IB TETRAPHIS.

though very reluctantly, to remove it from Buxlaumia as a ge*
nus, and consequently to a different part of the order in an arti*
ficial system.

D.fotiosum. (TAB. VlII.)

D. foliosum. Mohr Obs. Bot.p. 34. Hook, in Fl. Lond. with a figure.
Moug. et Nestl n. 37. Buxbaumia foliosa. Linn. Syst. Veg. p. 945.
Hedw. — Engl. Bot. t. 329. Turn. Muse. Hib.p. 104. Buxbaumia ses-
silis. /Sc^mirf.—Phascum montanum. Huds. — Pi maximum. Light/ . —
Dill. Muse. t.32.f. 13.

HAB. In woods and on rocks in alpine situations.

The stems are exceedingly short, and grow in densely-
matted patches. The leaves small, ligulate, of a dark
green colour, furnished with a strong nerve. The perichae-
tial leaves large, erect> membranous, pale brown, covering
entirely the capsule, lanceolato-oblong, acuminated, and to-
wards the extremity cut in a singular manner into long slen-
der segments at the margin ; nerve strong, rigid, brown,
very excurrent, serrulate at the extremity. Capsule large,
ovate, gibbous, oblique. Calyptra mitriform. Lid conical,
acuminated. Peristome simple, consisting of a plicate mem-
brane forming a cone.

8. TETRAPHIS.

GEN. CHAU. Fruitstalks terminal ; Peristome single,
consisting of four equidistant upright teeth ; Ca-
lyptra mitriform. (TAB. I.)

The lid in the only two known species of this genus is remark-
ably thin and scariose in texture, and the teeth are reticulated,
not striated as in most mosses. The calyptra is striated, or
furrowed ; the leaves are rigid.

1. T. pellucida; stems elongated, leaves ovato-acuminate,
those of the perichaetium lanceolate: capsule cylindrical .

(TAB. VIII.)

T. pellucida. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 7./.I. Engl. Bot. t. 1020. Turn.
Muse. Hib. p. 12. Moug. ct Nettl n. 14. Mnium pellucidum. Linn.
—Dill Muse. t. 31. / 2.

TETRAPHIS. 17

HAB. Generally found on decaying trunks of trees; some-
times on the ground, and most abundant in mountainous
countries.

This plant has a peculiar character which distinguishes it
from every other known moss. The leaves are of a pale and
pleasant green colour, rigid, furnished with a nerve which
terminates helow the point; those surrounding the peri-
chaetium are much longer and narrower than the rest. Cap-
sule oblong, cylindrical: teeth large, brown: ealyptra much
resembling that of an Orthotrichum, but smooth. Besides
the plants which bear the male and female fructification
(usually so called) there are others which are terminated by
cup-shaped receptacles, consisting of broadly obcordate leaves,
in the centre of which are fixed by a short footstalk small
spherical bodies, bearing an exact analogy to the anthers of
Jungermannice.

T. ovata; stems very short; leaves few, linear, slightly incras-
sated upwards, those of the perichaetium ovate, obtuse; cap-
sule ovate. (TAB. VIII.)

T. ovata. Hoppe in DeutschL Fl. (with a figure.) Schwaegr. Suppt.
t. 13. Bryum Brownianum. Dicks. Crypt, fasc. 4. t. 10. f. 16. Ortho-
trichum Brownianum. Smith FL jBn'£.--Grimmia Browniana. EngL
Bot. t. 1422.

HAB. Rocks, particularly of granite, in the north of En-
gland and Ireland.

Although possessing the true generic character of a Te*
traphis, the general aspect of the plant and the form and
structure of the leaves are totally different. In size, the
whole plant rarely exceeds half an inch. Stems scarcely any.
Outer leaves very few, half as long as the fruitstalk, linear
or only a little swollen upwards, thick, rigid, dotted. Inner
or perichaetial leaves broad, ovate, concave, rigid, with a faint
nerve at the base. All of them of an olive-green colour in-
clining to brown. Capsule ovate, reticulated, dark brown.
Lid conico-acuminate, a little oblique. Hoppe, we believe,
first discovered this plant, and described it as a Tetraphis :
but he has omitted to figure the outer leaves, as has Schwaeg-
richen; nor has Bridel described them. Sir James Smith,
misled by the appearance of the calyptra, placed it among
the Orthotricha and afterwards with the Grimmice, and in
English Botany is a most incorrect figure of the per is tome
with 8 double teeth, or J 6 placed closely in pairs

LIBRARY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
DAVIS

Muscologia Britannica;

CONTAINING

•

THE MOSSES

OF

Britain f

SYSTEMATICALLY ARRANGED AND DESCRIBED 9

WITH PLATES ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE CHARACTERS OF THE
GENERA AND SPECIES.

BY

WILLIAM JACKSON HOOKER, F.R.S. A.S.L.S,

AND MEMBER OF THE WERNERIAN SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH,

AND

THOMAS TAYLOR, M.D. M.R.I.A. & F.L.S.

AND FELLOW OF THE KING AND QUEEN's COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS OP

IRELAND.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY RICHARD AND ARTHUR TAYLOR, SHOE LANE ;

LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN,
PATERNOSTER ROW.

1818.

TO

THE REV. JAMES DALTON, M.A,

RECTOR OF CROFT IN YORKSHIRE,
ETC.

THE FOLLOWING SHEETS ARE OFFERED

AS A TESTIMONY OF

THE MOST AFFECTIONATE REGARD

AND ESTEEM,

BY

W. J. HOOKER

AND

THOMAS TAYLOR.

INTRODUCTION.

To render the Mosses of England generally known, to
give to other naturalists an opportunity of profiting by
those researches upon which we have ourselves bestowed
much time and patience ; to fix, if possible, this depart-
ment of our botany upon a firmer basis ; and, by render-
ing more easy the investigation of onexrf the most beau-
tiful parts of the creation, to place in a clearer light the
wonders of the Divine hand, — such are the motives that
.we set before us in the undertaking of this work, and
such the objects which we flatter ourselves we shall be
found in some measure to have attained. At the same
time, however, that we trust we may be allowed to in-
dulge in this hope, we are sensible that it can only be
entertained in a very imperfect degree. Much may not-
withstanding still be done, though all cannot be accom-
plished ; and to us the very study requisite for the doing
of it is in itself a pleasure that repays the toil.

To turn more immediately to the object before us,
the Muscologia is a subject comparatively new, scarcely
thirty years having elapsed since the publication of Hed-
wig's Theory ; a work which first diffused over the sci-
ence that light by whose aid all future progress has
been made in its advancement. The successive labours
of this eminent naturalist contributed to build a system

b

H INTRODUCTION.

Upon firm and philosophic grounds. He has been ably
seconded by more recent authors, especially Swartz and
JVlohr, and his own pupil Schwaegrichen ; but perhaps
by none so effectually as Bridel, whose work upon the
mosses, though full of errors as to species and synonyms,
contains a history of the science, and a review of what-
soever is connected with it, at once admirable and un-
rivalled. To him therefore we refer our readers for in-
formation on this head, the nature of our undertaking
precluding us from touching upon it as we could wish,
and our intention in this preface being little more than
briefly to state what may be expected in our work.

No country perhaps of similar extent is more favour-
able to the growth of mosses than the British isles^
where there is so great a variety of soil, and no incon-
siderable difference in the climate between the plains
and the summits of our highest hills. Our woods, mo-
rasses, rocks, and shaded banks afford nourishment to a
variety of species, and our mountains, though of small
elevation when compared to the Alps of Switzerland
and Savoy, yet on account of their northern latitude,
and of their rising nearly to the limits of perpetual
snow, produce most of the mosses of those highly-fa-
voured regions. In so few parts of Europe has the
Muscology of the country been fully investigated, that
we cannot fairly draw a comparison between this de-
partment of the Flora of any district and our own. In
France, including the vast extent of the Alps and Py-
rennees, M. De Candolle has enumerated 227 species.
Germany, according toMohr, possesses above 280; and
Lapland, by Wahlenberg's statement, 160 species. We
estimate our number at less than 260. But it must be
remembered that all the&e authors, not even excepting

INTRODUCTION. iii

iVfohr, who has so greatly reduced the number of spe-
cies made by other botanists, describe as distinct indi-
viduals many plants which we look upon only as varie-
ties. France boasts of Anictangium lapponicum, Grim-
mia plagiopodia, Trichostomtim pallidum, Timmia me-
gapolitana and austriaca, Neckera cladorhizans and
pennata, which we have not. Germany, also, of Amct*
aquaticum, Trich. pallidum, and the two species of Tim-
mia; of Cinclidium stygium, Dicranum ambiguum, cy-
lindricum, Schraderi, tortile, Didymodoii glaucescens
and latifolium, Grimmia trifaria, Splachnum urceola-
turn and Hypnum Halleri. Lapland has Splachnum ru-
bru?n, luteum and urceolatum, Didymodon latifolium and
pusillum, Dicr. cylindricum, Schraderi, Polytrichum.
capillare and Iffivigatum, Mnium turgidum, Cinclidium
stygium, Timmia austriaca, Bryum squarrosum, Hyp-
num sarmentosum, and Fonimalis falcata, which our
Flora is not possessed of*

We have peculiar to our islands Andr&a nivalis,
{jrymnostomum Griffithianum^ viridissimum and Don-
nianum, Tortula agraria, Grimmia Daviesii, Weissia
Templetoni, Didymodonflexifotium, Orthotrichitm Hut-
chinsia, pulchellum and Lyelli, Daltonia splachnoides,
Bartramla arcuata, Plookeria l&te-virens, Zygodon
conoideum, and some others of less interest.

In a work like the present it will not be expected that
we should enter much upon the subject of the structure
of the Mosses, or their modes of increase, and what
have been considered by most authors as the organs of
fructification. Indeed it is our opinion that too little
is at present known on these heads to enable us to speak
satisfactorily ; and we are hoping to gather much new
information, on the subject from our veiy intelligent

b2

it INTRODUCTION.

friend Mr. Drummond, of the Cork Botanic Garden,
who is prosecuting his researches with uncommon assi-
duity. We have adopted for the most part Hedwig's
terminology; but we have in general declined noticing
the male flowers, as they are generally called, not only
because we think their office or use is but imperfectly
known, but because they are with so much difficulty to
be discovered.

We shall say a few words on the Genera of Mosses,
which, since the time of Linnaeus, who established only
six, have been varying as the species have been multi-
plied, and as the time and attention of botanists have
been more closely directed to them. Hedwig increased
the number of Genera to thirty-three, including the
exotic kinds. From them we have removed those whose
characters depend solely on the situation of the male
flowers, and have founded our characters, in the first
place, upon the absence or presence of the fringe of the
Peristome, which Hedwig employed to so much advan-
tage, and, following him, Turner and Smith ; 2dly, its
simple or double nature ; 3dly, its configuration and di-
rection ; 4thly, upon the lateral or terminal situation of
the fruitstalk ; and, 5thly and lastly, upon the form of
the calyptra, whether dimidiate or entire (mitriform), a
character we think of great importance, to which Mr.
Turner has long had recourse, but which was first pub-
licly brought into use by that eminent German Crypto-
gamist Mohr. By means of this we see many families
formed which are so in natural habit. Thus is Hed-
wig's slnictangium kept separate from Gymnostomum,
Grimmia from PFeissia, Trichostomum from Didy mo-
don, Zygodon from Orthotrichum, and Hookeria from
Hypnum. We think likewise that scarcely a less de*

INTRODUCTION. V

gree of importance is to be given to the lateral and ter-
minal situation of the fruitstalk ; by the aid of which
natural groups (and these last should never be lost sight
of, although in the present imperfect state of the science
they must occasionally yield to more precise artificial
characters,) are often found. Thus we presume Anic-
tangium (the foreign A. aquaticum) may be kept from
tfedwigm, Pterogomum from Weissia, Leucodon from
Dicranum, Fabronia, an exotic genus, from Orthotri*
chum, and above all Hypnum from Bryum.

Still it must be acknowledged, that even on these
principles, which may at first sight appear so clear, it
will be difficult to assign characters to some genera
which seem gradually to pass into each other. It is,
for example, hard to pronounce if Gymnostomum micro-
stomum, G. fasciculare, and G. Griffithianum really
possess what should be considered a peristome. It bears
the closest resemblance to that membranous ring which
in an early state we see on the mouth of the capsule of
Weissia affinis and W. trichodes ; but in these two
species it breaks into teeth in a more advanced state.
The peristome of Orthotrichum presents remarkable
anomalies ; sometimes the teeth are in a single row,
and only of one kind, as in O. anomalum; in O. stria-
turn the peristome is clearly double., the narrower teeth
or cilia arising from an internal membrane ; whereas in
most of the other species which have ciliary processes
they originate on the side of the larger teeth. In Di-
cranum the teeth are subject to vary, and to border on
the one hand upon Trichostomum, and on the other
upon Grimmia, in which genus we find the teeth some-
times split. In Leskea it is difficult sometimes to see
the inner membrane rising above the mouth of the cap-

vi INTRODUCTION.

sule, and then the peristome precisely agrees with that
of Neckera, to which perhaps the genus ought to be
united. In those mosses which make yearly shoots,
these sometimes arise so near the point of insertion of
the fructification as to make the fruitstalk appear late-
ral, which is especially the case in the genus Bartramia.
-—Even the calyptra of some mosses seems to be inter-
mediate, having so slight a fissure, that we are doubtful
which we should call that of Cmclidotus and of Splach-
num: — sometimes in Triclwstomum^ besides the short
fissure at the base, we see in Tr. microcarpon a single
longitudinal cleft reaching three-fourths of the way up,
making it appear a truly dimidiate calyptra. Such top
is the case with the Tr.funale of Schwaegrichen, which
gave him occasion to say of it " Calyptrre forma ab affi-
nibus Trichostojnis etiam recedit et rursus, calyptram
ad definitiones genericas adhibendam non esse, demon-
strat." In this, and indeed in all the previously men-
tioned cases, the question is to be decided by the habit
of the plant which thus has its share of influence in the
formation of Genera.

As to what regards the species, although very constant
in their minute characters, they, as well as other plants.,
vary according to exposure, soil, humidity, elevation at
which they grow, and a variety of other circumstances.
Jt is not therefore surprising that these varieties should
be raised to the rank of species by those who have not
had it in their power to devote the time and attention
necessary to the observing them abroad in their various
places of growth, and in the closet to microscopical re--
searches. Frequent leisure, various journeys made pur.-
posely through various parts of our happy islands, an,d
^specially in the more alpine parts of Scotland and Ire-

INTRODUCTION. vii

land, added to a continued use of the microscope at
home in the examining of our own collections, and re-
ferences to the descriptions of others, have, we hope, in
many instances enabled us to detect errors in preceding
authors, to separate species from varieties, and to dis-
cover marks and characters indicative of species in what
had been before undecided, or only considered as varia-
tions of known individuals. On the form of the leaf
undoubtedly much stress is to be laid ; but in the serra-
tures, and particularly in the absence or presence, the
length, the breadth, and various conformation of the
nerves, so much insisted on by Mohr, characters will
frequently be found when they fail in almost every other
part of the plant.

But it is not solely on out own investigations that we
wish to rely for many of the facts brought forward in
these sheets. Many friends both at home and abroad
have kindly contributed to us specimens and remarks
which have been of great use to us. As however these
have been in every instance recorded under the species
which by their means have been illustrated, we shall
here content ourselves with acknowledging the various
liberal communications of Dr. Swartz among foreign
botanists, and among those of our country of Mr. Daw-
son Turner, whose valuable Herbarium has been freely
offered to our use, and whose various communications
and corrections have stamped a value on our book which
it could not otherwise have possessed.

Since our main object in the following pages has been
to assist the student of Muscology in the investigation
of the species of these isles, we have given in the body
of the work such generic and specific characters and re-
marks upon each as we think necessary for their discrl-

viii INTRODUCTION.

initiation, without entering into such details as to swell
our book to an inconvenient size, or to make it tedious
by long. and dry descriptions. To these we have added
figures drawn by ourselves with the utmost care, and en-
graved by an artist* of high talents under our imme-
diate inspection,, of every species, when necessary, of the
natural size and magnified. In some of the larger tribes,
such as the Hypna and a few others., whose characters
are founded principally on their foliage, the leaves only
have been generally represented magnified, otherwise the
price of the book must have been considerably enhanced
by the additional number of plates. The English lan-
guage has been preferred for this work, because we know
many naturalists who pursue the study of this pleasing
branch of natural history with the most unwearied in-
dustry, who are nevertheless in a situation of life which
has precluded them from acquiring the knowledge of
any but their native tongue : — yet we have not been
unmindful of foreign botanists, should we be so fortu-
nate as to have our book fall into their hands; and with
this chiefly in view we have given a Synoptical Table
both of the Genera and Species in Latin. This method
is founded upon that of Lamarck and De Candolle, with
some alterations, which we trust will be found useful,
and such as has been already adopted in the Monograph
of the British Jungermannise.

Should these Tabulse not be clearly understood at
first sight, a few remarks will, we hope, render them per-
fectly intelligible to our readers. The principle consists

* Mr. W. H. C. Edwards of Bungay, in Suffolk, whose accuracy
in botanical engraving has been displayed in many of the plates of
Roxburgh's Plants of the Coast of Coromandel, and in all those of
Hooker's British Jungermannice.

INTRODUCTION. ix

in presenting, in succession, pairs of opposite characters^
between which the student is to choose, by a comparison
with the plant, till the required genus or species be
found. Suppose, for example, that he takes Polytri~
chum piliferwn as the object of his examination. On
having recourse to the TABULA GENERUM, he will see
by examining the mouth of the capsule that it will not
accord with the first, but with the second character there
given, " Peristoniio instructo" which carries him to
No. 7, where he will again compare his plant with the
other character, and will be referred to No. 8. Here
he will have no difficulty in discovering whether the
peristome be single or double, and will consequently
be carried on to No. 9, where he will with equal facility
decide upon that character which allows more than four
teeth to the peristome; and on being referred to No. 10,
the second line leads his eye to No. 1 1, where the words
" dentibus apicibus connexis" are applicable only to the
plant in question; and then going on to No. 12, the
character against POLYTRICHUM will be found to be the
only one which will suit his plant. — On referring to
the species under the genus Polytrichum in the con-
tinuation of the Tabula, it will be seen that, having a
calyptra covered with hair-like processes, it will belong
to that character which refers to No. 3, when an exami-
nation of the leaves will be necessary to decide upon
what we are to choose. These leaves having their mar-
gins involute, we go to No. 4, where, finding our plant
to have diaphanous points to the leaves, we cannot he-
sitate in naming it P.piliferum. The same plan must
be adopted in the determination of any other species.
With regard to our Synonyms, we have endeavoured to
get them into as small a space as was possible, consist-

x INTRODUCTION.

ently with utility ; and our great aim has been to quote
those authors who have given the first name to the
species, and those who have given the first-good figure
of it.

We have referred with much pleasure to a valuable
work published at Strasburgh, consisting of dried speci-
mens of cryptogamic plants, and entitled Stirpes Crypto*
garnet J/^ogeso-RhenanfE, auctoribns Mougeot et Nest"
ler. We regret that the work is so little known in this
country ; but we trust that this loss will be in some mea-
sure compensated by a similar one of the Musci and
Hepaticse of our own country, which will be published
by Mr. Hobson of Manchester, to whom the Musco-
logy of this country is much indebted. It will readily
be seen how much superior these works must be in point
of accuracy to the best of plates, and they have also the
advantage of being vended to the public at a much
cheaper rate.

MUSCORUM BRITANNICORUM

GENERUM
CLAVIS ANALYTICA,

• fPeristomio nullo. 2.
'\Peristomio instructo. 7.

( Peristomio nullo.)

2 TCapsuIa quadrivalvi . . . ANDRJEA. I.*
'\Capsula Integra. 3.

g fCapsula sessili, receptaculo pedicellate SPHAGNUM. II,
' I^Capsula pedicellata^ receptaculo sessili. 4.

^ fOperculo adnato .... PHASCUM. III.

' \Operculo deciduo. 5.

c rOperculo demum laciniato , SCHISTOSTEGA. IV,
* \Operculo integro. 6.

g fCalyptra campanulata , , ANICTANGIUM. V,
"\Calyptradimidiata » . GYMNOSTOMUM. VI,

(Peristomio instructo.)

~ fPeristomio simplice. 8.
\Peristomio duplice. 22.

* Peristomio simplice.

rPeristqmio e membrana conoidea, plicata
8.<^ DIPHYSCTUM. VII,

LPeristomio e dentibus vel ciliis constante. 9.

Q fDentibus quatuor . *.!.~. . TETRAPHIS. VIII.
'\Dentibus plusquam quatuor. 10.

,Q fDentibus octo-geminatis . -.^ SPLACHNUM. IX.
' fDentibus 16 vel pluribus. 11.

* The figures at the end of the Generic names refer to the genus at the
head of its species in the succeeding part of the Table.

xii MUSCORUM BRITANNICORUM GENERUM

U fDentibus apicibus connexis. 12.
'\Dentibusapicibus liberis. 13.

TDentibus 16, apicibus cohserentibus CONOSTOMUM. X.
12. < Dentibus 32, apicibus membraua horizontali connexis

L POLYTRICHUM. XI.

,« fDentibus spiraliter tortis. 14,
\_Dentibus rectis. 15.

fDentibus basi per trabes connexis (fructu immerso)
14. < CINCLIDOTUS. XII.

^Dentibus liberis vel basi membraua connexis

TORTULA. XIII.

.- fDentibus 16, integris. 16.

' jJDentibus 16, divisis, vel triginta duobus. 19.

_~ rCalyptra carnpanulata, vel mitriformi. \7»
"'\Calyptra dimidiata. 18.

rCalyptra laevi, capsulam omnino tegente
17. J ENCALYPTA. XIV.

^Calyptra sulcata^ capsula breviore . GRJMMIA. XV.

IP fFructu laterali . . ,f PTEROGONIUM. XVI.
"^Fructu term inali . . j' • : WEISSIA. XVII.

fDentibus 16, bifidis u;.ii; ^{ff DICRANUM. XVIII.
I9.< Dentibus 16, vel 32 per paria approximatis vel basi so-
L lummodo per paria connexis. 20.

9n f Calyptra mitriformi ^, " ":^i TRJCHOSTOMUM. XIX.
^ '\Calyptra dimidiata. 21.

« i TFructu laterali '** * *' "^ . LEUCODON. XX.
^ \Fructu terminali . ^y- . DIDYMODON. XXI.

* * Perisiomio duplice.

TPeristomio interno e ciliis liberis. 23.

22. < Peristomio interno membranaceo, vel e ciliis plus ininusve
L connexis. 28.

OQ TFructu terminali. 24. *

W'\Fructu laterali. 26.

TPeristomii dentibus obliquis, ciliis his oppositis
24.^ FUNARIA. XXII.

I^Peristomii dentibus rectis, ciliis his alternantibus. 25.

-x /"Calyptra dimidiata .-3-4, . ZYGODON. XXIII.
\Cal*yptra mitriformi ? ORTHOTRICHUM. XX1V»

CLAVIS ANALYTICA. xiii

2g rCiliis e membrano interne . NECKERA. XXV.

* \Ciliis e dentium lateribus. 27-

07 fCalyptra dimidiata . . ANOMODON. XXVI.
\Calyptramitriformi . . DALTONIA. XXVII.

fPeristomio interno conico-membranaceo vel cancel-
2SJ lato. 29.

(^Peristomio interno membranaceo-laciniato. 30.

rPeristomio interno cancellato (fructu laterali)
29.<j FONTIN^IS. XXVIIL

LPeristomio interno membranaceo, plicato

BUXBAUMIA. XXIX.

pPeristomii intern! laciniis 16, aequalibus, bifidis (capsula
of) ) globosa) . . . BARTRAMIA. XXX,

j Peristonn'i intern! laciniis 16 vel pluribus, integris, vel

*• perforatis. 31.

«, fCalyptra mitriformi . * HOOKERIA. XXXI.

JI*\Calyptra dimidiata. 32.

«9 /Fructu laterali . . " ,'! HYPNUM. XXXII.
**' \Fructu terminali . . . BRYUM. XXXIII.

SPECIERUM
CLAVIS ANALYTICA.

I. ANDREA.

. fFoliis enervibus. 2.
f \ Foliis nervo instructis. 3.

TFoliis oblongo-spatulatis, acuminatis, erectis A, alpina.
2,<^ Foliis ovato-lanceolatis, obtusis, falcato-secundis

L A. rupestrh*

pFoliis lanceolato-subulatis, falcato-secundis, perichaetia-

„ \ libus oblongis, enervibus . . A. RotkiL

* | Foliis lanceolatis, subfalcatis, secundis, perichaetialibus

S conformibus , ;'.'' A* nivalis.

iv MUSCORUM BRiTANNICORUM SPECIfiRUM

xiv

II. SPHAGNUM.

* TFoIiis ovatis. 2.

' j^Foliis lanceolatis. 3.

2 fFoliis obtusis ial^ ^'.^fr'" . 5. oltusifolium.

"\Foliis acuminatis, squarroso-recurvis S. squarrosutn.

g fFoliis lanceolatis, confertis . .» S. acutifolium.

'\Foliis lanceolato-subulatis, laxis . S. cuspidatitm.

III. PHASCUM.

fSurculis reptantibus, aphyllis, ramosis_, articttlatis
l.< Pi serralum.

(jSurculis reptantibus nullis. 2.
2 TFolii magis minus ve subulatis. 3.
"\Foliis magis minusve ovatis. 6.

(Foliis subulatis.)

TFoliis pericbsetialibus demum lateralibus, caiilinorum tjis-
S.< simililus .... P. alternifolium;
LFoliis perichsetialibus terminalibus, caulinorum simili-
bus. 4.

* TFoliis siccitate crispis . i P. crispum*
*\ Foliis semper strictis. 5.

TFoliis subulato-setaceis, nervo excurrente P. sululatum.

5.< Foliis lanceolate -subulatis, nervo evanescence (fructu de-

L mum laterali) ... P. axillare.

(Foliis ovatis.)

fi TFoliorum nervo evanescente .v * P. patens*
I^Foliorum nervo excurrente. 7.

* fFoliis seta brevioribus. 8.
^Foliis seta longioribus. 10.

fi fCapsula elliptica . ^ ;^ ^^j^ -^ p. Iryoides.
\Capsula fere globosa. 9.

TFoliis ovato-acuminatis, setam subaequantibus
9.< P. curvicollum,

LFoliis ovatis, seta multo brevioribus - '. P. rectum.

,~ f Foliis late ovatis, acuminatis, conuiventibus P. muticum.
ovato-acuminatis, erectis *!$* Pt cuspidatum,

CLAVIS ANALYTICA. xv

IV. SCHISTOSTEGA.
S. pennala.

V. ANICTANGIUM.

I TFoliorum apicibus diaphanis . . A. ciliatum.
' I^Foliorum apicibus coloratis . . A. imlerle.

VI. GYM-NOSTOMUM.

1 fFoliis perichaetialibus reliquorum dissimilibus. 2.
" \Foliis perichaetialibus reliquorum similibus. 3.

(Folils periclicetialilus instmctis.}

2 TFoliis lineari-lanceolatis, capsulis striatis G. lapponicum.
"\Foliis lanceolatis, capsulis laevibus . G. cestivum.

( Folils perichcetialilus nullis.)

o TCaule elongate^ ramoso, 4.
'* j^Caule simplice. 5.

•k

Caule elongate, ramoso.

* fFoliis late lanceolatis . . G. viridusinvum.

' [_Foliis subulatis . . . G. curvirostrum.

* * Caule Irevi.

r TFoliis apice latioribus^ obtusissimis G. Griffithianum.
* (JFoliis magis rainusve acuminatis vel piliferis. 6.

/ Foliis ovatis lanceolatisve.
subulatis. 12.

f Foliis ovatis lanceolatisve.

- TFoliis obtusis, piliferis G. ovatum,

j^Foliis acutis vel acuminatis. 8.

a fOperculo rostrato. 9.
* \Operculo perbrevi, 10.

Q TFoliis ovatis, integerrimis . . G. truncaiulum.
' J^Foliis lanceolatis, serrulatis . . G Hearnii.

'10 r^aPsu^s ovatis, foliis integerrimis . G. conicum.
' {^Capsulis pyriformibus, foliis serratis (reticulatis) . 11.

xvi MUSCORUM BRITANNICORUM SPECIERUM

(Foliis lanceolatis, acuminatis, marginatis, planis
Gymnostomumfasciculare.
Foliis ovatis, subacuminatis, immarginatis, coucavis

G. pyriforme.

f f Foliis sulnlatis.

19 fFoliis obtusis .... '<•'& •*' G. tenue.
"\Foliis acutis. 13.

{Foliis subulatis, capsula turbinata . G. Donnianum.
Foliis lanceolato-subulatis, capsula elliptica
G. micros tomum*

VII. DIPHYSCIUM.

D.foliosum.

T
.<^
(

VIII. TETRAPHIS.

Foliis ovato-lanceolatis^ perichaetialibus subsimilibus

T. pellucida.
?oliis linearibus, perichaetialibus ovatis , T. ovata*

IX. SPLACHNUM.

1 fFoliis acuminatis. 2.
•\Foliis obtusis. 6.

(Foliis acuminatis.)

o f Foliis breviter acuminatis. 3.
* \Foliis longe acuminatis. 4.

2 fApophysi capsula ampliore . » S. sphcericum*
'" \Apophysi capsula angustiore . « J>i;C"7 ; S. tenue*

A f Foliis integerrimis », , . *» • <S. mnioides,
" \Foliis serratis.

concavis, apophysi capsula latitudine sub-
. . . S. angustalum.

apophysi capsula multo arnphore

S. ampul/aceum.
(Foliis oltusis.)

Foliis rhombeo-rotundatis, apophysi capsula multo am-
pliore .... S, vaiculosum*

Foliis ovatis, obtusissimis, apophysi capsula angustiore

£. Froelichianum,

TFoliis valde c

5.< aequali .

(^Foliis planis^ a

T
<
^

CLAVIS ANALYTICA. xvii

X. CONOSTOMUM.

C. loreale.

XI. POLYTRICHUM.

• fCalyptra calva. 2.
. ' j^Calyptra pilosa. 3.

(Calyptra calva.)

^ fFoliis oblongis, planis, denticulatis . P. undulatum.
" (JFoliis ovatis, concavis{rigidis)integerrimis P.hercynicum*

(Calyptra pilosa.)

o TFoliis integerrimis, rnarginibus involutis. 4.
'* I^Foliis denticulatis, marginibus planis. 6.

* Foliorum marginilus involutis.

A rFoliorum apicibus diaphanis . . P. piliferum.
' I^Foliorum apicibus coloratis. 5.

fFoliis acuminatis, margine medium versus involutis
5. < P. juniperinum .

LFoliis obtusis, margine ad apicem involutis

P. septentrionale.

* * Foliorum murginilus planis.

.-Capsula acute quadrangulari, apophysi valde distincta
« J P. commune.

I Capsula magis minusve ovata, vel globosa^ apophysi fere

7* obsoleta. 7 •
- TFoliis lanceolato-subulatis^ capsula ovata P. alpinum.

\Foliis lanceolatis, capsula cylindracea vel globosa. 3.

o fCaule elongato-ramoso, foliis valde acutis P. urnigerum.
' \jCau\Q brevi simplice, foliis obtusis. 9.

J^Capsula cylindracea ... .P. aloides.
g'lobosa . . . (-;&'• P. nanum*

XII. CINCLIDOTUS.

C.funtinaloides.

xviii MUSCORUM BRITANNICORUM SPECIERUM

XIII. TORTULA.

« TFoliis ritridis, margine insigniter involute . T. rigida*
* j^Foliis flexilibus, margine minime involute. 2.

o TFoliis pilo cano terminatis. 3.
" \Foliis epilosis. 4.

rPeristomii laciniis ad basin usque liberis T. muralis.
3.< Peristomii laciniis inferne in tubum membranaceum

L unitis b&y '••'.", . . :,.^v. T.ruralis.

fPeristomii laciniis inferne in tubum longum membrana-
4.< ceum unitis . T. sululata.

LPeristomii laciniis liberis. 5.

- fFoliis ovatis (caule perbrevi)* 6.

'\Foliis lanceolatis, subulatisve (caule elongate). 7.
« TFoliis obovatis, capsula laevi . T. cuneifolia.

'j^Foliis ovatis, capsula striata . . T. agraria.

^Foliis canaliculatis, margine undulatis, siccitate insigniter
« 1 crispatis ..... T. tcrtuosa.
j Foliis plus mlnusve carinatis vel planis, margine reflexis,
^ siccitate vix crispatis. 8.

^ TFoliis acuminatis. 9.
'\ Foliis obtusiusculis, vel apiculatis. 10.

rFoliis margine reflexis, perichaetialibus caulinorum simi-

9 1 libus .... , V- • T.fallax.

"^ Foliis margine insigniter revolutis, perichaetialibus cauli-

J" norum clissimilibus . . T. revoluta.

pFoliis apiculatis, perichaetialibus caulinorum similibus
ft \ T. unguiculata.

I Foliis muticis, perichaetialibus caulinorum dissimilibus
v T. convoluta.

XIV. ENCALYPTA.

pDentibus longissirnis, capsula spiraliter striata
, I E. streptocarpa.

] Dentibus brevibus, capsula laevi, vel longitudinaliter stri-
V. ata. 2.

fFoliis obtusis, mucronulatis, calyptra basi integra

E. vulgaris.
acuminatis, calyptra ciliata . . . E* ciliata.

.<
L

CLAVIS ANALYTICA. xix

XV. GRIMMIA.

• TSeta perichaetio immersa. 2.
'\Seta exserta. 3.

ovato-lanceolatis, perichaetialibus nervo evanes-
2 cente . . G. apocarpa.

| Foliis lanceolato-subulatls, perichaetialibus, nervo apicem
V attingente . G. maritima.

0 rSeta curvata. 4.
'\Seta recta. 5.

, TFoliis lineari-subulatisj apicibus concoloribus G. saxtcola.
'{^Foliis ellipticis, acumine diaphano piliformi G.pulvinata.

TFoliis acutninatis, apicibus concoloribus^ capsula turbi-
5.< nata . „ - . G. Davicsii.

[JFoliorum acurnine diaphano piliformi. 6.

£ TPeristomii dentibus omnibus integerrimis G. Donniana,
'* I^Peristomii dentibus saepissime fissis . G. ovata*

XVI. PTEROGONIUM.

1 TFoliis lingulatis obtusis, seta brevi . Pt. Smiihii.
'\Foliis ovatis, acutis, seta elongata. 2.

pFoliis late ovatis, marginibus planis, operculo conico

2 J Pt. gracile,
" | Foliis ovato-subacuminatis, marginibus recurvis, oper-

*• culo rostrato .... Pt.fflifonne,

XVII. WE I SSI A.

, fCapsuia apophysi instructa. 2.
" la apophysi nulla. 3.

(Capsula apophysata.)

ligulatis, apice rotundatis, peristomii dentibus bre-
A \ vibus, rectis .... IV. splachnoides.
" ] Foliis ovato-lanceolatis, acutis, peristomii dentibus hori-
*• zontalibus W. Templetoni*

(Capsula exapopkysala.)'

o J^Foliis ovatis lanceolatisve, 4.

linearibus subulatisve. 8.

xx MUSCORUM BRITANNICORUM SPECIERUM

* Foliis ovatis lanceolatisve.

fFoliis enervibus

iis uninervibus. 5.

4.

- fCapsula cernua ?
* (^ Capsula erecta. 6.

~ TOperculo rostrato .

' \^Operculo conico. 7.

- fPeristomii dentibus acutis
j^Peristomii dentibus obtusis

Welssia nuda.

IV. tngrita.

W. lanceolala.

W. Starkeana.
W. affinis.

* * Foliis linearilus sululatlsve.

9.
10,
11.
12.

13,

14.
15.
16.
17-

{Capsula striata. 9.
Capsula laevi. 10.

TFoliis linearibus denticulatis . . W. slrlatcfc,
\ Foliis lanceolato-setaceis, integerrimis W. trichodes.

fFoliorum marginibus revolutis . . W. cirrata.
(^Foliorum marginibus planis incurvisve. 11.

TCapsula subcylindracea , . W. curvirostra.

^Capsula ovata. 12.

{Foliis siccitate crispatis. 13.
Foliis siccitate strictis vel paululum curvatis. 14.

,-Foliis subfalcatis, lanceolate- subulatis, caule ramoso
J IV. crhpula.

j Foliis imdique divergentibus^ lineari-subulatis, caule sub-
^ simplice . . . IV. controversa.

f Foliis obtusis, nervo latissimo . IV. calcarea.

\Foliis acutis, nervo mediocri. 15.

fCaule subnullo. 16.
\Cauleelongato. 17.

TPedicello curvato . . . IV. recurrata.

\Pedicello semper recto #*?•? • IV. pusilla.

f Foliis teneris, planiusculis, capsula ovata W. verticillatu.
rigidis, canaliculatis, capsula turbinata IV. acuta.

XVIII. DICRANUM.

iam insertis (verti(
[_Foliis undique insertis, 4.

, J^Foliis bifariam insertis (verticalibus). 2.

CLAVIS ANALYTICA. xxi

(Fol'ris lifariis, vertlcalilus.)

2 fSeta terminali . . . Dicranum Iryoides.
"\Seta lateral! vel basilari. 3.

TFoliis subintegerrimis, seta basilari D. taxi folium.

3.< Foliis serratis, seta plerumque medium versus inserta

£). adiantoides .
(Foliis undlque insertis.)

* Nervo nullo.

. fFoliis enervibus . . . . D. glaucum.
" \Yo\iis uninervibus. 5.

* * Foliis nervosis.
f Foliis apiculatis.

e fFoliis apiculatis . . D. lalifoliuml

'\Foliis muticis. 6.

f f Foliis muticis.
g TFoliorum nervo latissimo. 7.
'(JFoliorutri nervo tenui. 9.

*- Foliorum nervo latissimo.

» J^Foliis insigniter falcato-secundis . D. longifolium.
'\Foliis subsecundis, vel undique vergentibus. 8.

g fPedicello recto, capsula Isevi . D. cerviculatum.
'\Pedicello arcuato, capsula striata . D.flexuosum.

*- -t- Foliorum nervo angusto.

q TCapsula strumosa. 10.
'\Capsula estrumosa. 13.

§ Capsula strumosa.
,/> TFoliis undique vergentibus. 10.
" falcato-secundis. 12.

,, /Capsula oblongo-laevi . . . D.virens.

*\_Capsula ovata, sulcata . . .D. strumiferum.

12 fCapsula obovata . . . D.falcatum.

" \Capsula ovata, oblonga . . £). Slarkii.

§ § Capsula estrumosa.

I o TFoliis undique recurvato-pateijtibus. 14.
\Foliis nunquam recurvato-patentibus. 16.

xxii MUSCORUM BRITANNICORUM SPECIERUM

j, rCapsulis erectis . . Dicranumfiavescens.

'\Capsulis cernuis. 15.

, - TFoliis squarrosis . . D. sqnarrosum.

\ Foliis omnibus patentibus . D. pellucidinn.

,p fFoliis ovato-lanceolatis . . D. spurium.

* ^Foliis anguste lanceolatis subulatisve. 17.

, ^ rpoliis undique divergentibus. 18.
*' '\Foliis secundis. 20.

, ft fCaule subnullo, foliis etiam madore cuspatis D. crispum.
' elongate, foliis siccitate solummodo crispatis. 19.

rCaj)sulis oblongo-cylindraceis . D. Scottxanum.

' |^Capsula ovata, basi attenuata . D. polycarpum.

rCapsulis cylindraceis. 21.
' \Capsuhs ovatis. 22.

01 TFoliis late subulatis, carinatis . D.undulatum.

' anguste subulatis, canaliculatis D. scoparium.

on TFoliis subsecundis, hastato-lanceolatis . D. varium.
' j^Foliis falcato-secundis, subulatis. 23.

no TFoliis omnino subulatis . . D. heteromallum.
'\Foliis e lata basi subulato-setaceis . £). sululatum.

ZAi. ••,.'. /

XIX. TRICHOSTOMUM.

, /"Pedicello curvato , . , . TV, patens*

' recto. 2.

o TFoliis apice diaplianis. 3.
"\ Foliis apice concoloribus. 6.

2 fPeristomii dentibus omnibus bipartitis. 4.
'* I^Peristomii dentibus inaequaliter divisis. 6.

TFoliis longissime aeuminatis, dentato-ciliatis
4.< Tr. lanuginosum.

LFoliis acuminatis, serratis , . Tr. canesceus.

.-Capsula obionga; foliis recurvis, acumine diaphano lon-
~ \ giusculo . . . TV. heUrostichum.

* ] Capsula ovata ; foliis erecto-patentibus, acumine dia-,

*- phanOj brevi . . Tr. microcarpum.

~ TFoliis ovatis, obtusis . . . TV. aciculare*
'\_Foliis lanceolatis subulatisve, acuminatis. 7.

CLAVIS ANALYTICA. ^ j xxiii

fFoliis lanceolato-subulatis, siccitate tortilibus
7.< Trichostomum polyphyllum.

LFoliis lanceolatis, nunquam tortilibus. 8.

pCaule brevi, subsimplice; foliis strictis, marginibus pla-

o I nis, capsula elliptica . . ' Tr. cllipticum.

j Caule elongate, ramoso ; foliis revolutis? margine recur-

*- vis, capsula oblongo-ovata . Tr.Jasciculare.

XX. LEUCODON.
£, sciuroides.

XXI. DIDYMODON.

TCapsulis inclinatis. 2.
'\Capsulis ereetis. 3.

p lanceolato-acuminatis ; peristomii dentibus32, hie

2 J illic per trabes unitis . . D. purpureum.

" ] Foliis subulatis ; peristomii dentibus 16, saepe longitudi-

*~ naliter perforatis . . . D. inclinatum,

o TFoliis ovatis. 4:
'* lanceolatis subulatisve. 5.

. TFoliis strictis, integerrimis . . D. nervosum.
* \Foliis flexuosis, serratis . . D.Jlexifolium.

- fFoliis subulatis, operculo conico. 6.
" (^Foliis anguste lanceolatis, operculo rostrato. 7.

fCaule elongate ; foliis subdistichis, subulato-setaceis
6.< D. capillaceum.

brevi ; foliis subsecundis, subulatis

D. heteromallum.

pFoliis undique inibricatis, acuminatis^ rigidis 5 nervo ex-
« I currente . . . D. rigidulum.

' | Foliis trifariis, obtusiusculis, flaccidis; nervo vix ad api-

*• cem attingente . , " D. trifarium.

XXII. FUNARIA.

, fFoliis integerrimis, seta hygrometrica F. hygrometrica.
""\Foliis serratis, seta semper stricta. 2.

o TFoliis concavis, acuminulatis . F. Muhlfmlcrgii.
"" \Foliis planis, longe acuminatis , J<\ hibernica.

xxiv MUSCORUM BRITANNICORUM SPECIERUM

-XXIII. ZYGODON.
Z. conoldeum.

XXIV. ORTHOTRICHUM.

, fCiliis nullis. 2.
' LCiliis 8, vel 16. 3.

•»

(Ciliis nullis.}

fPedicello exserto, dentibus 8, germinatis O. anomalum.
2.< Pedicello subimmerso, dentibus 16, distinctis

L 0. cupulatum.

Ciliis 8. 4.
6.

(Ciliis 8.)

^ fFoliis crispatis . . . , . 0. crispum.

" \Foliis non crispatis. 5.

^ /"Pedicello exserto . .. 0. Hutchinsice.

'' LPedicello immerso ' - . .0. affine.

(Ciliis 16.)

g TFoliis apice serrulatis^ diaphanis . 0. diaphanum*
' \_Fcliis integerriims, apicibus concoloribus.

,. rCiliis setaceis. 8.

' " \_Ciliarum articulis latioribus.

g f Capsula exserta ; foliis siccitate crispatis 0. pulchellum*
"\Capsula immersa; foliis non crispatis . 0. rivulare.

TFoliis lanceolatis ; capsulis ovatis, laevibus 0. slriatum.
9.< Foliis lineari-lanceolatis ; capsulis oblongis^ striatis
L 0. Lyelliit

XXV. NECKERA.

TFoliis ovato-acuminatis, concavis, marginibus recurvis

l.< N.pumila*

^Foliis oblongis, apiculatis, uudulatis, marginibus planis

JV. crispa*

CLAVIS ANALYTICA. xxv

XXVI. ANOMODON.

fFoliis ovatis, acutis, serrulatis, nervo evanescente
l.< A. curtipendulum.

late ovatis, lanceolatis, obtusis, nervo attingente

A. viticulosum.

XXVII. DALTONIA.

oblongo-lanceolatis, seta elongata, calyptra fim-

. . D. splachnoides.

j Foliis late ovatis, acutis, seta perbrevi, calyptra basi

^ multifida D. heteromalla.

XXVIII. FONTINALIS.

, fFoliis uninervibus . * F. capillacea.

'\Foliis enervibus. 2.

2 TFoliis complicato-carinatis . . F. anlipyretlca.
" lanceolatis, acuminatis^ planis . P. squamosa*

XXIX. BUXBAUMIA.
B. aphylla.

XXX. BARTRAMIA.

, f Seta semper terminali. 2.
'\Setademum laterali. 3.

TFoliis subulatiSj serratis, nervo excurrente
2.< B. pomiformis,

t^Foliis setaceo-subulatis, vix serratis, nervo evanescente

jB. ithyphylla,

o fSeta longiore, stricta. 4.
'\Seta brevi, arcuata. 5.

, fFoliis lineari-lanceolatis, recurvo-patentibus B.gracilis.
* ovatis lanceolatisve, strictis . B.Jontana.

e fFoliis e lata basi longissime subulatis B. Halleriana.
'j^Foiiis lanceolato-acuniinatis . . B. arcuata.

xxvi MUSCORUM BRITANNICORUM SPECIERUM

XXXI. HOOKERIA.

fFoliis obsoletissime binervibus . . H. lucens.
l.< Foliis binervibusj nervo sub apicem evanescente

L H. Icete-virens*

XXXII. HYPNUM.

I rSurculis planis. 2.
" \Surculis teretiusculis. 6.

(Surculis planis.)
o fCapsulis erectis. 3.
" i Capsulis cernuis inclinatisve. 4.

TFoliis acinaciformibus, apice serrulatis, mediotenus uni-
3.J nervibus , . . H. trichomanoides,

LFoliis oblongis integerrimis, enervibus H. complanatum.
A TFoliis uninervibus . . H. riparium.

' enervibus vel basi binervibus. 5.

- fCapsula striata . . . H.

'' j^Capsula laevi H. denticulatum*

(Surculis tereliusculis.)

~ TFoliis undique divergentibus. 7-
'*\Foliis falcato-secundis. 49.

A. Foliis undique divergentibus,.

» /"Foliis directione aequali*. 8.
* I^Foliis squarrosis. 43.

* Foliis directione cequali.

Q J^Foliorum nervo percurrente vel excedente. 9,,
I^Foliorum nervo evanescente vel nullo. 13.

f Foliorum nervo excurrente.

g fFoliis integerrimis. 10.
' I Foliis serratis. 12/

lfx i i-iuiuiuui margine recurvo . y-- . fjt medium.
'\JFo\\omm margine piano. 11.

* This term is used in opposition to squarrose, and is intended to imply
that the leaves are alike in their direction. It is very different from

CLAVIS ANALYTICA. xxvii

fFoliis lanceolato-subulatis, fasciculatis
1 1 .< Hypnum tenellum.

^Foliis ovato-lanceolatis, sparsis . H. serpens.

,9 TFoIiis lanceolato-acuminatis . . H. pvpuleum.
" I^Foliis cordato-acuminatis . . H. reflexum*

f f Foliorum nervo evanescente vel millo.
,« TFoliis integerrimis vel subintegerrimis. 14.
'•\Foliis serratis. 28.

-{- Foliis integerrimis. /

, . TFoliis ovatis vel ellipticis. 15.
* \Foliislanceolatis subulatisve. 21.

§ Foliis ovatis vel ellipticis.

SJK fFoliis obsolete binervibus. 16.
'* l^Foliis mediotenus uninervibus. 18.
,fi fFoliis arete imbricatis^ valde concavis H. moniliforme.

''\Foliis laxis, vix concavis. 17.

, _ fFoliis late ovatis, obtusis . . H. molle.

\Foliis ellipticis^ apiculatis . . H. Schreberi.

, Q fFoliis obtusis H. stramineum.

" [^Foliis plus minusve acutis. 19.

,q J"Foliis breviter acuminatis, dorso papilloso PL rigidulum.

\^Folifs apiculatis, laevibus. 20.
^rj fCaule vage ramoso, operculo longe rostrato H. murale.

\Caule pinnato, operculo conico-acuto . H. puntm.

§ § Foliis lanceolatis sululatisve.

01 /Foliis estriatis. 22,
'\Foliis striatis. 24.

J Foliis eslriatis.

22 J"^°^"9 lanceolato-subulatis . . H.Jluitans.

- '\Foliislatelanceolatis. 23.

TFoliis mediotenus uninervibus . H. plumosum.

23. < Foliis obsoletissime binervibus vel enervibus

L H. pule helium,

J t Foliis striatis.

ni TFoliis subenervibus . . . H. rufescens*

" '\Foliis uniqervibus. 25.

xxviii MUSCORUM BRITANNICORUM SPECIERUM

i • . Hypnum sericeum.

H. lutescens.

o- rCapsulis erectis
'\Capsulis cernuis. 26.

rSeta scabra

26.

\Setalaevi. 27.

0/7 TFoliis lariceolatis, longe acuminatis
* iJFoliis ovato-lanceolatis, acuminatis

' •. -; -t- -t- Foliis serratis.

f Caule inferne denudato. 29.
ubique folioso. 30.

§ Caule inferne denudato.

H. nit ens.
H. albicans.

28.

2Q rCapsula inclinata
' (_Capsula erecta

§ § Caule uliquefoliosot

OQ fCapsula erecta. 3 1 .
"^Capsula cernua. 32.

«, TFoliis ellipticis^ apice serrulatis
" "-" ovato-acuminatis, serrulatis

H. alopecurum.
H. dendroides.

H. curvatum.
H. tnyosuroides.

09 fCaule bi-tripinnato. 33.
"\Caule pinnato, vel vage ramoso. 35.

J Caule bi-tripinnato.
Foliis basi obsolete binervibus^ apice subserrulatis

H. splendens.
uninervibus, serrulatis. 34.

oj fCaule tripinnato, foliis dorso papillosis H. proliferum.
j^Caule subbipinnato, foliis laevibus . H. prcelongum.

33

fFoliis

Caule pinnato vel vage ramoso.

OK fCaule pinnato. 36.
D' \Caule vage ramoso. 38.

oo f Foliis obsolete binervibus

' I^Foliis uninervibus. 37.
oy f Foliis dorso papillosis

\Foliislaevibus •.:>$ - . niJ^!

og TFoliis valde concavis, longe apiculatis
'\Foliis planiusculis, acuminatis. 39.

on / Operculo conico. 40.
5 '\Operculorostrato. 41.

tl.fiagellare.

H. alietinum.
H. BlandoviL

H. piliferum.

CLAVIS ANALYTICA. xxix

IQ TFoliis late ovatis . . Hypnum Rutalulum.

'\Foliis cordatis , H. velutinum.

41 fFoliorum nervo ante apicem evanescente H. ruscifblium.
I Foliis mediotenus uninervibus. 42.

42 TFoliis patentibus, cordatis, striatis . H. striatum.
"\Foliis erecto-patentibus, ovatis, estriatis H. confer turn.

* * Foliis sqitarrosis.

4« TFoliis breviter acuminatis. 44.
'' I^Foliis longe acuminatis. 45.

Foliis ovatis, subenervibus . . H. cuspidatitm.
Foliis ovato- cordatis, nervo ante apicem evanescente

H. cor di folium.

.r f Foliis uninervibus . . H. poly morp hum.

'* |_Foliis enervibus, vel basi binervibus. .46.

A& TFoliis integerrimis . . PI. slellatum.

4b.< ^ ,.. &, _. An
|_roliis serrulatis. 4/.

i~ TFoliis lanceolato-acuminatis . H. loreum.

\Foliis cordato-acuminatis. 48.

.o J^Foliis rectiusculis . H. triquetrum.

' ^Foliis e basi vaginante recurvis . H. sqiiarrosum.

B. Foliis falcatorsecnndis^

.g fFoliis uninervibus. 50.
* \_Foliis enervibus, vel subbinervibus. 56. v ;

* Foliis uninervilus.

t>K rFoliorum nervo percurrente . . H.JHidnum.

r?_i!__ nervo evanescente. 51.

r I fFoliis integerrimis. 52.
" j^Foliis serratis. 54.

52 / F°l'orum nervo perbrevi . . H. palustre.

" j^Foliorum nervo ultra medium evanescente. 53.

TFoliis cordato-ovatis, attenuatis, curvatis^ margine reflexo
53. <( H. atro-virens.

LFoliis lanceolatis^ acuminatis, falcatis, margine inflexo

H. aduncum.

e . fFoliis falcatis, transversim undulatis . H. rugulosum.
' uncinatis, longitudinaliter striatis vel l^evibus. 55.

xx* MUSCORUM BRITANNICORUiM SPECIERUM

,.- fFoliis lanceolate- subulatis . Hypnum uncinalum.
" {^Foliis cordatis, longe acuminatis. Hfcommutalum.

* * Foliis enervilus vel sulbinervilns .

eg TFoIiis integerrimis, vel apice obsolete serrulatis. 57.
'\Foliis evidentissime serrulatis. 58.

e-j fFoliis obtusis .... H. scorpwides.

\Foliis acuminatis . . H. cupressijorme.

co rCaule vage ramoso . . H. sileslanum,

} * |^Caule pectinato. 59.

f. TFoliis striatis H. Crlsta-castrensis.

estriatis . . . H.molluscum.

XXXIII. B R Y U M.

rCapsulis snlcatis. 2.
laevibus. 3.

(Capsulis svlcatis.)

TFoliis apice solummodo serratis, capsulacylindracea, erec-
2.< tiuscula . . . Br. androgymim.

[^Foliis subserrulatis, capsula ovato-cylindracea, inclinata

Br. paluslre.
(Capsulis Icevilus.)

o rPeristomii dentibus brevibus. 4.
''\Peristomii dentibus ciliis aequalibus. 6.

* Dentibus Irevllus.

^ fFoliis linearibus, obtusis . . Br. trichodes.

" j^Foliis lanceolatis, acutis. 5.

fFoliis ovato-lanceolatis^ carinatis^ serratis
5.< Br. triquetrum.

LFoliis lanceolatis, planis, subintegerrimis Br. dcalbatum.

.^ * * Dentilus lojigts.

g fFoliis subulatis . . . Br. pyriforme,

'\Foliis rninime subulatis. 7.

* TFoliis immarginatis. 8.
'\Foliis evidentissime marginatis, 20.

CLAVIS ANALYTICA. xxxi

b fToliis magis minusve obtusis . Bryumjulaceum.

' acuminatis. 9.

f Foliis immarginatis.

q fFoliorum nervo evanescente. 10.
'\Foliorum riervo excurrente. 11.

-H Foliorum nervo evanescente*

,~ fFoliis ovatis, obsolete reticulatis . Br. crudum.

'\Foliis lanceolatis, evidentissime reticulatis Br. carneum.

. , fFoliis rotundatis, ventricosis. 12.

'\Foliis magis minusve ovatis lanceolatisve. 13.

("Foliis longe acuminatis, capsulis ovatis Br. argenteum.
12.< Foliis breviter acuminatis, capsulis longicollis clavatis
L Br. Zierii.

-t- 4- Foliorum nervo excurrente.

. o fFoliis obovatis. 14.

'\Foliis ovatis lanceolatisve. 15.

. . fFoliis serratis, subapiculatis . . Br. roseum.

' |^Foliis integerrimis, piliferis . . Br. capillare.

-j, fFoliis ovatis, acuminatis. 16.
'\Foliis oblongis lanceolatisve. 17.

,« TCapsula oblongo-pyriformi . Br. ccespiticium.

lo.< r* la elongato -pyrifonni . Br. turhinalum.

.» TCaule brevi. 18.
''\Caule elongato. 19.

, Q fCapsula oblongo-pyrifonni, pendula . Br.nutans.
'* j^Capsula elongato-clavata, inclinata . Br. elongalum.

rigidis, obtusiusculis . . Br. alpinum.

1 y'\ Foliis flaccidis, acutis . . Br. ventricosum.

* * Foliis evidentissime marginatis.

2Q J^Foliis integerrimis . . Br. punctatum.

' \ Foliis denticulatis. 21.

2. fFoliis ligulatis . . . Br. ligulatum.

{ Foliis ovatis rotundatisve. 22.

an f Operculo rostrato. 23.

.< r\ 1_ convexo.mammillato. 24.

xxxii CLAVIS ANALYTICA.

23 TFoliis rotundatis :,'».\ . •.-.'• Bryum rostratum*
'* j^Foliis ovatis lanceolatisve . Br. marginatum.

fFoiiis lanceolatis t^«-,. - ... . Br.hornum;
obovatis . . Br, cuspidatum.

AUCTORES CITATI.

Brid. Muse. Miiscologia recentiorum, a Sam. El. Bride!.

3 vol. 4to. et Suppl. Gothse. 1797 et seq.
Brid. in Schrad Journ. Bridel in Schrader Journal fur die

Botanik. 8vo. 1799 et seq.
De Cund FL Fr. De Candolle, Flore Fran^oise. 4 vol. Svo,

ed. 3. Paris. 1805.
De Cand. Fl. Gall. Syn. Synopsis Plantarum in Flora Gallica

descriptarum, auctore De Candolle. Svo. Paris. 1806.
Desf. Fl. All. Flora Atlantica, auctore Renato DesfontaineS,

2 vol. 4to. Paris. 1798.
Dicks. PL Cr. Fasc. Jacobi Dickson Fasciculus Plantarum

Cryptogamicarum Britanniae. Fasc. I — IV. 4to. London,

1785 et seq.

Dill. Muse. • Dillenii Historia Muscorum. 4to. Oxonii, 1741.
Ehrh. Crypt. Ehrharti Plantae Cryptogamse. Decades 1—32,

fol. Hannov. 1785 et seq.

Engl. Bot. English Botany, Smith and Sowerby. Svo. Lon-
don, 1791 et seq.
Florke in Schrad. Journ. Florke in Schrader Journal fur die

Bot.-mik. Svo. Gothse. 1799 et seq.
Hedw.fd. in Web. et Mohr Beitr. Heclwig (filius) in Weber

et Mohr Beitrage zur Naturkunde. 8vo. Kiel, 1805.
Hedw. Sp. Muse. Hedwigii Species Musoorum Frondosoruna*

Opus posthumum. 4to. Lips. 1801.
Hedw. Sp. Hedwigii Descriptio et Adumbrationes Muscorurn

Frondosorum, &c. fol. vol. I — IV. Lips. 1787 et seq.
Hedw. Fund. Hedwigii Fundamentum Historic Naturalis Mus-
corum Frondosorum. 4to. Lips. 1782.
Hedw. T/i. Hedwigii Theoria Generations et Fructificationis

Plantarum Cryptogamicarum, &c. ed. 2. 4to. Lips. 1798.
Hoftm. Germ. Hoffmann, Deutschlands Flora, vol. I — IV.

12mo. Erlang. 1791 et seq.
Hook, in Fl. Lond, Hooker in Flora Londinensis, ed. 2. 1814

et seq.

d

AUCTORES CITATf.

Hook, in Linn. Trans. Hooker, in Transactions of the Lin-

naean Society of London, vol. X. 4to.
Huds. Angl. Hudsoni Flora Anglica. ed. 2. 8vo. London,

1778.
Lightf. Scot. Lightfoot, Flora Scotica. 2 voL 8vo. London,

1777.
Linn.JlL Melh. Muse. Linnaei (fil.) Method. Muscorum illus-

trata. 8vo. Upsala, 1781.
Linn. PL Suec. Linnaei Flora Suecica. 8vo. ed. 2* Holm.

1755.
Linn. Sp. PL Linnaei Species Plantarutn. ed. 3. Svo. 2 vol.

Vind. 1764.
Linn. Fl. Lapp. Linnaei Flora Lapponica. ed. 2. cura Smithii.

8vo. Lond. 1792..
Menz. in Linn. Trans. Menzies in Transactions of the Lin-

naean Society of London, vol. V.
Mohr Obs. Bot. Mohr, Observationes Botanicae. Svo. Kil.

1803.
Mohr et Wei. FL Cr. Germ. Mohr et Weber, Deutschlands

Kryptogamische Gewachsee. 12mo. Kiel, 1807.
Mohr et Web. Th. Suec. Mohr et Weber, Reise durch einen

Theil Schweidens. 8vo. Goet. 1804.
Moug. et Nest 1. Mougeot et Nestler, Stirpes Cryptogamse

Vogeso-Rhenanse. vol. I — V. 4to. Bruyerii Vog. 1810 et

seq.
'Neck. Meth. Muse. Neckeri Methodus Muscorum. Svo. Man-

heim, 177 1.
P. de Beauv. Palisot de Beauvois, Prodrome de ITEtheogamie.

Svo. Paris, 1805.
Roth Ft. Germ. Roth, Tentamen Florae Gerrnaiiiae. 3 vol.

8vo. Lips. 1788.
Schmld. Ic. Schmidel, Icones Plantarum et Analyses Partium.

fol. Erl. 1793et seq.
Schmid. Diss. Schmidel, Dissertationes Botanicae, &c. 4 to.

Erl. 1783.
Schrad. Spirit. Schrader, Spicilegium Florae Germanicae. Svo.

Hannov. 1794.
Schreb. FL Lips. Schreber, Spicilegium Florae Lipsicae. Svo.

Lips. 1771.
Schreb. de Phase. Schreberi de Phasco Observationes. 4to.

Lips. 1770.

Smith Fl. Brit. Smith, Flora Britamiica. 3 vol. Svo. Lon-
don, 1800 et seij^.

AUCTORES C1TATI. xxxy

Sturm Deutsch. Fl. Sturm, Deutschlands Flora, &c. 12mo.

Num. 1798 et seq.
Swarlz in Schrad. Journ. Swartz in Schrader Journ. fur die

Botanik. 8vo. Gott. 1799 et seq.
Swartz Muse. Suec. Swartz, Dispositio systematica Musco-

rum Frondosorum Sueciae. 12mo. Erlang. 1798.
Schwaegr. Suppl. Schwaegrichen, Muscorum Frondosorum

(Hedwigii) Supplementum. 2 vol. 4to. Lips. 1811 et

seq.
Turn. Muse. Hib. Turner, Spicilegium Muscologiaa Hibernicae,

Svo. Yermuthaj. 1804.
Turn, in Ann. of Bot. Turner in Annals of Botany, by Konig

and Sims, vol. II.
IVahl. Fl. Lapp. Wahlenberg, Flora Lapponica. Svo. BeroU

1812.
Wahl. in Act. Holm. Wahlenberg, in Neue Abhandlungen der

Konigb. Schwed., &c. Svo. Lips. 1784 et seq.
Willd. Fl. Berol. Willdenow, Florae JBerolinensis Prodromus.

Svo. Berol. 1788.
With. Bot. Arr. Withering's Systematic Arrangement of Bri*

tish Plants ed. 4. 4 vol. Svo. 1801.

ADDENDA ET EMENDANDA,

U' , vv£t ,•>> .

Page II. Under Gymnosfomum curmrostrum add Dicranum hyperloreum.
Engl. Bot. t. 2552 ?

Page 38. We ought to have observed under Dicranum varium that the-
Bryum pus/Hum of Dickson proves to he only this plant ; and it is only
upon the authority of Mr. Dickson's specimens that Trichostomum pu->
silhim Hed«T. (Didymodori) is considered a British native. That plant
must therefore be excluded from the British Flora. The English Bo-
tany figures are taken from foreign specimens.

^PsLge 59. Under Dicranum heteromallum read Dicranum interruptum.
Engl. Bot. t. 2508.

Page 61, line 20, for n. 19, rend it. 119.

Page 6 1 , line 34, for capsule oblong, read capsule ovate.

Page 62. Under Trichostomum polyphylhim add as a synonym Encalypta
crispata. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 10. f. 1 — 9. Upon the authority of spe-
cimens which we have received from Dr. Swartz, as well as from a
comparison with the figure and description, we are satisfied that Enca-
lypta crispata of Hedvvig is only our Trichostomum polyphyUum ; and we
have received it not only from the Cape of Good Hope, but also from,
the Canary Islands and from the Pyrenees.

Page 64. We have received plants of Leucodon Canariense (Schwaegri^
chen) from our late lamented friend Professor Schmidt of Norway,
which he gathered in the Canary Islands j and we can safely assert that
it does not belong to this genus ; so that the Leucodon sciurtides is the
only species of the genus hitherto discovered, and it consequently
ought to have no specific character.

Page 6?. Under Didymodon rigidulum add as a synonym Trichostomum It-
nearc. Engl. Bot. t. 1598.

Page 70. Under the genus ZYGODON, read — We have lately had the oppor-
tunity of examining the peristome of this curious moss, and of con-
firming the observations of our friend Mr. Templeton relative to the
structure of its teeth. There are filiform processes arising from the
sides of the larger teeth , exactly as in most of the Orthotricha.
Page 83. After the description of Fontinalis squamosa, read — We have never
seen F. antipijretica otherwise than in standing waters, or those which
had a very slow motion, whilst F. squamosa we have constantly found
in mountain streams, where the motion of the water was considerable*
In Lough Bray F. antipyretica only is found, and in the stream which
issues from it and tumbles down the steep side of the mountain, only
JV squamosa >. yet they both fructify in their situations,

BRITISH MOSSES.

L ANDREA.

GEN. CHAR. Capsule four-valved, the valves cohering
at the extremity by means of the persistent Lid ;
Calyptra irregularly torn. (TAB. I.)

THIS curious genus, confined, we believe^ wholly to the more
alpine parts of Europe, has some striking points in common with
the Jungerwannia2, particularly in the four-valved capsule and
the irregularly torn calyptra. This capsule has, however, a cen-
tral columella, and is terminated by an evident operculum, through
a persistent one. That part which has been called by most au-
thors a pedicellus or seta, is in fact nothing more than an elon-
gated receptacle (as may be seen by our figure), upon which are
seen barren pistilla, and from the summit of which, at the very
base of the capsule, the calyptra has its origin : thus is its cap*
sule truly sessile ; and, among the Mosses, comes in this parti-
cular very near to Sphagnum, whose receptacle is pedunculated;
its flat; dilated extremity bearing not only the capsule but also
the barren pistilla.

All the species (and Britain can boast of all) are remarkable
for their dark brown or almost black colour.

* Leaves destitute of a nerve.

I. A. alpina; stems branched, leaves obovate, suddenly acu-
minated, straight, imbricating the stem on every side.
(TAB. VIII.)

A. alpina. Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 49. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 13. Hook.
in Linn. Trans, v. 10. p. 388. t.3l.f. 1. Moug. et Neitl. n. 116. Jim*
germannia alpina. Linn.—DiU. Muse. t. 83. f. 39.
B

2 ANDREA.

HAD. Ireland, Wales, and Scotland, upon rocks, but not
common.

This species varies in the looseness or compactness of
growth, in the stems as well as in the leaves, and somewhat
in the colour of the latter, which we have now and then
seen in shady situations of a yellowish brown.

2. A. rupestris; stems branched, leaves ovate, gradually acumi-

nated, the upper ones falcate. (TAB. VIII.)

A. rupestris. Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 47. t. J. f. 2. Engl Bot. t. 1277-
(not Fl. Brit.) Hook, in Linn. Trans, v. 10. p. 391. t. 31. f. 2. Junger-
mannia rupestris. Linn.

HAB. On rocky mountains throughout Great Britain.
The accurate Dr. Mohr was the first, we, believe, satis-
factorily to distinguish this species, which in size comes
nearest to A. Rolhii, but in the structure of the leaves, and
especially in the absence of a nerve, to A. alpina. From
this the form of the leaves, with their direction, and the
diminutive size of the whole plant, keep it sufficiently
apart.

** Leaves furnished with a nerve.

3. A. Rothii; stems almost simple, leaves lanceolato-subulate,

falcato-secund, fragile ; perichaetial ones oblong, nerve-
less, their margins involute. (TAB. VIII.)

A. Rothii. Mohr FL Crypt. Germ. t. Ik/. 7-9. Engl. Bot. t. 2162.
Hook, in Linn. Trans, v. 10. p. 393. t. 31. /. 3. Moug. et Nestl. n. 116.
A. rupestris. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 14. Smith Fl. Brit. p. 1178. — Dill.
Muse. t. 83. / 40.

HAB. Alpine rocks, common.

4. A. nivalis'j stems slightly branched, leaves loosely imbricated,

lanceolate, subfalcate, secund ; perichaetial ones similar to
the cauline ones. (TAB. VIII.)

A. niv*dis. Hook, in Linn. Trans, v. 10. p. 395. t. 31. /. 4. Engl.
Bot. t. 2507.

HAB. On rocks upon the highest summit of Ben Nevis
in Scotland, at the eastern end.

The present fine species has been no where found in Bri-
tain except in the station above mentioned. On the most
elevated of the Swiss alps we have seen it upon the granite
rocks, retaining all the characters of the Scotch specimens.
In size it exceeds all the rest of the genus ; and individuals
with very falcate leaves bear a striking resemblance to Jun-
germannia juniperina. In its leaves it approaches to the
Andrcea last described ; but their form is lanceolate, by no
means subulate; their texture thinner, flexile; their colour

SPHAGNUM. 3

paler ; those of the perichsetium do not differ from the cau-
line ones, whilst the very reverse is the case with A. rupes-
tris9 as may be seen both by our description and figures,

2. SPHAGNUM.

GEN. CHAR. Receptacle pedunculated, peduncle re-
sembling a fruitstalk. Capsule sessile, entire, its
Lid deciduous, its Mouth naked ; Calyptra irre-
gularly torn. (TAB. I.)

In this as well as in the preceding genus the capsule is sessile,
being entirely destitute of a real fruitstalk. That which appears
like one is the footstalk of the receptacle, which in most of the
Sphagna is so much lengthened out as greatly to exceed the
perichaetial leaves. All the species as they are at present con-
sidered were by Linnaeus and the older botanists comprised
under the name of S.palustre; and all agree in the peculiar
structure of the leaves, in their reticulation being large, and the
interstices or areolae oblong, interrupted by transverse lines.
All, too, are destitute of a nerve, and are of a singularly whitish
colour, coming nearest to those of Dicranum glaucum and its
exotic affinities, and to Octollepharis allida.

They grow universally in bogs, and frequently in water \ and
are found in various parts of the globe.

The sessile capsule and irregularly bursting calyptra distin-
guish the present genus from Gymnostomum, and the entire cap-
sule and deciduous lid from Andrcea.

S. obtusifolium ; branches tumid ; leaves ovate, obtuse.
(TAB. IV.)

a. vulgaris ; stems loosely tufted, 7 or 8 inches long, leaves closely
imbricated.

S. obtusifolium. Ehrh, Crypt, n. 241. (according to Smith.)
Hoffm. Germ. v. 2. p. 21. S. latifolium. Hedw. Turn. Mute. Hid.
p. 5. JEngl. Bot. t. 1405. Moug. et Nestl. n. 1 13. S. cjTnbifolium.
Swartz Musc.Suec. S. palustre «. Linn. — Dill. Muse. t. 32. f. 1.

/3. minus ; stems densely tufted, 2 or 3 inches long j leaves closely
imbricated. S. compactum. Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 3.

y. Jluitans ; stems much lengthened out, 2 feet long, slender ; leaves
icftttered, remote. 8. latifolium ft. fluitans. Turn. Muse, Hib.p.b.

u2

4 SPHAGNUM.

HAB. Bogs, common.

Many botanists, led by the remarkable similarity of the
capsules, and the peculiar structure of the leaves common
to the Sphagna, have been disposed to consider them all as
mere varieties of the same species. Some have even affirmed
that they have seen all the intermediate states. This may
be the case ; but as we have observed large patches of
Sphagna preserving a peculiar character in the shape of
their leaves, and this though other patches with leaves of a
•*•$ t different structure are frequentlyadjoining to them, we must,
until the intermediate states be fairly presented to us, in
conformity to most modern muscplogists, separate them into
species. On the other hand, the present plant may caution
us from the opposite extreme of multiplying species unneces-
sarily. We can scarcely perceive any difference between this,
the Sphagnum oblongum of Palisot de Beauvois, and S. com-
pactum of Schwaegrichen. The occasional erosion of the tops
of the leaves, a circumstance to be expected from their deli-
cate structure and exposure to the frequent vicissitudes of
temperature, can yield no character of importance as insisted
on by Schwaegrichen. Vid. his SuppLpars 1. /. 3. The var.
Jiuitans we have taken from Mr. Turner, who says that its
habit is very different from the common appearance of the
plant.

2. 5. squarrosum; branches attenuated at their extremities;

leaves ovato- acuminated, squarrose, recurved. (TAB. IV.)
S. squarrosum. Web. ty Mohr It. Suec. t. 2. f. 1. a. b. Engl.
Bot. 1. 1498. Moug. et Nestl. n. 209.
HAB. Bogs, not rare.

Scarcely is this species to be distinguished from the pre-
ceding one, but by the more acuminated leaves, and their
being bent back in so remarkable a manner as to give the
whole plant a very squarrose appearance.

3. S. acutifolium ; branches attenuated; leaves ovate-lanceolate,

crowded. (TAB. IV.)

S. acutifolium. Ehrh. Crypt, n. 72. (according to Smith.) Schwaegr.
Suppl. t. 5. S. capillifolium. Hedw. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 6. Engl.
Bot. t. 1406. Moug. et Nestl. n. 11.— Dill. Muse. t. 32. f. 2. A.

HAB. Bogs, extremely common.

4. S. cuspidatum ; branches attenuated ; leaves lanceolato-subu-

late, lax. (TAB. IV.)

S.cuspidatum. Ehrh. Crypt, n. 25. (according to Smith.) Sfohwaegr.
Suppl t. 6. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 6. Engl. Bot. t. 2392. Moug. et Nestl.
n. 405.— Dill. Muse. t. 32. f. 2. B.

PHASCUM. 5

HAB. Bogs, not rare, generally growing in the water.

The difficulty of finding this plant in fructification, joined
to its generally growing in water, would afford a very strong
reason for considering it as a variety of S. acutifolium, if
the difference of shape in the leaves were not too striking.

3. PHASCUM.

GEN. CHAR. Fruitstalks terminal ; Lid persistent ;
Calyptra. dimidiate. (TAB. I.)

This genus contains not only species which are amongst the
most minute of the Mosses, and often scarcely discernible with
the naked eye, but such as are extremely dissimilar in general
appearance to each other. P. serratum is remarkable for its
conferva- like shoots, and P. alternifolium for the structure of its
fruit, while the rest have the leaves either subulate or broad
and ovate; and these latter may be divided into such as have the
fruit immersed in the perichaetial leaves, and such as have it con-
siderably exserted beyond them. By P. bryoides this genus is
closely allied to the following.

* Shoots creeping, leafless, articulated, Iranched.

P. serratum ; shoots branched, conferva-like ; perichaetial
leaves lanceolate, serrated, nerveless. (TAB. V.)

P. serratum. Schreb. de Phase, t. 2. Engl Bot. t. 460. Turn. Mute.
Hib.pA. Dicks. Crypt, fasc. l.t.l.f.l. P. stoloniferum. Dicks. Crypt,
fasc. 3. t. 7.f. 2. Hed. Engl Bot. t. 2006.
HAB. Shaded sandy banks.

Under this species is to be included P. stoloniferum of
Dickson, which has alreadyjudiciously been made a variety
of P. serratum by Mr. Turner in his Muse. Hil. and which
seems to differ solely in the lower parts of the shoots being
browner, and the joints there nearly obsolete. The only
leaves of this plant form its perichcetium, and vary some-
what in their serratures and their more or less acuminated
points. P. cohcerens Hedw. and P. crassinervium Schwaegr.
differ in having a strong nerve to the leaf, while the leaves

6 PHASCUM.

of our plants are nerveless. Sprengel and Schwaegrichen
have taken the conferva- like shoots for real Coiifervce ;
but in all the specimens that we have examined they ap-
pear most assuredly to be a part of the plant. The capsules
contain about 100 seeds ; these are large in proportion to
those of other P/iasca, except P. alternifolium alone. The
seeds are somewhat angular, rather pellucid, as if portions
of the cellules were still attached to them. There is no co-
lumella ; the interior .membrane is very delicate, the ex-
terior thin and strongly marked with reticulations.

* * Creeping shoots none.
f Leaves more or less subulate.

2. P. alternifolium ; leaves entire, lanceolate-subulate j inno-

vations elongated. (TAB. V.)

P. alternifolium. Dicks. Crypt, fasc. 1, p. 2. t. \. f. 2. Engl Bot.
t. 2107.

HAB. Moist banks.

This plant is remarkable for its slender, lengthened
shoots, the distant and alternate position of the leaves,
and for the fruit being immersed in perichsetial leaves, which
are larger and much longer than the cauline ones, and
which appear lateral from the prolongation of a- shoot.
Barren stems are not unlike those of Dicranum varium. The
seeds are about 16 in each capsule, very large, greenish,
angular, without border. The capsule itself is between
membranaceous and carnose, faintly reticulated, greenish,
semi-pellucid, so that the seeds are seen within, as intended
to be represented in a young state in EngL Bot. Sometimes
two or more capsules are seen in the same perichaetium.

3. P. crispum; leaves lanceolate-subulate, flexuose, crisped when

dry. (TAB. V.)

P. crispum. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 1. t. 9. Turn. Musc.Hib.p. 2. Engl
Bot. t. 1680. P. multicapsulare. Engl. Bot. t. 618.

HAB. Banks and fields.

P. multicapsulare is by no means, as we think, to be
distinguished from P. crispum.

4. P. sululatum; leaves subulate-setaceous, straight, their nerve

disappearing below the point. (TAB. V.)

P. subulatum. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1570. Hedw. St. Cr. v. I. t. 35.
Turn. Muse. Hib.p. 1. Engl. Bot. t. 2177- Moug. et Nwtl n. 112.—
Ditt. Muse. t. 32. f. 10.

HAB. Dry banks.

PHASCUM. 7

5. P. axillare; leaves lanceolate-subulate, straight, their nerve

disappearing below the point; fruit at length lateral.

(TAB. V.)

P. axillare. Dicks. Crypt, fasc. \.p.2. t. I./. 3. Turn. Mu*c. Hib.
p. 1. Engl Bot. t. 1036. P. nitidum. Hedw. St. Cr. v.l.t. 34. P. stric-
tum. Dicks. Crypt, fasc. tAO.f.l. Engl Bot. t. 2093.
HAB. Moist banks.

This and the preceding may be recognised from the rest
of the genus by their very narrow leaves and usually pale yel-
low colour. P. sululaium is distinguished from P. axillare
by its more acuminated leaves, their more rigid texture,
and stronger nerve. We can perceive no difference between
specimens received from Mr. Dickson himself, of P. strictum
and our P. axillare. The serratures of the leaves repre-
sented by the author, appear to us to arise from a contrac-
tion of the marginal cellules.

ft Leaves more or less ovate.
H- Fruitstalk entirely immersed among the leaves.

6. P. patens ; leaves patent, narrow-ovate, serrated, their nerve

disappearing below the point. (TAB. V.)

P. patens. Hedw. St. Cr. v.l.t. 10. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 2. Engl
Bot, t. 1279. P. recurvifolium. Dick*.

HAB. Clay fields.

This plant has remarkably patent leaves, as its name im-
plies ; moreover, they are strongly serrated, and their nerves
disappear before reaching their points, circumstances which
alone would suffice to keep it distinct from P. cuspidatum*
A slight variety with narrower leaves is the P. recurvifo-
lium Dicks. (P. pachycarpon Schwaegr.?)

7. P. muticum; leaves ovato-rotundate, acuminate, concave,

connivent, the nerve reaching to the point. (TAB. V.)
a. majus. Leaves sharply serrated at their points.
P. muticura. Schreb. de Phase, t. 1. /. 11-14. Turn. Muse. Hib.
t. 3. Engl Bot. t. 2027. P. acaulon ft. Linn.— Dill Muse. t. 32.
/.12.

ft. minus; leaves entire.

HAB. Moist banks. /3. Banks near the sea at Torquay,
Devon.

This is a species admirably distinguished by its leaves
being so connivent about the capsule as to form an ovate
bulb. We have found an extremely small variety at Tor-
quay in Devonshire, which we have distinguished above,
and which approaches so nearly to the P. Florkeanum of
Schwaegrichen, that we find no other difference than that

P HAS CUM.

the leaves of this plant are patent or erect, whilst in ours
they are as connivent as in a. Even in the common appear-
ance of the species the serratures at the points of the leaves
are subject to considerable variation ; but when quite entire,
the plant may be known from P. cuspidatum by its much
more convex leaves, and by their more rigid texture as well
as glossy surface.

P, cuspidatum ; leaves ovato-acuminate, erect, their nerve
reaching to the point. (TAB. V.)
a. apiculatum,', leaves apiculate.

P. cuspidatum. Schreb. de Phase, t. I./. 1-5. Turn. Muse. Hlb.
p. 3. Engl Dot. t. 2025. Moug. et Nestl n. 307- P. Schreberianum.
Dicks. — Engl. Bot. t. 2026. P. curvisetum. Dicks.— Engl, Bot. t, 2259. —
Dill. Muse, t. 32. /. 11.

/3. piliferum ; leaves hair-pointed.

P. piliferum. Schreb. de Phase, t. I./, 6-10, Engl. Bot. t, 1888.
HAB. Hedges and moist banks.

We have here been under the necessity of joining to-<
gether four species of preceding authors, P. cuspidatum,
P. curvisetum, P. Schreberianum, and P, piliferum ; and
probably we should include P. datum Bridel, and P. car-
n'wlicum Schvvaegr. ; but having no specimens of these we
are not enabled to form a decided opinion. P. curvisetum
we conceive to be merely an accidental variety, having fre-
quently observed in the same patch individuals with curved
and straight fruitstalks. P. Schreberianum and P. pilife-
rum seem to us to owe their dissimilarities to the soil on
which they grow, the former in rich, the latter in barren
pastures. The leaves of P. cuspidatum have almost always
a projecting hair-like point : but this is most remarkable in
the variety called piliferum, which when growing on bar-
ren plains near Yarmouth looks quite hoary, like Anictan-
gin,m ciliatum, and has the leaves singularly short and ob-
tuse. Mohr, whose authority is of the highest importance,
retains it as a distinct species, but makes its character to
depend on what we do not find to be constant, viz, the
curved fruitstalk,

-t- -H Fruitstalk exserted.
. P. bry aides; leaves ovate, apiculate; capsule elliptical.

(TAB. V.)

P. bryoides. Dicks. PL Crypt, fasc. 4. t. 10. /. 3. Engl Bot. t. 1280.

HAB. Banks and fields.

This might at first be mistaken for a small variety
of Gymnostomum truncatum, or rather of that appearance

GYMNOSTOMUM. 9

of it which has been called by Mr, Turner G. intermedium,
before the falling of the lid ; but its capsule will be found
to have no line of separation for the lid, and the whole
assumes very nearly an elliptical figure,

10. P. rectum; leaves ovate with a short point; capsule glo-
bose ; fruitstalk nearly erect. (TAB. V.)

P. rectum. With. Bot. Arr. v. 4. p. 771. t. 18./. 1. Turn. Mmc.
Bib. p. 4. Etigl. Bot. t. 330. Schwaegr. Suppl, p. 1. t. 1.
HAB. Moist banks.

When this plant grows, as is frequently the case, in com-
pany with JYeissia Starkeana, they may easily be confounded
with each other. The present is then best known by its nearly
spherical fruit. The leaves too are much less recurved at
their margins.

VI . P. curvicollum ; leaves narrow-ovate, acuminated ; capsule
globose; fruitstalk curved. (TAB. V.)

P. curvicollum. Hedw. St. Cr.v. \.t.\\. EngLBot. t. 905.

HAB. Moist banks.

P. curvicollum may readily be distinguished from the
preceding species by its more flexible, much longer, and
more acuminated leaves. In both there is a decided colu-
mella.

4. GYMNOSTOMUM.

GEN. CHAR. Fruitstalks terminal ; mouth of the
Capsule naked ; Calyptra dimidiate. (TAB. I.)

A delicate, horizontal, annular membrane maybe seen to arise
within the mouth of the capsule of some species, when examined
in a fresh state, as in G. rnicrostomum, G.fasciculare, G. trun-
catulym, and above all in G. Griffithianum, in which not un-
frequently this membrane is entire. This circumstance allies
the genus to Leptostomum of Brown, in which the annular
membrane is of a firmer texture and erect ; and this again ex-
cept in being shorter comes very near the peristome of Diphys-
cium, whose capsules are in other respects not dissimilar. There
is nothing in the habit of the species of this genus to distinguish
them from the Weissice ; and indeed in the species G. micro-
stomum and G. Heimii there are so many points in common with
IVeissia conlroversa and W. lanceolata, that they can only be
discriminated by"an examination of the mouth of the capsule.

]0 GYMNOSTOMUM.

* Stem elongated, Iranched.

1. G. lapponicum; leaves lineari-lanceolate, crisped when dry;

the perichaetial ones broadly ovate, their margins involute ;
capsule turbinate, striated." (TAB. VI.)

G. lapponicnm. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 3. t.5. A. Moug. et Nestl n.309.
Engl Bot. t. 221 ft. Anictangium lapponicura. Hedw. Sp. — Bryum
lapponicum. Dicks.

HAB. On rocks in alpine situations.

This species as well as G. cestivum and G. viridissimum,
from their elongated stems and ramification, seem to be-
long to the genus Anictangium ; besides, two out of the
three have a remarkable form of their perichaetia, and the
leaves have a curiously dotted appearance when seen under
a lens and a pellucid nerve. But the calyptra is dimidiate,
and therefore brings these plants under our characters of
Gymnostomum. The stems of the species here described
are from one to two inches in length, the leaves dark green,
and the capsule singularly deeply striated, or rather perhaps
furrowed.

2. G. cestivum ; leaves lanceolate, twisted when dry ; the peri-

chaetial ones broadly ovate, their margins involute ; capsule
oblong, smooth. (TAB. VI.)

G. sestivum. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 2.f. 4-7- G. lutecium. Engl. Bot.
t. 2201. (not of FL Brit, according to Mr. Davies's specimens.) G. tri-
stichon. .Wahl. Lapp. Anictangium compactum. Schwaegr. Suppl. t.\\.

HAB. On wet rocks.

The stems are from one to three inches in length, and
very much tufted ; the leaves short and rigid : — but we do
not see that they are regularly trifarious in their insertion,
as Wahlenberg states them to be.

3. G. viridissimum •, leaves broadly lanceolate ; capsule ovate;

lid obliquely rostrate. (TAB. VI.)

G. viridissinuim. Engl Bot. 1. 1583. (fig. bad.) Bryum viridissimum.
Dicks. Dicranum viridissimum. Smith Fl. Brit. — Turn. Muse. Hib. p.7\.
Grimmia ? Forsteri. Engl. Bot. t. 2225. Bryum Forsteri. Dicks.

HAB. On trees.

In the circumstance of its growing upon trees this spe-
cies is unlike the remaining British congeners. The stems
are scarcely an inch in height. The leaves and indeed the
whole habit of the plant, greatly resemble the Zygodon co-
noideum ; but our plant is much larger, and in every respect
is so like our authentic specimens of Grimmia ? Forsteri,
Sm. that we have little hesitation in reducing this plant to
G. viridissimum. . •

GYMNOSTOMUM. U

G. curvirostrum ; leaves subulate 5 capsule turbinate, ovate;
lid obliquely rostrate. (TAB. VI.)

G. curvirostrum. Hedw.St.Cr. v.2. t.24. EngLBot. #.2214. Bryum
aBstivum. Linn. Bryum stelligerum. Dicks. Gymn. stelligerum. EngL
Bot. t. 2202. G. aeruginosum. EngL Bot. #.2200. G. luteolum. Smith
Fl. Brit, (not EngL Bot.} G. rupestre. Schwaegr. Suppt. f. 11.

HAB. Moist rocks.

' Steins from two to three inches in length. Under G. cur*
virostruni Sir James Smith, in Fl. Brit., has given a de-
scription drawn from specimens so named by the Rev. H.
Davies, which are nothing more than G. luteolum, Engl.
Bot. (G. cestivum, Hedw.) But according to authentic
specimens, those of G. stelligerum and G. ceruginosum
figured in EngL Bot. are the true G. curvirostrum.

** Stems short} simple.

G. Griffithianum ; leaves obovato-rotundate, reticulated, their
nerve disappearing below the summit; fruitstalk carnose,
thick; lid hemispherical. (TAB. VII.)

G. Griffithianum. Smith FL Brit. — EngL Bot. t. 1938. Bryum Grif-
fithianum. Dicks. Crypt, fasc. 4. t. 10. /. 10. Splachnum Griffithia-
num. With. 4* Hutt (according to Smith).

HAB. Mountains in Wales, Yorkshire, and Scotland.

The stems, as in all the remaining species of this genus,
never exceed half an inch in height. The membrane stretch-
ing across the mouth of the capsule, noticed under the ob-
servations to the Generic characters, is only to be seen in
fresh specimens. The seeds are large. The habit is that
of a Splachnum ; the leaves very cellular ; the fruitstalk re-
markably succulent ; the lid nearly flat ; the calyptra is
lanceolate, and from the few specimens we have examined
appears to be dimidiate. Obovate bodies are imbedded at
the base of some of the leaves in a clustered manner, as in
many of the Jungermannice, and may be considered gem-
mce. Sir James Smith has erred in saying that Mr. Hooker
found this plant on Ben Lawers in Scotland. His speci-
mens, which are those figured in Engl. Botany, were ga-
thered by the Rev. Mr. Dalton and himself on Inglebo-
rough, Yorkshire, The late Mr. Donn however, of Forfar,
communicated specimens to Mr. Lyell from mountains in
Angusshire.

6. G.ovatum; leaves ovate, erect, concave, piliferous, their
nerve furnished with a granuliferous membrane ; lid ros-
trate. (TAB. VII.)

4. vulgare j capsule ovate.

12 GYMNOSTOMUM.

G. ovatum. Hedwig. St. Cr. v.l.t. 6. Turn. Muse. Hib.p. 9. Engl
Bot. t. 1889 Moug. et Nestl n, 308.

ft. gracile; capsule oblong.

HAB. Banks and walls.

This is a species which varies much in the length of the
fruitstalk, and also of its capsule ; but it may alwavs be
known by the concave, obtuse, and piJiferous leaves, and
especially by their nerve, which in the upper part is fur-
nished with one and sometimes two large oblong mem-
branous appendages, to the surface of which are attached
minute greenish bodies (gemmcs?). This peculiarity ap-
pears to have been noticed by no other muscologist but'
Hedwig, who has both described and figured them in his
Sfirpes Crypt.

1 . G. truncatulum; leaves ovate, apiculate, patent, nearly plane;
lid obliquely rostrate. (TAB. VII.)

G. truncatulura. Hoffm. Germ. v.2.p.27- Turn. Muse. Hib.p. 7«-
Engl. Bot. t. 19/5. G. truncation. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 1. t. 5. Moug. et
Nestl. n. 114. Bryum truncatulum. Linn. G. intermedium. Turn.
Muse. Hib. p. 7. t.l.f. a. Engl. Bot. t. 1976.

HAB. On banks and walls.

The British G. intermedium differs from G. truncatu-
lum only in the longer and more ovate form of the capsule,
which is turbinate in the latter.

8. G. Heimii; leaves lanceolate, serrated at the point; capsule

ovato-oblong ; lid obliquely rostrate. (TAB. VI I.)

G. Heimii. Hedw. St. Cr. v.l.t. 30. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 9. EngL

Bot. t. 1951. G. obtusum. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 2.f. 1-3. Turn. Muse.

Hib. p. 9. Engl. Bot. t. 1407.
HAB. On moist banks.
The Gymnoslomum obtusum is not that we can find at

all different from G. Heimii, which, being the older name,
.we retain.

9. G. conicum ; leaves oblongo-obovate, apiculate ; capsule

ovate; lid conical, obtuse. (TAB. VII.)

G. conicum. Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 9.

HAB. Fields near Cork.

Mr. Drummond only has found this plant near Cork. It
is scarcely to be distinguished from Weissia Starkeana but
by the absence of the peristome. The shape of the lid is
very different from that of G. truncatulum, than which it
is likewise much smaller.

10. G. fasciculare ; leaves oblongo-acuminate, nearly plane,
sub-serrated, marginated; capsule pyriform; lid plane, sub-
mammillate. (TAB. VIII.)

GYMNOSTOMUM. 13

G. fasciculare. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 4./. 5-9. (bad.) Turn. Muse.
Hib. t. 10. Engl Bot. t. 1245. Sturm. Deutsch. Fl.
HAB. Moist banks.

G. pyriforme ; leaves ovato-acuminate, concave, serrated,
not marginated ; capsule roundish obovate ; lid convex,
shortly rostrate. (TAB. VII.)

G. pyriforme. Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 38. Sturm. Deutsch. Fl. Turn.
Muse. Hib. p. 1 1. Engl. Bot. t. 413. Moug. et Nestl. n. 13.— Dill. Mmc.
t.44.f.6.

HAB. Wet banks and sides of ditches abundant.

We trust that the characters here given will be sufficient
to distinguish this and the preceding species.

12. G. tenue; stem scarcely any; outer leaves very short, ovato*
lanceolate ; inner ones lineari-lanceolate, all of them erect,
obtuse, with a strong nerve disappearing below the summit;
capsule oblong. (TAB. VII.)

G. tenue. Hedw. Sp. Musc.t. 4.f. 1-4. G.paucifoliutn. Engl. Bot.
t. 2503. Dicranum cylindricum. Smith Fl. Brit. Bryum pancifo-
linm. Dicks. Crypt, fasc. 4.t.\\.f. 3.

HAB. On sandstone rocks.

This plant is remarkable for having two kinds of leaves,
of which the outer and lower ones are much the shortest,
and broadly lanceolate, whilst the inner and uppermost are
lineari-lanceolate ; both kinds are nearly plane, very obtuse
at the point. The capsule is cylindrical.

3. G. Donnia?mm; stem very short; leaves subulate, straight;
capsule turbinate. (TAB. VII.)

G. Donnianum. Engl. Bot. t. 1582.

HAB. On a rock in the den of Dupplin, Perthshire. Mr.
G. Donn.

This curious little plant comes nearer in habit to Weissia
calcarea than to any other moss with which we are ac-
quainted.

G. micros tomum ; leaves broadly subulate, their margin in-
volute above, flexuose, crisped when dry ; capsule elliptical,
contracted at the mouth; lid subulate, incurved. (TAB.VII.)
G. microstomum. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 3. t.3Q. Engl. Bot. t. 2215. G.
rutilans. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 3.f. 8-11, G. tortile. Schwaegr. Suppl.
MO?

HAB. Banks.

In general habit this species is most closely allied to
IVieissia controversa ; so that it is probably only with cer-
tainty to be distinguished from it by an examination of the
mouth of the capsule. This is furnished with a delicate

14 SCHISTOSTEGA.

irregularly terminating membrane, is perfectly destitute of
teeth, and much contracted ; the frtiitstalk too is short in
proportion to the leaves.

5. ANICTANGIUM.

GEN. CHAR. Fruitstalks terminal ; mouth of the Cap-
sule naked; Calyptra mitriform. (TAB. L)

Of this genus the only two species (if they be really distinct)
have their leaves destitute of a nerve.

We think the genus Anictangmm may well be confined to
those species which have a terminal fructification and a mitri-
form calyptra ; while Hedwigia should be appropriated to those
which have their fruit lateral.

1 . A. ciliatum ; leaves ovate, much lengthened out and diapha-

nous at the points ; those of the perichaetium laciniated at
their extremity. (TAB. VI.)

A. ciliatum. Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 40. Turn. Muse. Hib. p.\\. Hed-
wigia ciliata. Hedw.St. Cr. v. 1. £.40. Gymnostomum ciliatum. EngL
Bot. t. 1179. Gymnostomum Hedwigia. Moug. etNestl.n. 12. Bryum
ciliatum. Dicks. Bryum apocarpum /3. Linn. — Dill. Muse. t.32.f. 5.

HAB. Rocks in subalpine countries.

2. A, imlerle; leaves ovato- acuminate, coloured at the points;

those of the perichaetium serrated at theextremity. (TAB. VI.)
Gymnostomum imberbe. Engl. Bot. t. 2237. Hedwigia integrifolia.

P. de Beauv. Prodr. p. 60.
HAB. Irish mountains.
We fear that future observations will induce botanists to

unite the two plants now described, their only difference

being in the points of the leaves, but especially in the pe-

richostial ones.

6. SCHISTOSTEGA.

GEN. CHAR. Fruitstalks terminal ; mouth of the Cap-
sule naked; Lid laciniated; Lacinia deciduous.

(TAB. I.)
We have never been so fortunate as to gather fresh specimens

DIPHYSCIUM. 15

of this curious genus j and it is only upon the plants preserved in
our Herbaria and those of our friends that we have been able to
make our observations. The result of these has .been by no
means satisfactory in enabling us to verify those of Hedwig and
Mohr relative to the splitting of the lid into segments. Our
drawing of this character is consequently taken from Hedwig's
figure ; and we willingly adopt the genus on account of its very
peculiar habit, which at first sight approaches near to that of
some of the distichous -leaved Dicrana; and it is not improbable
that, mistaken for some of the small varieties of Dicranum Iry-
oides, it has been so seldom collected in Britain.

S. pennata. (TAB. VIII.)

Schistostega osmundacea. Mohr Fl. Crypt. Germ. p. 92. Gymno-
stomum petmatum. Hedw. St. Cr. v.l.t. 29. Engl. Bot. t. 2213. Mni-
um osmundaceum. Dicks. PL Crypt, fasc. 1. t. l.f. 4.

HAB. Banks.

The only known station in Britain for this singular and
very minute moss is in the road from Zele to South Tawton
Church, near Okehampton, Devonshire, where it was found
by Mr. Newberry. The stems are scarcely a quarter of an
inch in height, and in all the specimens that we have seen
simple ; on the lower half bare of leaves, the upper fur-
nished with them of a lanceolate figure, much reticulated,
plane and disposed in a pinnated manner. They are dectir-
rent at the base, but by no means confluent : those in the
centre are the longest, and they gradually diminish in size
above and below. The fructification is terminal, the fruit-
stalk nearly equal in length to the stem, in our specimens.
The capsule spherical. The lid and calvptra we have not
seen.

7. DIPHYSCIUM.

rEN. CHAR. Fruitstalks terminal ; Capsule gibbous ;
Peristome single, forming a plicate, membranous,
truncated cone ; Calyptra mitriform. (TAB. I.)

We must confess ourselves unable to detect any thing that can
be considered a second peristome, and are therefore obliged,

16 TETRAPHIS.

though very reluctantly, to remove it from Buxlaumia as a ge-
nus, and consequently to a different part of the order in an arti*
ficial system*

1. D.fotiosum. (fAB. VlII.)

D. foliosum. Mohr Obs. Bot.p. 34. Hook, in Fl. Lond. with a figure.
Moug. et Nestl. n. 37. Buxbaumia foliosa. Linn. Syst. Veg. p. 945.
Hedw. — Engl Bot. t. 329. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 104. Buxbaumia ses-
silis. ScAmzrf.—Phascum montanum. Huds. — Pt maximum. Lightf. —
Dill. Muse. t.32.f. 13.

HAB. In woods and on rocks in alpine situations.

The stems are exceedingly short, and grow in densely-
matted patches. The leaves small, ligulate, of a dark
green colour, furnished with a strong nerve. The perichae-
tial leaves large, erect^ membranous, pale brown, covering
entirely the capsule, lanceolato-oblong, acuminated, and to-
wards the extremity cut in a singular manner into long slen-
der segments at the margin ; nerve strong, rigid, brown,
very excurrent, serrulate at the extremity. Capsule large,
ovate, gibbous, oblique. Calyptra mitriform. Lid conical,
acuminated. Peristome simple, consisting of a plicate mem-
brane forming a cone.

8. TETRAPHIS.

GEN. CHAU. Frmtstalks terminal; Peristome single,
consisting of four equidistant upright teeth ; Ca~
lyptra mitriform. (TAB. I.)

The lid in the only two known species of this genus is remark-
ably thin and scariose in texture, and the teeth are reticulated,
not striated as in most mosses. The calyptra is striated, or
furrowed ; the leaves are rigid.

1. T. pelludda ; stems elongated, leaves ovato-aciiminate,
those of the perichaetium lanceolate: capsule cylindrical.

(TAB. VIII.)

T. pellucida. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 7./.I. Engl. Bot. t. 1020. Turn.
Muse. Hib. p. 12. Moug. ct Nestl n. 14. Mnium pellucidum. Linn.
—Dill Muec.t.3l.f.2.

TETRAPHIS. 17

HAB. Generally found on decaying trunks of trees ; some-
times on the ground, arid most abundant in mountainous
countries.

This plant has a peculiar character which distinguishes it
from every other known moss. The leaves are of a pale and
pleasant green colour, rigid, furnished with a nerve which
terminates below the point; those surrounding the peri-
chaetium are much longer and narrower than the rest. Cap-
sule oblong, cylindrical: teeth large, brown: calyptramuch
resembling that of an Orthotrichum, but smooth. Besides
the plants which bear the male and female fructification
(usually so called) there are others which are terminated by
cup-shaped receptacles, consisting of broadly obcordate leaves,
in the centre of which are fixed by a short footstalk small
spherical bodies, bearing ap exact analogy to the anthers of
Jungermannice.

T. ovata', stems very short; leaves few, linear, slightly incras-
sated upwards, those of the perichaetium ovate, obtuse; cap-
sule ovate. (TAB. VIII.)

T. ovata. Happe in Deutschl. Fl. (with a figure.) Schwaegr. Suppt
t. 13. Bryum Brownianum. Dicks. Crypt, fasc. 4. t. 10. /. 16. Ortho-
trichum Brownianum. Smith Fl. Bm'.--Grimmia Browniana. Engl.
Bot. t. 1422.

HAB. Rocks, particularly of granite, in the north of En-
gland and Ireland.

Although possessing the true generic character of a Te~
traphis, the general aspect of the plant and the form and
structure of the leaves are totally different. In size, the
whole plant rarely exceeds half an inch. Stems scarcely any.
Outer leaves very few, half as long as the fruitstalk, linear
or only a little swollen upwards, thick, rigid, dotted. Inner
or perichaetial leaves broad, ovate, concave, rigid, with a faint
nerve at the base. All of them of an olive -green colour in-
clining to brown. Capsule ovate, reticulated^ dark brown.
Lid conico-acuminate, a little oblique. Hoppe, we believe,
first discovered this plant, and described it as a Tetraphis :
but he has omitted to figure the outer leaves, as has Schwaeg-
richen; nor has Bridel described them. Sir James Smith,
misled by the appearance of the calyptra, placed it among
the Orthotricha and afterwards with the Grimmice, and in
English. Botany is a most incorrect figure of the peristome
with 8 double teeth, or J 6 placed closely in pairs

IS

9. SPLACHNUM.

GEN. CHAR. Frmtstalks terminal; Peristome single,
of eight double teeth; Capsule with an evident
apophysis; Calyptra mitriform, without furrows.

(TAB. I.)

Although in characters it may be difficult to distinguish this
genus from Orthotrichum, since there is scarcely one of those
above mentioned but what may be found in a greater or less de-
gree to apply to some species of the latter genus ; yet, in general
habit, as well as in their places of growth, they are abundantly
distinct. The calyptra, which Mohr denominates mitriform, ap-
proaches in this genus near to that termed dimidiate ; it is how-
ever totally different from that of Orthotrichum, which, besides
that from its greater size it may be found remaining on the fully
formed capsule, is moreover deeply furrowed, and we may add in
almost every instance beset with short hair-like bodies. Gymno»
stomum Griffithianum and Weissia splachnoides have a great re-
semblance to this genus; but in the former the mouth of the cap-
sule is naked, in the latter the 1 6 teeth are equidistant.

The lid, as Wahlenberg justly observes, is short and obtuse; in
which respect Splachnum differs from the Tayloria of Hooker in
the 3d Number of the Journal of Science and the Arts, (Hook-
eria of Schwaegr.) as well as in the number and curious confi-
guration of the teeth of the latter. The annual species of Splach-
num are usually found growing on dung, while the perennial ones
are found on more permanent situations. They are all alpine
plants except S. ampullaceum, which often grows in bogs nearly
on a level with the sea. The fructification is rendered more
striking from the bright colours of the apophysis, being in the.
last-mentioned species of a pinky hue.

* Leaves acuminate.

Splachnum sphcericum ; leaves obovato-rotundate, acuminate,
slightly serrated ; apophysis ovato-globose, wider than the
capsule. (TAB. IX.)

S. sphsericum. Linn. Fit. Meth. Muse. #.!./.!. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 2.
t. 16. Engl Bot. t. 785. S. gracile. Dicks. PI. Crypt, fasc. 4. 1. 10. f. 5.
Engl Bot, t. 1921. Schwaegr. JSuppL t. 15. S. ovatum. Hcdw. Sp,

SPLACHNUM. 19

Mysc. p. 54. t. 8. /. 4-6. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 15. Engl Bot. t. 1590.
S. rugosum. Dicks. PL Crypt, fasc. 4. t. 10. / /. Engl. Bot. t. 2094.

HAB. Found on the dung of various animals in alpine
countries.

This is the most common species of the genus, and liable
to variation in the length of the stems, which are from a
quarter of an inch to an inch in height, and of the fruitstalks,
which are often flexuose. In addition to S. gracile, which
Turner and following him Mohr have already justly united
to S. sphcericum, we have to add, as Mr. Turner suspected,
on the authority of specimens sent from Mr. Dickson, his
own S. rugosum. The specimens figured in English Botany
under this namehave the appearance of S.vascutosum, but the
leaves are acuminate, which is not the case in this plant.
Schwaegrichen, who contends that S. gracile is specifically
distinct from sphcericum, does so principally on the ground
that the leaves of one are serrated and those of the other
entire, which does not hold good, as far as our experience
will enable us to decide; and we equally think his other cha-
racters are not to be relied on ; as for instance what he in-
troduces into the specific character, of the apophysis of S.
sphcericum being green, for so it is in every Splachnum
when young, changing as they advance ; when S.. sphce-
ricum becomes dark brown with a yellow capsule.

S. tenue; leaves obovato- acuminate, serrated; apophysis ob-
conical, narrower than the capsule; columella exserted,

(TAB. IX.)

S. tenue. Dicks. Crypt, fasc. 2. t. 4.f. 2. Engl. Bot. 1. 1 133. S. ser-
ratum. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 8. f. 1-3. S. longicollum. Dicks. Crypt,
fasc. 4. t. 10. Grimmia splachnoides. Smith Fl. Brit, (not of Engl.
Bot. ? nor of Stvartz.)

HAD. Scotch mountains in very elevated situations upon
the ground, in a turfy soil, never on the dung of animals.

The description of Grimmia splachnoides in Fl. Brit, is
taken from specimens (which we haveexamined) of this plant :
it is consequently very different from Welssia splachnoides
of Swartz. The stems are short in this species, rarely ex-
ceeding half an inch in height; the fruitstalks about an inch
long. We should have no hesitation in considering the figure
of Grimmia splachnoides in Engl. Bot. as different from
our plant, were it not that the leaves are represented as
acuminate and serrate, which is by no means the case witty
ft'eusia splachnoides of Swartz,
c2

SPLACHNUM.

S. mnioides; leaves ovato-lanceolate, much acuminated, con-
cave, entire ; apophysis obovate, nearly as narrow as the
capsule. (TAB. IX.)

*. minus, of a deeper colour and with shorter stems.

S. mnioides. Linn. FiL Meth. Muse. p. 6. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 2. 1. 11.
Engl. Bot. t. 1539. S. urceolatum p>. Walil. FL Lapp. S. urceolatum.
Dicks. Crypt, fasc. 2. p. 2. (according to authentic specimens, as well
as the figure in Engl. Bot.y not of Hedw.}

$. majm, of a paler colour and with elongated stems.

S. fastigiatum. Dicks. Crypt, fuse. 3. p. 2. Engl. Bot. t. 786. S.
Brewerianum. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 2. t. 38.— Dill. Muse. t. 44. f. 5.

HAB. Upon the lofty mountains of England, Scotland,
and Ireland, generally growing among mosses in rocky situa-
tions. Mr. Griffiths alone, in Withering, says he found his
5. purpureum (decidedly our mnioides} on cow-dung; but
his specimens in Mr. Turner's herbarium intermixed with
Hypnum cupreisiforme prove tolerably satisfactorily that
such could not have been their place of growth.

Besides the characters above allotted to the varieties, we
can discover no point of distinction between them. The
true S. urceolatum, a plant of more northern regions, differs
by its shorter, very concave, and obtuse leaves, which are
moreover hair-pointed; and whether a distinct species or
not, as Wahlenberg supposes, it has not yet been met witli
in Britain. S. purpureum of Withering^ according to Mr.
Griffiths' own specimens, belongs to this species, and not to
S. tenue as Sir James Smith says it does. Our var. ex.. rarely
exceeds an inch in height; /3. attains the length of four or
even five inches, and- has the fruitstalks, which in both are
about half an inch long, of a bright and shining orange
colour.

S. angustatum; leaves ovato-lanceolate, rrruch acuminated,
serrated ; apophysis obovate, somewhat narrower than the cap-
sule; fruitstalks scarcely longer than the leaves. (TAB. IX.)

S. angustatum. Linn. FiL Meth. Muse. p. 33. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 2.
t.12. Engl. Bot. tA\32.

HAB. On cow-dung by Lochawen, .Mr. Dickson. Scotch
mountains, Mr. Mackay. Cairngorum, in the Scottish High-
lands, growing on the turfy soil.

This, which approaches the preceding so nearly in the shape

of the leaves, has them however serrated1; and the fruitstalks

are much shorter than in any variety of that species. The

stems vary from half an inch to two or three inches in length,

S.ampullaceum; leaves ovato-lanceolate, acuminate, serrated;

SPLACHNUM.

21

apophysis inversely flagon-shaped, twice as wide as the cap-
sule. (TAB. IX.)

S. ampullaceum. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1572. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 2. t. 14.
Turn. Muse. Hib.p. 16. Engl Bot. t. 144. Moug. et Nestl n. 15. S.
Turnerianum. Dicks. Crypt, fasc. 4. t. 10. /. 1 1. Engl. Bot. t. 1 1 16.

HAB. Bogs in various parts of England, Scotland, and
Ireland; growing upon the ground as well as on the dung of
animals, and on the plains as well as the mountains.

We agree entirely with Mr. Turner that Mr. Dickson's
S. Turnerianum is a variety 'depending on age and parti-
cular circumstances of season and accident* The whole
plant is smaller, and the apophysis of the capsule narrower
than in the common appearance. In both the stems are
short, often scarcely any, the fruitstalks two and even three
inches in length.

* * Leaves obtuse.

6. S. vasculosum; leaves rhombo-rotundate, obtuse, the nerve
disappearing before the point ; apophysis globose, much
wider than the capsule. (SrjFPL. TAB. I-)

S. vasculosum. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 2. t. 15. S. rugosum. Engl. Bot.
f. 2094.? (not of Dickson.)

HAB. Scotland. Sent thence by the late Mr. Dm to
Mr. D/cAron, without any further particulars as to the placeof
its growth. Boghalf-wayup BenLawers. Mr.J.T.Mackay.

The stems are half an inch or more in length; the fruit-
stalks about twice as long. Contrary to Mohr's observation,
we find the nerve of the leaf, as figured by Hedwig, constantly
disappearing before the point. We have previously observed
the figure of the natural size in English Botany to resemble
a good deal our plant: but then the magnified leaf which is
so acuminated can never have been taken from our speci-
mens, for which we are lately indebted to Mr. Dickson, who
had received them from Mr. G. Don. Others found by Mr.
J. T. Macli ay in the year 1803 in a bog half-way up Ben
Lawers exist in Mr. Turner's herbarium. Wahlenberg relates
of this plant (what our own observations will by no means
confirm), that he has seen some states of it with the capsules
so dilated and the leaves so lengthened that they could be
with difficulty distinguished from S. ampullaceum. Our own
specimens appear very distinct.

S. Froelichianum ; leaves ovate, rounded at the points, their
nerve disappearing before the summit; apophysis obovate^
narrower than the capsule. (TAB,

22 CONOSTOMUM.

S. Froelichianifm. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 3. t. 40. Bryum reticulatum.
Dicks. Crtipt.fasc^ 2. t. 4.f. 6. S. reticulatum. Engl. Bot. t. 2507.

HAB.' On Ben High in the Scottish Highlands, Mr .Dick-
son. Very rare.

The figure and description in English Botany represent the
leaf of this plant acute, contrary to our observations upon
Mr. Dickson's specimens. Weissia splachnoides and Gym-
nostomum Griffithianum, which have the habit of a Splach-
num, and from their obtuse leaves might by a casual ob-
server be mistaken for this species, differ; the former in the
greater length of the fruitstalks and ligulate leaves, and the
latter in the much broader, obovato-rotundate leaves, in the
want of a real apophysis, and in the thickened fruitstalk,— •
to say nothing of the characters of the respective genera.

In S. Frcelichianum the steins scarcely ever exceed half
an inch in length,, and the fruitstalks are about twice as
long.

10. CONOSTOMUM.

GEN. CHAR. Fruitstalks terminal ; Peristome single,
of 16 equidistant teeth, all united at their sum-
mits ; Calyptra dimidiate. (TAB. I.)

This curious genus, which was first established by Swartz in
Schrader's Journal, approaches in habit, as Wahlenberg justly ob-
serves, to Bar tramia font ana; and the exotic species named
C. australe by Swartz has actually been described by Bridel
under the name of Bartramia pentasticha.

1. C. loreale; sterns rather short; leaves lanceolate, acuminated,
carinated, slightly toothed. (TAB. X.)

C. boreale. Swartz in Schrad. Journ. Bot. v. 1. p. 24. t. 5. Grim-i
mia conostoma. Engl. Bot, t. 1 135. Bryum tetragonum. Dicks. Crypt.
fasc.2.p.S.t.4.f.9.

HAB. The summits of the highest of the Scottish moun-
tains, especially in the Breadalbane district.

The leaves do not appear to us by any means to give the
stems a regularly tetragonous appearance, as Dickson's name
implies, nor to be quincjuefarious, according to Sir 4ames

POLYTRICHUM. 23

Smith's remark. Sometimes in dried specimens the imbri-
cation of the carinated leaves makes the stems appear an-
gular; but when moist they are nearly cylindrical. The cap-
sules and indeed the whole plant bear no very slight re-
semblance to small specimens of Bartramiajontana. The
operculum, however, is conico-subulate.

It is quite an alpine plant, and in Switzerland we have
not met with it at a less elevation than 7 or 8000 feet.

11. POLYTRICHUM.

GEN. CHAR. Fruits talks terminal ; Peristome single,
of 32 or 64 equidis'tant incurved teeth; their sum-
mits united by a horizontal membrane ; Calyptra
dimidiate, small. (TAB. I.)

The teeth in this genus are short, incurved, obtuse, between
membranaceous and cartilaginous, their margins whitish, semi-
pellucid, their centres marked with a red longitudinal line; the
membrane which unites them, under a high power of the micro-
scope appears perforated.

The following extract from Wahlenberg will justify us in re-
jecting the division of this tribe into PolyLrichum and Catharinea,
as adopted by Ehrhart and Mohr. " In hoc et plerisque Poly-
trichis pili calyptrae turn in apice ipsius calyptrae turn in vaginula
inseruntur. Flos foemineus calyptrae summitatem et vaginulara
continuas habet, utrasque filis succosis erectis cohaerentibus ves-
titas. Post florescentiam in altuin surgit summitas calyptrae, et
inferior pars elongatur simulque glabra fit, dum pili vaginulae cum
calyptrae pilis cohaerenteselongantur demumqueab insertione evel-
lentur. Hinc quasi deorsum reflexi apparent pili ; quod tamen
neutiquam sunt, dum antea inferne in vaginula inserti fuerunt.
De caetero pilositas calyptrae in diversis diversa j in P. hercynica
per totam calyptram sparsa, apud P. undidatum in apice tan-!
turn, et apud P. l&vigatum omnino deest."

* Calyptra naked.
1. P. undulatum; leaves lanceolate, uudulate, their margins

24 POLYTRICHUM.

plane, denticulated, their nerve winged; capsule cylindrical j,
curved ; lid subulate. (TAB. X.)

P. undulatum. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 1. t. 16-17- Turner Muse. Hib.
p.9L Engl.Bot. t. 1220. Catharinea Callibryon. Ehrh.— Catharinea
xmdulata. Web. et Mohr. — Moug. et NestL n. 131. Biyum undula-
tnm. Linn.— Dill Muse. t. 46. f. 18.

HAB. Common on moist shady banks and in woods.

Stems from one to two inches high, leaves of a thin and
delicate structure, (unlike those of the rest of the genus,)
crisped when dry. A very remarkable variety of this plant
has been found by Mr. Templeton in the Dargle near Dublin,
with fruitstalks scarcely two lines in length, and the back of
the leaf furnished with evident denticulations, which latter
circumstance is not confined to this variety and has been
noticed by Bridel. The winged nerve we do not remember
to have been previously noticed, — it is a narrow foliaceous
appendage running along each side of the nerve. Some-
thing of this kind may indeed be observed on the nerves of
almost all the Poly trie ha (as may be seen by our figures) ;
that is to say, they are furnished in a more or less obvions
degree with Iamella3, which in Poly trie hum Icevigatwtn of
Wahlenberg are so prominent as almost to resemble the leaves
of a book : in the following species, P. hercynicum, they are
less apparent, and in most of the larger species give the
nerve a striated appearance.

2. P. hercynicum\ leaves lanceolate, rigid, entire, their sides

involute; their nerve broad, impressed with furrows; cap-
sule oblong, sub-erect; lid conical. (TAB. X.)

P. hercynicum. Hedw. St. Cr.v. 1. 1. 15. Engl. Bot.t. 1209. Catha-
rinea hercynica. EHrh. — Mohr. — Bryum incurvum. Hurts.

HAB. On mountains at a considerable elevation.

Stems short. Leaves as it were intermediate in texture
between those of P. ujidulatum and the rest of the Poly-
tricha.

* * Calyptra covered with succulent Jiluments.
f Leaves entire ; their margins involute.

3. P. piliferum ; leaves lanceolato-subulate, their margins in-

volute, entire, terminating in a pellucid hair-like point; cap-
sule ovate, obtusely quadrangular, furnished with an apo-
physis ; lid conical. (TAB. X.)

P. piliferum. Scfireb. Fl. Lips. p. 74. Menzies in Linn. Trans. — '
Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 82. Engl. Bot. t. 1199. Moug.et NestL n. 128,—
jp«7/, Muse. t.54.f.3.

POLYTRICHUM. 25

HAB. On heaths.

Stems short, destitute of leaves at the base.
4. P. juniperinum; leaves lanceolato-subulate, their margins in-
volute, entire, their points acuminated, coloured, subser-
rated; capsule ovate, obtusely quadrangular, furnished with
an apophysis ; lid conical. (TAB. X.)

P. juniperinum. IFild. Fl. Berol. — Hediv. Sp. Mmc. t. 18. Turn.
Muse. Hb. p. 82. Engl Bot. t. 1200. Menzies in Linn. Trans, v. 4.
t. 6.f. 4. P. juniperifolium. Hoffm.—Mohr.—Moug. et Nestl. n. 41/.
P. strictum. Menzies in Linn. Trans, v. 4. t. J.f. 1. Turn. Muse. H&.
p. 83. Engl. Bot. t. 2435. P. alpestre. Hoppe.— Schwaegr. Suppl.
t.97.

HAB. On heaths.

We can perceive no other difference between the P. slric-
tum and P. juniperinum than that the former is branched,
while the stems of the latter are undivided ; and we there*-
fore cordially assent to the opinion of Mr. Turner in consi-
dering them as the same species. Following Mohr also, we
have united to our plant the P. alpestre of Hoppe and
jSchwaegrichen. We must here also declare that, except in the
want of the hair-points to the leaves, and their being more
scabrous at the extremity, we can find no essential difference
between this and the preceding species.
P. septentrionale ; leaves lineari-subulate, obtuse, their mar-
gins, especially towards the top, involute, subserrulate; cap-
sule ovate, subangulate, furnished with a minute apophysis;
lid conical, acuminate. (TAB. X.)

P. septentrionale. Swartz Muse. Suec. t. 9.f. 18. Menzies in Linn.
Trans, v. 4. t. 7- f. 5. P. sexangulare. Hoppe. — Engl. Bot. t. 1906.
P. norvegicum. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 22. P. crassisetiun. De Cand.
Fl. Fr.

HAB. Highest summit of Ben Nevis, Scotland.
This species has been found in Britain only upon the
highest summit of Ben Nevis, in 1808, by Messrs. Turner
and Hooker. Although occurring there in tolerable plenty,
yet it produced not a single capsule. On the loftiest sum-
mits of the Swiss Alps it is far from uncommon, and fructi-
fies whilst covered with snow, where scarcely any perfect
plant will vegetate. It is a species remarkable in the form
of its leaves, which are very obtuse, curled when dry, so
convex behind as to be semicylindrical, having their mar-
gins, especially at the tops, involute, and there alone slightly
serrated. The fruitstalks too are of a succulent, by no means
rigid, texture, and much thickened; whence the expressive
iiame appropriated to it by De Candolle, and which w^

26 POLYTRICHUM.

should have gladly adopted were there not a prior claim t<v
that of P. septentrionale. We are surprised that Mohr
should say of P. sexangulare, " optimi juris species, facile
dignoscenda," since it so precisely agrees with specimens
that we have received from Swartz himself. We must how-
ever declare, that neither the figures of Swartz nor of Mea-
zies give a just idea of the leaves.

f f Leaves serrated, their margins plane.

6. P. commune^ stems elongated ; leavespatent, lineari -subu-
late, their margins plane, serrated as well as the points of
the keels ; capsule erect, ovate, quadrangular with an evi-
dent apophysis. (TAB. X.)

«. yucccefolium j stems a span and more in height ; leaves with their
margins of the same colour j capsule acutely quadrangular, its apo-
physis veiy distinct.

P. commune. Linn. Sp. PL p. 1573. Hedw. Sp. Muse. — Menzies in
Linn. Trans. — Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 80. Engl. Bot. t. 1197. P. ynccae-
folium. Ehrh. — Mohr.—Moug.et Nestl.n.4\5. — Dill. Must. t.54.f. \1

@>. attenuatum j stems three or four inches in height ; leaves shorter,
their margins pellucid j capsule obtusely quadrangular j apophysis in-
distinct.

P. attenuatum. Menzies in Linn. Trans, v. 4. t. 6.f. 2. Turn. Muse.
Hib. p. 84. Engl. Bot. t. 1198. P. formosum. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 19»
/. 1. Mohr.—JVahL—Moug. et Nestl, n. 416. P. gracile. Menzies in
Linn. Trans, v. 4. t. 6./. 3. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 85. Engl Bot. t. 1 827.
JMohr. P. longisetum. Swartz Muse. Suec. t. S.f. 16. P. uurantia-
cum. Hoppe. — Wahl.

HAB. Heaths, in dry and wet places, varying much in
height according to situation.

After an attentive examination of the above synonyms and
specimens, received in most instances from their respective
authors, we cannot but consider them all to belong to the
same species; and indeed that as varieties there are only
two worthy of particular attention. In all, the stems are
simple, or only branched very low down and among the roots.
Our var. a. is found from a span to a foot in height, with
the leaves very patent, often recurved, long and narrow,
their margins scarcely at all diaphanous ; the capsule is
sharply quadrangular, the apophysis very distinct. In 3.
the stems do not often exceed three or four inches; the leaves,
are rather less patent than in a., and of a shorter and broader
figure, with their margins whitish and diaphanous; the cap-
sule is obsoletely quadrangular, and the apophysis indistinct.
In both, the leaves are equally decidedly serrated.

With regard to the P. gracile3 Mr. Menzies was inclined

POLYTRICHUM. 27

at first to consider it only a variety of P. attenuaium, and
we must confess that we can ourselves see no difference
whatever. Of this latter, which Mohr takes up from Hed-
wig under the name of formo-sum, he says in his German
Cryptogamic Flora, " obsoleta et adnata nee distante apo-
physi a praecedente (P. communi) statim dignoscenda et
bona omniuo species," although his only character by which
it may be distinguished from the formosum is, that the cap-
sule is obsoletely sexangular, a peculiarity which we cannot
find to exist in any of our specimens. Wahlenberg on the
other hand seems to be of opinion that it is only a slender
variety of P. attenuatum; and he founds the chief distinction
of the latter from P. commune in the diaphanous margin to
the leaves.

P. alpinum; stems elongated, branched; leaves patent, su-
bulato-lanceolate, the margins plane, serrated as well as the
points of the keels ; capsule sub-ovate, with an indistinct
apophysis. (TAB. XI.)

P. alpinum. Linn.Sp. Pip. 1593. Menziesin Linn. Trans. — Hedio.
Sp. Muse. t. 19. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 85. Engl Bot. t. 1905. Moug.
et Nestl n. 209. P. sylvaticum. Menz. in Linn. Trans, v. 4. t. J.f. 6.
P. arcticum. Swartz Muse. Suec. t.Q.f. 17. — Mohr.

HAB. In sub-alpine regions in England, Scotland, and
Ireland.

The narrow leaves will distinguish this species from P.
urnigerum, as the branched and somewhat fastigiate stems
will from P. commune and its varieties. The stems are from
three to four inches in height, the capsule is exceedingly
variable in form. In English Botany it is represented as
quadrangular, but far more decidedly so than ever we have
seen it; not unfrequently it is ovate without any angles:
we have some specimens gathered on the highest summit of
Ben Nevis, in which it is almost exactly spherical; and Wah-
lenberg has met with specimens having capsules so cylindrical
that he mistook them for plants of P. urnigerum. The apo-
physis is very indistinct, sometimes obsolete.

8. P. urnigerum} stems elongated, branched; leaves erecto-
patent, lanceolate, acute, their margins plane, serrated; cap-
sule erect, cylindrical, destitute of an apophysis. (TAB. XI.)
P. urnigerum, Menzies in L nn. Trans. — Turn. Muse. Hlb. p. 86.
Engl Bot. t. 1218. Moug. et Nestl n. 28.— Dill Muse. t. 55. f. 5.

HAB. On banks and sides of streams, principally in moun-
tainous countries. Mr. Turner has found it on banks at
Gillingham, Norfolk.

28 POLYTRICHUM.

This species has much the appearance of the following in
the shape of the capsules, but in its leaves approaches nearer
to the two preceding ones. The leaves, however, are very
much more acute, broader, very strongly toothed, and of
singularly glaucous green hue, reddish only through age, by
which it may be distinguished at first sight. The stems are
still more branched than in P. alpinum^ and about two or
even three inches io length.

9. P. aloides; stems short; leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse, their

margins plane, serrated, principally at the extremity and at
the summit of the keels : capsule nearly erect, cylindrical,
without an apophysis. (TAB. XI.)

*. major : fruitstalks two inches long ; stems usually simple.

P. aloides. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 1. t. 14. Menz.in Linn. Trans. — Turn.
Muse. Hib. p. 88. Engl. Bot. t. 1649. Moug. et Nestl. p. 129. P. m-
bellum. Menz. in Linn. Trans, v. 4. t. l.f. 3. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 87.
gngl. Bot. t. 1939. Mnium polytrichoides 0. Linn. Sp. PL p. 1577.

/8. Dicks&ni : fruitstalks veiy short : stems branched with innova-
tions.

J>. Dicksoni. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 90. t. 10. /. 2. Engl. Bot. 1. 1605.

HAB. Moist banks, not uncommon.

Stems for the most, part half an inch high and simple ; in
the P. rulellum of Menzies sometimes an inch in length,
and producing here and there innovations which make them
appear branched. The var./3. has the stems always branched
with one or more annotinous shoots, each of which, gene-
rally bearing a fruitstalk not more than half an inch long,
gives the plant a very remarkable appearance, and has in-*
duced that admirable muscologist Mr. Turner to consider it
a distinct species.

10. P. nanum ; stems short ; leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse,

their margins serrated, principally at the extremity as well
as the summit of the keels ; capsule nearly erect, sub-glo-
bose. (TAB. XI.)

P. nanum. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 1. t. 13. Menzies in Linn. Trans. —
Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 89. Engl. Bot. t. 1625. Moug. et Nestl. n. 130.
P. subrotundum. Menzies in Linn. Trans. — Engl. Bot. t. 1624. P. pu-'
milum. Swartz Muse. Svec. t. 9,/, 19. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t.2l. Dill.
Muse. t. 55. f. 6.'

HAB. Moist banks, with P. divides, common.

We are quite unable to find any difference between the
P. nanum and subrotundum of authors ; and with regard to :
the species itself, we have seen capsules in so exactly an inJ
termediate state between this and P. aloides, that we have
at a loss to determine to which they should be rcfen*edv

CINCLIDOTUS. 29

and we confess our readiness to subscribe to the opinion of
those who may be disposed to consider them all the same
species.

11. CINCLIDOTUS.

GEN. CHAR. Frwtstalks terminal ; Peristome single, of
32 filiform, twisted teeth, anastomosing at their
base; Calyptra mitriform. (TAB. I.)

The calyptrse of all the specimens we have examined are so far
split on one side as to leave some doubt as to the propriety of our
calling them mitriform, which we do in deference to preceding
botanists. We cannot hesitate, however, to confess that in the
present instance we have no great reliance on the character taken
from the calyptra, which among other tribes of mosses we have
found to be of the greatest importance. The fruit we believe to
be terminal, although in the majority of instances situated on
branches so short as scarcely to leave room for more than peri-
chaetial leaves. The general appearance of the single known spe-
.cies of this genus is that of a Trichostomum, whilst the peristome
approaches nearer to that of Tortula.

C. fontinaloides. (TAB. XI.)

C. fontinaloides. Beauv. Prodr. d'CEtheog.p. 28. et 52. Hooker m Fl.
Lond. ed. 2. (with a figure). Trichostomum fontinaloides. Hedw. St.
Cr. v. 3. p. 36. t. 14. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 41. Smith Fi. Brit. Fon-
tinalis minor. Linn. Sp. PL p. 1571. Engl Bot. t. 557.— Dill. Muse.
f. 33./. 2.

HAB. Growing on stones and wood in streams of water.

Plant from four to six inches long, branched, of a dark
lurid green colour. Leaves imbricating the stem on every
fiide, elliptico-laneeolate, acuminated, margined, entire,
flexuose, curled when dry, nerve strong. Perichaetial leaves
nearly as long as the fruit, much acuminated. Fruitstalks
shorter than the capsule. Capsules oblong, smooth, brown.
Lid conico-acuminated. Peristome bright red, rigid, arising
from the reticulated membrane ; teeth numerous, capillary,
slightly twisted, below anastomosing.

SO TORTULA.

12. TORTULA.

GEN. CHAR. Fruitstalks terminal; Peristome single, of
32 filiform, twisted teeth, more or less united at the
base by a tubiform membrane; Calyptra dimidiate.
(TAB. II.)

Not only in the Syntrichice of Bridel and Mohr, but in several
other species of the present genus, the membrane uniting the
teeth at the base is sufficiently visible, as well in T. cuneifolia
as in T. muralis, T. lorluosa, and T. unguiculata ; so that we
cannot avoid re-uniting the Syntrichice with the older genus Tor-
tula.

T. rigida ; stems scarcely any ; leaves patent, oblong, rigid,
their margins much indexed, nerve broad ; capsule oblong,
lid conical, acuminate. (TAB. XII.)

T. rigida. Swartz Muse. Suec.— Turn. Musc.Hib. p. 43. Engl Bot.
1. 180. Barbula rigida. Hcdw. St. Cr. v.l.t. 25.— Dill. Muse. t. 48./. 47.

HAB. Clay banks.

This species differs from all its congeners in the rigidity
of its leaves, their broad nerve and very involute margins, as
well as in the peristome, of which the laciniae are short, di-
stant, and slightly twisted. It is remarkable that botanists
in general, and Mohr especially, who is so attentive to the
structure of the leaves of mosses, have omitted to notice the
nerve, which is very broad and very apparent when the mar-
gins of the leaf are unrolled by art. Some specimens which
we have received from Sweden have the leaves so broadly
ovate and obtuse as to be nearly rotundate, yet we do not
think that they can be more than varieties.
T. muralis ; stems short ; leaves patent, lineari-oblong, their
margins recurved, nerve produced beyond the leaf into a
'white hair-like point; capsule oblong; lid conical, acumi-
nate. (TAB. XII.)

T. muralis. Hedw. Sp. Muse. — Swartz Muse. Suec. — Turn. Muse.
Hib. p. 50. Engl. Bot. t. 2033. Barbula muralis. Mohr. — Moug. et
Nestl n. 127. T. aestiva. Brid.—Dill. Muse. t. 45. f. 1*.

HAB. On walls and stones.

This and T. muralis are the only British species whose
nerves terminate in diaphanous hair-like points. The T»

TORTULA. 31

&stiva of Bridel, however, is only a variety of this, having
no piliferous leaves ; specimens of this we have seen which
were collected by Mr. Eagle.

T. ruralis; stems elongated; leaves oblong, carinated, patent^
and recurved ; nerve terminating in a long, generally dia-
phanous, serrated point; capsule oblong; lid subulate; teeth
of the peristome united below into a tube. (TAB, XII.)

T. ruralis. Ehrh. — Swartz Muse. Suec. — Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 50.
EngL Bot. t. 2070. Barbnla ruralis. Hedw. 'Sp. Miisc. — Moug. et
Nestl. n. 26. Syntrichia ruralis. Brid.—Mohr. Bryum rurale. Linn.
Sp. PL— Din. Muse. t. 45. f. 12.

HAB. On trees as well as banks, and roofs of houses.

This plant grows in thick tufts, and may be met with in
almost all situations where other mosses will grow. We
have seen it on banks forming the sea-shore, and also on
Mont Cenis on the edge of the limits of perpetual snow.
A variety growing on trees having broader leaves and shorter
hair-points resembles T. mucronifblia of Schwaegrichen so
nearly, that we cannot avoid considering them as the same
plant.

T. sulidala; stems very short; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acu-
minate, the nerve excurrent, often forming an apiculus; cap-
sule cylindrical ; lid conico-subulate ; teeth of the peristome
united nearly to the apex into a long tube. (TAB. XII.)

T. subulata. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 27. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 44. EngL
Bot. t. 1101. Barbula subulata. Moug. et NestL n. 126. Syntrichia
subulata. Brid. — Mohr. Bryum subulatum. Linn. Sp. PL p. 1581.—
Dill Muse. t.45.f. 10.

HAB. Banks, common.

This species possesses the largest leaves by far of any of
our British species, although the stems are extremely short
and unbranched; but they are sometimes furnished with in-
novations. The leaves are moreover succulent, pellucid in
their lower half, curled when dry. The nerve is more or
less protruded beyond the acuminated extremity of the leaf,
but we have never seen it diaphanous. The capsules are
long, cylindrical, sometimes, especially when old, curved;
the lid long, subulate ; the peristome 'also long, forming a
bright red tube; the laciniae free only at the end, where they
form a small twisted sort of brush. In habit as well as in
place of growth it is nearly allied to the following.

T. cunetfolia ; stems scarcely any ; leaves broadly obovate,
concave, nerve terminating beyond the top of the leaf in a
rather long and frequently serrulated point] capsule oblong;

32 T O R T U L A.

lid shortly rostrate; teeth of the peristome united for a short
way at the base. (TAB. XII.)

T. cuneifolia. Roth FL Germ. v. 3.^.213. • Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 51.
Engl Bot. t. 1510. Bryum cuneifolium. Dicks.— Dill Muse. t.45.f. 15.

HAB. On banks and in fields, particularly common in De-
vonshire, especially near Torquay and the mountainous coun-
try about Tor-point.

The colour of this plant inclines much to yellow, both in
the leaves and fructification ; the former approach in tex-
ture those of T. sululata, than which it is much smaller.

6. T.stellata; stems scarcely any; leaves ovate, concave, nerve

running beyond the points; capsule ovate, striated, lid
rostrate. (TAB. XII.)

T. stellata. Engl Bot. t. 2384. Bryum stellatum. Dicks, (without
the synonyms.) Barbula agraria. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 3. t. 6.

HAB. Scotland, Mr. D'ickson.

This minute plant, which has very much the delicacy of
structure and reticulation of the leaves of 7\ cuneifolia^ has
been found only by Mr. Dickson in Britain " ad aggeres et
rivulorurn margines Scotiae." We have compared some ori-
ginal specimens from Mr. Dickson with the West Indian
Barbula agraria, sent by the younger Hedvvig to Mr. Tur-
ner, and we find them to coincide in every particular : a point
indeed already determined by the author of the Muscologia
Hilernica. This then appears to be one of the few instances
of a plant of the tropics having been found in so northern
a region.

7. T. tortuosa \ stems elongated, branched; leaves lineari-subti-

late, carinate, undulate, much twisted when dry ; capsule
cylindrical, lid rostrate. (TAB. XII.)

T. tortuosa. Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 124. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 52. Engl.
Bot. t. 1708. Barbula tortuosa. Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 33. Moug. et Nestl
n. 314. Bryum tortuosum. Linn. — Dill. Muse. t. 48. /. 40.

HAB. Subalpine countries, principally on limestone rocks.

•This differs from all the British species of Tortulce by the
great length of the stems, and by the undulated margins of
the leaves when moist, and their remarkably crisped ap-
pearance when dry. Barbula inclinata figured in Schwae-
grichen's Suppl. comes very near this species: but its stems
are short, its leaves nearly linear, and its capsule inclined.

8. T. fallax ; stems elongated, branched ; leaves lanceolate-

subulate, patent or recurved, their margins reflexed; cap-
sule oblong; lid rostrate, nearly as long as the capsule,
(TAB, XII.)

TORTULA. 33

T. fallax. Swartz Muse. Suec. p. 40. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 48. Engl
Sot. 1708. Barbula fallax. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 1. t. 24. T. unguiculata.
Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 47. Engl. Bot. t. 2316. (not of Hedw.) T. imberbis.
Engl. Bot. t. 2329.— Dill. Muse. t. 48. /. 46, 47.

HAB. On walls, banks, and in fields among grass.

We know of no plant of this genus that varies so much
in the size of the stems as this, so that the dwarfish indi-
viduals growing in dry fields would scarcely be believed to
be the same as those luxuriant specimens found on the moist
banks of rivers. In the former situation, when about half
an inch or somewhat more in height it agrees with the T. un-
guiculata of Smith ; when an inch and upwards it be-
comes T.fallax, and when nearly two inches it is the T. /£-
noides of Bridel. In the leaves too there is some difference,
being in the last-mentioned variety longer and sharper tban
in the others. The direction of these leaves is usually re-
curvo-patent, and we have never seen them so decidedly re-
curved as in the figure of T. fallax in Hedwig's Stirpes.
The T. imlerlh of Smith agrees with the most usual ap-
pearance of T. fallax.

9. T. revoluta; stems short; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, the

margins of those of the stern remarkably revolute ; perichae-
tial leaves sheathing, their sides involute; capsule oblong;
lid rostrate, shorter than the capsule. (TAB. XII.)

T. revoluta. Brid. in Schroder s Journ. an. 1800. v. 1. ^.299. Bar-
bula revoluta. Mohr. — Schwaegr. Suppl. £.33. T. nervosa. Engl. Bot.
*. 2383.

HAB. Banks.

In general habit this approaches very nearly to the T. fal-
lax; but differences may be perceived in the remarkable re-
volution of the margin of the leaves, whilst in the species
last mentioned they are only recurved, and especially in the
perichsetial leaves, which in this entirely sheath the lower
part of the fruitstalk as in T. convoluta.

10. T. unguiculata ; stems branched; leaves linear-lanceolate,

obtuse, their nerve produced into an apiculus, the margins
nearly plane ; capsule oblong ; lid rostrate, nearly as long
as the capsule. (TAB. XII.)

Barbula unguiculata. Hedw. St. Cr. v.l.t. 23. Moug. et Nestl n. 27-
T. mucronulata. Swartz. — Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 47. Engl. Bot. t. 1299.
T. aristata. Engl. Bot. t. 2392. Bryum aristatum. Dicks. — T. barbata.
Engl. Bot. t. 2391. T. humilis. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 45. Engl Bot.
t. 1663. T. apiculata. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 46. Engl. Bot. t. 2494.—
Dill. Muse. t. 48./. 48, 49. A. |^

HAB. On banks and hedges.

34 ENCALYPTA.

We have not ventured to quote the numerous synonyms
just cited, without an examination of authentic specimens,
by which we are persuaded they are all correct. This is
one of the most common of mosses, and varies much in the
length of its sterns; the annotinous shoots sometimes giving
the fruitstalk a lateral appearance, which truly never takes
place in any known British Tor tula. The figure of the leaves
is very nearly the same in all the states of the plant we have
seen, and very unlike that of T.fallax.

. 11. T. convoluta; stems short; leaves ohlong, rather obtuse,
nerve not produced beyond the point ; their margins plane

^ or slightly incurved; perichaetial leaves sheathing, acute, re-
markably convolute ; capsule oblong, lid rostrate. (TAB. XII.).
T. convoluta Sivartz Muse. Suec. — Engl. Bot. t. 2382. Turn. Mvs^.
Hib. p. 49. Bryum convolutum. Diclts. — Barbula convoluta. Hedw.
St. Cr. v.l.t. 32. Moug. et Nestl n. 218.— DHL Muse. t. 48./. 44,
HAB, Moist banks.

This is by no means an uncommon species, resembling
iii its perichaetial leaves T. revolnta ; "but the cauline leaves
are totally different, having their margins rather incurved
than revolute. The nerve is pale : the stems are small,
much branched with innovations : the fruitstalks long in
proportion to the rest of the plant, of a pale yellowish colour
like Trichostomum pallidum. Hedw.

14. ENCALYPTA.

GEN, CHAR. Fruitstalks terminal ; Peristome single,
of 16 teeth ; Calyptm campanulate, smooth, en-
tirely inclosing the mature Capsule. (TAB. II.)

The anomaly least to have been expected in this very natun
genus was the decided difference that exists in the shape of
teeth of the peristome; for while those of E. vu/garis and E. ci-
Uata are short and lanceolate, those of E. streptocarpa are fili
form, elongated, and by their close approximation almost form-
ing a tube. The columella too in this last plant is exserted beyond
the tops of the teeth, which we have never observed in the tw<]
other British species. _______

1. E. streptocarpa; stems elongated; leaves elliptico-lanceolate)
somewhat obtuse, their nerve not produced beyond the

ENCALYPTA. 35

mits; capsule cylindrical, spirally striated; calyptra toothed
at the base. (TAB. XIII.)

E. streptocarpa. Hedw. Sp. Mur.c. t. 10. Engl.Bot. t. 2163. Bryum
ciliare. Dicks, — Dill. Muse. t. 43. f. 71.

HAB. Stony mountainous countries.

E. streptocarpa is very rare in fructification, a state in
which we met with it in considerable abundance in the Duke
of AthoFs grounds at Dunkeld in the month of September
1815.

It is the largest by far of the three British species, often
^exceeding two inches in length; thickly clothed with leaves,
whose nerve is on the back and towards the point slightly
serrated, while the margins are entire as in the other species.
The present may be distinguished not only by its size, but
by its spirally striated capsule, and above all by its deep red,
very long, capillary teeth. We may add that the lid is spirally
striated, in which circumstance as well as by the shape and tex-
ture of the leaves it has a strong affinity with Tot -tula subu-
lata.

2. E. vulgarise stems short ; leaves oblongo-elliptical, obtuse,
their nerve produced a little beyond the summits ; capsule
cylindrical, smooth; calyptra entire at the base. (TAB. XIII.)

E. vulgarisv. Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. GO. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 17- Moug.
et Nestl. n. 17- Leersia vulgaris. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 1. t. 18. Bryum
extinctorium. Linn. Sp. Pl.—EngLBot. t. 558.— Dill. Muse. t. 45. f. 8.

HAB. On banks, walls, and rocks, principally such as are
calcareous.

This is the only species which has a calyptra entire at
the base, by which circumstance it is chiefly to be distin-
guished from E. ciliata. It is difficult to examine the pe-
ristome of this, from the facility with which it separates
along with the lid, both generally coining away by the re^
moval of the calyptra.

3* E. ciliata; stems short; leaves oblong, acuminate, nerve pro-
duced considerably beyond the summit; capsule cylindrical,
calyptra toothed at the base. (TAB. XIII.)

at. concolor; leaves apiculate, their points of the same colour, cap-
sule smooth.

E. ciliata. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 61. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 18, Engl
Bot. t. 1418. -Leersia ciliata. -Hedto. St. Cr. v. 1. t. 19. Bryum ex-
tinctorium ft. Linn. Sp. PI p. 1581. — Dill. Muse. t. 45. f. 9.

ft. alpina; leaves much acuminate, their points diaphanous, capsule
cmooth.

E. alpina. Engl. Bnt. 1. 1419. E. affinis. Hedw.jil in J1Teb, et Mohr
Beitr. t. 4. Schwatgr. Suppl t. .16.
D 2

36 GRIMM I A.

y. rhaptocarpa ; leaves apiculate, points of the same colour j capsule
longitudinally striated when old.

E. rhaptocarpa. Schivaegr. SuppL t. 16.

HAB. a. On mountains) not uncommon. /3. Scotch alps,
Mr. Do?m, and on Ingleborough, Yorkshire, y. On Ben
Buiben, Ireland, Mr. Mackay.

We have, by means of numerous specimens gathered ou
the Swiss alps, been enabled to trace the varieties enume-
rated to approach so completely to one another, that we
have not hesitated to consider them as belonging to the same
plant. The teeth at the base of the calyptra are of so fra-
gile a nature, that in by far the greater number of specimens
they are destroyed ; and hence we find the calyptra of the
two varieties p. and y. figured entire. The /3. alpi/ia differs
from OL» concolor in having its upper leaves principally more
acuminated and diaphanous at their points; whilst y. rhap-
locarpa may be easily known by its having the capsule when
old more or less distinctly striated longitudinally. The teeth
of the peristome in this and the preceding species are lan-
ceolate, and of a pale red colour.

15. GRIMMIA,

GEN. CHAR. Frmtstalks terminal; Perlstome of 16
entire or perforated, rarely cleft, equidistant teeth ;
Calyptra mitriform. (TAB. II.)

-This is a genus so closely bordering on Trichosfomumf that it
is not possible to form either a natural or artificial character that-
may decidedly distinguish them. We have rather retained it in
deference to the opinion of preceding botanists, than from a
thorough conviction of the propriety of so doing. Grimmia ovata
and Grimmia pulvinata have sometimes the teeth divided ) the
latter indeed generally.

* Fruitstalks scarcely any.

1. Gr.apocarpa; stems branched; leaves ovato- lanceolate, re-
curvo-patent, their margins reflexed ; the perichsetial one?
having their nerve disappearing immediately below their sum-
mits: capsule ovate, sessile; lid shortly rostrate. (TAB. XI 1 1.)

K|.

G R I M M I A. 37

«. toigro-viridis ; foliis latioribus, nigro-viridibus.

Gr. apocarpa. Hedw. St. Cr. v. I. t. 39. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 20.
JZngl. Bot. t. 1 134. Moug. et Nestl. n. 1 7- Grimmia alpicola. Swartz
Muse. Suec. t. 1. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 15. Grimmia alpicola /?. and y.
IVahl. — Fl. Lapp. Grimmia rivularis. Bridelin Schrad. Journ. v. 5. t. 3.
Turn. Muse. Hib. p.2l.t. 2.f. 2. Schwaegr. Sp. Muse. Suppl part. ].
t. 23. Grimmia gracilis. Schwaegr. Sp. Muse. Snppl. t. 23. Grimmia
apocaula. Hoff>n,—Moug. et Nestl. n. 18.— Dill Muse. t.32.f. 4.

ft stricta ; caule elongate, foliis angustioribus rufescentibus.

Grimmia slricta. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 20. t. 2.f. 1.

HAB. Var. a. on trees and on rocks in humid places, as
well as in alpine rivulets. (3. On rocky places in elevated
mountains.

i We heartily accord with Bridel when he says of this spe-
cies <cadeo diversiformis et pro sedis conditione ita varians
ut verus Proteus sit." Upon trees and on humid rocks the
stems vary much in length, and are from one to two or three
inches long, usually every where clothed with leaves ; these
leaves moreover are at their summits not unfrequently ter-
minated by diaphanous points; from which slight differences,
added to the more or less branched habit, have arisen the
Grimmia alpicola and the Gr. apocarpa of authors. When
growing on rocks in mountain streams its length is still
greater, the branches somewhat more fastigiate, the leaves
decayed at the base, every-where of a darker colour, and
never furnished with diaphanous points; hence the Gr. ri-
vularis : whilst on elevated mountains a variety has been
found, (the Gr. stricta of Mr. Turner,) whose slender, often
straight and brittle branches, and red-brown colour, might
at first lead to the suspicion of its being a distinct species ;
but its leaves differ in no essential particular, and the cap-
sule in all the varieties is liable to no small degree of dif-
ference in form, being more or less ovate, but sometimes,
especially when the lid has fallen, turbinate. The Gr. gra-
cilis of Schvvaegrichen we rather refer to our var. a. on ac-
qount of its colour. Wahlenberg has considered the Gr.
stricta and Gr. rivularis as varieties of his alpicola9 and
has separated them all from Gr. apocarpa by their want of
the diaphanous points to the leaves.

2. Gr. maritima; stems short, pulvinate; leaves lanceolate, acu-
minate, nearly erect, crisped when dry, their margins re-
curved, the perichaetial ones with their nerve running beyond
the summits; capsule ovate, sessile; lid shortly rostrate.
(TAB. XIII.)

Gr. maritima. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 23. /. 5./.2. Eitgl. Bot.t. 1645.
Gr. alpicola S. Wahl. Fl Lapp.

G R I M M I A.

HAB. On rocks by the sea-shore.

Proteus-like as is Gr. apocarpa, we cannot agree with
Wahlenberg in supposing this to belong to any one of its
varieties. It lias a short and peculiarly tufted mode of growth
like that of Gr. pulvinata ; its leaves are narrower than
those of Gr. apocarpa, resembling in shape those of Gr.
ovata, but are more erect than either, never hair-pointed,
and decidedly crisped when dry. The perichaetial leaves too
afford, we think, additional characters ; for they are long,
narrow, concealing the fruit, and have a re in ark ably brown,
strong, excurrenl nerve. The peristome in the last as in
the present species, is sometimes entire; but more frequently
irregularly perforated.

*.* Fruitstalks longer than the leaves.
f Fruitstalks curved.

3. Gr. saxicola'y stems scarcely any; leaves lineari-subulate,

crisped when dry; capsule ovate; fruitstalks geniculate ;
lid rostrate, straight. (TAB. XIII.)

Dicranum saxicola. Mohr. — Grimmia geniculata. Schwaegr. SuppL
t.22.

HAB. On sand-rocks in Sussex, Mr. Borrer. On granite
rocks in the Dublin mountains.

Mohr does not appear to have seen the calyptra of this
species, which is mitriform as in the genus Grimmia, mul-
tifid at the base, and adhering so closely to the lid as not
to be separated without it from the capsule. The stems are
shorter than in any of the British GrimmuB; and this cir-
cumstance, together with the general shape of the leaves
and minute size of the whole plant, render^ it difficult to be
distinguished at first sight from Weissia trichoides, among
which Mr. Borrer finds it growing. It has a still closer
affinity with Weissia recuruata, especially in the bent fruit-
stalks; but this last has them curved, not geniculate, and
leaves shorter and more setaceous.

4. Gr. pulvinata ; stems short, pulvinate ; leaves narrow-ellip-

tical, their margins recurved, points diaphanous, piliform ;
capsule ovate, striated; fruitstalks curved, lid conical, acu-
minate, (TAB. XIII.)

Gr. pulvinata. Engl Bot. t. 1728. Hooker in Fl. Lond. ed. 2. (with
a figure.) Dicranum pulvinatum. Swartz. — Turn. Muse. Hib.p. 78.
Moug. et NestL n. 124. Fissidens pulvinatus. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 40.
Dill. Muse. t. 50. / 65.

HAB. On walls and rocks.

G R I M M I A. 39

This species is very nearly allied to Trichostomum funale
of Schwaegrichen, but differs from it in its smaller size,
broader and elliptical leaves, which are more suddenly acu-
minate. The teeth of the peristome are generally perforate
of deeply cleft, more rarely entire ; hence it has by some
authors been put among the Dicrana, and by others among
the Trichosioma.

f f Fnt'itstalks straight.

5. Gr. Daviesii; stems short; leaves lanceolate- acuminate, ca-

rinate, entire, much crisped when dry, their margins re-
curved ; those of the perichsetium broad and convolute ; cap-
sule turbinate, lid rostrate. (TAB. XIII.)

Gr. Daviesii. • Turn. Muse. Hlb. p, 24. Bryum. Daviesii. Dicks.—
Encalypta Daviesii. JSngl. Bot. t. 1281.

HAB. On maritime rocks. In Wales, the Rev. PL Davies.
In Ireland, common.

This plant has many characters in common with Tricho-
stomum ellipticum\ as the shape of the leaves, which are
however much longer and more crisped when dry ; of the
capsule, but which is more truncate; and of the peristome,
which having its teeth generally split in T. ellipticum are
in Gr. Daviesii always entire. The general colour of the
present plant is brownish like that of Gr. maritima, with
which it is frequently found growing,

6. Gr. ovata; stems slightly branched; leaves lanceolato-subu-

late, gradually produced into long, diaphanous, hair-like
points, their margins incurved ; capsule ovate ; teeth of the pe-
ristome often perforated and split; lid rostrate. (TAB. XIII.)

Gr. ovata. Web. et Mokr, Fl. Suec. t. 2.f. 4. Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 24.
Hooker in FL Lond. ed. 2. (with a figure.) Moug. et Nestl. n. 311. Di-
cranum ovatum. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 3. t. 34. Swartz. — Dicranum ovale.
Hedw. Sp. Muse.— Turn. Muse. Hib.p. 77- Engl. Bot. #.2165. Tricho-
stomurn ovatum. Mohr. Bryum ovale. DicJis. Gr. obtusa. Schivaegr.
Suppl. t. 25. Moug. et. Nestl n. 458.

HAB. Alpine rocks.

We do not hesitate to make the Gr. oltusa of Schwaeg-
richen a synonym to this, since we have Mougeot and
Nestler's specimens, which precisely accord with our plant,
as indeed does Schwaegr ichen's figure. From Gr. pulvi-
nata it differs in not having the fruitstalks curved at any
time, in its smooth capsule, in its narrow and gradually acu-
minated leaves, and in its place of growth, this being al-
together alpine.

40 PTEROGONIUM.

7. Gr. Donniana ; stems short ; leaves lanceolate -subulate, pro-
duced into long, diaphanous, hair-like points, their margins
incurved; capsule ovate, teeth of the peristome quite entire;
lid shortly rostrate. (TAB. XIII.)

Gr. Donniana. Engl. Dot. t. 1259. Gr. sudetica. Schwaegr. Suppl.
*.24?

HAB. On rocks in mountainous districts.

It must be confessed that the present species is so nearljr
allied to the preceding, that if great importance were not
always attached to the pevistomes of mosses we should have
found it impossible to distinguish them. Gr. Donniana is a
very much smaller plant, and the leaves are of a brighter,
though still a dark green colour, larger in proportion to the
fruitstalk, which thus seems half immersed. The teeth of the
peristome we have never been able to find either perforated
or split, on which account we quote hesitatingly the Gr. su-
detica of Schwaegrichen, which agrees well with our plant
in other respects. The lid we may observe is rather shorter
and more obtuse than in Gr. ovata, but on this much re.-
liance cannot be placed.

16. PTEROGONIUM.

GEN. CHAR. Fruitstalks lateral ; Peristome single, of
16 entire, equidistant teeth ; Calyptra dimidiate.
(TAB. II.)

Mohr has, we think, contrary to nature, united this genus with
Weissia and Grimmia, from which its lateral fruit and altogether
hypniform habit will always keep it distinct.

Pi. Smithii •, stems much branched, branches pinnate ; leaves.
Ungulate, obtuse, entire, crisped when dry, their margins
recurved, nerve reaching above half way up ; fruitstalks very
short; lid rostrate. (TAB. XIV.)

Pt. Smithii. Swartz inSchrad.Journ.v.2.p. 173. EnglBot.t. 1326.
Hypnum Smithii. Dicks. Crypt, fasc. 2. t. 5.f. 4. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 6§.
HAB. Trunks of trees in the southern parts of England;
abundant in Devonshire.

PTEROGONIUM.

41

This elegant moss differs from the remaining British Ptero-
gonia by the stems being very much branched, and in these
as well as the leaves curling remarkably when dry; the fruit
too, which isveryscarce, isnearlysessile; the fruitstalk slightly-
curved.

Pt. gracile; branches fascicled, curved ; leaves broadly ovate,
acute, concave, their margins plane, summits serrated, faintly
two-nerved at the base; lid conical. (TAB. XIV.)

Ft. gracile. Swartz Afusc. Suec. p. 26. Engl Bot. t. 1085. Pterigy,
nandrum gracile. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 4. t. 6. Grimraia ornithopodioidea.
Mohr.-— Hypnum gracile. Linn.

HAB. Rocks in sub-alpine countries.

Miss Hutchins found a variety of this species with the
leaves unusually broad, and the whole plant of a blackish
green colour. A careful examination of good specimens of
the fruit of this plant will exhibit something of an inner pe-
ristome, viz. a very narrow membrane as at the base of the
cilia of Neckera, yet terminating so irregularly as not to
justify us in placing this among the mosses which have a
double peristome.

Pt.Jiliforme; stems irregularly branched, curved; leaves ovate,
sub- acuminated, concave, their margins recurved, serrated,
nerve single or forked, short, faint ; lid conical. (TAB. XIV.)

Pt. filiforme. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 4. t. 7. Engl. Bot. t. 2297 . Moug. et
Nestl n. 210. Pt. caespitosum. Engl. Bot. £.2526. Grimmia filiformis.
Mohr. — Hypnum cylindricum. Dicks. — Smith Fl. Brit.

HAB. Mountains in Scotland and Ireland ; very rare.

In this and the preceding species the leaves are closely
imbricated and subsecund, but the present plant is the
smaller and more slender of the two. The cellules of the
leaves are larger than in Pt. gracile and project on the
back and margins, which gives them a papillose appearance
as in Hypnum catenvlatum, H.proliferum, and a few others.
The nerve of the leaf though sometimes scarcely visible, is
at others more evident, single, or forked so as to resemble
that of Pt. gracile. We have examined specimens of the
Pt. ccespitosum of English Botany, which differ in nothing
from Pt. Jiliforme but in being somewhat larger, and in
having the branches less attenuate.

17. WEI SSI A.

GEN. CHAR. Fruitstalks terminal; Peristome single,
of 16 entire, equidistant teeth; Calyptra dimidiate.

(TAB. II.)

We cannot agree with Mohr in uniting this genus with the
Grimmice^ to which it bears a relation similar to that of Dldy-
modon to Trichostomum and of Gymnostomum to Anic tan glum ^
genera which are now universally adopted.

* Capsule with an apophysis.

1 . W. splachnoides ; leaves Ungulate, rounded at the top, then

nerve disappearing before the summit ; capsule obovate, apo-
physis obconical ; lid convex, acuminulate. (TAB. XIV.)

W. splachnoides Schivaegr. Suppl. t. 17- Grimmia splachnoides.
EngLBoL.t.2\64> Splachnumliagulatum. Engl Bot. t.2Q95. Dicks.
Crypt- fasc. 4. t. 10. /. 6.

HAB. Turf bogs on the Scotch alps.

Although this plant have the habit, leaves, capsule, am
apophysis, as well as place of growth of the Splachna, yet
the peristome. presenting teeth at equal distances decides
that it should be arranged under the genus fVeissla. The
species most nearly allied to the present plant is Splachnum
reticulatum, which, besides the configuration of the peri-
stome, may be known by its smaller size, much shorter fruit-
stalks, and ovate (not lingulate) leaves. In both the leaves
are remarkably obtuse, of a dark colour, strongly reticulated,
and glossy when dry. The Grimmia splachnoides figured in
English Botany represents our plant in the magnified cap-
sule, but not in the leaves.

2. W. Templetoni ; leaves ovato-lanceolate, acute; capsule

(with the apophysis) narrowly pyriform ; lid nearly plane.

(TAB. XIV.)

W. Templetoni. Hooker in Fl. Lond. ed. 2. (with a figure.) Funaria
Templetoni. Engl Bot. t. 2524.

HAB. Wet banks in various parts of Ireland.

This species with the W. radians of Hedwig has the
same affinity to Funaria as Pterogonium has to Hypnum^
viz. agreeing with it in general habit, and differing only ia

WEISSIA. 43

the want of the inner peristome : it may at a future time
become the subject of a new genus. The apophysis is very
narrow; and the teeth of the peristome lie horizontally over
the mouth of the capsule, as do those of Funaria.

* * Capsule destitute of an apophysis.

f Leaves nerveless.

(5. IV.nuda; stems scarcely any; leaves ovato-lanceolate, nerveless;
capsule ovate, gibbous on one side, cernuous. (TAB. XIV.)

Bryum nudum. Dicks. Crypt, fuse. 4. t. 10. f. 15. Grimmia nuda.
Turn. Musc.Hib. p. 25. Engl. Bot. t. 1421. Weissia rosea. WahL FL
Lapp. t. 19. Weissia incarnata. Sckwaegr. Suppl. t. 18.

HAB. On a clayey soil in the north of England and
Scotland.

If there were not abundant other marks of discrimination
between this and the rest of the British species of Weissia,
the greater size of the annulus, and the nature of the teeth
which are broad and split from their centre to their base,
might be adduced as peculiarities of this singular plant.
This too is the only one of our species which has the leaves
destitute of a nerve; these as maturity advances become of
a reddish colour, whence Wahlenberg's expressive name of
rosea, and Schwaegrichen's scarcely less so of incarnata.
We have however been obliged to retain the name given to
it by its first describer, our countryman and acute crypto-
gamist Mr. Dickson. The plant still exists in the spot ori-
ginally pointed out by Mr. Caley near Manchester, whence
we have received it from Mr. Hobson. The late Mr. Donn
found it by the sides of the Tay, near Perth.

f f Leaves furnished with a nerve.
-t~ Leaves ovate or lanceolate.

4. W.nigrita; stems elongated; leaves lanceolate, acuminated}
capsule obovate, cernuous, gibbous, silicate ; lid hemi-
spherical, obtusely pointed. (TAB. XIV.)

W. nigrita. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 3. t. 39. Bryum nigritum. Dicks. —
Grimmia nigrita. Engl. Bet. t. 1825.

HAB. Moist banks in mountainous districts.

This plant has a capsule still more remarkable for its in-
clination than the preceding, and is truly arcuato-cernuous,
In all the remaining British Weissice the capsule is either
erect or very nearly so.

44 WE IS SI A.

5. IV. Starkeana ; stems very short; leaves ovate, with an ex-

current nerve ; capsule ovate, erect ; lid conical ; teeth of
the peristome subulate, acute. (TAB. XIV.)

W. Starkeana. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 3. t33. Bryum minutum. #«#*.—
Grimmia Starkeana. Engl Bot. #. 1490.

HAB. Banks and fields.

That this is the Weissia Starkeana of Hedwig's Slirpes
there cannot we think be the least doubt; but that the fol-
lowing species has been frequently mistaken for it, thespe--
cimens in our possession received from various friends
will clearly testify. In this however the teeth are very ap-
parent on the removal of the operculum from a fully farmed
capsule, nor are they so fugacious as the peristome of many
mosses of this family. The leaves are somewhat patent, ovate,
sometimes inclining a little to lanceolate, acute, their mar-
gins slightly recurved, their nerve excurrent and forming
an apiculus,

6. W. offings; stems very short; leaves ovate, with an excurrent

nerve ; capsule ovate, erect ; lid conical ; teeth of the pe-
ristome short, broad, and obtuse. (TAB. XIV.)

HAB. Fields and on gravelly banks.

Except by its smaller size and paler colour we know of
no means of distinguishing this moss from the preceding one
but by an examination of the peristome; and this is so re«
markably different in the two, and each is so constant in its
characters, that we think ourselves fully warranted in making
two species of them. The peristome consists of 1 6 broad
and very obtuse, somewhat membranaceous, whitish teeth,,
extremely faintly striated, and resembling in all particulars
the peristome of IV. trichodes hereafter to be described ;
but in that plant the peristome first forms a horizontal
membranous ring about the mouth of the capsule and then
rolls back into 16 teeth, whereas in our plant we have always
seen the peristome to be erect.

It may be remarked that in the general growth and habit,
and in the form and structure of the leaves, there is the
greatest similarity between the present species, W. Star-
keana, and IVdanceolata^ and their only essential differences
are to be looked for in the operculum and teeth of the pe-
ristome.

7. W. lanceolata } stems somewhat elongated; leaves ovate,

with an excurrent nerve; almost piliferous ; capsule ovate $
lid obliquely rostrate. (TAB. XIV.)

WEISSIA. 45

JLeersia lanceolata. Hediv. St. Cr. v. 2. t. 23. Grimmia lanceolata.
/. Bot. t. 1408. Mohr.—Moug. et Nestl. n. 310. Grimmia aciphylla.
Mohr. — Encalypta lanceolata. Turn. Muse. Hib.p. 19. Bryum lanceo-
latxim., Dicks.

HAB. On moist banks.

This plant is only to be distinguished from W. Starkeana
(to which it is very nearly allied) by the larger size, by the
narrower leaves, their laxer reticulation and more excur-
rent nerve, and by its rostrate lid. In general habit it ap-
proaches Gymnostomum truncatulwm, particularly the larger
varieties of it, but its leaves are more erect and more closely
imbricated, and the apiculus is longer. We haveexamined au-
thentic specimens from Dr. Mohr of his Grimmia aciphylla,
and we fully accord with Schwaegrichen that it is not to be
distinguished from our plant.

•«- *- Leaves linear or sululate.

'8. W. striala ; leaves linear, denticulate, crisped when dry ; cap-
sule ovato-turbinate, sulcate, erect; lid obliquely subulate.
(TAB. XV.)

*. minor; leaves lineari-subulate, subserrulate.

Grimmia striata. Schrad. Diar. Bot. v. 2. p. 57. Weissia fugax. Hedw.
Sp. Muse. 1. 13. Moug. et Nestl. n. 407. W. Schisti. Schivaegr. Suppl
t. 20. (not of Engl. Bot.")

f>. major ; leaves broadly-linear, denticulate.

W. denticulata. Schivaegr. Suppl. t. 19.

HAB. Banks in alpine countries.

The variety /3., the fPl denticulata of Schwaegrichen, has
the leaves strongly denticulate and much broader than in
the common appearance of W. striata] yet we have gather-
ed so many specimens in intermediate states, that we can-
not feel satisfied in considering them otherwise than as va-
rieties. The W. Schisti (of Schwaegr.) has the leaves more
carinate, and narrower. Of this state of W. striata we have
seen none but foreign specimens ; those from which the
figure in English Botany is taken being W. acuta. The
capsules in all the varieties are sulcate, and have quite the
same figure ; and the lid is constantly rostrate from a flat
base.

9. ^K trichodes ; stems scarcely any ; leaves subulate-setaceous,
entire; capsule ovate, striated ; lid rostrate. (TAB. XV.)

Gymnostomum trichodes. Mohr Cr. Germ. — Anictangium trichodes.
Schwaegr. Suppl. 1. 12. Grimmia trichodes. Engl. Bot. t. 2563.

HAB. On granite rocks moistened by the spray of a rivu-
let, near Dublin. Sand rocks near Henneld, Sussex, Mr.
Botrer.

46 W IE I S S 1 A.

The curious peristome of this plant in an early stage re-
presents only a membranous ring lying horizontally within
the edge of the month of the capsule : this however as ma-
turity advances splits into 16 equal, short, and very obtuse
teeth, which become erect and afterwards reflex ed over the
mouth of the capsule. In this state Mohr seems to have
examined it, and consequently ranged it under his Gymno-
sloma* Schwaegrichen, taking into consideration the situa-
tion of the male flowers, has classed it under his Anictan-
gium. An evident annulus is present. The minute plants
most nearly resembling this, and only to be distinguished
from it by a close inspection; are IV. pusilla and Gymno-
stomum ienuc.

10. W. cirrata', leaves broadly subulate, crisped when dry, their

margins recurved; capsule ovate; lid rostrate. (TAB. XV.)
W. cirrata. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 12. /. 7. Moug. et Nestl n. 406.
Mniumcirratum, Linn. — Grimmia cirrata. EngL Bot. £.2356. Gr.Dick-
soni. EngL Bot. t. J420. — Dill. Muse. t. 48. / 42.
HAB. On posts and rails, rarely on banks.
It will require a very attentive examination of the leaves of
this moss to distinguish it from IV. Crispula. In our plant
the leaves are shorter, wider, carinate, and have their mar-
gins recurved; while in IV. crispula they are truly, subulate;
rather canaliculate, and have no recurvation whatever of"
the margin. The capsules are alike in both.

11. W. curvirostra ; leaves linear-subulate ; capsule ovato-cyiin-

draceous ; lid rostrate. (TAB. XIV.)

Bryum curvirostrum. Dicks. — W. recurvirostra. Hedw. St. Cr.
v. 1. 1. 7- Grimmia recurvirostra. Turn. Muse* Hlb.p. 29. EngL Bot.
1. 1438.— D?7/. Muse. t. 48./. 45.

HAB. On sandy or gravelly moist banks.

The stems of this plant vary exceedingly in length; and
its whole habit, as Mr. Turner judiciously observes, much
resembles that of the Tortulte, in company with several spe-
cies of which genus it may often be found growing. The
nerve is dark and strong, and gives the leaves a peculiar
rigidity.

12. W. crispula] stems divided; leaves from a broad base, lan-

ceolato-subulate, crisped when dry, their margins incurved;
capsule ovato-elliptical ; lid rostrate. .(TAB. XV.)

W. crispula. Hedw. Sp. Muse. 1. 12. f. 1-6. Grimmia crispula. Turn.
Muse. Mb. p. 28. EngL Bot. t. 2203.

HAB. On rocks.

In addition to what we have said under W* cirrata, we

WE I SSI A. 47

may here add that the present species is a smaller plant
and of a darker £reen colour, and has a more decided pe-
ri chaeti urn.

W. controversa ; stems nearly simple ; leaves lineari-subu-
late, crisped when dry, their margins incurved ; capsule
ovato-^lliptical; lid rostrate. (TAB. XV.)

W. controversa. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 3. t. 5. Moug. et Nestl n. 16.
Bryum virens. Dicks. — B. viridulum. Huds. — Grimmia controversa.
Turn. Muse. Hib.p. 27. Engl. Bot. t. 1367.—DUL Muse. t. 48. / 43.

HAB. Banks, very abundant.

This plant may be distinguished from W. clrrata by its
having the leaves longer and more linear, with their mar-
gins by no means recurved ; likewise from W. crispula by
the former of these two characters, and from both by the
smaller size. We have already noticed the similarity of
this plant to Gymnostomum micros tomum, than which it
is larger, and has longer and finer fruitstalks. The teeth
are of a very pale colour and occasionally split as in the
genus Dicr-anum.

W. calcarea ; steins scarcely any; leaves from a broad base,
linear, obtuse, thick, with a very broad nerve; capsule tur-
binate ; lid rostrate. (TAB. XV.)

W. calcarea. Hodw.Sp. Musc.t. 11. f. 1-6. Bryum calcareum. Dicks.—
Engl. Bot. t. 191. Grimmia calcarea. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 25.

HAB. On chalk cliffs and stones.

The short, upright, rigid leaves of this plant have a striking
appearance, and resemble remarkably in miniature those
of Pofa/tricham aloides, to which also their dense texture
assimilates them, their upper half consisting almost entirely
of their broad nerve, which below is much narrower, passing
gradually on each side into the broad pagina.

15. W. recuruata; steins scarcely any; leaves subulate ; capsule

broadly ovate; fruitstalks curved ; lid rostrate. (TAB. XV.)
Grimmia recurvata. Hedw. St.-Cr. v. 1. 1. 38. Turn. Muse. Hib.p. 24.
Eaql. Bot. t. 1489. Bryum curvatum. Dicks.

HAB. On sandstone rocks.

Thefruitstalk of this plant 'being always arched when grow-
ing or after being gathered, when moistened, sufficiently di-
stinguishes this plant from W. piisilla.

16. W. pusilla; stems scarcely any; leaves subulate; capsule
ovate ; fruitstalks always erect ; lid rostrate. (TAB. XV.)

W. pusilla. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 2. t. 29. Bryum paludosmm. Linn.
Sp. PL ? Grimmia pusilla. Engl. Bot. t. 2551.
HAB. On calcareous rocks, usually.

48 DICRANUM.

Mr. Templeton alone seems to have found the true plant
of this species growing in dense patches on the white lime-
stone rocks in the neighbourhood of Belfast. We dare not
quote the Dillenian figures t. 49, f. 53, &c. usually referred
to this plant, for neither they nor the place of growth at all
accord with our plant.

17. W» verticillata ; stems branched; leaves broadly subulate,

nearly flat, rather flaccid; capsule ovate; lid rostrate.
(TAB. XV.)

W. verticillata. Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 20. Bryum verticillatum. Linn.
Sp. PL Bryum fasciculatum. Dicks. — Grimmia verticillata. Turn.
Muse. Hib. p. 31. Engl Bot. t. 1258.— Dill. Muse. t. 47. f. 35.

HAB. Among trickling water on rocks.

This singular species has the lower part of the stems fre-
quently covered with a white mineral incrustation. The
leaves are very plane, straight, erect and almost appressed,
and cellular in structure.

18. W^. acuta\ stems branched; leaves subulato-setaceous, sub-

secund, rigid, canaliculate ; capsule turbinate ; lid rostrate.

(TAB. XIV.)

W. aciita. Hediv. St. Cr. v. 3. t. 35. W. rupestris. Hedw. Sp. Muse,
t. 14. Bryum acutum. Dicks. — B. splachnoides. Dicks. — B. fulvellum,
Dicks. Crypt. fasc. 4. t. II. f. 1. Dicranum fulvellum. Engl Bot. #.2268.
Grimmia acuta. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 29. Engl Bot. t. 1644.— Dill.
Muse. t.47.f.34.

HAB. Rocks in alpine countries.

The leaves are remarkably rigid, and the capsule has
swelling at the base resembling an apophysis. The whole
plant varies in size, and is, as Mr. Turner has noticed, of a
shining brownish-green colour. Authentic specimens from
Mr. Dickson, as well as those figured in English Botany,
enable us to add the synonym of Dicranum fulvellum.

18. DICRANUM.

GEN. CHAR. Fruitstalks terminal ; (excepting), adian-
toides and D. taxifolium) Peristome single^ of
16 bifid, equidistant teeth; Calyptra dimidiate.
(TAB. II.)

It is much to be lamented that this genus, including so great

DICRANUM. 49

& number of species, and those frequently so anomalous in ap-
pearance, cannot be divided according to the principles now so
generally adopted by muscologists. The Fissidentes of Hedwig
have so remarkable a character in the form, structure, and di-
rection of the leaves, that we were almost tempted to depart
from the Linnaean rule in taking the generic characters from the
fructification, and to employ solely those founded on the dif-
ference of foliage. This, however, will form an admirable cha-
racter for the primary division of the species. Even in the true
Dicrana, many vary from what we must still regard as the most
essential character of the genus ; viz. the regularly cleft teeth of
the peristome. D. virens has the cleft often united at the apices
of the segments. In D. rufescens the segments are unequal : in
D. spurium frequently trifid. Those of D. purpureum are so
deeply divided that we have had no hesitation in removing it to
the genus Didymodon, with which it likewise accords full as well
in habit. Mohr cautions us to distinguish carefully between Dicr,
longifolium and the foreign Didymodon longiiostrum, and be-
-tween the likewise foreign Dicr. tortile and Didymodon homo*
mallum and Weissia heteromalla. This last indeed we believe^
as we shall hereafter have occasion to mention, to be nothing
more than Didymodon homomallum, of which the peristome was
not sufficiently examined. But there are other true Weissia, and
W. acuta in particular, which bear a very close affinity to Di*
cra?mm.

A. Leaves inserted in a bifarious manner*
(Fissidens. Hedw,)

1. jt). Iryoides ; fruitstalks terminal; perichaetial leaves resem*
bling the cauline ones. (TAB. XVI.)

«. Capsule erect.

D. bryoides. Swartz Muse. Suec. t.2.f. 4. Engl Bot. t. 625. Turn.
Muse. Hib. p. 53. Fissidens biyoides. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 3. t. 29. Hyp«
num bryoides. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1688. Dieranum viridulum. Swartz
Muse. Suec. t. 2.f. 3. Engl. Bot. t. 1368. Bryum viridulum. Linn. —
Dicks. Crypt. fasc. 1. t.l.f. 5. Fissidens exilis. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 38.
f. 7-10. Dieranum osmundioides. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 55. Engl. Bot.
t. 1662. Fissidens osmundioides. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t.40.f. 7-11. Hyp-
num asplenioides; Dicks. Crypt, fasc.2. t. 5. f. 5.— Dill. Muse. t.34.f. I.

/3. Capsule drooping.

D. tamarindifolium. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 55. D. incurvum. Mohr. —
Fissidens incurvus. Schivaegr. Suppl. t. 49. Fissidens palmatus. Hedw*
St. Cr. v. 3. t. 30. A? Fissidens longifolius. Bridell

HAB. Moist banks and in woods, abundant.

This little plant has the stems from half a line to full an

K

50 D I C R A N U M.

mch in length, and these are either decumbent, ascendant^
or erect. The leaves vary much in their size and figure on
the same and on different individuals. In general, the su-
perior ones are the longest and oblongo-lanceolate, the lower
are much smaller and almost ovate, the margins mostly
bounded by a pellucid line ; the nerve is more or less strong,
reaching to the point and sometimes a little beyond it, when
the leaf becomes apiculate. The colour varies from a deep
green through all the intermediate tints to a yellow brown.
With regard to their insertion they are truly bifariotis, disti-
chous in direction, vertical. The structure of the leaves
of this and the remaining species of the section is highly
curious, and totally unlike that of any other plant with
which we are acquainted. Besides being vertical, their upper
half (taking the nerve for the line of separation) is from the
base beyond the middle composed of two equal lamellae, the
lower part of which embraces the stem as represented at
f. 4. of D. adiantoides (TAB. XVI.), and the rest very often
embraces a portion of the leaf placed immediately above it,
We have not brought together such a variety of synonyms
without a patient examination of specimens, as well as of
the respective figures and descriptions. And first we have
the authority of our able countryman Mr. Turner for con-
sidering the Dlcr. viridulum of Swartz (the Fissidens exilis
of Hedwig) the same as the D. Iryoldes. It is only charac-
terized, as Mr. Turner observes, by being almost stemless
and in having few and approximate leaves. Mohr says of
this, " caule declinato," in opposition to (C caule erectius-
culo," which is the only difference in his specific character j
and those who will be at the trouble to examine various
tufts of specimens will see the fallacy of such a mark. Then
with regard to Fissidens osmundioides, it differs from the
more usual appearance of D. Iryoldes exactly as that does
from D. viridulum. D. tamarindifolium (D. incurvum
Mohr.) we have likewise made a variety; because the only
mark of distinction which we can perceive is the curvation
of the fruitstalk at its extremity, by which means the cap-
sule becomes drooping, or, as Mohrexpresses it, fi subcernua;"
for the degree of curvature is variable, and is sometimes so
slight that it would be difficult to determine to which variety
it should belong. Nor can we see how the Hedwigian Fis-
sidens palmatus is to be distinguished, if it be not that its
capsule is itself curved rather than the fruitstalk, and the

D I C R A N U M.

51

beak of the lid is somewhat longer : and with regard to
F. longifolius, Bridel himself says it is perhaps a variety
Of F. palmatus, although he takes no notice of the curved
capsule. In all the varieties the capsule is nearly urceol ate,
and the lid has a subulate beak. D. osmundioides in Engl.
Bot. is represented much branched, with innovations ; a
State in which it is found in very wet situations^ although
Wahlenberg says he has never seen it.

Varieties of D. bryoides we have in our possession, ga-
thered by Mungo Park in the interior of Africa ; and we
scarcely see any decided characters by which the fine spe-
cies Fissidens asplenioides and F. polypodioides of Swartz
may be distinguished from it.

D. adiantoides', fruitstalks lateral; perichsetial leaves ovate^
slightly convolute, pointed. (TAB. XVI.)

D. adiantoides. Swartz Muse. Suec. p. 31. Turn. Muse. Hib.
p. 5J. Moug. et Nestl. n. 25. Fissidens adiantoides. Hedw. St. CV;
if. 3. t. 26. Hypnum adiantoides. Linn. Sp. PL p. 1588. Engl Bot.
t, 264. Fissidens taxifolius. <3. fTaht. Lapp.— Dill Muse. t. 34. f. 3.
HAB. Moist banks, wet pastures, and bogs.
From the last-described species the present differs in being
very much larger, frequently two inches long, branched
by innovations, especially when growing in wet places,
where our larger specimen was gathered by our kind friend
Mr. Dalton. The leaves are nearly lanceolate, more or less
serrulate at the point; the base of the fruitstalk is surrounded
by a remarkable scaly perichaetium, whose leaves are very
unlike the cauline ones, being ovate, concave, convolute,
nerveless, except at the acuminated point, which has a ver-
tical direction. The base of this perichsetium is inserted
laterally upon the stem of the plant, and always throws out
reddish roots, exactly as the following species, from which it
differs scarcely in any thing but in the point of insertion of
the fruit. The fruitstalks are flexuose, the capsule inclined,
and the lid subulate. Wahlenberg considers this as a va-
riety of the following, perhaps not unjustly.
D. taxifolium '} fruitstalks radicular*; perichaetial leaves
ovate, sheathing, involute, pointed. (TAB. XVI.)

D. taxifolium. Swartz Muse. Suec. p. 31. Turn. Muse. Hib.p. 56.
Moug. et Nestl n. 217. Fissidens taxifolius. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 39.
f. 1-5. Hypnum taxifolium. Linn. Sp. PL p. 1587- Engl. Bot. #.416.
— Dill Muse. t. 34. f. 2.

T_ - - . 1 - - - - -,,— -

* By this word we mean to imply that the fruitstalks are inserted at the
ybase of the stem among the roots.

E 2

52 DICRANtJM.

HAB. Moist banks.

Plant from one half to three quarters of an inch in height,
root thickly tufted, and sending up many stems. Fruit at
the very base of the steins and from among the roots; en-
veloped at the base of the fruitstalk by a scaly perichsetium,
the leaves of which exactly resemble the last, and which also
throws out roots from its base. Is it not possible that on the
decay of the fructification this perichaetium may become a
perfect plant or frond ? And may not the perichaetium of
D. adiantoides possess the same property, whence the growth
of that plant by frequent innovations ? Fissidens subbasi-
laris of Hedwig is hardly to be distinguished from this.

B. Leaves inserted on all sides of the stem.
a. Leaves destitute of a nerve.

4. D. glaucum ; stems branched, fastigiate ; leaves erecto-pa-

tent, ovato-lanceolate, straight, nerveless, entire ; capsule
ovate, cernuous; lid rostrate. (TAB. XVI.)

D. glaucum. Hedw. Sp. Muse. — Schwaegr. Suppl. t.28. Turn. Muse.
Hib.p. 73. Engl. Bot. t. 2166. Moug. et Nestl. n. 23. Bryum glau-
cum. Linn. Sp. PL— Dill Muse. t. 46. f. 20. & t. 83. /. 8.

HAB. On bogs and wet heaths.

This species is remarkable for its having the habit and
nerveless reticulated leaves of a Sphagnum. The stems vary
considerably in length : American specimens are figured by
Dillenius, t. Ixxxiii. f. 8. ; and it appears to be extensively
scattered over the globe.

b. Leaves furnished with a nerve.
* Leaves apiculate or piliferous.

5. JD. latifolium; stems short; leaves oblong, concave, entire,

apiculate or piliferous, capsule erect, ovato-oblong ; lid ro-
strate. (TAB. XVI.)

D. latifolium. Hedw. St. Cr. v. I. t. 33. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 79.
Bryum piliferum. Dicks. — Trichostomumpiliferum. Engl. Bot. t. 2536.

HAB. Banks in Ireland and Scotland, chiefly in moun-
tainous situations.

Specimens of this plant from Le Jardin on the chain of
Mont Blanc, at an elevation of 8000 feet : those from
Kamtschatka and those from Greenland agree in having
shorter stems, yellower leaves, and pale-coloured narrower
capsules than our native specimens; others again, gathered
at an elevation of 6000 feet in the Swiss Alps, perfectly ac-

DICRANUM. 53

cord with what we have found near the level of the sea in
the vicinity of Dublin. The nerve is frequently so far pro-
duced beyond the point of the leaf as to render the latter
truly piliferous.

* * Leaves not apiculate.
f Nerve very broad.

D. longifolium ; steins elongated ; leaves very long, subu-
lato-setaceous, falcato-secund, serrulate, their nerve very
broad ; capsule oblongo-ovate, nearly erect ; lid rostrate.
(TAB. XVI.)

D. longifolium. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 3. t. 9. Moug. et Nestl n. 318.
D. flagellare. Funk.

HAB. In wet spots on rocks; Ireland.

This species, which may be so easily distinguished from
its congeners by its long and falcate leaves furnished with a
nerve occupying nearly their whole breadth, has lately been
found in Ireland in the county of Wicklow, under dripping
rocks at Glenmalur.

7. D. cerviculatum ; stems short; leaves lanceolato-subulate,

entire, sub-secund, their nerve very broad ; capsule ovate,
subcernuous, strumose ; lid rostrate. (TAB. XVI.)

D. cerviculatum. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 3. t, 37. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 64.
Engl. Bot. #.1661. D. pusillum. Hsdw. St. Cr. v. 2. t. 29. Engl Bot.
t. 2491. D. flavidum. Sckivaegr. — D. uncinatum. Engl Bot. t. 2261.

HAB.- On bogs and moist banks.

The stems are very short, and the dense patches have the
stramineous colour of those of a Splachnum, when grow-
ing, as is most frequently the case, on the black rotten soil
of turf bogs.

8. D.Jlexuosum; stems nearly simple, rigid; leaves lanceolato-

subulate, acuminated, straight; their nerve very broad;
fruitstalks flexuose ; capsule ovate, striated ; lid rostrate.
(TAB. XVI.)

D. flexuosum. Hediv. Sp. Muse. t. 38. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 74.
Engl Bot. t. 1491. Moug. et Nestl n. 123. Bryum immersum. Dicks.
— Bryum fragile. Dicks. — Sphagnum alpinum. Linn, (according to
Smith.) Dill Muse. t. 4J.f. 33. & i. 32. f. 3.

HAB. On turf bogs and wet rocks.

This plant is liable to such variations in size and colour,
that many varieties have been pointed out by authors which
we have scarcely thought it useful to separate, having seen
the plant so often in completely intermediate states. The
more common appearance of the plant, and the only one

54 DICRANUM.

met with on plains, has very short steins and pale yellow
leaves, which are so fragile as generally to be met with
broken off, and lying upon the tufts in considerable quan-
tity, looking at first not unlike the dimidiate calyptroe of
this genus 5 and hence the Br. fragile of Dickson. The
alpine varieties arid those found on wet rocks have the stems
sometimes a span in length ; are generally of a blackish co-
lour, with leaves diaphanous at the points, and rarely pro-r
ducing fructification. The calyptra of this and of its fo-
reign affinities is fringed at the base with long cilia, as re-
presented in Muse. Hid., in the cryptogamic part of Hum-
boldt's Botany of South America, and in our figure
. TAB. XVI., although this singularity in its, structure has
been generally overlooked by botanists.

f f Nerve narrow.
<*- Capsule with a struma.

p. J). virens ; steins elongated ; leaves from a broad sheathing?
base, subulate, their margins recurved, crisped when dry,
pointing in all directions ; capsule smooth, oblongo-cylin-:
drical, subcernuous, struniose ; lid rostrate. (TAB. XVII.)
D. virens. Hedw. St. Ci\ v.3. t. 32. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 69. Engl.
Bot. t. 1462.

HAB. In marshy places, upon mountains.
This is always an alpine plant. British specimens differ
from continental ones in having longer points to the leaves,
which are entire.

}0. D. strumiferum; stems elongated; leaves from a broad
sheathing base, subulate, entire, their margins plane, crisped
when dry, pointing in all directions ; capsule furrowed, ob-
longo-ovate, subcernuous, strumose ; lid rostrate. (TAB.
XVII.)

D. strumiferum. Engl Bot. t. 2410. Moug. et Nestl n. 125. Fissi-
flens strumifer. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 2. t. 32. Bryum inclinans. Dicks.
HAB. On marshy places in alpine situations.
Except that the margins of the leaves of this species are
not recurved as in the preceding, and that the capsule is
shorter and furrowed, there is scarcely a mark of distinc-
tion to be found between them.

}1.D. falcatum; steins nearly simple; leaves long, lanceo-?
lato- subulate, falcato-secund, nearly entire ; capsule ovate.,
subcernuous, strumose ; lid rostrate. (TAB. XVII.)

D. falcatum. Hedw Sp. Muse. t. 32 f. 1-7. Engl. Boj. t, 1989.
Bryum longifolium. Dicks.

DICRANUM. 55,

HAB. On alpine rocks.

The present species is so closely allied to D. heteromal-
lum, that we are almost tempted to consider it as merely a
variety of that plant. However, the struma at the base of
the capsule is of a very decided kind, and the leaves are
more falcate.

12. D.Starkii; stems somewhat branched ; leaves lanceolato-
subulate, falcato-secund, entire ; capsule oblongo-ovate,
suberect, strumose ; lid rostrate. (TAB. XVII.)

D. Starkii. Web. et Mohr FL Crypt. Germ. — Engl. Bot. t. 2227.
Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 46. Moug. et Nestl. n. 413.

HAB. On alpine rocks.

The capsules of this species are longer than those of the
preceding, to which it bears, we must confess, a very strong
resemblance. The figures in Engl. Bot. as well as in
Schwaegr. Suppl. represent the capsules as being longer
than those of any specimens we have yet seen.

-t- -t- Capsule without a struma. ^

13. D. flavescens ; stems branched; leaves long, lanceolate, ser-
rulate, pointing in all directions, crisped when dry ; cap-
sules oblong, erect; lid rostrate. (TAB. XVII.)

D. flavescens. Engl. Bot. t. 2263. Bryum flavescens. Dicks. —
D. gracilescens. Web, et Mohr. — Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 46.

HAB. On wet sand, under the banks of rocky rivers.

We have some doubt in quoting the synonym of Mohr,
as he describes his plant to have longer capsules.

14. D. squarrosum ; stems somewhat branched ; leaves from a
broad sheathing base, lanceolate, obtuse, recurved and pa-
tent, directed to every side, crisped when dry; capsule
ovate, subcernuous; lid rostrate. (TAB. XVII.)

D. squarrosum. Schrad. Journ. an. 1802. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 69.
Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 4/. Engl Bot. t. 2004. Moug. et Nestl. n. 326.
Bryum palustre. Dicks. — Dill. Muse. t.46.f.24.

HAB. In very wet situations among mountains.

The stems vary in length from one to three inches. This
is the most squarrose of the British Dicra?ia.

15. D. pellucidum ; stems branched; leaves lanceolate, their
margins slightly undulated, serrated, rather obtuse, point-
ing in all directions ; capsule ovate, subcernuous ; lid ro-
strate. (TAB. XVII.)

D. pellucidum. Swartz Muse. Suec. p. 35. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 68.
Engl. Bot. t. 1346. Moug. et Nestl. n. 122. Bryum pellucidum. Linn.
Sp. PL p. 1583. Dill. Muse. t.46.f.23.

5(5 DICRANU

HAB. On wet sides of streams and rivers.

The more ovate, short, somewhat truncate and decidedly
inclined capsules furnish the principal distinction between
this plant and D.flavescens.

16. D. spur mm-, stems elongated; leaves fasciculated, concave,
erecto-patent, directed to every side, ovate, the superior
ones lanceolate, serrulate; capsule oblong, curved ; lid ro-
strate. (TAB. XVII.)

D. spurium. Hedw. St. Cr.v. 2. t. 30. gngl Dot. t. 2167. Moug. et
Nestl.n.3\9. Bryum spurium. Dicks.

HAB. In bogs; Yorkshire. Mr. Teesdvle. Kinnordy.,
Scotland. Mr. Lyell; always barren,

This singular species, somewhat allied to D, scoparium,
D. undidatum, and the continental D. Schraderi, differs
from them all in the breadth of the leaves, most pf which
are ovate, the upper ones being longer and narrower, and
serrated at the points. The teeth of the peristome of this
as well as some other species of this genus will not always
be found to be divided into two segments only ; very fre-
quently three divisions are apparent,

|7. ZX crispum ; stems short ; leaves from a sheathing base se-r
taceous, nearly distichous, flexuoso-recurved, crisped when
dry; capsule ovate, erect; lid with along beak. (TAB.
XVII.)

D. crispum. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 2. t. 33. Turn. Muse. Hib.p. 65. Engt.
Sot. t. 1151. Bryum vaginale. Dicks.

HAB. On moist banks.

This species has a strong resemblance to the D. Schre-
lerianum of Hedwig, which, however, decidedly differs by
its shorter and wider leaves, by its inclined capsule and
shorter lid.

}8. D. Scottianum ; stems branched ; leaves erecto-patent, di-
rected to every side, subulate, their margins plane, subser-
rated, crisped when dry; capsule ovato-cylindraceous, nearly
erect ; lid with a long beak. (TAB. XVIII.)

D. Scottianum. Turn. Mmc. Hib. t. 6. f. 1. D. flagellare. Engl
Bot. t. 1977- (not of Hedwig.) D. strictum. Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 43.'
D. montanum. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 35 ?

HAB, On rocks in mountainous districts.

This plant differs from Hedwig' s D. flagellare princi-
pally by the direction of the leaves^ which in the latter are.
constantly secund, yet we shall not be surprised if future ob-
servations on authentic specimens may prove them to be
the same. We can ftn4 D. montanum Hedw. to differ only

DICRANUM. 57

l>y the smaller size, and perhaps by its somewhat wider cap-
sule ; but even in this last particular we find native speci-
mens of our plant to vary. If we may pronounce from
Schwaegrichen's figure and description, we should suppose
his £). Hostianum to be also the same as our plant.

D. polycarpum ; stems branched ; leaves patent, directed
to every side, lanceolato-subulate, their margins recurved,
flexuose, subserrulate, crisped when dry ; capsule obovate,
subcernuous; lid rostrate. (TAB. XVIII.)

D. polycarpum. Ehrh. Crypt. No. 84. (according to Smith.) Engl.
Bot. t. 2269.. Moug. et Nestl. nf 414. Fissidens polycarpus. Hedw,
St. Cr. v. 2. t. 31. D. Bruntoni. Engl. Bot. t. 2509.

HAB. On rocks.

This plant may at first sight be easily confounded with a
small variety of the preceding; viz. D. montanum Hedw.
It differs however by the leaves being larger and wider, by
their less rigid texture, and more particularly by the mar-
gins being recurved ; besides, in the lid not being above
half as long as the capsule, while in the former the lid and
capsule are equal to one another. We find upon examina-
tion D. Bruntoni Engl. Bot. to be only a small variety
of our plant. The teeth of the peristome will be found to
be irregularly divided.

p. undulatum ; stems elongated ; leaves nearly plane, lan-
ceolate, attenuate, serrulate at the points, transversely un-
dulate ; capsule cylindraceous, cernuous ; lid with a long
beak. (TAB. XVIII.)

D. undulatum. Ehrhart. (not of Schrader.) Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 59,
Engl. Bot. t. 2260. D. polysetum. Swartz.—Schwaegr. SuppL t.4l.

HAB. In woods, also on rocks.

This species, which was confounded by the older bota-
nists with D. scoparium, as well as the foreign D. Schra-
deri, bears the more striking resemblance to the latter, whose
property is however to have more obtuse and carinate leaves,
with their nerve disappearing before the points. With
D. scoparium our plant agrees, in having very remarkable
perichaetia, one of which incloses two, three, and even four
fruitstalks : — in some foreign species allied to this we have
seen as many as seven. The transverse undulations of the
leaves may be perceived on the plant while growing, al-
though this appearance becomes more striking in dried spe-
cimens.

P. scoparium ; stems elongated ; leaves narrow, subulate,

58 DICRANUM.

canaliculate, secund ; capsule cylindraceous, arched, cer-
nuous; lid with a long heak. (TAB. XVIII.)

«. majus ; stems 2 or 3 inches in length, leaves falcato-secund.

D. scoparium. Hedw. — Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 42. Turn. Muse. Hid.
p. 58. Moug. et Nestl. n. 120. Bryum scopariura. Linn. — Engl. Bot.
t. 354. D. majus. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 58. Engl. Bot. t. 1490.— Dill.
Muse. t. 46. f. 16.

/3. fuscescens ; half the size of the preceding; leaves subsecund, nar-
rower, somewhat more crisped when dry. D. fuscescens. Turn. Muse.
Hib. p. 60. Engl. Bot. 1. 1597- D. congestum. Schivaegr. Suppl. t. 42.

HAB. Woods and hedges. /3. principally in mountainous
countries.

This plant, which is found scattered over various and di-
stant parts of the globe, and which may be met with in the
darkest woods as well as in open bogs, is liable to no small
degree of variation in size as well as in the direction of the
leaves. The larger variety, with more falcate leaves, has
been distinguished by the name of D. majus ; while on
the other hand the smaller plant, with leaves scarcely if
at all secund, has been called D. fuscescens. This last-
mentioned variety is scarcely to be known from D.Jlagel-
lare Hedw. but by its more curved and somewhat drooping
capsules.

22. D. varium ; steins short, leaves narrow, hastate-lanceolate,
capsule ovate; lid rostrate. (TAB. XVII.)

«. viride ; leaves pointing in all directions, lanceolale> green; cap-
sules subcernuous.

D. varium. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 2. t. 34. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 65. Engl.
Bot. t. 1215. Moug. et Nestl. n. 412. D. rigidulum. Sivartz Muse.
Suec. t. 3.f. 1. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 32. D. callistomum. Smith Fl.
Brit. — Bryum callistomum. Dicks.

/3. rufescens; leaves subsecund, lanceolate-subulate, reddish; cap-
sules erect.

D. rufescens. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 66. Engl. Bot. t. 1216. Bryum
rufescens. Dicks. — Dill. Muse. t. 50. /. 59.

y. luridum ; leaves subsecund, subulate, of a lurid colour ; capsules
subcernuous.

HAB. On moist banks.

After an attentive examination of numerous specimens of
D. varium and D. mfescens, we have considered it most
prudent to make them varieties ; for notwithstanding that
D. varium in occasional plants has the leaves decidedly fal-
cate, of a greener colour, a firmer texture, with an entire
margin, and its capsules inclining; while some individuals
of D. rufescens have their leaves of a reddish colour, with
an evident reticulation, serrated margin, and with erect cap-
sules 5 — yet we have met with specimens partaking so much

TRTCHOSTOMUM.

59

of the characters of both, that it seemed impossible to deter-
mine to which they should be referred. Our var. y. has
leaves still longer than those of rufescens, but not serrated,
nor so strongly reticulated ; with the capsules as in «. We
cannot find the D. rigidulum and D. callistomum to differ
in any way from our common D. varium,

D. heteromaWim; stems branched; leaves subulate, falcato-
secund, nearly entire ; capsule ovate, subcernuous ; lid with
a long beak. (TAB. XVIII.)

D. heteromaljum. Hedw. St. Cr.v, 1. t.26. Turn. Musc.Hib.p. 61.
Engl. Bot. t.- 1272. Mvug. et Nestl. n. 121. D. orthocarpum. Hedw.
Sp. Muse. t. 30. (according to Mohr.) D. curvatum. Hedw. Sp. Muse,
t. 31. D. interruptum. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 29.— Dill. Muse. t. 47.
/. 37 & 38.

HAB. On moist banks.

We have noticed above that this species can scarcely be
distinguished from D.falcatum and Z). Starkii, but by the
want of the struma at the base of the capsule, Has an al-
pine situation any effect in producing such a variation ?

D. subulatum; stems branched; leaves from abroad sheath-
ing base subulate-setaceous, secund, entire ; capsule ovate^
subcernuous ; lid with a long beak. (TAB. XVIII.)

D. subulatum. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 34. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 63.
£ngl. Bot. t. 1273.

HAB. Moist banks.

Perhaps Mohr was right in uniting this species with the
preceding one ; for we must confess that we can perceive
no other differences than the slight ones mentioned in our
specific characters.

19. TRICHOSTOMUM.

GEN. CHAR. Frmtstalhs terminal; Peristome of 16
equal teeth divided to the base, or 32 placed toge-
ther in pairs ; Calyptra mitriform. (TAB. II.)

We need only repeat here what we have already said under
the genus Grimmia, that it and the present one are very closely
Allied both in natural and essential character. Trichostomum is
to Didymodon what Grimmia is to Weissiq.

60 TRICHOSTOMUM.

* Fruitstalks curved.

1 . TV. patens ; stems elongated ; leaves lanceolate, acuminated,

caiinated, their margins recurved; capsule ovate; fruit-
stalks curved; lid conical. (TAB. XIX.)

Tr. patens. Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 37. Moug. et Nestl. n. 214. Dicra-
num patens. Engl. Bot. t. 1990. Bryum patens. Dicks. Crypt. fasc. 8.
t. 4. / 8. Fissidens patens. Wald. Fl. Lapp. — Tr. obtusum. FL
Brit.—Tr. funale. Schwaegr. Suppl. £.37? — Dill. Muse. t. \7.f. 30.

HAB. Scotch, Welsh, and Irish mountains.

It is not without some hesitation that we have ventured to
quote under our present plant the Tr. funale of Sehwaeg-
richen, which we have received from Ireland from Mr.
Templeton. It must however be very apparent upon an
inspection of Schwaegrichen's figures that the two only
,«j •.. differ by the one having hair- pointed leaves and a striated
capsule. Now, not only in our Scotch specimens of Tr.
patens have we observed the capsule when mature to be
furrowed, but Wahlenberg supports us in this observation, as
appears in his description of the moss as it is found in Lap-
land. As to the points of the leaves, these we have found
piliferous in specimens which we have collected on the Swiss
alps. We have ourselves gathered Dillenius' plant on Snow-
don, and compared it with the specimens in his herbarium,
and find them to accord entirely with Tr, patens. The
fruit is apparently lateral from an elongation of the stem.

** Fruitstalks straight.
f Leaves with diaphanous points.

2. Tr. lanuginosum ; stems elongated, subpinnate ; leaves lan-

ceolato-subulate, acuminate ; their long diaphanous points
serrated, margins recurved; capsule ovate ; fruitstalks short,
on lateral branches ; lid rostrate. (TAB. XIX.)

Tr. lanuginosum. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 3. t. 2. Swartz Muse. Suec. — •
Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 38. Engl. Bot. t. 1348. Moug. et Nestl n. 21,
Bryum hypnojdes a.. Linn. Sp. PL — Dill. Muse. t. 47. f. 32.

HAB. On mountains, especially at some considerable ele-
vation. It has likewise been found on the flat heaths in
Norfolk by the Rev. James Lay ton.

This species, very common in mountainous countries, can
scarcely be mistaken for any of its congeners. The stems
are sometimes a foot or more in length, and have an irregu-
larly pinnated appearance ; and the fruitstalks, without an
attentive observation of the branches on which they stand
terminal, may be taken for lateral.

TfttCHOSTOiMUM.

61

Tr. canescens ; stems elongated, irregularly branched ; leaves
ovato-lanceolate, their diaphanous acuminated points slightly
serrated ; capsule ovate ; teeth of the peristome very long
and filiform; lid subulate. (TAB. XIX.)

Tr. canescens. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 3. t. 5. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 39.
Engl Bot. t. 2534. Moug. et Nestl n. 20. Tr. ericoides. Schrad.—
Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 38. Engl Bot. t. 1991. Schwaegr. Suppl. f. 38.
Moug. et Nestl. n. 409.— Dill. Muse. t. 47. f. 27. B. &/.31.

HAB. On heaths and in mountainous countries ; also on
the sea-beach near Yarmouth.

The Tr. ericoides of authors has somewhat of a pinnated
appearance, arising from numerous very short branches ; but
in the form of the leaves, capsule, and peristome it perfectly
accords with Tr. canescens.

Tr. heterostichum ; stems elongated, branched ; leaves ovato-
lanceolate, their diaphanous acuminated points slightly ser-
rated; capsule oblong, teeth of the peristome rather short;
lid rostrate. (TAB. XIX.)

Tr. heterostichum. Hedw. St. Cr. «. 2. t. 25. Turn. Muse. Hib.
p. 37. Engl Bot. t. 1347. Moug. et Nestl n. 19. Bryum heterosti-
chum. Dicks.— Dill Muse. t. 4J. f. 27. A. & F. & G,

HAB. On stones in mountainous districts.

It is by no means an easy task to distinguish between this
and the preceding species, without an examination of the
peristome, where the principal and most important diffe-
rence certainly lies. The teeth of the fringe in this moss
are much shorter, and split after the manner of a Dicra-
num, but nearly to the base ; while those of Tr. canescens
are very long and filiform . The capsule too presents a slight
difference, being ovate in Tr. canescens, and oblong or cy-
lindraceous in Tr. heterostichum.

Tr.microcarpon; stems elongated, branched ; leaves lanceo-
late, their diaphanous acuminated points slightly serrated ;
capsule oblong ; teeth of the peristome rather short ; lid
rostrate. (TAB. XIX.)

Tr. microcarpon. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 23. f. 8-12. Turn. Muse. Hib.
p. 40. Engl Bot. t. 1440. Moug. et Nestl n. 315. Dicranum acicu-
lare var. <y. Turn. Muse. Hlb. p. 67. Dill Muse. t. 47. f. 29.
HAB. On rocks.

We have noticed in some specimens the diaphanous ap-
pearance at the tops of the leaves quite to vanish, which has
induced us to include in our synonyms Mr. Turner's acute -
leaved variety of his Dicranum ac iculare ; in other parti-
culars the two plants do not at all differ.

62 TRICHOSTOMUM.

f t Leaves never diaphanous at their points.

6. Tr. aciculare ; stems elongated^ branched ; leaves lanceolate^

obtuse, serrulated at the points, their nerve vanishing before
the summit; capsule oblong; lid rostrate. (TAB. XIX.)

Tr. aciculare. Palisot de Beauvois Prodr. p. 90. Moug. et Nestl.
n. 22. Mohr. — Dicranum aciculare. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 3. t. 33. Turn.
Muse, Hib. p. 67. EnglBot. t. \97S.-Dill. Muse. t. 46. f. 25 & 26. B.

HAB. In water, or on very wet rocks and stones.

This has the leaf singularly obtuse. The colour varies
from black, as it occurs in alpine rivulets^ to yellowish -
green, as it is found in less wet situations.

7. Tr. fas declare; stems elongated, branched; leaves lanceo-

late, entire, their summits never diaphanous ; their margins
recurved ; capsule ovato-oblong ; lid rostrate. (TAB. XIX.)

Tr. fasciculare. Schrader Spicil. p. 51. Hedw. Sp. Muse. — Turn:
Muse. Hib. p. 39. Engl. Bot. t. 2005. Moug. et NestL n. 215. Bryum
lutescens. Dicks. — B. hypnoides /3. Linn. Sp. PL p. 1585. — Dill. Muse,
/.47./.28.&J.46./. 26. C.

HAB. On rocks in the mountains.

The acute entire leaves and brighter yellowish-green co-
lour of this plant distinguish it easily from the preceding.
The want of the diaphanous serrulate points keeps it apart
from Tr. canescens and its allies. It is by no means of un-
common occurrence; the stems are from one to three inches
long.

8. Tr. polyphyllum ; stems branched ; leaves lanceolate- subu-

later their margins recurved, serrated above, very much crisp-
ed when dry; capsule oblong; lid rostrate. (TAB. XIX.)

Tr. polyphyllum. Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 39. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 35.
t. 7- Moug. et Nestl. n. 410. Dicranum polyphyllum. Engl. Bot. j
t. 1217- Bryum polyphyllum. Dicks.— B. cirratum 0. Huds.—-Tr. cir- 1
fatum. Smith Fl. Brit. — Dill. Muse. t. 48./.41.

HAB. Rocks and mountains, v

This species may be easily known from the other Tricho- '.
stoma by the greater length and narrowness of the leaves, I
and by their remarkably crisped appearance when .in a dry j
state. It grows in tufts about an inch in height, arid varies
in colour from a light straw-yellow to a dark green. Thej
capsules are generally crowded, and the teeth of the peri- j
stome connected at the base in filiform pairs.

9. Tr. ellipticum ; stems short, nearly simple ; leaves lanceo- (

late, acuminate, straight, their nerve broad, their margins '
plane; capsule elliptical \ lid rostrate. (TAB. XIX.)

LEUCODON. 63

Dicranum ellipticum. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 16. t. 6. Engl. J3etf.
t. 1901. Schwaegr. Suppl t.47.

HAB. Mountain rocks.

The capsules of this moss have a very neat and polished
appearance. It may be confounded with Grimmia ovaia ;
but, as Mr. Turner, its original discoverer, has rightly ob-
served, the want of the diaphanous points to the leaves will
always sufficiently distinguish our present plant. The teeth
are broad, often cleft, as in Dicranum^ but more deeply*
The habit is very nearly that of Grimmia ovata.

20. LEUCODON.

GEN. CHAR. Fru&stalk$]&tett&} PeristoThe single, of
32 teeth, closely united in pairs ; Calyptra dimi-
diate. (TAB. II.)

We have adopted with much satisfaction Schwaegrichen's new
genus Lezicodon, published in the second part of his valuable
Supplement to Hedwig's Species Muscorum. The only British
species has been occasionally thrown among the Dicrana^ Tri-
chostoma, and Pterogonia; from any of which an attentive con-
sideration of the lateral fruit, deeply divided teeth, and dimidiate
calyptra will keep its genus distinct. The teeth are very nar-
row, whitish, and sometimes appear united at their tops ; but this
appearance may arise from our taking as the subjects of our ob-
servations capsules in too young a state ; since in specimens which
have been gathered fresh from the trees, and in a state where
the lid had naturally fallen off, the teeth appeared as deeply di-
vided, and the divisions as separate, filiform, and jointless as in
some species of Didymodon*

sciuroides ; leaves closely imbricated, ovato -cordate, acumi-
nate, striated ; capsule oblong. (TAB. XX.)

L. sciuroides. Schwaegr. Suppl.pars2. p. 1. L. Morensis. Schwaegr.
Suppl. pars 2. p. 2. Fissidens sciuroides. Hedw. — Dicranum sciuroi-
des. Swartz. — Engl. Bot. t. 1903. Trichostomum Sciuroides. Mohr. —
Pterogonium sciuroides. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 32.

HAB. Trunks of trees.

Stems long, creeping on the bark of trees. Branches

64 DIDYMOtJOti.

ascendant, from one to two or three inches in length, simple?
or branched ; often swelling towards the centre, and sharper
towards the point, sometimes cylindrical ; leaves concave^
nerveless, but striated, the margins entire ; those of the pe-
richaetium long, cylindrical, sheathing, especially the inte-
rior ones, which are half as long as the fruitstalk, and closely
enveloping it. Fruitstalks lateral, about an inch long ; lid
rostrate.

We have been obliged to frame such a character as would
exclude the L. canarietise of Schwaegrichen, of which he
says the leaves are lanceolate-acuminate, loosely imbricated^
and that the capsule is globose. With regard to the L. Mo-
rensis of the same author (Uypnum Morense Schleicher)^
we have abundant specimens, which we have received from
Schleicher himself, and others that we have gathered in
Switzerland, and can safely assert that they differ in nothing
from the common appearance of our plant, except in having
the branches somewhat shorter and more tumid. The
fe folia octo-faria oblique imbricata" may often be seen as
distinctly upon our specimens of L. sciuroides as upon
L, Morensis.

The fructification is very scarce in this country ; — fine
specimens of it have been gathered by Mr. Lyell in the New
Forest*

21. DIDYMODON.

GEN. CHAR. Fruitstalks terminal; Peris tome single1,
of 16 or 32 teeth approaching in pairs, or united
at the base; Calyptra dimidiate. (TAB. II.)

In natural habit the plants of this genus approach on the one
hand to the Weissice, and on the other to the Dicrana. With
the former, two species are liable to be confounded, viz. Didy-
modon inclinatum and D. keteromallum^ each of which has but
sixteen teeth, and their approximation in pairs is with difficulty
discoverable. In D. nervosum and purpureum, besides being
united in pairs at the base, we find them connected in various?
parts of their length by transverse bars ; and in D. nervosum
their direction appears not erect but oblique. In D. trifariiim

DIDYMODON. 65

the teeth approximate very closely in pairs, in D. caplllaceum
and keteromallum less so : moreover in the latter each tooth has
frequently a longitudinal cleft down its centre.

* Capsules inclined.

1. D. purpureum ; stems scarcely branched ; leaves lanceolate,

acuminate, carinate, their margins recurved, entire ; cap-
sule ovato-cylindraceous, oblique, substrumose, furrowed
when dry ; lid conical. (TAB. XX.)

Dicranum purpureum. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 36. Turn. Muse. Hib.
p. 72. Engl. Bot. t. 2262. Mong. et Nestl. n. 24. Mnium purpureum.
L'mn. — Bryum bipartitum. Dicks. — Engl. Bot. t. 2357. Dicranum
strictum. Engl. Bot. t. 2294. Bryum strictum. Dicks. — Dicranum
Celsii. Engl. Bot. t. 2418. Bryum Celsii. L'mn. — Trichostomnm
papillosum. Engl. Bot. t. 2533. Bryum tenue. Dicks. — D. interme-
dium. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 31. f. 1-6.

HAB. On the ground and on moist banks.

This plant is abundant in Europe, not being uncommon
in the warm parts, though seeming to prefer the colder re-
gions. In Iceland it covers the ground in large patches, as
well as in Greenland, whence Professor Giesecke has, among
other cryptogarnous plants, brought beautiful specimens of
this. The synonyms enumerated above can scarcely be
doubted to belong to this species. It varies extremely in
the length of the stems, but is very constant in the shape of
the leaves, of the capsule furnished with a struma, sulcated
•when dry, and of its conical lid. The teeth of the peri-
stome are so long, so narrow, and deeply divided, as to de-
mand a removal of this plant to the genus Didi/modon^ and
indeed Sir James Smith has, from the observations of Mr.
Turner, actually described a variety of it in that section of
his genus Trlchoslomum which corresponds to the Didy~
tnodon of Hedwig, under the name of T. papillosum.

2. D. indmalum ; leaves bifarious, from a sheathing base, subu-

late; capsule ovate, inclined ; lid conical. (TAB. XX.)

Didymodon inclinatum. Swartz Muse. Suec. — Bryum inclination.
Dicks. — Swartzia inclinata. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 2. t. 2/. Cynontodium
inclinatum. Hedw. Sry. Muse. p. 58, Grimmia inclinata, Engl. Bot.
t. 1824.

HAB. On mountain rocks, rare.

The teeth of the peristome are so broad as to be remark-
able in this genus, and to render it doubtful whether it
should be arranged as Sir James Smith has done, under his

06 D1DYMODON.

Grimm ice (the Weissice of Hedwig), or, as we judge, ta-
king the approximation of the teeth in pairs and the habit
of the plant into account, that it should he left where Swartz
and Mohr have placed it, under the genus Didymodon. Itj
is an exceedingly rare species with us, having, since the time
of its discovery by Mr. Dickson, heen only met with hy
Mr. Mackay on the mountains of Cunnamara in Ireland.

* * Capsules erect.

3. D. nervosurn ; leaves obovate, shortly apiculate, their nerve

incrassated above ; capsule ovate, erect ; lid shortly rostrate.
(TAB. XX.)

Grimmia atro-virens. EngL Bot. t. 2015.

HAB. On dry banks, especially in maritime situations.

This species may easily be mistaken for IVeissia lanceo-
lata, and especially for that variety which has been called
W. aciphylla by Mohr 5 but the breadth and stronger tex-
ture of the leaf, its remarkable nerve, which is thickened
above, and its peristome of 32 teeth approached in pairs, are
abundantly characteristic marks. This species has wider
leaves than any of its congeners.

4. D.jlexifolium; stems more or less elongated; leaves ob-

longo-ovate, flexuose, strongly serrated at the point ; cap-
sule erect, cylindraceous; (lid rostrate, Dicks.) (TAB. XX.)

Trichostomum flexifolium. EngL Bot. t. 2490. Bryum flexifolium.
Dicks. Plant. Crypt, fasc. 3. t. 7.

HAB. On sterile banks near Croydon. Mr. Dickson.
Roof of an old barn near Manchester. Mr. Hobson.

Stems from half an inch long in fertile plants to two inches
in sterile ones; leaves rather succulent, singularly flexuose H
and crisped, especially at their margins ; patent or recurved.
Nerve disappearing below the point. The margin at the;
extremity remarkably serrated ; fruitstalks about three quar-i
ters of an inch long ; perichaetial leaves longer than the rest,:
and convolute. Capsule ovate, cylindraceous, brown, smooth i|
in our specimens, striated in Engl. Bot. ; lid, according to >
Dickson, subulate.

It is from Mr. Dickson alone that we have received fruc-J
lined specimens of this curious moss; but these had no
operculum nor peristome, so that the genus remains un- i
known. The leaves are totally unlike those of any other
moss. Mr. Hobson has lately found this plant abundantly'
near Manchester, but always barren. It grows in thick
tufts.

DIDYMODON.

67

D. rigidulum ; leaves closely imbricated on all sides, lanceo-
late, much acuminated, carinated, with the rigid nerve run-
ning beyond the point ; capsule oblongo-ovate, erect ; lid
rostrate. (TAB. XX.)

D. rigidulum. -He Aw. St. Cr. v. 3. t. 4. Trichostomum rigidulum.
Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 34. Engl. Bot. t. 21 78.

HAB. Walls and rocks. Not uncommon in Ireland.

" Habitus omnino Tortulce " Mr. Turner has well observed
of this plant; indeed so nearly does it approach lo^iortula
fallax that it will require an experienced eye to distinguish
it without having recourse to the peristome. The nerve of
the leaf however is different, singularly rigid, of a brown
colour (as well as the leaves themselves), and decidedly run-
ning out beyond the point of the leaf; thus the stems
have a bristly appearance from the stiffness and sharpness
of the foliage. Hedwig's figure, we must observe, does not
give a correct idea of this plant, which is in reality more
different from D. trifarium than his representations would
lead us to suppose. We do not think, indeed, that any
stress can be laid on the operculum, which varies somewhat
in length in each species ; nor can we consent to their being
placed in different genera in consequence of the situation
of the supposed male flowers.

6. D. trifar'mm\ leaves rather distant, somewhat trifarious, lan-
ceolate, rather obtuse, carinated, with the nerve scarcely
reaching to the point; capsule oblongo-ovate, erect; lid
rostrate. (TAB, XX )

D. trifarium. Swartz Muse. Suec. Swartzia trifaria. Hedw. St. Cr.
v. 2. t. 28. Cynontodium trifarium. Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 57- Tricho-
stomum trifarium. Engl Bot. f.1707. Tr.linoides. Engl Bot. t. 2295.
(not of Dicks.)

HAB. On moist banks.

Although very closely allied to the preceding species, this
may be known by the shorter, more patent, far less rigid, mere
distantly placed, and somewhat trifarious leaves. In size it
varies considerably, and is often much branched with inno-
vations. Our larger plant is the Trichostomum linoides of
Engl. Bot. ; and this is of a much paler colour, as well as
larger size, than our smallest figures, taken from specimens
gathered by our friend Mr. t)rummond, near Cork.

D. capillacenm ; stems elongated ; leaves nearly distichous,
subulate-setaceous; capsule erect, ovato-cylindraceous ; lid
conical. (TAB. XX.)

D. capillaceum. Schrader Spic. — Swartz. — Mohr. — Swartzia'capiU
F2

'•

'

II

68 DIDYMODON.

lact-a. Hcdw. St. Cr. v. 2. t. 26. Cynontodium capillaccum.^ Hediv.
Sp. Muse. — Trichostomum capillaceum. Turn. Muse. Hilt. p. 35. Engl
Bot.t. 1152.

HAB. On banks in mountainous situations.

This species is most nearly allied to D. inct'nialum, of all
the British mosses, in general appearance. The stems never-
theless are much longer, and the capsule erect and more
blender ; and when the peristomes are subjected to the mi-
croscope they almost seem to belong to different genera, so
much narrower are the teeth of the present species. The
stems vary exceedingly in length, according as the plant is
found in wet or dry situations.

8. D. heteromallum ; stems rather short ; leaves subsecund, su-
bulate ; capsule ovato-cylindraceous ; lid conical. (TAB.
XX.)

Weissia heteromalla. Hedtc. St. Cr. v. 1. t. 8. Grimmia hetero-
msilla. Enfft. Bot. t. 1899. Tvrn. Muse. Hib. p. 30. Bryum Weissia*
Dicks. — Didymocion homomallum. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 23. f. 1-7-

HAB. On the earth in mountainous situations.

We cannot avoid considering the Didym<idon homomal-
lum of Hedwig, Wahlenberg, an.d Mohr, as not specifically
distinct from our D. heteromallum (Weissia heteromalla of
those authors,) although much stress has been laid on the
diagnosis by the two latter. Specimens of the former, froin
the German botanist Ludvvig, in Mr. Turner's Herbarium,
have the greatest similarity with our plant, differing only in
their smaller size, darker colour, and more secund leaves ;
nor indeed does the figure in Hedwig's Species Muscomm
(TAB. XXIII.) differ in any essential particular. Thus
much fertile general appearance of the two plants, the fo-
liage and capsules. In regard to the peristome, we find both
to have sixteen long, filiform, occasionally perforated teeth,
placed in rather distant pairs, so that their approximation is
not very easily discoverable ; and hence it has happened that
in the figures of what is called Weissia heteromalla in Hed-
wig's Stirpes, the teeth are represented at equal distances.
Wahlenberg appears to have described, under his IVeissia
heteromalla , a plant different from ours ; since he says
" rarissimus muscus a paucis botanicis visus ;" and again,
ff abunde differt a Didymodonte homomallo^ foliis brevibus
neutiquam arcuatis, sed tantum leviter versus unum latus
spectantibus, basi vaginantibus, atque caule subfiliformi
longiore ;" characters which do not well accord either with
our specimens or with Hedwig's figures. Our plant is re-i

FUNARIA. 69

markable for its crowded mode of growth, yellow leaves and
fruitstalks; the latter becoming redder upwards, especially
as the plant advances to maturity.

22. FUNARIA.

GEN. CHAR. Fruitstalks terminal; Peristoihe double,
oblique; the outer of 16 teeth, the inner of 10
teeth opposite to those of the outer. (TAB. II.)

The genus Funaria, although sufficiently characterized by the
interior teeth or cilia being oblique, and placed opposite to those
of the outer, is further remarkable in these teeth lying horizon-
tally over the mouth of the capsule ; and the mouth itself is not
situated at the apex of the capsule, but a little below i% as in
Bartramra. The capsule is obconical or pyriform, somewhat
gjbbotis above, striated when old. The calyptra is niitriform,
quadrangular in a young state, much swollen ;<t its base, so as to
be ampullaceous when old ; the point mucionated. In the male
flowers (of Hedvvig) the succulent filaments are remarkably cla-
vate, jointed, pellucid, the joints containing greenish granules.

\. F. Injgrometrica ; leaves very concave, ovate, apiculate, en-
tire, nerve excurrent j fruitstalk curved, flexuose. (TAB.
XX.)

Funaria hygrometrica. Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 172. Turn. Muse. H'b.
p. 105. Engl. Bot. #.342. Mvug.'et Nest 1. ri. 132. Hook, in FL Load,
ed. 2. (with a figure.) Mnium Ir/gro metric urn. Linn. — Koelreuteria.
Hsdw. Fund.— Dill. Muse. t. 52. / 75.

HAB. On old walls and buildings, and dry and barren
soils, in almost every situation.

This species has most decidedly marked characters in the
apiculate, not acuminate, and entire leaves, and in the flex-
nose fruitstalk, which possesses a remarkably bygrpmetric
quality.

2. F. Muhlenlergii • stems short; leaves concave, ovate, sud-
denly acuminated, serrated, the nerve disappearing below
the point; fruitstalks straight. (TAB. XX.)

F. Muhlenbergii. Turn, in Ann. of Bo*. vt2.j). 193. Engl. Bat.
p. 1498. Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 66.

70 ZYGODON.

HAB. In subalpine countries, principally among rocks iu ij
a calcareous soil.

3. F. hilermca ; stems elongated, leaves plane, ovato-lanceo-
late, gradually acuminated, serrated, nerve disappearing be-
low the point ; fruitstalks straight. (TAB. XX.)

F. hibernica. Hook, in Fl. Lond. ed. 2. (with a figure.) F. Muhlen-
bergii. Mohr FL Cr. Germ. p. 380. F. calcarea. Wold, in Act. Holm.
1806.J.4./.2?

HAB. Roof of a thatched cottage at Blarney near Cork,
Ireland. Mr. Drmnmond.

Distinct as this species may appear at first sight from the
preceding one, future observations may prove it to be the
same. We are certain it is the F. Muhlenlergii of Mohrj
and Dr. Swartz, judging only from the figure in Flora Lon-
dinensis, informs us that it is truly the F. calcarea of Wah-s
lenberg, a name which it ought to bear if this suggestion
prove correct, and if it prove, as Dr. Swartz believes that it
will, a legitimate species.

From the F. Muhlenlergii of Turner and Schwaegrichen,
our plant may be known by its much longer stems and fruit-
stalks, its more distantly placed, longer, plane, and more
gradually acuminated leaves.

23. ZYGODON.

GEN. CHAR. Fruitstalks terminal ; Peris to?ne double 5 i
the exterior of 16 teeth approaching in pairs ; the I
interior of as many ciliary processes lying horizon-
tally; Calyptra dimidiate, smooth. (TAB. III.)

The very singular plant which forms the subject of this ge-
nus was called Bryum by Dickson 5 and by Smith Mnium, on j,
account of its furrowed capsule. The form of this capsule, and i
its being erect, correspond well with Orthotricfium, with which
likewise it has the greatest affinity in its peristome, according to
the drawings and observations of Mr. Templeton. To these we
have been obliged to have recourse, (not having the opportunity
of seeing specimens in a sufficiently good state to examine the ;
peristome,) both for our character and our figure. The charac-
ter which at once distinguishes this genus from Orthotrichum is

ZYGODON. 71

dimidiate calyptra, exactly as Weissia is distinguished from
Grimmia, and Didymodon from Tricfiostormim.

Z. conoideum. (TAB. XXI.)

Bryum conoideum. Dicks. Plant. Crypt, fuse. 4. t. 11./.2. Turn.
Muse. Hib. p. 112. Mnium conoideum. Engl. Bot. t. 1239. Gymno-
cephalus conoides. Schivaegr. Suppl. pars 2. p. 87.

HAB. Trunks of trees near Inverary, Scotland. Mr,
Dickson. Pear-trees at Orange Grove, near Belfast. Mr.
Templeton. Near Manchester. Mr. Hobson.

The stems, as we have seen them on the trees in Mr.
Templeton's orchard near Belfast, grow in a tufted manner,
like Gymnostomam viridissimum, but rarely exceed half an
inch in length. Leaves erecto-patent, between ovate and
lanceolate, plane or slightly keeled, entire; the nerve
reaching to the point. The texture is compact, clotted, ex-
actly as in the leaves of Gymnostomum viridissimum and
Hedwigia aquatica. Fruitstalk terminal, about as long as
the stems ; capsule ovate, erect, having a slight apophysis
at the base, longitudinally striated. Lid rostrate. Peri-
stome, according to Mr. Templeton's remarks, double ; the
outer consisting of 16 short obtuse teeth approaching in
pairs, which at length become recurved; inner, of as many
alternating cilia lying horizontally over the mouth of the
capsule.

Although this plant seems to be wholly unknown to the
Continental botanists, we possess specimens gathered in the
South of France and Italy ; and we have others, differing
from them only in being somewhat larger, which we have
received from the Isle of France. Schwaegrichen has united
this with Bryum androgynum, and formed of them the ge-
nus Gymnocephahts, from the naked male flowers which he
supposed this to possess, but which lie would not have done
had he known our plant.

72

24. ORTHOTRICHUM.

GEN. CHAR. Frultstalks terminal ; Peristome double ;
the exterior of 1 6 teeth approaching in pairs ; the
inner of as many ciliary processes lying horizon-
tally; Calyptra mitriform, sulcate, more or less
hairy. (TAB. II.)

Two of this genus, viz. 0. dcc'fpiens and 0. a?2omalum, have,
no ciliary processes. O. stria turn has them of a peculiar shape
and beaded appearance, arising completely within the range of
the teeth : but we believe in all the remaining species the ciliary
processes arise from the same membrane, and exactly from the
sides of the teeth, as we have represented at fig. 2 of the figure
of the peristome in TAB. II. Notwithstanding these anomalies
of the peristome, no genus of mosses is more natural in habit ;
and we cannot accord with Mohr, that the difference of the split-
ting of the base of the calyptra, in one instance in the furrow,
in another in the elevation or keel, is by any means of sufficient
importance to detach O. crispum from the rest of the species.

f Perislome without ciliary processes.

0. Qnomalum ; leaves lanceolate, erecto-patent; frtiitstalks
exserted 5 peristome of eight double teeth; calyptra slightly
pilose. (TAM. XXI.)

O. anomalum. Hedw. St. Or. v. 2. t. 37- (magnified peristome in-
correct, for which see Hedw. Fund. v. 2. t. "]./. 35.) Dicks. — Turn.
Muse. Hlb.p. 94. Bryum striatum £. Linn.— Dill. Musc.t. 55. f. <J.

HAB. On rocks and walls.

The stems are scarcely an inch in height, and the fruit-
stalks are always longer than the leaves ; by which qrcum-
stance, as well as by the different configuration of the teeth,
it differs from O. cup?tlatum. With this even Hedwig ap-
pears to have confounded it, having given the magnified
figure of the peristome of it m his plate of the present spe-
cies. In our plant the peristome is arched when moist, and
the teeth are inclined or erect (never recurved) when dry.

0. cupulatum ; leaves lanceolate, erecto-patent ; capsule
nearly sessile; peristome of 16 double teeth; calyptra
slightly pilose. (TAB. XXI.)

ORTHOTRICHUM. 73

0. cupulatum. Hojfm. FL Germ. v. 2. p. 26. Mohr. — Schivaegr.
Suppl. t. 55. O. nudum. Dicks. Plant. Crypt, fasc. 4. 1. 10. f. 13. Turn.
Muse. Hib. p. 97. 'Engl. Bot. t. 1325. O. anomalum. Engl Bot.
t. 1423.

HAB. On \vood and stones.

The stems in this species are an inch or more in height,
much branched. Leaves generally dark green. Capsules
nearly immersed in the leaves. The teeth of the peristome,
when dry, are erect; when moist they lie flat over the mouth
of the capsule, and resemble a horizontal membrane.

* * Peristome ivlth eight ciliary professes.

3. 0. crispum ; leaves lanceolato-subulate, much crisped when

dry; fruitstalks much exserted ; capsule striated ; peristome
with eight ciliary processes : calvptra very pilose. (TAB.
XXI.)

O. crispum. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 2. t. 35'? Dicks. — Turn. Muse. Hib.
p. 93. Engl. Bot. t. 996. Neckera ulophylla." Mohr. — Bryunj stria-
turn I.' Linn. — Dili. Muse. t.55.f. 11,

HAB. On trees and stones.

This can scarcely be confounded with any British species,
having striking characters in its large size, very crisped fo-
liage, and exserted fruitstalks. It is not so easily distin-
guished from the Continental 0. Ludwigii of Schwaegr.
Suppl.9 between which and Hedwig's figure, above quoted,
we can perceive no essential difference. With regard to
Hedwig's plant, Mohr and Schwaegrichen have already obr
served how incorrectly the peristome is represented. We
may add, too, that the capsule is equally so ; for with us
at least this part, especially when ripe, is evidently striated,
as in most of the remaining species of the genus.

The teeth, though apparently only eight, have each of
them a dark line of separation down the middle, and each
of these divisions is again marked down their centre with a
fainter line. The ciliary processes are always eight, fili-
form, jointed.

4. 0. Hulchinsice ; leaves lanceolate, erect, and nearly straight

when dry ; fruitstalks much exserted ; capsule striated ;
peristome with eight ciliary processes; calyptra very pilose.
(TAB. XX I.)

O. Hutchinsiae. Engl Bot. t. 2523.

HAB. On rocks by the sides of lakes near Bantry. Miss
Hutchins. Also in the county of Wicklow.

The-present species, though it have the capsule, calyptra,

74 ORTHOTRICHUM.

and very nearly the peristome of 0. crispum, yet differs es-
sentially from it in the leaves, which bear a close resem-
blance to those of O. anomalum, are of the same brownish
colour, and nearly as erect when dry as when in a moist
state. The fruitstalks, which are quite as much exserted as
in the last-described species, are often twisted. The peri-
stome only differs from that of the preceding in having its
eight teeth, when recurved, deeply and regularly cleft down
the middle.

5. 0. affine; leaves patent, broadly lanceolate ; capsules sessile;

peristome with eight ciliary processes ; calyptra subpilose,
(TAB. XXI.)

a. majus. Stems elongated ; calyptra, especially above, pilose.

O. affine. Schrad. SpiciLp. 67. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 96. Engl. Bot^
1, 1323. Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 49. (under the name of O. striatum.) (X
mjrestre. Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 53? — Dill. Muse. t. 55. f. 10.

/3. pumilum. Stems very short ; calyptra glabrous. O. pumilum,
Swartz Muse. Suec. t. 4.f. 9. Dicks. — Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 98. Engt.
Bvi. t. 2168, Schwaegr. Suppl. £.50.

HAB. Trunks of trees and old pales, common.

Since we have been unable to discover any other mark of
distinction between 0. nffine and G.pumihim, than the
smaller size of the latter, and its glabrous calyptra, (which !
even in the former is at most but slightly pilose,) we cannot
do otherwise than look upon them as varieties of the samei
species. We have quoted doubtfully the O. rnpestre of j
Schwaegrichen, in which he has represented the ciliary pro-
cesses very broad at the base, not filiform, as in our plant.

The stems vary from half an inch, or even less, to an inch
or more in height, and are in proportion to their size more !
or less branched. The peristome consists of eight teeth, j
marked with three faint longitudinal lines, but we have!
never seen them split even when recurved. The ciliary j
processes are always eight.

* * * Peristome with } 6 ciliary processes.

6. 0. diaphamim \ stems short; leaves lanceolate, acuminated, \

their points diaphanous ; capsule sessile; peristome with 16;
ciliary processes ; calyptra subpilose. (TAB. XXI.)

O. diaphanum. Schrad. Spicil p. 69. Dicks. PL Crypt, fasc. t. 10. }
f. 12. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 99. /. 1. Engl. Bot. t. 1324. Schivacgr.l'
Suppl. t. 55. O. aristatum. Turn: Muse. Hib. p. 100. t. 9./. 2.

HAB. On trees, walls, roofs, and pales.

An extremely common species, distinguished readily
enough by the diaphanous points of the leaves.

ORTHOTRICHUM.

75

O.pulcliellum; stems short; leaves patent, narrow-lanceolate,
crisped when dry; fruitstalks exserted; peristome with 16
slender ciliary processes; calyptra subpilose. (TAB XXI.)
O. pulchellum. Engl Bot. t. 1/8?.
HAB. On trunks of trees.

This species, which seems unknown on the continent,
was first distinguished by the late Mr. Brunton, who found
it in the north of England. We have collected specimens
on the mountains near Dublin, and Mr. Hobson has met
with it near Manchester. In size it scarcely exceeds the
preceding; but its exserted fruitstalks, lighter colour, and
crisped leaves, without the long diaphanous points, afford
abundant marks of distinction. The colour of the outer
teeth is of a fine red, and very unlike in this particular the
rest of the genus.

0. rivulare •, stems elongated, much branched ; leaves broadly
lanceolate, obtuse ; capsules sessile ; peristome with 16 slen-?
der ciliary processes ; calyptra smooth. (TAB. XXI.)

O. rivulare. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 96. t. 8. Engl Bot. *.2188.

HAB. Rocks and streams.

O. rivulare vies with O. striatum in size, but has the
leaves shorter, obtuse, and the cilfary processes of a very
different nature, being filiform, and arising from the sides
of the teeth. It appears to be unnoticed by the Continen-
tal muscologists, though found with us in various parts of
the kingdom. The mouth of the capsule is furnished with
16 teeth standing in pairs.

0. striatum ; stems elongated, branched ; leaves lanceolate-
patent, slightly twisted when dry; capsule sessile, ovate,
smooth; peristome with 16 torulose ciliary processes ; ca-
lyptra subpilose. (TAB. XXI.)

O. striatum. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 2. t. 36 ? Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 95.
(excluding the var. 0.) Engl. Bot. t. 2187. Schwacgr. Suppl. t. 54.

HAB. Usually on trees.

The stems vary considerably in length, and are exceeded
by none but those of 0. Lyellii. The inner fringe is of a
very peculiar structure, broad, very pale coloured, and com-
posed of moniliform joints, usually in single rows, but not
unfrequently other joints are attached to the sides of these,
as represented in our figure. Moreover, these cilia do not
arise from the sides of the exterior teeth as in most of the
other species, but originate below their sinus, and from a
different and an interior membrane, as in Hypnum. This
configuration does not appear to be accurately represented

76 ORTHOTRICHUM.

by Schwaegrichen in his Supplement. Hedwig is particu-
larly unfortunate in his figures of Orthotricha in the Stirpes
Cryptogamiccs. In the present instance the highly mag-
nified capsule in the plate above referred to (/'. 9, 10.) has
a great resemblance to that in the following species, whilst
that of the inner fringe agrees in colour with our plant; yet
its form is just intermediate, being not sufficiently torulo^e
for O. striatum, and too much so for O. LytUii; and the
rest of the figures, especially from the exserted fruit-
stalks, are very different from either of the species now men-,
tioned.

10. 0. Lyellii; stems elongated, much branched j leaves long,
linear lanceolate, recurvo-patent, much crisped when dry;i
capsule oblong, striated; peristome with 16, rather broadK
distinctly jointed ciliary, processes ; calyptra very hairv.
(TAB. XXII.)

HAB. On trees in the New Forest, Hants. JV/r. Lyell.

This fine species, to which we have given the name of
its estimable discoverer, has many points in common with
Q. slriatum ; and yet is at first sight even so easily distin-
guished by its long narrow and crisped leaves and sessile
fruit, that we think no one will hesitate in pronouncing it
as decidedly marked a species as any in the genus.

The stems are from two to three and even four inches in
length, and are certainly the largest of the family, much
branched ; with the branches, when growing on the trunks
of trees5 turned upwards in a dry state, as in Leucodo?i sciu-:
roides. Below they are destitute of foliage in consequence
of the plant growing in a crowded manner; above densely
clothed with long, linear-lanceolate, recurvo-patent, undu-
Jate, and when dry much crisped leaves, whose margins are
not (as in almost all the other species) recurved, but, if any
thing, rather incurved. Their colour is of a deep yellowish
green. On various parts of their surface the Conferva Or-
tlwtrichi grows in abundance, so that they appear strewed,;
with a brown powdery substance. The fruitstalks are short,
wholly immersed in the leaves, as are the capsules for ai
great portion of their length. These ar-e of an oblong
figure, with a remarkably long appphysis, which is smooth,
and shrinks much in drying ; while the capsule itself is
at all times, when ripe, distinctly furrowed; whereas in
0. striatum it is ovate, and always smooth. Lid shortly
rostrate. Peristome; the exterior of 16 long teeth, stand-
ing erect when moist, recurved when dry; they are marked

NECKERA. 77

with a central line, rmd are often cleft at the extremity.
Their colour is a pale yellowish brown. That of the inner
fringe or cilia is a fine red; their number is 16 ; they are
slightly tapering, and decidedly jointed, but not so monili-
fcrm as in the preceding, nor have we ever seen lateral ap-
pendages to the joints. Calyptra very hairy, narrower than
in 0. striatum, and all over of the same brown colour.

We are by no means sure that Hedwig, in his figure of the
capsule of his O. st-riatum, in his Stirpes, has not given
that of this species, with which it certainly agrees in the
striation, apophysis, and in a great measure in the shape of
the ciliary processes. These, however, are represented too
moniliform for our plant, yet not enough so for that of O.
siiiatum; and the colour is that of the last mentioned.

25. NECKERA.

GEN, CHAR. Fruit stalks lateral; Peristome double ;
the outer of 16 teeth, the inner of 16 cilia, con-
nected only at the very base by a short membrane ;
Calyptra dimidiate. (TAB. III.)

A careful dissection of the inner fringe of either of the spe-
cies Included under this genus will exhibit a peristome very
closely resembling that of Lesked of Hedwig, from which in-
deed it must be confessed that Neckera is too nearly allied, dif-
fering culy ii/ having the membrane which unites the cilia at the
base so short as scarcely to rise at all above the mouth of the
capsule. The same reasons which induce us to unite Leskea with
Hyp'nJtm should have prevailed with us to add to them Neckera
also, if it were not a genus so universally adopted that we do
not ktiow of any muscolog-ist who has not kept it distinct. The
fiabit of the British species approaches very nearly to that of
Hypmtm tric/iomanoidfs and Hypnum complanalum. Like
them the leaves are bifarious and distichous.

1. N.pumila', leaves ovate-acuminate, slightly concave, their
margins recurved ; fruitstalks scarcely longer than the pe-
richaetial leaves ; capsule oblongo- ovate. (TAB. XXII.)

78 NECKERA.

N. pumila. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 3. t. 20. Engl. Bot. t. 1443. Mouff. tt
Nestl n. 429. Hypnum pennatum. Dicks. — Fontinalis pennata. Huds.
HAB. Woods in Sussex. Very abundant in the New Fo-
rest, Hampshire. Rare in Scotland.

This, which is always found upon trees, has been till
lately supposed to be confined to the British isles. But it
has now been discovered in France, in Switzerland, and in
Lapland. In size it is thrice as small as JV. crispa, and
much branched in a pinnated manner, and so much resem-
bling Hypnum complanatum that we have received this
latter plant with the name of our Neckera from various cor-

<; respondents. The leaves, however, under a microscope will
be found of a different figure, and they are slightly undu-
late, especially when dry. The perichaetial leaves are long,
very convolute, ovate, much acuminated, and the fruitstalks
are but in a slight degree exserted beyond them. The cap-
sules are ovate, a little inclining to cylindrical. Neckera
pennata, which, though not a native of Britain, is much
more abundant on the continent than N. pumila, may be

\ known by its larger size, longer and more plane leaves, and
above all, by its nearly sessile and wholly immersed cap-
sule.

2. JV. crispa; leaves oblong, acuminulate, transversely rugose;
fruitstalks much exserted; capsule ovate. (TAB. XXII.)

N. crispa. Hedw. Sp. Muse. — Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 101. Moug. et
Nestl. n. 429. Hypnum crispum. Linn. — Engl. Bot. t. 617- — DiU*
Muse. t. 36. f. 12.

HAB. On trees and on rocks in subalpine countries, espe-
cially in a calcareous soil.

Scarcely any moss can exceed the present in beauty. Its
size, being often from 6 to 8 inches in length, its regularly
pinnated branches, its large, shining and crisped leaves, have
more the appearance of some of the fine tropical mosses
than of those of our own country, where it is far from un-
common in the mountainous districts, and frequently covers
a great extent of surface upon the trunks of old forest-trees.
In this as well as in the preceding species the extremity of
the leaves is, under a magnifying power, slightly serrated.
The present has the fruitstalks much exserted, in which it
differs strikingly from N. pumila ; and the capsule is ovate
approaching to spherical.

26. ANOMODON.

GEN. CHAR. Frultstalks lateral; Peristome double,
consisting of 16 teeth, and a ciliary process arising
from each tooth ; Calyptra dimidiate. (TAB. III.)

Whilst the true Neckerce have the ciliary processes arising
from an internal membrane, as in the Leskece of Hedwig, the two
British species ivow included under the present genus cannot cor-
rectly be said to have any internal peristome; the narrow pro-
cesses corresponding to those of double-fringed mosses arising
from the very same range, and by the sides of the teeth, as is the
case with most of the Orthotricha. Since, however, the species
which compose the genus in question have nothing in their habit
;in common with the genus Neckera, with which they have been
hitherto united, the argument for keeping together the anoma-
lous species of Orthotrichum will not hold good in the present
instance; and we have thought it right to bring the two follow-
iug plants into a genus, which we have called Anomodon.

A. curlipendulum ; leaves ovate, acuminate, serrulate, the
nerve disappearing below the point ; fruitstalk twice as long
as the perichaetium ; capsule ovate. (TAB. XXII.)

Neckera curtipendula. Hedw. Sp. Muse. — Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 102.
Eni*L Bot. t. 1444. Moug. et NtstL n. 47. Hypnum curtipendulum.
Linn.— Dill Muse. t. 43. / 69.

HAB. Upon the ground, and on rocks and trees. Abun-
dant in mountainous countries. Rare in the plains; and
the only station we are acquainted with in the eastern angle
of the kingdom is on the sandy Denes xiear Yarmouth; but
it is there always barren.

There is something very peculiar in the dark, almost
blackish grfeen, long, cylindrical, and straggling, though
somewhat pinnate stems of this plant. On the wilds of
Dartmoor we have gathered them eight or ten inches long,
and in a fine state of fructification. The extremities of the
branches are slightly incrassated. Leaves imbricated on
every side, concave, with a reflexed margin. Those of the
peric.haetium very convolute, almost cuspidate, nerve short.

A. viticidosum ; leaves ovato-lanceolate, obtuse, entire, the

80 DALTDNiA.

nerve reaching to the point ; fruitstalks very long ; capsule |
cylindrical. (TAB. XXII.)

" Neckera viticulosa. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 48. /. 4-8. Turn. Muse. Hib. \
p. 103. Moug. et NestL n. 237. Hypnum viticulosum. Linn. Sp. PL \
—Engl. Bot. t. 265.— Dill Muse, t. 39. /. 43.

HAB. Upon trees and rocks ; less frequently on the
ground.

Stems creeping ; branches erect, numerous* Leaves im-
bricated on all sides of the stems, erecto-patent, somewhat
Undulate, of a thick and soft texture, of a pale green co-
lour, very yellow when old. Perichaetium small ; its leaves
narrower and more concave than the rest ; nerve strong.
Fruitstalks an inch or more in length. Capsule cylindri-
cal -, lid rostrate.

27. DALTONIA.

GEN. CHAR. Fruitstalks lateral ; Peristome double,
consisting of 16 teeth, with a ciliary process arising
from the side of each; Calt/vtramitritonn. (TAB.

m.)

The mitriform calyptra separates this new genus from the pre-
ceding, with which the peristome well accords ; so that they bear
the same relation to each other as Hookeria does to Hypnum.
With much pleasure we here offer our tribute of affectionate re-
gard to our valued friend, the Rev. James Dalton, by whose mus-
cological communications we have frequently profited during the
collection of the materials for the present volume.

D. splachnoldes ; leaves oblongo- lanceolate ; fruitstalks long;
calyptra fimbriated at the base. (TAB. XXII.)

Neckera splachnoides. Engl. Bot. t. 2564. (not of Schwaegr.}
HAB. Secawn mountain, near Dublin. Dr. Taylor.
This curious moss has hitherto only been found in the
station above mentioned, by the side of a streamlet, where
it grows, sparingly, in small pale green tufts. The stems
are scarcely more than a quarter of an inch in height, slightly
branched, branches erect. Leaves rather loosely imbri-

FONTINALIS. 81

cated, almost erect, of a delicate nearly membranaceous
structure, faintly reticulated, the margins recurved, and
somewhat undulate, entire; the nerve reaching almost to the
point : — those of the perichaetium are few, small, ovate, con-
cave, nerveless. Fruitstalk lateral, about as tall as the stems.
Capsule turbinate, with a small apophysis, which gives it
the appearance of that of a Splachnumy whence the specific
name. Calyptra mitriform, with a small cuspidate point;
its colour is nearly white ; its texture delicate, faintly reti-
culated ; its base cut into a number of fine capillary seg-
ments resembling those of Dicranum flexuosum. Lid co-
nico-rostrate, about as long as the capsule. Peristome large,
the teeth pointing in various directions ; the exterior ones
reddish brown, the interior pale yellow.

The plant, to which of all others this doubtless bears the
closest affinity, is the Neckera splachnoides of Schwaeg-
richen's SuppL t. 82. (Orthotrichum splachnoides of Bri-
del) ; but that has altogether the peristome of an Orihotri-
chum, having the exterior teeth double, and a dimidiate ca-
lyptra.

2. D. heteromalla ; leaves broadly ovate, acute; capsule sessile,
immersed ; calyptra nearly entire. (TAB. XXII.)

Neckera heteromalla. Kedw. St. Cr. v. 3. t. 15. Turn. Muse. Hib.
p. 102. Engl. Bot. t. 1180. Sphagnum arboreum. Linn. — Fontinalis
secunda. Dicks.— Dill Mmc. t. 32. f. 6.

HAB. Trunks of trees.

Stems slightly branched, diffuse. Leaves imbricated on
every side, concave, with the nerve disappearing below the
point, their margins recurved, quite entire. Perichsetial
leaves as long as the capsule, broadly ovate and suddenly
acuminated, almost cuspidate, having a nerve reaching to
the point. Capsule sessile. Lid conico- acuminate. Ca-
lyptra mitriform, brown, somewhat fringed at the margin.

28. FONTINALIS.
GEN. CHAR. Fruitstalks lateral; Peristome double;
the exterior consisting of 16 teeth ; the inner of 16
cilia, connected by transverse bars, and forming a
reticulated cone ; Calyptra mitriform. (TAB. III.)
We know of no genus which at all resembles this in the cu-

G

82 FONTINALIS.

rious structure of its inner peristome. We speak, however, only
of the two first of the following species ; for of the third we can
say nothing, having never seen the peristome. Its habit and
strongly-nerved leaves differ essentially from the two others.

1. F. antipyretica; leaves nerveless, for the most part compli-

cato-carinate. (TAB. XXII.)

F. antipyretica. Linn. Sp. PL p. 1571. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 19.9,
Engl. Bot. t. 859. Moug et Nestl. n. 238. — Dill. Muse. t. 33. / 1.

HAB. Rivers, alpine streamlets (where it is always small),
and stagnant waters; abundant on wood by river banks.

Steins often a foot in length, fluitant. Leaves generally
broadly ovate and trifarious, acute, quite entire, not always
complicate- carinate; and we have sometimes seen them so
plane and so narrow, that it has been scarcely possible to
distinguish them from those of F. squamosa. Fruit lateral,
principally from the lower part of the stems. Perichsetium
large; its leaves resembling closely imbricated scales ; they
are of a roundish form, concave, nerveless, frequently erose
at their apices from the action of the water. Capsule ellip-
tic ; lid conico-acute.

The specific name was given to this plant in allusion to
its being employed by the Swedes to fill up the spaces be-
tween the chimney and the walls, and thus, by excluding
the air, prevent the action of the fire.

2. F. squamosa ; leaves nerveless, plane, or very slightly con-

cave. (TAB.XXII.)

F. squamosa. Linn. Sp.Pl. p. 1571. Hedw.St. Cr. v. 3. t. 12. Turn.
Muse. Hib. p. 199. Engl. Bot. t. 1861.

HAB. In alpine rivulets of Wales and Scotland. Dille-
nius and Dickson.

This appears to be an extremely rare plant; and perhaps
other people, as we ourselves have done, have mistaken
small varieties of the preceding species for it. Judging
from the breadth of the leaves of the English Botany figure,
we think that even that may be nothing more than F. a?i-
tipyretica ; and we know that all the specimens we have
received from Ireland under the name of F. squamosa have
been such.

The only specimens we have seen of it, and those are
very much injured, are received from Mr. Dickson, and pre-
served in Mr. Turner's Herbarium. It is extremely slender
in its branches, and the leaves are lanceolate, yet so narrow

FONTINALIS. 83

as when dry almost to appear setaceous. They are plane, or
very slightly concave, not carinated, and are imbricated on
all sides of the stem. The fruit, though smaller, agrees in
every other particular with that of F. antipyretica.

Notwithstanding that so many botanists have taken up
this species without even expressing a doubt as to its title
to rank as such, we cannot help offering it as our opinion
that more perfect individuals than we have had the good
fortune to see, will prove to have some carinated and con*
duplicate leaves, and thus bring them to the common alpine
state of F. antipyretica. Of this we are certain, that all
our specimens of F. sqitamosa (as we had fondly hoped
them to be), which we had gathered with so much eager-
ness in the alpine rills of the most elevated mountains of
England and Scotland, have turned out upon a more accu-
rate investigation to be the common species.

F. caplllacea ; leaves furnished with a nerve, slightly con-
cave. (TAB. XXII.)

F. capillacea. Dicks. Plant. Cr.fasc. 2. p. I. Engl Bot. t. 2432. —
Dill. Muse. t. 33. f. 5.

HAB. — Alpine rivulets. Mr. Dickson.

With this species we are likewise but little acquainted,
having only seen it in Mr. Turner's rich Herbarium, and, like
the last described, received from our great cryptogamist
Mr. Dickson. In the specimens there preserved the stems
are from two to three inches long, but evidently broken, so
that they can give no just idea of the length, which Dille-
nius represents as a span or more, branched. The leaves
are subsecund, especially towards the extremity of the
branches, of a brownish green colour, long-subulate, con-
cave or a little carinate, furnished with a strong nerve. Pe-
richaetiurn half an inch in length, lateral, arising from the
lower part of the stem or branches ; its leaves very long and
sheathing. No fructification in a more advanced state has
been found on Mr. Dickson's Scotch specimens : but Dil-
lenius, whose Pennsylvanian specimens, above referred to,
are considered to be the same, thus describes the perichsetia
and capsules : " e foliorum alis, prsesertim qua rami egre-
diuntur, calyces enascuntur longi, styli instar porrecti, ab
initio convoluti et cuspidati, postea in squamas membrana-
ceas oblongas latiusculas pellucidas in summitate dehiscen-
tes, e quibus capsulae prominent exiguse, oblongo-rotundae,
operculo cuspidate terminate, virides, per maturitatem sub-

84 BUXBAUMIA.

fuscae, exilibus ciliis coronatae, setis e calyce vix prominulis,
per vaginam tamen seu calycein ad basin usque pertingen-
tibus."

Dillenius compares his fine specimens to Hedwigia aqua-
tica. Ours have more the slender habit of Hypmimjlui-
tans ; but the leaves are still longer and narrower.

29. BUXBAUMIA.

GEN. CHAR. Capsule oblique, gibbous ; Peristome
double ; the exterior of numerous, filiform, joint-
less processes ; the interior a plicate, membranous
cone ; Calyptra mitriform. (TAB. III.)

The only species of this genus has truly a double peristotne
but its exterior is totally different from that of any other moss
The processes are slightly torulose but not jointed, of a reddisl
brown, and of so peculiar a nature that they do not absorb wa-
ter even when immersed in it for a considerable length of time
For a full history of this genus we must refer our readers to th(
sixth Number of the New Series of the Flora Londine?isis.

B. ophylla. (TAB. XXII.)

B. aphylla. Linn. Sp. Pip. 1570. Engl. Bot. t. 1596. Hook, in Fl
Lond. ed. 2. (with a figure.) Moug. et Nestl. n. 33. — Dill Muse. t.
/. 5.

HAB. In a fir-wood at Sprowston, near Norwich. — Nea
Rosslyn. Mr. E. Maughan. — Wood near Aberdeen. Mr
Jackson.

This most singular of mosses can scarcely be said to hav
any stems. The fruitstalks, which are about an inch high
red, and rough with tubercles, arise from a small rough bull
or perichaetium, which strikes immediately into the earth it
brown entangled roots. Upon the summit of the fruitstalk
between it and the capsule, is a short cylindrical apophysis
much narrower than the capsule, and somewhat wider thar
the fruitstalk. Capsule large, ovate, oblique, flattish above,
below Qonvex, at the base gibbous ; the mouth has an ele
vated rim or margin, which is irregularly cleft. The whoh

BARTRAMIA. 85

is of a greenish colour, varied with brown, and almost a
deep red brown when quite ripe; lid obtusely conical; ca-
lyptra of the same shape, but more acuminated.

30. BARTRAMIA.

GEN. CHAR. Fmitstalks terminal ; Capsule subglobose ;
Peristome double ; the exterior of 1 6 teeth ; the
inner of a membrane divided into 16 bifid seg-
ments ; Calyptra dimidiate. (TAB. III.)

Between the division of the segments of the inner peristome
short filiform processes may be observed in all the species except
in B. arcuata. This genus approaches very nearly to Bryum,
but has in almost every species a spherical capsule 5 and the 16
broad segments of the inner peristome, instead of being entire,
or only perforated, are cleft like the teeth of a Dicranum.

* Fruitslalks long, stralgkt (not curved).

B. pomiformii ; leaves patent, subulate, strongly serrated,
the nerve reaching to the summit, twisted when dry.
(TAB. XXIII.)

K. minor:, stems shorter, leaves flexuose.

B. pomiformis, Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 164. Engl.Bot. t. 998. Turn.
Muse. Hlb. p. 108. Hook, in Fl. Lond. ed. 2. (with a figure.) Schwaegr.
Suppl. t. 68. B. crispa. Swartz. — Bryum pomiforme. Linn. — B. vul-
garis. Moug. et Nestl. n. 137- — Dill Muse. t. 44. f. 1.

/3. major; stems much lengthened out, branched ; leaves longer,
crisped, 'especially when dry. Hook, in Fl. Lond. cd.2. (with a figure.)
B. crispa. Brid. Muse. v. 2. p. 3. t.l.f. 4. Turn, in Ann. of Bot. v. 1.
p. 527. Engl. Bot. t. 1526. Schwaegr. SuppL t. 59. B. pomifonnis /3.
elongata. Turn, in Ann. of Bot. v. 1. p. 1526.

HAB. Heaths and dry banks. /3. principally in subalpine
countries.

Of this species the stems are extremely variable, from
half an inch to three or four inches in length. In the largest
state it becomes the B. crispa of many authors ; but we
must confess that, except in this particular and the longer
and more crisped leaves, we perceive no difference between
and the more usual appearance of the plant : hence we

86 BARTftAMIA.

are disposed, as Mohr and the Editor of the last edition of
Flora Lojidinensis have done, to consider them only varie-
ties. Schwaegrichen has represented the leaves of the
var. a. broader and shorter, and less serrated than our spe-
cimens exhibit them.

2. B. Ithyphylla ; stems short ; leaves rigid, erecto-patent, su-

bulato-setaceous, almost entire ; the nerve half way up pass-
ing into the substance of the leaf , straight when dry ; fruit-
stalks much elongated. (TAB. XXIII.)

B. ithyphylla. Brid. Muse. v. 2. 1. 1 ./. 6. Engl. Bot. 1. 1 / 10. Schwaegr*
Suppl. t. 60? B. pomiformis. Swartz.

HAB. Dry banks in mountainous situations.

The stems are generally about half an inch in length,
growing, as in all the species of the genus, in a tufted man-
ner. Its straight and rigid leaves, and their more glaucous
colour, will even at first sight distinguish this from the small
varieties of B. pomiformis ; and on a closer examination a
still greater difference may be discovered in their structure.
They are very narrow, scarcely at all serrated, and only to-
wards the extremity ; and what is more remarkable, the
nerve, when it reaches about half way from the base, dilates
and unites with the substance of the leaf. Hence it be-
comes thick and rigid, remaining nearly as straight when
dry as when wet, which is never the case with the preceding
species. This conformation of the leaf is not represented
in the figures of Schwaegrichen ; and most of those of the
plant itself are so much larger than the specimens we have
seen, that we cannot help quoting his .synonym with a mark
of doubt.

3. B. gracilis ; stems elongated; leaves recurvo-patent, lanceo-

late, canaliculate, serrated; fruitstalks lateral from innova-
tions. (TAB. XXIII.)

B. gracilis. FICrke in Schrad. Journ. — Engl. Bot. t. 1826. B. (Ede<,
riana. Swartz in Schrad. Journ. — B. CEderi. Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 59,.
Moug. et Nestl. n. 326. B. longiseta. Brid. — B. grandiflora. Schivaegr,
Suppl. t. 58.

HAB. Rocks in alpine districts.

This, as do most of the other species of the genus, varies
considerably in length, from one to two or even three inches.
It is known by its deep colour, its short, patent or recurved
and rather distantly placed leaves, and by the fruitstalks,
which by the innovations of the stems have a lateral ap-?
pearance, and scarcely exceed the tops of the branches.
B. longiseta of Bridel^ we believe, is generally allowed tq

BARTRAMIA. 87

be the same as our plant ; and we are unable to distinguish
any essential mark of difference in the American B. gran-
diflora of Schwaegrichen.

B. fontana ; stems fastigiate ; leaves closely imbricated, rigid,
erect, broadly ovate or lanceolate, acuminated, nearly plane,
serrated; fruitstalks lateral from innovations. (TAB. XXIII.)

a., major ; stems from 3 to 6 inches in length; leaves broadly ovate,
acuminate.

B. fontana. Swartz in Sclirad. Journ. — Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 107-
Moug. et Nestl. n. 36. Mnium fontanum. Linn. — Hedw. Sp. Muse. —
Bryum fontanum. Engl Bot. t. 390.— Dill. Muse. t.44.f.2.

ft- marchica ; stems from half an inch to an inch in length ; leaves
lanceolate, acuminated. B. marchica. Swartz in Schrad. Journ. —
Engl. Bot. t. 2074. Mnium marchicum. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 2. t. 39,
B. fontana B>. pumila. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 107. t. 10. f. 1.

HAB. Wet places in a turfy soil.

Not only do the stems of this species vary much in size,
but the leaves also in size and direction ; and we have seen
specimens, which we have gathered in Switzerland, with
leaves as decidedly curved to one side as in B.falcata of
Hooker in Linn. Trans.., whence we are disposed to think
that that may be only a variety of ours. B. marchica we
have traced, from its usually small size, up to the true and
common B. fontanum; and indeed the var. /3. of Mr. Tur-
ner is so intermediate between the two kinds now mentioned,
that we hesitated for some time to which to refer it. We
could wish that B. sphcerocarpa of Hedw.. the B. scalrida,
B. Muhle?ibergii, and even B. radicalisof Schwaegrichen 's
Supplement possessed more decidedly marked characters to
distinguish them from our var. marchica.

* * Fruitstalks very short, curved.

B. Halleriana; stems much elongated, proliferous; leaves
long, subulate, flexuose, serrated above ; fruitstalks lateral
from innovations, very short, curved. (TAB. XXIII.)

B. Halleriana. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 2. t. 40. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 109.
Engl. Bot. t. 997. 3/0115-. et Nestl. n. 35. Bryum laterale. Dicks.
HAB. Moist mountain rocks.

The foliage of this has great affinity with that of B. po-
miformis |3., and the stems vary from two to five and six
inches. These however are exceedingly proliferous, throw-
ing off their shoots from the summits, whence the fruit of
the two or three preceding years, still remaining on the
stems, has the appearance of being lateral. The fruitstalks
are very short and curved. Capsules globose^ much fur-

88 HOOKERIA.

rowed. The stems, as in most of the species, are covered
with thick, fuscous, downy roots.

6. B. arcuata ; stems much elongated, proliferous ; leaves hori-
zontally patent, ovato-lanceolate, ^eliminated, serrated,
striated ; fruitstalks very short, arcuate, at length lateral ;
capsule smooth. (TAB. XXIII.)

B. arcuata. Brld. Muse. vA.p. 139. JEngl Bot. 1. 1237- Turn. Muse.
Hib.p. 109. Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 62. Mnium arcuatum. Dicks. Plant.-
Crypt, fuse. 3. p. 2. t. 7-f-3. Hypnum chrysocomum. Dicks. Plant,
Crypt, fasc. 2. p. 12.— Dill Muse. t. 39. f. 36.

HAB. Mountains of England, Scotland, Wales, and Ire-
land.— In the greatest abundance upon wet rocks at Low-
dore and Keswick.

This extremely beautiful moss, unknown on the Conti-
nent of Europe, is rare in most' parts of England; yet
in the mountainous districts of Ireland is of very common
occurrence. It is readily enough known from all the rest of
the species by its perfectly globose, large, and smooth cap-
sules, by the greater flexibility of the steins, and rigidity of
"J- , the leaves, which never become twisted or curled by drying.
These leaves approach nearer to those of B. gracilis ; but
they are broader at the base, striated, and of a bright shi-
ning yellow-green colour. Schwaegrichen gives the Isle of
France, St. Domingo, and Jamaica as stations for this spe-
cies; the latter on the authority of Swartz's Mnium tomen-
tosum, which however we have ascertained to be a different
species, having long fruitstalks and capsules, the former up^
right, the latter deeply sulcate.

30. HOOKERIA (Smith, not Schwaegrichen).

GEN. CHAR. Fruitstalks lateral ; Peristome double ;
the exterior of 16 teeth, the interior of a mem-
brane divided into 16 entire segments ; Calyptra
mitriform. (TAB. III.)

The only two British individuals of this genus have a pecu-
liarity in their habit, in their plane surculi and bifarious succu-
lent leaves, which seem in themselves to point out a family dif-
ferent from Hypnum and Leskea^ with which they have been

HOOKERIA. 89

rto united ; and the mitriform calyptra affords a character
iich we consider of the highest importance. We are acquainted
ith several exotic species which agree with them in all these
iculars; but we lament that we cannot accord with the
ed botanist who established the genus in the ninth volume
the Linncean Transactions, in considering his H.JilJculcB-
\formis, tamariscina, rotulata, Jlalellata, Arluscula, Jlexilisy
I and uncinata, to accord with it, either in their natural or arti-
' ficial characters. _ _____

1. H. lucens; leaves broadly ovate, entire, obtuse, nerveless.
(TAB. XXVII.)

H. lucens, Smith in Linn. Trans, v. 9. p. 276. Engl Bot. t. 1902.
Hypnum lucens. Linn. Sp. PL p. 1589. Hcdw. Sp. Muse. — Turn. Muse.
Hib. p. 155. — Moug. et Nestl. n. 40. Leskea lucens. De Cand. FL
Gall. Syn. — Sckwaegr. Suppl. t. S4.—DHI. Muse. t. 34. f. 10.
HAB. Moist banks in woods, and among rocks.
Stems procumbent, from two to four inches long, slightly
branched, plane. Leaves arranged on four sides, but bifa-
rious in their direction, quite plane, of a very succulent tex-
ture, reticulated, with the meshes large, the margin not
thickened, nerve none. From the points of the leaves roots
are often emitted. Fruitstalks about an inch long, curved
at the summit. Capsules ovate, horizontal, reticulated ; lid
conico-rostrate. Calyptra thin, whitish, faintly reticulated,
mitriform, jagged at the base. Peristome exactly as in the
Hedwigian genus Leskea, and as represented by Schwae-
grichen and Smith.

! 2. H. l&te-virens ; leaves ovate, acuminulate, margined, very
obscurely serrated at the extremity, with two nerves reach-
ing nearly their whole length. (TAB. XXVI I.)

HAB. Bog near Cork in tolerable plenty, but rare in
fruit. Mr. Drummond.

Steins from two to three inches in length, branched in an
irregularly pinnated manner, compressed. Leaves arranged
on four sides, but bifarious in their direction, ovate, slightly
concave, their margin thickened, their point acuminulate,
and under a microscope slightly serrated, nerves two to each
leaf, standing considerably apart, and running up to more
than three fourths of the length of the leaf; reticulation
very evident but not so large, nor are the leaves so succu-
lent as in the last species. Fructification as in H. lucens.

Our friend Mr. Drummond had the good fortune to dis-
cover this elegant plant, and was so kind as to communicate

90 HOOKERIA.

specimens to us in the year 1815. No one on examining
with the slightest degree of attention its leaves can have anyj
difficulty in distinguishing it from H. lucens; and even the
whole plant, in its smaller size, brighter green colour and
more membranaceous foliage, is sufficiently striking. It|
is not with the other British species that it can ever be
confounded ; but with the figure of Leskea albicans (an
undoubted Hookeria) there is so perfect an accordance,
that few would venture on pronouncing them different
species without as cautious a comparison with authentic
specimens as we have ourselves made. In L. albicansA
however, the colour is very much paler, and has given]
rise to the specific name ; the leaves are of a thinner!
texture, and furnished with reticulations so very large,
that when a leaf of each is seen on the table of a micro- \
scope at the same time, a tyro in the science would say
that they could not belong to the same species. More-]
over in L. albicans the margin of the leaf is thicker, and!
the leaves are much more deeply serrated. In other respects]
the foliage perfectly accords. But there appears a difference!
in the operculum, which is shorter in the L. albicans, and!
the calyptra is not only of a different texture, but cleft at
the base like the veil of a Trichostomum or a Grimmia.l
We are aware how difficult it is to form characters, in a]
few words, to separate plants so closely allied; and wej
should not be disposed to differ much from those who, after]
a due investigation of the characters in each species, might]
choose to consider them varieties arising from difference of |
soil and climate ; the one being found on the trunks of de-J
caying trees in Jamaica, the other in the cold bogs of Ire-?!
land.

There is still another plant which we cannot pass over inj
silence, since in the form of its leaves, and its two nerves!
and mitriform calyptra (making it a Hookeria), there is the]
most perfect conformity. We mean the Leskea depressa of I
Swartz and Hedwig, and a native also of Jamaica. Butl
this is a smaller plant ; its surculi, though depressed, have]
not the leaves so decidedly bifarious, nor are these latter!
nearly so strongly reticulated; their margin is not thickened,)
nor at all serrated ; and the lid of the capsule is shorter.

91

31. HYPNUM.

GEN. CHAR. Fruitstalks lateral; Peristome double;
the exterior of 16 teeth; the interior of a mem-
brane cut into 16 equal segments, with filiform
processes frequently placed between them ; Ca-
lyptra dimidiate. (TAB. III.)

In so extensive a genus as the present we would gladly follow
many of the most eminent muscologists in keeping Leskea apart
from it, were not the characters so difficult to be discovered, and
the individuals so closely allied in other respects to the rest of the
Hypna. The character is, as is well known, founded upon the
absence of the filiform processes between the segments of the
inner peristome. These indeed vary in number; and some of the
real Hypna of authors, such as H. lutescens, have very short
processes, which make them exactly intermediate between Hy-
pnum and Leskea.

I. Stems (taken in conjunction with the leaves) plane.
1. Capsules erect.

1. H. trichomanoides ; leaves broadly scymitar-shaped, serrated

at the point, nerve reaching to the middle of the leaf; cap-
sule ovate, erect ; lid rostrate. (TAB. XXIV.)

H. trichomanoides. Schreb. FL Lips. — Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 145.
Engl. Bot. t. 1493. Leskea trichomanoides. Hedw. — Moug. et Nestl.
n. 139.— Dill. Muse. t. 34. /. 8.

HAB. Trunks of trees, not rare.

The remarkable curvature of the leaf, which we have en-
deavoured to express by the word scymilar-shaped, is pecu-
liar to this species of Hypnum.

2. H. complanatum ; leaves oblong, apiculate, entire, nerveless;

capsule ovate, erect ; lid rostrate. (TAB. XXIV.)

H. complanatum. Linn. Sp. Pip. 1588. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 144.

Engl. Bot. t. 1492. Leskea complanata. Hedw. — Moug. et Nestl.

n. 328.— Dill Muse. t. 34. f. 1.

HAB. Trunks of trees, common.

This elegant species as well as the preceding, as we have

already intimated, comes very near in habit to the Neckerce,

and particularly to N. pumila.

92 H Y P N U M.

2. Capsules cernuous or inclined.

3. H. riparmm ; leaves ovato-lanceolate, acuminated, entire, i

the nerve reaching nearly to ihe summit | capsules oblong, j
cernuous ; lid conical. (TAB. XXIV.)

H. riparium. Linn. Sp. PL p. 1595. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 4. t. 3. Turn. \
Muse. Hib. p. 152. Engl Bot. t. 2060.— Dill Muse. t. 40. /. 44. B. i
C. D.

HAB. Banks of rivers, and in spots occasionally over- j
flowed.

Stems from four to six inches in length. Colour, dirty
yellow-green.

4. H.undulatum'y leaves ovate, acute, transversely undulated,

with two faint nerves at the base ; capsule oblong, furrowed,
arcuato-cernuous ; lid rostrate. (TAB. XXIV.)

H. undulatum. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1589. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 154.
Etigl Bot. #.1181. Moug. et Nsstl. n. 45.— Dill. Muse. t. 36. f. 11. <

HAB. In woods and dry heathy places.

This fine species, which is often four or five inches in.
length, differs most strikingly from the rest of the genus by
its peculiar habit, its white membranaceous and undulated
leaves; and still more remarkably from all its British con-
geners by its furrowed capsules, giving it the same relation
* with the' Uypna as Mnium bears to Bryum 5 and it might
with equal propriety be separated.

5. H. denticulatum ; leaves ovate, sometimes approaching to,

lanceolate, more or less acuminated, having two short nerves
at the base ; capsule oblongo- cylindraceous, inclined ; lid
conical. (TAB. XXIV.)

«. angustifolium ; leaves ovato-lanceolate, distant, quite plane,
H. denticulatum. Linn. Sp. PL p. 1588. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 4. t. 3^
Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 148. 1. 12. f. 1. Engl. Bot. 1. 1260. Moug. et Nestl.
n. 46.— Dill Muse. t. 34. /. 5/6.

/3. obtusifolium j leaves ovate, more or less obtu&e, slightly concave,
H. denticulatum. 0. obtusifolium. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 146. t. 12./.2.
H. obtusatum. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 371. H. Donnianum. Engl. Bot.
1. 1446.

HAB. Principally in woods. /3. among the mountains.

This species varies extremely in size, somewhat in colour,
and greatly in the figure and even in the texture of the
leaves. In our a, the most common state of the plant, the
leaves are almost exactly distichous, horizontal, narrow and
acuminate, so distant as to resemble teeth set along the
stem, and better agreeing with the Dillenian figures than
with those of Hedwig, which perhaps more properly belong
to our /3. In this the leaves are broader, more concave an<j

HYPNUM.

93

obtuse, less truly distichous, and their structure is, under the
microscope, more reticulated. This is the variety y. obtu-
sifolmm of Turner, the H. obtumtum of Wahlenberg, and
the H. Donniunum of Smith. We would gladly follow the
two last-mentioned able naturalists in keeping this distinct
as a species from a, did we not possess specimens in an in-
termediate state, both with regard to the form of the leaf,
its reticulated structure, and even in the direction of the
leaves. All agree in having the same almost cylindraceous
inclined capsule and conical lid, and in having a short,
forked, or double nerve.

Ste?ns (taken in conjunction with the leaves) more or less
cylindrical, never plane.

\ . Leaves spreading on all sides of the stem |j .

A. Leaves uniform in their direction (not squarrose).

a. Nerve reaching to or leyond the point.

* Leaves without serralures.

6. H. medium ; leaves ovate, obtuse, concave, entire, nerve
reaching to the summit ; capsule cylindrical, nearly erect ;
lid conical. (TAB. XXIV.)

H. medium. Dicks. Crypt, fasc. 2. p. 12. Turn. Muse. Hib.p. 142.
Engl Bot. t. 12/4. H. inundatum. Dicks.— Turn. Muse. Hib.—Engl.
Bot. t. 1922. Leskea polycarpa. Ehrh. Crypt.— Hedw. — Moug. et
Nestl. n. 224.— Dill. Muse. t. 42. f. 65. & t. 31. f. 27. B.

HAB. Trunks of trees, near the ground.

Whole plant much crowded in its growth, of a very lurid
colour. Leaves opaque, the margins recurved ; in which
particular it differs from the Leskea paludosa of Hedw. as
well as in the nerve, which in the latter disappears before it
reaches the point.

H. tenellum ; leaves fasciculate, erect, lanceolato-subulate,
entire, their nerve reaching to the summit; capsule ovate,
eernuous ; lid rostrate. (TAB. XXIV.)

H. tenellum. Dicks. Cri^pt.fase. 4.t.\l.f. 12. Turn. Muse. Hib.
p. 170. Engl. Bot. t. 1859. (figure of the leaf bad.)

HAB. On rocks, especially such as are calcareous, and on
old walls.

This moss is but little known to Continental writers, as
appears by Mohr's observation that it agrees well with

|| In opposition to " leaves second."

94 HYP NUM.

U. serpens, and by Schwaegrichen's description, where \\6 :
says that its nerve reaches only half way up the leaf. From
H. serpens our plant differs in its mode of growth, its
fascicled branches, the shape and texture of the leaves, and
rostrate lid. Its nearest affinity is with H. populeum, from
which it may be known by its narrower, entire leaves, as
well as its long operculum. The figure of the leaf in En-
glish Botany is extremely incorrect, and the nerve is wholly
omitted.

8. H. serpens ; leaves ovato-lanceolate, rather obtuse, patent,

entire, their nerve for the most part reaching to the sum-
mit ; capsule cylindrical, curved, cernuous ; lid conical*
(TAB. XXIV.) *

H. serpens. Linn. Sp. PL p. 1596. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 168. Engl.
Bot. 1. 1037. Moug. et Nestl n. 332. H. tenue. Schrad.—U. contex-
tum & H. spinulosum. Hedw. — H. subtile. Dicks. — Turn. — Engl. Dot.
t.2496.—DW. Muse. t. 42. f. 64.

HAB. Moist banks, trunks of trees, on pales and decayed
wood in various situations.

Schwaegrichen has well observed of this species, " vix
datur exemplum tantae inconstantiae nervi in ullo Hypno;"
for different leaves on the same individual have the nerve
varying much in length ; yet in the older stems it will gene-
rally be found reaching to the point, and of a dark brown
colour. It is the almost total disappearance of the nerve
in some instances that has caused this plant to be mis-
taken for the Lcskea sultilis of Hedwig, which has the
true fringe of a Leskea, and has not we believe yet been
found in Britain. The capsules of H. subtile in English
Sot any are figured from foreign specimens. Our own exa-
mination of the Dillenian Herbarium does not confirm the
opinion of Mr. Turner, that the specimens represented in
the Historia Muscorum, t. 42. f. 64. are those of Lcskea
sultilis. We have accordingly referred to that figure under
the present plant.

* * Leaves serrated.

9. H. populeum ; leaves lanceolate, acuminated, serrated, mar-

gin slightly reflexed, nerve reaching to the point ; capsule
ovate, nearly erect ; fruitstalks rough, lid conical. (TAB.
XXIV.)

H. populeum. Hediv.Sp.Musc.t.7Q.f.\-6. H. implex um. Swartz.
—Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 173. t. 16. Engl Bot. t. 1584,

HAB, On trees and rocks.

HYPNUM. 95

Mohr appears to us rightly to have united the Hypnum
implexum of Swartz and Turner to the Hedwigian H. po-
puleum. H. Starkii of Schleicher's Catalogue-, if we may
judge from specimens sent by that botanist to Mr. Turner,
differs in no particular from our plant ; while Mohr describes
his species under that name as having a cordate base to the
leaves, and an evanescent nerve.

0. H. reflexum ; leaves cordato-acuminate, serrated, their
nerve reaching to the point, their margin slightly reflexed ;
capsule ovate, cernuous; fruitstalks rough 5 lid conical.
(TAB. XXIV.)

H. reflexum. Weber et Mohr Fl. Crypt. Germ. p. 306 & 476.
Schwaegr. Suppl. p. 269.

HA.B. On Ben Nevis, near the base of the mountain.

We have compared our plants with those of the original
discoverer, Mr. Starke, and find them to agree in every
particular. Its habit is very different from that of the pre-
ceding ; it is more straggling in its mode of growth, and
the leaves are broader and shorter, especially those of the
main stem, which are widely cordate with a suddenly acu-
minated point.

b. Nerve shorter than the leaf, or none.

* Leaves entire.
f Leaves ovate or elliptical.

H. molle ; leaves loosely imbricated, rotundato-ovate, ob-
tuse, concave, entire, faintly two-nerved at the base, or with
one short nerve; capsule ovate, cernuous; lid conical.
(TAB. XXIV.)

H. molle. Dicks. PL Crypt, fasc. 2. t. 5./. 8. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 70.
/. 7-10. Engl. Bot. t. 1992. H. alpestre. Swartz Muse. Suec. p. 63.
t. 6.f. 15. Hedw. Sp: Muse. t. 64. /. 1-4.

HAB. Alpine rivulets in Scotland.

This plant, usually, is found from two to three inches in
length, much tufted, and consequently with 4he branches
often erect, and bare of leaves at the base. Leaves of a
thin membranaceous texture, very dark lurid green colour,
concave, varying in the nerve, which is either single or
double. Swartz's plant (H. alpestre) is certainly of a more
rigid texture, the leaves are more patent, and the nerve is
more evident in general, the colour is yellower at the extre-
mities of the branches ; yet we cannot look upon it other-
wise than as the same species : and Mohr's H. trifarium,

96 H Y P N ti M.

which Schwaegrichen has made a variety of H. stramineurri^
seems to differ only in its larger size, narrower leaf, and
longer nerve. On the other hand, Schleicher's H. uligi-
nosum, which Mohr allows to be his H. Irifarium, exactly
corresponds with our plant.

12. H. Schreberi-, leaves closely imbricated, nearly erect, ellip-
tical, apiculate, concave, entire, faintly two-nerved at the
base; capsule ovate, cernuous; lid conical. (TAB. XXIV.)

H. Schreberi. WilU. FL Bsrol. p. 325. Dicks.— Turn. Muse. Hib.
p. 176. Engl. Bot. t. 1621. H. purum. Ehrh. — H. compressum.
Schreb. — H. muticum. Swartz. — Moug. et Nestl. n. 43. — Dill. Muse.
t. 40. /. 47.

HAB. Woods and banks among bushes.

This species has been confounded with H. purum, but it
is a longer, more slender and compressed species ; the stalks
are always of a fine reddish tint; the leaves have a very faint
and short double nerve, and are of a brighter yellow-green
colour.

13. H. monlllforme ; leaves closely imbricated, rotundato-ovate,j
obtuse, very concave, ventricose, nerveless ; capsule-ovate,)
nearly erect. (TAB. XXIV.)

H. momliforme. JVahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 376. t. 24. Leskea julacsa.j
Mohr. — Hypnum julaceum. Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 89. Pterogonium ?1
rotundifolium. Engl. Bot. t. 2525.

HAB. On the ground, among mosses, in the south of
Ireland. Mr. Mackay.

This very curious plant, so nearly resembling in specific cha«j
racter H. molle, is very distinct from it as well as from every!
other known Hi/pnumy scarcely exceeding an inch in length ;
and having leaves so closely imbricated and so concave as
to resemble Bryurn argeiiteum, or Br. Zierii. The colours
is a pale yellow-green. The perichaetial leaves of a reddish|
brown, lanceolate, nerveless. Fruitstalk about an inch long.;
Capsule erect ; lid conical. With us it has not been foundf
in fructification ; but we have fine specimens in that statej
from Switzerland, from which our figure and description!
were taken. Sir James Smith, who had never seen thel
capsules, was perfectly correct in stating his doubts as to his
plant being a Pterogonium. Wahlenberg, who first de«;
scribed and figured this species, originally called it Lesked.
julacea, but changed the specific name to the scarcely less
applicable one here adopted.

14. H. catenulatum ; leaves subpatent, ovate, subacuminated.
papillose on the back and margin^ with a very short nerve y

HYPNUM. 97

capsule ovate, inclined; lid conical, acuminated. (TAB.
XXIV.)

H. catenulatum. Schiuaegr. Suppl. p. 218. Pterigynandrum cate-
nulatum. Brid. Muse. p. 64. t. b.f. 4. Grimmia catenulata. Mohr.

HAB Wet rocks at the Dargle, and at Powerscourt, near
Dublin, abundant.

We think we are perfectly right in considering this plant,
—which we have seen in various collections, and which we
suspect to be figured in English Botany || for Pterogonlum
j6///orwe,-— to be the true H. catenulatum of Schwaegri-
chen. This is truly a Hypnum, having a single filiform pro-
cess between the segments of the inner peristome, as
Wahlenberg has represented in his H. momliforme. The
stems are closely tufted, from one to two inches in length,
rigid; leaves rather distant, of a dark green colour, their
margins appearing as it were serrated from the papillose
surface. In our specimens the nerve is short, not more
than one fourth of the length of the leaf, whilst in the
H. catenulatum of Schwaegrichen it is said to disappear
beyond the middle, — the only difference we can discover.

15. H. stramineum ; leaves loosely imbricated, erecto-patent,
oblongo-ovate, obtuse, entire; their nerve reaching half way;
capsule oblongo- ovate, curved, cernuous; lid conical. (TAB.
XXIV.)

H, stramineum. Dicks. PL Crypt, fasc. 1. t. I./. 9. Turn. Muse.
Hlb. p. 164. Engl. Bot. t. 2405. Schwaegr. Suppl t. 89. (var. j3.)

HAB. Banks and wet bogs, generally mixed with other
mosses.

The slender habit, pale colour and obtuse leaves are
striking characters in this species. It is incorrectly de-
scribed in Fl. Brit, and in Engl. Bot. as having the leaves
destitute of a nerve. Schwaegrichen's var. /3., above quoted,
seems just intermediate between our plant and H. molle ;
but the nerve of the leaf is rather that of stramineum. The
fructification is rare. We find it in that state near Dublin,
in July, with the lower part of the fruitstalks buried two
inches in a firm sand bank, so that it is scarcely possible to
secure good specimens.

6. H.murale; leaves nearly erect, imbricated, oval, with a very
short point, concave, entire, nerve reaching about half way
up ; capsule ovate, cernuous ; lid rostrate. (TAB. XXIV.)

Jj We mean the specimens received from Mr. Mackay.
H

98 HYPNUM.

H. murale. Hedw. St. Cr. v.4. t. 30. Die**.—- Turn. Muse. Hti,
p. 166. Moug. et Nestl n. 145. H. confertum. Engl Bot. t. 1038,
H. abbreviatum. Hedw. Sp. Muse, t, 65. f. 1-4. — Dill. Muse. t. 41.
f.52.

HAB. On walls and stones.

The rostrate lid and concave, shortly pointed leaves well
distinguish this species from its affinities.

I?. H. purum; leaves closely imbricated, oval, with a V(
short point, very concave, their nerve reaching half waj
up ; capsule ovate, cernuous, lid conical. (TAB. XXIV.)
H. purum. Linn~Sp. PL p. 1594. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 66. /.c
Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 175. Engl. Bot. t. 1599. Moug. et Nestl. n.
H. illecebrum. Smith Fl. Brit, and Engl. Bot. t< 2189. (not of Hedw.}
—DilLMtisc. J.40./.45.

The less regularly pinnate state of this plant has been
taken by English authors for the H. illecebrum of Hedwig, \
an American plant, and a distinct species ; having leaves j
with more acuminated and serrated points j and a longer and j
more decided nerve.

f f Leaves lanceolate or subulate*
+- Leaves without striae.

18. H.fluitans; leaves loosely imbricated, the upper ones fal- )
cato-secund, all of them lanceolato-subulate, scarcely ser-
rated at their points ; their nerve reaching more than half \
way ; capsule ovato-oblong. curved, cernuous, lid conical* I
(TAB. XXIV.)

H. fluitans. Linn. Fl Suec. ed. 2. p. 399. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 4. t. 36. 1
Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 182. Engl. Bot. t. 1448.— Dill Muse. t. 3S./.33, j
HAB. In pools and streams of water ; rarely fructifying
but in places that are only occasionally inundated.

Stems often a span long. Colour varying from a pale ;
green to a deep purple in alpine rivulets. It is almost;
doubtful under which section this species should be ar-1
ranged, as it might with equal propriety have come under'
that with the " leaves falca to- sccund," where indeed Mohrj
has already placed it.

19. H. plumosum; leaves erecto-patent, the upper ones some-;
times secund, all of them ovato-lanceolate, acuminated,
subserrated, the nerve reaching above half way; capsule1
ovate, cernuous ; lid conical. (TAB. XXV.)

H. plumosum. Linn. Sp. PL p. 1592. (not of Hedw.') Turn. Muse,
Hib. p. 172. t. 15. f. 1. Engl. Bot. £.2071. H, pseudo-plumosum.:
Brid. — H. alpinum. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 192. Engl. Bot. t. 1496.
H. flageilare. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 73./. 1-3. (not of Dicks.)

HYPNUM. 99

In this species likewise the upper leaves are often secund.
All .of -them are of a glossy, generally deep yellow green.
Hedwig's plumosum (now called by authors H. salebrosum)
has striated leaves ; and the whole plant so nearly resem-
bles (as Mr. Turner has observed) H. lutescens, that we
know of no character by which it may be distinguished from
it, except the smoothness of its fruitstalks. Specimens of
Hedwig's H^flagellare perfectly accord with H. plumosum^
and H. alpinum is not to be distinguished from it.

H. pulchellum; leaves loosely imbricated, the upper ones
subsecund, all of them lanceolato-acuminate, entire, nerve-
less; capsules ovato- cylindrical, nearly erect; lid conical.
{TAB. XXV.)

H. pulchellum. Dicks* PL Crypt.fasc.2. t. 5./. 6. (the leaf is in-
correctly represented with a nerve.) Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 136. EngL
Bot. t. 2006. H, nitidulura. Wahl— Leskea pulchella. Hedw. Sp.
Muse. t. 55. f. 7-12.

HAB. Woods in alpine countries and among rocks.

This is a small species, rarely exceeding an inch in length ;
the leaves standing out nearly horizontally on each side of
the stem, on which account Wahlenberg has brought it into
his division with " shoots plane ;" but then the upper leaves
are subsecund ; and from this circumstance and the general
habit of the plant it approaches very near to that variety of
H. cupressiforme which by the British botanist has been
called //. polyanthos, (not Leskea polyanthos Hedw,,) and
which is probably the same as the Hypnum incurvatum of
Schrader. From this indeed Schwaegrichen warns us to
distinguish our plant : " Diflfert," he says, te a sequente
(H. incur vato) operculo brevi, theca subcylindrica ascen-
dente et colore pallido." Wahlenberg, on the other hand,
says it is closely allied to H. denticiilafum. This must not
be confounded with the H. pulchellum of Hedwig, which
is now called H. strigosum.

-t- -*- Leaves striated.

H.rufescens ; leaves erecto-pateut, lanceolate, acuminated,
entire, striated, faintly two-nerved at the base j capsule
ovate, nearly erect ; lid conical. (TAB. XXV.)

H. rufescens. Dicks. PL Crypt. fasc. 3. t. S.f. 4. Engl Bot. t. 2296.
Leskea rufescens. Schwaegr. SuppL t.88.
HAB. Scotch alps, but rare.

Of this very beautiful moss the stems are from 3 to 4 or
5 inches long, erect, and the whole plant of a yellowish
H 2

100 HYPNUM,

purple colour. In Britain we believe the fruit to be very rarey
but it is common among calcareous rocks on the Swiss alps*

22. H. sericeum ; leaves erecto-patent, lanceolate, acuminated^
entire, striated, nerve running to three-fourths of the lengthy :
capsule ovato-cylindrical, erect ; lid conical. (TAB. XXV.)

H. sericeum. Linn. Sp. PL p. 1596. Turn. Musc<Hib.p. 138. Engl
Hot. t. 1445. Leskea sericea. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 4. t. 17- Moug. et \
ffestl. n. 2'25.—Dill. Muse. t. 42./.59.

HAB. On trunks of trees, walls and rocks*
Stems creeping ; branches numerous, erect*

23. H. lutescens $ leaves erecto-patent, lanceolate, acuminated^ j
entire, striated, nerve disappearing below the point ; cap-
sule ovate, cernuous ; fruitstalks rough; lid conico-acumi--!
Tiated. (TAB. XXV.)

H. lutescens. Huds. Angl. ed. 1. pA2\, Hedw. St< Cr. v. 4. 1. 16.1
Turn. Muse. Hlb. p< 174. Engl, Bot, t. 1301. Moug. et Nestl. n. 334. j

HAB. Banks and stems of trees and bushes near the
ground, common.

Stems much branched, branches spreading. Leaves
sometimes slightly serrulated under a microscope, of a bright;
yellow green colour. We have already observed how' nearly;
this species is allied to H. salelrosum of Mohr, (H. plu-
mosum HedwJ in so much that they who have considered;
them to be distinct can discover no other character by whichj
they can be known, except the smooth fruitstalk and some^
what shorter lid of the latter. The inner peristome has*
been figured by Mr. Sowerby as that of a Leskea ; but in
all the specimens that we ha've examined there may be ob-
served short^ filiform processes between each segment of the*
inner peristome which constitute it a true Hypnum. We
have received a specimen from Mr. Hobson of Manchester,
unfortunately destitute of lids to the capsules, without which?
we can find no discriminating character but the smooth
fruitstalks to keep it distinct from our plant* This is surely
the H. salelrosum of Mohr, and plumosum of Hedw. ; anc
it appears to be a closely connecting link between H< lutes-'
cens and H. nilens*

24. H.nitens; leaves erecto-patent, narrow, lanceolate, acumi-
nated, nearly entire, striated, nerve running nearly to thi
summit; capsule oblongo-ovate, curved, cernuous; fruit
stalks smooth ; lid conical. (TAB. XXV.)

H. nitens. Schreb. Fl Lips. p. 92. Hedw.— Engl. Bot. t. 1646.-S
Dill. Muse. t. 39./.S7.

HAB. Bogs in Scotland. Mr. Dickson< Near Acle;Nori^

HYPNUM. 101

folk. Mr. Turner. Marshy ground between Copgrove and
the river Ure, Yorkshire. Rev. James Dalton.

Dillenius did not know this fine moss as British. We are
indebted for the discovery of it to Mr. Dickson, and to Mr.
Dalton for specimens with perfect capsules. It approaches
very nearly to the last-mentioned species, but differs by its
larger size, more upright and pinnate mode of growth,
orange-brown colour, shorter lid, and longer capsule.
H. allicans ; leaves erecto-patent, ovato-lanceolate, acu-
minated, striated, entire, nerve reaching half way up;
capsules ovate, cernuous; fruitstalks smooth 5 lid conical.
(TAB. XXV.)

H. albicans. Neck. Meth. Muse. p. 180. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 4. t. 5.
Turn. Musc.Hib.p. 171. Engl. Bot. t. 1300.— Dill. Muse. t. 42. f. 63.
This plant is of a much paler colour than H. lutescens,
much less branched, and more upright in its growth : yet
we must confess that the characters of these two, of H . ni»
tens and of H. salelrosum, approach so nearly to one an-
other as to render the discrimination between them a most
difficult task; nor should we be surprised to find that fu-
ture observations prove them to be varieties of the same
species produced by different circumstances of growth.

* * Leaves serrated.
f Stems below lare of leaves.

H. alopecurum; stems erect, below simple and naked,
fascicled above; leaves concave, ovate, elliptical, acute,
serrated, nerve running nearly to the point, margin reflexed;
capsule ovate, cernuous ; lid rostrate. (TAB. XXV.)

H. alopecurum. Linn. Sp. PI p. 1594. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 163.
Engl Bot. t. 1182. Moug. et Nestl n. \44.-DilL Muse. t.4\.f. 49.

HAB. Woods and shaded banks, common.

This and the following, which are amongst the largest of
our Hypna, resemble several species from New Holland in
their upright stems, almost naked below, and thickly fasci-
cled branches at the summit. A variety of our plant, grow-
ing in running water, departs from this appearance in being
branched from the very base, with the branches more elon-
gated, and having the leaves more closely set, and shorter.

H. dendroides ; stems erect, below simple and naked, fas-
cicled above ; leaves ovate, often more or less lanceolate,
striated, serrated at the point, nerve reaching nearly to
the summit; capsule erect, ovato-cylindrical j lid rostrate,
(TAB, XXV,)

102 HYPNUM.

H. dendroides. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1593. Turn. Musc.Hib. p. 138. Engt\
Bot.t. 1565. Leskea dendroides. Hedw. Sp. Muse. — IVahl. — Neckerajl
dendroides. Swartz. — Climacium dendroides. Mohr. — Moug. et Nestl..
n. 138. Sckwaegr. Suppl t. SI.— Dill Muse. t. 40./48.

HAB. Woods. Rare in fructification; but found most!
abundantly in that state by Mr. tlobson near Manchester, j

The columella is produced, and reaches the top of the!
lid, which, when the capsules are ripe, and in a dry state]
of the atmosphere, it raises up, turning in a spiral manner,*
and thus perhaps permitting the discharge of the seeds. Ill
in this state moisture be applied to the mouth of the cap-j
sule, the lid on the top of the columella will descend, as this!
last performs a spiral volution, and the capsule becomes!
completely closed again. The segments of the interior pe-J
ristome being cleft at the base has induced Weber and!
Mohr to make a distinct genus of it.

f f Stems lelow leafy.
4- Capsules erect.

28. H. curvatum^ branches fascicled, curved; leaves ovato-el-J
liptical, concave, serrated at the points, nerve disappearing
beyond the middle j capsule ovate, erect ; lid rostrate!
(TAB. XXV.)

H. curvatum. Swartz Muse. Suec. p. 64. Turn. Muse. Suec. p. 139
. Engl. Bot. t. 1566. Moug. et Nestl. n. 331. H. myosuroides. Hcdwm
St. Cr. v. 4. t. 8.— Dill. Muse. t. 41. f. 50.

HAB. On trees and rocks.

The nerve is, as Mohr has justly observed, sometimes
forked. In habit it somewhat resembles the two last, bui
is considerably smaller, and the stems are leafy throughout 1

29. H. myosuroides '} branches fascicled, curved; leaves lanceo|
I •:».?••" lato-acuminate, serrated, margins reflexed at the base, theiij

nerve disappearing near the middle ; capsule ovato-cylinJ
drical, erect ; lid rostrate. (TAB. XXV.)

H. myosuroides. Linn. Sp. PL p. 1596. (not of Hedw.') Turn. Mutcm
Hib. p. 140. Engl. Bot. t. 1567. Moug. ct Nestl. n. 330.— Dill. Muscl
t.4l.f.5l.

HAB. On trunks of trees and rocks, especially such as ar<|
calcareous.

This can only be confounded with the preceding species I
but its more slender habit, its leaves more acuminated, les|j
concave, with their shorter nerve, reflexed margins, serrate^
nearly their whole length; will ever keep it distinct^

HYPNUM. 103

•*- -*- Capsules cernuous.
§ Stems li-lripinnate.

H. splendens ; stems tripinnate ; leaves ovate, with a sud-
denly acuminated, serrated point, concave, faintly two-
nerved at the base, margin below recurved ; capsule ovate,
cernuous, lid rostrate. (TAB. XXV.)

H. splendens. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 67. f. 7-9. Turn, Muse. Mb.
p. J£6. Engl Bot. t. 1424. Moug. et Nestl. n. 42. H. parietinum.
Swartx.—Dill Muse. t. 35. f. 13.

HAB. Heaths and hedge-banks and in woods.

Whole plant glossy, whence its specific name. It has
much affinity with the H. umbraium of Ehrh. and Hedw.
(but not of British authors) in its ramification, This last,
although so common on the Continent, has never been
found in Britain, and may readily enough be distinguished
from our present plant by its cordato-triangular leaves and
conical lid.

H. proliferum ; stems tripinnate ; leaves serrated, papillose
on the back, the cauline ones cordate-acuminate, striated,
with a nerve running nearly to the point ; those of the
branches more ovate, with a single or double nerve at the
base. (TAB. XXV.)

H. proliferum. Linn. Sp. PI p. 1590. Turn. Muse. Mb. p. 156.
Engl. Bot. 1. 1494. H. tamariscinum. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 4. t. 3. Moug.
et Nestl. n. 41. H. recognition. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 67. f. 1-5. H. de-

. H. '

licatulum. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 4. t. 35. H. parietinum. WilW.—
Muse. t. 35. /. 14. &3S./6.

HAB. V/oods and banks in heathy places, abundant.

Stems reddish. Leaves yellowish green, dull and opaque.
It has been found in every part of Europe; as well as in Ja-
maica, New Holland, and on the mountains of Nepaul.

H.prGelongum\ stems subbipinnate ; leaves distantly placed,
patent, cordate or ovate, acuminated, serrated, nerve dis-
appearing below the summit ; capsule ovate, cernuous \ lid
tostrate. (TAB. XXV.)

H.praelongum. Linn. Sp. Pip. 1591. Hedw. St. Cr. v.4. t, 29. Turn.
Muse. Mb. p. 160. Moug. et Nestl. n. 422. Engl. Bot. t. 2035.. H. Sto-
kesii. Turn. Muse :Mb.^p.\b$. 1. 15./.2. Engl Bot. t. 2036. H. Swart-
zii. Turn. Muse. Mb. p. 151. t. 14- /I & 2. Engl Bot. t. 2034.
H. atro-virens. Swartz.—Dill Muse. t. 35. f. 15.

HAB. Moist shady banks and on trunks of trees^ espe-
cially on such as are in a state of decay.

Mohr has justly observed how extremely variable is this
plant in its mode of growth, nor have we brought together

104 HYPNUM.

so many synonyms without a cautious examination of atN i
thentic specimens. In mountainous marshy situations the
variety named Stokesii, with closely set, hi pinnate branches,
occurs 5 and in wet hollows in hanks is found the var.Swartzii,
which is well represented in the magnified figure of Turner's '
Muse. Hib. t. 14. f. 2. b. It is characterized by its slender :
straggling branches, narrow and black green leaves.

§ § Stems pinnate^ or irregularly branched.,

33. H. jftagellare ; stems pinnate (or irregularly bipinnate) j I
leaves thickly set, cordato-acuminate, serrated, very faintly
two-nerved at the base; capsule oblong, cernuous; lid co? j)
meal. (TAB. XXV.)

H. flagellare. Dick*. PI Crypt, fasc. 2. p. 12. Smith Fl Brit. \\
p. 1322. (not of Hedw.} H. ximbratum. Engl Bot. t. 2565. Turn. H
Muse. Hib.p.ldS. (not of Hedw.)

HAB. Rocks in alpine countries. Plentiful in Ireland.

By means of authentic specimens from Mr. Dickson, of I
his H. flagellare) we have ascertained that it is the H. um- W
liratum of Turner and Smith and not of Hedwig, which b
differs in its ramification, its striated, much more strongly I
serrated leaves, and its longer divided nerve, approaching }
very nearly to H. triquetrum ; especially that variety of it j
called Irevirostre by Ehrhart. Hed wig's H. jftagellare is
H. plumosum.

34. H. abietmum; stems pinnate; leaves serrated, papillose on j
the back, the margins reflexed, nerve running nearly to the I
point ; the cauline ones cordato-acuminate, those of the I
branches cordato-acute; capsules cylindrical, inclined; lid 1
cpnical. (TAB. XXV.)

H. abietinum. Linn. Sp. PI p. 1591. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 4. t. 32. £
Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 162. Engl Bot. t. 2037. Moug.et Nestl. n. 226.' fi
— Dill Muse. t. 35. f. 17-

HAB. On the ground in mountainous and principally cal-
careous soils.

Swartz's specimens are very different from our own in I
having a remarkable furrow in the leaf, as seen from above^ jv
and consequently a projecting keel beneath ; nor is there ic
any nerve. We are sorry we have not had the opportunity ji
of examining if the Linnaean species be the same. Ours is I
the same as we have received from various Continental bo- I
tanists. The fruit is extremely rare, and never that we
know of produced in this country.

35. H, Blandovii; stems pinnate 5 leaves serrated, sraqoth on

HYPNUM. 105

the back, margins reflexed; the caulineones cordato- acute,
with a short nerve ; those of the branches ovato-acuminate,
with the nerve disappearing beyond the middle ; capsules
cylindrical, inclined ; lid conical. (TAB. XXV.)

H. Blandovii. Web, et Mohr Fl. Cr. Germ. p. 332. Sturm Deutsckl.
Fl. (with a figure.)

HAB. Rocks in subalpine countries.

For this interesting addition to the British mosses we are
indebted to Mr. Joseph Woods, who found it on the rocks
at Tunbridge. Mohr, who first distinguished it from the
preceding species, says very justly, " facies H. abietiniy a
quo tamen dirTert ut H . splendens ab H. tamariscino"

86. H. piliferum ; stems somewhat pinnate; leaves ovate, with
a long narrow acumination, serrated, nerve disappearing
below the middle ; capsule ovate, cernuous ; lid rostrate.
(TAB. XXV.)

H. piliferum. Schreb. FL Lips. p. 91. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 4. t. 14.
Turn. Muse. Hlb.p. 178. Engl. Bot. t. 1516.

HAB. Banks. Fructification rare.

This is a distinctly marked plant in its exactly ovate
stem-leaves, with a long point so suddenly acuminated that
they appear, especially when dry, to be hair-pointed. Those
of the stem terminate more gradually, and scarcely justify
the specific name.

37. H. rutabulum ; stems variously branched ; leaves patent,
ovate, acuminated, serrated at the points, striated, their
nerve reaching half way ; capsule ovate, cernuous ; fruit-
stalk rough ; lid conical. (TAB. XXVI.)

H. rutabulum. Linn. Sp. PL p. 1590. Hedw. St. Cr. v.A. t.\2.

Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 179. Smith Fl. Brit.—Moug. et NestL n. 143.

H. brevirostre. Engl. Bot. t. 1647. (not of Ehrh.) H. crenulatum.

Engl. Bot. t. 1261.— Dill. Muse. t. 38. f. 29.

HAB. On trees and on banks, extremely common,

H. brevirostre, a name previously given by Ehrhart to a

variety of Hypnum triquetrum, can never be applied to the

present species.

38. H. velutinum ; stems variously branched \ leaves erecto-pa-

tent, ovate, often approaphing to lanceolate, acuminated,
serrated, striated, nerve reaching half way; capsule ovate,
cernuous ; fruitstalk rough ; lid conical. (TAB. XXVI.)

H. velutinum. Linn. Sp. PL p. 1595. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 4. t. 27.
Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 167. Engl. Bot. t. 1568. H. intricatum. Hedw.
St. Cr. v. 4. t. 28. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 167- Engl. Bot. t. 2421 .
H. Teesdalii. Dicks. ?—Dill. Muse. t. 42. f. 61.

HAB, \ypods and hedge-banks, cornrnpfl.

106 HYPNUM.

The character here given will show how closely this spe-
cies is allied to the preceding; and indeed, except in the!
smaller size and the somewhat narrower leaves, and theirs
more upright direction, we ean find no mark of distinction J
So also in the H. intricaium of authors, the specimens that!
x we have seen are smaller than in our H. velulinum, and the!
leaves less broad. Hedwig mentions a difference in the an-J
nulus, which we have, not been able to verify.

39. H. ruscifolium ; stems variously branched, leaves loosely!
imbricated, subpatent, broadly ovate, acute, serrated, con-I
cave, their nerve reaching nearly to the summit \ capsule!
ovate, cernuous; lid rostrate. (TAB. XXVI.)

H. ruscifolium. Neck. Meth. Muse. — Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 153. -£«#/!
&ot. t. 1275. H. riparioides. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 4. t. 4. Moug. et Nestl\
n. 427. H. prolixum. Dicks. — H. atlanticuin. Desfont. Fl Atlant<— J
Dill Muse. t. 38. /. 31 & 32.

HAB. Upon wood and stones in pools and rivers.

The stems often exceed a span in length, and the leaves!
in certain situations attain a greater size than in any BriJ
tish species of Hypnum.

40. H. striatum ; stems variously branched ; leaves patent, cor J
dato-acuminate, serrated, striated ; nerve reaching beyoncH
the middle ; capsule oblongo-ovate, cernuous ; fruitstalkl
smooth; lid rostrate. (TAB. XXVJ.)

H. striatum. Schreb. Fl Lips. p. 91. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 4. 1. 13. TurnM
Muse. Hib. p. 180. Engl.Bot. t. 1648. Moug.etNestl n. 142. H.lonJ
girostrum. Ehrh.—Dill Muse. t. 38. /. 30.

This species comes near in habit to H. rutalulum ; but!
is a larger and more robust plant, with leaves more patent ;|
broader and more decidedly striated, with a shorter point!
and longer nerve ; the fruitstalks are smooth, and the lidl
rostrate,

41. H. confertum; stems variously branched; leaves erectoj
patent, ovate, acuminated, concave, serrated, their nerve!
reaching half way ; capsule ovate, cernuous ; fruitstalkl
smooth; lid rostrate. (TAB. XXVI.)

H. confertum. Dicks. PI. Crypt, fasc. 4. t. 11. f. 4. EngL Bot<i
t. 2407. H. serrulatum. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 60. EngL Bot. t. 1262, 1

HAB. Trunks of trees, old rails, and on banks.

We have compared this with the Pennsylvanian H. ser-\
ridatum of Hedwig, and cannot find even the slight diffe-i
rences which Mohr has noticed. A small variety^ growing;
on trees, has the leaves occasionally subsecuncU

HYPNUM. 107

B. Leaves squarrose.

H. cuspidatum ; leaves loosely set, ovate, concave, nerve-
less, entire, the lower ones squarrose, those at the summit
closely imbricated into a cuspidate point ; capsule oblong,
curved, cernuous; lid conical. (TAB. XXVI.)

H. cuspidatum. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1595. Turn. Muse. Hlb. p. 177*
(excluding the var. 0.) Engl. Bot. t. 2407, Moug. et Nestl. n. 227.—
Dill. Muse. t. 39. f. 34.

HAB. Bogs.

The habit of this plant is very similar to that of H. cor-
difblium, a dark variety of which Mr. Turner has made his
var. /3. The present plant is easily known by the sharp cus-
pidate extremities.

H. cordifolium ; leaves loosely set, squarrose, cordato-ovate,
obtuse, concave, entire, their nerve running very nearly to
the point ; capsule oblong, curved, cernuous ; lid conical,
(TAB. XXVI.)

H. cordifolium. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 4. t.37. Engl Bot. 1. 1447. H. cus-
pidatum. 0. Turn. Muse. Hib.p. 177 .

HAB. Bogs,

' A purple variety of this plant, generally barren, is found
in alpine situations, frequently assuming a fasciculated ap-
pearance, with the tops of the branches having the leaves
convolute ; and if the nerve of the leaf be not accurately
observed it may be taken for H. cuspidatum. It is accord-
ingly the var. /3. of that plant in the Muse. Hib,

H. poly morp hum ; leaves loosely set, squarrose, cordate,
much acuminated, entire, nerve disappearing half way up;
capsule oblongo-ovate, curved, cernuous ; lid conical.
(TAB. XXVI,)

H. polymorphum. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 66. (nerve of the leaf omitted.)
H. chrysophyllum. Brid. Muse. v. 2. t. 2./. 2. Mohr?

HAB, Limestone rocks in Ireland. Chalky downs in Sus-
sex. Mr, Borrer.

Without authentic specimens we cannot feel ourselves
competent to decide whether Mohr's H. chrysophyllum be
or be not our plant ; though if we were to judge from his
description we could have but little doubt of their identity.
Specimens sent by Mohr, probably through a mistake, under
the last-mentioned name, belong truly to H. stellatum. He
has himself cautioned us that the two plants ' only differ by
the presence or absence of the nerve. We have compared
specimens of Hedwig's H, polymorphum, and find them to

108 HYPNUM.

accord precisely with our plant ; and hence we are enabled!
to detect the error of the omission of the nerve in the figures;
above quoted.

45. H. stellatum*, leaves loosely set, squarrose, cordate, much k
acuminated, entire, nerveless; capsule oblongo-ovate, curved,!
cernuous; lid conical. (TAB. XXVI.)

*. majus.

H. stellatum. Schreb. FL Lips. p. 92. Hcdw. Sp. Muse. p. 280.-J
Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 183. Engl. Rot. L 1302. Moug. et Nestl n. 234.1
ft. protensum. Brit,— DHL Muse. t. 39. f. 35,

0- minus. •-*; •'••

H, squarrosulum. Brld. — Engl. Bot. t, 1709.

HAD. a. in marshes. /3. on stone walls and rocks.

The larger variety of this plant is of a fine yellow brownl
colour, and is not rare in fruit ; the smaller variety, which!
is less upright, is of a greener tint, and has the leaves some-h
what more recurved.

46. H. loreum\ leaves recurved, squarrose, lanceolate, muchj
acuminated, concave, serrated, striated, faintly two-nervedjl
at the base ; capsule globoso-ovate, cernuous ; lid conical.
(TAB. XXVI.)

H. loreum. Linn. Sp. PL p. 1593. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 183. Engl$
Bot. t. 2072. Moug. et Nestl. n. 232.— Dill. Muse. f.39./.40.

HAB. Woods and on heaths, among bushes.

Stems from a span to nearly a foot in length. Leaves!
often subsecund,

47. H. triquetrum; leaves squarrose, cordato-acumtnate, ser^l
rated, faintly striated, with two nerves at the base; capsulejj
globoso-ovate; lid conical. (TAB, XXVI.)

ft, majus.

H. triquetrum. Linn. Sp. PL p. 1589. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 186,
l. Bot. t. 1622. Moug. et Nestl. n. 235.— Dill Muse, t, 38. /. 28.

/3. minus.

H. brevirqstrum. Ehrh. (not Smith.)

HAB. Woods abundant.

Plant robust, from six to. eight or ten inches long ; stem*
pinnate. The variety /3, is not half the size, more slender
in its habit, and has the leaves narrower and more acumi-
nated. We have already noticed the similarity it bears with
Ehrhart's H. umlratum ; but in this var. of H. triquetrum
the leaves are longer, more stnated^ less patent, and less
serrated.

48. H. squarrosum ; leaves squarrose, widely cordate, very much
acuminated and recurved^ serrated, faintly two-nevved at

HYPNUM. • 100

the base; capsule ovato-globose, cernuous; lid conical*

(TAB. XXVI.)

H. squarrosum. Linn. Sp. PL p. 1593. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 184.
Engl. But, t. 1953. Moug. et Nestl n. 233.— Z>z7/. Muse. t. 39. f. 38
&39.

HAB. Woods and on heaths, common.

Stems slender, from four to six inches long, variously
branched.

2. Leaves secund.

A. Leaves with a single nerve t

49. H. Jllicmum ; stems subpinnate ; leaves, especially the
upper ones, falcato-secund, broadly ovate, acuminated, ser-
rated, their nerve reaching to the point ; capsule oblongo*
ovate, curved, cernuous ; lid conical. (TAB. XXVI.)

H. filicinum. Linn. Sp. PL p. 1590. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 76./. 5-10,
Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 197. Engl. Bot. t. 1570. Moug. et Nestl. n. 228.
H. dubium, Sivartz.—Engl. Bot. t. 2126. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 195.
H. faTlax. Brid. Muse. v. 3. t. 2.f. 1. Engl. Bot. —Dill Muse. t. 36.
/19.

HAB. Bogs and sides of rivulets.

This plant is subject to vary greatly in its general appear-
ance, in size, and somewhat in the shape and direction of
its leaves. Its stems are erect, pinnate, frequently with
downy ferruginous roots; and the stems themselves and
nerves of the leaves are reddish brown. The cauline leaves
are the shortest and broadest, with the nerve excurrent,
which is characteristic of the species, and, together with the
less falcate foliage, distinguishes it from H. commutatum,
notwithstanding that Sehwaegrichen has lately united them.
The large variety, growing in running water, is the H*fal-
lax of English Botany, and probably also of Bridel. But
this again Sehwaegrichen has joined to H.Jluviatile, a plant
we believe unknown to Britain, and appearing, as far as we
can judge from the figure in the Species Muscorum, very un-
like H.fallajc. H.falcatum of Bridel likewise seems, from
the author's description, scarcely different from our plant,
which, when growing in waters impregnated with calcareous
matter, is seen to have the stems bristly at the base, from
the strong nerves that remain after the decay of the rest of
the leaf.

60. H. atro-virens\ stems variously branched, procumbent;
leaves, all of them, slightly secund, broadly ovate, with an
attenuated obtuse point, nerve running nearly to the sum-
mit j capsule ovate, cernuous 5 lid conical. (TAB. XXVI.)

110 HYPNUM.

H. atro-virens. Dicks. PI CrypLfasc. 2. p. 10. Turn. Muse. Hlb.\
p. 169. Engl. Bot. t. 2422. H. filamentosum. Dicks. PL Crypt, fasc. 2.1
p. 11. Smith Fl. Brit. p. 1308. H. attenuatum. Dicks.— Engl. Bot.
t. 2420. (not Leskea attenuata. Hediv.) Leskea incurvata. Hedw. Sp. j
Muse. t. 53. (not H. incurvatum. Mohr fy Schwaegr.) Moug. et Nest!. \
w.421.

HAB. Trees and rocks in mountainous countries.

Sir James Smith, on the authority of Dillenius, has at*j
tributed to H. atro-virens a subulate lid : but the plant re-
ferred to in the Hist. Muse. t. 43. f. 67? is a very distinct
species from Virginia (not Patagonia, as mentioned by mis-
take in Engl. Botany). H.Jttamenlosum of Dickson dif-
fers in no particular from our plant, nor does the H. atte-
nuatum of the same author, as we have ascertained by an
examination of his own specimen in Mr. Turner's Herba-
rium. Equally authentic specimens, viz. from the younger
Hedwig, prove our plant to be the same as his Leskea in-
curvata, but we have preferred the older name given by our
countryman. We have been greatly inclined to add to our
synonyms H.Jkwiatile^ which accords so well in its foliage;
but that has more distantly placed leaves, and a longer cap-
sule. Our plant likewise bears no inconsiderable resem-
blance in many points to H.JHicinum ; it differs however
in being procumbent, in its loose and straggling ramifica-
tion^ more closely set, shorter, broader, more concave and
more obtuse leaves, with the margin more reflexed, quite
entire, the nerve broader, of the same colour as the leaf,
disappearing below the point : besides all which the texture
of the leaves is thicker and softer, with distinct cellules;
whereas in H.Jilicinum they are somewhat scariose.

51. H. palustre*, leaves secund, ovate, somewhat acuminate,
concave, entire, margins incurved above ; nerve short, often
forked, sometimes obsolete ; capsule oblongo-ovate, cernu-
ous ; lid conical. (TAB. XXVI.)

H. palustre. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1593. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 191. Engl
Bot. t. 1665. H. luridum. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 4. .t. 38. H. fluviatile.
Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 192. Engl Bot. t. 1303. (not of Hedw.} H. ad-
natum. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 165. Engl Bot. t. 2406. (not of Hedw.}
—Dill Muse. t.37.f.27.

HAB. Banks of rivers and standing waters, and on wet
rocks, abundant.

Variable as is this species, we trust it will be found con-
stant to the above characters. The plant, or at least the
main stems, is usually upright, thickly crowded j the leaves
flaccid, varying from a deep lurid green, the most common

HYPNUM. HI

tint> to a bright and pale yellow in some situations. The nerve
is sometimes obsolete, rarely half the length of the leaf,
more frequently forked or double. Dr. Stokes' specimens
of H.Jluviatile, figured in Engl. Bot., are H* palustre ;
and we do not know that the truejluviatile has ever been
found in Britain. Such is the case also with the H. adna-
turn of EngL Bot. The true H. adnatum has a differently
shaped leaf, and is, we believe, altogether an American
plant.

62. H. aduncum ; leaves falcato-secund, lanceolate-subulate,
concave, or almost semicylindrical, entire, the nerve disap-
pearing below the summit ; capsule oblongo-ovate, curved,
cernuous; lid conical. (TAB. XXVI.)
«. revolvcns ; leaves narrow, very much falcate:
H. aduncum. Linn. Sp. PL p. 1592. Hedw. St. Cr. v.4. f.24. Turn.
Muse. Hib. p. 189. Smith Fl. Brit. p. 1327. H. revolvens. Swart*
Muse. Suec. — Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 188. Engl. Bot. t. 20J3. — DHL
Muse. t.37.f.26.

$. rugosum ; leaves wider, less falcate, somewhat rugose.
H. rugosum. Linn. Mant.p. 131. (according to Smith.) Engl. Bot.
t. 2250. (not of Hedw. nor Schwaegr.} H. lycopodioides. Schwaegr*
Suppl. pars 2. p. 300.— Dill. Muse. t. 37. f. 24.
HAB. Bogs, common.

We have but little hesitation in -uniting the three species
as they have hitherto been considered, aduncum^ r evolvent ,
and rugosum : — and Schwaegrichen, who has kept them
separate in his late valuable Supplement to Hedwig's Spe-
cies Muscorum, yet says of them, " inter se pari affinitate
conjunguntur et ulteriorem disquisitionem in loco natali, in
quo copiose inveniuntur, exiguunt." H. revolvens scarcely
differs from the common appearance of aduncum^ but in its
deeper almost purple-black colour, and generally more fal-
cate leaves; whilst these are in the var. ntgosum much
broader, somewhat wrinkled, especially when dry, and the
nerve we have remarked to be usually longer. In size and
general habit this variety comes near H. scorpioides, but
that has no nerve.

H. uncinatum ; leaves falcato-secund, lanceolato-subulate,
serrated, striated, nerve disappearing below the point; cap-
sule cylindrical, curved, cernuous; lid conical. (TAB. XXVI.)
H. uncinatum. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 4. t. 5. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 190.
Engl. Bot. 1. 1600. Moug. et Nestl. n. 335.

HAB. Moist banks and walls, principally in subalpine
countries.

The slender stems, which are pinnated, the long and

112 HYPNUM.

tmcinate leaves and brighter colour, together with theif I
striation and serratures, abundantly distinguish this from!
H. aduncum and all its affinities.

54. H. rugulosum ; leaves secund, ovato-lanceolate, serrated^l
nearly plane, crisped transversely when dry, margins re-j
curved, nerve reaching halfway. (TAB. XXVI.)

H. rugulosum. Web. et Mohr Fl. Crypt. Germ. p. 366. Moug. eti
Nestl. n. 231. H. rugosum. Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 293. Hcdw. St. Cr.l
v. 4. t. 23. / A. (leaf only.) Schwaegr. Suppl pars 2. p. 301.

HAB. On the ground in heathy places in Norfolk. Mr. I
Eagle.

Plant from two to four inches in length, creeping in dense!
tufts upon the ground, of a yellow green colour, often bor-l
dering on brown. The transverse undulations are pecu-
liarly striking, even to the naked eye, in which particular,
as well as in the broader and shorter, more plane, secund
but not falcate leaves, it differs from all the varieties of
H. aduncum. Its fructification, we believe, has never been
found in any country.

55. H. commutatum ', stems pinnated; leaves falcato-secimd,j
cordate, very much acuminated, serrated, their margins re-
flexed, nerve disappearing below the summit ; capsule ob-
longo-ovate, curved, cernuous ; lid conical. (TAB. XXVII.)

H. commutatum. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 4. t. 26, Turn. Muse. Hlb.\
p. 196. Engl. Bot. t. 1569.— Dill Muse. t. 36. f. 19.

HAB. Wet places, particularly in a calcareous soil.

Besides the characters we have pointed out under H.Jili-\
cmum to distinguish that and the present species, we may
add that this is much the largest, far less rigid in the stems
and leaves, and of a paler and greener colour. The leaves
are likewise (for want of the excurrent nerve) disposed to ;
be curved, and to become twisted when dry.

B. Leaves destitute of a nerve, or furnished with two very in-:
distinct ones at the base.

56. H. scorpioides ; leaves secund, broadly ovate, ventricose, !
obtuse, entire, nerveless ; capsules oblongo-ovate, curved,
cernuous; lid conical. (TAB. XXVII.)

H. scorpioides. Linn. Sp. PL p. 1592. Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 295.
Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 95. Turn. Muse. Hib.p. 187. Engl. Bot. t. 1039.

HAB. Bogs.

This, which is one of the largest of the British mosses,
is at once distinguished from its affinities by its obtuse and
nerveless leaves. Schwaegrichen has represented his mag-

HYPNUM. 113

hified leaves as two-nerved at the base, which we never
could find to be the case in our specimens. It appears to
be a species but little understood upon the Continent.

H. sileslanum ; leaves loosely imbricated, secund, narrow-
lanceolate, acuminated, serrated, nerveless, or very obscurely
two-nerved; capsule subcylindrical, erecto-cernuous j lid
conical, obtuse. (TAB. XXVII.)

H. silesianum. Pal de Beauv. Prodr. p. 70. Web. et Mohr Fl Cr.
Germ. p. 343. Engl. Bot. t. 2016. Schwaegr. Suppl t. 94. Moug. et
Nestl. n. 425. Leskea Seligeri. Brid.

HAB. Summit of Ben Luyal, in Sutherland.

This plant is scarcely to be known from some of the
small varieties of H. cuprcssiforme but by its less falcate,
more serrated, narrower leaves, and shorter lid. Indeed the
serratures reach down nearly the whole length of the mar-
gins ; but then we have observed them to be more or less
apparent in different specimens. Schwaegrichen says that
the fruitstalks arise from near the base of the stem, a cir-'
cumstance which, though general, is not constant. We
know of no habitat but that above given ; nevertheless it is
in the alpine parts of Switzerland extremely common, re-
taining all the characters we have given to it.

H. cnpressiforme ; leaves closely imbricated, more or less
falcato-secund, lanceolate, acuminated, entire except at the
points, which are usually serrated, very faintly two-nerved
at the base ; capsule cylindrical, erecto-cernuous ; lid co-
nical, with a point. (TAB. XXVII.)

«. vnlgaris ; stems broad, semicylindrical ; leaves falcato-secund.

H. cupressiforme. Linn. Sp. Pi. p. 1592. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 4. t. 23.
Turn. Muse. Hib, p. 193. Engl. Bot. t. 1860. Moug. et Nestl. n. 229.
H. nigro-viride. Dicks.— Turn.— Smith. — DHL Muse. t. 37- f. 23. and
t. 41./.53.

/?. compressum ; stems slender, compressed j leaves falcato-secund.

H. compressum. Linn. Mant. v. 2. p. 310.— Dill. Muse. t. 36. f. 22.

y. tenue; stems very slender; leaves very slightly curved, narrow-
lanceolate, quite entire.

H. polyanthcs. Engl. BoLt. 1664. (not Leskea polyanthos. Hedw.)
Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 137.

HAB. On banks and trunks of trees, extremely common ;
/3. particularly in shady woods ; y. mostly on trees.

So sportive is the present plant that it is scarcely possible
to define in a few words the marks belonging to any of the
varieties. The most striking one however is our y, the
H. polyanthos of British authors, but not the Leskea po-
lyanthos of Hedwig, which is a true Leskea* At first sight

114 HYP NUM.

its appearance is totally unlike the more usual state oil
H. ciipresuforme ; and we should perhaps have hesitated]
about uniting them, had we not seen the one in some cases!
running completely into the other. The Hypnum incurA
vatum of Schrader and Schvvaegrichen likewise borders!
very closely upon this state of H. cuprcssiforme, but it difj
fers in the shorter and more cernuous capsule. The varl
compresmm is now universally acknowledged to belong tcl
our plant ; and we are equally satisfied of Mr. Dickson'J
nigro'viride being no other. . I

59. H. Crista-caslrensis ; stems closely pectinated; leaves fall
cato-secund, ovate-lanceolate, acuminated, serrulate, stril
ated, faintly two-nerved at the base; capsule oblongol
ovate, curved, cernuous; lid conical. (TAB. XXVI 1.)

H. Crista-castrensis. Linn. Sp. PI. p. '1591. Hedw.Sp. Musc'.t. 7<J
/. 1-4. Engl Bot. t. 2103. Moug. et Nestl. n. 140.

HAB. Scotland. Mr. G. Don. — In a wood at the heal
of Hawes-water. Rev. J. Dallon. — Woods in Yorkshire!
Mr. Backhouse.

This most elegant species, so rare in this country, is onl
of the most abundant of mosses in the fir forests of Switj
zerland, bearing fruit in autumn. It is readily distinguishel
from H. molluscum, not only by its much larger size, anl
more regularly pectinated stems, but by the strongly stri
ated leaves.

60. H. moliuscum ; stems pectinated ; leaves falcato-secun J
cordate, much acuminated, serrated, not striated, faintl
two-nerved at the base; capsule oblongo-ovate, curvecl
cernuous; lid conical. (TAB. XXVII.)

H. moliuscum. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 4. t. 22. Turn. Muse. Hib.p. 191
Engl. Bot. t. 1327. Moug. et Nestl. n. 141. H. Crista-castrensil
Dicks,— Dill. Muse. t.36.f. 20.

HAB. On the ground, common.

This has been taken even by some of our British bota
nists for the preceding, but not by Dillenius, as Sir JamJ
Smith supposed. His figures, both A and B, belong trul
to our present plant.

115

32. BRYUM.

GEN. CHAR. Fruitstalks terminal ; Peristome double ;
the exterior of 1 6 teeth ; the interior of a mem-
brane cut into 16 equal segments, with filiform
processes frequently placed between them ; Ca«
lyptra dimidiate. (TAB. III.)

For the same reason as we have united Leskea with Hypnum
have we incorporated Po/ilia of Hedwig with Bryum. Meesia,
likewise, we have called by the old name of Bryum ; because,
although the shortness of the teeth in two of the species be very
striking, yet in M. dealbata they are nearly equal in length to
the inner peristome. The genus Mnium, we think, cannot be
separated from llryum whilst Hypnum undulatum remains with
that genus ; whilst Bartramia arcuata, which has a smooth cap-
sule, is retained with the other Ear tr amice., having sulcated cap-
sules ; and whilst similarly anomalous species are suffered to re-
•main in many other genera.

I. Capsules sulcated*

Br. andro^ynum ; stems nearly simple ; leaves lanceolate,
serrated, their margins recurved ; capsules nearly erect, cy-
lindrical, sulcated; lid conical. (TAB. XXVIll.)

Bryum androgynum. Hedw. Sp. Musc.p.\l&. Turn. Muse. Hib.
p. 113. Mniinn audrogynum. Linn. Sp. Pip. 1574. Engl Bot. t. 1238.
Gymnocephalus -androgymis. Schwaegr. Suppl. pars 2. p. 87. — Dill.
Mitsc.t.Sl.fA.

HAB. In woods and on banks.

Stems from one to two inches in length, slightly branched,
erect. Leaves erect, appressed, or subpatent, lanceolate,
acute, serrated, especially towards the extremity, the mar-
gins recurved ; the nerve reaching nearly to the point ;
surface papillose; colour pale-yellow-green, especially when
dry. Male flowers, as Hedwig considers them, capitular,
terminating an elongated portion of the stem, upon which
the leaves gradually become smaller and disappear upwards.
Capsule cylindrical, scarcely inclined, sulcated, brown ; lid
conical.

!. Br. palustre; stems much branched; leaves lanceolate, ob-
tuse, entire, their margins revolute; capsules ovate, oblique,
sulcated; lid conical. (TAB. XXVIll.)
i2

116 BRVUM.

Bryum palustre. Swartz.— Engl. Bot. t. 391. Turn. Mmc. M.
p. 1 13. Moug.et Nestl n. 135. Mnium palustre. Linn. Sp. PL p. 1574,
Hedw. Sp. Musc.—Schwaegr. Suppl— Smith Fl. Brit. — Dill. Muse,
I.31./3.

HAB. Bogs.

Stems from two to four inches long, much branched, and
frequently throwing out innovations. Leave* erecto-patent,
lanceolate, obtuse, the margins much recurved or revolute,
entire, or at most appearing but very indistinctly serrulate
at the point, under a high magnifying power ; the nerve
reaching almost to the point ; the surface papillose. Male
flowers, according to Hedvvig and other authors, discoid.
Those terminal capitular bodies which so much resemble the
anthers of Br. androgymim are considered gemmae, and
arise not only from the main stems but from the innova-
tions, which become gradually lengthened out, and are des-
titute of leaves. Capsules ovate, oblique, sulcated, brown 5
lid conical.

Notwithstanding the close affinity between the present
and the preceding species, they have by many authors been
placed in different genera. In both the leaves are of the
same form and texture, but the present species has them
somewhat obtuse, and for the most part entire : when
otherwise, for they are subject to vary, the similarity is very
gfeat. In the capsule there is a further difference, and, ac-
cording to the disciples of Hedwig, a more important one
in the capitula terminating the stems or branches; for
while in one species (Br. androgynuni) they are considered
to perform the office of anthers, in the other they can be
only looked upon as gemmae, the male flowers being dis-
coid.

We wonder at Mohr's describing the leaf of Br. palustre
to be subulate. Some of them, indeed, have the margins
so revolute as to appear at first sight almost linear.

II. Capsules smooth (destitute of furrows).
1 . Teeth of the external peristome shorter than the interior one.
3. Br. trichodes'y stems somewhat branched; leaves linear, ob-
tuse, entire, reticulated ; capsule obovate, recurved, subcer*
nuous; fruitsialk very long. (TAB. XXVIII.)

Bryum trichode.s. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1585. Dicks. — Engl Bot. 1. 1517.
Meesia uliginosa. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 1. 1. 1, 2. — DHL Muse. t. 49./.5S.
HAB. Highland mountains, in wet places*
Stems an inch or more in length. Leaves erecto-pa-

BRYUM.

117

tent, canaliculate ; nerve strong, disappearing below the
point j colour a deep yellow-green, shining. This and the
two following species constituted the Hedwigian genus
Meesia, characterized by the short obtuse teeth of the pe-
ristomium.

Br. trlquetrum ; stems elongated, branched ; leaves lanceo-
late, carinate, acute, serrated, reticulated ; capsule pyriform,
erecto-cernuous ; fruitstalks very long. (TAB. XXVIII.)

Br. trlquetrum. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 115. Engl Bot, t, 2394.
Mnium triquetrum. Linn. Sp. PL p. 15/8. Meesia longiseta. Hediv.
St. Cr. v. 1. t. 21, 22. Diplocomium longisetum. Web. et Mohr Fl
Cr. Germ. p. 874. Moug. et Nestl. n. 327.

HAB. On the borders of some lake in the north of Ire-
land. Dr. Scott.

The only station for this fine plant in the British domi-
nions is that very vague one given above. We have seen
the solitary specimen that has been communicated by Dr.
Seott to Mr. Turner. It is intermixed with Bryum deal-
latum. The present plant is remarkable for the great length
of its fruitstalks, and for its broad, carinated, and serrated
leaves, which are often trifariously inserted. Mohr has se-
parated this from the two other species of Meesice in con-
sequence of the segments of the inner membrane being
connected by a reticulated substance ( " opere reticuloso
ffonnexa"). We have ourselves seen portions of a cellular
<or reticulated membrane attached to these teeth, which
probably in an earlier stage connected them for their whole
length. The exterior teeth are short and obtuse, as in the
preceding species.

Br. deallatum; stems short, leaves lanceolate, acute, plane,
serrated at the points, reticulated; capsules pyriform, nearly
erect. (TAB. XXVIII.)

Br. dealbatum. Dick*. Pi. Crypt, fasc. 2. t. 5. f. 3. Engl Boi.
t. 1571. Turn. Mmc. Hib. p. 115. Meesia dealbata. Swartz Muse.
Suec. t. 5./. 10. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 4\.f. 6-9.

HAB. Boggy mountains in Scotland and Ireland.

This is less rare5 than Bryum tric/iodes, to which it has
much affinity ; but the leaves, when they pome to be exa-
mined, are of a different form and texture, and the fruit-
stalks are shorter in proportion to the Jength of the stems.
Although this has all the habit of a Meesia, it departs from
the characteristic mark of that geuus, in having the exter-
nal teeth nearly as long as the internal peristome, and they
jcajn scarcely be called obtuse.

118 BRYUM.

2. Teeth of the exterior peristome as long as the interior one.
* Leaves subulate.

6. Br. pyriforme ; stems slightly branched ; leaves subulato-

setaceous, flexuose, serrated, nerve very broad ; capsule py-
riform, pendulous. (TAB. XXVIII.)

Br. pyriforme. Swartz. Muse. Suec. — Moug.et Nestl. n. 31. Br.
aureum. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. \ 18. Engl. Boi. t. 389. Webera pyri-
formis. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 1. t. 3. Mnium pyriforme. Linn. — Dill.
Muse. t. 50. / 60.

HAB. Rocks, especially of sand-stone. Likewise on the
mould of greenhouse pots.

Bryum pyriforme is remarkable in the shape of its leaves,
of which the upper ones are much the longest and most
flexuose. They are formed, moreover, except at the very
base, almost wholly of nerve ; there being only a narrow
membranous margin, which, towards the extremity, is
deeply serrated. The capsule and fruits talk are of a blight
orange-colour when mature.

* * Leaves never subulate.

t Leaves without any thickened margin.

-t- Leaves very obtuse.

7. Br. julaceum ; stems branched; leaves closely imbricated,

broadly ovate, concave, entire, obtuse, nerve running nearly
to the poinf; capsule obovato-cylindraceous, pendulous.
(TAB. XXVIII.)

Br. julaceum. Schrad. Spicil. p. /O. Engl Bot. t. 2270. Br. fill-
forme. Dicks.— Br. argenteum 0. Linn. Sp. PL — Schwaegr, Suppl.-**
Hypnum argenteum var. /3. Mohr. — Dill. Muse. t. 50. f. 63.

HAB. Mountains in England, Scotland, and Ireland.

The characters above given we have found constant in
this plant, and we therefore i annot agree with Mohr and
Schwaegrichen, who, with Linnaeus, considered it merely
as a variety of Br. argenteum. It is not in the shape of
the leaf and of the capsules only that they differ, but our
individuals are taller and more slender, of a yellowish green
colour, resembling that of Hypmim stramineum, and the
leaves are of the same colour and texture throughout. This
species is never found on walls and roofs of houses, as is
commonly the case with Br. argenttum, but on the sides

of streams in mountainous situations,

•<,..;> • '•!

BRYUM. 119

4- 4- Leaves acuminate or acute.
§ Nerve of the leaf disappearing lelow the point.

Br. crudum ; stems simple ; leaves rigid, lanceolate, the
upper ones the narrowest and longest, all of them plane,
serrulate, nerve disappearing below the summit ; capsule
oblongo-subpyriform, cernuous. (TAB. XXV1I1.)

Br. crudum. 'lluds. Angl.p. 491. Engl. Bot. t. 1604. Turn. Muse.
Hib.p. 130. Mnium crudum. Linn. — Hedw. St. Cr.v. 1. t. 37. — DHL
Muse. t.5\.f.70.

HAB. Banks in mountainous countries, and in the cre-
vices of rocks.

Wahlenberg observes justly, that though the portions of
the stem above the earth appear perfectly simple, many of
them really arise from a common root. These stems have
a singular appearance; from the leaves, which become gra-
dually longer towards the extremity, and are of a shining
yellow green, not changing their direction when dry. Their
texture resembles that of the leaves of Br. nutans.

9. Br. carneum ; stems simple ; leaves lanceolate, reticulated,
slightly serrulate at the point, nerve'disappearing below the
summit ; capsule obovate, pendulous. (TAB. XXIX.)

Br. carneum. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1587- Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 119. Engl.
Bot. t. 360. Br. delicatulum. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 1. t. 30. Br. pulchel-
lum. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 3. t. 38. B I—Dill. Muse. t. 50./. 69.

HAB. Banks.

Stems short, rarely exceeding two or three lines, often
bearing innovations, and more frequently throwing up ste-
rile shoots from among the roots. The leaves want the
bright green colour of the congeners, and exhibit under the
microscope large reticulations. It is strange that Schwae-
grichen should refer for his Bryum erythrocarpum to Mohr,
who says only upon that plant " sub nomine Br. erythro~
carpi, Brid. Suppl. MSS. etiam plantulam accepimus in
monte Hubc, prope Eibeck, a Bridelio lectam, quam a no-
stro (Br. earned) discernere nequimus." We on the other
hand have specimens perfectly agreeing with Schwaegri-
chen's figure of Br. erythrocarpum^ which we consider only
as slender varieties of Br. ccespiticium ; and that author
himself says, " ditfert a Br. ccespiticio caule tenero, foliorum
forma et nervo parum tantum emergence, colore theca3
nifo."

Near to Br. carneum most authors place the Bryum an-
notinum (Mnium) Linn.) of Hedvvig; a plaut, we regret

120 BRYUM:

to say, we are not acquainted with ; at least not with any sa-
tisfactorily according with Hedwig's figure and description.
According to this latter, its chief distinction from Br. car-
neum is to have the capsule " elongatopyriformis." Smith
says u elevate;" but then his fructified specimens in Engl.
Bot. surely do not belong to the plant at all, for the leaves
are obovate, strongly serrated, and the nerve ends in a hair-
like point, as in Br. capiltare.

10. Br. argenteum ; steins branched; leaves closely imbricated,
broadly ovate, suddenly and sharply acuminated, subserru-
late, very concave, nerve disappearing below the point;
capsule ovato-pyriform, pendulous. (TAB. XXIX.)

Br. argenteum. Linn. Sp. PL p. 1586. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 122.
Engl. Bot. t. 1602. Moug. et Nesil n. \33.-Dill. Muse, t. 50. /. 62.

HAB. On the ground and on walls and roofs of houses,
very common.

This plant has a remarkably silvery appearance, from the
upper half of the leaves being scariose and white, whilst
the lower part is green. The acuminated points, especially
JMJ* when dry, are patent, and resemble hairs. The whole leaf
is thin and reticulated, and very different from Br. jula-
ceum, with which the foreign authors have confounded it.

11. Br. Zierii ; stems branched; leaves closely imbricated, more
or less broadly ovate, acuminulate, very concave, reticu-
lated, entire, nerve running nearly to the point ; capsule
clavate, cernuous. (TAB. XXIX.)

Br. Zierii. Dicks. Plant. Cnipt. fasc. 1. t.4, f. 10. Hedw. Sp. Muse,
t. 44 /. 1-4. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 123. Engl Bot. t. 1021.

HAB. Mountains of England, Scotland, and Ireland.

This species, so remarkable for the form of its capsule,
resembles the preceding in colour and in its large reticula-
tion.

§ § Nerve of the leaf reaching to the point, or leyond it.

12. Br. roseum'j leaves obovato-spathulate, acute, serrated, un-

dulate, nerve running to the point; capsule oblongo-ovate,
pendulous. (TAB. XXIX.)

Br.roseum. Sckreb. Fl. Lips. p. 84. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 132. Engl^
Bot. t. 2395. Mnium roseum. Hedw.— Dill. Muse. t. 52. /. 77-

HAB. Banks and on heaths, especially in submountainous
countries. Rare in fructification.

The sterns of this fine species are branched below the sur-
face of the ground ; the rest of them is at the base bare of
leaves ; above the leaves are spread out in a stellated man-

• " -r

BRYUM. 121

ner, or, as Mr. Turner well observes, so as to resemble an
expanded rose. We are indebted for our fructified speci-
mens to Mr. Drummond, who found them near Cork. We
know not if they have been found in that state any where
else in Britain.

13. Br. capillare ; stems short ; leaves obovate, twisted when
dry, entire, their nerve produced into a hair-like point, their
margins slightly thickened; capsule oblong, pendulous.
(TAB. XXIX.)

Br. capillare. Linn.Sp. Pip. 1586. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 120. EngL
Bot. t. 2007. Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 74. Moug. et Nestl n. 33. Br. stel-
lare. EngL Bot. t. 2434 ?— Dill. Muse. t. 50./. 67-

This has been often, we believe, taken for Bryum cce~
spiliclum \ but the greater length of the capsule, the obo-
vate leaves, twisted when dry, together with the hair-like
point formed by the excurrent nerve, will always distin-
guish it.

We think the Bryum stellare of EngL Bot. belongs to
this species. It does not accord with the true stellare,
which has not, that we are acquainted with, been yet found
in Britain.

4. Br. ccespiticium ; stems short ; leaves ovate, acuminated,
entire or very obscurely serrated at the points, the margins
slightly recurved, the nerve reaching to or beyond the point;
capsule between ovate and pyriform, pendulous. (TAB.
XXIX.)

et. major.

Br. caespiticium. Linn. Sp. Pip. 1586. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 120.
EngL Bot. t. 1904. Br. Wahlenbergii. Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 70 ? Mnium
lacustre. Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 77' Bryum erythrocarpum. Schwaegr.
Suppl. t. 70?— Dill. Muse. t. 50. f. 66.
ft. minor.

Br. bicolor. Dicks. Plant. Cr.fasc. 4. p. 16. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. II.
/. 2. EngL Bot. t. 1601.

HAB. Banks, walls and roofs of houses, very common.
" Admodum polymorpha species pro solo natali. Viginti
ad minimum habitu si\mmopere diversas formas, a variis
pro novis speciebus transmissas, habemus, quae in genere
foliis magis ininusve erectis, latioribus, angustioribus, ut
mox ovatce, mox lanceolatae formae magis accedant, acumine
et apiculo diversissimae longitiidinis, seta longiore brevioreve,
etiam sporangio et operculo parum ab invicem recedunt ;
sed firmos limites nullos hasce discernendi invenimus ; nee
dubiis speciebus perplexissimum genus augere cupivimus."
In all these remarks of the excellent Mohr we are disposed

122 BRYUM.

fully to accord ; and we ought perhaps to unite the follow-
ing species with this, since we know of scarcely any cha-
racter of importance hut the different shape of the capsule.
With regard to Br. Wahlenbergii we have been induced to
refer it to this species from the shortness of its capsule, and
the exact conformity of its leaves (according to Schwae-
grichen's figures) to many of those in Br. ccespilicium, not-
withstanding that the descriptions of Mohr and of Schwae-
grichen himself are somewhat at variance with the above-
mentioned figures. Mnium lacustre also of Schwaegrichen
has in all its essential points the most perfect agreement
with our plant ; and although Mohr at first takes it up as a
species, he afterwards is disposed to alter his opinion in a
note at p, 4S3 of his Ft. Cr. Germ. Bryum erytkrocarpum
differs somewhat in the form of its capsule, which is by no
means pyriform, but its leaves exactly accord with those of
Br. ccespiticium.

15. Br. turlinalum \ stems short, branched with innovations ;
leaves ovate, acuminated, nearly entire, the margins slightly
recurved, the nerve running beyond the points 3 capsule
elongato-pyriform, pendulous. (TAB. XXIX.)

Bryum turbinatum. Swartz Muse. Suec. p. 49. Turn. Muse. Hib~
p. 126. Engl Bot. t. 1572? Moug. et Nestl n. 222. Mnium turbina-
tum. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 3. t. 8. Pohlia inclinata. Schwaegr. Suppl*
t. 63. Bryui*i boreale. Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 69. Bryum pallens.
Schwaegr. Suppt. t. 72. Bryum Schleicheri. Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 73?
Bryum longisetum. Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 74. Webera intermedia,
Schiuaegr. Suppl. t. 75. Bryum pallescens. Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 75,
Bryum nigricans. Engl. Bot. t. 1528?— Dill. Muse. t. 51. /. 74.

HAB. In wet, sandy and stony places, chiefly in moim-*
tainous countries.

We have no doubt of this being the " Bryum palnstre
complicatum rubens, capsulis turlinalis pendulis" of DiU
lenius, and this is the authority for Hed wig's Mnium tur-
linatum. How far it merits to be distinguished as a spe-
cies from Bryum ccespiticium on the one hand, or Br. ven-
tricosum on the other, must still remain a question. Mohr
inclined to think them the same, and also that Pohlia in-
clinata is no other than Webera intermedia, of which he
says, " nee forte ab insequente specie (Br. ccespiticio) se-
parata esset, si rite peristomium esset investigandum." In
another place he doubts if Bryum boreale and Br. pallens
are different from Br. ccespiticium ; and Schwaegrichen
informs us that his Br. pallescens was considered by Mohr

BRYUM. 123

as the same with Br. loreale. Of these plants indeed we
are so unfortunate as to possess no authentic specimens ;
but we 'think that Mohr's opinion upon them is fully con-
firmed by the figures above quoted, and lately published by
Schwaegrichen ; for they differ in no essential point from
our Br. turlinatum, which, as we have already observed, is
by Mohr united with Br. caspiticium. We have further
added to our list of synonyms the Bryum Schlticheri and
Br. longisetum ; the former indeed approaching nearer to
Br. ventricosum in its leaves, but agreeing with our plant
in its capsules ; thus being as it were exactly intermediate;
and the latter differing from Br. iurlnnatum in nothing but
the length of the fruitstalk.

All the states of Br. turbinatum are more or less fur-
nished with innovations, as may be expected from plants
growing in wet places, and the stems vary much in their
length The capsule too varies somewhat in figure, but is
always pyrifonn ; and the whole plant is subject to great
difference in colour, according to its exposure, and to the
soil in which it grows.

6. Br. nutans ; stems short ; leaves erect, lanceolate, acumi-
nated, serrated above, nerve reaching to the point ; cap-
sule oblongo-pyriform, pendulous. ((TAB. XXIX.)

Br. nutans. Schreb. Fl. Lips. p. 81. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 117. Engl
Bot. t. 1240. Moug. et Ncstl. n. 220. and n. 134 (under the name of
Br. csespiticium.) Webera nutans. Hedw. St. Cr. v, 1. t. 4. Br.
compactum. Engl. Bot. t. 1527?— Dill Mmc. t. 50. f. 61,

HAB. Walls and heaths, principally in mountainous re->
gions.

This species is remarkable, when the capsules are ma-»
ture, for the bright colour of its fruitstalks, and for the
narrow and glossy leaves, which in the barren shoots are
almost linear, and are always at the extremity of the stems,
the least broad. The capsules are subject to vary somewhat
in form ; but it is to be observed that they are more pyri*
form as they advance in age, and when in a dried state.

7. Br. elongatum ; stems short; leaves erect, elongate- lance*
olate, acuminated, serrated, nerve reaching to the point \
capsule elongato-clavate, inclined. (TAB. XXX.)

Bryum elongatum. Dicks. Plant. Cr.fasc. 2. p. 8. Turn. Muse. Hib,
p. 114. Engl. Bot. t. 1603. Pohlia elongata. Hedio. St. Cr. v. 1. #.36,
Pohlia minor. Schwaegr. SuppL t. 64. Bryum longicollum. (JVVebera,
Hedw.) Swartz Muse. Suec. t. 6./. 13. Bryum cylindricum, Dicty,
Plant. Crypt.fasc.4. t, ll./, 4,

124 BRYUM.

HAB. Mountains, especially in clefts of the rocks and iff
caves.

We can perceive no difference between Mr. Dickson's
Bryum cylivdricum and his elongatum ; and the Bryum
longicollum of Swartz, judging from the specimens we have
received of it, is only a large variety ; as Pohlia minor is a
smaller state of the plant. Of this latter we have authentic
specimens, in which the leaves are often as narrow as in the
common appearance.

Br. elongatum is nearly allied to Br. crudum ; but that ,
species has much longer and more leafy stems, with an i
evlrnescent nerve and a shorter capsule. In both the leaves j
possess the same rigid and glossy texture ; and in this re-
spect are allied to Br. nutans. The peristome is that of a
Pohlia.

18. Br. dlplnum \ stems rigid, elongated, branched; leaves
closely imbricated, erect, lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, sub-
serrulate at the apex, margins revolute, nerve reaching to
the points ; capsules oblongo-ovate, pendulous. (TAB.
XXVIII.)

Br. alpinum. Linn. Mant. v. 2. p. 309. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 125.
Engl Bot. t. 1623. Moug. et Nestl. n. 221. Schwaegr. Suppl t. 73. —
Dill. Muse. t. 50. /. 64.

HAB. On rocks in subalpine countries, common.

This species is best known by its deep shining purple co-
lour, its rigid stems and leaves, which latter are straight as
well when dry as when moist. It is nevertheless difficult
to form a specific character that will separate it from some
of the varieties of Bryum ventricos?jm. We do not observe
the leaves to be f< octofariam imlricata" as Schwaegri-
chen describes them.

ID. Br. ventricosum ; stems elongated, branched with innova-
tions ; leaves oblong, acuminated, scarcely serrulate, mar-
gins recurved, nerve reaching beyond the point ; capsule
oblongo-obovate, pendulous. (TAB. XXX.)

Br. ventricosum. Dicks. PL Crypt, fasc. 1. p. 4. Turn. Muse. Hib.
p. 126. Engl Bot. t. 2270. Bryum binum. Schreb. FL Lip?, p. S3.
Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 127. Engl Bot. t. 1518. Moug. et Nestl n. 223.
Br. cubitale. Dicks. PI Crypt, fasc. 2. t. 5. Engl. Bot. t. 2554. Mnium
pseudo-triquetrum. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 3. t. 7. — Dill Muse, t.bl.f. 72,
73.

HAB. Marshy ground and in wet places in the crevices
of rocks.
* We have carefully examined authentic specimens of all

BRYUM. 125

the synonyms above quoted, and have no hesitation in re-
ducing them to one species. The stems are from two to
four inches or more in length, including the innovations,
which are very abundant, often of a deep brown or reddish
colour, in which the foliage partakes more or less. The
leaves are more or less crowded, generally erecto-patent,
the nerve reddish, the margins revolute, the base decurrent,
almost as much so as in Mnium Dtwaliiof Schwaegrichen
(Suppi. 1. 79.), which perhaps may be only a variety of our
plant.

It must be allowed that the differences between this plant
and Bryum ccespiticium are almost insufficient, attl that it
is more distinguishable by its larger size, proliferon? habit,
and brown or purple hue, than from any more essential
characters ; all of which may be fairly attributable to the
place of growth, while the other affects dry banks and walls:
and we should willingly have reduced these species to varie-
ties if the example of all preceding muscologists had not
forbidden it ; not one of them having expressed the least
doubt as to the identity.

We wish also that we could discover characters that
would better indicate a specific difference between this
plant and the preceding, Br. alpinum ; which, always grow-
ing upon exposed rocks, has a dense habit, and is never
proliferous. The place of growth may account also for its
more erect rigid leaves; but these are certainly narrower
than in our present plant, and the capsule is usually shorter,

f f Leaves with their margins evidently thickened.
§ Leaves without denticulalions.

Br.punctatum; stems elongated; leaves obovato-rotundate,
very obtuse, reticulated, their margins thickened, entire,
nerve disappearing below the point ; capsule ovate, pendu-
lous ; lid shortly rostrate. (TAB. XXX.)

Br. punctatum. Schrcb. Fl. Lips. p. 85. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 132.
EnglBot. t. 1183. Moug. et Nestl n. 136. Mnium punctatum. Hedw.
—Mnium serpyllifolium «. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1577- — Dill. Muse. t. 53.
f, 81.

HAB. Marshy places, particularly among the roots of al-
ders, or other marsh trees.

The leaves of this moss are among the largest in the
order Musci, and approach very nearly to those of Cincli-
dium stygium. The present and all the following species
of Bryum a'gree in having the kiner peristome of a firm and
rigid texture, while the outer teeth are pale-coloured.

fcftYUM.

§ § Leaves denticulated.

21. Br. ligulatum; stems elongated; leaves undulate, ligulate,
reticulated, their margins thickened, denticulate, nerve
reaching a little beyond the point ; capsule ovate, pendu-
lous; lid conical. *(TAB- XXX.)

Br. liojulatum. Schreb. FL Lips. p. 84. Engl. fiot.t.\449. Hook, in
Fl. Land. ed. 2. (with a figure.) Moug. et Nestl. n. 420. Br. undula-
tum. Turn. Muse. Plib. p. 133. Mnium nndulatum. Hedtv. — Mnium
serpyllifolium 1. Linn. Sp. PL p. \bl§.—D'dl Muse. t. 52. f. 76.

HAB. Moist banks and in woods, common.

Stems creeping and branched beneath the surface of the
gjjund ; branches erect, three or four inches in length,
iSfy ; the leaves very large towards the extremities of the
plant. The sterile plants are procumbent. It often hap-
pens that many fruitstalks arise from the same point.

22. Br. rostratum ; stems elongated ; leaves broadly ovate, re-
ticulated, their margins thickened, obtuse, denticulated, the
nerve reaching a little beyond the point; capsule ovate,
pendulous; lid rostrate. (TAB. XXX.)

Br. rostratum. Schrad. Spicil. p. 72. Engl. Bot. t. 1475. Moug. et
Nestl. n. 419. Mnium rostratum. Schtvaegr. Suppl. t. 79- — DM. Mnw*
f.53./. 80.

HAB. Subalpine countries, Yorkshire. Rev. J. Dalton.

This species approaches most nearly to Br. punctatum;
but the whole plant is smaller, rarely exceeding an inch in
height; the leaves are narrower and denticulate, of a softer
texture, and the nerve runs beyond the extremity of the
leaf, so as to form a short cuspidate point ; the lid too has
longer beak. Calyptra very pale coloured. Fruitstalks from
one to five.

23. Er. marfrinatum; stems elongated; leav;es ovate, acute,
reticulated, their margins thickened, serrated, nerve reach-
ing a little beyond the point ; capsule ovate, pendulous;
shortly rostrate. (TAB. XXXI.)

Br. marg-inatum. Dicks. PI. Crypt- fasc. 2. t. 5.f. 1. Turn. Muse.
Hib. p. 12:>". Engl. Bot. t. 1493. Br. serratum. Schrad. — Mnium ser-
ratum. Schwavgr. Suppl. t. 78.

HAB. Woods and shaded banks in the north of England
and in Ireland.

Whole plant when growing of a very yellowish hue,
Stems simple, about an inch high. Leaves of a lurid green,
especially when dry; when seen under a microscope the
margin and nerve are of a deep blood colour, and the vei
is of a red or orange colour, which renders the moss very
discernible at first sight.

BRYUM. 127

We are indebted for many important remarks relative to
the serpyllifolia-lrile of the Brya to our kind friend the
Rev. Mr. Dalton, as well as for excellent specimens of all
the species.

Br. hornum ; stems elongated ; leaves lanceolate, acute,
reticulated, their margins thickened, denticulate, nerve ge-
rally disappearing helow the summit; capsule oblongo-
ovate, pendulous ; lid hemispherical, mucronulate. (TAB.
XXXI.)

Bryum hornum. Schreb. Fl. Lips. p. 83. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 128.
Engl. Bot. t. 2271. Moug. et NestL n. 34. Mnium hornum. Linn. Sp.
PL p. 1576. Hedw.—Dill. Muse. f.51./. /I.

HAB. Marshy places and in wet woods.

Stems simple, erect, densely tufted, from two to three
inches in length. Leaves with their margins and nerve red-
dish, the upper ones in the fertile plant very narrow, almost
linear. Lid hemispherical, with a short point, in which it
differs from the following species. Whole plant of a yellow
lurid green colour.

25. Br. cuspidatum ; stems elongated ; leaves ohovate, acute,
reticulated, their margins thickened, denticulated above,
nerve running beyond the point; capsule ovate, pendulous;
lid conico-hemispheric, obtuse. (TAB, XXXI.)

Br. cuspidatum. Schreb. FL Lips. p. 84. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 131.
Engl. Bot. t. 1474. Mnium cuspidatum. Hedw.Sp. Muse. t. 45. f. 5-8.
Mnium serpyllifolium /3. Linn. Sp. PL p. 1577- — Dill. Muse. t. 53.
/. 79. A-L.

HAB. In woods and on walls in shady situations.
Besides the difference alluded to, under the last described
species, between this and Br. hornum, we may remark that
the plant is smaller, lax in its mode of growth, with creep-
ing sterile shoots (which, as Mr. Dalton observes, take root
at the extremity) ; with broader, almost always obovate,
and fewer leaves, the perichagtial ones alone ovate or nar-
row-ovate; their texture is softer, so that they become
crisped when dry: whereas those of Br. hornum are nearly
as erect in that state as when growing. The foliage is alto-
gether of a pale but bright green.

Mr. Dalton, whose late residence at Copgrove afforded
him excellent opportunities of examining the mosses of this
family, informs us that he never met with a specimen of the
present species with more than one fruitstalk, and he is of
opinion that Dillenius, /. 53. f. 79. M. is a different spe-
cies. Schwaegrichen confirms this supposition, and has

128 BRYUM.

quoted it under his Mnmm qffine, of which he says, cc Mm
cuspidato valde similis, sed caulis 2-4-uncialis, valde tomen
tosus ; folia latiora et minus acuminata, ssepe obtusa curr
mucrone, serrato-ciliata, ciliis patentibus; setae 2-3-uncialis
plerumque quinque ; quatuor, tres, raro una :" and to thi
refers the Mnium cuspidatum of the Species Muscorum
excluding the Dillenian synonyms A — L. Whether a goo
species or not, we know of no instance of its being found i
Britain. Dillenius received his specimen from Vaillant.

129

INDEX.

''he Names printed in Italics are Sijnonyms, those In Capitals are the Genera.

Page.

ANDREA 1

ANDR. aipina 1

— nivalis 2

— Rothii . - . • 2

— rupestris ....... 2

— rupestris 2

ANICTANGIUM .... 14

ANIC. ciliatum 14

— co>npactum 10

'— imberbe ...... 14

— lapponicum ..... 10

— trichodes 4»

ANOMODON ..... 79

ANOM. curtipendulum . . 79

— viticulosum 79

BARBULA agraria ... 32

BARB. convoMa .... 34

—fallax . 33

.— revohcta 33

— rigida • . . 30

— ruralis ....... 31

-— subulata 31

— tortuosa . . . '. ', \ • 32

— ungulculata 33

BARTRAM1A
BARTR. arcuata

— crispa . . .
->— crispa, Br.

— fontana

— gracilis . .
p— grandiflora

— Halleriana 87

— ithyphylla ..... 86

— longiseta ...... 86

«— ' marchica . , . : 1J ' •". " ' , .8 7
'*- (Etleri . $<5

85

88
85
85
87
86
86

Page.

BARTRAMIA (Ederiana . 86

— pomiformis '.*.*', , . 86

— pomiformis 86

— vulgariSy S\v 85

BRYUM .... v-V' . 115

BRY. upturn ..... 48

— cestivtiw . . . . . . 11

— alpinum . . . .' . . 124

— androgynvim 113

— apocarpum . . . . . 14

— argenteum . . . • . . 120

— argenteum 118

— aristatum 33

— aureum 118

— bieolor . . . . .' / . 120

— bimum ....... 124

— bipartitum 65

— boreale . . . -1 ^ . 122

— Brownianum . . 'i' ^i'PV 17

— csespiticium . . ^^w'% 121

— ccespiticmm 123

— calcareum . . . '".t4' v ••*'. 47

— cattistomum 58

— capillare . . . / v; ' . 121

— carneum 119

— Celsii *. 65

— ciliare . . . ; • .' 'V'V 35

— ciliatum 14

— cirratum 0 ^ 62

— compactum . . ; . 1 123

— conoideum 71

— convolutum ..... 34

— crudum . . . . *i? . 119

— cubitale . . . >^, :; ttt

— cuneifoliitm 32

— curvatum . . '•; . . 47

K

130

INDEX.

Page.

BRYUM curvirostrum ... 46

' — cuspidatum ..... 127

— cyllndricum 123

— Daviesii 39

— dealbatum 117

— dellcatulum . . ... 119

— elongatum ..... 123

— erythrocarpum .... 121

— extinctorium . . % . . 35
- — extinctorium ft. . . . . 35
—fasciculatum . . . . \ 48
— -filiforme . ^Yv--; . . 118

— flavescens 55

— flexi folium 66

—fontamim 81

— Forsteri 10

—fragile w. *,„'. - .... 53

~~fulvellum 48

— glaucum ...... 52

— Grijftthianum .... 1 1

— heterostichum 61

— hornum 127

— hypnoides 60

— hypnoides /3 62

— immersum 53

— inclinans 54

— inclinatum 65

— incurvum 24

— julaceum 118

— lanceolatum 45

— lapponicum 10

— laterale 87

— ligulatum 126

— longicollum 123

— longifolium 54

— longisetum 122

— lutescens 62

— macginatum 126

— tninutum 44

— nigricans 122

-*- nigritum 43

— nudum 43

— nutans . . . . . . . 123

— ovale 39

— pattens . 122

— pattescens . . . 'v,. $. • 122

— paludosum 47

— palustre 1 15

—~palustre 55

— patens 60

— paucifolium . . * . . 13
— pettucidum 55

Page.

BRYUM ptllferum .... 52

— polyphyllum 62

— pomiforme 85

— pukhellum 119

— punctatum 125

— pyrifortne 118

— reticulatum 22

— roseum 120

— rostratum 126

— rufescens 58

— rJrale 3\

— Schleicheri . . . . . 122

— scoparium 58

— serratum ...... 126

— splachnoides ..... 48

— spurium 56

— stellare 121

— stellatum 32

— stelligerum 1 1

— striatum /3. ..... 72

— atriatum 3 73

— strictum 65

— subulatum 31

— tenue . 65

— tetragonum 22

— tortuosum ..... 32

— trichodes . . . . . . 116

— triquetrum . . . . . 117

— truncatulum ..... 12

— turbinatum 122

— undulatum, L 24

— undulatum, T 126

— vaginale 56

— ventricosum 124

— verticillatum ..... 48

— virens 47

— viridissimum . . . . . 10

— viridulum, Huds. ... 47

— viridulum, L. ..... 49

— irahlenbergii .... 121

— Weissia 68

— Zierii 120

BUXBAUMIA 84

BUXB. aphylla

— foliosa „ 11

— sessilis 16

CATHARINEA ....

CATH. Callibryon . . . , 24

— hercynica 24

— undulata 24

CINCLIDOTUS .... 29

CJNC, foatjnatoides ... 29

IN D E X.

Page.
102
22
22
68
65
67

CUMACIUM dendroides '.
COXOSTOMUM ....

CON. boreale

CYNONTODIUM capillaceum
CYN. inclinatum ....

•~- trifarium

DALTONIA 80

DALT. heteromalla ... 81

— splachnoides 80

DICRANUM 48

DICR. aciculare 62

— aciculare y 61

— adiantoides 51

— Bruntoni 57

— bryoides 49

— callistomum 58

— Celsii 65

— cerviculatum ..... 53

— — congestum 58

<— crispum 56

*•— curvatum 59

— cylindricum .... 13

— ellipticum 62

— falcatum 54

—flagellare, Funk. ... 53

— flagellare, Sm 56

— flavescens 55

— flavidum 53

*— flexuosum 53

—fulvellum ...... 48

— fuscescens 58

— glaucum 51

— gracilescens ..... 55

— heteromallum .... 59

— intermedium 65

— interruptum 59

— latifolium 52

— - longifolium 53

— majus 58

— montanum 56

— orthocarpum 59

— osmundioides 49

— ovale 39

— ovatum 39

— patens 60

— pellucidum 55

— polycarpum ..... 57

— polyphyllum ..... 62

— polysetum 57

— pulvinatum 38

— purpnreum ..... 65

— pujittum . . .•••*3*fxW- 53

DICRANUM rigidulum

— rufescens

— saxlcola .....

— sciuroides

— scoparium ... .>i

— Scottianum «

— spurium

— squarrosum

— Starkii .....

— striatum

— strictum

— strumiferum ...

— subulatum

— tamarindtfolium ..

— taxifolium

— uncinatum

— undulatum

— varium

— virens

— viridissimum ...

— viridulum
DIDYMODON

DID. capillaceum ..

— flexifolium

— heteromallum ..

— hotnomallum

— inclinatum

nervosum

— purpureum

— rigidulum

— trifarium
D1PHYSCIUM

DIPH. fqliosumn ...
DIPLOCOMIUM longisetum
ENCALYPTA

— alpina ....

— ciliata .....

— Daviesii ....

— lanceolata ....

— rhaptocarpa . . .

— streptocarpa . . .

— vulgaris ....
FISSIDENS adiantoides
FISS. bryoides . . .

— exilis

— incurvus ....

— longifolius . . .

— osmundioides ...

— palmatus . . •'•_'&*$

— patens .....

— polycqrpus

K2

131

Page.
58
58
38
63
57
56
56
55
55
56
65
54
59
49
51
53
57
53
54
10
49
64
67
66
63
68
65
66
65
67
67
15
16
117
34
35
35
35
39
45
36
34
35
57
49
49
49
49
49
49
60
57

132

INDEX.

Page.

FISSIDENS pulvinatm . . 38

— sc'mroides 63

— strumifer ...... 34

— taxifolius . . . • . '•>*" "V 51

— taxlfollus fi. .... 57

FONTINALIS 81

FONT, antipyretioa ... 82

— capillacea ...... 82

*—pennata 78

— secunda 81

— squamosa ...... 82

FUNARIA . -'. -. <.uj-**«'l 69

FUN. talcarea ,. . *''*^; 70

— hibernica .*•' i-fiV . . 70

— hygrometrica .... 69

— Muhlenbergii .... 69

— Muhlenbergii .... 70

— minor . 29

— Templetoni 42

GRIMMIA ...... 36

GRIM, aciphylla ..... 45

*— acuta 48

— alpicola 37

— afy>M?o2a/3&y. .... 37

— alpicola 5 37

— apocavpa 36

— apocaula . . utm}>'- . 37
— - atro-virens ..... 65

— Browniana 17

— calcaraa . . i*:^.r '; • 4f

— catenulata ...... 97

— cirrata ..'... 46

— conostoma . .$• . . . 22

— controversa '\ **-^ •;•'"• . ' . 47

— crispata ...... 46

— Daviesii ...... 39

— Dicksoni ....... 46

— Donniana ...... 40

—filiformis ... . . 41

— Forsteri K)

— geniculata 38

— gracilis 37

— heteromalkt . . . . 68

— inclinata ...... 65

— lanceolata . . . ^^:f , 45
•*- maritima ... . . 37

— nigrita ...'.. 43

— nuda ...... 43

— obtusa ...... 3S

— ornitkopodhides .... 41

— ovata 39

*•— pulvinata . .... 38

GRIMMIA pusilla . . .

— recurvata

— recurvirostra ....

— rivularis

— saxicola

— splachnoides, E. B. . . .

— splachnoides, Fl. Br. . .

— Starkeana

— striata .

— stricta

— sudetica

— trichodes . ... . .

— verticillata

GYMNOCEPHALUS andro-

gynus . . . . .
GYMNOC. conoldes .
GYMNOSTOMUM .
GYMNOST. ceruglnosum

— astivum

— ciliatum ....

— conicum ....

— curvirostrum

— Donnianum ...

— Faseiculare

— Griffithianum ..

— Hedwigia

— Heimii .....

— imberbe

*— intermedium

— lapponicum

— luteolum, E. B. . .

— luteolum, FL Bv. .

— mierostomum ..

— obtusura

— ovatum .

— paucifolium ...

— pennatum

— pyriforme

— rupestre ....

— rutilans

— stelligerum

— tenue .....

— tortile?

— trichodes ....

— tristichon ....

— truncatulum ...

— truncatum ....

— viridissimum ..
HEDWIGIA ciliata .
KEDW.4ntegrifoUa .
HOOKERIA
HOOK, lucent

47 •;

47 1

46 i
37 :
.38
42 ;

19 )
44
45
37 :
40 -.
45 I
48

115

9
11

14
12

13
12!
It
14
it
14
12

10

11

13

12

H

13

15

13

11

13j

11

13
45

12

10
14
14

88
89

INDEX.

133

Page.

HOOKERIA Iste-virens . . 89

HYPNUM , 91

HYPN. qbbreviatum ... 98

— abietinum 104

— adiantoides 51

-*<- ad not urn ...... 110

— aduncum Ill

— albicans 101

— - alopecurum 101

— alpestre s 95

— atpinum ...... 98

— argentcum . . . . . 1 18

— asplenioides 49

— atlflnticum .. . • . . . 106

— atro-virens ..... 109

— atro-virens ...... 103

— attenuatum 110

— Blandovii 104

— bn>virostre 105

— brevirostrum . . . . . 108
i-— ~bryoides . .. . . . . 49

— catenulatum ^ . . . . 96

— chrysoconmm . . ' . . . 88

— chrysophyllum . . . . 107

— commutatum . . - . 1 12
'— • complanatum .... 91
' — compression, L< 113

— compressiim, Schr.. ... 96

— confettum ....... 98

— confertum 108

— contextum ...... 94

— cordi folium 107

— crenulatum 105

— crispwn . ... . . 78

— crista-castrensls .... 114
— T- crista-castrensis . . . 114

— cupressiforme .... 113
;— curtipendulmn .... 79

— curvatum 102

— cuspidatum 107

— cuspidztwn 107

•'•— cylindfficum. ..... 41

>-_ dellcat ulum ..... 103

;— . dejidroides 101

— denticulatum 92

— Donnianum 92

— diibium . . . . '. . 109
.—fallax 109

— filamentosum 100

! — filicinum ....... 109

— flagellare ...... 104

—JlagQUare 98

Page.

HYPNUM flwlatik ». , * 1,0

— gracile „ .. .. .. u •.*. --.. 41

— illscebrum ..... 98

— implexwn . . .. t-r, '«• 94

— intricatmn . , . . . 105

— inundatum . . .<.',. 93
— julaceum ...... 96

— longhrostrum ., .... 106

— loreum 108

— lucent „ 89

— luridum HO

— lutescens 100

— lycopodiaides . . . . • 1 1 1

— medium ....... 93

— molle ....... 95

— molluscum H4

— moniliforme ....... 96

— muvale 97

— muticiim 96

— myosurojdes 102

•*- myomroides 102

— nigro-viride . . , . - 1 13

— nitens 100

— vutidulum 99

— obtusatum * 92

— palustre ...... HO

— parietinum, Sw. . . . • 103

— parietinum,W 103

— pennatum 78

— pUiferum 105

— plumosum 98

— pofya&thos 1 13

— polymorphum . . . . 107

— populeum ..... 94

— preekmgum 1^3

— proliferum 103

— proliicurn 106

— proteimum . . . . -. . 108

— psetido-plumositm ... 98

— pulchellum ..... 99

— purum . 98

— purum

— recognitum 103

— reflex urn 95

— revolvem . . . ... • HI

— riparioides 106

— riparium . . . •^aaa^w*^

— rufescens . . . ^--'AvJ.% 99

— rugulosum H2

112

— rugosum, Hedw.

— ruscifolium j-t

134

INDEX.

Page.

HYPNUM rutabulum ... 105

— Schreberi ...... 96

— scorpioides 112

— sericeuin 100

— serpens 94

— serrulatum . . . . . 106

— silesianum 113

— Smithii 40

— spinulosum 94

— splendens 103

— squurrosulum . . . . 108

— squarrosum 108

— stellatum 108

— Stokesii 103

— stramineum 97

~- striatum 106

— subtile . 94

— Swurtzii 103

*— tamariscinum 103

<— taxifoliwn 57

• — Teesdalii ....... 105

^-tenellum 93

•— tenue 94

— trichomanoides .... 91
•— triquetmm ..... 108

•— umbratum 104

*— uncinatum Ill

"•— urululatum 92

— velutiauai 105

>— • viticulosum ..... 80

JUNGERMANNIA alpina . 1

JUNG, rupestris 1

KOELREUTERIA hygrome-

trica 69

LEERSIA ciliata .... 35

LEERS, lanceolate .... 45

— vulgar is 35

LEUCODON ..... 63

IEUC. Moventit . . , . 63

— sciuroides . . , . . 63
LESKEA attenuate . . . 110
LESK. co-mplanata . . , . 91

— dendroides . . t . . 102

•— incurvata 110

i-—julacea 96

< — lucens .... i, v^t 89

^-polycarpa 93

*—pukhella 99

**-> rufeseens , 99

~Seligeri ...... 113

r— serlcea . . . . . . . 100

««•<• trichomanoides 91

MEESIA dealbata . .
MEES. longiseta • * .

— uliginosa ....
MNIUM androgynum .
MN. arcuatum . . .

— cirratum ....

— conoideum . . .

— crudum ....

— cuspidatum . . .
— fontanum . . . .

— hornum ....

— kygrometricum

— lacustre ....

— marchicum . . .

— osmundaceum . . .

— palustre . . . .

— pellucidum . . .

— polytrichoides /J.

— pseudo-triquetrum

— punctatum . . .

— purpureum . . .

— pyriforme ^. . .

— roseum ....

— rostratum ....

— serpyllifolium «. ,
• — serpyllifolium 0.

< — serpyllifolium $. . .

— serratum . . . .

— triquetrum . . .

— turbinatum . . ,

— undulatum . . .
NECKERA . . , .
NECK, crispa . . .

— curtipendula . . .

— dendroides . . .
•— heteromalla . . .

— pumila

— splachnoides . . .

— ulopkylla . . . ,

— viticulosa ....
ORTHOTRICHUM .
ORTH. affine . . .

— anomalum

— » anomalum . . ,

— aristatum ....
« — Brownianum . . .
«— crispum ....
^— cupulatum ....
i-T diaphanum . :. v i

— Hutchinsiae . . .•'

— Lyellii

— nuduua ,

117
117
116
115

88
46

71
1 \9\

127

8-7

1^7

69

121

87

15

116

16

28

124

125

65

118

120

126

125

127

126

126

117

122

126

77

78

79

102

81

77

80

73

80

72

74

72

73

74

17

73

72

74

73

76

73

I N D E X.

135

ORTHOTRICHUM pulchel

lum

•— pumilum

— - rivulare

— rupestre ,

*— striatum . . . . . ,

PHASCUM

PH. acaulon 0

«— alternifolium

— axillare

— bryoides

— crispum

— curvicollum

— curvisetum

— cuspidatum

— maximum

— montanum

— multicapsulare . . . .

— muticum

— nltidum

— patens .......

— piliferum . .. , . . .

— rectum

— recurvifolium

— Schreberianum . . . .

— serratum

— stoloniferum . . . . .

— strictum

— subulatum

POHLIA elongata . . . .
POHL. inclinata

— minor

POLYTRICHUM . . . .
POLYTR. aloides . . . .

•s— alpestre

— - alpinum ......

— arcticum ......

— attenuatum

— aurantiacum

— - commune

— crassisetwn

— Dicksoni

— formosum ......

r— gracile

— hercynicum

-—juniperifolium . . . .

— juniperinum . , . . .

— longisetum

— nanum . . , , ', .

— norvegicum

• — piliferum ......

Page.

75
74
75

74

75

5

7
6

8
6
9
8
8
16
16
6
7
7
7
8
9
7
8
5
5

6

123
122
123
23
28
25
27
27
26
26
26
25
28
26
26
24
25
25
26
28
25
24
28

POLYTRICHUM ntbellum

— septentrionale . . .

— sexangulare ....

— strictum

— subrotundum ....

— sylvaticum ....

— undulatum . .

— urnigerum

— yucca-folium

PTERIGYNANDRUM gracile
PTEROGONIUM ....
PTER. caspitosum . .,»'.»'• ^'jj

— catenulatum . . . . .

— filiforme

— rotundifolium

— sciuroides . . . • • •

— Smithii ..... . . .

SCHISTOSTEGA . ,•.£*«,*
SCHIST, osmundacea . . .

SPHAGNUM

SPHAG. ac\itifolium . ^l.»*«

— alpinum

— arboreum . . . • ? «

— capillifoUum

— compactum .....

— cuspidatum .....

— cymbifolium . , . • •

— latifolium ......

— latifolium y. , . . . .

— oblongum ......

— obtusifolium ,.- • . •

— palustre *. .....

— squarrosum , V\ .* , . «
SPLACHNUM . . .. «
SPLACH. ampullaceum . .

— angustatum .....

— Breiveriqnum . . . «

— fastigiatum

— Froelichianum , . . .

— gracile • •

— Griffithianum . . . •.*. '^ ;•.»„

— lingulatum , *v<.«.. .. . .''...

— longicollym .....
-~ mrjioides ,.,..,

— ovatum , , .

— reticulatum , . . . .

— rugosum, D, , , . . .

— rugosum, E, B, , .>;«;>

— f erratum , . . ..*.«.

— sphsericum

— tenue ....,,,

— Turnerianum . , . ,

Page.
28
25
25
25
28
27
23
27
26
41
40
41
97
41
96
63
40
15
15
3
4
53
81
4
3
4
3
3
3
4
3
3
4
18
20
20
20
20
21
18
11
42
19
20
18
22
19
21
19
18
19

135

I N D E

Page.

SPLACHNUM urccolatutfi . 20
— urceolatiiih /3 20

— vascnlosum
8YNTRICHIA rural*
SYNTR. subulata .
SWARTZIA caplUacea
SWARTZ. inclinata

— trifaria . . .
TETRAPHIS .-:„««,
TETR. ovata . .

— pellucida ,

21
31
31
68
65
67
16
17
16

TORTULA ....... 30

..... 30

.... 33

33

.. j>-K-v<t 33
34

. ''V~ •'.''"*.- 3i
. •<. ,Vr 32
. ' ',. •;".'•*» 33
»'"Uf:>*;-»'.'» 33
33

.... 30
.... 33
33

..v-;^i<J% 30
31
32
31
.. y*-».-.r>;; 32

TORT,

— apiculata .

— aristata .

— barbata .
• — convoluta

— cuneifolia .

— fallax- ..

— - hutnille . .

— imbcrbis .

— mueronulata
-*- muralis .

— nervosa .

— revoluta

— rigida . .
«— ruralis

— stellata

— subulata

— tortuosa .

— unguiculata . . -^- v:V;-: •. 33
«— unguiculata ..... 33
TRICHOSTOMUM ... 60
TRICH. aciculare , -T^i^i 62

— canescens . .^H'^V •*» » 61

— capillaceum ..... 68

— cirratum . . » . . . 62

— ellipticum ... . . 62

— eriooides ...... 61

— fasciculare ..... 62

— flexifolium ..... 65
—fontinnloides ..... 29

— funale ....... 60

— heterostichum . . 61

TRICHOSTOMUM lanugi-

— microcarpon . . . . . .

— obtusum

— ovatuua

— papillosum

— patens

— piliferum . .. '. . . .

— polyphyllum ....

— rigidulum . 67

— sciuroides 63

• — trifariuiu 07

WEBE11A intermedia ... 122

WEB. nutaw 123

— pyriformls 118

WEISSIA ...... 42

— acuta 48

— affinis ... ..... . . 44

— calcarea ....... 47

— cii'rata 46

— controversa ' 47

• — crispata 46

— curvirostra 40

— denticulata 45

— fngax ....... 45

— incarnata 43

— lanceolate 44

— nigrita 43

— nuda 43

— pusilla 47

— recurvata ...... 47

— recurvirostra 46

— rosea . 43

— rupcstrvs- . 40

— Schisti ....... 45

— splachnoides .... 42

— Starkeana 44

— striata . 45

— Templetoni 42

— trichodes 45

— verticillata 48

ZYGODON 70

ZYG. conoideuni .... 71

Tttb.l

Uf/MJy, .

137

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

TAB. I. GENERA.

.to CINCLIDOTUS.)

ANDRJEA. Capsules unopened and expanded, and Calyptra of

A. alpma*.
SPHAGNUM. Capsules with the elongated Receptacle and por-

tion of the Calyptra and Operculum of S latifolium.
PHASCUM. Capsule and Calyptra of Pfi. cutpidatum.
SCHISTOSTEGA. Capsule and mouth of S. pemiata, showing

the laciniated Operculum.
ANICTANGIUM. Capsule, Operculum, and Calyptra of An* ci~

liatnm.
GYMNOSTOMUM. Capsule, Operculum, and Calyptra of G. trun-

calulum.
DIPHYSCIUM. Capsule, Operculum, and Calyptra of D.fo-

liosum.
TBTRAPHIS. Capsule, Operculum, and Calyptra of T. pellu-

cida.
SPLACHNUM. Capsule, Operculum, and Calyptra of S. sph.ce-

rlcum.
CONOSTOMUM. Capsule, Operculum, Calyptra, and Peristome

of (Z boreale.
POLYTRICHUM. f . 1 . Capsule and Calyptra of P. commune.

f. 2. Capsule and Calyptra of P.undulatum. f. 3. Mouth

of the Capsule of P. undulatum.
CINCLIDOTUS. Capsule, Operculum, Calyptra, and teeth of

the Peristome of C.font'maloides.

AU the figures in the tables of Genera are more or less magnified.

138 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

TAB. II. GENERA.
(TORTULA to ORTHOTRICHUM.)

TORTULA. f. 1. Capsule and Calyptra of T. sululata. f. 2.
Capsule of T. cunei folia, f. 3. Capsule of T.fallax. f. 4.
Capsule and Operculum of T. rigida.

ENCALYPTA. f. 1. Capsule and teeth of the Peristome of E. ci-|
liata. f. 2. Calyptra of E. ciliala. f. 3. Capsule, Oper-
culum, and teeth of the Peristome of E. streptocarpa.

GRIMMIA. f. 1. Capsule, teeth of the Peristome, Operculum,
and Calyptra of Gr. apocarpa. f. 2. Teeth of the Peri-
stome of Gr. Donniana. f. 3. Teeth of the Peristome of
Gr. ovaia.

FTEROGONIUM. f. 1. Capsule, Calyptra, and teeth of the Pe-
ristome of Pi. Smithii. f. 2. Teeth of the Peristome of
Pt. gracile.

WEISSIA. f. 1. Capsule, Calyptra, and teeth of the Peristome
of W* striata. f. 2. Capsule and portion of the Mouth of
W. striata, with the teeth of the Peristome of W* tr\-\
chodes.

DICRANUM. f. 1. Capsule and Calyptra of D. cerviculatumA
f. 2. Teeth of the Peristome of D. cerviculatum. f. 3J
Teeth of the Peristome of D. scoparium. f. 4. Teeth of
the Peristome of D. spurium.

TRICKOSTOMUM. f. 1. Capsule, Operculum, Calyptra, and
teeth of the Peristome of Tr. heterostichum. f. 2. Teeth
of the Peristome of Tr. canescens.

LEUCODON. Capsule, Operculum, Calyptra, and teeth of the
Peristome of L. sciuroides.

DIDYMODON. f. 1. Capsule, Operculum, Calyptra, and teeth
of the Peristome of D. trifarium. f. 2. Teeth of the Pe-
ristome of D. indinatum.

FUNARIA. Capsule, Operculum, Calyptra, and teeth of the Pe-
ristome of F. hygrometrica.

ORTHOTRICHUM. f. 1. Mouth of the Capsule and teeth of the j
Peristome of 0. striatum. f. 2. Mouth of the Capsule and I
teeth of the Peristome of O. affine. f. 3. Capsule, mouth
of the Capsule, Calyptra, and Operculum of 0. ano~ |
malum.

Tal.H.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

TAB. III. GENERA.
(ZYGODON to BRYUM.)

IYGODON. f. 1, 2, 3, 4. Capsule, Calyptra, mouth of a Cap-
sule with the teeth closed, and mouth of a Capsule with the
teeth expanded, of Z. concideum.
'ECKERA. f. 1, 2, 3, 4. Capsule, Operculum, Calyptra, and
teeth of the Peristorne of N. crispa. f. 5. Portion of the
inner Peristome of N. crisfia.
)ALTONJA. f. 1, 2, 3, 4. Capsule, Operculum, Calyptra, and
teeth of the Peristome of D. heleromalla. f. 5, 6. Cap-
sule and Calyptra of D. splacknoides.
NOMODON. f. 1. Capsule of An. viliculosum. f. 2,3,4,5,.
Capsule, Operculum, Calyptra, and teeth of the Peristome
of An. curtipendulum.
ONTINALIS. f. 1, 2, 3. Capsule, covered by its Perichaetium,
Operculum, and Calyptra of F. antipyretlca. f. 4. Mouth
of the Capsule of F. antipyretica deprived of its external
teeth, to exhibit the inner Peristome. f. 5. Tooth of the
outer Peristome.

BUXBAUMIA. B. aphylla. f. 1,2. Entire plant and Cakptnu
f. 3. Upper half of a Capsule, f. 4. Portion of the Peri-
stome.

BARTRAMIA. f. 1,2. Capsule and Calyptra of B. pomiformh.
f. 3. Portion of the inner Peristome. f. 4. Portion of the
outer Peristome.

HOOKERJA. f. 1, 2. Capsule and Calyptra of H. lucens. f. 3,
External tooth of the Peristome. f. 4. Portion of the Pe-
ristoine, with the outer teeth laid open.

HYPNITM. f. 1. Capsule of H. rutabulum. f. 2, 3. Capsule
and Operculum of H. dendroides. f. 4. Calyptra of H. ru-
tabulum. f. 5. Portion of the Peristome of H. dendroi-
des. f. 6. Inner Peristome of H. rulalulum. f. 7. Inner
Peristome of H, complanatum.

BRYUM. f. 1. Plant of Br. ccespiticium. f. 2. Capsule of Br,
palustre. f. 3. Capsule of Br. Iriquetrum. f, 4. Calyptra
of Br. triquetrum. f. 5. Peristome of Br. triquetrum*
f. 6. Peristome of Br. trichodes. f. 7. Peristome of Br»
elongatum. f. 8. Peristome of Br. ventrwosum.

140 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES;

«. • .

TAB. IV. SPECIES.
(SPHAGNUM.)

S. latifoliitm. Large and small variety, nat. size. Leaves anJ

portion of a leaf exhibiting the structure, magn.
S. squarrosum. Plant, nat. size. Leaf, magn.
S. acutifolium. Plant, nat. size. Leaf, magn.
iS. cuspidatum. Plant, nat. size. Leaf, magn.

TAB. V. SPECIES.

(PllASCUM.)

P. serratum. Plant, nat. size. Plant and leaf, magn.

P. alternifolium. Plant, nat. size. Plant and leaves, magn.

P. crispum. Plant, nat. size. Plant and leaf, magn.

P. sululatum. Plant, nat. size. Plant and leaf, magn.

P. axillare. Plant, nat. size. Plant and leaf, magn.

P. patens. Plant, nat. size. Plant and leaf, magn.

P. bryoides. Plant, nat. size. Plant and leaf and capsule

magn.

P. curvicvllum. Plant, nat. size. Plant and leaf, magn.
JP; rectum. Plant, nat. size. Plant and leaf and capsule, magn
P. muticum. Plants of var. «, nat. size. Plants, magn. Lea

and point of a leaf, magn. Plants of /3, nat. size. Leaj

and point of a leaf, magn.
P. cuspidatum. Plants, nat. size. Plants and leaves, magn.\

.TAB. VI. SPECIES.

''-V "ta* - *'(••{•' s \ V

(ANICTANGIUM and part of GYMNOSTOMUM.)

Anicl. dliatum. Plant, nat. size. Cauline leaf (f. L), peri

chsetial leaf (f. 2.), Capsule and Operculmn, magn+
Anict. wilerle. Plants, nat. size. Cauline leaf (f. 1.), peri

chsetial leaf (f. 2.), Capsule and Operculum, magn.
GYMNOSTOMUM lapponicum. Tuft, nat. size. Cauline lea

(f. 1.), perichaetial leaf (f. 2.), point of a leaf, Capsule

Operculum, and Calyptra, magn.
Gymn. viridissimum. Tuft, nat. size. Leaf, point of leaf, Cap

sule and Operculum, magn.
Gymn, ceslivum, Tuft; nat, size, Cauline leaf (d'l*); perichae

Tab. 11

Tal

•-.'u^Si

I

o o

is

• i ~x\\ /

\

;-y n^aa^L^''

•"',' .4

l % '. I

'cnvru/z-iiu/rn.

i,

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 141

tial leaves (f. 2,3.), point of a leaf, Capsule, and Opercu-
lum, magn.

Gymn. curvirosirum. Tufts, nat. size. Leaf and Capsule,
magn.

TAB. VII. SPECIES.
(GYMNOSTOMUM continued.)

Gymn. Grijffithianum. Plants, not. size. Leaf, Capsule, Oper-

culum, Calyptra, and mouth of the Capsule, magn.
Gymn. ovatum. Tuft and single plants, nat. size. Leaves and

granules and Opercultim, magn.
Gymn. conicum. Tuft, not. size. Leaves, Capsule, and Oper-

culum, magn.
Gymn. truncatulum. Tufts and plants of a and j3, nat. size*

Leaf and Capsules of a and /3, magn.
Gymn. Heimli. Tuft and single plant, nat. size. Leaves, and

point of a leaf, and Capsule, magn.
Gymn.fasciculare. Plants, nat. size. Leaf, Capsule, Oper-

culum, and Calyptra, magn.
Gymn. pyriforme. Plants, nat. size. Leaf, Capsule, and Oper-

culum, magn.
Gymn. tenue. Tuft and single plant, nat. size. Leaves and

Capsule, magn.
Gymn. Donnianum. Plants, nat. size. Leaves and Capsule,

magn.
Gymn. microstomum. Tuft, nat. size. Leaf and Capsule,

magn.

TAB. VIII. SPECIES. .*y.

(ANDREA to TETRAPHJS.)

Andr. alpina. Tuft, nat. size* Perichaetial leaf (f. 1.), and
Cauline leaf (f. 2.), magn.

Andr. rupestris. Tuft, nat. size. Perichaetial leaf (f. 1.), and
Caulme leaf (f. 2.), magn.

Andr. Rolhii. Tuft, nat. size. Perichaetial leaf (f. 1.), Cau-
line leaf (f. 2.), magn.

SCHISTOSTEGA pennata. Plants, nat. size. Plants and leaves^
magn.

DJPHYSCIUM/O/Z'OSWWZ. Tuft and single plants, nat. size. Plant,
magn. Cauline leaf (f. 1.), and Perichaetial leaf, magn.

TBTRAPHIS ovata. Tuft, nat. size. Plant, magn.
tial leaves (f. I.), and Cauline leaf (f, 2.), magn

142 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

TAB. IX. SPECIES.

(SPLACHNUM.)

Spl. sphfsricum. Plants, nat. size. Leaves and Capsules,

magn.

Spl. tenue. Plants, nat. size. Leaf and Capsules, magn.
Spl. mnioides. Tufts, nat. size. Leaves and Capsules, magn.
Spl. ampullaceum. Plants, nat. size. Leaf and Capsule, magn.
Spl. angustatum. Tuft, nat. size. Leaf and Capsule, magn.
Spl. Frcelichianum. Tuft, nat. size. Leaf, Capsule, and teetfr

of the Peristome, magn.

TAB. X. SPECIES.
(CoNOSTOMUM and part of POLYTRTCHUM.)

Conost. loreale. Tuft, nat. size. Portion of a branch and

leaf, magn.
POLYTRJCHUM undulatum. Plant, nat. size. Leaf, point of a

leaf, and central portion of a leaf, showing the nerve,

magn.

Pol. hercynicum. Plant, nat. size. Leaves, magn.
Pol. piliferum. Plants, nat. size. Leaf, and point of leaf,

magn.

Pol. juniper inum, nat. size. Leaf, magn.
Pol. septentrionale. Tuft, nat. size. Leaf, and point of a leaf,

magn.
Pol. commune. * Plant, nat. size. Leaf^ and point of leaf,

magn.

TAB. XI.. SPECIES.
(POLYTRICHUM continued, and CINCLIDOTUS.)

Pol. commune. Plant, nat. size. Leaf and Capsules, magn.

Pol. iirnigerum. Plant, nat. size. Leaf, magn.

Pol. aloides. Plants, nat. size, a and /3. Leaf, and point of

leaf, magn.

Pol. nanum. Plants, nat. size. Leaf, and point of leaf, magn.
CivcTui'DOTVsfontinaloides. Plant, ?iat, size. Leaf, Capsule,

a»d perichictial leaf, magn.

Tub IX,,

TAB. XI.

. *-f** '

Tab Ij

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

TAB. XII. SPECIES.

^

(TORTULA.)

\ rigida. Plants, nat. size. Leaf, portion of leaf, and Cap-
sule, magn.

T. muralis. Tuft and single plant, nat. size. Leaf and Cap-
sule, magn.

T. subulata. Plants, nat. size. Leaf and Peristome, magn.

l.ruralis. Plant, nat. size. Leaves, Capsule, and Operculum,
magn.

T. tortuosa. Plants, nat. size, and Leaf, magn.

T. cuneifolia. Plants, nat. size. Leaves, magn.

T. stellata. Plants, nat. size. Leaf, Capsule, and OperculunW
magn.

T.fallax. Plants, nat. size. Leaf, Capsule, and Operea-

lum, magn.
T. revotuta. Plant, nat. size. Portion of plant showing the

Penchastiuro. Leaf (f. 1.), point of leaf (f. 2.), and peri-

chaetialleaf (f. 3.), magn.
T, ungtiiculata. Tufts, nat. size. Leaf, and point of leaf

magn.
T+convoluta. Plant, nat. size. Portion of plant, Leaf ff. 1)

and perichaetial leaf (f. 2.), magn.

TAB. XIIL SPECIES.
(ENCALYPTA and GIUMMIA.)

inc. streptocarpa. Plant, nat. size. Leaf and Calyptra, maen.
Enc. vulgaris. Tuft, nat. size. Leaves, Capsule, and Calyptra.
magn.

Enc. citiata. Tufts, nat. size. Leaves, Capsule, and Calyptnu
magn.

GRIMMIA apocarpa. Plants in various states, nat. size. Cauline
leaves (f 1 1 ) point of cauiine leaves (f. 2.), perichaetial
leaves (f.3.3.), and point of perichsetial leaves (f 4)
magn. ^ ' '*

', naritma. Tuft, nat. size. Leaves and point of tuft
«. 1. 1. 1.), Penchsetial leaves, and point of perichaetial
leaves, magn.

sfuola >lants, nat. size (f. 1.). PJan^ (f, 2.), Leaf
(f,3, 4.), ana Calyptra (f,5,)a

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Gr. pulvinata. Tuft, nat. size, and single plants. Leaf and

teeth of the Peristome, magn.
Gr. Daviesii. Tuft, nat. size. Leaves (f. 1, I.), Perichaetial

leaf (f. 2.), Capsule, Calyptra, and teeth of the Peristome,

rmagn.
Gr. Domnana. Plants, nat. size. Leaves, Capsule, and teeth

of the Peristome, magn.

TAB. XIV. SPECIES.
(PTKROGONJUM, and part of WEISSIA.)

Pt. Smithii. Plant, nat. size. Leaves (f. 1. 1.), Perichsetium
and Capsule (f. 2.), and Perichaetial leaf (f. 3.), magn.

Pt. gracile. Plant, nat. size. Leaves (f. 1.1.), Perichaetial
Teaf (f. 2. 2.), and Capsule (f.3.), magn.

Pt.flfforme. Plant, nat. size. Leaf, and apex of a leaf, and
Capsule, magn.

WEISSIA splachnoides. Plants,- nat. size. Leaf, Capsule, and
teeth of the Peristome, magn.

W. Templetoni. Plants, nat. size. Leaves and Capsule, magn.

W. nuda. Plants, nat. size. Leaves, Capsules, portion of the
mouth of the Capsule, and tooth of the Peristome, magn.

W. nigrita. Tuft and single plant, nat. size. Leaves and Cap-
sule, magn.

W. Starkeana. Tuft, nat. size. Single plant, Leaves, Cap-
sule, teeth of the Peristome, and Opercula, magn.

W. qffinis. Plants, nat. size. Single plant, Leaves, mouth oi
the Capsule, and teeth of the Peristome, magn.

W. lanceolata. Plants, nat. sixe. Single plant, Leaf, and
teeth of the Peristome, magn.

W. cnrvirostra. Tuft, nat. size. Leaf, Capsule, mouth of the
Capsule, and teeth of the Peristome, magn.

TAB. XV. SPECIES.
(WEISSIA continued.)

W. slriata. Tufts, nat. size. Leaves, points of Leaves, and

Capsule, magiu
W. trichodes. Plants, nat. size. Single plant, Leaves, Cap*

sule, mouth of the Capsule, Operculum, and Calyptraj

magn.

Tah.XlY.

Tab.'XVi

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 145

W. cirrata. Tuft, nat. size. Leaves (f. 1. 1.), Perichaetial leaf

(f. 2.), and Capsule, magn.
W. CTJspitla. Tuft, nat. size. Leaves (f. 1. 1.), Perichsetial

leaves (f. 2. 2.), and Capsule, magn.
IV. controversa. Tuft and single plant, nat. size. Leaf, point

of a Leaf, Capsule, and teeth of the Peristorne, magn.
IV. calcarea. Plants, nat. size. Single plant, Leaves, and

Calyptra, magn.
W. pusitla. Plants, nat, size. Single plant. Leaf and teeth of

the Peristome, magn.
IV. recurvata. Plants, nat. size. Single plant, Leaf and teeth

of the Peristorne, magn.
W. verticlllata. Tuft and single Plant, nat. size. Leaf and

Capsule, magn. .

W. acuta. Tuft and single Plant, nat. size. Leaf (f. l.)j Pe-
richsetial leaf (f. 2.), and Capsules,, magn.

TAB. XVI. SPECIES.
(Part of DJCRANUM.)

D. Iryoides. (f. 1, 2.) Plants, nat. size and magn. of var. a.

(f.3.) Plants of var. /3, (f. 4.) Superior leaf, (f. 5.) Inferior

leaf, (f. 6.) Apex of a leaf, magn.
D. adiantoides. Plant, nat. size (f. 1.). Perichaetrum (f. 2.),,

Leaf (f. 3.), >magn.
D. taxifolium. Plant, nat. size (f. 1.), Plant (f. 2.), Leaf

(f. 3), Perichsetial leaf (f. 4.), magn.
D. glaucum. Sterile and fertile plants, nat. size. Leaf, and

portion of a leaf, magn.

D. lat'ifolium. Plant* nat. size. Capsule, Leaves, and Peri-
stome, magn.
D. longifolium. Plant, nat. size. Capsule, Leaf, and portion

of leaf, showing the broad nerve, magn.

D. cerviculatum. Tuft, nat. size. Leaves and Capsule, magn.
D.flexuosum. Plants, nat. size (f. 1, 2, 3.). Leaves, Capsule,

and Calyptra, magn.

TAB. XVII. SPECIES.
(DiCRANUM continued.)

D. virens. Tuft, nat. size. Leaf, Apex of leaf, and Perichae-
tial leaf, magn.
D. strumiferum. Tuft, nat. size. Leaf and Capsule, magn.

L

146 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

JD. varium. Tufts of a, /3, and y, nat. size. Capsules of
D. varium. Leaves of D. varium, magn.

D.falcatum. Tufts, nat. size. Leaf and Capsules, magn.

JD. Starkii. Tuft, nat. size. Capsule and Leaf, magn.

D.fiexuosum. Tuft, nat. size. Leaf, Apex of leaf, and Cap-
sule, magn.

D. pellucidum. Tuft, nat. size. Capsule and Leaf, magn.

JD. squarrosum. Tufts, nat. size. Leaves and Capsule, magn.

D. spurium. Plant, nat. size. Leaves, and portion of a leaf,
magn.

D. crispum. Tuft and single Plant. Leaves and Capsule, magn.

TAB. XVIII. SPECIES.

(DICRANUM continued.)

D. Scottianum, Tuft, nat. size. Leaf (f. 1.), Perichsetial leaf

(f. 2.), and Capsule, magn.
D. polycarpum. Tuft, nat. size. Leaf (f. 1.), Perichaetiai leaf

(f. 2.), and Capsule, magn.
D. scoparium. Plants, nat. size, a and /3. Leaves (f. 1, 2,)a

Perichaetiai leaf (f. 3.), magn.
jD. undulatum. Plants, nat. size. Leaf (f. 1.), Perichaetiai

leaf (f. 2.), magn.
D. heieromallum. Tuft, nat. size. Leaf (f. 1.), Apex of leaf

-(f. 2.), and Capsule, magn.
Q.subulatum. Tuft, nat. size. Leaves (f. 1. 1.), Apex of

leaf, and Capsule, magn.

TAB. XIX. SPECIES.
(TRICHOSTOMUM.)

Tr. patens. Plant, nat. size. Leaf, Capsule, and Operculum,

magn.

Tr. lanuginosum. Plant, nat. size. Leaf and Capsule, magn.
Tr. canescens. Plants, nat. size. Leaf, Capsule, and Teeth,

magn.
Tr. heterostichum. Tuft, nat. size. Leaf, Capsule, and teeth

of the Peristome, magn.
Tr. microcarpon. Tuft, nat. size. Leaf, Capsules, and teeth of

the Peristome, magn.

Tr. acicnlare. Plant, nat. size. Leaf and Capsule, magn.
Tr*fasciculare. Plant, nat. size. Leaf and Capsule, magn, ,

fab. JCWI.

: /I ( U

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

147

.TV. polyphyllum. Tuft, nat. size. Leaf and Capsule, magn.
Tr. ellipticum. Tuft, nat. size. Leaves, Capsule, and teeth of
the Peristome, magn.

TAB. XX. SPECIES.
(LEUCODON to FUNARIA.)

Leuc. schiroides. Plant, nat. size. Leaf (f. 1.), Outer perichae-

tial leaf (f. 2.), Inner perichsetial leaf (f. 3.), magn.
DIDYMODON purpureum. Tufts, nat. size. Leaves, Capsule,

and teeth of the Peristome, magn.

Did. mclinatum. Tuft, nat. size. Leaf and Capsule, magn.
Did. nervosum. Tuft, nat. size. Single plant, Leaf, Capsule,

Operculum, and teeth of the Peristome, magn.
Did.flexifotium. Tufts and single plants, nat. size. Leaf of

the Stem (f. 1.), and Leaf of the Perichaetium (f. 2.), magn.
Did. rigidulum. Tuft and single plant, nat. size. Leaves,

Capsule, and teeth of the Peristome, magn.
Did. trifarium. Tufts (f. I, 2.), nat. size. Leaves (f. 3, 4.),

Capsule, and teeth of the Peristome, magn.
Did. capillaceum. Tufts, nat. size. Leaf and Capsule, magn.
Did. heteromallum. Tuft and single plants, nat. size. Leaves,

Capsule, Operculum, and teeth of the Peristome, magn.
FUNARIA hygrometrica. Plants, nat. size. Leaf, magn.
Fun. Muhlenlergii. Plants, nat. size. Leaf, magn<
Fun. hibernica. Plants, nat. size. Leaf, magn.

TAB. XXI. SPECIES.
(ZYGODON, and part of ORTHOTRICHUM.)

Zygodon conoideum. Tuft, nat. size. Plant and Leaf, magn,,

ORTHOTRICHUM anomalum. Tuft, nat. size. Leaf, mouth of
the Capsule, and Calyptra, magn.

Orth. cupulatum: Tuft, nat. size. Leaf, mouth of the Cap-
sule, teeth of the Peristome, and Calyptra, magn.

Orth. crispum. Tuft, nat. size. Leaf, Capsule, and Calyptra,
magn.

Orth. Hutchinsice. Tuft, nat. size. Leaf, Capsule, and Ca-
lyptra, magn.

Orth. affine. Tuft, nat. 'size, a £nd /3. Leaf, mouth of the
Capsule, and Calyptra3 magn.

Orth. diaphanum. Tufts, nat. size. Leaf, mouth of the Cap-
and Calyptra, magn.

148 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Orth. pnlchellnm. Tuft, nat. size. Leaf, mouth of the Cap-
sule, and Calyptra, magn.

Orth. rivulare. Plant, nat. size. Mouth of the Capsule,- Leaf,
tooth of the Peristome, and Calyptra, magn.

Orth. strialum. Plants, nat. she. ' Leaf, Capsule, mouth of
the Capsule, teeth of the Peristome, and Operculum, magn.

TAB. XXII. SPECIES.

(OllTHOTRICHUM tO BtJXBAUMIA.)

'Orth. Lyellii. Plant, nat. size. Leaf, Capsules, with the Pe-
ristome erect and reflexed, mouth of the Capsule, and teeth
of the Peristome, magn.

NECKERA pumila. Leaf (f. 1.), Perichaetial leaves (f. 2, 3.),
Capsule, and Perichsetium, all magn.

N. crispa. Leaf, Capsule, and Perichsetium, all magn.

ANOMODON curtipendnliim. Leaf (f. 1.), Perichoetial leaf
(f. 2.), Capsule, and Perichaetium, all magn.

An. viticulosum. Leaf (f. 1.), Apex of a leaf (f. 2.), Perichae-
tial leaf (f. 3.), Capsule, and Perichaetium, all magn.

DALTONIA splacfinoides. Plants, nat. size (f. 1.) Single plant
(f. 2.), Leaf (f.3.), Perichaetial leaf (f. 4.), Capsule, and
Perichaetium (f. 5.), portion of the Capsule with the Peri-
stome (f. 6.), base of the Calyptra (f. 7.)> antl Calyptra
(f. 8.), magn.

Dalt. heteromatla. Leaf (f. 1.), Perichaetial leaf (f. 3.), Cap-
sule and Perichretium, inasn.

FONTINALIS antipyretica. Portions of the stem, nat. size
Leaf (f. 1.), Perichaetial leaf (f. 2.), magn.

Font, squamosa. Portions of the stem, nat. size. Leaves (f. 1.},
Perichaetial leaf (f. 2.), magn.

Font, capillacea. Portion of the stern, nat. size. Leaves, magn.

TAB. XXIII. SPECIES.

(BARTRAMIA.)

BART, pomiformis. Plants a, /3, 7iut. size. Leaf, magn.
Bart, ithypliylla. Plant, nat. size. Leaf, magn.
Bart, gradlis. Tuft, nat. she. Leaf, magn.
Bart.fontana. Plants a and /3, nat. size. Leaves of « and £,

magn.
Bart. Halleriana. Tuft and single plant, nat. size. Leaf,

magn.
Burt. arcuata. Plant, nat. size. Leaf, magn.

. fa&JOCM.

tfab.JOCUI.

TalJXV.

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. xxnn.

• /.i-.-ivw&UM/m,

J

/.*••• mtrnMtf/t/lmt/

tfjt .f&i/vztu.

dTJ./vunAi.

ft/

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\

•^ 31
i

0L uflatuutt

d£. aaJc/rut^vJu/w.

wta

ffi/tyfatmS.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 149

TAB. XXIV. SPECIES.
(HYPNUM.)

fi. trichomanoides. Leaf, magn.

H. complanatum. Leaves, magn.

H. riparium. Leaf, magn.

H. undulaturn. Leaves and Capsule, magn.

H. denticulatum. Leaves and Capsule, magn.

H. medium. Leaf, magn.

H. fenellum. Leaves, magn.

H. serpens. Leaves, magn.

H. populeum. Leaves, magn.

H. rejlexum. Leaves, magn.

H. molie. Leaves, magn.

H. stramineum. Leaf, magn.

H. moniliforme. Plant, nat. size. Leaf (f^ 1.), Perichxtial

leaf (f. 2), and Capsule, magn.
H. Sckreberi. Leaf, magn.

H. catenulaturn. Plant, nat. size. Leaf and Capsule, magn.
H. murale. Leaf and Capsule, magn.
H. purum. Leaf and Capsule, magn.
H.Jluitans. Leaf, magn.

TAB. XXV. SPECIES.
(HYPNUM continued.)

T. plumosnm. Leaf, magn.
//. pulchetl'im. Leaf, magn.
H. rufescens. Leaf, magn.
H. sericeum. Leaf, magn.
H. lutescens. Leaf and Capsule, magn.
H. nitens. Leaf and Capsule, magn.
H. albicans. Leaf, magn.
T. alopecurum. Leaf and Capsule, magn.

T. dendroldes. Leaf and Capsule, magn.

curvajum. Leaves, magn.
H. myosuroidcs. Leaves, magn.

H. splendens. Leaf of a young shoot (f. 1.), Leaf of main
branch (f. 2.), Leaf of main stem (f. 3.), magn.

L prolijerum. Leaf of a young shoot (f. 1.), Leaf of main

branch (f. 2.), Leaf of main stem (f. 3.), magn.
•H. prcelongum. Leaves and Capsule, magn,

150 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES,

H.fiagellare. Leaf of a branch (f. I.), Leaf of main stem

(f. 2,), magn.
H, alietinum. Leaf of a branch (f. 1.), Leaf of main stem

(f.2.), magn.
H. Blandovii. Leaf of main stem (f. 1.), Leaf of a branch

(f. 2.), magn.
H. pdiferum. Leaf of a branch (f. 1.), Leaf of main stem

(f. 2 ), magn.

TAB. XXVI. SPECIES.

(HYPNUM continued.)

H. rutalulum. Leaf and Capsule, magn.

U. velutinum. Leaves and Capsule, magn.

H. ruscifolium. Leaf, magn.

Jf. striatum. Leaf and Capsule, magn.

H. confer turn. 'Leaf and Capsule, magn.

H. cuspidatum. Leaf, magn.

H. cordifolium. Leaf, magn.

H.polymorpkum. Leaf, magn.

H. sle'lla turn. Leaves, a and /3, magn.

H. loreum. Leaf, magn.

H. triquetrum. Leaf, magn.

H. sqnarrosum. Leaf, magn.

H.jilicinum. Leaves, magn,,

H. atro-virens. Leaves, magn.

H. uncinatum. Leaves, magn.

H. palustre. Leaves, magn.

H. aduncum. Leaves, magn.

H+ rugulosum. Leaf, magn.

TAB. XXVII. SPECIES.
(HYPNUM concluded, and HOOKERIA.)

H. commutatum. (f. 1.) Leaf from a smaller branch, (f. 2.)
Leaf from a main branch, (f. 3.) Leaf from the main
stem, magn.

H, scorpioides. Leaves, magn.

H. Silesianum. Leaves and Capsule, magn.

H. cupressiforme. (f. 1.) Leaves of a. (f. 2.) Leaves of y.
(f. 3.) Capsule, magn.

H. Crista-castrensis, (f. 1.) Leaf from a smaller branche (f.2.)

fab. XtJW.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 1M

Leaf from the main branch, (f. 3.) Leaf from the main

stem, mag??.
H. molluscum. Leaves, magn.
HOOKERIA lucens. Plant, nat. size. Leaf, Capsule, and Ca-

lyptra, magn.
Hook. Icete-vlrem. Plant, nat. size. Leaves, Point of a leaf,

Capsule and Calyptra, magn.

;,s.n-

TAB, XXVIII. SPECIES.
(BRYUM.)

BR. andrvgynnm. Tufts,wa/. size. Leaf and Capsule, magn.

JBr. palustre. Plants, nat. size. Leaf and Capsule, magn.

Br. tric/iodes. Plants, nat. size. Leaf, and Point of a leaf,
magn.

Br. deallatum. Tuft, nat. size. Leaf, and Point of a leaf,
magn.

Br. iriquetrum. Plant, nat. size. Leaf, and Point of a leaf,
magn.

Br. pynforme. Tuft and single specimen, nat. size. Leaf and
Capsule, magn.

Br.julaceum. Tuft and single plant, nat. size. Leaf and Cap-
sule, mag?i.

J5r. alpinum. Tuft and single plant, nat. size. Leaves, and
Point of a leaf, magn.

TAB. XXIX. SPECIES.
(BRYUM continued.)

Br. carneum. Tufts, nat. size. Leaves and Capsule, magn,
Br. argenteum. Tuft and single plant, nat. size. Leaves and

Capsule, magn.

Br, Zierii. Plant, nat. size. Leaf, magn.
Br. capiliare. Tuft, nat. size. Leaves and Capsule, magn.
Br. roseum. Plant, nat. size. Leaf, magn.
Br. ccEspiticium. (f. I .) Tuft, nai. size. (f. 2.) Tuft of /3, nat.

size. (f. 3.) Leaves of a, magn. (f. 4.) Leaf of /3, magn.

(f. 5.) Capsule of a, magn. (f, 6.) Capsule of /3, magn.
Br. turlinatum. Plant, nat. size. Leaves and Capsules, magn.
Br. nutans, Tuft of plant, nat. size. Leaves and Capsules,

magn.

152 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES/

TAB. XXX. SPECIES.
(BRYUM continued.)

Br. elongatum. Plants, vat. size. (f. 1,) Catiline leaf, (f/2.)

Perichaetial leaf. (f. 3.) Capsule, magn.
Br. ventricosum. Plant, nat. size. (f. 1 and 2.) Leaves and

Capsule, magn.
Br. rostratum. Plants, nat. size. Leaf, portion of leaf, and

Capsule, magn.
Br» ligulatnm, Plants, nat. size. Leaf, portion of leaf, and

Capsule, magn.

TAB. XXXI. SPECIES.
(BnYUM continued, and SUPPLEMENT.)

Br. hornum. Tuft, nat size. (f. 1.) Leaf. (f. 2.) Perichaetial
leaf, and portion of leaf, Capsule, and Lid, magn.

Br. marginatum, Plant, nat. size. (f. 1.) Leaf, (f. 2.) Cau-
line leaf, portion of leaf, and Capsule, magn.

Br. cuspidatum. Plants, nat. size. (f. 1.) Leaf, (f. 2.) peri^*
chaetial Leaf, portion of leaf, Capsule, and Lid, magn.

(SPLACHNUM, Supplement 1.)
Splach. vasculosum. Tuft, nat. size. Leaf and Capsule, magn*

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