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THE MOTH BOOK

Plate I (Frontispiece)

1. m-jllaho.

AMFRtCAN COLORTYPE

Explanation of Plate I (Frontispiece)

LARV^ OF MOTHS

1. Hyloicus chersis Hubner.

2. Callosamia promethea Drury.

3. Cucullia convexipennis Grote & Robinson.

4. Cither onia regalis Fabricius.

5. Euchcetias egle Drury.

6. Sibine stimulea Clemens.

7. Catocala innubens Guenee.

8. Sarnia cecropia Linnaeus.

9. Prolimacodes scapha Harris.

10. Seirarctia echo Abbot & Smith.

11. Mamestra picta Harris.

12. Achatodes zece Harris.

13. Datana ministra Drury.

14. Phobetron pithecimn Abbot & Smith

15. Nerice bidentata Walker.

16. Eurycyttarus confederata Grote & Robinson.

17. Lycia cognataria Guenee.

18. Cerura multiscripta Riley.

19. Tortricidia testacea Packard.

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COPYRIGHT, 1903, BY
W. J. HOLLAND
PUBLISHED, NOVEMBER, 1 903

Nortoaati 53rc33 ;

Berwick S; Smith (Jo., Norwood, Mass., IJ.S.A.

THE MOTH BOOK

A POPULAR GUIDE

TO A KNOWLEDGE OF THE MOTHS OF
NORTH AMERICA

BY

W. J. HOLLAND, D.D., Ph. D., Sc. D., LLD.

DIRECTOR OF

THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM, PITTSBURGH, PA.; LATE CHANCELLOR
OF THE WESTERN UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA; PRESIDENT OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA ; FELLOW OF THE ZOOLOGICAL
AND ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES OF LONDON; MEMBER OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF FRANCE;

ETC., ETC.

WITH FORTY-EIGHT PLATES IN COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY,
AND NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT, REPRODUC-
ING SPECIMENS IN THE COLLECTION OF THE AUTHOR,
AND IN VARIOUS PUBLIC AND PRIVATE COLLECTIONS

NEW YORK:

DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY

1903

I

COPYRIGHT, 1903, BY
W. J. HOLLAND
PUBLISHED, NOVEMBER, I903

UNIVERSITY

a alberta librart

TO MY HONORED FRIEND,

ANDREW CARNEGIE,

WHOSE NAME IS A SYNONYM FOR FINANCIAL
SAGACITY AND PRACTICAL BENEVOLENCE,

I DEDICATE THIS BOOK

PREFACE

\^HEN a few years ago I published “The Butterfly Book,” I
’ ’ stated in the preface to that volume that I would follow it
by the preparation of a similar work upon the moths of the United
States and Canada, provided the reception given that venture
should seem to justify me in so doing. “The Butterfly Book”
was very favorably received, and not only I, but my publishers,
have been besieged with letters from all parts of the continent,
urging the fulfillment of the provisional promise made by me in
1898. A prompt compliance with these requests has, however,
unfortunately been impossible, owing to the fact that my official
duties, which are numerous and exacting, prevent me from devot-
ing any but the evening hours to the work of literary composition.
In addition to the difficulties arising from this source, there were
other and even greater difficulties which presented themselves.
The species of moths known to occur in the United States and
Canada vastly exceed in number the species of butterflies found
within the same limits. While it was possible to bring together
brief descriptions and numerous illustrations of the majority of the
species of butterflies found in the region, it became evident at the
outset that in dealing with the moths it would be necessary to
resort to a different method. It became plain that a process of
selection would have to be followed, if the volume were to be
kept within proper limits as to size and cost. It would have been
comparatively easy to have selected from the abundant material
at my command a series of the more showy insects, and to have
illustrated these, but as it is the purpose of the series of the books
of which “The Moth Book” is one to provide in reasonably
compact form manuals which will with tolerable completeness
cover the whole field, the plan had to be materially altered. In-
stead, therefore, of attempting to briefly describe and figure all
the thousands of species of moths which have been ascertained to

vii

Preface

occur in North America north of Mexico, the effort was made to
select those species which would adequately represent the various
families and the commoner and more important genera, thus pro-
viding a work which might serve as an introduction to the study.
This process of selection had to be made with much patience and
care. Another cause of delay arose from the fact that it is some-
times difficult to obtain perfect specimens for purposes of photo-
graphic reproduction. Even where species are well known and
common, and are abundantly represented in the collections to
which 1 have access, it has not infrequently happened that it was
almost impossible to discover specimens so perfect as to allow
of their being reproduced by color-photography in a satisfactory
manner. Minor defects, which signify little to a working natural-
ist, and which can easily be eliminated from sight by a draughts-
man, become very serious blemishes when resort is had to methods
of photographic illustration. Much time had, therefore, to be spent
in searching through various collections for the kind of material
which was required, and often in remounting specimens which,
while good enough for the cabinet, were not so set as to permit
them to be employed in the photographic laboratory. Patience
and perseverance, however, always bring in due time their re-
ward, and 1 have been able to assemble enough properly prepared
material to enable me in the main to accomplish my purpose.

“Brevity is the soul of wit,” and this fact has not been
forgotten by the writer in preparing the pages of this book. The
limitations necessarily imposed by the space available precluded
the preparation of lengthy descriptions. This brevity in descrip-
tion is, however, as the v/riter believes, abundantly compensated
for by the illustrations in the Plates. One good recognizable
figure of a species is worth reams of mere verbal description.
Those who desire to go deeply into the subject, and who wish
to famiHarize themselves with all its technicalities, will find in
the list of works named in that part of the introduction devoted
to the bibliography of the subject much that they desire.

I am indebted to many scientific friends for assistance, but to
no one am I more indebted than to Dr. L. O. Howard, the Ento-
mologist of the United States Department of Agriculture and the
Honorary Curator of Entomology in the United States National
Museum, and to his amiable associates, Dr. William H. Ashmead

viii

Preface

and Dr. Harrison G. Dyar. With unfailing courtesy these gentlcs-
men most generously aided me by allowing me to use the
material in the National Collection, when it became necessary to
do so, and in many other ways gave me invaluable help. I
gratefully acknowledge the kindness of Professor J. B. Smith, of
Rutgers College, who very graciously went over the Plates con-
taining the Noctuidce, thereby saving me in several instances
from errors in determination. My best thanks are due to Mr.
William Beutenmuller, the Curator of Entomology in the
American Museum of Natural History, New York, for his most
obliging courtesy and for much valued assistance. To Mrs.
Beutenmuller’s facile fingers I owe the frontispiece and many
illustrations in the text. To Sir George F. Hampson, of the
British Museum, and to the Trustees of that great institution,
a debt of gratitude is due for many favors, and especially
for permission to use some of the illustrations employed in
their publications. From Dr. Henry Skinner,^ of the Academy of
Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, and Mr. Jacob Doll, of the
Brooklyn Institute, I received great assistance. To the Messrs.
F. A. and H. S. Merrick, of New Brighton, Pa., to Dr. William
Barnes, of Decatur, III., and to Mr. O, C. Poling, of Peoria, 111., 1
return thanks for the loan of specimens used for illustration.
The Honorable Walter Rothschild and Dr. Carl Jordan, of Tring,
England, placed me under special obligations by permitting me to
see advance proofs of the pages of their great work upon the
Sphingidce. To all of these gentlemen, as well as to scores of
others, who have lent their aid in the preparation of the book, I
extend my heartfelt thanks.

While recognizing its imperfections, I trust that the volume
will accomplish much to quicken an interest, especially among
the young people in our schools and colleges, in that beautiful
department of scientific inquiry, which it is designed to some
extent to illustrate.

Director’s Office, W. J. H.

Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa.

September 8, 1903.

IX

" n

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

Dedication v

Preface vii

Table of Contents xi

List of Illustrations in the Text xv

List of Colored Plates xxiii

INTRODUCTION

CHAP. PAGE

1. The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths . . . 3-18

How to distinguish a moth from a butterfly. The Eggs of
Moths; Caterpillars: Structure, Form, Color, Habits, etc.; The
PupcB of Moths: Form, Covering, etc.; Anatomy of Moths:
Head, Thorax, Abdomen, Legs, Wings.

H. The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Speci-
mens ' 19-21

Special Instructions for Mounting and Preparing the Smaller
Forms.

III. The Classification of Moths 22-26

The Difficulties of Classification. Various Views Entertained
by Writers. Key to the Families of North American Heterocera.

IV. Books about the Moths of North America . . . 27-38

Early Writers. Periodicals. General Catalogues and Lists.
General Works Containing Information as to the Moths of
North America. Works Particularly Useful in Studying the
Different Families of the Moths of North America.

xi

Table of Contents

THE BOOK

The Moths of North America North of Mexico.

PAGE

Family I. The Sphingidse 41

Family II. The Saturniidae .80

Family III. The Ceratocampidae 94

Family IV. The Syntomidae 98

Family V. The Lithosiidae 103

Family VI. The Arctiidae 114

Family VII. The Agaristidae 140

Family VIII. The Noctuidae . 151

Family IX. The Nycteolidae 288

Family X. The Pericopidae 289

Family XI. The Dioptidae 291

Family XII. The Notodontidae . 292

Family XIII. The Thyatiridae 303

Family XIV. The Liparidae 305

Family XV. The Lasiocampidae 31 1

Family XVL The Bombycidae . . . . . . . . .315

Family XVII. The Platypterygidae 320

Family XVIII. The Geometridae 322

Family XIX. The Epiplemidae 356

Family XX. The Nolidae 357

Family XXI. The Lacosomidae 359

Family XXII. The Psychidae 360

Family XXIII. The Cochlidiidae 364

Family XXIV. The Megalopygidae 368

Family XXV. The Dalceridae 369

Family XXVI. The Epipyropidae 370

Family XXVII. The Zygaenidae 371

Family XXVIII. The Thyrididae 374

Family XXIX. The Cossidae 375

Family XXX. The y^geriidae 379

Family XXXI. The Pyralidae 391

Family XXXII. The Pterophoridae 415

Family XXXlll. The Orneodidae 417

xii

Table of Contents

PAGE

Family XXXIV. The Tortricidae 417

Family XXXV. The Yponomeutidae 423

Family XXXVI. The Gelechiidae 424

Family XXXVII. The Xylorictidae 428

Family XXXVIII. The OEcophoridae 428

Family XXXIX. The Blastobasidae 429

Family XL. The Elachistidae 430

Family XLI. The Tineidae 430

Family XLII. The Hepialidae 443

Family XLIII. The Micropterygidae 444

DIGRESSIONS AND QUOTATIONS

PAGE

The World of the Dark 77

“ Splitters " and “ Lumpers ” 112

Sugaring for Moths 146

The Tragedy of the Night Moth (Thomas Carlyle) . . . 209

Walking as a Fine Art 270

Das Lied vom Schmetterlinge (Herder) 290

Ode to an Insect (Anacreon) 291

Nasu-no Take 301

Moth Song (Cortissoz) 310

The History of Silk Culture 316

Transformation (Henry Brooke) 321

Living and Dying (Gosse) 335

Far Out at Sea (Horne) 363

Faunal Subregions 387

Cupid’s Candle (Felix Carmen) 427

Clothes-moths 434

The End of Ail (Tennyson) 445

xiii

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT

FIG. PAGE

1. Dahlia hesperioides Pagenstecher 3

2. Egg of Peridroma saucia 5

3. Egg of Sarnia cecropia 5

4. Larva of Hyloicus kalmiae 7

5. Pupa of Telea poly phemus 10

6. Pupa of cut-worm in underground cell 10

7. Front view of the head of a moth 12

8. Lateral view of the head of a moth 12

9. Antennae of moths 13

10. Antenna of Telea polyphemus 13

1 1 . Legs of a moth 15

12. Diagram showing the structure of the wings of a moth 16

13. Neuration of the wings of Hepialus gracilis 17

14. Figures showing the frenulum and the retinaculum . . 17

1 5. Figure showing the maculation of the wings of a Noctuid 18

16. Setting-needle used in mounting microlepidoptera . . 19

17. Setting-board used in mounting microlepidoptera . . 20

18. Double mount 21

19. “As it is not done” 26

20. Three joints of the antenna of Protoparce quinquemacu-

latus 41

21. Neuration of the wings of Sesia tantalus 42

22. Pupa of Protoparce quinquemaculatus 43

23. Isoparce cupressi 48

24. Hyloicus eremitoides 50

25. Hyloicus canadensis 51

26. Protambulyx strigilis 54

27. Larva of Pholus satellitia 65

28. Larva of Pholus achemon 66

29. Larva of Darapsa myron 68

30. Parasitized larva of Darapsa myron 69

XV

List of Illustrations in the Text

FIG. page

3 1 . Microgaster which preys upon the larva of Darapsa myron 69

32. Pupa of Darapsa myron 69

33. Larva and moth of Sphecodina abbotti 70

34. Light form of larva of Celerio lineata * • 7^

35. Dark form of larva of Celerio lineata 76

36. Philosamia cynthia 81

37. Cocoon of Sarnia cecropia 83

38. Larva of Callosamia promethea 85

39. Cocoon of Callosamia promethea 85

40. Larva of Actias luna 87

41. Larva of Telea polyphemus 88

42. Cocoon of Telea polyphemus 88

43. Larva of Automeris io 90

44. Eggs of Buck-moth 92

45. Larva of Buck-moth . 92

46. Anisota rubicunda, larva and pupa 95

47. Crambidia pallida 104

48. Crambidia casta 104

49. Palpidia pallidior 105

50. Hypoprepia fucosa 106

51. Haematomis mexicana 107

52. Comacla simplex 107

55. Bruceia pulverina 108

54. Clemensia albata 108

55. mice unifascia 109

56. mice subjecta 109

57. Lerina incarnata 1 1 1

58. Dodia albertae 117

59. Haploa lecontei 119

60. Haploa contigua 1 19

61. Euerythra phasma 120

62. Larva of Ecpantheria deflorata 120

63. Turuptiana permaculata 12 1

64. Seirarctia echo 122

65. Alexicles aspersa 122

66. Estigmene prima 122

67. Estigmene acrsea 123

68. Isia isabella 125

XVI

List of llltistrations in the Text

FIG. PAGE

69. Caterpillar and pupa of Isia Isabella 125

70. Phragmatobia fuliginosa 126

71. Phragmatobia yarrowi 127

72. Apantesis anna 130

73. Kodiosoma fulva 133

74. Ectypia bivittata 133

75. Euchaetias egle 135

76. Pygarctia elegans 136

77. Hypocrisias minima 136

78. Egg of Copidryas gloveri 141

79. Pupa of Copidryas gloveri 142

80. Larva and moth of Copidryas gloveri 142

81. Tuerta sabulosa 143

82. Alypia disparata 144

83. Alypia octomaculata 144

84. Alypiodes bimaculata 145

85. Apatela populi, $ 154

86. Apatela populi, larva 154

87. Apatela oblinita 158

88. Apharetra dentata 158

89. Apharetra pyralis 159

90. Cerma cora 16 1

91. Copibryophila angelica 162

92. Platyperigea praeacuta .164

93. Platyperigea discistriga 164

94. Fishea yosemitae’ 170

95. Momaphana comstocki 172

96. Pyrophila pyramidoides, larva 173

97. Larva of Laphygma frugiperda 174

98. Moth of Laphygma frugiperda 174

99. Podagra crassipes 178

100. Abagrotis erratica 180

101. Metalepsis cornuta 181

102. Setagrotis terrifica 18 1

103. Agrotis ypsilon 182

104. Pronoctua typica 185

105. Feltia subgothica 186

106. Eucoptocnemis fimbriaris 190

xvii

List of Illustrations in the Text

FIG. PAGE

107. Mamestra picta I94

108. Trichopolia serrata 199

109. Eupolia licentiosa - 199

1 10. Larva of Heliophila unipuncta 200

111. Pupa of Heliophila unipuncta 200

1 12. Moth of Heliophila unipuncta 201

1 13. Larvse and eggs of Heliophila albilinea 202

1 14. Neleucania bicolorata 203

115. Stretchia muricina 205

116. Perigrapha prima 205

117. Xylina antennata 206

1 18. Asteroscopus borealis 209

1 19. Bellura gortynides 21 1

120. Gortyna immanis 212

121. Larva of Papaipema nitela 213

122. Ochria sauzaelitse 214

123. Pseudorthosia variabilis 216

124. Selicanis cinereola 216

125. Orrhodia californica 218

126. Tristyla alboplagiata 220

127. Pippona bimatris 221

128. Bessula luxa 221

129. Oxycnemis fusimacula 221

130. Boll-worm feeding on tomato 223

13 1. Heliothis armiger 223

132. Derrima stellata 224

133. Pseudacontia crustaria 225

134. Graeperia magnifica 225

135. Trichosellus cupes 226

136. Eupanychis spinosae 226

137. Canidia scissa 226

1 38. Palada scarletina 229

139. Sympistis proprius 229

140. Heliodes restrictalis 230

141. Heliosea pictipennis 230

142. Eupseudomorpha brillians 231

143. Larva of Psychomorpha epimenis 232

144. Pseudalypia crotchi 232

xviii

List of Illustrations in the Text

FIG. PAGE

145. Larva of Euthisanotia grata 233

146. Acherdoa ferraria 234

147. Neumoegenia poetica 235

148. Autographa brassicae 239

149. Diastema tigris 241

150. Eutelia pulcherrima 242

151. Alabama argillacea, egg, larva, and pupa 243

152. Anepischetos bipartita 245

153. Diallagma lutea 245

154. Incita aurantiaca 246

155. Trichotarache assimilis 246

156. Thalpochares setheria 249

157. Gyros muiri 249

158. Tornacontia sutrix 250

159. Cerathosia tricolor 253

160. Hormoschista pagenstecheri 253

161. Sylectra erycata 254

162. Melanomma auricinctaria 255

163. Argillophora furcilla 255

164. Parora texana 255

165. Capnodes punctivena 277

166. Selenis monotropa 277

167. Latebraria amphipyroides 279

168. Epizeuxis americalis 280

169. Epizeuxis aemula 280

170. Zanclognatha protumnusalis 281

17 1. Sisyrhypena orciferalis 282

172. Hypenula cacuminalis 283

173. Hypenula opacalis 283

174. Tetanolita mynesalis 284

175. Dircetis pygmaea 284

176. Salia interpuncta 285

177. Lomanaltes eductalis 285

178. Hypena humuli 287

179. Eunystalea Indiana 295

180. Euphyparpax rosea 298

18 1. Cargida cadmia 301

182. Hemerocampa leucostigma, moth 306

XIX

List of Illustrations in the Text

no.

183. Hemerocampa leucostigma, female moth, larva, and

male and female pupae 307

184. Hemerocampa leucostigma, full grown female larva . . 307

185. Doa ampla 3^9

186. Leuculodes lacteolaria 310

187. Hypopacha grisea 312

188. Malacosoma americana, eggs, larvae, and cocoon . . .313

189. Malacosoma disstria, mature larva 313

190. Malacosoma disstria 314

191. Larva of Bombyx mori 316

192. Cocoon of Bombyx mori 316

193. Moth of Bombyx mori 316

194. Eudeilinea herminiata 320

195. Paleacrita vernata, egg, and larva 325

196. Paleacrita vernata, male and female moths 325

197. Alsophila pometaria, egg, larva, and pupa 326

198. Moths of Alsophila pometaria 326

199. Larva of Eois ptelearia 334

200. Moth and cocoon of Eois ptelearia 335

201. Fernaldella fimetaria 337

202. Cymatophora ribearia, moth 340

203. Egg of Goose-berry span-worm 340

204. Goose-berry span-worm 341

205. Coniodes plumigeraria 346

206. Coniodes plumigeraria, larva 346

207. Nigetia formosalis 358

208. Oiketicus abboti 361

209. Thyridopteryx ephemerseformis 361

210. Harrisina americana, larva, and moth 372

21 1. Harrisina americana, larvae on grape-leaf 373

212. Zeuzera pyrina 376

213. Inguromorpha basalis . . 378

214. Cossula magnifica 379

215. Synanthedon acerni 386

216. Desmia funeralis 392

217. Glyphodes quadristigmalis 394

218. Phlyctaenodes sticticalis 395

219. Phlyctaenodes sticticalis, larvae 396

x.x;

List of Illustrations in the Text

FIG. PAGE

220. Phlyctaenodes sticticalis, pupa 396

221. Hypsopygia costalis 400

222. Pyralis farinalis 401

22}. Diatrsea saccharalis, larvae 403

224. Cornstalk attacked by Diatraea saccharalis 404

225. Moth and pupa of Diatraea saccharalis 405

226. The Bee-moth 406

227. Mineola juglandis 408

228. Mineola indigenella, larvae and moth 409

229. Mineola indigenella, larval case among leaves . , . .410

230. Zophodia grossulariae 41 1

231. Canarsia hammondi 41 1

232. Ephestia kuehniella 412

233. Cocoons of Ephestia kuehniella 413

234. Larva of Ephestia cautella 414

233. Ephestia cautella 414

236. Plodia interpunctella 415

237. Oxyptilus periscelidactylus 416

238. Orneodes hexadactylus 417

239. Eucosma scudderiana 418

240. Ancylis comptana 419

241. Cydia pomonella 420

242. Alceris minuta 421

243. Phthorimaea operculella 424

244. Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis 425

245. Anarsia lineatella, larvae 426

246. Anarsia lineatella, moths 427

247. Depressaria heracliana 428

248. Holcocera glandulella 429

249. Walshia amorphella 430

250. Bucculatrix canadensisella 431

231. Bucculatrix pomifoliella 432

232. Tineola bisselliella (The Clothes-moth) 432

233. Tinea pellionella. (The Fur-moth) 433

254. Trichophaga tapetzella. (The Carpet-moth) .... 434

253. Prodoxus quinquepunctella, larvae • . . 438

236. Prodoxus quinquepunctella, moth 439

257. Prodoxus marginatus 439

xxi

List of Illustrations in the Text

FIG. page

258. Prodoxus y-in versa 440

259. Prodoxus reticulata 440

260. Prodoxus coloradensis 440

261. Prodoxus cinereus 441

262. Pronuba yuccasella 442

263. Pronuba yuccasella, pupae 442

xxii

LIST OF COLORED PLATES

Produced by the color-photographic process of the American Colortype
Company, New York and Chicago

FACING

PAGE

I. Larvae of Moths Frontispiece

II. Sphingidae (Hawkmoths) 42

III. Sphingidae (Hawkmoths), &c 48

IV. Sphingidae (Hawkmoths) 56

V. Sphingidae (Hawkmoths) 62

VI. Sphingidae (Hawkmoths) 70

VII. Sphingidae (Hawkmoths) 76

VIII. Saturniidae, Ceratocampidae, &c 80

IX. Saturniidae, &c 84

X. Saturniidae, Ceratocampidae, Lasiocampidae ... 88

XI. Saturniidae, Ceratocampidae, Lasiocampidae, &c. . . 92

XII. Saturniidae, Cossidae, Lasiocampidae . 96

XIII. Syntomidae, Lithosiidae, Arctiidae 108

XIV. Arctiidae 116

XV. Arctiidae 122

XVI. Arctiidae, &c 134

XVII. Arctiidae, Agaristidae, Noctuidae 140

XVIII. Noctuidae 156

XIX. Noctuidae 164

XX. Noctuidae 176

XXL Noctuidae 182

XXII. Noctuidae 188

XXIII. Noctuidae 194

XXIV. Noctuidae 204

XXV. Noctuidae 210

XXVI. Noctuidae 218

xxiii

List of Colored Plates

FACING

PAGE

XXVII. Noctuidae 228

XXVIII. Noctuidae 240

XXIX. Noctuidae . 252

XXX. Noctuidae 260

XXXI. Noctuidae 262

XXXII. Noctuidae 266

XXXIII. Noctuidae 268

XXXIV. Noctuid^ 270

XXXV. Noctuidae 272

XXXVI. Noctuidae 276

XXXVII. Noctuids 278

XXXVIII. Pericopidae, Dioptidae, Liparidae, Megalopygidae,

&c 290

XXXIX. Notodontidae 296

XL. Notodontidae, Thyatiridae, &c 300

XLI. Lasiocampidae, Hepialidae, Psychidae, Platyptery- 514

gidae, Lacosomidae, &c 328

XLII. Noctuidae, ‘Nycteolidae, Geometridae 330

XLIII. Geometridae 338

XLIV. Geometridae 348

XLV. Geometridae 354

XLVI. i^geriidae 382

XLVII. Cochlidiidae, Zygaenidae, Thryrididae, Pyralidae . 394
XLVIII. Pyralidae, Tortricidae, Tineidae, &c 412

XXIV

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I

THE LIFE-HISTORY AND ANATOMY OF MOTHS

“ I suppose you are an entomologist ? ”

“ Not quite so ambitious as that, sir. I should like to put my eyes on the
individual entitled to that name. No man can be truly called an entomologist,
sir ; the subject is too vast for any single human intelligence to grasp.”

Oliver Wendell Holmes, The Poet at the Breakfast Table.

The great order of the scale-winged insects, or lepidoptera,
by the consent of almost all naturalists has been subdivided into
two suborders, the Rhopalocera, or Butterflies, and the Hetero-
cera, or Moths. As Dr. David Sharp well says, “The only
definition that can be given of Heterocera is the practical one that
all Lepidoptera that are not butterflies are Heterocera.'’*

The distinction made between butterflies and moths, accord-
ing to which all lepidoptera having clubbed antennae are to be
classified as Rhopalocera, or butterflies, and those without
clubbed antennae are to be classified as Heterocera, or moths,
while holding good in the main, yet is found with the increase
of our knowledge to have exceptions, and there are a few fami-
lies of lepidoptera, apparently forming con-
necting links between the butterflies and the
moths, in which, while most of the structural
characteristics are those of the Heterocera, the
antennae are distinctly clubbed. This is true
of the Castniidce, found in tropical America,
the 'Neocastniidce of the Indo-Malayan region,
the Euschemonidx of Australia, and certain
obscure genera of the Agaristidt^, among them that remarkable
insect. Dahlia hesperioides Pagenstecher, which occurs in the

^Cambridge Natural History, Vol. VI. p. 366.

Fig. I. — Dahlia
hesperioides Pagen-
stecher.

3

The Life- History and Anatomy of Moths

Bismarck Archipelago and the island of Burn. When, a few
years ago, I communicated a specimen of this strange little moth to
Sir George F. Hampson, he suggested that a trick had been played
and that the head of a butterfly (a skipper) had been affixed to
the body of a moth, but such was not the case, as a considerable
series of specimens in my possession showed. The incident
reveals that in classification hard and fost lines, based upon the
character of a single organ, can not be always adhered to. There
is scarcely any generalization in reference to organic structures
which students have made which has not been found with the
increase of knowledge to have its limitations. While all this is
true, it is nevertheless also true that, so far as the lepidoptera of
the United States and the countries of British North America are
concerned, the old distinction between the two suborders, based
upon the form of the antennae, holds good, with the sole excep-
tion of the insects belonging to the genus Megathymus, which
are by many authors classified with the Castniidce, and by others
with the Hesperiidce. In the “Butterfly Book” I have left these
insects with the Hesperiidce. Leaving them out of sight, we may
say that all lepidoptera found in the region with which this book
deals, and which do not possess clubbed antennae, are moths.
The easiest way for the beginner who lives in the United States,
or Canada, to ascertain whether the insect before him is a moth,
is to first familiarize himself with the structure of the antennae of
butterflies, and then by comparison to refer the specimens before
him to their proper suborder.

Moths undergo metamorphoses analogous to those through
which butterflies pass. They exist first in the embryonic form
as eggs. When the eggs hatch the insects appear as larvae, or
caterpillars. They are then, after undergoing a series of molts,
transformed into pupae, or chrysalids, which may be naked, or
may be provided with an outer covering, known as the cocoon,
which is more or less composed of silk. After remaining for
some time in the pupal state, they appear as perfect four-winged,
six-footed insects.

THE EGGS OF MOTHS

The eggs of moths, like those of butterflies, consist of a shell
containing the embryo and the liquid food upon which it subsists

4

The Life-History and Anatomy of Mdths

until it has attained the degree of maturity which permits it
to hatch, or come forth in the first larval stage. The eggs
of moths have various forms. Spherical, hemispherical, cylin-
drical, and lenticular, or lens-shaped eggs
are common. The eggs of the Cochlidiidce, or
Slug-moths, are broad and very flat, looking
like microscopic pancakes. The surfaces of
the eggs of moths are seen under a micro-
scope to be more or less ornamented by
raised lines and sculpturings. While in sopae
cases the eggs of moths are beautifully spotted and mottled, they
are generally quite plain in color, white, pale green, bluish-
green, or brown. Like the eggs of butterflies, they are provided
with a micropyle. The micropyle, in the case of such eggs as
are globular, conical, or cylindrical, is situated on top. In the
case of those eggs which are flattened or lenticular, the micro-
pyle is located on the outer margin or rim.

The eggs are always laid by the female in a state of freedom
upon that food-plant which is most congenial to the larva. In
captivity moths will often deposit their eggs
in the receptacle in which they are con-
fined. In such cases, unless the observer
knows the food-plant upon which the
species feeds, he will be apt to have great
difficulty in rearing the larvae, unless by a
Fig. 3. — 'EggolSamia happy chance he succeeds experimentally
in ascertaining the proper plant. This may
sometimes be done by introducing the
leaves of a number of plants found in the neighborhood and
observing those to which the young caterpillars resort.

The date of oviposition varies with different fimilies and
genera. Some moths deposit their eggs in the fall and the young
insect passes the winter in the egg, emerging when the early
springtime brings opening flowers and leaves. Some moths
lay their eggs in the late summer and early Till; the eggs hatch
shortly afterward, and the larvse, after molting one or more
times, hibernate in the caterpillar state, and in the following
spring resume the process of feeding and molting until such
time as they are ready to undergo further transformation. Most

Fig. 2. — Egg of
Peridroma saucia,
greatly enlarged.

5

The Life* History and Anatomy of Moths

moths in temperate regions oviposit in the spring or early
summer, and the eggs hatch shortly afterward.

THE CATERPILLARS OF MOTHS

The caterpillars of moths are of course extremely small when
they first emerge from the egg. They, however, rapidly increase
in relative size as they continue the process of feeding and
molting, and in the case of some of the larger species become
to the ignorant and uninformed even formidable in appear-
ance. The larva of the Royal Walnut-moth, or “Hickory Horn-
Devil,” as it is sometimes called, is a striking object. (See Plate
I, Fig. 4.) Specimens six and seven inches in length are not at
all uncommon. With its curved horns and numerous spines it
presents to the uninitiated a truly repellent aspect.

The larvae of the Heterocera, like those of the Rhopalocera, are
principally phytophagous, that is to say, they feed upon vege-
table matter. The food of the vast majority consists of the leaves
of grasses, shrubs, and trees. A few larvae feed upon woody
tissues, and bore long galleries under the bark or in the wood
of trees. Others feed upon the pith of herbaceous plants. A
number of species feed upon the inside of growing fruits. Only
a very few species are known to be carnivorous. In Australia
there occurs a Galleriid moth, the larva of which burrows into
the fatty tissues of one of the great wood-boring caterpillars of
the region, and preys upon it somewhat as is done by the great
family of parasitic Hymenoptera, known to scientific men as the
Ichneumonidx. Certain Phycids and Noctuids feed upon scale-
insects, in the same way in which the larva of the butterfly
known as Feniseca tarquinius feeds upon the same class of in-
sects. Among the Tineidce there are certain species which, as
is well known, feed upon hair and on horn. Every house-
wife is more or less acquainted with the ravages committed by
the destructive larvae of the clothes-moth.

There is considerable variety, in the form of heterocerous
larvae, and still greater variety in the manner in which their
bodies are adorned by various growths and colors. The body,
as is the case with the larvae of the Rhopalocera, is composed
normally of thirteen rings or somites, anterior to which is the
head.

6

The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths

The head is usually prominent, and is provided with man-
dibles, or jaws, eyes, rudimentary antennas, maxillae, palpi, and
a spinneret for the production of silk. The head may be
globular, hemispherical, or conoid. It is sometimes cleft on top,
or bifid. It is generally more or less retractile, or capable of
being drawn back, so as to be partially concealed in the folds of
the anterior somite of the body.

Of the thirteen somites forming the body of the caterpillar,
the three foremost are thoracic, and each is furnished with a pair
of legs which correspond to the six legs of the perfect insect, or
imago. The last two somites of the body are often so closely
united with each other as to be superficially indistinguishable.
The somites from the third to the eleventh inclusive are provided
on either side with spiracles connecting with the tracheae, through
which the creature receives the external air in order to the oxy-
dization of the waste products of the circulation.

Fig. 4. — Larva oiHyloicus kalmics: a, thoracic legs; b, prolegs;
c, anal proleg; d, anal horn; e, head.

The body is usually supported at the middle and at the end
by prolegs, or false legs. In the majority of families there are
four pairs of these prolegs, situated upon the sixth, seventh,
eighth, and ninth somites, and a fifth pair situated on the
thirteenth or last somite. The latter pair are called the anal
prolegs. In the larvae of the greater portion of the Geometridce,
and in those of numerous Noctuidx, the prolegs are reduced in
number, and in many of the Psychidce they appear to be wholly
wanting. In most of the GeometridiZ the pair found on the
ninth and thirteenth somites are the only prolegs, and therefore
in order to progress the creature makes a series of movements
in which the body is looped upward. These caterpillars are

7

The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths

known as “loopers” or “measuring-worms.” When, as is the
case with many genera of the 'Noctuidce, a less complete abortion
of the prolegs occurs, and only a partial approximation to the
movement employed by the larvae of the Geometridce is wit-
nessed, the caterpillars are said to be “ half-loopers,” or “semi-
loopers.” As examples of such caterpillars we may cite those
belonging to the genus Plusia, in which there are only two pairs
of abdominal prolegs. In the family of the Megalopygidce the
prolegs are supplemented by sucker-like pads on the somites
ranging from the fifth to the tenth, inclusive. In the Cochlidiidce
the prolegs are wanting, their function being wholly assumed by
such sucker-like pads, ranging on the ventral surface from the
fourth to the eleventh somites, inclusive. In the Eriocephalidce,
which are regarded as ancestral forms, there are, as has been
pointed out by Dr. T. A. Chapman, eight pairs of abdominal
prolegs and an abdominal sucker situated upon the ninth and
tenth somites, having the shape of a trefoil or clover leaf. These
larvae are further remarkable in having well-developed antennae.

After the larvae have emerged from the egg and fed for a
longer or shorter period, the outer skin, or epidermis, becomes
too small to admit of further growth, and the insect then molts,
or sheds its skin, and resumes feeding until increased develop-
ment makes another molt necessary. The number of such
molts varies in the case of different species. Ordinarily, hetero-
cerous caterpillars do not molt more than five times before trans-
forming into pupae, but some genera molt as often as ten times,
while others only molt thrice. The skin which is cast off pre-
serves the outline not only of the body, but also of the horn-like
processes, the hairs, and various other appendages attached to
the body at the time of molting. The molting period is a
critical time in the life of larvae, and those who are endeavoring
to rear them should never disturb them in the least at this time.

The bodies of the larvae of moths are covered with tubercles,
the location and arrangement of which has in recent years
received considerable attention from students, and is thought to
furnish a clue to the lines of descent of certain families. These
tubercles sometimes carry only a single hair, in other cases they
carry large tufts of hairs; they may be small and inconspicuous,
or they may be developed until they assume the form of great

8

The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths

spines, horns, or bulbous projections. The hairs and spines
with which some larvae are ornamented possess stinging proper-
ties. This is true of some genera among the Saturniidce and the
Cochlidiidx in temperate America and of many genera in the same
families and among the Lasiocampidce in the tropics. The sting-
ing hairs of a large caterpillar found in tropical Africa are
employed by the natives in preparing the poison which they
put upon their arrows. The inflammation caused by these hairs,
even in the case of specimens long dead, 1 know from personal
experience to be very severe.

The coloration of caterpillars is often very striking and beau-
tiful, and in most cases is such as to adapt them more or less to
their surroundings in life. Cases of protective mimicry are very
numerous. A beautiful illustration of this is seen on Plate 1,
fig. 15, where the singular form of the caterpillar, combined with
its green tint, suggests the serrated edge of the leaf of the elm,
upon which plant it feeds. There is almost endless diversity in
the modifications of form and color in the larval stages of moths,
and they are as characteristic as are the forms and colors of the
perfect insects.

There is much diversity in the social habits of the larvae of
moths. Some are gregarious and exist in colonies which disperse
at the time of pupation; but there are a few singular instances, in
which the communistic instinct perdures, and leads the entire
colony to form a common cocoon, or envelope of silk, in which
each individual subsequently spins a smaller cocoon for itself. In
1893 1 had the pleasure of communicating some information in
regard to this curious phase of insect life to the pages of the
journal of the Cambridge Entomological Club (See Psyche, Vol.
VI., p. 385). This habit is characteristic of certain genera of
African moths, but has not thus far been observed as occur-
ring in the case of any American species.

THE PUP/E OF MOTHS

When the caterpillar has gone through its successive molts
and attained to full development it undergoes the transformation
known as pupation. From a life of freedom and motion it
passes into a condition in which freedom and almost all power
of motion are lost. The flexible and more or less agile body is

9

The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths

encased in hard chitinous rings and sheathings. As a measure of
protection during this stage, the insect, before transforming into a
pupa, descends into the earth, and forms there a ceil at a greater or
lesser depth beneath the surface, or else weaves a cocoon of silk

about its body. In some cases the
transformation takes place at the
surface of the earth under leaves or
under fallen branches and the loose
bark of trees. In almost all such
cases there is apparently an at-
tempt, though often slight, to throw
a few strands of silk about the body
of the caterpillar, if only to hold in
place the loose material amidst which transformation is to occur.
The forms assumed in the pupal stage are not as remarkably
diversified as in the larval or imaginal stages. The pupae of
moths are generally brown or black in color, though a few are
more or less variegated. The bright golden and silvery spots
which ornament the pupae of many species of butterflies, causing
them to be called chrysalids, are seldom, if ever, found.

While the change into a pupa might at first sight appear to
the superficial observer to be disadvantageous because of the loss
of motion and the imprisonment
within narrow bounds, it neverthe-
less distinctly marks a progression
in the life of the creature. The pupal
case contains within it the moth, as
may easily be ascertained by a care-
ful dissection made in the very earliest
period after the change has occurred,
and which becomes very evident at a later time when the period
of the pupal life is drawing to its close.

In the cocoon or in the cell in which pupation has taken place
will always be found the exuviae, or the larval skin, etc., of the
caterpillar, which have been cast off.

When the time comes for the perfect insect to emerge from
the pupa, nature has provided methods by which escape from
the prison cell underground, or the tightly woven cocoon, can
be effected. In the case of those pupae which lie deeply buried

Fig. 6. — Pupa of Cut-worm
in earthen cell. (Riley.)

Fig. 5. — Pupa of Telea
polyphemus. (Riley.)

10

The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths

under the soil escape is made by means of the power possessed
by the abdominal somites, or rings, of moving with a sort of
spiral twist. The pupa “wriggles” itself upward through the
soil until it reaches the surface, following in its course the line of
least resistance, which is generally the line through which the
larva burrowed downward to its hiding place. In this movement
the pupae are often aided by spinous projections at the lower edge
of the somites which prevent backward motion. When emer-
gence from a cocoon occurs, the insect is provided with the power
of ejecting from its mouth a fluid, which has the property of
dissolving and cutting the silken threads. When the moth first
emerges from the pupa its wings are soft and flabby and its body
is long and vermiform. The first act is to secure a quiet resting
place. The fluids of the body are in the process of circulation
rapidly absorbed from the abdominal region, and, pressing out-
ward under the action of the heart, cause the wings to expand
and assume their normal form and the other parts to acquire
adjustment. There is no more interesting spectacle than to
witness the rapid development of a moth from its apparently
helpless condition at emergence from the pupal stage into an
insect strong of wing and often gloriously beautiful in color.

THE ANATOMY OF MOTHS

The body of all lepidoptera consists of three subdivisions, the
head, the thorax, and the abdomen. The head bears the princi-
pal organs of sense and of nutrition, the thorax those of locomo-
tion, and the abdomen those of generation and in large part those
of assimilation, respiration, and circulation.

The reader who desires to ascertain the names and the func-
tion of the various organs of the body of moths may consult in
this connection the corresponding portion of the “Butterfly
Book,” in which the principal facts have been fully set forth as to
the diurnal lepidoptera. The anatomy of moths does not radically
differ in its main outlines from that of the Rhopalocera. The
same names are applied to the parts, and the differences which
occur are not so much differences in function as in outline.

In studying the head of moths we find that as a rule the
head is not as prominent as is the case in butterflies. It is
more retracted, as a rule, though in the case of some families.

The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths

as the Sphingidce, it is produced well in advance of the thorax, but
even in such cases it is generally more solidly attached to the ante-
rior part of the thorax and is less mobile than in the butterflies.

The suctorial apparatus is formed in
the moths as in the case of the butter-
flies by the peculiar modification of the
maxillae into semi-cylindrical and inter-
locking tubes forming the proboscis.
This is enormously produced in some
groups, enabling the insect to hover upon
the wing over flowers and rob their cups
of the honey which they contain. This
is especially true of the Sphingidce and
some subfamilies of the Noctuidce. In
other cases, as in the family of the Satur-
niidce and Bombycidce, the proboscis is very feebly developed
or aborted. In fact, we know that some of these creatures are
without mouths and that they do not partake of nourishment in
the winged state. They are simply animate, winged reservoirs
of reproductive energy, and, when the sexual functions have been
completed, they die.

The eyes of moths are often greatly
developed. This is especially true of those
species which are crepuscular in their hab-
its. The eyes of the heterocera are, as in
all other insects, compound. They may be
naked, or may be more or less studded with
hairs, or lashes, projecting from points lying
at the juncture of the various facets making
up the organ. This fact has been utilized to
some extent in classification. Ocelli, or
minute simple eyes, subsidiary to the large
compound eyes, occur in some forms,
just above the latter, but are generally so
concealed by the covering of the head as to be only recognizable
by an expert observer.

The labial palpi of moths, as of butterflies, consist of three
joints, but there is far greater diversity in the development of the
palpi among the moths than among the butterflies. In some

Fig. 8. — Head of a
moth viewed from the
side, a, antenna; e,
eye; or, ocellus; m.p.,
maxillary palpus
labial palpus ; p, pro-
boscis.

Fig. 7. — Head of a
moth viewed from in
front, a, antenna; c,
clypous; e, eye; oc, ocel-
lus; p, proboscis.

12

The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths

cases they are but very feebly developed, in others they attain
relatively enormous proportions and strangely eccentric forms.
Maxillary palpi are found in some groups. The maxillary palpi
may have from two to eight joints.

The antennae of moths,
which, as has already been
pointed out, differ greatly in
form from those of butterflies,
are attached to the head in the
same relative location as in
butterflies. Antennae may be
filiforni, threadlike, fusiform^
spindle -shaped, or dilate,
more or less swollen toward
the tip. They may be simple,
i. e., without lateral projec-
tions, but this is rarely the
case. The shaft may be set
with cilia, or small hair-like

projections on the side of the joints. Such antennae are said to be
ciliate. Sometimes instead of cilia we find bristle-shaped projec-
tions on the joints. These are called setose antennae. In some

Fig. 9. — Antennas of moths, i,
fusiform; 2, filiform; j, dilate; 4,
ciliate ; 5, bipectinate ; 6, setose-
ciliate; 7, fasciculate; 8, dentate;
p, serrate; 10, lamellate.

Fig. 10. — Antenna of Telea polyphemus. Plu-
mose; doubly bipectinate. (From “ Insect Life,”
Vol. VII. p. 40.)

forms both cilia and bristles occur on the antennae. When the
bristles are arranged in clusters on the joints of the antennae they
are said to be fasciculate. Many forms have tooth-like projections
on the antennae; in such cases the antennae are described as den-

13

The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths

fate. The form and arrangement of the joints may be such as to
suggest the teeth of a saw; such antennae are said to be serrate.
When on the lower side of the joints of the antennae there are
minute plate-Iike projections, the antennae are described as lamel-
late. Many moths have pectinate antennae, the projections resem-
bling little combs, which may be arranged singly or in pairs on
each joint. Occasionally, but not often, there are two pairs
of such appendages on each joint. When the pectination is
excessive, so as to cause the antenna to resemble a feather, they
are said to be plumose. Figures 9 and 10 illustrate some of
these forms. In addition to the peculiarities which have just
been mentioned, antenns may be variously adorned with scales,
especially upon the upper side of the shaft, and they may be
notched, or provided with knot-like enlargements, in which case
they are said to be nodose, or they may be curved, or bent in
peculiar ways, when they are described as sinuate.

The thorax, as in butterflies, consists of three segments, the
prothorax, the mesothorax, and the metathorax. The pro-
thorax bears the tegulse or collar-lappets, the patagia, or shoulder-
lappets, and the anterior pair of legs. The mesothorax carries
the second pair of legs and the fore wings. The metathorax the
last pair of legs and the hind wings.

The abdomen, just as in butterflies, is normally composed of
nine segments, though the modifications of the terminal seg-
ments are often such as to make it difficult to recognize so many.
At the base of the thorax is situated a pair of large tracheal
spiracles, and on the other segments pairs of smaller spiracles.
Through these spiracles respiration is carried on. At the end of
the abdomen, more or less concealed by variously arranged tufts
of hair, are the organs of generation, which have in recent years
been studied quite closely by a few authors and are useful in
distinguishing species.

The legs of moths are composed of coxa, trochanter, femur,
tibia, and tarsus, the latter composed of five joints, and armed
at its end with two more or less developed hooks, or claws,
known technically as the ungues, and also a pulvillus, or pad, just
back of the claws on the lower side. The legs are armed with
spines and spurs, and there are different sexual appendages in the
males of various genera. The cut (Figure 1 1) shows the structure

14

The Life- History and Anatomy of Moths

of the legs. It will be well for the student to thoroughly famil-
iarize himself with the location and names of the different parts
indicated in this and the following figure.

Fig. II. — Legs of a Moth. (From “Packard’s Guide,’’ p. 231.)

I. Fore Leg.
c. Coxa.
t. Trochanter.

/. Femur.
t. Tibia.
tar. Tarsus.

2. Middle Leg. 3. Hind Leg.

u. Ungues.
p. Pulvillus.

sp. I . Single anterior spur.
sp. 2. Paired medial spurs.
sp. 3. Two pairs of posterior spurs.

The structure of the wings of moths is essentially like that of
butterflies, and consists of a framework of hollow tubes which
support a double membrane which bears upon its surfaces the
scales, which overlap each other like the tiles upon the roof of a
house. The tubes, which are known as veins, communicate with
the respiratory system and are highly pneumatic. They are also
connected with the circulatory system, and are furnished, at least
through their basal portions, with nerves.

The fore wing has normally twelve veins. The hind wing
has also in primitive forms, as the Hepialidce, twelve veins, but
in the vast majority of cases this number has been reduced, and
eight veins is the number which is found in the majority of cases
in the hind wing. The accompanying figures, with their expla-
nations, will suffice far better than any mere verbal explanation
to explain the structure of the wings of moths. (See Figures
12 and 13.)

The relative position of vein five in relation to the median or
subcostal systems has been much utilized in recent years by
3ystematists in their classification of the various groups.

15

The Life- History and Anatomy of Moths

The fore and hind wings in some of the primitive forms are
not connected with each other in the operation of flight. In the
Hepialidce there is a lobe near the base of the primaries which is

Fig. 12. — Diagram of Wings of a Moth. (After Hampson’s “Moths of
India,” Vol. I., with modifications.)

A. Fore Wing. B. Hind Wing.

c.m. Costal margin.

0. m. Outer margin.

1. m. Inner margin.
a.a. Apex.

i: a. Inner angle,
c. Discoidal cell.
d. Discocellulars.
ar. Areole.

f. Frenulum.

70. Subcostal bar.

c.n. Costal nervure, vein 12 of fore wing,

8 of hind wing.
s.n. Subcostal nervure.
m.n. Median nervure.

I a, b, c. Three branches of internal nervure.
2,3,4. Three branches of median nervure.

5. Lower radial.

6. Upper radial.

7,8,9,10,11. F i ve subcostal branches of fore wing.

7. Subcostal nervure of hind wing.

known as Xhejugum, but it does not appear to serve the practical
functions of a yoke. This is illustrated in Figure 13. In the vast
majority of cases a connection between the fore and hind wings
is made by means of the frenuhim on the hind wing, which hooks
intojhe retinaculum upon the fore wing, as illustrated in Figure 14.
The form of the frenulum is of use in determining the sex of
specimens, as in the case of the males it consists of a single
curved, hook-like projection, whereas in the case of the females
it is split up into a number of bristles. However, in some

16

The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths

groups, as the Phycitince, the frenulum is simple in both sexes.
In some of the families the frenulum is aborted, and its function
is. assumed by a lobe-like expansion of
the basal portion of costa of the hind
wing. The nomenclature of the parts
of the wings of moths is not essentially
different from that which is employed
in describing the wings of butterflies.

There are, however, certain conventional
terms which have been applied by authors
to the markings upon the wings, espe-
cially of the Noctuidce, and Figure 15 will
serve to explain and illustrate these terms.

A great deal of useful information in regard to the anatomical
structure of the Lepidoptera, and of moths in particular, may be

Fig. 13. — Wings of
Hepialus gracilis. Mag-
nified. j, juguni.

Fig. 14. — Frenulum and Retinaculum. (From “Moths of India,” Vol. I.)

1. s ; 2. A. Fore Wing. B. Hind Wing.

f. Frenulum. s.n. Subcostal nervure.

r. Retinaculum. m.n. Median nervure.

c.n. Costal nervure. i.n. Internal nervure.

derived from the study of various manuals and special papers,
reference to which will be made hereafter as the various families
are successively taken up and studied.

Among works to be particularly recommended in this connec-
tion are those of Professor A. S. Packard and Professor Comstock’s
“ Manual for the Study of Insects.” A very useful treatise is
found in Professor David Sharp’s two volumes upon the Insecta
contained in the “ Cambridge Natural History.” Every student,
as he advances in the study of the subject, will have frequent
occasion to consult these useful books, which embody the results
of the most recent researches and are invaluable for purposes of

The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths

reference. An even more valuable work than these is the great
“Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae contained in the Collec-
tion of the British Museum,” which is being prepared by Sir

Fig 15. — Wing of Noctuid Moth. (After Beutenmialler,
“ Bulletin American Museum Natural History,” Vol. XIV., p. 230.)

C, collar lappet; ig, patagium or shoulder lappet; T, thorax;
ab, abdomen; H, head; p, palpus; E, eye; ant, antenna; b, basal
line; bd, basal dash; ta, transverse anterior line; cl, claviform;
or, orbicular; ms, median shade; ren, reniform; tp, transverse
posterior line; ap, apical patch; apex, apex; tl, terminal lunules;
st, subterminal line; fr, fringes; om, outer margin; ha, hind angle;
J5, discal mark; exterior line; an, anal angle; wi, inner margin.

George F. Hampson, and published by the Trustees. The
endeavor in this work is to give a complete view of the entire
subject in compact form, and the learned author has enlisted
the cooperation of the most distinguished lepidopterists through-
out the world in the prosecution of his great task. The work is
of course somewhat expensive, but the working lepidopterist
cannot well do without it. Much help may also be derived from
the older works of Burmeister and Westwood, which, though
old, are far from being obsolete and useless.

CHAPTER II

THE CAPTURE, PREPARATION, AND PRESERVATION OF SPECIMENS t

“ Does he who searches Nature’s secrets scruple
To stick a pin into an insect ?”

A. G. CEhlenschl^GER, Aladdin's Lamp.

Everything that has been said in “The Butterfly Book” in
reference to the capture, preparation, and preservation of speci-
mens holds good in the case of the Heterocera. Inasmuch,
however, as many of the moths are exceedingly minute in form,
it is worth while to state that a greater degree of care must be
observed in the collection and preservation of these minute
species than is necessary in the case of even the smallest butter-
flies. The best method of collecting the micro-lepidoptera is to
put them, after they have been netted, into pill-boxes, which have
glass covers, or into vials or test tubes of large size. These
receptacles may be carried in a bag or pocket by the collector.
When he has returned from the field, the specimens maybe killed
by subjecting them to the action of sulphuric ether applied to the
corks of the vials, or introduced into the boxes on a camel’s-hair
pencil. By dipping the cork into the ether and moistening it
with a drop or two and then replacing it in the vial the insect is
stunned. Sometimes two or three successive applications of
ether are necessary. When the insect has been killed and is still

Fig. 1 6. — Setting needle used in adjusting wings of micro-
lepidoptera upon the glass surface of the setting board.

lax, it is fixed upon a small silver pin of a size proportionate to
that of its body, and is then transferred to the setting board.
Setting boards for mounting micro-lepidoptera should be made

19

The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens

differently from setting boards commonly used for butterflies and
larger moths. The best form known to the writer is one, which has
for many years been employed by Mr. Herbert H. Smith, the vet-
eran collector. Small pieces of glass about one inch square, with
their edges very lightly beveled, so as to remove all sharpness,
are spaced upon a strip of cork fastened to a wide piece of soft
pine in such a way that an interval of from one-sixteenth to one-
eighth of an inch occurs between them. This serves as the
groove to receive the body of the specimen. Having been fixed
upon the pin the insect is placed in one of these grooves. The
wings are then carefully expanded with a crooked needle
fastened in a handle, as illustrated in Figure i6, and are then bound

«

e

Fig. 17. — Setting board for mounting micro-lepidoptera ; a,
pieces of glass attached to papered cork with shellac ; b, base
of soft pine ; co., cork ; d, white paper covering cork ; ee, brads,
to which setting threads are tied ; ff, pins set firmly beyond
groove to secure alignment of setting threads ; tt, setting
threads ; pp, pins to which setting threads are fastened, and
which are stuck into the pine base to hold down the wings in
position ; h, small silver pin transfixing thorax of specimen.

in place by a thread which is held in place by a pin, as shown in
Figure 17. Though the wings of these small insects may, when
mounted, at first curl up a little under the pressure of the thread
drawn across them, they generally recover their position after
removal from the setting board. The advantage of mounting
these insects upon glass arises from the fact that the sharp point
of the needle will glide over the glass and the surface is smooth,

20

The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens

SO that they are not torn, nor are the fringes and other delicate
portions injured. In doing this work it is best to use a reading-
glass mounted in a frame, so that the operator can see the objects
before him magnified two or three diame-
ters. The mounting of micro - lepidoptera
taken in the field and put into envelopes, as
often has to be done, is a very trying opera-
tion. After the insects have been sufficiently
dried they may be set up as double mounts,
the small silver pins being thrust through
pieces of pith held upon a larger pin. The Fig. i8. — Double
Pyralidce, the Tortricidce and all the smaller mount,
micro-lepidoptera should, if possible, be collected in the way which
has just been described, and it is only thus that specimens
worthy of installation in a well ordered cabinet can be secured.

Larger forms may be placed in envelopes if intended to be
transmitted to great distances prior to study. Larvae may be
inflated in the manner described in “The Butterfly Book.” In
all other particulars the directions contained in that volume may
be safely followed by the student.

“ As the moths around a taper,

As the bees around a rose,

As the gnats around a vapour,

So the spirits group and close
Round about a holy childhood, as if drinking its repose.”

E. B. Browning, A Child Asleep.

21

CHAPTER III

THE CLASSIFICATION OF MOTHS

“ The filmy shapes that haunt the dusk.”

Tennyson, /« Memoriafn, xciii.

The insects of to-day, like the animals of all other classes
found upon the globe, represent lines of descent from an ancestry,
which runs back into the remote geologic past. The attempt to
trace the lines of descent in any order by studying the resem-
blance between genera and species as they exist to-day, while
throwing considerable light upon the subject, can never yield
wholly satisfactory results in the absence of testimony derived
from the field of paleontological inquiry. The study of fossil insect
life is as necessary to elucidate the story of the development of
the insect world, as the study of fossil vertebrates is necessary in
order to understand the manner in which existing mammals have
been derived from preexisting forms. At best descent can only
be positively asserted within the lines of those groups, to which
naturalists have given the name of families. Within these it is
possible to declare of this or that genus that it has been possibly,
or even probably, derived from the same stock as another.
Reference to a common ancestral form may safely be predicated
of very few families, so far as such assertion of a common
parentage rests upon evidences found in the living structures of
to-day.

AH attempts to classify the lepidoptera in such a manner
as to show the derivation of one of the existing families from
another, and to maintain a lineal sequence in the order given,
must necessarily prove wholly disappointing. The fact is, that
the various families represent divergences from the parent stem,
which may be likened to the divergence of the branches from the
trunk of a tree. Any system of classification, which leaves this

22

The Classification of Moths

fact out of sight, is necessarily defective, and as unnatural as it
would be for a man to lop off the branches of a tree, and then,
laying them down side by side, declare, as he contemplated the
result of his labors, “This is a tree scientifically arranged." In-
asmuch, however, as in books and cabinets serial order must be
preserved, the best that the student can do is to collocate those
forms, which display some traces of likeness, and give some hint
of their common origin.

Exceedingly different views have been entertained by natural-
ists in recent years in reference to the matters which we are dis-
cussing, and various schemes of systematic arrangement have
been evolved, many of which are contradictory, and not a few
of which appear to the unprejudiced to be more ingenious than
natural. Inasmuch as this book is intended for the use not so
much of advanced students, as of those who are entering upon the
study of the subject, it does not seem to the writer worth while
to encumber these pages with what would necessarily be a
lengthy recital of the various schemes for classification to which
he has alluded. He is inclined to regard the scheme which has
been adopted by Sir George F. Hampson in the preparation of his
great work upon the moths of the world, which is now being
issued by the Trustees of the British Museum, as upon the whole
as satisfactory as any which has recently been evolved. Inas-
much, however, as Dr. Harrison G. Dyar has quite recently pub-
lished a List of the Lepidoptera of the United States, which is
certain for many years to come to be used very largely by Ameri-
can students in arranging their collections, it has seemed upon
the whole to be best to conform the text of the present volume
to the serial arrangement given in Dr. Dyar’s List, although the
writer differs very positively from the learned author of that work
in his views as to the position which should be held in relation
to each other of a number of genera. The last word in reference
to the classification of the insects contained in this group has
certainly not yet been spoken by any one, and we are very far
from having attained in our studies to conclusions v/hich may be
accepted as final.

For the assistance of students the writer herewith gives a
key to the families which are represented in this book, which is
based upon the key given by Sir George F. Hampson in the first

23

T-he Classification of Moths

volume of his “Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae,” and in
the preparation of which he has been assisted by Dr. Dyar.

KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF NORTH AMERICAN
HETEROCERA.

Antennae not clubbed or dilated, or frenulum present when clubbed
or dilated. Frenulum present when not otherwise indicated . . i

1 — Hind wing with cell emitting not more than six veins; wings unlike

in shape ; . . 2

Hind wing with cell emitting more than six veins; wings similar in
shape 44

2 — Hind wing with vein ic absent 3

Hind wing with vein ic present 22

3 — Fore wing with vein 5 nearer 4 than 6 4

Fore wing with vein 5 from middle of discocellulars or nearer 6

than 4 15

4 — Hind wing with vein 8 absent Fam. 4, Syntomidce.

Hind wing with vein 8 present 5

5 — Hind wing with vein 8 remote from 7 6

Hind wing with vein 8 touching or approximate to 7 beyond cell . . . i a

6 — Hind wing with vein 8 anastomosing with cell to near or beyond

middle 7

Hind wing with vein 8 anastomosing with cell near base only 9

Hind wing with vein 8 joined to cell by a bar. .Fam. 14, LiparidcB.

7 — Ocelli present Fam. 6, ArctiidcB.

Ocelli absent 8

8 — Fore wing with tufts of raised scales in the cell. .Fam. 20, Nolidce.

Fore wing without such tufts Fam. 5, LithosiidcB.

9 — Antennae with shaft more or less dilated toward tip

Fam. 7, Agaristidce.

Antennae with shaft not dilated 10

10 — Hind wing with veins 3 and 4 stalked Fam. 10, PericopidcB.

Hind wing with veins 3 and 4 not stalked 1 1

11 — Fore wing with costa and inner margin parallel, arched at base ....

Fam. 9, Nycteolida.

Fam. 8, Noctw^dcs.

I a absent or not reaching anal angle

Fam. 17, PlatypterygidcB.

la reaching anal angle 13

Fam. 28, ThyrididcB.

Fam. 1$, Lasiocampida.

14 — Hind wing with vein 8 diverging from cell from base 15

Hind wing with vein 8 connected or approximate to cell 17

‘5 Tongue absent; no tibial spurs; frenulum absent. . Fam. 2, Saturniid<s.

Tongue and tibial spurs present; frenulum absent

. Fam. 3, CeratocampidcB.

Fore wing trigonate .

1 2 — Hind wing with vein

Hind wing with vein ]

13 — Frenulum present. . .
Frenulum absent. . . ,

24

The Classification of Moths

1 6 — Hind wing with vein 8,remote from 7 17

Hind wing with vein 8 approximated to or united with 7 21

17 — Proboscis absent; frenulum absent Fam. 16, Bombycidcs.

Proboscis present 18

18 — Hind wing with vein 8 joined to cell to near middle; vein 5 weak

; Fam. 12, N otodontidcB .

Hind wing with vein 8 joined to cell near base only or vein 5
strong 19

19 — Fore wing with veins 3 and 4 separate 20

Fore wing with veins 3 and 4 stalked Fam. 1 1 , Dioptidcu.

30 — Fore wing with vein 8 stalked with 9 Fam. 19, Epiplemidco.

Fore wing with vein 8 not stalked with 9 . . Fam. 18, GeometridcB.
3 1 — Hind wing with vein 8 joined to cell by a bar . . Fam. i, Sphingidce.
Hind wing with vein 8 not joined to cell by a bar.. Fam. 13, Thyatiridcs.

33 — Wings divided into plumes 23

Wings not divided into plumes 24

23 — Fore wing divided into four plumes Fam. 32, Pterophoridce.

Fore wing divided into six plumes Fam. 33, OrneodidcB.

24 — Hind wing with vein 8 absent Fam. 30, /EgeriidcB.

Hind wing with vein 8 present 25

25 — Fore wing with vein 5 from middle of discocellulars or nearer 6 than 4

Fam. 21, LacosomidcB.

26 — Hind wing with vein 8 anastomosing with or closely approximated

to vein 7 Fam. 31, PyralidcB.

Hind wing with vein 8 remote from 7 26

2 7 — Vein 8 of hind wing anastomosing with cell at base 28

Vein 8 free or united to cell by a bar 29

28 — Hind wing with vein 8 joined to cell to middle; fore wing with a

branch to vein i below Fam. 24, Megalopygidcs.

Hind wing wdth vein 8 joined to cell at base; no branch to vein
I below Fam. 23, Cochlidiidce.

29 — Mid spurs of hind tibise very short or absent 30

Mid spurs of hind tibiae, or at least one, well developed 34

30 — Proboscis absent 31

Proboscis present; vein 8 joined to the cell by a bar

Fam. 2y , ZygcsmdcB.

3 1 — Female winged 32

Female not winged Fam. 22, Psychidcs.

32 — Abdomen extending beyond hind wings Fam. 29, CossidcB.

Abdomen not extending beyond hind wings 33

33 — Antennae short; larvae free Fam. 2^, Dale er idee.

Antennae long as usual; larvae parasitic Fam. 26, EpipyroptdcB.

34 — Palpi obtuse Fam. 34, Tortricidcs.

Palpi more or less acute 35

35 — Head at least partly roughly haired Fam. 41, Tineidcs (part).

Head smooth, or with loosely appressed scales 36

25

The Classification of Moths

36 — Antennae with basal eye-cap Fam. 41, Tineidcs (part).

Antennae without basal eye-cap 37

3 7 — Maxillary palpi developed 38

Maxillary palpi rudimentary 39

38 — Fore wing with vein 7 to outer margin

Fam. 35, Y ponomeutidcB {-pBxt) .

Fore wing with vein 7 to costa Fam. 41, TineidcB (part).

39 — Hind wing with vein 8 more or less distinctly connected with cell;

outer margin usually sinuate 40

Hind wing with vein 8 not connected with cell 41

40 — Fore wing with vein 7 to outer margin or apex

Fam. 37, XylorictidcB.

Fore wing with vein 7 to costa Fam. 36, Gelechiidce.

41 — Hind wing with veins 6 and 7 nearly parallel 43

Hind wing with veins 6 and 7 approximated or stalked 43

43 — Posterior tibiae hairy / Fam. 38, CEcophoridce.

I Fam. 39, BlasiobasidcB*.

Posterior tibiae smooth Fam. 35, Yponomeutidce.

43 — Hind wing elongated ovate, longer than fore wings

Fam. 35, Y ponomeutidcB {-poxt) .

Hind wing lanceolate or linear, shorter than forewings

Fam. 40, ElachistidcB.

44 — Maxillary palpi and tibial spurs absent Fam. 42, HepialidcB.

Maxillary palpi and tibial spurs developed . . Fam. 43 , Micro pierygidce.

• No good character has been shown at present for the separation of the CEcophoridae
and the Blastobasidae,

26

CHAPTER IV

BOOKS ABOUT NORTH AMERICAN MOTHS

The literature of our subject is quite extensive, and the
most important portions of it are contained in the publications of
various learned societies and institutions.

The first references to the subject are found in the writings
of Linnseus, johanssen, Clerck, Fabricius, Cramer, Hubner, Geyer,
Drury and John Abbot. The works of Clerck, Cramer, Hubner,
Geyer and Drury are all illustrated, and contain figures of many
of the more showy North American species. Abbot and Smith’s
“Rarer Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia” gives figures of a
number of moths, with their larvae and food-plants.

In 1841 the work of Dr. Thaddeus William Harris, entitled
“A Report on the Insects of Massachusetts which are Injurious
to Vegetation,” was published. This was followed in 1852 by
the work of A. Guenee on the Noctuelites, the Deltoides, and
the Pyralites, constituting Volumes V.-VIII. of the “Species
General des Lepidopteres,” forming a portion of the “Suites a
Buffon.” Many North American species were here described
for the first time, and some of them were figured in the Atlas of
Plates accompanying the work. In 1850 G. A. W. Herrich-
Schaeffer of Ratisbon began the publication of his “Sammlung
Neuer oder Wenig Bekannter Aussereuropaischer Schmetter-
linge,” which, appearing in parts, was not completed until 1869.
Good figures of a number of North American moths are con-
tained in this important volume. In 1854 Francis Walker began
the publication under the authority of the Trustees of the British
Museum of his “List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects
in the Collection of the British Museum.” This work, which
finally grew to thirty-five volumes, the last of which appeared

27

Books about North American Moths

in 1866, contains descriptions of a multitude of moths found
within the United States and Canada. Unfortunately Walker’s
descriptions are not always recognizable, and his classification as
to families and genera was at times very careless. In 1859
Brackenridge Clemens published in the Journal of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. IV., pp. 97-190, a
“Synopsis of the North American Sphingides.” In i860 the
Smithsonian Institution issued a “Catalogue of the Described
Lepidoptera of North America,” compiled by the Rev. J. G.
Morris. This catalogue, which was the first to appear, is now
antiquated. In 1862 the same institution published a book by
the .same author, entitled “A Synopsis of the Described Lepi-
doptera of North America.” It is almost wholly a compila-
tion. The first part is devoted to the butterflies of the region.
From pp. 1 22-3 1 4 the book is devoted to descriptions of the
moths, principally extracted from the writings of Harris, Clemens,
and Walker, and these are continued in the Supplement, pp.
330-350. The work is not wholly without value.

This brief review of the literature issued previous to the out-
break of the great Civil War in America, covers practically every-
thing of importance upon the subject which had appeared up to
that time. The period which has followed has been character-
ized by greater activity in all scientific directions, and the prin-
cipal works which have appeared upon the moths of the United
States during the past forty years are herewith given in a list,
which, while not by any means complete, is sufficiently full to
enable the student to ascertain where to find information for the
prosecution of his studies, when he shall have acquainted him-
self with the contents of this volume.

PERIODICALS CONTAINING MUCH INFORMATION IN REGARD
TO THE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA

Bulletins of the U. S. Department of Agriculture (Division of Ento-
mology). (Published occasionally.)

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, Vols. I-VII, 1878-1885.

Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Vols. I-IV, 1873-
1884.

Canadian Entomologist, Vols. I-XXXIV, 1869-1903, London, Ontario.
(Published monthly.)

Entomologica Americana, Vols. I-V, Brooklyn, 1885-1889.

28

Books about North American Moths

Entomological News, Vols. I-XIII, 1890-1903, Philadelphia Academy
of Natural Sciences. (Published monthly, except July and August.)
Insect Life, Vols. I-VII, Washington, 1888-1895.

Journal of the New York Entomological Society, Vols. I-X, 1893-1903.
(Published quarterly.)

Papilio, Vols. I-III, 1881-1883, New York, Edited by Henry Edwards;
Vol. IV, 1884, Philadelphia, Edited by Eugene M. Aaron.

Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, Vols. I-VI,
1861-1867. (Continued as the Transactions of the American Entomo-
logical Society.)

Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, Vols. I-V,
1890-1903. (Published occasionally.)

Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, Washington, Vols. I-XXVI,
1878-1903.

Psyche. Organ of the Cambridge Entomological Club, Cambridge,
Mass., Vols. I-IX, 1877-1903. (Published bi-monthly.)

Transactions of the American Entomological Society, Vols. I-XXX.
1867-1903. Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. (Published
quarterly.)

GENERAL CATALOGUES AND LISTS

Grote, a. R., and
Robinson, C. T.

Grote, A. R.

Grote, A. R.

List of the Lepidoptera of North America, I,
(Sphingidse to Bombycidae.) American Entomo-
logical Society, Philadelphia, 1868.

List of the North American Platypterices, Attaci,
Hemileucini, Ceratocampidae, Lachneides, Tere-
dines, and Hepiali with Notes (Transactions Amer-
ican Philosophical Society, 1874).

A New Check List of North American Moths, New
York, 1882, pp. 1-73.

Brooklyn Entomo- Check List of the Macro-Lepidoptera of America,
LOGICAL Society North of Mexico (Brooklyn, 1882, pp. 1-25).

Smith, John B. List of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America (Phila-
delphia, American Entomological Society, 1891,
pp. 1-124).

Kirby, W. F. A Synonymic Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Hetero-

cera, Vol. I, Sphinges and Bombyces, London, 1892,
Dyar, H. G. a List of North American Lepidoptera (Bulletin

U. S. National Museum, No. 52), pp. i-xix, 1-723.
GENERAL WORKS CONTAINING INFORMATION AS TO THE
MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA

Comstock, J. H. A Manual for the Study of Insects, Ithaca, 1895.
Druce, Herbert Biologia Central!- Americana, Insecta, Lepidoptera-

Heterocera, Vols. I-II, Text; Vol. Ill, Plates,
London, 1881-1900.

29

Books about North American Moths

Packard, A. S.

Guide to the Study of Insects. Numerous Editions.
A Text-book of Entomology, New York, 1898.

Sharp, David

The Cambridge Natural History; Insects, 2 Vols.;
Vol. I, 1895; Vol. II, 1899. London and New York.

Strecker, Herman Lepidoptera, JRhopaloceres and Heteroceres,
Indigenous and Exotic, with Descriptions and

Walker, Francis

Colored Illustrations. Reading, Pa., 1872-1877.
Three Supplements, 1898-1900.

List of the Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection
of the British Museum. Vols. I— XXXV, London,
1854-1866.

Riley, C. V.

Reports on the Noxious, Beneficial, and Other
Insects of the State of Missouri. Nos. 1-9, and

Index, 1869--1878.

WORKS PARTICULARLY USEFUL IN STUDYING THE DIF-
FERENT FAMILIES OF THE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA

SPHINGID^

Grote, a. R., and
Robinson, C. T.

A Synonymical Catalogue of North America Sphin-
gidae. (Proceedings Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, Vol.
V, 1865, pp. 149-193.)

Grote, A. R.

Catalogue of the Sphingids of North America.
(Bulletin Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sciences, 1873, pp. 17-28.)
New Check List of North American Sphingidee,
(Bulletin Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sciences, Vol. Ill, pp.
220-225.)

Clemens, B.

Synopsis of the North American Sphingides.
(Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, Vol. IV,
1859, pp. 97-190.)

Boisduval, J. a.

Sphingides, Sesiides, Castniides. Paris, 1874.
Vol. I, text; and a series of Plates in the Atlas
accompanying the work, which forms a portion of
the “Suites a Buffon.”

Butler, A. G.

Revision of the Heterocerous Lepidoptera of the
Family Sphingid®. (Transactions Zoological Soc.
London, Vol. IX, 1877, pp. 511-644, Plates XC-
XCIV.)

Smith, John B.

An Introduction to a Classification of the North
American Lepidoptera. Sphingidae. (Entomo-
logica Americana, Vol. I, 1885, pp. 81-87.)

List of the Sphingidae of Temperate North America.
(Entomologica Americana, 1888, pp. 89-94.)

A monograph of the Sphingidae of North America
North of Mexico. (Transactions American Ent.
Soc., Vol. XV, 1888, pp. 49-242, Twelve Plates.)

30

Books about North American Moths

Fernald, C. H.
Beutenmuller, V/.

Rothschild, Hon.
W., AND Jordan, K.

Smith, John B.

Packard, A. S.

Neumcegen, B., and
Dyar, H. G.

Grote, a. R.

Grote, a. R.

Neumcegen, B., and
Dyar, H. G.

Hampson, G F.

Butler, A. G.

Stretch, R. H.

Hampson, G. F.

Hampson, G. F.

The Sphingidae of New England. Orono, Maine,
1886.

Descriptive Catalogue of the Sphingidae Found
within Fifty Miles of New York City. (Bull. Am.
Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. VII, pp. 275-320.)

A Revision of the Lepidopterous Family Sphingidae.
(Novitates Zoologicae, 1903.) The most complete
work upon the subject as yet written.

SATURNIID^

A Revision of the Lepidopterous Family Satumiidae.
(Proc. U. S. National Museum, Vol. IX, pp. 414-
437, Three Plates.)

Synopsis of the Bombycidae of the United States.
(Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, Vol. Ill, 1864,
PP- 97-130 and 331-396.)

A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America
North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc.,
Vol. II, pp. 121-132.)

List of the North American Platypterices, Attaci,
Hemileucini, Ceratocampidae, Lachneides, Tere-
dines, and Hepiali, with Notes. (Proc. Am. Philos.
Soc., Vol. XIV, pp. 256-264.)
ceratocampid^

List of the North American Platypterices, etc.
(See Above.)

A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America
North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc.,
Vol. II, pp. 147-152.)

SYNTOMID^

Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalsnae in the
British Museum, Vol. I, 1898.

LITHOSIID^

On the Lepidoptera of the Family Lithosiidae, in
the Collection of the British Museum. (Transac-
tions Ent. Soc., London, 1877, pp. 325-377.)
Illustrations of the Zygaenid^ and Bombycidae of
North America, San Francisco, 1874, pp. 242, Ten
Plates. (Numerous Lithosiids are figured and
described.)

Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalasnae in the
British Museum, Vol. II, 1900.
arctiid^

Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the
British Museum, Vol. Ill, 1901.

31

Books about North American Moths

Stretch, R. H.

Beutenmuller, W.

Smith, John B.

Lyman, H. H.
Grote, a. R.

Hampson, G. F.

Hampson, G. F.
Guenee, a.

Grote, A. R.

Illustrations of the Zygaenidse and Bombycidae of
North America. (Numerous Arctiids are figured
and described.)

Descriptive Catalogue of the Bombycine Moths
Found within Fifty Miles of New York City.
(Bulletin Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. X., pp. 353-
448.)

Preliminary Catalogue of the Arctiidae of Temperate
North America. (Canadian Entomologist, 1889,
pp. 169—175, 193—200, and 213— 219.)

The North American Species of Callimorpha
Latreille. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, pp. 342-
353-)

The North American Callimorphas. (Canadian
Entomologist, Vol. XIX, pp. 181-191.)

Table of the Species of Euchaetes. (Canadian
Entomologist, Vol. XIV, pp. 196-197.)

AGARISTID^

Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the
Collection of the British Museum, Vol. Ill, pp. 515-
663, 1901.

(Consult also Stretch, Neumoegen and Dyar, and
Periodicals.)

NOCTUID^

Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the
Collection of the British Museum, Vol. IV, et seq.
Noctuelites. Species G6n6ral des L6pidopt^res.
Suites a Buffon, Vols. V-VIII.

List of the Noctuidae of North America. (Bulletin
Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sciences, Vol. II, pp. 1-77.)
Introduction to the Study of the North American
Noctuidae. (Proc. Amer. Philos. Society, Vol.
XXI, pp. 134-176.)

An Illustrated Essay on the Noctuidae of North
America; with “A Colony of Butterflies,” London.
1882, pp. 1-85, four colored plates.

Consult also the very numerous papers upon the
Noctuidae published by Grote in the Bulletin of
the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences; The
Canadian Entomologist; the Bulletin of the U. S.
Geological Survey, Vol. VI; Papilio; and recently
in the publications of the Roemer Museum at
Hildesheim, Germany.

32

Books about North American Moths

Smith, John B.

Smith, John B.,
Dyar, H. G.

Hulst, G. D.

Neumcegen, B.,
Dyar, H. G.

Hampson, G. F.

Neumcegen, B.,
Dyar, H. G.

Neumcegen, B.,
Dyar, H. G.

Packard, A. S.

Neumcegen, B.,
Dyar, H. G.

SCHAUS, W.

A Catalogue, Bibliographical and Synonymical, of
the Species of Moths of the Lepidopterous Super-
family Noctuidae Found in Boreal America, with
Critical Notes. (Bulletin U. S. Nat. Museum,
No. 44, pp. 1-424-)

This is the most scholarly and complete work
upon the Noctuidae of America which has up to
the present time been published, and is indispensa-
ble to the student.

Consult also the very numerous papers by Professor
Smith whieh have been published in the Proceedings
of the U. S. National Museum; the Transaetions of
the American Entomological Society; The Canadian
Entomologist; Papilio, and other periodicals.

AND A Revision of the Species of Acronycta and of
Certain Allied Genera. (Proe. U. S. Nat. Museum,
Vol. XXI, pp. 1-194.)

The Genus Catoeala. (Bulletin Brooklyn Ent.
Society, Vol. VII, pp. 13-56.)

NYCTEOLID.®

AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America
North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc.,
Vol. I, p. 117.)

The Fauna of British India, Moths, Vol. II, pp. 365-
388.

PERICOPIDiE

AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America
North of Mexico. (Journal of New York Ent. Soc.,
Vol. II, p. 26.)

DIOPTID.®

AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America
North of Mexico. (Journal of New York Ent. Soc.,
Vol. II, p. III.)

NOTODONTID®

Monograph of the Bombycine Moths of America,
North of Mexico. Part I, Family I, Notodontidae.
(Memoirs National Academy of Science, Vol. VII,
pp. 1-390, Forty-nine Plates.)

AND A Preliminary Revision of the Lepidopterous
Family Notodontidae. (Transactions Am. Ent.
Soc., 1894, pp. 179-208.)

A Revision of the American Notodontidae. (Trans-
actions Ent. Soc. London, 1901, pp. 257—344,
Plates XI and XII.)

33

Books about North American Moths

Grote, a. R.

Smith, John B

Neumcegen, B.
Dyar, H. G.

Neumcegen, B.
Dyar, H. G.

Hampson, G. F
Grote, A. R.

Neumcegen, B.,
Dyar, H. G.

Packard, A. S.

Hulst, G. D.

Gumppenberg,

Hulst, G. D.
Hampson, G. F,
Hampson, G. F.

THYATIRID^

A Revision of the Species of Cymatophorina Found
in the United States and British America, with
Descriptions of New Species. (Proceedings Ent.
Soc. Philadelphia, Vol. II, pp. 54-59.)

Bulletin 44, U. S. National Museum, pp. 27-29.

LIPARID^

, AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America
North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc.,
Vol. II, pp. 28-30 and 57-60.)

LASIOCAMPID.®

, AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America
North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc.,
Vol. II, pp. 152-160.)

BOMBYCID^

Faima of British India, Moths, Vol. I, pp. 31-40.
platypterygid^

On the North American Platypterygidae. (Trans-
actions Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. II, pp. 65-67.)

List of the North American Platypterices, etc.
(Proceedings Am. Philos. Soc., Vol. XIV, pp. 256—
264.)

, AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America
North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc.,
Vol. II, pp. 61-62.)

GEOMETRIDA3

A Monograph of the Geometrid Moths or Phalaenidae
of the United States. (U. S. Geological Survey
of the Territories, Vol. X, pp. i— 607 , Thirteen Plates.)
A Classification of the Geometrina of North America
v/ith Descriptions of New Genera and Speeies
(Transactions Am. Ent. Soc., 1896, pp. 245-386.)
C.v. Systema Geometrarum Zonae Temperatioris Sep-
tentrionalis (Nova Acta der Kaiser. Leop. — Carol.
Deutschen Akad. der Naturforscher, 1887-1897.)

EPIPLEMIDu®

Transactions American Ent. Soc., Vol. XXIII,
pp. 309-310.

Fauna of British India, Moths, Vol. Ill, pp. 121-137

NOLID^

Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the
Cohsction of the British Museum, Vol. II, 1900.

Books about North American Moths

Neumcegen, B.,
Dyar, H. G.

Neumcegen, B.,
Dyar, H. G.

Neumcegen, B.,
Dyar, H. G.

Neumcegen, B.,
Dyar, H. G.

Neumcegen, B.,
Dyar, H. G.

Dyar, H. G.

Dyar, H. G.
Westwood, J. C

Packard, A. S.
Grote, a. R.

Stretch, R. H.

Neumcegen, B.,
Dyar, H. G.

Hampson, G. F.

Neumcegen, B.,
Dyar, H. G.

LACOSOMID^

AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America
North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc.
Vol. II, p. 120.)

PSYCHID^

AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America
North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc.,
Vol. II, pp. III-I20.)

COCHLIDIID^

AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America
North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc.,
Vol. II, pp. 64-76.)

MEGALOPYGID^

AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America
North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc.,
Vol. II, pp. 109-110.)

DALCERID^

AND Canadian Entomologist. Vol. XXV, p. 121.

Journal New York Ent. Soc., Vol. VI, p. 232.

EPIPYROPID^

List of North American Lepidoptera, p. 359.

)‘. Transactions Ent. Soc., London, 1876, p. 522.

ZYG^NID^

Notes on the Family Zygsenidas. (Proceedings
Essex Institute, Vol. IV, pp. 7-47.)

Catalogue of the Zygaenidae of North America.
(Bulletin Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sciences, Vol. I, pp. 29-
36)

Illustrations of the Zygasnids and Bombycidae of
North America.

AND Journal New York Ent. Soc., Vol. II, p. 63. (Pyro-
morphidae.)

THYRIDID^

On the Classification of the Thyrididas, a Family of
the Lepidoptera Phalaenae. (Proc, Zool. Soc.,
London, 1897, pp. 603-33.)

COSSID^

AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America
North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc.,
Vol. II, pp. 160-166.)

35

Books about North American Moths

Bailey, J. S.

Beutenmuller, W.

Guenee, a.

Grote, a. R.

Hampson, G. F.

Hulst, G, D.

Some of the North American Cossidae, with Facts
in the Life History of Cossus centerensis Lintner.
(Bulletin No. 3, Division of Entomology, U. S.
Dept. Agriculture, 1883.)

vEGERIID^

Monograph of the Sesiidae of North America North
of Mexico. (Memoirs of the Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Vol. I, Part 6, pp. 217-352 ; Plates XXIX-XXXVI.)

PYRALID.®

Deltoides et Pyralites. Sp6cies General des L6pi-
dopt^res, Vol. VIII.

Preliminary Studies on the North American
Pyralidae. (Bulletin U. S. Geol. Survey of the
Territories, Vol. IV, pp. 669-705.)

Preliminary List of North American Species of
Crambus. (Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XII, pp.
77-80.)

On the Classification of the Schoenobiinas and Cram-
bins, Two Subfamilies of Moths of the Family
Pyralidse. (Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1895, pp.
897-974.)

On the Classification of Three Subfamilies of Moths
of the Family Pyralids: the Epipaschiinae, Endo-
trichinas, and Pyralinee. (Transactions Ent. Soc.,
London, 1896, pp. 451-550.)

On the Classification of the Chrysauginae, a Sub-
family of Moths of the Family Pyralidae. (Proc.
Zool. Soc., London, 1897, pp. 633-692.)

On the Classification of Two Subfamilies of Moths
of the Family Pyralidae: the Hydrocampinae and
Scopariinse. (Trans. Ent. Soc., London, 1897,
pp. 127-240.)

A Revision of the Moths of the Subfamily Pyraus-
tinae and Family Pyralidae, Part I. (Proc. Zool.
Soc., London, 1898, pp. 590-761.)

A Revision of the Moths of the Subfamily Pyraus-
tinae and Family Pyralidae, Part II. (Proc. Zool.
Soc., London, 1899, pp. 172-291.)

The Phycitidae of North America. (Transactions
Am. Ent. Soc., 1890, pp. 93-228.)

The Epipaschiinae of North America. (Entomo-
logica Americana, 1889, pp. 41--52 and 61-76.)

Books about North American Moths

Felt, E. P.

Fernald, C. H.

Ragonot, E. L,

Fernald, C. H.

Fernald, C. H.

Robinson, C. T

Walsingham, Lord

Zeller, P. C.

Clemens, B.

Chambers, V. T.

On Certain Grass-eating Insects. (Bulletin No. 64,
Cornell Univ. Agric. Experiment Station, 1894,
pp. 47-102, Fourteen Plates.)

The Crambidse of North America. (Annual Report
Massachusetts Agricultural College, 1896, pp. 1-96,
Nine Plates.)

Monographic des Phycitinae et des Galleriinae.
(Romanoff’s “Memoires sur les Lepidopteres, Vols.
VII-VIII, 1893-1902.) Volume VIII was com-
pleted by Sir George F. Hampson after the death
of the author.

pterophorid.®

The Pterophoridas of North America. (Special
Bulletin, Mass. Agricultural College, 1898, pp. 1-64,
Nine Plates.)

TORTRICID®;

A Synonymical Catalogue of the Described Tor-
tricidae of North America North of Mexico. (Trans-
actions Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. X, pp. 1-64.)

On the North American Species of Choreutis and Its
Allies. (Canadian Entomologist, 1900, pp. 236-
245-)

Notes on American Tortricidae. (Transactions
Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. II, pp. 261-288, Plates I and
IV-VIII.)

North American Tortricidae. Illustrations of
Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera in
the Collection of the British Museum, Part IV,
pp. i-xii and 1-84, Plates I-XVII.

Beitraege zur Kentniss der Nordamerikanischen
Nachtf alter besonders der Microlepidopteren.
(Verhandlungen d. Zool.-Bot. Gesellsch, Wien,
1873, pp. 447-556; 1873, pp. 201-334; 1875, pp. 207-
360. Treats also of Tineidae.

tineid.®, etc.

The Tineina of North America, by the late Bracken-
ridge Clemens. Being a Collected Edition of his
Writings on that Group of Insects. With Notes
by the Editor, H. T, Stainton, London, 1872,
pp. i-xv and 1-282.

Index to the Described Tineina of the United States
and Canada. (Bulletin U. S. Geol. Survey of the
Territories, Vol. IV, pp. 125-167.)

37

Books about North American Moths

Walsingham, Lord North American Coleophorae. (Transactions Ent.

Soc., London, 1882, pp. 429-442, PI. XVII.)

A Revision of the Genera Acrolophus Poey and
Anaphora Clemens. (Transactions Ent. Soc., Lon-
don, 1887, pp. 137-173, Plates VII, VIII.)

Steps Toward a Revision of Chambers’s Index with
Notes and Descriptions of New Species. (Insect
Life, Vol. I, pp. 81-84, 113-117, 145-150, 254-
258, 287-291; Vol. II, pp. 23-26, 51-54, 77-81,
116-120, 150-155, 284-286, 322—326; Vol. Ill, pp.
325-329, 386-389; Vol. IV, pp. 385-389-')

Dyar, H. G. Notes on Some North American Yponomeutidae,

(Canadian Entomologist, 1900, pp. 37-41, 84-86.)
Busck, a. New Species of Moths of the Superfamily Tineina

from Florida. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXIII,
pp. 225-254.)

New American Tineina. (Journal New York Ent.
Soc., Vol. VIII, pp. 234-248, Plate IX.)

A Revision of the American Moths of the Family
Gelechiidae with Descriptions of New Species.
(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXV, pp. 767-938.)

“ When simple curiosity passes into the love of knowledge as such,
and the gratification of the sesthetic sense of the beauty of complete-
ness and accuracy seems more desirable than the easy indolence of
ignorance ; when the finding out of the causes of things becomes a
source of joy, and he is counted happy who is successful in the search,
common knowledge of Nature passes into what our forefathers called
Natural History, from whence there is but a step to that which used to
be termed Natural Philosophy, and now passes by the name of Physical
Science.” — Thomas Henry Huxley, in The Crayfish.

38

THE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA,
NORTH OF MEXICO

“The laugh at entomology is nearly spent. Known professors of the
science, and members of its ‘ Society,’ may now assemble in council and
communicate their observations and inquiries without fear of becoming
themselves subjects for a commission de lunatico inquirendo, and butterfly
hunters, net in hand, may now chase their game without being themselves
made game of.’’ — Ackata Domestica.

ORDER LEPIDOPTERA

SUBORDER HETEROCERA (MOTHS)

FAMILY 1.

THE SPHINGID.^ (HAWKMOTHS)

“ The Sphinx is drowsy,

Her wings are furled.” — Emerson.

The moths composing this family vary greatly in size. Some
African species are very little more than an inch in expanse of
wings. Those which occur in North America are medium-sized
or large.

The body is relatively very stout, the abdomen conic, cylin-
dric, or flattened on the ventral surface, always protruding far
beyond the hind margin of the secondaries, sometimes adorned
with lateral or terminal tufts capable of expansion. The thorax
is stout and often advanced beyond the insertion of the wings.
The head is large and generally prominent. The eyes are often
large, prominent, and generally naked, never hairy. The palpi
are well, but never excessively, developed.

The proboscis is generally long, some-
times much longer than the body, but in a
few genera among the Ambulicince greatly
reduced and even obsolete. The antennse
are well developed, stouter in the male
than in the female sex, thickening from the
base to the middle, or in some genera to
nearly the end, usually hooked at the ex-
tremity, sometimes merely curved. The
joints of the antennae in the case of the males
of some of the subfamilies are equipped at either end with pecul-
iarly arranged fascicles of projecting hairs, or cilia, the arrangement

Fig. 20. — Greatly
magnified view of
the under side of
three joints of the
antenna of P. quin-
quemaculatus.

Sphingidas

of which, as examined under the microscope, is seen to be quite
different from that which prevails in any other family of moths.
The accompanying illustration (Fig. 20) shows this arrange-
ment in the case of the common Five-spotted Hawkmoth,
(Proioparce quinquemaculatus).

The wings are small in comparison with the body. The
front wings are very long in proportion to their width, and
the costal veins are always very stoutly developed. The tip
of the wing is usually pointed, and the margins are straight
or evenly rounded, though in some genera, principally be-
longing to the subfamily Ambulicince, they have undulated
or scalloped margins. The hind margin of the fore wings
is always much shorter than the costal margin. The hind
wings are relatively quite small. The venation of the wings
is characteristic. The primaries have from eleven to twelve
veins, the secondaries eight, reckoning the two internal veins,
veins i a and i b, as one. Veins eight and seven are
connected near the base of the wing
by a short vein, or bar. The discal
cell is relatively quite small in both
wings. There is always a frenulum,
though in the Ambulicince it is frequently
merely vestigial. The general style of
the venation is illustrated in Figure 21,
which represents the structure of the
wings of Sesia tantalus Linnaeus. The
hawkmoths have prodigious power of
flight. A few genera are diurnal in their
habits; most of them are crepuscular, flying in the dusk of
evening, a few also about dawn.

The larvae are usually large. There is great variety in their
color, though the majority of the North American species are of
some shade of green. They usually have oblique stripes on
their sides, and most of them have a caudal horn, which in the
last stages in some genera is transformed into a lenticular
tubercle. In a few genera the anal horn is wanting. The
anterior segments of the bodies of the larvse are retractile. When
in motion the body is long and fusiform, but when at rest the
head and the anterior segments are drawn back, the rings

Fig. 21. — Neuration of
wings of Sesia tantalus
Linnaeus.

42

!i HTA. '*1 i*' ’/OITAV; > -i'tyJi

^rr'miooqfe •<({'!)

rrofj )>li..o ->ill tii !)'.rni5'n<v, ■,-n^

.!n/w[:..-r.-a vu,vu-v.\\ .1

- AiurA t

" ' . .. >>•

ni-K-iilfi'-l '.ov.'(A\ A

rl-,ff.-t'l 'v> U’vW

A .lo.id/. v .3 1

' ' -j. 1,1 ,./t ;iV\'.U)>r, snAoy.iVi/ ' 'i -S-i

.-'.ti'.i-.fur-a ■} 1

■■ :-'l, i.Aa'-.V :

.'i-i-D'.M. 5/uuAi.v'A\ .71

, l Kflii'l') ill

,>i).i-.rrf!f J , >/nt\u^.u\ AA)\v.i<\.:\ •.•\i

.TOnilVt'' VHV.r'iV. uon\quv'f. 81

AAV.iWb ^'i

jVcJ'ifyl • ct

. V. '.^f, •,,)■// bii'v:nr .

Explanation of Plate II

(The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J.
Holland.)

1. Hcemorrhagia thetis Boisduval, J'.

2. Hcemorrhagia tenuis Grote, Q •

3. Hcemorrhagia axillaris Grote Sc Robinson, c^.

4. Hcemorrhagia axillaris Grote & Robinson, 9 •

5. Hcemorrhagia thy she Fabricius, cJ'.

6. Hcemorrhagia cimbiciformis Stephens, 9 .

7. Hcemorrhagia brucei French, .

8. Prpserpinus flavofasciata Walker, 9 •

9. Euproser pinus phaeton Grote & Robinson, J'-

10. Proser pinus clarkice Boisduval, 9 •

11. Pogocolon gaurcB Abbot & Smith, H' ■

12. Pogocolon juanita Strecker, cJ'.

13. Xylophones tersa Linnaeus, (J'.

14. Celerio lineata Fabricius, cJ'.

15. Deidamia inscriptum Harris, ■

16. Sesia titan Cramer, cJ'.

17. Epistor lugubris Linnaeus, H ■

18. Amphion nessus Cramer, .

19. Sphecodina abbotti Swainson, X.

20. Celerio intermedia Kirby, 9 •

21. Cautethia grotei Henry Edwards, J'.

Plate I!.

The Moth Book.

COLORTYPE-

HOLLAND, 1903.

COPYRI >HTED BY

Sphingidae

“telescoping” into one another, and the anterior portion of the
body being often raised, as illustrated in Plate I, Figure i. It is
alleged that the habit of assuming this posture, suggesting a
resemblance to the Egyptian Sphinx, prompted the application
of the name to these creatures. The larvae are not gregarious,
but feed solitarily upon their appropriate food-plants.

Some forms pupate in a cell deep under the soil, others spin
a loose cocoon among damp fallen leaves and pupate at the sur-
face. The pupae are as remarkable as the larvae. A few genera
have the proboscis enclosed in a sheath which is separate along
the greater portion of its course from the adjacent wall of the
body. This is illustrated in Figure 22.

Fig. 22. — Pupa of Protoparce quinquemaculatiis . (After Riley.)

The Hawkmoths of the United States and Canada fall into
five subfamilies, the Acherontiince, the Ambulicin(^, the Sesiince,
the Philampelince, and the Choerocampmce.

SUBFAMILY ACHERONTllN.^

Genus HERSE Oken

(i) Herse cingulata Fabricius, Plate VI, Fig. 3, 3 , (The
Pinkspotted Hawkmoth.)

Syn. convolvuli, var. Merian; affinis Goeze; drurcA Donovan; pungens
Eschsholtz; decolora Henry Edwards.

This large and elegant hawkmoth, the larva of which feeds
upon sweet-potato vines and various other Convolvulacece, has
been confounded by writers with H. convolvuli Linnaeus, which
it resembles, but from which it is abundantly distinct. The
latter species is confined to the old world. H. cingulata, the
only species of the genus occurring in the western hemisphere,
ranges from Canada to northern Patagonia, and is also found in
the Galapagos and Sandwich Islands. I have a specimen taken
at sea in the Atlantic, five hundred miles from the nearest land.

43

Sphingidse

It settled in the cabin of a ship and was caught by the captain of
the vessel.

Genus COCYTIUS Hubner

The genus Cocytius, which includes some of the largest
hawkmoths which are known, contains five species, all of which
are found in the tropics of the new world. They may easily be
recognized by the fact that the third joint of the labial palpi is in
both sexes prolonged into a small, sharp, conical, naked horn.
The larvae, which feed upon the Anonace(B, are covered with fine
hairs. Only one of the species is found within the faunal limits
covered by the present work. It occurs in southern Florida, and
in southern Texas as a straggler.

(i) Cocytius antseus Drury, Plate VI, Fig. i, $. (The
Giant Sphinx.)

Syn. cariccB Muller (non Linnaeus); jatrophcB Fabricius; hydaspus
Cramer; medor Stoll; anoncs Shaw; tapayusa Moore.

The species is somewhat variable, specimens from the
Antilles being often lighter in color than those from Central
America, and the continental portions of its habitat. This lighter
form is accepted by Rothschild & Jordan as typical, and the
darker form is called by them Cocytius aniceus medor Stoll. The
difference is hardly sufficiently constant to justify the separation
into two subspecies. The insect ranges from Florida into
southern Brazil.

Genus PROTOPARCE Burmeister

The head is prominent. The body is stout and heavy. The
tongue in both sexes is at least as long as the body. The palpi
are large, ascending, and appressed to the front, having the
basal joint long, the second a little shorter, but broader, and
the terminal joint minute. The eyes are large, feebly lashed.
The tibiae are either without spines, or feebly armed with
minute spinules. The mid tarsus is provided with a comb of
long bristles. The venation of the wings is typically sphingi-
form. The outer margins of the primaries are evenly rounded.
There is a slight projection of the secondaries at the extremity
of vein i b. The prevalent colors of the wings are shades of
gray, banded and mottled with darker and lighter lines and

44

Sphingidae

spots. The abdomen is generally marked on the sides by rows
of yellowish spots.

The larvae are cylindrical with the head rounded. The anal
horn curves downward and is granulose. The prevalent colors
are shades of green. The segments, from four to eleven
inclusive, are marked on the sides with whitish diagonal stripes.

The pupa has the tongue-case free, curved, and nearly
touching the pectus.

This genus, which is confined to the two Americas, includes
thirty species, of which four occur within our faunal limits.

(1) Protoparce sexta Johanssen, Plate IV, Fig. 2, ?. (The
Tomato Sphinx.)

Syn. Carolina Linnagus; nicotiancB M6n6tri6s; lycopersici'BoisdviVdl.

This is one of our commonest hawkmoths. Its larva feeds
upon the potato, tomato, and other Solanacece. It ranges over
the United States and is represented in Central and South
America by several subspecies or local races.

(2) Protoparce quinquemaculatus Haworth, Plate IV,
Fig. I, $ . See also text figures 20 and 22. (The Five-spotted
Hawkmoth.)

Syn. celeus Hiibner; Carolina Donovan.

Like the preceding species, this hawkmoth is very common.
Its larva feeds upon the Solanacece and is particularly destructive
to tobacco. It is familiarly known in the South as the
“tobacco fly.”

(y) Protoparce occulta Rothschild & Jordan, Plate IV,
Fig. 4, $ . (The Occult Sphinx.)

This hawkmoth is found in a number of American collections
confounded with P. sexta = Carolina Linnaeus. It may readily
be distinguished by the different markings of the hind wings,
the absence of the two rows of small white spots on the back
of the abdomen, and by the small but conspicuous whitish dot
at the end of the cell of the fore wing. It occurs in Texas and
Arizona and ranges southward to Central America. Its larval
habits are not known.

(4) Protoparce rustica Fabricius, Plate VII, Fig. 5, ? . (The
Rustic Sphinx.)

Syn. chionanthi Abbot & Smith.

The caterpillar of this hawkmoth feeds upon the fringe-bush

45

SphingidsB

(Chionanthus) and the jasmine. It is a common species in the
southern States and Central America, but is only occasionally
found in the northern States. I have not infrequently taken
specimens in southern Indiana, and it is now and then
captured in Pennsylvania and even in New England.

Genus CHLiENOGRAMMA Smith

This genus, which is very closely allied to the preceding,
may be distinguished from it by the fact that the comb of long
bristles of the mid tarsus, which is characteristic of Protoparce,
is wanting or reduced to at most one or two bristles. Pulvillus
and paronychium present. The eyes are smaller than in
Protoparce, and are not lashed. There are two species in the
genus, one South American, the other found in the eastern
portion of the United States.

(i) Chlaenogramma jasminearum Gu6rin, Plate VII,
Fig. 6, ? . (The Ash Sphinx.)

Syn. rotundata Rothschild.

The larva of this hawkmoth feeds upon the various species
of ash ( Fraxinus). It is found in the middle Atlantic States
and southward, and ranges as far west as the Mississippi.

Genus DOLiBA Walker

Head small; eyes small and lashed. The antennae are
fusiform with a short abrupt hook at the tip. The tibiae are not
spinose. The mid tarsus has a comb.

The genus, which contains but a single species, is diflerenti-
ated from all those in which the eyes are lashed by the non-
spinose tibiae.

(i) Dolba hylaeus Drury, Plate VI, Fig. 4, $. (The Papaw
Sphinx.)

This small, but neatly colored hawkmoth, may readily be
distinguished by the figure given in our plate. Its larva, which
is green, marked with lateral oblique red bands, commonly feeds
upon the papaw, ( Asimina triloba), and is generally abundant
where that plant is common, as in the Valley of the Ohio. It
is also said to feed upon Prinos. It ranges from Canada to the
Gulf States and westward to Iowa and Missouri.

46

Sphingidse

Genus ISOGRAMMA Rothschild & Jordan

This genus has been erected by Rothschild & Jordan for the
reception of the single species which we figure. The learned
authors say: “In the shortness of the fore tibia and first segment
of the fore tarsus the only species of this genus agrees with
the species of Ceraiomia, and in the preservation of the pulvillus
with Chlcenogramma, while it differs from both genera in the
fore tibia and the extreme apex of the mid tibia being armed
with spines. The spinosity of the tibia is an advanced character,
not acquired by Ceratomia^ while the pulvillus is an ancestral
structure already lost in Ceratomia."

(i) Isogramma hageni Grote, Plate IV, Fig. 8, $> . (Hagen’s
Sphinx.)

This obscurely colored hawkmoth, which is liable to be
confounded with some of the species of Ceratomia, which it
superficially resembles, may be distinguished at a glance by the
slightly greenish shade of the primaries and by the absence
of the dark-brown border of the hind wings, which is charac-
teristic of all the species of Ceratomia. It occurs in Texas.

Genus CERATOMIA Harris

The tongue is reduced in size. The palpi are small. The
eyes are small. The tibiae are unarmed. There is no comb
of bristles on the mid tarsus, the pulvillus is absent, the
paronychium is present. The primaries are relatively large with
evenly rounded outer margin. The secondaries are slightly
produced at the end of vein i h.

The species have dissimilar larvae. In the case of amyntor
the larva has four horn-like projections on the thoracic seg-
ments ; in the case of the other two species of the genus the
larvae are distinctly and normally sphingiform.

The tongue-case of the pupa is not projecting.

(i) Ceratomia amyntor HObner, Plate IV, Fig 6, $.

(The Four-horned Sphinx.)

Syn, quadricornis Harris; ulmi Henry Edwards.

This common hawkmoth, which may be easily recognized by
our figure, lives in the larval state upon the elm. It ranges from
Canada to the Carolinas and westward through the Mississippi
Valley, wherever its food-plant is found.

47

Sphingidae

(2) Ceratomia undulosa Walker, Plate VI, Fig. 7, $ . (The
Waved Sphinx.)

Syn. repentinus Clemens; brontes Boisduval {non Drury).

This hawkmoth, which may easily be separated from its
congeners by its lighter color and the distinct wavy maculation
of the fore wings, lives in the larval stage upon the ash and the
privet. It ranges from Maine and Canada to the Carolinas and
w'estward into the trans-Mississippi region east of the great plains.

(3) Ceratomia catalpae Boisduval, Plate IV, Fig. 7, $ .
(The Catalpa Sphinx.)

The larva feeds upon various species of catalpa, and has in
recent years been charged with doing considerable damage to
these trees by denuding them of their foliage. The insect ranges
from New Jersey and southern Pennsylvania southward to
Florida and westward through the Mississippi Valley, wherever
its food-plant occurs.

Genus ISOPARCE Rothschild & Jordan

Tongue short and weak. Palpi small. Tibiae without spines.
The first protarsal segment is short. Hind tibia armed with long
spurs. Comb on mid tarsus wanting ; pulvillus wanting.
Paronychium without lobes. Veins 6 and 7 of the hind wing on
a long stalk.

(i) Isoparce cupressi Boisduval.

(The Cypress Sphinx.)

The insect is of an almost uniform
brown color on the upper surface of
the wings, and may be distinguished
from other species by the two con-
spicuous parallel dark markings on
the limbal area of the fore wings. It
is extremely rare in collections, only Fig. 2^.— isoparce cupressi
three or four specimens being as yet Boisduval.

known. It has been reported from Georgia and Florida.

Genus DICTYOSOMA Rothschild & Jordan

This genus has been erected by Messrs. Rothschild & Jordan
for the reception of the single species originally described by
Strecker as Sphinx elsa.

48

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UV.H.'l ,'9 jjih /Jonr,oV\uJO) ioJx<\.p bi

Explanation of Plate III

(When not otherwise indicated the specimens figured are contained
the collection of W. J. Holland.)

1. Pholus viiis Linnaeus, cf'.

2. Pholus fasciatus Sulzer,

3. Darapsa pholus Cramer, J'.

4. Darapsa myron Cramer, cJ*.

5. Pholus achemon Drury, (^ .

6. Pholus pandorus Htibner, .

7. Lapara bombycoides Walker, cJ'.

8. Hemeroplanes parce Fabricius, (^ .

9. Psychomorpha epimenis Drury, (J*.

10. Dysodia oculatana Clemens, cJ'.

11. Pholus labrusccE Linnaeus, (S' ■

12. Pachylia ficus Linnaeus, 9.

■ 13. Darapsa versicolor Harris, S-

14. Arctonotus lucidus Boisduval, S-

15. Hcemorrhagia gracilis Grote & Robinson, S-

16. Lapara coniferarum , Abbot & Smith, 9 - U.S.N.M.

Plate III-

The Moth Book

COLCRTYPC

COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND, 1909

Sphingidse

(i) Dictyosoma elsa Strecker, Plate V, Fig. 14, 6. (The
Elsa Sphinx.)

This peculiarly colored hawkmoth, which may easily be
recognized by the figure in our plate, occurs in Arizona. A
number of years ago Mr. Jacob Doll reared a large number of
specimens from the larvae. Since then but few specimens have
been obtained, and it is as yet comparatively rare in collections.

Genus ATREIDES Holland

The generic name Aireus proposed by Grote and adopted on
structural grounds by Rothschild & Jordan for this genus,
having been preoccupied by Koch in the Arachnida, 1 have
given the name Atreides to the genus, which contains the single
species named originally Sphinx plebeja by Fabricius.

(i) Atreides plebeja Fabricius, Plate V, Fig. 6, 5. (The Ple-
beian Sphinx.)

This common species feeds in its larval state upon the
trumpet-vine {Tecoma). It ranges from Canada to the Gulf
States and westward to the Mississippi, wherever its food-
plant is found. It is double-brooded in the Middle States, one
brood appearing in June, the second in August.

Genus HYLOICUS Hubner

This genus, which includes some thirty species, most of
which are found in America, though a few occur in Europe and
Asia, is represented in our faunal limits by sixteen species, of
which eleven are figured in our plates. It corresponds largely
with the genus Sphinx as defined by many recent writers.

(1) Hyloicus eremitus Hubner, Plate VI, Fig. 6, $ . (The
Hermit Sphinx.)

Syn., sordida Harris.

This hawkmoth, which is double-brooded, lives in the larval
stage on spearmint {Mentha) and wild bergamot {Monarda). It
ranges from New England southward to Georgia, and westward
into the Mississippi Valley. It is not uncommon in western
Pennsylvania, where it is double-brooded.

(2) Hyloicus eremitoides Strecker. (The Hermit-like
Sphinx.)

Syn., lugens Grote {non Walker).

49

Sphingidse

This species, which is allied to the preceding, may be easily
recognized by its pale, silvery-gray color, by the almost entire
absence of a dorsal stripe on the
abdomen, and by the marking
of the secondaries, which are
grayish-white, having on the
outer margin a broad band which
is black inwardly, fading into
darkish gray near the margin, a
median irregularly curved black
band, and at the insertion of
the wing a black basal patch.

The cut (Fig. 24) will enable the
student to recognize the species,
which is not common in COlleC- Fig. ^^.—Hyloicus eremitoides.
tions. The insect is found in
Kansas and the southwestern States.

(3) Hyloicus separatus Neumoegen, Plate VI, Fig. 10, B .
(Neumoegen’s Sphinx.)

Syn. andromedcB Boisduval {partim.); lugens Smith (partim.).

This species has been confounded with others, but may easily
be recognized from the figure which we give in our plate. It
ranges from Colorado southward through New Mexico and
Arizona into Mexico.

(4) Hyloicus chersis Hubner, Plate I, Fig. i, larva ; Plate
VII, Fig 8, $ . (The Chersis Sphinx.)

This common and widely distributed species ranges from
Canada to Florida, westward to the Pacific, and southward into
Mexico. Several local races are recognized, that which occurs
upon the Pacific coast having been named oreodaphne by Henry
Edwards. The caterpillar feeds upon the wild-cherry, the ash,
the privet, and other allied plants. The insect is double-brooded
in the Middle States, appearing on the wing in the latter part of
May, and again in August.

(5) Hyloicus vancouverensis Edwards.

Syn. vashti Strecker.

Form albescens Tepper, Plate VI, Fig. 5, B . (The Van-
couver Sphinx.)

There are two forms of this hawkmoth, one, Hyloicus van-

Sphingidae

couveretisis vancouverensis in which the middle of the
thorax is pale gray, and the other, Hyloicus vancouverensis
albescens, which has a very dark thorax, and which is figured
on our plate. The moth is found from northern California to
British Columbia, and eastward to Montana and Alberta.

(6) Hyloicus insolita Lintner, Plate V, Fig. 4, $ .

(Lintner’s Sphinx.)

This species, which is well represented on our plate, occurs ^
in Texas. It is not comm.on in collections. Rothschild & Jordan
regard it as a form of H. libocedrus Henry Edwards, and
apparently with reason.

(7) Hyloicus perelegans Henry Edwards. (The Elegant
Sphinx.)

This hawkmoth may be distinguished by the even dark
silvery-gray color of the fore wings, which are crossed by a dis-
tinct submiarginal whitish band. The maculation recalls a dark
chersis with the dark thorax and the body of H. drupiferarum.

It is found on the Pacific coast.

(8) Hyloicus canadensis
Boisduval.

Syn. plota Strecker.

This species, which is not
common, is represented by the
accompanying cut (Fig. 25),
drawn from a specimen in the
Engel Collection in the Carnegie
Museum, and taken in Massa-
chusetts. It occurs in eastern

Canada, northern New York, 2s.-Hylo,cus canadensis.

and New England.

(9) Hyloicus kalmi^ Abbot & Smith, Plate VI, Fig. 8, $ .
(The Laurel Sphinx.)

This hawkmoth feeds in the larval stage upon Kalmia, Chi-
onanthus, and Fraxinus. It is not uncommon in the Middle
States of the Atlantic coast region, ranging from southern
Canada to Georgia.

(10) Hyloicus gordius Cramer, Plate V, Fig. 13, 8. (The
Gordian Sphinx.)

Syn. pcecila Stephens.

UBBARY OF THE |

OF mmk i

e

Sphingidse

The larva of this hawkmoth feeds upon various rosaceous
plants, as the wild rose and the crab-apple. It ranges over the
Atlantic region from southern Canada and New England to
Georgia, and westward to Colorado.

(11) Hyloicus luscitiosa Clemens, Plate V, Fig. i, $.
(Clemens' Hawkmoth.)

The caterpillar feeds upon various species of willow. The
insect occurs from Canada to the Carolinas, and westward
through the eastern portion of the valley of the Mississippi.

(12) Hyloicus drupiferarum Abbot & Smith, Plate VII,
Fig. 7, $ . (The Wild-Cherry Sphinx.)

This common and easily recognizable species ranges over the
whole of temperate North America from the Atlantic to the
Pacific. The caterpillar feeds upon various trees and shrubs, but
seems in the Middle Atlantic States to prefer the wild-cherry as
a food-plant.

(13) Hyloicus dolli Neumoegen.

Form coloradus Smith, Plate IV, Fig. 3, $ . (The Colorado
Sphinx.)

Rothschild & Jordan recognize two forms of this species, H.
dolli dolli Neumoegen, and H. dolli coloradus Smith. The
latter we figure. The former is prevalently lighter in color than
the form coloradus. The insect ranges from Colorado to
Arizona.

(14) Hyloicus sequoias Boisduval, Plate V, Fig. 8, $ .
(The Sequoia Sphinx.)

Syn. conifer arum Walker {partim).

The early stages of this insect we do not remember to have
seen described. It occurs on the Pacific coast. Boisduval’s type
was found sitting on the trunk of a red-wood tree ( Sequoia ).

(15) Hyloicus pinastri Linnaeus. (The Pine Sphinx.)

Syn. saniptri Strecker.

The late Dr. Strecker reported this species as having been
found by him in the vicinity of Reading, Pennsylvania, on one or
two occasions. No one else has taken it, so far as is known.
It is common in Europe, and has often been figured by European
writers.

Besides the species above given, there are one or two other
species of the genus found in our territory.

52

Sphingidee

Genus LAPARA Walker.

Head small. Palpi short and slender. Tongue very short,
almost obsolete. Eyes small. Antennae slender. Thorax
stout and short. Abdomen long and cylindrical, tapering. Legs
weak. Fore and mid tibiae spinulose. The larva is without an
anal horn, cylindrical, tapering slightly from the middle forward
and backward, pale green, striped with white, and checkered
with darker green. The caterpillars feed upon various species of
pine, and are not at all sphingiform in appearance. There are
reputed to be four species of the genus found in our fauna, two
of which we figure. L. halicarnice Strecker, of which only one
specimen is known, which 1 have recently examined, appears to
be a somewhat hypertrophied and, in consequence, aborted
female of L. coniferarum Abbot & Smith. It is very doubtfully
a valid species.

(1) L. coniferarum Abbot & Smith, Plate 111, Fig. i6, $.
^Abbot’s Pine Sphinx.)

Syn. cana Martyn.

This species is somewhat variable, especially in the size of
the females and in the amount of marking upon the fore wings.
It is a common insect in the foot-hills of the Alleghenies about
the headwaters of the Potomac River. 1 found the larvse in great
abundance upon pines at Berkeley Springs, West Virginia, in the
summer of 1884. It ranges from Canada to Florida and west-
ward into the basin of the Mississippi, but has never been
reported from any point west of that river, south of Minnesota,
so far as is known to the writer.

(2) L. bombycoides Walker, Plate 111, Fig. 7, ^ . (The
Bombyx Sphinx.)

Syn. harrisi Clemens.

This little hawkmoth, which may easily be recognized from
the figure we give, has the same geographical distribution as the
preceding species, and feeds upon the same forms of vegetation
in the larval stage.

Lapara pineutn Lintner (Lintner’s Pine Sphinx) is a
species of which thus far only two specimens have turned
up. They differ from the two species we have figured in
being wholly devoid of discal streaks and markings upon
the fore wings. It is believed by recent authorities that these

53

Sphingidae

specimens represent an extreme variation of the very variable
L. conifer arum.

SUBFAMILY AMBULICIN^

Genus PROTAMBULYX Rothschild & Jordan

This genus is represented in our fauna by a single species,
which occurs as a straggler into the extreme southern limits of
the United States, and is represented in Florida by a local race,
to which Rothschild & Jordan have given the subspecific name
of carteri in honor of Sir Gilbert T. Carter, the Governor of the

Bahamas, an ardent lepidop-
terist. From A. sirigilis Lin-
naeus, which is represented in
the annexed cut, A. carteri
may be distinguished by the
fact that the fore wing is
broader, less deeply excavated
below the apex, and by the
further fact that most of the
lines and markings on the
upper side of the wings and
all the markings on the lower
side of the wings are ob-
solete. While strigilis has
not yet been reported from
our territory, except as represented by the form above men-
tioned, it is highly probable that it will be found to occur in
southern Florida.

Fig. 26. — Protanihulyx strigilis.
(Somewhat reduced.)

Genus SPHINX Linnaeus

The type of the genus Sphinx of Linnaeus is unquestionably
the well-known European species named by the immortal Swede
Sphinx ocellata. With this species the following two species,
which have for many years been referred to the genus Smerinthus
Latreille, which sinks as a synonym, are strictly congeneric.

(i) Sphinx cerisyi Kirby, Plate VII, Fig. j, $. (Cerisy's
Sphinx.)

The larva feeds upon different species of willows. There are
several forms, or subspecies, which have received names, and

54

*

Sphingidae

which run into each other to such an extent as to make it often
impossible to distinguish them. These forms are Sphinx astarte
Strecker, in which the outer margin of the fore wing is a little
less dentate, and the brown markings of the same wing are a
little narrower; Sphinx ophthalmica Boisduval, which has rather
pale fore wings; Sphinx pallidulus Henry Edwards, in which
the color of the fore wings is cinnamon-gray; and Sphinx saliceti
Boisduval, in which the blue markings of the ocellus on the
hind wing do not form a ring, but appear as two opposed
crescents.

The insect is comparatively rare in the eastern part of the
continent, but is not uncommon in the western States. It
ranges from Canada in the north to the upper portions of the
Gulf States, and westward to the Pacific, extending its habitat
southward along the high lands of Mexico.

(2) Sphinx jamaicensis Drury.

Normal form geminatus Say, Plate IV, Fig. ii, (The
Twin-spot Sphinx.)

This beautiful hawkmoth was originally named and described
in error by Drury as coming from the Island of Jamaica. He also
was so unfortunate as to have had for his type an aberrant speci-
men in which the ocellus of the hind wing had but one blue
spot. Such specimens now and then occur, and have been
obtained by breeding from the normal form, to which Say gave
the ViZ-vcit geminatus. Specimens also sometimes occur in which
there are three blue spots in the ocellus, and Mr. Grote gave to
this aberrant form the name iripartitus.

The caterpillar feeds upon willows, birches, and various
species of wild-cherry. The insect is quite common in the
Middle Atlantic States, and ranges from southern Canada to the
Carolinas and northern Georgia, and westward to eastern Kansas
and Iowa.

Genus CALASYM BOLUS Grote

The genus differs from Sphinx in the fact that the head is
crested, and the hind wing is on its costal margin toward the
apex produced into a somewhat broad lobe. There are three
species recognized as belonging to the genus, all of which we
figure.

55

Sphingidse

(1) Calasymbolus excaecatus Abbot & Smith, Plate VII,
Fig. 4, $ . (The Blinded Sphinx.)

Syn. pavonine Geyer.

The larva feeds upon various plants of the order Rosacece, but
does not strictly confine itself to these. It has been reported as
found upon the willow, the hazel, iron-wood, and other allied
plants. It is a common species, and in the region of Pennsyl-
vania is double-brooded. It ranges from southern Canada to
Florida and westward across the valley of the Mississippi to the
borders of the great plains.

(2) Calasymbolus myops Abbot & Smith, Plate IV, Fig.
12, $. (The Small-eyed Sphinx.)

Syn. rosacearum Boisduval.

The food-plants and the geographical distribution of this
species are very much the same as those of the preceding
species, though it seems to range a little further westward,
examples having been received from Colorado. It is not nearly
as common as C. exccecatus.

(3) Calasymbolus astylus Drury, Plate IV, Fig. 10,

(The Huckleberry Sphinx.)

Syn. io Gray; integerrinia Hairis.

A rather scarce species, which is found from New England to
Pennsylvania. The caterpillar feeds upon various species of
Vacciniiim and allied plants. The moth is easily distinguished
by the fact that the outer margins of the fore wings are almost
even, whereas in myops they are distinctly produced at the
end of vein 3, and in exccecatus they are scalloped. The
transverse lines on the limbal area of the fore wings, which
are distinct in myops, are almost wanting in astylus, and the
inner margin of the primaries is heavily margined with dark
brown.

Genus PACHYSPHINX Rothschild & Jordan

The genus Pachysphinx has been erected for the reception of
the single species, two forms of which we figure on our plates.
It is very different from the oriental genus Marumba, into which
Mr. Dyar, following Kirby, has put it in his recent List. Any one
who is familiar with the peculiar style of coloration of the species
of Marumba, as well as with the structural differences, w.hich

56

Vf ■i "O' / ; ^ v; . .1

',7 ’ 'i(. ■ rrojT' ■ o'to') -^dj. .(tt h')iuy/jnou ‘jTi- irvu-jj/ '^n j'xrv/'qi' y^ij)

'5;'''" .V '.^:hu>v t ' ' •' ' .

^ : .ff)^;r!/rf;rfoT :•

'■ .dlifjd': v.n'vv)'^' '.'/j- ViV.'''- v.uVs'iV'f

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■y 'H l!’ i-n 4

.'■ ‘viV'3.v'.'. iiMU'.u’.a’^ovA 4;

..•;!jt <rnf».'f 'Ar./’ .- n. ■.'>■: wA^ A .0

.■nt."".l '•i'j.i'-.v. v,wV, AnM_^iAvr;> i

'w'ls.’.r-iU',;) rifio'l .ruj'i<l vAv.x'v . " . X!(V;\o,/. ,.i

•?> -.'n.ui'} .-.vAs’ ’i

Explanation of Plate IV

(The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J.
Holland.) ,

1. Protoparce quinquemaculatus Haworth,

2. Protoparce sexta Johanssen, $ .

3. Hyloicus dolli color adus Smith, 9 •

4. Proto parce occulta Rothschild & Jordan, 9 *

5- Hmnorrhagia senta Strecker, J'.

6. Ceratomia amyntor Geyer, 9 •

7. Ceratomia catalpce Boisdu\ al, 9 •

8. Isogramma hageni Grote, cJ .

9. Xylophanes pluto Fabricius, cj’.

10. Calasymbolus astylus Drury, cJ'.

11. Sphinx jamaicensis Drury, form geminatus Say, c?.

12. Calasymbolus myops Abbot & Smith, 9-

The Moth Book

Plate IV.

Sphingidae

present themselves, will recognize the propriety of the separa-
tion, which has been made.

(i) Pachysphinx modesta Harris, Plate VII, Fig. i, $ .
(The Big Poplar Sphinx. )

Syn. prince ps Walker.

Form occidentalis Henry Edwards, Plate VII, Fig. 2, ? .
(The Western Poplar Sphinx.)

Syn. imperator Strecker.

This noble hawkmoth feeds in the larval stage upon various
species of the genus Populus and upon willows. There are a
number of local races or subspecies, two of which we give ; the
common eastern form and the western variety. The latter may
at once be distinguished by its generally paler coloration. It
ranges over the United States and as far south as northern
Mexico.

Genus CRESSONIA Grote & Robinson

There is but one species in this genus. The insect is easily
recognizable, in spite of the fact that it varies considerably in the
color of the wings.

(i) Cressonia juglandis Abbot & Smith, Plate VI, Fig. 9, ? .
(The Walnut Sphinx.)

Syn. instabilis Martyn; pallens Strecker; robinsoni Butler.

The caterpillar feeds upon the black walnut, the butternut,
and the hop-hornbeam. Some of the larvae are green, others are
reddish, but the color of the larvae seems to have no relation to
any variation in color of the perfect insects. The species is dis-
tributed from Canada to Florida and westv/ard to the eastern
boundary of the great plains.

SUBFAMILY SESIIN.^

Genus PSEUDOSPHINX Burmeister

There is but one species in this genus, which is structurally
closely related to the species falling into the genus Erinnyis. It
is a characteristic insect of the American tropics, and possesses a
very wide range.

(i) Pseudosphinx tetrio Linnaeus, Plate VI, Fig. 2, ^ .
(The Giant Gray Sphinx.)

Syn. plumericB Fabricius; rustica Sepp; hasdrubal Cramer; asdrubal
Poey; obscura Butler.

37

Sphingidas

The larva of this hawkmoth has a long thread-like anal horn.
It is very strikingly colored, the body being purplish black,
girdled with yellow rings between the segments, and the head
and anal claspers being bright red, of the color of sealing wax.
It feeds upon various Euphorbiaceous plants, preferably Plum-
eria. The insect occurs not uncommonly in southern Florida.

Genus ERINNYIS Hubner

This is a moderately large genus, the species of which are ail
confined to the tropical or subtropical regions of the Western
Hemisphere, though one species, as we shall see, occasionally
occurs as a straggler far north of the metropolis of the genus.

(1) Erinnyis alope Drury, Plate V, Fig. 12, $ . (The Alope
Sphinx.)

Syn. -flavicans Goeze; fasciata Swainson; edwardsi Butler.

The caterpillar is brown on the upper side, and pale green on
the lower side, the colors being separated by a dark brown inter-
rupted lateral band on either side of the body. On the third
segment from the head there is a dark spot relieved by a red ring
in the centre. The anal horn is quite short. The larva feeds
upon Jatropha and Carica. The insect occurs in southern
Florida and ranges southward as far as northern Argentina.

(2) Erinnyis lassauxi Boisduval.

Form merians Grote, Plate V, Fig. 2, ?. (Madame

Merian’s Sphinx.)

Syn. janiphcs Boisduval.

This hawkmoth, which is widely distributed through the
tropics of the new world, displays considerable variation, and
several forms, or local races, have been recognized. The one
which occurs within our territory we have figured, and the
student will have no difficulty in recognizing it. The larva,
which is said to closely resemble that of the next species, is
reported to feed upon Morrenia in the West Indies. It occurs in
Florida.

(3) Erinnyis ello Linnaeus, Plate V, Fig, 10, $ ] Fig. 3,
? . (The Elio Sphinx.)

This is quite the commonest of all the hawkmoths of the
American tropics, and becomes a perfect drug in collec-
tions made by amateur naturalists, who venture into those

58

Sphingidae

regions, n^t irr hand. It may at once be recognized by the
figures we have given, which are taken from specimens bred
on the Indian River by Mr. Wittfeld. The sexes are dissimilar,
as the student may observe. It straggles north sparingly, even
as far as Canada, and is common in the Gulf States.

(4) Erinnyis oenotrus Stoll, Plate V, Fig. ii, $. (The
CEnotrus Sphinx.)

Syn. pencBUS Fabricius; nielancholica Grote; piperis Grote & Robin-
son; picta Kirby.

The sexes in this species are dissimilar, the female being as
represented on our plate with light fore wings, marked with
dark spots and lines, while the male is prevalently quite dark on
the fore wings. The species may easily be recognized by the
black spots on the under side of the abdomen.

(5) Erinnyis crameri Schaus, Plate V, Fig 7, $ . (Cramer’s
Sphinx. )

This species, which has often been confounded with the pre-
ceding, may easily be distinguished from it by the pale shoulder
lappets, the absence of black spots on the under side of the
abdomen, and the more evenly colored fore wings, which recall
those of E. meriance, from which it is at once distinguished by
the absence of the white lateral markings on the abdomen. The
species occurs in Florida and Texas.

(6) Erinnyis obscura Fabricius, Plate V, Fig. 5, $> . (The
Obscure Sphinx.)

Syn. rusiica Schaller; phalaris Kirby; stheno Hiibner; pallida Grote;
cinerosa Grote & Robinson; rhcebus Boisduval.

This small species is well represented in our plate by a speci-
men which in the main conforms to the most usual style of
marking. It can always be distinguished from E. ello, which it
resembles in having a dark longitudinal shade through the fore
wings, by its much smaller size, and by the absence of the white
and black lateral stripes upon the abdomen, which are character-
istic of the latter species. It is common in Florida.

(7) Erinnyis domingonis Butler, Plate V, Fig. 9, $ . (The
Domingo Sphinx.)

Syn. obscura Walker {non Fabricius); festa Henry Edwards. •

This species, which occurs in Florida and the Antilles, may
be distinguished from the preceding by the darker color of the

59

Sphingidae

primaries and the absence of the pale color on the outer margin
of the shoulder lappets, which is characteristic of E. obscura. It
is also considerably larger than E. obscura.

There remains one other closely allied species in this group,
to which Cramer gave the name caicus, and which occurs
occasionally in Florida. The body is marked like E. ello, the fore
wings are dark with longitudinal paler stripes, the secondaries
are red as in E. crameri, but almost wholly without the dark
border found in that species, it being replaced by a series
of dark stripes running inwardly from the border toward the
middle of the wing. For this species, hitherto associated
with the preceding in the genus Dilophonoia, Rothschild &
Jordan have erected the genus Grammodia, upon structural
grounds.

Genus PACHYLIA Walker

This is a small genus, containing four species, of which one
occurs in our territory. It is not likely to be confounded with -
anything else.

(i) Pachylia ficus Linnaeus, Plate III, Fig. 12, ?. (The

Fig Sphinx.)

Syn. crameri M6n4tri4s; lyncea Clemens; venezuelensis Schaufuss;
undatifascia Butler; aterrima Bonninghausen.

This great hawkmoth, which is very common in Central and
South America, occurs sparingly in Florida and Texas.

Genus HEMEROPLANES Hubner

This small genus, the species of which may at once be
detected by the silvery spots of the fore wings, being the
only American genus of sphingids thus adorned, is characteris-
tically neotropical. It is represented in our fauna by a single
species.

(1) Hemeroplanes parce Fabricius, Plate III, Fig. 8,

(The Silver-spotted Sphinx.)

Syn. licastus Stoll; galianna Burmeister.

The figure given on our plate is sufficiently accurate to make
a verbal description unnecessary. The insect occurs in southern
Florida in the vicinity of Biscayne Bay, and ranges thence south-
ward over the Antilles into South America.

60

Sphingidae

Genus EPISTOR Boisduval

Five species belong to this genus, the type of which is the
species which we figure, and the only representative of the
genus found in our territory.

(i) Epistor lugubris Linnaeus, Plate II, Fig. 17, $. (The
Mourning Sphinx.)

Syn. fegeus Cramer; luctuosus Boisduval.

There can be no difficulty in identifying this well-marked
but obscurely colored hawkmoth, which occurs in Florida and
Georgia, and even straggles now and then as far north as New
Jersey. It is very common in the Antilles and South America.
In Florida it is double-brooded, appearing on the wing in May
and September. The larva feeds on the VitacecB.

Genus CAUTETHIA Grote

There are three species of this genus, only one of which
occurs within the limits of the United States. The figure we
give will permit of its identification without difficulty.

(1) Cautethia grotei Henry Edwards, Plate II, Fig. 21,
(Grote's Sphinx.)

The habitat of this species is southern Florida, where it
apparently is not uncommon.

Genus SESIA Fabricius

The body is depressed, fusiform, without lateral tufts, but
with a broad fan-shaped anal tuft, composed of coarse flattened
scales. The abdomen is produced for more than half its length
beyond the hind wings. The palpi are produced and appressed,
forming a short snout-like projection beyond the head. The
tongue is stout, but comparatively short. The antennae are
slightly thickened at the end, and have a sharp recurved tip.
The mid tibiae have terminal spurs, and the hind tibiae two pairs
of spurs. The fore wings have eleven veins. The venation is
characteristically sphingiform, and is illustrated in Figure 21.
The prevalent colors are black and dark brown with white spots
and bands on the wings and in some species on the abdomen.
The moths fly in the hottest sunshine.

The type of the genus Sesia established by Fabricius is the
species named tantalus by Linne. Rothschild & Jordan, in the

61

Sphingidae

latest Revision of the Sphingidce, recognize five species as
belonging to the genus, three of which occur within the limits
of the United States, tantalus Linnaeus, fadus Cramer, and the
species we figure upon our plate. All three have by some
recent writers been regarded as practically identical. Into the
somewhat vexed question of their specific relationship it is not
our purpose to enter in these pages.

(i) S. titan Cramer, Plate II, Fig. i6, 3 . (The White-
banded Day-Sphinx.)

The white spots of the fore wings are semi-transparent. On
the under side the wings are whitish at the base and on the
inner margin of the secondaries. They are crossed about the
middle by two parallel distinct dark bands, which are quite close
to each other.

The moth sometimes strays as far north as Massachusetts.
It is very common in southern Florida and throughout tropical
America.

Genus Hi®MORRHAGIA Grote

Moth. — Head small. Tongue as long as the body. Antennae
clavate, two-thirds the length of the costa, with a minute
recurved hook at the tip. Thorax smooth, strongly projecting
before the insertion of the wings. Abdomen more or less
flattened beneath, and, especially in the males, adorned with a
broad fan-shaped anal tuft. The primaries have eleven veins.
Both primaries and secondaries are transparent about the
middle; the outer margin of the former is evenly rounded, and
of the latter slightly excavated between veins i b and 2.

Larva. — Characteristically sphingiform, provided with an
anal horn. The epidermis in most species of the genus is more
or less granulated. The caterpillars feed for the most part upon
Symphoricarpus, Lonicerat Viburnum, Cratxgus, and allied
plants.

Pupa. — The pupa, which is brown in color, is enclosed in
a somewhat dense cocoon, formed on the surface of the ground
under fallen leaves.

(i) Haemorrhagia thysbe Fabricius, Plate I, Fig. 5, .

(The Humming-bird Clearwing.)

Syn. pelasgus Cramer; ruficaudis Kirby; etolus Bbisduval.

62

i. . /r'f-'

w

V MTA.l'I "'O >ITAZ/..;‘i’. jl

fiot f .)'>[[o') nr h'jnizliT.'o 'jtj; b'ynjyil: '■iivjmno^ .jfn')’

(.bfTfiJIoH

. \ ) r)v,v>U\'ov,u\ ''.(ri’s'-'V/ iV i ’

. V. ,^iro>itniJ oW'i

. -rii.i U'W-TiV't vJnViTZi'V''. ''.'.'. A Vf/rV. f
.v^riiohcfibl. u-vu/vdu ■?

, ^ i-)rib idf sA'-n^V', . ,A

• ■ A"A;i\U! A :.\-nAnA:\ .-

.loj . vu /uA'j.V^ >

.Toljr'll V .p
. ■' .^jj^rrrnr.I <AV) ■VnrnA'Id .ot

. f v.'.iAVnn ■ VniiA'x'd .1-1

' , , /Tjj'id d’l uVn'd .<:[

, .;■. . ' .!l(i)ri V.,'. A'.VAV ,^i

. ,■ .-rydooTTAi ?,vVi viKup. ,‘'f \'AA 41

Explanation of Plate V

(The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J.
Holland.)

1. Hyloicus luscitiosa Clemens, cJ'.

2. Errinyis lassauxi meriancs Grote, 9 •

3. Errinyis ello Linnaeus,

4. Hyloicus libocedrus insolita Lintner, cJ*,

5. Errinyis ohscura Fabricius, (^ .

6. Aireides plebeja Fabricius,

7. Errinyis crameri Schaus, 9 • ^ *

8. Hyloicus sequoicE Boisduval, cj'.

9. Errinyis domingonis Butler, 9 •

10. Errinyis ello Linnaeus, cJ' .

11. Errinyis oenotrus Stoll, 9-

12. Errinyis alope Drury, 9-

13. Hyloicus gordius Stoll, c?.

14. Dictyosonia elsa Strecker, .

The Moth Book

Plate V-

COPYRIGHTED BY

HOLLAND, 1903

Sphingidse

Form cimbiciformis Stephens, Plate II, Fig. 6, $ .

Syn. ruficaudis Walker (partim); fioridensis Grote; uniformis Grote
& Robinson; huffaloensis Grote; pyramus Boisduval.

This is the largest and the commonest species of the genus.
It may easily be recognized by the figures given on Plate II. It
is subject to considerable variation. The form cimbiciformis
is distinguished by the absence of the dentations on the inner
side of the marginal brown band of the fore wings. It has been
obtained by breeding from the eggs of H. thysbe, and thysbe has
been bred from it. It is a dimorphic form of the species. The
caterpillar of H. thysbe feeds upon l/iburniim and allied plants.
The insect ranges from Canada and Nova Scotia southward to
Florida and westward to the Mississippi.

(2) Hasmorrhagia gracilis Grote & Robinson, Plate III,
Fig. 15, 5. (The Graceful Clearwing.)

Syn. ruficaudis Walker (non Kirby) (partim).

The thorax and basal segments above are olive-green. The
middle segments are black, the two preterminal segments are
margined laterally with reddish. The anal tuft is black, divided
in the middle by red hairs. On the under side the palpi, pectus,
and thorax are white, and the abdomen pale red. The pale area
of the thorax is traversed on either side by a stripe of reddish
hair, and there are three rows of white spots on the under side
of the abdomen. It occurs in the States of the Atlantic seaboard
from Nev/ England to the Carolinas.

(5) Haemorrhagia diffinis Boisduval. (The Snowberry
Clearwing.)

Spring form tenuis Grote, Plate II, Fig. 2, ? .

Syn. jurnosa Strecker; metathetis Butler; diffinis Beutenmuller.

Summer form diffinis Boisduval.

Syn. marginalis Grote.

Summer form axillaris Grote & Robinson, Plate II, Fig. 3, $ ;
Fig. 4. $ .

Syn. grotei Butler; cethra Strecker.

This species is trimorphic. The life history has been in part
very carefully worked out by Mr. Ellison Smythe of Blacksburg,
Virginia. (See “Entomological News,” Vol. XI, p. 584.)
The form diffinis has the marginal band dentate inwardly.

The caterpillar feeds upon Symphoricarpus, Lonicera, and
Diervilla, The insect has a wide range from New England to

63

Sphingidee

Georgia and westward to the eastern boundaries of the great
plains.

(4) Haemorrhagia senta Strecker, Plate IV, Fig. 5, $ .
(The Californian Clearwing.)

Syn. ruhens Hanham {non Edwards).

The head, thorax, and basal segments of the abdomen are
brownish-olivaceous. The abdomen is black. The two seg-
ments immediately preceding the terminal segment are marked
laterally by yellow tufts of hair. The anal tuft is wholly black.
The wings are very narrowly bordered with brown. There is
no rusty red spot at the apex of the primaries. The clear
portions of the wing in certain lights have a bright steel-blue
luster. The under side of the palpi, the pectus, and the
abdomen are pale straw-yellow. In size this species is about
as large as H. diffinis.

The perfect insect occurs in Utah and California, frequenting
the blossoms of Lupinus.

(5) H^morrhagia thetis Boisduval, Plate II, Fig. i,
(The Thetis Clearwing.)

palpalis Grote; ruhens Edwards.

Decidedly smaller than either of the two preceding species.
The thorax is olive-green, passing on either side into pale
yellow. This color Is continued dorsally on the abdomen as far
as the terminal segment, but is more or less lost in the broad
yellow preanal band. The basal and middle segments of the
abdomen are marked laterally with black, and the anal tuft is
correspondingly marked with black on either side. The
marginal band of the fore wings is narrow, as in H. diffinis, and
is always distinctly marked above and below at the apex by a
rust-red triangular spot. The wings at their insertion are more
or less shaded with pale rusty red both above and below.

This species ranges from Colorado and Wyoming westward
and northward to Oregon and British Columbia. It has been by
Dr. Dyar made synonymous with the following species, from
which it is, however, quite distinct.

(6) Haemorrhagia brucei French, Plate II, Fig. 7, 5'.

(Bruce’s Clearwing.)

This is a small species, in size approximating H. thetis, from
which it may be at once distinguished by the green color of the

64

Sphingidae

scales upon the thorax and the basal segments of the abdomen,
and the fact that the anal tuft is wholly black, not divided by
yellow scales in the middle as is the case in H. thetis.

The species is not uncommon in Colorado and Utah.

SUBFAMILY PHlLAMPELINy^

Genus PHOLUS Hubner

This is a large genus, including nineteen species, and a num-
ber of subspecies. It is confined to the Western Hemisphere.
Six species occur
within our territory.

P. typhon Klug, which
we have not figured,
is occasionally found
in Arizona. The larvae
feed upon the FitacecB,
and in the case of two
of the species have
done at times some
damage to vineyards.

(i) Pholus satel-
litia Linnaeus. (The
Satellite Sphinx.)

Form pandorus
Hubner, Plate III, Fig.

6, $ .

Syn. am pelo phaga
Walker.

This insect which
is widely distributed
throughout the eastern
United States, and
ranges northward into
southern Canada, is
well-known to all
growers of vines. The
caterpillar, when it
first emerges from
the egg and for several successive molts is green in color, and

65

Fig. 27. — Larva of Pholus satelUtia pan-
dorus; a, mature larva; b, larva after third
molt, head retracted; c, young larva. (After
Riley.)

Sphingidae

has at the anal extremity a very long caudal horn, which begins
gradually to curl up, as represented in the accompanying cut,
and after the third molt entirely disappears, being replaced by
a lenticular shining eye-like prominence. In the latter stages of
development the larvae frequently become dark brown, and
Professor Riley maintains that this is invariably the case in the
neighborhood of the city of St. Louis. It is not invariably the
case in other localities, as 1 know from experience. 1 have
reared a number of specimens in which the green color perdured
to the time of pupation, though the brown form is very common.
Like the larva of the following species, the caterpillar of P.
satellitia has the power of withdrawing the first two segments
of its body into the third, when at rest, or when suddenly alarmed.
When crawling or feeding the first segments are protruded, as
represented in the cut by the larger figure.

Several local races of P. satellitia are recognized as occurring
in the Antilles and in South America, one of these, for which
Mr. Grote proposed the name posticatus, occurs in Florida, as
well as in Cuba and the Bahamas. It may be distinguished from
the ioxm pandonis by its slighter build, its narrower wings, v/hich
in the case of the primaries have the outer margin straighter than
in pandorus, and by the presence of a large roseate spot cover-
ing the anal angle of the secondaries. There are other differences
of a minor character, but those mentioned will enable the student
to discriminate this form from the one we have figured.

(2) Pholus achemon Drury, Plate HI, Fig. 5, ^ . (The
Achemon Sphinx.)

Syn. crantor Cramer.

Like the preceding species the caterpillar of this beautiful
hawkmoth feeds upon vines, and shows especial fondness for

Fig. 28. — Larva of Pholus achemon. (After Riley.)

the grape. It is also addicted to the Virginia creeper (Ampe-
lopsis). The description of the habits of the larva given by

66

Sphingidse

Professor C. V. Riley, “Missouri Reports,” Vol. Ill, p. 75, is most
excellent. The figure which we give is taken from that Report.

The insect ranges over the entire United States from the
Atlantic to the Pacific, and from southern Canada to northern
Mexico.

(3) Pholus vitis Linnaeus, Plate III, Fig. i, $ . (The Vine
Sphinx.)

Syn. hornheckiana Harris; linnei Grote & Robinson; fasciatus Grote
(partim).

The true Pholus vitis, which we figure in our plate, may
easily be distinguished from its near ally, Pholus fasciatus
Sulzer, by the absence of the pink outer marginal area on the
upper two-thirds of the secondaries, by the inward prolongation
of the large black spot near the inner margin of the secondaries
into a well marked mesial band, and by its larger size. It
occurs in Florida and in southern Texas and Arizona, whence it
ranges southward over wide areas.

(4) Pholus fasciatus Sulzer, Plate III, Fig. 2, $ . (The
Lesser Vine Sphinx.)

Syn. vitis Drury {non LimiEeus); jusstence Hiibner; strigilis Vogel.

The caterpillar is reported as feeding upon Jussieua in the
tropics. In our territory it feeds upon various species of yitacece.
It is quite common in the region of the Gulf States and south-
ward, and sometimes is even taken as a straggler as far north as
Massachusetts.

(5) Pholus labruscse Linnaeus, Plate III, Fig. ii, 3. (The
Gaudy Sphinx.)

Syn. clotho Fabricius.

This beautiful creature is characteristic of the tropics, where
it is not uncommon. It occurs quite abundantly in southern
Florida and along the borders of the Gulf, and throughout the
Antilles, Central, and South America. Specimens, in spite of
the subtropical habitat of the species, have been taken in Canada,
illustrating the wonderful power of flight which is possessed by
these insects, the frail wings of which bear them in the dusk
of evening, during the few days of their existence in the winged
form, from the orange-groves of the south to the banks of the
St. Lawrence, a thousand leagues, across rivers, plains, and
mountains.

67

Sphingida

Genus DARAPSA Walker

We include in this genus three species, all of which
occur within our territory, and all of which we figure upon
our plates.

(1) Darapsa pholus Cramer, Plate 111, Fig. 3, $. (The

Azalea Sphinx.)

Syn. choerilus Cramer; azalece Abbot & Smith; clorinda Martyn.

This medium-sized hawkmoth, which is one of our com-
monest species in western Pennsylvania, may easily be distin-
guished from its very near ally, D. myron, by its reddish color.
The caterpillar feeds upon Viburnum and Azalea.

(2) Darapsa myron Cramer, Plate 111, Fig. 4, $, . (The
Hog Sphinx.)

Syn. pampinatrix Abbot & Smith; cnotus Hiibner.

The caterpillar, of which we give a figure, feeds upon wild
and domestic grape-vines, and also upon the Virginia Creeper.

It is a very common
insect in the Atlantic
States, and ranges as
far west as Kansas and
Iowa. It has been re-
garded as injurious to
vineyards, but the
damage done is incon-
siderable, and the in-
sects can easily be
combated by picking
off the larvae from the
vines and crushing
them under foot. The
reason why these in-
comparatively
small damage is per-
haps found in the fact that they appear to be especially subject
to the attacks of a small hymenopterous parasite, belonging to
the family Ichneumonidce. The female ichneumon-fly deposits
her eggs upon the epidermis of the young caterpillar. As soon
as the eggs hatch, the grub penetrates the body of the caterpillar

and feeds upon the fatty tissues lying just under the skin.

68

Fig. 30,-
va of D.
Riley.)

-Parasitized lar-
myron. (After

Sphingidse

Before the caterpillar reaches maturity the grubs emerge from
beneath the skin, and attaching themselves to the epidermis,
proceed to weave about themselves
little white cocoons, in which they
are transformed into perfect insects,
emerging to repeat the cycle of
life. Caterpillars which have been
thus parasitized do not survive the
ordeal. The accompanying cut (Fig. 30), shows a larva
upon which the ichneumon-flies have done their deadly work.

The insect, which accomplishes the task
of destruction imposed upon it in the
economy of nature, is very small. The
figure given herewith shows it of its
natural size, and also enlarged, so that its
structural peculiarities may be more easily
recognized. The species which we are con-
sidering shares this liability to parasitism
with its congeners, as well as with the repre-
sentatives of many other genera of the Sphingidce. 1 was greatly
annoyed a number of years ago by having a large series of the
larvae of the beautiful Darapsa versicolor, which 1 had collected
in their early stages, destroyed by this ichneumon-fly, and the
following summer, and, in fact, for several summers following,
the larvae of D. versicolor, which had been for awhile quite
abundant in certain localities known to me, almost entirely dis-
appeared. In one ravine, where 1 had obtained them by the
hundreds, they were not to be
found. 1 account for their dis-
appearance by the unusual num-
bers of the parasites which had
infested them that summer.

The larva of myron under-
goes pupation in a loose cocoon Fig. 32. — Pupa of D. myron
of coarsely woven threads of silk, which it spins under leaves at
the surface of the ground. In this respect its habits are strictly
like those of the other species of the genus.

(3) Darapsa versicolor Harris, Plate 111, Fig. 13, 3 . (The
Hydrangea Sphinx.)

Fig. 31. — Micro
gaster which de-
stroys larvae of D
myron.

Sphingidse

This lovely hawkmoth, which is accounted quite rare in
localities, has been found very commonly at certain times in
western Pennsylvania. Its larva feeds upon the wild hydrangea,
which grows abundantly in deep wooded glens, along the
margin of brooks. The insect ranges from New England to the
mountains of the Carolinas and westward into the eastern border
of the Mississippi Valley.

Genus SPHECODINA Blanchard

The head is broad. The proboscis is nearly as long as the
body. The antennae are fusiform, with a recurved hook at the
tip. The body is broad, flattened beneath. The abdomen has a
pointed anal tuft, and the segments are adorned laterally with
prominent truncated tufts of coarse hairs. The wings in their
outline closely resemble those of the genus Amphion. Only one
species of the genus is known.

(i) Sphecodina abbotti Swainson, Plate II, Fig. 19, $.
(Abbot’s Sphinx.)

This beautiful hawkmoth is found throughout the Eastern
States and southern Canada and ranges westward as far as Iowa

and Kansas. The
larva feeds on the
Vitaceoe. and is
not uncommon
0 n Ampelopsis.
The caterpillar is
not provided with
an anal horn, but
has instead an
eye-like tubercle,
or boss, at the
anal extremity.
It has the habit,
when disturbed,
of throwing its
head violently
from side to side, a movement found in other sphingid larvae,
and also in some of the Ceratocampidce.

70

!7 jO-.A'i

.'If 1

;n /<)i I'K/ /..IM/H ■

j -jtlJ nr h'jniKr(i<>'> -ym • -DriT)

i''.bni!!i( .]■!

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,>>tjior!(.lu'I X)',n\n5u'ri f

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V.W.i'uiVfW ,.r

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.fi-j" /.njVi>V|\\ .or.

■I

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; v. 1 .-v*.'.

Explanation of Plate VI

(The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J.

Holland.)

I.

Cocytins antceus Drury, 9 •

2.

Psetidosphinx tetrio Linnaeus, J'.

3-

Herse cingiilata Fabricius, cJ'.

4-

Dolba hylcBus Drury, 9 ■

5-

Hyloicus vancouverensis albescens Tepper, <S^

6.

Hyloicus ereinitus Htibner, 9 •

7-

Ceratoniia iindulosa Walker, 9 •

8.

Hyloicus kalmice Abbot & Smith, 9 •

9-

Cressonia jiiglandis Abbot & Smith, 9 •

lO.

Hyloicus separatus Neumcegen, (^ .

Plate Vi.

Sphingidae

Genus DEIdAMIA Clemens

The head is small, narrow, retracted, crested. The eyes are
small. The antennae are fusiform, with the tip bent back slightly,
scarcely hooked. The thorax is stout, som.ewhat crested. The.
abdomen is conic, and in the male has a small anal tuft. The
fore wings, which have twelve veins, are narrow, with the inner
margin sinuate. The apex of the fore wings is truncated, and
the outer margin is deeply excavated opposite the end of the cell
and also just above the inner angle, which is distinctly produced.
The hind wings are slightly crenulate on the outer margin.
There is only one species belonging to the genus.

(i) Deidamia inscriptum Harris, Plate 11, Fig. 15, $.
(The Lettered Sphinx.)

The caterpillar feeds upon the wild grape-vine. The moth
appears in the early spring. It is a com.mon species in western
Pennsylvania, but seems elsewhere to be regarded as quite rare.
It ranges from Canada to Virginia and westward to the
Mississippi.

Genus ARCTONOTUS Boisduval

This small genus, in which there are reputed to be two
species, is very closely related to the genus Proserpinus, from
which, as has been pointed out by Rothschild & Jordan, it
differs in appearance “ ov/ing to the more woolly scaling.”
The chief structural difference is found in the fact that the
antenna is not clubbed but fusiform, gradually curved, and
the feet are without a pulvillus, and have only vestiges of the
paronychium.

(i) Arctonotus lucidus Boisduval, Plate III, Fig. 14,

(The Bear Sphinx.)

This insect, which hitherto has been rare in collections,
appears to have a wide range along the Pacific coast, from
southern California to British Columbia. It appears upon the
wing very early in the spring of the year.

, The name Arctonotus terlooi is applied to a species, reported
from northern Mexico by Henry Edwards, and described by him,
in which the hind wings are wholly vinous red, and the green
basal band of the fore wings is wanting.

71

Sphingidae

Genus AMPHION Hubner
Head small. Eyes small, hemispherical. Palpi rather short.
Tongue nearly as long as the body. Antennae fusiform with a
long curved hook at the tip. Body plump, somewhat globose,
the thorax projecting very little beyond the insertion of the
primaries, and the abdomen terminating in a conspicuous fan-like
tuft. The fore wings are comparatively short and narrow, exca-
vated on the outer margin below the apex and above the inner
angle, which is strongly produced. The inner margin is deeply
sinuate. The hind wings are bluntly lobed at the anal angle.
There is only one species in the genus.

(i) Amphion nessus Cramer, Plate II, Fig. i8, 5 . (The
Nessus Sphinx.)

This species, which may easily be recognized from the figure
on the plate, is not uncommon in the Middle States. It ranges
from Canada to Georgia and westward to Wyoming. It flies in
the daytime on cloudy days and in the late afternoon before sun-
set. The caterpillar feeds on Ampelopsis and the wild grape.

Genus POGOCOLON Boisduval
This small genus, which is closely related in many structural
respects to Proserpinus, differs from it very decidedly in the form
as well as in the habits of the insects belonging to it. In the
structure of the antennae and neuration of the^wings the insects
belonging to Pogocolon show a close relationship to the insects
referred to the genus Proserpinus, but the form of the abdomen
is wholly different, elongated, cylindrical, and not bombyliform.
The moths, moreover, are crepuscular, whereas the moths re-
ferred to the genus Proserpimis are diurnal in their habits, in this
respect resembling the species of the genus Hcemorrhagia.
There are at least three species belonging to this genus.

(i) Pogocolon gaurse Abbot & Smith, Plate II, Fig. ii, 3.
(The Gaura Sphinx.)

The upper side of this small species is sufficiently delineated
in the plate to require no verbal description. On the under side
the wings are vinous brown, shading on the outer third into
olive-green, and reproducing the maculation of the upper surface.
The hind wings are deep olive at the base, passing into yel-
lowish green outwardly.

72

Sphingidae

The insect feeds in the larval stage upon various species of
Gaura, and ranges from Georgia to Texas and as far north as
southern Kansas.

(2) Pogocolon juanita Strecker, Plate 11, Fig. 12, ^ .

(Strecker’s Day-sphinx. )

The moth in the general style of its maculation is very much
like the preceding species, but is considerably larger, and the
colors are decidedly brighter. The caterpillar is quite different
in its markings from the larva of L. gaurce.

The habitat of this species is Texas, so far as is now known.

One other species of Pogocolon, P. vega Dyar, occurs in our
region. It is much darker in color than the two former species,
which it otherwise somewhat closely resembles.

Genus PROSERPINUS Hubner

Head small ; proboscis moderate or long ; antennae clavate ;
body stout ; abdomen with or without lateral tufts, but always
with a more or less well developed anal tuft. Anterior tibiae
stout, armed with spines outwardly and at tip. Fore wings
elongate, generally somewhat curved outwardly about the
middle, and with the inner angle more or less distinctly
produced ; more or less densely clothed with scales over their
entire surface. The moths are diurnal in their habits, and mimic
bumblebees in their appearance.

(i) Proserpinus flavofasciata Walker, Plate II, Fig. 8, $ .
(The Yellow-banded Day-sphinx.)

The head and thorax are pale yellow, the latter obscured with
brownish hairs about the middle. The abdomen is black with
the basal segment about the middle and the preterminal segment
on either side pale yellow. The fore wings on the upper side
are blackish, crossed by an oblique whitish band. The hind wings
are deep black, crossed by a broad orange-yellow band. The fore
wings on the under side are bright orange-yellow at the base.

This is always a rare insect in collections. It ranges, so far
as is known, through British America, and southward and east-
ward to Maine and Massachusetts. It is found in very early
summer hovering over flowers.

(2) Proserpinus clarkiae Boisduval, Plate 11, Fig. 10, $ .
(Clark’s Day-sphinx.)

73

Sphingidse

Syn. victoricB Grote.

The head, thorax and abdomen on the upper side are preva-
lently pale olive-green, the fifth and the three anal segments of
the abdomen being darker green. The fore wings are pale green
with an oblique brownish median band, and a triangular paler
brownish spot at the apex. There is a small black discal dot at
the end of the cell. The hind wings are deep orange-yellow,
margined with black. On the under side the wings are olive-
green, darker at the base. The hind wings have a waved
whitish band about their middle on the under side. The legs
are greenish-white.

This species is found from Oregon to northern California, and
eastward to Utah and Montana.

Genus EUPROSERPINUS Grote & Robinson

This genus is discriminated by Rothschild & Jordan from
Proserpinus by the fact that the antenna is more abruptly hooked
and slenderer at its extremity than in Proserpinus, and by the
absence of the pulvillus and paronychium, which are found in
Proserpinus. Two species belong to the genus, both having
white hind wings margined with darker color and the under side
of the pectus and the wings also white.

(1) Euproserpinus phaeton Grote & Robinson, Plate II,
Fig. 9, $> . (The Phaeton Sphinx.)

Syn. errato Boisduval.

The head and thorax above are gray, the abdomen blackish.
The preterminal segment has yellow lateral tufts. The anal tuft
is black. The fore wings above are of the same color as the
thorax. The hind wings are yellowish-white with a broad black
marginal band. Expanse 32 mm.

The habitat of this species is southern California.

(2) Euproserpinus euterpe Edwards. (The Euterpe
Sphinx.)

This species, which is only known to the writer through an
examination of the type, is discriminated from the preceding by
the absence of pale tufts on the side of the abdomen and the fact
that the marginal band of the hind wing is bowed inwardly and
not straight as in E. Phaeton.

lA

Sphingidae

SUBFAMILY CHy^ROCAMPIN/E
Genus XYLOPHANES Hubner

This genus, which is American, is very large, containing fifty
species and many subspecies. Of these species two only are
found, so far as is now known, within our territory, though it is
possible that a thorough exploration of southern Florida may
show that one or two of the species which are found in the
Antilles also occur in that State. The student will have no diffi-
culty in recognizing the species occurring within our borders by
means of the figures which are given upon our plates.

(1) Xylophanes pluto Fabricius, Plate IV, Fig. 9, $ . (The
Pluto Sphinx.)

Syn. bcerhaviis Fabricius; crcesus Dalman; thorates Hubner; eson
Walker

This beautiful hawkmoth, which is very common in the
Antilles, ranging southward to southern Brazil, occurs in
southern Florida. The larva feeds upon Erythroxylon.

(2) Xylophanes tersa Linnaeus, Plate II, Fig. 13, . (The

Tersa Sphinx.)

This common and easily recognized species has a wide range,
occurring very rarely as far north as southern Canada, thence
southward to Texas and Mexico, and as far south as northern
Argentina. The larva feeds on Bouvardia, Spermacoce, and
Manetta.

Genus CELERIO Oken

Head of moderate size. Eyes hemispherical, not prominent.
Antennae distinctly clavate, and armed at the tip with a minute
hook. The thorax is stout, projecting for about one-third of its
length beyond the insertion of the fore wings. The abdomen
is conic, untufted, produced more or less at the tip, and project-
ing for half its length beyond the hind margins of the secondaries.
The fore wings, which have eleven veins, are produced at the
apex. Their outer margin is slightly and evenly bowed out-
wardly. Their inner margin is very slightly sinuate. The hind
wings have their outer margin evenly rounded, except at the
extremity of vein i b, where they are slightly produced. The
genus is well represented in the Old World, and there are several
South American species. Only two species occur in our territory.

75

Sphingidse

(i) Celerio lineata Fabricius, Plate II, Fig. 14, $ . (The
Striped Morning Sphinx.)

Syn. daucus Cramer.

This is probably the commonest of all the North American
Sphingidas. The larva feeds upon Portulaca. There is con-
siderable diversity in the maculation of the larvae. The two
figures here given represent the two most usual forms of the
caterpillar. The insect ranges over the southern portions of

Fig. 34. — Light form of larva of C. lineata. (After Riley.)

British America to the Gulf of Mexico and southward to the
Antilles and Central America. I have seen hundreds of the
moths swarming about the electric lights in the streets of
Denver, Cheyenne, and Colorado Springs. The moth flies con-

Fig. 35. — Dark form of larva of C. lineata. (After Riley.)

stantly in bright sunshine on the Laramie Plains of Wyoming
in the month of August, frequenting the blossoms of thistles.

I have seen it busily engaged in extracting the sweets from dew-
spangled beds of Soapwort (Saponaria), in the valleys of
Virginia long after the sun had risen in the morning.

(2) Celerio intermedia Kirby, Plate II, Fig. 20, ? . (The
Galium Sphinx.)

Syn. epilobii Harris (non Boisduval); chamcenerii Harris; galii 'Walker;
oxybaphi Clemens; canadensis Guen6e.

This hawkmoth, which is the North American representant
of Celerio gallii, which is found all over the north temperate
regions of the Eastern Hemisphere, ranges from Canada to

76

IjV sT>..i4 MO

U 'io rr.o;J-j'jI[oo oi . b^rfOi Of'O) jrtJi .,b-:rji’yf> ■'■ri'l')

'V , ■ ■ ■/'■ " . - .V,, .

• . ,?,rrTi:;j i' i.V.''A>f.vV'. ■ \r\ .i

, j •■:i. •'rmbl i vO.uurtVVOi*^ ■v>^v;A^' ..u sVm''-\ .‘.-

. kVi'i'A Vm^At usVH
.if.jhrtri :A o.iy/jrr/.'^ vMjVitVs' ' /.’sAv-' .}.

. ,fKvijl)i;ii>H ryovwi-ouV'.nvM.'^^ ouoMijV^oubiAV.') .r-

, ■ .rflini'-i '/j to. f.f/. uun\m\A''in'<i) wvA'.Vr^A “

, , .•r-jnefy' I f '/v-'M-iA') '■.i'.'AiA'i V\ .>,

■ A '";' ' ■'

■ I ’ . : .

Explanation of Plate VII

(The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J.
Holland.)

1. Pachysphinx modesta Harris, cJ*.

2. Pachysphinx modesta occidentalis Henry Edwards, 9 •

3. Sphinx cerisyi Kirby, 9 .

4. Calasymbohis excczcata Abbot & Smith, cJ'.

5. Proto par ce rustica Fabricius, 9 •

6. Chlcenogramma jasminearum Boisduval, 9 •

7. Hyloicus drupiferarum Abbot & Smith, .

8. Hyloicus chersis Hiibner, 9 •

Plate VIL

The Moth Book

copyrighted

^ J. HOLLAND, 1903.

AMEft'CAN COLORTYPE

World of the Dark

Vancouver and southward through the mountains of the
Appalachian System and along the higher plateaus and mountain
ranges of the West as far as Central Mexico. 1 have specimens
taken in the Sierra Madre of Chihuahua. The identification
of the species may easily be made by means of the figure
on our plate.

THE WORLD OF THE DARK

“ Sorrowing we beheld

The night come on ; but soon did night display
More wonders than it veil’d; innumerous tribes
From the wood-cover swarm’d, and darkness made
Their beauties visible.”

Southey.

There are two worlds; the world of sunshine, and the world
of the dark. Most of us are more or less familiarly acquainted
with the first; very few of us are well acquainted with the latter.
Our eyes are well adapted to serve us in the daylight, but they
do not serve us as well in the dark, and we therefore fail to
know, unless we patiently study them, what wonders this
world of the dark holds within itself. There are whole armies
of living things, which, when we go to sleep, begin to awaken;
and when we awaken, go to sleep. The eyes of the creatures
of the dark are adapted to seeing with less light than our eyes
require. The broad daylight dazzles and confounds them.
Sunshine has much the same elfect upon them that darkness has
upon us. Our twilight is their morning; our midnight is their
noonday.

This is true even of many of the higher vertebrates. The
lemurs, which are a low family of simians, are nocturnal in their
habits. So also is the Aye-Aye of Madagascar, and that curious
little member of the monkey tribe known as the Specter
(Tarsius spectrum). No one can see the great eyes of these
creatures without realizing at a glance that they love what we
call darkness better than what we call light, though they are
far from being evil-doers. The great family of the cats are
principally nocturnal in their habits. Their eyes are capable of
being used in daylight, for the beautifully contracting and ex-
panding iris modifies the amount of light admitted to the retina

77

World of the Dark

far more delicately and instantaneously than any device, attached
to the most perfectly constructed camera, regulates the amount
of light transmitted through its lens. The tiger in the jungle
sees what is going on about him in the starlight as well as we
see what is happening in the noontide. I have studied the
eyes of lions and tigers in the dark. The yellowish-green iris in
the night almost entirely disappears from view, and shrinks
down into a narrow ring. The windows of the eyes have the
curtains drawn back wide, so as to let in all the light which the
darkness holds within itself. The great orbs then look like
globes of crystal, framed in a narrow band of gold, lying on a
background of the blackest velvet, while in their pellucid depths,
fires, tinged with the warm glow of blood, play and coruscate.

The eyes of many birds are adapted to the dark. This is
true, as everybody knows, of the owls, and of their not distant
relatives, the goat-suckers. 1 remember having, when a boy,
dissected an owl, which I found dead after a long protracted
period of intensely cold weather. The thermometer had stood
at twenty degrees below zero for several nights in succession.
The earth was wrapped deep in snow. Upon the sleety crust
1 found a great horned owl, lying dead, and frozen stiff. It may
have died of old age, or it may have starved to death. The
instinct of the child, who takes his toys to pieces in order to see
how they are made, seized me, and, with a sharp penknife as a
scalpel, and a few needles set in sticks of pine, I took my owl
apart, and made drawings of what I found. 1 did not then
know the names and functions of all the parts, but the drawing
of the eye, which 1 made, I still have in an old portfolio, and
there I saw it the other day. The eye of an owl is a wonderful
piece of mechanism. It is a wide-angle lens of beautiful powers
of adjustment. It is adapted to taking in all the light there is,
when the light is almost all gone; and it is so contrived as to
shut out light, when too much of its splendor would dazzle
and hurt.

Among the insects thousands and tens of thousands of
species are nocturnal. This is true of the great majority of the
moths. When the hour of dusk approaches stand by a bed
of evening primroses, and, as their great yellow blossoms
suddenly open, watch the hawkmoths coming as swiftly as

78

World of the Dark

meteors through the air, hovering for an instant over this
blossom, probing into the sweet depths of another, and then
dashing off again so quickly that the eye cannot follow them.
My friend, Henry Pryer, had a great bed of evening primroses in
his compound on the Bluff in Yokohama. Well I remember
standing with him before the flov/ers, and, as the light began to
fade upon the distant top of Fuji-no-yama, with net in hand
capturing the hawkmoths, which came eagerly trooping to the
spot. When it grew quite dark 0-Chi-san held a Japanese
lantern aloft to help us to see where to make our strokes. A
dozen species became our spoil during those pleasant evenings.
Ah ! those nights in Japan I Can I ever forget them ?

Did you ever reflect upon the fact that the wings of many
moths, which lie concealed during the daytime, reveal their
most glorious coloring only after dark, when they are upon the
wing ? Take as an illustration, the splendid moths of the great
genus Catocala, the Afterwings, as we familiarly call them. The
fore wings are so colored as to cause them, when they are
quietly resting upon the trunks of trees in the daytime, to look
like bits of moss, or discolored patches upon the bark. They
furnish, in such positions, one of the most beautiful illustrations
of protective mimicry which can be found in the whole realm of
nature. The hind wings are completely concealed at such times.
The hind wings are, however, most brilliantly colored. In some
species they are banded with pink, in others with crimson; still
others have markings of yellow, orange, or snowy white on a
background of jet-black. One European species has bands of
blue upon the wings. These colors are distinctive of the species
to a greater or less extent. They are only displayed at night.
The conclusion is irresistibly forced upon us that the eyes of
these creatures are capable of discriminating these colors in the
darkness. We cannot do it. No human eye in the blackness of the
night can distinguish red from orange, or crimson from yellow.
The human eye is the greatest of all anatomical marvels, and the
most wonderfu piece of animal mechanism in the world, but
not all of power is lodged within it. There are other allied
mechanisms which have the power of responding to certain
forms of radiant energy to a degree which it does not possess.

Let me commend to the study of my readers this world of the

79

Saturniidee

dark of which I have been speaking. Some of the pleasantest
excursions afield which can be made are those which the
naturalist takes, when he has only moonlight or starlight to
guide his steps. Always take a dark lantern with you. Without
it you cannot see, and even with it you will not see much which
it might be delightful to behold. But without a lantern you will
not see a great deal, and you may in the thick wood get deeply
mired in a boggy hole, or even break a limb. Your eyes are not
made like those of the owl and the cat. Do not be afraid of the
“night air.” The air of the night has the same chemical com-
position as the air of the day. It is cooler, of course, and some-
times it has fog in it, but cool and even foggy air is not un-
healthful. Scotchmen live half their lives in fog, but are healthy.
The only things to be dreaded are the mosquitoes, carrying with
them the germs of malaria, as we call it. These may be kept
off if you only know how to anoint yourself with a properly
prepared lotion.

FAMILY SATURNllD^

“ When, hypocritically clad in dressing-gown and slippers, I stopped
at my guest’s inner door and Fontenette opened it just enough to let me
in, I saw, indeed, a wonderful sight. The entomologist had lighted up the
room, and it was filled, filled ! with gorgeous moths as large as my hand
and all of a kind, dancing across one another’s airy paths in a bewildering
maze, or alighting and quivering on this thing and that. The mosquito-
net, draping almost from ceiling to floor, was beflowered with them,
majestically displaying in splendid alternation their upper and under
colors, or, with wings lifted and vibrant, tipping to one side and another
as they crept up the white mesh, like painted and gilded sails in a fairies’
;^egatta.” — G. W. Cable.

This family is composed of moths, which are for the most
part medium-sized or large. The larvae are cocoon-makers. The
perfect insects have vein 8 of the hind wings diverging from the
cell from the base of the wings. The frenulum is wanting. The
tongue is aborted, being at most extremely rudimentary. There
are no tibial spurs on the legs. The antennae are either singly or
doubly bipectinated to the tips in the case of the males, and
often in the case of the females. Bipectination of the antennae
occurs also in the family Ceratocampidce, but in the latter family
it never extends to the tip of the organ. The family falls into
three subfamilies: the Attacince; the Saturniinx; and the

8o

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Explanation of Plate VIII

(The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J.
Holland.)

1. Sarnia cecropia Linnaeus,

2. Sarnia rubra Behr, .

3. Callosamia angulifera Walker, c?.

4. C allosamia angulifera Walker, 9 •

5. Automeris zephyria Grote, O .

6. Pinconia coa Schaus, c?.

7. Heteropacha rileyana Harvey, 9 •

8. Sarnia Columbia Smith, cJ'.

9. Anisota virginiensis Drury, c?.

10. Anisota virginiensis Drury, 9 •

11. Anisota ruhicunda Fabricius, cJ*.

12. Hylesia alinda Druce, (S'.

"ilM

The Moth Book.

Plate Vlll.

AMERICAN COLORTYPE CO.;

HOLLAND, 1903.

Satumiidse

s

leucince. These subfamilies may be discriminated by the help of
the following Key:

Hind wings with one distinct internal vein.

Discal cell of both wings open _ _ . AttaciruB.

Discal cell of both wings closed - - - Saturniins.

Fig. 36. — Philosamia cynthia. a. Eggs; b. Larva; c. Cocoon; d. Pupa; e. Moth.

(After Riley.)

Satumiidae

SUBFAMILY ATTACIN.^

Genus PHILOSAMIA Grote

This genus, which may be distinguished from all others in our
fauna by the tufted abdomen of the perfect insect, is represented
by a single species, which, originally imported from the eastern
parts of Asia, has become thoroughly acclimatized on the Atlantic
seaboard in the vicinity of the larger cities, from which, as
centres, it has spread to some extent to the surrounding country.

(i) Philosamia cynthia Drury, Plate IX, Fig. 2, $ . (The
Ailanthus Silk-moth.)

Syn. aurotus Fabricius; tnsularts Vollenhoven; vesta Walker; canmngi
Walker; walkeri Felder; pryeri Butler.

The cut (Fig. 36) and the representation on our plate obviate
all necessity for mere verbal description of the species. The in-
sect which was originally introduced into Europe about the
middle of the last century was first introduced into America in
the year 1861. It was hoped that it would prove a valuable silk-
bearing species, but although a good grade of coarse silk may be
made from it by the process of carding, and strong and service-
able fabrics are manufactured from it in China, no method of
successfully and economically reeling the cocoons has yet been
invented. The caterpillar feeds upon the ailanthus, and these
shade trees in some places have been known to be completely
defoliated by the worms.

Genus ROTHSCHILDIA Grote

This characteristically neotropical genus may always be rec-
ognized by the large more or less triangular translucent spots of
the wings, and the general likeness to the species we figure
upon our plate. The abdomen is without tufts. The antennae
of both sexes are doubly bipectinated. The fore wings are
generally considerably produced at the apex. Two species
occur within our faunal limits.

(1) Rothschildia orizaba Westwood, Plate X, Fig i, ?.
(The Orizaba Silk-moth.)

From Rothschildia jorulla Westwood, the other species
found in our territory, this is easily separated by its generally
lighter color and the much larger size of the translucent spots

Saturniidffi

Upon the wings. Both species occur in Arizona, where they
are not, however, nearly as common as they are in Mexico.

Genus SAMIA Hubner

In this genus, composed of quite large moths, characterized,
as are the moths of the two preceding and the next succeeding
genera, by having the discal cells open, we find that the spots
on the middle of the wings are opaque, not hyaline, as in the
genus Rothschildia ; and, furthermore, the fore wings are more
rounded and less produced than in that genus.

(i) Sarnia cecropia Linnaeus, Plate VIII, Fig. i, ^ ; Plate
1, Fig. 8, larva. (The Cecropia Moth.)

This splendid moth, which is very common, is one of a small
number of our native silk-moths, which attract more or less

Fig 37. — Cocoon of Sarnia cecropia. (After Riley.)

popular attention, and the spring of the year in our museums is
always regarded as a period in which a certain portion of the
time of the entomological staff will be consumed in replying to
the letters of persons who, having for once opened their eyes to
the wonders of the insect world, have sent in old matchboxes
through the mails specimens of this insect, generally adding the
information that the species is probably “new to science” or
“excessively rare,” they having for the first time in their lives
noticed the moth.

The larva feeds upon a great variety of deciduous trees and
shrubs, though manifesting a predilection for the Rosacece,
willows, maples, and the lilac. The cocoon is a familiar object.
The insect is found over the whole Atlantic seaboard, and ranges
westward to the eastern margin of the great plains.

83

Saturniids

(2) Sarnia gloveri Strecker, Plate XII, Fig. 4, $ . (Glover’s
Silk-moth.)

This species, which may be distinguished from the preceding
by the more obscure, purplish color of the outer band, which
in S. cecropia is bright red, ranges over the region of the Rocky
Mountains from Arizona in the south to Alberta and Assiniboia
in the north. A small dwarfed form has been taken upon the
high mountains of Colorado, to which NeumcEgen gave the sub-
specific name reducta.

(3) Sarnia Columbia Smith, Plate VIll, Fig. 8, ^ . (The
Columbian Silk-moth.)

This species, which is well represented in our plate, may be
discriminated from its allies by its smaller size, and by the
absence of the reddish outer shading of the transverse white line
which crosses the wings about their middle. It ranges from
Maine to Wisconsin, never, so far as is known at present, rang-
ing south of the forty-first parallel of north latitude. While
closely allied to 5. gloveri, it is much smaller, and the larva
shows marked differences. The caterpillar feeds upon the larch.

(4) Sarnia rubra Behr, Plate VIII, Fig. 2, 5 . (The Ceano-
thus Silk-moth )

Syn. ceanothi Behr; euryalus Boisduval; calijornica Grote.

The species which is easily separated from its congeners by
its small size and prevalently redder cast of coloration, is found
on the Pacific coast, ranging eastward to Utah and Wyoming.
The larva feeds upon Ceanothus thyrsiflorus.

Genus CALLOSAMIA Packard

The structure of the moths of this genus is much like that of
the preceding genus, but the species composing it may invari-
ably be discriminated from others by the fact that the pectinations
of the antennae of the females in the anterior pair on each joint
are shorter than the posterior pair. The genus contains several
species, two of which are common in portions of our territory,
and the other is a straggler into our fauna from Mexico.

(i) Callosamia promethea Drury, Plate 1, Fig. 2, larva;
Plate XI, Fig. 11, Fig. 12, ?. (The Spice-bush Silk-moth.)

Fvery country boy who lives in the Atlantic States is familiar
with the cocoons, which in winter and spring he has found

84

/I ■JO

>'.(v>uu'y>ii’< -Mit h'5r;j.->ih!i! lu')oz:-lV

‘i.biiJinoH -I. .7/ 'll* noi;:)gfluO orli ni b'onaJ

. /Tintl i.''-u\iv,<AvsV\ .a

Al :A .U , o ,«n9fff;>i7 ■ .y

. ■ o '’V v.V^'>iUMSts I . ■ '

.' :Ku\'n-n\iy\ m'\ v.'n^>^u■.!l>‘K
Ac, .n-jy/i 'I'lii/'j’/ I . .d

''b ,7-i7oa-(j8 \\\j;\\vas ’ uVvAvU.V;- : ' 'l vV ■ mJ’ Vr/ \ .i;

!•' . i'DJtiH 5 'V A .8

' 'liaatnivl s u\TfO - ^ .y

I,

m m.

Explanation of Plate IX

(Except when otherwise indicated the specimens figured are con-
tained in the collection of W. J. Holland.)

1. Telea polyphenius Cramer,' 9-

2. Philosamia cynthia Drury, .

3. Agapema galbina Clemens, c?, U. S. N. M.

4. Auto metis io Fabricius, cj'.

5. Automeris io Fabricius, 9 •

6. Automeris pamina aurosea Neumoegen,

7. Pseudohazis eglanterina nuttalli Strecker, .

8. Pseudohazis her a Harris, cJ' .

9. Zeuzera pyrina Linnaeus,

Plate LX

■ The Moth Boo^

iMfa'CAN COLORTYPe

HOLLAND. 100S.

Satumiidae

hanging from the twigs of the spice-bush, the sassafras, and
other trees. As they dangle in the wind they are easily de-
tected, though they are often
wrapped in the dead leaf in
which the caterpillar originally
spun them. The larva of which,
in addition to the figure given in
Plate 1, we furnish a cut herewith,
is a rather striking object, the
coral-red tubercles on the second
and third anterior segments
showing conspicuously against
the bluish-green epidermis. The
insect subsists in the larval stage
upon a great variety of deciduous
shrubs and trees, showing a

a, Young larva; h, front view of
head; c, magnified view of a seg-
ment of young larva; d, mature
larva. (After Riley.)

special predilection for the Lauracece]
Liriodendron, Liquidamhar, and the
wild-cherry. It ranges over the Atlantic
States from Florida to New England
into southern Canada, and thence
v/estward through the valley of the
Mississippi to the eastern boundaries
of the great plains. Whether the silk
produced by this common and easily
reared species could be utilized in
such a way as to make its production commercially profitable
is a problem to be solved in the future. No one up to

8=5

Fig. 39. — Cocoon of C.
promethea. (After Riley.)

Saturniidse

the present time has succeeded either in reeling or carding
the silk of the cocoons.

(2) Callosamia angulifera Walker, Pl-ate VIII, Fig. 3, S,
Fig. 4, ? . (The Tulip-tree Silk-moth.)

This species may easily be discriminated from the last named
by the fact that the males are not v/ithout discal spots as in that
species, but have large angular white spots, causing them to
resemble in this respect the females of C. promethea. The larva
feeds commonly on the Xu\\'p-^o^\2Lr ( Liriodendron). The cocoon
is not suspended from the twigs, as in the case of C. promethea.

The only other species of the genus, which occurs in our fauna,
is Callosamia calleta Westwood, which may be differentiated
from the two foregoing species by the fact that it has a whitish
band on the collar and at the base of the thorax.

SUBFAMILY SATURNIIN^

The discal cells are closed. The antennae are pectinated in
both sexes to the tip. The hind wings have but one internal
vein distinctly developed. But four genera representing this sub-
family are found within our territory.

Genus AGAPEMA NeumcEgen & Dyar

The antennae of both sexes are doubly bipectinated, those of
the female having both the anterior and posterior pectinations of
equal length. Only one species is known.

(i) Agapema galbina Clemens, Plate IX, Fig. 3, S . (The
Galbina Moth.)

This interesting insect occurs in southern Texas, Arizona and
Mexico. The larval stages have been described by Henry
Edwards (see “Entomologica Americana,” Vol. IV, p. 61). The
specimen figured is considerably darker than the figures given
by Strecker. Specimens as light as those he depicts have never
fallen into the hands of the author.

Genus ACTIAS Leach

The species of this genus may easily be discriminated by their
pale green color, and the tailed hind wings. The pectinations of
the antennae in the female sex are shorter in the anterior pair on

86

Saturniidae

each joint than the posterior pair. The genus is quite large, but
only one species occurs in temperate North America. It is better
represented in the Old World.

(i) Actias luna Linnaeus, Plate Xll, Fig. 7, $ . (The Luna
Moth.)

This common and well-known insect has an extensive range
from Canada to Florida and westward to Texas and the trans-
Mississippi States as far as the region of the great plains. The
larva, of which we give
a representation, feeds
upon the various species
of walnut and hickory,
the sweet-gum (Liqui-
dambar), the persimmon
( Diospyros), and other
trees. In North Caro-
lina it appeared to be
particularly fond of the
persimmon. The cocoon
is thin and papery, spun
among leaves, and falls
to the ground in autumn.

In consequence it is not
nearly as often found as those of some other species, which
have been described in the preceding pages.

Genus TELEA Hubner

This is a very small genus, including only two or three
species. It is confined to the New World. The only represen-
tative in our faunal limits is the well-known species, which we
figure.

(i) Telea polyphemus Cramer, Plate IX, Fig. i, ?. (The
Polyphemus Moth.)

Syn. paphia Linnaeus; fenestra Perry; oculea Neumcegen.

This very common moth feeds in the larval stage upon a
great variety of trees and shrubs. 1 have found the caterpillar
upon various species of oaks, upon the two species of Jiiglans,
which grow in the Eastern States, upon hickory, basswood, elms,
maples, birches, chestnuts, the sycamore (Platanus), wild-

87

Fig. 40. — Larva of A. luna. (After Riley.)

Saturniidae

roses, and the beech. Other observers have reported the larva
as found upon a great variety of other trees. The caterpillar,

Fig. 41. — Larva of Telea polyphemus. (After Riley.)

r:

which is of a beautiful shade of green, is ornamented on the
sides by raised lines of silvery white, and is altogether a beauti-
ful object, so far as coloration is concerned. The cocoon is in
form like that of Aclias luna, but is much more dense, and, after
it has been spun up, is injected by the larva with a fluid, which
appears to precipitate a white chalky matter through the fibers
after it has dried. Efforts to reel the silk have hitherto amounted
to but little. The insect is double-brooded in the southern States.

In Pennsylvania and north-
ward it is single-brooded.
The moth ranges across
the entire continent and
into Mexico in the South.
We have given in Figure 5
a representation of the
Fig. 42. — Cocoon of Telea polyphemus. pupa, in Figure lO a cut
(After Riley.) antenna greatly en-

larged, and in Figures 41 and 42 are shown the larva and the
cocoon. The latter, as is illustrated in the cut, is spun among
leaves, and falls in the autumn to the ground. A number of
aberrant forms and local races have been described, and there is
considerable variety in the depth of the ground-color of the wings

88

Si ho-iKv.H ‘'.I

;o

- . if O':

U. A 7

%

y. aT/--i‘i «u

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.9 i,rv;V/r>; /V li'HV V. , ■ ,1 .

.- :• , ija'-A.va>'f^ . s.

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. .rrrii-.il ‘'>VA

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'.. K.bu»'\ lAA-inf -'! >

' ,'J ';, •i„in!jf!j \>v-tV«'..'V'., v>;u<)V.OjiAv'\fi p

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; 95' it v-.n'''- ''hj ) ii

■ ; .rtiffV'rt'it;''! ’, -.u. .rvvms. ^ »

Explanation of Plate X

(Except when otherwise indicated the specimens figured are in the
collection of Vv'. J. Holland.)

1. Rothschildia Orizaba Westwood, $ .

2. Basilona imperialis Drury, 9 ■

3. Cither onia regalis Fabricius, (J'

4. Citheronia mexicana Grote & Robinson, (^ .

5. Adelocephala bicolor Harris, cJ' .

6. Adelocephala bicolor Harris, 9 •

7. Syssphinx albolineata Grote & Robinson, cJ' .

8. Color adia pandora Blake, (S' ■

9. Malacosoma disstria Hiibner, J', U. S. N. M,

10. Malacosoma erosa Stretch, S-

11. Malacosoma californica Packard, S-

13. Malacosoma americana Fabricius, 9 . U. S. N. M.

Plate X.

The Moth Book,

COPYRIGHTEC BY

HOLLAND, 19D3.

Saturniidae

in a long series of specimens collected in the same locality. 1
have one or two fine melanic specimens, in which the wings are
almost wholly black on the upper side. Albino specimens are
also occasionally found.

Genus SATURNIA Schrank

This genus is represented in our fauna by a single species.

(i) Saturnia mendocino Behrens, Plate XII, Fig. 6, $ .
(The Mendocino Silk-moth.)

The insect inhabits northern California, where it is not
uncommon. The larva feeds upon Arctostaphylos tomentosa.

Genus AUTOMERIS Hubner

Four species of this genus occur within our borders. Three
of them we figure on our plates. The other, Automeris :{elleri
Grote & Robinson, may be distinguished from those we give by
its much greater size, the female expanding fully five inches
across the wings, and having three broad brown bands parallel
to the margin of the hind wing, a large blind ocellus in the
middle of that wing, and the fore wings purplish brown, marked
with darker brown spots at the base, the end of the cell, and on
the limbal area.

(1) Automeris pamina Neumcegen, Plate IX, Fig. 6, 6.
(The Pamina Moth.)

The figure we give is taken from an example of the form
called aurosea by Neumoegen, in which the hairs along the inner
margin of the hind wings are somewhat more broadly rosy red
than in the specimens which he indicated as typical. The
specimen was labeled by, and obtained from, the author of the
species.

(2) Automeris zephyria Grote, Plate VIII, Fig. 5, 9 .

(The Zephyr Silk-moth.)

This beautiful insect which is found in New Mexico, is well
delineated in our plate, and may easily be discriminated from
other species by the white transverse lines of the fore wings.

(3) Automeris io Fabricius, Plate IX, Fig. 4, 6 , Fig. 5, ? .
(The lo Moth.)

Syn. corollaria Perry; varta, Walker; fabricii, Boisduval; argus
Neumoegen & Dyar.

89

Saturniidae

This common insect, which ranges from Canada to
Florida, and westward and southward to Texas and
Mexico, subsists in the larval stage upon a large variety of

Fia 43. — Larva of Auiomeris io.
(After Riley.)

trees and shrubs; in fact, the
caterpillar is almost omnivo-
rous. The larva is a beautiful
object, the body being green,
ornamented with a lateral
stripe of pink and creamy
white and covered with
clusters of branching spines.
These are possessed of sting-
ing properties, and the cater-
pillar should be handled with
extreme care, if painful con-
sequences are to be avoided.
In spite of this defense the
larvae are greatly liable to
the attack of ichneumon
wasps, which destroy multi-
tudes of them.

Genus HYLESIA Hiibner

This is a neotropical genus of small size, one species of
which, common enough in Mexico, is occasionally found in
Arizona. It is a true Saturnian, the secondaries having but one
inner vein and the discal cells in both wings being closed.

(i) Hylesia alinda Druce, Plate VIII, Fig. 12, 3. (The
Alinda Moth.)

The specimens I have were taken on the Mexican border of
Arizona. So far as I remember, nothing has been written upon
the life-history of the species.

SUBFAMILY HEMILEUCINAE.

The moths of this subfamily may be structurally differentiated
from their near allies by the fact that the hind wings have two
distinct internal veins, i a and i b. The antennse of the male
insect in the genus Coloradia are doubly bipectinated. In the

90

Satumiidae

genera Hemileuca and Pseudoha^is, the antennae of the males
are singly bipectinated. In the former genus the females have
bipectinated antennae; in the latter the females have the antennae
serrate, or very feebly pectinated.

Genus COLORADIA Blake

(i) Coloradia pandora Blake, Plate X, Fig. 8, $ . (The
Pandora Moth.)

The range of this insect is from the eastern foot-hills of the
Rocky Mountains to the Cascades, and from Montana to Mexico.

Genus HEMILEUCA Walker

Eight species of this genus are known from our territory,
four of which we figure. H. electra Wright has the hind wings
more or less red with a black border. H. grotei is a black
species with a white collar, and a series of narrow white spots
covering the middle of the wings, three on the fore wing, and
those on the hind wing composing a narrow median band.
H. neumcegeni is a beautiful insect with snowy v/hite thorax and
reddish brown abdomen. The wings are snowy white with
orange discal marks crossed by two black bands on the pri-
maries and one on the secondaries, the inner line of the primaries
being relieved externally by an orange spot bordered with black.
H. hualapai Neumoegen has the wings dull pink, either without
markings, or crossed by two pale lines. The form with the pale
transverse lines has been dubbed sororius by Henry Edwards.

(i) Hemileuca maia Drury, Plate XI, Fig. i, S. (The
Buck-moth.)

Syn. proserpina Fabricius.

In the fall of the year, when the leaves are falling and the
days are still mellow and warm, the Buck-moths may be seen
flitting through the air at noonday. They especially frequent the
edges of groves of oaks. Upon the twigs of these trees, as well
as occasionally upon willows, wild cherry-trees, and hazels, they
deposit their eggs in clusters, as represented in Figure 44. The
larvae, which are gregarious and have stinging spines or bristles
upon the somites, hatch in the latter part of April or in May,
according to latitude, and after undergoing five molts, pupate in

91

Fig. 44.— Eggs
of Buck-moth.
(After Riley.)

Saturniidas

the ground. The moths emerge in the fall, though a few winter
over in the soil until the next spring, when they emerge, or
they may even remain dormant until the following fall.

The wings are semi-translucent, and in some
specimens are apparently almost devoid of
scales. The insects are diurnal, or semi-crepus-
cular in their habit, and 1 have never known
them to be attracted to artificial light. The
name “Buck-moths” is said to have been given
to them because they fly at the time when deer-
stalking is in order.

The insect ranges from Maine and Nova
Scotia to Florida
and westward to
the eastern edge of
the great plains.

In the Carolinas it
is very common, especially in
groves of the Black-jack Oak,
which grow on barren up-
lands.

(2) Hemileuca neva-
densis Stretch, Plate XI,

Fig 2, 3 . (The Nevada
Buck-moth.)

Syn. calif ornica Wright ;
artemis Packard.

This species, which
closely resembles the pre-
ceding, may be distin-
guished from it by the
much wider expanse of the
transverse discal bands in
both wings, and the much
redder tuft of anal hairs.

It may be a mere local race of Hemileuca
authors have recently accorded it specific rank.

(3) Hemileuca juno Packard, Plate XII, Fig.

Juno Moth.)

Syn. yavapai Neumoegen.

Fig. 45. — Buck -moth; a, mature
larva; b, pupa; c-d, bristles on larvae in
first stage; e, thoracic spine in second
stage; /, spine in third stage; g, spine
in fifth stage. (After Riley.)

maia, but most

8, (The

92

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Explanation of Plate XI

(The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J.
Holland.)

1. Hemileuca maia Drury, (J*.

2. Hemileuca nevadensis Stretch, cJ'.

3. Pseudohazis hera pica Walker, .

4. Pseudohazis hera pica Walker, 9 •

5. Pseudohazis eglanterina nuttalli Sttecker, (S'.

6. Ctenucha brunnea Stretch, S' •

7» Tolype velleda Stoll, S ■

8. Tolype velleda Stoll, 9-

9. Anisota stigma Fahricius, S-

10. Anisota stigma Fahricius, 9 •

11. C alio s amia promethe a Xdr very , S - ^

12. Callosamia promethea Drury, 9 •

13. Basilona imperialis Drury, S-

14. Syssphinx heiligbrodii Harvey, 9 •

15. Cargida pyrrha Druce, c?.

16. Fenaria longipes Druce, S-

17. Xanthopastis timais Cramer, 9 •

18. Euchcetias murina Stretch, 9 •

19. Copidryas cosyra Druce, S.

20. Apantesis intermedia Stretch, S-

The Moth Book

Plate XI

Saturniidae

This beautiful moth occurs in Arizona and northern Mexico.

(4) Hemileuca tricolor Packard, Plate XII, Fig. 9, S . (The
Tricolor Buck-moth.)

This species, like the preceding, is found in Arizona and in
New Mexico. The larvae feed upon the Grease-wood, according
to report.

Genus PSEUDOHAZIS Grote & Robinson

This is a small genus of rather striking and exceedingly vari-
able insects, the life histories of which have not been as thor-
oughly studied as is desirable. The moths appear to be diurnal
in their habits, and may be found in vast numbers in the morn-
ing hours on bright days in their favorite haunts in the region of
the Rocky Mountains. I have found them particularly abundant
about Laramie Peak in Wyoming in the latter part of June and
July. They appear to frequent flowers in company with diurnal
lepidoptera, as the various species of Argynnis, and they may
then be easily taken. Their flight is rapid. They are character-
istic of the country of the sage-brush, and the ranges of the
western sheep-herder.

(i) Pseudohazis eglanterina Boisduval.

Form nuttalli Strecker, Plate IX, Fig. 7, $> ; Plate XI, Fig. 5,
^ . (Nuttall’s Sheep-moth.)

Syn. shastaensis Behr; denudata Neunioegen.

The two figures given on our plates show two forms of this
well-known insect. Whatever the amount of black or purple
upon the fore wings the specimens may always be distinguished
from others by the presence just beyond the discal spot of the
fore wings of a longitudinal dash of Indian yellow. This is
characteristic, and I have never failed to find it in a long series
of specimens, no matter how the other markings varied.

(2) Pseudohazis hera Harris, Plate IX, Fig. 8, $ . (The
Hera Moth.)

Form pica Walker, Plate XI, Fig. 3, $ ; Fig. 4, ? . (The
Magpie Moth.)

This extremely variable moth is represented by the typical
form in the figure given upon Plate IX, and in the figures given
upon Plate XI by two specimens showing the form, which is

93

Ceratocampidae

most common in Colorado and Wyoming, in which the wings
are greatly suffused with black. To this form Walker’s name
pica properly applies.

FAMILY CERATOCAMPID^

“ In Nature’s infinite book of secrecy
A little I can read.” — Shakespeare.

This family contains moths of large or medium size, the
larvae of which do not produce cocoons, but undergo transforma-
tion in the ground. The larvae are generally more or less orna-
mented with spines and bristly protuberances. The moths have
the tongue developed, but nevertheless feebly. The tibial spurs
are present. The frenulum is lacking. The genera belonging to
this family are American, and only five of them occur within our
faunal limits.

Genus ANISOTA Hiibner

Of the five species, recognized as belonging to this genus and
occurring within our borders, we have selected three for repre-
sentation. Anisota senatoria, a common species found in the
Atlantic States, is distinguished from its very near ally, Anisota
virginiensis, not only by marked differences in the larval stage,
but by the fact that the females are almost exactly like the female
of Anisota stigma, profusely covered with black spots or freck-
lings on the wings, while the females of virginiensis, as shown
in the plate, are almost wholly destitute of such spots. The
males of these two species are almost alike, the only difference
being that the male insect in the case of virginiensis is somewhat
darker than in the case of Anisota senatoria, and less ochreous.

(i) Anisota stigma Fabricius, Plate XI, Fig. 9, 6 ; Fig.
10, $ . (The Stigma Moth.)

The caterpillar feeds upon various species of oak. It is orna-
mented with short spines upon the segments, arranged in rows,
those on the second segment from the head being long and
recurved. The color of the larvae at maturity is a dull reddish
brown, marked with small creamy-white and gray punctulations.
The insect occurs in the Appalachian faunal region, from Canada
to the Carolinas, and westward to Kansas and Missouri.

94

Ceratocampidse

(2) Anisota virginiensis Drury, Plate VIII, Fig. 9, $ ; Fig.
10, $ . (The Virginian Anisota.)

Syn. astymone Olivier; pellucida Herrich- Schaeffer.

The male insect has the fore wings almost transparent about
the middle, as is the case with Anisota senatoria, as has already
been pointed out, but the female is not heavily spotted, as is the
case in that species. The caterpillar feeds upon oaks. The moth
has the same geographical distribution as the preceding species.

(3) Anrsota rubicunda Fabricius, Plate VllI, Fig. ii,

(The Rosy Maple-moth.)

The larva of this beautiful moth feeds commonly upon the
silver-maple, which in many of our western cities has been
extensively planted as a shade-tree. The depredations it commits
upon the foliage have subjected it to the indignation of arbori-
culturists. It was
formerly very com-
mon in the city of
Pittsburgh, but for
many years past it
has almost entirely
disappeared, so that
it is now regarded as
a rather rare insect by
local collectors. The
disappearance of the
moth is due no doubt
to the combined influ-
ence of the electric
lights, which annually
destroy millions of
insects, which are attracted to them, and to gas-wells, and
furnaces, which lick up in their constantly burning flames other
millions of insects. Perhaps the English sparrow has also had a
part in the work of extermination. In Kansas the insect is very
common. I recently saw in the city of Atchison numerous
maples, which had almost been stripped of their leaves by these
larvae. The range of the insect is practically the same as that of
the other species of the genus.

Fig. 46. — Anisota rubicunda. a. larva;
pupa; c. female moth. (After Riley.)

95

Ceratocampidae

Genus ADELOCEPHALA Herrich-Schaeffer

As in the preceding genus, vein 1 1 of the fore wing is stalked
with veins 6-8, but the outer margin of the wing is not straight
as in that genus, and longer than the internal margin, but it is
convex and shorter than the inner margin. There are a number
of species belonging to the genus, which are indigenous in
Central and South America, but only one occurs within our
borders.

(i) Adelocephala bicolor Harris, Plate X, Fig. 5, $ ; Fig. 6,
$. (The Honey-locust Moth.)

Syn. distigrna Walsh.

The larva feeds upon the Honey-locust f Glediischia) and the
Kentucky Coffee-tree (Gymnocladus). It is a rather common
insect in the valley of the Ohio, and ranges from the region of
the Great Lakes southward to Georgia and Kansas.

Genus SYSSPHINX Hubner

The insects assigned to this genus by recent writers do not
differ greatly in structure from those referred to the preceding
genus. The principal structural differences consist in the fact
that the antennae of the females are somewhat shorter and less
strongly pectinated, and the abdomen is generally longer, in some
species greatly exceeding the hind margin of the hind wings.
The genus is well represented in Mexico and Central America.
Only four species occur in our territory, two of which we figure.

(i) Syssphinx albolineata Grote & Robinson, Plate X, Fig.
7, 5. (The White-lined Syssphinx. )

Syn. raspa Boisduval.

The figure we give is sufficient to enable the student to iden-
tify this species which is common in Mexico, and also occurs in
southern Arizona.

(2) Syssphinx heiligbrodti Harvey, Plate XI, Fig. 14, $ .
(Heiligbrodt’s Syssphinx.)

This very pretty moth, which may easily be determined by
the help of the figure we give, is not uncommon in southern
Arizona. The caterpillar feeds, it is said, upon Grease-wood
bushes.

96

1!'/ ;*j rAJ*-] Mtr v:()rry-ViA,i'r/.H

•mria-iq^ orii 'igrWTjriic triii// ”

(.hftcIi<‘>H ! .V7' noiJooflov

■ M Z .'fi .'J .‘lanlniJ v,iiv.v.(7v> .i

• 9 ,‘3J<nO UAo^\WvH>\<\o'^\( H
J/. ./ b . 'J /o .9j01i' ) \'jV\\OU

; 'b q.

./: .fe .'J , ' t) ,T'.>>Ib'Z// V);;j,’n\'/jV'UnA ?,

;. .en-^ijri^B <)j\VacA)5r'm iiun«\oV, .d
.'r, SjU>\\ v,iAi;)K \

. • Zv ,ImrJoK‘l omv\ .?

Z'O' .LifiZoiiT v A'! I'ni boMtAtsu^.H ,p

Explanation of Plate XII

(Except when otherwise indicated the specimens figured are in the
collection of W. J. Holland.)

1. Cossus centerensis Lintner, (J*, U. S. N. M.

2. Hypopta hertholdi Grote, 9 •

3. Hypopta henrici Grote, cJ*, U. S. N. M.

4. Sarnia gloveri Strecker, .

5. Artace punctistriga Walker, , U. S. N. M.

6. Saturnia mendocino Behrens, .

7. Actias luna Linnieus,

8. H emileuca ]uno Backsird, cJ'.

9. Hemileuca tricolor Backard, .

The Moth Book

Plate XII.

COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND, 1903.

AMERICAN COLORTYPE

Ceratocampidie

Genus CITHERONIA Hubner

This genus of large and showy moths is characteristically
neotropical, having its metropolis in Central America. Three
species occur in our territory, two of them having an extensive
northern range.

(1) Citheronia regalis Fabricius, Plate 1, Fig. 4, larva ; Plate

X, Fig. 5 . (The Royal Walnut-moth.)

Syn. regia Abbot & Smith.

The caterpillar, which is known by boys as the “Hickory
Horn-devil,’' feeds upon a great variety of trees and shrubs,
showing a decided preference for the walnut and butternut, the
persimmon, and several species of arborescent sumac {Rhtts).

(2) Citheronia sepulchralis Grote & Robinson, Plate XLI,
Fig. 5, ? . (The Pine-devil Moth.)

The larva, which is smaller and more obscurely colored than
that of the preceding species, feeds upon various species of pine,
and the insect ranges from the Carolinas northward to Massa-
chusetts along the coast. It is not uncommon in the valley of
the Potomac, and at Berkeley Springs 1 have found it abundant in
the larval state in the months of July and August.

(3) Citheronia mexicana Grote & Robinson, Plate X, Fig.
4, $, . (The Mexican Walnut-moth.)

This species, which is in many respects very closely allied to
C. regalis, occurs in Arizona, and southward.

Genus BASILONA Boisduval

The only representative of this genus within the limits of the
United States is the species which is illustrated on our plates.
There are a number of other species, which are Mexican or South
American.

(1) Basilona imperialis Drury, Plate X, Fig. 2, $ ; Plate

XI, Fig. 13, 6. (The Imperial Moth.)

Syn. imperatoria Abbot & Smith; punctatissima Neumoegen.

The larva feeds upon a vast number of trees and shrubs, and
m.ay almost be described as omnivorous. The larvae are either
brown or green, the color having nothing whatever to do with
the character of the perfect insects, which emerge from the
pupae. Such cases of dichromatism among larvae are not at all
uncommon.

97

Syntomidae

FAMILY SYNTOMID.^

“ Whoever looks at the insect world, at flies, aphides, gnats, and innumerable
parasites, and even at the infant mammals, must have remarked the extreme
content they take in suction, which constitutes the main business of their life. If
we go into a library or news-room, we see the same function on a higher plane,
performed with like ardor, with equal impatience of interruption, indicating the
sweetness of the act.” — Emerson.

This family, which quite recently has been monographed by
Sir George F. Hampson, consists of moths which are small, or
at most of medium size. They are diurnal in their habits, and
frequent flowers. At first glance, they often are mistaken
for wasps and other hymenoptera, which they mimic. The
following characterization of the family is quoted from the
learned author, to whom reference has just been made:

“ Proboscis usually well developed, but sometimes aborted;
palpi short and porrect, long and downcurved, or upturned;
frons rounded; antennae simple, ciliated, or bipectinate, usually
with short branches dilated at extremity in both sexes; tibiae
with the spurs short. Fore wing usually with the terminal area
broad; vein \a forming a fork with \b, \c absent; 5 from below
middle of discocellulars; 7 stalked with 8, q. Hind wing small;
vein \a often absent; \c absent; 8 absent, rarely rudimentary
and not reaching costa; frenulum present; retinaculum bar-
shaped.” Hampson, Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaence,
Voi. 1, p. 20.

Eleven genera comprised within this family are recognized by
recent writers as holding place in the fauna of the United States
and Canada. Most of these are southern, and represent a
northern movement of the great complex of genera and species
referable to the family, which inhabits the hot lands of equa-
torial America.

Genus COSMOSOMA Hubner

This is a large genus, including at least eighty species, which
are found in Central and South America. Only one species is,
at present, known to occur within our faunal limits.

(i) Cosmosoma auge Linnaeus, Plate XIll, Fig. i, 5.
(The Scarlet-bodied Wasp-moth.)

Syn. oniphale Hubner; melitta Moschler.

98

Syntomidae

This beautiful little insect occurs throughout the tropics of
the New World, and is not rare in southern Florida. The larval
stages have been described by Dyar (see “Psyche,” Vol. VII.
p. 414). The caterpillar feeds upon Mikania scandens.

Genus SYNTOMEIDA Harris

The type of this genus is Syntomeida ipomex. Six species
have thus far been assigned to it, two of these occuring in the
extreme southern portions of our territory.

( 1 ) Syntomeida ipomeae Harris, Plate XllI, Fig. 3 ? .
(The Yellow-banded Wasp-moth.)

Syn. jerox Walker; enter pe Herrich-Schaefier.

This species is confined to the southern States along the
borders of the Gulf of Mexico. The caterpillar, which according
to report feeds upon the Convolvulacece, remains to be fully
described.

(2) Syntomeida epilais Walker, Plate XIII, Fig. 2, 3.
(The Polka-dot Wasp-moth. )

The larva has been described by Dyar (see Journal New
York Entomological Society, Vol. IV, p. 72, and “ Insect Life,”
Vol. II, p. 360). The caterpillar feeds upon Net'him odorum.

Genus PSEUDOMYA Hubner

This is a small neotropical genus, including, so far as is
known, but eight species, one of which occurs in the extreme
southern part of Florida.

(i) Pseudomya minima Grote, Plate Xlll, Fig. 6, $, . (The
Lesser Wasp-moth.)

The caterpillar, which has been described by Dr. H. G.
Dyar in “ Psyche,” Vol. VIII, p. 42, feeds upon Myginda
Hid folia.

Genus DIDASYS Grote

Only one species has hitherto been referred to this genus.
It is found in Florida.

(i) Didasys belae Grote, Plate Xlll, Fig. 7, 6, Fig. 8 ?.
(The Double-tufted Wasp-moth.)

As shown in our plate, the male has the end of the
abdomen ornamented by two tufts, while the female is devoid

99

Syntomidae

of these appendages. The insect is found on the Indian River
in Florida, and southward.

Genus HORAMA Hiibner

Ten species compose this genus, of which only one is found
within the limits of the United States.

(i) Horama texana Grote, Plate XllI, Fig. 9, 5 . (The
Texan Wasp-moth.)

No difficulty should be experienced in identifying this moth
by the help of the figure which is given.

Genus EUCEREON Hiibner

Sixty-two species, all inhabiting the hot lands of North and
South America, are assigned by Hampson to this genus. The
only one thus far known to occur within the limits of the
United States is figured on our plate.

(i) Eucereon confine Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate Xlll, Fig. 10,
? . (The Floridan Eucereon.)

Syn. Carolina Henry Edwards.

This interesting little moth, which was described by Henry
Edwards under the name Nelphe Carolina, had been figured by
Herrich-Schaeffer under the specific name above cited thirty-two
years before. It is rare in Florida, but is common in the
Antilles, Mexico, and Central America.

Genus LYMIRE Walker

This is a small genus comprehending only five species. Its
only representant within our borders was originally assigned by
Grote to the genus Scepsis, which it superficially resembles.

(i) Lymire edwardsi Grote, Plate XIII, Fig. il,
(Edwards’ Wasp-moth.)

The larval stages, thanks to the labors of Dr. H. G. Dyar, are
known. The caterpillar feeds upon Ficus pedunculata. The
insect, when pupating, spins a small cocoon of hair and silk.
For fuller knowledge upon the subject the reader is referred to
“Insect Life,” Vol. II, p. ^61.

Genus SCEPSIS Walker

Three species of this genus, which does not range far into the
Mexican territory, are recognized. Two of these we figure;

100

SyntomkiEe

the third, Scepsis packardi Grote, ^matthewi Grote, is a trifle
larger in size, than the other two, much paler in color, and
inhabits Washington, Oregon, and British Columbia.

(1) Scepsis fulvicollis HObner, Plate XIII, Fig. 12,

(The Yellow-collared Scape-moth.)

Syn. semidiaphana Harris.

This common insect, the larva of which feeds upon grasses,
has a wide range from Canada to the Gulf States, and westward
to the Rocky Mountains, and southward to Chihuahua in
Mexico. The moths frequent the blossoms of the golden-rod
(Solidago) in the late summer.

(2) Scepsis wrighti Stretch, Plate XIII, Fig. 13, $. (The
White-collared Scape-moth.)

The habitat of this species is southern California. The speci-
men figured was sent me by Mr. Wright, labeled “Type," and
may be accepted as typical of the species.

Genus LYCOMORPHA Harris

A small genus of moths, diurnal in their habits, having a
preference for the flowers of the Composites, upon which they
may frequently be found in their habitats.

( 1 ) Lycomorpha grotei Packard, Plate XIII, Fig. 14, $ .
(Crete’s Lycomorpha.)

Syn. palmeri Packard.

This pretty little insect occurs in Colorado and thence south-
ward to Texas. So far as recalled by the writer its larval stages
have not as yet received attention from any of our American
students of the lepidoptera.

(2) Lycomorpha pholus Drury, Plate XIII, Fig. 15, 3.

This common insect, but not the less beautiful because it is

common, is widely distributed throughout the United States.
The larva is said to feed upon lichens.

Genus CTENUCHA Kirby

This genus, which includes about twenty species, is quite
well represented in our fauna. Figures of all the species occur-
ring within our territory are given in the plates.

(i) Ctenucha venosa Walker, Plate XIII, Fig. 20, 5. (The
Veined Ctenucha.)

lOI

Syntdtnidse

From Ctenucha cressondna, its nearest ally, this species may
be distinguished by its smaller size, the reddish tint of the stripes
upon the fore wings and the edges of the shoulder lappets, and
the fact that the fringe opposite the end of the cell on both wings
is marked by fuscous, and not uniformly white throughout
as in C cressonana. The species ranges from Colorado to
Mexico.

(2) Ctenucha cressonana Grote, Plate XIII, Fig. 21, 5 .
(Cresson’s Ctenucha.)

This species, which is one of the largest in the genus, may
easily be recognized by the figure we give and the remarks
made in connection with what has been said in regard to the
preceding species.

(3) Ctenucha brunnea Stretch, Plate XI, Fig. 6, 5 . (The
Brown-winged Ctenucha.)

Easily recognized by the pale brown color of the primaries,
upon which the veins stand forth in a darker shade of brown.

(4) Ctenucha multifaria Walker, Plate XIII, Fig. 19, $ .
(The Californian Ctenucha.)

This species, which is closely allied to the next, may be dis-
criminated by the fact that the fore wings are lighter in color,
the collar is black, not orange spotted with black, as in C.
rubroscapus, and the costal margin of the primaries is nar-
rowly edged with white.

(5) Ctenucha rubroscapus Menetries, Plate Xlll, Fig.
22, $ . (Walsingham’s Ctenucha.)

Syn. walsinghami Henry Edwards.

This species, which may be distinguished by the aid of what
has been said under the preceding species, as well as by our
figure, may have the edges of the shoulder lappets either red, as
in our figure, or orange yellow. It is found in the Pacific States.

(6) Ctenucha virginica Charpentier, Plate XIII, Fig. 18, $ .
(The Virginian Ctenucha.)

Syn. latreillana Kirby.

This moth, which is not at all uncommon in the northern
portions of the Appalachian faunal region, may be found in the
latitude of New York City and Pittsburgh frequenting the blos-
soms of blackberries at the end of May and in June. The larva
feeds, as do the larvae of the other species, upon grasses.

102

Lithosiidse

Genus D AH AN A Grote

Only one species, the type of the genus, is known.

(i) Dahana atripennis Grote, Plate XllI, Fig. 23, $ . (The
Black-winged Dahana.)

The habitat of this species is southern Florida. The insect
does not appear to be common in collections.

FAMILY LITH0S11D/E‘

“You would be another Penelope: yet, they say, all the yam she spun
in Ulysses’s absence did but fill Ithaca full of moths.’’

— Shakespeare, Coriolanus, 1,3.

The moths belonging to this family have the larvse of the
usual form displayed by the Arctiidae, with all of the prolegs
present. They feed principally upon lichens. They pupate in
cocoons spun up of silk, in which the hairs of the larva are
mingled.

The perfect insects, or imagoes, are of medium size or small.
As a family, they present many variations in structure, both as
to the venation of the wings and secondary sexual characteris-
tics. The following general characterization of the group is
taken from Hampson, "Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae,”
Vol. 11, p. 80:

" Proboscis usually well developed, but often aborted; palpi
usually short and porrect, sometimes reaching well beyond the
frons, often upturned, rarely reaching above the vertex of the
head; antennae of male usually with bristles and cilia, often bipec-
tinate, sometimes dilated or with tuft of scales on upper side of
shaft; ocelli absent; tibiae with the spurs usually moderate, some-
times long or absent. Fore wing typically long and narrow, but
in a large section, short and broad, the narrow winged genera
having vein 5, and often vein 4, absent. Hind wing with
vein 8 coincident with the cell from base to one-third or to
near end of cell.”

About a dozen genera have thus far been recognized as
represented in the fauna of the region of which this book
treats.

103

Lithosiidse

\

Fig. 47. — Cramhidia pallida, S

Genus CRAMBIDIA Packard

This small genus, consisting of moths displaying delicate
shades of slaty-gray, pale yellow, or pearly white upon their
wings, is represented in our fauna by six species, three of

which we figure, one of them
being hitherto undescribed.
The genus falls into two sec-
tions, in the first being included
those species in which there is
no areole in the fore wing, and
in the second those which have
the areole developed. The first
section is represented by Crambidia pallida, and contains, in
addition, the species named lithosioides and uniformis by Dyar ;
the second section is represented by Cramhidia casta, and con-
tains, in addition, the species named cephalica by Grote &
Robinson, and the species herein described and named allegheni-
ensis. The structure of the insects is sufficiently well set forth
in the two cuts we give, which have been kindly furnished by
Sir George F. Hampson, with the permission of the Trustees of
the British Museum.

(1) Crambidia pallida Packard. (The Pale Lichen-moth.)

The moth is uniformly brownish-grey, with the hind wings

a trifle paler than the fore wings. The wings on the under
side are lighter than on the upper side. The species occurs
in the northern Atlantic States.

(2) Crambidia casta Sanborn, Plate Xlll, Fig. 30, $. (The
Pearly-winged Lichen-moth.)

On the under side the fore
wings and the costal area of
the hind wings are fuscous,
and in some specimens the
upper side of the wings is
also slightly touched with pale
fuscous. The insect appears
to be not uncommon in Colorado and ranges thence south
and north toward the Pacific coast.

(3) Crambidia allegheniensis, sp. nov., Plate Xlll, Fig. 31, $ .
(The Alleghenian Lichen-moth.)

Fig. 48. — Cramhidia casta, S

104

Lithosiidse

The head and anterior portions of the thorax are pale yellow.
The patagia are of the same color. The thorax and the abdomen
on the upper side are pale slaty-gray. The legs and the tip of
the abdomen on the under side are ochreous, the middle of the
abdomen on the under side being dark slaty-gray. The fore wing
on the upper side is slaty-gray, with the costa evenly edged with
pale yellow. The hind wings are translucent white. On the
under side the wings are marked as on the upper side, but paler.
The insect is slightly smaller X\\2in casta. It occurs in western
Pennsylvania. The type, which is in .the collection of the author,
was taken by him in East Pittsburgh.

Genus PALPIDIA Dyar

The genus is represented by only one species, so far as is now
known.

(i) Palpidia pallidior Dyar. (Dyar’s Palpidia. )

This insect, a drawing of the type
of which is given in the annexed cut,
has the fore wings pale ochreous, with the
interspaces between the veins strongly
irrorated with dark scales. The hind
wings are whitish. It is as yet a rare
insect in collections, and has only
been recorded from Cocoanut Grove, in Dade County, Florida.

Genus LEXIS Wallengren

The genus Lexis is of moderate size, all of the species
referred to it, with the single exception of the one figured
on our plate, being inhabitants of the Old World. The
metropolis of the genus appears to be southern Asia and
the adjacent islands. One species is recorded from Australia,
and the species, which is the type of the genus, is found in
East Africa.

(i) Lexis bicolor Grote, Plate XllI, Fig. 29, 3 . (The
Yellow-edged Lexis).

Syn. argillacea Packard.

The moth is pale slaty-grey, with the head, patagia, and
anal tuft yellow. The fore wings are bordered on the costa

Fig. 49. — Palpidia
pallidior, ? .

105

Lithosiidae

with pale yellow, the band of this color running out to nothing
before it quite reaches the apex. The specimen figured on
the plate came from Colorado. It is also said to occur in
Canada and the northern portions of the United States.

Genus HYPOPREPIA Hubner

A small genus of North American moths, all the species of
which occur within the territory covered by this book. The
insects closely resemble each other, and the student who has
learned to recognize one of them cannot fail to refer the others
correctly to their genus. It is not, however, so easy to discrimi-
nate the species. The following little key, which is taken from
Hampson’s Catalogue, Vol. II, page 515, may help the student
in making correct specific references :

1 . Ground-color of the fore wing wholly scarlet miniata

2. Ground-color of the fore wing yellow and crimson fucosa

3. Ground-color of the fore and hind wings yellow cadaverosa

4. Ground-eolor of the fore wing fuscous brown, of the hind

wing whitish incuUa

(1) Hypoprepia miniata Kirby, Plate XIII, Fig. 41, $.

(The Scarlet-winged Lichen-moth.)

Syn. vittata Harris; subornata Neumoegen & Dyar.

This rather common insect ranges from Canada to the
Carolinas and westward in the region of the Great Lakes to
Minnesota. It comies freely, as do all the species of the genus, to
light, and I have found it very abundant at times about the
lamps in the village of Saratoga, New York. I have taken it at
Asheville, North Carolina, and at the White Sulphur Springs in
West Virginia, but have never received specimens from low
altitudes on the Virginian and Carolinian coasts.

(2) Hypoprepia fucosa Hubner, Plate XIII, Fig. 42, $ .

(The Painted Lichen-moth.)

Syn. tricolor Fitch; plumhea Henry
Edwards.

This species, which may be
easily distinguished from the
preceding by the fact that the
tip of the abdomen is not

marked by a dark fuscous

marginal band of the secondaries,

106

Fig. 50. — Hypoprepia fucosa, S
(After Hampson.)

spot, and by the narrower

Lithosiidae

as well as by the difference in the color of the wings, is a com-
mon species in the Atlantic States, and ranges westward into
the basin of the Mississippi.

Genus H/EMATOMIS Hampson
This little genus includes, so far as is now known, but two
species, both of which are Mexican, but one of which ranges
into southern Arizona. The species are separated as follows by
Hampson :

I. Fore wing with yellowish streaks, on costa, through cell, and

on inner margin mexicana

2. Fore wing with pale streak on the costa only liniformis

( I ) Hsematomis mexicana Druce, Plate XIII, Fig. 34, 6 .
( The Mexican Lichen-
moth.)

With the help of the illus-
trations we have given the
student should have no great
difficulty in identifying this Fig. 51. — Hcematomis mexicana,
little moth. Hampson.)

Genus COMACLA Walker

This genus is represented in our fauna by two species. One
other occurs in Europe and northern Asia, and another in
tropical Africa. The two American species are very much
alike in appearance, and it is difficult to distinguish worn
or rubbed specimens. The following key will be of some
assistance:

I. Wings pale mouse gray, translucent; collar and abdomen

ochreous; apex of fore wings rounded simplex Walker

2. Wings and body uniformly
pale mouse gray, wings trans-
lucent only about the mid-
dle, sprinkled with blackish
scales and marked by an
obscure discal dot, apex of
fore wings less rounded and
more nearly square than in
preceding specxez.juscipes Grote

(1) Comacla simplex Walker, Plate XIII, Fig. 34, $ . (The
Mouse-colored Lichen-moth.)

Syn. murina Walker; clarus Grote & Robinson; texana French.

107

Fig. 52. — Comacla simplex, $> .
(After Hampson.)

Lithosiidse

The species is common in Texas. C. fuscipes occurs in
Arizona.

Genus BRUCEIA Neumcegen

One species is reckoned in this genus, the structural char-
acters of which are well shown in the cut we give.

(i) Bruceia pulverina
Neumoegen, Plate Xlll, Fig.
33, 3 . (The Powdered
Lichen-moth.)

Syn. hubbardi Dyar.

The insect named hub-
hardi by Dyar seems to be
only a smaller form of B.
pulverina.

Genus CLEMENSIA Packard

To this genus Sir George F. Hampson refers a dozen species.
All of these are inhabitants of the hot lands of America, except
the species we figure. Cisthene lactea Stretch is by Hampson
referred to the genus Illice. Dr. Dyar places it in the genus
Clemensia. The species is unknown to the writer, and does
not exist in any collection which he has examined, so that we
shall not attempt to discuss the vexed question of its proper
location.

(i) Clemensia albata Pack-
ard, Plate Xlll, Fig. 38, 3 . (The
Little White Lichen-moth.)

Syn. Walker ;<;a«a Walker;

umbraia Packard ; irrorata Henry
Edwards ; patella Druce ; philodina
Druce.

The insect ranges from New
England to Mexico and westward to the Pacific coast.

Genus ILLICE Walker

This is a moderately large genus comprising nearly thirty
species, the most of which are found in tropical America.
It has been subdivided into three sections, or subgenera, by
Hampson. In the second section, equivalent to Oionadia, a
genus erected by Dyar, are placed those species, in which

108

Fig. 54. — Clemensia albata, 5 . T
(After Hampson.)

Fig. 53. — Bruceia pulverina, 8 . F
(After Hampson.)

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Explanation of Plate XIII

(Unless otherwise indicated, ti-
the collection of W. J. Holland.)

1. Cosmosoma mige Linnaeus, c?.

2. Syntomeida epilais Walker, <^ .

3. Syntomeida ipomece Harris, 9 •

4. Tri procris rata Henry Edwards ,

5. Triprocris latercula Henry Ed-

wards, U. S. N. M.

6. Pseudomya minima Grotc, o’,

U. S. N. M.

7. Z)fcia5y5 Grote, cJ' ,U.S.N.M.

8. Didasys belcs Grote, 9 •

9. Horama texana Grote, c?-

10. Eucereon confine Herrich-

Schaeffer, 9 . U. S. N. M.

11. Lymire edwardsi Grote, 9 •

12. Scepsis fulvicollis Hiahner, 9-

1 3 . Scepsis wrighti Stretch , c? ,

type.

14. Lycomorpha grotei Vdickard, 9-

15. Lycomorpha pholus Drury, cJ*.

16. Triprocris constans Henry Ed-

wards, cJ* .

17. Lycomorpha fulgens Henry Ed-

wards, 9 ■

18. Ctenucha virginica Charpentier,

9 .

19. Ctenucha multijaria Walker, 9 .

U. S. N. M.

20. Ctenucha venosa WsCker, J*.

21. Ctenucha cressonana Grote, cJ'.

45. Kodiosoma j

specimens figured are contained in

2 2 . Ctenucha rubroscapus Menetries,
9 , U. S. N. M.

23. Dahana atripennis, Grote, cJ'.

24. Nola ovilla, Grote cJ'.

25. Celama triquetrana Fitch, cJ*.

26. Celama pustulata Walker, C' ,

U. S. N. M.

27. Rceselia fuscula Grote, 9 •

28. Ptychoglene phrada Gruce , C' .

29. Lexis bicolor Grote, c? .

30. Crambidia casta Sa.r\horr\, 0^.

31. Crambidia allegheniensis Hol-

land, (S' ■

32. Nigetia formosalis WCtker, (S .

33. Bruceia pulverina Neumoegen,

34. Comacla siynplex WaXker, (S .

35. mice sub jecta WsCker , (S .

36. 1 nice unifascta Grote & Robin-

son, .

37. mice nexa Boisduval, (S-

38. Clemensia albaia Packard, o',

U. S. N. M.

39. Hcematomis mexicana Druce, o’* .

40. Pygoctenucha funerea Grote, 9 ,

Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila.

41. Hypoprepia miniata Kirby, 9-

42. Hypoprepia fucosa Hubner, .

43. Kodiosoma eavesi Stretch, .

44. Kodiosoma tricolor Stretch, c?.
'va Stretch, 0^.

The Moth Book

Plate Xlll.

COLORTYPE

HOLLAND, 1933

Lithosiidae

the hind wing is slightly produced at the anal angle. Here
come two of the species found in our fauna, /. schwar:(iorum
and I. unifascia. In the third section, typical lllice, fall the
species in which the anal angle is not produced. Here are
placed five species. The student may find the following key
helpful in determining his specimens:

A. Hind wing slightly produced at the anal angle.

Lappets and markings of fore wing yellow, hind wings
crimson, fuscous at apex.

1. Fore wing with the band across the wing crimson on the

inner margin schwarziorum Dyar

2. Fore wing with the band across the wing not crimson on

the inner margin unifascia Grote

B. Hind wing not produced at the anal angle.

Abdomen crimson ; fore wing slaty-gray in ground color.

1. Fore wing with crimson patch on the costa subjecta Walker

2. Fore wing without crimson patch on costa, and with a pink

streak on the inner margin at the base . . . .striata Ottolengui

3. Fore wing with whitish patch about the middle of the inner

margin plumbea Stretch

Abdomen orange or yellowish.

1. Hind wing pale yellow, with apex blackish nexa Boisduval

2. Hind wing smoky-gray faustinula Boisduval

(1) mice unifascia Grote
& Robinson, Plate XIII, Fig.

36, ? . (The Banded Lichen-
moth.)

Syn. tenuifascia Harvey.

The insect ranges from Fio. ss.-HUce unifascia, I .
the Ohio Valley southward to (After Hampson.)

Texas, and from Virginia to Florida. The transverse band

is often interrupted in the
middle of the wing, and there
is variation in the color of
the hind wings, which, while
usually red or crimson, may
also be orange, or even
yellow.

(2) mice subjecta Walker, Plate XIII, Fig. 35, $ . (The
Subject Lichen-moth.)

Syn. packardi Grote.

Fig. 56. — lllica subjecta, $ . -f.
(After Hampson.)

109

Lithosiidse

The distribution of this species is much the same as that
of the preceding. Its range is slightly more northern than
that of /. unifascia.

(3) mice nexa Boisduval, Plate XIII, Fig. 37, 5 . (The
Yellow-blotched Lichen-moth.)

Syn. grisea Packard; deseria Felder.

This species is found upon the Pacific coast, and is not
uncommon in southern California.

Genus PTYCHOGLENE Felder

A small genus confined to the southwestern portions of
our territory. The four species occurring within our fauna
may be briefly characterized as follows:

I Head, thorax, base of abdomen, basal two-thirds of prima-
ries and basal half of secondaries bright carmine; black
marginal borders of both wings strongly dentate
inwardly coccinea Henry Edwards

2. Head, thorax, and abdomen black; fore wings crimson,

narrowly edged with black on inner margin, and with
a black marginal band covering the wing for about one-
fifth of its length, dentate inwardly opposite end of
cell. Hind wing blackish-brown, more or less broadly
laved with crimson on costal margin phrada Druce

3. Head, thorax, and abdomen black; fore wing crimson, with

the costal margin narrowly edged with black; terminal
black band of the same width as in the preceding
species, but not dentate inwardly. Hind wing pale
yellowish crimson, with the outer marginal band
strongly toothed inwardly on vein 2 sanguineola Boisduval

4. Head, thorax, and abdomen, deep black; patagia crimson;

fore wings deep crimson, very narrowly edged on
external margin with black, extending on costal margin
a short distance from the apex toward the base. Hind
wings deep bluc-black, very narrowly edged on the
costa with crimson, the crimson fascia not quite reach-
ing the apex tenuimargo sp. nov.

(1) Ptychoglene phrada Druce, Plate XIII, Fig. 28, .

(Druce’s Lichen-moth.)

Syn. flammans Dyar.

(2) Ptychoglene tenuimargo sp. nov., Plate XIIL, Fig.
17, $. (The Narrow-banded Lichen-moth.)

no

Lithosiidae

The type of this species, which I have received in recent
years from Arizona and in great abundance from the State of
Chihuahua in Mexico, is figured upon our plate.

Genus PYGOCTENUCHA Grote

A small genus containing three species, two of which are
found within the limits of the United States. They may be
discriminated as follows:

1. Uniformly black, collar-lappets and tip of abdomen ochre-

yellow ; size small jtmerea Grote

2. Head, thorax, and abdomen black shot with brilliant blue;

fore coxae, teguls, patagia, and anal tuft scarlet, the
latter white in the female; fore wings black shot with
green; hind wings black shot with blue. Fully one-
third larger than preceding species ierminalis Walker

(1) Pygoctenucha funerea Grote, Plate Xlll., Fig. 40, .

(The Funereal Lichen-moth.)

The specimen figured on our plate was kindly loaned for
the purpose by the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
The insect occurs in New Mexico.

(2) Pygoctenucha terminalis Walker. (The Blue-green
Lichen-moth.)

Syn. harrisi Boisduval; pyrrhoura Hulst; votiva Henry Edwards.

This insect, referred by Hampson to his genus Protosia,
must be placed here, Pygoctenucha having priority over
Protosia, which falls as a synonym.

Genus LERINA Walker

Only one species belongs to this genus. It was originally
named by Walker, and made the type of the genus. Subse-
quently it was redescribed by Boisduval as Ctenucha rohinsoni,
under which name it has
passed current in American
collections until recently.

(i) Lerina incarnata
Walker. (The Crimson-
bodied Lichen-moth.) Fig. 57. — Lerina incarnata, 3 . L

Syn. robinsoni Boisduval. (After Hampson.)

The head, tegulae, and patagia, with the terminal half of
the abdomen are deep crimson. The rest of the body and

111

“ Splitters ” and “ Lumpers ”

its appendages are black. The wings are bronzy-green. The
insect inhabits Mexico and southern Arizona.

“SPLITTERS” AND “LUMPERS”

Every true naturalist is called upon to exercise the faculty of
discrimination and the faculty of generalization. His work
trains him to detect dissimilarities on the one hand and like-
nesses on the other. His judgments as to likeness are expressed
in the genera, the famiies, the orders, which he proposes. His
judgment as to dissimilarities is most frequently expressed in his
views as to species. When the two faculties of discrimination
and generalization are well balanced and accompanied by the
habit of patient observation, ideal conditions are reached, and
the work of the naturalist in classification may be expected to
stand the test of time. But where, as is often the case, one of
these faculties is exalted at the expense of the other, there
are certain to result perversions, which will inevitably cause
trouble to other students. When a man cultivates the habit of
discrimination to excess, he is apt to become, so far as his labors
as a systematist are concerned, “a splitter.” A “splitter”
magnifies the importance of trivial details; he regards minute
differences with interest; he searches with more than micro-
scopic zeal after the little things and leaves put of sight the lines
of general resemblance. Huber, the celebrated naturalist, said
that by patient observation he had come to be able to recognize
the different ants in a hill, and, as one by one they emerged from
their subterranean galleries, he knew them, as a man living upon
a certain thoroughfare in a great city comes at last to know by
sight the men and women who are in the habit of daily passing
his windows. No doubt the critical eye can detect as great
individual differences in the lower animal world as are to be
detected among men. A student comes to apply himself with
great zeal to searching out and describing these differences, and
when he undertakes to say that because of them one form
should be separated specifically from another he becomes “a
splitter.” I recall an entomologist whose chief weapon of
research was a big microscope. He would take a minute insect
and study it until he was able to number the hairs upon its head.
Then he would describe it, giving it a specific name. The next

13

“ Splitters ” and “ Lumpers ”

Specimen he would subject to the same critical process, and if
the number of hairs was not just the same, or a small wart was
detected here or there, or a bristle grew in a place where
a bristle did not grow in the specimen previously examined, it
too, was described and a specific name was given it. It was as
if a man, sitting and looking out on the throng upon Broadway,
should resolve to give every individual a specific name and
should declare he had seen as many species of men as he had
seen men passing his window. The labors of such naturalists
may be highly entertaining to themselves, but they are, to say
the least, provocative of unpleasant feelings in the minds of
others who come after them and are compelled to deal with and
review their labors.

The “lumper,” on the other hand, is a man who detects no
differences. “All cocoons look alike to me!” he says. Any two
moths which are of approximately the same size and the same
color, are, by him, declared to belong to the same species.
Questions of structure do not trouble him. General re-
semblances are the only things with which he deals. No
matter if eggs, larvae, legs, veins, and antennae are different it
is “all one thing” to him. His genera are magazines,” into
which he stuffs species promiscuously. The “lumper” is the
horror of the “splitter,” the “splitter” is anathema to the
“ lumper”; both are the source of genuine grief and much hard-
ship to conscientious men, who are the possessors of normally
constituted minds and truly scientific habits. Nevertheless, we
are certain to have both “splitters” and “lumpers” in the
camps of science until time is no more. “This kind goeth
not forth” even for “fasting and prayer.”

“ Look at this beautiful world, and read the truth
In her fair page; see every season brings
New change to her of everlasting youth —

Still the green soil, with joyous living things
Swarms — the wide air is full of joyous wings.”

Brvant.

113

FAMILY ARCTIIDy^

“All diamonded with, panes of quaint device,

Innumerable of stains, and splendid dyes,

As are the Tiger Moth’s deep damask wings.’’

Keats.

“There is another sort of these caterpillers, who haue no certaine place
of abode, nor yet cannot tell where te find theyr foode, but, like vnto
superstitious Pilgrims, doo wander and stray hither and thither (and like
Mise), consume and eat vp that which is none of their owne ; and these
haue purchased a very apt name amongst vs Englishmen, to be called
Palmer-worms, by reason of their wandering and rogish life (for they
neuer stay in one place, but are euer wandering) , although by reason of
their roughnes and ruggednes some call them Beare-wormes. They can
by no means endure to be dyeted, and to feede vpon some certaine herbes
and flowers, but boldly and disorderly creepe ouer all, and tast of all
plants and trees indifferently, and liue as they list.’’ — Topsell, History of
Serpents, p. 105 (1608).

This is a large family including many genera and reckon-
ing, according to recent lists, over two thousand species.
The family is represented in our fauna by thirty-eight genera,
and at least one hundred and twenty species.

The following characterization of the family is adapted from
Hampson, with special reference to the genera occurring within
our territory:

Proboscis more or less aborted in the typical genera Arctia,
Diacrisia, and allies, fully developed in most neotropical
genera, and in Utetheisa and its allies; palpi slight and porrect,
or well developed and upturned; ocelli present; eyes rarely
hairy; antennae pectinate or ciliate; tibial spurs typically small,
but often well developed, the hind tibiae with the medial spurs
absent in a few genera and the fore tibiae in others with curved
apical claw, the mid and hind tibiae rarely spined. Wings
usually well developed. Fore wing with vein la separate from
5 from near lower angle of cell or well below angle of
discocellulars; 6 from or from near upper angle; areole present
in many genera. Hind wing with vein la present; absent;

114

Arctiidse

4 often absent; 5 from near lower angle of cell or well belov/
angle of discocellulars; 6, 7 sometimes coincident; 8 coin-
cident with the cell from or almost from base to near middle,
or extremity of the cell and even in some genera beyond the
extremity of the cell. In the genus Halisidota vein 8 is obsolete.

The larvae have all the prolegs and are generally profusely
clothed with hairs. They pupate in cocoons woven of silk
mixed with the hairs which are shed during the process of
spinning. The caterpillars of some species have received the
common appellation of “ woolly bears,” and the moths are
familiarly known as “tiger-moths.”

Genus HOLOMELINA Herrich-Schseffer

The names Eubaphe and Crocota, proposed by Hubner,
and applied recently by some writers to this group of insects,
being what are known to students as nomina nuda, cannot
stand.

It may be said in passing that this genus from a classi-
ficational standpoint is in a very unsatisfactory condition, so far
as some of the species are concerned. The “Splitters” and the
“Lumpers” have been hard at work upon it, and inasmuch as
the insects show very little purely structural variation, and
vary greatly in color and size, there has resulted great con-
fusion. Within the limits of the space assigned to us in the
present compendium we have not the opportunity to discuss
these questions, but suggest to our readers that there is here
an opportunity to use both eyes and mind to advantage in
solving some of the vexed points. The test of breeding should
be rigorously applied, and the larval stages of the insects
should be critically observed.

(1) Holomelina ostenta Henry Edwards, Plate XIV, Fig.

. (The Showy Holomelina.)

This conspicuous and very beautifully colored insect ranges
from Colorado through New Mexico and Arizona into Mexico.

(2) Holomelina opella Grote, Plate XIV, Fig. 23, $ . (The
Tawny Holomelina.)

Syn. ohscura Strecker; ruhricosta Ehrman.

This species is rather common in Pennsylvania and the
Atlantic States as far south as Georgia.

115

Arctiids!

Form belmaria Ehrman, Plate XIV, Fig. 24, $ .

(Ehrman’s Holomelina.)

This insect, a paratype of which is figured as above cited,
is regarded by Dr. Dyar as a varietal form of N. opella. The
author is inclined to question the correctness of this determi-
nation, because all specimens of the moth so far seen, and a
considerable series has come under observation, appear to be
structurally different from H. opella, in so far forth that the
fore wings are narrower, longer and more produced at the
apex. The mere fact that they are always black in itself could
hardly constitute a valid ground for specific discrimination.

(3) Holomelina immaculata Reakirt, Plate XIV, Fig. 20,
5 . (The Plain-winged Holomelina. )

The range of this species is the same as that of the
preceding.

(4) Holomelina diminutiva Graef, Plate XIV, Fig. 22, $ .
(The Least Holomelina.)

Very common in Florida, and apparently quite constant in
size and markings. It is sunk as a synonym of aurantiaca,
form rubicundaria, by Dyar, but the writer is not willing to
admit that this is correct.

(5) Holomelina brevicornis Walker, Plate XIV, Figs.
19, 21, $. (The Black-banded Holomelina.)

Syn. helfragei Stretch.

This species has also been sunk as a synonym of aurantiaca
by recent writers, but with doubtful propriety. It is common
in the Gulf States and particularly in Louisiana and Texas.

(6) Holomelina quinaria Grote, Plate XIV, Fig. 18,
(The Five-Spotted Holomelina.)

Syn. choriona Reakirt; bimaculata Saunders.

Characterized by the creamy white spots upon the fore
v/ings. The depth of color of the primaries varies much, from
dark brown to pale ferruginous, the specimen figured being
representative of the latter form. The spots also vary much
in size.

“ And there’s never a blade nor a leaf too mean
To be some happy creature’s place.”

• — Lowell.

I16

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Explanation of Plate XIV

(Unless otherwise indicated, the
the collection of W. J. Holland.)

1. Eupseudosoma involutum Sepp,

cJ'.U. S. N. M.

2. Bertholdia trigona Qrote, .

3. PareuchcBtes insulata Walker , $ .

4 . PareuchcBtes egl enensis , Cl emen s ,

9.

5. Opharus astur Cramer, c? .

6. Hemihyalea edwardsi Packard,

9 .

7. Hemihyalea labecula, Grote, (^ .

8. Halisidota argentata Packard,

c?.

9. Halisidota argentata Packard,

9.

ro. Halisidota carycB Harris, cJ* .

11. Halisidota maculata Harris, (J' .

12. Halisidota tessellaris Abbot &

Smith, c?-

13. Halisidota cinctipes Grote, c?.

14. Emilia roseata Walker, 9 •

1 5 . Emilia ambigua Strecker, J' .

16. Halisidota longa Qrote, J'.

17. Holomelina ostenta Henry Ed-

wards, J'.

specimens figured are contained in

18. Holomelina quinaria Grote, .

19. Holomelina brevicornis Walker,

9 .

20. Holomelina immaculata Reakirt,

c^.

21. Holomelina brevicornis Walker,

9 , v.ar.

2 2 . Holomelina diminutiva Grasf , .

23. Holomelina opella Qrote, cJ'.

24. Holomelina belmaria Ehrman,

9 , paratype.

25. Leptarctia calif ornicB Walker, 9 •

2 6 . Leptarctia dimidiata Stretch , .

27. Leptarctia deciaBo\?.dvcva\, (^ .

28. Leptarctia lena Boisduval, <^ .

29. Neoarctia beani Neumoegen, 9 .

U. S. N. M.

30. Neoarctia brucei Henry Ed-

wards, c?.

31. Phragmatobia fuliginosa Lin-

naeus, 9 .

32. Diacrisia rubra ^enmcegen, 9-
U. S. N. M.

Diacrisia vagans Boisduval, c?.

33

34. Diacrisia vagans Boisduval, 9 •

Plate XIV.

The Moth Book.

COPYRIGHTED BY

Arctiidse

Genus DODIA Dyar

Only one species has thus far been assigned to this genus.
It was named Dodia albertse by Dr. Dyar in the year 1901.
The description both of the genus
and the species will be found in the
Journal of the New York Entomologi-
cal Society, Vol. IX, p. 85. The an-
nexed cut (Fig. 58) is taken from

the type of the species in the United ^ ^ „

„ ^ XT >• t n/ 'ru • Fig. 58. — Dodta albertce.

States National Museum. The in-

sect has thus far only been found in the Territory of Alberta.

Genus UTETHEISA Hiibner

A genus of small extent, represented both in the Old
World and the New by nine species, two of which occur
within our territory.

(i) Utetheisa bella Linnaeus, Plate XV, Fig. 27, $. (The
Beautiful Utetheisa.)

Syn. hybrida Butler; intermedia Butler; terminalis Neumoegen & Dyar.

This common moth, which frequents the blossoms of the
golden-rod {Solidago) in the late summer and fall, is widely
distributed in the States of the Atlantic seaboard, and shows
some tendency to local variation.

(2) Utetheisa ornatrix Linnaeus, Plate XVII, Fig. 8, $ .
(The Ornamented Utetheisa.)

Syn. stretchi Butler; pura Butler.

This species may easily be distinguished from the preceding
by the washed-out appearance of the primaries. In the form
named ptira by Butler the fore wings are white, immaculate,
except for the red costal streak. The species is common in the
Antilles, and occurs in southern Florida.

Genus HAPLOA Hiibner

The genus Haploa, which is confined to our territory, has
furnished a great deal of amusement to classificationists, who
have busied themselves with the spots and markings on the
wings of the species, which are very variable. In a long
series of specimens of any one of the species it will be found

Arctiida

that scarcely two are exactly alike in the amount of black
or white displayed upon the fore wings. The reader will
do well in this connection to consult the Proceedings of the
United States National Museum, Vol. X, pp. 338-353, where
Prof. John B. Smith has written upon the subject, the Canadian
Entomologist, Vol. XIX, p. 181 et seq., where Mr. H. H. Lyman
has presented his views, and the Plate given by Mr. F. A.
Merrick in the Entomological News for 1903, in which the
extreme variability of H. lecontei in a given locality is
illustrated.

(1) Haploa clymene Brown, Plate XVII, Fig. 7, ^ . (The
Clymene Moth.)

Syn. interniptomarginata DeBeauvois; comma Walker.

This is one of the most constant species of the genus,
and may easily be recognized by the figure we have given upon
the plate. It ranges from southern New England to Georgia,
and westward to the Mississippi. The larva feeds upon
Eupatorium it is said, and the writer believes that the state-
ment, which has been called in question, is correct, for, although
he has never reared the larv^ to maturity himself, he has observed
the female moth ovipositing upon this plant in southern Indiana.
It is also said to feed upon willows.

(2) Haploa colona Habner, Plate XVII, Fig. 2, $ . (The
Colona Moth.)

Syn. Carolina Harris.

Form consita Walker, Plate XVII, Fig. 5, $ .

Syn. lactata Smith.

This species, which is the largest of the genus, is very
variable in the amount of the black shown upon the fore wings.
We give two extremes. Other forms arc recognized. The
insect has its metropolis in the southwestern States, though it
occurs also very sparingly in the northern Atlantic States, and
more commonly in the southern Atlantic States. It is common
in Texas.

(3) Haploa lecontei Boisduval (Leconte’s Haploa).

Form dyari Merrick, Plate XVII, Fig. 9, $ .

Form militaris Harris, Plate XVII, Figs. 4, 10, $ ;

Fig. I, $.

Form vestalis Packard, Plate XVII, Fig. 3, $ .

118

Arctisds

This is a protean species, of which a half dozen, or more,
forms have been recognized, named, and described. We give in
our cut (Fig. 59), a figure of the wings of
a specimen, which agrees in its markings
with the specimen figured by Boisduval,
the author of the species, in his Plate given
in the Regne Animal. Such specimens
come in the form of their maculation very
near the next species, which has been
differentiated by Lyman under the name
confusa. Haploa lecontei ranges from
New England to Georgia and westward to the Mississippi.
It is a very common insect in western Pennsylvania. The cater-
pillar feeds upon Triosteum perfoliatum, and in localities where
this plant is abundant the moths may be found in swarms at
the end of May and the beginning of June.

(4) Haploa confusa Lyman, Plate XVII, Fig. 6, $, . (Lyman’s
Haploa.)

This form, or species, is well represented in our plate. It
appears to be constant, and is indigenous to the New England
States. The specimen figured came from the neighborhood of
Claremont, New Hampshire.

(5) Haploa contigua Walker. (The Neighbor.)

The cut we give (Fig. 60), shows the maculation of the
wings of this species sufficiently well to
enable it to be separated at once from its
congeners. It occurs in the Atlantic region
from New England northward and westward.
It is found in tho Catskills and the Adiron-
dacks, and probably occurs in the mountains
^ ^ , of northern Pennsylvania, although I do not

conti<’ua $ recall any reference to its having been taken
in that State, nor have I seen it on the
summits of the Alleghenies, where I have passed several
summers.

Fig. 59. — Haploa
lecontei, $ .

Genus EUERYTHRA Harvey

There are two species of this genus known, Euerythra
phasma Harvey, which is represented in the accompanying cut

119

Arotiidse

(Fig. 6i), and Euerythra trimaculata, which is figured on
Plate XVI, Fig. 4. The insects occur in Texas and Arizona.
They are not common in collections as yet, and so far as the

Fio. 61. — Euerythra phasma, $ . I. (After Hampson.)

writer recalls, their larval habits have not been described. The
student who desires to study the structure of the genus should
consult Hampson’s Catalogue, or Prof. Smith’s Paper pub-
lished in the Proceedings of the United States National Museum,
Vol. X, p. 335 et seq.

Genus ECPANTHERIA Hiibner

This is a large genus, well represented in the tropics of
America. Only two species occur within the limits of our
fauna, Ecpantheria muzina Oberthur, which is found in
Texas as a straggler from the Mexican territory, and Ecpan-

which is more commonly known
by its synonymical name, scriboniay
given to it by Stoll. The larva of
this handsome moth is itself a
beautiful object. It is deep black,
clothed with black hairs^ and at
the junction of the somites, or
segments of the body, it is banded
with rings of crimson. The male
of the perfect insect is figured on
Plate XVI. Fig. 16, and in the
accompanying cut we give a figure
of the larva. The Eyed Tiger-moth
England, where it is rare, through
United States into Mexico. It is
quite common in the Carolinas, and in my boyhood I derived
much pleasure from rearing the larvae, which fed very freely
upon the plantain {Plantago).

theria deflorata Fabricius,

Fig. 62. — E. deflorata; a larva;
h magnified hair of larva.
(After Riley.)

ranges from southern New
the southern parts of the

120

Arctiidae

Genus TURUPTIANA Walker

There are eight species in this genus, but only one of them
occurs within the limits of the United States.

(i) Turuptiana permaculata Packard, Plate XVI, Fig.
15, (The Many-spotted Tiger-moth.)

Syn. reducta Grote; ccuca Strecker.

Fig. 63. — Turuptiana permaculata, 5 • (After Hampson.)

This neat moth is found in Colorado and thence southward
as far as Arizona and Mexico.

Genus LfEPTARCTIA Stretch

There is only one species in this genus, but the single
species by assuming protean colors has caused a great multi-
plication of names. We have figured a few of the varietal
forms.

(1) Ueptarctia californiae Walker, Plate XIV, Fig. 25, $0

Form lena Boisduval, Plate XIV, Fig. 28, $ .

Form decia Boisduval, Plate XIV, Fig. 27, $ .

Form dimidiata Stretch, Plate XIV, Fig. 26, $ .

The moth is found in southern California, where it is quite
common. The student will have little trouble in recognizing
the commoner varieties by the help of the figures we have
given, but these are only a few of the forms which occur.

“ And with childlike credulous affection
We behold those tender wings expand,
Emblems of our own great resurrection,
Emblems of the bright and better land.”

— Longfellow.

121

Arctiidae

Genus SEIRARCTIA Packard

(i) Seirarctia echo Abbot & Smith, Plate I, Fig lo, larva;
Plate XVI, Fig. 23, $ . (The Echo Moth.)

Syn. niohe Strecker.

This beautiful moth, the caterpillar of which feeds upon the

'Fig. 64. — Seirarctia echo , $. (After Hampson.)

sabal palmetto, occurs in Florida, Georgia, Alabama, and
Mississippi.

Genus ALEXICLfES Grote

(i) Alexicles aspersa Grote. (The Alexicles Moth.)

This moth is referred by Hampson
to Hyphantria. It may belong there,
but I leave it in the genus erected for
it by Grote. The abdomen is
vermilion-colored, with black dorsal
spots. The wings are dark brown,
the primaries somewhat lighter than
the secondaries and showing obscure
darker spots, arranged in transverse bands.

Genus ESTIGMENE Hubner

There are reputed to be four species of this genus found
within the United States. Alhida Stretch
is possibly only an extreme white varia-
tion of E. acrcea. E. prima Slosson is
represented in Fig. 66. It is found in the
New England States, northern New York,
Fig. 66.-—Esiigmene and Canada. The three species just named
prtma, $ . agree in having the abdomen yellowish

or orange above, and ornamented dorsally by a series of black

Fig. 65. — Alexicles
aspersa, o .

122

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Explanation of Plate XV

(Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained
the collection of W. J. Holland.)

Of

1. Apantesis rectilinea French, $ , U. S. N. M.

2. Arctia caia, var. wiskotti Staudinger, $ .

3. Apantesis deter minata Nenmcegen, (J' .

4. Apantesis proxinia Guerin-Meneville, 9 •

5. Arctia caia Linmeus, 9 •

6. Apantesis phalerata Harris, 9 •

7. Apantesis nevadensis Grote & Robinson, J'.

8f Apantesis persephone Grote, .

9. Apantesis virguncula Kirhy , (S' .

10. Apantesis perse phone Grote, 9 •

11. Apantesis vir go hxnn^xis, (S' .

12. Apantesis -figurata Drury, 9 . U. S. N. M.

13. Apantesis parthenice 'Kirhy, (S ■

14. Apantesis phyllir a Drury, (S ■

15. Apantesis arge Drnry, (S ■

16. Apantesis virgunciila Kirby, (S' , var.

17. Apantesis michabo Grote, 9-

18. Platyprepia virginalis Boisduval, (S ■

19. Platyprepia virginalis Boisdnval, 9-

20. Apantesis' achaia Grote & Robinson, (S'.

21. Apantesis radians Wa\\s.er, 9-

22. Apantesis vittata Yahrichxs, 9-

23. Apantesis radidtts 'WaWeer, (S .

24. Apantesis achaia Grote & Robinson, S' ■

25. Apantesis vittata Yahricins, S-

26. Hyphaniria cunea Drury, var. pallida Packard, S-

27. Utetheisa hella Linnaeus, 9 •

The Moth Book.

Plate XV.

copyrighted

HOLLAND, 1903.

Arctiids

spots. E. congrua has the abdomen white on the upper side.
The genus is represented in Asia, Africa, and Tasmania, as well
as in the temperate regions of North America.

(i) Estigmene acrsea Drury, Plate, XV!, Fig. ii, $> ,
Fig. 12, ?. (The Acrsea Moth.)

Syn. caprotina Drury; menthastrina Martyn; pseuderminea Peck;
calif ornica Packard; packardi Schaupp; klagesi Ehrman.

A western variety with the fore wings slightly shaded with
brown has been dubbed dubia by Walker, and ricksecheri by
Behr. In Mexico there is a local race in which the males have
the hind wings v/hite like the females, and to this race Hampson
has applied the name mexicana. This is altogether one of

Fig. 67. — Estigmene acrcea, $ . F (After Hampson.)

the commonest insects in the Middle Atlantic States, and with
the illustrations we have given can be easily determined.

(2) Estigmene congrua Walker, Plate XVI, Fig. 8, $ .
(The white-bodied Estigmene.)

Syn. antigonc Streckev; athena Strecker.

A fairly common species in Pennsylvania and the Atlantic
States generally, ranging westward as far as Colorado.

Genus HYPHANTRIA Harris

This small genus contains only three or four species, one of
which is South African.

(1) Hyphantria cunea Drury. (The Fall Web- worm
Moth.)

Form punctatissima Abbott & Smith, Plate XVI,
Fig. 10, d *.

*The specimens used on Plate XVI, Figs. lo and 7. both unfortunately developed
grease on their abdomens between the time when they were set up for the photographer,
and the time when they were photographed. The abdomen in both cases is normally
white, with darker markings.

123

Arctiidae

Form paiiida Packard, Plate XV, Fig. 26, $ .

The larvae are social in their habits, and spin great webs upon
the foliage of almost all kinds of deciduous trees in the late
summer and fall, and do a great deal of damage to orchards and
nurseries. The insects pupate in loose cocoons, in crannies,
and even under the loose surface of the soil. The species ranges
over the United States from southern New England and New
York to Texas and further west.

(2) Hyphantria textor Harris, Plate XVI, Fig. 9, $ . (The
Spotless Fall Web- worm Moth.)

This species, which is closely allied to the preceding in its
habits, may be distinguished by the white antennae, and the un-
spotted abdomen. There are specimens of the preceding
species, which have the wings as immaculate as in H. textor.
The range of the insect is from Canada to the Gulf, and from
Nova Scotia to California.

Genus ARACHNIS Geyer

A small genus containing eight or nine species found in the
southwestern States of the American Union, Mexico, and Central
America.

(1) Arachnis aulaea Geyer, Plate XVI, Fig. i, 3 . (The
Aulaean Tiger-moth.)

Syn. incarnata Walker.

The insect occurs in southern Arizona and ranges thence
southwardly as far as Guatemala. The larval stages have been
described by Dyar in the Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XXVI,
p. 307.

(2) Arachnis picta Packard, Plate XVI, Fig. 2, $> . (The
Painted Arachnis.)

Names have been applied to a number of color varieties of
this insect. It ranges from Colorado to southern California and
northern Mexico. The larva feeds upon Lupinus.

(3) Arachnis zuni Neumoegen, Plate XVI, Fig. 3, $ . (The
Zuni Tiger-moth.)

The figure we give will enable the student to recognize this
pretty and rather rare species without any difficulty. It ranges
from New Mexico to Arizona and southward on the table-
lands.

1.24

Arcdidje

Genus ISIA Walker

Three species belong to this genus, one found in Argentina,
the other in Turkestan, and the third in the United States
and Canada.

Fig. 68 — Isia isabella, S . (After Harnpson.)

(i) Isia Isabella Abbot & Smith, Plate XVI, Fig. 13, $.
(The Isabella Tiger-moth.)

This common insect is found everywhere in the United
States. The caterpillar is the familiar “woolly bear,” which
may be often seen by the roadside rapidly making its way in the
fall of the year to a hiding-place in which to hibernate, or, in
the spring, to some spot where it may find food. It is reddish-
brown in color, black at either end. When disturbed, it curls
up and lies motionless, as if feigning death. To “caterpillar,”
in the slang phrase of the Middle West, is to silently succumb

Fig. 69. — Isia isabella. a. larva; h. pupa.

and yield to the unavoidable. The larva feeds freely upon a great
variety of herbaceous plants. It is fond of the grasses, and
particularly likes the leaves of the plantain {Plantago). There
does not appear to be any marked tendency to variation in this
species. Both the moth and the larva are common objects, with
which every American schoolboy who has lived in the country

125

Arctiidae

is familiar; and unhappy is the boy who has not at some time or
other in his life made the country his home. “ God made the
country, man made the town.”

Genus PHRAGMATOBIA Stephens

A genus of modern extent, represented in Europe, Asia,
and North America. The structural characteristics of the wings
are displayed in Fig. 71.

(1) Phragmatobia fuliginosa Linnaeus, Plate XIV, Fig.
31, $ . (The Ruby Tiger-moth.)

Syn. rubricosa Harris.

The Ruby Tiger-moth is widely distributed, being found
throughout boreal Asia, Europe, and the northern United States

and Canada. A multitude of
minor subvarietal forms have
been distinguished, and to some
of them names have been ap-
plied, but there is compara-
tively little difference between
them, and the student who has
once learned to recognize the
species will find no difficulty
in assigning to it any specimens
which may come into his pos-
session. The insect, so far as
our fauna is concerned, is a
northern species, quite common
in New England and Canada,
and ranging southward along the Appalachian Mountains into
the Carolinas, where it only occurs at high elevations above
sea-level. It is also found ranging southward along the
Rocky Mountains. The caterpillar feeds upon a variety of
herbaceous plants, and is partial to the shoots of the golden-
rod {Soli dago).

(2) Phragmatobia brucei Henry Edwards, Plate XIV, Fig.
30, $ . (Bruce’s Tiger.)

This species is found in Colorado upon the mountains.

(3) Phragmatobia beani Neumoegen, Plate XIV, Fig. 29, $ .
(Bean’s Tiger-moth.)

Fig. 70. — Phragmatobia fuliginosa.
a. larva; b. cocoon; c. imago, $ .
From “Insect Life,’’ Vol. I,p. 236.)

126

Arctiidae

The habitat of this species is the Rocky Mountains of Alberta
and Assiniboia.

(4) Phragmatobia yarrowi Stretch. ( Yarrow’s Tiger-
moth.)

Syn. remissa Henry
Edwards.

This pretty little
tiger - moth is found
from the country south

of Hudson Fig. 71. — P.yarrowi,^ (After Hampson.)

British Columbia, ond.

ranges thence southward along the higher mountain ranges as
far as northern Arizona.

Genus M.<ENAS Hiibner

Only one species of this rather extensive genus, which is
represented in South America by five species and by a con-
siderable number in Africa and the Indo-Malayan region, occurs
in North America.

(i) Maenas vestalis Packard, Plate XVI, Fig. 5, ^ . (The
Vestal Tiger-Moth.)

This insect, which closely resembles Estigmene congrua,
figured on the same plate, may be distinguished from the latter
not only by structural peculiarities, but unfailingly by the
ordinary observer, by the presence of the two black spots on
the hind wings, as shown in our illustration.

Genus DIACRISIA Hiibner

This large genus, which includes over one hundred and
twenty-five species, according to the arrangement given in
Hampson’s Catalogue, not reckoning the species referred to
the genus Isia, which he also places here, is represented in
our fauna by four insects, of which we give illustrations.

(i) Diacrisia virginica Fabricius, Plate XVI, Fig. 7, S .
(The Virginian Tiger-moth.)

The form figured on our plate is the slight variety named
fumosa by Strecker, in which the fore wings are a little dusky
at their tips as if they had been flying about in the smoke of
the furnaces at Reading or Pittsburgh. Ordinarily the species

127

Arctiidse

is pure white. The body of the specimen on our plate is
greasy, and hence too dark.

(2) Diacrisia latipennis Stretch, Plate XVI, Fig. 6, $ .
(The Red-iegged Diacrisia.)

The coxae and femora are pink or reddish. The insect is
common in Pennsylvania, and the Atlantic States generally.

(3) Diacrisia rubra Neumoegen, Plate XIV, Fig. 32, $.
(The Ruddy Diacrisia.)

The habitat of this species is British Columbia, Oregon,
and Washington.

(4) Diacrisia vagans Boisduval, Plate XIV, Fig. 33, $ ,
Fig. 34, $. (The Wandering Diacrisia.)

Syn. pteridis Henry Edwards; bicolor Walker; rufula Boisduval;
punctata Packard; proha Henry Edwards.

The insect illustrates the phenomenon of sexual dimor-
phism, the males and females being unlike in color. The
species-makers have had some sport with it, as shown by the
synonyms.

Genus HYPHORAIA Hubner

This is a sub-arctic genus, circumpolar in its distribution
in the Northern Hemisphere. Three species occur in our terri-
tory, one of which we figure.

( I ) Hyphoraia parthenos Harris, Plate XVI, Fig. 20, $ .
(The St. Lawrence Tiger-moth.)

Syn. borealis Moeschler.

The moth, which is one of the most beautiful in the
family, is comparatively rare in collections. It occurs in
northern New England, and the valley of the St. Lawrence,
westward to Manitoba. It is occasionally found in the Catskills.

Genus PLATYPREPIA Dyar

One species is found in our region. It is somewhat variable
in the style and number of the spots upon the wings.

(1) Platyprepia virginalis Boisduval, Plate XV, Fig. 18,
$, . Fig. 19. ? . (The Ranchman’s Tiger-moth.)

Syn. ochracea Stretch; guttata Boisduval.

A very beautiful insect, quite common in Colorado,
Wyoming, and Montana, and thence ranging westward to
northern California and the region of Puget’s Sound,

128

Aretiidee •

Genus APANTESIS Walker

The metropolis of this genus is North America, only two
species attributed to it being found in the Old World. There
are over twenty valid species found within our limits, and
numerous so-called subspecies and varietal forms. A small
treatise might be written upon these, but in a volume like
this, which is designed to cover in as compact form as pos-
sible the most needed information, all that we can do is to
help the student to the determination of the more important
species.

(1) Apantesis virgo Linnaeus, Plate XV, Fig. ii, $.
(The Virgin Tiger-moth).

Found in the northern Atlantic States and Canada.

(2) Apantesis parthenice Kirby, Plate XV, Fig. 13, 6 .
(The Parthenice Moth.)

Syn saundersi Grote.

The habitat of this species is the same as that of A. virgo,
from which it may always be discriminated by its smaller
size, the narrower white lines upon the fore wings and the
absence of the dark spot at the origin of vein two on the
hind wings, which is characteristic of the former species.

(3) Apantesis intermedia Stretch, Plate XI, Fig. 20, .

(The Intermediate Tiger-moth.)

This species which is by some authors regarded as a
southern form of A. parthenice, is intermediate in size between
A. Virgo and A. parthenice. It closely resembles the latter in
the maculation of the wings, but the pinkish-white stripes on
the primaries are broad as in A. virgo.

(4) Apantesis oithona Strecker, Plate XVI, Fig. 30, 3 .
(The Oithona Moth.)

This insect is undoubtedly genetically the same as A. recti-
linea French. The difference is merely in the width of the
pale lines on the fore wings, which, being narrower in recH-
linea, give these wings a darker appearance.

Form rectilinea French, Plate XV, Fig. i, $. (The
Straight-lined Tiger-moth.)

This insect in its varietal forms ranges from the Atlantic
States across the Mississippi Valley.

129

Arctiidse

(5) Apantesis michabo Grote, Plate XV, Fig. 17, $.
(The Michabo Moth.)

Syn. minea Slosson.

The illustration we give is sufficient to enable the student
to identify this species, which is discriminated from its con-
geners most readily by observing the broad flesh-colored band
on the costa of the fore wings. In the form minea the flesh-
colored lines are deep-red. This is the only difference.

(6) Apantesis arge Drury, Plate XV, Fig. 15, S. (The
Arge Moth.)

Syn. dione Fabricius; incarnatoruhra Goeze; ccelebs Martyn; nerea
Boisduval; doris Boisduval.

Allied to the preceding species, but ascertained by the test
of breeding to be distinct. The species is very variable. The
hind wings are not often as free from dark markings as the
specimen, and frequently are as much spotted and blotched with
black as is the figure of A. michabo we give. The species is
found almost everywhere within the United States and Canada.

(7) Apantesis ornata Packard. (The Ornate Tiger-moth.)

Form achaia Grote & Robinson, Plate XV, Figs. 20, 24,

. (The Achaia Moth.)

Syn. edwardsi Stretch.

A variable insect to which a number of names have been
given. The variety in which the hind wings are yellow is
A. ochracea Stretch. The species is found on the Pacific
coast. The larval stages have been described by Dyar, Psyche,

Vol. V, p. 380, 556.

(8) Apantesis anna Grote.
(The Anna Moth.)

Form persephone Grote,
Plate XV, Fig. 8, $, , Fig. 10, $ .
(The Persephone Moth.)

Fig. Ii.-Apantesls ar.na. 9 . We give in Figure 72 a cut

representing a specimen of the
typical anna, in which the hind wings are wholly black.
Persephone is the normal form. The insect is very variable in
the amount of black displayed upon the hind wings, and also
to some extent in the width and extent of the light lines on the
primaries. The species is found in the Atlantic States, and is

130

Arctiidae

not at all uncommon in western Pennsylvania. The larva has
been described by Dyar.

(9) Apantesis quenseli Paykull, Plate XVI, Fig. 28, $ .
(The Labrador Apantesis.)

Syn. strigosa Fabricius: gelida Moeschler; Uturata M6n6tri6s; compli-
cata Walker; turbans Christoph.

This little moth is found in Labrador, Greenland, and Arctic
America generally. It also occurs in Arctic Europe and Asia and
upon the summits of the Swiss Alps. It doubtless will be found
upon the American Alps in British Columbia.

(10) Apantesis virguncula Kirby, Plate XV, Fig. 9,3,
Fig. 16, ^ . (The Little Virgin Moth.)

Syn. dahurica Grote (wee Boisduval) ; speciosa Moeschler; otiosa Neu-
tnoegen & Dyar.

A variable species. The form described as otiosa has traces
of the transverse lines, characteristic of so many other species of
the genus, and the fore wings have a more checkered appearance
on this account. The insect occurs in the northern United
States and Canada.

(11) Apantesis proxima Guerin-Meneville, Plate XV, Fig.
4, ? . (The Mexican Tiger-moth.)

Syn. docta Walker; mexicana Grote & Robinson; arizonensis Stretch;
mormonica Neumoegen.

Form autholea Boisduval, Plate XVI, Fig. 32, $ .

From the varietal form autholea figured in the plate proxima
may be discriminated by the fact that the latter has the hind
wings marked with dark brown or black spots on the margins.
The species occurs in southern California, Arizona, Mexico, and
Central America.

(12) Apantesis blakei Grote, Plate XVI, Fig. 31,
(Blake’s Tiger-moth.)

Syn. bolanderi Stretch.

This species is found in the mountains of California and
adjoining States.

(13) Apantesis nevadensis Grote & Robinson, Plate XVI,
Fig. 29, $ . (The Nevada Tiger-moth.)

Syn. behri Stretch.

Form incorrupta Henry Edwards, Plate XV, Fig. 7, 9 .

Syn. shastaensis French.

Arctiidae

As the name indicates, this species is an inhabitant of the
Rocky Mountains.

(14) Apantesis williamsi Dodge. (Williams’ Tiger-moth.)

Form determinata Neumoegen, Plate XV., Fig. 3, $ .

Syn. diecki Neumoegen.

This easily recognized species is found in Colorado and
adjacent States among the mountains.

(15) Apantesis phyllira Drury, Plate XV, Fig. 14, 3.
(The Phyllira Moth.)

Syu. B-atra Goeze: plantaginis Martyn; dodgei Butler; excelsa
Neumoegen; favorita Neumoegen; lugubris Unlst.

This species is found in the Southern States, where it is
not uncommon. It is rather variable in the disposition and
extent of the dark and light markings.

(16) Apantesis figurata Drury, Plate XV, Fig. 12, $,
(The Figured Tiger-moth.)

Syn. ceramica Hubner; f-pallida Strecker

This is probably only a form of the preceding species,
which occurs with considerable frequency. It is confined to
the Southern States.

(17) Apantesis vittata Fabricius, Plate XV, Fig. 25, $,
Fig. 22, $ . (Banded Tiger-moth.)

Syn. decorata Saunders.

Form radians Walker, Plate XV, Fig. 23, $, Fig. 21 $.

Syn. color ata Walker; incompleta Butler.

Form phalerata Harris, Plate XV, Fig. 6, $ .

Syn. rhoda Butler.

A very common and variable species, which is probably
the same as A. nais Drury, which has the abdomen preva-
'lently ochraceous, and not as strongly marked with black.
The species seems to be, so to speak, in a liquid state. In
a series of some hundreds of specimens before the writer,
many of them bred from larvae, and undoubtedly all referable
to the same species, any and all of the forms, which have
been named by writers, can be found, yet the bulk of them
came from one narrow little ravine in western Pennsylvania.
We leave the synonymy as it stands in Dyar’s list, so far as
the things figured on our plate are concerned, but cannot believe
that these insects represent different species, as maintained by
some authors.

132

Arctiidae

Genus KODIOSOMA Stretch

This little Californian genus, the structure of which is abun-
dantly illustrated by the cut we give, contains but one species,
which is represented in a number of varietal forms.

(i) Kodiosoma fulva Stretch, Plate XIII, Fig. 45, $ .

Form eavesi, Stretch, Plate XIII, Fig. 45 S .

Form tricolor Stretch, Plate XIII, Fig. 44, $ .

There are still other forms,
one of which is wholly black,
and has been named nigra by
Stretch. The moth is found in
California, and is there not at all
uncommon. The life-history
has been thus far only imper-
fectly ascertained.

Genus ECTYPIA Clemens

Two species are referred to this genus. E. thona Strecker,
from New Mexico is doubtfully referable to it, but the only
specimen known, the type, is in too poor a condition to enable
much to be told about it.

(1) Ectypia bivittata Clemens. (The Two-banded Ec-

typia.)

Syn. nigroflava Grasf.
This very beautiful
and rare moth occurs
in Texas. Its charac-
teristics are well dis-
played in the figure
we give in the accom-
panying cut.

Fig. 74 — Ectypia bivittata, ? .
(After Hampson.)

t. 73 — Kodiosoma fulva, $.
(After Hampson.)

Genus EUVERNA Neumoegen & Dyar

(i) Euverna clio Packard, Plate XVI, Fig. 22, $ . (The
Clio Moth.)

This chastely beautiful moth occurs in the Rocky Mountains
of southern California. It is the sole representative of its genus,
and is as yet rare in collections.

133

Arctiidee

Genus PARASEMIA Hubner

This genus is represented in our fauna by certain varietal
forms, which agree in part with those found in the Old World,
and in part differ from them. There is only one species in the
genus, which has a wide circumpolar distribution, and a score
or more of names have been given to mere color varieties. We
figure two of the commoner variations. The larva feeds on
Planiago and Myosotis.

(i) Parasemia plantaginis Linnseus. (The Small Tiger-
moth.)

Plate XVI, Fig, 25, $ . The usual form found in Colorado
and Wyoming.

Plate XVI, Fig. 26, $ . Form named geometrica by Grote.

Genus ARCTIA Schrank

A circumpolar genus of the Northern Hemisphere, containing
four species, which are subject to considerable variation in color
and size of spots.

(i) Arctia caia Linneeus, Plate XV, Fig. 5, $. (The Great
Tiger-moth. )

The specimen figured on the plate was taken in Labrador.

Form wiskotti Staudinger, Plate XV, Fig. 2, ? .

Syn. uiahensis Henry Edwards; auripennis Butler; transmontana
Neumoegen & Dyar.

The specimen portrayed on the plate was taken in Colorado.

Genus PAREUCHi®TES Grote

There are three species of this genus, two of which we
figure. The species may be discriminated as follows:

1 . Hind wing yellowish insulata

2 . Hind wing white tenera

3. Hind wing tinged with fuscous eglenensis

(i) Pareuchaetes insulata Walker, Plate XIV, Fig. 3, $ .
(The Yellow-winged Pareuchaetes.)

Syn. cadaverosa Grote; affinis Grote; aurata Butler.

Found in the Gulf States and the Antilles.

(2) Pareuchaetes eglenensis Clemens, Plate XIV, Fig. 4,
$ . (The Gray- winged Pareuchaetes.)

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Explanation of Plate XVI

(Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained
in the collection of W. J. Holland.)

1. Arachnis aulcea Geyer,

2. Arachnis picta Packard, c?.

3. Arachnis zuni Neumoegen, 9 ,

U. S. N. M.

4. Euerythra trimaculata Smith , ,

U. S. N. M.

5. Mccnas vestalis Packard, cj*.

6. Diacrisia latipennis Stretch., J'.

7 . Diacrisia virginica F abricius , cJ' •

8. Estigmene congrua Walker, (^ .

9. Hyphantria cunea Drury, cJ'.

10. Hyphantria cunea Drury, (^ ,

var. punctatissima, Abbot &
Smith.

11. Estigmene acrcea Drury, c?.

12. Estigmene acrcea Drury, 9-

13. Isia isabella x^bbot & Smith, 9 •

14. A coloithus falsarius Clemens , cJ' .

15. Turuptiana permaculata Pack-

ard, U'.

16. Ecpantheria deflorata Fabricius,

17. Pygarctia elegans Stretch, c?.

18. Pygarctia spraguei Grote, c?.

19. Euchcetias oregonensis Stretch,

c?'.

20. Hyphoraia parthenos Harris, 9 t

U. S. N. M.

21. Euchcetias egle Drury, 9 •

22. Euverna clio Packard, 9-

23. Seirarctia echo Abbot & Smith,

$.

24. Calidota strigosa, Walker .

2 3 . Parasemia plantaginis Linnaeus,

cJ', U. S. N. M.

26. Parasemia plantaginis var. geo-

metrica, Grote, c? .

27. Pygarctia ahdominalis Grote,

9, U. S. N. M.

28. Apantesis quenseli Paykull,

29. Apantesis nevadensis Grote &

Robinson, c?, U. S. N. M.

30. Apantesis oithona Strecker, J*,

Engel Collection.

31. Apantesis hlakei Grote, <5^, U.

S. N. M.

32. A pantesis proxim a var . autholea,

Boisduval, S'.

'he Moth Book.

Plate XVI.

1 COLORTYPE I

COPYRIGHTED (

HOLLAND, 1903.

Arctiidse

This species occurs in the Carolinas and southward.
Pareuchcetes tenera is found in the Atlantic States and is not
uncommon in Pennsylvania.

Genus EUCHiETIAS Lyman

The following key based upon that of Hampson may enable
the student to differentiate the species in his collection:

Abdomen red above.

Fore wing with costal fascia.

Fore wing with the costal fascia yellow antica Walker

Fore wing with the costal fascia white albicosta Walker

Fore wing without costal fascia.

Hind wing with crimson patch on inner area perlevis Grote

Hind wing without crimson patch on inner area.

Fore wing uniform brownish murina Stretch

Fore wing white tinged with fuscous bolteri Stretch

Abdomen orange above.

Fore wing gray- brown egle Drury

Fore wing brownish white with the veins white . .oregonensis Stretch
Abdomen whitish above pudens Henry Edwards

(1) Euchaetias murina Stretch, Plate XI, Fig. i8, ?.
(The Mouse-colored Euchsetias.)

The habitat of this species is Texas.

(2) Euchaetias egle Drury, Plate I, Fig. 5, larva; Plate
XVI, Fig. 21, ?. (The Milk- weed Moth.)

Fig. 75. — Euchaetias egle, $ . -J-. (After Hampson.)

The figure given above in the text and those given on
the plates will suffice for the identification of this common
insect, which ranges from the Atlantic to the Mississippi and
beyond. The larva feeds upon Milk-weed ( Asclepias).

{}) Euchaetias oregonensis Stretch, Plate XVI, Fig. 19,
$ . (The Oregon Euchaetias.)

This insect is found throughout the northern portions of
the United States and Canada.

*35

Arctiidae

Genus PYGARCTIA Grote

A small genus containing four species all found within our
territory. The following table taken from Hampson will serve
for the identification of the species, taken in connection with the

cut and the figures we give:

A. Fore wing with scarlet fasciae on costa and inner margin spraguei

B. Fore wing with orange fasciae on costa and inner margin

a. Abdomen scarlet vivida

b. Abdomen orange abdominalis

C. Fore wing without fasciae elegans

Fig. 76. — Pygarctia elegans, S
(After Hampson.)

(1) Pygarctia elegans Stretch, Plate XVI, Fig. 17, 5 . (The

Elegant Pygarctia.)

The neuration and struc-
tural characteristics of the
genus are sutficiently well
displayed in the accom-
panying cut of this species
to make any verbal de-
scription unnecessary. The
insect occurs in southern California, Texas, Arizona, and Mexico.

(2) Pygarctia abdominalis Grote, Plate XVI, Fig. 27, $ .
(The Orange-bodied Pygarctia.)

The habitat of this species is Florida.

(3) Pygarctia spraguei Grote, Plate XVI, Fig. 18, 5.
(Sprague's Pygarctia.)

The home of this insect is Kansas, Colorado, and adjoining
States.

Genus HYPOCRISIAS Hampson
A small genus of which a single representant is found within
our limits, occurring as a straggler from the Mexican fauna.

(i) Hypocrisias minima Neumoegen.

(The Least Hypocrisias.)

Syn. armillata Henry Edwards.

The prevalent tints of the body and fore
wings are ochreous and brown. The hind
wings are yellowish white. The annexed
cut will help the student to recognize the

• 1 • s^as minima, 6.

insect, when a specimen comes into his

possession. The habitat of the species is Mexico, but it is

occasionally taken in southern Arizona.

136

Arctiidae

Genus ^EMILIA Kirby

A small neotropical genus, represented in our fauna by two
species. The insect named occidentalis by French is a form of
A. roseata, in which the red of the wings has been replaced by
ochreous.

(1) ambigua Strecker, Plate XIV, Fig. 15, 3.
(The Red-banded Emilia.)

Syn. bolteri Henry Edwards; syracosia Druce.

This beautiful insect is found in the Rocky Mountains of
Colorado, and thence southward to northern Mexico.

(2) .Emilia roseata Walker, Plate XIV, Fig. 14. ?. (The
Rosy ./Emilia.)

Syn. ctnnamomea Boisduval; sanguivenosa Neumcegen; significans
Henry Edwards; occidentalis French.

This rather rare insect occurs on the Pacific coast,
and, according to report, ranges from British Columbia to
Mexico. The specimen figured on' the plate came from the
latter country.

Genus HALISIDOTA Hiibner

An extensive genus, well represented in Central and South
America, and containing about a dozen species, which are
found within our faunal limits. Of these we figure a number
of species, enough to enable the student to recognize the genus,
and the commoner species, which he is likely to encounter.

(1) Halisidota tessellaris Abbot & Smith, Plate XIV, Fig.
12, 5. (The Tessellated Halisidota.)

Syn. antiphola Walsh; harrisi Walsh.

The form named Harrisi does not differ from tessellaris in
the imaginal stage. The sole difference is in the color of the
pencils of hairs in the larvae, which are orange in color, while
in tessellaris they are black. This is scarcely sufficient ground
upon which to establish a species.

(2) Halisidota cinctipes Grote, Plate XIV, Fig. 13, .

(The Gartered Halisidota.)

Syn. davisi Henry Edwards.

This species, which is southern in its habitat, and larger
than its close northern ally, tessellaris, has the markings on
the fore wings much more distinct than is the case in the latter

137

Arctiidae

species. The tarsi are annulated with black bands, marked
with small gray points. The insect occurs in the Gulf States
and in South and Central America.

(5) Halisidota maculata Harris, Plate XVI, Fig. ii,

(The Spotted Halisidota.)

Syn. fulvoflava Walker; guttifera Herrich-Schaeffer.

This species, which occurs in the northern portions of the
Atlantic coast region, ranges westward to California. Several
forms from the western territory have been discriminated by
writers, and varietal names have been given to them. They are
mere color forms.

(4) Halisidota longa Grote, Plate XIV, Fig. 16, $. (The
Long-streaked Halisidota).

This species, which may easily be determined by the help
of the figure we have given, occurs in Florida. The specimen
delineated by the writer was taken by him at light in
Jacksonville in the month of February.

(5) Halisidota caryae Harris, Plate XIV, Fig. 10, $ . (The
Hickory Halisidota.)

Syn. annulifascia Walker; porphyria Herrich-Schaefler.

This well-marked and easily identified species is common
in the northern Atlantic coast region, and ranges westward
into the valley of the Mississippi.

(6) Halisidota argentata Packard, Plate XIV, Fig. 8, 5 ,
Fig. 9, ? . (The Silver-spotted Halisidota.)

This pretty species is found in Colorado, and thence west-
ward and northward to the Pacific coast. A number of sub-
species have been named in this connection, but it is' doubtful
whether the sexes of the insects on meeting each other would
recognize any specific differences themselves.

Genus HEMIHYALEA Hampson

Two species of this genus occur within the limits of the
United States. Edwardsi is distinguished from labecula most
easily by the fact that the inner margin of the secondaries in
the former is crimson, while in the latter it is not.

(i) Hemihyalea edwardsi Packard, Plate XIV, Fig. 6, $.
(Edwards’ Glassy- wingi)

S)rn. translucida Walker; quercus Boisduval.

This is a Californian species.

138

Arctiidse

(2) Hemihyalea labecula Grote, Plate XIV, Fig. 7, 3 .
(The Freckled Glassy-wing.)

This insect is not uncommon in Colorado. It occurs in
early summer about Manitou, and among the mountains
generally.

Genus OPHARUS Walker

An extensive neotropical genus, represented within the limits
of the United States by but one species.

(i) Opharus astur Cramer, Plate XIV, Fig. 5, (The
Astur Moth.)

Syn. albicans, Walker; maculicollis Walker; pustulata Packard.

The insect is common in Mexico and South America, and
occasionally occurs in Arizona.

Genus CALIDOTA Dyar

A neotropical genus containing a dozen species or more, two
of which are found within our limits. We figure one of these;
the other, C. muricolor Dyar, has the wings mouse-gray,
semihyaline, the secondaries paler than the primaries. The head
is gray in front, yellowish above; the thorax is gray, the
collar edged inwardly with ochreous; the abdomen is reddish
buff, with a series of black dorsal spots and broad lateral bands
of the same color. The pectus and coxae are ochreous, the
legs gray. The type of the species came from Arizona.

(1) Calidota strigosa Walker, Plate XVI, Fig. 24, 5 .
(The Streaked Calidota.)

Syn. cubensis Grote; laqueata Henry Edwards.

This insect occurs in Florida, and is abundant in the
Antilles. Its life-history has been described by Dyar in the
Proceedings of the United States National Museum, for 1900,
p. 268. The food-plant is Guettarda elliptica.

Genus EUPSEUDOSOMA Grote

Three species are attributed by Hampson to this genus,
one of which, the type of the genus, we figure. It is the
only species of the genus occurring within our territory.

(i) Eupseudosoma involutum Sepp, Plate XIV, Fig. i, 5 .
(The Snowy Eupseudosoma.)

Syn. nivea Herrich-Schasffer; -fiortdmn Grote; immaculata Grsef.

Agaristidae

The life-history of this species has been given by Dyar,
1. c,, p. 258. The food-plants are Eugenia buxifolia, Eugenia
procera, and Psidium pyrifera. The insect has a wide range
in tropical America, occurring from Florida to southern Brazil.

Genus BERTHOLDIA Schaus

A small neotropical genus represented in our fauna by one
species.

(1) Bertholdia trigona Grote, Plate XIV, Fig. 2, 3.
(Grote’s Bertholdia.)

The moth flies in Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and
northern Mexico.

FAMILY AGARISTID^

“Ye lovers of marvel and fairy lore,

Say not that the days of enchantment are o’er.
That the well-springs of Fancy and Fable fail.

There are streamlets yet where the river-sprite
With his Harlequin changes bewilders the sight;

There are castles yet of ivory and gold,

Hung with floral fabrics by sunshine unroll’d.

Within whose luxurious recesses recline
Fays of exquisite form, quaffing exquisite wine;

Some in gossamer veiled of ethereal dyes.

Which have only their match in the rainbow’d skies;

Some in richest and softest of velvets arrayed,

Or in mail that does shame to the armourer’s trade.

These are haunting us ever for ill, or for good,

Through earth and through air, field, forest, and flood:

To transport our thoughts, as by magic spell,

From the sordid objects whereon they dwell.

To a land of the Marvellous dimly displayed.

Where the light- winged Fancy, by wonder stayed,

Still delighteth to hover, and joyously say:

‘Oh ! my darling elves, ye’re not chased away.

There’s a region still where ye have a place —

The mysterious world of the Insect race.’ ’’

Acheta Domestica. Episodes of Insect Life.

The Agaristidae compose a family of moderate size. The
moths are day-flying in their habit, and in the tropics both

140

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Explanation of Plate XVII

(Except when otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are con-
tained in the collection of W. J. Holland.)

1. Haploa militaris Harris, Q .

2. Haploa colona Hiibner, 9 •

3. Haploa vestalis Packard, .

4. Haploa militaris Harris, cJ'.

5. Haploa consita Walker, .

6. Haploa confusa Lyman, cJ'-.

7. Haploa clymene Brown, c? .

8. Utetheisa ornatrix Linnaeus, H' .

9. Haploa dyari Merrick, H' , Merrick Collection.

10. Haploa militaris Harris, cJ* , Merrick Collection,

11. Copidryas gloveri Grote & Robinson, J'.

12. Fenaria sevorsa Grote, 9 •

13. Androloma maccullochi Kirby, ij*.

14. Alypia ridingsi Grote, J'.

15. Alypia mariposa Grote & Robinson, 9*

16. Alypia langtoni Couper, .

17. Alypia langtoni Couper, 9 ■

18. Alypia wittfeldi Henry Edwards, c?,

19. Alypia wittfeldi Henry Edwards, 9 •

20. Alypia octomaculata Pabricius, cJ'.

21. Alypia octomaculata Pabricius, 9 •

22. Alypiodes himaculata Herrich-Schaeffer, c?.

23. Euthisanotia grata Pabricius, J' .

24. Euthisanotia unio Hiibner, (J'.

25. Bailey a ophthahmca Guenee, 9 -

26. Baileya doubledayi Guenee, H ■

27. Baileya australis Grote, H' .

28. Aleptina inca, Dyar cJ'.

29. Charadra decora Morrison, .

30. Panthea portlandia Grote, J' , U. S. N. M.

31. Panthea furcilla Packard, 6^, U. S. N. M.

32. Feralia jocosa Guenee, cJ'.

The Moth Book.

Plate XV !

Agaristidae

of the Old World and the New reckon in their number some
of the most resplendently colored insects found upon the globe.
They are regarded as being an offshoot of the Noctuidae.

The following description of the characteristics of the
family is adapted from Hampson with reference to the forms
found within our faunal limits:

‘Proboscis fully developed; palpi upturned and well devel- *
oped, the third joint usually naked and porrect; frons with a
rounded, conical, or corneous process; antennae cylindrical,
almost simple, with slight bristles at the joints, not ciliated,
and more or less distinctly dilated toward the extremity.
Ocelli present; eyes sometimes hairy; tibial spurs well devel-
oped, the tibiae rarely spined; the male claspers often very
large; wings large and strongly formed. Fore wing with vein
la separate from \b; ic absent; 5 from or from close to angle
of cell; the areole present in nearly all the genera. Hind wing
with vein la present; ic absent; 5 obsolescent from angle of
discocellulars; 6, 7 from upper angle or shortly stalked; 8 free
at base, then bent downward to anastomose with the cell at a
point only. All the species have silvery blue scales on the
fore wings.

The larvae are noctuiform and have all the prolegs present.
The pupa is naked.’

Genus COPIDRYAS Grote

Two species belonging to this genus occur within the
limits of the United States. We give illustrations of both of them.

(i) Copidryas gloveri Grote & Robin-
son, Plate XVll, Fig. ii, $, (Glover’s
Purslane-moth.)

The life-history of this rather pretty
moth has been well worked out by
Professor C. V. Riley and from his article
published in “Insect Life/’ Vol. 1, p. 104,
we have taken the cuts which are here- 78.— Egg of Co-
with given. The drawings of the egg,
pupa, and cocoon were made by Mr. C.

L. Marlatt. The excellent account given by Professor Riley is
drawn upon for the following quotations: “The eggs are laid

141

Fig. 79. — Pupa and cocoon cell
of Copidryas gloveri.

Agaristidse

on the under side of the purslane leaf, either singly or in clusters
of from two to five. The larva hatches in two or three days, and

is at first light green or yellowish
green with darker shading across
the middle of the body. In eight
or nine days it attains full growth
after having passed through four
molts. The full grown larva is
light gray or dull white with black
dashes on the sides of each seg-
ment, and with the shadings of
salmon pink.”

“The full-grown larvas enter
the ground for pupation, excavat-
ing a tubular burrow in the sur-
face soil, gumming the lining
and closing the opening with a
thin layer of particles of soil. . . . The insect remains in

this state in the neighborhood of twelve days.”

In the accompanying figures we show the egg, the pupa,
and the adult larva and moth. The insect is very abundant
at certain times in Nebraska,

Kansas, and the southwestern
States generally, and ranges into
northern Mexico. It appears
to feed exclusively upon purs-
lane, and as this plant is of no
particular economic value, but
is justly accounted as a trouble-
some weed, we may wish bless-
ings upon Copidryas gloveri.

(2) Copidryas cosyra
Druce, Plate XI, Fig. 19, S .

(The Cosyra Moth.)

This pretty insect, which
belongs to the same genus as
the preceding, though assigned

by the author of the species to the genus Euthisanotia, is found
in Arizona and in Mexico. Its habits are undoubtedly very much

142

Fig. 80. — Copidryas gloveri. a.
moth; h. larva. (After Riley.)

Agaristidae

the same as those of Glover’s Purslane Moth, though up to the
present time no one has described them.

Genus TUERTA Walker

Only one species of this genus, which is better represented in
Africa than in America, is found within our borders.

(i) Tuerta sabulosa Boisduval. (The
Sand-dune Moth.)

Syn. noctuijormis Moeschler.

The moth has the primaries grayish-brown
marked with white at the insertion of the
wings. The secondaries are bright orange-
yellow, with a wide black marginal border,
as represented in the cut. The habitat of the
insect is Arizona and Mexico.

Genus ALYPIA Hiibner
This genus is well represented within our territory. The
following synopsis of the species is adapted from Hampson:

I. {Androloma.) Fore wing of male with a dilation of costa and

a groove of ribbed membrane below it from base ex-
tending beyond middle mac-cullocht

II. Fore wing of male with a postmedial dilation of costa and

groove of ribbed membrane below it ; wing elongated.

a. Fore wing with the markings yellow disparata

b. Fore wing with the markings white hrannani

III. {Alypia.) Fore wing of male without dilation of costal area

or grove.

A. Fore and mid tibiae, orange; hind wings marked with

white.

a. Discal spot of fore wing longitudinal octomaculata

b. Discal spot of fore wing transverse wittfeldi

Hind wings marked with yellow.

c. Hind wing with subbasal yellow spot dipsaci

d. Hind wing without subbasal yellow spot langtoni

B. Mid tibiae only orange.

a. Wings with the spots not traversed by black veins . .mariposa

b. Wings with the spots traversed by black veins . . . .ridingsi

(i) Alypia mac-cullochi Kirby, Plate XVII, Fig. 13, S .
(MacCulloch’s Forester. )

Syn. lorquini Grote & Robinson; similis Stretch; edwardsi Boisduval.

The habitat of this species is Canada and the Rocky
Mountains northward to Alaska.

Agaristidae

(2) Alypia disparata Henry Edwards. (The Mexican
Forester.)

Syn. gracilenta Graf ; desperata Kirby.

The structural features
this species are shown
the accompanying cut,
the use of which we
indebted to the kind-
;s of Sir George F.

Fig. 82 — Alypia disparata, $ . Hampson. The insect

(After Hampson.) occurs in southem Texas,

Arizona, and Mexico. The
writer has a large series collected for him in the neighborhood of
Jalapa, where it is apparently more common than farther north.

(3) Alypia octomaculata Fabricius, Plate XVII, Figs. 16,
20, S, Fig. 21, ?. (The Eight-spotted Forester.)

Syn. bimaculata Gmelin; quadriguttalis Hubner; matuta Henry
Edwards.

This very common insect, which sometimes proves a
veritable plague by the depredations which it commits upon
the foliage of the Ampelopsis,
which is extensively grown in
our cities as a decorative vine,
is found everywhere in the
northern Atlantic States, and
ranges westward beyond the
Mississippi. One good thing
which can be set down to the
English sparrow is the work,
which he has been observed by
the writer to do in devouring
the larvae of this moth from the
vines with which his home is
covered.

(4) Alypia wittfeldi Henry
Edwards, Plate XVII, Fig. 18, ^ , Fig. 19, $ . (Wittfeld’s Forester.)

Sir George F. Hampson sinks this species as a synonym
of A. octomaculata, but the writer cannot agree with him in
this. The form of the spots on the primaries, the white at the

Fig. 83. — Alypia octomaculata.
a. larva; h. enlarged somite,
showing markings ; c. moth.
(After Riley.)

144

As'aristidse

base of the abdomen, and the white annulus near its extremity,
are at all events marks quite as characteristic as those by which
some other species in the genus are separated. Its habitat is
southern Florida.

(5) Alypia langtoni Couper, Plate XVll, Fig. 17, $.
(Langton’s Forester).

S)m. sacramenti Grote & Robinson; hudsonica Henry Edwards.

This species ranges from Canada westward through British
Columbia into California in the south and Alaska in the north.

(6) Alypia mariposa Grote & Robinson, Plate XVlll, Fig.
15. (The Californian Forester.)

This, undoubtedly the handsomest species of the genus, is
confined to the Pacific coast.

(7) Alypia ridingsi Grote, Plate XVII, Fig. 13, ^ , Fig.
14, $ . (Ridings’ Forester.)

A common species in the Rocky Mountain region at high
elevations, and ranging northward to Sitka and the valley of
the Yukon.

Genus ALYPIODES Grote

Two species of this genus are Mexican, the third is found
in our fauna, though also occurring south of our boundary.

(1) Alypiodes bimaculata Herrich-Schseffer, Plate XVII,
Fig. 22. (The Two-
spotted Forester.)

Syn. trimaculata Bois-
duval.

The figure in the
plate represents the typi-
cal form, the figure in
the cut shows the
aberration named
crescens by Walker, in
which the hind wing has a yellow spot about the middle of
the wing. The insect is fairly common in southern California,
New Mexico, and Arizona.

Fig. 84. — Alypiodes bimaculata, $ .
(After Hampson.)

“ The entomologist need not relax his endeavors day or night. Moth-
ingis night employment.” — A. S. Packard.

145

SUGARING FOR MOTHS

The day has been hot and sultry. The sun has set behind
great banks of clouds which are piling up on the northwestern
horizon. Now that the light is beginning to fade, the great
masses of cumulus, which are slowly gathering and rising higher
toward the zenith, are lit up by pale flashes of sheet-lightning.
As yet the storm is too far off to permit us to hear the boom of
the thunder, but about ten or eleven o’clock to-night we shall
probably experience all the splendor of a dashing thunder-
shower.

Along the fringe of woodland which skirts the back pastures
is a path which we long have known. Here stand long ranks
of ancient beeches; sugar maples, which in fall are glorious in
robes of yellow and scarlet; ash trees, the tall gray trunks of
which carry skyward huge masses of light pinnated foliage;
walnuts and butternuts, oaks, and tulip-poplars. On either side
of the path in luxuriant profusion are saplings, sprung from the
monarchs of the forest, young elm trees planted by the winds,
broad-leaved papaws, round-topped hawthorns, viburnums,
spreading dogwoods, and here and there in moist places clumps
of willows. Where the path runs down by the creek,
sycamores spread their gaunt white branches toward the sky,
and drink moisture from the shallow reaches of the stream, in
which duckweed, arrow-weed, and sweet pond-lilies bloom.

The woodland is the haunt of many a joyous thing, which
frequents the glades and hovers over the flowers. To-night the
lightning in the air, the suggestion of a coming storm which
lurks in the atmosphere, will send a thrill through all the swarms,
which have been hidden through the day on moss-grown trunks,
or among the leaves, and they will rise, as the dusk gathers, in
troops about the pathway. It is just the night upon which to
take a collecting trip, resorting to the well-known method oi
“sugaring.”

Here we have a bucket and a clean whitewash brush. We

146

Sugaring for Moths

have put into the bucket four pounds of cheap sugar. Now we
will pour in a bottle of stale beer and a little rum. We have
stirred the mixture well. In our pockets are our cyanide jars.
Here are the dark lanterns. Before the darkness falls, while yet
there is light enough to see our way along the path, we will pass
from tree to tree and apply the brush charged with the sweet
semi-intoxicating mixture to the trunks of the trees.

The task is accomplished! Forty trees and ten stumps have
been baptized with sugar-sweetened beer. Let us wash our
sticky fingers in the brook and dry Ihem with our handkerchiefs.
Let us sit down on the grass beneath this tree and puff a good
Havana. It is growing darker. The bats are circling overhead.
A screech-owl is uttering a plaintive lament, perhaps mourning
the absence of the moon, which to-night will not appear. The
frogs are croaking in the pond. The fireflies soar upward and
flash in sparkling multitudes where the grass grows rank near
the water.

Now let us light our lamps and put a drop or two of chloro-
form into our cyanide jars, just enough to slightly dampen the
paper which holds the lumps of cyanide in place. We will
retrace our steps along the path and visit each moistened spot
upon the tree-trunks.

Here is the last tree which we sugared. There in the light
of the lantern we see the shining drops of our mixture clinging
to the mosses and slowly trickling downward toward the
ground. Turn the light of the lantern full upon the spot,
advancing cautiously, so as not to break the dry twigs under
foot or rustle the leaves. Ha I Thus far nothing but the black
ants which tenant the hollows of the gnarled old tree appear
to have recognized the offering which we have made. But
they are regaling themselves in swarms about the spot. Look
at them! Scores of them, hundreds of them are congregat-
ing about the place, and seem to be drinking with as much
enjoyment as a company of Germans on a picnic in the
wilds of Hoboken.

Let us stealthily approach the next tree. It is a beech.
What is there? Oho! my beauty! Just above the moistened
patch upon the bark is a great Catocala. The gray upper wings
are spread, revealing the lower wings gloriously banded with

M7

Sugaring for Moths

black and crimson. In the yellow light of the lantern the wings
appear even more brilliant than they do in sunlight. How the
eyes glow like spots of fire! The moth is wary. He has just
alighted; he has not yet drunk deep. Move cautiously! Keep
the light of the lantern steadily upon him. Uncover your
poisoning jar. Approach. Hold the jar just a little under the
moth, for he will drop downward on the first rush to get away.
Clap the jar over him! There! you have done it! You have
him securely. He flutters for a moment, but the chloroform acts
quickly and the flutterings cease. Put that jar into one pocket
and take out another. Now let us go to the next tree. It is an
old walnut. The trunk is rough, seamed, and full of knotted
excrescences. See what a company has gathered! There are a
dozen moths, large and small, busily at work tippling. Begin
with those which are nearest to the ground. When 1 was young
my grandfather taught me that in shooting wild turkeys resting
in a tree, it is always best to shoot the lowest fowl first, and
then the next. If you shoot the gobbler which perches highest,
as he comes tumbling down through the flock, he will startle
them all, and they will fly away together; but if you take those
which are roosting well down among the branches, those above
will simply raise their heads and stare about for a moment to find
out the source of their peril, and you can bag three or four before
the rest make up their minds to fly. 1 follow the same plan with
my moths, unless, perchance, the topmost moth is some
unusual rarity, worth all that suck the sweets below him.

Bravo! You have learned the lesson well. You succeeded
admirably in bottling those Taraches which were sucking the
moisture at the lower edge of the sweetened patch. There
above them is a fine specimen of Strenoloma lunilinea. Aha!
You have him. Now take that Catocala. It is amasia, a charm-
ing little species. Above him is a specimen of cara, one of the
largest and most superb of the genus. Well done! You have
him, too. Now wait a moment! Have your captives ceased
their struggles in your jar? Yes; they seem to be thoroughly
stunned. Transfer them to the other jar for the cyanide to do its
work. Look at your lantern. Is the wick trimmed ? Come
on then.

Let us go to the next tree. This is an ash. The moist spot
148

Sugaring for Moths

shows faintly upon the silvery-gray bark of the tree. Look
sharply ! Here below are a few Geometers daintily sipping the
sweets. There is a little Eustixis pupula, with its silvery-white
wings dotted with points of black. There is a specimen of
Harrisimemna, the one with the coppery-brown spots on
the fore wings. A good catch!

Stop! Hold still! Ha! I thought he would alight. That is
Catocala coccinata — a fine moth — not overly common, and
the specimen is perfect.

Well, let us try another tree. Here they are holding a
general assembly. Look! See them fairly swarming about the
spot. A dozen have found good places; two or three are
fluttering about trying to alight. The ants have found the place
as well as the moths. They are squabbling with each other.
The moths do not like the ants. 1 do not blame them. I would
not care to sit down at a banquet and have ants crawling all
over the repast. There is a specimen of Catocala relicta, the
hind wings white, banded with black. How beautiful simple
colors are when set in sharp contrast and arranged in graceful
lines! There is a specimen of Catocala neogama, which was
originally described by Abbot from Georgia. It is not un-
common. There is a good Mamestra, and there Pvrophila
pyramidoides. The latter is a common species; we shall find
scores of them before we get through. Do not bother with
those specimens of Agrotis Ypsilon\ there are choicer things to
be had. It is a waste of time to take them to-night. Let them
drink themselves drunk, when the flying squirrels will come and
catch them. Do you see that flying squirrel there peeping
around the trunk of the tree ? Flying squirrels eat insects. I
have seen them do it at night, and they have robbed me of many
a fine specimen.

Off now to the next tree!

And so we go from tree to tree. The lightning in the west
grows more vivid. Hark ! I hear the thunder. It is half-past
nine. The storm will be here by ten. The leaves are beginning
to rustle in the tree-tops. The first pulse of the tornado is
beginning to be felt. Now the wind is rising. Boom! Boom!
The storm is drawing nearer. We are on our second round
and are coming up the path near the pasture-gate. Our

149

Sugaring for Moths

collecting jars are full. We have taken more than a hundred
specimens representing thirty species. Not a bad night’s work.
Hurry up! Here are the draw-bars. Are you through? Put
out the light in your lantern. Come quickly after me. I know
the path. Here is the back garden gate. It is beginning to
rain. We shall have to run if we wish to avoid a wetting.
Ah ! here are the steps of the veranda. Come up !

Myl what a flash and a crash that wasl Look back and
see how the big trees are bowing their heads as the wind
reaches them, and the lightning silhouettes them against the
gray veil of the rain. We may be glad we are out of the
storm, with a good roof overhead. To-morrow morning the
sun will rise bright and clear, and we shall have work
enough to fill all the morning hours in setting the captures we
have made. Good-night!

"it is interesting to contemplate a tangled bank, clothed with many
plants of many kinds, with birds singing on the bushes, with various insects
flitting about, and with worms crawling through the damp earth, and to
reflect that these elaborately constructed forms, so different from each
other, and dependent upon each other in so complex a manner, have all
been produced by laws acting around us. These laws, taken in the largest
sense, being Growth with Reproduction; Inheritance, which is almost
implied by reproduction; Variability, from the indirect and direct action
of the conditions of life, and from use and disuse ; a Ratio of Increase so
high as to lead to a Struggle for Life, and as a consequence to Natural
Selection, entailing Divergence of Character and the Extinction of less
improved forms. Thus, from the war of Nature, from famine and death,
the most exalted object which we are capable of conceiving, namely, the
production of the higher animals, directly follows. There is a grandeur
in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally
breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one, and that, whilst
this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from
so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful
have been and are being evolved.”— Darwin.

150

FAMILY NOCTUID^

“ Shall mortal man be more just than God ?

Shall a man be more pure than his Maker ?

Behold He put no trust in His servants;

And His angels He charged with folly:

How much less in them that dwell in houses of clay,
Whose foundation is in the dust,

Which are crushed before the moth ? ”

Job, Chapter IV , 17-ig.

The 'Noctuidce are a huge complex of genera and species,
the genera being reckoned by hundreds, and the species by
thousands. Within the faunal limits intended to be covered by
this book there are already known to occur in the neighborhood
of three hundred and seventy-five genera, and many more than
two thousand species which are referable to this family. In the
arrangement of the genera and the species the author has in the
main followed Dyar’s Catalogue, which is based upon that of
Prof. J. B. Smith, published in 1893 as “Bulletin 44 of the
United States National Museum.”

The moths are nocturnal in their habits. The neuration is
very constant, and is described as follows by Hampson (“Moths
of India,” Vol. II, p. 160):

“ Fore wing with vein \a slight and not anastomosing with
\b', \c absent; 2 from middle of cell; 3, 4, 5 from close to lower
angle; 6 from upper angle; 8 given off from 7 and anastomosing
with 9, which is given off from 10 to form an areole; ii from
cell; 12 long. Hind wing with \a and h present; \c absent;
2 from middle of cell; 3 and 4 from lower angle; 5 from near
lower angle or middle of discocellulars, rarely absent, but more
or less aborted in the Acontiinc^ and Trijince. Frenulum always,
proboscis almost always, present.”

The larvae are generally naked, or at most pubescent. In
some of the subfamilies the larvae are semiloopers, some of the
prolegs being absent. Pupation generally takes place under

Noctuidse

ground without a cocoon, the earth being fashioned in some
cases into a cemented cell about the pupa.

Genus PANTHEA Hubner

(i) Panthea furcilla Packard, Plate XVll, Fig. 31, $.
(The Eastern Panthea.)

Closely allied to the following species, from which it may be
distinguished by the absence of the reniform spot at the end of
the cell.

(2) Panthea portlandia Grote, Plate XVll, Fig. 30, $ . (The
Western Panthea.)

Transverse markings less diffuse than in the preceding
species, and reniform spot always present.

P. furcilla occurs on the northern Atlantic, and P. portlandia
on the northern Pacific coast.

(For the other two species consult Proceedings U. S. Nat. Museum,
Vol. XXI, p. 13.)

Genus DEMAS Stephens

(i) Demas propinquilinea Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 3, $.
(The Close-banded Demas.)

The caterpillar feeds on various deciduous trees, making a
case for itself by drawing two leaves together with strands of
silk. It occurs in the Atlantic States.

(For the other two species of genus see Proceedings U. S. Nat. Museum,
Vol. XXI, p. 22.)

Genus CHARADRA V^aiker

(1) Charadra deridens Guenee, Plate XVIII, Fig. 4, $.
(The Laugher.)

Syn. circulifer Walker; contigua Walker.

A rather rare moth, the habitat of which is the Atlantic States,
and the larva of which makes a case for itself, very much as
done by the preceding species.

(2) Charadra illudens Walker, Plate XVIII, Fig. 5, ,

Fig. 2, $ . (The Sport. )

Syn. pythion Druce.

A Mexican species, which I admit to the fauna of our territory
on the authority of George Franck of Brooklyn, who reports its
occurrence in Florida.

152

Noctuidae

(3) Charadra decora Morrison, Plate XVII, Fig. 29, $ .
(The Dandy.)

Syn. jelina Druce.

This is likewise a Mexican species, which is said to occur
in Arizona, but the fact of its being found there requires
verification.

One other species of the genus, C. disptilsa Morrison, occurs
in the Southern States.

Genus RAPHIA Hubner

( 1 ) Raphia frater Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 3, $ . (The
Brother.)

Syn. per sonata Walker; flexuosa Walker.

There are three species belonging to this genus in our
fauna. They are closely alike in appearance. The species we
figure occurs in the Eastern States. R. abrupta Grote is also
an eastern species, while R. color adensis is found in the West.

Genus APATELA Hubner

This is a large genus, well represented in the temperate
regions of both the Old World and the New. The latest
Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of the United States credits our
fauna with seventy-five species. The genus has been mono-
graphed by Smith & Dyar. (See Proceedings U. S. Nat. Museum,
Vol. XXI, pp. 1-104.) Within the compass of these pages we
cannot do more than give a representation of a number of the
forms, which have been described, leaving the student to
further researches in the readily accessible literature of the
subject.

(1) Apatela americana Harris, Plate XVIII, Fig. 12, 9 .
(The American Dagger-moth.)

Syn. acericola Guenee; obscura Henry Edwards; aceris Abbot &
Smith {non Linnaeus).

This is one of the largest species of the genus.

The caterpillar feeds upon deciduous trees of many genera,
and the insect occurs from New England to Utah and south
to the Gulf States.

(2) Apatela dactylina Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 17,
(The Fingered Dagger-moth).

Easily distinguished from the preceding species, which it
*53

Noctuidse

resembles in the markings of the fore wings, by its smaller
size and the white hind wings. It ranges from Canada to
Virginia and westward to the Rocky Mountains. The caterpillar
lives upon alder, willow, and birch.

(3) Apatela populi Riley, Plate XVIII, Fig. 14, $ (The
Cottonwood Dagger-moth.)

The moth, of which we reproduce the figures of the larva and
imago given by Professor Riley, who first described the species,

ranges from Canada to the
western parts of the Carolinas,
thence across the continent to
the Pacific coast, avoiding the
warmer regions of the Gulf
States and southern California.
The imago is discriminated from
Apatela lepusculina Guenee by
the broader wings, especially of
the female, by the paler ground-
color of the primaries, and by the absence of the orbicular
spot, which is very rarely as conspicuous as it appears in
the figure given by Riley, and still further by the very short
basal dash on the
fore wings, which
in y^. lepusculina is
long, reaching out-
wardly as a sharply
defined black line
one-third of the
length of the cell.

The larva is also quite
different in impor-
tant particulars from
that of the species,
which has been
named, but with
which this species is
often confounded in
collections. The caterpillar feeds upon the foliage of different
species of the genus Populus, and is particularly common in the

Fig. 86. — Apatela populi, larva.
(After Riley.)

Fig. 85. — Apatela populi, $.
(After Riley.)

154

' NoctuidsB

States of the Mississippi Basin upon the Cottonwood {Populus
monilifera and Popuhis heterophylla.)

(4) Apatela innotata Guenee, Plate XVIII, Fig. 13/ $ .
(The Unmarked Dagger-moth.)

Syn. grcefi Grote,

The figure given in the plate represents a form intermediate
between those depicted by Smith & Dyar. (See Proceedings
U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. XXI, Plate II, Figs. 17, 18). The ground
color is a dirty yellowish-white. The species occurs in Canada
and the northern Atlantic States.

(5) Apatela morula Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 8, S . (The
Darkish Dagger-moth. )

Syn ulmi Harris.

This insect occurs from Canada southward and westward to
the Rocky Mountains. The caterpillar feeds upon elm, apple,
and linden,

(6) Apatela interrupta Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. 5, $ .
(The Interrupted Dagger-moth.)

Syn. occidentalis Grote & Robinson.

The larva feeds upon the Rosacece, and also upon the elm
and the birch. The insect has a wide range from the Atlantic
seaboard to the Rocky Mountains and from Canada to the
northern portions of the Gulf States.

(7) Apatela lobelise Guenee, Plate XVIII, Fig. 9, $ . (The
Lobelia Dagger-moth.)

The caterpillar feeds upon oak, in spite of the fact that the
author of the species attributed it to the Lobelia, which would
no doubt poison it if administered. It ranges from Canada to
Florida and Texas, and westward to the Rocky Mountains.

(8) Apatela furcifera Guenee, Plate XVIII, Fig. 10, $, .
(The Forked Dagger-moth.)

The range of this species is practically the same as that of the
preceding. The larva feeds upon various species of wild-cherry.

(9) Apatela hasta Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. 6, $. (The
Dart Dagger-moth.)

Syn. telum Guenee.

The insect is found in the northern Atlantic States and
Canada. It is smaller and darker than the preceding species, tp

155

Noctuida

which it is closely allied. The figure in the plate is hardly
dark enough.

(10) Apatela quadrata Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 15, $.
(The Quadrate Dagger.)

This species occurs on the Pacific coast and ranges eastward
as far as Alberta in the north and Kansas in the south. The
author does not recall a description of the larva.

(11) Apatela superans Guenee, Plate XVIII, Fig. 26,
(The Chieftain Dagger.)

This is a well-marked species, which cannot easily be mis-
taken. It occurs in Canada, southward to the Carolinas, and
westward through the valley of the Mississippi. The larva feeds on
the same plants as its allies, which have been mentioned above.

(12) Apatela lithospila Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 24, $.
(The Streaked Dagger.)

Ranges from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The larva feeds
upon oak, hickory, and chestnut.

(13) Apatela connecta Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 19, $.
(The Connected Dagger.)

The habitat of this species is found from Canada to the
Carolinas and westward to the Mississippi. The larva feeds
on willows.

(14) Apatela fragilis Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. i, (The
Fragile Dagger-moth.)

Syn. spectans Walker.

This delicate little species has by some authors been referred
to the genus Microcxlia, but is a true Apatela. It ranges from
Canada to the Carolinas and westward to the Mississippi. The
caterpillar feeds on birch and various plants belonging to the
Rosacect.

(15) Apatela vinnula Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 25, ?.
(The Delightful Dagger.)

This pretty and easily recognizable species feeds in the
larval stage upon the elm and ranges from the Atlantic coast
to the border of the Great Plains. It comes very freely to sugar.

(16) Apatela grisea Walker, Plate XVIII, Fig. ii, ?.
(The Gray Dagger-moth.)

Syn. pudorata Morrison.

The caterpillar feeds on apple, birch, willow, elm, and arrow
156

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Explanation of Plate XVIII

(Except when otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are con-
tained in the collection of W. J. Holland.)

1. Diphthera. fallax YLevrvchSc'hiS:Qev , 9-

2. Charadra illudens Walker, 9 .

3- Raphia f rater Grote, 9 • U. S. N. M.

4- Charadra deridens Guenee, 9 •

5. Charadra illudens Walker, J'.

6. Arsilonche albovenosa Goeze, (J'.

7. Merolonche lupini Grote, cJ',

Merrick Collection.

8. Apatela morula Grote, cJ*.

9. Apatela lohelice Guenee, C' ■

10. Apatela furcifera Guenee, cJ*.

11. Apatela grisea Walker, 9 •

12. Apatela americana Harris, 9-

13. Apatela innotata Guenee, c?.

14. Apatela lepusculina Guenee, <^ .

15. Apatela quadrata Grote, 9-

16. Apatela radcliffei Harvey, cJ*.

17. Apatela dactylina Grote, (J'.

18. Apatela oblinita Abbot & Smith, 9-

19. Apatela connecta Grote, (S'.

20. Apatela noctivaga Grote, 9 •

21. Apatela impress a Walker, S-

22. Apatela impleta Walker, 9«

23. Apatela brumosa Guenee, S-

24. Apatela xyliniformis Guenee, S>

Merrick Collection.

25. Apatela vinnula Grote, 9 •

26. Apatela super ans Guenee, 9 •

The Moth Book

Plate XVll!.

COLORTYPE

COPYRIGHTED BY

HOLLAND,

Noctuids

wood {Euonymus). The insect is found from Canada to Georgia
and westward to Missouri and Minnesota,

(17) Apatela albarufa Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 16,

(The Reddish-white Dagger.)

A somewhat variable species characterized by a very faint
reddish cast upon the primaries. It ranges from the Atlantic to
New Mexico and Colorado.

(18) Apatela brumosa Guenee, Plate XVIII, Fig. 23, .

(The Frosty Dagger-moth.)

Syn. inclara Smith.

Very closely allied to A. impressa Walker, but easily dis-
tinguished from that species by the lighter hind wings. The
larva feeds upon willow, birch, and alder.

(19) Apatela noctivaga Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 20, ? .
(The Burglar Dagger.)

The larva feeds upon poplar and various herbaceous plants.
The insect is found over almost the entire United States and
southern Canada.

(20) Apatela impressa Walker, Plate XVllI, Fig. 21, .

(The Printed Dagger.)

The larva feeds upon willow, plum, hazel, currant, and
blackberry. It is found from the Atlantic coast to the Rocky
Mountains.

(21) Apatela impleta Walker, Plate XVIII, Fig. 22, ?.
(The Yellow-haired Dagger.)

Syn. luteicoma Grote.

The range of this species is from Canada to Florida and
westward far into the valley of the Mississippi. The larva
feeds on a great variety of deciduous trees and shrubs.

(22) Apatela oblinita Abbot & Smith, Plate XVIII, Fig.
18, $ . (The Smeared Dagger.)

Syn. salicis Harris.

This is probably the commonest species of the genus. It
occurs from eastern Canada to Florida and westward to the
Rocky Mountains. The larva feeds on a great variety of shrubs
and herbaceous plants. It never is found upon trees. It is very
fond of the various species of smart-weed {Polygonum), and in the

>57

Noctuidse

fall of the year it is very abundant in places where this plant grows.
It does some damage to cotton-plants in the South, but by hand-
picking it can easily
be kept under. The
cocoon, which is com-
posed of yellowish
silk, is long and oval.
There are two broods
in the Middle States.
The hibernating in-
sects emerge from
their cocoons in May,
and lay their eggs.
The caterpillars de-
velop and the second
brood of moths ap-
pears upon the wing
in July. They ovi-
posit and the cater-
pillars of this gene-
ration, having made their cocoons, pass the winter in the
pupal state.

Genus APHARETRA Grote
This is a small genus, the species of which have been
separated from Apatela, in which they have been formerly
placed. We give figures of both species known to occur within
our territory. They have been drawn from the types, and will
suffice for the identification of the perfect insects. Nothing is as
yet known as to their larval stages.

(i) Apharetra dentata Grote. (The Toothed Apharetra.)
This insect occurs in Canada and the northern portions of

Fig. 87. — Apatela ohlinata. a. Larva; h.
Cocoon; c. Moth. (After Riley.)

Fig. 88. — Apharetra dentata, $ . b

New York and New England. It is, however, for some reason
as yet very rare in collections. The annexed cut has been

158

Noctuidse

drawn for me by Mr. Horace Knight from the type which is
contained in the British Museum.

(2) Apharetra pyralis Smith. (Smith’s
Apharetra.)

The specimen represented in Fig. 89 is
the type contained in the United States
National Museum^ a drawing of which I
was kindly permitted to make. The species
is considerably darker than the preceding.

It is thus far only known from the Territory of Alberta in
British America.

Genus ARSILONCHE Lederer

Two species belonging to this genus are represented in our
fauna. Arsilonche colorada was described by Smith in the
Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. XXII,
p. 414, in 1900. The other species, which is well known, we
figure.

(i) Arsilonche albovenosa Goeze, Plate XVIII, Fig. 6,
(The White^veined Dagger.)

The abdomen in our figure is dark, the specimen being
greased. It should be light, like the thorax. The insect occurs
quite commonly in Canada and the northern portions of the
United States, and also in Europe and northern Asia.

Genus MEROLONCHE Grote

For a full account of the three species contained in this
genus the student is referred to the Proceedings of the United
States National Museum, Vol. XXI, p. 179.

(i) Merolonche lupini Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 7, 5. (The
Lupine Dagger.)

Like all the species of this genus the Lupine Dagger is an
inhabitant of the Pacific States. Good specimens are rare in
collections.

Genus HARRISIMEMNA Grote

Only one species of this genus is thus far known.

(1) Harrisimemna trisignata Walker, Plate XIX, Fig. 4, 9.
(Harris’s Three-spot. )

Fig. 89. — Apharetra
pyralis, ^ . F

59

Noctuidae

The moth ranges from Canada to Texas, and from the
Atlantic to the Great Plains. The larva feeds on the winterberry
and the lilac.

Genus MICROCCELIA Guenee

This genus is like the preceding represented in our territory
by but one species.

(i) Microccelia diphtheroides Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. 9, $ ;
form obliterata Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 10, $ . (The Marbled
Microcoelia.)

The form obliterata in which the marblings are wanting is
common. The species is found in the Atlantic Subregion of the
United States.

Genus JASPIDIA Hubner

This is a moderately large genus embracing five species,
which occur in our fauna. We figure two of them.

(1) Jaspidia lepidula Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 7, $, . (The
Marbled-green Jaspidia. )

This is a common species in the Atlantic Subregion, ranging
from Canada to the Carolinas and westward to the Mississippi.

(2) Jaspidia teratophora Herrich-Schseffer, Plate XIX,
Fig. 8, (The White-spotted jaspidia.)

The distribution of this species is practically the same as that
of the preceding.

Genus DIPHTHERA Hubner

There is but one species of this genus in our fauna.

(i) Diphthera fallax Herrich-SchaefTer, Plate XVIII,
Fig. I, . (The Green Marvel.)

This beautiful little moth is not uncommon in the Appala-
chian, or Atlantic, Subregion of the Continent.

Genus POLYGRAMMATE Hubner

This genus like the preceding is represented in our territory
by but a single species.

(i) Polygrammate hebraicum Hubner, Plate XIX, Fig. ii,
$ . (The Hebrew.)

Syn. hebruea Guenee.

160

Noctuidse

The caterpillar feeds upon the sour gum-tree {Nyssa sylva-
tica). The larval stages have been described by Dyar. (See
Proceedings U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. XXI, p. 9.) The insect is
not uncommon in Pennsylvania and has much the same range
as the preceding three or four species.

Genus CERMA Hu'bner

Three species of this genus are credited to our fauna. The
one of which we give a cut has been by some authors con-
founded with Polygrammate hebraicum.

(i) Cerma cora Hubner. (The Cora Moth.)

Syn. festa Guenee.

The ground-color of this pretty little moth is
white shading into vinaceous gray, upon which
the darker markings stand forth conspicuously.

It is quite rare, and so far as is known is con-
fined to the Atlantic Subregion of the continent. The figure
was drawn by the author from a specimen in the possession of
the Brooklyn Institute, belonging to the Neumoegen Collection.

Genus CYATHISSA Grote

(i) Cyathissa percara Morrison, Plate XIX, Fig. 12, $ .
(The Darling Cyathissa.)

This pretty little species is found in the Gulf States and has
been reported as ranging northward as far as Colorado. A
second species of the genus has during the past year been
described by Prof. J. B. Smith, from southern California, under
the name pallida.

Genus CHYTONIX Grote

(1) Chytonix palliatricula Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. 15, ^ ;
Fig. 14, 5, var. (The Cloaked Marvel.)

Syn. iaspis Guen6e.

A common species in the Northern Atlantic States. It may
be found in June and July in Pennsylvania seated upon the bark
of oak-trees in the forest. It comes freely to sugar and to light.

161

Noctuidse

Genus COPIBRYOPHILA Smith

Of the sole species, named angelica, belonging to this
genus, which was erected by Prof. J.
B. Smith in the year 1900 (see “Proceed-
ings U. S. Nat. Mus.,” Vol. XXII, p. 416),
we give a cut made from a drawing of
Fig. 91. — Coptbryophda type, which is contained in the

angelica, ^ . 1. National Museum at Washington.

Genus ALEPTINA Dyar

This genus has been erected by Dyar to accommodate the
species named inca by him in the “Canadian Entomologist,”
Vol. XXXIV, p. 104. The male is figured on Plate XVII, Fig.
28. The insect is found in Arizona and Texas.

Genus BAILEYA Grote

A small genus, the species in which have been commonly
referred hitherto to the genus Leptina, but erroneously.

(1) Baileya ophthalmica Guenee, Plate XVII, Fig. 25, $ .
Not an uncommon species in the Appalachian Subregion.

It comes freely to sugar, and is rather abundant in the forests of
southern Indiana.

(2) Baileya australis Grote, Plate XVII, Fig. 27, ^ .

This is smaller than the preceding species, and generally
lighter in color, with a very pronounced blackish apical shade
on the fore wings. It occurs in the Gulf States from Florida to
Texas.

(3) Baileya doubledayi Guenee, Plate XVII, Fig. 26, .

Of the same size as ophthalmica, but differently marked.

From australis it may readily be distinguished by its larger size,
and by the different marking of the apex of the fore wings.

Genus HADENELLA Grote

(1) Hadenella pergentilis Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. .24, $ .
This inconspicuous, but neatly marked little insect, belongs

to the region of the Pacific coast, and ranges eastward as far as
Colorado.

(2) Hadenella subjuncta Smith, Plate XIX, Fig. 25, $ .

162

Noctuidae

The identification of this insect with minuscula Morrison,
made by Dr. Dyar, is open to question. The range of this
species is from the Atlantic to the mountains of Colorado, north
of the Gulf States.

Genus ACOPA Harvey

(i) Acopa Carina Harvey, Plate XIX, Fig. i6, 3 .

The habitat of this species is Texas. Three other species
belonging to the region of the Southwestern States have been
referred to this genus.

Genus CATABENA Walker

(i) Catabena lineolata Walker, Plate XIX, Fig. 15, 5.

Syn. miscellus Grote.

This is a common little moth which ranges from the Atlantic
States to California. It is freely attracted to light. The larva
feeds on yerbena.

Genus CRAMBODES Guenee

(i) Crambodes talidiformis Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. 17,

Syn. conjugens Walker.

A common species in the Appalachian Subregion, ranging
westward as far as Colorado. Like the preceding species the
larval form feeds on Verbena.

Genus PLATYSENTA Grote

(1) Platysenta videns Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. 21, ? .

Syn. indigens Walker; nieskei Speyer; atriciliata Grote.

This species has the same range as the preceding. It is
common at sugar.

(2) Platysenta albipuncta Smith, Plate XIX, Fig. 23, $ .

This moth was originally described from Colorado, but it

occurs all through the Southwestern States. The specimen
figured came from Texas.

Genus BALSA Walker

(i) Balsa malana Fitch, Plate XIX, Fig. 18, S,

Syn. ohliquifera Walker.

Noctuidee

This is a very common species in the Atlantic States and is
freely attracted to light.

Genus PLATYPERIGEA Smith

This genus has been erected by Prof. J. B. Smith for the
reception of three species, two of which we figure in the

'innAYP»rl riitc \x/hirh havp hppn

in Wyoming, and I have specimens col-
lected for me in the Freeze-out Mountains in that State. They
probably have an extensive range in the Rocky Mountains.

Genus ANORTHODES Smith

(i) Anorthodes prima Smith, Plate XIX, Fig. 19, $ .

This inconspicuous insect is quite common in central Ohio,
and its range extends thence southward into the Southern
States. It occurs in Kentucky, Tennessee, the Carolinas, and
Georgia.

Genus CARADRINA Ochsenheimer

This is a genus of moderate extent, represented both in the
Old World and the New. We have chosen a few species,
familiarity with which will enable the student to recognize
others.

(1) Caradrina meralis Morrison, Plate XIX, Fig. 22, $.
(The Mooned Rustic.)

Syn. bilunata Grote.

The moth is distributed from the Atlantic seaboard to the
interior of New Mexico. It is common in Texas.

(2) Caradrina multifera Walker, Plate XIX, Fig, 29, ^ .
(The Speckled Rustic.)

Syn. fidicularia Morrison,

The habitat of this species is the Atlantic Subregion.

164

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Explanation of Plate XIX

(Except when otherwise indicated, the specimens are contained
in the collection of W. J. Holland.)

1. Apatcla fragilis Guenee, J'.

2 . C iris wilsoni Grote , cJ* .

2. Detnas propinquilinea Grote,
$ , U. S. N. M.

4. H ar r i s im e m n a trisign at a

Walker, 9 .

5. A pate La inter fupta Guenee, 9 •

6. Apatela hasta Guenee, 9 •

7. Jaspidea lepidula Grote, c?.

8. Jaspidea teratophora Herrieh-

Schaeffer, cJ* .

9. M 1 c r o c ce li a diphtheroides

Guenee, (J'.

10. Microcaelia diphtheroides var.

obliterata, Grote, .

11. Polygram mate hebraicnm

Hiibner, (J* .

12. Cyathissa per car a Morrison, 0^ ,

U. S. N. M.

13. Chytonix palliatricula Guenee,

c?-

14. Chytonix palliatricula Guenee,

var., c?.

15. Catabena lineolata Walker, C' .

16. Acopa Carina Harvey, (^ , U.

S. N. M.

17. Crambodes talidiformis Guenee,

(^.

18. Balsa nialana Fitch, C' .

19. Anorthodes prima Smith, C' .

20. Orthodes vecors Guenee, C' ■

2 1 . Platysenta videns Guenee , 9 •

22. Caradrina meralis Morrison, $, .

23. Platysenta albipuncta Smith, S .

24. Hadenella pergentilis Grote, $ .

U. S. N. M.

25. Hadenella subjuncta Smith, $ .

26. Caradrina extimia Walker, J'.
2 7 . Caradrina punctivena Smith , cJ* .

28. Caradrina spilomela talker, J'.

29. Caradrina multif era Walker, 9-

30. Perigea xanthioides Guenee, cJ*.

31. Perigea vecors Guenee, 9-

32. Oligia festivoides Guenee, cJ'.

33. Oligia grata Hiibner, c? .

34. Oligia fuscimacula Grote, ij'.

35. Hillia algens Grote, ,

36. Hadena passer Guenee, .

37. Hadena burgessi Morrison, c?.

38. Hadena lateritia Hiibner, cJ' .

39. Hadena dubitans Walker, 9 •

40. Hadena ducta Grote, 9 ■

41. Mamestra^ juncimacula Smith,

J'-

42. Hadena nigrior Smith, 9 •

43. Hadena verbascoides Guenee, 9 •

44. Hadena devastatrix Brace, C' .

45. Hadena arctica Boisduval, cJ'.

The Moth Book

Plate XIX

HOLLAND.

Noctuidse

(5) Caradrina spilomela Walker, Plate XIX, Fig. 28, i .
(The Convivial Rustic.)

Syn. conviva Harvey.

This is a neotropical species found all over the hotter parts
of North and South America, and ranging northward into
Arizona and Texas.

(4) Caradrina extimia Walker, Plate XIX, Fig. 26, .

(The Civil Rustic.)

Syn. civic a Grote.

The moth occurs in Colorado and thence westward to the
Pacific.

(5) Caradrina punctivena Smith, Plate XIX, Fig. 27, .

(The Brown-streaked Rustic.)

The identity of this insect with C. rufostriga Packard has
been suggested as probable. Its habitat is Colorado, among the
mountains, and Labrador. It no doubt occurs at intermediate
points at suitable elevations. It is evidently a strictly boreal
form.

Genus PERIGEA Guenee

This is a rather extensive genus, well represented in the
warmer parts of the New World, and also occurring in the
Eastern Hemisphere. Twenty-four species are credited to our
fauna in the latest catalogue. We figure two of the commoner
species, which have a wide range.

(1) Perigea xanthioides Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. 30,
(The Red Groundling.)

This is not a scarce species in the Appalachian Subregion.
It is particularly abundant in southern Indiana and Kentucky,
where 1 have obtained it in large numbers.

(2) Perigea vecors Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. 31, ?. (The
Dusky Groundling.)

The distribution of this species is very much the same as that
of the preceding.

Genus OLIGIA Hiibner

Nine species belonging to this genus are credited to our
territory, of which number three are selected for illustration.

(i) Oligia festivoides Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. 32, $ .
(The Festive Midget.)

Syn. varia Walker.

165

Noctuidse

This is not an uncommon species in the Atlantic States.

(2) Oligia fuscimacula Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 34, $ . (The
Brown-spotted Midget.)

A common species in the Gulf States.

(3) Oligia grata Hubner, Plate XIX, Fig. 33, (The
Grateful Midget.)

Syn. rasilis Morrison.

This species is quite widely distributed through the Atlantic
States.

Genus HILLIA Grote

There are three species in this genus. They are found in the
more temperate regions of our territory, being confined to the
Northern States or to high elevations among the mountains of
the West.

(i) Hillia algens Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 35, $ .

This obscurely colored moth is found in Maine, northern
New York, southern Canada, and among the mountains of
Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana.

Genus HADENA Schrank

This is a very large genus which is represented in both the
Old World and New. More than one hundred species are credited
to our fauna. Of these we have selected a number for purposes of
illustration, knowing that familiarity with these will enable the
young collector presently to recognize other species, which he
will then be able to determine with the help of accessible
literature.

(1) Hadena bridghami Grote & Robinson, Plate XX, Fig.
2, $, . (Bridgham’s Hadena.)

A bright little species, the reddish color of the medial area of
the fore wings being quite distinctive. It is found in the
Appalachian Subregion.

(2) Hadena transfrons Neumoegen, Plate XX, Fig. 7, ? .
(Neumoegen’s Hadena.)

Closely allied to the preceding species, but with darker
primaries, and dark hind wings. Habitat Alberta and British
Columbia.

Noctuidse

(3) Hadena violacea Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 12, ? . (The
Violet Hadena.)

This species, which ranges over the region of the Rocky
Mountains from Colorado to California, may be distinguished
from the preceding two species by its somewhat larger size, and
by the fact that the secondaries are immaculately white.

(4) Hadena claudens Walker, Plate XX, Fig. 6, S . (The
Dark-winged Hadena.)

Syn. hilli Grote.

This species is apparently confined to the northern portion of
the Atlantic Subregion.

(5) Hadena modica Guenee, Plate XX, Fig. 14, 3. (The
Black-banded Hadena.)

Syn. suhcedens Walker.

Ranges from the Atlantic coast to the mountains of Colorado.

(6) Hadena characta Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 3, ^ . (The
Double-banded Hadena.)

The habitat of this species is in the southwestern portion of
the Rocky Mountains. It is not uncommon in Arizona.

(7) Hadena mactata Guenee, Plate XX, Fig. 8, $. (The
Dark-spotted Hadena.)

The distribution of this species is over the Appalachian
Subregion and westward to the eastern ranges of the Rocky
Mountains.

(8) Hadena turbulenta Hubner, Plate XX, Fig. 16, $ . (The
Turbulent Hadena.)

Syn. arcuata Walker.

This little species is not uncommon in the Atlantic Subregion.

(9) Hadena versuta Smith, Plate XX, Fig. 4, $ . (The
Albertan Hadena.)

So far as is now known this species is found in the Territory
of Alberta, but it probably has a wide range on the eastern slopes
of the northern ranges of the Rocky Mountains.

(10) Hadena miseloides Guenee, Plate XX, Fig. 15, $.
(The White-spotted Hadena.)

This is not a scarce species in the Atlantic States. It may
easily be recognized by its greenish fore wings, generally marked
near the middle by a large white spot.

167

Noctuidse

(11) Hadena chlorostigma Harvey, Plate XX, Fig. 13. ^ .
(The Green-spotted Hadena.)

This species is variable in color, some specimens having
green spots on the disk of the fore wings, others being, as repre-
sented in the plate, almost entirely brown. It is a common
species in the central portions of the Mississippi Valley, ranging
thence southward. The example figured was taken at Columbus,
Ohio.

(12) Hadena fractilinea Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 10, 5 . (The
Broken-lined Hadena.)

Not a scarce species in the Appalachian Subregion.

( 13) Hadena basilinea Fabricius, Plate XX, Fig. 9, $ . (The
Base-streaked Hadena.)

Syn. cerivana Smith.

This species, which is also found in Europe, occurs in Alberta,
and the northwestern portions of British North America.

(14) Hadena passer Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. 36, <3. (The
Passerine Hadena.)

Syn. incallida Walker; loculata Morrison; viralis Grote; conspicua
Morrison.

Not a very common species, ranging from southern Canada
and the northern Atlantic States westward in the same latitudes
to the Pacific, and southward into the mountains of Colorado.

- (15) Hadena burgessi Morrison, Plate XIX, Fig. 37,

(Burgess’s Hadena.)

Syn. disc or s Grote.

The habitat of this well-marked species is the Atlantic Sub-
region and the valley of the Mississippi as far west as the Great
Plains.

(16) Hadena vultuosa Grote, Plate XX, Fig. ii, (The
Airy Hadena.)

Not a very common species, confined to the Atlantic Subregion.

(17) Hadena lateritia Hubner, Plate XIX, Fig. 38, 3 . (The
Red- winged Hadena.)

Syn. molochina Hubner; ohliviosa Walker.

Found throughout temperate North America and Europe.

(18) Hadena dubitans Walker, Plate XIX, Fig. 39, $ . (The
Halting Hadena.)

Syn. insignata Walker; sputatrix Grote.

168

Noctuidae

Much darker than the preceding species, which it somewhat
resembles. It is found in the northern portions of the Atlantic
Subregion.

(19) Hadena ducta Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 40, $ . (The
Speckled Gray Hadena.)

The range of this species is the same as that of the last
mentioned.

(20) Hadena devastatrix Brace, Plate XIX, Fig. 44, 5 .
(The Destroying Hadena.)

Syn. ordinaria Walker; contenta Walker; marshallana Westwood.

Universally distributed throughout the United States and
southern Canada.

(21) Hadena arctica Boisduval, Plate XIX, Fig. 45, $.
The Northern Hadena.)

Syn. amputatrix Fitch.

A large and handsome species, easily recognizable. It ranges
from Canada and New England into the Carolinas and westward
to Colorado.

(22) Hadena occidens Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 20, . (The

Great Western Hadena.)

The species is distributed from Colorado to California.

(23) Hadena verbascoides Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. 43, $ .
(The Mullein Hadena.)

A peculiarly marked species, which cannot easily be mistaken
for anything else. It occurs in the northern Atlantic States.

(24) Hadena nigrior Smith, Plate XIX, Fig. 42, $ . (The
Darker Hadena.)

Allied to the preceding species, but with the light color of the
costal area confined to the basal portion of the wing. Found in
New England and Canada.

(25) Hadena lignicolor Guenee, Plate XX, Fig. 5, . (The

Wood-colored Hadena.)

A well-marked species, in color recalling H. vultuosa, but
larger. It ranges from the Atlantic to Colorado and Arizona.

(26) Hadena semilunata Grote, Plate XXll, Fig. 41, ,

(The Half-moon Hadena.)

Not uncommon in Colorado and ranging thence westward to
the Pacific.

169

Noctuidae

(27) Hadena vinela Smith, MS., Plate XX, Fig. 19, ^ . (The
Dark Ashen Hadena.)

This species has been long distributed in collections as Fishea
enthea, which it is not. 1 apply to the figure the manuscript
name, which has been given me by Prof. J. B. Smith. It is
found in New England and southern Canada.

Genus CALOPHASIA Stephens

The only species of this genus credited to our fauna is
C. strigata Smith, represented in Plate XX, Fig. 17, by a female
specimen, loaned to me by the United States National Museum.
It occurs in Colorado and Wyoming.

Genus EPIDEMAS Smith

This genus was erected by Professor J. B. Smith for the
reception of the species figured in Plate XXIII, Fig. 2, from a
female specimen in the National Collection, and named by him
cinerea. It occurs in Colorado.

Genus MACRONOCTUA Grote

(i) Macronoctua onusta Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 18, $ .

There is only one species of this genus, which occurs in the
southern Atlantic States.

Genus FISHEA Grote

A small genus. There are only two species known.

(i) Fishea yosemitae Grote, Plate XX, Fig. i, ^ . (The

Yosemite Fishea.)

This species, which is gen-
erally referred to the genus
Aporophila Guenee, is placed
here on the authority of Prof.
J. B. Smith. In addition
to the figure given in the plate
Fig. 94. — Fishea yosemiice, ? • T we have inserted a cut drawn

from the type. By the help of
these the student will no doubt be able to identify the species.
The insect is found in California.

Noctuidae

Genus POLIA Hubner

A moderately large genus, which includes about twenty
species in our fauna. Of these we have selected two for
illustration.

(1) Polia theodori Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 21, $ . (Theodore’s
Folia.)

The home of this species is the southwestern portion of the
region of the Rocky Mountains.

(2) Polia diversilineata Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 22, $ . (The
Varied-banded Polia.)

Syn. illepida Grote.

Like the preceding species this is an inhabitant of the Rocky
Mountains.

Genus DRYOBOTA Lederer

(i) Dryobota illocata Walker, Plate XX, Fig. 24, $. (The
Wandering Dryobota.)

Syn. stigmata Grote.

A native of the Atlantic Subregion wandering as far west as
Colorado.

Genus HYPPA Duponchel

The genus is found in both hemispheres. Four species are
credited to North America.

(i) Hyppa xylinoides Guenee, Plate XX, Fig. 23, $ . (The
Common Hyppa.)

Syn. contraria Walker; ancocisconensis Morrison.

A very common species in the Atlantic Subregion. It is freely
attracted to light in the spring of the year.

Genus FERALIA Grote

A small genus containing four species in our territory. The
insects are generally found in groves of pine.

(i) Feralia jocosa Guenee, Plate XVll, Fig. 32, (The
Joker.)

Found in suitable localities throughout the northern Atlantic
States.

Noctuidse

Genus MOMOPHANA Grote

of this genus known is a very rare insect so
far as has been ascertained. The cut we
give was drawn from a unique specimen
in the Neumoegen Collection at the
Brooklyn Institute. The type is at Cornell
University. All the specimens which
have been taken have occurred in New
York and Canada.

Genus VALERIA Germar

This genus occurs on both sides of the Atlantic. The only
species in our fauna is Valeria opina Grote, the male of which
is figured in Plate XX, Fig. 25. It is found in California.

Genus EUPLEXIA Stephens

But one species of this genus, which is also found in Europe,
occurs in North America. English entomologists call the moth
“The Small Angle Shades.” The scientific name is Euplexia
lucipara Linnaeus, and it is depicted on Plate XX, Fig. 26. It
occurs all over the United States and Canada.

Genus TRACHEA Hubner

This genus is also found in both hemispheres. Only one
species is found in America, and is confined to the Atlantic
Subregion. It is known as Trachea delicata Grote, and the
male is shown on Plate XX, Fig. 27.

Genus DIPTERYGIA Stephens

The genus Dipterygia is represented in the New World by
the species named scabriuscula by Linnaeus, which also occurs
in Europe. There are several Asiatic species. It is shown on
Plate XX, Fig. 28. It ranges from the Atlantic westward to the
Rocky Mountains.

Genus ACTINOTIA Hubner

This small genus is represented in the United States and
Canada by the insect to which Guenee applied the specific name

The only species

Fig. 95. — Momopkana
comstocki Grote.

Noctuidae

ramosula, and which is delineated on Plate XX, Fig. 29. It is
very common in Pennsylvania.

Genus PYROPHILA Hubner

This genus is better represented in Europe and Asia than in
America.

(1) Pyrophila glabella Morrison, Plate XX, Fig. 32, $ .
(The Gray Pyrophila.)

Not nearly as common as the next species, but widely distrib-
uted throughout the United States and Canada.

(2) Pyrophila pyramidoides Guenee, Plate XX, Fig. 30, S .
(The American Copper Underwing.)

This insect, which is one of the commonest moths in the
Atlantic Subregion, and ranges westward as far as Colorado,
conceals itself under the loose bark of trees during the daytime,
and comes forth at night. It sometimes fairly swarms at sugar,
and becomes a veritable
pest to the collector,
who desires rarer things.

The caterpillar does a
good deal of damage to
vegetation. I have re-
cently been annoyed by
the ravages inflicted by
the larvae in the spring of the year upon the foliage of imported
rhododendrons, for which they seem to have a partiality in my
garden. They feed freely on a great variety of shrubs and
herbaceous plants.

(3) Pyrophila tragopoginis Linnaeus, Plate XX, Fig. 31, $ .
(The Mouse-colored Pyrophila.)'

Syn. repressus Grote.

A circumpolar species ranging throughout the temperate zone.

Genus HELIOTROPHA Lederer

The genus is represented in the Atlantic States by a species,
of which a light and a dark form occur. The typical, or light
form, was named reniformis by Grote, and is depicted on
Plate XX, Fig. 33, while the dark form, named atra by the same
author, is shown on the same plate by Figure 34.

Fig. 96. — Larva of Pyrophila pyramidoides.
(After Riley.)

*73

Noctuidae

Genus PRODENIA Guenee

A small but widely distributed genus found in all parts of the
globe. Illustrations of two of the three species found in our
fauna are given.

( 1 ) Prodenia commelinae Abbot & Smith, Plate XX, Fig.

36, ? .

This species, which occurs in the Atlantic Subregion, is
common in the southern portion of its range.

(2) Prodenia ornithogalli Guenee, Plate XX, Fig. 35, $ .
Not as common as the preceding species, but ranging over

the entire United States.

Genus LAPHYGMA Guenee

A small but widely distributed genus, represented in our
fauna by but one species.

(1) Laphygma frugiperda Abbot & Smith, Plate XX, Fig.
37, $ . (The Fall Army Worm.)

Syn. macra Guenee ; signiferaW alker ; plagiataW alker ; autumnalis Riley.
This destructive insect, which is found all over the Atlantic
States, the Mississippi Valley, and thence southward through

Fig. 97. — Laphygma frugiperda. Fig. 98. — Laphygma frugiperda.

a. full grown larva; h. head, mag-
nified; c segment of body, viewed
from above; d. viewed from side,
enlarged. (After Riley.)

a. typical form of moth ; b. c. vari-
eties. (After Riley.)

Central and South America, feeds in its larval state upon a great
variety of succulent plants, showing, however, a decided prefer-

174

Noctuidse

ence for the cereals. It does considerable damage to garden
crops, and attacks cotton. It is said to inflict damage upon
winter wheat, blue-grass, and timothy. The moth is variable in
its markings. The typical form is represented on Plate XX, and
by the upper figure in the annexed cut. It has frequently been
mistaken by observers for the true Army Worm {Leucania uni-
punctd). Because its ravages are generally committed in the fall
of the year it was named The Fall Army Worm by the late
Prof. C. V. Riley. A very excellent account of the insect is given
by this distinguished authority in the “Eighth Annual Report”
of the State Entomologist of Missouri, p. 48, et seq., which the
student will do well to consult. It is from this article that
the two accompanying figures have been taken.

Genus LUSSA Grote

(i) Lussa nigroguttata Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 38, $> .

This little moth is found in Florida. Not much is as yet
known in regard to its life-history.

Genus MAGUSA Walker

(i) Magusa dissidens Felder, Plate XXI, Fig. 2, $ .

Syn. divaricata Grote; angustipennis Moeschler; divida Moeschler.

The sole species of the genus found within our territory,
ranging from the southern Atlantic States into South America.

Genus PSEUDANARTA Henry Edwards

We figure three of the five species attributed to this genus
and reported to occur within the limits of the United States.

( 1 ) Pseudanarta flava Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 39, 3 . (The
Yellow Pseudanarta.)

Syn. crocea Henry Edwards.

The range of this species is from Colorado and Arizona to the
southern portions of British Columbia.

(2) Pseudanarta singula Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 40, ^ . (The
Single Pseudanarta.)

The habitat of this species is the southwestern United States.

(3) Pseudanarta falcata Neumoegen, Plate XX, Fig. 41, $ .
(The Falcate Pseudanarta.)

The species occurs in Arizona and Mexico.

175

Noctuidee

Genus HOMOHADENA Grote

A considerable genus, one species of which we represent.

(i) Homohadena badistriga Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. i, 5.

This is the only species of the genus, which occurs in the
northern Atlantic States. Most of them are western and
southern. The range of badistriga is from the Atlantic to
Colorado.

Genus ONCOCNEMIS Lederer

An extensive genus, in which are included over forty species,
most of which are found in the western and southwestern
States. We have selected for representation seven of their
number.

(1) Oncocnemis dayi Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 4, 5. (Day’s
Oncocnemis. )

Not an uncommon species in Colorado and Wyoming.

(2) Oncocnemis tenuifascia Smith, Plate XXI, Fig. 5, $ .
(The Narrow-banded Oncocnemis.)

The distribution of this species is the same as that of the last
mentioned.

(3) Oncocnemis occata Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 8, ? . (The
Harrow-moth.)

This species occurs in Texas, Colorado, and the States lying
westward of these, as far as the Pacific.

(4) Oncocnemis chandler! Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 7, ? .
(Chandler’s Oncocnemis.)

Indigenous to the Rocky Mountains.

(5) Oncocnemis atrifasciata Morrison, Plate XXI, Fig. 3,- $ .
(The Black-banded Oncocnemis.)

This fine species is found in the northern portions of
the Atlantic Subregion. The specimen figured was taken in
Maine.

(6) Oncocnemis iricolor Smith, Plate XXI, Fig. 6, $ .
(The Iris-colored Oncocnemis.)

So far this species has only been reported from Colorado and
Wyoming.

(7) Oncocnemis cibalis Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 9, $ . (The
Gray Oncocnemis.)

The only specimens so far found have been taken in Colorado.

176

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Explanation of Plate XX

(Unless otherwise indicated, the
the collection of W. J. Holland.)

1. Fishia yosemitce Grote, (^ .

2. Hadena hridghami Grote &

Robinson,

3 . Hadena char acta Grote , (J' .

4. Hadena versuta ^rnith., (J' .

5. Hadena lignicolor Guen6e, (J' .

6. Hadena claudens Walker, c?.

7. Hadena transfrons Neumoegen,

$-

8. Hadena mactata Guenee, 9 •

9. Hadena basilinea Fahricius, c?.

10. Hadena fractilinea Grote, cJ'.

11. Hadena vultuosa Grote, c?.

12. H adena violacea Grote , 9-

13. HadenachlorostigmaHarvey, (S' .

14. Hadena modica Gnenee, (S ■

15. Hadena miseloides Gnenee, 9-

16. Hadena turbulenta Hiibner, 9 •

17. Calophasia strigata Smith, • 9 .

U, S. N. M.

18. Macronoctua onusta Grote, 9 >

U. S. N. M.

19. Hadena vinela Srmtlx, (S ■

20. Hadena occidens Grote, cJ', U.

S. N. M.

21. Folia theodori Grote, (S' ■

22. Folia diver silineata Grote, S' ■

23. Hyppa xylinoides Guenee, 9 •

specimens figured are contained in

24. Dryobota illocata Walker, 9 •

25. Valeria opina Grote, S, U- S.

N. M.

26. Euplexia lucipara Linnaeus, 9 •

27. Trachea delicata Grote, S-

28. Dipterygia scabriiiscula

Linnaeus, 9 •

29. Actinotia ramostda Guenee, 9 •
3 o . Fyrophila pyramidoides Guenee ,

cJ'.

3 1 . Fyrophila tragopoginis Linnaeus,

d'.

3 2 . Fyrophila glabella , Morrison , S ■

33. Helotropha reniformis Grote, 9-

34. Helotropha reniformis var. atra,

Grote, 9 •

35. Frodenia ornithogalli Guenee,

$•

36. Frodenia commelhnz Abbot &

Smith, 9 •

37. Laphygma jrugiperda Abbot &

Smith, S-

38. Lussanigroguttata Grote, S ^ U-

S. N. M.

39. Fse^idanarta flava Grote, S-

40. Fseudanarta singula Grote, S-

4 1 . Fseudan arta falcata N eumcegen ,

c?.

•The Moth Book

Plate XX

HOLLAND.

Noctuidse

Genus LEPIPOLYS Guenee

(i) Lepipolys perscripta Guenee, Plate XXI, Fig. ii, ?.

Only one species occurs in our territory, ranging from the
Atlantic to the Pacific.

Genus ADITA Grote

(i) Adita chionanthi Abbot & Smith, Plate XXI, Fig. lo.

A rather rare moth, which is found in the Atlantic Subregion,
but is much commoner in Colorado and Wyoming. It is the
only representative of its genus.

Genus COPIPANOLIS Grote

A small genus said to contain four species, which are not as
distinctly separable as might be desired.

(i) Copipanolis cubilis Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 12, ? .

The habitat of this insect is the northern United States. It
appears upon the wing in Pennsylvania early in April.

Genus EUTOLYPE Grote

(i) Eutolype bombyciformis Smith, Plate XXI, Fig. n, ? .

The genus represented by this species contains four others
within our limits. They all occur in the Atlantic Subregion,
except the species named damalis by Grote, which is Californian.

Genus PSAPHIDIA Walker

Of the four species of this genus occuring within our territory
we give illustrations of two.

(1) Psaphidia grotei Morrison, Plate XXI, Fig. 14, $.

The home of this species is the northern Atlantic States. It
occurs upon the wing very early in the spring of the year.

(2) Psaphidia resumens Walker, Plate XXI, Fig. 15, $ .

Syn. viridescens Walker; muralis Grote.

The range of this insect is the same as that of the preceding
species.

Genus CERAPODA Smith

Only one species of this genus is known. It was named
Cerapoda stylata by Prof. J. B. Smith, and is shown on Plate
XXIII, Fig. I. Its habitat is Colorado.

177

Noctuidse

Genus FOTA Grote

There are two species of this genus, both of which we figure.
They both occur in Arizona and Mexico.

(1) Fota armata Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. i6, $.

(2) Fota minorata Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 17, $.

We do not recall any description of the habits of these two
species.

Genus PODAGRA Smith

Fig. 99. — Poda-
gra crassipes.

This genus has been quite recently erected by
Smith for the reception of the species, a represen-
tation of the type of which, based upon the
specimen in the United States National Museum,
is given in Fig. 99.

Genus RHYNCHAGROTIS Smith

Over twenty species have been attributed to this genus. Of
these we figure six.

(1) Rhynchagrotis gilvipennis Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 18, $ .
(The Catocaline Dart-moth.)

This pretty species is found in the northern parts of the
United States, in Canada, and British America. It is scarce in
the eastern parts of its range south of Maine and the Adirondack
Woods.

(2) Rhynchagrotis rufipectus Morrison, Plate XXI, Fig. 22,
$ . (The Red-breasted Dart-moth.)

The general distribution of this species is like the former, but
it extends much farther southward. ^ 1

(3) Rhynchagrotis minimalis Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 21, $ .
(The Lesser Red Dart-moth.) ^

This species is found in Maine, southern Canada, and also in
Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana.

(4) Rhynchagrotis anchocelioides Guenee, Plate XXI,
Fig. 19, $ .

Syn. cupida Grote; velata Walker.

A common species in the northern Atlantic Subregion,
extending its habitat to the region of the Rocky Mountains.

(5) Rhynchagrotis placida Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 23, $ .
(The Placid Dart-moth.)

178

Noctuidae

A very common species in the northern United States, found
as far westward as the Rocky Mountains.

(6) Rhynchagrotis alternata Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 20, $ .
(The Greater Red Dart-moth.)

This species closely resembles in general appearance the
species named minimalis, but may be distinguished by its larger
size, and the darker color of the hind wings.

Genus ADELPHAGROTIS Smith

Of the five species belonging to the genus we select the
commonest for illustration.

(1) Adelphagrotis prasina Fabricius, Plate XXI, Fig. 24, $ .
(The Green-winged Dart-moth.)

This insect occurs all over Canada, the northern Atlantic
States, the Rocky Mountains, and British Columbia. It occurs
also in Europe.

Genus PLATAGROTIS Smith

The species of this genus are confined to the more temperate
regions of our territory.

(i) Platagrotis pressa Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 25, $> . (The
Dappled Dart.)

Occurs in the northern portions of the Atlantic Subregion.

Genus EUERETAGROTIS Smith

Three species of the genus occur, all of them within the
Atlantic Subregion.

(1) Eueretagrotis sigmoides Guenee, Plate XXI, Fig. 26, 3 .

(The Sigmoid Dart.) ^ ^

From the following spq^cies distinguished readily by its larger
size, and the darker coloration of the fore wings.

(2) Eueretagrotis perattenta Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 27, $ .
(The Two-spot Dart.)

A common species in the Atlantic States.

“ Yon night moths that hover where honey brims over.”

Jean Ingelow. Soyigs of Seven.

179

Noctuidae

Genus ABAGROTIS Smith

Only one species is attributed to this genus. It is represented
by the accompanying cut, drawn from the
type in the United States National Museum.
Abagrotis erratica is thus far only recorded
from California. It is rare in collections. The
Fig loo— wings is ashen gray in some

Abagrotis erratica. specimens; in Others pale reddish.

Genus SEMIOPHORA Stephens

(1) Semiophora elimata Guenee, Plate XXI, Fig. 29, $.
Form janualis Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 30, 3 . (The Variable
Dart.)

Syn. dilucidula Morrison; hadicollis Grote.

Not at all an uncommon species, ranging from Canada to
Georgia.

(2) Semiophora opacifrons Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 28, ? .
(The Black-fronted Dart.)

This species is found in the more northern portions of the
Atlantic Subregion ranging into Quebec.

(3) Semiophora tenebrifera Walker, Plate XXI, Fig. 33, $> .
(The Reddish Speckled Dart.)

Syn. catharina Grote; manifestolahes Morrison.

A well-marked species, the fore wings of which have a
prevalently reddish cast. It ranges from New Jersey northward
into Canada.

Genus PACHNOBIA Guenee

The species are mainly boreal, being found in the northern
portions of our territory, principally in Canada, and on the
higher mountain ranges.

(1) Pachnobia littoralis Packard, Plate XXI, Fig. 32,
(The Reddish Pachnobia.)

Syn. pectinata Grote; ferruginoides Smith.

The species occurs from the mountains of Colorado north-
ward to Alberta.

(2) Pachnobia salicarum Walker, Plate XXI, Fig. 31, 3.
(The Willow Pachnobia.)

Syn. orilliana Grote; claviformis Morrison.

180

Noctuidse

This species, readily distinguished from all others by the well
defined claviform spot, ranges from Massachusetts to Alberta
and northward.

Genus METALEPSIS Grote

Two species of this genus are credited to our fauna. Of the
type of one of these, preserved in the British Museum, I am able
to give an excellent figure taken from Sir George F. Hampson’s

Fig. ioi. — Metalepsis cornuta,

fine work upon the moths of the world, which is being published
by the Trustees of the above named institution. The insect
occurs in California.

Genus SETAGROTIS Smith

Eight species, all of them found in the northern parts of our
territory or at considerable elevations among
the mountains of the West, are attributed
to this genus. I am able to give a figure
of one of these, which Dr. Dyar kindly had
drawn from the type in the United States
National Museum. It occurs among the
mountains of Colorado and Wyoming. The -piG. 102. —Setagrotis
ground color of the wings is pale luteous. terrifica, $ .

Genus AGROTIS Ochsenheimer

(1) Agrotis badinodis Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 37, $ . (The
Pale-banded Dart.)

Not an uncommon species in the northern Atlantic States
and Canada.

181

Noctuidae

(2) Agrotis ypsilon Rottemburg. (The Ypsilon Dart.)
Syn. suffusa Denis & Schiffermiiller; telifera Harris; idonea Cramer.
This is an exceedingly common species, which occurs every-
where in Canada and the United
States. It is also found in Europe.
Its larva is one of the species,
which under the name of “cut-
worms,” are known to inflict ex-
tensive injuries upon growing
plants. They burrow into the
loose soil during the day, and
come forth at night and do their
mischievous work. They are a

plague to the market-gardener in particular.

(3) Agrotis geniculata Grote & Robinson, Plate XXI,
Fig. 36, $ . (The Knee-joint Dart.)

Not a scarce species in the northern Atlantic Subregion.

Genus PERIDROMA Hubner

This is a moderately large genus, represented in the United
States and Canada by about a dozen species. Half of these we
illustrate.

(1) Peridroma occulta Linnaeus, Plate XXI, Fig. 42, $.
(The Great Gray Dart.)

The habitat of this insect is the northern portion of our
territory.

(2) Peridroma astricta Morrison, Plate XXI, Fig. 41, $.
(The Great Brown Dart.)

The species is found in the northern parts of the Atlantic
Subregion, and also in Colorado.

(3) Peridroma nigra Smith, Plate XXI, Fig. 43, $ . (The
Great Black Dart.)

Found in Colorado and Wyoming.

(4) Peridroma saucia Hubner, Plate XXI, Fig. 40, ? ;
Egg, Text-figure No. 2. (The Common Cut- worm.)

Syn. inermis Harris; ortonii Packard.

Almost universally distributed throughout the United States
and southern Canada. It also occurs in Europe.

182

Fig. 103. — Agrotis ypsilon.
(After Riley.)

T y ^ . <‘i ■go oj vi ■/ i* an y. it
nr l)nfiJB.uroo •yir, trf'fsib np. oriJ tr: twailiru Ofiiv/'iailjo rtorlw iq9M<3),

1 1 1 f . t) \\ :i » q A y\ - '

. 9 ,no8mo]/i

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V»'ivnr\ *1

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n

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■ jtnO ?,'v\

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t i.fliiV/ ' a'N^. mf.iV'- nuu'jy .f f.

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.rtriy.i .-toM tirat’i'.u ’r>vu-(.i\yn'iA . i
nAu sjO- .i:|.

. ihinid i.vA'.; .f ,.

(.bnfilfoil .W 'lo noi.)r>'il!oy 'irf.f
. nlogr) rai-obnAotubW .i

M :a .a.u jt

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i,A i/i -j ' • j 3 i :vA7> y’viu 'i •

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. ', ,'i t< ) yiuvnu.i' )onO -4-

.iltrcf'c; v.iiu'jir>'!-yu() .?

. V . i.'.irrrtd '(’'VviiVi .it

, . '.I'tO ’''v.y.'.-.noA j v.VHmiyiyyMtt .-

.otn-) .'' ntu-j-.d -/.'uu-jiiTi- n,.ti( )

■ .■»)(,)■■•') AAikVi 1 ■'a’anwciii j5\‘ ,)

/j nUtJ .01

' , .]f. :/: d 1 .diirna

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!/. :/. M

.iflrniH /'.lu-ViYn'f AlUl.y )'V4Yo'vs’..'\ ; i

, -r . I ii »•!•;■’( .F/./V at >i> ijWAiV', i.-/' \ .(I
.1/1 ./ H .U

. r. y.Miy/t inVn ^ .71

■' , .pto'fO uV)'*\ (ti

, In .nJuvi') oiiyipu’s'-.'. utr/A . ~ i
.•>:t( >-i,' ) •dii<:)i34.jMVoU'(_A>V .y. 1

v.-i'ti'i \,\ \.'j >0 \Vp u ij •■,Vt<nv,sji\'\u'(_s\A f

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,'Jo’iO i>\vlui'i5i\o v,\\<.-v,^iwV,.>u'n\V\ .os

.'.do'!!) viV)VaAi\' ;.va\‘jr.'i i\/\ .ts

. / JohxiV {wr ; *

Explanation of Plate XXI

(Except when otherwise indicated the specimens are contained in
the collection of W. J. Holland.)

I. Homohadena hadistriga Grote,

c^, U. S. N. M.

2. Magusa dissidens Felder, c^.

3. Oncocnemis atrifasciata

Morrison, $ .

4. Oncocnemis dayi GyoXq , cJ' .

5. Oncocnemis tenuifascia Smith,

d'-

6. Oncocnemis iricolor Smith, 9 ■

7. Oncocnemis chandleri Grote, 9 .

8. Oncocnemis occata Grote, 9 •

9. Oncocnemis cibalis Grote, d'.

10. Adita chionanthi Abbot &

Smith, c?. U. S. N. M.

11. Lepipolys perscripta Guenee, 9.

U. S. N. M.

12. Copipanolis cubilis Grote, 9 .

U. S. N. M.

13. Eutolype bombyciformis Smith,

9 .

14. Psaphidia groiei Morrison, 9 .

U. S. N. M.

1 5. Psaphidia resumens Walker, 9 •

16. Fota armata Grote, d* •

17. Fota minorata Grote, d-

1 8 . Rhynchagrotis gilvipennis Grote ,

9-

1 9 . Rhynchagrotis anchoc elioides

Guenee, 9 •

20. Rhynchagrotis alternata Grote,

9 .

21. Rhynchagrotis placida Grote,

d> red variety.

22. Rhynchagrotis rufipectus

Morrison, 9 •

23. Rhychagrotis placida Grote, d-

24. A delphagrotis prasina F abricius ,

9.

25. Platagrotis pressa Grote, d-

26. Eueretagrotis sigmoides Guener,

(d-

27. Eueretagrotis perattenta Grote,

9.

28. Semiophora opacifrons Grote,

9-

29. Semiophora elimata Guenee, d-

30. Semiophora elimata var. janua-

lis Grote, d •

31. Pachnobia salicarum Walker,

(d.

32. Pachnobia littoralis Packard,

cd.

33. Semiophora tenebrifera Walker,

cd-

34. Noctua normaniana Grote, d-

35. Noctua bicarnea Guenee, 9 •

36. A gratis geniculata Grote &

Robinson , 9 •

37. Agrotis badinodis Grote, d-

38. Peridroma simplaria Morrison,

9-

39. Peridroma incivis Guenee, d-

40. Peridro masaucia Hubner, 9 ■

41. Peridroma astricta Morrison, d-

42. Peridroma occulta Linnaeus, 9 •

43. Peridroma nigra Smith, d-

Plate XXI

The Moth Book

AMERICAN COLORTYPE

COPYRIGHTED

Noctuida

(5) Peridroma incivis Guenee, Plate XXI, Fig. 39, $ . (The
Uncivil Dart.)

Syn. alabamcB Grote.

Ranges from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

(6) Peridroma simplaria Morrison, Plate XXI, Fig. 38, $ .
(The Pale-winged Dart.)

Not an uncommon species in Texas and Arizona.

Genus NOCTUA Linnaeus

This is a very extensive genus, to which over forty species
found in our territory are referred in recent lists.

(1) Noctua normanniana Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 34, ^ .
(Norman’s Dart.)

Syn. obtiisa Speyer.

Found everywhere in the Atlantic Subregion.

(2) Noctua bicarnea Guenee, Plate XXI, Fig. 35, $ . (The
Pink-spotted Dart.)

Syn. plagiata Walker.

This is likewise a common species ranging from the Atlantic
as far west as Colorado.

(3) Noctua c-nigrum Linnaeus, Plate XXII, Fig. i, ?. (The
Black-letter Dart.)

Universally distributed through the Appalachian Subregion
and also occurring in Europe.

(4) Noctua jucunda Walker, Plate XXII, Fig. 5, $ . (The
Smaller Pinkish Dart.)

Syn. perconflua Grote.

Very commonly found in the northern United States.

(5) Noctua oblata Morrison, Plate XXII, Fig. 3, 3 . (The
Rosy Dart.)

Syn. hilliana Harvey.

The habitat of this species is the North. It is common in
Alberta.

(6) Noctua fennica Tauscher, Plate XXII, Fig. 4, 3 . (The
Finland Dart.)

Syn. intractata Walker.

A circumpolar species found throughout northern Europe,
Asia, and America.

183

Noctuidae

(7) Noctua plecta Linnaeus, Plate XXII, Fig. 6, $ . (The
Flame-shouldered Dart.)

Syn. vie aria Walker.

The distribution of this small and well-marked species is some-
what like that of the preceding, but it extends farther to the south.

(8) Noctua collaris Grote & Robinson, Plate XXII, Fig. 7, .

(The Collared Dart.)

Occurs in the northern parts of the Atlantic Subregion.

(9) Noctua juncta Grote, Plate XXII, Fig, 12, $ . (The
Scribbled Dart.)

Syn, paiefacta Smith.

The species ranges from Nova Scotia to Alberta.

(10) Noctua haruspica Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 9, ? . (The
Soothsayer Dart.)

Syn. grandis Speyer,

Widely distributed through the northern portions of our
territory.

(11) Noctua clandestina Harris, Plate XXII, Fig. 14, ?.
(The Clandestine Dart.)

Syn. unicolor Walker; nigriceps Walker.

A common species ranging from the Atlantic to the Rocky
Mountains, and readily separated from the preceding species by
the narrower and darker fore wings.

(12) Noctua havilae Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 18, . (The

Havilah Dart.)

A smaller species than either of the preceding. It occurs from
Colorado and Wyoming westward to California.

(13) Noctua atricincta Smith, Plate XXII, Fig. ii,

(The Black-girdled Dart.)

Thus far this species has only been reported as occurring in
Alberta. .

(14) Noctua substrigata Smith, Plate XXII, Fig. 10, $, .
(The Yellow-streaked Dart.)

This species, like the preceding, is found in Alberta. Both
probably have a wider range.

(15) Noctua calgary Smith, Plate XXII, Fig. 13, (The
Calgary Dart.)

The remarks made as to the two preceding species apply to
this also.

184

Noctuidae

(i6) Noctua lubricans Guenee, Plate XXII, Fig. 8, $ . (The
Slippery Dart.)

Syn. associans Walker; illapsa Walker; beata Grote.

A very common species, universally distributed throughout
the United States.

Genus PRONOCTUA Smith

Only one species of this genus, named typica by Prof.
J. B. Smith, is known. It is
found in Colorado and Wyo-
ming. Through the kindness
of Dr. Dyar a drawing of the
type was made for me at the
United States National Museum
and it is reproduced in the an-
nexed cut (Fig. 104). Fig. 104. — Pronoctua typica.

Genus CHORIZAGROTIS Smith

Eight species are attributed to this genus by Dyar in his
recent Catalogue of the moths of the United States. We figure
three of them.

(1) Chorizagrotis introferens Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 15, ? .
(The Interfering Dart.)

This insect is not scarce in Texas and Colorado, and thence
ranges westward to California.

(2) Chorizagrotis inconcinna Harvey, Plate XXII, Fig. 22, $ .
(The Inelegant Dart.)

An obscurely colored species occuring in the southwestern
States.

(3) Chorizagrotis balanitis Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 17, $ .
(The Acorn Dart.)

The range of this insect is from Colorado to British Columbia.

Genus RHIZAGROTIS Smith

About a dozen species have been assigned to this genus by
recent writers. We figure one of them, to which Prof.
J. B. Smith has applied the name proclivis. It is represented
by a female specimen on Plate XXII, Fig. 16. The insect occurs
in Arizona and northern Mexico.

185

Noctuidae

Genus FELTIA Walker

This is a considerable genus, represented by species in the
northern portions of both hemispheres.

(i) Feltia subgothica Haworth. (The Subgothic Dart.)

Of this common species, which is found in the northern
portions of the United States and also in Canada, and which

likewise occurs in Europe,
we give a figure on Plate
XXll. We also have re-
produced a cut of the
species taken from Prof.
C. V. Riley’s First
Missouri Report. The
larva is one of the com-
monest cut-worms, found
more abundantly, how-
ever, in the West than in

Fig. 105. — Feltia subgothica.

Moth with wings expanded; moth with
wings closed.

the East. The species has a wide range over the northern
portions of the United States and through southern Canada.

(2) Feltia herilis Grote, Plate XXll, Fig. 20, 6 . (The
Master’s Dart.)

The insect ranges from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains.

(3) Feltia gladiaria Morrison, Plate XXll, Fig. 19, $ . (The
Swordsman Dart.)

Syn. morrisoniana Riley.

The distribution of this species is the same as that of the
previous.

(4) Feltia venerabilis Walker, Plate XXll, Fig. 26, ^ . (The
Venerable Dart. )

Widely distributed throughout the United States.

(5) Feltia vancouverensis Grote, Plate XXll, Fig. 42, 9.
(The Vancouver Dart.)

Syn. hortulana Morrison; semiclarata Grote; agilis Grote.

1 have given the above name to the specimen figured on the
Plate as cited upon the authority of Prof. J. B. Smith, who has
kindly examined the figure. The specimen came from Labrador.

(6) Feltia volubilis Harvey, Plate XXll, Fig. 23,9. (The
Voluble Dart.)

Syn. stigmosa Morrison.

186

Noctuidae

Found throughout our entire territory.

(7) Feltia annexa Treitschke, Plate XXII, Fig. 28, $ . (The
Added Dart.)

Syn. decernens Walker.

Found throughout the southern Atlantic and Gulf States and
ranging into South America.

(8) Feltia malefida Guenee, Plate XXII, Fig. }2, $ . (The
Rascal Dart.)

This species has the same range as that of the last mentioned
form.

Genus POROSAGROTIS Smith

Eleven species are assigned by Dr. Dyar in his Catalogue to
this genus. As representatives of these we have chosen five for
illustration.

(1) Porosagrotis vetusta Walker, Plate XXII, Fig. 25,
(The Old Man Dart.)

Syn. murcsnula Grote & Robinson.

This pale-colored species extends in its range from the Atlantic
to Colorado.

(2) Porosagrotis fusca Boisduval, Plate XXII, Fig. 31, $.
(The Fuscous Dart.)

Syn. septentrionalis Moeschler; patula Walker.

The specimen figured was taken at Nain, Labrador. The
insect is said also to occur in the Rocky Mountains.

(3) Porosagrotis tripars Walker, Plate XXII, Fig. 24, $ ;
Pig- 37» ? • (The Tripart Dart.)

Syn. worthingtoni Grote.

The specimens figured came from Colorado.

(4) Porosagrotis rileyana Morrison, Plate XXII, Fig. 33, ? .
(Riley’s Dart.)

This species is spread from the Atlantic to the Rocky
Mountains.

(5) Porosagrotis daedalus Smith, Plate XXII, Fig. 29, S.
(The Daedalus Dart.)

The insect is peculiar to the region of the Rocky Mountains.

Genus EUXOA Hiibner

This great genus, including nearly two hundred species,
which are found in the region, with which this book deals, has

187

Noctuidae

in recent years been ranged under the name Carneades after the
teaching of Grote, but as Carneades, which was erected by
Bates, includes a different concept, this name was abandoned
by Dr. Dyar, and the name Paragroiis Pratt was substituted for
it. This name, however, must yield to the older name proposed
by Hubner, and which we have adopted at the suggestion of
Prof. J. B. Smith.

(1) Euxoa quadridentata Grote & Robinson, Plate XXII,
Fig- 30, ^ . (The Four-toothed Dart. )

This insect is distributed from Colorado to Oregon.

(2) Euxoa brevipennis Smith, Plate XXII, Fig. 27, $ . (The
Short-winged Dart.)

The range of this species is the same as that of the preceding.

(3) Euxoa olivalis Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 34, 5 . (The
Olive Dart.)

The species occurs in Colorado and Utah.

(4) Euxoa flavidens Smith, Plate XXII, Fig. 38, ^ . (The
Yellow-toothed Dart.)

This moth is spread through the region of the Rocky
Mountains from Colorado to northern Mexico. The specimen
figured came from the Sierra Madre of Chihuahua. It has
been compared with the type in the National Museum at
Washington.

(5) Euxoa perpolita Morrison, Plate XXII, Fig. 36, ^ . (The
Polished Dart.)

It ranges from the States of the northern portion of the
Atlantic Subregion to the mountains of Colorado.

(6) Euxoa velleripennis Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 35, ^ .
(The Fleece-winged Dart.)

It has the same range as the preceding species. It may at
once be distinguished from it by its slighter build, and by the
whiter hind wings.

(7) Euxoa detersa Walker, Plate XXII, Fig. 39, t . (The
Rubbed Dart.)

Syn. pityochrous Grote; per sonata Morrison.

A pale and inconspicuously colored insect, which has the
same distribution as the two preceding species.

(8) Euxoa messoria Harris, Plate XXII, Fig. 40, ^ . (The
Reaper Dart.)

188

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Explanation of Plate XXII

(Except when otherwise indicated the specimens figured are con-
tained in the collection of W. J. Holland.)

1. Noctua c-nigrum Linnaeus, 9.

2. Noctua phyllophora Grote, 9 ■

3- Noctua oblata Morrison, cJ'.

4. Noctua fennica Tauscher, .

5. Noctua jucunda 'WaXk.er, 9-

6. Noctua plecta Linnaeus, J'.

7. Noctua collaris Grote &

Robinson, c?.

8. N octua luhricans Guenee, gj'.

9. Noctua haruspica Grote, 9 •

I o . Noctua suhstrigata Smith , cJ' •

11. Noctua atricincta Smith, cJ'.

12. Noctua jtincta Grote, c?-

13. Noctua calgary Smith.,

14. Noctua clandestina Harris, 9 •

15. Chorizagrotis introjerens Grote,

22. Chorizagrotis inconcinna

Harvey, 9 ■

23. Feltia volubilis Harvey, 9 •

24. Porosagrotis tripars Grote, J'.

25. Porosagrotis vetusta Walker, c?.

26. Feltia venerabilis W^alker, (S'.

27. Euxoa brevipennis Smith, 9 •

28. Feltia annexa Treitschke, 9 •

29. Porosagrotis dcedalus Smith, (S'

30. Euxoa quadridentata Grote &

Robinson , S' ■

31. Porosagrotis fusca Boisduval,

32. Feltia maleflda Guenee, 9 •

33. Porosagrotis rileyana Morrison,

o .

Rhizagrotis proclivis Smith, 9 •
Chorizagrotis balanitis Grote,

NocUia havilcB Grote, S-
Feltia gladiaria MoiTison, 9 •
Feltia herilis Grote, S-
Feltia subgothica Haworth, S ■

34. Euxoa olivalis Grote, S-

35. Euxoa velleripennis Grote, S-

36. Euxoa per polita Morrison, S-

37. Porosagrotis tripars Walker, c?-

38. Euxoa flavidens Smith, S-

39. Euxoa detersa Walker, S-

40. Euxoa me ssoria Harris, S-

41. Hadena semilunata Grote, S-

42. Feltia vancouverensis Morrison, 9 •

The Moth Book

Plate XXII

Noctuidae

Syn. spissa Guende; cochrani Riley; repentis Grote & Robinson; dis-
pliciens Walker, etc.

This wretched little creature, the larva of which is one of our
most destructive cut-worms, was described seven times by
Walker under different names. The more inconspicuous, or the
smaller an insect, the more names it bears. The littlest bugs
have the biggest names. It is thus also, sometimes, with men.

(9) Euxoa lutulenta Smith, Plate XXlll, Fig. 13, ^ . (The
Muddy Dart.)

An inconspicuous species, which ranges from Alberta in the
north to Colorado in the south, and thence westward to
California.

(10) Euxoa dissona Moeschler, Plate XXlll, Fig. 5, $ . (The
Dissonant Dart.)

This moth is found in Labrador.

(11) Euxoa titubatis Smith, Plate XXlll, Fig. 6, $. (The
Tippling Dart.)

The distribution of this species is coincident with that of the
preceding.

(12) Euxoa insulsa Walker, Plate XXlll, Fig. 3, ?. (The
Silly Dart.)

Syn. insignata Walker; expulsa Walker; declarata Walker; decolor
Morrison; campestris Grote; verticalis Grote.

This is another poor creature, which unconsciously has
suffered much at the hands of the species-makers. It is found
all over the United States.

(13) Euxoa albipennis Grote, Plate XXlll, Fig. 7, $> . (The
White- winged Dart.)

Syn. nigripennis Grote.

A common species in the Atlantic Subregion ranging across
the valley of the Mississippi into Colorado.

(14) Euxoa tessellata Harris, Plate XXlll, Fig. 4, 5 . (The
Tessellate Dart.)

Syn. maizi, Fitch; atropurpurea Grote.

Universally distributed throughout our region.

(15) Euxoa basalis Grote, Plate XXlll, Fig. 8, (The
Basal Dart.)

This species is found in Colorado and Wyoming, and
probably has a still wider range.

189

Noctuidae

(16) Eujioa ochrogaster Guenee, Plate XXIII, Fig. lo, $.
(The Yellow-bellied Dart.)

Syn. illata Walker; cinereomaculata Morrison; gularis Grote; turris
Grote.

This moth is found in the northern Atlantic States and thence
westward to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains.

(17) Euxoa furtivus Smith, Plate XXIII, Fig. ii, (The
Furtive Dart.)

The habitat of this species is the region of the Rocky
Mountains.

(18) Euxoa obeliscoides Guenee, Plate XXIII, Fig. 12, $ .
(The Obelisk Dart.)

Syn. sexatilis Grote.

Distributed over the northern Atlantic States, and across the
valley of the Mississippi to Wyoming and Colorado.

(19) Euxoa redimicula Morrison, Plate XXIII, Fig. 9,
(The Fillet Dart.)

The insect has exactly the same range as the last mentioned
species.

Genus EUCOPTOCNEMIS Grote

Fig

There is but one species of the genus recognized in our
fauna. To this Guenee gave the name
fimbriaris. It was afterward named
obvia by Walker. Its habitat is New
England. It is a scarce species in col-
lections. The figure we give was taken
io6.-Eucoptocnemis from a specimen in the United States
fimbriaris. National Museum.

Genus RICHIA Grote

A small genus of obscurely colored moths. They are found
in the southwestern States.

(1) Richia aratrix Harvey, Plate XXIII, Fig. 14, $. (The
Plough-girl. )

The species is found in Colorado and Texas.

(2) Richia parentalis Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 15, (The
Parental Dart.)

190

Noctuidas

This is a New Mexican species. It also occurs in Texas, and
in the mountains of northern Mexico.

Genus ANYTUS Grote

Only a few species have been recognized as belonging to this
genus. Of the five which have been named, we figure two.

(1) Anytus privatus Walker, Plate XXIII, Fig. i6, ^ . (The
Sculptured Anytus.)

Syn. sculptus Grote.

A native of the Atlantic Subregion.

(2) Anytus obscurus Smith, Plate XXIII, Fig. 17, 5 . (The
Obscure Anytus. )

Thus far this insect has only been reported from Alberta.

Genus UFEUS Grote

A small genus of rather large, plainly colored moths, having
a robust habitus, which permits them to be easily distinguished
from others.

(1) Ufeus plicatus Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 19, (The
Pleated Ufeus.)

Syn. harometricus Goossens.

Distributed over the northern Atlantic States, and westward
as far as California. The insect is not, however, very common.

(2) Ufeus satyricus Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 20, S . (The
Satyr.)

This moth ranges over the northern Atlantic States, but, like
the other species of the genus, does not appear to be anywhere
very common.

Genus AGROTIPHILA Grote

There are seven species attributed to this genus by recent
authors. We can only figure one of them.

(i) Agrotiphila incognita Smith, Plate XXIII, Fig. 18, 5.

The species occurs in Alberta and westward to British
Columbia.

Genus MAMESTRA Ochsenheimer

A very large genus, represented in both hemispheres by a
large number of species. The caterpillars of some species are

191

Noctuidae

quite destructive to cultivated plants. Of the one hundred and
ten or more species occurring in our territory we have selected
thirty for purpose of illustration. This number of species,
if correctly ascertained by the student, ought to enable him to
form some idea of the general character of the complex of insects,
with which we are now dealing.

(1) Mamestra imbrifera Guenee, Plate XXlll, Fig. 32, $.
(The Cloudy Mamestra.)

A native of the northern Atlantic States. It is not rare in
New England.

(2) Mamestra pufpurissata Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 26, $ .
(The Empurpled Mamestra.)

This is a very common species in Maine and Quebec. It
occurs less commonly south of these localities.

(3) Mamestra juncimacula Smith, Plate XIX, Fig. 41, ^ .
(The Fused-spot Mamestra.)

The habitat of this species is Colorado.

(4) Mamestra meditata Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 21, $.
(The Studied Mamestra.)

Quite a common species in the Appalachian Subregion.

(5) Mamestra lustralis Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 22, $ .
(The Lustral Mamestra.)

Syn. suffusa Smith.

The range of this species is through the Atlantic States south
and west to Arizona and northern Mexico.

(6) Mamestra detracta Walker, Plate XXIII, Fig. 24, ^ .
(The Disparaged Mamestra.)

Syn. claviplena Grote.

The range of this insect is the same as that of the last men-
tioned species.

(7) Mamestra farnhami Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 23, $.
(Farnham’s Mamestra.)

A native of the eastern portions of the region of the Rocky
Mountains.

(8) Mamestra liquida Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 36, $ . (The
Liquid Mamestra.)

The range of this insect is in the northwestern part of our
territory as far as British Columbia.

192

Noctuidse

(9) Mamestra radix Walker, Plate XXIII, Fig. 25, $ .
(Dimmock’s Mamestra.)

Syn. dimmocki Grote; desperata Smith.

Distributed from Maine and Quebec across the northern parts
of the United States and the southern portions of the British
possessions to the Pacific.

(10) Mamestra nevadae Grote, Plate XXlll, Fig. 33, $.
(The Nevadan Mamestra.)

Found in Nevada and California.

(11) Mamestra subjuncta Grote & Robinson, Plate XXIII,
Fig. 27, $ . (The Harnessed Mamestra.)

Not at all an uncommon species in the Appalachian Subregion,
ranging across the Mississippi Valley to the foothills of the
Rocky Mountains.

(12) Mamestra grandis Boisduval, Plate XXIII, Fig. 41, $.
(The Grand Mamestra.)

Syn. libera Walker.

(13) Mamestra trifolii Rottemburg, Plate XXIII, Fig. 29, $ .
(The Clover Mamestra.)

Syn. chenopodii Fabricius; albifusa Walker; glaucovaria Walker;
major Speyer.

Found throughout Europe, northern Asia, and the United
States and Canada. The caterpillar does at times considerable
damage to crops.

(14) Mamestra rosea Harvey, Plate XXIII, Fig. 30, $ . (The
Rosy Mamestra.)

Distributed generally through the northern portions of the
United States and the southern portions of Canada and British
Columbia.

(15) Mamestra congermana Morrison, Plate XXIII, Fig. 31,
$ . (The Cousin German.)

This insect ranges from the Atlantic to the eastern portions
of the region of the Rocky Mountains.

(16) Mamestra picta Harris, Plate I, Fig. li, larva; Plate
XXIII, Fig. 34, $ . (The Painted Mamestra.)

Syn. exusta Guen6e; contraria Walker.

This is one of the commonest species of the genus. The
caterpillar is a conspicuous object, and in the fall of the year is

193

Noctuidse

generally very noticeable, feeding upon various herbaceous plants.
It is a promiscuous feeder, and to enumerate all the vege-
tables which it
attacks would al-
most be to provide
a list of the plants
ofthe United States.
They manifest,
however, a decided
preference, when
accessible, for the
cruciferous plants,
and do much dam-
age in fields of
cabbages and beets.
There are two
broods in the
Middle States. The
species does not
occur on the Pacific coast, so far as is known to the writer. Its
range is from the Atlantic to the eastern foothills of the Rocky
Mountains.

(17) Mamestra lubens Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 28, $ . (The
Darling Mamestra.)

A denizen of the northern portions of the United States.

(18) Mamestra latex Guenee, Plate XXIII, Fig. 40, $ . (The
Fluid Mamestra.)

Syn. demissa Walker.

This insect has the same range as the preceding species.

(19) Mamestra adjuncta Boisduval, Plate XXIII, Fig. 38, ? .
(The Hitched Mamestra.)

This species occurs from southern Canada to the Carolinas
and westward to Missouri and Minnesota.

(20) Mamestra rugosa Morrison, Plate XXIV, Fig. 3, S .
(The Rugose Mamestra.)

The habitat of this species is Maine and Nova Scotia.

(21) Mamestra lilacina Harvey, Plate XXIII, Fig. 59, 5 .
(The Lilacine Mamestra.)

Syn. illabe facta Morrison.

Fig. 107. — Mamestra picta. a. larva; h. moth.
(After Riley.)

194

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Explanation of

(Unless otherwise indicated, the
the collection of W. J. Holland.)

1. Cerapoda stylaia Smith, cJ*, U.

S. N. M.

2. Epidemas cinerea Smith, 9 >

U. S. N. M.

3. Euxoa insulsa Walker, 9 •

4. Euxoa iesselLala Harris, cJ'.

5. Euxoa Moeschler, 9 •

6. Euxoa iitubatis Smith, (J'.

7. Euxoa albipennis Grote, c?.

8. Euxoa basalis Grote, c?.

9. Euxoa redimicula M.orrsion, .

10. Euxoa ochrogaster Guenee, cJ* ■

11. Euxoa furtivus Smith, cJ* .

12. Euxoa obeliscoides Guenee, 9 •

13. Euxoa Lutulenta Smith, cJ'.

14. Richia aratrix Harvey, cJ'.

15. Richia parentalis Grote, cJ'.

16. Anytus privatus Walker, (^ .

17. Anytus obscurus Smith, cf' .

18. Agrotiphila incognita Smith, ^ .

19. Ufeus pLicatiis Grote, cJ'.

20. Ufeus satyricus Grote, cf' .

21. Alamestra nieditata Grote, 9 •

22. Mamestra lustralis Grote, 9 •

Plate XXIH

specimens figured are contained in

23. Mamestra farnhami Grote, 9 ■

24. Mamestra detracta Walker, cJ'.

25. Mamestra radix Walker, U' .

26. Mamestra purpurissata Grote,

d'-

27. Mamestra stibjuncta Grote &

Robinson, c? .

28. Mamestra lubens Grote, c^.

29. Mamestra trifolii Rottemburg,

c?.

30. Mamestra rosea tiarvey, 9 •

3 1 . Mamestra congermana Morrison ,

$■

32. Mamestra imbrif era Guenee, 9-

33. Mamestra nevadce Grote, 9 •

34. Mamestra picta Harris, ■

35. Mamestra renigera Stephens. 9 •

36. Mamestra liquida Grote, '9 •

37. " Mamestra olivacea Morrison, c? .

38. Mamestra adjuncta Boisduval,

9 ■

39. Mamestra lilacina Harvey, J'.

40. Mamestra latex Guenee, 9 ■

4 1 . Mamestra grandis Boisduval , c? -

The Moth Book

Plate XXI II

COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND.

Noctuidae

This moth ranges from the Atlantic coast to Colorado and
New Mexico.

(22) Mamestra renigera Stephens, Plate XXlll, Fig. 35, $ .
(The Kidney-spotted Mamestra.)

Syn. herbimacula Guen^e; Walker.

This prettily marked little moth is found from New England
and Ontario to Colorado. It occurs also in Europe.

(23) Mamestra olivacea Morrison, Plate XXIII, Fig. 37, ^ .
(The Olivaceous Mamestra.)

For the very extensive synonymy of this insect the reader is
referred to Dr. Dyar’s “Catalogue of the Moths of the United
States.” It is too lengthy to impose upon these pages. The
moth ranges over the northern portions of the United States and
southern Canada.

(24) Mamestra laudabilis Guenee, Plate XXIV, Fig. 1, $.
(The Laudable Mamestra.)

Syn. indicans Walker; strigicollis Wallengren.

This species extends its range from New Jersey through the
southern States to Texas and southern California and northern
Mexico.

(25) Mamestra lorea Guenee, Plate XXIV, Fig. 2, $ . (The
Bridled Mamestra.)

Syn. ligata Walker; dodgei Grote.

An obscurely colored species, which ranges from the Atlantic
to the Rocky Mountains.

(26) Mamestra erecta Walker, Plate XXIV, Fig. 4, $ . (The
Erect Mamestra.)

Syn. constipata Walker; innexa Grote.

This little moth occurs in Texas, Arizona, and northern
Mexico.

(27) Mamestra anguina Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 5, ? . (The
Snaky Mamestra.)

The insect occurs in the northern portions of our territory,
and among the higher mountains of the States of Colorado and
Wyoming.

(28) Mamestra vicina Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 6, $ . (The
Allied Mamestra.)

Syn . teligera Morrison ; acutipennis Grote.

Ranges from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

195

Noctuidae

(29) Mamestra neoterica Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 7, S .
(The Modern Mamestra.)

The range of this species is from Manitoba to Alberta, so far
as is at present known.

(30) Mamestra negussa Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 8, $ .
(The Brown-winged Mamestra.)

The species was originally described from Alberta. It occurs
also in northern Montana.

Genus ADMETOVIS Grote

(i) Admetovis oxymorus Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 9, S .

This insect which is one of two species, which are attributed
to the genus, is found from Colorado to California.

Genus BARATHRA Hiibner

(i) Barathra occidentata Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 10, $.

This is a New Mexican species. Another species of the
genus, named curialis by Smith, has been described by him as
coming from Maine and New Hampshire.

Genus NEURONIA Hubner

(i) Neuronia americana Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 12, S.
(The American Neuronia.)

This is the only species of the genus represented in our terri-
tory. It occurs in Montana and Alberta.

Genus DARGIDA Walker

The only species of this genus found within the limits of the
United States was named procinctus by Grote. It is represented
by the figure of the male insect on Plate XXIV, Fig. 11. It is
found from Colorado to California and Oregon.

Genus MORRISONIA Grote

Six species are attributed to this genus. We figure two of
them.

(i) Morrisonia sectilis Guenee, Plate XXIV, Fig. 13, ^ .

Syn. evicta Grote.

Form vomerina Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 14, $ .

196

Noctuids

The home of this insect is the Northern Atlantic States. It
occurs in both forms in western Pennsylvania and Indiana.

(2) Morrisonia confusa Hubner, Plate XXIV, Fig. 15, 3 .
Syn. infructuosa Walker; muUijaria Walker.

Not uncommon in the Atlantic Subregion.

Genus XYLOMIGES Guenee

In our fauna are found fifteen species which have been
assigned to this genus. From their number we have chosen
seven to put before the students of this book.

(1) Xylomiges simplex Walker, Plate XXIV, Fig. 17, 3 .
(The Simple Woodling.)

Syn. crucialis Harvey.

A well marked and easily recognizable species, recalling the
genus Apatela, so far as the pattern of the maculation is con-
cerned. It is spread from Colorado westward to California.

(2) Xylomiges dolosa Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 20, 3 . (The
Grieving Woodling.)

Distributed over the northern Atlantic States, and westward
to Colorado.

(3) Xylomiges perlubens Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 19, 3 .
(The Brown Woodling.)

Syn. suhapicalis Smith.

This species belongs to the fauna of the Pacific coast, ranging
eastward to Colorado.

(4) Xylomiges pulchella Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 21, 3.
(The Beautiful Woodling.)

Habitat British Columbia.

(5) Xylomiges patalis Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 18, ? .
(Fletcher’s Woodling. )

Syn. fletcheri Grote.

Found in the Pacific States.

(6) Xylomiges cognata Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 22, 3 .
(The Oregon Woodling.)

Ranges from British Columbia and Oregon eastward to
Colorado.

(7) Xylomiges indurata Smith, Plate XXIV, , Fig. 23, 3.
(The Hardened Woodling.)

197

Noctuidae

Readily distinguished from X clolosa by the lighter color of
the primaries and the pure white secondaries, as well as by the
different maculation. It is found in Colorado.

Genus SCOTOGRAMMA Smith

or the thirteen species belonging to this genus and occurring
in our fauna we depict three.

( I ) Scotogramma submarina Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 24, 5 .

A native of the region of the Rocky Mountains ranging from
Arizona to Montana.

(2) Scotogramma infuscata Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 25, 5 .

The figure given on the plate is taken from a specimen in the

United States National Museum. The insect is found in
Colorado.

(3) Scotogramma inconcinna Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig.
26, ^ .

This plainly colored species, like its predecessor, occurs in
Colorado.

Genus ULOLONCHE Smith

A genus of moderate extent, all of the species belonging to
which are western, except the one we figure, which occurs in
the Atlantic Subregion.

(i) Ulolonche modesta Morrison, Plate XXIV, Fig. 16,

The species is not common.

Genus ANARTA Ochsenheimer

A subarctic genus, represented in both hemispheres. The
insects occur either in high northern latitudes, or at great eleva-
tions upon high mountains. There are many species. We give
illustrations of five of those found in our fauna.

(1) Anarta cordigera Thunberg, Plate XXIV, Fig. 28,
(The Catocaline Anarta.)

Found in northern Canada, Labrador, Alaska, and thence
southward along the summits of the higher ranges of the Rocky
Mountains to Colorado. It also occurs in the north of Scotland,
and from Norway to Kamschatka.

(2) Anarta melanopa Thunberg, Plate XXIV, Fig. 27, 3 .
(The Black-mooned Anarta.)

Syn. nigrolunata Packard.

198

Noctuidae

A circumpolar species commonly found in both hemispheres.

(3) Anarta schcenherri Zetterstedt, Plate XXIV, Fig. 30, $ .
(Schoenherr’s Anarta.)

Syn. leucocycla Staudinger.

Its habitat is Labrador, Greenland, Norway, Lapland, and
arctic Asia.

(4) Anarta richardsoni Curtis, Plate XXIV, Fig. 29, ? .
(Richardson’s Anarta.)

Ranges from Alaska to Labrador, and has been found on the
mountains of Norway.

(5) Anarta impingens Walker, Plate XXIV, Fig. 31, $ .
(The Dull Brown Anarta.)

Syn. nivaria Grote; curta Morrison; perpura Morrison.

Found on the mountains of Colorado.

Genus TRICHOCLEA Grote

A small genus confined in its range to the mountain regions
of the West.

(i) Trichoclea antica Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 32, $ .

The specimen figured is one kindly loaned me from the
national collection, and determined by the author of the species.

Genus TRICHOPOLIA Grote

Of this small genus we are able to
give a figure of the type of the species
named serrata by Professor Smith. The
moth occurs in Texas.

Fig. 108. — Trichopolia
serrata. ^

Genus EUPOLIA Smith

Fig. 109. — Eupolia
licentiosa. ^ . L

Only one species has thus far been referred
to this genus. It was named licentiosa by
Prof. J. B. Smith. The annexed cut gives
a figure of the type, which is preserved in the
United States National Museum. Its home
is Utah.

Genus NEPHELODES Guenee
(i) Nephelodes minians Guenee, Plate XXIV, Fig. 33, $.

Syn. expansa Walker; sohria W alker ] violans Guen4e ; subdolens 'Wal'k.er.

199

Noctuidae

A common species in the Atlantic States. It is abundant in
the fall of the year in western Pennsylvania.

Genus HELIOPHILA Hiibner

A large genus well represented in both the eastern and the
western hemispheres. Thirty-six species are credited to our
fauna. Of these we give figures of eight, selecting the
commoner and a few of the rarer forms.

(i) Heliophila unipuncta Haworth, Plate XXIV, Fig. 40, .

(The Army Worm.)

Syn. extranea Guenee.

This species, the larva of which is known as the “Northern
Army Worm.,” or simply as the “Army Worm,” is found from
the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains, and
from Canada to Texas and southward at
suitable elevations upon the higher plateaus
of northern Mexico. It appears occasionally
in vast numbers, and is regarded by the
farmer and the horticulturist as one of those
pests against the ravages of which they
must direct a great deal of energy. The
first appearance of these insects in great
numbers is recorded as having occurred in
New Hampshire and Massachusetts in the
year 1743. In the year 1770 they devastated
the fertile fields of the valley of the Con-
necticut. They devoured the grasses and
cereals, but neglected the pumpkins and
potatoes. The chronicler of this invasion
says: “Had it not been for pumpkins, which were exceedingly
abundant, and potatoes, the people would have greatly suffered
for food. As it was, great privation was felt
on account of the loss of grass and grain.” Suc-
cessive attacks of the insect have been made
since then upon the crops in various parts of the
country. The year 1861 is memorable as having
been marked by their ravages, which were
particularly noticeable in the State of Missouri and in southern
Illinois. An excellent account of this invasion has been published

Fig. no. — Larva of
H. unipuncta.
(After Riley.)

Fig. III. — Pupa
of H. unipuncta.
(After Riley.)

200

Noctuidae

by Prof. C. V. Riley in his “ Second Annual Report ” as State
Entomologist of Missouri. It appears from the investigations of
those who are familiar with the habits of the insect that they
appear in greatest numbers in years which are characterized by
being wet and cool, following
years in which there has been
drought. Such conditions seem
to be favorable to the develop-
ment of the insects in great
swarms. Their appearance in the
fields is often at first not observed;
but when, having attained con-
siderable size, the supply of grain
and grasses gives out, and they
begin to migrate in vast bodies in search of provender, they at
once attract attention.

The best remedy for these pests is to burn over grass lands
in the winter, to keep the fence-rows clear of grass and weeds,
and to plough under the land in the spring or the fall. Untilled
grass lands on which crops are not properly rotated become
centres of infection.

Fig. 1 1 2. — Moth of H. unipuncta.
(After Riley.)

(2) Heliophila pseudargyria Guenee, Plate XXIV, Fig.
47, $ . (The False Wainscot.)

A common species in the Atlantic States, freely attracted to
sugar.

(3) Heliophila subpunctata Harvey, Plate XXIV, Fig.
35, ? . (The Dark-winged Wainscot.)

Syn. complicata Strecker.

The range of this species is from New Mexico and Texas
to Arizona.

(4) Heliophila minorata Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 41, $.
(The Lesser Vv^ainscot.)

This species is found in California and Oregon.

(5) Heliophila albilinea Hubner, Plate XXIV, Fig. 34, $.
(The White-lined Wainscot.)

Syn. harveyi Grote.

The insect is widely distributed, ranging from Nova
Scotia to New Mexico and Texas, but apparently avoiding
the Great Plains and the regions lying west of them.

201

Noctuidae

It is a very common species in the Atlantic States,
and at times does considerable
injury to the crops. It has never,
however, equaled in destructiveness
the first species of the genus, to which
we have given our attention on the
preceding pages. It is said to be
particularly attracted to the wheat
when the grain is in the milk and
the heads are just maturing. The
damage done at this time is, in the
Middle States, where winter
wheat is commonly grown, due to
the first generation of the insects.
There are in fact two broods, one
appearing on the wing in spring or
early summer, the second in the late
summer. The latter brood, which
generally is more numerous than the
first, produces the caterpillars, the
pupae of which yield the moths,
which, coming out in the spring of
the year, lay their eggs in the wheat-
fields. It is said that the habit of
linea a. Larva; b. Mass attacking wheat in Its period of matu-
of eggs laid on the stem ration has lately been acquired by this

from’'abovetA?gTiewed insect, and is an illustration of the
from the side; (eggs great- way in which species, long regarded
as innocuous, develop with apparent
suddenness destructive tendencies.

(6) Heliophila heterodoxa, Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 36, $ .
(The Heterodox Wainscot.)

The insect ranges from British Columbia and northern
California as far east as Minnesota.

(7) Heliophila multilinea Walker, Plate XXIV, Fig. 39, $ .
(The Many-lined Wainscot.)

S3m. lapidaria Grote.

Not a scarce species in the Atlantic States.

202

Noctuidae

(8) Heliophila commoides Guenee, Plate XXIV, Fig. 42, $ .
(The Comma Wainscot.)

The insect occurs from the Atlantic westward as far as
Colorado. It is not very common.

Genus NELEUCANIA Smith

(The Two-colored

This is a small genus composed of species, which are, so far
as is known, exclusively Western.

(i) Neleucania bicolorata Grote.

Neleucania.)

Of this species, which occurs in
Colorado, Nev/ Mexico and Arizona,
and probably has a still wider distribu-
tion, we are able to give a figure based
upon a specimen contained in the United pio. Neleucania
States National Museum. bicolorata. 5 , p

Genus ZOSTEROPODA Grote

Only one species of this genus is known at present.

( i) Zosteropoda hirtipes Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 46, 8 .
The insect occurs in California.

Genus ORTHODES Guenee

Of the ten species reputed to belong to the genus and said to
be found in our territory four are figured.

(1) Orthodes crenulata Butler, Plate XXIV, Fig. 37, 3 .
(The Rustic Quaker.)

An exceedingly common species in the Atlantic States, rang-
ing westward throughout the valley of the Mississippi.

(2) Orthodes cynica Guenee, Plate XXIV, Fig. 38, S . (The
Cynical (^aker.)

Syn, candens Guenee; tecta Walker.

(^ite as common as the preceding species, and having the
same range.

(3) Orthodes vecors Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. 20, 5 . (The
Small Brown (Quaker.)

Syn. enervis Guenee; nimia Guenee; togaia Walker; velata Walker;
prodeims Walker; griseocincia Harvey; nitens Grote.

203

Noctuidee

-This is another small creature, which has caused the species-
makers much exercise. It is found very generally throughout
the Atlantic States.

(4) Orthodes puerilis Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 45, $ . (The
Boyish Quaker.)

This insect is found in northern California.

Genus HIMELLA Grote

(i) Himella contrahens Walker, Plate XXIV, Fig. 44, ? .

Syn. thecata Morrison.

This insect is found from the northern Atlantic States south-
ward and westward to New Mexico and Colorado.

Genus CROCIGRAPHA Grote

(i) Crocigrapha normani Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 43, $ .

Not an uncommon insect in the northern portions of the
Atlantic Subregion.

Genus GRAPHIPHORA Hiibner

This is an extensive genus, represented in both hemispheres,
and containing thirty-six species, which occur within our ter-
ritory. We illustrate four of them.

(1) Graphiphora culea Guenee, Plate XXV Fig. i, ? .

Syn. modifica Morrison.

This species is quite common in the Appalachian or Atlantic
Subregion.

(2) Graphiphora oviduca Guenee, Plate XXV, Fig. 2, 3 .

Syn. capsella Grote; orohia Harvey.

The insect has the same range as the preceding species, and
is equally comm.on.

(3) Graphiphora alia Guenee, Plate XXV, Fig. 3, ? .

Syn. instahilis Fitch; insciens Walker; hibisci Guenee; confiuens
Morrison.

Not a scarce species in the Atlantic Subregion.

(4) Graphiphora garmani Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 5, $, .

A rather scarce insect ranging from western Pennsylvania
throughout the valley of the Mississippi as far as Illinois and
Iowa.

204

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ExpIvAnation of Plate XXIV

(Except , when otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are con-
tained in the collection of W. J. Holland.)

1. Mamestra laudahilis Guenee,

$■

2. Mamestra lorea Guenee,

3. Mamestra rugosa Morrison, cJ'.

4. Mamestra erecta Walker, c?.

5. Mamestra anguina Grote, 9 •

6. Mamestra vicina Grote, 9 ■

7. Mamestra neoterica Smith, c?.

8. Mamestra negussa Smith, 9 •

9. Admetovis oxymorus Grote, c?.

10. Barathra occidentata Grote, 9 •

11. Dargida procinctus Grote, c?.

12. Neuronia americana Smith, c?.

13. Morrisonia sectilis Guenee, J’ .

14. Morrisonia sectilis var. vome-

rina, Grote, 9 •

15. Morrisonia confiisa Hubner, (J' .

16. Ulolonche modesta Morrison, c? .

17. Xylomiges simplex Walker, cJ* .

18. Xylomiges patalis Grote, 9 •

19. Xylomiges perhihens Grote, cJ' .

20. Xylomiges dolosa Grote, c?-

21. Xylomiges pulchella Smith, J'.

22. Xylomiges cognata Smith, (J'.

23. Xylomiges indurata Smith, (J'.

24. Scotogramma sitbmarina Grote,

c?.

25. Scotogramma infuscala Stnith,

cJ', U. S. N. M.

26. Scotogramma inconcinna Smith,

d', U. S. N. M.

27. Anarta ^nelanopa Thunherg, d'.

28. Anarta cordigera Thunberg, d*.

29. Anarta richardsoni Curtis, 9 •

30. Anarta schoenherri Zetterstedt,

d-

31. Anarta impingens Walker, d-

32. Trichoclea antica Smith, d. U*

S. N. M.

33. Nephelodes minians Guenee, (^ .

34. Heliophila albilinea Hubner, d •

35. Heliophila subpunctata Harvey,

9.

36. Heliophila heterodoxa Smith., d*

37. Orthodes crenulata Butler, d-

38. Orthodes cynic a Guenee, d-

39. Heliophila multilinea Walker,

d.

40. Heliophila unipuncia Haworth,

C^.

41. Heliophila minorata Smith, d-

42. Heliophila commoides Guenee,

43. Crocigrapha normani Grote, d-

44. Himella contrahens Walker, 9 •
45 Orthodes piierilis Grote, d-
46. Zosteropoda hirtipes Grote, df

U. S. N. M.

47. Heliophila pseudargyria Guenee, 9 •

The Moth Book

Plate XXIV

COPYRIGHTED BY

HOLLAND.

Noctuidae

Genus STRETCHIA Henry Edwards
This is an extensive genus, to which a number of Western
species have been referred. It badly needs revision by a critical
authority. We figure one of the best known forms.

(i) Stretchia muricina, Plate XXV, Fig. 5, $ .

In addition to the figure given on the
plate we annex a cut made from a drawing
of a specimen contained in the collection
of the late Henry Edwards, and now in

the possession of the American Museum of Stretchia

Natural History in New York. muricina.

Genus PERIGONICA Smith
This is a small genus, which we represent by a figure of
the Coloradan insect to which Prof. J. B. Smith has
applied the specific name fulminans. The male is depicted
on Plate XXV, Fig. 6.

Genus PERIGRAPHA Lederer

The only species of this genus
found in our fauna has been named
prima by Professor Smith. It is
represented by a drawing of the
type, which is contained in the
American Museum of Natural History.
The insect is a native of California.

Genus TRICHOLITA Grote
(1) Tricholita signata Walker, Plate XXV, Fig. 7, 5.

Syn. semiaperta Morrison.

This is the only species of the genus found in the eastern
portion ot the United States. There are four other species,
but they are western in their habitat.

Genus CLEOSIRIS Boisduval
This is a small genus found in Europe as well as in
America. The species which has been chosen to represent
the genus was named populi by Strecker, who first described
it. It is not at all uncommon in Colorado and Wyoming. It

W|w

Fig. 1 1 6 — Perigrapha
prima.

205

Noctuidae

occurs abundantly about the city of Laramie. It is represented
upon Plate XXV, Fig. 8, by a female specimen.

Genus PLEROMA Smith

(i) Pleroma obliquata Smith, Plate XXV, Fig. ii, $ .

The species of this genus are all found in the western half of our
territory.

Genus LITHOMOIA Hiibner

(i) Lithomoia germana Morrison, Plate XXV, Fig. 12,$.

This is not at all an uncommon species in the northern Atlantic
States.

Genus XYLINA Ochsenheimer

An extensive genus found both in the New World and
the Old. Thirty-five species are attributed to it as found in
our fauna. Of this number ten are depicted in this book.

(1) Xylina disposita Morrison, Plate XXV, Fig. 13, $ . (The
Green-gray Pinion.)

The moth is found in the northern Atlantic States.

(2) Xylina petulca Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 9, ? . (The
Wanton Pinion.)

Not a common species, having the same range as the preceding.

(3) Xylina antennata Walker. (The Ashen Pinion.)

Syn. cinerea Riley.

The moth is a native of the Atlantic States. The larva feeds
upon the apple, poplar, hickory, and other deciduous trees. It

has the habit of
boring into apples
and peaches, and
the galls v/hich are
found upon oaks.
The caterpillar is
green, marked with
a cream-colored lat-
eral stripe, and
spots of the same
color. It pupates
beneath the soil in
a loose, filmy cocoon of silk, to which the particles of earth are
adherent. Pupation takes place at the end of June, or the

206

Noctuidae

beginning of July, and the moth emerges in September and
October.

(4) Xylina laticinerea Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 17, 3 . (The
Broad Ashen Pinion.)

The distribution of this species is the same as that of the last
mentioned.

(5) Xylina innominata Smith, Plate XXV, Fig. 10, S.
(The Nameless Pinion.)

The range of the Nameless Pinion is from the Atlantic to
Colorado.

(6) Xylina unimoda Lintner, Plate XXV, Fig. 16, $ . (The
Dowdy Pinion.)

The species occurs in New England and the Middle States.

(7) Xylina tepida Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 15, $. (The
Warm Gray Pinion.)

An eastern species, not uncommon in Pennsylvania.

(8) Xylina baileyi Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 19, $. (Bailey’s
Pinion.)

A rather pretty species, which has thus far only been reported
from northern New York.

(9) Xylina thaxteri Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 18, $ .

(Thaxter’s Pinion.)

The home of this species is New England. It was originally
described from Maine.

(10) Xylina pexata Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 20, ?. (The
Nappy Pinion.)

Syn. washingtoniana Grote.

The species ranges from New England to Washington and
Oregon.

Genus LITHOLOMIA Grote

There are only two species reckoned in this genus.' The one,
which we figure on Plate XXV, Fig. 22, by a male specimen,
ranges over the entire northern portion of the United States from
ocean to ocean, but is nowhere very common. The other
species, L. dunbari Harvey, is only known from British Columbia.

Genus CALOCAMPA Stephens

The genus is found in both hemispheres. The species have
a habitus which enables them to be easily recognized. Of the

207

Noctuidse

six occurring within the faunal limits, with which this book
deals, we illustrate two.

(1) Calocampa nupera Lintner, Plate XXV, Fig. 24, $,
(The American Swordgrass.)

A rather large moth, easily distinguished from the following
species by the absence of the dark markings, which are found in
the disk of the primaries of the latter insect. It occurs in the
Atlantic Subregion.

(2) Calocampa curvimacula Morrison, Plate XXV, Fig. 23,
S . (The Dot and Dash Swordgrass.)

The species is found throughout the northern portions of the
United States and also in Canada.

Genus CUCULLIA Schrank

This is a considerable genus, which occurs in the temperate
regions of both the Old World and the New. Four of the
fourteen species attributed to our territory are chosen for repre-
sentation. The larvae feed on Solidago and other Compositce.

(1) Cucullia convexipennis Grote & Robinson, Plate I,
Fig. 3, larva; Plate XXV, Fig. 29, (The Brown-bordered
Cucullia.)

A native of the Atlantic States.

(2) Cucullia asteroides Guenee, Plate XXV, Fig. 27, ? .
(The Asteroid.)

Found in the same localities as the last named species.

(3) Cucullia speyeri Lintner, Plate XXV, Fig. 26, $ .
(Speyer’s Cucullia.)

Ranges through Colorado, Wyoming, and the adjacent
regions to the west.

(4) Cucullia intermedia Speyer, Plate XXV, Fig. 30, $ .
(The Intermediate Cucullia.)

An Atlantic species.

Genus COPICUCULLIA Smith

(l) Copicucullia propinqua Smith, Plate XXV, Fig. 28. ?.

A native of Colorado and Wyoming

208

Noctuidse

Genus RANCORA Smith
(i) Rancora solidaginis Behr, Plate XXV, Fig. 25, ? .

Syn. sirigata Smith.

The range of this insect is from northern California to British
Columbia.

Genus LfATHOSEA Grote

(1) Lathosea pullata Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 32, $ .

The species occurs in Oregon and eastward to Colorado.

(2) Lathosea ursina Smith, Plate XXV, Fig. 31, ?.

A native of Colorado and the southern portions of Wyoming.

Genus ASTEROSCOPUS Boisduval

We are able to give a cut of the sole
species which has been assigned from our
fauna to this genus. It is based upon
the type of the species which was named
borealis by Smith, and which is preserved
in the United States National Museum at
Washington. The insect is a male.

TRAGEDY OP THE NIGHT-MOTH

Alagna ausus

'Tis placid midnight, stars are keeping
Their meek and silent course in heaven;

Save pale recluse, for knowledge seeking.

All mortal things to sleep are given.

But see ! a wandering Night-moth enters,

Allvu*ed by taper gleaming bright ;

Awhile keeps hovering round, then ventures
On Goethe’s mystic page to light.

With awe she views the candle blazing;

A universe of fire it seems
To mot\i-savante with rapture gazing.

Or Fount whence Life and Motion streams.

What passions in her small heart whirling,

Hopes boundless, adoration, dread;

At length her tiny pinions twirling.

She darts, and — puff ! — the moth is dead.

Fig. 1 1 8. — Asteroscopus

209

Tragedy of the Night-Moth

The sullen flame, for her scarce sparkling,

Gives but one hiss, one fitful glare;

Now bright and busy, now all darkling,

She snaps and fades to empty air.

Her bright gray form that spread so slimly.

Some fan she seemed of pygmy Queen ;

Her silky cloak that lay so trimly.

Her wee, wee eyes that looked so keen.

Last moment here , now gone forever.

To nought are passed with fiery pain;

And ages circling round shall never
Give to this creature shape again !

Poor moth ! near weeping I lament thee.

Thy glossy form, thy instant woe;

’Twas zeal for “things too high’’ that sent thee
From cheery earth to shades below.

Short speck of boundless Space was needed
For home, for kingdom, world to thee !

Where passed unheeding as unheeded
Thy little life from sorrow free.

But syren hopes from out thy dwelling
Enticed thee, bade thee earth explore —

Thy frame, so late with rapture swelling.

Is swept from earth forevermore !

Poor moth ! thy fate my own resembles.

Me, too, a restless, asking mind

Hath sent on far and weary rambles.

To seek the good I ne’er shall find.

Like thee, with common lot contented.

With humble joys and vulgar fate,

I might have lived and ne’er lamented.

Moth of a larger size, a longer date !

But Nature’s majesty unveiling

What seemed her wildest, grandest charms.

Eternal Truth and Beauty hailing,

Like thee, I rushed into her arms.

What gained we, little moth ? Thy ashes.

Thy one brief parting pang may show :

And thoughts like these, for soul that dashes
From deep to deep, are — death more slow !

Thomas Carlyle.

210

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: .+ n-jAlsV/ nv.'„.':\A.,

Explanation of Plate XXV

(Except when otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are in
the collection of W. J. Holland.)

1 .

2.

3-

4-

5-
6.

7-

8.

9-

10.

1 1.
12.

13-

14-

15-

i6.

17-

18.

19.

20.

2 1 .

22.
23-
24.
25-

26.

27.

28.

29.

30-

31-
32.

33-

34-

35-

36-

Graphiphora culea Guenee, 9 •

Graphiphora oviduca Guenee, G' .

Graphiphora alia Guenee, 9 ■

Graphiphora garmani Grote, (J' , Merrick Col-
lection.

Stretchia muricina Grote, (S'.

Perigonica f ulminans Smith, S' ■

Tricholita signata, Walker, S-
Cleosiris populi Strecker, 9 . U. S. N. M
Xylina petulca Grote, 9 •

Xylina innominata Smith, S-
Pleroina obliquata Smith, S , U. S. N. M.
Lithomoia germana Morrison, 9 •

Xylina disposita Morrison, 9 •

Homoglcea carhonaria Harvey, 9 •

Xylina tepida Grote, S-
Xylina unimoda Lintner, S ■

Xylina laticinerea Grote, S-
Xylina thaxteri Grote,' 9 •

Xylina baileyi Grote, 9 •

Xylina pexata Grote, 9 ■

Xylina capax Grote & Robinson.

Litholomia napcea Morrison, S-
Calocampa curvimacula Morrison, S-
Calocampa nupera Lintner, S-
Rancora solidaginis Behr, 9 •

Cucullia speycri Lintner, S-
Cucullia asieroides Guenee, S-
Copiciicullia propinqua Smith, 9 •

Cucullia convexipennis Grote & Robinson, S-
Cucullia intermedia Speyer, 9 •

Lathosea ursina Smith, 9 . U. S. N. M.
Lathosea pullata Grote, J' , U. S. N. M.
Nonagria oblonga Grote, S, U. S. N. M.
Nonagria subflava Grote, 9 •

Ommatostola lintneri Grote, S> U. S. N. M.
Sphida obliqua Walker, 9 •

Plate XXV

The Moth Book

COPYRIGHTED BY

HOLLAND.

Noctuidse

Genus BELLURA Walker

We cause this genus to be represented by a figure of the

species named gortynides by
Walker. Synonyms are densa
Walker, vulnifica Grote, mela-
nopyga Grote. The insect is
peculiar to the Atlantic States,
so far as is known. The cut
was drawn from a specimen
in the American Museum of
Natural History in New York.

Fig. 119. — Bellura gortynides. ?.

Genus SPHIDA Grote

( I ) Sphida obliqua Walker, Plate XXV, Fig. 36, $ .

Syn. obliquata Grote & Robinson.

The range of this moth is from the Atlantic to the Mississippi.
The specimen figured was taken by the writer at light in
Minneapolis. It feeds in the stems of Typha laiifolia.

Genus NONAGRIA Ochsenheimer

A rather small genus of obscurely colored moths, the larvse
of which burrow in the stems of aquatic plants, below the water-
line. The genus is represented in both hemispheres. Six species
belong to our fauna.

(1) Nonagria oblonga Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 33, 5 . (The
Large Nonagria.)

Syn. permagna Grote.

This is a Southern species, thus far only recorded as found in
Florida.

(2) Nonagria subflava Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 34, ? . (The
Yellowish Nonagria.)

The insect ranges from Maine to Illinois, where it is found in
the vicinity of lakes and pools of water in which rushes grow.

Genus OMMATOSTOLA Grote

(1) Ommatostolalintneri Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 355.

Thus far this species has only been recorded from New York
and New Jersey.

Noctuidae

Genus ACHATODES Guenee

(i) Achatodes zeae Harris, Plate I, Fig, 12, larva; Plate
XXVI, Fig. i,S.

This common insect, like those of the next three genera, is a
stem-feeder, burrowing in the pith of its food-plants. It feeds
in stems of elder {Sambucus), and Indian corn.

Genus GORTYNA Ochsenheimer

This genus is represented in the faun« of both hemispheres.
It is quite extensive.

(1) Gortyna velata Walker, Plate XXVI, Fig. 3, 6 . (The
Veiled Gortyna.)

Syn. sera Grote & Robinson.

Not uncommon in the Atlantic States.

(2) Gortyna nictitans Borkhausen, Plate XXVI, Fig. 2, S .

This species, which is also found in Europe, has an extensive

synonymy. It is found from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and shows
in different localities slight differences in ground-color and mark-
ings, which have led to the creation of a number of subspecific
distinctions by writers.

(3) Gortyna immanis Guenee, Plate XXVI, Fig. 4, $ . (The

Hop-vine Gortyna.)

The insect is
not often found
south of New York
and New England
to any great extent,
though its occur-
rence as far south
as Maryland as a
rarity has been
noted. From
western New York
it ranges across the
continent to the
P a c i fi c . As it
particularly infests
the hop it will not be abundant in places where that plant is
not grown. In the centre of the hop-growing region of

Fig. 120. — Gortyna immanis. a. enlarged seg-
ment of larva; b. larva; c. pupa; d. adult $
(After Howard.)

212

N octuidae

New York and Ontario it is very abundant at times, and its
depredations have been complained about by those interested in
this industry. The eggs are laid on the young shoots and the
little larv^ immediately bore into the stem near the tip. Here
they remain until they are half an inch long, when they descend
and attack the plant at the level of the ground. It has been rec-
ommended to pinch the tips which are seen to be affected and
thus to kill the young worms. Various applications to be put
about the roots have been advocated, for which the reader
may consult “Bulletin No. 7 (New Series) of the United States
Department of Agriculture.” The hop-vines should at all events
not be hilled up until the end of July or the beginning of
AiUgust. This prevents the larvse from having easy access to the
stems at the level of the ground.

(4) Gortyna obliqua Harvey, Plate XXVI, Fig. 13, 5 . (The
Oblique Gortyna.)

The habitat of this species is the Atlantic States and the
Mississippi Valley.

Genus PAPAIPEMA Smith

(1) Papaipema inquaesita Grote & Robinson, Plate XXVI,

Fig. 5. «

This species is, so far as we know, confined to the northern
Atlantic States.

(2) Papaipema purpurifascia Grote & Robinson, Plate
XXVI, Fig. 7, 3 .

The range of this, as well as of all the species subsequently men-
tioned, is the same as that of the first species named in the genus-

(3) Papaipema nitela Guenee, Plate XXVI, Fig. 9, $ .
Form nebris Guenee, Plate XXVI, Fig. 8, $ .

The caterpillar inflicts a good deal of damage upon Indian

corn by burrowing into the end of

the ear when the seed is in the
milk. Those who have had to do

with the preparation of roasting ^ ^

ears well know the unsightly Iarv«, p^ma nitela. (After Riley.)
which, as they have stripped

the husk from the cob, have revealed their presence. Cooks
know more about these things than the farmer. The farmer

213

Noctuidse

pulls his corn after the seed is hard and dry, but the “kitchen
mechanic,” who has to deal with green vegetables, often has light
upon subjects which elude the observation of the grower.

(4) Papaipema necopina Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 12, $.
The species occurs in the Middle States, and has been more

frequently found in New York than elsewhere.

(5) Papaipema cerussata Grote & Robinson, Plate XXVI,
Fig. 10, $ .

A pretty species, which occurs in New England and the
Northern States as far west as Minnesota.

(6) Papaipema cataphracta Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 6, S .
The species is found in the northern Atlantic States, and is

not unusual in western Pennsylvania.

(7) Papaipema marginidens Guenee, Plate XXVI, Fig.
II, $.

A rather scarce species, which has the same range as the
preceding.

(8) Papaipema furcata Smith, Plate XXVI, Fig. 14, ? .

The specimen shown on the plate was taken in western

Pennsylvania.

Genus OCHRIA Hubner

Dr. Dyar in his recent list refers to this genus the insect
which was accorded the specific name
sauzaelitse by Grote. We give a
figure of the moth taken from a
specimen in the American Museum
of Natural History, for the skilful
^ ^ , delineation of which we are indebted

Fig. 122. — Ochnasauzcehtce.f. ^ , .r -i y' y nr.,,.

to the facile fingers of Mrs. william
Beutenmuller, one of the most accomplished delineators of insect
life in America.

Genus PYRRHIA Hdbner
(i) Pyrrhia umbra Hufnagel, Plate XXVI, Fig. 15, ?.

This species, which occurs in Europe, ranges in North
America from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains.

Genus XANTHIA Hdbner
(1) Xanthia flavago Fabricius, Plate XXVI, Fig. 16, S.

Syn. iogata Esper; silago Ilubner.

214

Noctiiidae

This is likewise a European species^ which has a wide range
in the northern parts of the United States.

Genus JODIA Hubner

(i) Jodia rufago Hubner, Plate XXVI, Fig. 17, (The
Red-winged Sallow. )

Syn. honesta Walker.

A European as well as a North American species.

Genus BROTOLOMIA Lederer

(i) Brotolomia iris Guenee, Plate XXVI, Fig. 19, $.

Not a very common moth, which occurs from New England
to Colorado.

Genus TRIGONOPHORA Hubner

( I ) Trigonophora periculosa Guenee, var. v-brunneum
Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 18, 8 .

This is a very common species, having the same range as the
preceding. The form we figure has the V mark on the wings
heavy and dark. In the typical form this mark is light in color.

Genus CONSERVULA Grote

( 1 ) Conservula anodonta Guenee, Plate XXVI, Fig. 20, ? .

A rather scarce species, which is found in the northern part
of our territory, south of Canada, and east of the Mississippi.

Genus EUCIRRCEDIA Grote

(i) Eucirroedia pampina Guenee, Plate XXVI, Fig. 21, $.

The moth comes out late in the fall. I have often found them
when a warm day has occurred in the autumn, freshly emerged,
and hanging from the stems of bushes from which all the leaves
had already fallen. The insect is common in the Appalachian
subregion.

Genus SCOLIOPTERYX Germar

(i) Scoliopteryx libatrix Linnaeus, Plate XX'Vl, Fig. 22, $ .
(The Herald.)

A common insect found in Europe and the entire temperate
zone in North America. The larva feeds on willows. ,, .

215

Noctuidse

Genus CHCEPHORA Grote & Robinson
(i) Choephora fungorum Grote & Robinson, Plate XXVI,
Fig. 23, $.

Not a very common moth. It is found among the Alleghanies
in western Pennsylvania, and also occurs in other portions of the
northern Atlantic subregion.

Genus PSEUDORTHOSIA Grote

The only species of the genus was named
variabilis by Grote. It ranges fr.om Cali-
fornia to Colorado. We give a figure of the
species drawn by Mrs. Beutenmiiller from a
specimen contained in the collection of the
Fig. 123.— Pseudor- Henry Edwards, and now in the American

thosia variabilis, Museum of Natural History.

Genus PSEUDOGLiiEA Grote

(i) Pseudoglaea blanda Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 24, $ .

Syn. tcvdata Grote; decepta Grote.

The habitat of the species is the Pacific States from which it
ranges eastward to Texas and Colorado.

Genus ANCHOCELIS Guenee
(i) Anchocelis digitalis Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 25, $ .

The only species in our fauna so far known is found in the
northern Atlantic States.

Genus SELICANIS Smith
Under this generic name Prof. J. B.

Smith in 1900 described a species from
Colorado to which he gave the specific
name cinereola. The type of this insect,
which is preserved in the United States
National Museum, is represented in the
accompanying cut.

Genus TAPINOSTOLA Lederer
(i) Tapinostola variana Morrison, Plate XXVI, Fig. 26, S.
The figure we give is taken from a specimen belonging to the
United States National Museum and coming from Michigan.

216

Fig. 124. — Selicanis
cinereola, g . f.

Noetuid«

Genus FAGITANA Walker

Two species, which were formerly attributed to the genus
Pseudolimacodes Grote, occur in the United States. We figure
both of them.

(1) Fagitana obliqua Smith, Plate XXVI, Fig. 27, $ .

The habitat of this species is Florida.

(2) Fagitana littera Guenee, Plate XXVI, Fig. 28, $ .

Syn. lucidata Walker; niveicostatus Grote.

This is a rare insect, which occurs in the Atlantic States.

Genus COSMIA Ochsenheimer

(1) Cosmia paieacea Esper, Plate XXVI, Fig. 32, S . (The
Angle-striped Sallow.)

Syn. discolor Walker; infuniaia Grote.

This insect is found all over northern Europe and the United
States.

Genus ORTHOSIA Ochsenheimer

The genus is well represented both in the New World and
the Old. Of the fifteen species reckoned as belonging to our
fauna two are selected for illustration.

(1) Orthosia bicolorago Guenee, Plate XXVI, Fig. 29, S .

An eastern species, which is not uncommon.

(2) Orthosia helva Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 30, ? .

A very common species in the Atlantic States, ranging west-
ward as far as Colorado.

Genus PARASTICHTIS Hubner

(l) Parastichtis discivaria Walker, Plate XXVI, Fig. 3!, S .

Syn. gentilis Grote.

Found throughout the northern Atlantic States.

Genus SCOPELOSOMA Curtis

This genus represented in Europe by a single species is
represented in the United States and Canada by half a score of
species. They appear upon the wing very early in the spring,
when the nights are still cool and even frosty. This fact is the
reason why they are for the most part not well represented in

217

Noctuidae

collections. A good place to collect them is in maple-sugar
camps, about the sap-buckets.

(1) Scopelosoma moffatiana Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 33,
$ . (Moffat’s Sallow.)

This as well as all of the other species is found in the northern
portion of the Atlantic subregion.

(2) Scopelosoma ceromatica Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 34,
$ . (The Anointed Sallow.)

Ranges from New Jersey to Maine.

(3) Scopelosoma walkeri Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 35, $ .
(Walker’s Sallow.)

The moth is known to fly from Texas to Iowa and eastward
to Maine and Canada. The larva feeds upon oaks.

(4) Scopelosoma devia Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 42, $ .
(The Lost Sallow.)

It occurs in northern New York and Canada.

Genus ORRHODIA Hubner

The genus is found both in Europe and
America. Prof. Smith has attributed to it a
species to which he gave the name of cali-
fornica. The type is in the United States
National Museum and the annexed figure gives

Fig. 125. Orrhodia ^ representation of it. It is the only species of

californica. the genus in our fauna.

Genus GL»i®A Hubner

(1) Glaea viatica Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 38, . (The

Roadside Sallow.)

The species appears very late in the fall of the year. It ranges
from Texas in the south to Massachusetts in the north.

(2) Glaea inulta Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 37, 5 . (The
Unsated Sallow.)

The moth ranges from Canada to Virginia and westward to
Illinois and Iowa.

(3) Glaea sericea Morrison, Plate XXVI, Fig. 36, $, . (The
Silky Sallow.)

The range of this species is much the same as that of the
preceding.

218

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'A

Explanation of Plate XXVI

(Except when otherwise indicated, the sj^ecimens figured are con-
tained in the collection of W. J. Holland.)

I. Achatodes zecB. Harris (5',U. S. 21. Eucirroedia pampina Guenee,
N. M.

2. Gortyna niciiians, Borkhausen,

C^.

3. Gortyna velata, Walker, G' .

4. Gortyna immanis, Guenee, $ .

5. Papaipema inqucBsita Grote &

Robinson,

6. Papaipema cataphracta Grote,

c?.

7 . Papaipema purpurifascia Grote

& Robinson, c^.

8. Papaipema nitela, var. nebris,

Guenee, .

9. Papaipema nitela Guenee, cJ'.

10. Papaipema cerussata Grote &

Robinson, 9 .

1 1 . Papaipema marginidens

Guenee , 9 •

12. Papaipema necopina Grote. 9 •

13. Gortyna obliqua Harvey, G' .

14. Papaipema furcata Smith, 9 •

15. Pyrrhia umbra Hiifnagel, 9 •

16. Xanthia flavago Fabricius, cJ* .

17. Jodia rufago Hiibner, cJ' , U. S.

N. M.

18. Trigonopk ora v-brunneum

Grote, (X ■

19. Brotolomia iris Guenee, 9 •

20. Conservula anodonta Guenee, 9 ,

U. S. N. M.

9 •

22. Scoliopteryx libatrix Linnaeus,

d’.

23. Chaephora fungorum Grote &

Robinson , 9 •

24. Pseudoglcea blanda Grote, c?,

U. S. N. M.

25. Anchocelis digitalis Grote, (^ ,

U. S. N. M.

26. Tapinostola variana Morrison,

d', U. S. N. M.

27. Fagit ana obliqua Smith, c?-

28. Fagitana littera Guenee, 9 ■

29. Ortho sia bicolor a go Guenee, d*-

30. Ortho sia helva Grote, 9 •

31. Parastichtis discivaria Walker,

d'.

32. Cosmia paleacea Esper, d*.

33. Scopelosoma moffatiana Grote,

c?.

34. Scopelosoma ceromatica Grote,

9.

35. Scopelosoma walkeri Grote, d*.

36. Glcea sericea Morrison, d'.

37. Glcea inulta Grote, d*.

38. Glcea viatica Grote, d*.

39. Homoglcea hircina Morrison, d*-

40. E piglcea decliva Grote, d*-

41. E piglcea pastillicans Morrison,

d'.

42. Scopelosoma devia Grote, d-

The Moth Book

Plate XXVI

COPYRIGHTED PY W. J, HOLLAND.

AMERICAN COLORTYPE CO., N. Y. if (

Noctuidas

Genus EPIGL^A Grote

(1) Epiglaea pastillicans Morrison, Plate XXVI, Fig. 41, $ .
(The Round-loaf Sallow.)

The species occurs from West Virginia to Maine, and west-
ward to Ohio.

(2) Epiglsea decliva Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 40, $ . (The
Sloping Sallow.)

Syn. deleta Grote.

The moth occurs from Canada to Virginia, and westward to
Illinois.

Genus HOMOGL.<®A Morrison

(1) Homoglaea hircina Morrison, Plate XXVI. Fig. 39, S.
(The Goat Sallow.)

The habitat of this species is the northern part of our territory.
It ranges from Alberta to Nova Scotia, and southward along the
Alleghany Mountains into the Western part of North Carolina.

(2) Homoglaea carbonaria Harvey, Plate XXV, Fig. 14, $ .
(The Smudged Sallow.)

The species ranges from Washington and Oregon eastward
to Colorado. It has been located in the genus Eiiharveya, but
this name is a synonym for Honioglcea, according to Prof. J. B.
Smith, and accordingly sinks.

Genus CALYMNIA Hubner

(i) Calymnia orina Guenee, Plate XXVIl, Fig. i, 5.

Syn. canescens Behr.

This easily identified moth ranges over the entire temperate
portion of the North American continent. The larva feeds upon
oaks.

Genus ZOTHECA Grote

(i) Zotheca tranquila Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 2, ^ . (The
Western Elder Moth.)

Syn. sambuci Behr; viridula Grote.

The larva feeds upon elder (Sambucus). The moth ranges
from northern California to British Columbia and eastward to
Wyoming. The greener form was named viridula by Grote.
The difference is hardly subspecific, as the shade of green on the
wings is hardly alike in any two specimens, and the color soon
fades out.

219

Noctuidas

Genus IPIMORPHA Hiibner

(i) Ipimorpha pleonectusa Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 3, $ .
(The Even-lined Sallow.)

Syn. csquilinea Smith.

The species occurs from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains.

Genus ATETHMIA Hdbner

(1) Atethmia subusta Hubner, Plate XX VII, Fig. 4, S .

A very common species ranging through the warmer parts
of the Gulf States through Central and South America as far as
Argentina.

(2) Atethmia rectifascia Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 5, $ .
Found from New Jersey to Illinois and southward.

Genus TRICHOCOSMIA Grote

(i) Trichocosmia inornata Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 6, S.
The insect is found in Arizona and northern Mexico.

Genus TRISTYEA SMITH

Fig. 126.— Tristyla
alboplagiata , 5 .

The genus was erected by Smith for the
reception of a Californian species to which he
gave the specific name alboplagiata. Through
the kindness of the authorities of the United
States National Museum I am able to give a
representation of the type of this insect.

Genus ANTAPLAGA Grote

A small genus composed exclusively of western species,
(i) Antaplaga dimidiata Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 7, ^ .
Hitherto only reported from Colorado.

Genus GROTELLA Harvey

(i) Grotella dis Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 8, $ .

A small moth found in New Mexico and Arizona.

220

Noctuidse

Genus PIPPONA Harvey

The only species hitherto referred to this
genus is found in Texas. We give in the cut,
which is herewith presented, a figure of a speci-
men which is contained in the American
Museum of Natural History, and v/hich was care-
fully drawn for this book by Mrs. Beutenmuller. ■EiG.i2T.-Ptppo-
It was named himatris by Dr. Harvey. «o bimatris,. ^

Genus BESSUL-A Grote

Through the kindness of the authorities of the British Museum
and Sir George F. Hampson I am able to give herewith a figure

of the type of the genus and species, which is preserved in the
Grote Collection. The moth occurs in New Mexico and Colorado.

Genus OXYCNEMIS Grote

This genus is composed wholly of species which are found
in the southwestern portions of our ter-
ritory. Of one of these, found in
California, to which Smith has applied
„ ^ . the specific name fusimacula, we are

fusimacula. 3 . f Permitted to give a figure taken from a
specimen preserved in the American
Museum of Natural History. It was drawn by Mrs. Beutenmuller.

Genus NYCTEROPHiETA Smith
(i) Nycterophaeta luna Morrison, Plate XXVIl, Fig. 9, ? .

Syn. magdalena Hulst; notatella Grote.

The moth ranges from Dakota and Montana southward to
southern Colorado.

221

Noctuidae

Genus COPABLEPHARON Harvey

(1) Copablepharon grandis Strecker, Plate XXVII, Fig. lo, .
The species ranges from northern California and Oregon

eastward to Montana.

(2) Copablepharon longipenne Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig.

II, $.

From the preceding species it may easily be distinguished by
its much greater size. It has thus far only been found in Montana.

(3) Copablepharon album Harvey, Plate XXVII, Fig. 12, $ .
The fore wings in this species are pure white, and not shaded

with yellow, as is the case with the other two species, which
have been mentioned. It occurs from Oregon to Montana and
southward to Colorado.

Genus THYREION Smith

(i) Thyreion rosea Smith, Plate XXII, Fig. 13, ? .

This insect is thus far only known to occur in Colorado.

Genus CHLORIDEA Westwood
(i) Chloridea virescens Fabricius, Plate XXVII, Fig. 14, $> .

Syn. rhexicB Abbot & Smith; spectanda Strecker.

Found from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from Canada
southward into Mexico.

Genus HELIOCHEIEUS Grote

(i) Heliocheilus paradoxus Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 15, .

The insect ranges from the middle of the Mississippi Valley
south and west. It does not appear to be common in collections.

Genus HELIOTHIS Ochsenheimer

- The genus is represented in both hemispheres by a number
of species. It used to be made to include a large assemblage of
insects, but latterly has been restricted by authors.

(i) Heliothis armiger Hubner, Plate XXVII, Fig. 17, .

(The Boll-v/orm.)

This insect, which is known to English entornologists as the
“Scarce Bordered Straw,” is unfortunately not scarce -in the

222

Noctuidie

Fig. 130. — Boll-worm feeding upon a tomato.
(After Riley.)

United States, and being of a singularly gluttonous habit in the
larval stage, has become the object of execration to farmers and
horticulturists. It
is a very promis-
cuous feeder, but
shows a special
fondness for
young Indian corn
in the ear and for
cotton bolls. On
account of the
latter peculiarity
it has received the
name we have
applied above. It
attacks the fruit
of the tomato when still green, and causes it to rot on the vines.
It also feeds upon pumpkins, peas, beans, hemp, and, it is said,

upon tobacco.

An excellent ac-
count of its habits
has been given by
Prof. C. V. Riley in
his “Third Annual
Report ” as State
Entomologist of
Missouri. It is from
that paper that we
have extracted the
figures, which are
herev/ith given, and
which serve to illus-
trate the life-history
of the insect. The

armigep a. Egg viewed from ranges all OVer

the side; b. Egg viewed from on top (both eggs . ®

magnified) ; c. Larva; d. Pupa; Moth. (After the United States and

southern Canada. It

is most abundant in the southern portion of our territory, where
there are from three to four broods annually, it is here in the

223

Noctuidse

cotton-fields and in the growing corn that the greatest damage
is inflicted. There appears to be no way of applying remedies
in a wholesale manner to the crops so as to prevent the depreda-
tions of this insect. The only resort is for the grower to go
carefully over the fields, and where he detects the presence of the
insects in their early stages, to pick them off and destroy them.
In the case of corn the presence of the worm is shown by the
premature drying of the silk, and in the case of cotton by the
fallen flower-buds, which lie withering on the ground.

(2) Heliothis scutosus Fabricius, Plate XX VII, Fig. 16,
(The Spotted Ciover-moth.)

Syn. nuchalis Grote.

This species, which occurs in Europe and Asia, is also found
not infrequently in the western part of our territory.

Genus DERRIMA Walker

(i) Derrima stellata Walker, Plate XXIX, Fig. 67, $ .
(The Pink Star-moth.)

Fig. 132. — Derrima
stellata, ^ . F

Syn. henrietta Grote.

The specimen figured was taken in Maine.
We also give a cut taken from a specimen in
the American Museum of Natural History. It
is a rare insect, but widely distributed from
New England to the Mississippi through the
northern tier of states.

Genus RHODOPHORA Guenee

(1) Rhodophora gaurse Abbott & Smith, Plate XXVII,
Fig. 18, S .

Syn. matutina Hubner.

A very common species in the southern and southwestern
portions of our territory. The larva feeds upon Gaura biennis.

(2) Rhodophora florida Guenee, Plate XXVII, Fig. 19, $, .
Ranges from Canada to the Carolinas and westward as far as

Utah.

(3) Rhodophora citronellus Grote & Robinson, Plate XXVII,
Fig. 20, $, .

This is a common species in Texas and Arizona. It occurs
also in Colorado.

224

Noctuidae

Genus RHOBOSEA Grote

(i) Rhodosea julia Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 53, $.

The moth occurs in New Mexico and southward to northern
Mexico. The specimen figured on the plate is contained in the
United States National Museum.

Genus RHODODIPSA Grote

(1) Rhododipsa volupia Fitch, Plate XXVil, Fig. 22, $.

Habitat Colorado and Texas.

(2) Rhododipsa miniana Grote, Plate XXVIl, Fig. 23, $ .

The insect occurs in New Mexico.

(3) Rhododipsa masoni Smith, Plate XXVII, Fig. 24, $ .

This species has thus far only been reported from Colorado.

Genus TRIOCNEMIS Grote

There is only one species of this genus, to which Grote
applied the specific name saporis. The male is depicted on
Plate XXVII, Fig. 21. It ranges from Washington and California
eastward to Colorado.

Genus PSEUDACONTIA Smith

This is another genus represented thus far
by one species. The insect received the specific
name crustaria at the hands of Morrison. The
figure we give was taken from a specimen
contained in the United States National Museum
at Washington. The insect ranges from
Nebraska to Colorado and Wyoming.

Fig. 133. — Pseuda-
conlia crustaria.

Genus GRi^PERIA Grote

The only species attributed thus far to this genus is still a
rare insect in collections. We give a figure
of the type contained in the collection of the
late Berthold Neumoegen, which is preserved
at the Brooklyn Institute. The insect occurs
Fig. \2,A—GrcBperia in Texas. The fore wings are deep maroon,
magmfica, ^ . f edged anteriorly with pale creamy white.

225

Noctuidae

Genus PORRIMA Grote

(i) Porrima regia Strecker, Plate XXVII, Fig. 26, ?.

This is a southern species, found in Texas, and also ranging
northward as far as Kansas and Colorado.

Genus TRICHOSELLUS Grote

(i) Trichosellus cupes Grote.

Syn. crotchi Henry Edwards.

This little moth, which is the only one
belonging to the genus, is represented in the
annexed figure by a drawing of the type,

Pi(^ j25. Tricho- which is preserved in the American Museum

sellus cupes, ^ . f. of Natural History.

Genus EUPANYCHIS Grote

The only species belonging to the
genus was originally named spinosse by
Guenee. Grote & Robinson subsequently
called it hirtella. It occurs from Canada
southward to the Potomac and westward
to Illinois. The figure we give is from a
drawing of a specimen in the United States
National Museum.

Fig. 136. — Eupanychis
spinoscB, ^ .

Genus CANIDIA Grote

This is a Floridan species, a figure of the type of which has
been prepared for this book under the supervision of Sir George
F. Hampson.

Genus SCHINIA Hubner

This is a very extensive genus of small and rather pretty
moths, which are particularly abundant in the grassy and semiarid

226

Noctuidag

lands of the southwestern States. There are, however, a number
of species, which occur in the Atlantic subregion.

( 1) Schinia chrysellus Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 28, ? .
The fore wings are silvery white. The insect is strikingly

beautiful, and is not at all uncommon in the States of Colorado,
New Mexico, and Texas.

(2) Schinia aleucis Harvey, Plate XXVII, Fig. 29, S .

This species is smaller than the preceding, which it resembles

in a general way. The hind wings are darker. It occurs in Texas.

(3) Schinia cumatilis Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 30, 6.

A beautiful species, with silvery-white wings. It may
at once be distinguished from the two preceding species by the
different arrangement of the bands upon the fore wings. It is
found in Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas.

(4) Schinia trifascia Hobner, Plate XXVII, Fig. 35, ? .

Syn. lineata Walker.

The moth is found from the Atlantic to the foothills of the
Rocky Mountains in Colorado and Wyoming.

(5) Schinia simplex Smith, Plate XXVII, Fig. 32, ? .

The home of this species is Colorado. The fore wings in
some specimens are much brighter green than shown on the plate.

(6) Schinia nundina Drury, Plate, XXVII, Fig. 33, 3 .

Syn. nigrirena Haworth.

This is a strikingly marked species, which cannot easily be
mistaken for anything else. It ranges from New Jersey south-
ward and westward to Illinois and Kentucky.

(7) Schinia acutilinea Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 34,

Syn. separata Grote.

The moth is found in Colorado and Utah.

(8) Schinia brucei Smith, Plate XXVII, Fig. 37, $ .

The home of the insect is Colorado.

(9) Schinia lynx Guenee, Plate XXVII, Fig. 38, $ .

Is taken from Massachusetts to Florida and westward to the
Mississippi.

(10) Schinia roseitincta Harvey, Plate XXVI, Fig. 36,

Syn. exaltaia Henry Edwards.

Has been found from Colorado to Texas.

(11) Schinia saturata Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 43,

Ranges from Massachusetts to Florida, and westward- to

Texas and southern California.

227

Noctuidse

(12) Schinia tertia Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 39, $.

This species is common in Texas.

(13) Schinia albafascia Smith, Plate XXVIl, Fig. 45, ?.

The habitat of this species is Utah and Colorado.

(14) Schinia jaguarina Guen6e, Plate XXVII, Fig. 41, $.
The species ranges from western Pennsylvania to Nebraska

and Colorado and southward to Texas.

(15) Schinia arcifera Guenee, Plate XXVII, Fig. 42, $.

Syn. spraguei Grote.

The species occurs from New England to New Mexico and
southward.

(16) Schinia packardi Grote, Plate XXVIl, Fig. 31,

Syn. mortua Grote; nobilis Grote.

Distributed from Colorado to Texas and Arizona.

(17) Schinia thoreaui Grote & Robinson, Plate XXVIl,
Fig. 46, $ .

Ranging from the valley of the Ohio southward into Texas.

(18) Schinia marginata Haworth, Plate XXVIl, Fig. 44, $.

Syn. rivulosa Guen6e; diver gens Walker; contracta Walker; designata
Walker.

Found from New York to Iowa and thence southward.

(19) Schinia brevis Grote, Plate XXVIl, Fig. 40, 3 .

Syn. atrites Grote.

This species is spread from Massachusetts to Iowa and
southward to New Mexico.

Genus DASYSPOUDiEA Smith

(1) Dasyspoudaea lucens Morrison, Plate XXVIl, Fig. 47, $ .
A common insect in Nebraska and westward in Colorado

and Wyoming.

(2) Dasyspoudaea meadi Grote, Plate XXVIl, Fig. 48, $ .
Ranges from Montana southward to Colorado.

Genus PSEUDANTHCECIA Smith

(i) Pseudanthoecia tumida Grote, Plate XXVIl, Fig. 49, S .
This insect occurs from Colorado to the higher plateaus of
northern Mexico. It is common in Chihuahua.

228

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Explanation of Plate XXVII

(Except when otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are con-
tained in the collection of W. J. Holland.)

1. Calymnia orina Guenee, J*.

2. Zotheca tranquilla Grote, cJ'.

3. Ipimorpha pleonectusa Grote,

d'.

4. Atethmia suhusta Hubner, (S',

U. S. N. M.

5. Atethmia rectifascia Grote, cJ*,

U. S. N. M.

6. Trichocosmia inornata Grote,

J',U. S. N. M.

7. Antaplaga dimidiata Grote, (J' .

8. Grotella dis Grote, c?, U. S. N.

M.

9. Nycterophceta Luna Morrison, $ .

10. Copablepharon grandis Strccker,

d'-

11. Copablepharon longi penne

Grote, 9 . U. S, N. M.

12. Copablepharon album Harvey,

d-

13. Thyreion rosea Smith, 9 , U.

S. N. M.

14. Chloridea virescens Fabricius,

d.

15. Heliocheihis paradoxus Grote,

d-

16. Heliothis scuiosus Fabricius, d-

17. Heliothis armiger Hubner, .

18. Rhodophora gaurcr Abbot &

Smith, d-

19. Rhodophora florida Guenee, d-

20. Rhodophora citronellus Grote &

Robinson , d ■

21. Triocnemis saporis Grote, d.

U. S. N. M.

22. Rhododipsa volupia Fitch, H ■

23. Rhododipsa miniana Grote, d-

24. Rhododipsa-masoni Smith, 9 •
2c;. Pseudotaniila vanella Grote, d,

U. S. N. M,

26. Porrima regia Strecker, 9 •

27. Porrima gloriosa Strecker, 9 •

28. Schinia chrysellus Grote, 9 .

29. Schinia aleucis Harvey, d-

30. Schinia cumatilis Grote, d-

31. Schinia packardi, J'.

32. Schinia simplex Smith, 9 •

33. Schinia nundina Drur}', (S'.

34. Schinia acutilinea Grote, d-

35. Schinia trifascia Hubner, 9 •

36. Schinia roseitincta Harvey, d-

37. Schinia brucei Smith, d-

38. Schinia lynx Guenee, d-

39. Schinia tertia Grote, 9 ■

40. Schinia brevis Grote, d-

41. Schinia jaguarina Guenee, d-

42. Schinia arcifera Guenee, 9 ■

,43. Schinia saturata Grote, d-

44. Schinia marginata Haworth,

d-

45. Schinia albafascia Smith, 9 ■

46. Schinia thoreaui Grote & Robin-

son, d-

47. Dasyspoudcea lucens Morrison,

d-

48. D as y spondee a meadi Grote, d-

49. P seudanthcecia tumida Grote, d •

50. Stylo poda cephalic a Smith, 9 •

51. M elide ptria sueta Grote, d-

52. M elide ptria pule h ripennis

Grote, d-

53. Rhodosea julia Grote, 9 > U. S.

N. M.

54. Mela porphyria oregona Henry

Edwards, d-

55. Dysocnemis belladonna Henry

Edwards, d-

56. Heliaca diminutiva Grote, d-

57. Axenus arvalis Grote, d-

58. Heliolonche modicella Grote, 9 •

59. Smith, d > U. S.N.M.

60. Xanthothrix neumcegeni Henry

Edwards, 9 •

61. Heliophana mitis Grote, d-

The Moth Book

Plate XXVIl

COPYRIGHTED BY

HOLLAND.

Genus PALADA Smith

Noctuidfie

There is but one species of the genus, and
we are able to give a figure of the type of this
through the kindness of the authorities of the
United States National Museum. It received
the specific name scarletina at the hands of
Prof. J. B. Smith. Its habitat is California.

Fig. 138. — Palada
scarletina, $ .

Genus STYLOPODA Smith

(i) Stylopoda cephalica Smith, Plate XXVII, Fig. 50, ?.
This is a very common species in southern California.

Genus SYMPISTIS Hubner

This is another of the many genera among the Heliothid
moths, which are represented thus far in
America by but a single species. The insect
was named proprius by Henry Edwards,
and we give a figure of the type which is in
Fig. iig.Sy^npis- his collection now in the possession of the
tis proprius, $ . f American Museum of Natural History.

Genus MELAPORPHYRIA Grote

This little genus contains three species. Of these we select
one for illustration.

(i) Melaporphyria oregona Henry Edwards, Plate XXVII,
Fig. 54, 5-

The range of the species is from Colorado to Oregon.

Genus DYSOCNEMIS Grote

(i) Dysocnemis belladonna Henry Edwards, Plate XXVII,
Fig. 55, ^ •

This beautiful little moth occurs in Utah.

Genus PSEUDOTAMILA Smith

(i) Pseudotamila vanella Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 25, 3.
Found among the mountains of Nevada and California.

229

Hoctuidse

Genus MELICLEPTRIA Hubner

(1) Melicleptria pulchripennis Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig.
52,

Syn. tanguida Henry Edwards.

The range of this insect is from Colorado to California.

(2) Melicleptria sueta Grote, Plate XX VH, Fig. 51,

Syn. californicus Grote.

Is distributed from Colorado to California.

Genus HELIOLONCHE Grote

(i) Heliolonche modicella Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 58, $.
The moth is distributed from California to Colorado and
Wyoming.

Genus OMIA Hubner

(i) Omia nesaea Smith, Plate XXVII, Fig. 59, $ .

The habitat of this little moth is California.

Genus HELIOPHANA Grote

(i) Heliophana mitis Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 61, $ .

Syn. obliquaia Smith.

Genus HELIODES Guenee

There are but two species so far known to
belong to this genus. They both occur in
California, and are among the smallest of the
Fig. 140. Heliothids. We give in the annexed cut a repre-
Heliodes restric- sentation of the type of the species named restric-
$ ■ tails by Prof. J. B. Smith.

Genus HELIOSEA Grote

Fig. 141. — Heliosea pictipennis , $ .

The figure of the type of the genus and the species is kindly
loaned me for use in this book by Sir George F. Hampson. It is

230

Noctuidae

taken from the “Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae,”
Vol. IV. The moth occurs in California.

Genus XANTHOTHRIX Henry Edwards

(i) Xanthothrix neumcegeni Henry Edwards, Plate XXVIl,
Fig. 6o, ? .

This pretty bright colored little moth occurs in California.

Genus AXE N US Grote
(i) Axenus arvalis Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 57, 3 .

Syn. ochraceus Henry Edwards; amptus Henry Edwards.

A common insect ranging from Colorado to California and
southward.

Genus HELIACA Herrich-Schaeffer

Five species are attributed to this genus, of which we
illustrate one.

(i) Heliaca diminutiva Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 56, $ .

The range of this species is the same as that of the last
mentioned.

Genus EUPSEUDOMORPHA Dyar

(1) Eupseudomorpha brillians Neu-
moegen.

Of this beautiful insect, which is still
very rare in collections, we give a figure
drawn by the writer from the type, which
is contained in the Neumoegen Collection. Fig. 142. — Ettpseudo-
The moth inhabits Texas. morpha brillians, $ |.

Genus XANTHOPASTIS Hubner

(i) Xanthopastis timais Cramer, Plate XI, Fig. 17, $ .

Syn. regnairix Grote.

This insect has a very wide range all over the tropics of the
New World. It occurs not infrequently in the Gulf States, and
occasionally ranges as far north as New York.

231

Noctuidse

Genus PSYCHOMORPHA Harris

(i) Psychomorpha epimenis Drury, Plate III, Fig. 9, ^ .
This very beautiful little moth appears on the wing early in
the spring in Pennsylvania. It is not uncommon in the Atlantic

States. Hitherto it has
been placed by many
authors among the Agaris-
tidce, but we incline to
the opinion that it is better
located where we have put
it, among the NocluidcB.
Larval characteristics, how-
ever, show a great likeness
in this stage of develop-
ment to the species included in the genus Alypia. The accom-
panying cut, which we have reproduced from the writings of
Prof. C. V. Riley, may be compared in this connection with the
figure of the larva of Alypia octomaculata given on page 144.

Fig.

-Larva of P sychomorpha epi-
menis. a, Full grown caterpillar; h, side
view of segment enlarged ; c, hump on
eleventh segment. (After Riley.)

Genus PSEUDALYPIA Henry Edwards

This genus, like the preceding, has been located by some
recent writers among the AgaristidcB. The
moth is undoubtedly a Noctuid. I have
placed it here in the order of arrangement,
believing that upon the whole it is better

located at this point in the serial arrangement Pseuda

than anywhere else. The figure annexed is lypi^ crotchi, $ . f

that of the type preserved in the American

Museum of Natural History. It was drawn by Mrs. Beutenmuller.

Genus EUTHISANOTIA Hubner

(1) Euthisanotia unio Hubner, Plate XVII, Fig. 24, . (The

Pearly Wood-nymph.)

This lovely moth has a wide range throughout the eastern
portions of our territory as far west as the Mississippi.

(2) Euthisanotia grata Fabricius, Plate XVII, Fig. 23, .

(The Beautiful Wood-nymph.)

Syn. assimilis Boisduval.

232

Noctuldse

This is a much larger species than the preceding. It
has practically the same
range of distribution. The
affinity of the genus to the
genus Psychomorpha i s
clearly shown by the larva,
a representation of which is
given in the annexed cut
taken from the writings of
Prof. C. V. Riley, who de-
voted considerable time to
the study of the life-history
of these insects.

grown larva; h, enlarged segment, side
view; c, cervical shield from behind;
d, anal hump from behind; e-/, top
and side views of egg, enlarged.
(After Riley.)

Genus CIRIS Grote

(i) Ciris wilsoni Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 2, ^ .

This insect occurs in Texas and Arizona. It has also been
referred to the Agaristidce and to the Zygcenidce by various
authors. There is, however, no doubt as to its being a true
Noctuid.

Genus NOROPSIS Guenee

(i) Noropsis hieroglyphica Cramer, Plate XXVlll, Fig.
I, $ .

This very pretty moth has a wide range in the hotter portions
of America. It is found in Florida, and represents the invasion
of our southern territory by the fauna of the Antilles, and South
America.

Genus FENARIA Grote

(1) Fenaria longipes Druce, Plate XI, Fig. \6, .

The species occurs in Arizona and ranges thence southwardly
into Mexico.

(2) Fenaria sevorsa Grote, Plate XVII, Fig. 12, $ .

Syn. cBdessa Druce.

The species has the same range as the preceding.

“ I love the season well

When forest glades are teeming with bright forms.”

Longfellow. An April Day.

233

Noctuidse

Genus ACHERDOA Walker
Only one species of the genus is attributed to it from our
fauna. It received the specific name ferra-
ria at the hands of the late Francis Walker,
and was renamed ornata by Neumoegen.
The cut we give was drawn by Mrs. Beuten-
muller from a specimen in the American
Fig. i^6.—Acherdoa Museum of Natural History. It represents
ferrar-ia, $ . the male insect.

Genus AON Neumoegen

(i) Aon noctuiformis Neumcegen, Plate XLI, Fig. i8, ^ .
This is not an uncommon moth in southern Texas.

Genus CIRRHOPHANUS Grotc
(i) Cirrhophanus triangulifer Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 2, ?.
The insect varies considerably in size, the specimen depicted on
the plate being rather small. It is not an uncommon species in
the southern States, and is also found as far north as Pennsylvania.

Genus BASILODES Guenee
(1) Basilodes pepita Guenee, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 7, $.

The genus Basilodes contains a number of species which are
all, with the single exception of this species, natives of the south-
western portions of our territory. The present species occurs
from Pennsylvania to Florida and westward to Colorado. The
insect has been occasionally taken in Pittsburgh.

Genus STIRIA Grote

(i) Stiria rugifrons Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 5,

The specimen figured on the plate was caught by the writer
in southern Indiana. It is reported also from Kansas and
Colorado. It probably has a wide range, but is as yet rare in
collections.

Genus STIBADIUM Grote
(1) Stibadium spumosum Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 3, $ .
The insect ranges from New York to Colorado and south-
ward. It is very abundant in southern Indiana, where it comes
freely to sugar.

Noctuidae

Genus PLAGIOMIMICUS Grote

There are five species reckoned as belonging to this genus.
All of them are southwestern and western forms, except the one
we figure.

(i) Plagiomimicus pityochromus Grote, Plate XXVIII,
Fig. 9, $ .

This moth is quite common in western Pennsylvania. It
ranges southward and westward to the Gulf States and Colorado.

Genus FALA Grote

(i) Fala ptycophora Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 4, $ .

The habitat of this insect, which is the sole representative of
its genus, is California.

Genus NARTHECOPHORA Smith

This is another genus in which we recognize thus far only
one species.

(i) Narthecophora pulverea Smith, Plate XXVIII, Fig.

1 1, $ .

The figure is taken from a specimen determined by the author
of the species, and contained in the United States National
Museum.

Genus NEUMCEGENIA Grote

The only species of this genus was named poetica by Grote.
It is a beautiful little moth, the fore wings
being bright metallic green, with a golden
reflection, the light spot, which is outwardly
trifid, and the costa being creamy yellow.

The drawing for the annexed cut was made
from the type which is preserved at the 147— -Veziwt?-
Brooklyn Institute. genia foetica, $. f

Genus PLUSIODONTA Guenee

The only species of this small genus recognized as found in
North America was named compressipalpis by Guen6e. Walker
renamed it insignis. It is represented on Plate XXVIII, Fig. 6,
by a male specimen. The insect is a native of the Atlantic
subregion, and is locally very common in western Pennsylvania.

235

Noctuidae

Genus GONODONTA Hubner

This genus is representative of the tropical fauna of America,
and but two species occur within our limits, both of them in the
warmer parts of Florida.

(i) Gonodonta unica Neumoegen, Plate XXVIII, Fig. lo. $.

The larval stages have been well described by Dyar in the
“ Proceedings of the United States National Museum,” Vol. XXIII,
p. 272. The caterpillar feeds on Anona laurifolia, the Custard-
apple.

Genus CALPE Treitschke

The genus Calpe is found in the temperate regions of both
hemispheres. Only one species occurs in America.

(1) Calpe canadensis Bethune, Plate XX VIII, Fig. 8, $.
(The Canadian Calpe.)

Syn. purpurascens Walker; sobria Walker.

The range of this species is restricted to the colder portions
of our territory. It is found in Canada, rarely in northern
New York, and ranges westward to Alberta.

Genus PANCHRYSIA Hubner

This genus, which is generally known under Walker’s name
Deva, is better represented in the eastern hemisphere than in the
western. We figure one species of the four credited to our fauna.

(i) Panchrysia purpurigera Walker, Plate XXVIll, Fig.

13, s.

This pretty little moth, which is not very common, ranges
from New England and Canada to Colorado and New Mexico.

Genus POLYCHRYSIA Hubner

Two species, both of which we figure, are attributed to this
genus as occurring within our territory.

(1) Polychrysia moneta Fabricius, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 12,$.

Syn. trabea Smith.

This is a European insect, which is found also in Alberta and
Assiniboia.

(2) Polychrysia formosa Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 14, $ .

So far, all the specimens which have come under the obser-
vation of the writer have been taken in New England or in
New York.

236

Noctuidge

Genus PLUSIA Hubner

Three of the four species attributed to the genus as found in
America are represented upon our plate.

(1) Plusia ®rea HObner, Plate XXVIII, Fig. i6, $ .

The moth ranges from Nova Scotia to Florida and westward
to Texas and the region of the Rocky Mountains.

(2) Plusia aeroides Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 17, ^ .

The distribution of this species is almost identical with that
of Plusia cerea. The larva feeds on various species of Spiraea.

(3) Plusia balluca Geyer, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 22, ? .

The species is not uncommon in the northern Atlantic States.

Genus EUCHALCIA Hubner

(1) Euchalcia contexta Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 23, 3 .

The species is found from Maine to Wisconsin, and occasion-
ally as far south as the mountains of central Pennsylvania.

(2) Euchalcia putnami Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 15, ^ .

Dr. Dyar with questionable correctness treats this species as

a form of the European festucce Linnaeus. There is no doubt of
the distinctness of the two.

(3) Euchalcia venusta Walker, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 21, ? .

Syn. striatella Grote.

The range of this species is from Nova Scotia and Canada
southward to the mountains of West Virginia.

Genus EOSPHOROPTERYX Dyar

(i) Eosphoropteryx thyatiroides Guenee, Plate XXVIII,
Fig. 18, $ .

This lovely moth is still very rare in collections. It ranges
from New England and Canada to the mountains of Virginia and
westward into the Valley of the Mississippi.

Genus AUTOGRAPHA Hubner

This is a large assemblage of species, about fifty being recog-
nized as>occurring in the United States. Of this number we are
only able to figure about one third.

Noctuidse

(1) Autographa bimaculata Stephens, Plate XXVIII, Fig.

19, $ .

Syn. u-hrevis Guen6e.

This is a common species in the northern Atlantic States.

(2) Autographa biloba Stephens, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 24, .

The species is distributed widely from the Atlantic to the

Pacific.

(3) Autographa verruca Fabricius, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 20, $, .

Syn. omega Hiibner; oo Cramer; omicron Hiibner; questionis Treitschke;
rutila Walker.

The moth is scarce in the northern Atlantic States, but has
been recorded as occurring in Massachusetts. It ranges from
New England to Texas and southward through Central and
South America.

(4) Autographa rogationis Guenee, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 25, ^ .
Syn. hamifera Walker; dyaiis Grote; includens Walker; culia Lintner.
The range of this species is the same as that of the pre-
ceding.

(5) Autographa precationis Guenee, Plate XXVIII, Fig.
28, $ .

The insect is found in Canada and the United States east of
the Rocky Mountains.

(6) Autographa egena Guenee, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 29, S .
This is a southern species, occurring in Florida and the Gulf

States, and ranging southward into South America.

(7) Autographa flagellum Walker, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 27, .

Syn. wanoJan Grote; i ns 0 lita Smith.

The species ranges from Quebec to Alberta.

(8) Autographa pseudogamma Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig.

33, S.

The insect is indigenous in Quebec and Nova Scotia.

(9) Autographa ou Guenee, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 33, $ .

Syn. fraietia Grote.

This species is almost universally distributed through the
United States and southern Canada.

(10) Autographa brassicae Riley, Plate XXVIII, Fig^ 36, $ .
Syn. echinocystis Behr.

238

Noctuidae

This insect, which preys upon the Cruciferce in its larval
state, has been well described and its habits fully set forth by
Prof. C. V. Riley in
the Missouri Reports,
it is from his paper
upon the species that
we have been per-
mitted to extract the
figure which is here-
with annexed of the
insect in its various
stages. The moth
appears to be very
generally distributed
throughout the United
States and Canada,
and does a good deal
to diminish the supply

of the raw material from which sauer-hraut is made.

Fig. 148. — Autographa brassicie.
larva; h, pupa; c, male moth.

a. Full-grown
(After Riley.)

(ii) Autographa oxygramma Geyer, Plate XXVIll, Fig.
30, 3.

Syn. indigna Walker.

The moth is found in the southern States, and thence south-
ward to South America.

(12) Autographa rectangula Kirby, Plate XXVIll, Fig. 32, $ .

Syn. moriuorum Guenee.

This lovely species is northern in its range. I found it quite
abundant one summer at Saratoga, New York.

(13) Autographa vaccinii Henry Edwards, Plate XXVIll,
Fig. 34. ^ •

This species may easily be distinguished by the strongly
checkered fringes of the primaries.

(14) Autographa selecta Walker, Plate XXVIll, Fig. 39, 3 .

Syn. viridisignata Grote.

This is a somewhat large species, not very attractively
colored. It is northern in its range.

(15) Autographa angulidens Smith, Plate XXVIll, Fig.
38, 3.

Nocluidse

The species is found in Colorado, and probably has a wide
range in the Rocky Mountains.

(16) Autographa ampla Walker, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 31, $.
This fine species is northern in its range, but extends its

habitat southward along the ranges of the great mountains of the
west

(17) Autographa basigera Walker, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 26, $ .

Syn. laticlavia Morrison.

The insect occurs in the Appalachian subregion.

(18) Autographa simplex Guenee, Plate XXVllI, Fig. 37, $, .
This is one of the very commonest species of the genus,

which is apparently universally distributed throughout our
country.

Genus SYNGRAPHA Hiibner

This genus is composed of species which are subpolar in
their habitat. Of the four species which are reckoned as belong-
ing to the fauna of North America, we illustrate two.

(1) Syngrapha hochenwarthi Hochenwarth, Plate XXVIll,
Fig. 41, 5 .

Syn. diver gens Fabricius.

Found everywhere in Arctic America. The specimen figured
was taken in Labrador.

(2) Syngrapha devergens Hubner, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 40, ? .

Syn. alticola Walker.

The species is found in Labrador, and has been reported from
the high mountains of Colorado. It will probably be found to
have a wide range.

Genus ABROSTOLA Ochsenheimer

We give representations of both the species which occur in
our fauna.

(1) Abrostola urentis Guenee, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 42,

The insect, which is by no means common, is found in the
Appalachian subregion.

(2) Abrostola ovalis Guen6e, Plate XXVIII, Fig. ^.3, $ .

The range of this insect is the same as that of the last

mentioned.

240

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Explanation of Plate XXVIII

(Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained
in the collection of W. J. Holland.)

1. Nor op sis hieroglyphica Cramer,

2 . Cirrhophanus iriangulifer Grote ,

c?, U. S. N. M.

3. Stibadium spumosum Grote,

9 .

4. Fala ptychophora Grote, (d', U.

S. N. M.

5. Stiria rugifrons Grote, <^ .

6. Piusiodonta compressipalpis

Guenee, (J' .

7. Basilodes pepita Guenee, 9 •

8. Calpe canadensis Bethune, 9 ,

U. S. N. M.

9. Plagiomimicus pityochromus

Grote, 9 •

10. Gonodonta iinica Neumoegen,

9 , U. S. N. M.

11. Narthecopliora pulverea Smith,

9 , U. S. N. M.

12. Polychrysia nioneta Fabricius,

var. esmerelda, Oberthtir, 9 •

1 3 . Panchrysia prtrpurigera
* Walker,

14. Polychrysia forniosa Grote, cj' .

15. Euchalcia putnami Grote, cd-

16. Plusia cerea Hiibner, d*.

17. Plusia oeroides Grote, 9-

18. Eosphoropteryx thyatiroides

Guenee, d-

19. A ut o gr a p ha hi maculata

Stephens, d •

20. Autographa verruca Fabricius,

d.

21. Euchalcia venusta Walker, d*

22.

23-

24.

25-

26.

27.

28.

29.

30-

32.

33-

34.

35-

36.

37-

38.

39-

40.

41.

42.
43-
^4-

Plusia balluca Geyer, d •
Euchalcia contexta Grote, d-
Autographa biloba Stephens, d-
Autographa rogationis Guenee,

d.

Autographa basigera Walker,

d.

Autographa flagelluvi Walker,

cd.

Autographa precationis Guenee,

d.

Autographa egena Guenee, d-
Autographa oxygrantma Geyer'

d.

Autographa ampla Walker, 9 •
Autographa rectangula Kirby,

9.

A utographa ou Guenee , d •
Autographa vaccdnii Henry
Edwards, d-

.-1 utographa p s e ti d o g am m a
Grote, d-

Autographa hrassicce Riley, d-
A utographa simplex Guenee, d •
Autographa angulidens Smith,

cd-

Autographa selecta Walker, d-
Syngrapha dever^e^ — Hufenef,

S yngrapha hochenwarthi
Hochenwarth, d-
Abrostola urentis Guenee, d-
Ahrostola ovalis Gvieneo., d-
Behrensia conchiformis , Grote,
d, U. S. N. M.

The Moth Book

Plate XXVIII

Noctuidas

Genus BEHRENSIA Grote

Only one species has thus far been attributed to this genus.

(i) Behrensia conchiformis Grote, Plate XXVIll, Fig.
44-

This little insect, which is as yet very rare in collections, is
found in northern California and Oregon.

Genus DIASTEMA Guenee

(i) Diastema tigris Guenee.

Syn. Uneata Walker.

The sole species belonging to the genus,
which occurs within our borders, has been
reported from Florida. We give in the ac-
companying cut an illustration of a specimen
which is found in the American Museum of ^ig. i^g.— Diastema
Natural History. tigris.

Genus OGDOCONTA Butler

(i) Ogdoconta cinereola Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. i, ?.
Syn. atomaria Walker.

This is not at all an uncommon species in the Atlantic sub-
region. 1 have found it particularly abundant in southern Indiana,
where it comes freely both to light and to sugar.

Genus P^ECTES Hubner

Eight species are enumerated as belonging to this genus in
Dyar’s recently published Catalogue. Of these we have given
illustrations of three in our plates.

(1) Paectes abrostoloides Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 3, ?.
The insect occurs in the Atlantic States, and ranges westward

into the Mississippi Valley.

(2) Paectes pygmaea Hobner, Plate XXIX, Fig. 2, 3 .

This is a southern species. The specimen from which the
figure on the plate was taken was captured in Texas.

(3) Paectes oculatrix Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 4, 5 .

The species is by no means very common. It has a wide
range from the Atlantic into the basin of the Mississippi. The
specimen figured on the plate was taken in western Pennsylvania.
1 have specimens from Indiana and Illinois.

241

Noctuidsi

Genus EUTELIA Hubner
(i) Eutelia pulcherrima Grote,

Syn, dentifera Walker.

The only species of this genus known to occur within our
territory is that which is figured in the accompanying cut, which

was made from the type now in the possession of the British
Museum. The insect is found in New York and New Jersey,
but probably has a wider southern range. It is as yet very rare
in collections.

Genus MARASMALUS Grote

(1) Marasmalus inficita Walker, Plate XXIX, Fig. 6,

Syn. histrio Grote.

This species is found from the northern Atlantic States and
Canada southward and westward to Texas and Colorado.

(2) Marasmalus ventilator Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 5, ? .
This species, which is considerably larger than the preceding,

has the wings more or less marked by reddish scales, which
enables it to be easily discriminated from its congener. Its range
is practically the same.

Genus AMYNA Guenee
(i) Amyna octo Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 7, $ .

This little moth has suffered more than any other known to
the writer by being made the sport of the makers of synonyms.
No less than nineteen synonyms have been applied to it in addi-
tion to its true name. In Dyar’s Catalogue it appears under the
name orbica Morrison, and tecta Grote is given as a synonym.
The student who wishes to know what some of the other names
are which have been given to it may consult Hampson’s “Moths
of India,” Vol. II, p. 251. It is found throughout the hot lands of
both hemispheres.

242

Noctuidas

Genus PTERiETHOLIX Grote

(i) Pteraetholix bullula Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 8, $ .

The habitat of this little moth is the Gulf States.

Genus Alabama Grote

(i) Alabama argillacea Hiibner, Plate XXIX, Fig. ii,
(The Cotton-worm Moth).

Syn. xylina Say; grandipuncta Guenee; bipunctina Guen^e.

The Cotton-worm Moth is one of a number of insects which
annually inflict a vast amount of damage upon the crops in the
southern por-
tion of our.
country. In
Prof. C 0 m -
stock’s “Re-
port upon the
insects which
are injurious to
cotton,” pub-
lished in 1879,
and in the
“Fourth Re-
port of the — Alabama argillacea. a. Egg: b. immature

United States larva; c. lateral view of mature larva; d. dorsal view
Entomological of mature larva; e. leaf in which pupation takes
Co mm.ission,” place; /. pupa. (After Riley.)
there is given

a great deal of valuable and interesting information in regard to
this species. Much may also be learned about it from the study
of the “Missouri Reports” published by the late Prof. C. V.
Riley. The range of the insect is very broad. It sometimes,
though very rarely, occurs as far north as Canada. From this
northernmost location it has been found ranging southward as
far as Argentina. It sometimes appears to migrate in swarms.
A number of years ago, during a heavy snowstorm in November,
myriads of the moths suddenly appeared in the city of Pittsburgh,
and they came flying in the evening to the electric lights. From
one store the proprietor said that he had swept them out by the

243

Noctuidae

quart. I have a few of the insects which thus appeared, and
the figure on the plate is taken from one of these specimens.

Genus ANOMIS Hubner

The species belonging to this genus are mainly southern.
There is considerable uncertainty as to the identification of some
of the species, which were named by the older authors. Of the
four reputed to be found within our limits we figure the one
which is commonest.

(i) Anomis erosa Hubner, Plate XXIX, Fig. 12, ? .

Occasionally found as far north as New England. Ranging
thence southward into the South American continent.

Genus SCOLECOCAMPA Guenee

The only species of the genus so far known to occur in the
United States was named liburna by Geyer. Guenee subse-
quently called it ligni. The larva feeds in decaying wood,
particularly that of oaks, chestnuts, and hickories. It tunnels its
way through the softer parts, and after reaching maturity makes
a loose cocoon composed of a few strands of silk mi.xed with
chips and the frass left in the burrow, from which it emerges in
due season as the moth, which is represented on Plate XXIX,
Fig. 16, by a male specimen.

Genus EUCALYPTERA Morrison

A small genus, the species of which are confined to the
southern States and to Mexico and Central America.

(i) Eucalyptera strigata Smith, Plate XXIX, Fig. 9, 5 .

The habitat of this species is Texas.

Genus CILLA Grote

(1) Cilia distema Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 10, <? .

This obscure little moth, the only representative of the genus
in our territory, has hitherto only been reported from Texas.

Genus AMOLITA Grote

(1) Amolita fessa Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 13, S.

The moth occurs from Massachusetts to Florida and westward
to Texas and Colorado.

244

Noctuidas

Genus RIVULA Guenee

(i) Rivula propinqualis Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 14, $ .

The range of this insect is from Nova Scotia to Texas, and
across the continent as far as the Rocky Mountains.

Genus PSEUDORGYIA Harvey

(i) Pseudorgyia versuta Harvey, Plate XXIX, Fig. 17, 6 .

This insect is thus far only known to us from Texas.

Genus DORYODES Guenee

(i) Doryodes bistriaris Geyer, Plate XXIX, Fig. 15, 5 .

Syn. acutaria Herrich-Schaefier; divisa Walker; promptella Walker.

There are three species of the genus found in our territory,
one of them, so far as is known to the writer, as yet unnamed.
The insect we are considering ranges from Maine to Florida and
westward to Colorado.

Genus PHIPROSOPUS Grote

(1) Phiprosopus callitrichoides Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig
18, $ .

Syn. nasutaria Zeller; acutalis Walker.

The species ranges from New York to Texas.

Genus ANEPISCHETOS Smith

The only species thus far referred to this
genus, which was erected by Smith in 1900
for its reception, received at the hands of that
author the specific name bipartita. A figure
of the type, which is contained in the collec-
tion of the United States National Museum, is AnepischetoTbipar,
given in the accompanying cut. uta, $ . 1

Genus DIALLAGMA Smith

This genus was erected at the same time
as the preceding by the same author for the
reception of the insect of which we give a
representation in Fig. 153. Its habitat, as
Fig. 15s.— Diallag- also that of the last mentioned species, is
ma lutea, $ . F Florida.

245

Noctuidse

Genus PLEONECTYPTERA Gro’te

This is a genus of moderate size, which by some writers has
heretofore been placed among the Pyralidce, though it is
undoubtedly correctly located among the 'Noctuidce. Eight
species are credited to our fauna in the latest catalogue.

(i) Pleonectyptera pyralis Hobner, Plate XXIX, Fig. 19, $ .

Syn. irrecta Walker; floccalis Zeller.

The insect ranges through the southern Atlantic States to
Central and South America.

Genus ANNAPHILA Grote

A genus of moderate extent, embracing over a dozen species,
which are found within the United States.

(1) Annaphila diva Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 20, $ .

The habitat of this pretty little moth is California.

(2) Annaphila lithosina Henry Edwards, Plate XXIX, Fig.
21, ? .

The specimen figured in the plate came from southern
California.

Genus INCITA Grote

Fig. 1 54. — India
aurantiaca, $ .

Only a single species, the type of the
genus, is known. The figure we give in the
annexed cut is drawn from the type in the
possession of the American Museum of Natural
History in New York.

Genus TRICHOTARACKE Grote

The sole representative of this genus in our fauna is the
insect the type of which is given in the accompanying figure,
drawn for this work by Mr. Horace Knight, of London.

The habitat of the moth is California.

Noctuidae

Genus EUSTROTIA Hiibner

This is quite an extensive genus, of which eighteen species
are included in our fauna. Of this number we give illustrations
of seven.

(1) Eustrotia albidula Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 22, ? .

Syn. intractabilis Walker.

This little moth ranges from the Atlantic to the Mississippi,
and further west.

(2) Eustrotia concinnimacula Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig.
23, ? .

Not an uncommon species in the Atlantic subregion.

(3) Eustrotia synochitis Grote & Robinson, Plate XXIX,
Fig. 24, ^ .

The distribution of this species is the same as that of the last.
It occurs from Canada to Texas.

(4) Eustrotia musta Grote & Robinson, Plate XXIX, Fig.

Found from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains.

(5) Eustrotia muscosula Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 26, ? .
The moth has the same ranges as the last mentioned species.

It is very common in Indiana.

(6) Eustrotia apicosa Hav/orth, Plate XXIX, Fig. 27, ^ .

Syn. nigritula Guenee.

A very common species, having the same range as its prede-
cessor.

(7) Eustrotia carneola Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 28, $ .

Syn. biplaga Walker.

What has been said of the last species applies also to this,
except that it is, if anything, even more common.

Genus GALGULA Guenee
(i) Galgula hepara Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 31, ^ .

Syn. externa Walker.

Form partita Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 32, $, .

Syn. vesca Morrison; sub partita Guen6e.

This common insect exists, as is shown in the plates, in two
forms, one quite dark, the other lighter. It is an inhabitant of
the Atlantic subregion, and is particularly abundant in western
Pennsylvania.

247

Noctuidae

Genus AZENIA Grote

(i) Azenia implora Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 29, $ .

Not an uncommon insect in Arizona.

Genus LITHACODIA Hubner

( 1 ) Lithacodia bellicula Hubner, Plate XXIX, Fig. 30, $ .
This little moth may be found from the Atlantic to the Rocky
Mountains. It is the only species of its genus occurring in the
United States.

Genus PROTHYMIA Hubner

(1) Prothymia rhodarialis Walker, Plate XXIX, Fig. 38, ? .

Syn. coccineifascia Grote.

The species ranges from Massachusetts to Texas.

(2) Prothymia semipurpurea Walker, Plate XXIX, Fig.

A $.

The species has the same range as the last. The specimen
figured was taken at New Brighton, Pa., by the Messrs. Merrick,
whose ardent and successful labors as collectors of the local
fauna deserve all praise.

(3) Prothymia orgyiae Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 37, $> .

This is a Texan species.

Genus EXYRA Grote

(i) Exyra semicrocea Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 35, ? .

There are four species of the genus Exyra attributed to our
fauna, but only one of these is figured. The species are mainly
southern in their range. Exyra semicrocea is found from New
Jersey southward and westward as far as Texas.

Genus XANTHOPTERA Guenee

Two of the four species which are found within the limits
of the United States are represented upon our plates.

(r) Xanthoptera nigrofimbria Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig.
33,

The insect is found in the southern portions of the Appalachian
subregion.

248

Noctuid®

(2) Xanthoptera semiflava Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 34, $ .

The distribution of this species is identical with that of the
one last mentioned.

Genus THALPOCHARES Lederer

The only species of this genus found within our faunal limits
is a native of Florida. It received the specific name aetheria
at the hands of Mr. Grote. The illustration we give is drawn

Fig. 156. — Thalpochares cciJicria, § . |.

from the type which is preserved in the British Museum, and
was drawn for this book by Mr. Horace Knight under the
direction of Sir George F. Hampson. The insect is not common
in collections.

Genus EUMESTLETA Butler

Seven species are given by Dyar in his Catalogue as occurring
within the limits of the United States. The insects have a
southern and southwestern range, occurring in the Gulf States
and in Arizona. We have selected one of them for illustration.

(1) Eumestleta flammicincta Walker, Plate XXIX, Fig.

39. 3-

Syn. pahila Morrison; patruelis Grote.

The habitat of this insect is Florida and Texas.

Genus GYROS Henry Edwards

There is only one species of this genus known. It received
the name muiri through Mr. Henry Edwards in
honor of his friend, John Muir, the well-known
writer, whose charming descriptions of the
natural beauties of the western portions of our
continent have established for him an enviable
position in the world of letters. The moth is Fig. Gyros
found in California. muiri, ^ . f

249

Noctuidae

Genus TRIPUDIA Grote

This is a genus of considerable size, represented in the
western and southwestern States by nine species, and well
represented in the fauna of Mexico and Central America.

(i) Tripudia opipara Henry Edwards, Plate XXIX, Fig.

40, $ .

This is a very common species in Texas.

Genus METAPONIA Duponchel

The genus is represented in both hemispheres. Three species
occur in our fauna. Of these we figure two.

(1) Metaponia obtusa Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XXIX, Fig.
4f $•

Syn. obtusula Zeller.

The insect occurs from the valley of the Ohio southward to
Texas. It is commoner in the south than in the north.

(2) Metaponia perflava Harvey, Plate XXIX, Fig. 42, ? .

Not an uncommon species in Texas.

Genus CHAMYRIS Guenee

(i) Chamyris cerintha Treitschke, Plate XXIX, Fig. 4}, ?.

The species is found from New England and Canada south-
ward to the Carolinas aud westward to Kansas. The larva feeds
on the Rosacece. The insect is very common in Pennsylvania,
Ohio, and Indiana.

Genus TORNACONTIA Smith

Two species have been attributed to this genus. One of
them, which received the specific name sutrix at the hands of
Grote, is represented in the annexed cut.
It was drawn by Mrs. Beutenmuller from a
specimen in the collection of the United States
Museum of Natural History in New York.
Fig. isB.—Torna- The insect is found in the region of the Rocky
contia sutrix, $ . f Mountains.

250

Noctukia*

Genus THERASEA Grote

This is a small genus, represented in our fauna by two species,

(i) Therasea flavicosta Smith, Plate XXIX, Fig. 47, $.

The moth occurs in the region of the Rocky Mountains.

Genus TARACHE Kubner

The genus is found in both hemispheres. It is well repre-
sented in our fauna, thirty-five species being known to occur
within the limits of the United States and Canada. Eleven of
these are figured upon our plates.

(1) Tarache terminimacula Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 46, ? •
The species ranges from Massachusetts to Illinois.

(2) Tarache delecta Walker, Plate XXIX, Fig. 48, $ .

Syn. metallica Grote.

The range of this species is along the Atlantic coast. It
occurs in the salt-marshes on Long Island and New Jersey, and
ranges thence southward to Texas.

(3) Tarache flavipennis Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 52, ^ .

The habitat of this species is the Pacific coast.

(4) Tarache lactipennis Harvey, Plate XXIX, Fig. 45, $ .
Not at all an uncommon species in Texas.

(5) Tarache lanceolata Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 49, ^ .

This species, like the preceding, occurs in Texas.

(6) Tarache sedata Henry Edwards, Plate XXIX, Fig. 53 ^ .
The habitat of this insect is Arizona.

(7) Tarache aprica Hubner, Plate XXIX, Fig. 50, <3 .

The range of this species is from the valley of the Ohio south-
ward to Texas and westward to Colorado.

(8) Tarache erastrioides Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 54, 9 .
The moth is found in New England and Canada and south-
ward so far as West Virginia and Indiana.

(9) Tarache virginalis Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 51, 9.

The habitat of the species is from Kansas to Arizona.

(10) Tarache binocula Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 44, $ .

The range of this species is the same as that of the preceding.

(11) Tarache libedis Smith, Plate XXIX, Fig. 55, $, .

The home of this insect is New Mexico and Colorado.

231

iLiBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY
: OF ALBERTA

NoctuidcE

Genus FRUVA Grote

The species belonging to this genus are southern and south-
western in their distribution. Six are known.

(i) Fruva apicella Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 56, $ .

Syn. truncatula ZeWev, accepta ’Henry Edwards.

A very common species in the Gulf States.

Genus SPRAGUEIA Grote

A genus of small, but very attractively colored moths, which
requent the flowers of the Compositce in the later summer.

(1) Spragueia onagrus Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 57, $ .

The moth occurs quite abundantly in southwestern Pennsyl-
vania and the valley of the Ohio, and ranges thence southwardly.
It is common on the blossoms of the golden-rod ( Solidago.)

(2) Spragueia plumbifimbriata Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig.

38, ? .

This modestly colored species is found in Texas.

^.{3) Spragueia dama Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 59, d .

Syn. trifariana Walker.

This is a common species in the southern States.

(4) Spragueia guttata Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 60, S .

This pretty moth ranges from Texas to Costa Rica.

Genus CALLOPISTRIA Hiibner

(i) Callopistria floridensis Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 61, $ .
As the name indicates, the species is from Florida.

Genus METATHORASA Moore

A genus represented in both hemispheres, and particularly
well in Asia.

(1) Metathorasa monetifera Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig.
62, $ .

A native of the Appalachian subregion, ranging from Canada
to Florida. Thus far it does not appear to have been reported
from any locality west of the Allegheny Mountains. I found it
one summer quite abundantly at Saratoga, New York.

272

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Explanation of Plate XXIX

(Except when otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are con-
tained in the collection of W. J. Holland.)

1. Ogdoconta cincreola Gnenee, 9-

2. PcBctes pygnicea Htibner, J'.

3. Pcectes abrosioloides Guenee, 9 .

4. PcBCtes occulairix Guenee, (J' ,

Merrick Collection.

5. M arasmalus ventilator Grote, 9 •

6. M arasmalus hrficita Walker, (J*.

7. AmynaoctoGnenee, 9 .U.S.N.M.

8. Ptercztholix bullula Grote, cJ*,!!.

S. N. M.

9. Eucalyptera strigata Smith, cJ*.

10. Cilia distema Grote. J*.

11. Alabama argillacea Htibner, .

12. Anoniis erosa Htibner, 9-

13. AmolitajessaGrote, cJ' ,U.S.N.M.

14. Rivula propinqualis Guenee, 9 •

15. Doryodes bistriaris Geyer, cJ*.

16. Scolecocampa liburna Geyer, cJ'.

17. Pseudorgyia versuta Harvey, 9 ,

U. S, N. M.

18. Phiprosopiis callitrichoides

Grote, 9 •

19. Pleonectyptera pyralis Htibner,

20. Annaplnla diva Grote, cJ*.

21. Anna phi la lithosina Henrv

Edwards, 9 •

22. Eustrotia albidula Guenee, 9 -

23. Eustrotia c 0 ncinnimacula

Guenee, 9 .

24. Eustrotia synochitis Grote &

Robinson, (J*.

25. Eustrotia musta Grote &

Robinson , .

26. Eustrotia muscosula Guenee, 9 •

27. Eustrotia apicosa Haworth, C' .

28. Eustrotia carneola Guenee, 9 •

29. Azenia implora Grote, 9 ■

30. Lithacodia hellicula Htibner, d'.

31. Galgula hcpara Guenee, d*.

32. Galgula he para var. partita

Guenee, (d .

33. Xanthoptera nigrofimbria Gue-

nee, (S' ■

34. Xanthoptera semiflava Guenee,

c?-

35. Exyra seniicrocea Guenee, 9,
U. S. N. M.

3 6 . Prothymia semipur pureaW alker ,
9 , Merrick Collection.

3 7 . Prothymia orgyicE Grote , S ■

38. ProthymiarhodarialisXi aXker , 9 .

39. Eumestleta flamimcincta Walker,

c?.

40. Tripudia opipara Henry Ed-

wards, S-

41. M etaponia obtusa H e r r i c h -

Schaeffer, 9 •

42. M etaponia perflava Harvey, 9 •

43. Chamyris cerintha Treitschke,

$•

44. Tarache binocula Grote, S.

45. Tarache lactipennis Harvey, 9 .

46. Tarache terminimaculaGrote, 9 .

47. Therasea flavicosta Smith, S-

48. Tarache delecta Walker, 9 -

49. Tarache lanceolata Grote, cJ'

50. Tarache aprica Htibner, d-

51. Tarache virginalis Grote, 9 •

52. Tarache flavipennis Grote, d-

53. Tarache sedata Henry Edwards,

J'-

54. Tarache erastrioides Guenee, 9-

55. Tarache libedis Smith, d-

56. Fruva apicella Grote, 9 •

57. Spragueia onagrus Guenee, d-

58. S pr a gti ei a plumbifimbriata

Grote, 9 ■

59. Spragueia daina Guenee, d-

60. Spragtieia guttata Grote, d-

61. Callopistria fioridensis Guenee,

d. U. S. N. M,

62. Metathorasa monetifera Guenee,

$.

63. Euherrichia mollissima Guenee,

cJ'-

64. Cydosia imitella Stretch, d-

6 5 . Cydosia aurivitta Grote & Robin-
son, d-

66. Cydosia majuscula Henry Ed-

wards, 9 •

67. Derrima 5fd/a/a Walker, d-

i The Moth Book

Plate XXIX

COPYRIGHTED BY '

AMERICAN CCLORTYPE C

Noctuidas

Genus EUHERRICHIA Grote

A small genus represented by three species in our fauna.
Euherrichia graniiosa occurs in Florida; Eiiherrichia cervina on
the Pacific slope; and the species, which we figure, from Canada
to Florida and westward to Colorado.

(i) Euherrichia mollissima Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 63, $> .
Syn. rubicunda Walker.

The specimen depicted was taken in the neighborhood of
Saratoga, N. Y.

Genus CYDOSIA Westwood

A small genus represented in our fauna by three species, all
of which we figure. The larva pupates in a small cocoon made
of strands of silk woven into the form of a globular basket with
open meshes, which is suspended from the under side of a leaf
by a long cord.

(1) Cydosia imitella Stretch, Plate XXIX, Fig. 64, $ .

The moth is found in the southern States.

(2) Cydosia aurivitta Grote & Robinson, Plate XXIX, Fig.

65, $ .

The species occurs in Florida.

(3) Cydosia majuscula Henry Edwards, Plate XXIX, Fig.

66, ?.

The habitat of the insect is the same as that of the species last
mentioned.

Genus CERATHOSIA Smith

The only species of the genus was
named tricolor by Smith. The fore
wings are pure white, spotted with
black, the hind wings are pale yellow.
The habitat of the species is Texas.

Fig. 159. — Cerathosia tri-
color, 5 . F

Fig. 160. — Hormoschista
pagenstecheri, ^

Genus HORMOSCHISTA Moeschler

The only species of this genus, which
occurs within our territory, was originally
described by McEschler from Porto Rico.
It is found in Florida and elsewhere along
the borders of the Gulf of Mexico.

Noc,tuids

Genus PHAL-^NOSTOLrA Grbte

There is only one species of the genus known to occur within
our territory.

(i) Phalaenostoia larentioides Grote, Plate XXX, Fig. i, ? .

The insect ranges from New York southward to the Carolinas
and westward to Missouri.

Genus PANGRAPTA Hubner

(i) Pangrapta decoralis Hobner, Plate XXX, Fig. 3, $ .

Syn. geomeiroides Guenee; epionoides Guenee; elegantalis Fitch;
recusans Walker.

The moth occurs from Nova Scotia to Florida and westward
to the Mississippi.

Genus SYLECTRA Hubner

There is only one species of this genus which occurs within
the faunal limits covered by this book. It was originally named
erycata by Cramer. Subsequently Hubner
applied to it the specific name mirandalis,
which, of course, falls as a synonym. It is
found in Florida, and is also quite common in
the entire equatorial belt of South America.
The peculiarly scalloped wings and the
nodose antennae serve to readily distinguish
^ the insect, and it is not likely to be confounded
with any other. The ground-color of the wings is luteous,
variegated with reddish ochraceous.

Genus HYAMIA Walker

Three species of the genus are accredited to our fauna. Of
these we figure two.

(i) Hyamia sexpunctata Grote, Plate XXX, Fig. 2, $ .

The insect ranges from Massachusetts to Texas.

(2) Hyamia perditalis Walker, Plate XXX, Fig. 4, $ .

Syn. semilineata Walker; umbrifascia Grote.

The range of this moth is the same as that of the preceding
species. It is not uncommon in western Pennsylvania.

254

Noctuidse

Genus MELANOMMA Grote

This is another genus of which we know but the one species
in our territory. It received the specific name auricinctaria

from Mr. Grote, who first described it. It occurs in the southern
Atlantic States. The annexed figure is drawn from the type
which is preserved in the British Museum.

Genus ARGILLOPHORA Grote

The sole representant of this species is shown in the annexed
cut, which was prepared for this book by Mr. Horace Knight

Fig. 163. — Argillophora furcilla, ^ . I-.

from the type, access to which was kindly given by Sir George
F. Hampson. The insect was originally reported from Alabama,
but is still rare in collections. It probably has a wide range.

Genus PARORA Smith

The sole species belonging to this genus was originally
described by Prof. J. B. Smith, from Texas.

The accompanying cut shows a figure of the
type, which is preserved in the United States
National Museum. The ground-color of the
wings is pale reddish ochraceous. The moth fig. 164— Parora
is found in Texas. texana, $ .

255

Noctuids

Genus HOMOPYRALIS Grote

Five species belong to this genus. We figure one of the
commoner of these as representative. They come freely to
sugar.

(i) Homopyralis contracta Walker, Plate, XXX, Fig. 5, $ .

Syn. zonata Walker; tactus Grote.

The insect is widely distributed all over the Appalachian
subregion.

Genus ISOGONA Guenee
(i) Isogona natatrix Guenee, Plate XXXVll, Fig. 18, $ .

Syn. tenuis Grote.

The moth occurs in the southern Atlantic States.

Genus HYPSOROPHA Hubner

(1) Hypsoropha monilis Fabricius, Plate XXX, Fig. 6, ^ .
The species is quite abundant in northern Florida in the

spring of the year. It ranges westward and northward as far as
Kansas.

(2) Hypsoropha hormos Hubner, Plate XXX, Fig. 7, $ .

The moth occurs from New York to Texas, and is not un-
common in the eastern half of the valley of the Mississippi.

Genus CISSUSA Walker

Ten species are attributed to this genus in the latest Catalogue
of the moths of North America. They are all western and
southwestern species. We have selected three of them for
purposes of illustration.

(1) Cissusa spadix Cramer, Plate XXX, Fig. 9, 3 .

Syn. vegeta Morrison.

The species occurs in the southwestern portions of the
United States.

(2) Cissusa inepta Henry Edwards, Plate XXX, Fig. 10, 3 .

Syn. morbosa Henry Edwards.

The moth flies in Colorado.

(3) Cissusa sabulosa Henry Edwards, Plate XXX, Fig. 1 1, $ .
The habitat of this insect is the same as that of the preceding

species.

256

Noctuidse

Genus ULOSYNEDA Smith

The only species of this genus was named valens by Henry
Edwards. It is represented on Plate XXX, Fig. 12, by a speci-
men of the male sex. Its home is Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah.

Genus DRASTERIA Hubner

A widely distributed genus containing four species, which
are peculiar to our fauna. All of these are figured on our plates.

(1) Drasteria erechtea Cramer, Plate XXX, Fig. 14, $ .

Syn. sohria Walker; narrata Walker; patihilis Walker; agricola Grote

& Robinson; mundula Grote & Robinson.

This is a very common species widely distributed from
Canada to Florida and westward as far as Colorado and
Wyoming. It frequents grassy places and may be found from
April to October.

(2) Drasteria crassiuscula Haworth, Plate XXX, Fig.

Syn. erichto Guenee.

Quite as common as the preceding species, and having the
same general distribution.

(3) Drasteria caerulea Grote, Plate XXX, Fig. 13, 5 .

Syn. aquamarina Felder.

The habitat of this pretty species is the Pacific coast. It is
one of the very few blue moths which are known.

(4) Drasteria conspicua Smith, Plate XXX, Fig. 16, ^ .

This elegant moth is a native of Alberta and the adjacent

territories of the British possessions.

Genus C^NURGIA Walker

(1) Caenurgia convalescens Guenee, Plate XXX, Fig. 17, 3 .
Syn. socors Walker; purgata Walker.

The range of this insect is from Canada to Florida and west-
ward to the Mississippi.

(2) Caenurgia adversa Grote, Plate XXX, Fig. 18, ^ .

The habitat of the species is California.

Genus EUCLIDIA Ochsenheimer

We show two of the four species which are known to occur
within our faunal limits.

257

Hoctuidafe

(1) Euclidia cuspidea Hubner, Plate XXX, Fig. 20, $ .

The moth is found from Canada to the Carolinas and Georgia
and thence westward to the Mississippi.

(2) Euclidia intercalaris Grote, Plate XXX, Fig. 19, 3 .

This is a rather rare species in collections. It is found in New

Mexico and the southwestern States.

Genus PANULA Guenee

(i) Panula inconstans, Plate XXX, Fig. 21, S .

Not uncommon in the southern States,

Genus MELIPOTIS HUbner

This is a moderately large genus, represented in both the
New World and the Old. Of the ten species known to occur
within our faunal limits v/e show six on our plates.

(1) Melipotis fasciolaris Hubner, Plate XXX, Fig. 22, $ .
This is not an uncommon insect in the Antilles, and also

occurs in Florida. The specimen figured on the plate was taken
in the latter locality.

(2) Melipotis pallescens Grote & Robinson, Plate XXX,
Fig. 25, $ .

An inhabitant of the southwestern portions of our territory,
reported from Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona.

(3) Melipotis limbolaris Geyer, Plate XXX, Fig. 27, S .

Syn. grandirena Haworth.

• Found from New England to Florida and westward to the
Mississippi.

(4) Melipotis perlseta Henry Edwards, Plate XXX, Fig.
26, $ .

The species has been found in Arizona and Texas.

(5) Melipotis jucunda Hubner, Plate XXX, Fig. 24, $, .

Syn. cinis Guen4e; agrotipennis Harvey; hadeniformis Behr.

The insect ranges from New York to Florida and westward to
Texas and Colorado.

(6) Melipotis sinualis Harvey, Plate XXX, Fig. 23, $

This easily recognizable species is an inhabitant of Texas and
Arizona and ranges southward along the high table-lands of
northern Mexico.

258

Noctuid^

Genus CIRRHOBOLINA Grote

(1) Cirrhobolina deducts Morrison, Plate XXX, Fig. 36, $ .

Syn. pavitensis Morrison.

A common insect in Texas.

(2) Cirrhobolina mexicana Behr, Plate XXX, Fig. 28, $ .

Syn. incandescens Grote.

The moth occurs quite commonly in the southwestern portions
of our territory from Colorado to Arizona and Texas, and thence
southward on the Mexican plateaus.

Genus SYNEDA Guenee

Twenty-five species are attributed to this genus and indicated
as having their habitat within the territory with which this book
deals. It is possible that a final revision of the genus will lead to
the discovery that some of the so-called species are merely local
races or varietal forms of others. There is considerable dissimi-
larity between the sexes in some of the species, and it may be
that there is in this fact also an element of confusion. The species
which are figured on the plates are such as are for the most part
well known and the identification of which is certain.

(1) Syneda graphica Hubner, Plate XXX, Fig. 30, 6 .

Syn. capticola Walker.

The insect ranges from New York to Florida westward to the
Alleghany Mountains.

(2) Syneda divergens Behr, Plate XXX, Fig. 32, ^ .

The insect is western and has an ascertained range from Colo-
rado to California.

(3) Syneda alleni Grote, Plate XXX, Fig. 35, 5 .

Syn. saxea Henry Edwards.

The species has a northern range and is reported from Maine
and Canada, Manitoba and Montana. It extends its habitat south-
ward along the elevated table-lands of the continent to Colorado
and Wyoming.

(4) Syneda adumbrata Behr, Plate XXX, Fig. 34, $, .

This is a western species ranging from Montana and Arizona
in the east to the Pacific.

(5) Syneda socia Behr, Plate XXX, Fig. 38, 5 .

The range of this species is practically the same as that of the
last mentioned.

259

Noctuidas

(6) Syneda howlandi Grote, Plate XXX, Fig. 33, S .

Syn. stretchi Behr.

The insect is distributed from Colorado and Arizona westward
to California.

(7) Syneda edwardsi Behr, Plate XXX, Fig. 37, 9 .

The moth is thus far known only from California.

(8) Syneda hudsonica Grote & Robinson, Plate XXX, Fig.

S-

This is a northern species, ranging from Ontario westward to
Montana.

(9) Syneda athabasca Neumoegen, Plate XXX, Fig. 29, $ .

The moth has been taken in considerable numbers in Alberta

and Assiniboia, and is also reported as occurring in British
Columbia.

Genus CATOCALA Schrank

This is a very large genus represented in both hemispheres.
The metropolis of the genus appears to be North America; at all
events, there are more species found in our territory than occur
elsewhere, though in eastern Asia and temperate Europe the
genus is very well represented by many strikingly beautiful forms.
There is considerable variation in the case of some of the species,
and as they have always been favorites with collectors, a great
deal has been written upon them, and many varietal names have
been suggested. Over one hundred species are attributed to our
fauna. Of these the majority are figured in our plates. We
follow the order of arrangement given in Dyar’s List of North
American Lepidoptera.

(1) Catocala epione Drury, Plate XXX!, Fig. 3, 9. (The
Epione Underwing.)

The insect is distributed from New England and Canada
southward to the Carolinas and westward to Missouri and Iowa.

(2) Catocala sappho Strecker, Plate XXXI, Fig. 2, $ . (The
Sappho Underwing.)

This rare species has been found from western Pennsylvania and
West Virginia as far west as Illinois and as far south as Texas.

(3) Catocala agrippina Strecker, Plate XXXI, Fig. i, 9.
(The Agrippina Underwing.)

The species occurs from New York and the region of the
Great Lakes southward to Texas.

260

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Explanation ■ OF Plate XXX

(Except when otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are con-
tained in the collection of W. J. Holland.)

1. Phalcenostola larentioides Grote,

?.

2. Hyamia sex punctata Grote, cj*.

3. Pangrapta decoralis Htibner, $ .

4. Hyamia perditalis Walker, $ .
Homopyralis contracta Walker,

6. Hy psora pha monilis Fabricius,

C?.

7. Hypsoropha hormos Hiibner, 9 •

8. Hyblcca puera Cramer, 9 , U. S.

N. M.

9. Cissura spadix Cramer, (S' .

10. Cissura inepta Henry Edwards,

T I . Cissura sabulosa Henry
Edwards, 9 ■

12. Ulosyneda v a I ens Henry

Edwards, S' ■

13. Drasteria coerulea Grote, S-

14. Drasteria ereclitea Cramer, 9 •

1 5. Drasteria crassiuscula Haworth,

6^.

16. Drasteria cons picua Smith, S-

17. Coenurgia convalescens Guenee,

d'.

18. Ccenurgia adversa Grote, S-

19. EucLidia intercalaris Grote, S-

20. EucLidia cuspidea Hiibner, 9 •

21. Panula inconstans Guenee, S-

22. Melipotis fasciolaris Hiibner, 9 .

23. Melipotis sinualis hiarv^ey, 9-

24. Melipotis jucunda Hiibner, S-

25. Melipotis pallescens Grote &

Robinson, 9 .

26. Melipotis perlceta Henry

Edwards. Q .

27. Melipotis limbolaris Geyer, S-

28. Cirrhobolina mexicana Behr, 9 ■

29. Syneda athabascce Neumcegen,

d^.

30. Syneda graphica Hiibner, S-

31. Syneda hudsonica Grote &

Robinson, 9 •

32. Syneda divergens Behr, S-

33. Syneda howlandi Grote, S-

34. Syneda adumbrata Behr, d'.

35. Syneda alleni Grote, S-

36. Cirrhobolina deducta Morrison,

C?.

37. Syneda edwardsi 'Rehr , 9-

38. Syneda soda Behr, S-

39. Litocala sexsignata Harvey, 9 •

40. Hypocala andremona Cramer,

d^.

41. Agnomonia anilis Drury, S-

42. Epidromia delinquens Walker,

9.

The Moth Book.

Plate XXX.

HOLLAND,

AMERICAN COLORTYPE CO.

Noctuidaa

(4) Catocala subviridis Harvey, Plate XXXI, Fig. 4, $ .
(The Faintly Green Underwing.)

The insect has been by some writers regarded as a variety of
the preceding species. It is characterized by larger size, and
brighter colored fore wings, on which the maculation is much
more distinct. In certain lights there is a pronounced greenish
shade visible upon the wings.

(5) Catocala lacrymosa Guen^e, Plate XXXI, Fig. 6, $ .
(The Tearful Underwing.)

Form paulina Henry Edwards, Plate XXXI, Fig. 12, ?.
(The Paulina Underwing.)

Form evelina French, Plate XXXI, Fig. 9, ? . (The Evelina
Underwing.)

The range of this variable species is practically the same as
that of the last mentioned.

(6) Catocala viduata Guenee, Plate XXXI, Fig. 15, $ . (The
Widowed Underwing.)

Syn. maestosa Hulst; guenei Grote.

The metropolis of this species appears to be the Gulf States.
It is abundant in Texas.

(7) Catocala vidua Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXI, Fig. 5, S .
(The Widow Underwing.)

Syn. desperaia Guenee.

The insect ranges from Canada to Florida through the Appa-
lachian subregion.

(8) Catocala dejecta Strecker, Plate XXXII, Fig. i, 3 .
(The Dejected Underwing.)

The species is found in the northern portions of the Atlantic
subregion.

Form Carolina subsp. nov., Plate XXXIl, Fig. 5, 3 . (Carrie’s
Underwing.)

This insect, which occurs in western Pennsylvania, appears
to be a form of dejecta, having the same relation to that species
as that which is held by basalts to habilis. It is characterized by
its smaller size, and by the black stripe which runs from the base
of the wing to the apex, giving it quite a different facies from
dejecta. The type is figured upon our plate, and it may from the
illustration easily be recognized.

261

Noctuidse

(9) Catocala retecta Grote, Plate XXXI, Fig. 8, ? . (The
Yellow-Gray Underwing.)

The moth is found from Canada to the Carolinas and westward
to the Mississippi.

(10) Catocala flebilis Grote, Plate XXXI, Fig. 11, 3. (The
Mourning Underwing.)

The habitat of this species is the same as that of the last men-
tioned.

(11) Catocala robinsoni Grote, Plate XXXI, Fig. 7, $.
(Robinson’s Underwing.)

The moth ranges from New England to the Mississippi and
southward to Tennessee and the Carolinas. It is particularly
abundant in the Ohio valley.

(12) Catocala obscura Strecker, Plate XXXI, Fig. 14, $ .
(The Obscure Underwing.)

The moth may be found from Canada to Maryland and west-
ward to Colorado.

(13) Catocala insolabilis Guenee, Plate XXXI, Fig. 10, ? .
(The Inconsolable Underwing.)

The species is found from Canada southward to the Carolinas
and westward to the Mississippi.

(14) Catocala angusi Grote, Plate XXXI, Fig. 13, 3 . (Angus’
Underwing.)

The range of this species is the same as that of the preceding.

(15) Catocala Judith Strecker, Plate XXXII, Fig. 2, $. (The
Judith Underwing.)

The insect occurs from New England westward in the north-
ern portions of the Atlantic subregion.

(16) Catocala tristis Edwards, Plate XXXII, Fig. 3, $ . (The
Gloomy Underwing.)

The species appears to be commoner in New England than
elsewhere.

(17) Catocala relicta Walker, Plate XXXII, Fig. 6, $. (The
Relict.)

Form bianca Henry Edwards, Plate XXXII, Fig. 7, ^ . (The
Bianca Underwing.)

This fine moth is found in the northern portions of the Appa-
lachian subregion. It is not uncommon in New England and

262

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Explanation of Plate XXXI

(The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J.
Holland.)

1. C atocala agrtppina Strecker, (^ .

2. Catocala sappho Streckev, (5’.

3. Catocala epione Draxy, C' .

4. Catocala subviridis Harvey, c?.

5. Catocala vidua Abbot & Smith, cJ' .

6. Catocala lacrymosa Quenee, C' .

7. Catocala robinsoni Grote, 9- ^

8. Catocala retecta Grote, cJ'.

9. Catocala lacrymosavax. evelina, French, ? .

10. Catocala insolabilis Guenee, 9 •

11. Catocala flebilis Grote, 9-

1 2 . Catocala lacrymosa var. paulina Henry Edwards, 9 •

13. Catocala angusi Grote, (S' .

14. Catocala obscura^trecker , S-

15. Catocala viduata Guen6e, 9-

The Moth Book

Plate XXXI

Noctuidse

northern New York, but it is rare in western Pennsylvania. It
has a westward range to Colorado and Oregon.

(18) Catocala cara Guen^e, Plate XXXII, Fig. 9, . (The

Darling LJnderwing.)

This large and splendid species is a native of the Appalachian
subregion, and in it has a wide range.

(19) Catocala amatrix Hubner, Plate XXXII, Fig. 12, 5.
(The Sweetheart. )

Form nurus Walker, Plate XXXII, Fig. 13, ? . (The Nurse.)
This is another fine species, which has the same geographical
distribution as the last mentioned.

(20) Catocala marmorata Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig. 9, ? .
(The Marbled Underwing.)

This is a rather rare species, which has a wide distribution.
Its metropolis appears to be West Virginia and Kentucky, though
it has been taken elsewhere.

(21) Catocala concumbens Walker, Plate XXXV, Fig. \o. i .
(The Sleepy Underwing.)

This lovely moth has a wide range in the Appalachian sub-
region. It is very common in New England and central New
York, less common in western Pennsylvania.

(22) Catocala californica Edwards, Plate XXXIII, Fig. i, 3 .
(The California Underwing.)

As the name implies, the species is a native of California.

(23) Catocala cleopatra Henry Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig.
14, $ . (The Cleopatra Underwing.)

This insect is regarded by some as a varietal form of the pre-
ceding species. It has the same habitat.

(24) Catocala luciana Henry Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig.
II, 3. (The Luciana Underwing.)

Syn. nehraskoB Dodge.

Form somnus Dodge, Plate XXXV, Fig. 16, $ .

The moth is found in Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, and
Wyoming.

(25) Catocala babayaga Strecker, Plate XXXV, Fig. 18, ^ .
(The Babayaga Underwing. )

The habitat of the species is Arizona.

(26) Catocala stretch! Behr, Plate XXXV, Fig. 13, ^ .
(Stretch’s Underwing.) The species is Californian.

263

Noctuidse

(27) Catocala augusta Henry Edwards, Plate XXXIII, Fig.
8, (The Augusta Underwing.)

Like the preceding species, this is also confined in its range to
the Pacific coast.

(28) Catocala rosaiinda Henry Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig.
15, $. (The Rosalind Underwing. )

The insect has been found in Kansas and Colorado.

(29) Catocala pura Hulst, Plate XXXV, Fig. 17, 5 . (The
Pure Underwing.)

The moth is an inhabitant of the region of the Rocky
Mountains.

(50) Catocala unijuga Walker, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 5, ? .
(The Once-married Underwing.)

This is a widely distributed species, the range of which is
northern, extending from New England to Colorado, through
Canada and the region of the Great Lakes. It is common in
central New York.

(31) Catocala meskei Grote, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 6, $ .
(Meske’s Underwing.)

By some students this species has been regarded as a variety
of the preceding. Its range is the same.

(32) Catocala groteiana Bailey, Plate XXXII, Fig. 4, $ .
(Grote’s Underwing.)

The moth occurs from Canada to New Mexico, and has been
sometimes treated as a variety of Catocala hriseis Edwards.

(33) Catocala hermia Henry Edwards, Plate XXXVI, Fig.
7, $. (The Hermia Underwing.)

The habitat of the species is Colorado and New Mexico.

(34) Catocala briseis Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig. 12 ^ .
(The Briseis Underwing.)

The species is an inhabitant of the northern portions of the
Appalachian subregion, and is also known to occur in Colorado.

(35) Catocala faustina Strecker, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 3, ^ .
(The Faustina Underwing.)

The specimen figured on the plate was received by the writer
from the author of the species, and may be accepted as typical.
The range of the moth is from Colorado to California.

(36) Catocala parta Guenee, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 11,
(The Mother Underwing.)

264

Noctuid£8

This fine species is quite common in the Appalachian sub-
region and ranges northward into the region of Hudson Bay and
westward as far as Colorado.

(37) Catocala coccinata Grote, Plate XXXI V, Fig. 10, $, .
(The Scarlet Underwing.)

The moth is recorded as occurring from Canada to Florida
and Texas, and westward to the Mississippi. It is not very
common.

(38) Catocala aholibah Strecker, Plate XXXI V, Fig. 15,$.
(The Aholibah Underv/ing. )

The specimen figured on the plate was obtained from the
author of the species, and may be accepted as typical. The
insect is found from New Mexico and Colorado to California and
Oregon.

(39) Catocala verrilliana Grote, Plate XXXI V, Fig. 16, 5 .
(Verrill’s Underwing.)

A neat and prettily marked species which has much the same
range as the preceding, though extending somewhat farther to
the south.

(40) Catocala ultronia Hubner, Plate XXXlll, Fig. 2, 6 .
(The Ultronia Underwing.)

Form celia Henry Edwards, Plate XXXlll, Fig. 4, ^ . (The
Celia Underwing.)

Form mopsa Henry Edwards, Plate XXXlll, Fig. 7, $, . (The
Mopsa Underwing.)

Besides the three forms of this variable species which we
have selected for illustration, there are several others which have
received subspecific names. The insect is very common, and
occurs from the Atlantic to the Great Plains and from Canada to
Florida.

(41) Catocala ilia Cramer, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 14, 5 . (The
Ilia Underwing.)

Form uxor Guenee, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 17, $. (The Wife.)

Form osculata Hulst, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 7, ^ . (The Beloved
Underwing.)

This is a common and variable species which is found
generally throughout the United States and Canada.

(42) Catocala innubens Guenee, Plate XXXlll, Fig. 13, ^ ;
Plate 1, Fig. 7, larva. (The Betrothed.)

265

Noctuidse

Form hinda French, Plate XXXIII, Fig. lo, S . (The Hinda
Underwing.)

Form scintillans Grote, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 9, $ . (The
Glittering Underwing.)

This is another very common and very variable species, which
is found from Canada to the Carolinas and westward to the
Mississippi.

(43) Catocala nebulosa Edwards, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 16, ?.
(The Clouded Underwing.)

This fine species is found in the Middle Atlantic and Central
States east of the Mississippi. It appears to be quite common in
southern Indiana.

(44) Catocala piatrix Grote, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 6, $ . (The
Penitent.)

The moth is found throughout the United States east of the
Rocky Mountains, and as far south as Arizona. It is a common
species.

(45) Catocala neogama Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXVI,
Fig. 5, ? . (The Bride. )

This is another common and variable species which has the
same geographical distribution as that of the last-named insect.

(46) Catocala subnata Grote, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 15, $.
(The Youthful Underwing.)

The species is found in the Appalachian subregion, and
appears to be not uncommon in Kentucky and southern Indiana.

(47) Catocala cerogama Guenee, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 6, $ .
(The Yellow-banded Underwing.)

Syn. atirella Fisher; eliza Fisher.

This is a common species ranging from Canada to the
Carolinas and westward to the Mississippi.

(48) Catocala palseogama Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 3, $ .
(The Oldwife Underwing.)

Form phalanga Grote, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 4, $ . (The
Phalanga Underwing.)

The moth ranges from New England to Virginia and west-
ward to the Mississippi.

(49) Catocala consors Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXIV,
3y 5 • (The Consort.)

266

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Explanation of Plate XXXII

(The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J
Hollaad.)

1. Catocala dejecta Stveckev , ^ . n

2. C atocala judith ^tvecker c?.

3. Catocala tristis 'Edwards,, J'.

4. C atocala groteiana Eadey , cJ' .

5. Catocala Carolina Holland, .

6. Catocala relicta Walker, 9 •

7. Catocala relicta var. bianca Henry Edwards, c? ,

8. Catocala antinympha lluhner, cJ' ■

9. Catocala cara Guenee, cJ'.

10. Catocala badia Grotc & Robinson, 9 ■

11. Catocala muliercula Gnenee, .

12. Catocala amatrix Huhner, (J' .

13. Catocala amatrix var. nurus Walker, 9 •

14. Catocala olivia Henry Edwards, cJ' .

15. Catocala alabanKB Grote. Q.

16. Catocala arnica Hubner, .

17. Catocala minuta Edwards, (S' .

18. Catocala ccelebs Grote, (S ■

19. Catocala lineella Grote, S' ■

20. Catocala nerissa Genry Edwards, 9

21. Catocala gisela Meyer , 9-

The Moth Book

Plate XXXII

:OPVRIGHTED C'*

AMERICAN COLORTYOE

Noctuidae

The insect is found from Pennsylvania southward and west-
ward to Texas.

(50) Catocala muliercula Guenee, Plate XXXII, Fig. ii, $ .
(The Little Wife.)

The insect is an inhabitant of the central portions of the
Appalachian subregion;

(51) Catocala delilah Strecker, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 4, $.
(The Delilah Underwing.)

Syn. adoptiva Grote.

The range of this species is from southern Illinois and Kentucky
southward to the Gulf and westward to Kansas and Nebraska.

(52) Catocala desdemona Henry Edwards, Plate XXXIV,
Fig. 5, $ . (The Desdemona Underwing.)

The species is found in the southwestern States.

(53) Catocala andromache Henry Edwards, Plate XXXIV,
Fig. 2, $ . (The Andromache Underwing.)

This species is found in southern California and Arizona. I
am indebted to Mr. O. C. Poling for the fine specimen of this
rare moth which is figured upon the plate. It is closely allied to
the preceding species.

(54) Catocala illecta Walker, Plate XXXI V, Fig. i, ^ . (The
Magdalen Underwing.)

Syn. magdalena Strecker.

The moth is found from Indiana to Nebraska and southward
to Tekas.

(55) Catocala serena Edwards, Plate XXXIll, Fig. 14, $, .
(The Serene Underwing.)

The insect ranges from Canada and New England westward
into the valley of the Mississippi. It is said to also occur in
eastern Siberia, but this is doubtful.

(56) Catocala antinympha Hubner, Plate XXXII, Fig. 8, 3 .
(The Wayward Nymph.)

The moth is reported from Canada to Maryland and west-
ward as far as the Mississippi. I have found it very abundant at
Saratoga, N. Y., and even more abundant on the summits
of the Allegheny Mountains about Cresson Springs in the month
of August.

(57) Catocala badia Grote & Robinson, Plate XXXII,
Fig. 10, $ . (The Badia Underwing.)

267

Noctuidae

The species is more common in New England than elsewhere.
It is rather abundant on the north shore of Massachusetts Bay,
and occurs also in central New York and the Adirondacks. I have
never known it to be taken in western Pennsylvania.

(58) Catocala ccelebs Grote, Plate XXXll, Fig. 18, 5 . (The
Old-maid.)

The range of this species, which is by some students regarded
as a varietal form of the preceding, is from southern Canada
through New England into central New York.

(59) Catocala habilis Grote, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 11, $.

Form basalis Grote, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 12, $ .

The moth occurs from Canada to Virginia and westward to
the Mississippi. The form basalis has a black longitudinal streak
from the base of the fore wing along the lower side of the cell.

(60) Catocala abbreviatella Grote, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 9, $ .
The insect occurs from Minnesota and Illinois southward to

Texas and westward to Utah.

(61) Catocala whitneyi Dodge, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 8, $.
(Whitney’s Underwing.)

The moth, which is probably only a varietal form of the pre-
ceding species, has the same range. The specimen figured on
the plate was received from the author of the species.

(62) Catocala polygama Guenee, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 13, $ .
(The Polygamist.)

Form crataegi Saunders, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 12, $ . (The
Hawthorn Underwing.)

A common and variable species ranging all over the Appa-
lachian subregion.

(63) Catocala amasia Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXV, Fig.
I, $. (The Amasia Underwing.)

Syn. sancta Hulst.

The geographical range of the species is from New York and
Illinois southward to the Gulf of Mexico.

(64) Catocala similis Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig. 2, $ .

Syn. formula Grote.

Form aholah Strecker, Plate XXXV, Fig. 3, $> .

The moth occurs from Rhode Island to Texas. It is a widely
distributed but not very common species.

268

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Explanation of Plate XXXIII

(The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J.
Holland.)

1. Catocala californica Henry Edwards, ^ .

2. Catocala ultronia Yixxhnev, (S' .

3. Catocala faustma ^Ivecker, cJ'.

4. Catoca/a Henry Edwards, J'. , .

^5. Catocala uni jugaWaXker, 9-

6. Catocala meskei Grote, .

7. Catocala mopsa Henry Edwards, (^ .

8. Catocala augusta Henry Edwards, c^.

9. Catocala scintillans Grote, (J'.

10. Catocala hinda French, J'.

11. Catocala habilis Grote, cJ'.

12. Catocala basalts Grote, J' .

13. Catocala innttbens Gnenee , (5’.

14. Catocala serena Edwards, c?.

15. Catocala subnata Grote, 9 •

16. Catocala nebulosa Edwards, 9 •

17. Poaphila quadrifilaris Huhner, 9.
iS. Allotria elonympha}iivihr\er, .

The Moth Book

Plate XXXII i

COPYKIGHTEC BY

HOLLAND.

Noctuidee

(65) Catocala fratercula Grote & Robinson, Plate XXXV,
Fig. 4, 3 . (The Little Sister. )

Form jaquenetta Henry Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig. 5, $ .

Form gisela Meyer, Plate XXXll, Fig. 21, $ .

The species is very variable within certain limits, and is
widely distributed over the United States and Canada from the
Atlantic to the Pacific.

(66) Catocala olivia Henry Edwards, Plate XXXll, Fig. 14,
$ . (The Olivia Underwing.)

The species is a native of Texas.

(67) Catocala prsclara Grote & Robinson, Plate XXXV,
Fig. 7. «■

The insect belongs within the more northern portions of the
Appalachian subregion. The specimen figured was taken in
Massachusetts.

(68) Catocala grynea Cramer, Plate XXXV, Fig. 6, $ .

* The moth is found from Canada to the Carolinas and westward
to the Mississippi.

(69) Catocala alabamae Grote, Plate XXXll, Fig. 15, 9 .

The habitat of the species is, as indicated by the name, the

state of Alabama.

(70) Catocala gracilis Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig. 8, ? .
(The Graceful Underwing.)

The species occurs from Canada to the southern States on the
Atlantic seaboard and westward to the valley of the Ohio.

(71) Catocala minuta Edwards, Plate XXXll, Fig. 17,
(The Little Underwing.)

The moth is indigenous in the Eastern and Middle States.

(72) Catocala arnica Hubner, Plate XXXll, Fig. 16, $.

Form lineella Grote, Plate XXXll, Fig. 19, $ .

Form nerissa Henry Edwards, Plate XXXll, Fig. 20, ? .

This small species is subject to considerable variation. It has
a wide range from Ontario to Texas, and from the Atlantic to the
Great Plains.

“ Place and time requiring, let this insect fly.

It hovers round the wick — with the wind of its wings the flame is
extinguished. Sudraka, The Mrichchakati, or, The Toy-cart.

26g

WALKING AS A FINE ART

The first act of ail animals is that of absorption. Feeding is a
primal necessity. The senses of smell, of touch, and of taste are
involved in it. Sight has little to do with it at first, but is soon
awakened. Coincident with this act among the lower animals is
that of locomotion. Man, whose desire to annihilate space has
become a supreme passion, approaches the act of locomotion
later than all other animals. Young ducks and geese fly from the
Arctic Circle to Florida a few months after they have been
hatched. Babies do not often begin to crawl until they are twice
as old, and rarely walk until more than a year of life has been
passed. There is nothing more interesting than the sight of a
child just beginning to walk. The look of glad surprise and
immense satisfaction which is displayed when a few successful
steps have been taken is delightful to the observer. The triumphs
of the most successful men do not in later years afford them so
much momentary pleasure as is experienced by the little fellow
who realizes that at last after many failures he has “got his
legs.”

In much of our going to and fro on this small globe we are
aided by adventitious helps. Stephenson, Fulton, and the fathers
of the science of magnetism and electricity have done much to
pave the way for our rapid transportation from one spot to
another. But there are some places to which we cannot be
hauled, and we have not yet reached the point where we can
dispense with the use of our pedal extremities.

Happy is the man who has acquired the love of walking for
its own sake! There is no form of exercise more health-giving,
none v/hich tends more thoroughly to invigorate, if it be wisely
undertaken. The effect of the act is to quicken the venous
circulation; to send the blood to the lungs, there to be purified
by contact with the oxygen of the atmosphere; to harden and
strengthen the muscles of the legs and to bring those of the arms
and the chest into play. People who walk do not have over-
loaded veins. The shop-girl who stands behind the counter all
day suffers from varicosis, but the man or woman who walks
avoids it. Standing is harder than walking; it is more fatiguing,
and brings no return of health to the system.

270

Viy.ZZ -lo v.ov\ K'At AHr'A

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Explanation of Plate XXXIV

(The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W.
Holland.)

1. Catocala illecta Walker, (^ .

2. Catocala andromache Henry Edwards, <5'-

3. Catocala consors Abbot & Smith, c?-

4. Catocala delilah Strecker, $ .

5. Catocala desdemona Henry Edwards, c?.

6. Catocala cerogama Guen6e, .

7. Catocala osculata Hulst, cJ*.

8. Catocala whitneyi Dodge, o'.

9. Catocala abbreviatella Grote, 9 •

10. Catocala coccinata Grote, .

>(^11. Catocala parta Guenee, cJ' .

12. Catocala cratccgi Saunders. (S' .

13. Catocala polygama Guenee, S' ■

14. Catocala ilia Cramer, (S ■

15. Catocala aholibah Strecker, 9-

16. Catocala verrilliana Grote, S' ■

17. Catocala uxor Guenee, 9 •

Plate XXXIV

The Moth Book

COPYRIGHTED BY

Walking as a Fine Art

In walking, the best results are secured when there is no
burden upon the mind. The man who carries the load of daily
care with him when he walks derives less benefit from the act
than the man who dismisses all concern and simply gives
himself over to the act. It is a mistake to suppose that it is an
advantage in walking to have some definite object of pursuit.
The woman who is advised by her physician to walk should not
select as her path some busy street upon which she is certain to
be diverted by the opportunity to unite with her exercise a
number of shopping excursions. The man who goes out to
walk should not choose a much frequented part of the town
where he is sure to meet business friends and acquaintances.
The person who desires to derive the best results from his strolls
should select a retired spot in park or country where the “ mad-
ding throng” does not resort. It is hard to make Americans
realize the importance of these suggestions. The demand is
forever that exercise, if taken at all, shall have an aim ulterior to
itself, in the pursuit of which the upbuilding of the system shall
take place as a collateral incident. The popularity of golf is due
to the fact that it answers the demand of a great class of persons
to be amused while they are being invigorated. It is one of the
least objectionable forms, in which the pill of exercise is sugar-
coated for consumption by a race which is slowly but surely
working itself to death in office, mill and factory.

Walking for its own sake is pursued to a far greater extent in
England and in Germany than in America. We may well learn
to imitate our cousins on the eastern side of the Atlantic in this
regard.

If walking is to be pursued with an object, there is nothing
which may be chosen as an aim better than the pursuit of that
knowledge which is the end of the naturalist. To become
acquainted with the fields and the flowers which bloom in them,
with the forests and the myriad forms of animate life which
frequent them, is an aim which leads far away from the cares
and pursuits of the weary, workday world. I met the other day
a friend, who, with quick step and alertness depicted in every
feature, was hurrying along one of the avenues in the capital. I
marveled at his gait, for I knew that the winters of fourscore
and five years rested upon his head. “How is it that you have

271

Walking as a Fine Art

found the fountain of eternal youth?” 1 said. “My dear boy,”
he replied, “ I have found it by living near to nature’s heart, and
by having my beloved science of entomology to refresh and
quicken me in my daily walks.”

Would you cultivate walking as a fine art, learn to see and to
hear what the world, which man has not made nor has entirely
marred, is telling you of the wonders of that life which she kindly
nourishes upon her bosom.

“Cleon sees no charm in nature — in a daisy, I;

Cleon hears no anthem ringing in the sea and the sky,

Nature sings to me forever — earnest listener, I ;

State for state, with all attendants, who would change ! Not I.”

Genus ALLOTRIA Hiibner

(i) Allotria elonympha Hubner, Plate XXXlll, Fig. i8, $.

This handsome little species is found in the Appalachian sub-
region. It is the sole species of the genus.

Genus ANDREWSIA Grote

(i) Andrewsia messalina Guenee, Plate XXX VI, Fig. i, 5 .

Syn. helfragiana Harvey; jocasta Strecker.

The insect has been found to range from Kansas to Texas. It
appears on the wing in the latter state in May.

Genus EUPARTHENOS Grote

(i) Euparthenos nubilis Hubner, Plate XXXVl, Fig. 2, ?.

The moth occurs from the northern Atlantic States to Arizona.

Genus HYPOCALA Guenee

(l) Hypocala andremona Cramer, Plate XXX, Fig. 40, $ .

Syn. him Lintner.

The insect is characteristic of the neotropical fauna. It occurs
as a straggler into Texas, and is found very commonly throughout
Mexico, Central America, and South America.

Genus LITOCALA Harvey

(i) Litocala sexsignata Harvey, Plate XXX, Fig. 59, ^ .

The species occurs through the region of the Rocky Mountains
to California.

272

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/b iitof-.iiiJiiJ-l >!» oio'iO u\n
V. .-,f)‘tj;v/l>C4 rtftoU iAv.' ■<,.■ u* ' .?

. ■- •|■>(rl^^' ) vA^J -(Av-' > rt

' . rtf >^nt(J(>/l /j-jUni) iruAyv.^*^ i Ai ;< -

. $ ' ,jnv, lAi .<A»>’ ) .K

9 lAiAt'iuruiUM.',! ) .o

. ■’b vu'»Aiu\\ a<o » u\j> niUi' ) .or

.'b .«i>'u:v/I)H vifTyll uuij’rAVi vAirjt.AiVb .ii
' . b) v.\yvA-\A iAj.. ^ .ti

• b) .Trf'^H nV )\-yA> \.' v, ? i

.9 vni-iFl vj'Uu<\‘.‘Aj .|.i

• b) /•iri'rff rA.’.rWiyc'.'r lAii'j'iU)' > .? i

. ^ .-ryh^id / !• uuvyy. iAii'yAr/ ) .rti
.' .j^Iul! 5>'\n'\ i

b; iiVi'''n>'n,A \Aij 1 i-.i

A “r

Explanation of Plate XXXV

(The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J
Holland.)

1. Caiora/a ama^fa Abbot & Smith, 9.

2. Catocala siniilis Edwards, (^ .

3. Catocala aholah Strecker, (^ .

4. Catocala fratercula Grote & Robinson, (^ .

5. Catocala jaquenetta Henry Edwards, (^.

6. Catocala grynea Cramer, J' .

7 . Catocala prccclara Grote & Robinson , ^ .

8. Catocala gracilis Edwards, $ .

9. Catocala marmorata Edwards, $ .

X 10. Catocala concumbens Walker, c?.

X II. Catocala luciana Henry Edwards, (^ .

A- 12. Catocala briseis Edwards, <5^.

13. Catocala stretchi Behr, (5^.

14. Catocala cleopatra Henry Edwards, $ .

15. Catocala rosalinda Henry Edwards, c?-

16. Catocala' samnns Dodge, $ . -

17. Catocala pura Hulst, ^ .

18. Catocala babayaga Strecker, cJ*

Plate XXXV

The Moth Book

HOLLAND.

Noctuidae

Genus TOXOCAMPA Guenee

(i) Toxocampa victoria Grote, Plate XXXVI, Fig. lo, ? .

This is a northern species found from New England to British
Columbia and ranging southward along the higher mountain
ranges of the west.

Genus PHOBERIA Hiibner

(i) Phoberia atomaris Hubner, Plate XXX VI, Fig. 14, ^ .

Syn. orthosioides Guen6e; forrigens Walker; ingenua Walker.

The moth has been taken from Maine to Texas and westward
as far as the Great Plains.

Genus SIAVANA Walker

(i) Siavana repanda Walker, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 15, $.

Syn. auripennis Grote.

The moth ranges from the Valley of the Ohio southward to the
Gulf of Mexico. It is not uncommon in Florida.

Genus PALINDIA Guenee

This is an extensive neotropical genus, represented by but
two species, which have thus far been taken within our territory.

(1) Palindia dominicata Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 17, 3 .

The moth occasionally occurs in Texas. It is very common
in Central and South America.

Genus PANAPODA Guenee

(i) Panapoda rufimargo Hobner, Plate XXXVl, Fig. 19,

Syn. rubricosta Guenee; cressoni Grote.

Form carneicosta Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 20, ^ .

Syn. scissa Walker; comhinata Walker.

The insect is found through the Appalachian subregion. It is
quite common in parts of New England, and at certain times has
been taken abundantly in western Pennsylvania.

Genus PARALLELIA Hubner

(i) Parallelia bistriaris Hubner, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 18, $ .

Syn. amplissima Walker.

The insect occurs from Nova Scotia to Florida and westward
to the Rocky Mountains.

NoctuidK

Genus AGNOMONIA Hiibner

(l) Agnomonia anilis Drury, Plate XXX, Fig. 41, $ .

Syn. sesquistriaris Hubner.

The moth is found from Pennsylvania to Missouri and Texas.
It is common in Florida.

Genus REMIGIA Guenee

(i) Remigia repanda Fabricius, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 16, $.

Syn. latipes G\ien6e; perlata WaWcer ;indentata Harvey; texana Morrison.

The species, which is somewhat variable, is said to occur in
Labrador, but the writer, though he has at various times received
large collections from that country, is not in possession of any
direct evidence of the correctness of the statement. The insect
does, however, occur in northern Canada and ranges thence
southwardly to Argentina, keeping, so far as is known, to the
eastern side of the Rocky Mountains and the Andes.

Genus GRAMMODES Guenee

A moderately large genus, which is represented in both hemi-
spheres. Three species occur in our fauna, of which we figure
one.

(i) Grammodes smithi Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 22, ? .

The moth occurs in the Gulf States and in Mexico. The
specimen figured was taken in southern Texas.

Genus EPIDROMA Guenee

(i) Epidroma delinquens Walker, Plate XXX, Fig. 42, $.

The moth, which is common enough in Central and South
America, has recently been found to occur in southern Florida.

Genus POAPHILA Guenee

This is a genus of large size, the insects belonging to which
occur in the warmer regions of America. We figure but one of
the twelve species, which are attributed to our fauna.

(i) Poaphila quadrifilaris Hubner, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 17, $ .

The insect is known to occur from Massachusetts to Florida
along the coast.

274

Moctuidse

Genus PHURYS Guenee

Six species occurring within our territory are given as belong-
ing to this genus in the latest list of the lepidoptera of North
America. Of these we illustrate two.

(1) Phurys vinculum Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 12, $ .

The species occurs in the Gulf States and southward.

(2) Phurys lima Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig 1 1, $ .

The range of this insect is the same as that of the preceding
species. It may be easily distinguished by the presence of the
small round dark dot near the base of the fore wings on the inner
margin.

Genus CELIPTERA Guenee

(i) Celiptera frustulum Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 13, $.

Syn. discissa Walker; elongatus Grote.

The moth is found from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico east of
the Rocky Mountains.

Genus ANTICARSIA Hiibner

Of the two species of the genus found within our limits we
give a figure of the one which most commonly occurs.

(i) Anticarsia gemmatilis Hubner, Plate XXXVII, Fig.
10, $ .

The moth is found through the valley of the Mississippi from
Wisconsin to Texas.

Genus ANTIBLEMMA Hubner

(1) Antiblemma inexacta Walker, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 23, $ .

Syn. canalis Grote.

This is a variable insect, to which a number of subspecific
names have been given, based upon slight differences in the
markings of the wings. It is found in the Southern States, and
ranges thence to the southern portions of the South American
continent.

Genus LITOPROSOPSUS Grote

(1) Litoprosopsus futilis Grote & Robinson, Plate XXXVII,
Fig. 4, •

The insect occurs in Florida and Georgia and also in the
hotter portions of America.

Noctuidae

Genus OPHIDERES Boisduval

This is a large genus of remarkably showy insects, which are
more numerously found in the tropics of the Old World than in
the New. There are several very beautiful species which
are found in South America. Only one occurs sparingly as a
straggler into our fauna. It is now and then taken in Florida.
It is commoner in South America and is also found in Africa.

(i) Ophideres materna Linnaeus, Plate XXX VI, Fig. 8, $ .

Syn. hybrida Fabricius; calaminea Cramer.

The insect is rare in Florida.

Genus STRENOLOMA Grote

(i) Strenoloma lunilinea Grote, Plate XXXVl, Fig. 9, $, .

This fine moth is quite common in the valley of the Ohio, and
ranges from Pennsylvania southward and westward as far as
Missouri and the Gulf of Mexico.

Genus CAMPOMETRA Guenee

The species of this genus are principally found in the southern
and southwestern portions of our territory.

(1) Campometra amelia Guenee, Plate XXXVll, Fig. 8, ? .

Syn. integerrima Walker; stylobata Harvey.

The species ranges from Florida to Texas.

(2) Campometra mima Harvey, Plate XXXVll, Fig. 9, $ .

The moth occurs from Colorado to Texas and Arizona.

Genus TRAMA Harvey

Three species are assigned to this genus in recent lists.

(i) Trama detrahens Walker, Plate XXXVl, Fig. 21, $ .

Syn. arrosa Harvey.

The habitat of this species is the Southern States.

Genus MATIGRAMMA Grote

A small genus, the species of which are southern, or south-
western, in their distribution.

(1) Matigramma pulverilinea Grote, Plate XXXVll, Fig.

1 1, $ .

The moth is found from Florida to Texas.

276

17/xy.

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Explanation of Plate XXXVI

(The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J.
Holland.-)

T. Andreivsia ynessalina Gxienee, cJ'.

2. Euparthenos nubilis Hiibner, $

3. Catocala palcBOgama Guenee, c?.

4. Catocala palceogaina var. phalanga Grote, cJ'.

5. Catocala neogama Abbot & Smith, $ .

6. Catocala piatrix Grote, (^ .

7. Catocala hermia Henry Edwards, $ .

8. Ophideres materna Linnaeus, $ .

9. Strenoloma lunilinea Grote, .

10. Toxocampa victoria Grote, $.

11. Phurys lima Guenee, .

12. Phttrys vinculum Guenee, c?.

13. Celiptera frustulum Guenee, $ .

14. Phoberia atomaris Hiibner, c?.

15. Siavana re panda Walher, $.

16. Remigia repanda Fabricius, J'.

17. Pali ndia dominicata Gnenee, (^ .

18. Parallelia bistriaris Hiibner, cJ' .

19. Panapnda rufimargo Hiibner, (J*.

20. Panapoda rufimargo var. carneicosta Guenee, c?.

21. Trama detrahens Walker, (^ .

22. Grammodes smithi Guenee, $ .

23. Antiblemma inexacta Walker, 9 •

The Moth Book.

Plate XXXVI.

COPYRIGHTED BY W.

AMERICAN COLORTYPE CO-

Noctuidee

Genus CAPNODES Guenee

The genus is well represented in the
tropics of both hemispheres. There is but
one species in our fauna, Capnodes puncti-
vena Smith, a representation of which is
given in the accompanying cut, drawn from 165.— Capnodes

the type in the National Museum. punctivena, $ . |.

Genus YRIAS Guenee

Not a large genus, the species of which are confined to the
southwestern portions of our territory.

(1) Yrias clientis Grote, Plate XXXVll, Fig. 13, $ .

The insect is found in Arizona.

(2) Yrias repentis Grote, Plate XXXVll, Fig. 12, $ .

The moth, like its predecessor, is found in Arizona.

Genus ZALE Hiibner

(1) Zale horrida Hubner, Plate XXXVll, Fig. 3, $ .

The moth is found throughout the United States east of the
region of the Great Plains.

Genus SELENIS Guenee

The only species of the genus which occurs within our
borders is monotropa Grote. It is found in Texas. The annexed

Fig. 166. — Selenis monotropa, |

cut was drawn from the type of the species which is preserved
in the British Museum. It was made by Mr. Horace Knight,
under the supervision of Sir George F. Hampson.

277

Noctuids

Genus PHEOCYMA Hvibner

(i) Pheocyma lucifera Hubner, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 5, ? .

Syn. lineola Walker.

Found in the Appalachian subregion.

Genus YPSIA Guenee

(i) Ypsia undularis Drury, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 6, $.

The moth occurs from Canada to Florida and westward to
Colorado.

Genus PSEUDANTHRACIA Grote ~

(i) Pseudanthracia coracias Guenee, Plate XXXVII,

Fig, 7, ? .

The insect, which is far from common in collections, has
practically the same range as the preceding species, of which it
appears at first glance to be a miniature reproduction.

Genus HOMOPTERA Boisduval

This is quite an extensive genus, species of which occur both
in the Old World and the New. Some twenty or more so-called
species are attributed to our fauna, but several of these will no
doubt prove to be mere varieties or local races of others. We
give figures of three of the commoner forms in our plates.

(1) Homoptera lunata Drury, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 15, 3.

Form edusa Drury, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 16, ^ .

Syn. putrescens Guenee; saundersi Bethune; t’mdaws Walker; involuta

Walker.

Almost universally distributed throughout the United States
and Canada.

(2) Homoptera cingulifera Walker, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 17, 9 .

Syn. intenta Walker; woodi Grote.

The moth occurs from Massachusetts to Florida and westward
to the region of the Great Plains.

(3) Homoptera unilineata Grote, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 14, $ .

The insect ranges from eastern Canada to the Carolinas and

westward to the Mississippi. It appears to be quite common in
eastern Massachusetts. The specimen figured on the plate was
taken at Magnolia, Massachusetts.

278

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■'fe

Explanation of Plate XXXVII

(Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained
the collection of W. J. Holland.)

1. Thysania zenobia Crsuner. 9-

2. Erebus odora Linnseus, 9 •

3. Z ale horrida Hvihrier , .

4. Litoprosopus futilis Grote & Robinson, J' .

5. Phccocyma lunijera Hiibner, 9 •

6. Y psia undularis Drury, 9 •

7. Pscudanihracia coracias Guenee. 9 •

8. Campomcira amelia Guenee, 9 •

9. Cam pomcira mima Harvey, <^ .

10. Anticarsia gcin]natilis YixxbTaQX' , C' .

11. Matigramuia pulverilinea Grote. 9 . U. S. N. M.

12. Yrias repentis Grote, cJ'.

13. Yrias clientis Grote, cj* .

14. Homoptera ustilineala Grote, 9-

15. Homoptera lunata Drury . C' .

16. Homoptera lunaia var. edusa Drury, C' .

17. Homoptera cingulif era Walker . 9. Merrick Collection.

18. Isogona natatrix Guenee, cJ' .

IQ. Hormisa absorpialis Walker . cJ' .

20. Zanclognatha lituralis Hubner, 9 •

21. Zanclognatha Icevigata Grote, c?.

22. Zanchgnatha ochreipennis Grote, (^ .

23. Chytolita morbidalis Guenee, 9 ■

24. Renia discoloralis Guenee, <5'.

25. Paithis angulalis Hubner, 9 •

26. Heierogramma pyramusalis Walker, 9 •

27. Epizeuxis denticulalis Harvey, cT .

28. Epizettxis scobialis Grote, 9 •

29. Epizeuxis lubricalis Geyer, 9 •

30. P hilometr a metonalis Walker , C' .

31. Hormisa bivittata Grote, cJ', U. S, N. M.

32. Bleptina caradrinalis Guenee, cJ'.

33. Capis curvata Grote, 9 •

The Moth Book

Plate XXXVII

COPYRIGHTED

HOLLAND.

Noctuidae

Genus LATEBRARIA Guen6e

(i) Latebraria amphipyroides Guenee.

There is only one species
of the genus known to occur
within the faunal limits cov-
ered by this book. It is a
straggler from the South
American and Mexican ter-
ritories, in which it is quite
common. The accompanying
cut based upon a drawing
made from a specimen con-
tained in the collection of
the United States National
Museum at Washington, will,
no doubt, enable the student Fig. 167. — Latebraria amphipyroides,
to readily recognize the t*

species, which is not likely to be confounded with anything else.

Genus EREBUS Latreille

This is a genus of large moths most in evidence in the tropics of
the New World. Only one species occurs in the United States.

(i) Erebus odora Linnaeus, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 2, $ .

Syn. agarista Cramer.

This great moth is very common in the tropical regions of
America. It occurs quite abundantly in southern Florida and the
warmer portions of the Gulf States, and is universally distributed
over the countries of Central America and throughout tropical
South America. It is found as a straggler into the northern
portions of the United States, and has even been taken in
Canada. I have in my collection a specimen which was taken
at Leadville, Colorado, in a snowstorm which occurred there
one Fourth of July. The insect, blown to that lofty and desolate
spot, was caught fluttering about in the drifts.

Genus THYSANIA Dalman

(i) Thysania zenobia Cramer, Plate XXXVII, Fig. i, $ .

This is another great South American moth, which occasion-
ally occurs within our territory. It has been taken in Florida

279

Noctuidee

and southern Texas. It is a very abundant species in Mexico
and South America.

Genus EPIZEUXIS Hubner

This is a genus of considerable size.
The larvae feed upon dried leaves for the
most part. Eleven species are attributed
to our fauna, five of which we figure.

(i) Epizeuxis americalis Guenee.
Syn. scripiipennis Walker.

The range of this insect is from Can-
ada to Texas east of the Rocky Moun-
tains. It is exceedingly common in the
woods of the Appalachian subregion,
and is one of the moths which are most
commonly attracted to sugar. The life his-
tory has been well ascertained, and has
been entertainly described by Professor C.
of pupa. (After Riley, V. Riley m the Fourth Volume of ‘Mnsect

The reader is referred to the ac-
count there given for fuller details.

(2) Epizeuxis acmula Hubner.

Syn. mollifera Walker; herminioides
Walker; effusalis Walker; concisa Walker.

The range and the habits of this
species are very much the same as
those of the last mentioned species.

Like it, the insect is also very frequent
at sugar, and on a warm summer
night, in the forests of southern
Indiana, I have seen as many as twenty
of these moths at one time, congre-
gated about a spot on the trunk of a
tree, which had been moistened with

Fig. 168. — Epizeuxis
americalis. a, Larva en-
larged; b, Dorsal view of
larval segment : c, Lateral

beer in which sugar had been dis-
solved.

(3) Epizeuxis lubricalis Geyer,
Plate XXXVII, Fig. 29, ? .

Syn. phoealis Guenee ; surrectalis'Wddk.ev,

Fig. 169. — Epizeuxis
-cemula. a, Larva enlarged;
b, Segment of larva viewed
laterally; c, do. viewed dor-
sally; d, Tip of pupa; e.
Moth. (After Riley, “ Insect
Life,” Vol. IV, p. no.)

280

Noctuids

The species occurs generally throughout the United States and
Canada.

(4) Epizeuxis denticulalis Harvey, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 27, $ .
The insect is found from the Atlantic to the Mississippi and

from Canada to the Carolinas.

(5) Epizeuxis scobialis Grote, Plate XXXVIl, Fig. 28, $ .
The moth occurs from New England to the Trans-Mississippi

States, east of the Great Plains.

Genus ZANCLOGNATHA Lederer

The genus is of moderate size. All of the species known are
found in the Appalachian subregion, and have within it a wide
range.

(1) Zanclognatha laevigata Grote, Plate XXXVIl, Fig. 21, $ .
The species is somewhat variable

in the amount of dark shading upon
the fore wings. It is distributed from
Canada to the southern states.

(2) Zanclognatha protumnusa-
lis Walker.

Syn. mininialis Grote.

The moth has much the same
range as the last-mentioned species.

Its life history has been accurately
ascertained, and Professor C. V. Riley
has given us an account of the habits
of the insect in the paper to which
reference has already been made.

The types of both Walker’s and
Grote’s insects are preserved in the British Museum; and there is
no doubt of their identity.

(3) Zanclognatha ochreipennis Grote, Plate XXXVIl, Fig.

22, .

The habitat and the habits of this species are much the same
as those of the preceding.

(4) Zanclognatha lituralis Hubner, Plate XXXVIl, Fig.
20, 9 .

The moth is widely distributed throughout the Appalachian
subregion.

281

Fig. 170. — Zanclognatha pro-
tumnusalis. a, Moth; 6, Male
antenna; c, Larva; d, Dorsal
view of larval segment ; e, later-
al view of do.; b, d, e. Enlarg-
ed. (After Riley, “Insect Life,”
Vol. IV, p. III.)

Noctuidas

Genus HORMISA Walker

This is a small genus of which there are known to be four
species inhabiting our territory. We figure the two commonest
of these.

(1) Hormisa absorptalis Walker, Plate XXXVI 1, Fig. 19, ^ .

Syn. nubilifascia Grote.

The moth ranges from Canada to Virginia and westward to
Illinois.

(2) Hormisa bivittata Grote, Plate XXXVII, Fig.

The moth, which is not common in collections, is found from
Quebec and Maine to Wisconsin and Iowa, and southward as far
as Pennsylvania and Ohio.

Genus SISYRHYPENA Grote

Fig. 1 7 1. — Sisyrhypena orciferalis, ^

(i) Sisyrhypena orciferalis Walker.

Syn. pupillaris Grote; harti French.

The figure which we give was drawn for this book from the
type of the species which is in the collection of Mr. Grote in the
British Museum. The insect occurs in the southern States.

Genus PHILOMETRA Grote

Three species are reckoned as belonging to this genus. We
give a figure of one of them.

(i) Philometra metonalis Walker, Plate XXVII, Fig. 30, $ .

Syn. goasalis Walker; longilabris Grote.

The moth is found from Nova Scotia and the region of Hudson
Bay to Virginia and westward to Illinois.

Genus CHYTOLITA Grote

(i) Chytolita morbidalis Guenee, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 23, $ .

The moth is not at all uncommon in the Atlantic subregion,

282

Noctuida

Genus HYPENULA Grote
One species is reckoned as belonging to this genus.

Fig. 172. — Hypenula cacuminalis, $ .

(i) Hypenula cacuminalis Walker.

Syn. biferalis Walker; opacalis Grote.

The moth is a native of the southern portions of our territory.
The figure we give is taken from Walker’s
type, which is preserved in the British
Museum. We also give a figure of a
specimen preserved in the American
Museum of Natural History, and which
was determined by Mr. Grote as his
species, to which he gave the name
opacalis. The comparison of the two
figures will serve to illustrate the variability of the species.

Fig. 173. — Hypenula opa-
* calis Grote, ^ . I*

Genus RENIA Guenee

There are eight species belonging to the genus which are
found within the region covered by this book. One of the
commonest of these is selected for illustration.

(1) Renia discoloralis Guenee, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 24, ^ .

Syn. fallacialis Walker; geiteralis Walker; thraxalis Walker.

The insect is very common in the Appalachian subregion.

Genus BLEPTINA Guenee
(i) Bleptina caradrinalis Guen6e, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 32, $, .

Syn. cloniasalis Walker.

The moth occurs from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, and west-
ward to the Rocky Mountains.

Genus TETANOLITA Grote
Three species are assigned to this genus in the latest lists.
Of these, we have selected the one which is the type of the genus

283

Noctuidae

for purposes of illustration. The specific name mynesalis was
originally applied to the insect by Walker. Subsequently Grote
gave it the name lixalis. The cut hereto annexed was drawn

from Walker’s type, which is contained in the collections of the
British Museum. The moth ranges from Pennsylvania to Illinois
and southward to the Gulf of Mexico.

Genus HETEROGRAMMA Guenee

(i) Heterogramma pyramusalis Walker, Plate XXXVII,
Fig. 26, $.

Syn. gyasalis Walker; rurigena Grote.

The species is found from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico and
westward to the region of the Great Plains. It is the only species
in the genus.

Genus GABERASA Walker

(i) Gaberasa ambigualis Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 2, $ .

Syn. hifidalis Grote; indivisalis Grote.

The male moth has the fore wings bifid. Grote described the
female, which has not bifid wings, under the name indivisalis.
The moth occurs from Canada to Texas.

Genus DIRCETIS Grote

Fig. 175. — Dircetis pygmcsa Grote, $ ,

There are two species of the genus which are found within
our borders. We give in the cut a figure of the type of Grote’s

284

Noctuids

species to which he applied the name pygmaea. It is found
from Florida to Texas along the shores of the Gulf of Mexico.

Genus PALTHIS Hubner

Two species of the genus are found within the United States.
We figure both of them.

(1) Palthis angulalis Hubner, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 25, 9 .

Syn. aracinthusalis Walker,

The insect is very common everywhere from Canada to the
Gulf of Mexico east of the Great Plains.

(2) Palthis asopialis Guenee, Plate XLII, Fig. i, $ .

The distribution of the species is the same as that of the
preceding.

Genus CAPIS Grote

(i) Capis curvata Grote, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 33, ? .

The insect vs found in Maine, northern New York, and
Canada. It is the only species belonging to the genus.

Genus SALIA Hubner

Two species belonging to the genus are found within our
territory. We figure in the accompanying cut the type of one of
these, which received the specific name interpuncta at the hands
of Mr. Grote.

The moth is found from Massachusetts to Arizona.

Genus LOMANALTES Grote
(i) Lomanaltes eductalis Walker.

Syn. IcBtulus Grote.

The figure of the moth which we give
was drawn for this book by Mrs. Beuten-
miiller of New York from a specimen
contained in the collections of the
American Museum of Natural History.

The insect ranges from Nova Scotia to
Minnesota and southward to New York and Pennsylvania.

285

Fig. 177. — Lomanaltes
eductalis, $ . f.

Noctuid»

Genus BOMOLOCHA Hubner

Sixteen species occurring within our limits are attributed to
this genus in the latest List of the Lepidoptera of North America.
Nine of these we illustrate.

(1) Bomolocha manalis Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 3, $ .

The moth ranges from Canada and Minnesota southward to

the valleys of the Potomac and the Ohio.

(2) Bomolocha baltimoralis Guenee, Plate XLII, Fig. 4, $ .
Syn, benignalis Walker; laciniosa Zeller.

The geographical distribution of the species practically coin-
cides with that of the last.

(3) Bomolocha bijugalis Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 7, ? .

Syn. fecialis Grote; pallialis Zeller.

The insect occurs from Canada to Florida and westward to
the Rocky Mountains.

(4) Bomolocha scutellaris Grote, Plate XLII, Fig. 10, ^ .
The moth is found from New England to British Columbia,

but does not range far to the south.

(5) Bomolocha abalinealis Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 5, $, .
The habitat of the insect extends from New England and

Canada westward to Illinois and southward to Pennsylvania and
the Virginias.

(6) Bomolocha madefactalis Guenee, Plate XLII, Fig. 6, $, .
Syn. achatinalis Zeller; damnosalis Walker; caducalis Walker; profecta

Grote.

The insect is found from the Middle States southward to
Texas.

(7) Bomolocha toreuta Grote, Plate XLII, Fig. 9, $ .

Syn. albisignalis Zeller.

The moth ranges over the same region as the last-mentioned
species.

(8) Bomolocha deceptalis Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 8, $, .

Syn. perangulalis Harvey.

The moth is found from Canada to Virginia.

(9) Bomolocha edictalis Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 1 1, ^ .

Syn. lentiginosa Grote; vellifera Grote.

The range of the species is the same as that of the last men-
tioned.

286

Noctuidee

Genus PLATHYPENA Grote
Only one species of the genus is known to occur within our
territory.

(i) Plathypena scabra Fabricius, Plate XLII, Fig. 14, $ .
Syn. erectalis Guen^e; palpalis Haworth; crassatus Haworth; obesalis
Stephens.

Universally distributed through the United States and Canada
east of the Rocky Mountains.

Genus HYPENA Schrank

The genus is found in all parts of the globe. Three species
are known to be found in our territory. Of these we figure the
one which is commonest.

(i) Hypena humuli Harris, Plate XLll, Fig. 12, ^ ; Fig. 13,

? , var.

Syn. evanidalis Robinson; germanalis W oWs-QT .

This insect, the larva of
which does considerable '*

damage to the hop, is
widelydistributed overthe
whole of the United States
and Canada. It is some-
what variable in the shade
of the wings and the
amount of maculation
uponthem. Foranaccount
of the habits of the insect
and the best manner to
guard against the ravages
which the larva commits
the reader is referred to
the excellent article by Dr.

L. O. Howard of the De-
partment of Agriculture
in Washington upon insects injurious to the hop-vine, which
was published as the Seventh Bulletin of the New Series of
Bulletins issued by the Division of Entomology of the Department.

Fig. 178. — Hypena humuli. a, egg; 6, larva;
c, segment of do.; d, pupa; e, tip of do.; /,
adult, a, c, e, greatly enlarged. (After
Howard, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., New
Series, No. 7, p. 44.)

Arm. Who was Samson’s love, mj'- dear Moth ?
Moth. A woman, master.

— Shakespeare, Love’s Labor’s Lost, I, 2.

287

FAMILY NYCTEOLID^

“An vnredy reue thi residue shal spene,

That menye moththe was maister ynne, in a mynte-while.”

— Piers Plowman (C) xiii, 216.

The Nycteolido^ are related to the Noctuidce, many of the
genera, especially in the Old World, containing moths which are
green in color and frequent trees. The apex of the fore wing is
more or less produced to a point. The larvae have eight pairs of
legs, and are fleshy, with the anal somite tapering to a point.
They are either naked or slightly pubescent. But two genera
are found in the United States.

Genus NYCTEOLA Hiibner

The genus is represented in both the Old World and the
New. Two species are found in the United States.

(l) Nycteola revayana Scopoli, form lintnerana Speyer,
Plate XLIl, Fig. 15, ^ .

A large number of synonyms and subspecific forms have been
erected by authors who have dealt with this species. The form
which we figure is the one which is most commonly encountered
in our territory.

Genus HYBL.®A Fabricius

This genus is extensively developed in the warmer portions
of the Eastern Hemisphere, but is represented by only one species
in our region.

(i) Hyblsea puera Cramer, Plate XXX, Fig. 8, $ .

Syn. saga Fabricius; mirificum Strecker.

The insect, which is common in the tropics of the two hemi-
spheres, occurs occasionally in Florida. The specimen figured on
our plate is contained in the collection of the United States
National Museum.

288

FAMILY PERICOPID^
(Hypsid/e Auctorum)

“ Loose to the wind their airy garments flew,

Thin glittering textures of the filmy dew,

Dipt in the richest tincture of the skies,

Where light disports in ever-mingling dyes,

While every beam new transient colours flings.

Colours that change whene’er they wave their wings.”

— Pope, Rape of the Lock.

The following characterization of the family is taken from
Hampson’s ‘'Moths of India,'' Vol. I, p. 495: “Proboscis present.
Palpi smoothly scaled; the third joint long and naked. Legs
smooth; mid tibiae with one pair of spurs, hind tibiae with two
pairs. Frenulum present. Fore wing with vein \a separate from
\b', ic absent; 5 from near lower angle of cell. Hind wing with
veins \a and \b present, absent; 5 from near lower angle of
cell; 8 free from the base and connected by a bar with 7 at middle
of cell.

“Larva with all the legs present, sparsely covered with long
hairs.

“ Cocoon slight.”

Genus DARITIS Walker

A small genus of rather showy moths, which is represented in
our fauna by two species.

(i) Daritis thetis Klug, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 5, $.

The insect occurs in southern Arizona.

Genus COMPOSIA Hubner

(i) Composia fidelissima Herrich-Sch^ffer, Plate XXXVIII,

Fig. 4, 3.

Syu. olympia Butler.

289

Pericopidas

This very beautiful moth is found throughout the Antilles and
in southern Florida. It is the only representative of its genus
which occurs within our territory.

Genus GNOPH^LA Walker

Three species of this genus are found within the limits of the
United States. Others occur in Mexico and Central America.

(1) Gnophaela latipennis Boisduval, Plate XXXVlll, Fig.

2, $.

Syn. hopfferi Grote & Robinson; discreta Stretch; arizonce French-
morrisoni Dmce.

The habitat of this species is the southwestern portion of our
territory and northern Mexico.

(2) Gnophsela vermiculata Grote & Robinson, Plate XXXVlll,
Fig. 3, 2 .

Syn. continua Henry Edwards.

The moth is found from southern Colorado westward and
south-westward.

(3) Gnophsela clappiana Holland, Plate XXXVlll, Fig. i, ^ .
The figure on our plate represents the type of the species,

which was taken at Colorado Springs. It occurs from central
Colorado to Arizona.

DAS LIED VOM SCHMETTERLINGE

“Liebes, leichtes, luft’ges Ding,
Schmetterling,

Das da iiber Blumen schwebet,
Nur von Thau und Bliiten lebet,
Bliihe selbst, ein fliegend Blatt,
Das, mit welchem Rosenfinger !

W er bepurpurt hat ?

War’s ein Sylphe, der dein Kleid
So bestreut,

Dich aus Morgenduft gewebet,

Nur auf Tage dich belebet ?
Seelchen, und dein kleines Herz
Pocht da unter meinem Finger,
Fiihlet Todesschmerz.

Fleuch dahin, O Seelchen, sei
Froh und frei,

Mir ein Bild, was ich sein werde,

Wenn die Raupe dieser Erde
Auch wie du ein Zephyr ist
Und in Duft und Thau und Honig
Jede Blute kiisst.”

Herder.

290

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#

Explanation of Plate XXXVIII

(Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained
the collection of W. J. Holland.)

1. Gnophcela clappiana Holland, <5'. type.

2. Gnophcela latipennis Boisduval, G-

3. Gnophcela vermiculata Grote & Robinson, c?.

4. Composia fidelissima cJ*.

5. Daritis thetis King, $ .

6. Phryganidia calif ornica Packard, S' ■

7. Olene leucophcea Abbot & Smith, (S'.

8. Olene leucophcea Abbot & Smith, 9 .

9. Olene achatina Abbot & Smith, (J*.

10. Gyncephora rossi Curtis, S ■

11. Gyncephora rossi CaxG?,, 9.

12. Porthetria dispar hinnseus, S-

13. Porthetria dispar Linnaeus, 9 •

14. Psilura monacha hvanseuB, S-

15. Psilura monacha Linnaeus, 9 •

16. Euproctis chrysorrhcea Linnaeus, S-

17. Hemerocampa definita Packard, (^, U. S. N. M.

18. Notolophus antiqua Linnaeus, c?, U. S. N. M.

19. Hemerocampa vetusta Boisduval, ■ U. S. N. M.

20. Hemerocampa leucostigma Abbot & Smith, S'.

21. Hemerocampa leucostigma Abbot & Smith, 9 •

22. Carama cretata Grote, (J' , U. S. N. M.

23. Lagoa crispata Pachard, S ■

24. Lagoa pyxidifera Abbot & Smith, S ■

25. Megalopyge opercularis Abbot & Smith, S-

The Moth Book.

Plate XXXVIII.

COPYRIGHTED

J. HOLLAND, 1903.

COLORTYPt

FAMILY DIOPTID/E

“ Genius detects through the fly, through the catei-pillar, through the
grub, through the egg, the constant individual ; through countless indi-
viduals the fixed species, through many species the genus, through all
genera the steadfast type; through all the kingdoms of organized life the
eternal unity.” — Ralph Waldo Emerson.

The moths belonging to this family are, so far as is known,
closely related in many respects to the Geometridcz. They differ,
however, in having veins 3 and 4 of the hind wing arising from
a common stalk at the lower angle of the cell. The family is
well represented in the tropics of the New World, but is only
known in our territory by the genus Phryganidia Packard,
which occurs in southern California.

Genus PHRYGANIDIA Packard

(1) Phryganidia californica Packard, Plate XXXVIII,
Fig. 6, ^ .

The moth, which is obscurely colored, is one of the least
attractive insects belonging to the family which it represents.
Many of the species are very bright and gay in color, as any
student of the fauna of South America knows. The home of
the species, as the name implies, is California, to the southern
portion of which it is confined.

‘‘ Happy insect, what can be
In happiness compared to thee ?

Fed with nourishment divine.

The dewey morning’s gentle wine !

Nature waits upon thee still.

And thy verdant cup does fill ;

’Tis filled wherever thou dost tread
Nature’s self thy Ganymede.

” Thou dost drink and dance and .sing,

Happier than the happiest king !

All the fields which thou dost see.

All the plants belong to thee,

All the summer hours produce.

Fertile made with early juice,

Man for thee does sow and plough,

Farmer he, and landlord thou.”

From the Greek of Anacreon.

FAMILY NOTODONTID^

“The Beauty which old Greece or Rome
Sung, painted, wrought, lies here at home;

We need but eye and ear
In all our daily walks to trace
The outlines of incarnate grace.

The hymns of gods to hear. ’’

Whittier.

The Notodontidae have been characterized by Sir George F.
Hampson as follows : “A family of moths superficially resembling
the Noctuidse. Mid tibia with one pair of spurs; hind tibia with
two pairs; tarsi short and hairy. Fore wing with vein \a form-
ing a fork with i^at the base; \c absent; vein 5 from the middle
of the discocellulars, or rarely from just below the upper angle of
the cell. Hind wings with two internal veins; vein 5 from the
centre of the discocellulars or rarely absent; 8 free from the base,
curved, and running close along the subcostal nervure or joined
to it by a bar.

''Larva without the anal prolegs, and carrying the anal
somites more or less erect; these often bear paired processes and
are sometimes swollen; the other somites are often prominently
humped.

"Pupa naked.”

An elaborate and very useful monograph dealing with the
insects composing this family has been written by Professor A.
S. Packard, and is published in the Memoirs of the National
Academy of Science, Vol. VII, pp. 87-284. The student will do
well to refer to this.

Genus APATELODES Packard

(i) Apatelodes torrefacta Abbot & Smith, Plate XL, Fig.
20, 3 .

The insect is not uncommon in the Appalachian subregion.
It ranges from Canada to the southern States and as far west as
the Mississippi.

292

Notodontids

(2) Apatelodes angelica Grote, Plate XL, Fig. 21, $ .

Syn. hyalinopuncta Packard.

The distribution of this species is the same as that of the
preceding. It is rather common in western Pennsylvania.

Genus MELALOPHA Hubner

Six species and a number of subspecies have been recognized
as belonging to this genus and are found in the region with which
this book deals. Of four of these we give figures.

(1) Melalopha apicalis Walker, Plate XL, Fig. 18, .

Syn. vau Fitch; indentata Packard.

The figure upon our plate, cited above, represents the form
of the species to which Grote & Robinson applied the name
ornata and of which the name incarcerata Boisduval is a syno-
nym. The insect is widely distributed all over the United States.

(2) Melalopha inclusa Hubner, Plate XL, Fig. 19, 9 .

Syn. americana Harris.

The insect is very widely distributed over the Appalachian sub-
region. The larva feeds upon the leaves of various species of
the genus Populus.

(3) Melalopha strigosa Grote, Plate XL, Fig. 17, .

The habitat of this species is the northern portion of the Appa-
lachian subregion.

(4) Melalopha albosigma Fitch, Plate XL, Fig. 16, $ .

Widely distributed over the United States. Easily discrimi-
nated from the other species by the broad brown shade on the
apical half of the outer margin of the primaries, succeeded near
the costa by a distinct s-shaped white line.

Genus DATANA Walker

Thirteen species which are properly referred to this genus are
found within our limits. Of these we give figures of the four
which are most commonly found.

(1) Datana ministra Drury, Plate 1, Fig. 13, larva; Plate XL,
Fig. 11,5.

This is a very common species, found throughout the Appa-
lachian subregion. The larvae are gregarious and may be found
in great masses upon the leaves of the walnut and allied trees in
the latter part of August and early September.

(2) Datana angusi Grote & Robinson, Plate XL, Fig. 12, 5 .

293

Notodontidae

The habits and the distribution of this species are very much
the same as those of the preceding.

(3) Datana perspicua Grote & Robinson, Plate XL, Fig.

14. ^ •

More nearly allied to D. ministra than to any other species of
the genus, but readily distinguished from that insect by the paler
color of the secondaries and the lighter, more yellowish color of
the primaries.

(4) Datana integerrima Grote & Robinson, Plate XL, Fig.

13. 5-

The darker color of the primaries and the more numerous
transverse bands enable this species to be at once separated from
the other species which we have figured.

Genus HYPER.ffiSCHRA Butler

(1) Hyperaeschra stragula Grote, Plate XL, Fig. i, 5.

Syn. scitipennis Walker.

The moth is found throughout the United States. With the
help of the illustration we have given there should be no difficulty
whatever in determining it.

(2) Hyperaeschra georgica Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XL, Fig.

7, 5.

The moth is found in the Appalachian subregion, and is com-
moner in the southern portions of its range than in the more northern
portions thereof. It is, hov/ever, not very rare in Pennsylvania.

(3) Hyperaeschra tortuosa Tepper, Plate XL, Fig. 4, $ . .
The insect is as yet quite rare in collections. Its habitat is

Colorado and Arizona.

Genus ODONTOSIA Hubner

(i) Odontosia elegans Strecker, Plate XL, Fig. 3,

This elegant insect is found from Canada to Colorado and
appears to be commoner in the region of the Rocky Mountains
than elsewhere.

Genus NOTODONTA Ochsenheimer

The genus is represented in both hemispheres. There are two
species which belong to our fauna. We give illustrations of both
of them.

294

Notodontidae

(1) Notodonta basitriens Walker, Plate XL, Fig. 5, ?.

The moth is found in the Atlantic States.

(2) Notodonta simpiaria Grsf, Plate XL, Fig. 6, $ .

The moth, which is by no means common, occurs in the
northern portions of the Appalachian subregion.

Genus PHEOSIA Hubner

(1) Pheosia dimidiata Herrich-Schaffer, Plate XL, Fig. 9, S .

Syn. rimosa Packard; calif arnica Stretch.

The moth, which is far from common, ranges from Canada and
New England westward to the region of the Rocky Mountains.

(2) Pheosia portlandia Henry Edwards, Plate XL, Fig. 10, ^ .

Syn. descherei Neumoegen.

The species replaces in the northwestern States the form,
which has been described as dimidiaia. Whether this is a valid
species or a local race of the preceding is a question which is
still open to discussion.

Genus LOPHODONTA Packard

(1) Lophodonta ferruginea Packard, Plate XL, Fig. 8, ? .

The moth is not rare in the Appalachian subregion. The

caterpillar feeds upon the linden {Tilia).

(2) Lophodonta angulosa Abbot & Smith, Plate XL, Fig.

The insect is found in the same region as the last mentioned,
and its habits are very much the same.

Genus EUNYSTALSA Grote

(1) Eunystalea Indiana Grote.

This is one of the rarest insects of the family to which it
belongs. Besides the type, which the writer believes to be con-
tained in the collection of the
British Museum, there is only one
other specimen known, which is
found in the collection of Dr.

Barnes, to whom the author is
indebted for the privilege of being
allowed to make the cut which is
given herewith. The insect occurs
in Florida.

Notodontidae

Genus NAD AT A Walker

(i) Nadata gibbosa Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXIX, Fig.

I, $.

This insect, the distribution of which is almost universal
throughout our territory, has been described under a number of
varietal or subspecific names, founded for the most part upon
trifling variations in the ground-color of the wings.

Genus NERICE Walker

(i) Nerice bidentata Walker, Plate 1, Fig. 15, larva; Plate
XXXIX, Fig. 2, 3 .

The larva feeds upon the elm. The insect has a wide range
through the Appalachian subregion.

Genus SYMMERISTA Hubner
(1) Symmerista albifrons Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXIX,
Fig. 7, $ .

A very common insect in the Appalachian subregion, ranging
from the Atlantic westward as far as the region of the Rocky
Mountains.

Genus HIPPIA Mceschler

(1) Hippia packardi Morrison, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 18, $ .

A rather scarce insect in collections. Its habitat is Texas.

Genus DASYLOPHIA Packard

(1) Dasylophia anguina Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXIX,

Fig- 5. -5 ■

Syn. cuculifera Herrich-S^hjeffer ; punctata Vvalker; cana Walker;
signata Walker.

The moth ranges from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains.

(2) Dasylophia thyatiroides Walker, Plate XXXIX, Fig.

6, $.

Syn. interna Packard; tripartita Walker.

The habitat of the moth is the Appalachian subregion. The
specimen figured was taken in Indiana.

Genus LITODONTA Harvey

(1) Litodonta hydromeli Harvey, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 20, 3 .
The moth, which is the sole representative of the genus in

296

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Explanation of Plate XXXIX

(Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained
in the collection of W. J. Holland.)

1. Nadata gibbosa Abbot & Smith, 9 •

2. Nerice bidentata Walker, .

3. Hyparpax venus Neuraoegen, (^ , U. S. N. M.

4. Hyparpax aurora Abbot & Smith, , U. S N. M.

5. Dasylophia anguina Abbot & Smith, .

6. Dasylophia thyatiroides Walker, 9 ■

7. Simmerista albifrons Abbot & Smith, 9 ■

8. Harpyia cinerea Walker, 9 , U. S. N. M.

9. Harpyia borealis Boisduval, c?-

10. Harpyia albicoma Strecker, (3'', U. S. N. M..

11. Harpyia scolopendrina Boisduval, cJ'.

12. Centra multiscripta Riley, (J'.

13. Schizura ipomece Doubleday, var. cinereofrons,

Packard, c? .

14. Schizura badia Packard, 9 . U. S. N. M.

15. Schizura concinna Abbot & Smith, H .

16. Schizura leptinoides Grote, U' .

17. Schizura unicornis Abbot & Smith, cJ*.

18. Hippia packardi Morrison, 9 •

19. lanassa lignicolor Walker, 9 , U. S. N. M.

20. Litodonta hydromeli Harvey, S' .

21. Misogada unicolor Packard, 9 •

22. Heterocam pa astarte Doubleday, S-

23. Heterocampa manteo Doubleday, S-

24. Heterocampa bilineata Packard, S-

25. Heterocampa biundata Walker, S-

26. Heterocampa umbrata Walker, S-

27. Gluphisia severa Henry Edwards, U. S. N. M.

28. Gluphisia septentrionalis Walker, S-

29. Gluphisia wrighti Henry Edwards, S-

30. Fentonia marthesia Cramer, S-

31. Ellida caniplaga Walker, 9-

The Moth Book

Plate XXXIX.

nOPYRtGriTED BY

HOLLAND.

Notodontidae

our fauna, is not at al! uncommon in Texas and Arizona, and
ranges southward into northern Mexico.

Genus HETEROCAMPA Doubleday

Eleven species belonging to this somewhat extensive genus
are recognized as occurring within the limits with which this
book deals. Six of these have been selected for illustration.

(1) Heterocampa astarte Doubleday, Plate XXXIX,
Fig. 22, 6 .

Syn. varia Walker; menus Harris.

The moth is not uncommon in the southern States and ranges
northward as far as Pennsylvania and Ohio.

(2) Heterocampa obliqua Packard, Plate XL, Fig. 2, .

The insect occurs in the northern portions of the Appalachian

subregion.

(3) Heterocampa umbrata Walker, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 26, ^ .

Syn. semiplaga Walker; pulverea Grote & Robinson; athereo Harris.

The moth is rather common in the Appalachian subregion,
ranging from the Atlantic as far west as the Mississippi.

(4) Heterocampa manteo Doubleday, Plate XXXIX,
Fig. 23, <3 .

Syn. cinerascens Walker; subalbicans Grote.

The distribution of this species is the same as that of the last
mentioned.

(5) Heterocampa biundata Walker, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 23, $ .

Syn. oUvatus Packard; mollis Walker.

Like the preceding species, this is a native of the eastern
portion of our territory, and occurs from Canada southward to
Georgia.

(6) Heterocampa bilineata Packard, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 24, 5 .

Syn. turbida Walker; associata Walker; ulmi Harris.

Not uncommon in the eastern States.

Genus MISOGADA Walker

(i) Misogada unicolor Packard, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 21, $.

Syn. marina Packard; cinerea Schaus {non Packard) ; sobria Walker.

This is the sole species of the genus. It inhabits the
Appalachian subregion.

297

Notodontidae

Genus EUHYPARPAX Beutenmuller

The only species of the genus as yet known is that to which
Beutenmuller applied the name
rosea. It is a native of Colorado,
and is as yet very rare in collec-
tions, only one specimen, the
type, being known. This is found
in the collection of the American
Museum of Natural History in
New York. The moth is pale
rosy red in color, and marked as
shown in the cut, which was drawn from the type by Mrs.
Beutenmuller.

Genus lANASSA Walker

(i) lanassa lignicolor Walker, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 19, $.

Syn. virgata Packard; lignigera Walker.

The habitat of the species is the Appalachian subregion. Two
other species, both of them inhabiting the southwestern portions
of our territory, are known to belong to the genus.

Genus SCHIZURA Doubleday

(1) Schizura ipomcss Doubleday, form cinereofrons Pack-
ard, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 13, 3.

The species is widely distributed throughout the United States.
Several subspecific or varietal forms have been described, and a
number of synonyms have been created for the species. For a
knowledge of these the reader may refer to the Monograph by
Professor Packard, to which allusion has already been made.

(2) Schizura concinna Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXIX, Fig.

Syn. nitida Packard.

This is also a widely distributed species. The larva feeds upon
the Rosacece.

(3) Schizura unicornis Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXIX, Fig.
17. 3.

Syn. edmandsi Packard; humilis Walker; conspecta Henry Edwards.

This is a very common species of wide distribution. Its
habits are much the same as those of the last mentioned.

298

Fig. 180. — Euhyparpax rosea,

$■ h

Notodontidas

(4) Schizura badia Packard, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 14, $ .

Syn. significata Walker.

The habitat of the species is the Appalachian subregion.

(5) Schizura leptinoides Grote, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 16, $.
Syn. mustelina Packard.

The insect ranges through the Atlantic States westward to the
Mississippi.

Genus HYPARPAX HUbner

(1) Hyparpax aurora Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXiX, Fig.

4, S.

Syn. rosea Walker; venusta Walker.

The moth occurs in the Appalachian subregion, but is more
common in Virginia than elsewhere, so far as the observations of
the writer extend.

(2) Hyparpax venus Neumoegen, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 3, d .
The habitat of the insect is Colorado.

(3) Hyparpax perophoroides Strecker, Plate XL, Fig. 28, d .
The insect has thus far been reported only from Florida. I am

indebted to Mr. Beutenmuller for the loan of the specimen, which
is figured upon the plate.

Genus CERURA Schrank

The genus is found in both hemispheres. Two species are
attributed to it as being found in the United States.

(i) Cerura scitiscripta Walker, form muitiscripta Riley,
Plate 1, Fig. 18, larva; Plate XXXIX, Fig. 12, S .

The moth is known to occur from New England to Mexico.

Genus HARPYIA Ochsenheimer

(1) Harpyia borealis Boisduval, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 9, 6 .
The range of the species is through the Appalachian subregion.

(2) Harpyia cinerea Walker, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 8, ? .

The moth occurs almost everywhere throughout the United
States and southern Canada.

(3) Harpyia scolopendrina Boisduval, Plate XXXIX, Fig.
11,5.

Syn. aquilonaris Lintner.

Form albicoma Strecker, Plate XXXIX, Fig, 10, 5 .

299

Notodontidse

The insect is a denizen of Canada and the northern portions of
the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

Genus FENTONIA Butler

(l) Fentonia marthesia Cramer, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 30, $ .

Syn. tessella Packard; turbida Walker.

The moth, which is by no means common, has a wide range
through the Appalachian subregion.

Genus GLUPHISIA Boisduval

(1) Gluphisia septentrionalis Walker, Plate XXXIX, Fig.

28, $ .

Syn. clandestina Walker; irilineaia Packard.

Widely distributed throughout the entire territory.

(2) Gluphisia wrighti Henry Edwards, Plate XXIX, Fig.

29, 3 .

Syn. alhofascia Henry Edwards; rupta Henry Edwards; formosa
Henry Edwards.

The moth is found in southern California and Arizona, as well
as in northern Mexico.

(3) Gluphisia severa Henry Edwards, Plate XXXIX, Fig.

27, $ .

Syn. danhyi Neumoegen; avimacula Hudson; slossoni Packard.

The species, which is somewhat variable in the maculation of
the wings, is found in the northern portions of our territory.

Genus ELLIDA Grote

(i) Ellida caniplaga Walker, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 31, $ .

Syn. transversata Walker; gelida Grote.

The moth in Pennsylvania is double-brooded. The first
brood appears upon the wing in the early spring. The cater-
pillar feeds upon the linden {Tilia). The second brood is
matured about the end of July. The insect is not common in
collections, because its habits have not been hitherto understood.

Genus CARGIDA Schaus

(l) Cargida cadmia Guenee.

Syn. ohliquilinea Walker.

The moth is a native of the southern States, and ranges from
Texas southward to Costa Rica. The cut which we give is

300

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Explanation of Plate XL

(When not otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained
in the collection of W. J. Holland.)

1. Hyperccschra stragiila Grote, G* .

2. Hcicrocainpa obliqua Packard,

J'-

3. Odontosia elcgans Qtrec\<.eY , cJ'.

4. Hyperccschra tortuosa 'I'epper,

' 9 . U. S. N, M.

5. Notodonia basitrieiis Walker,

Q , U. S. Nk M.

6. Notodouta siinplaria Gncf, 9.

U. S. X. M.

7. H ypcrcuschra gcorgica Herrich-

Schseft'er, ^ .

8. Lophodonta fcrruginea Packard,

9 .

(). Pheosia dimidiata Herrich-
Schicft'er, .

10. Pheosia portlandia Henry

Edwards, d'. U. S. N. M.

11. D at ana ministra Drury, (d .

12. D at a n a a ngn s i Grote &

Robinson, (d •

13. Datana intcgcrrima Grote &

Robinson, (d •

14. Datana perspicua Grote &

Robinson , (d •

15. Lophodonta angulosa Abbot &

Smith, (d-

16. Melalopha albosigma Fitch,

d-

17. Melalopha sirigosa Grote, d.

U. S. N. M.

18. M elalopha apicalis Walker, var.

ornata Grote & Robinson ,
d. U. S. N. M.

19. Melalopha inclusa Hiibner,

9 .

20. Apatelodes torrefacta Abbot &

Smith, d-

21. Apatelodes angelica Grote, d-

22. Habrosyne scripta Gosse, d-

23. Enthyaiira pudens Guenee, d.

Merrick Collection.

24. Enthyaiira pudens vbx. pennsyl-

vanica Smith, 9 . Merrick
Collection.

25. Pseudothyatira cymatophor aides

Guenee, d-

26. Pseudothyatira expultrix Grote,

(d.

27. B o m b y c i a tearli Henry

Edwards, d, U. S. N. M.

2 8 . Hypar pax perophoroides

Strecker, d . Beutenmiiller
Collection.

The Moth Book,

Plate XL

Notodontidffi

drawn from the type of Walker’s species, which is contained in
the British Museum. The insect is rare as yet in collections,
though specimens coming from Central America are far more

/f

Fig. i8i. — Cargida cadniia, 6 .

numerous in cabinets than specimens obtained from points within
the limits of the United States.

(2) Cargida pyrrha Druce, Plate XI, Fig. 15, 5.

The insect occurs in southern Arizona and in Mexico.

Genus CRINODES Herrich- Schaeffer

(i) Crinodes beskei Hubner, Plate XLl, Fig. 4, $ .

This very peculiar moth is the only representative of its genus
which occurs within our territory. There are numerous species
found in the tropics of the New World. The habitat of the
present species is Arizona and Mexico.

NASU-NO TAKE

Nasu-no Take is a volcano in the interior of Japan. Tora-san
came into my room on the upper floor of the tea-house where
we had made our stay while exploring the summit of the moun-
tain, which was in eruption at the time. Tora-san was my fidus
Achates. He could make an insect-box or repair a jinrickisha,
for he was “an honorable carpenter.” He did not disdain,
when necessity demanded, to prove himself a capable cook,
though this was not his calling. He could provide a meal of
“America-no Chow” or “ Nippon-no Chow,” the cuisine of
Anglo-Saxon and of Japanese being alike familiar to him. He
was best of all an enthusiastic entomologist, and much preferred
sugaring for moths to making curries. “Danna-san,” he said,
“Nasu-no Take have got many moth Tokio no have got.”
“Yea, verily! good Tora-san.” “Danna-san, me catchee moth

301

Nasa-no Take

ko komban sugar way. Danna-san go long ?” “ With all my

heart! Sayo! ” And so it was arranged.

In the oak-forest below the tea-house we sugared the trees.
When the night came on we went with our lanterns to the spot.
The black shadows clung to the woodland path. As the lanterns
went bobbing along the narrow way, each turn produced a
weird and beautiful effect. The gnarled old pines, the oaks and
the bamboos, the wild yams festooning the shrubbery, thrust
forth for a moment into relief against the universal darkness,
were fascinating to look upon. Here and there white lilies held
up their stately blossoms, and starry flowers, from which the
moths fled as we came along, bloomed everywhere. The effect
of moving lights in shrubbery and forest-growths is always
charming.

But the captures of that night were more memorable than all
the witchery of the strange and beautiful scenery in the midst of
which we v/alked. The gems of our catch were a dozen perfect
specimens of the great Snowy Underwing, the most beautiful as
well as one of the rarest species of the splendid genus to which
it belongs. I never pull out the drav^er in the cabinet, where
these things have rested full many a day since then, without
seeing visions and dreaming dreams of the happy past. How
much “globe-trotters” miss when they are not students of
nature! The memory of one such night spent in the wild woods
is worth the memory of weeks spent in palaces.

The insect legions, prank’d with gaudiest hues,

Pearl, gold and purple, swarm’d into existence.

Minute and marvellous creations these.

some proudly shone

Like living jewels; some grotesque, uncouth,

And hideous .....

Those lived deliciously on honey-dews.

And dwelt in palaces of blossomed bells.

Millions on millions, wing’d and plumed in front.

Fill’d the dim atmosphere with hum and hurry.

Montgomery. — Pelican Island.

302

FAMILY THYATIRID/E

“Feeble though the insect be,

Allah speaks through that to thee!

As within the 'moonbeam I,

God in glory sits on high,

Sits where countless planets roll.

And from thence controls the whole;

There with threads of thousand dyes
Life’s bewildered web he plies.

And the hand which holds them all
Lets not e’en the feeblest fall.”

CEhi.enschl^ger. — Aladdin's La7np.

The family has been characterized as follows by Sir George
F. Hampson, in his work upon the moths of India:

“A family of moths resembling the Nociuidce in appearance.

Proboscis present. Antennae usually rather thickened and
flattened. Mid tibia with one pair of spurs, hind tibia with two
pairs. Fore wing with vein \a short and slight, not forming a
fork with \b ; \c absent; 5 from the center of the discocellulars;
veins 7 and 8 stalked; and 9 and 10 stalked, and almost or quite
anastomosing with veins 7 and 8 to form an areole. Hind wing
with two internal veins; vein 5 from the center of the discocellu-
lars, or generally from below the center; veins 6 and 7 given
off not far from the base; 8 bent down and quite or almost
touching 7 after the bifurcation.

Larva noctuiform, with five pairs of prolegs.”

Genus HABROSYNE Hiibner

(i) Habrosyne scripta Gosse, Plate XL, Fig. 22, ,

The moth is quite common locally in the northern States of
the Atlantic seaboard, and ranges westward to the central por-
tions of the Valley of the Mississippi.

503

Thyatiridse

Genus PSEUDOTHYATIRA Grote

(i) Pseudothyatira cymatophoroides Guenee, Plate XL,
Fig. 25, 5 .

Form expultrix Grote, Plate XL, Fig. 26, $ .

The moth, which occurs in the two forms which we have
delineated on the plate, is a native of the northern portions of the
Appalachian subregion. It is common in Pennsylvania.

Genus EUTHYATIRA Smith

(1) Euthyatira pudens Guenee, Plate XL, Fig. 23, $ .

Form pennsylvanica Smith, Plate XL, Fig. 24, ? .

The moth emerges in the very early spring, and may be found
where it is common, seated about three inches from the end of
twigs in the woodlands, with its wings folded about the twig in
such a way as to elude the observation of those who are not
familiar with its habits. The form pennsylvanica is found in
both sexes in every brood. It represents a curious case of
dimorphism.

Genus BOMBYCIA Hiibner

(i) Bombycia improvisa Henry Edwards, Plate XL, Fig.

27, 3.

Syn. tearli Henry Edwards.

The habitat of the insect is on the Pacific slope, in the northern
portions of the coast ranges.

“Then rapidly with foot as light
As the young musk-roe’s, out she flew
To cull each shining leaf that grew
Beneath the moonlight’s hallowing beams
For this enchanted wreath of dreams.

Anemones and Seas of Gold,

And new-blown lilies of the river,

And those sweet flowrets that unfold

Their buds on Camadeva’s quiver.”

Thomas Moore.— Za//<a! Rookh.

304

FAMILY LIPARID.^

“The study of entomology is one of the most fascinating of pursuits. It
takes its votaries into the treasure-houses of Nature, and explains some of the
wonderful series of links which form the great chain of creation. It lays open
before us another world, of which we have been hitherto unconscious, and shows
us that the tiniest insect, so small perhaps that the unaided eye can scarcely see it,
has its work to do in the world, and does it.”— Rev. J. G. Wood.

The following characterization of the Limily is adapted from
the pages of Sir George F. Hampson’s “Moths of India,” Vol. I,
p. 432:

‘ A family of moths generally of nocturnal flight, though
some genera, as Aroa of the Eastern Hemisphere and Hemero-
campa, are more or less diurnal in their habits. The perfect
insects are mostly clothed with long hair-like scales upon the
body. The males have the antennae highly pectinated, the
branches often having long terminal spines, and spines to retain
them in position. The females often have a largely developed
anal tuft of hair for covering the eggs. The proboscis is absent.
The legs are hairy. The frenulum is present, except in the genus
Ratarda, which does not occur in America. The fore wing with
vein \a not anastomosing with \b ; absent except in Ratarda ;
5 from close to lower angle of cell. Hind wing with two internal
veins; 5 from close to lower angle of cell, except in the eastern
genera Gaialina and Porthesia, 8 nearly touching 7 at middle of
cell and connected with it by a bar.

Larva hairy; generally clothed with very thick hair or with
thick tufts of hair, and forming a cocoon into which these hairs
are woven, they being often of a very poisonous nature.’

Genus GYN.®PHORA Htibner

(i) Gynaephora rossi Curtis, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 10, 3,
Fig. II,?.

The genus is arctic, and the species is found in the arctic

305

Liparidse

regions of America, the specimens figured having been received
by the writer from Point Barrov/ in Alaska.

Genus NOTOLOPHUS Germar

(i) Notolophus antiqua Linnaeus, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. i8, $ .

5)01. nma Fitch.

The moth is found in Europe and in the northern portions of
the United States and in Canada.

Genus HEMEROCAMPA Dyar

The females in this genus are wingless, or have the wings at
most rudimentary. The eggs are deposited in masses, generally
upon the surface of the cocoon from which the female has
emerged. The larvae are voracious feeders; and as the species
are generally very prolific, the insects inflict a great deal of dam-
age upon vegetation.

(1) Hemerocampa vetusta Boisduval, Plate XXXVIII, Fig.

19, 6 .

Syn. cana Henry Edwards ; giilosa Henry Edwards.

The insect replaces on the Pacific coast the following species,
which in its habits it closely resembles.

(2) Hemerocampa leucostigma Abbot & Smith, Plate
XXXVIII, Fig. 20, 3, Fig. 21, ?. (The White-marked Tussock
Moth.)

Syn. leucographa Geyer ; intermedia Fitch; borealis Fitch; obliviosa Henry
Edwards.

The moth is widely distributed in the Appalachian subregion,
and its ravages upon shade-trees and shrubbery are matter of
familiar observation. The insect is double-brooded in the more
northern portions of its range, and triple-
brooded farther south. The first generation is
matured from eggs which, having been de-
posited in the fall of the year, remain in situ
upon the cocoons upon which they were de-
posited until they are hatched by the heat of
the sunshine of spring. The caterpillars rap-
idly develop, and the second generation, which
is always much more numerous than the first,
begins to appear about the middle of July in
the latitude of New York and Philadelphia.
306

Fig.

leucostigma,
(After Riley.)

Liparidae

A third generation follows in the month of September. This
generation lays the eggs from which the larvae which appear in
the following spring are hatched.

The female, as has already been stated, is wingless, and lives
solely for the purpose of oviposition. Having laid her eggs,
which she covers with the hairy scales which she plucks from
the abdomen, and mingles with a viscid secretion, which she
deposits with the
eggs, and which on
drying becomes hard
and brittle, she dies.

The young larva on
being hatched has the
power of spinning a ^//if

thin thread of silk, ^

with which it lowers „ q zr , r i /

Jig. 183. — H. leiicostigDia. a, female; 0, young
itself from its resting- larva, magnified; c, female pupa; d, male pupa.

place when disturbed, Riiey.)

and by means of which it regains the place from which it has
dropped. This power is lost as the insect develops after succes-
sive molts. The mature caterpillar is a rather striking and not
unbeautiful creature. The head is brilliant vermilion in color; the
body is white banded with black, and adorned with black-tipped
tufts and bundles of cream-colored hairs. There is considerable
disparity in the size of the larvae and the pupae of the two sexes,
as is partially shown in Fig. 183. The larva and the pupa of the
female moth are generally twice as large as those of the male.

The best means of combating the ravages of this insect is to
see to it that in the fall and winter the cocoons, v/hich may be

found adhering to the
twigs of trees and
shrubs and secreted in
the nooks and crannies
of fences, are gathered
together and destroyed.
It is also useful to spray
the young foliage of

Fig. 184. — H. le2ccostigma. Larva of female moth. tl ees which are liable
(After Riley.) to attack with any one

307

Liparidae

of the preparations which are made by reputable firms for the pur-
pose of destroying the larvae of this and other destructive insects
which attack our shade-trees. The spraying should take place at
intervals when the young larvae are observed to be moving
upward upon the trunks of the trees.

(3) Hemerocampa definita Packard, Plate XXXVIII, Fig.

11,

This species, which is closely allied to the last, is found in the
northern Atlantic States. What has been said as to the habits of
H. leucostigma applies also to this insect.

Genus OLENE Hubner

(1) Olene achatina Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 9, $ .

Syn. parallela Grote & Robinson; tephra Hubner; cinnamomea Grote &
Robinson.

The moth, which is somewhat variable in the style and
intensity of the dark markings upon the wings, is found in the
Appalachian subregion, but is somewhat more frequent in the
south than in the north.

(2) Olene leucophsea Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXVIII, Fig.
7, S , Fig. 8, $ .

Syn. basijlava Packard ; ah-ivenosa Palm ; manto Strecker.

This is likewise a variable insect, the range of which is prac-
tically coincident with that of the last-mentioned species.

Genus PORTHETRIA Hubner

(i) Porthetria’ dispar Linnaeus, Plate XXXVlll, Fig. 12,^,
Fig. 13, $. (The Gypsy Moth.)

This well-known insect is a native of the Old World. A
number of years ago, a gentleman interested in entomology, and
residing at the time in Cambridge, Massachusetts, received from
a friend in Europe a number of cocoons of the moth, from which
the insects in due season emerged. A few of the number were
prepared and mounted in his cabinet, and the remainder were
allowed to escape through the window of the room in which
they were. Unchecked by the presence of parasites, which in
their native habitat keep their numbers down, they rapidly mul-
tiplied and became a scourge. Fully a million of dollars has thus
far been expended in the effort to exterminate them. In spite of

308

Liparidag

all the exertion which has been put forth, the insect appears to
have obtained a permanent foothold in the New England States,
though in recent years the destruction wrought has not been very
great, owing to the incessant vigilance which is maintained by
the civic authorities in repressing the nuisance.

Genus PSILURA

(i) Psilura monacha Linnseus, Plate XXXVllI, Fig. 14, 6,
Fig. 15, ?.

This is another insect which is said to have been imported from
Europe, and is reputed to have found a foothold on the soil of the
New World. The specimens figured on our plate are from a
brood which the writer is informed by Mr. George Franck, of
Brooklyn, to have been found in the eastern suburbs of that place.
Mr. Franck has assured me that it is certainly already well domi-
ciled in the region.

Genus EUPROCTIS Hiibner

(1) Euproctis chrysorrhoea Linnaeus, Plate XXXVllI, Fig.
16, 6. (The Brown-tail Moth.)

This insect, like the two preceding species, is an importation
from Europe. It has become domiciled in the vicinity of Boston,
Massachusetts, and is very common in the vicinity of Magnolia,
Beverly Farms, and Manchester-on-the~Sea.

Genus DOA Neumoegen &. Dyar

The only species of the genus, named ampla by Grote, is a
native of Colorado, and ranges thence
southward through Arizona to the
higher mountain plateaus of Mexico.

It also occurs not infrequently in
northwestern Texas. It may easily
be recognized with the help of the
accompanying cut, which is drawn
from a specimen in the collection of the writer.

“ Maidens, like moths, are ever caught by glare.

And Mammon wins his way where seraphs might despair.”

VnViO'ii.—Ckilde Harold, Canto I.

Fig. i2>^.—Doa a/npla, $ . }.

Liparidas

Genus LEUCULODES Dyar

Fig. \%6. — Le!!cii lodes
lacteclaiia, 2 ■ I-

The genus is thus far represented in our
fauna by but a single species, to which Hulst
applied the specific name lacteolaria. It is a
native of Arizona. The figure which is here-
with given was drawn by the writer from the
type which is preserved in the United States
National Museum.

MOTH-SONG

“ What dost thou here,

Thou dusky eourtier,

Within the pinky palaee of the rose?

Here is no bed for thee,

No honeyed spieery, —

But for the golden bee.

And the gay wind, and me,

Its sweetness grows.

Rover, thou dost forget ; —

Seek thou the passion-flower
Bloom of one twilight hour.

Haste, thou art late!

Its hidden savors wait.

For thee is spread
Its soft, purple coverlet;

Moth, art thou sped ?

— Dim as a ghost he flies
Thorough the night mysteries.”

Eli.ex Mackay Hutchinson Cortisso?,.

310

FAMILY LASIOCAMPID/E

“Now busily convened upon the bud
That crowns the genial branch, they feast sublime,

And spread their muslin canopy around.

Pavilioned richer than the proudest kings.”

The Lasiocainpida’ have been characterized as follows by Sii
George F. Hampson, in “The Moths of India,” Vol. i, p. 402:

“Moths mostly of large size. Palpi porrect and generally
large. Proboscis absent; eyes small; antennae bipectinate in
both sexes; legs generally with minute terminal pairs of spurs to
mid and hind tibiae and rather hairy. Fore wing with vein \a
not forked with b ; \c rarely present; the ceil medial in position;
veins 6 and 7 from the angle; veins 9 and 10 always stalked and
from before the angle, blind wing with two internal veins; 6
and 7 arising very near the base; 8 curved and almost touching
7, or connected with it by a bar, thus forming a precostal cell;
accessory costal veinlets generally present. Frenulum absent.

Larva with lateral downwardly-directed tufts of hair, and
often subdorsal tufts or dorsal humps on anterior somites thickly
clothed with hair.

Cocoon closely v. oven of silk and hair.”

Seven genera belonging to the family are recognized as
occurring within our faunal limits.

Genus GLOVERIA Packard

(1) Gloveria arizonensis Packard, Plate XLl, Fig. 3, ?.

Syn. dentata Henry Edwards.

The moth is found in Arizona and northern Mexico.

(2) Gloveria psidii Salle, Plate XLl, Fig. 2, S .

The habitat of the species is the same as that of the foregoing.

(3) Gloveria howardi Dyar, Plate XLl, Fig. i, ?.

The specimen figured on the plate is one of several which are
contained in the collection of the United States National Museum,

311

Lasiocampidae

and which constituted the material upon which the original
description of the species was based by Dr. Dyar.

Genus ARTACE Walker
(i) Aftace punctistriga Walker, Plate XII, Fig. 5, $.

Syn. rubripalpis Felder.

This rather rare little moth has its habitat in the southern
Atlantic States.

Genus TOLYPE Hiibner

Five species are accounted as belonging to this genus. We
give illustrations of the one which is commonest.

(i) Tolype velleda Stoll, Plate XI, Fig. 7, ^ , Fig. 8, ? .

The species is found throughout the Appalachian subregion.

Genus HYPOPACHA Neumoegen & Dyar

The only species known to belong to this genus was named
grisea by Neumoegen. The only specimen
of which the writer has knowledge is the type
which is contained in the collection of the
Brooklyn Institute. Of this 1 have, through
the kindness of the authorities of that institu-
tion, been permitted to make a drawing, which
is reproduced in the annexed cut. The habitat
of the species is Arizona.

1 ne omy spec

W

Fig. 187.-
grisea, $

-H.

Genus MALACOSOMA Hiibner

(1) Malacosoma americana Fabricius, Plate X, Fig. 12, ?.

Syn. decipiens Walker; frutetortmi Boisduval.

The species, which is commonly known as “The American
Tent-caterpillar,” is widely distributed throughout the Appalachian
subregion, and at times inflicts considerable injury upon the foliage
of trees. It especially affects trees belonging to the Rosace(z,
as the wild cherry and wild plum, and attacks apple-orchards
with avidity. The great white webs woven by the caterpillars
are familiar objects in the rural landscape, detested by the fruit-
grower, and equally despised by the man who loves to see
trees in perfect leaf. An orchard cobwebbed by the tent-caterpil-

312

Lasiocampidas

lar is not pleasant to
contemplate. The best
way to combat these
destructive insects is to
diligently search for
their webs when they
first are being formed,
and to cut off the
branches to which they
are attached and burn
them. By following
this method carefully,
their ravages may be
held in check.

(2) Malacosoma
californica Packard,

Plate X, Fig. 1 1, 6 .

Syn. pseudoneustria Bois-
duval.

The species, which
is in its habits very
closely allied to the
preceding, has its home

upon the Pacific coast.

(3) Malacosoma disstria Hubner, Plate X,
Fig. 9, 6 ; form erosa Stretch, Plate X, Fig. 10,6.

Syn. sylvatica Harris ; drupacearum Boisduval ; thoracicoides
Neumoegen & Dyar ; sylvalicoides Neumoegen & Dyar ; thoracica
Stretch; perversa Neumoegen & Dyar.

The moth is universally distributed through the
United States and Canada. It appears to be rather
variable, and a number of subspecies or varietal forms
have been recognized. Many of the races, if such
they can be called, differ so little from the typical
stock that it hardly appears worth while to regard
the names which have been applied to them as
other than synonyms.

Fig. 189.— The habits of the larvae are almost identical with
i^’va^^(After t^^se of the species to which reference has already
Riley.) been made. Like them, they prefer to attack the

313

Fig. 188. — M. a^nericana. a, lateral view of
larva ; dorsal view of larva ; e, mass of eggs ;
d, cocoon. (After Riley.)

Lasiocampidse

Rosacece, although they also at times feed upon other trees.
The hickories of various species and the walnuts are not exempt

from their ravages. The
writer has never observed
them feeding upon oaks,
birch, or beeches. An ex-
cellent account of the hab-
its of these creatures may
be found in Riley’s Mis-
souri Reports, Number III,
from which the illustra-
tions here given have been
taken. The means of
holding the insects in
check are the same which
have been recommended in the case of M. americana.

Genus HETEROPACHA Harvey

(i) Heteropacha rileyana Harvey, Plate VIII, Fig. 7 ?.

The moth is not uncommon in the Valley of the Mississippi,
ranging from western Pennsylvania to Kansas and Missouri, and
southward into Texas.

Genus EPICNAPTERA Rambur

(1) Epicnaptera americana Harris, Plate XLI, Fig. 19, ^ ,
Fig. 20, $ .

Syn. occidentis Walker; carpinifolia Boisduval.

There are a number of color forms of this insect which have
received names, and which appear to be local races of some mea-
sure of stability in the regions where they occur. We have given
in our plate the form which is common in the Mississippi Valley.
The specimens figured were bred from larvae reared by Mr. Tallant
at Columbus, Ohio.

Fig. 190. — M. disstria. a, egg mass; <5,
moth ; r, egg viewed from top ; d, eggs viewed
from side; c, d, magnified. (After Riley.)

“ The Baron was an entomologist. Both the Fontenettes thought we should
he fascinated with the beauty of some of his cases of moths and butterflies.”

G. W. Cable.

314

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Explanation of Plate XLI

(Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained
the collection of W. J. Holland.)

1. G lover ia howardi Dyar, $ , U. S. N. M.

2. Gloveria psidii Salle, U' , U. S. N. M,

3. Gloveria arizonensis Packard, 9 > U. S. N. M.

4. Crinodes beskei Hiibner, G' .

5. Citheronia septtlchralis Grote & Robinson, 9 .

6. Oreta irrorata Packard, 9 ■

7. Falcaria bilineata Packard, 9 ■

8. Eurycyttarus confederata Grote & Robinson, cJ'.

9. Cossus undosus Lintner, 9 .

10. Prionoxystus robiniaz Peck, 9 ■

11. Prionoxystus robinia’ Peck, (J ,

12. Thyridopteryx ephemerccforniis Haworth, U'.

13. Sthenopis quadriguttaiiis Grote, cJ',

14. Sthenopis argenteomaculatus Harris, (S' ■

15. Hepialus hyperboreus Ma'schler, c? , U. S. N. M,

16. Hepialus lemberti Dyar, U. S. N. M.

17. Cicinnus rnelsheimeri Harris, 9 •

18. Aon noctuiforniis Neumoegen, S-

19. Epicnaptera americana Harris, S-

20. Epicnaptera americana Harris, 9 •

21. Lacosoma chiridota Grote, S-

22. Drepana genicula Grote, cJ' .

23. Drepana arcuata Walker, S-

24. Oreta rosea Walker, 9 •

The Moth Book.

Plate XLI.

AMER'CAN COLORTYPE

FAMILY BOMBYCID/^

“ And thou, the insect of an hour,

O’er Time to triumph wouldst pretend;

With nerves of grass wouldst brave the power
Beneath which pyramids must bend! ”

Cari, Gustaf Af Leopold.

The Bombycidce were originally confined to the Asiatic conti-
nent, and more particularly to the southeastern portions of that
great land mass. The family is quite small and includes only a
few genera. Of these the genus Bombyx is the only one
which is well known. The Timily has been characterized as
follows by Sir George F. Hampson, in “The Moths of India,"
Vol. I, p. 31 ;

“Proboscis absent, palpi rather small or absent; antennae
bipectinated in both sexes; legs hairy, without spurs. Frenulum
absent; vein 5 of both wings from or from above the middle of
the discocellulars; veins 7, 8, and 9 of the fore wing generally
more or less bent downward; vein \a forming or not forming
a fork with \b\ \c absent or present. Hind wing with two or
three internal veins; vein 8 arising from the base of 7, or free
from the base with a bar between them ; the inner margin irreg-
ular and in part turned over.

Larva elongate and not hairy; dorsal humps on some of
the somites, or a horn on the terminal somite, or paired dorsal
spines.

Cocoon formed of fine silk of great commercial value."

Genus BOMBYX Linnaeus

(i) Bombyx mori Linnaeus.

The silk-worm of commerce is not known to exist in a feral
or wild state in the regions where it is now most commonly

315

Bombycidae

reared. In this respect it is like many other domesticated animals.
The caterpillar, of which a figure is herewith given, feeds upon

Fig. 191. — Larva of Bonibyx mori. (After Riley.)

the leaves of the white mulberry, and will also feed freely upon
the leaves of the Osage orange, an American hedge-plant. The

insect was introduced at an early date
into the American colonies, but its
culture has not as yet risen in the
New World to great ‘proportions,
though the manufacture of silk from
imported material is at the present
day an important American industry.
Fig. 192.— Cocoon of B. mori. Xhe Culture of silk is an industry

(After Riley.) which might be best undertaken

and maintained in the Southern States of the American Union,
where climatic conditions are wholly favorable to it. The Caro-
linas and Georgia appear to fur-
nish the best climate for the
development of this industry, and
it is believed by those who are
most conversant with the matter
that in time the rearing of the silk-
worm may become in these States
an exceedingly important and
profitable branch of industry.

Southern California and Arizona
are also likely to become centers in which the growing of raw
silk may be successfully pursued.

THE HISTORY OF SILK-CULTURE

The greater portion of the silk of commerce is produced
by the larvae of the moth known as Boinhyx mori. The in-

316

(After Riley.)

Bombycidae

sect, through ages of human culture, has become thoroughly
domesticated. It has been wrongly maintained that the moth
known as Theopbila huttoni, and which is found in China and
western India, is the ancestral or feral form from which the
domesticated Bombyx mori has been derived. The common silk-
worm does not exist in a wild state anywhere so far as is known,
and is as much a domestic animal as the Jersey cow or the grey-
hound. Chinese literature clearly shows that the silk-industry
originated in that country. The Emperor Hwang-Ti, whose
reign was in the eighteenth century b.c., fostered the culture of
silk, and his empress, Si-Ling-Chi, who gave her personal atten-
tion to the breeding of silk-worms and the manufacture of silk,
was deified in coiTsequence, and is reputed to be “the goddess
of silk-worms.” ^The methods of securing the silk and weaving
fabrics from it were held secret by the Chinese for nearly two
thousand years, and only after ages was a knowledge of the art
transmitted to Corea, and thence to Japan. Silk in very small
quantities was imported into Greece and Rome from China by
way of Persia. Aristotle was the first writer in Europe to give a
correct account of the manner in which silk is produced. He is
supposed to have derived his information from those who had
accompanied Alexander the Great on his victorious march into
India. The price of silken fabrics in the West at the beginning
of the Christian era, owing to the cost of transportation, was so
great that only the very rich could possess garments of this
material. Their use was restricted to wealthy women. For a
man to use silken clothing was esteemed a sign of luxurious
effeminacy. Under the reigns of Tiberius, Vespasian, and
Diocletian the use of silken apparel by men was positively inter-
dicted; but gradually, with the increase of importation of raw
silk from Persia and its manufacture into stuffs in Asia Minor and
elsewhere, the habit of using it grew, and its cost was slowly
lowered. Under the reign of the Emperor Justinian, in the sixth
century, positive steps to foster sericulture as an imperial monop-
oly were taken. Silk-looms operated by women were estab-
lished in the palace at Constantinople, and Justinian endeavored,
in view of the loss of the supply of raw silk brought about by a
war with Persia, to induce the Prince of Abyssinia to secure to
him supplies of the article by a circuitous route. Relief was finally

317

Bombycidae

brought to the embarrassed imperial manufacturer when two
Nestorian monks, who had lived long in China and had learned
all the processes of silk-culture, were induced to go back to that
far-away land and bring to Constantinople a stock of the eggs of
the silk-worm. As it was among the Chinese a capital offense to
reveal the secrets of the trade onto export the eggs from which
the worms are hatched, the two priests had to proceed with the
utmost caution. They concealed the eggs in the hollows of the
bamboo staffs which they carried as pilgrims. From these eggs,
thus transported to Constantinople in a.d. 355, all of the silk-
worms in Europe, Africa, Asia Minor, and America until as
recently as 1865 were descended. It was not until the last-men-
tioned year that any importation of fresh eggs of the silk-worm
from China took place. Those two bamboo sticks held within
themselves the germ of a vast industry, countless costly ward-
robes, the raiment of kings, queens, and emperors, and untold
wealth.

From the time of Justinian onward the growth of silk-culture
in Greece and Asia Minor was rapid. It was introduced into
Spain by the Saracens at the beginning of the eighth century. It
found lodgment in Sicily and Naples in the twelfth century, and
in the next century was taken up in Genoa and Venice. It was
not begun in France until the latter part of the sixteenth century,
but in the seventeenth century it made great progress in France,
as well as in Belgium and Switzerland. The weaving of silk had
begun at an earlier date than this in France, Germany, and Eng-
land. V^ttempts made to introduce the culture of the mulberry-
tree and of the silk-worm in Great Britain have always signally
failed. The climate appears to be against the industry. James 1,
who had failed in his attempts to foster sericulture in England,
undertook to plant the industry in Virginia in 1609. But the eggs
and mulberry-trees he sent out were lost by shipwreck. In 1619
and the years immediately following the attempt was renewed,
and the raising of silk-worms was enjoined by statute and en-
couraged by bounties. In spite of every effort, little came of the
attempt, the colonists finding the growth of tobacco to be far
more profitable. In Georgia and the Carolinas similar attempts
were made, and from 1735 to 1766 there were exported to Eng-
land considerable quantities of raw silk from these colonies. From

318

Bombycidae

1760 onward the industry declined. Sericulture was at this time
taken up in Connecticut and flourished there more than anywhere
else for many years, though the raw silk was not exported, but
woven on the spot into various fabrics. The production of raw
silk in Connecticut for many years amounted to a sum of not less
than $200,000 annually. In 1830 an effort was made to introduce
into the United States the so-called Chinese mulberry {Monts
multicaiiHs). A popular craze in regard to this plant and the
profits of silk-culture was begotten. Fabulous prices were paid
for cuttings of the Morns multicanlis, as much even as five dol-
lars for twigs less than two feet in length. Hundreds of people
came to believe that the possession of a grove of these trees would
be the avenue to fortune. But in 1839 the bubble burst, and
many persons who had invested the whole of their small earnings
were ruined. It was discovered that the trees would not with-
stand frost and were practically worthless, as compared with the
white mulberry [Morns alba). “Colonel Mulberry Sellers” re-
mains in American literature a reminder of those days, and of the
visionary tendencies of certain of our people.

The manufacture of silk thread and of silken fabrics was begun
in the United States at an early date. Machinery for reeling,
throwing, and weaving silk was invented, and the importation of
raw silk was begun. The industry has steadily grown until at
the present time silk-manufacture has come to be an important
industry, in which nearly a hundred millions of dollars are in-
vested. The annual production of silken goods amounts to a
sum even greater than the capital employed and gives employ-
ment to seventy-five thousand persons. So much for the indus-
trial importance of one small species of those insects to which
this volume is devoted.

"It was brown with a golden gloss, Janette,

It was finer than silk of the floss, my pet;

’T was a beautiful mist falling down to your wrist,

’T was a thing to be braided, and jewelled, and kissed —

’T was the loveliest hair in the world, pet.”

Charles G. Janette's Hair.

319

FAMILY PLATYPTERYGIDy^

“Above the wet and tangled swamp
White vapors gathered thick and damp,

And through their cloudy curtaining
Flapped many a brown and dusky wing —

Pinions that fan the moonless dun,
ut fold them at the rising sun.”

Whittier.

The family has been described as follows by Sir George F.
Hampson, “Moths of India,” Vol. I, p. 326;

“Small or moderate-sized moths of somewhat slender build,
generally with the apex of the fore wing falcate.

Palpi slender and slightly scaled, often very minute. Fore
wing with vein \b forked at the base; \c absent; 5 from close to
the lower angle of cell. Hind wing with one or two internal
veins; \a short when present; 5 from near lower angle of cell;
the discocellulars angled; the origin of veins 6 and 7 before the
angle of cell; 8 bent down and nearly or quite touching 7.

Larva smooth, with the anal prolegs absent, except in the
genus Eucbera;* the anal somite usually with a long process,
the others often humped.

Cocoon spun among leaves.”

Genus EUDEILINEA Packard

The only species of the genus known in our
fauna is the one named herminiata by Guenee.
It is a rather rare little moth in collections, being
probably overlooked by collectors on account of
its insignificant size and its general resemblance to
commoner species. It is found in the Appalachian

herminiata, ^ . L ,

^ subregion.

*Not American.

320

Platypterygidae

Genus GRETA Walker

(1) Greta rosea Walker, Plate XLI, Fig. 24, $ .

Syn. americana Herrich-Schaeffer ; formula Grote.

The moth is a native of the eastern portions of our territory.

(2) Greta irrorata Packard, Plate XLI, Fig. 6, $ .

The range of this species is coincident with that of the last.

Genus DREPANA Schrank
(i) Drepana arcuata Walker, Plate XLI, Fig. 23, ^ .

fabula Grote.

Form genicula Grote, Plate XLI, Fig. 22, 5 .

The species, which is dimorphic, inhabits the Appalachian
subregion. The form genicula occurs in the spring, the form
arcuata in the summer.

Genus FALCARIA Haworth

The genus is common to both hemispheres.

(i) Falcaria bilineata Packard, Plate XLI, Fig. 7, $ .

The insect, which is by no means common, is a native of the
eastern portion of our territory.

TRANSFORMATION

“ Who that beholds the summer’s glistering swarms.

Ten thousand thousand gaily gilded forms,

In volant dance of mix’d rotation play,

Bask in the beam, and beautify the day ;

Who ’d think these airy wantons, so adorn.

Were late his vile antipathy and scorn.

Prone to the dust, or reptile thro’ the mire.

And ever thence unlikely to aspire ?

Or who with transient view, beholding, loaths
Those crawling sects, whom vilest semblance cloaths ;

Who, with corruption, hold their kindred state.

As by contempt, or negligence of fate ;

Could think, that such, revers’d by wondrous doom,

Sublimer powers and brighter forms assume;

From death their future happier life derive.

And tho’ apparently entomb’d, revive ;

Chang’d, thro’ amazing transmigration rise.

And wing the regions of unwonted skies ;

So late depress’d, contemptible on earth.

Now elevate to heaven by second birth.”

Henry Brooke. — Universal Beauty.

321

FAMILY GEOMETRID.^

“ . . . The sylvan powers
Obey our summons ; from their deepest dells
The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild
And odorous branches at our feet; the Nymphs
That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme
And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed,

But scatter round ten thousand forms minute

Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock

Or rifted oak or cavern deep : the Naiads too

Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face

They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush

That drinks the rippling tide : the frozen poles,

Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread.

The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne,

All, all to us unlock their secret stores
And pay their cheerful tribute.”

J. Taylor.— -A’hrzc'/V//, i8i8.

The Geometridce are a very large and universally distributed
family of moths. There is no country where there is any vege-
tation where they do not occur. Even in the inhospitable re-
gions of the far North, upon the verge of the eternal ice, they may
be found. They are more or less frail in their habit, with con-
siderable expanse of wing in proportion to the size of the body.
They are semidiurnal or crepuscular. They have been character-
ized as follows by Sir George F. Hampson:

“. . . Proboscis present or rarely absent. Legs and tarsi
slender, elongate, and naked, or slightly clothed with hair. Fore
wing with vein \a forming a fork with \b. \c absent; vein 5
from or from above middle of the discocellulars, 7 rising from 8,
9. Hind wing with the frenulum usually present, but absent in
a few genera. Vein \a very short, apparently absent in some
forms; vein \b running to anal angle; \c absent. 8 with a well-
developed precostal spur.

322

Geoinetridae

Larvce with the three anterior pairs of abdominal claspers to-
tally aborted, and progressing by bringing the posterior somites
close to the thoracic, looping the medial somites. In a few an-
cestral forms there is tendency to develop additional prolegs and
to a more ordinary mode of progression,”

The larvae, which are commonly known as “measuring-
worms,” “ span-worms,” or “loopers,” have the power in many
cases of attaching themselves by the posterior claspers to the
stems and branches of plants, and extending the remainder of the
body outwardly at an angle to the growth upon which they are
resting, in which attitude they wonderfully resemble short twigs.
Dichromatism is often revealed among them, part of a brood of
caterpillars being green and the remainder brown or yellowish.
Various explanations of this phenomenon have been suggested.
In not a few cases the females are wingless.

Over eight hundred species of Geometridce are known to
occur within the limits of the United States and Canada, and
when the region shall have been exhaustively explored, there is
little doubt that this number will be greatly increased. It is im-
possible within the limits of this book to mention and depict all
of these species. We have therefore confined ourselves to the
description through our plates of one hundred and seventy spe-
cies, which are either more commonly encountered, or are pos-
sessed of some striking character. Incidentally occasion has been
taken to figure a few of the types of species in the collection of
the author which have never before been delineated.

The student who desires to familiarize himself with the fam-
ily with which we are now dealing will derive much assistance
from the writings of Packard and Hulst, the titles of which he
will find in the portion of the Introduction of this book devoted
to the literature of the subject.

SUBFAMILY DYSPTERIDIN.^

Genus DYSPTERIS Hiibner

(i) Dyspteris abortivaria Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLII, Fig.
21, 5 . (The Bad-wing.)

This pretty little moth may be easily recognized by the fact
that the hind wings are so much smaller than the fore wings.

323

Qeornetrldas

It is the only species of the genus found within our territory. It
is not uncommon in the Appalachian subregion.

Genus NYCTOBIA Hulst

Three species belong to this genus. One of them is selected
for illustration.

(i) Nyctobia limitata Walker, Plate XLIl, Fig. 22, 6 .

Syn. lobophorata Walker; vemata Packard.

The habitat of this moth is identical with that of the last-men-
tioned species. It is not at all uncommon in Pennsylvania.

Genus CLADORA Hulst

(1) Cladora atroliturata Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 23, 5.
(The Scribbler.)

Syn. gemmata Grote & Robinson.

A neatly marked species, which is the sole representative of
the genus in our fauna. The moths may be found in the early
spring seated upon the trunks of trees in the forest. It is a native
of the Appalachian subregion.

Genus RACHELA Hulst

Four species of this genus have been characterized by the late
Dr. Hulst. The only one which occurs in the eastern portions
of the continent we figure.

(i) Rachela bruceata Hulst, Plate XLII, Fig. 24, 3 .

The moth is found in the northern Atlantic States. It is not
uncommon in western Pennsylvania.

SUBFAMILY HYDRIOMENlNv^

Genus PALEACRITA Riley

There are reputed to be three species of the genus found in
the United States. Only one of them, because of its economic
importance, has received much attention thus far.

(i) Paleacrita vernata Peck, Plate XLII, Fig. 25, 3 , Fig. 26,
? . (The Spring Canker-worm.)

Syn. sericeiferata Walker ; autumnata Packard ; merricata Dyar.

There are two insects known as canker-worms. One of
these, the smaller of the two, is properly named the Spring

324

Geometridse

Fig. i^^.—Palean-ita ver-
nata. a, mature larva ; b, egg,
magnified, natural size shown in
mass at side ; c, enlarged seg-
ment of larva, side view ; d,
do., viewed dorsally. (After
Riley.)

Canker-worm, because the great majority of the moths issue
from the ground in the spring. It has been a great pest in
orchards, and formerly in our East-
ern cities was a nuisance, not only
because of the injury which it inflicted
upon the foliage of shade-trees, but
because of the annoying manner in
which the larvae, pendent from the
branches by long threads of silk, were
blown about over things and persons
beneath them. It was to effect their de-
struction that the English sparrow was
originally imported into this country.

The ravages of the insects upon the

foliage of trees in parks and gardens have measurably decreased
since this step was taken, but in the open country, especially in

the Valley of the Mississippi,
the insects are still numerous
enough to do much harm
to orchards. The females
being apterous, the best
method of preventing the
multiplication of the insects
upon trees is to prevent
them from climbing up
upon the foliage and ovipositing. A simple device, which has
proved very effective, is to tie a piece of rope about the trunk
of the tree which it is intended to protect, and to insert between
the rope and the bark strips of tin, which, having been put into
place, should be bent downwardly and outwardly, so as to form
a collar with a downward flare. The insects have been found
not to be inclined to pass such a barrier, and they will congregate
just below it, and may there be captured and destroyed. Birds
are the chief enemies of the canker-worm, and every wise or-
chardist will see to it that all species of insectivorous birds are
not molested in his neighborhood, but are encouraged to find in
his trees a hospitable welcome. The small amount of fruit
which the birds take as toll is amply compensated for by the
work which they perform in keeping dov/n insect pests, such as

325

Fig. 196. — Paleacrita vemata. a, male; b,
female; c, joint of antenna; d, joint of ab-
domen; e, ovipositor. (After Riley.)

Geornetridss

the one under consideration. It is the part of wisdom in every
way to protect the birds.

The canker-worm is widely distributed from the Atlantic to
the Pacific.

Genus ALSOPHILA Hubner

of the mature insect.

Only one species of the genus occurs within our limits.

(i) Alsophila pometaria Harris. (The Fall Canker-worm.)

Syn. restituens Walker.

The Fall Canker-worm in many respects closely resembles
the preceding species, but a critical eye can at once detect great
differences both in the form and marking's of the caterpillar and
The moths generally emerge from the
pupal state in the late fall, or
during mild spells of weather
in the winter, and may even
continue to come forth until
the spring is well advanced.
The eggs are not laid as those
of the preceding species, sin-
gly under the scales of bark,
but are deposited in a com-
pact mass fastened to the
twigs by a strong gluey se-
cretion, and are loosely cov-
ered with gray hairs, which the female rubs from her abdomen.
The caterpillars are not ornamented on the back by a multitude
of fine lines, but have a broad brown stripe along the dorsal line.
The moths are larger than those of the Spring Canker-worm, and
have a distinct whitish spot
on the costa of the primaries
near the apex. The cater-
pillar undergoes but two
molts, and matures very
rapidly. It has rudimentary
prolegs on the eighth
somite. The precautionary
measures which have proved effective in combating the Spring
Canker-worm are not efficacious in dealing with this species.
To effectively destroy them the best means is to spray the foli-

326

Fig. 197. — Alsophila pometaria. <7, egg,
side view; b, do., top view; c, side view
of segment of larva; d, top view of seg-
ment of larva; f, mature larva; g, pupa;
h, cremaster. (After Riley.)

Fig. pometaria. a, male; b, fe-

male ; c, female antenna ; d, segment of body
of female, enlarged. (After Riley.)

Gcometridae

age, just as the buds are opening, with some one of the poisonous
mixtures which are prepared as insecticides. One of the very
best means of keeping down the ravages of the insects is to
encourage the cherry-birds {Ampelis) to stay about the place.
They wage relentless war upon the pests.

Genus EUDULE Hiibner

(1) Eudule mendica Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 27, $> . (The
Beggar.)

Syn. biseriata Herrich-Schseffer.

This delicate little moth is widely distributed throughout the
Appalachian subregion. It has been commonly placed in the
genus Euphanessa.

(2) Eudule unicolor Robinson, Plate XLII, Fig. 28, 6 .
(The Plain-colored Eudule.)

The insect, which has been in most lists attributed to the
genus Ameria, ranges from Colorado to Texas and Arizona.

Genus NANNIA Hulst

(i) Nannia refusata Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 31, $ . (Har-
vey’s Geometer.)

Syn. harveiata Packard.

This is a common species in the spring of the year in the
northern Atlantic States.

Genus HETEROPHLEPS Herrich- Schaeffer

(1) Heterophleps triguttaria Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLII,
Fig. 29, 3. (The Three-spotted Fillip.)

Syn. quadrinotata Walker; hexaspilata Walker.

This pretty little moth is widely distributed throughout the
entire United States, and is very generally associated with the
preceding species in locality and time of appearance.

Genus TEPHROCLYSTIS Hubner

This is a very extensive genus, composed for the most part 01
small and inconspicuous species. It is found in both hemispheres.
We select, for purposes of illustration, one of the commoner
species, which is found in both Europe and America.

327

Geometridas

(i) Tephroclystis absinthiata Clerck, Piate XLII, Fig. 32,
S. (The Absinth.)

Syn. mmutaia Treitschke; notata Stephens; elongata Haworth; absynthiata
Guen^e; coagulata Guenee; geminata Packard.

This inconspicuous little creature illustrates the truth of the
remark, already made, that the smaller the insect the more and
the lengthier the names which it bears or which have been im-
posed upon it.

Genus EUCYMATOGE Hiibner

(i) Eucymatoge intestinata Guenee, Plate XLII, Fig. 30, $.

Syn. impleta Walker; indoctruiata Walker.

The moth is almost universally distributed throughout the
United States. It is found in the spring of the year seated upon
the trunks of trees, the gray bark of which it assimilates in
color.

Genus VENUSIA Curtis

The genus is common to both hemispheres. Veniisia cam-
hrica Curtis is found in Europe and the United States. Two
other species of the genus occur in our territory, and of both of
these we give figures.

(1) Venusia duodecimlineata Packard, Plate XLIII, Fig.

15.

The moth is very widely, if not universally, distributed
throughout temperate North America.

(2) Venusia comptaria Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 33, 6 .

^yn. condensata Walker; hiclinataria Walker; inclinata Plulst; .perlineata
Packard.

The species is common in the eastern portions of the United
States.

Genus EUCHCECA Hiibner

(1) EuchcBca albovittata Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 19,
(The White-striped Black.)

Sya. propriaria Walker ; reciprocata Walker.

The moth is found from the Atlantic to the Pacific and ranges
well up into Alaska, whence 1 have obtained specimens taken at
Sitka and on Lake Labarge, in the Valley of the Yukon.

(2) Euchoeca californiata Packard, Plate XLIV, Fig. 20, 6 .
(The Californian Black.)

The moth inhabits the Pacific States.

Geometridss

(3) EuchcEca lucata Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 6, . (The

Woodland Black.)

The insect is distributed from western Pennsylvania and West
Virginia to Illinois, and northward to Manitoba. It is not rare
about Pittsburgh.

Genus HYDRIA Hiibner

(i) Kydria undulata Linnaeus, Plate XLII, Fig. 34, ?. (The
Scallop-shell Moth.)

This neatly marked species is found in both Europe and
America. It is the only species of the genus in the United States.

Genus PHILEREME Hubner

The species of this genus are all Western in their habitat.

(1) Philereme californiata Packard, Plate XLII, Fig. 36,

The specimen figured was taken on the slopes of Mt. Shasta.

Genus EUSTROMA Hubner

This is quite an extensive genus found in both the New World
and the Old. Of the nine species recognized thus far as occurring
within the United States, we figure three.

(1) Eustroma diversilineata Hubner, Plate XLII, Fig. 42, $, .
(The Diverse-line Moth.)

The moth is not at all uncommon in the Appalachian subregion.

(2) Eustroma prunata Linnaeus, Plate XLII, Fig. 53, 6 . (The
Plum Moth.)

Syn. ribesiaria Boisduval ; (riangiilatu/n Packard ; niontanatum Packard.

The insect is found in both Europe and North America.

(3) Eustroma atrocolorata Grote, Plate XLII, Fig. 43, 6 .
(The Dark-banded Geometer.)

A denizen of the Appalachian subregion. It is one of the most
beautiful of the geometrid moths found in the Atlantic States.

Genus RHEUMAPTERA Hubner

A genus of moderate size, the species of which are found in
the temperate and boreal regions of both hemispheres.

(1) Rheumaptera hastata Linnaeus, Plate XLII, Fig. 40, 5,
Fig. 41, $, var. (The Spear-mark.)

The species is very variable, and half a dozen forms have been
named. The only differences existing between these forms are

329

Geometridas

in the relative amount of black and white upon the upper side of
the wings. The moth is found all through northern Europe and
Asia, and is widely distributed through the northern United States
and Canada as far west as Alaska, where it is very common.

(2) Rheumaptera luctuata Denis & Schiffermuller, PlateXLll,

Fig. 39> ^ •

The remarks made as to the preceding species apply equally
well to the present. 1 have received it in recent years in great
numbers from Alaska.

(j) Rheumaptera rubrosuffusata Packard, Plate XLII, Fig.

38, 8 .

The moth is a native of the Pacific States.

Genus PERCNOPTILOTA Hulst

This genus is represented in North America by a single species,
Percnoptilota fluviata Hubner, which is shown on Plate XLII,
Fig. 48, by a male specimen. The moth also occurs in Europe
and northern Asia, and has been described under at least fifteen*
different names. The synonymy is too extensive to burden the
pages of this book with it.

Genus MESOLEUCA Hubner

This is an extensive genus found in the temperate regions of
the northern hemisphere on both sides of the Atlantic.

(1) Mesoleuca ruficillata Guenee, Plate XLIIl, Fig. 21, S .
The habitat of the species is the northern United States and

southern Canada,

(2) Mesoleuca gratulata Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 47, $ .

Syn. brunneiciliata Packard.

The insect is found in the Pacific subregion.

(3) Mesoleuca lacustrata Guenee, Plate XLII, Fig. 30, $ .
This is not an uncommon species in Europe and the northern

portions of the United States and in Canada.

(4) Mesoleuca intermediata Guenee, Plate XLII, Fig. 49, $ .
The moth occurs in the Atlantic States.

(5) Mesoleuca hersiliata Guenee, Plate XLII, Fig. 46, 6 .

?>yxi. Jiammi/era Walker.

The home of the species is in the region of the Rocky Moun-
tains. It is not uncommon in Colorado.

330

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Explanation of Plate XLII

(The specimens figured are contained in the Collection of W. J
Holland.)

1. Palthis asopialis Guenee, 9 ■

2. Gaberasa ambigualis Walker, cJ'.

3. BonioLocha ntanalis Walker, 9 •

4. Bomolocha baltinioralis Guenee, 9 •

5. Bomolocha abalinealis Walker, J'.

6. Bomolocha madefactalis Guenee, cJ*.

7. Bomolocha bijugalis Walker, (J*.

8. Bomolocha deceptalis Walker,

9. Bomolocha toreuta Grote, c?.

10. Bomolocha scutellaris Grote, 9 ■

11. Bomolocha edictalis Walker, c?.

12. Hypena humuli Harris, cJ'.

13. Hypena humuli var.. .

14. Plathypena scabra Fabricius, (J'.

15. N ycteold linlnerana Speyer, .

16. Brephos infans Moeschler, 9 •

17. Calledapieryx dryopterata Grote, J' .

18. Melanchrota geometroides Walker, .

19. Melanchroia cephise Cramer, .

20. Sphacelodes vidneraria Hiibner, .

21. Dyspteris abortivaria Herrich-Schseffer, J'.

22. Nyctobia limitaia Walker, .

23. Cladora atroliturata Walker, J'.

24. Rachela bruceata Hulst, (^ .

25. Paleacrita vernata Peck, c?. p . 3o!.k

26. Paleacrita vernata Peck, 9 • '

27. Eudule mendica Walker, c^.

28. Eudule unicolor Robinson, ■

29. Heterophleps triguttaria Herrich-Schasfier, c?,

30. Eucymatoge intestinata Guenee, 9 •

31. Nannia refusata Walker, ■

32. Tephroclystis absinihiata Clerck, .

33. Venusia comptaria Walker, H-

34. Hydria undulata Linnaeus, 9 •

35. Hydriomena latirupta Walker, .

36. Philereme californiata Packard, J'.

37. Gypsochroa sitellata Guenee, (S' ■

38. Rheumaptera rubrosuffusata Packard, S-

39. Rheumaptera I ct i ta Denis & Schiffermiiller, (S.

40. Rheumaptera ’'astata Linnaeus, .

41. Rheumaptera hastata Linnaeus, var. J'.

42. Eustroma diversilineata Hiibner, (S ■

43. Eustroma atrocolorata Grote, (S ■

44. Gypsochroa designata Hufnagel, S' ■

45. Triphosa progressata Walker, S-

46 . Mesoleuca hersiliata Guenee , (S ■

47. Mesoleuca gratulata Walker, S-

48. Percnoptilota fluviata Hiibner, S-

49. Mesoleuca intermediatn Guenee, S-

50. Mesoleuca lacustrata Guenee, 9 •

51. Hydriomena autumnalis Stromeyer, S-
52- Hydriomena speciosata Packard, S-

53. Eustroma prunata Linnaeus, (S ■

54. Hydriomena sordidata Fabricius, S-

Plate XLII.

The Moth Book,

OPYhIGHTED BY

HOLLAND

AMERICAN COLORTYPE CO.

Geometridae

Genus HYDRIOMENA Hubner

This is a very extensive genus, which is well represented in
the temperate portions of both the Eastern and the Western
Hemisphere. There are nearly thirty species which have been
reported to occur in our fauna.

(1) Hydriomena sordidata Fabricius, Plate XLII, Fig. 54, ? .

Syn. rectangulata Fabricius; bicolorata Borkhausen ; birivata Borkhausen.

The insect is found all over the northern United States and
Canada, and is common in Europe. Various varietal forms have
been described, based upon differences, more or less constant, in
the markings of the wings.

(2) Hydriomena autumnalis Strbmeyer, Plate XLll, Fig.

51,3.

This is another species which is found in Europe, and also
occurs in the Pacific subregion of North America. It has an ex-
tensive synonymy, for a knowledge of which the student may
refer to Staudinger & Rebel’s Catalogue of the Moths of the Palae-
arctic Region, or to Dyar’s List.

(3) Hydriomena speciosata Packard, Plate XLII, Fig. 52, 6 .

The home of this pretty species is in the southwestern por-
tions of the United States. It occurs in Texas, Arizona, and
southern California.

(4) Hydriomena latirupta Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 3s, 6 .

Syn. lascinata Zeller.

The insect is found almost everywhere in the United States
and Canada.

(5) Hydriomena custodiata Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. 10,
6 , upper side ; Fig. 11, 5 , under side.

Syn. gueneata Packard.

The moth is an inhabitant of the Pacific subregion.

Genus TRIPHOSA Stephens

(i) Triphosa progressata Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 45, 6 .

Syn. indubitata Grote ; diibitaia Packard.

The species occurs in the northern portions of the Pacific
subregion.

“Soft-buzzing Slander; silly moths that eat
An honest name.” Thomson. Pt. IV', 609.

331

Geometridee

Genus CCENOCALPE Hubner

This is a moderately large genus, almost all the species of
which are found in the Pacific subregion or in the southwestern
portions of the United States.

(1) Ccenocaipe gibbocostata Walker, Plate XLllI, Fig. i6, $.

Syn. costinotata Walker; strigularia Minot; aneiformis Harvey.

The moth is one of the few species of the genus found in the
Atlantic States.

(2) Ccenocaipe fervifactaria Grote, Plate XLIII, Fig. 4, 3 .
This rather pretty insect is found in the region of the Rocky

Mountains.

Genus MARMOPTERYX Packard

(1) Marmopteryx marmorata Packard, Plate XLIII, Fig.
I, (The Marble-wing.)

The insect ranges from Colorado in the east to California in
the west.

Genus GYFSOCHROA Hubner

(1) Gypsochroa designata Hufnagel, Plate XLII, Fig. 44, 5 .

Syn. propugnata Denis & Schiffermiiller ; propugnaria Treitschke.

The moth occurs in both Europe and North America.

(2) Gypsochroa siteliata Guenee, Plate XLII, Fig. 37, .

Syn. hcBsitata Guenee; irnpauperata Walker; albosignata Packard.

The species is quite widely distributed throughout the United
States.

SUBFAMILY MONOCTENIIN/E
Genus PAOTA Hulst

(i) Paota fultaria Grote, Plate XLIII, Fig. 27, 6 .

The habitat of the species is Arizona.

Genus H^MATOPSIS Hubner

(i) Hssmatopsis grataria Fabricius, Plate XLIII, Fig. 2, 3 .
(The Chick weed Moth.)

Syn. saniara Hubner ; siiccessaria Walker.

This common but none the less beautiful little moth is often
seen by the roadsides, where it has the habit of clinging to the
stems of grasses, and of flying up when the footsteps of the
passer-by approach. It is a native of the Appalachian subregion,

33^

Geometridae

and ranges from the Atlantic to the Mississippi and beyond.
The larva feeds on chickv/eed.

SUBFAMILY STERRHIN^E
Genus ERASTRIA Hiibner

(i) Erastria amaturaria Vv^alker, Plate XLIll, Fig. 22, $.

This insect, which is not likely to be mistaken for anything
else, is a native of the Appalachian subregion. It is common in
Pennsylvania.

Genus PIGEA Guenee

(i) Pigea mutilineata Hulst, Plate XLIll, Fig. 3, $ .

The insect is found in Arizona. The specimen figured is one
of the types of the species which was loaned to Dr. Hulst, and
upon which he based his description.

Genus COSYMBIA Hubner

(i) Cosymbia lumenaria Hubner, Plate XLIll, Fig. 12, $.

Syn. pendulinaria Guenee ; qjiadriantiulata Walker.

This is a common species in the Atlantic subregion.

Genus SYNELYS Hulst

This is a small genus containing eight or nine species, all of
which are found in the Southern States, except two.

(i) Synelys alabastaria Hubner, Plate XLIll, Fig. 5, ?.

Syn. reconditaria Walker ; ennucleata Packard (^non Guenee).

The moth is very common in the Appalachian subregion.

Genus LEPTOMERIS Hubner

(1) Leptomeris quinquelinearia Packard, Plate XLIll, Fig.
9, $. (Th'e Five-lined Geometer.)

A common species everywhere in the United States.

(2) Leptomeris sentinaria Hubner, Plate XLIll, Fig. 14, 6 .

Syn. spuraria Christoph ; gracilior Butler.

The habitat of this insect is the northern portion of the Ap-
palachian subregion.

(3) Leptomeris magnetaria Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. 8, 5 .
(The Magnet Moth.)

Syn. rubrolinearia Packard ; rubrolineata Packard.

The insect is found in the Pacific subregion.

333

Geometridae

Genus EOlS Hiibner

(i) Eois ptelearia Riley. (The Herbarium Moth.)

The moth which is the subject of consideration is interesting
because of the fact that in recent years it has become known as a
destructive herbarium pest. The larvae attack the flowers, to

Fig. 199. — Eois ptelearia. c, larva, from side; b, do., from
above ; c, side view of abdominal segment ; d, tubercle of same ; <r,
pupa ; y, cremaster ; g, abdominal projection. All figures greatly
enlarged. (After C. V. Riley, “ Insect Life,”Vol. IV, p. 109.)

some extent the leaves, and also to a less extent the hard fruits
and seeds of specimens collected in the Southwestern States
and in Mexico. Their ravages were first detected at the
United States National Museum in the year 1890. Strangely
enough, they show no appetite for species belonging to the flora
of the Eastern and Northern States. It is believed that the insect
is native to the region the plants of which it devours, but thus
far no entomologist has reported its occurrence in the section of
country from which it is supposed to come. The damage it
is able to inflict upon specimens is very great, because of the
very rapid multiplication of individuals which takes place.

An exceedingly interesting account of the insect and its

334

Geometridat

destructive work was given by the late Professor C. V. Riley in
“ Insect Life,” Vol. IV, p. io8 et seq. From this article the cuts
which are herewith given have
been extracted. Botanists can-
not too carefully guard against
this and other insect plagues
which multiply in their collec-
tions. A solution of corrosive
sublimate and arsenic, such as
is commonly employed for
poisoning herbarium speci-
mens, will do much to prevent
the ravages of the larvae; but,
as is pointed out by Professor
Riley in the article to which
reference has been made, addi-
tional safety from attack will be
secured if all specimens, as they
are received in the herbarium,
are subjected to at least twenty-
four hours’ exposure to the
fumes of bisulphide of carbon
in an air-tight box or receptacle.

This substance, as experience
has shown, is destructive to all forms of insect life. Care should,
however, be exercised in its use, as the fumes mixed with atmo-
spheric gases make a highly explosive compound. The opera-
tion should never be undertaken in the presence of flame. It is
not even safe to allow the fumes of carbon bisulphide to mingle
in large quantity with the atmosphere of an apartment which is
lighted by electricity. Accidental sparking, owing to some de-
fect of the wires, may cause an explosion. Several bad accidents
have occurred from the use in careless hands of this otherwise
most valuable insecticide.

(2) Eois ossularia Hubner, Plate XLIII, Fig. 7, S .

The moth, which has an extensive synonymy, which we will
omit, is widely distributed throughout the United States.

(3) Eois inductata Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. 6, .

Syn. conseciitaria Walker ; sobria Walker ; suppressctria Walker.

335

Fig. 200.— Eois ptelearia. a, larva;
b, cocoon ; r, moth ; d, egg. All figures
greatly enlarged. (After C. V. Riley,
“ Insect Life,” Vol. IV, p. IIO.)

Geometrids

The species is indigenous in the Appalachian subregion.

(4) Eois sideraria Guenee, Plate XLIIl, Fig. 1^,6.

Syn. californiaria Packard ; califor7iiata Packard ; pacijicaria Packard.

The species ranges over the northern portions of the United
States.

SUBFAMILY GEOMETRIN^

Genus CHLOROCHLAMYS Hulst
(i) Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria Guenee, Piate XLIII,

Fig. 17. ?•

Syn. indiscri?ni7iaria W Walker ; deprivata

The insect ranges from the Atlantic to the Pacific. It is freely
attracted to light in the evening.

Genus EUCROSTIS Hiibner
(i) Eucrostis incertata Walker, Plate XLIII, Fig. 18, 5 .

Syn. oporaria Zeller ; gratata Packard.

Not at all uncommon in the Appalachian subregion.

Genus RACHEOSPILA Guenee

A small genus, characteristic of the hot lands of the American
continents. One species, R. lixaria, is found in the Appalachian
subregion as far north as the Middle States; the four remaining
species found vcithin our territory have thus far been reported only
from Florida.

(1) Racheospila hollandaria Hulst, Plate XLIII, Fig. 19, $.
The specimen depicted on the plate is the type of the species,

which was taken by the writer on the upper waters of the St.
Johns River.

(2) Racheospila saltusaria Hulst, Plate XLIII, Fig. 20, 6 .
The specimen depicted on the plate is likewise the type of

the species and came from the same locality as the preceding
species.

Genus SYNCHLORA Guende
(i) Synchlora liquoraria Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. 23, 5.

Syn. tricoloi'aria Packard.

A species which is very widely distributed throughout the
United States.

Geomelridaj

Genus ANAPLODES Packard

(i) Anaplodes iridaria Guen^e, Plate XLlIl, Fig. 24, $.

Syn. rectaria Grote.

The moth ranges from Colorado to California.

SUBFAMILY FERNALDELLIN/E
Genus FERNALDELLA Hulst

The genus is the only representative of the
subFimily. There are two species in the genus,
both of them natives of the region of the Rocky
Mountains. One of these, originally named
fimetaria by Grote & Robinson, and subse- Fig. 201.— Femaldel-
quently named halesaria by Zeller, is repre- lafimetana, 3
sented in the accompanying cut. It is a very common insect in
central Texas as well as in Colorado and Arizona.

SUBFAMILY ENNOMIN^

Genus EPELIS Hulst

(1) Epelis truncataria Walker, Plate XLlll, Fig. 26, $.

Syn. faxoni Minot.

This species, the only representative of the genus, ranges
through the northern and cooler portions of the Appalachian
subregion, westward to the Rocky Mountains.

Genus EUFIDONIA Packard

(i) Eufidonia notataria Walker, Plate XLlll, Fig. 25, 3.

Syn. discopilata Walker; fidoniata Walker; bicolorata Minot; qtiadripunctaria
Morrison.

This neatly marked moth is found in the Appalachian subregion.
It is the only species in the genus.

Genus ORTHOFIDONIA Packard

(1) Orthofidonia semiclarata V/alker, Plate XLIII, Fig.
30, $.

Syn. viatica Harvey.

The moth is a native of the Atlantic States.

(2) Orthofidonia vestaliata Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. 31,

Syn. junctaria Walker.

337

Geometrida

The habitat of this insect is the same as that of the preceding
species, but it ranges a little farther to the West, and has been
reported from Colorado.

Genus DASYFIDONIA Packard
(i) Dasyfidonia avuncularia Guenee, Plate XLllI, Fig.

This very pretty moth occurs from Colorado to California. It
is the sole species in the genus.

Genus HELIOMATA Grote

There are reputed to be three species in this genus. Two of
them we figure.

(1) Heliomata infulata Grote, Plate XLlll, Fig. 28, $.

The habitat of the species is the Atlantic region of the
continent.

(2) Heliomata cycladata Grote, Plate XLllI, Fig. 29, $ .

The moth ranges from the Atlantic States westward as far as

Montana. It is nowhere very common.

Genus MELLILLA Grote
(1) Mellilla inextricata Walker, Plate XLIII, Fig. 33, 8 .

Syn. xanthometata Walker ; snoviaria Packard.

The insect is a native of the Atlantic States.

Genus CHLORASPILATES Packard

(i) Chloraspilates bicoloraria Packard, form arizonaria,
Plate XLIII, Fig. 34, <5 .

The moth is found in the region of the Rocky Mountains.

Genus PHYSOSTEGANIA Warren
(1) Physostegania pustularia Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig.

35.

A native of the Atlantic States, ranging westward into the
Valley of the Mississippi.

Genus DEILINEA Hubner
(i) Deilinea variolaria Guenee, Plate XLlll, Fig. 36, 9.

Syn. intentata Packard.

338

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Explanation of Plate XLlll

(The specimens figured are contained in the Collection of W. J.
Holland.)

I .• il/ a r 111 o p t e r y X niarmorata
Packard, (S' ■

2. Haematopis grataria Fabricius,

d’.

3. Pigea muliilineata Hulst, S,

Type.

4. Triphosa fcrvifaciaria Grote, S-

5. Synelys alabastaria Hiibner, 9 •

6. Eois iuductata Guenee, S-

7. Eoi.s ossularia Htibner, S-

8. Lepionieris magnetaria Guenee,

c?-

9 . Le pt omer is quinquelinearia

Packard, 9 .

10. Hydriomena custodiata Guenee,

S'-

11. Hydriomena custodiata Guenee,

S , Lower side.

12. Cosymbia lumenaria Hiibner, 9 •

13. Eois sider aria Guenee, S-

14. Leptonieris sentinaria Hiibner,

15. Venusia duodecimlineaia

Packard, S ■

16. Triphosagibbicostata Walker, S-

17. Chlorochlaniys chloroleucaria

Guenee, 9 ■

18. Eiicrostis incertata Walker, S-

19. Racheospila hollandaria Hulst,

9 , Type.

20. Racheospila saltusaria Hulst,

d’. Type.

2 1 . Mesoleuca rufocillata Guenee,

d'.

22. Erastria amaiuraria Walker, S-

23. Synchlora liquoraria Guenee, S-

24. Anaplodes iridaria Guenee, S-

25. Eufidonia notalaria Walker, S-

26. Epelis truncataria Walker, 9 •

27. Paota fultaria Grote, S-

28. Heliomata inf ulata Grote, 9-

29. Heliomata cycladata Grote, S-

30. Orthofidonia semiclarata Walker,

?•

31. Orthofidonia vestaliata Guenee,

d'.

32. D asyfidonia avuncular ia

Guenee, S-

33. Mellilla xanthometata Walker,

d'.

34. Chloraspilates arizonaria Grote,

(?•

35. P h y s o ste ga n i a pusiularia

Guenee , S ■

36. Deilinea variolaria Guenee, 9 •
3 7 . Sciagrapha granitata Guenee , S ■

38. Deilinea behrensaria Hulst, d',

Type.

39. Philobia enotata Guenee, S-

40. Macaria proeatomata Haworth,

9.

41. Sciagrapha heliothidata Guenee,

9-

42. Sciagrapha mellistrigata Grote,

(?.

43. Macaria s-signaia Packard, S-

44. Macaria eremiat a Guenee, S-

45. Cymatophora ribearia Fitch, 9 •

46. Cymatophora inceptaria Walker,

d*. _

47. Macaria hypcethrata Grote, S ■

48. Cymatophora succes saria

Walker, 9

49. Cymatophora cdortaria Hulst, S ■

50. Cymatophora tenebrosata Hulst,

S, Type.

51. Sympherta trip unctari a

Packard, 9 •

52. Apcecasia defluata Walker, S ■

53. Caiopyrrha di s similar ia

Hiibner, S ■

54. Catopyrrha coloraria Fabricius,

d

55. Enemera juturnaria Guenee, S-

56. Platea trilinearia Packard, S-

57. Platea californiaria Herrich-

Schacffer, S ■

58. Caripeta divisata Walker, S-

5 9 . Philedia p u n c t o m a c u I a r i a
Hulst, d', Type.

60. Nepytia semiclusaria Walker,

d-

The Moth Book

Plate XLIII

CUPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND.

AMERICAN COLORTYPE

Geometridae

The moth occurs quite commonly in the Atlantic subregion.

(2) Deilinea behrensaria Hulst, Plate XLllI, Fig. 38, $, .

A native of the Pacific subregion. The specimen figured is
one of the types.

Genus SCIAGRAPHIA Hulst

(1) Sciagraphia granitata Guenee, Plate XLllI, Fig. 37,
(The Granite Moth.)

This small moth, which is a common species in the Appa-
lachian subregion, has been described under no less than nineteen
names by various authors. The student who is curious as to the
synonymy may consult Dyar’s List.

(2) Sciagraphia heliothidata Guenee, Plate XLllI, Fig. 41,
$. (The Sun-flower Moth.)

Syn. ocellinata Guenee; resiorata Walker; subcolunibata Walker; duplicatay
Packard.

The moth occurs throughout the region of the Great Plains
and the Rocky Mountains.

(3) Sciagraphia mellistrigata Grote, Plate XLIII, Fig. 42, 6 .
(The Honey-streak.)

The insect is found in the northern portions of the United
States, and ranges westward and southward, being not at all
uncommon in northern Texas and in Colorado.

Genus PHILOBIA Duponchel

(1) Philobia enotata Guenee, Plate XLlIl, Fig. 39, .

Syn. amtilafaria Walker; scctomaculcita Morrison; notata Cramer (iion
Linnaeus).

The insect appears to be common everywhere throughout the
United States and Canada.

Genus MACARIA Curtis

A considerable genus, represented in both hemispheres.

(1) Macaria s-signata Packard, Plate XLIII, Fig. 43, ,3.

The species occurs from Colorado westward to California.

(2) Macaria eremiata Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. 44, 5 .

Syn. retectata Walker; gradata Walker; reientata Walker; subcinctaria
Walker.

The habitat of the species is the Appalachian subregion.

(3) Macaria hypaethrata Grote, Plate XLIII, Fig. 47, 3 .

339

G come tr ids

The insect flies in Colorado and adjoining States.

(4) Macaria praeatomata Haworth, Plate XLIIl, Fig. 40, ? .

Syn. consepta Walker.

Not a rare species in the Atlantic States.

(5) Macaria glomeraria Grote, Plate XLIV, Fig. 3, ? .

The range of this species is the same as that of the preceding.

Genus CYMATOPHORA Hiibner

(1) Cymatophora ribearia Fitch, Plate XLHI, Fig. 45, $.
(The Gooseberry Span-worm.)

Syn. sigmaiia Guenee; annisaria Walker; aniusaria Walker; grossulai'iata
Saunders.

The gooseberry and the currant are subject in the United
States and Canada to the attack of various insects, which do a
great deal of damage to them. One of the most frequent causes
of injury to these plants are the larvae of
the Gooseberry Span-worm, which is
represented in Fig. 204. It is, when
mature, about an inch in length, bright
yellow in color, marked with dark-brown
spots upon the segments. The eggs,
which are laid by the mature female at
the end of June or the beginning of July,
are very minute, but upon examination
under the microscope are seen to be beautifully ornamented v/ith
deep pits or scuipturings. They are pale bluish-green. The eggs
are attached by the female to the stems and branches of the plants,
not far from the ground. Being almost
microscopic in size, they readily elude
observation, and this, it is known, accounts
for the fact that the insects are often, by the
transplantation of the shrubs, transferred
from one locality to another in which they
have been previously unknown. The eggs,
having been laid, remain through the sum.-
mer and fall and all of the succeeding winter
in a dormant state, and do not hatch until
early in the following spring, when the
leaves are beginning to put out upon the bushes. As soon as the

340

Fig. 203. — Egg of
Gooseberry Span-worm.
a, . enlarged ; b, natural
size. (After Riley.)

Geometridse

eggs are hatched, the larvae begin to feed upon the young leaves,
and they mature very quickly, the rate of their development being
marked by a correspond-
ing devastation of the
plants upon which they
have established them-
selves. Pupation takes
place at the end of May
or in the beginning of
June. The caterpillar bur-
rows into the loose soil
about the roots of the
bushes, or simply crawls
under loose leaves, and,
without spinning a co-
coon, undergoes transfor-
mation into a chrysalis,
which is smooth and of a
shining mahogany color.

In this state the insects
remain for about two
weeks, when they emerge
as moths, and the cycle
of life is repeated.

The most effectual method of combating the larvae is to
sprinkle the bushes with powdered white hellebore. This is a
good remedy, not only for the species we are considering, but for
several other insects which are likely to occur upon the plants at
the same time.

(2) Cymatophora inceptaria Walker, Plate XLIII, Fig. 46, <3 .

Syn. argillacearia Packard; modestaria Hulst.

A native of the Appalachian subregion.

(3) Cymatophora successaria Walker, Plate XLIII, Fig.
48, $.

Syn. perarcuata Walker.

Form coortaria Hulst, Plate XLIII, Fig. 49, $ .

A widely distributed species, which is not at all uncommon in
the Middle Atlantic States.

(4) Cymatophora tenebrosata Hulst, Plate XLIII, Fig. 50, $ .

341

Fig. 204. —Gooseberry Span-worm, a, b, larvae;
c, pupa. (After Riley.)

Geometridae

The specimen represented upon the plate is one of Dr. Hulst’s
types. The moth is found in Arizona.

Genus SYMPHERTA Hulst

(i) Sympherta tripunctaria Packard, Plate XLIII, Fig. 51, ? .

The moth is found in northern California, and ranges north-
ward into British Columbia.

Genus AP.ffiCASIA Hulst

(i) Apaecasia defluata Walker, Plate XLIII, Fig. 52, $.

Syn. S7ibaquaria Walker.

The habitat of the species is the northern portion of the
Appalachian subregion.

Genus CATOPYRRHA Hubner

(1) Catopyrrha coloraria Fabricius, Plate XLIII, Fig. 54, 6.

Syn. accessaria Hubner; cj'uentaria Hubner; atrdpunctaria Walker.

Form dissimilaria Hubner, Plate XLIII, Fig. 53, 5 .

The insect, which in the mature form presents many varietal
differences, due to variation in the form and shade of the mark-
ings, is found in the Appalachian subregion.

Genus ENEMERA Hulst

(i) Enemera juturnaria Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. 55, 3.

The moth is found in the region of the Rocky Mountains,
westward to California and northward to Alaska.

Genus CARIPETA Walker

(1) Caripeta divisata Walker, Plate XLIII, Fig.

Syn. albopunctata Morrison.

The insect is found in the Atlantic States.

(2) Caripeta angustiorata Walker, Plate XLIV, Fig. 2, $ .

Syn. piniaria Packard.

The moth, which is as yet quite rare in collections, is, like the
preceding species, a native of the Appalachian subregion.

Genus PLATEA Herrich-Schaeffer

(i) Platea californiaria Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLIII, Fig.

57. 5.

Syn. uncanaria Guenee.

342

Geometridae

The moth flies from Colorado to California.

(2) Platea trilinearia Packard, Plate XLIII, Fig. 56, $ .

Syn. dulcearia Grote.

The insect ranges from northern Wyoming to Arizona.

Genus PHILEDIA Hulst

(i) Philedia punctomacularia Hulst, Plate XLllI, Fig. 59, ^ .
The insect, which is found in the Pacific States, is represented
on the plate by a figure of the type.

Genus NEPYTIA Hulst

(1) Nepytia nigrovenaria Packard, Plate XLIV, Fig. 15, $.
The insect is a native of the Pacific subregion.

(2) Nepytia semiclusaria Walker, Plate XLIII, Fig. 60, 6 .

pule hraria Minot; pellucidaria Packard; pinaHa Packard.

The moth occurs in the northern portions of the United States.
Genus ALOIS Curtis

(1) Alois sulphuraria Packard, form baltearia Hulst, Plate
XLIV, Fig. I, 6.

This insect, which is somewhat variable, is represented in
the plate by the type of the form to which the Rev. Dr. Hulst
applied the name baltearia. The species is widely distributed
throughout the United States.

(2) Alois metanemaria Hulst, Plate XLIV, Fig. 5, 5 .

The moth occurs in Arizona and southern California. The
figure on the plate is that of the type of the species.

Genus PARAPHIA Guenee
(i) Paraphia subatomaria Wood, Plate XLIV, Fig. 10, $> .

Syn. nubecularia rnainniun-aria Guenee; improprieita Walker; ex-

superata Walker.

Form unipunota Haworth, Plate XLIV, Fig. ii, $.

Syn. unipuuctata G\itnQQ\ triplipunctaria ¥\\.c\\.

The moth, which is variable in the shade of the wings and
the markings, is found in the Appalachian subregion.

Genus PTEROSPODA Dyar

(1) Pterospoda opuscularia Hulst, Plate XLIV, Fig. 18, ?.
The insect is a native of California. The specimen figured on

34.3

Geometridae

the plate is the type upon which Dr. Hulst based the description
of the species.

Genus CLEORA Curtis

(1) Cleora pampinaria Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 4, $ .

Syn. sublunaria Guenee; frugallaria Guenee; collecla Walker; tine tafia
Walker; fraudulentaria Zeller.

The moth is a native of the Appalachian subregion, ranging
from the Atlantic to the Mississippi and beyond.

(2) Cleora atrifasciata Hulst, Plate XLIV, Fig. 8, $ .

The specimen figured on the plate is the unique type which
was described by Hulst in “ Entomologica Americana,” Vol. Ill,
p. 214. The species has been overlooked in Dyar’s List.

Genus MELANOLOPHIA Hulst
(i) Melanolophia canadaria Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 7, .

Syn. signataria Walker; vnperfectaria Walker; contribiiaria Walker.

A common species in the early spring throughout the United
States.

Genus ECTROPIS Hiibner

(i) Ectropis crepuscularia Denis & Schiffermuller, Plate
XLIV, Fig. 9, 6 .

This species, which is found alike in Europe and America,
has an extensive synonymy, for a knowledge of which the student
may refer to Dyar’s List or to Staudinger & Rebel’s Catalogue.
The species is widely distributed throughout the continent of
North America.

Genus EPIMECIS Hiibner

(i) Epimecis virginaria Cramer, Plate XLIV, Fig. 28,

Fig. 29, $ .

Syn. hortaria Fabricius; liriodendraria Abbot & Smith; disserptaria Walker;
amplaria Walker.

The insect is found in the Appalachian subregion, but is far
more common in the South than in the North. 1 have taken it
in Pennsylvania on rare occasions, but it has been found in great
abundance by me in Florida.

344

Geometfidse

Genus LYCIA Hiibner

(i) Lycia cognataria Guenee, Plate I, Fig. 17, larva; Plate
XLIV, Fig. 13, S.

Syn. sperataria Walker.

This is a common species in the Atlantic States. The larv^'a
depicted on the plate is brown. In every brood there are many
specimens of the larvae which are green, and some are even yel-
lowish. The moth has in the vicinity of Pittsburgh latterly shown
a fondness for ovipositing upon imported rhododendrons, and the
caterpillars have proved troublesome.

Genus NACOPHORA Hulst

(i) Nacophora quernaria Abbot & Smith, Plate XLIV, Fig.

14-?.

The species is not as common as the last, but is not rare. It
has the same habitat, being a native of the Appalachian subregion.

Genus APOCHEIMA Hubner

The genus is found in the boreal regions of both hemispheres.
Only one species occurs in our fauna.

(i) Apocheima rachelee Hulst, Plate XLIV, Fig. 12, 5 .
(Rachel’s Moth.)

The moth is found in Montana, Assiniboia, and northward to
Alaska.

Genus CONIODES Hulst

(i) Coniodes plumigeraria Hulst. (The Walnut Span-
worm.)

In recent years the groves of English Vv^alnuts in southern Cal-
ifornia have been found to be liable to the attack of a span-worm,
which previously had been unknown or unobserved. The trees
had up to that time been regarded as singularly immune from the
depredations of insect pests, and considerable alarm and appre-
hension were felt when it was found that a small caterpillar had
begun to ravage them. The insect feeds also upon the leaves of
various rosaceous plants, and upon the oak. The taste for the
foliage of the English walnut has evidently been recently acquired.

An excellent article upon these insects was published in 1897

345

Geometridae

by D. W. Coquillet in the “ Bulletins of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture,” New Series, No. 7, p. 64. From this

Fig. 205. — C. pliimigeraria. a, male; b, female, magnified. (After
Coquillet, " Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric.,” New Series, No. 7, p. 66.)

article we have taken the accompanying cuts, and from it we
draw some of the facts herein set forth. In describing the insect
Mr. Coquillet says : “The color of the caterpillar is a light pinkish
gray, varied with a darker gray or purplish, or sometimes with

black and yellow, but never
marked with distinct lines;
the piliferous spots are black
or dark brown, and the spir-
acles are orange yellow, ringed
with black, and usually situ-
ated on a yellow spot. The
worms become full grown in
the latter part of April or dur-
ing the month of May; they
then enter the earth to a
depth of from two to four
inches and form small cells,
but do not spin

larva,

Fig. 206. — C. plumigeraHa.
magnified; <5, segment viewed laterally;
do. viewed dorsally. (After Coquillet,

“ Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric.,” New Series,

No. 7, p. 65.)

cocoons.

The change to the chrysalis takes place shortly after the cells are
completed, and the chrysalis remains unchanged throughout the
entire summer and until early in the following year, when they
are changed into moths, which emerge from the ground from the
first week in January to the last week in March. The male moth

346

Geometridffi

is winged, but the female is wingless and is so very different in
appearance from the male that no one not familiar with the facts
in the case would ever suspect both belong to the same species.”

The best means of combating these pests has been found to
be to spray the trees, when the caterpillars are just hatching, with
a solution of Paris green and water, one pound of the poison to
two hundred gallons of water.

Genus PHIGALIA Duponchel

(i) Phigalia titea Cramer, Plate XLIV, Fig. i6, $ .

Syn. titearia Guende ; revocata Walker ; strigataria Minot.

The species is found in the Appalachian subregion, and is
very common in Pennsylvania.

Genus ERANNIS Hiibner

(i) Erannis tiliaria Harris, Plate XLIV, Fig. 17,6. (The
Linden Moth.)

The species ranges from the Atlantic coast to the Rocky
Mountains.

Genus CINGILIA Walker

(i) Cingilia catenaria Drury, Plate XLIV, Fig. 21, S . (The
Chain-streak Moth.)

Syn. hmneralis Walker.

The range of this species is much the same as that of the one
which has just been mentioned above.

Genus SICYA Guenee

(i) Sicya macularia Harris, Plate XLIV, Fig. 22, S , Fig. 23,
$, van

This species has an extensive synonymy, the insects being-
variable in the amount of red which they show on the yellow
ground-color of the wings. The student who wishes to go into
these matters may consult Dyar’s List. The insect is very gen-
erally distributed throughout our territory.

Genus THERINA Hiibner

(i) Therina endropiaria Grote & Robinson, Plate XLIV,
Fig. 26, 6 .

347

Geometridae

A native of the Appalachian subregion.

(2) Therina athasiaria Walker, Plate XLIV, Fig. 27, .

Syn. siccaria Walker ; seminudafa Walker ; seminudaria Packard ; bibularia
Grote & Robinson.

The habitat of this species is the same as that of the preceding.

(3) Therina fiscellaria Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 25, 5 .

Syn. Jlagifaria Guenee; panisaria Walker; cequaliaria Walker.

The insect ranges from the Atlantic to Colorado.

(4) Therina fervidaria Hubner, Plate XLIV, Fig. 24, ^ .

Syn. pultaria Q:ntn€&\ sciata zXk&r invexata 'W&Yker.

The moth is quite common in the Atlantic States.

Genus METROCAMPA Latreille

(i) Metrocampa praegrandaria Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig.
30, $ .

Syn. perlata Guenee ; perlaria Packard ; viridoperlata Packard.

The home of the species is the northern part of the United
States and southern Canada.

Genus EUGONOBAPTA Warren

(1) Eugonohapta nivosaria Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 31, 6 .
(The Snowy Geometer.)

Syn. nivosata Packard.

This is a very common species in the Appalachian subregion.
It is particularly abundant in western Pennsylvania.

Genus ENNOMOS Treitschke

The genus is found in both Europe and America. Three spe-
cies are attributed to our fauna, two of which we figure.

(1) Ennomos subsignarius Hubner, Plate XLIV, Fig. 35, $, .

Syn. niveosericeata Jones.

The moth ranges from the Atlantic westward as far as
Colorado.

(2) Ennomos magnarius Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 34, 5 .
(The Notch-wing.)

Syn. alniaria Packard {non Linnaeus) ; autumnaria Moeschler {non Werne-
burg) ; lutaria Walker.

This is one of the larger and more conspicuous species of the
family. It is rather a common insect in the northern United States,

348

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Explanation of Plate XLIV

(The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J.
Holland.)

1. Aids haltearia Hulst, <S^,Type.

2. Caripcta angnstiorata Walker,

3. ]\Iacaria glomeraria Grote, 9 •

4. Cleora painpinaria Guenee, (J' .

5. Aids metanemaria Hulst, c? ,

Type.

6. Euchoeca lucata Guenee, J'-

7 . ]\[ elan olophta canadaria

Guenee, cJ'.

8. Cleora atrifasdata Hulst, 9 >

Type.

Q. Ectropis crepuscularia Denis &
Schiffermiiller, .

10. Paraphia subatomaria Wood,

c?

1 1 . Paraphia unipuncta Haworth,

9 .

12. Apocheima rachelce Hulst, (S' ■

13. Lyda cognataria Guenee, cJ' .

14. Nacophora quernaria Abbot &

Smith. 9 •

15. Nepytia nigrovenaria Packard,

9 .

16. Phigalia titea Cramer, S-

17. Erannis tiliaria Harris, S-

18. Pterospoda opuscularia Hulst,

9 . Type.

19. Euchceca albovittata Guenee,

20. Euchceca calif orniata Packard,

(f.

21. Cingilia caienaria Drury, S-

22. Sicya macularia Harris, S-

23. Sicya macularia Harris, var.,

9

24. Therina jervidaria Htibner, S-

25. Therina fiscellaria Guenee, S-

26. Therina endropiaria Grote &

Robinson, S-

27. Therina athasiaria Walker, S-

28. Epimeds virginaria Cramer,

29. Epimeds virginaria Cramer,

$.

30. Metrocam pa preegrandaria

Guenee, S ■

31. Eugonobapta nivosaria Guenee,

d’.

32. Plagodis emargataria Guenee,

$.

33. Plagodis serinaria Herrich-

Scha^ffer, S ■

34. Ennomos magnardis Guenee,

C^.

35. Ennomos subsignariiis Hiibner,

d’.

36. Plagodis keutzingi Grote, S-

37. Ania limbata Haworth, 9 •

38. Hyperitis amicaria Herrich-

Schseffer, S-

39. Xanthotype croc at aria

Fabricius, S ■

40. Xanthotype ccelaria Hulst, d' .

The Moth Book

Plate XLIV

COPYRIGHTED

Geometridae

and appears on the wing most abundantly in the late summer and
early fall.

Genus XANTHOTYPE Warren

(i) Xanthotype crocataria Fabricius, Plate XLIV, Fig. 39,
S . (The Crocus Geometer.)

Syn. cit7'ina Hiibner.

Form caelaria Hulst, Plate XLIV, Fig. 40, 6 .

Quite a common species in the A} palachian subregion. The
insect shows great variability in the amount of the dark spots
and cloudings upon the upper side of the wings.

Genus PLAGODIS Hiibner

(1) Plagodis serinaria Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLIV, Fig.

Syn. stibprivata Walker ; floscularia Grote.

A common species of the Appalachian subregion, particularly
abundant among the Alleghany Mountains.

(2) Plagodis keutzingi Grote, Plate XLIV, Fig. 36, 3 .

Syn. keiUzingaria Packard.

The habitat of this species is identical with that of the
preceding.

(3) Plagodis emargataria Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 32, $.

Syn. arroga7'ia Hulst.

The range of the moth is throughout the northern portions of
the Atlantic subregion.

Genus HYPERITIS Guenee

(i) Hyperitis arnicaria Flerrich-Schseffer, Plate XLIV, Fig.
38, 5 .

Syn. 7iyssaria Guenee ; exsi7iiaria Guenee ; i7isi7iiia7-ia Guenee ; latici/icta
Walker; subsi7ma7-ia Guenee; 7ieo7ti}iaria Walker; iieo7ia7-ia Packard; cesio7iaria
Walker.

A very variable species, which has a wide distribution
throughout the eastern portions of our territory.

Genus AN I A Stephens

(i) Ania limbata Haworth, Plate XLIV, Fig. 37, ?.

Syn. vestitaria Herrich-SchsefTer ; I'esista/Ha Herrlch-Schseffer ; fili7/ie77ta7-ia
Guenee.

By no means rare in the eastern portions of our territory.

349

Geometridae

Genus GONODONTIS Hiibner

(1) Gonodontis hypochraria Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLV,
Fig. I, $.

Syn. refractaria Guende ; mesiusata Walker.

The insect ranges from the Atlantic coast to the central por-
tions of the Rocky Mountains. It is very variable in color and
in the distribution of the spots and markings.

(2) Gonodontis duaria Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 2, ? .

Syn. Guenee ; agreasaria dXk-^x \ adustaria 'WsWitx.

The distribution of this species is coincident with that of the
preceding.

(9) Gonodontis obfirmaria Hubner, Plate XLV, Fig. 14, 5 .

The moth is found in the Atlantic States. It is common in
western Pennsylvania.

Genus EUCHLiENA Hubner

(1) Euchleena serrata Drury, Plate XLV, Fig. 4,5. (The
Saw-wing.)

Syn. sei-T-ataria Packard ; concisaria Walker.

This rather large and showy species is not at all uncommon
in the eastern portions of the region with which this book deals.

(2) Euchlaena obtusaria Hubner, Plate XLV, Fig. 3, 5 .

Syn. propriaria Walker; decisaria Walker.

Like the preceding species, a native of the eastern half of the
continent.

(3) Euchlaena effectaria Walker, Plate XLV, Fig. 24, 5 .

Syn. muzaria Walker.

A denizen of the Appalachian subregion.

(4) Euchlaena amcenaria Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 7, $ .

Syn. deplanaria Walker ; arefactaria Grote & Robinson.

The habitat of the insect is the same as that of the preceding
species.

(5) Euchlaena astylusaria Walker, Plate XLV, Fig. 8, 5 .

Syn. madtisaria Walker; oponearia Walker; vbiosaria Grote & Robinson.

A native of the Atlantic States.

(6) Euchlaena pectinaria Denis & Schiffermuller, Plate XLV,
Fig. 25, 5 .

Syn. dediictaria Walker.

Found from the Atlantic to the Mississippi.

3SO

Geometridse

Genus EPIPLATYMETRA Grote
(i) Epiplatymetra coloradaria Grote & Robinson, Plate
XLV, Fig. 15, 3.

The insect is common in Wyoming and Colorado.

Genus PHERNE Hulst

(1) Pherne parallelia Packard, Plate XLV, Fig. 9, $.

Syn. paralleliaria Packard.

The moth is a native of the Pacific subregion.

(2) Pherne jubararia Hulst, Plate XLV, Fig. 20, $.

The insect occurs in the State of Washington. The specimen
depicted in the plate is the type of the species originally described
by Hulst.

(3) Pherne placearia Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 21, <5.

Syn. melliUdaria Hulst.

The habitat of the species is California.

Genus METANEMA Guenee

(1) Metanema inatomaria Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 13, (5.

A widely distributed species, found throughout the entire

territory.

(2) Metanema determinata Walker, Plate XLV, Fig. 12, $.

Syn. carnaria Packard.

The moth occurs in the northern portions of the Appalachian
subregion.

(3) Metanema quercivoraria Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 28, ? .

Syn. celiaria Walker; trilineima Packard.

The insect has a wide range in the Appalachian subregion.

Genus PRIOCYCLA Guenee
(1) Priocycla armataria Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLV, Fig.
6,3.

Very commonly found in the eastern portions of our territory.

Genus STENASPILATES Packard

(1) Stenaspilates zalissaria Walker, Plate XLV, Fig. 3, $ .
The moth occurs in the region of the Gulf of Mexico, and is
common in Florida.

351

Geometridse

Genus AZELINA Guenee

(i) Azelina ancetaria Hubner, Plate XLV, Fig. 23, .

Syn. hiibneraria Guenee; hubnerata Packard; honestaria Walker; peplaria
Hubner; stygiaria Walker; atrocolorata Hulst; morrisonata Henry Edwards.

A very common and a very variable species, which is widely
distributed throughout the entire continent, except in the colder
portions.

Genus SYSSAURA Hubner

(i) Syssaura infensata Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 10, $, var.
biclaria Walker.

Syn. ephyrata Guenee; olyzonaria •, ceqiiosiis Grote & Robinson; ses-

quilifiea Groie; Walker ; Grote & Robinson ; z/an/j- Grote & Robin-

son ; ju7iiperaria Packard.

This species, which has a very extensive range in the southern
Atlantic and Gulf States, has been frequently redescribed, as a
reference to the above synonymy will show.

Genus CABERODES Guenee

(1) Caberodes confusaria Hubner, Plate XLV, Fig. 29,

Syn. remissaria Guenee ; hnbraria Guenee ; stiperaria Guenee ; inefftisai'ia
Guenee ; flo)-idaria Guenee ; phasianm'ia Guenee ; interlinearia Guenee ; varadaria
Walker; Walker ; Walker ; zzzji'zzzzz/zzzva Walker, etc.

This is a very common moth, universally found throughout the
temperate portions of the territory with which this book deals.
It is somewhat variable, but there is hardly any excuse for the
application to it of the multitude of names which have been
given. The student is likely to recognize it in any of its slightly
varying forms from the figure we have supplied in our plate.

(2) Caberodes majoraria Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 31, ?.

Syn. pandaria Walker.

This is a larger species than the preceding, with more delicate
wings. It ranges from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains.

Genus OXYDIA Guenee

(1) Oxydia vesulia Cramer, Plate XLV, Fig. ii, $.

This moth has a very lengthy synonymy, which we will not
attempt to give. It is one of the larger species found within our
territory, and ranges from Florida and Texas southward to the
Valley of the Rio de la Plata in South America.

352

Geometridse

Genus TETRACIS Guende
(i) Tetracis crocallata Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. i6, $.

Syn. allediusaria Walker; aspilata Guenee.

This is a common species in the Atlantic subregion.

Genus SABULODES Guenee

(1) Sabulodes sulphurata Packard, Plate XLV, Fig. i8, 9.

Syn. iniitata Henry Edwards.

A native of the Appalachian subregion.

(2) Sabulodes arcasaria Walker, Plate XLV, Fig. 17, 6 .

Syn. depontanata Grote.

The moth has the same habitat as the preceding species.

(3) Sabulodes lorata Grote, Plate XLV, Fig. 19, 5.

Common in the eastern portions of our territory.

(4) Sabulodes truxaliata Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 26, 9 •

The insect ranges from Colorado to California.

('^) Sabulodes transversata Drury, Plate XLV, Fig. 34, 9 .

Syn. i:'ansmutans Walker; co}tti)igens dXker •, iransjindens W a\\<iQr ) goniata
Guenee; transve7'tens ) h'ansposita ] incu7'vata Gn^n^e.

This is one of the commonest species which are found in the
Atlantic subregion. It is very abundant in Pennsylvania in the
late summer and early autumn. There is also a brood which
appears in the early summer.

(6) Sabulodes politia Cramer, Plate XLV, Fig. 30, .

The moth, which is found in Florida, and southward through
the warmer portions of America, has a very extensive synonymy,
which will be found in Dyar’s List.

Genus ABBOTANA Hulst

(1) Abbotana clemataria Abbot & Smith, Plate XLV, Fig.
32, 9 , Fig. 33, 5 , var.

Syn. transferens Silver •, tra7tsducens

A somewhat variable species, which is widely distributed
through the Appalachian subregion. It is not uncommon in
Pennsylvania.

“ Moths, which the night-air of reality blows to pieces.”

Clive Holland. — Afv Japa7^ese Wife.

353

Geometridae

SUBFAMILY MECOCERATIN/E
Genus MECOCERAS Guen^e
(i) Mecoceras nitocris Cramer, Plate XLV, Fig. 22, 6 .

Syn. nitocraria Hubner; peninsularia Grote.

The habitat of the species is Florida.

Genus ALMODES Guen^e
(1) Almodes terraria Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 27, 6 .

Syn. stellidaria Guenee; squaniigera Felder; balteolata Herrich-Schaeffer ;
assecaina Druce ; calvina Druce ; rivularia Grote.

This is a tropical species, the sole representative of its genus
found within our borders. It ranges from Florida southward
into Central and South America.

SUBFAMILY PALYADIN/E

Genus PALYAS Guenee

(i) Palyas auriferaria Hulst, Plate XLV, Fig. 36, 3 .

The specimen figured in the plate is the type which was
loaned by the writer to the author of the species.

Genus PHRYGIONIS Hubner
(!) Phryigonis argenteostriata Strecker, Plate XLV, Fig.
35, ?.

Syn. ceriissata Grote; obrussata Grote.

This moth, like the preceding species, is a native of Florida.
SUBFAMILY SPHACELODIN^

Genus SPHACELODES Guenee
(i) Sphacelodes vulneraria Hubner, Plate XLll, Fig. 20, $> .

Syn. Jloridensis Holland.

The moth is found from the southern portions of North Caro-
lina along the Atlantic coast to Florida, and ranges southward
into South America.

SUBFAMILY MELANCHROIIN^

Genus MELANCHROIA Hubner
(i) Melanchroia cephise Cramer, Plate XLII, Fig. 19, S .

354

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Explanation of Plate XLV

(The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J.
Holland.)

1 . Gonodontis hypochraria Herrich-Schceffer, G' ■

2. Gonodontis duaria Guenee, 9 ■

3. Euchlcena obtusaria Hubner, J'.

4. EuchLcena serrata Drury, (J' .

5. Stenaspilates zalissaria Walker, 9 •

6. Priocycla aruiataria Herrich-Sch^ffer, cJ'.

7. Eiichlcena amoenaria Guenee, cj'.

8. Euchlcsna astylusaria Walker, J*.

9. P kerne parallelia Packard, 9 •

10. Syssaura infensata Guenee, var. hiclaria Walker, 9 •

11. Oxydi,a vesulia Cramer, (J .

12. Metanema determinata Walker, 9 •

13. Metanema inatomaria Gnenee, cJ'.

14. Gonodontis obfirmaria Hubner, (^ .

15. Epiplatyrnetra coloradaria Grote & Robinson, (^ .

16. Tetrads crocallata Guenee, J’.

17. Sabulodes arcasaria Walker, .

18. Sabulodes sulphurata Packard, 9 •

19. Sabulodes lorata Grote, (S'.

20. Pherne jubararia Hulst, 9 i Type.

21. Pherne placearia Guenee, S-

22. Mecoceras nilocris Cramer, S-

23. Azelina ancetaria Hubner, S-

24. Euchlcena effectaria Walker, S-

25. Erichlcena pectinaria Denis & Schiffermuller, S>

26. Sabulodes truxaliata Guenee, 9 •

27. Alinodes terraria Guenee, J* .

28. Metanema querdvoraria Guenee, 9 •

29. Caberodes confusaria Hiibner, S-

30. Sabulodes politia Cramer, S-

31. Caberodes majoraria Guenee, 9-

32. Abbotana clemiiaria Abbot & Smith, Q .

33. Abbotana clemiiaria Abbot & Smith, J' , var.

34. Sabulodes transversata Drui*}', 9 •

35. Phry^ionis argenteostriata Strecker, 9 .

36. Palyas auriferaria Hulst, c?. Type.

The .Moth Book.

Plate XLV.

JPYRIGHTED BY

r

AMERIOAN COLORTYPE CO., N.Y. & CHI.

Geometridge

Found throughout the region of the Gulf southward to South
America.

(2) Melanchroia geometroides Walker, Plate XLII, Fig.

18, 5 .

Syn. mors Lucas.

The moth occurs in Florida and southern Texas, and ranges
thence southward into Brazil.

SUBFAMILY BREPHIN/E

Genus BREPHOS Ochsenheimer

(1) Brephos infans Moeschler, Plate XLII, Fig. 16, $. (The
Infant.)

This is a boreal insect which occurs upon the White Moun-
tains in New Hampshire, in northern Maine, and ranges thence
northwardly to Labrador.

LIVING AND DYING

“ Then let me joy to be
Alive with bird and tree,

And have no haughtier aim than this.

To be a partner in their bliss.

So shall my soul at peace
From anxious carping cease.

Fed slowly like a wholesome bud
With sap of healthy thoughts and good

That when at last I die
No praise may earth deny.

But with her living forms combine
To chant a threnody divine.”

Edmund Gosse. — The Farm.

355

FAMILY EPIPLEMID^

“ And I will purge thy mortal grossness so,

That thou shalt like an airy spirit go.

Peaseblossom! Cobweb! Moth! and Mustardseed! ”

Shakespeare. — Midsummer Night's Dreatn, III, i.

This is a family of small moths in many respects closely allied
to the Geometridte, so far as the structure and general appearance
of the mature insects are concerned. The larvae are, however,
quite different. The family has been described as follows by
Hampson, “The Moths of India,” Vol. Ill, p. 121:

“ Proboscis and frenulum present. Fore wing with vein \a
separate from \b', \c absent; 5 from or from above the middle of
the discocellulars; 7 widely separated from 8, and usually stalked
with 6. Hind v/ing with two internal veins; vein 5 from or from
above the middle of the discocellulars; 8 free from the base.

LarvcB with five pairs of prolegs and sparsely clothed with
hair.”

The family is much better represented in the tropics of the
New World than in our territory, and even better represented in
the tropics of the Old World than of the New. Only four genera
are known to occur within the United States, Philagraula, Cal-
Calledapteryx, and Schidax. Of these we have selected one
for purposes of illustration.

Genus CALLEDAPTERYX Grote

(i) Calledapteryx dryopterata Grote, Plate XLII, Fig. 17, 3 .

Syn. erosiata Packard.

This little moth, which may easily be distinguished by its
deeply eroded or scalloped wings, is not uncommon in the Appa-
lachian subregion. It has the habit of alighting upon old rails
and the trunks of trees, and, before composing itself on its new
station, of waving its wings three or four times upward and
downward. This peculiar habit enables the collector to quickly
recognize it.

356

FAMILY NOLID/E

“ I would bee unwilling to write anything untrue, or uncertaine out of mine
owne invention ; and truth on every part is so deare unto mee, that I will not lie to
bring any man in love and admiration with God and his works, for God needeth
not the lies of men.”— Topsell, writing upon the Unicorn in The Historie of Four-
footed Beasts.

This is a small family of quite small moths, which have by
many authors been associated with the Lithosiidce. They are
characterized by the presence of ridges and tufts of raised scales
upon the fore wings. They frequent the trunks of trees, and the
larvae feed upon lichens growing upon the bark. The caterpillars
have eight pairs of legs and are thinly clad with minute hairs.
Four genera occur within the limits with which this book deals.

Genus CELAMA Walker

Seven species occurring within our territory are attributed to
this genus.

(1) Celama triquetrana Fitch, Plate XIII, Fig. 25, $> .

Syn. to Walker ; sex7naculata Gxoit.

The moths may be found in the early spring of the year, sitting
upon the trunks of trees in the forest. They are easily recognized
by the three black tufts of raised scales upon the costa of the fore
wing.

(2) Celama pustulata Walker, Plate XIII, Fig. 26, ^ .

Syn. nigrofasciata Zeller ; obaurata Morrison.

This species, like the preceding, is common in the Appalachian
subregion. It may be at once distinguished from the former by
the wide black band running across the middle of the primaries.

Genus NOLA Leach

There are three species of the genus found within our fauna.
We select the commonest for purposes of illustration.

(1) Nola ovilla Grote, Plate XIII, Fig. 24, 5 .

357

Nolidse

The habits of this insect are much like those of the species de-
scribed under the preceding genus. It is found associated with
them at the same time and in the same localities. The moth has
a considerable range in the Atlantic States, and is always very
abundant in the forests of Pennsylvania in the early spring. It
seems to prefer the trunks of beeches and oaks.

Genus RCESELIA Hiibner
(i) Roeselia fuscula Grote, Plate XIII, Fig. 27, $.

Syn. conspicua Dyar.

This moth is a native of Colorado, where it is not uncommon.
An allied species, Roeselia mimiscula Zeller, is found in the At-
lantic States.

Genus NIGETIA Walker

(1) Nigetia formosalis Walker, Plate XllI, Fig. 52, 3.

Syn. melanopa Zeller.

This rather pretty little creature is common in the woodlands

of the Appalachian subregion.
It is freely attracted to sugar,
and when sugaring for moths
in southern Indiana I have
taken it very frequently. In
fact, it appears to be commoner
in southern Indiana than in
any other locality where I

Fig. 207. —A^. formosalis, 3 . f.
(After Hampson.)

have found it, though it is by no means rare in Pennsylvania.

... all you restless things.

That dance and tourney in the fields of air :

Your secret ’s out! I know you for the souls
Of all light loves that ever caused heartache,

Still dancing suit as some new beauty toles!

Nor can you e’er your flitting ways forsake,

Till the just winds strip off your painted stoles,

And sere leaves follow in your downward wake.”

Edith M. Thomas.

358

FAMILY LACOSOMIDy^

“ Everything lives by a law; a central balance sustains all.”

C. L. VON Kuebel.

This is a small family of moths peculiar to the Western Hemi-
sphere. While the perfect insects show structural resemblances
to the Platypterygidce, the caterpillars, which have the habit of
constructing for themselves portable cases out of leaves, which
they drag about with them, resemble in some respects the
Psychidce. The young larva of Cicinnus melsheimeri, imme-
diately after hatching, draws together tv/o small leaves with
strands of silk, and makes between them its hiding-place.
Afterward, when more mature, it detaches two pieces of leaves
and makes out of them a case which it carries about with it, and
which it can desert at will. When at rest it ties the case to a
station selected with a few strands of silk, which it bites off
when it desires again to start on a journey among the branches.
The larva of Lacosoma makes a case by doubling a leaf at the
midrib, cutting it off at the petiole, and taking it with it as a
portable house. There are only two genera of this family in our
fauna. It is more abundantly represented in the tropics of South
America.

Genus CICINNUS Blanchard

(i) Cicinnus melsheimeri Harris, Plate XLI, Fig. 17, ?.
(Melsheimer’s Sack-bearer.)

Syn. egenaria Walker.

The species occurs in the eastern portions of our territory.
It is not uncommon in Pennsylvania.

Genus LACOSOMA Grote

(i) Lacosoma chiridota Grote, Plate XLI, Fig. 21, $> .

(The Scalloped Sack-bearer.)

The distribution of this species is the same as that of the
foregoing. It occurs quite frequently in western Pennsylvania.
Specimens from Florida in the possession of the author are
smaller and much darker in color.

FAMILY PSYCHID^

“ The habits of insects are very mines of interesting knowledge, and it is im-
possible carefully to watch the proceedings of any insect, however insignificant,
without feeling that no writer of fiction ever invented a drama of such absorbing-
interest as is acted daily before our eyes, though to indifferent spectators.”

J. G. Wood.

A family of small or medium-sized moths, the larvse of which
feed in a case composed of silk covered with bits of leaves, grass,
twigs, or other vegetable matter, which are often arranged in a
very curious manner. From this fact has arisen the custom of
calling the caterpillars “basket-worms.” In certain species found
in Asia and Africa, these “baskets,” or “cases,” are spiral in
form, and so closely resemble the shells of snails that they were,
in fact, originally sent to the British Museum as shells by the first
person who collected them. The pupa is formed within the
larva-case. The males are winged, but the females are without
wings. The female in almost all of the genera is possessed of a
very lowly organization, being maggot-like, and in truth being
little more than an ovary. She is known to deposit her eggs in
the larval skin which lines the sack in which she was developed.
Copulation takes place through the insertion of the abdomen of
the winged male into the sack where the female is concealed.
Parthenogenesis is ascertained to occur in one at least of the
genera. The moths are obscurely colored. The wings of the
males have numerous scales upon them, but they are in many
species so loosely attached that they are lost in the first few
moments of flight. In consequence the male insects appear to
have diaphanous wings.

Eight genera, including the genus Solenobia, which has by
most authors heretofore been reckoned among the Tineidce, are
attributed by Dyar to this family as occurring within our territory.
Much remains to be learned both as to the structure and the life-
history of these interesting, but obscure, moths.

360

Psychidae

Genus OIKETICUS Guilding

The genus is found in the hotter parts of Amer-
ica, the typical species having originally been
found in Central America. It is also represented
in southern Asia and in Australia. Three species
occur in the United States~one in southern Cali-
fornia, another in New Mexico, and a third in
Florida. The latter species was named abboti by Fig. 208.—
Grote, and the male is delineated in Fig. 208. abbou.

The wings are pale smoky brown, with darker
maculation at the end of the cell and just beyond in the primaries.

Genus THYRIDOPTERYX Stephens

(i) Thyridopteryx ephemerseformis Haworth, Plate XLI,
Fig. 12, 6.

Syn. coniferai'um Packard.

The common “Bag-worm,” as it is usually called, occurs
throughout the Appalachian subregion, from the Atlantic to the

e

G

Fig. 209. — Thyridopteryx ephemeraformis. (Bag-worm.)
<2, larva; b, male pupa; c, female pupa; d, male moth; e,
fsmale chrysalis in cocoon, showing eggs in situ ; f full-grown
larva; g, young larvK with small cones of silk over them.
(After Riley.)

borders of the Great Plains. It is a very promiscuous feeder,
attacking trees and shrubs of many genera, but, so far as is

361

Psychid®

known, abstaining from the Graminece. It evinces special fond-
ness for the conifers, and above all for the red cedar and arbor-
vitse. It has proved very injurious to shade-trees in some of our
cities, and its ravages in St. Louis and Washington have been
made the subject of repeated comment in the literature of eco-
nomic entomology. A very full and interesting account of the
habits of this peculiar insect was published by the late Professor
C. V. Riley in the “First Annual Report of the State Entomologist
of Missouri, ” to which the reader will do well to refer. The ‘ ‘ bag, ”
or “basket,” of the male insect is smaller than that of the female.
The males escape from the lower end of the case in the winged
form, and having copulated with the females, which remain in
their cases and are apterous and sluggish, die. The female de-
posits her eggs, which are soft and yellow, in the sack where she
has her home, and ends her existence by leaving what little of her
body remains after the ova have been extruded, as a sort of loose
plug of desiccated tissue at the lower end of the sack. The eggs
remain in the case till the following spring, when they hatch.
The young larvae emerge, and placing themselves upon the
leaves, where they walk about on their fore feet, with their anal
extremities held up perpendicularly, proceed to construct about
themselves little cones of vegetable matter mixed with fine silk.
After a while they cease to hold these cones erect, and seizing
the leaves and branches with their feet, allow the bag to assume
a pendant position. They moult within their cases four times
before reaching maturity and pupating.

The remedy for these insects is to simply collect the cases
which may be found in the fall and winter hanging from the
branches, and burn them. In one of the parks in St. Louis sev-
eral years ago, the superintendent caused the cases to be col-
lected, and they were destroyed by the bushel, with great benefit
to the trees the next summer.

Genus EURYCYTTARUS Hampson

This is a small genus of very small case-bearing moths, two
species of which are known to occur in the United States. E.
carhonaria is found in Texas. The other species, which we figure,
is a native of the Appalachian subregion.

362

Psychidae

(i) Eurycyttarus confederata Giote & Robinson, Plate I,
Fig. 1 6, larval case; Plate XLl, Fig. 8, $.

The insects feed upon grasses and herbaceous plants in the
larval state. When ready to pupate they attach their cases to
the under side of rails, the stringers of fences, and fallen branches
of trees. The insect is very common in western Pennsylvania
and in the city of Pittsburgh.

FAR OUT AT SEA

“Far out at sea— the sun was high.

While veered the wind and flapped the sail ;

We saw a snow-white butterfly
Dancing before the fitful gale
Far out at sea.

The little wanderer, who had lost
His way, of danger nothing knew ;

Settled a while upon the mast ;

Then fluttered o’er the waters blue
Far out at sea.

Above, there gleamed the boundless sky ;

Beneath, the boundless ocean sheen ;

Between them danced the butterfly.

The spirit-life of this vast scene.

Far out at sea.

The tiny soul that soared away,

Seeking the clouds on fragile wings.

Lured by the brighter, purer ray

Which hope’s ecstatic morning brings —

Far out at sea.

Away he sped, with shimmering glee.

Scarce seen, now lost, yet onward borne!

Night comes with wind and rain, and he
No more will dance before the morn,

Far out at sea.

He dies, unlike his mates, I ween
Perhaps not sooner or worse crossed ;

And he hath felt and known and seen
A larger life and hope, though lost
Far out at sea.”

R. H. Horne. — Genius.

363

FAMILY COCHLIDIIDAE

“The rearing of larvae . . . when joined with the entomological collection,
adds immense interest to Saturday afternoon rambles, and forms an admirable
introduction to the study of physiology.”

Herbert Spencer, in Education.

This family, which has generally been known as the Limaco-
didce, is described as follows by Hampson, “The Moths of
India,” Vol. I, p. 371 :

“Fore wing with two internal veins; vein \h forked at the
base. Hind wing with vein 8 arising free, then bent down and
usually anastomosing shortly with 7 near the base of the cells;
three internal veins.

Larva limaciform, and either bearing series of spinous sting-
ing tubercles, or smooth and segmented, or unsegmented with
very thick transparent cuticle; the head, legs, and claspers small
and often retractile.

Cocoon hard and compact; round or oval in shape, with a
lid for the escape of the imago prepared by the larva.”

These curious insects, the larvae of which are commonly
known as “slug-caterpillars,” are better represented in the tropics
of both hemispheres than in the more temperate regions. Never-
theless our fauna contains quite a large number of genera and
species. Of the majority of these we give illustrations.

Genus SIBINE Herrich-Schseffer

(i) Sibine stimulea Clemens, Plate I, Fig. 6, larva; Plate
XLVII, Fig. 9, ^ . (The Saddle-back.)

Syn. ephippiatus Harris.

The green caterpillars with their little brown saddle on the
back are familiar to every Southern boy who has wandered in the
corn-fields, and many a lad can recall the first time he came in
contact with the stinging bristles as he happened to brush against
the beastie. Nettles are not to be compared in stinging power to
the armament of this beautifully colored larva.

364

Cochlidiidse

Genus EUCLEA Hiibner

(1) Euclea nanina Dyar, Plate XLVII, Fig. 25, S .

Syn. nana Dyar {non Herrich-Schaeffer).

The moth is a native of Florida, The writer took it in some
numbers, in the spring of the year 1884, on the upper waters of
the St. Johns.

(2) Euclea delphi-nii Boisduval, Plate XLVll, Fig. 24, $ .
(The Spiny Oak-slug.)

Syn. strigaia Boisduval ; qiiercicola Herrich-Schseffer ; iardigrada Clemens ;
ferruginea Packard; argentatus Wetherby.

Form viridiclava Walker, Plate XLVll, Fig. 23, $> .

Syn. monitor Packard.

Form paenulata Clemens, Plate XLVII, Fig. 5, $> .

This is a very variable species. It occurs in the eastern portion
of our territory, and is not at all uncommon.

(3) Euclea indetermina Boisduval, Plate XLVII, Fig. 10, .

Syn. vemata Packard.

The species is found in the States of the Atlantic seaboard.

(4) Euclea chloris Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLVII, Figs. 13
and 29, $ , Fig. 26, 5 .

Syn. viridis Reakirt ; fraterna Grote.

The insect has the same range as the species last mentioned.

Genus MONOLEUCA Grote & Robinson

The insects belonging to this genus are subtropical so far as
they are known to occur in the United States. The genus is well
represented in Central and South America.

(1) Monoleuca semifascia Walker, Plate XLVII, Fig. 22, .

The moth is found in the Gulf States.

Genus ADONETA Clemens

(1) Adoneta spinuloides Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLVII,

Fig- 3. 5 •

Syn. valuta Clemens ; ferrigera Walker ; nebulosus Wetherby.

This is a common species in western Pennsylvania, and is
widely distributed through the Appalachian subregion.

(2) Adoneta pygmaea Grote & Robinson, Plate XLVII, Fig.
19, ^ . (The Pygmy Slug.)

The moth has thus far been found only in Texas.

365

Cochlidiidae

Genus SISYROSEA Grote

(i) Sisyrosea textula Herrich-Schseffer, Plate XLVII, Fig.
I4» ?•

Syn. inornata Grote & Robinson.

The insect occurs in the eastern portion of our territory. It is
not rare about Pittsburgh.

Genus NATADA Walker

(i) Natada nasoni Grote, Plate XLVII, Fig. 13, 6. (Nason’s
Slug.)

Syn. daona Druce ; rude Henry Edwards.

The moth ranges from the southern portions of the Atlantic
coast westward and southward to Texas and Mexico.

Genus PHOBETRON Hubner

(i) Phobetron pithecium Abbot & Smith, Plate I, Fig. 14,
larva; Plate XLVII, Fig. 6, 5, Fig. 7, $. (The Monkey Slug.)

Syn. abbotana Hiibner; nigricans Packard; hyalinus Walsh; tetradactylus
Walsh; nondescriptus

The perfect insects are quite dissimilar in the two sexes. The
larva, which is a very curious object, feeds upon the Rosacece, the
CupuliferbB, and , various low-growing shrubs, as the sassafras,
alder, and Spiroea. The species is found in the Appalachian sub-
region, and was quite common in western North Carolina in
former years, and may be so still. The larvae are generally to be
found close to the ground.

Genus ISOCH^TES Dyar

(i) Isochaetes beutenmulleri Henry Edwards, Plate
XLVII, Fig. 17, ?.

This is a rare little insect, which has practically the same dis-
tribution as the preceding species.

Genus ALARODIA Mceschler

(i) Alarodia slossonise Packard, Plate XLVII, Fig. 18, 9.
(Slosson’s Slug.)

This remarkable little species inhabits in the larval stage the
mangroves which grow in the swampy lands on the southern
coast of Florida. A good account of its habits has been pub-

366

Cochlidiidae

lished by Dr. Dyar in the “Journal of the New York Entomologi-
cal Society,” Vol. V, and indeed the student who desires to
know about the habits of this and all other species of the Cochli-
diidce found in North America must consult the writings of this
author, who has made these insects the subject of special and ex-
haustive inquiry.

Genus PROLIMACODES

(i) Prolimacodes scapha Harris, Plate I, Fig. 9, larva; Plate
XLVII, Fig. 8, ? . (The Skiff Moth.)

Syn. undifera Walker.

The moth has a wide distribution throughout the Appalachian
subregion. The larva feeds upon a great variety of shrubs and
trees. It appeared to me in my boyhood, when I reared it often,
to have a particular fondness for the leaves of the sycamore
{Platanus).

Genus COCHLIDION Hiibner

(1) Cochlidion biguttata Packard, Plate XLVII, Fig. 4, ?.

Syn. tetraspilaris Walker.

A native of the eastern portions of the region.

(2) Cochlidion rectilinea Grote & Robinson, Plate XLVII,
Fig. 27, a .

The insect is quite common locally, and has the same distri-
bution as the preceding species.

(3) Cochlidion y-inversa Packard, Plate XLVII, Fig. 21,6.

The distribution of the species is the same as that of the two

preceding. The larva frequents hickory.

Genus LITHACODES Packard

(1) Lithacodes fasciola Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLVII, Fig.
2, ^ .

Syn. divergens Walker.

The caterpillar feeds on a great variety of low shrubs and trees ;
it is especially fond of the leaves of the various species of wild
cherry. It is common in western Pennsylvania, and is well dis-
tributed throughout the Appalachian subregion.

Genus PACKARDIA Grote & Robinson

(1) Packardia elegans Packard, Plate XLVII, Fig. 16, $.

Syn. nigripunctata Goodell.

367

Megalopygidse

The larvae feed upon a great variety of trees and shrubs, and
are commonly found in the deep glens and ravines of the Appa-
lachian subregion, where there is much shade and moisture. The
insect is not uncommon in the vicinity of Pittsburgh.

(2) Packardia geminata Packard, Plate XLVIl, Fig. i, 6 .

The larvae frequent places exactly opposite in character to
those resorted to by the previous species, being fond of dry open
woods, and living upon low shrubs and bushes. The insect is
a native of the Appalachian subregion.

Genus HETEROGEN EA Enoch

(i) Heterogenea shurtleffi Packard, Plate XLVil, Fig. 20, S.

This, which is one of the very smallest of all the Cochlidiidce.,
feeds in its larval stage upon black oak, chestnut, beech, and
ironwood. The genus is found both in the Old World and the
New.

Genus TORTRICIDIA Packard

(1) Tortricidia fiexuosa Grote, form csesonia Grote, Plate
XLVil, Fig. 12, $ .

A native of the Appalachian subregion, the larva feeding on
chestnut, oak, hickory, and wild cherry. It is not uncommon in
western Pennsylvania.

(2) Tortricidia testacea Packard, Plate I, Fig. 19, larva;
Plate XLVil, Fig. 1 1, 5 .

The insect, which has the same habitat as the preceding
species, feeds upon the same species of plants. It is not uncom-
mon at light in western Pennsylvania.

FAMILY MEGALOPYGIDy^

“ Simple and sweet is their food: they eat no flesh of the living.”

C. L. VON Kuebel.

This is a small family characteristic of the neotropical regions,
and represented by three or four genera, which have a foothold
in the southern portions of our territory.

Genus CARAMA Walker

(i) Carama cretata Grote, Plate XXXVllI, Fig. 22, 3 .

Syn. ptira Butler.

.368

Dalceridae

The insect feeds in its larval stage upon the red-bud {Cercis).
The caterpillars are gregarious at first, but during the later part
of their life separate. The cocoon is made in the ground. The
insect occurs from New Jersey and southern Pennsylvania south-
ward in the Appalachian region at comparatively low elevations.

Genus MEGALOPYGE Hiibner

(i) Megalopyge opercularis Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXVIII,
Fig. 25, $ .

Syn. lanuginosa Clemens; subcitrina Walker.

The moth is found in Georgia and the region of the Gulf
States.

Genus LAGOA Harris

(1) Lagoa crispata Packard, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 23, 5.
(The White Flannel-moth.)

The caterpillar feeds upon the flowering blackberry {Rubus
villosus), and ranges from Massachusetts southward along the
coast.

(2) Lagoa pyxidifera Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXVIII, Fig.
24, 6 . (The Yellow Flannel-moth.)

This is a rare moth in collections. It is no doubt common
enough in its proper locality, but thus far few collectors have
succeeded in finding it. Its home is on the seaboard of the'
Southern States.

FAMILY DALCERIDAE

“ So man, the moth, is not afraid, it seems,

To span Omnipotence, and measure night
That knows no measure, by the scanty rule
And standard of his own, that is to-day,

And is not ere to-morrow’s sun go down.”

CowPER. — Task, VI, 21 1.

This is another family which is represented in our fauna only
by a small number of species. Besides the insect known as
Dalcerides ingenita Henry Edwards, there is only one other
species referable to the family known to occur within the United
States. This insect is Pinconia coa Schaus, a moth which is
not uncommon in Mexico, and occurs in Arizona as a straggler
into our territory. Dalcerides ingenita is likewise an inhabitant

369

Epipyropidae

of Arizona. In Central and South America the DalceridcB are
more numerously found. Of Pinconia coa we give a represen-
tation on Plate VIII, Fig. 6.

FAMILY EPIPYROPID/E

“ So, naturalists observe, a flea
Has smaller fleas that on him prey;

And these have smaller still to bite ’em,

And so proceed ad infinitn7n.'''

Swift. — ^ Rhapsody.

The EpipyropidcB are a very remarkable little family of para-
sitic moths, of which, as yet, comparatively little is known.
Professor J. O. Westwood of Oxford, in the year 1876, pub-
lished an account of a lepidopterous insect, the larva of which
lived upon Fttlgoj'a candelaria, the great tree-hopper, which is
abundant at Hong-Kong and elsewhere in southeastern Asia.
The caterpillar, according to Westwood, feeds upon the white,
cottony secretion, which is found at the base of the wings of
Fulgora. In 1902 Dr. Dyar described another species, the moth
of which was bred from a larva which was found attached to the
body of a tree-hopper belonging to the genus Issiis. The speci-
men came from New Mexico, and was taken at Las Vegas Hot
Springs. The moth, cocoon, and an alcoholic specimen of the
larva are preserved in the United States National Museum. Mr.
Champion, the veteran explorer of Central America, who has done
so much to instruct us as to the biology of those lands, has re-
corded in a note in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society
of London for 1883, p. xx, that a similar phenomenon was
observed by him while collecting in Central America. There is
here a field of interesting study for some patient observer whose
home is in New Mexico. Dr, Dyar named the New Mexican
insect Epipyrops barberiana.

“ The little fleas that do so tease,

Have smaller fleas that bite ’em,

And these again have lesser fleas,

And so ad infinitum.'"

Swift. As popularly but incorrectly quoted.

370

2lygagnid2e

FAMILY ZYG^NID/E

“ Every traveller is a self-taught entomologist.”

Oliver Wendell Holmes. — The Autocrat of the Breakfast-tabic.

The ZygcenidcB are not very well represented in the fauna of
North America, They are more numerous in the Old World than
in the New, and the genera found in the New World are mainly
aberrant. The family has been characterized as follows by
Hampson, “Moths of India,” Vol. I, p. 228: “Closely allied to
the Syntomidce, but distinguished by vein \a of the fore wing
being present, except in Anomoeotes'^\ vein 8 of the hind wing
present and connected with 7 by a bar; veinlets in the cell of both,
with wings generally present. Frenulum present except in
mantopterus.'^

Larva short and cylindrical.

Pupa in a silken cocoon.”

Genus ACOLOITHUS Clemens

(1) Acoloithus falsarius Clemens, Plate XVI, Fig. 14, .

Syn. sanbomi Packard.

The larva feeds upon the grape and the Virginia creeper
{Ampelopsis). The insect is not scarce in the Atlantic States.

Genus PYROMORPHA Herrich- Schaeffer

(i) Pyromorpha dimidiata Herrich-Schseffer, Plate XLVII,

Fig. 33. 5 •

Syn. perlucidula Clemens.

The insect is not very common. It is a native of the eastern
portions of the territory with which this book deals.

Genus TRIPROCRIS Grote

There are eight species assigned to this genus in recent lists.
They are all found in the southwestern portions of our territory.

(i) Triprocris rata Henry Edwards, Plate XIII, Fig. 4, 3 .

A native of Arizona.

1 Genera found in Asia and Africa.

371 .

Zygssnidae

(2) Triprocris latercula Henry Edwards, Plate XIII, Fig.

5,

Has the same habitat as the preceding species.

(3) Triprocris constans Henry Edwards, Plate XIII, Fig.

16, 5 .

The moth occurs in New Mexico.

(4) Triprocris smithsonianus Clemens, Plate XLVII, Fig.

32, 5.

The insect is not uncommon in the southern portions of Col-
orado, and is found in New Mexico and northern Texas.

Genus HARRISINA Packard

Three species belonging to the genus occur within the United
States. Two of these are indigenous to Texas and Arizona. The
other has a wide range through the Appalachian subregion. We
have selected it for illustration.

(1) Harrisina americana Guerin-Meneville, Plate XLVII,

Fig. 34. 5 .

Syn. texana Stretch.

The habits of this insect have been so well described by Pro-
fessor C. V. Riley that we cannot do better than quote some

passages from his account,
vyhich is to be found in the
“Second Annual Report of the
State Entomologist of Mis-
souri,” at page 85. He says:
“ During the months of July
and August, the leaves of the
grape-vine may often be found
denuded of their softer parts,
with nothing but the veins, and
sometimes only a few of the
larger ribs left skeleton-like, to
tell the mischief that has been done. Very frequently only por-
tions of the leaf will be thus denuded, and in that event, if we
examine such a leaf closely, we shall find the authors of the mis-
chief drawn up in line upon the yet leafy tissue with their heads
all toward the margin, cutting away with their little jaws and
retreating as they feed.

Fig. 210. — H. americana. a, larva;
b, pupa; c, cocoon; d, e, moths. (After
Riley.)

372

Chalcosiidae

These soldier-like files are formed by worms in black and
yellow uniforms which produce a moth popularly known as
the American Procris.

The eggs from which
they hatch are laid in
small clusters on the
under side of the leaves,
and while the worms
are small, they leave un-
touched the most deli-
cate veins of the leaf,
which then presents the
appearance of fine net-
work, as shown in the
right of the figure (211);
but when they become
older and stronger they
devour all but the larger
ribs, as shown at the

left of the figure. . . . (After Riley.)

Larvae.

When full grown

these worms disperse over the vines or forsake them entirely,
and each spins for itself a small, tough, whitish, flattened cocoon,
within which, in about three days, it changes to a chrysalis, three
tenths of an inch long, broad, flattened, and of a light shining
yellowish-brown color. In about ten days afterwards the moths
begin to issue.”

The insect is double-brooded. It is common in the Appala-
chian subregion, ranging from the Atlantic to the borders of the
Great Plains in the West.

FAMILY CHALCOSIID.^

" Daughters of the air.”— De La Fontaine.

This family is represented in our fauna by but a single insect,
belonging to the genus Gmgla, established by Walker. It is an
obscure little moth known as Gingla laterculse Dyar. Its habi-
tat is Arizona.

373

Thyrididae

FAMILY THYRIDID/E

“ And yet I will exercise your promised patience by saying a little of the
Caterpillar, or the Palmer-fly or worm, that by them you may guess what a work it
were in a discourse but to run over those very many flies, worms, and little living
creatures with which the sun and summer adorn and beautify the river-banks and
meadows, both for the recreation and contemplation of us Anglers : pleasures which,
I think, myself enjoy more than any other man that is not of my profession.”

IzAAK Waltont. — Compleat Angler, Chap. V, Pt. i

The Thyrididce are a small family of moths revealing decided
affinity to the Pyralidx. They have been characterized as follows
by Hampson, “Moths of India,” Vol. I, p. 352: “Moths generally
with hyaline patches and striae on the wings. Palpi obliquely
upturned and slender. Antennae almost simple. Fore wing
with vein \a forming a fork with \h at base; \c absent; 5 from
near lower angle of cell. Hind wing with two internal veins;
vein 8 nearly touching vein 7 just before or after the end ol
the cell. Mid tibia with one pair of spurs; hind tibia with two
pairs.

Larva pyraliform, with five pairs of legs.”

Six genera are attributed to this family in the last list of the
species found within the United States which has been pub-
lished. Of four of these we give illustrations.

Genus THYRIS Laspeyres

(1) Thyris maculata Harris, Plate XLVII, Fig. 30, S.
(The Spotted Thyris.)

Syn. perspicua Walker.

The moth is a native of the Eastern States. It is not common.

(2) Thyris lugubris Boisduval, Plate XLVII, Fig. 31, 3.
(The Mournful Thyris.)

Syn. sepulchralis Boisduval ; nevadce Oberthiir.

The range of the species is coincident with that of its only
other congener in the United States.

Genus DYSODIA Clemens

(i) Dysodia oculatana Clemens, Plate III, Fig. 10, <5. (The
Eyed Dysodia.)

^4

Cossidae

Syn. plena Walker ; yizjr/iz to Grote & Robinson; ino?itana Henry Edwards ;
anrea Pagenstecher.

The species is v/idely distributed throughout the entire United
States. It is very common in western Pennsylvania.

Genus HEXERIS Grote
(i) Hexeris enhydris Grote, Plate XLVII, Fig. 35, 6 .

Syn. reticulina Beutenmuller.

The moth occurs in the subregion of the Gulf.

Genus MESKEA Grote

(i) Meskea dyspteraria Grote, Plate XLVII, Fig. 36, 5.

The moth is found in Florida and the region of the Antilles.

FAMILY COSSID^

“Bright insect, ere thy filmy wing,

Expanding on the breath of spring,

Quivered with brief enjoyment,

’T was thine for years immured to dwell
Within a lone and gloomy cell.

To eat, — thy sole employment.” — Acheta Doviestica.

The Cossidee, “ Goat-moths,” or “Carpenter- worms,” as they
are familiarly called, have sorely puzzled systematists. Some
writers have been inclined to regard them as allied to the Tortri-
cidcc. V/e assign them the position in the linear series which is
accorded them by Hampson and also by Dyar. They form a very
distinctly defined group, whatever their relationships may be.
They are succinctly described by Hampson in “The Moths of
India,” Vol. 1, p. 304, as follows: “Proboscis absent; palpi usu-
ally minute or absent; antennae bipectinated to tip or with distal
half simple in both sexes, or wholly simple in female. Tibiae with
spurs absent or minute. Fore wing with vein \h forked at base;
\c present; an areole formed by veins 7 and 10; veins 7 and 8
forking after the areole; the inner margins usually more or less
lobed. Hind wing with three internal veins; vein 8 free from
the base or connected with 7 by an erect bar at end of cell. Both
wings with forked veinlets in cell. The female may have as
many as nine bristles to the frenulum.

375

Cossidae

Larva. Smooth, with a few hairs; internal feeders, boring
galleries in wood or the pith of reeds, etc., and often doing con-
siderable damage.

Pupa in a cocoon formed of silk and chips of wood.”

Six genera are recognized as occurring within our fauna.

Genus ZEUZERA Latreille

(i) Zeuzera pyrina Linnseus, Plate IX, Fig. 9, 5. (The
Leopard-moth.)

Syn. hypocastrina Poda; cesculi Linnaeus; hilaris Fourcroy; decipiens Kirby.

This insect is a native of the Old World, but has within recent
years become introduced and acclimated on Long Island, and has

Fig. 212. — The Leopard-moth, a, dorsal view of larva; h, lateral view of do. ;
c, male; d, female; e, burrow in wood made by larva. (After Pike, “Insect Life,”
Vol. IV, p. 3170

multiplied to a great extent in the environs of the city of Brooklyn.
It has already inflicted much damage upon trees, and, apparently
being firmly established, is destined to work still greater injury.
It is a promiscuous feeder, but evinces a particular fondness for
elms and maples.

Cossidae

The eggs are generaiiy laid near the crotch of the tree, and
watch should be kept in the spring of the year to detect their
presence and destroy them before they are hatched.

Genus COSSUS Fabricius

The genus is found on both sides of the Atlantic. Cossus
COSSUS Linnaeus is a large species which does great damage to
trees in Europe. As I am writing, my friend. Dr. Ortmann, relates
that when he was a boy of eleven, living in his native village in
Thuringia, his attention was called to a notice posted by the
Burgermeister offering a reward for information which would lead
to the detection and punishment of the individuals who by boring
into the trunks of a certain fine avenue of birch-trees, upon which
the place prided itself, had caused great injury to them. Already
the instincts of the naturalist had asserted themselves, and the
prying eyes of the lad had found out the cause of the trouble.
He went accordingly to the office of the Burgermeister and in-
formed him that he could tell him all about the injury to the trees.
The official sat wide-mouthed and eager to hear. “ But you
must assure me, before I tell you, that the reward you offer will
surely be paid to me.” “Yes, yes, my little man; do not be in
doubt on that score. You shall certainly be paid.” “Well,
then, Herr Burgermeister, the holes from which the sap is flowing
were not made by boys who were after the birch-sap to make beer,
but by the IVeidenbobrer." A small explosion of official
dignity followed. The act of the presumptuous boy was reported
to a stern parent, and the result was, in Yankee phrase, a “ lick-
ing,” which was certainly undeserved.

(1) Cossus centerensis Lintner, Plate XII, Fig. i, S.

The insect is quite rare. It is found in the Atlantic States.

(2) Cossus undosus Lintner, Plate XLI, Fig. 9, ? .

Syn. brucei French.

The moth occurs in the region of the Rocky Mountains. The
specimen figured was taken on the Arkansas River in Colorado,
near Canyon City.

It is undoubtedly the most attractively marked and most ele-
gant species found in our territory.

1 The common German name for the Cossus.

311

Cossidffi

Genus PRIONOXYSTUS Grote

There are two species of this genus found in the United
States. One of them, Prionoxystus macmurtrei Guerin-Mene-
ville =» querciperda Fitch, is a rather rare species. It bores its larval
passages in oak. The female, which resembles the female of the
other species, is quite large, sometimes four inches in expanse of
wing. The male, on the other hand, is quite diminutive. I have
never seen a male much more than an inch and a half in expanse
of wing. The species has been taken most frequently in recent
years in western Pennsylvania by local collectors. The other
species, Prionoxystus robini^ Peck, is very common. It fre-
quents various trees, but shows a preference for the wood of the
Common locust {Robinia pseudacacia) and various species of
the genus Populus. The male is depicted on Plate XLI, Fig. ii,
and the female by Fig. lo on the same plate. The insect is
widely distributed throughout the United States. I have found
the males exceedingly abundant about the electric lights in some
of our Western cities^ as St. Paul and Omaha.

Genus INGUROMORPHA Henry Edwards

Two species of this genus occur within
our limits. Both are found in the extreme
southern portions of the United States. /.
arbeloides Dyar is a native of Arizona. I.
basalis Walker, which is shown in the an-
nexed figure, is found in Florida and Mexico.

The general color of the fore wings is pale
ashen-gray, with the outer border dull ochre-
ous, marked with dark-brown striae, and
broader spots and blotches toward the outer
margin. The hind wings are darker gray.

Fig. 21^.— Jnguro-
morpha basalis, ^ • t"
Type of slossoni.

“ I recognize

The moths, with that great overpoise of wings
Which makes a mystery of them how at all
They can stop flying.”

E. B. Aurora Leigh,

^geriidae

Genus COSSULA Bailey

Only one species of this genus is known from our fauna. It
occurs in Florida and Mexico.

Strecker, and subsequently also
by Bailey. Druce in the year
1891 applied to it the specific
name norax. It is represented
in the annexed cut one third
larger than the size of life. It
is as yet a rare insect in collec-
tions, only a few specimens hav-
ing been found. No doubt it is
locally common, and when some shrewd observer discovers its
haunts and mode of life, we shall all have a good supply of speci-
mens in our cabinets.

Genus HYPOPTA Hubner

Nine species are said to belong to this genus and are reputed
to occur within our territory. They are all Southern or South-
western forms.

(1) Hypopta bertholdi Grote, Plate XII, Fig. 2, ? .

The specimen figured on the plate came from California.
The author has also received it from Colorado.

(2) Hypopta henrici Grote, Plate XII, Fig. 3, $, .

The moth is found in Arizona and New Mexico.

FAMILY /EGERIID/E

" I ’ll follow you, I ’ll lead you about a rouud
Through bog, through bush, through brake, through brier.”

SvLAKZS^'S.A.'KE.— Midsummer Night's Dream, III, i.

The name Sesia being, according to the laws of priority,
strictly applicable to a genus of the Sphingidce, as has been
pointed out on page 61, the name of the family which we are
now considering must be that which is given above. The name
'' Sesiidce” must yield to the name /Egeriidce” This is on
some accounts regrettable, as the former name has for many
years been consistently applied to the family by many authors.

379

It was named magnifica by

Fig. 214. — Cossula magnifica, (^ . f.

^geriidse

The name which we use has also been applied by a multitude
of writers, and is already well established in use in certain
quarters.

The /Egeriidce are diurnal in their habits, flying in the hottest
sunshine. They are very rapid on the wing. Their larvae are
borers, feeding on the inner bark or the pith of trees and lesser
plants. The pupae are generally armed with hook-like projec-
tions, which enable them to progress in a forward direction in
the galleries in which they are formed. Some of the genera have
at the cephalic end a sharp cutting projection, which is used to
enable the insect to cut its way out of the chamber before the
change into a moth takes place. The moths have been described
as follows by Hampson in “The Moths of India,” VoH I, p. 189:
“Antennae often dilated or knobbed. Legs often v/ith thick
tufts of hair; mid tibiae with one pair of spurs; hind tibiae with
two pairs. Frenulum present. Wings generally more or less
hyaline; fore wing with veins \a and \b forming a fork at base;
\c absent; veins 4 to ii given off at almost even distances from
the cell. Hind wing with three internal veins; vein 8 coincident
with 7.”

The American species have been very thoroughly monographed
by Mr. Beutenmuller, the amiable and accomplished Curator of the
Section of Entomology in the American Museum of Natural His-
tory in New York. It is through his kindness that the author is
able to give on Plate XLVI of the present volume so many illus-
trations of the species which are found in our fauna. The stu-
dent who desires to know more about these things must consult
Mr. Beutenmuller’s great work.

Genus MELITTIA HUbner

(i) Melittia satyriniformis Hubner, Plate XLVI, Fig. i, $.

Syn. cucurbii(S \ Westwood ; Henry Edwards.

The larva of the insect is commonly known as the “Squash-
borer,” or the “Pumpkin-borer.” The insect has an extensive
range from New England to the Argentine States. It attacks the
Cucurbitacece generally, laying the eggs upon all parts of the
plant, but preferably upon the stems, into which the caterpillar
bores, and in which it develops until the time of pupation, when
it descends into the ground, makes a cell beneath the surface in

^80

^geriidas

which it hibernates, and is transformed into a chrysalis the follow-
ing spring. The moths emerge, according to locality, from June
to August. It is said to be double-brooded in the southern parts
of our region, but is single-brooded in the Northern States.

(2) Melittia snowi Henry Edwards, Plate XLVl, Fig. 2, S .

This species is very closely allied to the preceding, but the

fore wings are devoid of the metallic tints which appear in that
species, and there are other minor differences which present
themselves upon comparison of the two forms. The life-history
remains to be worked out. It is thus far known only from
Kansas.

(3) Melittia grandis Strecker, Plate XLVI, Fig. 3, ? .

The insect is reported to occur in Texas and Arizona.

Genus GJEA Beutenmiiller

(1) Gaea emphytiformis Walker, Plate XLVl, Fig. 5, $.

The types of this species are found in the British Museum.

Nothing is known definitely as to its true locality, except that the
specimens came from the United States. Of course the life-history
is also unknown. It is to be hoped that some reader of this book
will rediscover the species and let us all know its true history.

(2) Gsea. solituda Henry Edwards, Plate XLVl, Fig. 4, $ .

The species occurs in Kansas and in Texas, but the history of

its mode of development from egg to imago remains to be
written.

Genus EUHAGENA Henry Edwards

There is only one species of this genus known at the present
time. It was named nebraskae by Henry Edwards in the year
1881. A male specimen is depicted on Plate XLVl, Fig. 34. The
species may easily be recognized by its red wings. Its early his-
tory is unknown. I received several specimens of the insect some
time ago from a friend who sent them to me, but so wretchedly
packed that nothing came to hand but fragments. The well-
meaning sender had done them up in cotton as if they were birds’
eggs, and of course they were all smashed. Never wrap cotton
about moths or butterflies, and then ram cotton down into the
box to make the specimens ride well. Particularly avoid the
“ramming ” process.

381

/EgQxiidss

Genus ALCOTHOE Henry Edwards

(i) Alcothoe caudata Harris, Plate XLVl, Fig. 6, 6 .

The larv^ bore in the roots of various species of clematis.
The insect is widely distributed, occurring from Canada to Florida,
and westward to the Mississippi. The moths come out in April
and May in the South, and from June to August in the North.
The larvae hibernate in their galleries in various stages of growth.

Genus SANNINA Waiker

(i) Sannina uroceriformis Walker, Plate XLVI, Fig. 7, 6 .

Syn. quinquecaudatus Ridings.

The larva feeds on the tap-root of the persimmon {Diospyros)
at a depth of from eighteen to twenty-two inches under the
ground. The species occurs from Virginia to Florida, and west-
ward as far as the food-plant ranges.

Genus PODOSESIA Mceschler

(i) Poliosesia syringe Harris, Plate XLVl, Fig. 17, ?.

Syn. longipes Mceschler.

The larvse feed on the ash and the .lilac. They tunnel their
passages straight into the wood for many inches. They cut their
way out almost to the surface just before pupating, leaving only
a thin layer of fiber to close the end of the gallery; this is broken
through by the emergent pupa as it comes forth from its cocoon,
and then the pupal envelope is split and the perfect winged insect
appears. The moths are on the wing in western Pennsylvania
in June, and are to be found on the blossoms of Syringa.

Genus MEMYTHRUS Newman

(1) Memythrus tricinctus Harris, Plate XLVl, Fig. 14, ? .

The larvae infest the small trunks of willov/s and poplars.

The moths appear in the latter part of June and the beginning of
July; the caterpillars hibernate in their galleries. Transformation
occurs in a tough cocoon located at the outer end of the gallery.
The species is found in New England and the Middle States,
ranging westward as far as Ohio and Michigan.

(2) Memythrus polistiformis Harris, Plate XLVl, Fig. 11,
,3 ,Fig. 12, ? .

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Explanation of Plate XLVI

(The figures in this plate are taken by the kind permission of Mr.
William Beutenmuller from the plates illustrating his Monograph of the
Sesiidas of North America.)

♦

1. Melittia satyriniformis Hiibner, 9-

2. Melittia snowi Henry Edwards, cJ'.

3. Melittia grandis Strecker, 9 .

4. Gee a solituda Henry Edwards, cJ'.

5. Gee a emphytiformis Walker, 9 ■

6. Alcathoe caudata Harris, G' .

7. Sannina ttroceriforniis Walker, (^ .

8. Algeria apiformis Linnseus, 9 •

9. Bemhecia marginata Harris, 9 •

10. Memythrus simulans Grote, 9 •

11. Memythrus polistiformis Harris, .

12. Memythrus polistiformis Harris, 9-

13. Memythrus admirandus Henry Edwards, cJ'.

14. Memythrus tricinctus Harris, 9-

15. Palmia preecedens Henry Edwards, 9-

16. Parharmonia pini Kellicott, c?.

17. Podosesia syringes Harris, 9-

18. Sanninoidea exitiosa Say. J'.

19. Sanninoidea exitiosa Say, 9 •

20. Vespamima sequoiee Henry Edwards, c?.

21. Synanthedon hassiformis ri*.

22. Synanthedon rileyana Henry Edwards, ri'.

23. Synanthedon rileyana Henry Edwards, 9 -

24. Synanthedon pictipes Grote & Robinson, 9 •

25. Synanthedon pyri Harris, 9-

26. Synanthedon tipuliformis Clerck, 9 •

27. Synanthedon albicornis Henry Edwards, 9 •

28. Synanthedon acerni Clemens, 9 •

29. Synanthedon scitula Harris, 9 •

30. Synanthedon neglecta Henry Edwards, 9 •

31. Synanthedon rutilans Henry Edwards, (J'.

32. Synanthedon rutilans Henry Edwards, 9 •

33. Synanthedon aureopurpurea Henry Edwards, ri',

34. Euhagena nebraskes Henry Edwards, c? .

35. Paranthrene heucheres Henry Edwards, S'.

36. Calasesia coccinea Beutenmuller, 9 •

37. Albuna pyramidalis, var. montana Henr}- Edwards, S ■

The Moth Book

Plate XLVL

COLORTYPE CO.,

COPYRIGHTED BY ’

HOLLAND, 1909.

/Egeriidse

The insect, which is popularly known as the “Grape-root
Borer,” ranges from Vermont to the Carolinas, and westward as
far as Missouri. It inflicts considerable damage upon both wild
and cultivated grape-vines. The moth resembles the wasps of
the genus Polistes, whence the name.

(3) Memythrus simulans Grote, Plate XLVI, Fig. 10, $ .

The insect, which is known to occur from New England to

Minnesota, not ranging below the Potomac and the Ohio, feeds
in its larval stage upon the wood of the red oak.

(4) Memythrus admirandus Henry Edwards, Plate XLVI,

Fig. 13, ^ .

The habitat of the species is Texas.

Genus PALMIA Beutenmiiller

(i) Palmia prsecedens Henry Edwards, Plate XLVI, Fig.
15, $ .

The moth is known to occur in North Carolina. It is very
rare in collections as yet, and nothing is known of its life-history.

Genus iEGERIA Fabricius

(1) .ffigeria apiformis Clerck, Plate XLVI, Fig. 8, $ .

Syn. vespiformis Hufnagel; crabivnifor?>iis'Dm{s & Schiffermuller.

This insect, which in England is known as the “Hornet-
moth,” because of its resemblance to a hornet, is found abun-
dantly in Europe, but less commonly in North America. Its
larva lives in the roots and lower portions of the trunks of poplars
and willows, and requires two years in which to undergo trans-
formation.

Genus BEMBECIA Hiibner

(i) Bembecia marginata Harris, Plate XLVI, Fig. 9, ?.

Syn. p/ecice/ormis WaXkGr ; odyneripennis Walker; Riley; fiavipes Hulst.

The insect, which is popularly known as the “Blackberry-
borer,” is not at all uncommon. The grub-like larvae infest the
roots of blackberries and raspberries, and when mature eat their
way up about three inches through the pith of the dead cane, and
cutting their way outwardly, leave only a thin layer of the epi-
dermis between themselves and the outer air. The pupa is armed
at its head with a triangular chisel-shaped process, with which

383

iEgeriidse

it cuts through the epidermis of the plant, and then wriggiiiig
forward, until half of the body is extruded, the pupal case bursts,
and the moth emerges. The males come out in the early after-
noon, the females about four o’clock, copulation occurs almost
immediately, and the female begins to oviposit before the sun
sets. The moths appear at the end of July and throughout
August in Pennsylvania. The larvae overwinter in the canes.

Genus VESPAMIMA Beutenmuller

(i) Vespamima sequoise Henry Edwards, Plate XLVI, Fig.

20, S .

Syn. pinorum Behrens.

This species is said to be very destructive to coniferous trees
upon the Pacific slope. The larvae do their mischievous work at
the forking of the branches.

Genus PARKARMONIA Beutenmuller

(i) Parharmonia pini Kellicott, Plate XLVI, Fig. i6, 3.

The species is found from Canada to New Jersey. The larvae
live under the bark of pine-trees. The moths appear in July and
August.

Genus SANNINOIDEA Beutenmuller

(i) Sanninoidea exitiosa Say, Plate XLVI, Fig. i8, 3, Fig.

19, $ .

'S>yn. persica Thomas; pepsidiforniis Hiibner; xiphiceformis Boisduval.

This is the well-known “ Peach-borer.” The larvae infest the
trunks of peach-trees and wild cherries near the ground, and also
attack the upper roots. The species ranges from Canada to
Florida, and westward to the Rocky Mountains. It does a large
amount of damage in peach-orchards.

Genus ALBUNA Henry Edwards

(i) Albuna pyramidalis Walker, form montana Henry Ed-
wards, Plate XLVI, Fig. 37, 3 .

This is a variable species, of which several varieties have been
described. It ranges from Nova Scotia into New England, and
westward to the Pacific in the same latitudes. Nothing is known
of its early history or food-plants.

384

iEgeriidae

Genus SYNANTHEDON Hubner

{Sesia auctorum.)

The name Sesia being properly restricted to a genus of the
Sphingidce, we apply to the genus the name proposed by Hobner
in the “ Verzeichniss Bekannter Schmetterlinge,” p. 129. This
appears to be the proper and logical method of procedure under
the circumstances.

The genus is very extensive. Fifty-eight species are found in
our fauna, of which we delineate eleven.

(1) Synanthedon rileyana Henry Edwards, Plate XLVl,
Fig. 22, 3 , Fig. 23, ? .

Syn. bnmneipennis Henry Edwards ; hyperici Henry Edwards.

The species ranges from the Virginias and Carolinas west-
ward through Ohio and Illinois as far as California and Oregon.

(2) Synanthedon rutilans Henry Edwards, Plate XLVI,
Fig. 31, 6, Fig. 32, ?.

Syn. aureola Henry Edwards; hetJiizonce Henry Edwards; hipini Henry Ed-
wards ; perplexa Henry Edwards ; impropria Henry Edwards ; washingtonia Henry
Edwards; madarice Henry Edwards.

This insect is known as the “Strawberry-borer." It not
only infests the crown of these plants, which it generally destroys,
but also frequently attacks raspberries and blackberries at the
crown of the roots. It ranges from Nova Scotia westward across
the continent, and in the Mississippi Valley southward into north-
ern Texas.

(3) Synanthedon neglecta Henry Edwards, Plate XLVI,
Fig. 30, $ .

The insect is found in California and Washington. Its early
stages are unknown.

(4) Synanthedon bassiformis Walker, Plate XLVI, Fig.
21, 5.

Syn. lustrans Grote ; cotisimilis Henry Edwards ; bolli Henry Edwards ;
eupatorii Henry Edwards; sexfasciafa Henry Edwards; znfirma Henry Edwards;
iniitata Henry Edwards.

The larva feeds in the stems of Eupatormm purpureum. The
insect ranges from New England to Texas.

(5) Synanthedon tipuliformis Clerck, Plate XLVI, Fig.
26, $ .

The insect, which is found in Europe and Asia, and has also

385

^geriidas

been transported to Australia, is an importation into this country
from Europe. It feeds in the stems of gooseberry- and currant-
bushes.

(6) Synanthedon pictipes Grote & Robinson, Plate XLVI,
Fig. 24, $.

Syn. inusitata Henry Edwards.

The larvae feed under the bark of plums, wild and cultivated
cherry-trees, peach-trees, the June-berry {Amelanchier), and the
chestnut. The eggs are laid on the trunks and the branches of
the trees. The moths are on the wing in June and July.

(7) Synanthedon acerni Clemens, Plate XLVI, Fig. 28, $ .

Syn. acericoliim Gennadius,

This is the common “Maple-borer.” The larvae tunnel in the
sap-wood and do a great deal of damage to trees, especially in
our larger cities. At times trees are completely girdled by the
galleries made by the insects, and
are thus killed; at other times they
are so weakened that on the occasion
of high winds or storms they are
broken off and greatly disfigured.
The insects emerge from the pupae
early in the morning, and may be
seen at times in small swarms about
the trunks of the trees, ovipositing
upon the bark. The time of emer-
gence is the latter part of May and
the beginning of June. The pupae
are formed in small cocoons com-
posed of silk and pellets of excre-
ment interwoven upon the surface.
Just before the moths em.erge,' the
chrysalids work their way partially
Fig. 215. —.S’, acerr.i. a, larvK ; out of the tunnels in which they are,
and then the outer sheathing of the
pupa splits open and the perfect
insect crawls forth, in a few moments to be upon the wing; for
the development of the power of flight is with this species, as
with almost all the AEgeriidce, exceedingly rapid.

The moth is found from New England as far west as Nebraska.

386

iEgeriidse

(8) Synanthedon aureopurpurea Henry Edwards, Plate
XLVI, Fig. 33, 6 .

The moth occurs in Texas. No history of its habits has as yet
been written.

(9) Synanthedon pyri Harris, Plate XLVI, Fig. 25, ?.

Syn. kabelei Henry Edwards.

This is a common species everywhere, infesting the bark of
pear- and apple-trees. In the vicinity of Pittsburgh many trees
have been killed by these mischievous little creatures.

(10) Synanthedon scitula Harris, Plate XLVI, Fig. 29, $.

Syn. gallivoriwi Westwood ; hospes Walsh ; cemula Henry Edwards.

The larvae inhabit the bark of chestnut, dogwood, oak, willow,
hickory, and the galls of oaks. The moth ranges from Canada to
Virginia, and westward through the Valley of the Ohio.

0 0 Synanthedon albicornis Henry Edwards, Plate XLVI,
Fig. 27, ? .

Syn. proxima Henry Edwards ; modesta Kellicott.

The moth is not known to occur south of the Potomac and
the Ohio. It ranges from New England to Oregon. The larvae
feed upon the trunks and shoots of willows.

Genus CALESESIA Beutenmuller

(0 Calesesia coccinea Beutenmuller, Plate XLVI, Fig.

36, $.

The habitat of this rare insect is New Mexico. The male and
the early stages are as yet unknown.

Genus PARANTHRENE Hubner

(0 Paranthrene heucherae Henry Edwards, Plate XLVI,
Fig. 35. i ■

There are several species in the genus found in the United
States, which are all, as yet, rare in collections, and little is known
as to their life-history. The present species has been found in
New Mexico.

FAUNAL SUBREGIONS

This volume is an attempt to bring together into compact
form an account of the commoner and more striking species of

387

iBgeriidse

moths which are found in the United States and Canada. The
area is vast, and zoologists as well as botanists have for the pur-
poses of science subdivided the region into what are known as
“faunal subregions,” or “botanical subregions.” These subdi-
visions of the territory are entirely natural and are based upon a
knowledge of the flora and fauna of each area. Both flora and
fauna are more or less dependent upon conditions of soil, rainfall,
and temperature.

Beginning with the Atlantic coast, we find a large area ex-
tending from Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Ontario, southward
through New England, the Middle States, and the Eastern Cen-
tral States as far south as the Carolinas and northern Georgia,
Alabama, and Mississippi, westward into Arkansas, Missouri, and
eastern Kansas, then northward through eastern Iowa and Minne-
sota, in which, with some slight variations, the predominant fea-
tures of the vegetation and of the fauna are alike. In a broad
way this territory is known as the Appalachian subregion. It
has been subdivided into two parts, to the more northern of
which has been applied the name Canadian, and to the southern
the name Carolinian. These minor subdivisions of the broader
subregion are quite natural, and are based upon the fact that cer-
tain groups of plants and animals are characteristic of the one
which are not characteristic of the other; yet upon the v/hole the
character of the vegetation and of the animal life of the two lesser
areas is in most respects quite similar. The genera are practi-
cally the same throughout these territories. It was, when the
country was first discovered by white men, a region of trees,
except in northern Indiana and parts of Illinois, Iowa, and Minne-
sota, where there were prairies; but on these prairies, where trees
grew, they were for the most part representatives of the same
genera which were found through the eastern parts of the domain,
and in many cases were the same species. Accompanying the
plants are the insects which feed upon them.

Beginning on the extreme southern portions of the coast of
North Carolina and running along the coast of South Carolina
through eastern and southern Georgia, northern Florida, and
westward along the Gulf of Mexico, we have a strip of territory
preserving many of the floral and faunal peculiarities of the Appa-
lachian subregion, but possessing distinctive features of its own.

388

^geriidse

We detect here the influence of warmer skies and the life of the
not-far-off tropics. It is the region of the. long-leaved pine, the
cypress, the live-oak, the evergreen magnolia, and the palmetto.
It is the subregion of the Gulf. It has a fauna of its own.

In the extreme southern portion of Florida and on the out-
lying islands we find established a northern offshoot of the plant-
life and of the fauna of the West Indies. The conditions are dis-
tinctly tropical here.

A sharp division takes place west of the Mississippi River, at
those points where the heavily wooded lands terminate and are
succeeded by the grassy, woodless plains, which lie between the
western borders of the Valley of the Mississippi and the eastern
ranges of the Rocky Mountains. While the Great Plains are
traversed by numerous river valleys, in which there is abundant
arboreal vegetation, nevertheless the whole region in part only
preserves the faunal and floral characteristics of the Appalachian
subregion. The southern part of this territory, lying in New
Mexico, western Texas, and Arizona, with which, in part, south-
ern California is identified, has a large number of genera and
species which range southward along the plateaus and treeless
highlands of Mexico and Central America. This may be called
the Arizonian or Sonoran subregion.

The northern half of the belt of the Great Plains is invaded by
forms of both plant and animal life which are related to types
predominant in the colder regions of the continent. This is
especially true where the plains reach a great altitude above the
level of the sea. This subregion may be called the Dakotan. It
stretches from northern Colorado northward to the British
provinces of Assiniboia and Alberta.

West of the Great Plains is a territory traversed from north to
south by the ranges of the Rocky Mountains, in which there
occurs a commingling of genera and species, some coming in
from the far north on the higher ranges, others coming in from
the south on the lower levels, and a multitude of forms mingling
with these which show the influence of migration both from the
Great Plains and from the Pacific slope. The region of the
Rocky Mountains is a region in which there are singular com-
plexities, owing to the great differences in elevation. Species of
the arctic zone may be found having their habitat within a few

389

iEgeriidse

miles of species which are in many cases distinctly subtropical.
On the high peaks holarctic genera occur, and in the valleys genera
which have their metropolis in Mexico. In a general sense the
territory may be called the Coloradan subregion.

The Pacific subregion includes central and northern California
and the valleys lying between the coast and the western outliers
of the central cordillera. The subregion extends northward into
British Columbia. There is shown here a distinct resemblance to
the fauna of Europe and temperate Asia.

Beginning in Labrador on the east and extending across the
entire northern portion of the continent into Alaska is a region
which we may call the Holarctic subregion, in which the genera
and species alike of plants and animals are for the most part the
same which are found in similar latitudes in the Eastern Hemi-
sphere. In Alaska there is evidence of a distinct connection be-
tween the flora and fauna of Asia. Greenland and Labrador,
together with some of the adjacent islands, show remarkable
affinities to the f.ora and fauna of boreal Europe and the Alps.

Various subdivisions of these broader areas have been sug-
gested, but in the main the subregions which the writer has
indicated suffice to show the differences in these tracts.

^ “ . . . From every chink

And secret corner, where they slept away
The wintry storms — or rising from their tombs
To higher life — by myriads, forth at once.

Swarming they pour, of all the varied hues
Their beauty-beaming parent can disclose.

Ten thousand forms ! ten thousand different tribes !
People the blaze.”

— Sttmmer.

390

FAMILY PYRALIDAE

“ All multiplicity rushes to be resolved into unity. Anatomy, osteology, ex-
hibit arrested or progressive ascent in each kind ; the lower pointing to the higher
forms, the higher to the highest, from the fluid in an elastic sack, from radiate,
mollusk, articulate, vertebrate, up to man ; as if the whole animal world were only
a Hunterian Museum to exliibit the genesis of mankind.”— Emerson.

The PyralidcB constitute an enormous complex of subfamilies,
genera, and species. They are found in all the temperate and
tropical parts of the world, but are more numerous in hot lands
than in the colder portions of the globe. Nearly eight hundred
species belonging to this family are already known to occur
within the United States and Canada, and the region will
undoubtedly yet yield many new species to science. We cannot
in these pages undertake to give even an outline of the genera
and the species, but w'e have selected a few for illustration in
order that the student, encountering these interesting insects,
may be able to at least recognize their relative position in the
great suborder v/ith which this book deals.

The moths of this family are described as follows by Sir
George F. Hampson in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society
of London for 1898, page 590; “Proboscis and maxillary palpi
usually well developed; frenulum present. Fore wing with vein
\a usually free, sometimes forming a fork with \b\ \c absent; 5
from near lower angle of cell; 8, 9 almost always stalked. Hind
wing with veins \a, b, c present; 5 almost always from near
lower angle of cell; 8 approximated to 7 or anastomosing with it
beyond the cell.

Larva elongate, with five pairs of prolegs. Pupa with seg-
ments 9-1 1 and sometimes also 8 and 12 movable, not protruding
from cocoon on emergence.”

The Pyralidce have been divided into a number of subfamilies.
Of the subfamilies represented in our fauna, we shall in the fol-
lowing pages give illustrations of a few species which are com-

391

Pyralidse

monly encountered or possess interesting traits. While it is to
be wished that we might be able to give a monographic view of
the entire family, such a procedure is v/holly out of the question,
in view of the limits imposed upon us in the matter of space by
such a volume as that which has been undertaken.

SUBFAMILY PYRAUSTIN^

The genera of this family may be distinguished by the fact
that the median nervure is not pectinated upon the upper side, or
is at most very slightly pectinated, by the absence of tufts of scales
in the cell of the fore wing, and by the further fact that vein lo of
the fore wing rises from the cell. In the hind wing, vein 7 and
vein 8 almost invariably anastomose.

Fifty-seven genera are found in our territory, represented by
two hundred and twenty-four species.

Genus ZINCKENIA Hubner

(i) Zinckenia fascialis Cramer, Plate XLVII, Fig. 28, S .

Syn. an^us^a/is Fahricius ; 7'iru>'z>a/zs Fahriciiis ; di^asi:ia/zs Huhner ; albifas-
cialis Boisduval.

The moth is found all over the temperate and subtropical
regions of both hemispheres. It is common in the southern por-
tions of the United States.

Genus DESMIA Westwood

(i) Desmia funeralis Hubner, Plate XLVII, Fig. 37, 5 .
(The Grape-leaf Folder.)

Fig. 2\6.— Desmia ftmeralis. i, larva secreted between folds of leaf; 2,
head of larva, magnified ; 3, pupa ; 4, male moth ; 5, female moth. (After
Riley.)

The caterpillar of this pretty little moth feeds upon the leaves
392

Pyralidas

of various wild and cultivated grapes, showing a preference for
those species the leaves of which are thin and tender. The
caterpillar is of a transparent green color, and is very lively when
disturbed. The insects, which do considerable damage in vine-
yards, may be kept down by crushing the larvae and the pupae
when found in the folded leaves, which are easily detected. The
moth is found from Canada to the Gulf east of the Great Plains.

Genus SAMEA Guende

(i) Samea ecclesialis Guenee, Plate XLVllI, Fig. 2, $.

Syn. castellalis lucctisalis zYker •, disertalis WaXkew

The insect is widely distributed throughout the hotter parts
of the Western Hemisphere. It is common in Florida and ranges
south as far as Argentina.

Genus DIASTICTIS Hubner

(1) Diastictis fracturalis Zeller, Plate XLVllI, Fig. i, ^ .

This is a neatly marked species, which is found in Texas and
Arizona, and ranges southward into Mexico and Central America.

Genus CONCHYLODES Guenee

(1) Conchylodes platinalis Guenee, Plate XLVII, Fig. 60, 6 .

Syn. oi'nlalis Guent^e ; crinalis Walker; magicalis Felder; concinnalis
Hampson.

The moth is found in western Pennsylvania and southward
through the southern portions of the United States into South.
America.

Genus PANTOGRAPHA Lederer

(i) Pantographa limata Grote & Robinson, Plate XLVll,
Fig. 38, 6 .

Syn. suffusalis Druce.

The insect occurs from Maine to Patagonia.

Genus AGATHODES Guenee

(1) Agathodes monstralis Guenee, Plate XLVllI, Fig. 3, ^ .

Syn. designalis Guenee; floridalis Hulst.

The moth ranges from Florida to the Rio de la Plata in South
America.

m

Pyralids

Genus GLYPHODES Guenee

This is a large genus, represented in both hemispheres by
numerous species. We give figures of three.

(1) Glyphodes nitidaiis Stoll, Plate XLVII, Fig. 43, $ .
(The Pickle-worm.)

The insect feeds in its larval stage upon cucumbers and
melons, into which the caterpillar bores. A good account of its
habits is given by Riley in the “Second Annual Report of the
State Entomologist of Missouri,” page 67. It has, like most of the
PyraLidce, a wide range, and extends from the southern portions
of the United States to the southern portions of South America.

(2) Glyphodes hyalinata Linnaeus, Plate XLVII, Fig. 39, $> .

Syn. marginahs Stoll; lucernalis Hiibner; hyalinatalts Guenee.

The range of this species is very much the same as that of
the last mentioned.

(3) Glyphodes quadristigmalis Guenee. (The Privet-
moth.)

Fig. 217. — Glyphodes quadristigmalis. a, lateral view of larva; b, dorsal view;
r, cocoon ; d, moth ; e, lateral view of two segments of larva, enlarged ; f, anal
segment of pupa from below, greatly enlarged. (After Riley, “ Insect Life,”
Vol. I, p. 24.)

This moth has in recent years proved at times troublesome as
an enemy of privet-hedges in the southern portions of the country.
As many as four broods of the moths have been detected in one

394

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Explanation of Plate XLVII

(Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens represented are con-
tained in the collection of W. J. Holland.)

1. Packardia geminata Packard,

.

2. Lithacodes fasciola Herrich-

Schjpffer, (^ .

3. Adoneta spinuloides Herrich-

Schaeffer, ■

4. Cochlidion biguttata Packard, $ .

5. Euclea pocnulata Clemens, c?.

6. Phobetron pithecium Abbot &

Smith, c?.

7. Phobetron pithecium Abbot &

Smith, 9 •

8. Prolimacodes scapha Harris, $ .

9. Sibine stimulea Clemens, (^ .

10. Euclea indetermina Boisduval,

d^, U. S. N. M.

11. Tortricidia Packard, d' .

12. Tortricidia ccesonia Grote, $ ,

U. S. N. M.

13. Natada nasoni Grote, d. U. S.

N. M.

14. Sisyrosea textula Herrich-

Schaeffer, $ , U. S. N. M.

15. Euclea chloris Herrich-Schaeffer,

$ , U. S. N. M.

16. Packardia elegans Packard, 9 •

17. Isochcetes beutemnulleri Henry

Edwards, 9 . U. S. N. M.

18. Alarodia slossonice Packard, 9 .

U. S. N. M.

19. Adoneta pygmcea Grote &

Robinson, d. U. S. N. M.

20. Heterogenea shurtleffi Packard,

d, U. S. N. M.

21. Cochlidion y-inversa Packard,

d'.

22. Monoleuca semifascia Walker,

d-

23. Eviclea viridiclava Walker, d-

24. Euclea delphinii Boisduval, 9 •

25. Euclea nanina Dyar, d-

26. Euclea chloris Herrich-Schaeffer,

d-

27. Cochlidion rectilinea Grote &

Robinson, d-

28. Zinckenia fascialis Cramer, d-

29. Euclea chloris Herrich-Schaeffer,

$■

30. Thyris macw/aia Harris, d-

31. Thyris lugubris Boisduval, d*

32. T riprocris smith so nian us

Clemens, d-

33. Pyromorpha dimidiata Herrich-

Schaeffer, d-

34- Hcurrisina americana Guerin-
Meneville, d-

35. Hexeris enhydris Grote, d-

36. Meskea dyspteraria Grote, d-

37. Desmia funeralis Hiibner, d-

38. Pantographa limata Grote &

Robinson, d-

39. Glyphodes hyalinata Linnaeus,

40. Cindaphia bicolor alis Guenee,

d-

41. P yrausta insequalis Guenee , d-

42. P yrausta niveicilialis Grote, 9 -

43. Glyphodes nitidalis Stoll, d-

44. P yrausta tyralis Guenee, d-

45. Evergestis straminalis Hiibner,

d.

46. Herculia himonialis Zeller, 9 •

47. Phlyctcenia tertialis Guenee, d-

48. P yrausta illibalis Hiibner, 9 -

49. P yrausta or phis alis Walker, d-

50. P yrausta funebris Strom, d-

51. Pyrausta unifascialis Packard.

52. Pyrausta langdonalis Grote, d-

53. Pyralis farinalis Linnaeus, 9 •

54. Pyrausta pertextalis Gedever , d-

55. Pyrausta fumalis Guenee, d-

56. Pyrausta unimacula Grote* &

Robinson, d-

57. Pyrausta ochosalis Fitch, MS.,

d-

58. Eustixia pupula Hubner, d-

59. Hypsopygia costalis Fabricius,

d-

60. Conchylodes platinalis Guenee,

d.

The Moth Book

Plate XLVII

COPYRIGHTED BY

HOLLAND.

Pyralidae

summer in Washington, D. C. The insect has a wide range,
being known to occur in the West Indies and Central America.

Genus PHLYCT^NODES Guenee

This is a genus well represented in both hemispheres. There
are over thirty species found in the United States.

(1) Phlyctaenodes triumphalis Grote, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 5, 5 . '

This species, which is found in the vicinity of San Luis Obispo,

California, was described by Grote in the “Canadian Entomolo-
gist,” Vol. XXXIV, p. 295. It does not appear in Dyar’s List.

(2) Phlyctaenodes sticticalis Linnaeus. (The Sugar-beet
Moth.)

^y\\. fuscalts Hiibner; tetragonalis Haworth; sordida Butler.

The moth, of which we give an enlarged representation in Fig.
218, has becmee in recent years the object of attention in
those portions of the
West in which the
cultivation of the
sugar-beet has be-
come an industry of
magnitude. It has
done considerable
damage to the crop
in Nebraska. There
are tv/o and perhaps
three broods pro-
duced in a year. The
insect multiplies v/ith
great rapidity, and
large areas planted
with the beet have
been defoliated by the
caterpillars in comparatively a short time. The larvae hibernate
in cases woven of silk to which particles of earth are adherent,
and which are formed at a small depth under the surface of the
soil. By harrowing the ground it has been ascertained that many
of the cases are thrown up, and are emptied of the larvae by the
meadow-larks and other insectivorous birds, or are killed by the
frosts of winter. Many of them, however, escape such treat-

393

F IG. 218. — Phlyctctnodes sticticalis. Twice the size
of life. (After Riley, “ Insect Life,” Vol. V, p. 320.)

Pyralides

merit, being possessed of vitality enough to withstand a great
degree of cold. It has been suggested that a better way in
which to rid the fields of the pests is to apply Paris green to the
beets, in a solution composed of one pound of the poison to two
hundred gallons of water. The spraying of the plants by the
mixture is said to have proved efficacious in cases where the

Fig. 219. — P. sficticalis. a, larva,
magnified ; b, dorsal view of segment
of do. ; c, lateral view of segment.
(After Riley, “Insect Life,” Vol. V,
p. 321.)

Fig. 220.— P. sticticalis. a,
outline of larval case ; b, cocoon
of parasite in larval case ; c,
pupa, enlarged. (After Riley,
“ Insect Life,” Vol. V, p. 321.)

application was made as soon as it was ascertained that the in-
sects were at work upon the leaves. Nature in this case, as in
multitudes of others, comes to the assistance of the agriculturist,
and there is a parasite which destroys many of the larvae. The
cocoon of one of these is shown in Fig. 220.

The moth occurs in Europe as well as in America, and it is
possible that the insect has been imported from the Old World.

(3) Phlyctsenodes oberthuralis Fernald, Plate XLVIII, Fig.

4. ^ •

The species occurs in California and Arizona.

Genus TITANIO Hiibner

(i) Titanic proximalis Fernald, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 6, .

The moth is a native of California, The genus to which it
belongs is represented in our fauna by a number of species.

" And your spoil shall be gathered like the gathering of the caterpillar.”

Isaiah. —xxxiii, 4.

396

PyralidiB

Genus PHLYCT^NIA Hiibner
(t) Phlyctsenia tertialis Guenee, Plate XLVII, Fig. 47, $ .

Syn. plectilis Grote & Robinson ; syringicola Packard.

This is a common species in the eastern portion of the region.
It is very abundant about Pittsburgh. The genus is represented
in our fauna by a dozen species.

Genus CINDAPHIA Lederer
(i) Cindaphia bicoloralis Guenee, Plate XLVII, Fig. 40, 6 .

Syn. julialis Walker ; incensalis Lederer ; amiculatalis Berg ; p7{Ichripictalis
Hampson.

The moth occurs from New York and New England south-
ward to the temperate regions of South America, it is the only
representative of the genus in our fauna.

Genus PYRAUSTA Schrank

This is a very large genus, which is well represented in both
hemispheres. There are about sixty species known to occur
within our territory.

(1) Pyrausta pertextalis Lederer, Plate XLVII, Fig. 54, 5 .

Syn. gentilis Grote ; thesealis Zeller.

The species ranges from New England to the extreme southern
portions of our region.

(2) Pyrausta langdonalis Grote, Plate XLVII, Fig. 52, $, .
The moth occurs in western Pennsylvania and Ohio and

Indiana.

(3) Pyrausta orphisalis Walker, Plate XLVII, Fig. 49, 5 .

Syn. adipaloides Grote & Robinson.

The insect is not uncommon in the Middle Atlantic States.

(4) Pyrausta fumalis Guenee, Plate XLVII, Fig. 55, o .

Syn. orasusalis Walker; badipennis Grote.

The species is found in the eastern portions of our territory.
It is not uncommon in Pennsylvania.

(5) Pyrausta illibalis Hiibner, Plate XLVII, Fig. 48, $ .

Syn. arsaltealis Walker; eupkasalis Walker; gtUtulosa Walker; fascialis
Walker; subjectalis \ magniferalis W&\\itx.

The moth, which is somewhat variable in its markings, is
found in the Appalachian subregion.

(6) Pyrausta unifascialis Packard, Plate XLVII, Fig. 'i, 5 .

397

Pyralidae

Syn. subolivalis V&c\ia.rA‘, hircinalis Oxote; obnigralis WuX'it.

The moth is known to occur in the northern portions of the
United States and to range westward to California.

(7) Pyrausta insequalis Guenee, Plate XLVil, Fig. 41, ^ .

Syn. subsequalis Guenee ; madetesalis Walker ; repletalis Walker ; efficitalis

Walker.

The species inhabits the Appalachian subregion.

(8) Pyrausta ochosalis Fitch, MS., Plate XLVII, Fig. 57, 5 .
This species, which is not at all uncommon in Pennsylvania,

is in many collections confounded with P. generosa Grote &
Robinson, which it resembles in a general way. The insect is
prevalently smaller than the latter species, and the markings are
different. The species has been correctly discriminated in the
collection of the United States National Museum from P. generosa,
and the name applied to it in manuscript by Fitch is there given
it. I have used this name in designation of the species.

(9) Pyrausta tyralis Guenee, Plate XLVII, Fig. 44, 5.

Syn. erosnealis Walker; dijftssa Grote & Robinson; bellulalis Hulst.

The species ranges from the Valley of the Ohio southward to
Texas.

(10) Pyrausta unimacula Grote & Robinson, Plate XLVII,

Fig. 56, ^ •

The insect is comm.on in Pennsylvania and the Valley of the
Ohio.

(i i) Pyrausta funebris Strom, Plate XLVII, Fig. 30, 6 .

Syn. octomaculata Linmeus ; glomcralis Walker.

This pretty and distinctly marked species, which in the pat-
tern of its wings recalls the markings of the genus Alypia, is
found in the northern parts of temperate North America and in
Europe.

(12) Pyrausta niveicilialis Grote, Plate XLVII, Fig. 42, $.
The moth is found from New England to western Pennsyl-
vania and the Valley of the Ohio as far west as southern Indiana.

Genus EUSTIXIA Hubner

(i) Eustixia pupula Hubner, Plate XLVII, Fig. 58, 3 .

The insect is found throughout the Appalachian subregion.
It is freely attracted to light and also to sugar. It is common in
Indiana.

398

Pyralidae

Genus CORNIFRONS Lederer

(i) Cornifrons simalis Grote, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 7,

The range of the moth is from Montana to Oregon.

nus NOCTUELIA Guende

(i) Noctuelia thalialis Walker, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 9, $ .

Syn. peruviana Walker; gelidalis Walker; novalis Grote; costcemaculalis
Snellen.

The insect is found in the Gulf States and southward through
South America.

SUBFAMILY NYMPHULINy^

The insects composing this family are generally found in the
vicinity of water, the larvae feeding for the most part upon aquatic
plants. Four genera belonging to the subfamily are recognized
as occurring within our limits. We give an illustration of one of
the commoner species.

Genus NYMPHULA Schrank

(i) Nymphula obscuralis Grote, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 10, $.

The insect occurs from Maine to Minnesota, and southward
into Pennsylvania and West Virginia.

SUBFAMILY SCOPARIIN^

The Scopariince are represented in our fauna by the genus
Scoparia alone. Seven species belonging to this genus are
attributed to it in the last published list of the Lepidoptera of the
United States.

SUBFAMILY PYRALIN/E

Five genera belonging to this subfamily occur within our ter-
ritory. Of these we have selected for illustration specimens rep-
resenting three of the genera.

Genus HYPSOPYGIA Hubner

(i) Hypsopygia costalis Fabricius, Plate XLVII, Fig. 59, $> .
(The Clover-hay Worm.)

Syn. fimbrialis Denis & Schiffermiiller.

399

PyralidsB

This troublesome little species is no doubt an importation from
Europe, where it is very common. It has spread from the Atlantic

to the Rocky Mountains. It
has the habit of infesting
stacks of clover-hay, and
often does a great deal of
damage by weaving its webs
of fine whitish silk mixed
with excrement in the hay
and devouring the leaves.
Many cases have been re-
ported in which hay had been
rendered entirely unfit for use
by the presence ofthese pests.

riu. ^'z^.-nypsopygla coszans. 1-2, ^3

larvEe ; 3, cocoon ; 4, pupa ; 5-6, moth ; 7* . .

larva covered w'ith silken web. (After dried clover, it has been rec-

ommended to make it a
point not to stack new hay in places where the old hay is known
to have been infected. Furthermore, as the larvae are known to
prefer hay which is somewhat moist, it is recommended to make
it a point to stack the hay in such a manner that it cannot be
subjected to an excess of moisture. This may be done by build-
ing the stacks upon a framework of rails elevated a little distance
above the ground, so as to permit of the circulation of air beneath.

Genus PYRALIS Linnaeus

(i) Pyralis farinalis Linnaeus, Plate XLVll, Fig. 53, $ . (The
Meal Snout-moth.)

This is a cosmo-
politan species, being
quite abundant every-
where. It manifests
a decided preference
for cereals in almost
any form, and feeds
upon meal, bran, and
even the straw and
husks. It undergoes

Fig. 222. — Py7'ahs farinalis. a, moth; b, larva;
c, cocoon. (After Chittenden, “ Bull. U. S. Dept.
Agric.,” New Series, Vol. IV, p. 119.) All figures
twice the size of life.

400

Pyralidse

transformation quite rapidly and is known to produce as many
as four generations in a year. The caterpillars prefer the dark
corners of meal-bins and the nooks of granaries and elevators
which are least disturbed, and here will, unless they are detected
and their ravages checked, establish centers of infection, from
which they will go forth to do a vast amount of mischief. The
caterpillars form long cases or tunnels of silk mixed v/ith the
debris of their food, in v/hich they are quite effectually concealed
from view. The best remedy is cleanliness, and frequent moving
of stored products.

Genus HERCULIA Walker

(1) Herculia olinalis Guenee, Plate XLVIll, Fig. 13, 6 .

Syn. trentonalis Lederer.

The species is widely distributed throughout the United States
and Canada. The larvse feed upon the leaves of the oak.

(2) Herculia himonialis Zeller, Plate XLVII, Fig. 46, $ .

The moth is found from New England to Pennsylvania. It is

not uncommon among the Alleghany Mountains about Cresson.

SUBFAMILY CHRYSAUGIN/E

This is a small subfamily, represented in our fauna by nine
genera. Two of these we have selected for representation.

Genus SALOBRANA Walker

(i) Salobrana tecomse Riley, Plate XLVIll, Fig. 1 1, $ .

This curious little moth feeds in its larval state upon the inte-
rior of the seed-pods of the common trumpet-vine {Tecoma).
The eggs are deposited when the pods are forming, and the larvae
develop within them until in the fall, when they become dormant,
hibernating in their burrows until the follov^ing spring, when
they prepare for their escape by making an orifice in the outer
shell of the pod and transforming into pupae. An excellent
account of their habits has been given by the late Professor C. V.
Riley in the “American Entomologist,” Vol. Ill, p. 288. The
moth is found in the southwestern portions of the United States,
in the West Indies, and in Mexico and Central America.

401

Pyralidse

Genus TOSALE Walker

(i) Tosale oviplagalis Walker, Plate XLVill, Fig. 33, 3 .

Syn. nobilis Grote ; anth(£cioides Grote & Robinson.

This is a common insect in western Pennsylvania, coming
freely to sugar. It ranges from the eastern portions of our terri-
tory southward into South America.

SUBFAMILY SCHCENOBllN/E

This is a small subfamily of peculiar moths in which the pro-
boscis is wanting, and which are represented in our territory by
four genera and a dozen or more species. Of these we have
selected one for illustration.

Genus SCIRPOPHAGA Treitschke

(i) Scirpophaga perstrialis Hubner, Plate XLVIII, Fig.
12, ? .

Syn. serriradieilus ; macrine llus ZeWner.

The habitat of this moth is the southern part of Florida.
SUBFAMILY CRAMBIN^

The Crambince, or “Grass-moths,” as they are commonly
called, constitute a large subfamily. The North American species
have been well described and delineated by Fernald in his little
book entitled “The Crambidae of North America,” which was
published in 1896. To this the student will do well to refer.
There are fourteen genera in our territory, and over eighty species.
Only a few of these can be represented in our plates.

Genus CRAMBUS Fabricius

(1) Crambus laqueatellus Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 17, 6 .

Syn. semifi4selh{s Walker.

The moth ranges from New England to Texas. Like all the
other species of the genus, it feeds in its larval state upon the
grasses.

(2) Crambus alboclavellus Zeller, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 18, .

The insect is very common in the Appalachian subregion.

(3) Crambus turbatellus Walker, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 19, ?.

Syn. bipunciellus Zeller.

402

Pyralides

The insect occurs from panada and New England in the North
to the Potomac and the Ohio in the South.

(4) Crambus trisectus Walker, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 20, $ .

Syn. interminelhis Walker ; exsiccatiis Zeller ; biliturellus Zeller.

This is a very common and widely distributed species, rang-
ing from the Atlantic to the Pacific through more temperate
latitudes.

Genus DIATR.®A Guilding

(i) Diatrsea saccharalis Fabricius. (The Larger Corn-stalk
Borer.)

Syn, leiicaniellus Walker; limoselhts Walker; obliteratellus Zeller; cranibi-
doides Grote.

As early as the year 1828 the attention of the world was called
to the damage inflicted upon the sugar-cane in the West Indies
by the larva of a lepidopterous insect. The author of the paper
in which it was described was the Rev, Lansdown Guilding, who
was awarded a gold medal by the Society of Arts for his account
of the insect. About thirty years later, attention was called to
the ravages of
a similar insect
in the island of
Mauritius, into
which it had
been intro-
duced. From
the West In-
dies the insect
was transport-
ed to Louisi-
ana, and a
study of its
pernicious
habits was ac-
curately made
in the year 1881
by Dr. L. O.

Howard of the

United States Department of Agriculture. It had been known in
Louisiana as a pest since 1855.

f 3

Fig. 223. — D. saccharalis. a, b, c, varieties of larva, en-
larged ; d, third thoracic segment ; e, eighth abdominal seg-
ment ; y, abdominal segment from side ; g, same from above,
enlarged. (After Howard, “Insect Life,” Vol. IV, p. loi.)

403

Pyralidse

The ravages of the insect are not confined to the sugar-cane.
It attacks with equal avidity sorghum and the stalks of the com-
mon Indian corn, or maize. The insect has gradually worked its
way northward from the region of the Gulf, having found lodg-
ment here and there throughout the Southern States, and is now
known to occur quite abundantly at times as far north as Mary-
land. It is double-brooded in Virginia.

The most serious damage is inflicted upon the crop where
the larvae attack young stalks. Plants which are older and well

established, though
they may suffer to
some extent from the
insects, are generally
not damaged suffi-
ciently to prevent the
maturing and harden-
ing of the grain; but
where the stalks are
young and quite ten-
der, they fail to mature,
are stunted, sicken, and
ultimately die. The
accompanying figure
shows the dwarfed
and sickly appearance
of such a stalk, which
has been invaded by
the borer. The life-
history of the insect
has been briefly given
by Howard as follows :
“ In early spring the
parent moth lays her
eggs upon the young
cane near the axils, and
the young borer pene-
trates the stalk at or
near the joint, and commences to tunnel, usually upward, through
the soft pith. The larval growth is rapid, and the borer is active,

404

Fig. 224. —Z>. saccharalis. a, appearance of
corn-stalk infested by larva ; b, stalk cut open to
show larval tunnel and pupa. (After Howard,
“Insect Life,” Vol. IV, p. 99.)

Pyralidse

and frequently leaves the stalk at one place and enters at another,
making several holes in the course of its growth. When ready
to transform, it burrows to the surface, making a hole for the
exit of the future moth, and transforms to the pupa state. There
are several generations in the course of a season, and the insect
hibernates in the larval state within the stalks.”

The fact that the insect m.akes its home in the winter months
in the dry stalks furnishes the means for most effectually com-
bating its attacks. The remedy is found in destroying the
stalks, either by burning
them or by gathering them
up and feeding them to live
stock. It is well known
that where crops are ro-
tated, and the stalks are
not left standing in the
fields ail winter, the insect
does not succeed in inflict-
ing much damage. Care-
ful and intelligent tillage of
the soil, cleanliness in the
fields, will do much to pre-
vent the increase of these
insects, as v/ell as of many
other injurious species
which might be named.

In addition to feeding
upon sugar-cane, sorghum, and corn, it has been ascertained
that the insect will attack “ Gama-grass ” ( Tripsacum dacty hides),
and it is recommended to burn over fields in which this grass
grows in proximity to corn-fields. The student who is desirous
to know more about this insect may consult the pages of “ Insect
Life,” Vol. IV, p. 95, where Dr. Howard has written at length
upon its habits. It is from this article that much of the infor-
mation contained in the preceding paragraphs has been drawn.

SUBFAMILY GALLERIINy^

This is a subfamily the larvae of at least one species of which
have the remarkable habit of making their abode in the hives of

405

J2

Fig. 225.—/). saccharalis. a, female, en-
larged ; b, wings of male ; c, pupa, enlarged.
(After Howard, “Insect Life,” Vol. IV,
P- 95-)

Pyralidse

bees, where they feed upon the wax and destroy the young of
the insects upon whose industry they prey.

Genus GALLERIA Fabricius
(i) Galleria mellonella Linnaeus. (The Bee-moth.)

Syn. Linnxus ; cerella Fabricius; obliqiiella Walker.

The Bee-moth was undoubtedly introduced into this country
from Europe. It is a well-known enemy of the apiarist, and has
been active in doing mischief on this side of the Atlantic for more

female moth with wings expanded ; e, male moth with wings closed.
(After Riley.)

than a century, while it has been known from time immemorial
in Europe as one of the most dreaded pests of the hive. The
moth is double-brooded, the first generation appearing on the
wing in the latter part of May and the beginning of June, and
the second in August. We cannot do better than to quote in
this connection the following account of the insect which is given
by Professor C. V. Riley in the “ First Annual Report of the State
Entomologist of Missouri,” p. i66:

“ During the daytime these moths remain quietly ensconced in
some angle of the hive, but, as night approaches, they become
active, and the female uses her best endeavors to get into the
hive, her object being to deposit her eggs in as favorable a place
as possible. Wire-gauze contrivances are of no avail to keep her
out, as she frequently commences flying before all the bees have
ceased their work. But even if she were entirely prevented from
entering the hive, she could yet deposit her eggs on the outside,
or, by means of her extensile ovipositor, thrust them in between
the slightest joint or crack, and the young worms hatching from
them would readily make their way into the hive. The moment

406

Pyralidae

the worm is hatched, it commences spinning a silken tube for its
protection, and this tube is enlarged as it increases in size. The
worm cuts its channels right through the comb, feeding on the
wax, and destroying the young bees on its way. When full-
grown, it creeps into a corner of the hive or under some ledge at
the bottom, and forms a tough white cocoon of silk mingled
with its own black excrement, as shown in Figure 226, b. In due
time the moth emerges from this cocoon.

A worm-infested hive may generally be known by the dis-
couraged aspect v/hich the bees present, and by the bottom-
board being covered with pieces of bee-bread mixed with the
black gunpowder-like excrement of the worm. ... If a hive is
very badly infested with the worm, it is better to drive out the
bees and secure what honey and wax there may be left than to
preserve it as a moth-breeder to infest the apiary. If put into a
new hive, the bees may do something; and if they do not, there
is no loss, as they would have perished, finally, from the ravages
of the worm.”

SUBFAMILY EPIPASCHIIN/E

This subfamily is represented in our fauna by fourteen genera
and about thirty species. The insects may generally be recog-
nized and separated from allied forms by the fact that the cell of
the fore wing is adorned by tufts of raised scales. We have
only space to give an illustration of a single genus and species.

Genus YUMA Hulst

(i) Yuma trabalis Grote, Plate XLVlll, Fig. 14, $ .

Syn. adulatalis Hulst.

The insect is found in Colorado and Wyoming, and ranges
southward into Texas. Almost all of the Epipaschiince found
within our territory are native to the West and the Southwest,
only a few species being found in the eastern portions of the
United States.

SUBFAMILY PHYCITINAE

This is a very extensive group of moths, which have been
admirably monographed by the late Mons. E. L. Ragonot of
Paris, in the “ Memoires sur les Xepidopteres,” Vols. VII and

407

Pyralidae

VIII. There are represented in our fauna over sixty genera and
more than two hundred species. We can give our readers
merely a glimpse into this corner of the field, but trust that what
they shall see may impel them to undertake for themselves the
pleasant task of diligent exploration, assuring them that they will
find here a world of wonders with which to deal.

Genus ACROBASIS Zeller

(i) Acrobasis betulella Hulst, Plate XLVIIl, Fig. 15, ? .

This is a common species, ranging from New England to
Colorado. There are nearly a dozen other species of the genus
known to occur in our fauna, and no doubt many more which
have not yet been discovered and described.

Genus MIMEOLA Hulst

(1) Mineola juglandis Le Baron. (The Walnut Case-bearer.)

This little moth lives in its larval stage upon the leaves of
the hickory and walnut. It has the habit of drawing together

two oftheoppositeleaves
attached to the long peti-
ole, and between them it
builds a case, which is
quite straight and is com-
posed of silk, attached to
which is excrementitious
matter, which is neatly
and closely applied to
the whole. In this case
the larva lives until the
cooler airs of autumn
warn it to leave the
petiole of the compound
leaf, which will fall pres-
ently, and it then anchors its little case to the twig near by, and
in a half-grown state prepares for the cold winds and icy tem-
perature of winter. When again spring sends the sap up the
branches, and the leaves begin to unfold, it cuts the bands of silk
which held the case in place, and completing its development

408

Fig. 227. — M. juglandis. a, case woven
between leaves ; b, case ; c, e, wing of M. indi-
genella and variety; d, wing of M. juglandis.
(After Riley.)

Pyralidae

upon freshly grown and sapid food, it is transformed into a pupa,
from which the moth presently emerges. The moth closely
resembles the next species, but the student, by the study of its
habits and of the case, which is always straight, and not crooked,
as is that of the following species, may at once discriminate it.

(2) Mineola indigenella Zeller. (The Rascal Leaf-crumpler.)

Syn. nebuloW&X^h.) zelatella Hulst.

This moth is common in
the Valley of the Mississippi
and in Ontario, but does not
appear to be very common in
the Eastern States, and is un-
known in the extreme south-
ern portions of our region.

It is very common in western
Pennsylvania.

Professor C. V. Riley de-
scribes its habits as follows:

“It is one of those insects
which is hardly noticed while
it is carrying on its most de-
structive work; for it is most
voracious during the leafy
months of May and June, case; b,

and is then more or less hid- case wrapped in debris of leaves; c, head
den by the foliage of the tree, >

which it so effectually helps to denude. But the nakedness of
winter, though it does not reveal the surreptitious worm, lays
bare and renders conspicuous its little house, and these houses—
these larval cases— v/hether closely attached in clusters to the
twigs as in Figure 228, b, or hidden in a few seared and silk-sewn
leaves as at Figure 229, are unerring tokens of past injury to the
tree, and symbols of increased injury in the future, unless re-
moved. The bunches of leaves anchored to the tree by strong
silken cables and breasting defiantly every winter’s wind are,
indeed, significant insignia upon which is written in characters,
if not in words— ‘result of careless culture and unpardonable
neglect.’

There is but one brood a year, and the larva, about one-third
409

Pyraiidae

grown, invariably passes the winter protected in its case. At
this season of the year it is always of a deep reddish-brown
color. As the leaves expand in spring
it rouses from its winter lethargy,
and after ‘heaving anchor’— to use a
nautical expression— by severing the
silken connections of its case, travels
in search of food, and having found
it, secures its case again, and breaks
its long fast. Toward the end of
May it acquires its growth, when the
earlier brown color frequently takes
on a more or less decided deep green
hue. It is a smooth worm with the
head and thoracic joints as represented
Fig. 229. -Cluster of leaves at c. The case at this time usually
geneiia. (After Riley.) presents the appearance of Figure 228,

a, being crooked and twisted like a
little horn, gradually enlarging, cornucopia-fashion, from tip to
mouth, and reminding one strongly of a piece of bird-dung. It
is formed of the worm’s excrement and other debris, interwoven
with silk, and is completely lined on the inside with a carpet of
the last-named material. The worm leaves it for feeding pur-
poses mostly during the night. The chrysalis is formed inside
this case, and the moths commence to make their appearance
during the fore part of June, and later as we go farther north.”

The insect feeds principally upon the RosacecB, and is very
injurious to orchards, attacking apple-trees, plums, quinces, cher-
ries, and certain varieties of pears, especially the Seckel pear.

Genus AM B ESA Grote

(i) Ambesa Istella Grote, Plate XLVllI, Fig. 16, $ .

The moth is not uncommon in Colorado, Wyoming, and
Utah. It is found in the sage-brush in August.

Genus MELITARA Walker

(1) Melitara fernaldialis Hulst, Plate XLVIll, Fig. 8, $.

The insect is not at all uncommon in Arizona, and is also said
to occur in Mexico.

410

PyralidsE

Genus ZOPHODIA Hiibner

(i) Zophodia grossularise Riley. (The Gooseberry Fruit-
worm.)

Syn. turbitella Grote.

The larva of this little moth, which is giass-green, feeds
upon currants and gooseberries as they are forming upon the
branches, hollowing out their interiors, and often fastening a
cluster of them together with a web of
silk. The berries attacked by the larvae
do not generally fall to the ground, but
shrivel up where they are, attached to
the stalk. The caterpillars transform into
pupae on the ground, under leaves and Y\G.2zo.—z.grossuiari(E.
among rubbish. There is but one brood
during the year.

The insect is widely distributed from New England and
southern Canada westward and southward into the Valley of the
Ohio and the upper portions of the Mississippi Valley.

Genus CANARSIA Hulst

(i)Canarsiahammondi Riley. (The Apple-leaf Skeletonize!*.)

The larva of this little moth feeds upon the parenchyma, or
soft green pulpy covering of the leaves, of the apple and allied

trees, leaving the framework of
veins and veinlets untouched.
Sometimes it devours all of the
upper surface of the leaf and
completely skeletonizes it; more
frequently it only eats portions
here and there. In the fall of
the year orchards are often made
to appear quite sear and blighted
by the inroads of the minute larvae,
which are gregarious and are at
times found literally in millions
upon the trees.

The insect has an extensive
range, and is found from New
411

Fig. 231. — C. haimnondi. <t, larva ;
by enlarged dorsal view of segment ;
c, enlarged view of head and anterior
segments ; d, moth. (After Riley.)

Pyralidas

England and Ontario southward through the valleys of the Ohio
and the Mississippi as far as northern Texas.

By weakening the trees the larv^ cause the fruit to fall pre-
maturely, and not a little damage is thus caused to the crop. It
has been recommended to treat trees which are infested by the
insect to a dust-bath made of air-slaked lime. It is said that this
has the effect of destroying the larvae. A better method of pro-
cedure is to give the trees a spraying with a very weak solution of
one or the other of the coal-oil emulsions which are in use as
disinfectants in orchards.

Genus EPHESTIA Guenee

(i) Ephestia kuehniella Zeller. (The Flour-moth.)

Syn. gitonella Druce.

This wretched pest, the original habitat of which is not
known, has witlrin recent years caused a great deal of trouble
and expense to millers and dealers in grain on both sides of the
Atlantic. It is believed by many European entomologists to be
of American origin, but this cannot be proved. Others hold that

Fig. 232. — E. kuehniella. (All figures greatly enlarged.) a, larva; b, pupa;
c, moth ; d, enlarged head of larva ; e, enlarged segment ; f, moth at rest ; g, front
wing, showing characteristic markings ; h, z, neuration of wings. (After Riley,
“ Insect Life,” Vol. II, p. 166.)

it is an importation from the Orient, and it goes under the name
of the Mediterranean Flour-moth in some localities. Wherever
the creature came from, it is a decided plague. Rapidly multi-
plying, it takes possession of mills and grain-warehouses, and

412

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Explanation of Plate XL\'1I1

(Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in
the collection of W. J. Holland.)

1. Diastictis fracturalis Zeller, cJ*, U. S. N. M.

2. Samea ecclesialis Guenee, 9 . U. S. N. M.

3. Agathodes monstralis Guenee, c? , U. S. N. M.

4. Phlyctasnodes oberthuralis Fernald, cJ' , U. S. N. M.

5. PhlyctcBnodes triumphalis Grote, 9 , U. S. N. M.

6. Titanio proximalis Fernald, cJ*, U. S. N. M.

7. Cornifrons simalis Grote, c?, U. S. N. M.

8. Melitara jernaldialis Hulst, 9 . U. S. N. M.

9. Noctuelia thalialis Walker, (5^, U. S, N. M.

10. Nymphula obscuralis Grote, 9 , U- S. Nv ,M.

11. Salobrana tecomce Riley, 9 •

12. Scirpophaga perstrialis Hlibner, 9 . U. S. N. M.

13. Herculia oLinalis Guenee, J' , U. S. N. M.

14. Yuma trabalis Grote, 9 , U. S. N. M.

15. Acrobasis betulella Hulst, 9 . U. S. N. M.

16. Ambesa IcBtella Grote, cJ*.

17. Crambus laqueatellus Clemens, (^ .

18. Crambus alboclavellus Zeller, J' .

19. Crambus turbatellus Walker, 9 •

20. Crambus trisectus Walker, 9 •

21. Archips cerasivorana Fitch, 9 , U. S. N. M.

22. Toririx albicomana Clemens, <^ , U. S. N. M.

23. Aniorbia humerosana Clemens, 9 . U. S. N. M.

24. Platynota fiavedana Clemens, 9 . var.

25. Platynota labiosana Zeller, 9 , U. S. N. M.

26. Commophila macrocarpana Walsingham, (^, U. S. N. M.

27. Eucosma dorsisignatana Clemens, (J'.

28. Cenopis grote ana Fernald, S'.

29. Ecdytolopha insiticiana Zeller, 9 ■

30. Archips purpurana Clemens, c?.

31. Archips parallela Robinson, c?-

32. Archips rosaceana Harris, 9 •

33. Tosale oviplagalis Walker, c^.

34. Archips argyrospila Walker, 9 > U- S. N. M.

35. Cenopis pettitana Robinson, 9 - U. S. N. M.

36. Atteva aurea Fitch, J*, U. S. N. M.

37. Atteva gemmata Grote, (^ , U. S. N. M.

38. Semioscopis merricella Dyar, 9 •

39. Eulia alisellana Robinson, 9 •

40. Epagoge tunic ana Walsingham, C" , U. S. N. M.

41. Stenoma schlcegeri Zeller, cJ* , U. S. N. M.

42. Anaphora popeanella Clemens, .

43. Acrolophus plumifrontellus Clemens, J’,

44. Yponomeuta multi punctella Clemens, ij*, U. S. N. M.

45. Adela bella Chambers, (J' .

Plate XLVIII.

IPYRIOHTED %1

AMERICAN COLORTYPE CO., N.Y. * CHI,.

Pyralids

seems to defy attempts to eradicate it. Each fernaie lays from
six to seven hundred eggs, and the process of generation seems,
where buildings are warm, to go on continuously. Moving and
airing the wheat does no good, as the insect seems to multiply
in the pipes in which flour is transported in a mill from one place
to another by air-pressure. Much damage is done by the habit
v/hich the larvae pos-
sess of gnawing the
fine gauze of the
screens in a flour-
mill.

When the insect
has once established
itself in an elevator or
mill, the only remedy
appears to be to shut
down, and thorough-
ly clean the place from
top to bottom, and
keep shut down and
go on cleaning until
not a nook or cranny
is known to harbor
the larvae, cocoons, or
moths. The accom-
panying illustrations,
which are taken from the pages of “ Insect Life,” Vol. II, will
enable the student to recognize this creature in its various stages
of development.

Thus far it has not become universally distributed throughout
the country, but it has appeared in alarming numbers in some
parts of Canada and New England. In England, Germany, and
Belgium its attacks have been the subject of frequent comment.
It shares an unenviable reputation with another species of the
same genus, which we shall presently speak of, and with a spe-
cies of Plodia, of which we shall also have something to say.

“ Bee to the blossom, moth to the flame ;

Each to his passion ; what ’s in a name? ”

Helen Hunt ]ACK.SO'if. — Vanity of Vanities.

413

Fig. 233. — a. Enlarged view of cocoon of Flour-
moth from below, showing pupa through thin silk
which was attached to a beam, b, Cocoon viewed
from above, with meal clinging to it. (After Riley,
“Insect Life,” Vol. II, p. 167.)

Pyralidae

(2) Ephestia cautella Walker. (The Dried-currant Moth.)

Syn. cahiritella Zeller ; pasulella Barrett ; desuetella Walker.

This insect, which in many respects closely re-
sembles the preceding species, like it is destructive
to stored food-products. It is known to feed upon
Zante currants, raisins, cacao-beans, or chocolate-
nuts, on flax-seed, flax-meal, and figs. It is re-
garded as probable that upon occasion it may de-
velop a tendency to feed upon almost any substance
which, containing nutriment, accords in its general
character with the commodities which have been
named. It is especially likely to attack dried fruits
of any kind in which there is sugar or oil. That the
insect has been introduced from abroad into our
fliuna is beyond reasonable doubt. Its ravages on
the other side of the Atlantic have been described by
writers long ago, while its appearance in this coun-
try seems to date from about the time of the At-
lanta Cotton Exposition.

Just as most of the common weeds in our fields are of
European origin, having been brought over in the seeds which
v/ere originally imported,
or at a later time in the
hay and straw which are
used to stuff crates and
packing-boxes, so many
of the destructive insects,
which have greatly multi-
plied in America, are for-
eign in their origin. It is
not without reason that
the government maintains
a set of officers, whose
function it is to inspect
vegetable importations for
the purpose of quarantin-
ing those which appear to be likely to introduce insect pests.
Had the custom of quarantining plants been instituted earlier, our
farmers would to-day be happier.

414

Fig. 235.— .£■. cautella. a, moth; b, vena-
tion of wings ; d, eggs. All figures enlarged.
(After Chittenden, “Bull. U. S. Dept.
Agric.,” New Ser., No. 8, p. 8.)

Fig. 234.-
E. cautella.
Larva, twice
size of life.
(After Chit-
tenden, “ Dull.
U. S. Dept.
Agric.,” New
Ser., No. 8,

p. 8.)

Pterophoridae

Genus PLODIA Guen6e

(i) Plodia interpunctella Hubner. (The Indian-meal Moth.)

Syn. zece Fitch.

The larva of this moth has a propensity to feed upon almost
anything edible which comes in its way. It feeds upon Indian
meal with particular avid-
ity, but does not disdain
grain of any kind, whole
or ground. It breeds in
all sorts of dried fruits
and vegetables. It eats
English walnuts, is said
to invade beehives, and is
known at times to dam-
age herbariums and to
attack collections of dried
insects. There is nothing
which seems to come
amiss to its appetite, and
it is, when established in a house or store-room, a veritable nui-
sance. There are, according to the temperature of the building
which it inhabits, from four to seven generations a year, and the
reader cf these lines will do well to remember that if the thing
has establis ' itself under his roof it will require industry, pa-
tience, and great regard to cleanliness and order to get rid of it.

P. intej'pimctella. a, moth ; b,
pupa; c, larva; d, front view of head of larva;
e, lateral view of segment of larva. All figures
enlarged. (After Chittenden, “Bull. U. S.
Dept. Agric.,”New Ser., No. 4, p. 1 19.)

FAMILY PTEROPHORIDy^

“ Nature never did betray
The breast that loved her ; ’t is her privilege,

Through all the years of this our life, to lead
From joy to joy.”

Wordsworth.

The Plume-moths, as they are called, constitute a comparatively
small family of elegant insects, in which the wings are divided
in such a manner as to suggest feathers. The hind wings are
generally trifid, sometimes quadrifid; the fore wings are gener-
ally bifid, sometimes trifid. The larvae are slow in movement,
clumsy in appearance, and live on the surface of leaves. They

415

Pteroporidash

are generally hairy. The pupae are very remarkable, being soft
and hairy like the caterpillars, and attached in pendant position
by the cremaster, very much as the chrysalids of some butterflies,
though a few have rudimentary cocoons in the form of strands
of silk thrown about them. There are six genera and about
sixty species of Plurne-moths known to occur in the United
States. We can take space to represent only one of these
species.

Genus OXYPTILUS Zeller
(i) Oxyptilus periscelidactylus Fitch. (The Grape-vine
Plume.)

An exceedingly readable and very interesting account of the
habits of this insect, which is universally distributed over the

whole Appalachian subregion, is
given by the late Professor Riley
in the “Fourth Missouri Report.”
The m.oths may generally be found
in vineyards and about grape-vines,
when they are beginning to put out
their leaves. The eggs are laid on
the branches before they begin to
blossom., and about the time the
third bunch of .grapes on a given
shoot is beginning to mature, it v/ill
be found that the terminal leaves
have been drawn together with a
few strands of silk, and in the tan-
gle thus prepared, under cover from
heat and rain, v/ill be found the curi-
ous little caterpillars of the Plume-
moth. The accompanying cut, taken
from the paper of Professor Riley to
which allusion has been made, will
serve to tell the story better than can
be done in brief compass by words.
The damage done by the insects is not usually very great, and
it is an easy matter for the vine-grower, when he discovers the
leaves drawn together in the way pointed out, to pluck off the
end of the shoot and destroy the insects.

416

Fig. 237.— The Grape-vine
Plume, a, larvae ; d, pupa ; c, en-
larged view of process on back of
pupa ; d, moth ; e, lateral view of
segment of larva. (After Riley.)

Orneodidse

FAMILY ORNEODID.^

“Very close and diligent looking at living creatures, even through the best
microscope, will leave room for new and contradictory discoveries.”

George Eliot.

This is a very small family of moths, represented in our
fauna by but a single genus and species. The moth has both
the fore and the hind wings divided into six plumes, as is the
case in all the insects of the family.

Genus ORNEODES Latreilie

(i) Orneodes hexadactyla Linnaeus. (The Six-plume

Moth.)

The moth, which measures half an inch
in expanse of wings, is found in Europe
and in the cooler portions of North America,
exclusive of the arctic regions. It has
been reported to occur as far south as Mis-
souri, but is more commonly found in
New England, New York, Canada, Mani-
toba, and the Northwestern States on the
Pacific coast. It is nowhere apparently a
common insect, or else is overlooked by
of its small size.

F IG. 238. — O. hexa-
dactyla. f-.

collectors on account

FAMILY TORTRICIDyE

“ Die Kritik nimmt oft dem Baume
Raupen und Bliithen mit einander.”

Jean Paul Richter.

The Tortricidce constitute a very large assemblage of genera
and species. Because of the habit of the larvae of many species
of rolling up the leaves of the plants on which they feed, these
insects have been often called “Leaf-rollers.” Many of the
larvae live in the inside of the stems of plants, or burrow in fruits,
and the famous “jumping-beans” of New Mexico and Arizona
are simply the seeds of a species of Croton or Sebastiania in

417

Tortricidae

which is lodged the larva of a species of Tortricid, which has the
power, by changing its position on the inside of the seed, of
making the seed move. In the case of Croton seeds the insect is
Cydia saltitans Westwood; in the case of Sebastiania seeds the
insect imparting the motion to the thing is the larva of Enar-
monia sebastianicv.

It is quite impossible for us in a work of the present scope to
give even an epitome of the nearly five hundred species of Tor-
tricids which are at present known to occur within the limits of
the United States and Canada. We shall content ourselves with
an account of a few species, which will serve to shov/ the reader
what a mine of interesting inquiry presents itself to view in this
single family of beautiful little moths.

Genus EUCOSMA Hubner

(1) Eucosma scudderiana Clemens. (The Misnamed Gall-
moth.)

Syn. saligneana Clemens ; affusana Zeller.

The moth was called “ the Misnamed Gall-moth” by Professor

Riley because Clemens
had given it a specific
name which implied that
it v/as a denizen of wil-
low-trees or willow-
galls, when in fact it has
been ascertained to live
in the galls of the Golden-
rod {Solidago). The in-
sect is not uncommon in
western Pennsylvania,
and is possibly an inqui-
line or intruder in the
galls, which are pro-
duced by another spe-
cies, Gnorimoscherna gallcesolidaginis Riley.

(2) Eucosma dorsisignatana Clemens, Plate XLVlll, Fig.
27, 5 .

Syn. similana Clemens; distigmaiia Walker; clavana Zeller; graduaiana
Walsingham.

418

Fig. 239. — E. scudderiana. a, moth; b, lar-
val skin protruding from a gall of the Golden-
rod. (After Riley.)

Tortricidffi

This is a common species in the Appalachian subregion. It
is found abundantly in western Pennsylvania.

Genus ANCYLIS Hubner

(i) Ancylis comptana Frolich. (The Strawberry Leaf-
roller.)

Syn. conflexana Walker; f vagaries Walsh & Riley.

This little insect has proved a very destructive foe of the
strawberry in parts of the Mississippi Valley. There are two
broods annually. The insects roll up the leaves, and feeding
upon the tender paren-
chyma, cause the plants
to wither and dry. So
bad have the ravages of
the larvae proved in some
places that horticultur-
ists have been led to
abandon growing straw-
berries in those localities.

The insect is found in
Canada and in the portions of the United States immediately
south of the Great Lakes. Although the moth occurs in western
Pennsylvania, no great loss from its attacks has as yet been re-
ported from this part of the country.

Genus ECDYTOLOPHA Zeller

(i) Ecdytolopha insiticiana Zeller, Plate XLVlll, Fig. 29, ? .

The larva of this species has the habit of boring under the
bark and causing gall-like excrescences to appear upon the twigs
of the common locust {Robinia).

Genus CYDIA Hubner

(i) Cydia pomonella Linnaeus. (The Coddling-moth.)

This well-known and most destructive little insect is estimated
to inflict an annual loss upon the fruit-growers of America which
amounts in the aggregate to tens of millions of dollars. Every
one is familiar with the pinkish worm v/hich is encountered at
the heart of apples and pears. But for every apple and pear

419

ct

Fig. 240. — A. comptana. a, larva, natural
size; b, enlarged view of anterior portion of
larva ; c, moth ; d, anal segment of larva. (After
Riley.)

Tortricidae

which survives the attacks of these insects and develops suffi-
ciently to come to market and to the mouth of the consumer,

there are scores of apples
and pears the development
of which is entirely ruined,
and they fall to the ground
undersized and worthless.
There are two broods of the
insects annually. The sec-
ond brood hibernates in the
cocoon. We quote again
from Riley: “The same
temperature which causes
our apple-trees to burst their
beauteous blossoms releases
the coddling-moth from its
pupal tomb, and though its
wings are still damp with
the imprint of the great
Stereotyping Establishment
of the Almighty, they soon
dry and expand under the genial spring-day sun, and enable each
to seek its companion. . . . The moths soon pair, and the female
flits from blossom to blossom, deftly depositing in the calyx of
each a tiny yellow egg. As the fruit matures, the worm develops.
In thirty-three days, under favorable circumstances, it has become
full-fed; when, leaving the apple, it spins up in some crevice,
changes to a chrysalis in three days, and issues two weeks after-
wards as moth, ready to deposit again, though not always in the
favorite calyx this time, as I have frequently found the young
worm entering from the side.”

The best remedy for the coddling-moth is to destroy all wind-
falls and immature fruit lying upon the ground. Make it a duty
to keep the wind-fallen fruit garnered up once a week and fed to
the pigs. Let the pigs into the orchard, if possible. Bind bands
of hay about the trees. The caterpillars will form their cocoons
among the hay in preference to any other place. Once a week
crush the hay with the cocoons in it, and move the band up and
down. Burn the wisp of hay if it gets full of cocoons, and bind

420

Fig. 241. — C. pornonella. a, burrow in
apple ; d, point where egg is laid ; e, full-
grown larva; d, pupa; /, moth at rest;

moth with wings expanded ; h, enlarged
head of larva; i, cocoon. (After Riley.)

TortricidsB

on another. The coddling-moth is an importation from Europe.
Not all the live stock brought into America from Europe, biped
or hexapod, has turned out well.

Genus ALCERIS Hubner

(i) Alceris minuta Robinson. (The Green Apple Leaf-tier.)

Syn. malivorana Le Baron ; vacciniivorana Packard ; variolana Zeller.

The larvae of this insect feed in the early spring upon the
young leaves of apple- and pear-trees, which they crumple up and
tie together with threads of silk. Under the folded leaves they
live and at last undergo their transformation into the pupal state.
The caterpillars are green in color, and very nimble when dis-
turbed, dropping to the ground or
lowering themselves quickly upon
a strand of silk. The chrysalis, as
shown in the annexed cut, has a
peculiar horn-like boss or projec-
tion at the upper end. The insect
does much damage in the spring
by preventing the proper expan-
sion of the leaves in the terminal
buds and by devouring the blos-
soms. The writer has for several
years been greatly interested in
observing the manner in which
these pernicious little creatures
have steadily robbed him of all fruit upon a couple of dwarf
pear-trees which are growing at the rear of his city home. It has
been found that a thorough spraying with a strong infusion of
tobacco stems and slaked lime brings their work to a speedy
end, and it is recommended to fruit-growers to resort to the
application of this old-fashioned remedy when needed.

Genus EPAGOGE Hubner

(i) Epagoge tunicana Walsingham, Plate XLVIIl, Fig.

40, 3 .

This rather neatly marked moth, which may be accepted as a
good representative of its genus, inhabits the Pacific subregion.

421

Fig. 242. — Alceris minuta. a,
larva; b, pupa; c, moth; d, folded
apple-leaf concealing pupa. (After
Riley.)

Tortricidae

Genus CENOPIS Zeller

(1) Cenopis pettitana Robinson, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 35, $.
The habitat of this species is the Appalachian subregion.

(2) Cenopis groteana Fernald, Plate XLVlll, Fig. 28, $ .

The insect is not uncommon in the Valley of the Ohio.

Genus ARCHIPS Hubner

(1) Archips rosaceana Harris, Plate XLVlll, Fig. 32, ?.

Syn. vicariana Walker; gossypiana Packard ; arctimna Moeschler.

This is a common species found all over the northern por-
tions of the United States and southern Canada. The larvae in-
flict considerable damage at times upon roses and the foliage of
allied plants.

(2) Archips purpurana Clemens, Plate XLVlll, Fig. 30, S .

Syn. gtirgitana Robinson ; lintneriana Grote.

In many respects this species is very closely allied to the last
mentioned, from which it may be distinguished by the darker,
more smoky color of the primaries. It has the same distribution
as rosaceana.

(3) Archips cerasivorana Fitch, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 21, $.
The larva of this insect, as its name implies, is addicted to

feeding upon the leaves of various species of wild cherry. It is
found in the northern portions of the United States and southern
Canada.

(4) Archips parallela Robinson, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 31,6.
The species ranges from New England westward into the

Valley of the Mississippi.

(5) Archips argyrospila Walker, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 34, $ .

Syn. fiirvana Robinson ; v-signatana Packard.

The species, which is not at all uncommon, ranges through
the northern portions of the United States from the Atlantic to
the Pacific.

Genus PLATYNOTA Clemens

(1) Platynota fiavedana Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 24, $.

Syn. concursana^rXkcr', laterana Robinson.

The moth is a native of the Appalachian subregion.

(2) Platynota labiosana Zeller, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 25, 2 .

Yponomeutidae

The insect is found in the southwestern portion of our terri-
tory, having been reported from Colorado and Texas.

Genus TORTRIX Linnseus

(i) Tortrix albicomana Clemens, Plate XLVIll, Fig. 22, $ .

The moth flies in the eastern portions of our region, being
commoner in the Atlantic States than elsewhere.

Genus EULIA Hiibner

(1) Eulia alisellana Robinson, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 39, $.

The insect is common in the Valley of the Ohio. It occurs in
western Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana.

Genus AMORBIA Clemens

(i) Amorbia humerosana Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 23, $ .

The species is indigenous in the northern portions of the
Appalachian subregion.

Genus COMMOPHILA Hiibner

(!) Commophila macrocarpana Walsingham, Plate XLVIII,
Fig. 26, ? .

The insect is a native of the Pacific subregion.

FAMILY YPONOMEUTID/E

“ Thus hath the candle sing’d the moth.”

Shakespeake.— A/erc/iani 0/ Venice^ I, 9.

This is a family of moderate size, represented in our fauna by
twenty-two genera and over sixty species. The species have a
characteristic facies, which when once recognized will enable the
student to readily separate them from their allies. We are able
to figure only three species, owing to the necessary limitations
of space.

Genus YPONOMSUTA Latreille

(1) Yponomeuta multipunctella Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig.
44>

Syn. ordinatellus Walker ; eiwnymella Chambers ; orbimaculella. Chambers ;
wakarusa Gaumer.

423

Gelechiidae

The insect is found in the Appalachian subregion, but more
particularly in the southeastern portions thereof.

Genus ATTEVA Walker

(1) Atteva aurea Fitch, Plate XLVIll, Fig. 36, 3 .

Syn. compta Clemens.

The insect is common in the southern portions of our region,
being distributed from the Gulf States southward and westward
in o Mexico and lands still farther South.

(2) Atteva gemmata Grote, Plate XLVllI, Fig. 37, 5 .

fastuosa Zeller; floridana Neumoegen.

The moth is found in the warmer parts of Florida.

FAMILY GELECHIID/E

“ He buildeth his house as a moth.” Job. — xxvii, i8.

This is a very extensive family of small moths which possess
habits of considerable interest to students. Many of them are

I

Fig. 243.—/’. operailella. a, section of tuber showing eye and eggs deposited
about it, natural size ; b, egg, dorsal view ; c, egg, lateral view, greatly enlarged ;
d, k, mines of larva in potato ; j, pupa at end of mine, seen through skin of potato,
somewhat reduced ; e, larva, dorsal view ; /, larva, lateral view ; larva, third ab-
dominal segment, lateral view; h, do., dorsal view, still more enlarged; i, pupa;
/, moth, enlarged. (After Riley, “ Insect Life,” Vol. IV, p. 239.)

424

Gelechiidse

known to be more or less injurious to vegetables, in which they
either burrow in their larval state, or upon the foliage of which
they prey. We can speak of only a few of them.

Genus PHTHORIM^A Meyrick

(i) Phthorimsea operculella Zeller. (The Potato-moth.)

Syn. terrella Walker; solanella Boisduval; tabacella Ragonot.

This insect, represented in Fig. 243, the ravages of which upon
potatoes in Algiers and other Mediterranean countries have been
well known for many years, and which has more recently caused
much mischief in New Zealand and Australia, has quite recently
found lodgment in California, having been apparently accidentally
imported from Australia. In Algiers it is known in certain years
to have destroyed fully two thirds of the potato-crop. It is a dan-
gerous and annoying pest. The best
remedy for it is said to be the total de-
struction of infected potatoes, and the
protection of the stored tubers from
access by the ovipositing females.

Genus GNORIMOSCHEMA
Busck

(1) Gnorimoschema gallaesoli-
daginis Riley. (The Solidago Gall-
moth.)

The man who has loitered by the
waysides in the country must often
have noticed the manner in which the
stems of the common golden-rod are
frequently swollen and enlarged about
two thirds of their length from the
root. This swelling may be caused by
the larvae of several insects, but one
of the most frequent causes of the ab-
normal growth is the larva of a little
moth to which the above sesquipeda-
lian name has been given. The life-
history of the insect was carefully worked out by Professor
Riley, and from his interesting paper upon the subject, contained

425

Fig. 244.— Galls of the Soli-
dago Gali-moth. (After Riley.)
a, section of gall showing bur-
row at d, larva at e; b, gall,
opening at c.

Gelechiidae

in the “First Missouri Report,” the accompanying cut has been
taken. It shows a gall as it appears from the outside, and also a
section of a gall, revealing the home which the larva constructed
for itself in the enlargement of the stem.

The moth is very common in many parts of the country, but
particularly in western Pennsylvania.

Genus ANARSIA Zeller

(i) Anarsia lineatella Zeller. (The Peach-twig Borer.)

Syn. priiniella Clemens.

The insect which we are considering was in all probability intro-
duced into California, where it is now most firmly established,from

Asia, probably from Japan.
The eggs are deposited at
the point where the leaves
are attached to the stems,
or vchere the stem of the
fruit is located. The larvae
make minute burrows un-
der the bark of the twigs
and into the stem of the
fruit, and thus cause dam-
age both to the trees and to
the peaches. The insect is
double-brooded. The larvae
are secretive, and hide so
effectually that it is said to
be very difficult to detect
them. The insect remains
in the pupal state about ten
days, when the moth emerges. The imago is about half an inch
in expanse of wing. The fore wings are of a beautiful gray
color, clouded on the costa with darker markings. The insects
of the second generation hibernate as larvae in their burrows in
the bark of the twigs.

A very full and excellent account of the habits of this
insect has been published in the “ Bulletin of the United
States Department of Agriculture ” by Mr. C. L. Madatt. It is

426

Fig. 245. — A. lineatella. a, new shoot
of peach withering from attack of larva ; b,
larva, enlarged; c, pupa, enlarged. (After
Marlatt, “Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric.,” New
Ser., No. 10, p. ii.)

Gelechiidae

from this paper that we have been with great kindness per-
mitted to draw the illustrations which are herewith given.

As a means of combating
this pest, it has been recom-
mended to spray the peach-
trees, just as the leaves are
beginning to open in the
spring, with a solution of
one pound of lime and one
pound of Paris green mixed
in two hundred gallons of
water. It is also recom-
mended to spray the trees in
February, or even injanuary,
with kerosene emulsion,
which is said to penetrate
the little burrows in which
the larvae'hibernate and kill
them. The latter method is
undoubtedly preferable.

Fig. 246.—^. lineatella. a, moth with
wings expanded ; b, c, moths with wings
folded. All figures enlarged. (After Marlatt,
“Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric.,” New Ser., No.
10, p. 12.)

CUPID’S CANDLE

Round her flaming heart they hover.

Lured by loveliness they go

Moth-like, every man a lover.

Captive to its gleam and glow.

Old and young, the blind and blinking, —

Fascinated, frenzied things, —

How they flutter, never thinking
What a doom awaits their wings!

It is all the same old story, —

Pleasure hung upon a breath :

Just a chance to taste of glory
Draws a legion down to death.

Fire is dangerous to handle ;

Love is an uncertain flame ;

But the game is worth the candle

When the candle ’s worth the game! ’’

Felix Carmen, in Lt/e, Vol. XLI, p. 494.

427

Xylorictidse

FAMILY XYLORICTIDAE

A small family which contains in our fauna two genera and
nine species. The group may be represented by Stenoma
schlasgeri Zeller, which is portrayed on Plate XLVIII, Fig. 41,
by a male specimen. The insect is very common in the Appa-
lachian subregion, and is particularly abundant in western
Pennsylvania.

FAMILY CECOPHORID.^

“ Entomology is a science, not a pastime.” — Westwood.

This is another comparatively small family of interesting in-
sects, numbering in our fauna about ninety species, which are
distributed into thirteen genera. We can represent only a couple
of them, for the purpose of showing the readers of “ The Moth
Book ” what they are like.

Genus DEPRESSARIA Haworth

(1) Depressaria heraciiana De Geer. (The Parsnip Web-
worm.)

Fig. 247. — D. he7‘acliana. a, larva, side view; b, dorsal view; c, pupa; d,
anal extremity of pupa ; e, moth, enlarged ; f, umbel of parsnip webbed together by the
larvae, natural size. (After Riley.)

Syn. hej'aclei Retzius ; umbellana Fabricius; umbellella Zetterstedt; pasti-
nacella Duponchel ; ontariella Bethune.

The Parsnip Web-worm is an importation from Europe,
428

Blastobasidae

where it has been known from time immemorial as an enemy of
umbelliferous plants. A full account of the insect is given by
Riley in “Insect Life,” Vol, I, p. 9^. To this the reader may
refer. The remedy for the insect is to gather the portions of the
plants which have become infested, and to burn them. The in-
sects, many of which conceal themselves in the stems or are hid-
den in the foliage, are thus most conveniently destroyed.

Genus SEMIOSCOPIS Hiibner

(i) Semioscopis merricella Dyar, Plate XLVIIl, Fig. 38, ?.

This is not at all an uncommon insect in western Pennsyl-
vania. There are numerous specimens in the collection of the
writer which have been taken during the past twenty years.

FAMILY BLASTOBASID/E

This is a considerable family of minute moths, as representa-
tive of which we have selected for illustration a species of the
genus Holcocera, to
which Professor Riley
applied the specific
name giandulella, be-
cause it infests acorns.

The Acorn-moth is an
inquiline; that is to
say, it takes possession
of the remnants of the
repast left in the acorn
by the grub of a wee-
vil, which has devel-
oped within the fruit
and forsaken its burrow in order to undergo transformation else-
where. Between the weevil and the larva of the moth very little
is left of the contents of the acorn, and farmers who expect to
derive sustenance for their hogs from the oak-mast are often dis-
appointed. The accompanying cut shows the different stages in
the development of the larva, and also the moth. The insect is
quite common in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana.

429

Fig. 248. — I/, giandulella. a, acorn showing
larva; b, acorn showing opening left for moth; c,
enlarged view of head of larva ; d, lateral view of
segment; <?, dorsal view of segment; f, moth; g,
nodule to which antenna articulates. (After Riley.)

Elachistidae

FAMILY ELACHISTIDy^

This is a large family of moths, many of which are almost
microscopic in size, but all are very beautiful. One of the larger

species we have se-
lected for illustra-
tion. It lives in
the galls which its
presence produces
in the stems of the
Falselndigo(y^wor-
pha fruticosa). It
belongs to the genus
Walshia, and was
described under the
specific name amor-
phella by Clemens.
In its habits it re-
minds us somewhat of the moth with the frightful name which
lives in the galls of the Golden-rod, about which something has
already been said. The accompanying cut, which has been taken
from Professor Riley’s “Second Missouri Report,” shows at ^ a
figure of the female moth enlarged. The larva, which is a soft
white little affair, is delineated at b, and the figures c and d show
the galls as they appear. The insect is found 'in the Appalachian
subregion.

FAMILY TINEID^

“Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth, where moth and rust doth
corrupt, and where thieves break through and steal : but lay up for yourselves trea-
sures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt, and where thieves do
not break through nor steal.” Matthew. —VI, 19, 20.

Fig. 249. — Walshia a^norphella.

The TineidcB are a very great family of moths, some of which
are of moderate size, but most of which are very minute. Among
them there are many insects which are exceedingly beautiful,
although they are so small, while many of them have great
economic importance, being destructive or beneficial. Of a few
of these we shall take opportunity to speak briefly.

430

Tineidse

Genus BUCCULATRIX Zeller

(1) Bucculatrix canadensisella Chambers. (The Birch-
leaf Bucculatrix.)

This little insect in its larval stage is known to infest the
leaves of the birch and the wild cherry. The caterpillars feed
upon the parenchyma of
the leaves, attacking both
the upper and the lower
sides, and completelyskel-
etonizing them. Forests
ofbirchesin New England
are known to have been
completely stripped of liv-
ing tissue in the fall of the
year, in such a manner as
to suggest that a fire had
passed over the trees. The
larvae are sluggish in their
movements, when dis-
turbed dropping down by
a silken cord. The cocoons
are white and ribbed, as
represented in the annexed
figure. They turn dark
after they have been spun
up for some time. The
insect is not uncommon
in Rhode Island, and is
known to occur throughout New England, northern New York,
and Canada. It probably has even a wider range, and may be
found in the mountains of Pennsylvania, where its food-plant is
abundant. The best account of its habits has been given by
Professor A. S. Packard in “Insect Life,” Vol. V, p. 14.

(2) Bucculatrix pomifoliella Clemens. (The Apple-leaf
Bucculatrix.)

Fig. 250. — B. canadensisella. a, skeletonized
birch-leaf ; b, pseudo-cocoon ; c, larva ; </, head
of same ; e, anal segments of do. ; f, anal segment
of pupa; g, cocoon with extended pupal skin;
h, moth. All figures magnified. (After Pack-
ard, “Insect Life,” Vol. V, p. 14.)

Syn. ponionella Packard ; curvilineatella Packard.

The minute moth, a greatly enlarged figure of which is given
in the annexed cut, has the habit of denuding the leaves of apple-

431

Tineidse

trees of their parenchyma. While it does not appear to have
wrought great destruction generally, nevertheless there are in-
stances on record where
it has done much damage
in orchards. The larvae
have the habit of form-
ing their cocoons in com-
pany, attaching them to
the twigs in great clus-
ters, as represented in
Fig. 251. This Fict has
led to the recommen-
dation that the trees,
when infested, should be
lightly pruned all over in

c, moth, y^vy greatly magnified. (After

carefully collected and
burned. As the cocoons are located at the ends of the twigs, this
may be a partially effective remedy. Another remedy is to
thoroughly spray the trees with coal-oil emulsion or with linseed-
oil. The greasy application is said to destroy the pupae in the
thin papery cocoons.

Genus TINEOLA Herrich- Schaeffer

(1) Tineola bisselliella Hummel. (The Clothes-moth.)

Syn. crinella Treitschke ; destructor Stephens ; biselliella Zeller ; lanariella
Clemens.

There are several species of Tineid insects which attack gar-
ments made of woolen fiber and furs. One of the commonest
and most widely distrib-
uted of these is the insect
which we are now consid-
ering. In Pennsylvania and
in Maryland and south-
ward, so far as observation
shows, this is the common-
est ofthe “Clothes-moths.’'

The damage, it is needless
to say, is not done by the Fig. 252.-7: bisselliella. (After Riley.)

432

Fig. 251.— .5. pojnifoliella. a, cocoons clus-
tered upon end of twig; b, cocoon, greatly en-

Tineidae

imago, or perfect insect, but by the larva, or caterpillar. This is
represented in all its destructive ugliness in the annexed cut.
Its food is animal fibers, and it constructs for itself a cocoon
of bits of wool or hair, in which transformation into a pupa finally
takes place. It is partial to all animal hair. It feeds upon furs,
woolens, carpets, horsehair mattresses, and even to some extent
upon silken fabrics, though it has no positive preference for the
latter. The insect, like all the others of its class, has been intro-
duced into this country from the Old World. In a separate
article the writer will speak of the best method of preventing its
ravages.

Genus TINEA Linnaeus
(i) Tinea pellionella Linnaeus. (The Fur-moth.)

Syn. flavescentella Haworth; merdella Zeller; dubiella Stainton; griseella
Chambers.

This insect makes for itself a movable case in which it travels
about in the larval stage. Its food is very much the same as that
of the preceding
species, and it
is equally de-
structive. The
moth differs
from the pale-
coloredClothes-
moth in having
the fore wings
darker. They
are, in fact,
quite gray, mot-
tled with darker

gray, as shown in the cut which we have herewith caused to be
reproduced. A comparison between the figures of this and the
succeeding species will enable the student to readily discrimi-
nate them. The lower left-hand figure gives a good representa-
tion of the case made out of bits of hair in which the caterpillar
performs its migrations. The insect is many-brooded, according
to the temperature of its domicile. In the warmer parts of the
country the processes of generation no doubt go on continuously.

433

Fig. pellionella. (After Riley.)

Tineidae

In the colder parts of the country winter arrests development
temporarily.

The insect is widely distributed all over the continent, and in
fact all over the world.

Genus TRICHOPHAGA Ragonot

(i) Trichophaga tapetzella Linnaeus. (The Carpet-moth.)

The nature and habits of this species are very closely allied to
those of the last two species of which we have spoken. Like

them, it was originally intro-
duced into America from the
Old World. It differs from
them in the larval state in
that, instead of simply mak-
ing a cocoon for itself out of
bits of hair as the Clothes-
moth, or forming a movable
FlG.2^4. — T.taJ>etzella. (After Riley.) itself aS the Fur-

moth, it weaves together, out of the debris of the material in which
it is carrying on its ravages, long galleries lined inside with strands
of silk. These long, tortuous galleries, cutthroughthepileof carpets,
are familiar objects to the careful housewife, whose horror and anx-
iety have often been expressed to the writer. It is one of the sad
prerogatives of the entomologist to be made from time to time
the recipient of the household woes of his neighbors, who dis-
cover that the moth and the buffalo-bug “corrupt,” and that the
white ant and the cockroach “steal.”

The perfect insect, as shown in the annexed cut, is in appear-
ance a very different moth from either of the foregoing species.

CLOTHES-MOTHS

“The moth shall eat them up like a garment, and the worm shall eat them like
wool.” Isaiah. —LI, 8.

From the accounts which have been given in the preceding
pages of the three species of Clothes-moths, the ravages of which
are commonly encountered in the household, it has been learned
that they may each be discriminated from the other by the habits
of the larvae. The Carpet-moth makes a gallery of the substance

434

Tineidae

on which it feeds; the Fur-moth makes a small portable case,
which it carries with it; while the insect which we have called
the Clothes-moth lives for the most part free until the time of
pupation, when it constructs for itself a cocoon out of bits of
fiber.

All of these three species are equally destructive, and there is
no question which is more frequently asked of the writer than
how best to destroy the insects when once they have found lodg-
ment in a house, and how to prevent their attacks.

All of these creatures “love darkness better than light, their
deeds being evil.” When it is suspected that furs or garments
are infected by their presence, the first step which should be
taken is to expose them to full sunlight, the hotter the better.
Garments in which moths are known to exist should be hung up
in the open air. And this airing and exposure to sunlight should
not be for an hour or two, but, if possible, it should extend over
a number of days, and should take place in the latter part of May
or the early part of the month of June, at which time the female
moth is engaged in ovipositing. Where it is impossible to air
and expose to sunlight the fabrics which have been attacked, as
is sometimes the case with carpets in dark corners, they should
be thoroughly saturated with benzine. It is needless to say that
this operation should never be undertaken in the presence of a
candle or other exposed light. Furniture in carpeted rooms
should in the spring of the year be removed from the place where
it has long stood, and the spot should be thoroughly sponged
with benzine. A solution of corrosive sublimate in alcohol, so
weak that it will not leave any white mark upon a black feather
which has been dipped into it and afterward dried, may be
applied effectively to carpets and to fabrics which are exhibited
in museum cases. At the Carnegie Museum we make it a rule to
spray all substances which might be exposed to the attack of
moths, when hung in cases, with a solution of corrosive sub-
limate and strychnine in alcohol.

In carpet warehouses and in establishments where woolen
goods are stored in quantity it is well to have on the roof of the
building an apartment fitted up with large air-tight chests. Into
these chests, or compartments, fabrics supposed to have been
attacked by moths may be put and exposed for twenty-four or

435

Tineidae

more hours to the fumes of carbon bisulphide. This fluid should
be placed in large quantity in shallow pans at the bottom of the
disinfecting-chambers, in such a way that it will not come directly
in contact with the fabrics. Being volatile, the fumes will grad-
ually fill the entire chamber, and will destroy all animal life.
Inasmuch as carbon bisulphide, as has already been stated else-
where in this book, is, when mixed with atmospheric air, highly
explosive, no lights should be allowed to come near the chests,
or the apartment in which the disinfection is taking place. The
writer has in his own household made it a rule in the spring of
the year to take all rugs and have them placed in a large chest
about four feet long, three feet wide, and three feet deep, at the
bottom of which there is a slatted support beneath which is a long,
shallow pan. Into this pan the bisulphide is poured. The rugs
are loosely placed in the chest, and then it is closed tightly and
they are left there for forty-eight hours.

The storage of furs and woolen garments during the summer
months is an important matter. The one thing to be perfectly
ascertained before placing garments in storage is that they are
thoroughly disinfected and that not a single female moth capable
of depositing fertile eggs is present. This fact being known with
certainty, all that it is necessary to do is to place the garments in
clean air-tight receptacles and close them up so that nothing can
get into them. Garments may be put into perfectly tight paper
bags with all openings pasted shut with a piece of tough paper.
The boxes in which tailors send home garments are good storage
receptacles, provided the garments are free from pests when put
into them and provided every opening in the box is pasted shut
with a piece of paper. It is not an altogether unwise precaution
to put in “moth-balls” or crystals of naphthaline or bits of
camphor, but it must be borne in mind that neither naphthaline
nor camphor will kill the larvae of moths that have once found
access to the garments upon which they are in the habit of feed-
ing. A great deal of money has been uselessly expended upon
such substances, when all that is necessary is simply to insure
the exclusion of the pests.

The annual loss occasioned by these minute yet most annoy-
ing insects is vast, and it is not unreasonable to say that their
mischievous depredations cost the citizens of the United States

4j6

Tineidse

annually a sum of money which is enough in amount at the
present time to pay the interest upon the national debt.

Genus ADELA Latreille

The moths of this genus are remarkable for the enormous
length of their antennae in proportion to their size. We have
represented one of the commoner species on Plate XLVlll, Fig.
45. It received the specific name bella at the hands of the late
Mr. V. T. Chambers. The base of the antennae is black, and the
extremity is white. This fact has prevented the photographer
from getting a full representation of the length of the organ in our
cut. This is much to be regretted, and the student must add in
his imagination to the antennae, as they are shown, a thread-like
extension, extending fully three eighths of an inch beyond the
apparent ending of the organs as depicted. The moths may be
found in shaded woods in June feeding upon the flowers of
Asclepias.

Genus PRODOXUS Riley

The relation of the insect world to the life of plants has been
the subject of a great deal of interesting inquiry in recent years.
It has been discovered that many genera and species depend for
their fructification and consequently, for their continued preserva-
tion upon the agency of insects. Without the kind attention
which they receive from the tiny creatures of the air, they would
not produce seed, and the race would speedily become extinct.
One of the most beautiful illustrations of the interdependence of
the world of plants and the world of insects has been discovered
in the case of the Tineid genus Proniiha. This insect has be-
come specialized to a remarkable degree, as we shall have occa-
sion to show in speaking of it. In fact, without its agency the
pollenation of the plants belonging to the genus Yucca is never
accomplished. But, curiously enough, associated with it and
closely resembling it superficially is a genus of moths which does
not possess the power of pollenizing the Yucca, but which is
represented by many species the larvae of which feed in the stems
of the various species of Yucca. The Yucca plants depend for
the perpetuation of the species upon the moth Pronuba. The
moth Prodoxus depends upon the Yucca plants for life, and thus

437

Tineidae

indirectly upon the labor of Pronuha. The whole story is one of
the most interesting in the annals of insect life, and the student
who is curious to know all about its interesting details should
consult the fourth volume of “ Insect Life,” where Professor Riley
has with minute patience worked out the wonderful story, with
all the skill of a Sherlock Holmes.

(i) Prodoxus quinquepunctella Chambers. (The Bogus
Yucca Moth.)

Syn. decipiens Riley ; paradoxica Chambers.

This little moth, which superficially resembles Pronuha yuc-
casella, has no maxillary tentacle such as is found in the latter

insect. Its absence
is characteristic, in
fact, of all the species
of the genus. The
ovipositor is homolo-
gous to that of Pro-
nuha, but is a stronger
instrument intended
for making incisions
in the tender bark of
the stem, while the
ovipositor of Pronu-
ha is a long, slender
organ which is used
to thrust the egg into
the ovarian cavity of
the growing seed-
vessel.

The larvae of the
various species of
Prodoxus are without
feet, quite maggot-
like, and remain in
their burrows in the stems of the Yucca plants, not descending to
the ground to pupate, as do those of Pronuha. The pupae, when
the time for emergence arrives, protrude themselves from the
stems, and the moth escapes from the pupal skin, very much in the
way in which the same act is performed by various species ’of

438

Fig. 255. — P. quinquepunctella. a, larva; b, head
from above ; c, d, left jaw and antenna ; e, pupa ; f, in-
fested stem, showing burrows, castings, cocoons, and
pupa-shell, /g All enlarged. (After Riley.)

Tineidae

wood-burrowing ^gerians. The cut, Fig. 255, taken from the
writings of Professor C. V. Riley, has more value as an explan-
ation of the facts in the case than a
whole page of verbal description
would have. The species of the genus
Prodoxus all appear upon the wing
before those of the genus Pronuba,
the former having no function to per-
form in connection with the fertiliza-
tion of the flowers, and being on the
spottoovipositwhile the flower-stems
are still soft and easily capable of be-
ing cut into by the ovipositor of the
female, while Pronuba must wait until the flowers are opening and
the tissues of these portions of the plant are ready for the peculiar
operations which the perpetuation of the life both of the plant
and the insect call for.

(2) Prodoxus marginatus Riley.

The accompanying cut serves to show the characteristic fea-
tures of this species of the genus. The figure at a gives a view of

the last abdominal segment of the
female magnified twenty-six di-
ameters. The basal joint of the
ovipositor is represented at bjo,
the terminal joint at tjo, and the
oviduct at ov. Figure c repre-
sents the claspers of the male
viewed from above. A view of
the fore wing magnified five
times is given at pr., and by it
Riley, “Insect Life,” Vol. IV, p. 373.) the species may be known.

(3) Prodoxus y-inversa Riley.

The main characteristics of a third species of the genus are
given in Fig. 238. The left front wing is represented at a, the
hair-line beneath serving to show the natural size of the wing.
By looking at the figure upside down the reader will understand
why the specific name which was given to the moth originally
suggested itself. The genitalia of the male moth are represented
at b enlarged fourteen diameters. This view is taken from above

439

Fig. 257.—/’. marginatus. (After

Fig. 256. — /*. quinquepunc-
tella. rt, moth with wings folded ;

b, moth with wings expanded;

c, enlarged maxillary palpus.
(After Riley.)

Tineidse

Fig. 258. — P, y-invej-sa. (After Riley
sect Life,” Vol. IV, p. 373.)

In-

and gives the dorsal aspect of these organs. At c we have a lateral
view of the same parts magnified eighteen diameters. The ovi-
positor of the female is
shown at d exserted from
the anal joint of the abdo-
men. At ^ there is given
another lateral view of
the tip of the ovipositor
much more enlarged.
This view shows the pe-
culiar saw-like structure
of the organ, by help of
which incisions' are made
in the soft outer bark of the growing stems of the Yucca. Both
this and the preceding species are found in California.

(4) Prodoxus reticulata Riley.

This pretty little moth, the habits of which are much the same
as those of the preceding three
species, is a native of the State of
Colorado. The figure represents
a female with her wings ex-
panded, and the drawing is mag-
nified more than three times
the size of life. The insect is
undoubtedly, so far as the mark-
ings of the wings are concerned, the most attractive species in the
entire genus.

(5) Prodoxus coloradensis Riley.

Fig. 260 is devoted to the illustration of the salient specific
features of a fifth insect belonging to the genus Prodoxus. As

the name implies, this species,
like the preceding, is found in
Colorado. The front wing is
shown four times the size of life,
the hair-line below the figure in-
dicating the natural size. The
genitalia of the male are shown
at b viewed from above, and at
c viewed laterally.

440

Fig. 259. — P. reticulata. (After
Riley, “ Insect Life,” Vol. IV, p. 374.)

Fig, 260. — P. coloradensis. (After
Riley, " Insect Life,” Vol. IV, p. 374 )

Tineidae

(6) Prodoxus cinereus Riley.

This species is known to breed in the flower-stems of Yucca
whipplei. The best way in which to set the species before the

Fig. 261.—/’. cinereus. a, larva; b, head and first thoracic
joint; c, anal hooks; d, pupa; e, pupal shell protruding from
stalk; f, adult female; g, side view of clasper of adult male. All
figures greatly enlarged. (After Riley, “ Insect Life,” Vol. V,
p. 306.)

reader seems to be to reproduce, as we have done, the figure
given by the author of the species, in which its characteristic
features are carefully depicted. It is found in California.

Genus PRONUBA Riley
(i) Pronuba yuccasella Riley. (The Yucca Moth.)

No discovery in recent years has been more interesting to
students of insect and plant life than that which was made in
1872 by Professor Riley, of the intimate relationship which sub-
sists between the beautiful plants, known as Yuccas, and the
genus of moths to which the present species belongs. It has
been ascertained that the fructification of the various species of
Yucca is almost absolutely dependent upon the agency of the
female moth ; and, strangely enough, it has also been ascer-
tained. that the pollenation of the flowers is not the result of
mere accidental attrition of the wings and other organs of the insect
when engaged in seeking for nectar in the flower and when en-
gaged in laying her eggs, but that she deliberately collects the

441

Tineidae

pollen with her mouth, which is peculiarly modified to enable
her to do this, and then applies the pollen to the stigma with in-
finitely better care than it could be
done by the most skilful horticul-
turist using the mostdelicate human
appliances.

There are several species of the
genus Pronuba, and they hold a
positive and well-ascertained re-
lationship to the various species
of the plants in the economy of
which they perform so important
a function. Promiha yuccasella
pollenizes in the Eastern States
the blossoms of the common Yucca
filamentosa, and on the Western
plains it performs the act for the
blossoms of Yucca angustifolia.
Yucca brevifolia is pollenized by Pronuba synthetica. Yucca
whipplei is pollenized by Pronuba maculata. No doubt there are
other species of Yucca which will be ultimately discovered to have
species of Pronuba which are adapted in their organs to the
work of pollenation according to their peculiar requirements.

The larva of Pronuba, after it has attained to full size, drops to
the ground, having three pairs of thoracic legs, which enable it

Fig. 262. — P. yuccasella. lar-
va; b, female moth with closed
wings ; c, do. with wings expanded ;

d, side view of larval segment ;

e, head of larva from below ; f, do.
from above ; g, thoracic leg of do. ;
h, maxilla ; i, mandible ; j, spin-
neret and labial palpi ; k, antenna,
enlarged. (After Riley, “Insect
Life,” Vol. IV, p. 360.)

to move about and burrow into the earth. It
then undergoes transformation into the pupal
state. The chrysalis, which is depicted in Fig.

263, has the back armed with peculiar spinous
processes, which enable it to make its way
through the loose soil.

The student who desires to become fully
acquainted with this interesting chapter in
insect life must consult the altogether admi-
rable papers written upon the subject by Pro-
fessor Riley, to whom we are indebted for
almost all that we know in regard to the
subject. These papers may be found in the
Publications of the St. Louis Academy of Science, the

Fig. 2^oi.—P. yuc-
casella. /, male chry-
salis ; m, female chry-
salis. (After Riley,
“ Insect Life,” Vol.
IV, p. 368.)

Fifth

442

Tineidae

Annual Report of the State Entomologist of Missouri,” and in the
fourth and fifth volumes of “Insect Life.”

Genus ACROLOPHUS Poey

(i) Acrolophus plumifrontellus Clemens, Plate XLVllI,
Fig. 43. ^ •

Syn. bombycina Zeller.

As a representative of this well-marked genus, quite a number
of species of which are found in our fauna, we have selected the
species which is most common in the Appalachian subregion.
The other species are mainly Southern and Western.

Genus ANAPHORA Clemens

(i) Anaphora popeanella Clemens, Plate XLVllI, Fig. 42, .

Syn. agrotipennella Grote ; scardina Zeller.

The insect ranges from the Atlantic States to the Rocky Moun-
tains. There are other species in the genus, which are found in
the South and the West.

FAMILY HEPIALID/E

This family is composed of large or moderately large insects.
They are very peculiar in their structure, and are now by syste-
matists generally accorded a position of inferiority at the bottom
of the series of lepidopterous families, being regarded as repre-
senting an ancestral stock. Some go even so far as to deny that
they are lepidoptera at all. This is, however, an untenable
position.

Genus STHENOPIS Packard

(1) Sthenopis argenteomaculatus Harris, Plate XLI, Fig.
14, (5 . (The Silver-spotted Ghost-moth.)

Syn. argentata Packard ; alni Kellicott.

The larvae feed at first upon the roots of the alder, and then
enter the stems. The insect is found in the northern portions of
the United States and Canada. The moths have the habit of
dancing in the air at sunset, and perform very peculiar gyrations
over the spot where oviposition is to take place.

(2) Sthenopis quadriguttatus Grote, Plate XLI, Fig. 13, 5 .

Syn. seviiaui-atus Neumoegen & Dyar.

443

Hepialidse

The range of this species is the same as that of the preceding.
It occurs rather abundantly in Assiniboia and Alberta.

Genus HEPIALUS Fabricius

(1) Hepialus hyperboreus Moeschler, Plate XLI, Fig. 15, 6 .

Syn. pulcher Grote ; macglashani Henry Edwards.

The moth is found in New England and southern Canada.

(2) Hepialus gracilis Grote. (The Graceful Ghost-moth.)

This species, the neuration of the wings of which is repre-
sented in the text at Fig. 12, is not an uncommon species in the
northern portions of our territory.

(3) Hepialus lemberti Dyar, Plate XLI, Fig. \6, . (Lem-

bert’s Ghost-moth.)

The moth is found in California. It is not as yet common in
collections.

FAMILY MICROPTERYGIDyE

This family is represented in our fauna by two genera of
minute insects and six species. They are remarkable because
revealing certain anatomical features which are believed to point
to an ancestral connection between them and other orders of
insects. One of the remarkable features which they reveal is the
persistence in them of mandibles in the pupae, which are lost in
the imaginal form in the genus Micropteryx, which is not repre-
sented in our fauna, but are persistent in the genus Eriocephala,
which does occur in North America.

We have arrived at last at the end of our necessarily com-
pacted but rather extensive survey of the families of moths rep-
resented in the fauna of the United States and Canada. We have
thrown the doors of our subject open to the curious. We have
thrown them wide open. Much has been omitted which might
have been said; possibly some things have been said which will
have little interest for the general reader; but, upon the whole,
we feel, in bringing this book to its end, that we have given a
fuller and more complete review of the whole subject to Ameri-
can students than has ever been essayed in any book by any

444

Micropterygida

Other writer. Throughout the task has been to a large degree a
labor of love, with the purpose of popularizing knowledge and
helping those who have eyes to see and ears to hear, to under-
stand something of the wonders of a world which becomes the
more wonderful the more we know of it.

THE FINAL GOAL

“ O, yet we trust that somehow good
Will be the final goal of ill.

To pangs of nature, sins of will.

Defects of doubt and taints of blood ;

That nothing walks with aimless feet ;

That not one life shall be destroyed.

Or cast as rubbish to the void.

When God hath made the pile complete ;

That not a worm is cloven in vain,

That not a moth with vain desire
Is shrivelled in a fruitless fire,

Or but subserves another’s gain.”

Tennyson. — In Memoriam, I, III.

THE END

When the moon shall have faded out from the sky, and the
sun shall shine at noonday a dull cherry-red, and the seas shall be
frozen over, and the ice-cap shall have crept downward to the
equator from either pole, and no keels shall cut the waters, nor
wheels turn in mills, when all cities shall have long been dead and
crumbled into dust, and all life shall be on the very last verge of
extinction on this globe; then, on a bit of lichen, growing on the
bald rocks beside the eternal snows of Panama, shall be seated a
tiny insect, preening its antennae in the glow of the worn-out sun,
representing the sole survival of animal life on this our earth,—
a melancholy “bug.”

445

s

i

1

1

INDEX

A

Abagrotis, genus; erratica, i8o
abalinealis, Bomolocha, 286
Abbot, John, 27

Abbotana, genus; clemataria, transducens,
transferens, 353
abbotana, Phobetron, 366
abboti, Oiketicus, 361
abbotti, Sphecodina, 70
abbreviatella, Catocala, 268
Abdomen, 14, 18
abdominalis, Pygarctia, 136
abortivaria, Dyspteris, 323
Abrostola, genus; ovalis urentis, 240
abrostoloides, Paectes, 241
abrupta, Raphia, 153
Absinth, The, 328
absinthiata, Tephroclystis, 328
absorptalis, Hormisa, 282
absynthiata, Tephroclystis, 328
accepta, Fruva, 252
accessaria, Catopyrrha, 342
acericola, Apatela, 153
acericolum, Synanthedon, 386
aceris, Apatela, 153
acerni, Synanthedon, 386
achaia, Apantesis, 130
achatina, Olene, 308
achatinalis, Bomolocha, 286
Achatodes, genus; zeae, 212
achemon, Pholus, 66
Acherdoa, genus; ferraria, ornata, 234
Acherontiinae, 43

“Acheta Domestica,” quoted, 140
Acoloithus, genus; falsarius, sanbomi, 371
Acopa, genus; carina, 163
Acorn-moth, The, 429
acraea, Estigm»ene, 122, 123
Acrobasis, genus; betulella, 408
Acrolophus, genus; bombycina, plumifrontel-
lus, 443

Actias, genus, 86; luna, 87, 88
Actinotia, genus, 172; ramosula, 173
acutalis, Phiprosopus, 245
acutaria, Doryodes, 245
acutiUnea, Schinia, 227
acutipennis, Mamestra, 19s
Adela, genus; bella, 437

Adelocephala, genus, 96; bicolor, distigma, 96
Adelphagrotis, genus; prasina, 179
adipaloides, Pyrausta, 397
Adita, genus; chionanthi, 177
adjuncta, Mamestra, 194
Admetovis, genus; oxymorus, 196
admirandus, Memythrus, 383
Adoneta, genus; ferrigera, nebulosus, pyg-
maea, spinuloides, voluta, 365
adoptiva, Catocala, 267
adulatalis, Yuma, 407
adumbrata, Syneda, 259
adustaria, Gonodontis, 350
ad versa, Caenurgia, 257
»dessa, Fenaria, 233

^geria, genus; paiformis, crabroniformis,
vespiformis, 383
^Egeriidae, Family, 25, 36, 379
aeliaria, Metanema, 351

Emilia, genus; ambigua, bolteri, cinnamo-
mea, occidentaUs, Red-banded, Rosy,
sanguivenosa, significans, syracosia, 137
aemula, Epizeuxis, 280; Synanthedon, 387
semulataria, Philobia, 339
aequaliaria, Therina, 348
aequilinea, Ipiraorpha, 220
aequosus, Syssaura, 352
aerea, Plusia, 237
aeroides, Plusia, 237
assculi, Zeuzera, 376
aesionaria, Hyperitis, 549
aetheria, Thalpochares, 249
aethra, Haamorrhagia, 63
affinis, Herse, 43
affusana, Eucosma, 418
Agapema, genus, 86; galbina, 86
agarista, Erebus, 279
Agaristidae, 3, 24, 32, 140, 232, 233
Agathodes, genus; designalis, floridalis, mon-
stralis, 393
agilis, Feltia, 186

Agnomonia, genus; anilis, sesquistriaris, 274
agreasaria, Gonodontis, 350
agricola, Drasteria, 257
agrippina, Catocala, 260
agrotipennella. Anaphora, 443
agrotipennis, Melioptis, 258
Agrotiphila, genus; incogpita, 191
Agrotis, genus; badinodis, 181; geniculata,
idonea, suffusa, telifera, ypsilon, 182
aholah, Catocala, 268
aholibah, Catocala, 263
Ailanthus, 82

Alabama, genus; argillacea, bipunctina,
grandipuncta, xylina, 243
alabamas, Catocala, 269; Peridroma, 183
alabastaria, Synelys, 333
Alarodia, genus; slossonise, 366
albafascia, Schinia, 228
albarufa, Apatela, iS7
albata, Clemensia, 108
albertae, Dodia, 1 1 7
albescens, Hyloicus, 50
albicans, Opharus, 139
albicoma, Harpyia, 299
albicomana, Tortrix, 423
albicomis, Synanthedon, 387
albicosta, Euchsetias, 13s
albida, Clemensia, 108; Estigmene, 122
albidula, Eustrotia, 247
albifascialis, Zinckenia, 392
albifrons, Symmerista, 296
albifusa, Mamestra, 193
albilinea, Heliophila, 201
albipennis, Euxoa, 189
albipuncta, Platysenta, 163
albisignalis, Bomolocha, 286
alboclavellus, Crambus, 402
albofascia, Gluphisia, 300
albolineata, Syssphinx, 96

Index

alboplagiata, Tristyla, 220
albopunctata, Caripeta, 342
albosigma, Melalopha, 293
albosignata, Gypsochroa, 332
albovenosa, Arsilonche, 159
albovittata, Euchoeca, 328
albiim, Copablepharon, 222
Albuna, genus; montana, pyramidalis, 384
Alceris, genus; malivorana, minuta, vac-
ciniivorana, variolana, 421
Aids, genus ; baltearia, metanemaria, sulphu-
raria, 343

Aicothoe, genus; caudata, 382
Aleptina, genus; inca, 162
aleuds, Schinia, 227
Alexicles, genus; aspersa, 122
algens, Hillia, 166
alia, Graphiphora, 204
alinda, Hylesia, 90
alisellana,^ Eulia, 423
allediusaria, Tetrads, 353
allegheniensis, Crambidia, 104
alleni, Syneda, 259
Allotria, genus; elonympha, 272
Almodes, genus; assecoma, balteolata, cal-
vina, rivularia, squamigera, stellidaria
terraria, 354
alni, Sthenopis, 443
alniaria, Ennomos, 348
alope, Erinnyis, 58

Alsophila, genus; pometaria, restitrrens, 326
altemata, Rhynchagrotis, 179
alticola, Syngrapha, 240

Alypia, genus, 143, 232; bimaculata, 144;
brannani, 143; desperata, 144; dipsaci,
143; disparata, 143, 144; edwardsi, 143;
gracilenta, 144; hudsonica, 145; langtoni,
143, 14s; lorquini, mac-cullochi, 143; mari-
posa, 143, 145; matuta, 144; octomaculata,
143, 144; quadriguttalis, 144; ridingsi,

143, 14s; sacraments, 14s; similis, 143,
wittfeldi, 143, 144 _

Alijpiodes, genus; bimaculata, trimaculata

145

amasia, Catocala, 148, 268
amatrix, Catocala, 263
amaturaria, Erastria, 333
Ambesa, genus; laetella, 410
ambigua, ASm.ilia, 137
ambigualis Gaberasa, 284
Ambulycinae, 41, 42, 54
Amelanchier, 386
amelia, Campometra, 276
Ameria, genus, 327
americalis, Epizeuxis, 280
americana, Apatela, 153; Epicnaptera, 314;
Harrisina, 372; Malacosoma, 312; Meia-
lopha, 293; Neuronia, 196; Greta, 321
arnica, Catocala, 269
amicaria, Hyperitis, 349
amiculatalis, Cindaphia, 397
amoena, _ Alelittia, 380
araoenaria, Euchlsna, 350
AmoHta, genus; fessa, 244
Amorbia, genus; humerosana, 423
Amorpha fraticosa, 430
amorphella, Walshia, 430
ampelophaga, Pholus, 65
Ampelopsis, 66, 70, 72, 144, 371
Amphion, genus, 72; nessus, 72
amphipyroides, Latebraria, 279
ampla, Autographa, 240; Doa, 309
amplaria, Epimecis, 344
amplissima, Parallelia, 273
amplus, Axenus, 231
amputatrix, Hadena, 169
Amyna, genus; octo, orbica, tecta, 242

amyntor, Ceratomia, 47
amyrisaria, Caberodes, 352
Anacreon, Ode to an Insect, quoted, 291
Anal angle, 18

Anaphora, genus; agrotipennella, popeanella
scardina, 443

Anaplodes, genus; iridaria, rectaria, 337
Anarsia, genus; lineatella, pruniella, 426
Anarta, genus; Black-mooned, Catocaline,
cordigera, 198; curta, Dull Brown, im-
pingens, leucocycla, 199; nigrolunata, 198;
nivaria, perpura, richardsoni, Richardson’s,
schoenherri, Schcenherr’s, 199
Anatomy of moths, 10
ancetaria, Azelina, 352
anchocelioides, Rhynchagrotis, 178
Anchocelis, genus; digitalis, 216
ancocisconensis, Hyppa, 171
Ancylis, genus; fragariae, comptana, con-
flexana, 419

andremona, Hj’^pocala, 272
Andrewsia, genus; bclfragiana, jocasta,
messalina, 272
an dromache , Catocala, 267
andromedae, Hyloicus, 50
Anepischetos, genus; bipartita, 245
angelica, Apatelodes, 293; Copibryophila,
162

anguina, Dasylophia, 296; Mamestra, 195
angulalis, Palthis, 285
angulidens, Autographa, 239
angulifera, Callosamia, 86
angulosa, Lophodonta, 295
angusi, Catocala, 262; Datana, 293
angustalis, Zinckenia, 392
angustiorata, Caripeta, 342
angustipennis, Magusa, 175
Ania, genus; filimentaria, fimbata, resistaria,
vestitaria, 349
anilis, Agnomonia, 274

Anisota, genus, 94; astymone, pellucida,
mbicunda, os; senatoria, stigma, 94;
Virginian, 95; virginiensis, 94, 95
aniusaria, Cymatophora, 340
anna, Apantesis, 130
Annaphila, genus; diva, lithosina, 246
annexa, F'eltia, 187
annisaria, Cymatophora, 340
annuUfascia, Halisidota, 138
anodonta, Conservula, 215
Anomis, genus; erosa, 244
Anona laurifolia, 236
anonae, Cocytius, 44
Anomceotes, genus, 371
Anorthodes, genus; prima, 164
antseus, Cocytius, 44
Antaplaga, genus; dimidiata, 220
Antennae, 3, 4, 13, 18; of Eriocephalid lar-
vae, 8; of Telea polyphemus, 13
antennata, Xylina, 206
anthcEcioides, Tosale, 402
Antiblemma, genus; canalis, inexacta, 275
antica, Euchaetias, 135; Trichoclea, 199
Anticarsia, genus; gemmatilis, 275
antigone, Estigmene, 123
antinympha,. Catocala, 267
antiphola, Halisidota, 137
antiqua, Notolophus, 306
Ants, 147

Anytus, genus; Obscure, obscurus, privatus,
Sculptured, sculptus, 191
Aon, genus; noctuiformis, 234
Apaecasia, genus; defluata, subasquaria, 342
Apantesis, genus, 129; achaia, anna, arge,
130; arizonensis, autholea, 131; b-atra,
132; behri, blakei, bolanderi, 13 1; cera-
mica, 132; coelebs, 130; colorata, 132;

448

Index

Apantesis — Continued

complicata, dahurica, 131; decolorata,
determinata, diecki, 132: dione, 130;
docta, 131; dodgei, 132; doris, edwardsi,
130; excelsa, favorita, figurata, f-pallida,
132: gelida, 13 1; incarnatorubra, 130;
incorripleta, 132; incomipta, 131; inter-
media, 129; liturata, 13 1; lugubris, 132;
mexicana, 131; michabo, minea, 130;
mormonica, 131; nais, 132; nerea, 130;
nevadensis, 131; ochracea, 130; oithona,
129; omata, 130; otiosa, 131; parthenice,
129; _ persephone, _ 130; phaierata, 132;
proxima, quenseli, 131; radians, 132;
rectilinea, 129; rhoda, 132; saundersi, 129;
shastaensis, speciosa, strigosa, turbans,
131: virgo, 129; virguncula, 131; vittata,
williamsi, 132

Apatela, genus, 153, 157, 197; acericola,

aceris, 153; albarufa, 157; americana, 153;
brumosa, 157; connecta, 156; dactylina,
153; fragilis, 156; furcifera, graefi, iss;
grisea, 156; hasta, 155; impleta, impressa,
inclara, _ i57: innotata, interrupta, iSS;
lepusculina, 154; lithospila, 156; lobelias,
155; luteicoma, 157; morula, 155 ;noctivaga,
oblinita, 157; obscura, 153; occidentalis,
iss; populi, 154; pudorata, quadrata, 156;
salicis, 157; spectans, superans, 156;
telum, ulmi, 155; vinnula, 156
Apatelodes, genus; angelica, hyalinopuncta
293; torrefacta, 292
Apex of wing, 18
Apical patch, 18
apicalis, Melalopha, 293
apicella, Fruva, 252
apicosa, Eustrotia, 247
apiformis, ^Egeria, 383

Apharetra, genus; dentata, 158; pyralis,
Smith’s, 159; Toothed, 158
Apocheima, genus; rachelae, 345
Aporophila, genus, 1 70
Apple-leaf SkelEtonizer, The, 411
Apple-leaf Tier, The Green, 421
aprica, Tarache, 251
aquamarina, Drasteria, 257
aquilonaris, Harpyia, 299
Arachnis, genus; aulaea, incamata, Painted,
picta, zuni, 1 24
aracinthusalis, Palthis, 285
aratrix, Richia, 190 .
arbeloides, Inguromorpha, 378
arburaria, Caberodes, 352
arcasaria, Sabulodes, 353
Archips, genus; arcticana, argyrospila, cera-
sivorana, furvana, gossypiana, gurgitans,
lintnerana, parallela, purpurana, rosaceana
vicariana, v-signatana, 422
arcifera, Schinia, 228

Arctia, genus, 114, 134; auripennis, caia
transmontana, utahensis, wiskotti, 134
arctica, Hadena, 169
arcticana, Archips, 422
Arctiidre, 24, 31, 114

Arctonotus, genus, 71; lucidus, terlooi, 71
Arctostaphylos tomentosa, 89
arcuata, Drepana, 321; Hadena, 167
arefactaria, Euchlaena, 350
arge, Apantesis, 130

argentata, Halisidota, 138; Sthenopis, 443
argentatus, Euclea, 365
argenteomaculatus, Sthenopis, 443
argenteostriata, Phrygionis, 354
argillacea, Alabama, 243; Lexis, 105
argil lacearia, Cymatophora, 341
Argillophora, genus; furcilla, 2SS
argus, Automeris, 89

argyrospila, Archips, 422

arizonae, Gnophaela, 290

arizonaria, Chloraspilates, 338

arizonensis, Apantesis, 131; Gloveria, 311

armata, Fota, 178

armataria, Priocycla, 351

armiger, Heliothis, 222

armillata, Hypocrisias, 136

Army Worm, The, 200

Army Worm, The Fall, 174

Aroa, genus, 305

arrogaria, Plagodis, 349

arrosa, Trama, 276

arsaltealis, Pyrausta, 307

Arsilonche, genus; albovenosa, cqlorada, 159

Artace, genus; punctistriga, rubripalpis, 312

artemis, Hemileuca, 92

arvalis, Axenus, 231

Asclepias, 135, 437

asdrubal. Pseudosphinx, 57

Ashmead, William H., viii.

Asimina triloba 46
asopialis, Palthis, 285
aspersa, Alexicles, 122
aspilata, Tetracis, 353
assecoma, Almodes, 354

assimilis, Euthisanotia, 232; Trichotarache,
246

associans, Noctua, 185
associata, Heterocampa, 297
astarte, Heterocampa, 297; Sphinx, ss
asteroides, Cucullia, 208
Asteroscopus, genus; borealis, 209
astricta, Peridroma, 182
astur, Opharus, 139
astylus, Calasymbolus, 56
astylusaria, Euchlaena, 350
astymone, Anisota, 95
aterrima, Pachylia, 60

Atethmia, genus; rectifascia, subusta, 220

athabasca, Syneda, 260

athasiaria, Therina, 348

athena, Estigmene, 123

athereo, Heterocampa, 297

atomaria, Phoberia, 273 ; Ogdoconta, "241

atra, Heliotropha, 173

Atreides, genus, 49; plebeja, 49

Atreus, genus, 49

atriciliata, Platysenta, 163

atricincta, Noctua, 184

atrifasciata, Cleora, 344; Oncocnemis, 176

atripennis, Dahana, 103

atrites, Schinia, 228

atrivenosa, Olene, 308

atrocolorata, Azelina, 352; Eustroma, 329

atroliturata, Cladora, 324

atropunctaria, Catopyrrha, 342

atropurpurea, Euxoa, 189

Attacinffi, 80, 81

Atteva, genus; aurea, compta, fastuosa,
floridana, gemmata, 424
auge, Cosmosoma, 98
augusta, Catocala, 264
aulasa, Arachnis, 124
aurantiaca, Incita, 246
aurea, Atteva, 424; Dysodia, 375
aurella, Catocala, 266
aureola, Synanthedon, 385
aureopurpurea, Synanthedon, 387
auricinctaria, Melanomma, 255
auriferaria, Palyas, 354
auripennis, Arctia, 134; Siavana, 273
aurivitta, Cydosia, 253
aurora, Hyparpax, 299
aurosea, Automeris, 89
aurotus. Philosamia, 82
australis, Baileya, 162

449

Index

autholea, Apantesis, 131

Autographa, genus 237; ampla, 240; anguli-
dens, 239; basigera, 240; biloba, bimacu-
lata, brassicae, culta, dyaus, echinocystis,
egena, flagellum, fratella, hamifera, in-
cludens, 238; indigna, 239; insolita, 238;
laticlavia, 240; monodon, 238; mortuorum,
239; omega, omicron, 00, ou, 238; oxygram-
ma, 239; precationis, pseudogamma, ques-
tionis, 238; rectangula, 239; rogationis,
rutila, 238; selecta, 239; simplex, 240;
u-brevis, 238; vaccinii, 239; verruca, 238;
viridisignata, 239

Automeris, genus, 89; argus, aurosea, corol-
laria, fabricii, io, pamina, varia, zelleri,
zephyria, 89

autumnata, Paleacrita, 324

autumnalis, Hydriomena, 331; Laphygma,

autumnana, Ennomos, 348

avimacula, Gluphisia, 300

avuncularia, Dasyfidonia, 338

Axenus, genus; amplus, arvalis, ochraceus,

231

axillaris, Haemorrhagia, 63
Aye-Aye, 77
azaleae, Darapsa, 68

Azelina, genus; ancetaria, atrocolorata,
honestaria, hubneraria, hubnerata, mor-
risonata, peplaria, stygiaria, 352
Azenia genus- implora, 248

B

babayaga, Catocala, 263
badia, Catocala, 267; Schizura, 299
•badicollis, Semiophora, 180
badinodis, Agrotis, 181
badipennis, Pyrausta, 397
badistriga, Homohadena, 176
Bad-wing, The, 323
Bag-worm, The, 361
Bailey, J. S., 36

Baileya, genus; australis, doubledayi, oph-
thalmica, 162
baileyi, Xylina, 207
balanitis, Chorizagrotis, 185
balluca, Plusia, 237
baltearia, Alcis, 343
balteolata, Almodes, 354
baltimoralis, Bomolocha, 286
Balsa, genus; malana, obliquifera, 163
Barathra, genus; curialis, occidentata, 196
barberiana, Epipyrops, 370
Barnes, Dr. William, ix
barometricus, Ufeus, 191
Basal dash, 18; line, 18

basalis, Catocala, 261 268; Euxoa, 189;

Inguromorpha, 378
basiflava, Olene, 308
basigera, Autographa, 240
basilinea, Hadena, 168
Basilodes, genus; pepita, 234 _

Basilona, genus; imperatoria, imperialis
punctatissima, 97
basitriens, Notodonta, 295
bassiformis, Synanthedon, 385
b-atra, Apantesis, 132
Bats, 147

beani, Phragmatobia, 126
beata, Noctua, 185
Bee-moth, The, 406
Beggar, The, 327
behrensarid, Deilinea, 339
Behrensia, genus; conchiformis, 241
behri, Apantesis, 131
beke, Didasys, 99

belfragiana, Andrewsia, 272
belfragei, Holomelina, n6
bella, Adela, 437; TJtetheisa, 117
belladonna, Dysocnemis, 229
bellicula, Lithacodia, 248
bellulalis, Pyrausta, 398

Bellura, genus; densa, gostynides, melano-
pyga, vulnifica, 21 1
belmaria, Holomelina, 116
Beloved, The, 265

Bembecia, genus; flavipes, marginata, ody
neripennis, pleciseformis, rubi, 383
benignaKs, Bomolocha, 286
beskei, Crinodes, 301
Bessula, genus; luxa, 221
bertholdi, Hypopta, 379
Bertholdia, genus; Grote’s, trigona, 140
Betrothed, The, 265
betulella, Acrobasis, 408
Beutenmuller, W. 31, 32, 36, 380
beutenmulleri, Isochsetes, 366
bianca, Catocala, 262
bibularia, Therina, 348
bicarnea, Noctua, 183
biclaria, Syssaura, 352

bicolor, Adelocepbala, 96; Diacrisia, 128,
Lexis, los

bicolorago, Orthosia, 217
bicoloralis, Cindaphia, 397
bicoloraria, Chloraspilates, 338
bicolorata, Eufidonia, 337; Hydriomena,
331; Neleucania, 203
Wdentata, Nerice, 296
biferalis, Hyrenula, 283
bifidalis, Gaberasa, 284
biguttata, Cochlidion, 367
bijugalis, Bomolocha, 286
bilineata, Falcaria, 321; Heterocampa, 297
biliturellus, Crambus, 403
biloba, Autographa, 238
bilunata, Caradrina, 164

bimaculata, Alypia, 144; Alypiodes, 145.

Autographa, 238; Holomelina, 116
bimatris, Pippona, 221
binocula, Tarache, 251
bipartita, Anepischetos, 245
biplaga, Eustrotia, 247
bipunctellus, Crambus, 402
bipunctina, Alabama, 243
birivata, Hydriomena, 331
biselliella, Tineola, 432
biseriata, Eudule, 327
bisselliella, Tineola, 432
bistriaris, Doryodes, 245; Parallelia, 273
biundata Heterocampa, 297
bivittata, Ectypia, 133; Hormisa, 282
Black, The Californian, The White-striped,
328; Woodland, 329
blakei, Apantesis, 131
blanda, Pseudoglsea, 216
Blastobasidae, 26, 429

Bleptina, genus; caradrinalis, cloniasalis, 283
boerhaviae, Xylophanes, 75
Boisduval, J. A., 30
bolanderi, Apantesis, 131
bolli, Synanthedon, 385
Boll-worm, The, 222
bolteri, .Emilia, 137, Euchaetias, 135
Bombycia, genus; improvisa, tearli, 304
Bombycidae, Family, 12, 25, 34, 315
bombyciformis, Eutolype, 177
bombycina, Acrolophus, 443
bombycoides, Lapara, 53
Bombyx, genus; mori, 313
Bomolocha, genus; abalinealis, achatinalis,
albisignalis, baltimoralis, benignalis, biiu-
galis, caducalis, damnosalis, deceptalis,

45°

Index

Bomolocha — Continued

edictalis, fecialis, laciniosa, lentiRinosa,
madefactalis, manalis, pallialis, peran^u-
lahp, profecta, scutellaris, toreuta, velli-
tera, 286

Books about North American Moths, 27
borealis, Asteroscopus, 209; Harpyia, 290;

Hemerocampa, 306; Hyphoraia, 128
Borer, The Peach-twig, 426
Bouvardia, 75
brannani, Alypia, 143
brassicse, Autographa, 238
Breeding larvae, 5
Brephinae, Subfamily, 35s
Brephos, genus; infans, 355
brevis, Schinia, 228
brevicomis, Holomelina, 116
brevipennis, Euxoa, 188
Bride, The, 266
bridghami, Hadena, 166
brillians, Eupseudomorpha, 231
briseis, Catocala, 264
British Museum, Trustees, ix
brontes, Ceratomia, 48
Brooke, Henry, quoted, 321
Brother, The, 153
Brotolomia, genus; iris, 215
Browning, E, B., quoted, 21, 378
Brown-tail Moth, The, 309
bruceata, Rachela, 324

brucei, Cossus, 377; Haemorrhagia, 64;

Phragmatobia, 126; Schinia, 227
Bruceia, genus; hubbardi, pulverina, 108
brumosa, Apatela, 157
brunnea, Ctenucha, 102
brunneiciUata, Mesoleuca, 330
brunneipennis, Synanthedon, 385
Bryant, W. C., quoted, 113
Bucculatrix, genus; Appie-leaf, Birch-leaf,
canadensiseha, curvilincatella, pomitoli-
ella, pomonella, 431

Buck-moth, 01; Nevada, 92; Tricolor, 93
Budgeon, Miss, Acheta Domestica, quoted,
375

bulTaloensis, Haemorrhagia, 63
bullula, Pteraetholix, 243
burgessi, Hadena, 168
Busck, A., 38
Butler, A. G., 30
“ Butterfly Book, The,” 4
Byron, quoted, 309

c

Caberodes, genus; amyrisaria, arburaria,
confusaria, floridaria, imbraria, ineffusaria,
interlinearia, majoraria, myandaria, pan-
daria, phasianaria, remissaria, superaria,
varadaria, 352

Cable, G. W., quoted, 80; 314
cacuminalis, Hypenula, 283
cadaverosa, Hypoprepia, 106
cadmia, Cargida, 300
caducalis, Bomolocha, 286
caeca, Turuptiana, 121
caelaria, Xanthotype, 349
Caenurgia, genus; adversa, convalescens,
purgata, socors, 257
caerulea, Drasteria, 257
caesonia, Tortricidia, 368
cahiritella, Ephestia, 414
caia, Arctia, 134
caicus, Erinnyis, 60
calaminea, Ophideres, 276
calasymbolus, genus, 55; astylus, excaecatus,
integerrima, io, myops, pavonina, rosace-
arum, 56

Calesesia, genus; coccinea, 387
calgary, Noctua, 184

Calidota, genus; cubensis, laqueata, muri-
color. Streaked, strigosa, 139
calif omiae, Leptarctia, 121
califommria, Eois, 336; Platea, 342
californiata, Eois, 336; Euchoeca, 328;
Philereme, 329

californica, Catocala, 263; Estigmene, 123;
Hemileuca, 92; Malacosoma, 313; Orrhodia,
218; Pheosia, 295; Phryganidia, 291;
Sarnia, 84

californicus, Melicleptria, 230
Calledapteryx, genus; dryopterata, erosiata
356

calleta, Callosamia, 86
callitrichoides, Phiprosopus 245
Callizia, genus, 356
Callopistria, genus; floridensis, 252
Callosamia, genus, 84; angulifera, calleta,
86; promethea, 84

Calocampa, genus, 207; curvimacula, nupera,
208

Calophasia, genus; strigata, 170
Calpe, genus; canadensis, Canadian, pur-
purascens, sobria, 236
calvina, Almodes, 334
Calymnia, genus; canescens, orina, 219
cambrica, Venusia, 328
‘‘Cambridge Natural History,” 17
campestris, Euxoa, 189

Campometra, genus; amelia, integerrima,
mima, stylobata, 276

cana, Clemensia, 108; Dasylophia, 296;

Hemerocampa, 306; Lapara, 53
canadaria, Melanolophia, 344
canadensis, Calpe, 236; Celerio, 76; Hyloicus

canadensisella, Bucculatrix, 431
canalis, Antiblemma. 273
Canarsia, genus; hammondi, 41 1
candens, Orthodes, 203
canescens, Calymnia, 219
Canidia, genus; scissa, 226
caniplaga, Ellida, 300

Canker-worm, The Fall, 326; The Spring, 324

canning!, Philosamia,- 82

Capis, genus; curvata, 28.3

Capnodes, genus; punctivena, 277

caprotina, Estigmene, 123

capsella, Graphiphora, 204

capticola, Syneda, 259

Capture of specimens, 19

cara, Catocala, 148, 263

Caradrina, genus; bilunata, 164; civica
conviva, extimia, 165; fidicularia, meralis,
multifera, 164; punctivena, rufostriga,
spilomela, 165
caradrinalis, Bleptina, 283
Carama, genus; cretata, pura, 368
carbonaria, Eurycyttarus, 362; Homoglar:
219

Cargida, genus; cadmia, obliquilinea. 3c
pyrrha, 301
Carica, 58
caricae, Cocytius, 44
Carina, Acopa, 163

Caripeta, genus; albopunctata, angustiorata
divisata, piniaria, 342
Carlyle, Thomas, quoted, 210
Carmen, Felix, quoted, 427
carnaria, Metanema, 351
Carnegie. Andrew, Dedication to, v
Cameades, genus, 188
cameola, Eustrotia, 247

Carolina, Catocala, 261; Eucereon, 100.
Haploa, 1 18; Protoparce, 45

4.S

Index

Carpenter-worms, 375
Carpet-moth, The, 434
carpinifolia, Epicnaptera, 314
Carter, Sir Gilbert T., 54
caryae, Halisidota, 138
Case-bearer, The Walnut, 408
casta, Crambidia, 104
castellalis, Samea, 393
Castniidas, 3, 4

Catabena, genus; Hneolata, miscellus, 163
Catalogues and Lists, 29
catalpae, Ceratomia, 48
cataphracta, Papaipema, 214
catenaria, Cingilia, 347

Caterpillars, 6 ; Coloration of, 9 ; gregarious, 9
catharina, Semiophora, 180
Catocala, genus, 79, 147, 148, 260; abbrevia-
tella, 268; adoptiva, 267; agrippina, 260;
aholah, 268; aholibah, 265; alabam®, 269;
amasia, 268; amatrix, 263; arnica, 269
andromache, 267; angusi, 262; antinympha,
267; augusta, 264; aurella, 266; babayaga,
263; badia, 267; basalis, 261, 268; bianca,
262; briseis, 264; californica, cara, 263;
Carolina, 261; celia, 265; cerogama, 266;
Cleopatra, 263; coccinata, 263; coelebs,
268; concumbens, 263; consors, 266;
cratsgi, 268; dejecta, 261; delilah, 267;
desdemona, 267; desperata, 261; eliza,
266; epione, 260; evehna, 261; faustina,
264; flebilis, 262; formula, 268; fratercula,
gisela, gracilis, 269; groteiana, 264; grynea,
269; guenei, 261 ; _ habilis, 268; hermia,
264; hinda, 266; ilia, 265; illecta, 267;
innubens, 265; insolabilis, 262; jaquenetta,
269; judith, 262; lacrymosa, 261; lineella,
269; luciana, 263; maestosa, 261; magdalena,
267; marmorata, 263; meskei, 264; minuta,
269; mopsa, 265; muliercula, 267; nebraskas,
263; nebulosa, neogama, 266; nerissa,
269; nurus, 263; obscura, 262; olivia, 269;
osculata, 265; palsogama, 266; parta,
264; paulina, 261; phalanga, piatrix, 266;
polygama, 268; praeclara, 269; pura, 264;
relicta, retecta, robinsoni, 262; rosalinda,
268; sappho, 260: scintillans, 266; serena,
267; simiUs, 268; somnus, stretchi, 263;
subnata, 266; subviridis, 261; tristis, 262;
ultronia, 265; unijuga, 264; uxor, verril-
liana, 265; vidua, viduata, 261; whitneyi,
268

Catopyrrha, genus; accessana_, atropunctaria,
coloraria, cruentaria, dissimilaria, 342
caudata, Alcothoe, 382
cautella, Ephestia, 414
Cautethia, genus, 61; grotei, 61
ceanothi, Sarnia, 84
Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, 84
cecropia, Sarnia, 83, 84

Celama, genus; nigrofasciata, obaurata,
pustulata, sexmaculata, trinotata, trique-
trana, 357

Celerio, genus, 75; canadensis, chamaenerii,
daucus, epilobii, galii, intermedia, lineata
oxybaphi, 76
celeus, Protoparce, 45
celia, Catocala, 265

Celiptera, genus; discissa, elongatus, frustu-
lum, 27.3

Cenopis, genus; groteana, pettitana, 422
centerensis, Cossus, 377

cephalica, Crambidia, 104; Stylopoda, 229
cephise, Melanchroia, 354
ceramica, Apantesis, 132
Cerapoda, genus; stylata, 177
cerasivorana, Archips, 422
Cerathosia, genus; tricolor, 253

Ceratocampidae, Family, 24, 31, 70, 80, 94
Ceratomia, genus, 47; amyntor, 47; brontes
48; catalpae, 48; quadricornis, 47;repenti
nus, 48; ulmi, 47; undulosa, 48
Cercis, 369

cereana. Galleria, 406

cerella. Galleria, 406

cerintha, Chamyris, 250

Cerisyi, Sphinx, 54

cerivana, Hadena, 168

Cerma, genus; cora, festa, 161

cerogama, Catocala, 266

ceromatica, Scopelosoma, 218

cerussata, Papaipema, 214; Phrygionis, 354

Cerura, genus; multiscripta, scitiscripta, 209

cervina, Euherrichia, 253

ceto, Melittia, 380

Chalcosiidae, Family, 373

chamsnerii, Celerio, 76

Chambers, V. T., 37

Chamyris, genus; cerintha, 250

chandleri, Oncocnemis, 176

Chapman, T. A., 8

characta, Hadena, 167

Charadra, genus; circulifer, contigua, 152,
decora, 153; deridens, 132; dispulsa,
fclina, 153; illudens, pythion, 132
chenqpodii, Mamestra, 193
chersis, Hyloicus, 30
chionanthi, Adita, 177; Protoparce, 43
Chionanthus, 46, 51
chiridota, Lacosoma, 359
Chlsenogramma, Genus, 46; jasminearum
rotundata, 46

Chloraspilates, genus; arizonaria, bicolor-
aria, 338

Chloridea, genus; rhexiae, spectanda, vire-
scens, 222
chloris, Euclea, 363

Chlorochlamys, genus; chloroleucaria, den-
saria, deprivata, indiscriminaria, 336
chloroleucaria, Chlorochlamys, 336
chlorostigma, Hadena, 168
Choephora, genus; fungorum, 216
choerilus, Darapsa, 68
Choerocampinae, Subfamily, 73
choriona, Holomelina, 116
Chorizagrotis, genus; balanitis, inconcinna
introferens, 183
Chrysauginae, Subfamily, 401
chrysellus, Schinia, 227
chrysorrhcea, Euproctis, 309
Chytolita, genus; morbidalis, 282
Chytonix, genus; iaspis, palliatricula, 161
cibalis, Oncocnemis, 176
Cicinnus, genus; egenaria, melsheimeri, 339
Cilia, genus; distema, 244
cimbiciformis, Hsmorrhagia, 63
Cindaphia, genus; amiculatalis, bicoloralis,
incensalis, Julialis, pulchripictalis, 397
cinerascens. Heterocampa, 297
cinerea, Epidemas, 170; Harpyia, 299;

Misogada, 297; Xylina, 206
cinereofrons, Schizura, 298
cinereola, Ogdoconta, 241; Selicanis, 216
cinereomaculata, Euxoa, 190
cinereus, Prodoxus, 441
cinerosa, Erinnyis, 39

Cingilia, genus; catenaria, humeralis, 347
cingulata, Herse, 43
cingulifera, Homoptera, 278
cinis, Melipotis, 238
cinnamomea, Emilia, 137; Olene, 308
circulifer, Charadra, 132
Ciris, genus; wilsoni, 233
Cirrhobolina, genus; deducta, incandescens,
pavitensis, mexicana, 259

452

Index*

Cirrhophanus, genus; triangulifer, 234
Cissusa, genus; inepta, morbosa, sabulosa,
spadix, Vegeta, 256
Cisthene lactea, loS

Citheronia, genus; mexicana, regalis, regia,
sepulchralis, 97
citrina, Xanthotype, 349
citronellus, Rhodophora, 224
civica, Caradrina, 165

Cladora, genus; atroiiturata, geminata, 324
clandestina, Gluphisia, 300; Noctua, 184
clappiana, Gnophssla, 290
clarkiae, Proserpinus, 73
clarus, Comacla, 107
Classification of moths, 22
claudens, Hadena, 167
clavana, Eucosma, 418
claviform spot, 18
claviformis, Pachnobia, t8o
claviplena, Mamestra, 192
Clearwing, Bruce’s, 64; Californian, 64;
Graceful, 63; Humming-bird, 62; Snow-
berry, 63; Thetis, 64
clemataria, Abbotana, 353
Clematis, 382

Clemens, Brackenridge, 28, 30, 37
Clemensia, genus; albata, albida, cana,
irrorata, patella, philodina, umbrata, 108
Cleopatra, Catocala, 263

Cleora, genus; atrifasciata, collecta, fraudu-
lentaria, frugallaria, pampinaria, sublu-
naria, tinctaria, 344
Cleosiris, genus; populi, 205
clientis, Yrias, 277
Clio, Euvema, 133
cloniasalis, Bleptina, 283
clorinda, Darapsa, 68
Clothes-moth, The, 432, 434
clotho, Pholus, 67
Clover-hay Worm, The, 399
clymene, Haploa, 118
c-nigrum, Noctua, 183
cnotus, Darapsa, 68
coa, Pinconia, 369
coagulata, Tephroclystis, 328
coccinata, Catocala, 149, 265
coccinea, Calesesia, 387, Ptychoglene, no
coccineifascia, Prothymia, 248
Cochlidiidae, Family, 8, 9, 25, 35, 364
Cochlidion, genus; biguttata, rectilinea
tetraspilaris, y-inversa, 367
cochrani, Euxoa, 189

Cocytius, gemis, 44; anonae; antaeus; caricas;

hydaspus; jatrophae; medor; tapayusa, 44
Codd ling-moth. The, 419
coelebs, Apantesis, 130; Catocala, 268
C;Bnocalpe, genus, costinotata, fervifactaria,
gibbocostata, osneiformis, strigularia, 332
cognata, Xylomiges, 197
cognataria, Lycia, 345
Collar lappet, 18
coliaris, Noctua, 184
collecta, Cleora, 344
colona, Haploa, 118
colorada, . Arsilonche, 159
coloradaria, Epiplatymetra, 351
coloradensis, Prodoxus, 440; Raphia 153
Coloradia, genus, 90, 91; pandora, 91
coloradus, Hyloicus, 52
ooloraria, Catopywha, 342
colorata, Apantesis, 132
Columbia, Sarnia, 84

Comacla, genus; clarus, fuscipes, murina,
simplex, texana, 107
comma, Haploa, ii8
commelinre, Prodenia, 174
commoides, Heiiophila, 203

Commophila, genus; m.acrocarpana, 423
complicata, Apantesis, 13 1; Heiiophila, 201
Composia, genus; fidelissima, olympia, 289
Compositae, loi, 252
compressipalpis, Plusiodonta, 235
compta, Atteva, 424
comptana, Ancylis, 419
cnmptaria, Venusia, 328
Comstock, J. H., 29
comstocki, Momophana, 172
conchiformis, Behrensia, 241
Conchylodes, genus; concinnalis, erinalis
magicalis, ovulalis, platinalis, 393
concinna, Schizura, 298
concinnalis, Conchylodes, 393
concinnimacula, Eustrotia, 247
concisa, Epizeuxis, 280
concisaria, Euchlaena, 350
concumbens, Catocala, 263
concursana, Platynota, 422
condensata, Venusia, 328
confederata, Eurycyttarus, 363
confine, Eucereon, 100
conflexana, Ancylis, 419
confluens Graphiphora, 204
confusa, Haploa, 119; Morrisonia, 197
confusaria, Caberodes, 352
congermana, Mamestra, 193
congrua, Estigmene, 123

coniferarum, Hyloicus, 52; Lapara S3:

Thyridopteryx, 361
Coniodes, genus; plumigeraria, 345
conjungens, Crambodes, 163
connecta, Apatela, 156
consecutaria, Eois, 335
consepta, Macaria, 340
Conservula, genus; anodonta, 215
consimilis, Synanthedon, 385
consita, Haploa, n8
censors, Catocala, 266
Consort, The, 266

conspicua, Drasteria, 257; Fladena i68'
Roeselia, 358
conspecta, Schizura, 298
constipata, Mamestra, 195
contenta, Hadena, 169
contexta, Euchalcia, 237
contigua, Charadra, 152; Haploa, 119
contingens, Sabulodes, 353
continua, Gnophsela, 290
contracta, Homopyralis, 256; Schinia 228
contrahens, Himella, 204
contraria, Hyppa, 171; Mamestra, 193
contribuaria, Melanolophia, 344
convalescens, Caenurgia, 257
convexipennis, Cucullia, 208
conviva, Caradrina, 165
Convolvulaceae, 99
convolvuli, Herse, 43
coortaria, Cymatophora, 341
copablepharon, genus; album, grandis lon-
gipenne, 222

Copibryophila, genus; angelica, 162
Copicucullia, genus; propinqua, 208
Copidryas, genus, 141; cosyra, 142; gloveri
141 .

Copipanolis, genus; cubilis, 177
Coquillet, D. W., 346
cora, Lerma, 161
coracias, Pseudanthracia, 278
cordigera, Anarta, 198
Comifrons, genus; simalis, 399
Corn-stalk Borer, The Larger, 403
comuta, Metalepsis, 181
coroharia, Automeris, 89
Cortissoz, Ellen Mackay Hutchinson, quoted,
310

453

Index

Cosmia, genus; discolor, infumata, paleacea,
217

Cosmosoma, genus; auge, melitta, omphale,
98

Cossids, Family, 25, 35, 37s
Cossula, genus; magnifica, norax, 379
Cossus, genus; brucei, centerensis, undosus,
377

costsemaculalis, Noctuelia, 399
costalis, Hypsopygia, 399
costinotata, Coenocalpe, 332
Cosymbia, genus; lumenaria. pendulinaria
quadriannulata, 333
cosyra, Copidryas, 142
Cotton-worm, 243
Cowper, quoted, 369
Coxa, 14 IS

crabroniformis, ^geria, 383
Crambidia, genus ; allegheniensis, casta
cephalica, litbosioides, pallida, uniformis,
104

Crambinae, Subfamily, 402
Crambodes, genus; conjungens, talidiformis
163

Crambus, genus; &lboc!avellus, 402; bili-
turellus, 403; bipunctellus, 402; exsiccatus,
interminellus, 403; laqueatellus, semi-
fusellus, 402; trisectus, 403; turbatellus
402

crameri, Erinnyis, 59; Pachylia, 60
crantor, Pholus, 66
crassatus, Plathypena, 287
crassipes, Podagra, 178
crassiuscula, Drasteria, 257
crataegi, Catocala, 268
Crataegus, 62
crenulata, Orthodes, 203
crepuscularia, Ectropis, 344
cressonana, Ctenucha, 102
Cressonia, genus, 57; instabilis, juglandis
pallens, robinsoni, 57
cretata, Carama, 368
crinella, Tineola, 432
Grinodes, genus; beskei, 301
crispata, Lagoa, 369
crocallata. Tetrads, 353
crocataria, Xanthotype, 349
crocea, Pseudanarta, 175
Crocigrapha, genus; normani, 204
Crocota, genus, 115
croesus, Xylophanes, 75

crotchi, Pseudalypia, 232; Trichosellus, 226
Croton, 417

crucialis, Xylomiges, 197
Cruciferae, 239
cruentaria, Catopyrrha, 342
crustaria, Pseudacontia, 225
Ctenucha, genus, loi; brunnea, cressonana,
latreillana, multifaria, rubroscapus, 102;
venosa, iqi; virginica, walsinghami, 102
cubensis, CaUdota, 139
cubilis, Copipanolis, 177
cuculifera, Dasylophia, 296
Cucullia, genus; Asteroid, asteroides. Brown-
bordered, convexipennis, intermedia. Inter-
mediate, speyeri, Speyer’s, 208
cucurbitae, MeUttia, 380
culea, Graphiphora, 204
culta, Autographa, 238
cumatilis, Schinia, 227
cunea, Hyphantria, 123
cupes, Trichosellus, 226
cupida, Rhynchagrotis, 178
Cupid’s Candle, 427
cupressi, Isoparce, 48
Cupuliferae, 366
curialis, Barathra, 196

curta, Anarta, 199

curvata, Capis, 285

curvilineatella, Bucculatrix, 431

curvimacula, Calocampa, 208

Custard-apple, 236

custodiata, Hydriomena, 331

Cyathissa, genus; Darling, pallida, percara 161

cycladata, Heliomata, 338

Cydia, genus- pomonella, 419; saltitans, 418

Cydosia, genus; aurivitta, imitella, majuscuia,

^ 253 ,

Cymatophora, genus; amusana, annisaria,
340; argillacearia, coortaria, 341; gross-a-
lariata, 340; inceptaria, modestaria, perar-
cuata, 341; ribearia, sigmaria, 340; succes-
saria, tenebrosata, 341
cymatophoroides, Pseudothyatira, 304
cynica, Orthodes, 203
Cynthia Philosamia, 81, 82

D

dactylina, Apatela, 153
daedalus, Porosagrotis, 187
Dagger (Dagger-moth), American, 153;
Burglar, 157; Chieftain, Connected, 156;
Cottonwood, 154; Darkish, Dart, 155;
Delightful, 156; Fingered, 153; Forked,
15s; Fragile, 156; Frosty, 157; Gray, 156;
Interrupted, Lobelia, 155; Lupine, 159;
Printed, 157; Quadrate, 156; Reddish-white,
Smeared, 157; Streaked, 156; Unmarked,
iSS; White-veined, 159; Yellow-haired, 157
Dahana, genus; atripennis, 103
Dahlia hesperioides, 3
dahurica, Apantesis, 131
Dalceridse, Family, 25, 35, 369
Dalcerides, genus; ingenita, 369
dama, Spragueia, 252
damalis, Eutolype, 177
damnosalis, Bomolocha, 286
danbyi, Gluphisia, 300
Dandy, The, 153

Darapsa, genus,- 68; azaleas, choerilus, clo-
rinda, cnotus, myron, pampinatrix, pholus
68; versicolor, 69
Dargida, genus; procinctus, 196
Daritis, genus; thetis, 289
Dark, World of the, 77

Dart (Dart-moth), Acorn, 185; Added, 187;
Basal, 189; Black-fronted, 180; Black-
girdled, 184; Black-letter, 183; Calgary,
184; Catocaline, 178; Clandestine, Collared,
184; Dasdalus, 187; Dappled, 179; Disso-
nant, 189; Fillet, 190; Finland, 183;
Flame-shouldered, 184; Fleece-winged,
Four-toothed, 188; Furtive, 190; Fuscous,
187; Great Black, Great Brown, Great
Gray, 182; Greater Red, Green-winged,
179; Havilah, 184; Inelegant, Interfering,
185; Lesser Red, 178; Masters, 186; Muddy,
189; Norman’s, 183; Obelisk, 190; Old Man,
187; Olive, 188; Pale-banded, 181; Pale-
winged, 1S3; Parental, 190; Pink-speckled,
18s; Placid, 178; Polished, 188; Rascal,
187; Reaper, 188; Red-breasted, 178;
Reddish-speckled, 180; Riley’s, 187; Rosy,
183; Rubbed, 188; Scribbled, 184; Short-
winged, 188; Sigmoid, 179; Silly, 189;
Slippery, 185; Smaller Pinkish, 183;
Soothsayer, 184; Subgothic, Swordsman,
186; Tessellate, Tippling, 189; Tripart, 187;
Two-spot, 179; Uncivil, 183; Vancouver,
186; Variable, 180; Venerable, Voluble,
186, White-winged, 189; Yellow-bellied,
190; Yellow-streaked, 184; Yellow-toothed,
188; Ypsilon, 1 82

454

Indes

Darwin, quoted, 150
Dasyfidonia, genus; avuncularia, 338
Dasylophia. genus; anguina, cana, cuculi-
fera, interna, punctata, signata, thyatiroi-
des, tripartita, 296

Dasyspoudasa, genus; lucens, meadi, 228
Datana, genus; angusi, 293; integerrima,
294; ministra, 293; perspicua, 294
daucus, Celerio, 76
davisi, Halisidota, 137
dayi, Oncocnemis, 176
Day-sphinx, White-banded, 62
decepta, Pseudoglaea, 216
deceptalis, Bomolocha, 286
decernens, Feltia, 187
decia, Leptarctia, 121

decipiens, Malacosoma, 312; Prodoxus, 438;
Zeuzera, 376

decisaria, Euchlaena, 350
declarata, Euxoa, 189
decliva, Epigleea, 219
decolor, Euxoa, 189
decolora, Herse, 43
decolorata, Apantesis, 132
decora, Charadra, 153
decoraHs, Pangrapta, 254
deducta, Cirrhobolina, 250
deductaria Euchtena, 350
definita, Hemerocampa, 308
deflorata, Ecpantheria, 120
defluata, Apaecasia, 342
Deidamia, genus, 71; inscriptum, 71
Deilinea, genus, 338; behrensaria, 339; in-
tentata, variolaria, 338
dejecta, Catocala, 261
delecta, Tarache, 251
deleta, Epiglaea, 219
delicata. Trachea, 172
delilah, Catocala, 267
delinquens, Epidroma, 274
delphinii, Euclea, 365

Demas, genus; Close-banded, propinquilinea,
152

demissa, Mamestra, 194
densa, Bellura, 21 1
densaria, Chlorochlamys, 336
dentata, Apharetra, 158; Gloveria, 311
denticulalis, Epizeuxis, 281
dentifera, Eutelia, 242
denudata, Pseudohazis, 93
deplanaria, Euchlaena, 350
depontanata, Sabulodes, 353
Depressaria, genus; heracliana, heraclei,
ontariella, pastinacella, umbellana, uin-
bellella, 428

deprivata, Chlorochlamys, 336
deridens, Charadra, 152
Derrima; genus; henrietta, stellata, 224
descherei, Pheosia, 295
desdemona, Catocala, 267
deserta, IlUce, no
designalis, Agathodes, 393
dasignata, Gypsochroa, 332; Schinia, 228
Desmia, genus, funeralis, 392
desperata, Alypia, 144; Catocala, 261;
Mamestra, 193

Destruction of insects by electric lights, 95

destructor, Tineola, 432

desuetella, Ephestia, 414

determinata, Apantesis, 132; Metanema, 351

detersa, Euxoa, 188

detracta, Mamestra, 192

detrahens, Trama, 276

Deva, genus, 236

devastatrix, Hadena, 169

devergens, Simgrapha, 240

devia, Scopelosoma, 218

Diacrisia, genus, 114, 127: bicolor, 128;
fumosa, 127: latipennis, proba, punctataj
pteridis. Red-legged, rubra, Ruddy, rufula,
vagans, 128; virginica, 127: "Wandering, 128
Diallagma, genus, lutea, 24s
Diastema, genus; lineata, tigris, 241
Diastictis, genus; fracturaUs, 393
Diatrsa, genus; crambidoides, leucaniellus,
lineosellus, obUteratellus, saccharalis, 403
Dictyosoma, genus, 48; elsa, 49
Didasys, genus; belae, 99
diecki, Apantesis, 132
Diervilla, 63

difiascialis, Zinckenia, 392

difRnis, Haemorrhagia, 63

diffissa, Pyrausta, 398

digitalis, Anchocelis, 216

Dilophonota, genus, 60

dilucidula, Semiophora, iSo

dimidiata, Antaplaga, 220; Leptarctia, 121;

Pheosia, 295; Pyromorpha, 371
diminutiva, Heliaca, 231; Holomelina, 116
dimmocki, Mamestra, 193
dione, Apantesis, 130
Dioptidae, Family, 25, 33, 291
Diospyros, 87, 382
Diphthera, genus; fallax, 160
diphtheroides, Microcoelia, 160
dipsaci, Alypia, 143
Dipterygia, genus, scabriuscula, 173
Dircetis, genus; pygmaea, 284
dis, Grotella, 220
Discal mark, 18
discissa, Celiptera, 27s
discistriga, Platyperigea, 164
disci varia, Parastichtis, 217
discolor, Cosmia, 217
discolorahs, Renia, 283
discopilata, Eufidonia, 337
discors, Hadena, 168
discreta, Gnophaela, 290
disertaUs, Samea, 393
dispar, Porthetria, 308
disparata, Alypia, 143, 144
displiciens, Euxoa, 189
disposita, Xylina, 206
dispulsa, Charadra, 153
disserptaria, Epimecis, 344
dissidens, Magusa, 17s
dissimilaria, Catopyrrha, 342
dissona, Euxoa, 189
disstria Malacosoma, 313
distema. Cilia, 244
distigma, Adelocephala, 96
distigmana, Eucosma, 418
diva, Annaphila, 246
divaricata, Magusa, 17s

divergens, Lithacodes, 367; Schinia, 328;

Syneda, 259: Syngrapha, 240
diversihneata, Eustroma, 329; Polia, 171
divida, Magusa, 17s
d'lvisa, Doryodes, 243
divisata, Caripeta, 342
Doa, genus ; ampla, 309
docta, Apantesis, 13 1
dodgei, Apantesis, 132; Mamestra, 19S
Dodia, genus; albertae, 117
Dolba, genus, 46; hylaeus, 46
Doll, Jacob, ix, 49
dolli, Hyloicus, 52
dolosa, Xylomiges, 197
domingonis, Ennnyis, 59
dominicata, Palindra, 273
doris, Apantesis, 130
dorsisignatana, Eucosma, 418
Doryodes, genus; acutaria, bistriaris, divisa,
promptella, 245 .

4SS

Index

doubledayi, Baileya, 162
Double mount, 21

Drasteria, genus; agricola, aquamarina,
Cierulea, conspicua, crassiuscula, erechtea,
erichto, mundula, narrata, patibilis, sobria,

Drepana, genus; arcuata, fabula, genicula,
321

Dried-currant Moth, The, 414
Druce, Herbert, 29
drupacearum, Malacosoina, 313
drupiferarum, Hyloicus, 52
drureei, Herse, 43

Dryobota, genus; illocata, stigmata. Wander-
ing, 171

dryopterata, Calledapteryx, 356
duaria, Gonodontis, 350
dubia, Estigmene, 123
dubiella. Tinea, 433
dubitans, Hadena, 168
dubitata, Triphosa, 331
ducta, Hadena, 169
dulcearm, Platea, 343
dunbari, Litholomia, 207
duodecimlineata, Venusia, 328
duplicata, Sciagraphia, 339
Dyar, Harrison G., ix, 23, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35,
38

dyari, Haploa, 118
dyaus, Autographa, 238
Dysocnemis, genus; belladonna, 229
Dysodia, genus, 374; aurea, 375; Eyed, 374:
fasciata, montana, oculatana, 374; plena,
375

dysptsrana, Meskea, 375
DyspteridinE, Subfamily, 323
Dyspteris, genus: abortivaria, 323

E

eavesi, Kodicsoma, 133
ecclesialis, Samea, 393
Ecdytolopha, genus; insiticiana, 419
echinocystis, Autographa, 238
echo, Seirarctia, 122

Ecpantheria, genus; defiorata, muzina, scri-
bonia, 120

Ectropis, genus; crepuscularia, 344
Ectypia, genus; bivittata, nigrofiava. Two-
banded, 133

edictalis, Bomolocha, 286
edmandsi, Schizura, 298
eductalis, Lomanaltes, 283
edusa, Homoptsra, 278

edwardsi, Alypia, 143; Apantesis, 130;
Erinnyis, 58; Heraihyalea, 138; Lymire,
100; Syneda, 260
effectaria, Euchlaena, 350
efficitalis, Pyrausta, 398
effusalis, Epizeuxis, 280
egena, Autographa, 238
egenaria, Cicinnus, 359
Eggs, of moths, 4, s
eglanterina, Pseudohazis, 93
egle, Euchaetias, 135
eglenensis, Pareuchaetes, 134
Elachistidae, Family, 26, 430
electra, Hemileuca, 91
elegans, Odontosia, 294; Pygarctia, 136
elegantalis, Pangrapta, 234
elimata, Semiophora, 180
Eliot, George, quoted, 417
eliza, Catocala, 266

Ellida, genus; caniplaga, gelida, transversata,
300

ello, Erinnyis, 38
elongata, Tephroclystis, 328

elongatus, Celiptera, 275
elsa, Dictyosoma, 4q
emargataria, Plagodis, 349
Emerson, R. W., quoted, 41, 98, 288, 291,
391

emphytiformis, Gaea, 38 1
Enarmonia sebastianss, 418
End of Ail, 443
endropiaria, Therina, 347
Enemera, genus; jutumaria, 342
enervis, Orthodes, 203
enotata, Philobia, 339
Enghsh sparrow, 93
enhydris, Hexeris, 375
Ennominae, Subfamily, 337
Ennomos, genus ; alniaria, autumnaria, lutaria,
magnarius, niveosericeata, subsignarius,
348

ennucleata, Synelys, 333
enthea, Fishea, 170

Eois, genus, 334; californiaria, califomiata,
336; consecutaria, inductata, ossularia,
333 ; pacificaria, 336; ptelearia, 334;
sideraria, 336; sobria, suppressaria, 333
Eosphoropteryx, genus; thyatiroides, 237
Epagoge, genus; tunicana, 421
Epelis, genus; faxoni, truncataria, 337
ephemeraeformis, Thyridopteryx, 361
Ephestia, genus, 412; cahiritella, cautella,
desuetella, 414; gitonella, kuehniella, 412;
pasulella, 414
ephippiatus, Sibine, 364
ephyrata, Syssaura, 35? .

Epicnaptera, genus; americana, carpinifolia,
occidentis, 314

Epidemas, genus; cinerea, 170
Epidroma, genus; delinquens, 274
Epiglasa, genus; decliva, deleta, pastillicans,
219

epilais, Syntomeida, 99
epilobii, Celerio, 76

Epimecis, genus; amplaria, disserptaria,
hortaria, liriodendrana, virginaria, 344
epimenis, Psychomorpha, 232
epione, Catocala, 260
epionoides, Pangrapta, 234
Epipaschiinae, Subfamily, 407
Epiplatymetra, genus; coloradaria, 331
Epiplemidae, Family, 23, 34, 356
Epipyropidffi, Family, 23, 35, 370
Epipyrops, genus, barberiana, 370
Epistor, genus, 61; fegeus, luctuosus, lugu-
bris, 61

Epizeuxis, genus; aemula, americalis, concisa,
280; denticulalis, 281; effusalis, herrain-
ioides, lubricalis, mollifera, phasalis, 280;
scobialis, 281; scriptipennis, surrectalis,
280

Erannis, genus; tiliaria, 347
Erastria, genus; amaturaria, 333
erastrioides, Tarache, 231
Erebus, genus; agarista, odora, 279
erechtea, Drasteria, 237
erecta, Mamestra, 195
erectalis, Plathypena, 287
eremiata, Macana, 339
eremitoides, Hyloicus, 49
eremitus, Hyloicus, 49
erichto, Drasteria, 257

Erinnyis, genus, 57, 38; alope, 38; caicus, 60;
cinerosa, crameri, domingonis, 39; ed-
wardsi, ello, fasciata, 58; festa, 39, flavicans,
janiphae, lassauxi, 38; melancholica, 59;
merians, 38, 39; obscura, oenotrus, pal-
lida, penaeus, picta, phalaris, piperis,
rhoebus, rustics, 59
Eriocephala, genus, 444

456

Index

erinalis, Conchylodea, 393
Eriocephalidas, 8

erosa, Anomis, 244; Malacosoma, 313

erosiata, Calledapteryx, 356

erosnealis, Pyrausta, 398

erratica, Abagrotis, 180

errato, Euproserpinus, 74

erycata, Sylectra, 254

eson, Xylophanes, 75

Estigmene, genus, 122; acr?ea, 122, 123;

albida, 122; antigone, athena, califomica,
caprotina, congrua, dubia, klagcsi, men-
thastrina, mexicana, packardi, 123; prima,
122: pseuderminea, rickseckeri, White-
bodied, 123

etolus, Haemorrhagia, 62
Eubaphe, genus, 115
Eucalyptera, genus; strigata, 244
Eucereon, genus, Carolina, confine, Floridan,
100

Euchaetias, genus; albicosta, antica, bolteri,
egle. Mouse-colored, murina, Oregon,
oregonensis, perlevis, pudens, 135
Euchalcia, genus; contexta, festucae, put-
nami, striatella, venusta, 237
Euchlaena, genus; amcenaria, arefactaria,
astylusaria, concisaria, decisaria, dcduc-
taria, _ deplanaria, effectaria, madusaria,
muzaria, obtusaria, oponearia, pectinaria,
propriaria, serrata, serrataria, vinosaria,

350

Euchceca, genus; albovittata, californiata,
328; lucata, 329; propriaria, reciprocata
328

Eucirroedia, genus; pampina, 215
Euclea, genus; argentatus, chloris, delphinii,
ferruginea, fraterna, indetermina, monitor,
nana, nanina, psnulata, quercicola, stri-
gata, tardigrada, vemata, viridiclava,
viridis, 365

EucKdia, genus, 257; cuspidea, intercalaris,
258

Eucoptocnemis, genus; fimbriaris, obvia, 190
Eucosma, genus; afiusana, clavana, distig-
mana, dorsisignatana, graduatana, salig-
neana, scudderiana, similana, 418
Eucrostis, genus, gratata, incertata, oporaria,

336

Eucymatoge, genus; impleta, indoctrinata,
intestinata, 328

EudeiUnea, genus; herminiata, 320
Eudule, genus; biseriata, mendica. Plain-
colored, unicolor, 327

Eueretagrotis, genus; perattenta, sigmoides,
179

Euerythra, genus; phasma, trimaculata; 120
Eufidorua, genus; bicolorata, discnpilata,
fidoniata, notataria, quadripunctaria, 337
Eugenia, buxifolia, procera, 140
Eugonobapta, genus; nivosaria, nivosata, 348
Euhagena, genus; nebraskae, 381
Euharveya, genus, 219

Euherrichia, genus; cervina, granitosa, gran-
itosa, mollissima, rubicunda, 253
Euhyparpax, genus; rosea, 298
Eulia, genus; alisellana, 423
Eumestleta, genus; fiammicincta, patruelis,
patula, 249

Eunystalea, genus; indiana, 295
euonymella, Yponomeuta, 423
Euonymus, 157

Eupanychis, genus; hirtella, spinosae, 226
Euparthenos, genus; nubilis, 272
eupatorii, Synanthedon, 385
Euphanessa, genus, 327
euphcesalis, Pyrausta, 397
Euplexia, genus; lucipara, 172

Eupolia, genus; licentiosa, 199
Euproctis, genus; chrysorrhoea, 309
Euproserpinus, genus, 74; errato, euterpe,
phaeton, 74

Eupseudomorpha, genus; brillians, 231
Eupseudosoma, genus; fioridum, immaculata,
involutum, nivea. Snowy, 139
euryalus, Sarnia, 84

Eurycyttarus, genus; carbonaria, 362; con-
federata, 363
EuschemonidjE, 3
Eustixia, genus; pupula, 398
Eustroma, genus; atrocolorata, diversilineata,
montanatum, prunata, ribesiaria, triangu-
latum, 329

Eustrotia, genus; albidula, apicosa, biplaga,
cameola, concinnimacula, intractabilis,
muscosula, musta, nigritula, synocliitis,
247

Eutelia, genus; dentifera, pulcherrima, 242
euterpe, Euproserpinus, 74; Syntomeida, 99
Euthisanotia, genus, 142, 232; assirailis,

grata, unio, 232

Euthyatira, genus; pennsylvanica, pudens,
304

Eutolype, genus; bombyciformis, damalis,

177

Euverna, genus; clio, 133
Euxoa, genus, 187; albipennis, atropurpurea,
basalis, 189; brevipennis, 188; campestris,
189; cinereomaculata, 190; cochrani, de-
clarata, decolor, 189; detersa, 188; dis-
pliciens, dissona, expulsa, 189; flayidens,
188; furtivus, gularis, illata, 190; insignata,
insulsa, lutulenta, maizi, 189; messoria,
188; nigripennis, 189; obeliscoide.s, ochro-
gaster, 190; olivalis, perpolita, personata,
pityochrous, quadridentata, i88; redimicu-
la, 190; repentis, 189; sexatilis, 190;
spissa, tessellata, titubatis, 189; turris,
190; velleripennis, 188; verticalis, 189
evanidalis, Hypena, 2S7
evelina, Catocala, 261
evieta, Morrisonia, 196
exaltata, Schinia, 227
excEecatus, Calasymbolus, 56
excelsa, Apantesis, 132
exitiosa, Sanninoidea, 384
expansa, Nephelodes, 199
expulsa, Euxoa, 189
expultrix, Pseudothyatira, 304
exsiccatus, Crambus, 403
exsimaria, Hyperitis, 349
exsuperata, Paraphia, 343
Exterior line, 18
externa, Galgula, 247
extimia, Caradrina, 165
extranea, Heliophila, 200
exusta, Mamestra, 193
Exuviffi, larval, 9
Exyra, genus; semicrocea, 248
Eyes; of cats, 78; of moths, 12, 18; of noc-
turnal animals, 77; of owls, 78

F

fabricii, Automeris, 89
fabula. Drepana, 321
fadus, Sesia, 62

Fagitana, genus; littera, lucidata, nivei-
costatus, obliqua, 217
Fala, genus, ptycophora, 235
Falcaria, genus; bilineata, 321
falcata, Pseudanarta, 175
fallacialis, Renia, 283
fallax, Diphthera, 160
Fall Web-worm, 133

457

Index

falsarius, Acoloithus, 371
False Indigo, 430

Families of North American moths, Key to, 24

Far out at Sea, 362

farinalis, Pyralis, 400

famhami, Mamestra, 192

“Far Out at Sea,” 363

fascialis, Pyrausta, 397; Zinckenia, 392

fasciata, Dysodia, 375; Erinnyis, 58

fasciatus, Pholus, 67

fasciola, Lithacodes, 367

fasciolaris, Melipotis, 258

fastuosa, Atteva, 424

Faunal Subregions, 387

faustina, Catocala, 264

faustinula, IlUce, 109

favorita, Apantesis, 132

faxoni, Epelis, 337

fecialis, Bomolocha, 286

fegeus, Epistor, 61

felina, Charadra, 153

Felt, E. P., 37

Feltia, genus, 186; agilis, 186; annexa,
decernens, 187; gladiaria, herilis, hortulana,
186; malefida, 187; morrisoniana, semi-
clarata, stigmosa, subgothica, vancouver-
ensis, venerabilis, volubilis, 186
Femur, 14, 15

Fenaria, genus; aedessa, longipes, sevorsa
233

fenestra, Telea, 87
Feniseca tarquinius, 6
fennica, Noctua, 183 _

Fentonia, genus; marthesia, tessella, turbida,
300

Feralia, genus; jocosa, 171
Femald, C. H., 31, 37

Femaldella, genus; fimetaria, halesaria, 337
Femaldellinas, Subfamily, 337
fernaldialis, Melitara, 410
ferox, Syntomeida, 99
ferraria, Acherdoa, 234
ferrigera, Adoneta, 365
ferruginea, Euclea, 365; Lophodonta, 295
femiginoides, Pachnobia, 180
fervidaria, Therina, 348
fervifactaria, Coenocalpe, 332
fessa, Amolita, 244
festa, Cerma, 161; Erinnyis, 59
festivoides, Oligia, 165
festucse, Euchalcia, 237
ficus, Pachylia, 60
Ficus peduncuiata, 100
fidelissima, Composia, 289
fidicularia, Caradrina, 164
fidoniata, Eufidonia, 337
figurata, Apantesis, 132
fiUmentaria, Ania, 349
Fillip, The Three-spotted, 327
fimbrialis, Hypsopygia, 399
fimbriaris, Eucoptocnemis, 190
fimetaria, Femaldella, 337
Final Goal, The, 445
fiscellaria, Therina, 348
Fishea, genus; enthea, Yosemite, yosemitas,
170

flagellum, Autographa, 238
flagitaria, Therina, 348
flammans, Ptychoglene, no
flammicincta, Eumestleta, 249
flammifera, Mesoleuca, 330
Flannel-moth, White, Yellow 369
flava, Pseudanarta, 175
flavago, Xanthia, 214
flavedana, Platynota, 422
flavescentella, Tinea, 433
flavicans, Erinnyis, 58

flavicosta, Therasea, 251
fla videos, Euxoa, 188
flavipennis, Tarache, 251
flavipes, Bembecia, 383
flavofasciata, Proserpinus, 73
flebilis, Catocala, 622
fletcheri, Xylomiges, 197
flexuosa, Raphia, 153; Tortricidia, 368
Flight, Great powers of, 67
floccalis, Pleonectyptera, 246
florida, Rhodophora, 224
floridalis, Agathodes, 393
floridana, Atteva, 424
floridaria, Caberodes, 352
floridensis, Callopistria, 252; Hsemorrhagia,
63; Sphacelodes, 354
floridum, Eupseudosoma, 139
floscularia, Plagodis, 349
Flour-moth, The, 412
fiuviata, Percnoptilota, 330
Flying Squirrels, 149
Fontaine, De La, quoted, 373
Forester, Californian, 145; Eight-spotted,
144; Langton’s, 145; MacCulloch’s, 143;
Mexican, 144; Ridings’, Two-spotted, 145:
Wittfeld’s, 144
formosa, Gluphisia, 300
formosa, Polychrysia, 236
formosalis, Nigetia, 358
formula, Catocala, 268
formula, Oreta, 321
forrigens, Phobena, 273
Fota, genus; armata, minorata, 178
f-pallida, Apantesis, 132
fractilinea, Hadena, 168
fracturalis, Diastictis, 393
fragariae, Ancylis, 419
fragilis, Apatela, 156
fratella, Autographa, 238
frater, Raphia, 153
fratercula, Catocala, 269
fraterna, Euclea, 365
fraudulentaria, Cleora, 344
Fraxinus, 46, 51
Frenulum, 16, 17
Fringes, 18

frugallaria, Cleora, 344
frugiperda, Laphygma, 174
Fruit-worm, The Gooseberry, 41 1
frustulum, Celiptera, 275
frutetorum, Malacosoma, 312
Fruva, genus; accepta, apicella, truncatula,
252

fucosa, Hypoprepia, 106
Fulgora Candelaria, 370
fuliginosa, Phragmatobia, 126
fulminans, Perigonica, 205
fultaria, Paota, 332
fulva, Kodiosoma, 133
fulvicollis. Scepsis, loi
fulvoflava, Halisidota, 138
fumalis, Pyrausta, 397
fumosa, Diacrisia, 127; Hsemorrhagia, 63
funebris, Pyrausta, 398
funeralis, Desmia, 392
funerea, Pygoctenucha, in
fungorum, Choephora, 216
furcata, Papaipema, 214
furcifera, Apatela, 155
furcilla, Argillophora, 235; Panthea, 152
Fur-^moth, The, 433
furtivus, Euxoa, 190
furvana, Archips, 422
fusca, Porosagrotis, 187
fuscalis, Phlyctsenodes, 395
fuscimacula, Oligia, 166
fuscipes, Comacla, 107

458

Index

fuscula, Roeselia, 358
fusimacula, Oxycnemis, 221
futilis, Litoorosoous, 275

Gaberasa, genus; ambigualis, bifidalis,
divisalis, 284

Gaea, genus; emphytiformis, solituda, 381
galbina, Agapema, 86

Galgula, genus; externa, hepara, partita,
subpartita, vesca, 247
galianna, Hemeroplanes, 60
galii, Celerio, 76

gallaesolidaginis, Gnorimoschema, 418, 425
Galleria, genus; cereana, cerella, mellonella,
obliquella, 406
Galleriinae, Subfamily, 405
gallivorum, Synanthedon, 387
Gall- moth. The Misnamed, 418; The Solidago,
„ 42s

Gama-grass, 405
garmani, Graphiphora, 204
Gaura biennis, 224

gaurse, Pogocolon, 72; Rhodophora, 224
razalina, genus, 305
Gelechiidae, Family, 26, 38, 424
gelida, Apantesis, 131; Ellida, 300
gelidalis, Noctuelia, 399
geminata, Cladora, 324; Tephroclystis, 328
geminatus. Sphinx, SS
gemmata, Atteva, 424
gemmatilis, Anticarsia 27s
generalis, Renia, 283
generosa, Pyrausta, 398
genicula, Drepana, 321
geniculata, Agrotis, 182
gentilis, Parastichtis, 217; Pyrausta, 397
Geometer, Crocus, 349; Dark-banded, 329;

Five-lined, 333; Harvey’s, 327; Snowy, 348
Geometers, 149

geometrica, Parasemia, 134
reometridae. Family, 7, 25, 34, 322
Geometrinae, Subfamily, 336
geometroides, Melanchroia, 355; Pangrapta,
2S4

georgica, Hyperaeschra, 294

germana, Lithomoia, 206

germanalis, Hypena, 287

gibbocostata, Coenocalpe, 332

gibbosa, Nadata, 296

gilvipennis, Rhynchagrotis, 178

Gingla, genus; laterculae, 373

gisela, Catocala, 269

mtonella, Ephestia, 412

Ghost-moth; Graceful, Lembert’s, 444;

Silver-spotted, 443
glabella, Pyrophila, 173
gladiaria, Feltia, 186
Glaea, genus; inulta, sericea, viatica, 218
glandulella, Holcocera, 429
Glassy-wing, Edwards’, 138; Freckled, 139
glaucovaria, Mamestra, 193
Gleditschia, 96
glomeralis, Pyrausta, 398
glomeraria, Macaria 340
gloveri, Copidryas, 141; Sarnia, 84
Gloveria, genus; arizonensis, dentata, how-
ardi, psidii, 31 1
Glover’s Purslane-moth, 141
Gluphisia, _ genus; albofascia, avimacula,
clandestina, danbyi, formosa, rupta, sep-
tentrionalis severa, slossoni, trilineata,
wrighti, 300

Glyphodes, genus; hyalinata, hyalinatalis,
lucernalis, marginalis, nitidalls, quad-
ristigmalis, 394

Gnophaela, genus; arizonae, clappiana, con-
tinua, discreta, hopfferi, latipennis, mor-
risoni. vermiculata, 290
Gnorimoschema, genus, 425; gallaesolidaginis,
418, 42s

goasalis, Philometra, 282
Goat-moths, 375
goniata. Sabulodes, 353
Gonodonta, genus; unica, 236
Gonodontis, genus; adustaria, agreasaria
duaria, hamaria, hypochraria, mestusata
obfirmaria, refractaria, 350
Gooseberry Fruit-worm, The, 41 1
Gooseberry Span-worm, The, 340
gordius, Hyloicus, 51

Gortyna, genus; immanis. Hop-vine, nicti-
tans, 212; obliqua. Oblique, 213; sera.
Veiled, velata, 212
gortynides, Bellura, 21 r
Gosse, Edmund, quoted, 355
gossypiana, Archips, 422
gracilenta, Alypia, 144
gracilior, Leptomeris, 333
gracilis, Catocala, 269; Hasmorrhagia, 63;

Hepialus, 444
gradata, Macaria, 340
graduatana, Eucosma, 418
graefi, Apatela, 155
Graeperia, genus; magnifica, 223
Grammodes, genus; smithi, 274
Grammodia, genus, 60
grandipuncta, Alabama, 243
grandirena, Melipotis, 258
grandis, Copablepharon, 222; Mamestra, 193;

Melittia, 381; NoCtua, 184
granitata, Sciagraphia, 339

granitosa, Euherrichia, 253
rrape-leaf Folder, The, 392
Grape-vine Plume, The, 416
graphica, Syneda, 259

Graphiphora, genus; alia, capsella, conflu^s,
culea, garmani, hibisci, insciens, instabilis,
modifica, orobia, oviduca, 204
Grass-moths, 402

grata, Euthisanotia, 232; OUgia, x66
grataria, Hasmatopsis, 332
gratata, Eucrostis, 336

g’atulata, Mesoleuca, 330
rease-wood, 96

Green Apple-leaf Tier, The, 421
grisea, Apatela, 156; Hypopacha, 312;
mice, no

griseella. Tinea, 433
griseocincta, Orthodes, 203
grossularias, Zwhodia, 41 1
CTossulariata, Cymatophora, 340
Grote, A. R., 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36
groteana, Cenopis, 422

grotei, Hcemorrhagia, 63; Hemileuca, 91:

Lycomorpha, loi; Psaphidia, 177
groteiana, Catocala, 264
Grotella, genus; dis, 220
Groundling; Dusky, Red, 165
grynea, Catocala, 269
gueneata, Hydriomena, 331
Guende, A., 27, 32. 36
g^uenei, Catocala, 261
Guettarda elliptica, 139
Guilding, Lansdown, 403
gularis, Euxoa, 190
gulosa, Hemerocampa, 308
Gumppenberg, C. v., 34
gurgitans, Archips, 422
guttata, Platyprepia, 128; Spragueia, 252
guttifera, Halisidota, 138
guttulosa, Pyrausta, 397
gyasalis, Heterogramma, 284

459

Index

Gymnocladus, 96
Gynsephora, genus; rossi. 305
Gypsochroa, genus; albosignata. designata
haesitata, impauperata, propugnata, pro-
pugnaxia, sitellata, 332
Gypsy Moth, The, 308
Gyros, genus; muiri, 249

H

habilis, Catocala, 268
Habrosyne, genus; scripta, 303
Hadena, genus, 166; Airy, 168; Albertan, 167;
amputatrix, arctica, 169; arcuata, 167;
Base-streaked, basilinea, 168; Black-
banded, 167; bridghami, Bridgham’s, 166;
Broken-lined, Brugess’, burgessi, cerivana,
168; characta, 167; chlorostigma, i68;
claudens, 167; conspicua, 168; contenta,
169; Dark Ashen, 170; Darker, 169;
Dark-spotted, Dark-winged. 167; Destroy-
ing, devastatrix, 169; discors, 168; Double-
banded, 167; dubitans, 168; ducta, 169;
fractilinea, 168; Great Western, 169;
Green-spotted, 168; Half -Moon, 169; Halt-
ing, 168; hilli, 167; incalUda, insignata,
lateritia, 168; lignicolor, 169; loculata, 168;
mactata, 167; marshallana, 169; misel-
oides, modica, 167; molochina, 168;

Mullein, 169; Neumoegen’s, 166; nigrior,
Northern, 169; obliviosa, 168; occidens,
ordinaria, 169; passer, Passerine, Red-

winged, 168; semilunata, Speckled Gray,
169; sputatrix, 168; subcedens, 167;

transfrons, i66; Turbulent, turbulenta,
167; verbascoides, 169; versuta, 167;
vinela, 170; violacea, Violet, 167; viralis,
vultuosa, 168; White-spotted, 167; Wood-
colored, 169

Hadenella, genus, 162; minuscula, 163;

pergentilis, subjuncta, 162
hadeniformis, Melipotis, 258
Haematomis, genus; mexicana, uniformis, 107
Haematopsis, genus; grataria, saniaria, suc-
cessaria, 332

Haemorrhagia, genus, 62, 72; aethra, axillaris,
63; brucei, 64; buiSfaloensis, cimbiciformis,
diffinis, 63; etolus, 62; fioridensis, fumosa,
gracilis, grotei, marginalis, metathetis
63; palpaUs, 64; pelasgus, 62; pyramus,
63; rubens, 64; ruficaudis, 62, 63; senta,
64; tenuis, 63; thetis, 64; thysbe, 62;
uniformis, 63
haesitata, Gypsochrea, 333
hageni, Isogramma, 47
halesaria, Fernaldella, 337
halicamiae, Lapara, 53

Halisidota, genus,' 115, 137; annulifascia,

138; antiphola, 137; argentata, caryas,
138; davisi, 137; fulvoflava, 138; Gartered
137: guttifera, 138; harrisi, 137; Hickory,
longa. Long-streaked, maculata, porphy-
ria, Silver-spotted, Spotted, 138; Tessel-
lated, tessellaris, 137
Halpine, Charles G., quoted, 319
hamaria, Gonodontis, 350
hamifera, Autographa, 238
hammondi, Canarsia, 41 1
Hampson, Sir George F., ix, 18, 23, 31, 32,
33. 34. 35. 36, 37. 98, 103, 114, 140, 151,
288, 289, 292, 303, 306, 311, 31S, 320,
^^322, 356, 364, 371.^374. 375. 380, 391
Haploa, genus, 117; Leconte’s, 118; Lyman’s,
1 19; Carolina, clymene, colona, comma,
1 18; confusa, 119; consita, 118; contigua,
1 19; dyari, interruptomarginata, lactata,
lecontei, militaris, vestalis, 118

Harpyia, genus; albicoma, aquilonaris, bore-
alis, cinerea, scolopendrina, 299
Harris. Thaddeus William, 27
Harris’ Three-spot, 159

harrisi, Halisidota 137; Lapara, 53; Pygoc-
tenucha, iii

Harrisimemna, 149, 159; trisignata, 159

Harnsina, genus; americana, texana, 372

harti, Sysyrhypena, 282

haruspica, Noctua, 184

harveiata, Nannia 327

harveyi, Heliophila, 201

hasdrubal. Pseudosphinx, 57

hasta, Apatela, 153

hastata, Rheumaptera, 329

havilae, Noctua, 184*

Hawkmoth, 78; Clemens’, 52; Five-Spotted.
45

Head; anatomy of, 12, 18; larval, 7
hebrsea, Polygrammate, 160
hebraicum, Polygrammate, 160, 161
Hebrew, The, 160
heiligbrodti, Syssphinx, 96
Heliaca, genus; diminutiva, 231
Heliochilus, genus, paradoxus, 222
Heliodes, genus; restrictalis, 230
Heliolonche, genus; modicelia, 230
Heliomata, genus; cycladata, infulata, 338
Heliophana, genus; mitis, obliquata, 230
Heliophila, genus, 200; albilinea, 201; com-
moides, 203; complicata, 201; extranea,
200; harveyi, 201; heterodoxa, lapidaria,
202; minorata, 201; multilinea, 202;
pseudargyria, subpunctata, 201; uni-
puncta, 200

Heliosea, genus; pictipennis, 230
heliothidata, Sciagraphia, 339
Heliothis, genus; arrniger, 222; nuchalis
scutosus, 224

Heliotropha, genus ; atra, reniformis, 173
helva, Orthosia, 217

Hemerocampa, genus, 305; borealis, cana,
30s; definita, 307; .gulosa, intermedia,
leucographa, leucostigma, obliviosa, ve-
tusta, 306

Hemeroplanes, genus, 60; galianna, licastus,
parce, 60

Hemihyalea, genus; Edwards’, edwardsi,
138; Freckled, labecula, 139; quereus,
translucida, 138

Hemileuca, genus, 91; artemis, califomica,
92; electra, grotei, hualapai, 91; juno, 92;
maia, ' neumoegeni, 91; nevadensis, 92;
proserpina, sororius, 91; tricolor, 93;
yavapai, 92

Hemileucinse, Subfamily, 80, 81, 90
hemizonae, Synanthedon, 385
henrici, Hypopta, 379
henrietta, Derrima, 224
hepara, Galgula, 247
Hepialidae, Family, 13, 16, 26, 443
Hepialus, genus; gracilis, hyperboreus, lem-
berti, macglashani, pulcher, 444
hera, Pseudohazis, 93
heraclei, Depressaria, 428
heracliana, Depressaria, 428
herbimacula, Mamestra, 193
HercuUa, genus; himonialis, olinalis, tren-
tonalis, 401

Herder, Das Lied vom Schmetterlinge, 290
herihs, Feltia, 186
hermia, Catocala, 264
herminiata, Eudeilinea, 320
herminioides. Epizeuxis, 280
Herrich-Schasffer, G. A. V/., 27
Herse, genus, 43; afhnis, cingulata, convol-
vuli, decolora, drurasi, pungens, 43

460

Index

hersiliata, Mesoleuca, 330
hertaria, Epimecis, 344

Heterocarnpa, genus; associata, astarte,
athereo, bilineata, biundata, cinerascens,
manteo, menas, mollis, obliqua, olivatus,
pulverea, semiplaga, subalbicans, timbida,
ulmi, umbrata, van a, 297
Heterocera, defined, 3
heterodoxa, Heliophila, 202
Hoterogenea, genus; shurtleffi, 368
Heterogramma, genus; gyasalis, pyramu-
salis, rurigena, 284
Heteropacha, genus; rileyana, 314
Heterophleps, genus; hexaspilata, quadrino-
tata, triguttaria, 327
heucherae, Paranthrene, 387
hexadactyla, Orneodes, 417
hexaspilata, Heterophleps. 327
Hexeris, genus; enhydris, reticulina, 373
hibisci, Graphiphora, 204
“Hickory Horn-devil,’’ 6, 97
hieroglyphica, Noropsis, 233
hilaris, Zeuzera, 376
hilli, Hadena, 167; Hypocala, 272
Hillia, genus; algens, 166
hilliana, Noctua, 183
Himantopterus. genus, 371
Himella, genus; contrahens, thecata, 204
himonialis, Herculia, 401
hinda, Catocala, 266
Hippia, genus; packardi, 296
hircina, Homoglaea, 219
hircinahs, Pyrausta, 398
hirtella, Eupanychis, 226 *
hirtipes, Zosteropoda, 203
histrio, marasmalus, 242
Hoboken, 147

hochenwarthi, Syngrapha, 240
Holcocera, genus; glandulella, 429
Holland, Clive, quoted, 353
hollandaria, Racheospila, 336
Holmes, O. W., quoted, 3, 371
Holomelina, genus, 115; choriona, belfragei,
belmaria, bimaculata. Black-banded, brevi-
comis, diminutiva, Ehrman’s, Five-spotted,
immaculata. Least, Plain-winged, 116;
obscura, opella, ostenta, rubricosta. Showy,
Tawny, 1 1 s

Homoglaea, genus; carbonaria, hircina, 219
Homohadena, genus; badistriga, 176
Homoptera, genus; cinguhfera, edusa, in-
tenta, involuta, lunata, putrescens, saun-
dersi, unilineata, viridans, woodi, 278
Homopyralis, genus; contracta, tactus, zonata,
256

honesta, Jodia, 215
honestaria, Azelina, 352
Honey-locust, 96
Honey-streak, The, 339
hopfferi, Gnophaela, 290
Hops, 287

Horama, genus; texana, 100
Hormisa, genus; absorptahs bivittata, nu-
bilifascia, 282
horraos, Hypsoropha, 256
Hormoschista, genus; pagenstecheri, 253
hornbeckiana, Pholus, 67
Horne, R. H., quoted, 363
horrida, Zale, 277
hortaria, Epimecis, 346
hortulana, Feltia, 186
hospes, Synanthedon, 387
Howard, L. O., yiii, 403, 405
howardi, Gloveria, 3 1 1
howlandi, Syneda, 260
hualapai, Hemileuca, 91
Huber, 112

hubbardi, Bruceia, 108
hubneraria, Azelina, 352
hubnerata, Azelina, 352
hudsonica, Alypia, 145; Syneda, 260
Hulst, Rev. G. D., 33, 34, 36
humeralis, Cingilia, 347
humerosana, Amorbia, 423
humiUs, Schizura, 298
humuli, Hypena, 287
Hrixley, Thomas Henry, quoted, 38
hyalinata, Glyphodes, 394
hyalinataiis, Glyphodes, 394
hyalinopuncta, Apatelodes 293
hyalinus, Phobetron, 366
Hyamia, genus; perditelis, semilineata, sex-
punctata, umbrifascia, 254
Hyblaea, genus; mirificum, puera, saga, 288
hybrida, Ophideres, 276; Utetheisa, 117
Hydria, genus; undulata, 329
Hydiiomena, genus; autumnalis, bicolorata,
birivata, custodiata, gueneata, lascinata,
latirupta, rectangulata, sordidata, specio-
sata, 331

hydromeli, Litodonta, 296
hylaeus, Dolba, 46
Hylesia, genus, 90; alinda, 90
Hyloicus, genus, 49; albescens, 50; andro-
medae, 50; canadensis, 51; chersis, 50;
coloradus, 52; coniferarum, 52; dolli, 52;,
drupiferarum, 52; eremitus, 49; eremitoides,
49; gordius, si; insolita, 51; kalmiie, Sr;
libocedrus, 51; lugens, 49, 50; luscitiosa,
52; oreodaphne, 50; perelegans, 31:
pinastri, 52; plota, 51; poecila, 51; saniptri,
52; separatus, 50; sequoiae, 52; sordida, 49;
vancouverensis, 50; vashti, 50
Hyloicus kalmias, larva of, 7
hypaethrata, Macaria, 339
Hyparpax, genus; aurora, perophoroides,'
rosea, venus, venusta, 299
Hypena, _ genus; evanidalis, germanalis,
humuli, 287

Hypenula, genus; biferahs, cacuminalis,
opacalis, 283

Hyperaeschra, genus; georgica; scitipennis,
stragula, tortuosa, 294

hyperboreus, Hepialus, 444 ‘

hyperici, Synanthedon, 38s
Hyperitis, genus; aesionaria, amicaria, ex-
simaria, insinuaria, laticincta, neonaria,
neoninaria, nyssaria, subsinuaria, 349
Hyphantria, genus, 122, 123; cunea, i23;pal-
lida, 124; punctatissima, 123; textor, 124
Hyphoraia, genus; borealis, parthenos, 128
Hypocala, genus; andremona, hilli, 272
hypocastrina, Zeuzera, 376
hypochraria, Gonodontis, 350
Hypocrisias, genus; armillata. Least, minima,
136

Hypopacha, genus; grisea, 312
Hypoprepia, genus; cadaverosa, fucosa,
inculta, miniata, plumbea, subornata
tricolor, vittata, 106
Hypopta, genus; bertholdi, henrici, 379
Hyppa, genus; ancocisconensis. Common,
contraria, xylinoides, 171
Hypsopygia, genus; costalis, fimbrialis, 399
Hypsoropha, genus; hormos, monilis, 256

I

lanassa, genus; lignicolor, lignigera, virgata,
298

iaspis, Chytonix, 161
Ichneumon-flies, 69
Ichneumonidae, 6, 68
idonea, Agrotis, 182

461

Index

ilia, Catocala, 265
illabefacta, Mamestra, 194
illapsa, Noctua, 185
illata, Euxoa, 190
illecta, Catocala, 267
illepida, Polia, 171
illibalis, Pyrausta, 397

Illice, genus, 108; deserta, no; faustinula,
109; grisea, 110; nexa, 109, no; packardi,
plumbea, schwarziorum, striata, subjecta,
tenuifascia, unifascia, 109
illocata, Dryobota, 171
illudens, Charadra, 152
imbraria, Caberodes, 35 2
imbrifera, Mamestra, 192
imitata, Sabulodes, 3531 Synanthedon, 385
imitella, Cydosia, 253

immaculata, Eupseudosoma, 139; Holo-
melina, 116

impauperata, Gypsochroa, 332
imperator, Pachysphinx, 57
imperatoria, Basilona, 97
imperfectaria, Melanolophia, 344
imperialis, Basilona, 971
impingens, Anarta, 199
impleta, Apatela, 157; Eucymatoge, 328
implora, Azenia, 248
impressa, Apatela, iS7
impropria, Synanthedon, 38s
impropriata, Paraphia, 343
improvisa, Bombycia, 304
inatomaria, Metanema, 351
inca, Aleptina, 162
incallida, Hadena, 168
incandescens, Cirrhobolina, 259
incarcerata, Melalopha, 293
incarnata, Arachnis, 124; Lerina, in
incamatorubra, Apantesis, 130
incensalis, Cindaphia, 397
inceptaria, Cymatophora, 341
incertata, Eucrostis, 336
Incita, genus; aurantiaca, 246
incivis, Peridroma, 183
inclara, Apatela, 157
inclinata, Venusia, 328
inclinataria, Venusia, 328
includens, Autographa, 238
inclusa, Melalopha, 293
incognita Agrotiphila, 191
incompleta, Apantesis, 132
inconcinna, Chorizagrotis, 185 ; Scotogramina
198

inconstans, Panula, 258

incorrupta, Apantois, 131

inculta, Hypoprepia, 106

incurvata, Sabulodes, 353

indentata, Melalopha, 293; Remigia, 274

indetermina, Euclea, 365

Indiana, Eunystalea, 295

Indian-meal Moth, The,- 415

indicans, Mamestra, 195

indigenella, Mineola, 409

indigens, Platysenta, 163

indigna, Autographa, 239

indiscriminaria, Chlorochlamys 336

indivisalis, Gaberasa, 284

indoctrinata, Eucymatoge, 328

indubitata, Triphosa, 331

inductata, Eois, 335

indurata, Xylomiges, 197

ineffusaria, Caberodes, 352

inepta, Cissusa, 256

inermis, Peridroma, 182

inexacta, Antiblemma, 275

inextricata, Mellilla, 338

infans, Brephos, 355

infecta, Mamestra, 195

infensata, Syssaura, 352
inficita, Marasmalus, 242
infirma, Synanthedon, 385
infructuosa, Morrisonia, 197
infulata, HeUomata, 338
infumata, Cosmia, 217
infuscata, Scotogramma, 198
ingenita, Dalcerides, 369
ingenua, Phoberia, 273

Inguromorpha, genus; arbeloides basalis,
378

innexa, Mamestra, 195

innominata, Xylina, 207

inomata, Sisyrosea, 366; Trichocosmia, 220

innotata, Apatela, 155

innubens, Catocala, 265

inquassita, Papaipema, 213

insciens, Graphiphora, 204

inscriptum, Deidamia, 71

insequalis, Pyrausta, 398

insignata, Euxoa, 189; Hadena, 168

insignis, Plusiodonta, 235

insinuaria, Hyperitis, 349

insiticiana, Ecdytolopha, 419

insolabilis, Catocala, 262

insolita, Autographa, 238; Hyloicus, si

insularis, Philosamia, 82

insulata, Pareuchaetes, 134

instabilis, Cressonia, 57; Graphiphora, 204

insulsa, Euxoa, 189

integerrima, Calasymbolus, 56 ; Campometra,
276; Datana, 294
intenta, Homoptera, 278
intentata, Deilinea, 338
interlinearia, Caberodes, 352
intermedia, Apantesis, 129; Celerio, 76;
Cucullia, 208; Hemerocampa, 308; Utethe-
isa, 117

intermediata, Mesoleuca, 330
interminellus, Crambus, 403
interna, Dasylophia, 296
interpuncta, Salia, 285
interpunctella, Plodia, 415
inteiTupta, Apatela, iss
interruptomarginata, Haploa, 118
intestinata, Eucymatoge, 328
intractabilis, Eustrotia, 247
intractata, Noctua, 183
introferens, Chorizagrotis, 185
inulta, Glaea, 218
inusitata, Synanthedon, 386
invexata, Therina, 348
involuta, Homoptera, 278
involutum, Eupseudosoma, 139
io, Automeris, 89; Calasymbolus, 56
Ipimorpha, genus; aequilinea, pleonectusa,
220

ipomoeae, Schizura, 298; Syntomeida, 99

iricolor, Oncocnemis, 176

iridaria, Anaplodes, 337

iris, Brotolomia, 215

irrecta, Pleonectyptera, 246

irrorata, Clemensia, 108; Greta, 321

Isabella, Isia, 124

Isaiah, quoted, 396, 434

Isia, genus, 125, 127; Isabella, 125

Isogona, genus; natatrix, tenuis, 256

Isochaetes, genus; beutenmulleri, 366

Isogramma, genus, 47; hageni, 47

Isoparce, genus, 48; cupressi, 48

Issus, genus, 370

J

Jackson, Helen Hunt, quoted, 413
jaguarina, Schinia, 228
jamaicensis. Sphinx, 53

462

Index

Janette’s Hair, 319
janiphse, Erinnyis, 58
janualis, Semiophora, 180
Japan, 79, 307
laquenetta, Catocala, 269
jasminearam, Chlsenogramma, 46
Jaspidia, genus; lepidula. Marbled-green,
teratophora. White-spotted, 160
Jatropha, 58
jatrophffi, Cocytius, 44
Jean Ingelow, quoted, 179
Job, quoted, 151, 424
jocasta, Andrewsia, 272
jocosa, Feralia, 171
Jodia, genus; honesta, nifago, 215
Joker, The, 171
Jordan, Dr. Karl, ix, 31
jorulla, Rothschildia, 82
Juanita, Pogocolon, 73
Jubararia, Pheme, 351
jucunda, Melipotis, 258; Noctua, 183
Judith, Catocala 262
Juglandis, Cressonia, 57; Mineola, 408
Juglans, 87
Jugum, 16
Julia, Rhodosea, 225
Julialis, Cindaphia, 397
Jumping beans, 417
juncimacula, Mamestra, 192
Juncta, Noctua, 184
Junctaria, Orthofidonia, 337
June-berry, 386
:)uniperaria, Syssaura, 352
Juno, Hemileuca, 92
Jussieua, 67
jussieuse, Pholus, 67
jutumaria, Enemera, 342

K

Kalmia, 51
kalmiffi, Hyloicus, 51
Keats, quoted, 114
Kentucky Coffee-tree, 96
keutzingaria, Plagodis, 349
keutzingi, Plagodis, 349

Key to families of North American moths, 24
Killing specimens, 19
Kirby, W. F., 29
klagesi, Estigmene, 123

Kodiosoma, genus; eavesi, fulva, nigra,
tricolor, 133

knebelei, Synanthedon, 387
Kuebel, C. L. von, quoted, 359, 368
kuehniella, Ephestia, 412

L

labecula, Hemihyalea, 139
labiosana, Platynota, 422
labruscse, Pholus, 67
laciniosa, Bomolocha, 286
Lacosoma, genus; chiridota, 359
Lacosomidae, Family, 25, 35, 359
lacrymosa, Catocala, 261
lactata, Haploa, 118
lacteolaria, Leuculodes, 310
lactipennis, Tarache, 251
lacustrata, Mesoleuca, 330
lastella, Ambesa, 410
laetulus, Lomanaltes, 285
laevigata, Zanclognatha, 281
Lagoa, genus; crispata, pyxidifera, 369
lanariella, Tineola, 432
lanceolata, Tarache, 251
langdonalis, Pyrausta, 397
langtoni, Alypia, 143, 145

languida, Melicleptria, 230
lanuginosa, Megalopyge, 369
Lamara, genus, 53; bombycoides, cana, coni-
ferarum, halicamiae, harrisi, pineum, 53
Laphygma, genus; autumnalis, frugiperda,
rnacra, plagiata, signifera, 174
lapidaria, Heliophila, 202
Lappet, collar and shoulder, 18
laqueata, Calidota, 139
laqueatellus, Crambus, 402
larentioides, Phalasnostola, 254
Larvffi; food of, 6
lascinata, Hydriomena, 331
Lasiocampidae, Family, 9, 24, 34, 31 1
lassauxi, Erinnyis, 58
Latebraria, genus; amphipyroides, 279
laterana, Platynota, 422
laterculae, Gingla, 373
lateritia, Hadena, 168
latex, Mamestra, 194
laticincta, Hyperitis, 349
laticinerea, Xylina, 207
laticlavia, Autographa, 240
latipennis, Diacrisia, 128; Gnophaela, 290
latipes, Remigia, 274
latirupta, Hydriomena, 331
Lathosea, genus; pullata, ursina, 209
latreillana, Ctenucha, 102
laudabilis, Mamestra, 195
Laugher, The, 152
Lauraceae, 85
Leaf -rollers, 417
lecontei, Haploa, 118
Legs of moths, 14, 15
lemberti, Hepialus, 444
lena, Leptarctia, 121
lentiginosa, Bomolocha, 286
Leopard-moth, The, 376
lepidula, Jaspidia, 160
Lepipolys, genus; perscripta, 177
Leptarctia, genus; California;, decia dimi-
diata, lena, 121
Leptina, genus, 162
leptinoides, Schizura, 299
Leptomeris, genus, gracilior, magnetaria,
quinquelinearia, rubrolinearia, rubrolinea-
ta, sentinaria, spuraria, 333
lepusculina, Apatela, 154
Lerina, genus; incamata, robinsoni, in
leucocycla, Anarta, 199
leucographa, Hemerocampa, 308
leucophaea, Olene, 308
leucostigma, Hemerocampa, 308
Leuculodes, genus; lacteolaria, 310
Lexis, genus; argillacea, bicolor, 105
libatrix, Scoliopteryx, 215
libedis, Tarache, 251
libera, Mamestra, 193
libocedrus, Hyloicus, 31
Libraries, Readers in, 98
libuma, Scolecocampa, 244
licastus. Homeroplanes, 60
licentiosa, Eupolia, 199

Lichen-moth; Allgehenian, 104; Banded, 109;
Blue-green, Crimson-bodied, in; Druce’s,
no; Funereal, in; Little White, io8‘
Mouse-colored, 107; Narrow-banded, _no;
Powdered, 108; Subject, 109; Mexican,
107; Painted, 106; Pale, Pearly-winged,
104; Scarlet-winged, 106; Yellow-blotched,
no

ligata, Mamestra, 195

ligni, Scolecocampa, 244

lignicolor, lanassa, 298; Hadena, 169

lignigera, lanassa, 298

lilacina, Mamestra, 194

lima, Phurys, 275

463

Index

limata, Pantographa, 393
limbata, Ania, 349
limbolaris, Melipotis, 258
limitata, Nyctobia, 324

lineata, Celerio, 76; Diastema, 241; Schinia,

227

lineatella, Anarsia, 426

Kneella, Catocala, 269

lineola, Pheocyma, 278

lineolata, Catabena, 163

Lines, on wings of Noctuid moth, 18

linnei, Pholus, 67

lintnerana, Archips, 422; Nycteola, 288
lintneri, Ommatostola, 21 1
Liparidse, Family, 24, 34, 305
liquida, Mamestra, 192
Liquidambar, 85, 87
liquoraria, Synchlora, 336
liriodendraria, Epimecis, 344
Liriodendron, 85 _

Lithacodes, genus; diyergens, fasciola, 367

Lithacodia, genus; bellicula, 248

Litholomia, genus; dunbari, napssa, 207

Lithomoia, genus; germana, 206

LithosiidsE, Family, 24, 31, 103

lithosina, Annaphila, 246

lithosioides, Crambidia, 104

lithospila, Apatela, 156

Litocala, genus; sexsignata, 272

Litodonta, genus, hydromeli, 296

Litoprosoptis, genus; futilis, 275

littera, Fagitana, 217

Little Wife, The, 267

littoralis, Pachnobia, 180

lituralis, Zanclognatha, 281

liturata, Apantesis, 131

Living and Dying, 354

lixaria, Racheospila, 336

Lobelia 15s

lobelioB, Apatela, 155

lobophorata, Nyctobia, 324

loculata, Hadena, 168

Lomanaltes, genus; eductalis, Isetulus, 285

longa, Halisidota, 138

Longfellow, H. W., quoted, 121, 233

longilabris, Philometra, 282

longipenne, Copablepharon, 222

longipes, Fenaria, 233; Podosesia, 382

Lonicera, 62, 63

“Loopers,” 8

Lophodonta, genus; angulosa, ferruginea,

295

lorata, Sabulodes, 353

lorea, Mamestra, 195

lorquini, Alypia, 143

Lowell, James Russell, quoted, 116

lubens, Mamestra, 194

lubricalis, Epizeuxis, 280

lubricans, Noctua, 185

lucata, Euchoeca, 329

luccusalis, Samea, 393

lucens, Dasyspoud$a, 228

lucemalis, Glyphodes, 394

luciana, Catocala, 263

lucidata, Fagitana, 217

lucidus, Arctonotus, 71

lucifera, Pheocyma, 278

lucipara, Euplexia, 172

luctuata, Rheumaptera, 330

luctuosus, Epistor, 6t

lugens, Hyloicus, 40, so

lugubris, Apantesis, 132; Epistor, 61; Thyris,

374

lumenaria, Cosymbia, 333
luna, Actias, 87; Nycterophseta, 221
lunata, Horaoptera, 278
lunilinea, Strenoloma, 276

lupini, Merolonche, 159; Synanthedon, 385

Lupinus, 64, 124

luscitiosa, Hyloicus, 52

Lussa, genus; nigroguttata, 17s

lustralis, Mamestra, 192

lustrans, Synanthedon, 385

lutaria, Ennomos, 348

lutea, Diallagma, 245

luteicoma, Apatela, 157

lutulenta, Euxoa, 189

luxa, Bessula, 221

Lycia, genus; cognataria, sperataria, 345
Lycomorpha, genus; grotei, palmeri, pholus,

lOI

lycopersici, Protoparce, 45
Lyman, H. H., 32, 118
Lymire, genus; edwardsi, 100
Vncea, Pachylia, 60
lynx, Schinia, 227

M

Macaria, genus, 339; ccnsepta, 340; eremiata,
339; glomeraria, 340; gradata, hypsthrata,
339; prseatomata, 340; retectata, retentata,
s-signata, subcinctaria, 339
mac-cullochi, Alypia, 143
macglashani, Hepialus, 444
Mackay, C. W., quoted, 272
macmurtrei, Prionoxystus, 378
macra, Laphygma, 174
macrinellus, Scirpophaga, 402
macrocarpana, Commophila, 423
Macronoctua, genus; onusta, 170
mactata, Hadena, 167
macularia, Sicya, 347
maculata, Halisidota, 137; Thyris, 374
maculicollis, Opharus, 139
m^adariae, Synanthedon, 38s
madefactalis, Bomolocha, 286
madetesalis, Pyrausta, 398
madusaria, Euchlasna, 350
Masnas, genus; vestalis, 127
maestosa, Catocala, 261

magdalena, Catocala, 267; Nycterophasta,
221

magicalis, Conchylodes, 393
magnarius, Ennomos, 348
magnetaria, Leptomeris, 333
magniferalis, Pyrausta, 397
magnifica, Cossula, 379: Graeperia, 223
Magusa, genus; angustipennis, dissidens,
divaricata, divida, 17s
maia, Hemileuca, 91
maizi, Euxoa, 189
majoraria, Caberodes, 352
majuscula, Cydosia, 253

Malacosoma, genus; am.ericana, 312; cali-
fomica, 313; decipiens, 312; disstria,
drupacearum, erosa, 313; frutetorum, 312,
perversa, pseudo-neustria, sylvaticoides,
thoracica, thoracicoides, 313
malana. Balsa, 163
Malaporphyria, genus; oregona, 229
malefida, Feltia, 187
malivorana, Alceris, 421

Mamestra, genus, 191; acutipennis, 195;
adjuncta, 194; albifusa, 193; Allied,
anguina, 195; Brown-winged, 196; cheno-
podii, 193; claviplena. Cloudy, 192;
Clover, congermana, 193; constipata, 19s;
contraria, Cousin-German, 193; Darling,
demissa, i94;_ desperata, 193; detracta,
192; dimmocki, Dimmock’s, 193, Dispar-
aged, 192; dodgei, 195; Empurpled, 192,
Erect, erecta, 19s: exusta, 193; famhami,
Famham’s, 192; Fluid, 194; Fused-spot,

464

Index

Mamestra — Continued

ig2; glaucovaria, Grand, grandis, Har-
nessed, 193; herbimacula, 195; Hitched,
illabefacta, 194; imbrifera, 192; indicans,
infecta, innexa, 19s; juncimacula, 192,
latex, 194; Laudable, laudabilis, 195;
libera, 193; ligata, 195; lilacina, bilacine;
194; Liquid, liquida, 192; lorea, 19s;
lubens, 194; Lustral, lustralis, meditata,
192; Modem, negussa, neoterica, 196;
nevadse, Nevadan, 193; olivacea. Olivace-
ous, 19s; Painted, picta, 193; purpurissata,
192; radix, 193; renigera, 195; rosea.
Rosy, 193; rugosa. Rugose, 194; Snaky,
strigicollis, 19s; Studied, 192; subjuncta,
103; suffusa, 192; teligera, 19s: trifolii, 193;
vicina, 195

mammurraria, Paraphia, 343
nianalis, Bomolocha, 286
Mandibles of larvs, 7
Manetta, 75

manifestolabes, Semiophora, 180
manteo, Heterocampa, 297
manto, Olene, 308

“Manual for the Study of Insects,” by
Comstock, 17
Maple-borer, The, 386
Maple-trees, 95

Marasmalus, genus; histrio, inficita, venti-
lator, 242

Marble-wing, The, 332
Margin of wings, 18
marginalis, Glyphodes, 394
marginalis, Hsemorrhagia, 63
marginata, Bembecia, 383; Schinia, 228
marginatus, Prodoxus, 439
marginidens, Papaipema, 214
marina, Misogada, 297
mariposa, Alypia, 143, 14s
Marlatt, C. L., 426

Marmopteryx, genus; mannorata, 332
marmorata, Catocala, 263; Marmopteryx,
332

marshallana, Hadena, 169
Marumba, genus, 56

Marvel, The Cloaked, 161; The Green, 160

masoni, Rhododipsa, 225

materna, Ophideres, 276

Matigramma genus; pulverilinea, 276

MattheWj quoted, 430

matthewi. Scepsis, loi

matuta, Alypia, 144

matutina, Rhodophora, 224

meadi, Dasyspoudasa, 228

Meal Snout -moth. The, 400

“Measuring-worms,” 8

Mecoceras, genus; nitocraria, nitocris, penin-
sularia, 354

Mecoceratinae, Subfamily, 354
Median shade, 18
medita, Mamestra, 192
medor, Cocytius, 44

Alegalopyge, genus; lanuginosa, opercularis,
subcitrina, 369
Megalopvgidse, 8, 25, 35, 368
Melalopha, genus; aibosigraa, americana,
apicalis, incarcerata, inclusa, indentata,
omata, strigosa, vau, 293
melancholica, Erinnyis, so
Melanchroia, genus; cephise, 354; geome-
troides, mors, 355
Melanchroiinae, Subfamily, 354
Melanolophia, genus; canadaria, contribuaria,
imperfectaria, signataria, 344
Melanomma, genus; auricinctaria, 255
melanopa, Nigetia, 358
melanopyga, Bellura, 211

Melicleptria, genus; calif omicus, languida,
pulchripennis, sueta, 230
Melipotis, genus; agrotipennis, cinis, fascio-
laris, grandirena, hadeniformis, jucunda,
limbolaris, pallescens, perlasta, sinualis
258

Melitara, genus; fernaldialis, 410
melitta, Cosmosoma, 98

Melittia, genus; amcena, ceto, cucurbitas,
380; grandis, 381; satyriniformis, 380;
snowi, 381

Mellilla, genus; inextricata, snoviaria, xan-
thometata, 338

mellistrigata, Sciagraphia, 339
melhtularia, Pheme, 351
mellonella. Galleria, 406
melsheimeri, Cicinnus, 339
Memythrus, genus, 382; admirandus_, 383;
polistiformis, 382; simulans, 383; tricinctus,
382

menas, Heterocampa, 297
mendica, Eudule, 327
mendocino, Satumia, 89
Mentha, 49

menthastrina, Estigmene, 123
meralis, Caradrina, 164
merdella. Tinea, 433
m.erianDe, Erinnyis, 58, S9
Merolonche, genus; lupini, 159
merricata, Paleacrita, 324
merricella, Semioscopis, 429
Merrick, F. A., ix, 118
Merrick, H. S., ix
Meskea, genus; dyspteraria, 375
meskei, Catocala, 264; Platysenta, 163
Mesoleuca, genus; bmnneiciliata, flammifera,
gratulata, hersiliata, intermediata, lacus-
trata, ruficiliata, 330
messalina, Andrewsia, 272
messoria, Euxoa, 188
mestusata, Gonodontis, 350
Metalepsis, genus; cornuta, 181
metallica, Tarache, 251
Metamorphoses, 4

Metanema, genus; Eeliaria, caniaria, deter-
minata, inatomaria, quercivoraria trili-
nearia, 351 .

metanemaria, Alcis, 343

Metaponia, genus; obtusa, obtusula, per-
flava, 250

metathetis, Haemorrhagia, 63
Metathorasa, genus; monetifera, 252
metonalis, Philometra, 282
Metrocampa, genus; perlaria, perlata, pras-
grandaria, viridoperlata, 348
mexicana, Apantesis, 131; Cirrhobolina, 259;
Citheronia, 97; Estigmene, 123; Hsema-
tomis, 107

michabo, Apantesis, 130
Microcoelia, genus, 156, 160; diphtheroides.
Marbled, cbliterata, 160
Microgaster, 69

Micropterygidse, Family, 26, 444
Micropteryx, genus, 444
Micropyle, 5

Midget, Brown-spotted, 166; Festive, 165;

Grateful, 166
Mikania scandens, 99
militaris, Haploa, 118
mima, Campometra, 274
minea, Apantesis, 130

Mineola, genus, 408; indigenella, 409; jug-
landis, 408; nebulo, zelatella, 409
miniana, Rhododipsa, 225
minians, Nephelodes, 199
miniata, Hypoprepia, 106
minima, Hypocrisias, 136; Pseudomya, 99

465

Index

minitnalis, Rhychagrotis, 178, 179; Zan-
clognatha, 281
ministra, Datana, 293
minorata, Fota, 178; Heliophila, 201
minuscula, Hadenella, 163; Roeselia, 358
minuta, Alceris, 421; Catocala, 269
minutata, Tephroclystis, 328
mirificum, Hyblasa, 288
miscellus, Catabena, 163
miseloides, Hadena, 167
Misnamed Gall-moth, The, 418 _

Misogada, genus; cinerea, marina, sobria,
umeolor, 297
mitis, Heliophana, 230

modesta, Pachysphinx, 57; Synanthedon,
387; Ulolonche, 198
modestaria, Cymatophora, 341
modica, Hadena, 167
modicella, Heliolonche, 230
modifica, Graphiphora, 204
moffatiana, Scopelosoma, 218
mollifera, Epizeuxis, 280
mollis, Heterocampa, 297
mollissima, Euherrichia, 253
molochina, Hadena, 168
Molts, larval, 8

Momophana, genus; comstocki, 172
monacha, Psilura, 309
Monarda, 49
moneta, Polychrysia, 236
monetifera, Metathorasa, 252
monilis, Hypsoropha, 256
monitor, Euclea, 365
monodon, Autographa, 238
Monoleuca, genus; semifascia, 365
monotropa, Selenis, 277
mopsa, Catocala, 265
monstralis, Agathodes, 393
montana, Albuna, 384; Dysodia, 375
montanatum, Eustroma, 329
Montgomery, James, quoted, 302
Moore, Thomas, quoted, 304
morbidalis, Chytolita, 282
morbosa, Cissusa, 256
mori, Bombyx, 315
mormonica, Apantesis, 131
Morrenia, 58
Morris, Rev. J. G., 28

Morrisonia, genus, 196; confusa, 197; evicta,
196; infructuosa, multifaria, 197; sectilis,
vomerina, 196
morrisonata, Azelina, 352
morrisoni, Gnophaela, 290
morri.soniana, Feltia, 186
mors, Melanchroia, 355
mortua, Schinia, 228
mortuorum, Autographa, 239
morula, Apatela, 155

Moths; Achaia, 130; Acorn, 429; Acraea, 123;
Alinda, 90; Anna, 130; Arge, 130; Astur,
139; Carpet, 434; Chain-streak, 347;
Clio, 133; Clymena, 118; Colona, 118;
Cora, 161; Cosyra, 142; Cotton-worm, 243;
Diverse-line, 329; Dried-currant, 414;
Echo, 122; Fall Web-worm, 123; Flour,
12; Fur, 433; Galbina, 86; Glover’s
urslane-, 141; Granite, 339; Gypsy, 308;
Harrow, 176; Hera, 93; Herbarium, 334;
Honey-locust, 96; Imperial, 97; Indian-
meal, 415; lo, 89; Juno, 92; Leopard, 376;
Linden, 347; Luna, 87; Magnet, 333;
Magpie, 93; Michabo, 130; Milk-weed,
13s; Oithona, 129; Pandora, 91; Parthenice,
129; Persephone, 130; Plum, .329; Poly-
phemus, 87; Potato, 42s; Privet, 394;
Mexican Walnut-, 97; Pine-devil, 97;
Rosy Maple-, 95; Royal Walnut-, 97;

M oths — Continued

Sand-dune, 143; Scallop-shell, 329; Six-
lume, 417; Skiff, 367; Solidago Gall-, 425;
potless Fall Web-worm, 124; Stigma, 94;
Sugar-beet, 395; Sun-flower, 339; Yucca,
441

Moth-Song, 310

Muir, John, 249

muiri. Gyros, 249

muliercula, Catocala, 267

multifaria, Ctenucha, 102; Morrisonia, 197

multifera, Caradrina, 164

multilinea, Heliophila, 202

multilineata, Pigea, 333

multipunctella, Yponomeuta, 423

multiscripta, Cerura, 299

mundula, Drasteria, 257

mursenula, Porosagrotis, 187

muralis, Psaphidia, 177

muricina, Stretchia, 205

muricolor, Calidota, 139

murina, Comacla, 107; Euchaetias, 135

muscosula, Eustrotia, 247

musta, Eustrotia, 247

mustelina, Schizura, 299

muzaria, Euchlaena, 350

muzina, Ecpantheria, 120

myandaria, Caberodes, 352

Myginda ilicifolia, 99

mynesalis, Tetanolita, 284

myops, Calasymbolus, 56

Myosotis, 134

myron, Darapsa, 68

N

Nacophora, genus; quernaria, 345
Nadata, genus; gibbosa, 296
nais, Apantesis, 132
nana, Euclea, 365
nanina, Euclea, 365

Nannia, genus; harveiata, refusata, 327
napasa, Litholornia, 207
narrata, Drasteria, 257
Narthecophora, genus; pulverea, 235
nasoni, Natada, 366
Nasu-no Take, 301
nasutaria, Phiprosopus, 245
Natada, genus; daona, nasoni, rude, 366
natatrix, Isogona, 256
nebraskse, Catocala, 263; Euhagena, 381
nebulo, Mineola, 409
nebulosa, Catocala, 266
nebulosus, Adoneta, 365
necopina, Papaipema, 214
neglecta, Synanthedon, 385
negussa, Mamestra, 196
Neighbor, The, 119
Neleucania, genus; bicolorata 203
Nelphe Carolina, 100
Neocastniidae, 3
neogama, Catocala, 149, 266
neonaria, Hyperitis, 349
neoninaria, Hyperitis, 349
Nephelodes, genus; expansa, minians, sobria,
subdolens, violans, 199
Nepytia, genus; nigrovenaria, pellucidaria,
pinaria, pulchraria, semiclusaria, 343
nerea, Apantesis, 130
Nerice, genus; bidentata, 296
Nerium odorum, 99
nesaea, Omia, 230
nessus, Amphion, 72
Neumoegen, B., 31, 33, 34, 33
neumoegeni, Hemileuca, 91; Xanthothrix 231
Neumoegenia, genus; poetica, 23s
Neuronia, genus; americana, 196

466

Index

nfevadae, Mamestra, 193; Thyris, 374

nevadensis, Apantesis, 131; Hemileuca, 92

nerissa, Catocala, 269

nexa, Illice, 109, no

nicotianas, Prntoparce, 45

Nigetia, genus; formosalis, melanopa, 358

Night air, 80

nigra, Kodiosoma, 133; Peridroma, 182

nigricans, Phobetron, 366

nigriceps, Noctua, 184

nigrior, Hadena, 169

nigripennis, Euxoa, 189

nigrirena, Schinia, 227

nigritula, Eustrotia, 247

nigrofasciata, Celama, 357

nigrofimbria, Xanthoptera, 248

nigroflava, Ectypia, 133

nigroguttata, Lussa, 175

nigrolunata, Anarta, 198

nigrovenaria, Nepytia, 343

nimia, Orthodes, 203

niobe, Seirarctia, 122

nitela, Papaipema, 213

nitens, Orthodes, 203

nitida, Schizura, 298

nitidalis, Glyphodes, 394

nitocraria, Mecoceras, 354

nitocris, . .ecoceras, 354

nivaria, Anarta, 199

nivea, Eupseudosoma, 139

niveicilialis, Pyrausta, 398

niveicostatus, Fagitana, 217

niveosericeata, Ennomos, 348

nivosaria, Eugonobapta, 348

nivosata, Eugonobapta, 348

nobilis, Schinia, 288; Tosale, 402

noctivaga, Apatela, 157

Noctua, genus, 183; associans, 185; atricincta,
184; beata, 185; bicamea, 183; calgary,
clandestina, collaris, 184; c-nigrum, fen-
nica, 183; grandis, haruspica, havilae, 184;
hilliana, 183; illapsa, 185; intractata,
jucunda, 183; juncta, 184; lubricans, 185;
nigriceps, 184; normanniana, oblata, ob-
tusa, 183; patefacta, 184; perconflua,
plagiata, 183; plecta, substrigata, uni-
color, vie aria, 184

Noctuelia, genus; costaemaculalis, gelidalis,
novalis, peruviana, thalialis, 399
Noctuidas, Family, 7, 24, 32, 151
noctuiformis, Aon, 234; Tuerta, 143
Nola, genus; ovilla, 357
Nolidae, Family, 24, 34, 357
Nonagria, genus; Large, oblonga, permagna,
subflava. Yellowish, 211
nondescriptus, Phobetron, 366
notata, Philobia, 339; Tephroclystis, 328
notataria, Eufidonia, 337
notatella, Nycterophaeta, 221
Notch-wing, The, 348

Notodonta, genus, 294; basitriens, simplaria,

295

Notodontidae, Family, 25, 33, 292

Notolophus, genus; antiqua, nova, 306

norax, Cossula, 379

normani, Crocigrapha, 204

normanniana, Noctua, 183

Noropsis, genus; hieroglyphica, 233

nova, Notolophus, 306

novalis, Noctuelia, 399

nubecularia, Paraphia, 343

nubilifascia, Hormisa, 282

nubilis, Euparthenos, 272

nuchalis, Heliothis, 224

nundina, Schinia, 227

nupera, Calocampa, 208

Nurse, The, 263

nurus, Catocala, 263
nuttalli, Pseudohazis, 93

Nycteola, genus; lintnerana revayana. 288
Nycteolidse, Family, 24, 33, 288
Nycterophaeta, genus; luna magdalena,
notatella, 221

Nyctobia, genus; limitata, lobophorata,
vernata, 324

Nymphula, genus; obscuralis, 399
Nymphulinffi, Subfamily, 399
Nyssa sylvatica, 161
nyssaria, Hyperitis, 349

o

obanrata, Celama, 357
obehscoides, Euxoa, 190
oberthuralis, Phlyctaenodes, 396
obesalis, Plathypena, 287
obfirmaria, Gonodontis, 350
oblata, Noctua, 183
oblinita, Apatela, 157

obliqua, Fagitana, 217; Heterocampa, 297;
Sphida, 211

obliquata, Heliophana, 230; Pleroma 206;
Sphida, 2 1 1

obliquella, Galleria, 406
obliquifera. Balsa, 163
obliquilinea, Cargida, 300
obliterata, Microcoelia, 160
obliviosa, Hadena, 168; Hemerocampa, 303
oblonga, Nonagria, 21 1
obnigralis, Pyrausta, 398
obrussata, Phrygionis, 354
obscura, Apatela, 153; Catocala, 262; Erin-
nyis, 59; HolomeUna, 115; Pseudosphinx,

obscuralis, Nymphula, 399
obscurus, Anytus, 191
obtusa, Noctua, 183; Metaponia, 250
obtusaria, Euchlaena, 350
obtusula, Metaponia, 250
obvia, Eucoptocnemis, 190
occata, Oncocnemis, 176
occidens, Hadena, 169

occidentalis, A5milia, 137; Apatela, 155;

Pachysphinx, 57
occidentata, Barathra, 196
occidentis, Epicnaptera, 314
occulta, Peridroma, 182; Protoparce, 45
ocellata. Sphinx, 54
Ocelli, 12

ocellinata, Sciagraphia, 339
ochosalis, Pyrausta, 398

ochracea, Apantesis, 130; Platyprepia, 128
ochraceus, Axenus, 231
Ochria, genus; sauzaelitse, 214
ochreipennis, Zanclognatha, 281
ochrogaster, Euxoa, 190
octo, Amyna, 242

octomaculata, Alypia, 143, 144; Pyrausta,

398 ^

oculatana, Dysodia, 374
oculatrix, Paectes, 241
oculea, Telea, 87
Ode to an Insect, 291
Odontosia, genus; elegans, 294
odora, Erebus, 279
odyneripennis, Bembecia, 383
CEcophoridae, Family, 26, 428
CEhlenschlasger, quoted, 303
cemearia, Syssaura, 352
ceneiformis, Coenocalpe, 332
cenotrus, Erinnyis, 59

Ogdoconta, genus; atomaria, cinereola, 241
Oiketicus, genus; abboti, 361
oithona, Apantesis, 129

467

Index

Olene, genus; achatina, atrivenosa, basi-
flava, cinnamomea, leucophaea, manto,
parallela, tephra, 308

Oligia, genus; festivoides, 165; fuscimacula
grata, rasilis, 166; varia, 165
olinalis, Herculia, 401
olivacea, Mamestra, 195
olivalis, Euxoa, 188
olivatus, Heterocampa, 297
Olivia, Catocala, 269
olympia, Composia, 289
olyzonaria, Syssaura, 352
omega, Autographa, 238
Omia, genus; nessea, 230
omicron, Autographa, 238
Ommatostola, genus; lintneri, 21 1
omphale, Cosmosoma, 98
onagrus, Spragueia, 252

Oncocnemis, genus; atrifasciata. Black-
banded, chandleri, Chandler’s, cibalis,
dayi. Day’s, Gray, iricolor. Iris-colored,
Narrow-banded, occata, tenuifascia, 176
ontariella, Depressaria, 428
onusta, Macronoctua, 170
00, Autographa, 238
opacalis, Hypenula, 283
opacifrons, Semiophora, 180
opella, Holomelina, 115
opercularis, Megalopyge, 369
operculella, Phthorimaea, 424, 425
Opharus, genus; albicans, astur, maculicollis,
pustulata, 139

Ophideres, genus; calaminea, hybrida, ma-
terna, 276

ophthalmica, Baileya, 162; Sphinx, 55
opipara, Tripudia, 250
opina, Valeria, 172
oponearia, Euchlaena, 330
oporaria, Eucrostis, 336
opuscularia, Pterospoda, 343
orbica, Amyna, 242
Orbicular spot, 18
orbimaculella, Yponomeuta, 423
orciferalis, Sysyrhypena, 282
ordinaria, Hadena, 169
ordinatellus, Yponomeuta, 423
oregona, Melaporphyria, 229
oregonensis, Euchaetias, 135
oreodaphne, Hyloicus, 50
Oreta, genus; americana, formula, irrorata,
rosea, 321

orgyiae, Prothymia, 248

orilliana, Pachnobia, 180

orina, Calymnia, 219

Orizaba, Rothschildia, 82

omata, Acherdoa, 234; Apantesis, 130;

Melalopha, 293
ornatrix, Utetheisa, 117
Omeodes, genus; hexadactyla, 417
Omeodidaa, Family, 25, 417
ornithogalli, Prodenia, 174
orobia, Graphiphora, 204
orosusalis, Pyrausta, 397
orphisalis, Pyrausta, 397
Orrhodia, genus, calif ornica, 218
Orthodes, genus; candens, crenulata, cynica,
enervis, griseocincta, nin-iia, nitens, pro-
deuns, 203; puerilis, 204; tecta, togata,
vecors, velata, 203

Orthofldonia, genus; junctaria, semiclarata,
vestaliata, viatica, 337
Orthosia, genus; bicolorago, helva, 217
orthosioides, Phoberia, 273
Ortmann, A. E., 377
ortonii, Peridroma, 182
osculata, Catocala, 265
ossularia, Eois, 335

ostenta, Holomelina, 115
otiosa, Apantesis, 13T
ou, Autographa, 238
ovalis, Abrostola, 240
oviduca, Graphiphora, 204
ovilla, Nola, 357
oviplagalis, Tosale, 402
Oviposition, Time of, s
ovulalis, Conchylodes, 393
Owls, 78

oxybaphi, Celerio, 76

Oxycnemis, genus; fusimacula, 221

Oxydia, genus; vesulia, 352

oxygramma, Autographa, 239

oxymorus, Admetovis, 196

Oxyptilus, genus; periscelidactylus, 416

Ozonadia, genus, 108

P

Pachnobia, genus; claviformis, ferruginoides,
littoralis, orilliana, pectinata. Reddish,
salicarum. Willow, 180
Pachylia, genus, 60; aterrimaf crameri, ficus,
lyncea, _ undatifascia, _ venezuelensis, 60
Pachysphinx, genus, 56; imperator, modesta,
occidentalis, princeps, 57
pacificaria, Eois, 336
Packard, A. S., p. 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 14s
packardi, Estigmene, 123; Hippia 296;

Mice, 109; Scepsis, loi; Schinia, 228
Packardia, genus; elegans, 367; geminata,
368; nigripunctata, 367
Paectes, genus; abrostoloides oculatrix,
pygmaea, 241
pasnulata, Euclea, 365
pagenstecheri, Hormoschista, 233
Palada, genus; scarletina, 229
palaeogama, Catocala, 266

sericeiferata, vemata, 324
Paleontology, 22
Palindia, genus; dominicata, 273
pallens, Cressonia, 57
pallescens, Melipotis, 258
pallialis, Bomolocha, 286
palliatricula, Chytonix, 161
pallida, Crambidia, 104; Cyathissa, 161;

Erinnyis, 59; Hyphantria, 124
pallidior, Palpidia, 105
pallidulus. Sphinx, 55
palmeri, Lycomorpha, loi
Palmer-worms, 114
Palmia, genus; praecedens, 383
palpalis, Haemorrhagia, 64; Plathypena, 287
Palpi, 7, 12

Palpidia, genus; pallidior, 105
Palthis, genus; angulalis, asopialis, aracin-
thusalis, 28s

Palyadinas, subfamily, 354
Palyas, genus; auriferaria, 354
pamina, Automeris, 89
pampina, Eucirroedia, 215
pampinaria, Cleora, 344
pampinatrix, Darapsa, 68
Panapoda, genus; carneicosta, combinata,
cressoni, rubricosta, rufimargo, scissa 273
Panchrysia, genus; purpurigera, 236
pandaria, Caberodes, 352
pandora, Coloradia, 91
pandorus, Pholus, 65

Pangrapta, genus; decoralis, elegantalis,
epionoides, geometroides, recusans, 254
panisaria, Therina, 348

Panthea, genus; Eastern, furcilla, portlandia.
Western, 152

468

Index

Pantographa, genus; limata, suffusalis, 393
Panula, genus; inconstans, 258
Paota, genus; fultaria, 332
Papaipema, genus, 213; cataphracta, cerus-
sata, furcata, 214; inquaesita, 213; margini-
dens necopina, nitela, 213, 214; purpu-
rifascia, 213
Pawpaw, The, 46
paphia, Telea, 87
paradoxica, Prodoxus, 438
paradoxus, Heliochilus, 222
Paragrotis, genus, 188
parallela, Archips, 422; Olene, 308
Parallelia, genus; amplissima, bistriaris, 273
parallelia, Pheme, 351
paralleliaria, Pheme, 351
Paranthrene, genus; heucherae, 387
Paraphia, genus; exsuperata, impropriata,
mammurraria, nubecularia, subatomaria,
triplipunctaria, unipuncta, unipunctata,
343 . , . .

Parasemia, genus; geometnca, plantaginis,

134

Parasitized larva, 69

Parastichtis, genus; disci varia, gentilis, 217
parce, Hemeroplanes, 60
parentalis, Richia, 190

Pareuchaetes, genus; eglenensis. Gray -winged,
insulata, 134; tenera, 134, 13s; Yellow-
winged, 134

Parharmonia, genus; pini, 384

Parora, genus; texana, 255

parta, Catocala, 264

parthenice, Apantesis, 129

parthenos, Hyphoraia, 128

partita, Galgula, 247

passer, Hadena, 168

pastillicans, Epiglaea, 219

pastinacella. Depressaria, 428

pasulella, Ephestia, 414

Patagium, p. 18

patalis, Xylomiges, 197

patefacta, Noctua, 184

patella, Clemensia, 108

patibilis, Drasteria, 257

patruelis, Eumestleta, 249

patula, Eumestleta, 249; Porosagrotis, 187

paulina, Catocala, 261

pavitensis, Cirrhobolina, 259

pavonina, Calasymbolus, 56

Parsnip Web-worm, The, 428

Peach-borer, The, 384

Peach-twig Borer, The, 426

pectinaria, Euchlaena, 350

pectinata, Pachnobia, 180

pelasgrus, Haemorrhagia, 62

pellionella. Tinea, 433

pellucida, Anisota, 95

pellucidaria, Nepi^ia, 343

penasus, Erinnyis, 59

pendulinaria, Cosymbia, 333

peninsularia. Mecoceras, 354

Penitent, The, 266

pennsylvanica, Euthyatira, 304

pepita, Basilodes 234

peplaria, Azelina, 352

pepsidiformis, Sanninoidea, 384

perangulalis, Bomolocha, 286

perarcuata, Cymatophora, 341

perattenta, Eueretagrotis, 179

percara, Cyathissa, 161

Percnoptilota, genus; fluviata, 330

perconflua, Noctua, 183

perditalis, Hyamia, 254

perelegans, Hyloicus, 51

perflava. Metaponia. 250

pergentilis, Hadenella, 162

Pericopidse, Family, 24, 33, 289
periculosa, Trigonophora, 215
Peridroma, genus, 182; alabamse, 183;
astricta, 182; incivis, 183; inermis, nigra,
occulta, ortonii, saucia, 182; simplaria,
183

Perigea, genus; vecors, xanthioides, 165
Perigonica, genus; fulminans, 205
Perigrapha, genus; prima, 205
Periodicals containing information as to
moths, 28

periscelidactylus, Oxyptilus, 416
perlaria, Metrocampa, 348
perlata, Metrocampa, 348; Remigia, 274
perlaeta, Melipotis, 258
perlevis, Euchaetias, 135
perlineata, Venusia, 328
perlubens, Xylomiges, 197
perlucidula, Pyromorpha, 371
permaculata, Tumptiana, 121
permagna, Nonagria, 2n
perophoroides, Hyparpax, 299
perplexa, Synanthedon, 385
perpolita, Euxoa, 188
perpura, Anarta, 199
perscripta, Lepipolys, 177
persephone, Apantesis, 130
persica, Sanninoidea, 384
Persimmon, 87, 382
personata, Euxoa, 188; Raphia, 153
perspicua, Datana, 294; Thyris, 374
perstrialis, Scirpophaga, 402
pertextaUs, Pyrausta, 397
peruviana, Noctuelia, 399
perversa, Malacosoma, 313
pettitana, Cenopis, 422
petulca, XyUna, 206
pexata, Xylina, 207
phaealis, Epizeuxis, 280
phaeton, Euproserpinus, 74
Phalaenostola, genus; larentioides, 254
phalanga, Catocala, 266
phalaris. Erinnyis, 59
phalerata, Apantesis, 132
phasianaria, Caberortes, 352
phasma, Euerythra, 120
Pheocyma, genus; lineola, lucifera, 278 _
Pheosia, genus; califomica, descherei, dtmi-
diata, portlandia, rimosa, 295
Pheme, genus; jubararia, mellitularia, paral-
lelia, paralleliaria, placearia, 351
Phigalia, genus; revocata, strigataria, titea,
titearia, 347
Philagraula, genus, 356
Philedia, genus; punctomacularia, 343
Philereme, genus; calif omiata, 329
Philobia, genus; aemulataria, enotata, notata,
sectomaculata, 339
philodina, Clemensia, 108
Philometra, genus; goasalis, longilabris,
metonalis, 282

Philosamia, genus, 82; aurotus, canningi,
82; cynthia, 81, 82; insularis, pryeri, vesta,
walkeri, 82

Phiprosopus, genus; acutalis, callitrichoides,
nasutaria, 24s

Phlyctaenia, genus; plectilis, syringicola,
tertialis, 397

Phlyctaenodes genus; fuscalis, 39s; oberthur-
alis, 396; sordida, sticticalis, tetragonalis,
triumphalis, 39s

Phoberia, genus; atomaria, forrigens, in-
genua, orthosioides, 273
Phobetron, genus; abbotana, hyalinus, nigri-
cans, nondescriptus, pithecium, tetradac-
tylus, 366

469

Index

Pholus, genus, 65; achemon, 66; ampelo-
phaga, 65, clotho, 67; crantor, 66, fascia-
tus, hombeckiana, jussieuae, labruscse,
linnei, 67; pandorus. 65; posticatus, 66;
satellitia, 65; strigilis, 67; typhon, 65;
vitis, 67

pholus, Darapsa, 68; Lycomorpha, loi
phrada, Ptychoglene, no
Phragmatobia, genus; beani, brucei, fuUgi-
nosa, 126; remissa, 127; rubricosa, 126;
yarrowi, 127

Phryganidia, genus; calif omica, 291
Phrygionis, genus; argenteostriata, cerussata,
obrussata, 354

Phthorimaea, genus, 425; operculella, 424,
42s; solanella, tabacella, terrella, 423
Phurys, genus; lima, vinculum, 275
Phycitinae, Subfamily, 407
Physostegania, genus; pustularia, 338
piatrix, Catocala, 266
pica, Pseudohazis, 93
Pickle-worm, The. 394

picta, Arachnis, 124; Erinnyis, 59; Mamestra,
193

pictipennis. Heliosea, 230
pictipes, Synanthedon, 386
Piers Plowman, quoted, 288
Pigea, genus; multilineata, 333
pinaria, Nepytia, 343
pinastri, Hyloicus, 52
Pinconia, genus; coa, 369
pineum, Lapara, 53
pini, Parharmonia, 384
piniaria, Caripeta, 342

Pinion; Ashen, 206; Bailey’s, Broad Ashen,
Dowdy, 207; Green Gray, 206; Nameless,
Nappy, Thaxter’s, 207; Wanton, 206;
Warm Gray, 207
pinorum, Vespamima, 384
piperis, Erinnyis, 59
Pippona, genus; bimatris, 221
pithecium, Phobetron, 366
pityochromus, Plagiomimicus, 235
pityochrous, Euxoa, 188
placearia, Pheme, 351
placida, Rhynchagrotis, 178
plagiata, Laphygma, 174; Noctua, 183
Plagiomimicus, genus; pityochromus, 235
Plagodis, genus; arrogaria, emargataria,
floscularia, keutzingaria, keutzingi, seri-
naria, subprivata, 349
plantaginis, Parasemia, 134
Plantago, 120, 125, 134
Platagrotis, genus; pressa, 179
Platanus, 87, 367

Platea, genus; califomiaria, 342; dulcearia,
trilinearia, 343; tmcanaria 342
Plathypena, genus; crassatus, erectalis,
obesalis, palpalis, scabra, 287
platinalis, Conchylodes, 393
Platynota, genus; concvusana, flavedana,
labiosana, laterana, 422
Platyperigea, genus; discistriga, praeacuta,
164 _

Platyprepia, genus; guttata, ochracea, vir-
ginalis, 128

Platypterygidae, Family, 24, 34, 320
Platysenta, genus; albipuncta, atriciliata,
indigens, meskei, videns, 163
plebeja, Atreides, 49
pleciaeformis, Bembecia, 383
plecta, Noctua, 184
plectilis, Phlyctaenia, 397
plena, Dysodia, 375
pleonectusa, Ipimorpha, 220
Pleonectyptera, genus; floccalis, irrecta,
pyraiis, 246

Pleroma, genus; obliquata, 206
plicatus, Ufeus, 191
Plodia, genus; interpunctella, zeae, 415
plota, Hyloicus, 51
plumbea, Hypoprepia, 106; Iliice, 109
plumbifimbriata, Spragueia, 252
Plume, The Grape-vine, 416
Plumeria, 58

plumerias. Pseudosphinx, 57
plumifrontellus, Acrolophus, 443
plumigeraria, Coniodes, 345
Plusia, genus, 8, 237; serea, aeroides, balluca,
237

Plusiodonta, genus; compressipalpis, in-
signis, 23s

pluto, Xylophanes, 75
Poaphila, genus; quadrifi laris, 274
Podagra, genus; crassipes, 178
Podosesia, genus; longipes, syringae, 382
poecila, Hyloicus, 51
poetica, Neumoegenia, 235
Pogocolon, genus, 72; gaurae, 72; juanita,
vega, 73

Polia, genus; diversilineata, illepida, Theo-
dore’s, theodori. Varied-banded, 171
Poling, O. C., ix
polistiformis, Memythrus, 382
politia, Sabulodes, 353

Polychrysia, genus; formosa, moneta, trabea,
236

polygama, Catocala, 268
Polygamist, The, 268
Polygonum, 157

Polygrammate, genus; hebraea, hebraicum,
160

Polyphemus, Telea, 87
pometaria, Alsophila, 326
pomifoliella, Bucculatrix, 431
pomonella, Bucculatrix, 431
Pope, Alexander, qvioted, 289
popeanella, Anaphora, 443
populi, Apatela, 154; Cleosiris, 205
Populus, 57, iss, 378

Porosagrotis, genus; dasdalus, fusca, murae-
nula, pattila, rileyana, septentrionalis,
tripars, vetusta, worthingtoni, 187
porphyria, Halisidota, 138
Porrima, genus; regia, 226
Porthesia, genus, 305
Porthetria, genus; dispar, 308
portlandia, Panthea, 152; Pheosia, 295
posticatus, Pholus, 66
Potato-moth, The, 423
praeacuta, Platyperigea, 164
praecedens, Palmia, 383
praeclara, Catocala, 269
praegrandaria, Metrocampa, 348
praeatomata, Macaria, 340
prasina, Adelphagrotis, 179
precationis, Autographa, 238
pressa, Platagrotis, 179

prima, Anorthodes, 164; Estigmene, 122,
Perigrapha, 205
princeps, Pachysphinx, 57
Prinos, 46

Priocycla, genus; armataria, 351
Prionoxystus, genus; macmurtrei, querci-
perda, robiniae, 378
privatus, Anytus, 191
Privet-moth, The, 394
proba, Diacrisia, 128
Proboscis, 12
procinctus, Dargida, 196
proclivis, Rhizagrotis, 185
Prodenia, genus; commelinae, omithogalli,
174

prodeuns, Orthodes, 203

470

Index

Prodoxus, genus; cinereus, 441; coloradensis,
440; decipiens, 438; marginatus, 439;
paradoxica, quinquepunctella, 438; reti-
culata, 440; y-inversa, 439
profecta. Bomolocha, 286
progressata, Triphosa, 331
Prolegs, abdominal, anal, 7
Prolimacodes, genus; undifera, scapha, 367
promethea, Callosamia, 84
promptella, Doryodes, 24s
Pronoctua, genus; typica, 185
Pronuba, genus, 441; maculata, synthetica,
442; yuccasella, 441
propinqua, Copicucullia, 208
propinqualis, Rivula, 245
propinquilinea, Demas, 152
propriaria, Euchceca, 328; Euchlaena, 350
proprius, Sympistis, 229
propugnata, Gypsochroa, 332
propugnaria, Gypsochroa 332
OToserpina, Hemileuca, 91
Proserpinus, genus, 72, 73, 74; clarki®,

flavofasciata, 73

Protambulyx, genus, 54; strigilis, carter!, 54
Prothymia, genus; coccineifascia, orgyis,
rhodarialis, semipurpurea, 248
Protoparce, genus, 44; Carolina Linnaeus;
Carolina Don a van; celeus; chionanthi; ly-
copersici; nicotianae occulta, 45; quinque-
maculatus, 41, 43, 45; rustica sexta, 45
Protosia, genus, in
protumnusalis, Zanclognatha, 281
proxima, Apantesis, 131; Synanthedon, 387
proximalis, Titanio, 396
prunata, Eustroma, 329
pruniella, Anarsia, 426
Pryer, Henry, 79
pryeri, Philosamia 82

Psaphidia, genus; grotei, muralis, resumens,
viridescens, 177

Pseudacontia, genus; crustaria, 225
Pseudalypia, genus; crotchi, 232
Pseudanarta, genus; crocea, falcata. Falcate,
flava. Single, singula. Yellow, 175
Pseudanthcecia, genus; tumida, 228
Pseudanthracia, genus; coracias, 278
pseudargyria, Heliophila, 201
pseuderminea, Estigmene, 123
pseudogamma, Autographa, 238
Pseudoglaea, genus; blanda, decepta, taedata,
216

Pseudohazis, genus, 93; denudata, eglanteri-
na. hera, nuttalli, pica, shastaensis, 93
Pseudolimacodes, genus, 217
Pseudomya, genus; minima, 99
pseudoneustria, Malacosoma, 313
Pseudorgyia, genus, versuta, 245
Pseudorthosia, genus; variabilis, 216
Pseudosphinx, genus, 57; asdrubal, hasdrubal,
obscura, plumeriae, rustica, tetrio, 57
Pseudotamila, genus; vanella, 229
Pseudothyatira, genus; cymatophoioides,
expultrix, 304
psidii, Gloveria, 31 1
Psidium pyrifera, 140
Psilura, genus; monacha, 309
Psychidse, Family, 7, 25, 35, 360
Psychomorpha, genus; epimenis, 232
ptelearia, Eois, 334
Ptersetholix, genus; bullula, 243
pteridis, Diacrisia, 128
Pterophoridse, Family, 25, 37, 415
Pterospoda, genus; opuscularia, 343
Ptychoglene, genus; coccinea, flammans,
phrada, sanguineola, tenuimargo, no
ptycophnra, Fala, 235
puber, Syssaura, 352

pudens, Euchastias, 135; Euthyatira, 304

pudorata, Apatela, 156

puera, Hyblaea, 288

puerilis, Orthodes, 204

pulchella, Xylomiges, 197

pulcher, Hepialus, 444

pulcherrima, Eutelia, 242

pulchraria, Nepytia, 343

pulchripennis, Ivlelicleptria, 230

pulchripictalis, Cindaphia, 397

pullata, Lathosea, 209

pultaria, Therina, 348

pulverea, Heterocampa, 297; Narthecophora,

23s

pulverilinea, Matigramma, 276
wlverina, Bruceia, 108
Pulvillus, 14, IS

punctata, Dasylophia, 296; Diacrisia, 128
punctatissima, Basilona, 97; Hyphantria, 123
punctistriga, Artace, 312

punctivena, Capnodes, 277; Caradrina, 165
punctomacularia, Philedia, 343
pungens, Herse, 43
Pupae, 9

pupillaris, Sysyrhypena, 282
pupula, Eustixia, 149, 398
pura, Carama, 368; Catocala, 264; Utetheisa,
”7

purgata, Caenurgia, 257
purpurana, Archips, 422
purpurascens, Calpe, 236
purpurifascia, Papaipema. 213
purpurigera, Panchrysia, 236
purpurissata, Mamestra, 192
pustularia, Physostegania, 338
pustulata, Celama, 357; Opharus, 139
putnami, Euchalcia, 237
putrescens, Homoptera, 278
Pygarctia, genus; abdominalis, elegans. Ele-
gant, Orange-bodied, spraguei, Sprague’s,
vivida, 136

pygmaea, Adoneta, 365; Dircetis, 284;
Paectes, 241

Pygoctenucha, genus; funerea, harrisi, pyr-
rhoura, terminalis, votiva, in
Pyralidae, Family, 21, 25, 36, 246, 391
Pyralinse, Subfamily, 399
Pyralis, genus; farinalis, 400
pyralis, Apharetra, 139; Pleonectyptera, 246
pyramidalis, Albuna, 384
pyramidoides, Pyrophila, 149, 173
pyramus, Hasmorrhagia, 63
pyramusalis, Heterogramma, 284
Pyrausta, genus; adipaloides, arsaltealis,
badipennis, 397; bellulalis, diffissa, efhci-
talis, erosneaUs, 398; euphoesalis, fascialis,
fumalis, 397; funebris, generosa, 398;
gentiHs, 397; glomeralis, 398; guttulosa,
397; hircinalis, 398; illibalis, 397; inse-
qualis, 398; langdonalis, 397; madetesalis,
398; magniferalis, 397; niveicilialis, ob-
nigralis, ochosalis, octomaculata, 398;
orasusalis, orphisalis, pertextalis, 397;
repletalis, 398; subjectalis, 397; subolivalis,
subsequalis, 398; thesealis, 397; tyraiis,
398; unifascialis, 397; unimacula, 398
Pyraustinoe, Subfamily, 392
pyri, Synanthedon, 387
pyrina, Zeuzera, 376

Pyromorpha, genus; dimidiata, perlucidula,

371

Pyrophila, genus; glabella. Gray, Mouse-
colored, pyramidoides, repressus, trago-
poginis, 173
pyrrha, Cargida, 301
Pyrrhia, genus; umbra, 214
pyrrhoura, Pygoctenucha, in

471

Index

pythion, Charadra, 152
pyxidifera, Lagoa, 369

Q

quadrata, Apatela, 156
quadriannulata, Cosymbia, 333
quadricomis, Ceratomia, 47
quadridentata, Euxoa, 188
quadrifilaris, Poaphila, 274
quadriguttalis, Alypia, 144
quadriguttatus, Sthenopis, 443
quadrinotata, Heterophleps, 327
quadripunctaria, Eufidonia, 337
quadristigmalis, Glyphodes, 394
Quaker, Boyish, 204; Cynical, Rustic, Small
Brown, 203

quinquecaudatus, Sannina, 382
quinquelinearia, Le^omeris, 333
quinquemaculatus, Protoparce, 45
quinquepunctella, Prodoxus, 438
quenseli, Apantesis, 131
quercicola, Euclea, 365
querciperda, Prionoxystus, 378
quercivoraria, Metanema, 351
quercus, Hemihyalea, 138
quernaria, Nacophora, 345
questionis, Autographa, 238

R

Rachela, genus; bruceata, 324
rachelae, Apocheima, 345
Racheospila, genus; hollandaria, lixaria,
saltusaria, 336
radians, Apantesis, 132
radix, Mamestra, 193
Ragonot, E. L., 37, 408
ramosula, Actinotia, 173
Rancora, genus; solidaginis, strigata, 200
Raphia, genus; abrupta, coloradensis, flex-
uosa, frater, personata, 153
Rascal Leaf-crumpler, The, 409
rasilis, Oligia, 166
raspa, Syssphinx, 96
Ratarda, genus, 305
reciprocata, Euchoeca, 328
reconditaria, Synelys, 333
rectangula, Autographa, 239
rectangulata, Hydriomena, 331
rectaria, Anaplodes, 337
rectifascia, Atethmia, 220
rectihnea, Apantesis, 129; Cochlidion, 367
recurvalis, Zinckenia. 392
recusans, Pangrapta, 254
redimicula, Euxoa, 190
reducta, Turuptiana, 121
refractaria, Gonodontis, 350
refusata, Nannia, 327
regalis, Citheronia, 97
regia, Citheronia, 97; Porrima, 226
regnatrix, Xanthopastis, 231
Relict, The, 262
relicta, Catocala, 149, 262
Remigia, genus; indentata, latipes, perlata,
repanda, texana, 274
remissa, Phragmatobia, 127
remissaria, Caberodes, 352
Renia, genus; discoloralis, fallacialis, gener-
alis, thraxalis, 283
Reniform spot, 18
reniformis, Heliotropha, 173
renigera, Mamestra, 195
repanda, Remigia, 274; Siavana, 273
repentinus, Ceratomia, 48
repentis, Euxoa, 189; Yrias, 277
repletalis, Pyrausta, 398

repressus, Pyrophila, 173
resistaria, Ania, 349
restituens, Alsophila, 326
restrictalis, Heliodes, 230
restorata, Sciagraphia, 339
resumens, Psaphidia, 177
retecta, Catocala, 262
retectata, Macaria, 339
retentata, Macaria, 339
reticulata, Prodoxus, 440
reticulina, Hexeris, 37s
Retinaculum, 17
revayana, Nycteola, 288
revocata, Phigalia, 347

Rheumaptera, gehus; hastata, 329; luctuata,
rubrosuffusata, 330
rhexise, Chloridea, 222
Rhizagrotis, genus; proclivis, 185
rhoda, Apantesis, 132
rhodarialis, Prothymia, 248
Rhododendrons , 173

Rhododipsa, genus; masoni, miniana, volupia,
22s

Rhodophora, genus; citronellus, florida,
gauras, matutina, 224
Rhodosea, genus; julia, 225
rhoebus, Erinnyis, 59
Rhopalocera, 3

Rhynchagrotis, genus; altemata, 179; ancho-
celioides, cupida, gilvipennis, 178; mini-
malis, 178, 179; placida, rufipectus, velata,
178

ribearia, Cymatophora, 340
ribesiaria, Eustroma, 329
richardsoni, Anarta, 199
Richia, genus; aratrix, parentalis, 190
Richter, Jean Paul, quoted, 417
rickseckeri, Estigmene, 123
ridingsi, Alypia, 143, 14s
Riley, C. V., 30, 141, 154, 175, 201, 223,
232, 233, 239, 243, 280, 281, 335, 362,
401, 406, 409, 420, 425
rileyana, Heteropacha, 314; Porosagrotis,
187; Synanthedon, 385
rimosa, Pheosia 295
Rivula, genus; propinqualis, 245
rivularia, Almodes, 354
rivulosa, Schinia, 228
Robinia, pseudacacia, 378, 419
robinise, Prionoxystus, 378
Robinson, C. T., 29, 30, 37
robinsoni, Catocala, 262; Cressonia, 57;
Lerina, 1 1 r

Roeselia, genus; conspicua, fuscula, minuscula,

358

rogationis, Autographa, 238
Rosaceae, 83, 155, 366, 410
rosaceana, Archips, 422
rosacearum, Calasymbolus, 56
rosalinda, Catocala, 268

rosea, Euhyparpax, 298; Hyparpax, 299;

Mamestra, 193; Greta 321; Thyreion, 222
roseitincta, Schinia, 227
rossi, Gynaephora, 305
Rothschild, Hon. Walter, ix, 31
Rothschildia, genus, 82, 83; jorulla, orizaba,
82

rotundata, Chla;nogramma, 46
Royal Walnut-moth, 6
rubens, Haemorrhagia, 64
rubi, Bembecia, 383

rubicunda, Anisota, 95; Euherrichia, 253
rubra, Diacrisia, 128; Sarnia, 84
rubricosa, Phragmatobia, 126
rubricosta, Holomelina, 115
rubripalpis, Artace, 312
rubrolinearia, Leptomeris, 333

472

Index

rubrolineata, Leptomeris, 333
nibroscapus, Ctenucha, 102
rubrosuffusata, Rheumaptera, 330
rude, Natada, 366
rufago, Jodia, 215
ruficaudis, Hasmorrhagia, 62, 63
ruficillata, Mesoleuca, 330
rufipectus, Rhynchagrotis, 178
rufostriga, Caradrina, 165
rufula, Diacrisia, 128
nigifrons, Stiria, 234
rugosa, Mamestra, 194
rupta, Gluphisia, 300
rurigena, Heterogramma, 284
Rustic; Brown-streaked, Civil, Convivial,
16s; Mooned, Speckled, 164
rustica, Erinnyis, 59; Protoparce, 45; Pseu-
dosphinx, 57
rutila, Autographa, 238
rutilans, Synanthedon, 385

s

Sabal palmetto, 122

Sabulodes, genus; arcasaria, contingens,
depontanata, goniata, imitata, incurvata,
lorata, politia, sulphurata, transfindens,
transmutans, transposita, transvertens,
truxaliata, 353

sabulosa, Cissusa, 256; Tuerta, 143
Sack-bearer, Melsheimer’s, Scalloped, 359
sacrament! , Alypia, 145
Saddle-back, The, 364
saga, Hyblaea, 288
Saha, genus; interpuncta, 285
salicarum, Pachnobia, 180
saliceti. Sphinx. 55
salicis, Apatela, 157
saligneana, Eucosma, 418
Sallow; Angle-striped, 217; Anointed, 218;
Even-lined, 220; Lost, Moffat’s, 218;
Red-winged, 215; Roadside, 218; Round-
loaf, 219; Silky, 218; Sloping, Smudged,
219; Unsated, Walker’s, 218
Salobrana, genus; tecoms, 401
saltusaria, Racheospila, 336
sambuci, Zotheca, 219
Sambucus, 212, 219

Samea, genus; castellalis, disertalis, ecclesi-
alis, luccusalis, 393

Sarnia, genus, 83; califomica, ceanothi, 84;
cecropia, 83, 84; Columbia, euryalus,

gloveri, rubra, 84
sanbomi, Acoloithus, 371
sanguineola, Ptychoglene, no
sanguivenosa, .(Emilia, 137
saniaria, Haematopsis, 332
saniptri, Hyloicus, 52

Sannina, genus; quinquecaudatus, uroceri-
formis, 382

Sanninoidea, genus; exitiosa, pepsidiformis,
persica, xiphiaeformis, 384
saporis, Triocnemis, 225
Sappho, Catocala, 260
satellitia, Pholus, 65
saturata, Schinia, 227
Saturnia, genus, 89; mendocino, 89
Satumiidae, Family, 9, 12, 24, 31, 80
Satumiinae, 80, 81, 86
satyricus, Ufeus, 191
satyriniformis, Melittia, 380
saucia, Peridroma, 182
Sauer-kraut, 239

saundersi, Apantesis, 129; Homoptera, 278
sauzaelitae, Ochria, 214
saxea, Syneda, 259
scabra, Plathypena, 287

scabriuscula. Dipterygia, 172
Scale insects, fed upon by larvae, 6
Scape-moth, The Yellow-collared, The White-
collared, lOI

scapha, Prolimacodes, 367
Scarce Bordered Straw, 222
scardina. Anaphora, 443
scarletina, Palada, 229

Scepsis, genus, 100; fulvicollis, matthewi,
packardi, semidiaphana, wrighti, loi
Schaus, W , 33
Schidax, genus, 356

Schinia, genus, 226; acutilinea, 227; alba-
fascia, 228; aleucis, 227; arcifera, atrites,
brevis, 228; brucei, chrysellus, 227; con-
tracta, 228; cumatilis, 227; designata,
divergens, 228; exaltata, 227; jaguarina,
228; lineata, lynx, 227; marginata, mortua,
228; nigrirena, 227; nobilis, 228; nundina,
227; packardi, rivulosa, 228; roseitincta,
saturata, separata, simplex, 227; spraguei,
tertia, thoreaui, 228; trifascia, 227
Schizura, genus; badia, 229; cinereofrons,
concinna, conspecta, edmandsi, humilis,
ipomoeas, 298; leptinoides, mustelina,
299; nitida, 298; significata, 299; unicornis,
298

schlaegeri, Stenoma, 428
schoenherri, Anarta, 199
Schoenobiinae, Subfamily, 402
schwarziorum, Illice, 109
Sciagraphia, genus; duplicata, granitata,
heliothidata, mellistrigata, ocellinata, res-
torata, subcolumbata, 339
sciata, Therina, 348
scintillans, Catocala, 266
Scirpophaga, genus; macrinellus, perstrialis,
serriradiellus, 402
scissa, Canidia, 226
scitipennis, Hyperaeschra, 294
scitiscripta, Cerura, 299
scitula, Synanthedon, 387
scobialis, Epizeuxis, 281
Scolecocampa, genus; liburni, ligni, 244
Scoliopterioc, genus; libatrix, 215
scolopendrina, Harpyia, 299
Scoparia, genus, 399
■Scopariinae, Subfamily, 399
Scopelosoma, genus, 217; ceromatica, devia,
moffatiana, walkeri, 218
Scotchmen, 80

Scotograrnma, genus; inconcinna, infuscata,
submarina, 1 98
Scribbler, The, 324
scribonia, Ecpantheria, 120
scripta, Habrosyne, 303
scriptipennis, Epizeuxis, 280
scudderiana, Eucosma, 418
sculptus,_ Anytus, 191
scutellaris, Bomolocha, 286
scutosus, Heliothis, 224
Sebastiania, 417
Seckel pear, 410
sectilis, Morrisonia, ic)6
sectomaculata, Philobia, 339
sedata, Tarache, 251
Seirarctia, genus; echo, niobe, 122
selecta, Autographa, 239
Selenis, genus; monotropa, 277
Selicanis, genus; cinereola, 216
semiaperta, Tricholita, 205
semiauratus, Sthenopis, 443
semiclarata, Feltia, 186; Orthofidonia, 337
semiclusaria, Nepytia. 343
semicrocea, Exyra, 248
semidiaphana. Scepsis, loi
semifascia, Monoleuca, 365

473

Index

semiflava, Xanthoptera, 249
semifusellus, Crambus, 402
semilineata, Hyamia, 254
semilunata, Hadena, 169
seminudaria, Therina, 348
seminudata, Therina, 348
Semiophora, genus; badicollis, catharina,
dilucidula, elimata, janualis, manifesto-
labes, opacifrons, tenebrifera, 180
Semioscopis, genus; merricella, 429
semiplaga, Heterocampa, 297
semipurpurea,_ Prothymia, 248
senatoria, Anisota, 94
senta, Haemorrhagia, 64
sentinaria, Leptomeris, 333
separata, Schinia, 227
separatus, Hyloicus, 50

septentrionalis, Gluphisia, 300; Porosagrotis,
187

sepulchralis, Citheronia, 97; Thyris, 374
Sequoia, 52

sequoiae, Hyloicus 52; Vespamima, 384
Serena, Catocala, 267
sericea, Glaea, 218
sericeiferata, Paleacrita, 324
serinaria, Plagodis, 349
serrata, Euchlasna, 350; Trichopolia, 199
serrataria, Euchlaena, 350
serriradiellus, Scirpophaga, 402
Sesia, genus, 61, 379; fadus, tantalus, titan
62

Sesiidae, Family, 379
Sesiinae, Subfamily, 57
sesquilinea, Syssaura, 352
sesquistriaris, Agnomonia, 274
Setagrotis, genus; terrifica, 181
Setting-board, 20
Setting-needle, 19
severa, Gluphisia, 300
sevorsa, F^naria, 233
sexatilis, Euxoa, 190
sexfasciata, Synanthedon, 385
sexmaculata, Celama, 357
sexpunctata, Hyamia, 254
sexsignata, Litocala, 272
sexta, Protoparce, 45

Shakespeare, quoted, 94, 103, 356, 379, 423
Sharp, David, quoted, 3, 17, 30
shastaensis, Apantesis, 131; Pseudohazis, 93
Sheep-moth, Nuttalhs, 93
Siavana, genus; auripennis, repanda, 273
Sibine, genus; ephippiatus, stimulea, 364
siccaria, Therina, 348
Sicya, genus; macularia, 347
Sideraria, Eois, 336
sigmaria, Cymatophora, 340
sigmoides, Eueretagrotis, 179.
signata, Dasylophia, 296; Tricholita, 203
signataria, Melanolophia, 344
signifera, Laphygma, 174
significans, Emilia, 137
significata, Schizura, 299
silago, Xanthia, 214
Silk-culture, The History of, 316
Silk-moth, The Ailanthus, 82; Ceanothus,
Columbian, Glover’s, 84; Mendocino, 89;
Orizaba, 82; Spice-Bush, 84; Tulip-tree,
86; Zephyr, 89
simalis, Cornifrons, 399
similana, Eucosma, 418
similis, Alypia, 143; Catocala, 268
simplaria, Notodonta, 295; Peridroma, 183
simplex, Autographa, 240; Comacla, 107;

Xylomiges, 197
simulans, Memythrus, 383
singula, Pseudanarta, 175
sinualis, Melipotis, 258

Sister, The Little, 269

Sisyrosea, genus; inomata, textula, 366

sitellata, Gypsochroa, 332

Six-plume Moth, The, 417

Skeletonizer, The Apple-leaf, 41 1

Skinner, Henry, ix

slossoni, Gluphisia, 300

slossoniae, Alarodia, 366

Slug; Monkey, 366; Nason’s, 366; Pygmy,

365; Slosson’s, 366, Spiny Oak-, 365
Small Angle Shades, 172
Smerinthus, 54
Smith, Herbert H., 20

Smith, John B., viii, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 118,

151

smithi, Grammodes, 274
Smythe, Ellison, 63
Snout-moth, The Meal, 400
snoviaria, Mellilla, 338
snowi, Melittia, 381

sobria, Calpe, 236; Drasteria, 257; Eois, 335;

Nephelodes, 199
socia, Syneda, 259
socors, Casnurgia, 257
Solanaceas, 45
solanella, Phthorimasa, 425
Solenobia, genus, 360
solidaginis, Rancora, 209
Solidago, loi, 117, 126, 252, 418
Solidago Gall-moth, The, 425
solituda, Gaea, 381
Somites, in body of larvae, 6
somnus, Catocala, 263

sordida, Hyloicus, 49; Phlyctaenodes, 395

sordidata, Hydriomena, 331

sororius, Hemileuca, 91

Southey, quoted, 77

stellata, Derrima, 224

stellidaria, Almodes, 354

Stenaspilates, genus; zalissaria, 331

Stenoma, genus; schlsgeri, 428

Sthenopis, genus; alni, argentata, argenteo-

maculata, quadriguttatus, semiauratus,

443

Stibadium, genus; spumosum, 234
sticticalis, Phlyctaenodes, 395
stigma, Anisota, 94
stigmata, Dryobota, 171
stigmosa, Feltia, 186
stimulea, Sibine, 364
Stinging Caterpillars, 90; spines, 9
Stiria, genus; rugifrons, 234
stragula, Hyperasschra, 294
Strawberry-borer, The, 385
Strawberry Leaf -roller, 419
Strecker, Herman, 30, 52
Strenoloma, genus; lunilinea, 147, 276
Stretch, R. H., 32, 33

stretchi, Catocala, 263; Syneda, 260; Utethe-

isa, 1 17

Stretchia, genus; muricina, 203

striata, Tllice, 109

striatella, Euchalcia, 237

strigata, Calophasia, 170; Euclea, 363;

Eucalyptera, 244; Rancora, 209
strigataria, Phigalia, 347
strigicollis, Mamestra, 19s
strigilis, Pholus, 67

strigosa, Apantesis, 13 1; Calidota, 139;

Melalopha. 293
strigularia, Coenocalpe, 332
stygiaria, Azelina, 352
stylata, Cerapoda, 177
stylobata, Campometra, 276
Stylopoda, genus; cephalica, 229
spadix, Cissusa, 256

Span-worm; Goose-berry, 340; Walnut, 345

474

Index

Sparrows, English, 325
Spear-mark, The, 320

Specimens, capture of, killing, mounting, 19

speciosa, Apantesis, 131

speciosata, Hydriomena, 331

spectanda, Chloridea, 222

spectans, Apatela, 156

Spectre, The, 77

Spencer, Herbert, quoted, 364

sperataria, Lycia, 34s

Spermacoce, 75

speyeri, Cucullia, 208

Sphacelodes, genus; fioridensis, vulneraria,
354

Sphacelodinae, Subfamily, 354 _

Sphecodina, genus. 70; abbotti, 70
Sphida, genus; obliqua, obliquata, 21 1
Sphingidse, 12, 25, 30, 41
Sphinx, genus, 54; astarte, ss; cerisyi, 54:
geminatus, jamaicensis, 55 ;_ ocellata, 54;
ophthalmica, pallidulus, saliceti, triparti-
tus, 55

Sphinx, Abbot’s, 70; Abbot’s Pine, 53;
Achemon, 66; Alope, 58; Ash, 46; Azalea,
68; Bear, 71; Big Poplar, 57; Blinded,
56; Bombyx, 53; Catalpa, 48; Cerisy’s, 54;
Chersis, 50; Clark’s Day-, 73; Colorado,
52; Cramer’s, 59; Cypress, 48; Domingo,
59; Elio, 58; Euterpe, 74; Fig, 60; Four-
homed, 47; Galium, 76; Gaudy, 67; Gaura,
72; Giant Gray, 57; Gordian, 51; Grote’s,
61; Hermit, Hermit-like, 49; Hog, 68;
Huckleberry, 56; Hydrangea, 69; Laurel,
51; Lesser Vine, 67; Lettered, 71; Lintner’s.
51; Lintner’s Pine, 53; Madame Merian’s,
58; Mourning, 61; Nessus, 72; Neumoegen’s,
50; Obscure, 50; Occult, 45; CEnotrus, 59;
Papaw, 46; Phaeton, 74; Pine, 52; Pluto,
75; Rustic, 45; Satellite, 65; Sequoia, 52;
Silver-spotted, 60; _ Small-eyed, 56;
Strecker’s, 73; Striped Morning, 76;
Tersa, 75; Tomato, 45; Twin-spot, 55;
Vancouver, 50; Vine, 67; Walnut, 75;
Waved, 48; Western Poplar, 57; White-
banded Day-, 62; Wild Cherry, 52; Yellow-
banded Day-, 7.3
spilomela, Caradrina, 165
Spinneret, 7

spinosae. Eupanychis, 226
spinuloides, Adoneta, 365
Spiraea, 237, 366
spissa, Euxoa, 189
“Splitters” and “Lumpers,” 112
Sport, The, 152

Spots on wings of noctuid moth, i3
spraguei, Pygarctia, 136; Schinia, 228
Spragueia, genus; dama, guttata, onagrus,
plumbifimbriata, trifariana, 252
spumosum, Stibadium, 234
spuraria, Leptomeris, 333
Spurs, tibial, 14, 15
sputatrix, Hadena, 168
squamigera, Almodes, 354
s-signata, Macaria, 339
subaequaria, Apaecasia, 342
subalbicans, Heterocampa, 297
subapicalis, Xylomiges, 197
subatomaria, Paraphia, 343
subcedens, Hadena, 167
subcinctaria, Macaria, 339
subcitrina, Megalopyge, 369
subcolumbata, Sciagraphia, 339
subdolens, Nephelodes, 199
subflava, Nonagna, 21 1
subgothica, Feltia, 186
subiecta, Illice, 109
subjectalis, Pyrausta, 397

subjuncta, Hadenella, 162; Mamestra, 193

sublunaria, Cleora, 344

submarina, Scotogramma, 198

subnata, Catocala, 266

subolivalis, Pyrausta, 398

subomata, Hypoprepia, 106

subpartita, Galgula, 247

subprivata, Plagodis, 349

subpunctata, Heliophila, 201

Subregions, Faunal, 587

subsequalis, Pyrausta, 398

subsignarius, Ennomos, 348

subsinuaria, Hyperitis, 349

substrigata, Noctua, 184

Subterminal line, 18

subusta, Atethmia, 220

subviridis, Catocala, 261

successaria, Cymatophora, 341; Hsematopsis,
332

Sudraka, quoted, 269
sueta, Melicleptria, 230
suffusa, Agrotis, 182;- Mamestra, 192
suffusalis, Pantographa, 393
Sugar-beet Moth, The, 395
Sugar-cane, 403
Sugaring for moths, 146
sulphuraria, Alcis, 343
sulphurata, Sabulodes, 353
superans, Apatela, 156
superaria, Caberodes, 352
suppressaria, Eois, 335
surrectalis, Epizeuxis, 280
sutrix, Tomacontia, 250
Sweetheart, The, 263
Swift, quoted, 370

Swordgrass ; American, Dot and Dash, 208
Sylectra, genus; erycata, 254
sylvaticqides, Malacosoma, 313
Symmerista, genus; albifrons, 296
Sympherta, genus; tripunctaria, 342
Symphoricarpus, 62, 63
Sympistis, genus; proprius, 229
Synanthedon, genus; acericolum, acemi, 386;
aemula, albicomis, 387; aureola, 385;
aureopurpurea, 387; bassiformis, _ belli,
brunneipennis, consimilis, eupatorii, 385;
gallivorum, 387; hemizonae, 385; hospes,
387; hyperici, imitata, impropria, infirma,
385; inusitata, 386; koebelei, 387; lupini,
lustrans, madariae, 385; modesta, 387;
neglecta, perplexa, 385; pictipes, 386;
proxima, pyri, 387; rileyana, rutilans, 385;
scitula, 387; sexfasciata, tipuliformis,
washingtonia, 385

Synchlora, genus; liquoraria, tricoloraria, 336
Syneda, genus; adumbrata, _ alleni, 259;
athabasca, 260; capticola, divergens, 259;
edwardsi, 260; graphica, 259; howlandi,
hudsouica, 260; saxea, socia, 259; stretchi,
260

Synelys, genus; alabastaria, ennucleata,
reconditaria, 333

Syngrapha, genus; alticola, devergens, diver-
gens, hochenwarthi, 240
synochitis, Eustrotia, 247
Syntomeida, genus; epilais, euterpe, ferox,
ipomeae, 99
Syntornidas, 24, 31, 98
syracosia, Emilia, 137
Syringa, 382
syringse, Podosesia, 382
syringicola, Phlyctaenia, 397
Syssaura, genus; asquosus, biclaria, ephyra^,
infensata, juniperaria, oemearia, olyzonaria,
puber, sesquilinea, varus, 352
Syssphinx, genus, 96: albolineata, heilig-
brodti, raspa. White-lined, 96

475

Index

Sysyrhypena, genus; harti, orciferalis, pupil-
laris, 282

T

tabacella, Phthorimsea, 425
tactus, Homopyralis, 256
taedata, Pseudoglaea, 216
talidiformis, Crambodes, 163
tantalus, Sesia, 42, 61, 62
tapayusa, Cocytius, 44
tapetzella, Trichophaga, 434
Tapinostola, genus; variana, 216
Tarache, genus; aprica, binocula, delecta,
erastrioides, flavipennis, lactipennis, lanceo-
lata, libedis, metallica, sedata, terminima-
cula, virginalis, 251
tardigrada, Euclea, 365
Tarsius spectrum, 77
Tarsus, 14, 15
Taylor, J., quoted, 322
tearli, Bombycia, 304
Tecoma, 49, 401
tecomae, Salobrana, 401
tecta, Amyiia, 242; Orthodes, 203
Telea, genus, 87; fenestra, oculea, paphia,
polyphemus, 87
teUfera, Agrotis, 182
teligera, Mamestra, 19s
telum, Apatela, 155
tenebrifera, Semiophora, 180
tenebrosata, Cymatophora, 341
tenera, Pareuchaetes, 134
Tennyson, Alfred, quoted, 22, 44s
tenuifascia, Illice, 109; Oncocnemis, 176
tenuimargo, Ptychoglene, no
tenuis, Haemorrhagia, 63; Isogona, 256
tepida, Xylina, 207
tephra, Olene, 308

Tephroclystis, genus, 327; absinthiata, ab-
synthiata, coagulata, elongata, geminata,
minutata, notata, 328
teratophora, Jaspidia, 160
terlooi, Arctonotus, 71
Terminal lunules, 18

terminalis, Pygoctenucha, in; Utetheisa, 117
terminimacula, Tarache, 251
terraria, Almodes, 354
terrella, Phthorimasa, 425
terrifica, Setagrotis, 181
tersa, Xylophanes, 75
tertia, Schinia, 228
tertiaiis, Phlyctsenia, 397
tessellaris, Halisidota, 137
tessellata, Euxoa, 189
testacea, Tortricidia, 368
Tetanolita, genus, 283; mynesalis, 284
Tetrads, genus; allediusaria, aspilata, crocal-
lata, 353

tetradactylus, Phobetron, 366
tetragonalis, Phlyctasnodes, 395
tetraspilaris, Cochlidion, 367
tetrio. Pseudosphinx, 57

texana, Comacla, 107; Harrisina, 372;

Horama, 100; Parora, 255; Remigia, 274
textor, Hyphantria, 124
textula, Sisyrosea, 366
thalialis, Noctuelia, 399
Thalpochares, genus; eetheria, 249
thaxteri, Xylina, 207
thecata, Himella, 204
theodori, Polia, 171
Therasea, genus; flavicosta, 251
Therina, genus, 347; aequaliaria, athasiaria,
bibularia, 348; endropiaria, 347; fervidaria,
fiscellaria, flagitaria, invexata, panisaria,
pultaria, sciata, seminudaria, seminudata,
siccaria, 348

thesealis, Pyrausta, 397
thetis, Haemorrhagia, 64; Daritis, 289
Thomas, Edith M., quoted, 358
Thomson, James, quoted, 331, 390
thoracica, Malacosoma, 313
thoracicoides, Malacosoma, 313
thorates, Xylophanes, 75
Thorax, 14, 18
thoreaui, Schinia, 228
thraxalis, Renia, 283
Thyatiridae, Family, 25, 34, 303
thyatiroides, Eosphoropteryx, 237; Dosylo-
phia, 296

Thyreion, genus; rosea, 222
Thyrididae, Family, 24, 35, 374
Thyridopteryx, genus; coniferarum, ephe-
meraeformis, 361

Thyris, genus; lugubris, maculata. Mournful,
nevadae, perspicua, sepulchralis. Spotted,
^,374 .

Thysania, genus; zenobia, 279
thysbe, Haemorrhagia, 62
Tibia, 14, 15
Tiger, 78

Tiger-moths, 115; Aulaean, 124; Banded, 132;
Bean’s, 126; Blake’s, 131; Bruce’s, 126;
Eyed, 120; Figured, 132; Great, 134;
Intermediate, 129; Isabella, 125; Labrador,
Little Virgin, 131; Many-spotted, 121;
Mexican, 131; Nevada, 13 1; Ornate, 130,
Phyllira, 132; Ranchman’s, 128; Ruby,
126; Small, 134; St. Lawrence, 128;
Straight-lined, 129; Virgin, 129; Virginian,
Vestal, 127; Williams’, 132; Yarrow’s, 127;
Zuni, 124

triangulatum, Eustroma, 329
triangulifer, Cirrhophanus, 234
tigris. Diastema, 241
Tilia, 300

tiliaria, Erannis, 347
timais, Xanthopastis, 231
tinctaria, Cleora, 344

Tinea, genus; dubiella, flavescentella, grise-
ella, merdella, pellionella, 433
Tineidae, Family, 6, 25, 26, 37, 430
Tineola, genus; biselliella, bisselliella, crinella,
destructor, lanariella, 432
tipuliformis, Synanthedon, 385
titan, Sesia, 62

Titanio, genus; proximalis, 396
titea, Phigalia, 347
titearia, Phigalia, 347
titubatis, Euxoa, 189
togata, Orthodes, 203; Xanthia, 214
Tolype, genus; velleda, 312
Topsell, “Historie of Serpents,” quoted,
1 14; “Historie of Four-footed Beasts,”
quoted, 357

toreuta, Bomolocha, 286
Tomacontia, genus; sutrix, 250
torrefacta, Apatelodes, 292
Tortricidas, Family, 2^, 25, 37, 417
Tortricidia. genus; caesonia, flexuosa, testa-
cea, 368

Tortrix, genus; albicomana, 423
tortuosa, Hyperaeschra, 294
Tosale, genus; anthoecioides, nobilis, ovi-
plagalis, 402

Toxocampa, genus; victoria, 273
trabalis, Yuma, 407
trabea, Polychrysia, 236
Trachea, genus; delicata, 172
Tragedy of the Night-moth, 209
tragopoginis, Pyrophila, 173
Trama, genus; arrosa, detrahens, 276
tranquila, Zotheca, 219
transducens, Abbotana, 353

476

Index

transferens, Abbotana, 353

transfindens, Sabulodes, 353

transfrons, Hadena, 166

translucida, Hemihyalea, 138

transmontana, Arctia, 134

transmutans, Sabulodes, 353

transposita, Sabulodes, 353

transversata, Ellida, 300; Sabulodes, 353

Transverse, anterior line, 18; posterior line,

trentonalis, Herculia, 401
Trichoclea, genus; antica, 199
Trichocosmia, genus; inornata, 220
Tricholita, genus; semiaperta, signata, 205
Trichophaga, genus; tapetzella, 434
Trichopolia, genus; serrata, 199
Trichosellus, genus; crotchi, cupes, 226
Trichotarache, genus; assimilis, 246
tricinctus, Memythrus, 382
tricolor, Cerathosia, 253; Hemileuca, 93;

Hypoprepia, 106; Kodiosoma, 133
tricoloraria, Synchlora, 336
trifariana, Spragueia, 252
trifascia, Schinia, 227
trifolii, Mamestra, 1 93
trigona, Bertholdia, 140

Trigonophora, genus; periculosa, v-brun-
neum, 215

triguttaria, Heterophleps, 327

trifinearia, Metanema, 351; Platea, 343

trilineata, Gluphisia, 300

trimaculata, Alypiodes, 14s; Euerythra, 120

trinotata, Celama, 357

Triocnemis, genus; saporis, 225

tripars, Porosagrotis, 187

tripartita, Dasylophia, 296

tripartitus. Sphinx, 55

Triphosa, genus; dubitata, indubitata, pro-
gressata, 331

triplipunctaria, Paraphia, 343
Triprocris, genus, 371; constans, latercula,
372; rata, 371; smithsonianus, 372
Tnpsacum dactyloides, 405
Tripudia, genus; opipara, 230
tripunctaria, Sympherta, 342
triquetrana, Celama, 357
trisectus, Cr ambus, 403
tristis, Catocala, 262
Tnstyla, genus; alboplagiata, 220
triumphalis, Phlyctaenodes, 395
Trochanter, 14, 15
truncataria, Epelis, 337
truncatula, Fruva, 252
truxaliata, Sabulodes, 353
Tubercles, larval, 8

Tuerta, genus; noctuiformis, sabulosa, 143

tumida, Pseudanthcecia, 228

tunicana, Epagoge, 421

turbans, Apantesis, 131

turbatellus, Crambus, 402

turbida, Heterocampa, 297

turbitella, Zophodia, 41 1

turbulenta, Hadena, 167

Turkeys, Shooting wild, 148

turris, Euxoa, 190

Turuptiana, genus; caeca, permaculata, re-
ducta, 121
Typha latifolia, 21 1
typhon, Pholus, 65
typica, Pronoctua, 185
tyralis, Pyrausta, 398

u

u-brevis, Autographa, 238
Ufeus, genus; barometricus, plicatus, satyri-
cus, 1 91

ulmi, Apatela, 155; Ceratomia, 47; Hetero-
campa, 297

Ulolonche, genus; modesta, 198
Ulosyneda, genus; valens, 257
ultronia, Catocala, 263
umbellana, Depressaria, 428
umbellella, Depressaria, 428
umbra, Pyrrhia, 214

umbrata, Clemensia, 108; Heterocampa, 297
umbrifascia, Hyai^ia, 254
uncanaria, Platea, 342

Underwings, The, 260; Agrippina, 260;
Aholibah, 265; Amasia, 268; American
Copper, 173; Andromache, 267; Angus’,
262; Augusta, 264; Babayaga, 263; Badia,
267; Bianca, 262; Briseis, 264; California,
263; Carrie’s, 261; Celia, 265; Cleopatra,
263; Clouded, 266; Darling, 263; Dejected,
261; Delilah, Desdemona, 267; Epione,
260; Evelina, Faintly Green, 261; Faustina,
264; Glittering, 266; Gloomy, 262; Graceful,
269; Grote’s, 264; Hawthorn, 268; Hermia,
264; Hinda, 266; Ilia, 26s; Inconsolable,

iudith, 262; Little, 269; Luciana, 263;
lagdalen, 267; Marbled, 263; Meske’s,
264; Mopsa, 26s; Mother, 264; Mourning,
Obscure, 262; Old-Maid, 268; Oldwife, 266;
Olivia, 269; Once-married, 264; Paulina,
261; Phalanga, 266; Pure, 264; Robinson’s,
262; Rosalind, 264; Sappho, 260; Scarlet,
265; Serene, 267; Sleepy, Stretch’s, 263;
Tearful, 261; Ultronia, Verrill’s, 263;
Wayward, 267; Widow, Widowed, 261;
Whitney’s, 268; Yellow-banded, 266;
Yellow-gray, 262; Youthful, 266
undatifascia, Pachylia, 60
undifera, Prolimacodes, 367
undosus, Cossus, 377
undularis, Ypsia, 278
undulata, Hydria, 329
undulosa, Ceratomia, 48
Ungues, 14, 13
unica, Gonodonta, 236

unicolor, Eudule, 327; Misogada 297;

Noctua, 184
unicornis, Schizura, 298
unifascia, Illice, 109
unifasciaiis, Pyrausta, 397
uniformis, Crambidia, 104; Haematomis, 107;

Haemorrhagia, 63
unijuga, Catocala, 264
unilineata, Homoptera, 278
unimacula, Pyrausta, 398
unimoda, Xylina, 207
unio, Euthisanotia, 232

unipuncta, Heliophila, 200; Leucania, 173;

Paraphia, 343
unipunctata, Paraphia, 343
urentis, Abrostola, 240
uroceriformis, Sannina, 382
ursina, Lathosea, 209
Utahensis, Arctia, 134

Utetheisa, genus, 114; The Beautiful, The
Ornamented, bella, hybrida, intermedia
ornatrix, pura, stretchi, terminalis, 117
uxor, Catocala, 263

V

vaccinii, Autographa, 239
vacciniivorana, Alceris, 421
Vaccinium, 36
Vagans, Diacrisia, 128
valens, Ulosyneda, 237
Valeria, genus; opina, 172
vancouverensis, Feltia, 186; Hyloicus, 30
vanella, Pseudotamila, 229

477

Index

varadaria, Caberodes, 352
varia, Automeris, 89; Heterocampa, 297;
Oligia, 1 6s

variabilis, Pseudorthosia, 216
variana, Tapinostola, 216
variolana, Alcens, 421
variolaria, Deilinea, 338
varus, Syssaura, 352
vashti, Hyloicus, 50
vau, Melalopha, 293
v-brunneum, Trigonophora, 215
vecors, Orthodes, 203; Perigea, 165
vega, Pogocolon, 73
vegeta, Cissusa, 256

velata, Orthodes, 203; Rhynchagrotis, 178

velleda, Tolype, 312

velleripennis, Euxoa, 188

vellifera, Bomolocha, 286

Venation of wings, 16

venerabilis, Feltia, 1 86

venezuelensis, Pachylia, 60

venosa, Ctenucha, 10 1

ventilator, Marasmalus, 242

Venus, Hyparpax, 299

Venusia, genus; cambrica, comptaria, con-
densata, duodecimlineata, inclinata, in-
clinataria, perlineata, 328
venusta, Euchalcia, 237; Hyparpax, 299
verbascoides, Hadena, 169
Verbena, 163

vermiculata, Gnophaela, 290
vernata, Euclea, 365; Nyctobia, 324; Palea-
crita, 324

verrilliana, Catocala, 265

verruca, Autographa, 238

versicolor, Darapsa, 69

versuta, Hadena, 167; Pseudorgyia, 245

verticalis, Euxoa, 189

vesca, Galgula, 247

Vespamima, genus; pinorum, sequoiae, 384

vespiformis, ^geria, 383

vesta, Philosamia, 82

vestaliata, Orthofidonia, 33 7

vestalis, Haplpa, 118; Maenas, 127

vestitaria, Ania, 349

vesulia, Oxydia, 352

vetusta, Hemerocampa, 306; Porosagrotis,
187

viatica, Glaea, 218; Orthofidonia, 337

Viburnum, 62, 63

vicaria, Noctua, 184

vicariana, Archips, 422

vicina, Mamestra, 195

victoria, Toxocampa, 273

videns, Platysenta, 163

vidua, Catocala, 261

viduata, Catocala, 261

vinculum, Phurys, 275

vinela, Hadena, 170

vinnula, Apatela, 156

vinesaria, Euchlsena, 350

violacea, Hadena, 167

violans, Nephelodes, 199

viralis, Hadena, 168

virescens, Chloridea, 222

virgata, lanassa, 298

virginalis, Platyprepia, 128; Tarache, 251

virginaria, Epimecis, 344

virginica, Ctenucha, 102; Diacrisia, 127

virginiensis, Anisota, 94, 95

virgo, Apantesis, 129

virguncula, Apantesis, 131

viridans, Homoptera, 278

viridescens, Psaphidia, 177

viridiclava, Euclea, 365

viridis, Euclea, 365

viridisignata, Autographa, 239

viridoperlata, Metrocampa, 348
viridula, Zotheca, 219
Vitaceae, 61, 65, 70
vitis, Pholus, 67

vittata, Apantesis, 132; Hypoprepia, 106

vivida, Pygarctia, 136

volubiiis, Feltia, 186

volupia, Rhododipsa, 225

voluta, Adoneta, 365

vornerina, Morrisonia, 196

votiva, Pygoctenucha, in

v-signatana, Archips, 422

vulneraria, Sphacelodes, 354

vulnifica, Bellura, 21 1

vultuosa, Hadena, 168

w

Wainscot; Comma, 203; Dark-winged,
False, 201; Heterodox, 202; Lesser, 201;
Many-lined, 202; White-lined, 201
wakarusa, Yponomeuta, 423
Walker, Francis, 27, 30

walkeri, Philosamia, 82; Scopelosoma, 218
Walking as a Fine Art, 270
Walnut Case-bearer, The, 408
Walnut Span-worm, The, 345
Walshia, genus; amorphella, 430
Walsingham, Lord, 37, 38
walsinghami, Ctenucha, 102
Walton, Izaak, quoted, 374
washingtonia, Synanthedon, 385
washingtoniana, Xylina, 207
Wasp-moth; Double-tufted, 99; Edwards’,
100; Lesser, 99; Polka-dot, 99; Scarlet-
bodied, 98; Texan, 100; Yellow-banded, 99
Web-worm, The Parsnip, 428
Westwood, J. O., 3S, 370, 428
whitneyi, Catocala, 268
Whittier, J. G., quoted, 292 320
Wife, The, 265
williamsi, Apantesis, 132
wilsoni, Ciris, 233
Wings, structure of, p. is
wiskotti, Arctia, 134
Wittfeldi, Alypia, 143, 144
Wood, Rev. J. G., quoted, 360
woodi,_ Homoptera, 278

Woodling, Beautiful, Brown, Fletcher’s
Grieving Hardened, Oregon, Simple, 197
Wood-nympn, Beautiful, Pearly, 232
Woolly bears, 115, 125
Wordsworth, quoted, 415
worthingtoni, Porosagrotis, 187
wrighti, Gluphisia, 300; Scepsis, loi

X

Xanthia, genus; flavago, silago, togata, 214
xanthioides, Perigea, 165
xanthometata, Mellilla, 338 _

Xanthopastis, genus; regnatrix, timais, 231
Xanthoptera, genus; nigrofimbria, 248;
semiflava, 249

Xanthothrix, genus; neumoegeni, 231
Xanthotype, genus; caelaria, citrina, cro-
cataria, 349

xiphiaeformis, Sanninoidea, 384
Xylina, genus; antennata, 206; baileyi, 207;
cinerea, disposita, 206; innominata, latici-
nerea, 207; petulca, 206; pexata, tepida,
thaxteri, unimoda, washingtoniana, 207
xylina, Alabama, 243
xylinoides, Hyppa, 171

Xylomiges, genus; cognata, crucialis, dolosa
fletcheri, indurata, patalis, perlubens
pulchella, simplex, subapicalis, 197

478

Index

Xylophanes, genus, 75: boerhaviae, croesus
eson, pluto, tersa, thorates, 75
Xylorictidae, Family, 26, 428

Y

Yarrowi, Phragmatobia, 127
yavapai, Hemileuca, 92
y-inversa, Cochiidion, 367; Prodoxus, 439
yosemitae, Fishea, 170

Yponomeuta, genus; euonymella, multi-
punctella, orbimaculella, ordinatellus, wa-
icarusa, 423

Yponomeutidse, Family, 26, 38, 423

Ypsia, genus; undularis, 278

ypsilon, Agrotis, 149, 182

Yrias, genus; clientis, repentis, 277

Yucca, 437; angustifolia, filamentosa, 442;

whipplei, 440, 442
Yucca-moth, 441
yuccasella, Pronuba
Yuma, genus; adulatalis, trabalis, 407

z

Zale, genus; horrida, 277
zalissaria, Stenaspilates, 351
Zanclqgnatha, genus; laevigata, lituralis,
minimalis, ochreipennis, protumnusalis, 281
zeae, Achatodes, 212; Plodia, 415
zelatella, Mineola, 409
Zeller, P. C., 37
zelleri, Automeris, 89
zenobia, Thysania, 279
zephyria, Automeris, 89_

Zeuzera, genus; aesculi, decipiens, hilaris
hypocastrina, pyrina, 376
Zinckenia, genus; albifascialis, angustalis,
diffascialis, fascialis, recurvalis, 392
zonata, Homopyralis, 256
Zophodia, genus; grossulariae, turbitella, 41 1
Zosteropoda. genus; hirtipes, 203
Zotheca, genus; sambuci, tranquila, viridula
219

zuni, Arachnis, 124

Zygaenidffl, Family, 25, 35, 233, 371

479

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