j7^ in. ; bronxe brown ; gray haired ; marks indistinct. 8. E. (.}fal/ota) posiicatus. -fa in. ; chest yellow hairy ; body black ; yellow at first ring and thickened hind shanks. 9. E. cuprovittatus. y& '" i bronze green ; chest with coppery stripes ; joints of shanks yellow. E. chrysostomus. 3/s i»- : chest black, with four yellow stripes ; body rusty yellow, with white double spots ; first ring black. E. brousi. |4 'n- i chest brown hair}- ; body orange and black. (43) IO. I I VOLUCELLA. i. / . evccta. 58 in. ; black, with yellow hair. HELOPHILUS. 1. H. lat/fi-oHs. 5g in.; chest gray yellow, hairv, with three black stripes; body black and orange. 2. //. similis. l/2 in. ; like the last, but smaller. SYRITTA. i. S. pipiens. T% in. ; shiny black, with white spots. i. C. -cerbosa. CRIORHINA. ^ in. ; yellowish gray and black hairy ; end of chest whitish. I. M. marg'inata. MESOGRAPTA. y^ in. ; orange and black, like a small .V. liivrrsipes. (44) I. SOMULA. i/ccvra. 5S in.; chest shiny black; body black and yellow; legs yellow; toes black. SPILOMYIA. S. fttsca. |4 '"• ; dark brown : whitish marks on chest : tail-end gray hairy : legs black and yellow. .!>. quadrifasciata. 5j in. ; chest black and yellow; body gray, black and yellow ; legs yellow and dark brown ; wing half brown. S. longicornis. l/2 in. ; brown and yellow : legs yel- low ; fore feet black : wing light brown and clear. TEMNOSTO.HA. 7'. hiiHiln'laim. '2 in. : black, vellow and gray. (45) Family 23. CONOPID/E. Big-headed Flies. Much resembling wasps in shape. Their larvae live and transform in the bodies of humble-bees. CONOPS- Bighead. 1. C. excisa. 5/8 in. ; black , two gold spots on chest and on joints of body ; wing half black, half clear. 2. C. nigricornis. y2 in. ; black ; sides of body yellow marked ; shank yellowish, with a black band ; wing broadly brown. 3. C. Sagittarius. l/2 in. ; black and white. 4. C. marginata. T7^ in. ; black ; a broken band on chest, and sides of body yellow. LODION. Sucking Fly. 1. L. ftdvifrons. % in. ; gray, with two black stripes on chest, and black double spots on bod}'. 2. L. abdominalc. J{ in. ; chest dark gray; body, front and legs brick red. MYOPA. Bladdcrhead. 1. M. stylata ; 3/% in. ; chest blackish ; body with black and yellow bands ; hind shanks yellow, with two black bands. 2. M. vesiculosa. 3/% in. ; reddish brown ; wing brown, whitish near shoulder. 3. M. longicornis. -f\ in. ; blackish, body white spotted on each side ; legs yellow. (46) Family 24. SCENOPINID/E. Window Flics. Small black flies, without bristles. They are named from being often found on the windows. Their body is flat, and their wings overlap each other when at rest. SCENOPINUS. Window Fly. I. .S". pallipc*. l/£ in. ; metallic brown, with yellow legs and brown wings. Family 25. LONCHOPTERID/E. Spear-Winged Flies. Small brownish or yellowish flies; live on grasses in moist places. Wings cover each other when at rest. LONCHOPTERA. Spear-winged Fly. Family 26. PIPUNCULID/E. Big-eyed Flies. Small flies, sometimes found on flowers; their heads are all eyes. PIPUNCULUS. Big- Eyed Fly. Family 27. PLATYPEZID/C. Flat-footed Flies. Like small house flies, but the upper joints of their feet are widened and flat. They are found hovering in the air or running swiftly over leaves. PLATYPEZA. Flat-footed Fly. (47) Family 28. DOLICMOPODID/E Loil(/-lc(//7/'s. D. longipennis. yellow, feeler red ; feet yellow : face yellowish white. 1 1. />. fnhipcs. vellow. I), iliscifer. />. VC/O.SV/.V. '4 green ; face golden ; feeler, fore legs, and hind feet dark '4 in.; green; face white ; feeler black ; feet yellow. ^ in, ; like last ; but tip of fore feet black. in. : like last ; feet black and studded with long bristles. Gymnopternus barbatulus. !'s in.; dark green; feet black; face bearded. (48) if>. (r. .v/VcAf/'/y/.s. ,:-'lT in. : chest violet; feeler black ; feet vellou . 17. /•>,•/>.%•. ^ iii. ; like last ; but feeler red. 18. (r. nigribarbus. 'H in.; bronze black ; face bearded. 19. (i. t/<'/>/'/fs. '« in.; green; face gray ; feeler ml; legs yellow. 20. l\-lii*toiicitnt!; longicauda. ,:!11 in. : bron/.e black ; live \vhite spots on chest part, above. Ji. /'. calf iii-ttn*. ';, dark bronze; feeler led. 22. 'I'arlivlrccJui* iiinccliiis. '/£ in. ; hron/.e green ; feeler yellow. _•}. Diostracits prasinus. }{ in.; pale green ; body black ; feet vellou . J^. Argvra calcitrant. ';;in.; black; face \\-liite ; legs pale yellow. ^5. Sviiar tli nt. * barbatns. 'a in.; green; feet yellow ; bind shanks green. 26. Porpkyrops melampus. f\- in.; metallic green ; feet black; hairy. 27. /'. (t-j//i;'if>cs) nigricoxa. '4 in.; like last ; feet yellow. 28. OiiipliorMs opactts. Jg in- : entirelv black. 29. D. s\y>.) Sacrofkaga. Dexia. A/iisca. SOB-FAMILY II. Upper cell wide open. A scale covering the balancers in place of hind-wing and a seam across the breast-part Anthomyia am! Hylemia The scale very small or entirely wanting; the seam across breast-part incomplete or wanting. Here belong many families of small flies. The veinings of their wings lie between Anthomyia and Pliora. The scientific divisions are made on small characters, and are often very difficult to recognize in such delicate objects. A is called the auxiliary vein; I is called the first length-vein from which the forked second length-vein branches. Wing similar to Anthomyia. Vein A and I separate Vein A and I, but separating near the front edge Vein A close to I, cells large cells small Wing less complete than Anthomyia. Vein A close to i, only one cell Vein A and i grown together separate near shoulder Vein A only a slump Vein A entirely wanting Scatopliaga, Sciomysa, Trypcta, Tetanocera, Sepedoa, Dryomyza, Pyrgota, and Orlalis. Psila, Loxocera, Calobala and Alicropeza. Helomyza and Sepsis. I^onc/tifd and 'Sapromyza. SphtFrocrphala . Piopltila and Agromyza. Rphydi iiiidir. D rosophiltt. Osciiiis and Chlorops. P/wni. Wing with a few stout veins near front-edge, and a few weak, unconnected ones in hind-edge - (50) TACMINID.'G. Slfift Flics. Tliesc flies are parasitic on other insects, particularly on caterpillars, mi which tliev lav their eggs. Their larva1 live ami transform within the bodies of the caterpillars and thereby destroy the latter. TRICHOPODA. Eyebrow Fly. i. '/'. fornmsa. 5,8 in : chest black with white stripes ; body red : wing black with white stripes. 7'. la iii p in. ; black with white lines on chest : wing black, hind edge clear. 3- 4- 5- 6. 7". pen ni pcs. '4 in.; chest gold with black stripes ; body rust yellow ; hind legs feathered. 7'. cilipcs. s. .4 >lackish brown ; body reddish : wings lined : hind legs feathered. 7". hirtipcs. '± in.; black; first rings of body reddish ; wing clear edged. V. plitinipcs. ]^ in. ; black ; hind edge ot" wing white ; hind legs feathered. TACH1NA. Swift Fly. (Jiii-itiiu) I/vsti-i\. '_. in.: blue black: body dark chestnut: head with yellow- hair: wing light brown : scales brownish. ( f>irinia\ 'ilgcns. }2 in. : chest greenish blue black : body dee]) black : evi-s red brown ; head and .shoulder brassy yellow : scales white, i Ilystricia) :•/:•/f'a) inilitaris or Xciiiortca htcaiiiic. Their larva1 feed on the army worm and destroy it. (LvJcl/a) tiorvpli'ii'tc. Their larva.1 teed on the potato beetle. (SO >dv light red \\ ilb TACHINA. Sn-ift Fly. —Continued. Cassidomyia. Prevs on the helmet beetle. Hyalomyia. Preys on leaf beetles. Ocyptera. Feeds on bugs. Chartophila floralis. Prevs on wasps' nests. IDIA. Mouth Fly. i. /. I'iriJis. '4 in. ; bron/e green, with black legs. MUSCID/C. Common Flies. Their larva- live in decaying meat, sores, decaying vegetable or animal matter, manure, etc. STOMOXYS. Stinging or Stable Fly. i. .S'. parasita. J'IT in. ; gray, blackish brown above ; red spots on first rings of body ; feeler strongly comb-like. e> J 2. S. calcitrans. -f^ in. ; gray, with black stripes on chest, and a band and four black spots on body ; teeler hair feathery on one side. Both have long snouts. . „. SARCOPHAQA. Flesh Fly. The eggs of this fiv hatch within the female, and it deposits the living young maggots on dead animals, meat, etc. 1. S. n-('t>/yjHa. '.' in.; blue gray, with black stripes on chest; body white, gray and black chequered ; legs black ; tail-end reddish. 2. S. carnaria. 1A i". ; like la^t, but tail-end black. The males of both are much smaller : /- ' about 5 8 in. DEXIA. Cone Fly. 1. /•>. vertebrata . l/2 in.: chest gray and black ; hod\ mange and black : wing smokx . 2. D. ihres. ,'i; in. : black ; chest with three yellow stripes ; body with yellow bands ; win«_; yellow near shoulder ; end of veins blackish brown. AII/SC4. House Fly. 1. .17. ffalt>. ?g in.; black; chest with four gray stripes : tail-end gray. 2. J/. ( Calliphord) i'i>»iitoria. Bine Bottle or Blow Flv: '_. in. ; chest gravish black; body steel bine ; legs black ; eves coppery. 3. .17. xtvifiii. jY, in-; chest dark slate gray: body olive bron/e and vellow, chei|nered : legs rust yellow. -|. .17. (/,«<•///< O ctzruleiviridis . J,-. in.: dark bluish green; legs black. 5. .17. ( (\ilii filiora} cadaver inutn. ,'.. in.; dark steel blue : eves and le"s black. -' / L o ^ e 6. .17. (Luciliii) Cicsar. Green Bottle Flv. .; A in. : brilliant metallic green: le^s black. 7. .17. t/on/cs/ica. ,-',., m. ; chest gravish black ; body horn color, with a broken black middle stripe. N. .17. liarpvia. jV; in. ; chest gray, with dark stripes ; body black, with hornv spots on the edge. (.). .17. ( Campsomyia) niaccllaritt. Screw-worm Flv. ,',. in. ; bright metallic green, with four black stripes on chest. 10. .17. ( I hcniatobia} Semite. Horn Flv. ,',, in. : gravish black. (53) ANTHOnYID^E. FloWW Flies. They are mostly found on flowers. Their larva- live on roots or decay- ing vegetable matter. A N THOM VIA. Flo wcr Fly. 1. A. raf>liani. The Radish Fly. ^ in. ; ash gray: a brown spot on forehead and faint brown lines on chest ; a black stripe on body, and narrow black lines on edge of rings. ^^^-^^> 2. A. (P/iorln'a) ccfrassici.T. The Cabbage Fly. i^ in. Feeds on the roots of cabbage, turnip. radish and cauliflower. 6. A. :ac. Com Flv. Their larvie eat the kernel of the corn. 7. A. ( I'l'g'onivia I I'ici/iti. Beet Fly. Their larva- mine the leaves of the beet. 8. A. ici/esccus. ^K in. ; greenish black, with white edge around the eyes and brownish yellow wings. SEPSIS. Fence Fly. i. .S. niiniita. '3 in.: black; feeler brown ; legs yellow. SCATOPHAGA. Manure Fly. 1. S. fitrcnttt. 12 in.; yellowish, hairy. 2. S. sytta/nfa. fjj in. ; gray brown ; face reddish ; hairy. 3. S. exotica. ^ in.; gray; chest with three brown stripes; body checkered; shanks reddish. (54) TRY PET A. Boring Fiy. Small flies, with black and white wings, whose laivie live in the stems or in the fruits of plants. 1. T. comma. }.{ in. ; reddish ; yellow hairv : wing blackish with a clear tri- angular spot enclosing a black comma. 2. /'. sparxci. '4 in. : chest and body grav : wing black. 3. T. ciitta. /4 in. ; vellow, with yellow wings, clear at edge, and black eye- spots. 4. T. ((ainptoncnra) pictti. '4 in.; chest chestnut, with a black stripe: wing blackish blown, with two white drops and three scallops on the edge. 5. T. laiigipcniiis. '/£ in. ; yellow, with four black dots near joint of body and chest; wing brownish, yellow banded ; wing longer than body. 6. T. fratria. ^\\\.\ dark vellow : wings, with brownish wavy bands: wing as long as body. 7. /'. sna-.-is. ,',; in. ; pale yellow ; wing transparent, with black bands. S. T. polita. '4' in. ; deep black ; head and legs yellow : wing whitish transparent with brown bands. 9. 7'. i-otinuiipciini.t. l\ in. ; brown ; wing black, with white dots. 10. T. solidagi>iis. V4 in.; reddish brown; head and legs yellow: wing marked with red: larva.' forms rounded bulbs in the sterns of the golden md. 11. T. scriata. '4 in.; entirely yellow ; wing with black edges and dots. 12. T. fx-f/a. ', in.; gravish ; legs and body yellow; wing black, with transparent spots. Found on Ambrosia. 13. T. astcris. ,:lr; in. ; vellowish brown: legs pale ; wing with three irregular bum n bands. Produces swellings on asters. 14. T. pomonclla. ^ in. ; head brown ; chest black with two gray stripes ; end of chest u bite : body grayish black. An apple worm. < 5 5 » SAPRO.MYZA. Dirt Fly. i. .V. rcshiosa. '3 in.; honey yellow ; wings yellowish, like varnish. ORTALIS. Qay=colored Fly. 1. (). //t-\a. y± in.; red brown; wing with three transparent hands. The maggot feeds in onions. 2. O. icnca. y± in. ; bronze green, with red front ; wing with three brown bands. 3. (). notata. ^ in. ; dark bronze green ; a yellow band near tail-end, and a triangular spot on point of wing. LONCHJEA. Long Fly. Raises blisters on the stems of the willow. LOXOCERA. Long= horned Fly. i. L. cylindrica. */( in. ; rusty yellow, with a brown stripe on chest and point of wing. CALOBATA. Long-legged Fly. i. C. anteiinipes. fg in. ; black, with yellow legs ; the fore legs and joints of hind legs white ; hind shanks with two brown bands. MICROPEZA. Small* footed Fly. i. .17. pa/lipes. }{ in.; black; mouth and legs yellowish. (56) SPH.-ERACEPHALA. Perspective Fly. i. 6'. brci'icornis. }^ in. ; black, with rustv vellow legs; wing with a brown band ami point; eyes stalked. PYRGOTA. Cone Fly. i. /'. nndata. J4 in.; yellow rusty brown ; a faint cross-mark on chest ; a clear spot on front edge of wing; hind edge of wing with clear scallops. SEPEDON. I. 6". fuscipcunis. }4' in.; chest blue black; body and legs chestnut red; feet black ; wing clouded. I. -S". obtusa. SCIOMYZA. in.; grayish brown : wing clouded ; veins blackish. ,v 4' 5- 6. TETANOCERA. Damp Fly. plnniosa. 3g in.; head reddish gold ; chest pale grayish brown ; body yellowish shaded and marked dark brown. clara. {}• in.; pale yellow; face white; chest with two brown stripes; wings tawny. brown clouded. arcitata. ^ft- in. ; yellowish brown ; chest with brown dots; wing with large brown spots. saratti^'ensis. l/^ in. ; yellow ; eyes black ; chest with two faint stripes ; wing gray, brown banded, front edge black. pii'tipcs. }£ in. ; like last, but pale gray, and legs handed. a. '^ in. ; reddish brown ; wing with two double bands of dark spots. (57) PSILID/E are small orange and black flies, about % inch in length. DRYOMYZA. 1. D. simplex. ,\ in. ; polished yellow ; wing tinged. AQROMYZA. Field Fly. i. A. tritici. Wheat Moss Fly. TV in. ; black. HYLEM1A. i. H. deceptiva. ^ in. ; The Sham Wheat Fly. Ash gray, with black legs ; chest witli three and body with one spotted stripe ; front tawny yellow. OSCINIS. i. O. tibialix. l/2 in.; black, legs yellow ; hind shanks banded. HELOMYZA. Saw Fly. I. //. quinque biiiictatu. }£ in.; yellowish brown ; body rust yellow, black side spots: wing five spotted. CHLOROPS. Qrccn=cyed Fly. \ 1. C. vulgaris. ^ in. ; pale tawny yellow ; a black spot on head ; feeler black. 2. C. antenna! is. Like lust, with pale variations ; feeler yellow. (58) PIOPHILA. Cheese Maggut Fly. 1. /'. can-/. "gin.; glossy black ; middle and hind legs vellowish. Their maggots are the well- known skippers in old cheese. EPHYDRlNIDsE. Salt Water Fly. Small Hies found near the s;dt water, in which their larv;e live. :. Dic/ucfn cii/tdtfta. -fa in. : black, with ten long bristles in tail. 2. />. brci-icanda. ls in. : black, with six long bristles in tail. \otiphila bclla. !s in. : gray, with brown stripes. Psilopa atra. '3 in. ; glossy black ; hind teet red. ninfoccrii(a pai--a. fa in. : ashy gray ; body black ; wing transparent ; feeler, knees and feet yellow. Hydrelliiia livpolcuca. l/% in. ; brassv brown ; face and under side white : legs black : hind feet n/t/il>crcitlata. ^ in.: brassy brown ; wing gray, with black border: two warts on hind pan of chest. /rij atro-vii-cHS. fa in. ; dark green. fa fai'itlacea. ' :-j in. ; ashy gray : wing with four clear spots. OCHTERA. Catch Fly. i. O. tubcrcitlata. -fa in. ; black, with swollen shanks ; feet red. O. cmpiiliforiiiis. yi in. ; whitish ; body black ; head gray, with black eyes. (59) DROSOPHILA. Apple Fly. i. D. ampelopliila. ft in. Pomace or Wine Fly. Yellowish. Found about wine or cider vats, and live on decaying fruit. PHORID^E. Hump-backed Flies. Phora, Minute flies, found sometimes on windows, sometimes flying and dancing in swarms. Family 30. GESTRID/E. Gad or Bot Flies. Large bee-like flies with very small mouths ; parasitic on animals. (ESTRUS. Bot Fly. 1. CE. ovis. Sheep Bot Fly. y2 in.; brown, smooth ; body checkered. Lays its eggs in the nostrils of sheep; from there the maggots, when hatched, creep up the passages of the nose and fasten themselves in the chambers of the forehead. 2. (£. phobifcr. ^4 in.; black; chest and tail-end reddish ; wing black banded. QASTROPHILUS. Horse Bot Fly. 1. G. equi. y? in.; pale yellow, spotted with red : chest banded with black ; wing spotted. It lays its eggs on the knees of horses : the hatched maggots irritate the horse, which licks the infested spot and gets the maggots into his mouth, and from there they crawl into his stomach where they fasten themselves and stay until full grown, passing out with the excreta. 2. G. hamorrhoidalis. % in. ; red tail. Lays its eggs on the lips of the horse. 3. G. vcfcrinus. The Farrier Bot Fly. ^ in. ; brown. Lays its eggs under the throat of the horse. (60) HYPODERMA. Warble Fly. 1. //. bo-jiis. J<2 in.; black; face pale gray and yellow; chest with a yellow and white band ; body with a yellow, black and reddish band. It lays its eggs on the backs of cattle. The maggots bore through the skin and produce tumors in which they live " ;/-1A'$s,-'V till full grown and then crawl out. , ' 2. //. lincata. ^ in.; black, covered with gray hair ; black hairy on middle of body ; tail- (^ end yellow ; chest with indistinct stripes ; legs reddish yellow. Habits like the last. CUTEREBRA. Skin=boring Fly. 1. C. ctiniculi. \ l/% in. ; black ; sides and hind portion of chest yellow hairy. Lives on rabbits. 2. C. Jiorripilitm . i in. ; chest and first rings yellow hairy. 3. C. anifricana. rg in. ; black ; sides of chest yellow with three black dots. 4. C. ftuccata. ~% in.; grav : body steel-blue ; head and sides with black dots. Lives on squirrels. (61) III. SUB -ORDER PUPIPARA. LOUSE FLIES AND TICKS. Family 31. HIPPOBOSCID/E. Louse Flies and Ticks. This and the next two families differ from all flies mentioned before by having no larva state. The female instead of laying eggs, gives birth to the pupa from which the insect emerges. HIPPOBOSCA. Louse Fly. Forest Fly. II 'it li fire reins in their u'ings. 1. //. ci/uina. ]/± in.; bright rust yellow; chest chestnut; feet black. Nestles in the hair of the horse. 2. ff. bubonis. 3/y in. ; horn color with reddish tinge and black hairs; feet and tail-end black. Lives on the owl. LIPOPTENA. Deer Tick. Lives in his wingless state on the deer, and with developed wings on the partridge. With three length-veins in the wing. L. cervi on the deer; Ornithomyia palliila on the partridge. ORNITHOMYIA. Bird Louse Fly. 1. O. nebitlosa. -^ in. ; yellow head; chest reddish brown with yellow spot on shoulder, and three stripes ; body pale brown with black hair. 2. O. pall ida. \ in.; chest pale yellow ; body pale brown ; legs white on partridge. 3. O. confluent. ''s in. ; reddish brown. 4. O. fuscivcutris. ^ in. ; chest honey yellow : body brown ; legs green. (62) OLFERSIA. Sucking Fly. i. O. anicricana. ,'4 in. : to point of wing. j7^ in. ; clay yellow, with impressed middle line on chest. Lives Dii owls and other birds. MELOPHAQA. Mammal Fly. (I 'ingless. ti . J/. t/c/>rr.t.'ict. Jfj in-! honey yellow, with oval eyes. 2. J/. ovina. The Slieep Tick. % Family 32. NYCTERIBIID/E. Bat Lice. Leather yellow; about ',3 inch in length. Family 33. BRAULID/E. Bee Lice. BRAULA. Bee Louse. i. U. area, y'g in. ; wingless and eyeless. Lives on the honey bee. Family 34. PULICID/E. PULEX. Flea. i. /'. irritant. The human Flea. Dark brown; no spines on mouth or back of neck, j. /'. (Centtopsyllus) serrattccps. The Dog Flea. Reddish tawny brown ; a row of black spines on sides of mouth and back of neck. Other fleas occur on different birds and animals. (63) FOR THE COLLECTOR. Flies are caught in a common butterfly net made of mosquito netting; a slight pressure between the fingers .Us them. A pin run through the- chest pait makes them readv for the cabinet. The larger ones may be retched like butterflies. The craneflies require delicate handling or their legs will come off. Small flies may : gummed on a piece of card, and this pinned in the cabinet, though I prefer to dry them between white paper ith a slight pressure as in a book. Afterwards arrange and name them on a sheet of heavy white paper and en lay a plate of glass of the same si/e over it and paste it secure! v around the edges. The drawings in this book are mostly life-size, the small kinds being drawn double life-size. (64) KNOBEUS ILLUSTRATED GUIDE BOOKS TO FACILITATE THE STUDY OF NATURAL HISTORY OF THE 1. A GUIDE TO FIND THE TREES AND SHRUBS OF NEW ENGLAN, 2. THE FERNS AND EVERGREENS OF NEW ENGLAND. 3. THE DAY BUTTERFLIES AND DUSKFLYERS. 4. BEETLES OF NEW ENGLAND AND THEIR KIND. 5. THE NIGHT MOTHS OF NEW ENGLAND. 6. FRESH-WATER FISHES OF NEW ENGLAND. 7. THE TURTLES, SNAKES, FROGS, AND OTHER REPTILES. «. THE MOSQUITOES AND FLIES OF THE NORTH. (Several others in preparation.^ Each, oblong, paper, net 50 cents. Cloth, net 75 cents. NORTH. SOME EXTRA GOOD BOOKS. " EVERY BIRD." By Reginald Heber Howe, Jr. Fully Illustrated. - - - - $ 1.00 THE GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. By Frank A. Bates. - 1.00 SPARROWS AND FINCHES. By C. J. Maynard. Illustrated. 1.50 KEY TO THE WATER-BIRDS OF FLORIDA. By C. B. Cory. Illustrated. 1.75 EATON'S FERNS OF NORTH AMERICA. 81 Colored Plates, 2 Vols. - 40.00 GOODALE'S WILD FLOWERS OF AMERICA. 51 Colored Plates. 7.50 BRITTON & BROWN'S FLORA OF THE NORTHERN U. S. Illustrated, per vol. 3.00 CHAPMAN'S FLORA OF THE SOUTHERN STATES. New Edition. 4.00 DODGE'S FERNS AND FERN ALLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. - - - .50 BRADLEE WHIDDEN, PUBLISHER, 18 Arch Street, Boston.