: :> :v.:, m&mmmmM ■■■* .w. i: ■ . ;w MUS 4891 8 "r-'Y ,, . v;.; j . ■ ■'■ ■ - -■ :t HARVARD UNIVERSITY. LIBRARY ^ MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY £tf,0dl Bequest of WILLIAM BREWSTER WILLIAM BREWSTER, FL3 1, VI NO. i. NOVEMBER, 1899. U4EU7H- A Journal Devoted to Research in Natural Science. RATES :— 50 cts. per year to all countries, in advance. Single numbers, 5 cts. Published on the 15th of each month by Museum Publishing Co., Albion, N. Y. THE MUSEUM. POPULAR SCIENCE NEWS, [ABELS. Nature, Invention, Archaeoloy. Elec- tricity, Chemistry, Mineralogy, Hy- giene, Medicine, Health. Formerly BOSTON JOURNAL OP CHEMISTRY. ENLARGED and IMPROVED. This popular monthly contains a large num- ber of Short, Easy, Practical, Interesting and Popular, Scientific articles, that can be Ap- preciated and Enjoyed by any intelligent reader, even though he knew little or nothing of Science. It is intended to interest those who think. Profusely Illustrated. Free from Technicalities. Entirely Different from and Much Superior to other papers with a similiar name. Monthly, SI. 60 per year; Newsdealers,! 5c Largest Circulation of any Scientific Paper. LILLARD & CO., 1 0B Fulton St., New York. Mention MUSEUM for a sample copy. All sizes and for any branch of Natural History, at the very lowest prices. Send me copy and I will quote price. Fossil Labels like sample 1UC per 100; 70c per 1000 with assorted headings. 1 DEVONIAN AGE. S 1 Letter Heads. Bill Heads, Cards, and etc. D. H. EATON, WOBURN, MASS. JAMES P. BABBITT, Wholesale and Retail Dealer in Taxidermists' Supplies, Bird Skins, Eggs and Publications, TAUNTON, MASS. Orar large monthly bulletin of Skins, Eggs, etc. free upon application. Re-Enforcements. THE NATURALIST.FARM& FANCIERS REVIEW Has been Re-enforced and will be further Re-enforced. The following Departments have been Inaugurated, and each will be Kdited by Prominent parties: Ornithological, Poultry, Pigeon, Pet Stock The Ornithologist's and Oolo~ gist's Manual. Contains 100 pages, giving complete list of all North American Birds, Prices of Eggs and Skins, Number of Eggs in a Clutch, Prices of Mammal Skins, How to Skin Birds and Mam- mals, How to form an Egg Collection and many other pages of useful information. Pre- paid for ten two-cent stamps. Order at once. W. F. WEBB, Pub. Albion, N. Y 50 YEARS' EXPERIENCE and Nature Photo Exchange. Drop us a Postal Card for Sample Copy. Subscription 25 cents per year. Bee Clubbing offer with this paper. "Ad Rates'1 on application. H. W. KERR, Publisher. Blencoe, Iowa, or Albion, N. Y. THIS PAPER is printed at the Hook and Magazine Publishing House of A. M. EDDY, Albion, N. V. Trade Marks Designs Copyrights &c Anyone sending a sketch and description may quickly ascertain our opinion free whether an invent ion is probably patentable. Communica- tions strictly confidential. Handbook on Patents sent free, oldest agency for securing patents. Clients taken through Munil & Co. receive rpecial notice, without charge, in the Scientific American. A handsomely illustrated weekly, (■illation of uiiv scientific journal, "old I I.nrgest clr- Terms. $U a by all newsdealers. lour months, $1. So, IWUNN & Co.361Broadwa^ New York Bniueh Office. 025 F St,. Washington. D. C. Nests and Eggs of North American Birds, BY OLIVER DAVIE. Fifth Edition. Finely Illustrated. Thoroughly Revised. 600 pp. Extra Cloth, $1.75 postpaid. The best book on Eggs Published. Send ioc stamps for Illustrated Catalog of all Naturalists' Supplies and Books. CHAS. K. REED, 75 Thomas St., Worcester, Mass. THE MUSEUM. WANTS, EXCHANGES AND FOR SALES. All notices that come under above will be inserted in this department until further notice atone (1) cent a word. No notice less than 25c. Terms Cash with order. No charge for address. I shall at all times endeavor to keep parties, whose reputation is of a doubtful char- acter from using these columns. CURIOS:— Redwood Bark 4x4 inches 18c, 3x3 12c , two nice Starfish or Horn Nuts 5c. All postpaid C. R. COLLIER, Binghamton, N. Y. EXCHANGE:— Land and Fresh Water Shells of Cauaudaigua Lake Region for same of New York State not in my collection. DR. C. T. MITCHELL, Canandaigua, N. Y. MINERALS: -Native Sulphur, Celestite and Dog-tooth Spar all in one specimen or separate. Beauties. What have jou to ex- charge? C. M. SLAYTON, Box 114, Grattan, Mich. SPECIAL CHRISTMAS OFFER:-! have a number of pretty California Souvenirs, Shells, etc., at special prices. Send stamp for list at once W. H HILLER, 147 West 23d St , Los Angeles, Californta. RELICS WANTED:-I should be pleased to receive price lists with outlines or draw- ings of ancient Indian Relics from collectors. BURTON HOLCOMB, West Granby, Hart- ford Co , Conn. Nov. 2t EXCHANGE:— For each 10 cts. valneie- ceived in Indian Relics I will send a different mounted photograph of the New York Dewey Naval or Land Parade. C. R. COLLIER, Binghamton, N. Y. 100 AUTOGRAPHS to exchange for others or good Curios. Peacock Copper Ore. Fine specimens to exchange for other good Miner- als, Sea Curios, etc. F. O. NELSON, 536 West Galena St., Butte, Mont. GAME HEADS for sale or will trade for a high grade double barrel shot gun. Have Moose, Deer, Buffalo, Antelope, also live Eagles, Black and Gray Squirrels C. F. FITE, Denver, Iud. ARCHAEOLOGISTS and COLLECTORS: - Books and pamphlets for sale. Lists of books by standard authors mailed to applicants A bulletin on Bird and Saddle Stones now in preparation. Write me for, .circular. W. K. MOOREHEAD, Saranac Lake, N. Y 4tNov. WANTED: -Solicitors; $250.00 for one cent. One thousand dollars given away by the Self Vulture Magazine, tne Werner Company, Publishers, Akron, Ohio. A postal card will give you full particulars and free outfit. Don't delay It will interest you Send two references.- BIRDS EYE MARBLE and other kinds of Fossil Corals. Polish like an agate. Hand- somest in the world. Also Minerals and Fresh Water Shells to Exchange. C. E. BRIGGS, Lisbon, la 2tO A FIVE drawer cabinet of fine showy moths and butterflies, 300 named species, 700 specimens, will be sold at a bargain by ORA W. KNIGT, Bangor, Me. 2tO WANTED:— To correspond with collectors having 1st class sets to exchange I have many nice sets to offer in exchange, such as, A. O. U. 16, 54. 78, 93. 103, 106 1, 107, 114, 115 1, 116,222, 269, 302, 314, 321, 320a, 365, 377a' 378a, 383, 384, 408, 411, 414, 449, 446, 450, 459, 460, 483 489 and many common species. JAMES P. BABBITT, Taunton, Mass. FOR SALE:— Collections prehistoric mound relics, Cliff-House pottery, carved Chinese jades, Roman lamps and pottery. Cash or good exchange for hematites and long spears. DR. W. O. EMERY, Crawfordsville, Ind. o3 WANTED:— Back numbers of papers on Natural Science and books of any kind on Natural History, also bird skins Can offer good exchange in invertebrates, nice eastern bird skins and some papers on Natural His- tory. State value of material when writing. F. P. DROWNE, 20 Benefit St , Providence, R. I. 3tO WANTED: — Rough skeletons of mammals, and some birds. Human material especially desired. Can use whole skeletons or parts. Would like to hear from all parties who can offer anything in this line and will furnish directions -to those who are able to secure specimens but do not understand prepara- tion. Can also use some finished skeletons and skulls. Offer in exchange some finely prepared mariue invertebrates, material col- lected this summer. Have a list of fifty spec- ies representing the families Porifera, Coloen- terata. Echinodermata, Vermes Arthropoda, Tunicata. All specimens nicely preserved in formaline or alcohol. Please state value of material when writing. F. P. DROWNE, 20 Benefit St., Providence, R. I. 3tO MUSEUM BACK NUMBERS are getting scarce; of some numbers we have less than half a dozen. You should complete your files now. We will accept cash or good exchange. The entire first four volumes will be sent for only $2 cash, postpaid, or any number you wish at 5c a copy. W. F. WEBB, M*r , Al- bion, N Y. THE MUSEUM. WANTED: -Crow, Gull and Tern Skins in any quantity. Will take old and mutilated specimens, no matter in w*hat condition if not moth eaten. Parties who are in a locality where they can shoot large numbers of crows write me at once. W. F. WEBB, Mgr., Al- bion, N. Y. EXCHANGE ADS. FREE.— Any reader of the Musuem whb will send 25 cents and an addressed and stamped envelope, to Popular Science, 108 Fulton St., New York, for a three months trial subscription, will be presented with a Fifty Cent want advertising coupon. Sample copies free. See additional particu- lars on adv. in this issue. WANTED SETS OF 83, 122, 123b, 129, 144, 153, 154, 160, 171, 179, 183, 192, 195, 196, 198, 204, 205, 206, 251, 258a, 260, 265, 266, 267, 270, 272, 276, 281, 284, 287, 288, 292, 295, 296, 297, 297a, 298, 300a, 300b, 300c, 301, 308, 308a, 309, 310, 310a, 314, 315, 327, 328, 329, 330, 332, 334, 336, 339b, 345, 346, 349, 352, 353 to 358, 359, 359.1, 364. 368a, 369. 372, 373a, 373b, 373c,375a, 376, 377, 377a, 379, 379a, 381, 382 and many others. Send full list of what you have to of- fer. We will oxchange for cash or specimens. W. F. WEBB, Mgr.. Albion, N. Y. REPTILES in formalin; Mud Puppy (young 2£ inches) 20c. spring Newts 20c, Newts 20c. Can furnish Newts alive for acquarium GEO. F. GUELF, Brockport, N. Y. MARINE AhGM.—A large collection of mounted and pressed sea mosses, also many decorated novelties. Schools, colleges and museums supplied with scientific collections. Write for price list. Orders by mail. Ad- dress MRS. H. M. JERNEGAN, Edgartown Mass. FERRETS! Ferrets! Ferrets! 15 fine dark Ferrets for sale. Male, $2.50; female, $3. Place your order now. S. H. DAVIS, Lan- sing, Mich. 2to BICYCLES CHEAP:— I will ship direct from factory a new Armada wheel, sold everywhere for $50, for only $25 cash; or can send a new Edgemtre $25 wheel from Sears, Roebuck and necdh B, rubbing stones, • ii' B, and a greal vai iely of other reliCS ol a i kinds. Write quick whal von are look ing for. \V. I- Wi BB, Mgr.. Albion, N. v. TO EXCHANGE or SELL:— Bird and Mam- mal Skins, Bird Eggs, Minerals, Fossils, Mounted Specimens, old Fire Arms, Snakes n Formalin. C. F. FITE, Denver, Ind. FOR SALE:— 5000 Flint, Stone or Bone im- plements of all descriptions Also 200 Pots, Bowls and Dishes, all in good condition. This collection must be sold at once as owner wants cash. There are many tine things in this collection. Let me hear from you. Col- lections wanted to sell on commission. Cash advanced pending sale. If you have any- thing to sell write me at once. G. M, SHER- MAN, Commission Dealer, 390 Worthington St , Springfield, Mass. WANTED:— Fossils of all ages, Crystals (loose and grouped) and Minerals, also other Geological Specimens Can use good books relating to Geology. Offered: 250 varieties Land, Fresh Water and Marine Shells, (in- cluding 50 varieties Unios) Star Fish, Sea Urchins, Fossils, Indian Relics and several varieties of Shells furnished in lots of 25 to 200. All letters answered. ALLEN JESSE REYNOLDS, 1006 Beech Street, Conners- ville, Indiana. WILL PAY CASH:— For white or spotted albinos, either birds or small animals. Send full description at once. J. E. GROSJEAN, Lima, Ohio. PARTULA NECKLACE —A Samoa Belle was induced to part with a beautiful necklace or Headwreath of Partula shells. Over 300 shells beautifully arranged in the string, As these shells usually sell for 10c each you will see that our price of $5 00 for the lot is a trifle. W. F. Webb, Mgr., Albion, N. Y. COUES KEY:— A copy as good as new for $6.00 and 38c postage Send quick if you want it. W. F. Webb, Mgr., Albion. N. Y. A BOOK is one of the best presents you can send your friend for Xmas. Look over our list in another column. A RARETY —A genuine Ancient Bone Necklace. Is made of human finger bones mostly with holes drilled through same, but it also contains some deer bones, F. W. shells and one small stone, all were found in a bunch in a mound. Price $7 50 on approval, if desired. One of the best ancient relics of its kind we ever saw. W. F. Webb, Mgr., Albion, N.Y. FOR SALE:— My entire stock of Electros used during the past six years. Lists and prices to intending purchasers. W. F. Webb, Mgr., Albion, N. Y. TARANTULA: — A fine specimen mounted in nice box, 45c, Trap-door spider, 45c, Chin- ese horn nuts, per 3 5c, Mermaid cradle (Chi- ton) I5c, California curios for sale Frank W. Smith, 80 W. Colton Ave., Redland, Cal. INDIAN RELICS from this locality for same from other localities. I have only stone. T A. Mc Corp, Roanoke, III., Lock box D. THE MUSEUM A Monthly Magazine Devoted to Research in Natural Science. Vol. IV. ALBION, N. Y., NOVEMBER 15, 1899 No. 1 A Monthly Magazine devoted to Ornithology, Oology, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Mineralogy and Allied Sciences. Walter F. 'Webb, Editor and Manager Albion, N. Y. Correspondence and items of interest on above top- ics, as well as notes on the various Museums of the World— views from same, discoveries relative to the handling and keeping of Natural History material, descriptive habits of various species, are solicited from all. Make articles as brief as possible and as free from te chnical terms as the subjects will allow. All letters will be promptly answered. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. Single Subscription 50c per annum Sample Copies _ 5c each ADVERTISING RATES. 5 cents per Nonpareil line each insertion. Twelve lines to the inch. Cash must accompany all orders. Remittances should be made by Draft, Express or Post Office Order or Registered Letter. Unused U. S. Postage Stamps of any denomination accepted for small amounts. MUSEUM PUB. CO., ALBION, ORLEANS CO., N. Y. Entered at Albion post-office as second-class mail matter Notes- Just five years have passed away since we sent out the first number of the Museum. How time flies. It seems but yesterday that No. i was published and mailed and last month we sent out No. 60. We take this opportunity to thank our many pat- rons who have staid with us from the first and the many who have joined the ranks since. We are well aware that the Muse- um does not amount to much as com- pared with the big monthlies that give a volume of reading matter each month for 10c. or less by the year, but on the other hand, if you want to exchange with other collectors in some favorite line, or have something you wish to dispose of, or have noted some particularly interesting thing in your "walks and talks with Nature," there is no easier way to bring it be- fore the collector public of this coun- try than through the Museum. The price, 50 cents; seems a large one when compared with the journals furnished in other lines for this same figure, but with them you pay the price for a simple 12 numbers, while with us, if you are actively collecting and have duplicates to exchange, or if you are anxious to purchase speci- mens in any particular line, by avail- ing yourself of the exchange coupons which we mail you free with each sub- scription you are able to dispose of all of your surplus material. Practically anything can be exchanged or sold through the Museum. It has surpris- ed me, time and again, to see how collectors have written in and told me of the success they have attained from a small notice. 25 to 50 letters are a common result, still some have sent notices that have brought no results and they were dissatisfied. The sim- ple fact is they were offering some- thing they did not want themselves and that no one else wanted. This leads me to another line of thought, viz: A specimen or a lot of specimens that would not be available for your own cabinet is not likely to be available or satisfactory with oth- ers. Some collectors I have met seem to think that the specimens that are too poor for their own cabinet are fit only to exchange off to some other collector. I call this practically dis- honest dealing, for it invariably causes dissatisfaction. On the other hand, I have correspondents who only send THE MUSEUM. me the choicest round bird skins, the nicest, clean, neatly drilled and well written data for birds eggs, fossils that are neatly cleaned and ready for the cabinet, shells that are always perfect in every way and cleaned ready for the draw, and so on. It is a real pleas- ure to deal with them, and to such collectors there is never any haggling about prices. I am always ready to send them anything I have in stock in any line and let them send me what they think is right. The fact, is they want everyone to have equally as nice specimens as they have, and are do- ing what they can to lift the standard of quality. Their work is a noble one and their names will live among col- lectors until the end of time. The Museum stands for a higher quality of work among collectors. If you are going to collect, do not take more than you can prepare and do well. It will be seven years next spring since we began the active handling of natural history specimens on a large scale. As a collector and exchanger of birds eggs we were known to a lim- ited circle of collectors in that line for many years previous. It would surprise you to learn the quality of specimens we have received from many so-called honest and well known collectors. The young col- lector who lives in the country away from a large city or other collectors, whose parents are against his collect- ing, and think it foolish and all that, we fully believe he is in a large meas- ure excusable, for he has no books or means of learning what other collect- ors are doing or how they take care of their specimens. But I refer particu- larly to the collector who annually makes a practice of covering up any imperfection in an egg, skin or shell, to render it at first glance all right, and then deliberately sends it out without mentioning its imperfec- tions in advance. Many times we have ed eggs with faint cracks ully com i aled by [dirt, a ragged hole < oven d by court plaster, a mu- tilated bird skin with the imperfection carefully covered with feathers, and smoothed down, and packed in cotton, thereby hoping the imperfection will escape notice until some time after- ward. Again we have received beau- tifully made skins from collectors of their own take, where actually the bodies had simply been taken out and no work had been done on the inside. Of course in a few weeks or months the specimen was worthless. For a long time we have thought seriously of mentioning these things through the columns of the Museum, and calling attention to this fact, that well to-do .collectors and those who take pains with their specimens soon er or later will draw off, so to speak, by themselves and have no correspon- dence with a man until he proves that he can prepare specimens well. It has in a large measure come to that now. Often collectors visit me and in the course of conversation I have repeat- edly given them the names of corres- pondents of mine who prepare their material with care, and whose collec- tions are a model of beauty. Lest someone takes offense, let me add it is not always the well-to-do that have the choicest collections as to quality They can very naturally afford the rareties, but often'the poorest and most humble of our patrons send us some of the choicest prepared specimens. We shall always be pleased to hear from collectors on any topic that in- terests them. In commencing an- other five year period, we assure col- lectors this is their journal as much as ours and we want them to always feel free to use its columns, that the fra- ternity may become better acquainted, exchange views and thoughts more lib- erally, that good may result. Ancient Cliff Dwellers' City Just Explored. The Rev. Dr. George L. Cole, of Los Angeles, who has just returned from a careful exploration of the an- cient cliff dwellings of the Southwest, THE MUSEUM. has been so fortunate as to make some valuable additions to the little that is known about the cliff men and their ways. During the summer Dr. Cole and his party visited cliff cities whose walled gateways had been seen before only by wandering miners or cattle- men. Never before had any white man climbed the thousand-foot preci- pice on which stands the largest of all the cliff dwellers' habitations yet known in the United States, save only the prospector who had discovered it three years before, and who served as the Cole party's guide. This ruin, four- teen miles from Espanola, N. M., is as yet without a name, but it promises to become famous when explored. The Cliff Dweller wished his home to be inaccessible. He burrowed a dwelling in the face of a precipice or built a communial house on some me- sa attainable only by closely guarded paths. The American cliff dwellings are not easy to find. It takes a keen eye to pick out the cave openings. Often a bunch of shrubs has rooted on the bench or the detritus from the cliff has masked the entrance. Hard- er still is it to find the ruins above the cliffs. The mesa summits are out of view from the valley and sheltered from sight of neighboring heights. During Dr. Cole's expedition — the fourth which he has made for study of aboriginal antiquities — he spent some time among the cliff ruins of the Man- cos, in Southeastern Colorado. Many years ago the Wetherel family established itself near Mancos, Col., in the cattle business. One day the Wetherel vaqueros wandered over a mesa in search of mavericks — unbrand- ed stray cattle, which belong to the man who picks them up. They came by accident upon a height from which they could see masonry walls. They clambered down and found the first of the Mancos cliff dwellings. Further search revealed the existence of village upon village along the cliffs. The news of the discovery spread, and it was apparent that vandals would carry away everything of interest and tear down all the walls in search of buried relics. So the Wetherels took visitors only to the cliff dwellings near- est the house. If they were persistent it was admitted that there was another ruin. This second cliff village was enough to satisfy the most ardent sightseer and the remaining cliff dwell- ings were left undisturbed. The "Cliff Palace" is strangest of the Mancos habitations. To reach it one must have sinew and grit and a steady head. One may stand in the canyon bottom, seven hundred feet below, and look up at the bench on which the ruins stand, but only bal- loons or kites would make the direct ascent possible. To reach the bal- cony one must descend several hun- dred feet from the mesa above it. So there must be a detour of fifteen miles up the canyou to a practicable bit of wall, and then back along the mesa until the "Cliff Palace" can again be seen. When the attempt to descend be- gins realization comes of the wisdom with which the Cliff Dwellers chose their home. Only by a single difficult trail can the "Cliff Palace" be ap- proached. At last the crumbling walls are in sight. A smooth rock surface, tilted at an angle of 75 degrees, must be passed. Once there were deep finger and toe holes, but wind and rain erosion have worn the edges, and it is no easy matter to cling to the in- sufficient foothold. For a hundred feet this is the highway. Keep your face to the cliff; don't look down, else the knowledge that 800 feet of almost sheer declivity lies below may unsettle your nerves. Creep cautiously along, working on from hole to hole; cling to the finger holes until your nails are worn — and now at last the platform is reached. The photographer of the party, Fay C. Cole, made the climb down the cliff, carrying a heavy camera. Three times Dr. Cole himself started on the THE MUSEUM. descent, twice he was unable to go on. No doubt the ancient inhabitants thought nothing of that hair-raising descent. Once attained, the bench on which the palace stood, was found of no great extent. The precipice dropped away so suddenly that it seemed one could throw a stone into the canyon bottom, 700 feet below. No trace was fouud of any means of exit from the platform except the path. It is surmised by Dr. Cole, however that the natives had ladders of yucca rope by which, in emergergency, they could descend to the valley. The "Cliff Palace." It is most im- pressive, standing in lonely state on the high cliff bench in the shadow of the arched rocks. A a tall watch- tower stands near the entrance path- way, and behind is a tangle of unroof- ed buildings, the walls still massive. Behind the walls are chambers hewn from the rock. On a higher level are visible the earlier cliff dwellings — mere burrows in the precipice. All food had to be carried from the mesa above or the valley below. Dr. Cole made a curious find, which strengthens the theory that the Cliff Dwellers were a distinct race. In excavating at the newly discov- ered ruins near Espanola he uncovered skeletons buried in a sitting posture with face to the rising sun. Every skull had a complete set of double teeth. There was not a single incisor to be found. At first he thought that the teeth might have been worn by eating hard food, but skulls of individ- uals of both sexes and different ages all showed the same peculiarity. The skulls were shown to anato- mists. They knew of no existing race which shows the peculiarity. The front double teeth were shown to be different from the incisors of ordinary men, and characteristically molar. The explanation was that these skulls had belonged to a race of grain-eaters. The story of the finding of the skel- eton us. Three years ago a prospector stumbled upon the cliff dwellings. His curiosity aroused, he scaled the canyon wall, and found himself on a tableland a mile and a half long by three-quarters of a mile wide. At its edge stood a granite watchtower. Back a little way rose a mound scarcely more than fifteen feet high in any place, with broken walls. It was the ruins of an aboriginal city, a vast communal dwelling, measuring 240x300 feet, which must have con- tained 1600 rooms, and perhaps 2000. Between five and six thousand people may have dwelt in the building. Fur- ther back stood the ruins of a still old- er pueblo. The prospector went away and al- most forgot his adventure. To a few acquaintances he spoke of his discov- ery, and the story came to the ears of the antiquarians. For three years they hunted for the prospector, but he had dropped out of sight. Prof. Hodge talked with him, but never guessed who he was, and probably doesn't know what he over- looked. Dr. Cole was more fortunate. He found the prospector and secured his guidance to the ruined city. The climb was difficult. A thous- and feet had to be surmounted. Many cliff caves were passed on the way. The summit gained, the party found themselves close beside the watch tower. It was all of granite blocks. The nearest granite deposits are at a considerable distance, and every block must have been carried with incredi- ble labor across the valley and up the face of the cliff. The great pueblo came next. Dr. Cole reached the conclusion that the stone walls rose two stories and were surmounted by a story of adobe. In the centre was a court, a common kitchen. From the court radrated an immense number of rooms twelve deep and in three tiers. They averaged fourteen feet square. It is believed that, as in the modern pueblos en- trance was gained only by climbing on ladders to the roof. Entrance to the THE MUSEUM. rooms could be gained only by digging. Ancient pottery, carved stone im- plements, bones, a stone pipe whose carvings differ from anything ever be- fore seen, were unearthed. Dr. Cole estimated that it would cost about $45,000 to excavate the ruin and col- lect all the information which it could throw on the life of the Cliff Dwellers. A hint of why the city was aban- doned is found in the fact that the mound is largely of volcanic ash. Dr. Cole believes that centuries ago there was an outpouring of internal fires. Terrified by the shaking of the rock platform, half suffocated by smoke and sulphur fumes, the Cliff Dwellers fled, never to return. The earth- quakes topled down the walls, the vol- canic ash buried them deep, and through all the ages since the dead city has awaited the coming of a civ- ilized race. The picture-writing tells more. In some such a bit of these ancient char- acters as shown in a photograph of the pictorial rocks of the Verde River, Arizona, one may see the concentric circles which represent the sun, the quivering lines which mean lightning, the zigzags of the clouds, the verti- cal lines which record rain, the figure of the sacred turkey, the crude repre- sentation of a human figure, and innu- merable symbols in which is written the history of evil days and happy, prosperous years and seasons of fam- ine, the deeds and deaths of chieftains, and praise of the Most Holy, the Lord God Sun, whose life-giving radiance typified for the Cliff Dwellers all that was most sacred. Notes on American Land Shells- The collecting of our American Land shells is worthy of your atten- tion. In order that collectors may have a better idea of the great interest attached to the study of our American Mollusca, I shall quote some from Binney's manual of the Land Shells of the United States. Under "Habits and Properties" he says: "The snails live mostly in the for- ests, sheltered under the trunk of fal- len trees, layers of decaying leaves, stones, or in the soil itself. In these situations they pass the greater part of their lives. In the early days of Spring they sometimes assemble in consider- able numbers, in warm and sunny sit- uations, where they pass hours in in- dolent enjoyment of the warmth and animating influence of the sunshine. Whether these meetings serve any use- ful purpose in the econemy of the an- imal, or are caused by the pleasurable sensation and renewed strength from the warmth of the situation after the de- bility of their winters torpidity, is un- certain; it is probable, however, that they they precede the business of pro- creation. It is certain that they last but a short time, and that after the early Spring, the animals are to be found in their usual retreats. In the course of the months of May or June, earlier or later according to the locality and as the season is more or less warm, they begin to lay their eggs, (a few species are viviparous) These are deposited, to the number of from thirty to fifty and even more, in the moist and light mould, sheltered from the suns rays by leaves, or at the side of logs and stones, without any order, and slightly agglutinated to- gether. The depth of the deposit is usually measured by the extreme length of the animal, which thrusts its head and body into the soil to the utmost extent, while the shell remains at the surface; but sometimes the animal burrows three or four inches deep be- fore making the deposit, in order to insure a sufflcent moist position. Three or four such deposits, and sometimes more, are made by one animal, during the summer and autumn. When the deposit is complete it is abandoned by the animal. The eggs vary in size ac- cording to the magnitude of the spec- ies producing them. They are nearly globular, one axis being somewhat longer than the other, white and opaque. They consist in general, of THE MUSEUM. an external, semicareous, elastic mem- brane, investing the whole, the interi- or surface which is usually studded with numerous rhombic, microscopic crystals of carbonate of lime, some species however, have a hard envelop- ing calcarous shell, of the consistence of that of birds egg; of an inner thin, transparent and somewhat vicid fluid- analogus to the albumen of bird's eggs; of the albumen itself and of the vitellus, which; posessing the same degree of transparency as the albumen, cannot be distinguished from it at this time. The elastic eggs when first laid, are often flascid, and seemingly only half full of fluid, but they soon absorb moisture and become distended. The embryo animal with its shell, is ob- servable in the albuminous fluid in a few days after the egg is laid. It hatches, under ordinary circumstanes, in from 20 to 30 days according to the state of the atmosphere. Warmth and humidity hasten the process, while cold and dryness retard it to an almost indefinite extent. The hatch- ing of eggs laid late in autumn is often interrupted by the approach of cold weather and of snow, and delayed un- til the next Spring. The young animal gnaws its way out of the egg, and makes its first re- past of the shell it has just left. It consists at first of about one and a half whorls, the umbilicus being minute but open. Its growth is rapid, and it has usually increased in magnitude three or four times by the end the first year. In the month of October, or at the epoch of the first frost, the snail ceases to feed, becomes inactive, and fixes it- self to the under surface of the sub- stance by which it is sheltered, or par- tially burrows in the soil, and with the aperature of the shell upwards, dis- poses itself for its usual sleep or hiber- nation. Withdrawing itself into the shell, it forms over the aperture a membranous covering, consisting of a thin semi- transparent mixture of lime, mucus or gelatine, secreted from the collar of the animal. This membrane is called the epiphragm. It is formed in this manner: the animal being with- drawn into the shell, the collar is brought to a level with the aperture, and a quantity of mucous is poured out from it and covers it. A small quantity of air is then emitted from the respiratory foramen, which de- taches the mucous from the surface of the collar, and projects it in a convex form, like a bubble. At the same mo- ment, the animal retreats further into the shell, leaving a vacuum between it- self and the membrane, which is con- sequently pressed back by the external air to a level with the aperature, or even farther, so as to form a concave surface, where, having become desic- cated and hard, it remains fixed. These operations are nearly similtan- eous, and occupy but an instant. As the weather becomes colder, the ani- mal retires further within the shell, and makes another septum, and so on, until their are sometimes as many as six of these partitions. The circula- tion becomes slow, the pulsations of the heart, which in the season of ac- tivity vary from 40 to 60 in a minute, according to the temperature of the air, decrease in frequency and strength until they at length become impercepta- ble. The other functions of the body cease, and a state of torpidity succeeds which is interrupted only by the reviv- ing heat of the next Spring's sun. During the months of April and May or on the accession of the first warm weather of the season, the animal breaks down and devours the mem- braneous partitions and comes forth to participate in the warmth and fresh- ness of the season. At first is is weak and inactive, but recovering in a short time its appetite, resumes its former activity." We will next month give a further chapter on these most interesting an- imals. They are to be found in all parts of the U. S. and in some sections but little is known of the present fauna. Good results and many new species will doubtless be discovered and we THE MUSEUM. hope the series of articles we shall present, will be the means of their more extended study. Barnacles- "If you wish to see these little fish- ermen casting their nets," says Mar-' garet W. Leighton in Popular Science, "go to a rocky tide-pool, or to the piles that support some old wharf, and there search for clusters of white cone- shaped shells, from a quarter to a half inch in height. As the tide flows over them, watch carefully and you will see an exquisite little fan of daintily curled feathers slowly emerging from the top of a cone. Soon others will appear, and before Jong the feather fan will all be curling and uncurling. They seem to be scooping up the water and let- ting it run through the fine meshes of the nets, for such really are the little fans, which are sometimes called 'glass hands.' "The group in which the barnacles belong is named, from this peculiarity, Cirripedia (curled feet). The life his- tory of this barnacle is very wonder- ful. It belongs to the great class Crustacea and is cousin to the crabs, shrimps and crayfish, although at 'the first glance it does not seem to resem- ble them in any particular. If we spend considerable time in watching the barnacles we may be fortunate enough to see one throw out a cloud which thickens the water. If we ex- amine a bit of this under the micro- scope we see it is composed of myriads of living creatures, all moving as fast as possible, flopping their legs and jerking themselves about. Each has a shield-shaped covering for its body, which ends in a long, slender tail. It has six legs fringed on one edge, which it uses for swimming. It it were placed upon the ground it could not take a step, even with its six legs, for they are absolutely useless out of wa- ter. It has one large black eye and on its forehead grows a pair of crook- ed horns. In this stage it looks very much like a young crab or shrimp. "It spends its time swimming about with a jerking motion. After passing through several changes, it appears with a shell similar to that of the clam. Its one eye has now divided into two, aud each is affixed to the end of a lit- tle stalk. Nature, thinking perhaps that six legs were not enough, now bestows upon the baby barnacle an- other pair. It soon tires of this stage of its existence, and decides that it is time to fix upon a permanent spot for its home. It generally decides upon a rock, the bottom of a ship, the skin of a shark or the piles beneath a wharf. "As soon as it has made its choice, the barnacle fixes itself firmly to its home by a kind of glue which it has se- creted in glands at the base of its anten- nae. When its head has become secure- ly glued to the rock or wood it changes its skin for the last time, casting off with it the shell and the eyes on the stalks. Its swimming legs have be- come transformed into the fishing net. In the first stage the barnacle had a shelly covering in one piece; after a time it donned a shell with two halves like the clam's, and in this last stage its shell is composed of many pieces. It now lives in a beautiful little white castle built of stony plates, leaning towards each other. Just inside the top of the castle there are two of these plates which fit together and form a compact roof. The enemy who storms this fort will have a long seige before he gains an entrance. ' 'It is. from between the plates at the top of the cone that the fishing net is thrust forth, and all the time that the tide is high it is busy scooping up wa- ter, from which it strains out the tiny animals for food. The net is com- posed of twenty-four delicately curled filaments surrounding the mouth (many-jointed and covered with hairs which are organs of touch). When a tiny living creature comes in contact with these sensitive hairs they immed- iately close tightly over it and carry it towards the mouth, which thrusts it- self out to meet the coming dainty. 10 THE MUSEUM. The barnacle has three pairs of jaws. The two outer pairs are horny and toothed, while the inner one is soft and has no teeth. "When the tide is out, all the cas- tles of the barnacles are tightly closed, but, as soon as it comes in, the rocks on which they live seem to be alive, so busily do they all work at their fishing, which they coniinue as long as the water covers them. "Barnacles have varying tastes which they display in the selection of their homes. The acorn barnacles encrust piles and rocks. One kind makes for itself a cosy burrow, by means of the horny spines which grow upon it. One species is parasitical on sharks, and still other kinds live on turtles, sunfish and blackfish. One of the commonest is the ship barnacle, which grows very rapidly. Some- times a vessel leaves port without a single barnacle on her hull. She makes but a short voyage, but on re- turning to her starting point it is found that whole colonies of barnacles have fastened themselves to the outside of her hull. This species developes a long stalk so that it sometimes hangs down sixteen inches in the water "There is a curious old myth con- nected with the ship barnacle, or as it is sometimes called, the goose barn- acle. Two hundred and fifty years ago many people believed that a little goose was hatched from this barnacle. As these geese were produeed by a fish, it was allowable to eat them on days when meat was prohibited by the church. Gerard, in the appendix to his History of Plants, written in 1633, announces that, having arrived at the end of his history, he thinks it 'not impertinent to the conclusion of the same to end with one of the marvels of this land (we may fay of the world).' He says that in the north parts of Scotland are 'certaine trees whereon doe grow certaine shell fishes of white color tending to russet, wherein are contained little living creatures, which shells in time of maturitie doe open and out of them come those little liv- ing fowles whom we call barnacles.' ' Collecting Fresh-Water Shells. * The study of the Mollusca, or'Con- chology as it is popularly called, is one of the most fascinating pursuits known to the naturalist. These lowly creat- ures are easy to collect and their shells may be preserved with little or no trouble, and a collection of them is not only an object of interest to the student, but is of interest to those not engaged in the study, on account of its beauty. In the present article the writer has attempted to explain the best methods of collecting and pre- serving the fresh-water forms in this branch of zoology. The collecting outfit is quite simple, but efficient; an ordinary fish-basket makes one of the best collecting re- ceptacles, in which may be carried several tin mustard boxes or two-ounce bottles with wide mouths and a large, oblong market-basket will be found invaluable to carry the bulkier kind, like Unio. A dip net, made like a butterfly net, only much stouter, will be of great use in dredging in the soft mud for small bivalves like Sphserium. Several small homcepathic vials willbe found useful to put the smaller spe- cies in, but the cork should be attach- ed to the bottle by a string so it will not be lost. A flat-bladed knife or small trowel and a pair of small tweezers, the points of which should meet evenly, will complete the collect- ing outfit. A scoop made of fine wire gauze will make a useful dredge with which to scoop the mud out of shallow ponds and rivers. A small dredge, similar to those used in deep sea dredging is of great value in collecting in the larger lakes and rivers. A strong man, or better, two men should row the bo'it and the one having charge of the dredge should be ever on the alert for obstructions on the bottom so that the dredge may * Frank C. Baker iu Popular Science, pub- lished at lis Fulton St., New York. THE MUSEUM. 1 1 not be damaged. A lead should be prepared with a hollow base in which to place some kind of grease to ascer- tain the character of the bottom, whether sandy or muddy, and should be attached to a stout line marked off in feet, to record the depth. These points should always be carefully not- ed with each haul, together with the distance from the shore. Fresh-water shells may be found almost everywhere; in ponds, ditches, creeks, rivers and lakes. Any region having a good water supply will sup- port a fresh-water molluscan fauna. There are some bodies of water, how- ever, which are unsuited to molluscan lift. When the bottom is made up of coarse crystalline gravel few mollusks will be found, but when there is a large quantity of lime held in solution in the water and when the bottom of the stream or pond is muddy, the chances are that a careful search will result in the discovery of a numerous and varied molluscan fauna. A rapid current is less favorable than stiller water, although a few mol- lusks (as the fresh-water melanians, Pleurocera, Goniobasis, etc. ) are found in streams; on rocks over which a rapid current is flowing. When a stream or pond has become more or less filled with decaying vegetation, the mollusks generally die off on ac- count of the presence of carbonic acid (carbon dioxide, C02) arising from their decay. It is useless to expect to find many mollusks under such con- ditions. This not only affects the life of the animal, but causes an excessive erosion of the fhell, in the repair of which the animal is weakened by the enforced secretion of shelly matter. Those mollusks breathing by means of gills will not voluntarialy inhabit a body of water holding impalpable mud in suspension, nor will they exist to any extent in streams charged with any Kinds of salts. Many times, how- ever, some hardy species survive in even brackish water; the effect of such a habitat is to dwarf and otherwise distort the shell. Some salt water species are known to inhabit both brackish and fresh water. The small bivalves, Pisidium and Sphaerinm, prefer mountain pools, wet meadow ponds and ditches. Ano- donta prefers large ponds and slow moving streams, while the stouter Unio lives best on a hard, rocky bot- tom; in sandy bottoms they may be seen pushing themselves about quite rapidly. In ponds and sluggish streams the genera Ph)sa, Limnaea, Planorbis and Amnicola are found abundantly. Lily pads are good hab- itats for small mollusks, as are also the roots of trees and blades of swamp grass. Besides the locations mentioned above, the burrows of muskrats are always good localities for Unios and the shells may be found here perfectly cleaned. The drift along the shore will always be found to yield a large number of perfect specimens. It is frequently desirable to preserve a num- ber of the shells of small bivalves alive for study, and for this a medium- sized fish globe is very useful. It will be of great interest to the student to study the living animal and record his observations. Much is still unknown concerning the habits of many of our common fresh-water mollusks and almost any student may add consider- able information which will be of great value. The preservation of the collections obtained on each day's trip is of great importance, for upon this depends the appearance and value of the collector's cabinet. When the specimens are collected they are covered with mud and growths of various kinds, and must be thoroughly cleaned. In the case of fresh- water shells, they should first be washed clean of mud, etc. ; this may be removed easier by the aid of a tooth-brush. The soft parts may be removed by putting the animal for a few seconds in boiling water. If they are first placed in lukewarm wa- ter for a few minutes and then tran - 12 THE MUSEUM. ferred to the boiling water it will pre- vent cracking and preserve the polish which is frequently lost when delicate shells are immediately placed in boil- ing water. The animal may then be extracted from the shell with a crook- ed pin or wire, or better still, a small pair of tweezers. Those species hav- ing an operculum should have it care- fully removed and attached to a piece of cotton, which may be placed in the aperture of the shell. Some opercula warp out of shape while drying, and it will be found a good rule to place them between two boards during this process. Some of the shells may be covered with incrustations of lime and peroxide of iron, and to remove these an old file or small bone scraper will be found useful. The file should be ground to a point. Shells that are stained with iron or other matter may be perfectly cleaned by placing for a few moments in a solution of oxalic acid. Unios and other bivalves should have the animal removed with a flat- bladed knife. To do this the two ad- ductor muscles must be cut, after which the halves will open and the an- imal may be. entirely cut away. If the shells are left in the sun for a few hours they will gape and the animal may then be easily removed. The two halves should be tied together in their natural position. Care should be used in cleaning the shell so that the hinge ligaments will not be injur- ed. In the case of shells having an epidermis, they may be oiled with vas- eline to prevent cracking when dry. Care should be used not to apply it in too large quantities or the shells will feel greasy. After applying the vase- line it should be thoroughly rubbed in with a flannel rag aad all surplus grease removed. Small gastropods need not be removed frcm the shell, but may be put in alcohol for 15 or 20 minutes, after which they may be dried and put in the cabinet. The collector will undoubtedly find numer- ous ways of improWng his cleaning and preserving methods, as experience dictates. The methods of labeling need not be dwelt upon here. All manner of schemes are used by conchologists in mounting and preparing specimens for the cabinet. Some use cardboard labels with a space for the specimens and another for the name, etc., others simply use cardboard travs, allowing the shells to remain loose instead of attaching them as in the case of the cardboard tablets. In the collections of The Chicago Academy of Sciences all specimens are attached to these tablets and they present a handsome appearance; but this is hardly feas- ible for the cabinet of a private col- lector, for lack of room. A good cab- inet of drawers three inches in depth will suffice for most of the land and fresh-water shells, although several deeper drawers may be found useful for large Unios. In writing the labels the generic and specific names and the authority for the name should occupy the first line, and the locality and name of the person from whom the specimens were received may occupy the balance of the label; the bottom of the latter might be used to advan- tage for short notes relating to the habits or peculiarities of the individ- uals in the tray. It is always a good idea to keep a catalogue of the collection. Each tray of specimens should be numbered and entered in the catalogue, together with all possible information. A card catalogue is also of great value. Curator Chicago Academy of Sciences. Popular Science. Published by Lillard & Co. of ic8 Fulton St,, New York and edited by Edward F. Bigelow, A. M., is with- out question the most complete and up-to-date Natural Science Journals published in America today. A de- scription of the November number is but a fair sample of what is issued every month in the year. It contains 24 large quarto pages of reading mat- THE MUSEUM. 13 ter alone, besides 8 pages of advertis- ing. This journal formerly known as Popular Science News and Boston Journal of Chemistry, is entirely differ- ent and far superior to other periodi- cals with similar names. Under "Nature Study" are such timely articles as "Habits of Amuse- ment in Rotifers" by James Weir, Jr , one of the best writers on Niture Study living today; "The New York Botanical Garden" by Carol ne A. Creevey; "A Little Fiddler," illustrat- ed, by Margaret F. Boynton. "The Partridge Berry" by Bessie L Put- nam; "Location of Birds' Nests" by Wm. L. Fernald; "The Jewel of the Deep" by Jas. E. Price; "Saffron" by Evelyn C. Morgan; "Growth from Frozen Ground" by Arthur Morgan; "A Bird's Foot" by Leander S. Key- ser; "On Popularizing Knowledge" by Calvin D. Wilson; "Egg-eating Snake of Central Africa," illustrated by photo-engraving of snake swallowing duck eggs, translated for Popular Sci- ence; "The Oriole Nests" by Clara G. Sanford; "Wild Flowers at Home" by Henry S. Adams. Then follows a series of articles on various topics such as "Completing the Course ?" "Three Requisites of a Scientific Mind," "The Heavens for November," "1900 Will Not be a Leap Year," "Weather and Health," "How a Bird Swims Under Water," "The Mistletoe," illustrated; "Delft Delft-ware," illustrated, "Mounds Along the Ohio Valley," "Prehistoric Anthropology," "Archaeology," "Apple Blossoms, " ' 'Photo-micrography. " Four pages are devoted to articles from correspondents on interesting items observed in the field and on sci- entific research. Three pages devoted to answers to correspondents The above does not include a score of interefting items and short articles that are of unusual interest. Twelve such numbers may be had for the small price of $160. Trial subscrip- tion free. Send your name and ad- dress at once to Popular Science as above, if you are not already a sub- scriber, and you will never regret the investment, The Medical Record, published at 51, Fifth Avenue, New York, has for years been the leading organ of the medical profession in America, and has gained a world-wide reputation, as the recognized medium of intercom- munication between the profession throughout the world. It is intended to be in every respect a medical news- paper, and contains among its Original Articles many of the most improtant contributions to medical literature. The busy practitioner will find among the Therapeutic Hints and in the Clinical Department a large fund of practical matter, carefully condensed and exceedingly interesting. Medical News from all parts of the world is supplied through special correspond- ents, mail and talegraph; New Publi- cations and Inventions are reviewed and described; in the Editorial De- partment matters of current interest are discussed in a manner which has established the Medical Record in the estimation of the whole profession as a thoroughly independent journal and the most influential publication of its class. A FINE DEER HEAD is one of the hand- somest ornaments one can have in their home. We ha\e some beauties at the most reason- able prices There are many spacimens we need to till orders such as fine sets of eggs, many American Land shells, etc Can use tine Indian Relics and ma;iy other specimens, and especially books If you have something equally as desirable to us as Mounted Dder Heads we would as so. 11 I ent throughout. Our Written Guarantee with every bicycle. QCWn A&IE? flllfil 9 fl iff (or ■ i s guarantee for ch ther ladies'orgents',colorapd OliFlW UnC USvJLXkH height of . 1, and we will ship CO. D. for the balai (#15.75 and express chai subject' [f you don't find it the most wonderful Bicycle Offer ever made, send it back at our ex- ! .• <;j>':>: ". ,. linted. BOcer! i .... :. In full ivitli order. WP U /%%#!? tS> I f^-\v i?^- ". (K1© A complete line of '09 Models at fill. 60 and up. Second-hand £<■> rB£4fK» UlV# »■ W'ftaE «3J Wheel* !?S to *U>. We want IS. IDE I*. ^\.C;5rJE:rS",3?^ .■ town to reprovntns. Hundre ir bici >■]•■ last year. This year w ffer wheels and cash for work done also Fre ■, hi its for our liberal proposition. We are known everywhere i Icycl i- > in world and are porfectly reliable; we refer to any bank or business house in Chicago, to any express company and t i eve' vv. here J. L. MEAD CYCLE CO., Chicago, III The Head Cycli Co. aro absohUi ly n Uabi au d Troquolt Bicyeln at $16.76 art wonderful bargains.— Editor. THE MUSEUM. #*333S3333£:53&e&&£*fe*.£e-:ee» m \*> at »(/ \»/ «A/ ii) ito \i> m 0/ id/ 0/ If/ it/ it/ ««/ it/ 0/ 3 it/ it/ 3 ALL ROADS ARE ALIKE A | $25 King and Queen $25 1 The best pair of bicycles on earth (|> for the money ... vi/ it/ it/ MONARCH CHAINLESS $75 | | MONARGH ROADSTERS $50 | ? DEFIANCE ROADSTERS $35 t tt/ ^ it/ | MONARCH CYCLE MFG. CO. | & Lake, Halsted and Fulton Streets, Chicago *t< itt Branches—New York, London. Hamburg * it/ \t/ 0/ it/ (,{> Send 20 cents in stamps lor a deck of \t/ tj, Monarch Playinpr Cards, illustrating \J/ ti> Jessie Bartlett Davis, Lillian Russell, <|t/ ii/ Tom Cooper, Lee Richardson and \h & Walter Jones. \)/ it/ — — ^— — — — — — — " — it/ § Ride a Monarch and Keep in Front. * it/ r it/ it/ it/ Fine Florida Shells. We have every facility for furnishing collectors or dealers with Florida Shells, or Souvenirs. We have had long experience in collecting, and the Editor of the Museum, has, unsolicited by us, offered to answer any inquiries as to our responsibility or fair dealing. If you wish to see quality of specimens before placing larger orders, send $1 for a box of samples. All cleaned and correctly named. Price list for stamp and all inquiries promptly answered. Give us a trial. J. H. HOLMES, DUNEDIN, FLA. Florida Land and Fresh Water Shells. Also Centipedes,- Scorpions, Crabs, etc. in alcohol at a bargain. Address with stamp* O. BRYANT, Longwood, Florida Wholesale Bargains. We have on hand many fine things in such quantity we quote low rates on wholesale or- ders, in order to make room. The material offered in every instance is as low as money can buy. Look over the list carefully: Purple Sea Plumes from the Bahamas'. Large size, 4 to 5 feet, $2.50 per dozen. Medium, 2 to 3 feet, $1.50 per dozen. Ostrich Eggs, South African specimens, at $6 00 per dozen. Cyprcea Annulus, Ringtop Cowries, from the East Indies, 50 cents per quart. Cyprcea moneta, with varieties, Money Cowry from Singapore, 50 cents per quart. Black Haliotis, 4 to 5 inch, from Monterey, Cal. 75 cents per dozen. Red Haliotis, from Monterey, 7 to 10 inch, at $1;50 per dozen. Nereta pderonta, Bleeding Teeth, Bahamas, at 50 cents quart. Purple Gorgonias, Flexible Coral from Baha- mas, $1 50 dozen. Mica Snow, for Taxidermists and fancy work, worth 80c pound, our price 20c. Bahama Coral, such as Fan, Head, Palm, etc. Several species at 10c pound. Mineral Collections, for Teachers to give or sell to students, 50 varieties, named, etc., at 50c lists on application. Mixed Shells, from Bahamas, nice for fancy work, 25c quart. Fasciolaria aistans. Tulip. 2 inch, 36c dozen. Fasciolaria tulipi, Tulip, 3 to 4 inch, 40c doz. Fulgar perversa, from Fla.. 4 to 5 inch, 60c" Tube Sponges, a great curio from Bahamas, $1.50 dozen. Scaphites nodosvs, an ammonite shaped fossil from the Bad Lands, 1 inch, 30c doz., 2 inch, 50c dozen; 2-J- inch, $1.00 dozen. Make up your order now, as these prices only hold good while stock lasts. W. F. WEBB, Mgr., Albion, N. Y. WRITE ME A LETTER TODAY Stating that you would like to have sent for your inspection, charges prepaid, 35 of the Famous Doubly-termin- ated Quartz Crystals, found at this place. If this collection of Brilliant Gems pleases you, kindly send 70 cents (no more; , otherwise return the collect- ion and it will be O. K. Is not this «i fair proposition? Exhibit at World's Fair received Highest Award, Medal and Diploma. Address, A. B. CRIM, Midcllevllle, Herkimer Co., IV. V. THE MUSEUM. We still have a few sets of back numbers of THE MUSEUM. We will mail the entire first 5 volumes for only $3.00 prepaid; or any number you wish at 5 cents each. Fill out your files now while you can. W. F. WEBB, Mgr., Albion, N. Y. THE MUSEUM. Can You do better than to take the OVERLAND? Here are One Thousand Pag:es of the fresh, strong work of the men and women of the West, writ- ers who have lived the life of which they write, and have seen and felt the things they describe, and Five Hundred Pictures the work of the most talented artist of a region that has produced many such, and is producing them all the time. All For One Dollar. Every copy that you read or send to a friend, is helping the Overland in its great mission set before It in 1868, when Bret Harte gave it its motto : "'De- voted to the Development of the Country." It is never possible to announce the best things that are in store for Overland readers, for they spring from the great events of the time; but these are inter- esting times for the world, especially In that great basin of the Pacific Ocean which is the Overland's territory, and the Overland will not be found want- ing in its presentation of these great happenings. Put the OVERLAND on your list. Established November 11, 1898. TO COLLECTORS. While you are adding to your collections of curiosities and what-not, it will be desirable to add to your collection of knowledge. There are many ways of doing this., One of the very best is by reading THE Great Round World in which all the news of the World is told every week, with the exception of crimes, scandals and sensations. This little weekly of 40 or more pages tells the story of current events in simple, readable English. It deals solely with facts, not opin- ions. It enables both young and old to keep abreast with the times without being obliged to bring sensationalism into the household. It makes a fine birthday or holiday gift. $2.00 per full year of 52 weeks. Sampla copy 5 cents if you mention The Museum. THE GREAT ROUND WORLD CO., 150 Fifth Ave., New York. All Postmasters are authorized to take subscriptions. | Curio and Shell Novelties | ^ From the highly colored Abalone, Green Snail, s P Conch and Pearl Shells. Acknowledged the f| H finest carved shell novelties. Card Receivers, j^ ^ Paper Knives, Spoons, Pin Trays, etc., in var- s — ieties. 500 trial orders direct from the factory ^ S have convinced dealers that our goods are of a St S superior class and very attractive to the eye. S | Curio and Shell Novelty Co., § H 319 E. Second St. , LOS ANGELES, CAL. E $1000 CASH WILL BE GIVEN AWAY On February 1 4, 1 900. To Persons Sending Subscribers to SELF CULTURE MAGAZINE Two Hundred and Fifty Dollars to the one sending in the largest list— $150.00, $75.00, $25.00, $15 00, $10.00, and so on, a total of 53 Cash awards; and in addition very large com- mission will be given, making the most liberal proposition. Send for full particulars. Prof- itable work for intelligent persons. SELF CULTURE .MAGAZINE, Akron, Ohio. The Companion for the Rest of 1899. During the remaining weeks of 1899 The Youth's Companion will maintain its fresh and varied interest for young and old by presenting articles from tho pens of eminent men and women and stories by the most gifted writers of fic- tion Among these contributors will be Frank R. Stockton, who presents a droll story, "The Wolf and the Wheelbar- row;" James Bryce, author of "The American Commonwealth " who offers "Hints on Reading;" W. D Howells and Jane Barlow, each of whom con- tributes a serial story; Bret Harte, who recalls an early California experience in, "How I Went to the Mines;" Mary E.'Wilkins. who tells of "Sereny Maria at School;" and Henry M Stanly, who under the title, "For Life and Liberty." relates a thrilling adventure of his trav- els in Darkest Africa The November and December num- bers containing these features are given to every new subscriber for the 1900 volume free from the time subscription is received, in addition to the Compan- ion's exqusite Calendar for 1900— the last of the century and the most beauti- ful one ever given to Companion sub- scribers. Illustrated Announcement Number containing a full prospectus of the vol- ume for 1900, will be sent free to any address. THE YOUTH'S COMPANION. 203 Columbus Avenue, Boston, Mass. VOL. VI. NO. 2 Whole number 62. DECEMBER, 1899. 11EU7H A Journal Devoted to Research in Natural Science. RA TES: — 50 cts. per year to all countries, in advance. Single numbers, 3 cts. Published on the 15th of each month by Museum Publishing Co., Albion, N. Y. THE MUSEUM. POPULAR SCIENCE NEWS, Nature, Invention, Archseoloy. Elec- tricity, Chemistry, Mineralogy, Hy- giene, Mealcine, Health. Formerly BOSTON JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY. ENLARGED and IMPROVED. This popular monthly contains a large num- ber of Short, Easy, Practical, Interesting and Popular, Scientific articles, that can be Ap- preciated and Eu joyed by any intelligent reader, even though he knew little or nothing of Science. It is intended to interest those who think. Profusely Illustrated. Free from Technicalities. Entirely Different from and Much Superior to other papers with a similiar name. Monthly, 31.60 per year; Newsdealers, 1 5c Largest Circulation of any Scientific Paper. LILLARD & CO., 10a Fulton St., New York. Mention MUSEUM for a sample copy. Re-Enforcements. THE NATURALIST,FARM& FANCIERS REVIEW Has been Rj-enforced and will be further Re-enforced. The following Departments have been Inaugurated, and each will be Edited by Protnineut parties: Ornithological, Poultry, Pigeon, Pet Stock and Nature Photo Exchange. Drop us a Postal Card for Sample Copy. Subscription 25 cents per year. See Clubbing offar with this paper. "Ad Rates" on application. H. W. KERR, Publisher. Blencoe, Iowa, or Albion, N. Y. THIS PAPER is printed at the Book and Magazine Publishing House of A. M. EDDY, Albion, N. Y. LABELS. All sizes and for any branch of Natural History, at the very lowest prices. Send me copy and I will quote price. Fossil Labels like sample 10c per 100; 70e per 1000 with assorted headings. DEVONIAN AGE. Period. Letter Heads, Bill Heads, Cards, and etc. D. H. EATON, WOBURN, MASS. JAMES P. BABBITT, Wholesale and Retail Dealer in Taxidermists' Supplies, Bird Skins, Eggs and Publications, TAUNTON, MASS. Our large monthly bulletin of Skins, Eggs, etc. free upon application. The Ornithologist's and Oolo" gist's Manual. Contains 100 pages, giving complete list of all North American Birds, Prices of Eggs and Skins, Number of Eggs in a Clutch, Prices of Mammal Skins, How to Skin Birds and Mam- mals, How to form an Egg Collection and many other pages of useful information. Pre- raid for ten two-cent stamps. Order at once. W. F.WEBB, Pub. Albion, N. Y $1000 CASH WILL BE GIVEN AWAY On February 1 4, 1 900. To Persons SeDdiog Subscribers to SELF CULTURE MAGAZINE Two Hundred and Fiftv Dollars to the one pending in the largest list -$150 00. $75 00, $25 00, $15 00, $10 00, and so on, a total of 53 Cash awards; and in addition very large com- mission will be given, making the most liberal proposition Send for full particulars ' Prof- itable woik for intelligent persons SELF CULTURE MAGAZINE, Akron, Ohio. THE MUSEUM. WANTS, EXCHANGES AND FOR SALES. All notices that come under above will be inserted in this department until further notice at one (1) cent a word. No notice less than 25c. Terms Cash with order. No charge for address. I shall at all times endeavor to keep parties, whose reputation is of a doubtful char- acter from using these columns. FOR SALE: -Heads for mounting of Moose, Elk. Deer scalps. Antler-, hides, etc. Fresh skins of Snowy, Great horned and o her owls Sharp tailed, Ruffled anil Pinnate t Grouse. Buffalo horns, etc. Forge's Natukal Sci- ence Establishment Carman, Manitoba. FOR SALE: -5000 Flint, Stone or Bone im- plements of all descriptions. ANo 200 Pots, Bowls and Dishes, all in good condition. This collection must be sold at once as owner wants cash. There are many tine things in this collection. Lot me hear from you Col- lections wanted to sell on commission. Cash advanced pending sale If you have any- thing to sell write me at once. G. M. SHER- MAN, Commission Dealer, 390 Worthington, St . Springfield, Mass. SKINS: — A nice pair of American Quail for 80c also one pair Canada Jay, $1 00. W. F. Webb, Mgr., Albion, N. Y. ORNITHOLOGICAL BOOKS:-Cones Key, good as new $6 00 Cory's Birds of Bahamas, new $4.50. W. F. Webb, Mgr., Albion. N. Y. FOR SALE or EXCHANGE— fresh or dried fkins of black, Grey, Red, and Fox-SquirreN, Pocket Gopheis and other small mammals of Wisconsin. J. N Clahk, Meridan, Wiscon- sin. FOR SALE or EXCHANGE-Fine skins of Goshawk, Si,owy Owl, Piueand Evening Gros- beaks, American and White-wing Crossbills, Bohemian Waxwings and other birds of Wis- consin. J N Clark. Meridan, Wisconsin. FOR SALE- One Mountain L\o-i (female) 9 mo old. also two Cinnamon Be.-irs (male and female) 5 mo. old, tame and in good con- dition. A. M VanderVlies, 2378 Washing- ton Ave., Ogden, Utah. FINE MINERALS to exchange for Coins or Indian Relics Also fine 5x8 Ideal D. S Ma- hogany camera nearly new. L. V. Case, Bedford, N. Y. TYPE WRIIER DESK:— We offer for sale or exchange a fine office or library desk made with type- writer drop attachment. Any make typewriter can be used; 4 draws on each side. Flat top, siz-' 48 inches long, 31 inches high, and 28 inches deep. Cost $30.00, used in our library for past four years. Just as good as new. Will sell for $15 00, or its equivalent value in trade for specimens. W. F. Webb, Mgr., Albion, N. Y. CONCHOLOGICAL BOOKS:— Sowerby's Manual, fine colored plates, cover loose $5 00. Sowerby's Monograph of the Cypraea, tine colored plates, $18.00. Reeve's Monograph of the Cypraea, fine colored plates, $10 00. Tryou's Monograph of the Strepomatidae, 800 figures paper, $5 00 W. F. Webb, Mgr , Albj n, N. Y. THE ARCHAEOLOGIST published at Col- umbus Ohio, all concede as the best Maga- zine, on Indian Relics ever published in this country for the active working student. We have the entire stock of remainders of vol- umes for 1897 and 1898. A complete set of each will be sent prepaid for only $4 00. No Indian Relic collector can affoid to be with- out them, $4 00 couldn't be spent in literature of this kind anywhere else to as good profit. A more extended notice next month W. F. Webb. Mgr., Albion, N. Y. THREE DOLLARS will buy 150 varities -f native woods, or will exchange for woods not in my collection. Louis W. Hahn, Lake Ave. Silver Creek, Chautaugua County, N. Y. BOOKS:— Since last Museum we have taken a large private Library, containing hundreds of good books. If you are buying books write us and see what we have in your lines. We offer 12 volumes, some being duplicates of the Survey made for a R R to the Pacific coast' The copies are beautifuliy preserved and well bound. Many are finely illustrated, covering all branches of Natural History. Prires $1.60, $2 00 and so on per volume. Some Indiana and Alabama reports at 75c to $1 00 per volume. Proceedings of many Sci- eijiific Bodies, as Buffalo Society of Natural History, Boston ditto, Philadelphia Academy Science, etc. etc. Full lists to intending purchasers. W. F Webb, Mgr. Albion, N. Y. CURIOS:— Fine Mounted Taodfish from Florida $1 00. Cowtish 75c, French Dag- ger Sword $1.00, Big Cup Sponges 40c, Indian Beaded Bladder tobacco Pouch 75c, Buckskin Pouch with ornaments $1 00. Squaw fur neck robe, Indian tanned and decorated, a fine cur- io $2.00. Squaw belt and trail, made of leath- er and large disks, sells for $4.00 our price $2.00, Boy's belt similar to above $1 00, Sioux War Club $1 50, Novajo Blankets very hand- some, $10.00 and $12 00, Arizona Indian Wat- er Baskets $1 50 and $2 00, Arizona Polished Stone Axes $1 00, Sawfish Saws 25c, Fine Mounted Deer Heads at $7 00 and $8 00, spec- ial price. These are only sample items from hundreds of curios on hand. W. F. Webb, Mgr., Albion, N. Y. 18 THE MUSEUM. RELICS WANTED:— I should be pleased to receive price lists with outlines or draw- ings of ancient Indian Relics from collectors. BURTON HOLCOMB, West Granby, Hart- ford Co., Coan. Nov 2t WANTED:— Back numbers of papers on Natural Science and books of any kind on Natural History, also bird skins Can offer good exchange in invertebrates, nice eastern bird skins and some papers on Natural His- tory. State value of material when writing. F. P. DROWNE, 20 Benefit St , Providence, R I. 3tO WANTED: — Rough skeletons of mammals, and some birds. Human material especially desired Can use whole skeletons or parts. Would like to hear from all parties who can offer anything in this line and will furnish directions 'o those who are able to secure specimens but do not understand prepara- tion Can also use some finished skeletons and skulls. Offer in exchange some finely prepared marine invertebrates, material col- lected this summer. Have a list of fifty spec- ies representing the families Porifera, Coloen- terata. Echinodermata, Vermes Arthropoda, Tunicata All specimens nicely preserved in formaline or alcohol. Please state value of material when writing. F. P. DROWNE, 20 Benefit St., Providence, R. I. 3tO EXCHANGE ADS. FREE.— Any reader of the Musuem who will send 25 cents and an addressed and stamped envelope, to Popular Science, 108 Fulton St., New York, for a three months trial subscription, will be presented with a Fifty Cent want advertising coupon. Sample copies free. See additional particu- lars on adv. in this issue. ANCIENT INDIAN RELICS— They keep coming and going New arrivals constantly. We can offer now Fair Arrow Heads 30c doz., better 50c and finer at $1.00 doz Beautiful Western forms from i inch up and ranging from $1.00 to $2 50 doz. Scrapers notched at 5c to 15 ;, unnotched 10c. Kniv.-s at 10 15, and 25c Drills at 15 to 25o Bone Awls at 25c. Needles with eve 50c. Fish Spears 50c. Ohio Bird Points at 5;. Game Points at 10c. Fliat Fish Spears 25c. Arrows, rotary, ser- rated and b«veled at 15 to 30c. Grooved Axes at 40, 60 and 75c. War Axes 50c Hatchets 35c. Grooved Mallets 40c Rubbing Stones 30c Pestles 50c and $100 Spades 75c to $1.25. Cup Stones 50c Hoes 72c. Pendents 25 and 50c Colts or Skimmers at 20, 30. 40, and 50c. Sinkers N. Y. at 15c, Ga. 25c. Spears 25, 35, 50 aud 75c. Selections sent on approval, assorted lots made up at from $3.00, $5 00, $10 00 and $25.00. Let us hear from vou at once if you want any of the above W. F. Wkbb. Mgr. Albion N Y. ARCHAEOLOGISTS and COLLECTORS: — Books and pamphlets for sale Lists of I) >oks by standard authors mailed to applicants A bulletin on Bird and Saddle Stones now in preparation Write me for. .circular. W K MOOREHEAD, Saranac Lake, N. Y 4tNov. EXPLORATIONS and SURVEYS— We have secured a number of these rare Quarto works printed by the Government about 1890 and 1870. Vol 2 contains 20 pi. of Botanical specimens, 4pl. of Fossils and many full page tinted views of Western scenery, many hun- dred pages text. $2 00; Vol. 3 contains a re- port c f Wheeler on a route for R R near 35th parallel!, few pi of fossils and many fine tinted plates of Zuni Wares and scenery $i 00; Vol. 4 nearly all on Botany, 57 full page plates of plants and each with many hundred illus- trations, $2 00; Vol. 5 is a report of William- son on routes in California to connect with route near 35th parallell, 80 plates on botany, 10 on Fossils and many tine tinted views of notable scenery, $2 50; Vol. 6, covers narra- tive with fine platts, Geological report with many views and plates of fossils, botany re- port with many tine plates and views, Zoology report covering birds and mammals, fishes, land shells, reptiles, with many full page pi. $2 00; Vol. 7, covers narrative with many views, Ge- ological report with 15 p!ates, Paleontological report by Torrey, $2 00; Vol. 8, covers the Mammals of the survey by Baird, one of the best works on U. S Mammals ever printed, 750 pp Text, 43 full page plates, $4.00; Vol. 9, covers birds of the survey by Baird, assisted by Cassin and Lawerence, 1000 pp, $4.00; Vol 10 contains 13 pi of Reptiles, over 500 figures, report of fishes, with 400 pp and 21 full page plates, with special report on birds with 21 plates beautifully colored, 9 plates mammals, 28 pi. Fishes, 17 plates reptiles This volume is very richly illustrated, $3.50; Vol., 11 is in 2 parts; part 1 is narrative with 65 fine plates all tinted, showing many of nature's most wonderful handiwork. Part 2, report on Bot- any with 6 plates, repoit on insects with 2 plates, on mammals with 5 plates, on birds with 8 colored plates, on reptiles with 11 plates, on fishes with 21 plates- This is essentially a "California volume." When we refer to plates in the above eleven volumes we mean large quarto size. We will send these eleven vol- umes for $18 00 net. only a fraction of their real value. They are in perfect conditiou be- ing a part of the library of Dk Jambs Lewis, Mohawk, N. Y. Address at once, Walter F. Webb, Albion, N Y. BICYCLES CHEAP:— I will ship direct from factory a now Armada wheel, sold everywhere for $50, for only $25 cash; or can send a new Edgemere $25 wheel from Sears, Roebuck & Co., Chicago, f r $15 cash. A ma- terial saving in each instance by ordering from me. W. F. WEBB, Mgr , Albion. N. Y. INDIAN ARROW HEADS-80 per ct. whole, $1.25 per 100: 10 varieties of fragment pottery 25c; 10 varieties minerals 25c; 10 sea shells, largest three inches, 25c; 10 varieties curios 25c; (Erodes 15c to $1 00; Oregon bird points 5 for 50c; Indian relics, etc. CURIO CO, CrawfouUville, Ind. FOtt SALE:— Collections prehistoric mound relics, Cliff-House pottery, carved Chinese jades, Roman lamps and pottery- Cash or good exchange for hematites and long spears. DK, W. O. EMERY. Crawfordsville, Ind. o3- THE MUSEUM A Monthly Magazine Devoted to Research in Natural Science. Vol. VI. ALBION, N. Y., DECEMBER 15, 1899 No. 2 JTHEJ^USEUNL^ A Monthly Magazine devoted to Ornithology, Oology, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Mineralogy and Allied Sciences. Walter F. Webb, Editor and Manager Albion, N. Y. Correspondence and items of interest on above top- ics, as well as notes on the various Museums of the World— views from same, discoveries relative to the handling and keeping of Natural History material, descriptive habits of various species, are solicited from all. Make articles as brief as possible and as free from technical terms as the subjects will allow. All letters will be promptly answered. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION Single Subscription 50c per annum Sample Copies 5c i^ach ADVERTISING RATES. 5 cents per Nonpareil line each insertion. Twelve lines to the inch. Cash must accompany all orders. Remittances should be made by Draft, Express or Post Office Order or Registered Letter. Unused U. S. Postage Stamps of any denomination accepted for small amounts. MUSEUM PUB. CO., ALBION, ORLEANS CO., N. Y. Entered at Albion post-office as second-class mail matter Notes on American Land Shells. (Continued from November number.) The season of hibernation continues from four to six months. The final cause of this extraordinary condition is undoubtedly to enable the animal to resist successfully the extreme reduc- tion of temperature and to survive through a long period when it must, in northern climates at least, be entirely destitute of food. With a view to the first purpose, a place of shelter is pro- vided, and the aperture of the shell is hermetically sealed by the epiphragm or the hibernaculum; for the second, the state of torpor is adopted, during which the functions of digestion, respi- ration and circulation being suspended, and all the secretions and excretions having ceased there is no drain upon the strength and vitality of the animal, and no exhaustion of its forces. Hence it comes forth at the end of the period, in much the same condition in which it commenced it, and resumes almost im- mediately its usual functions and hab- its. So entire is the cessation of the function of respiration -that the air con- tained within the epiphragm and the animal is found unchanged. The cir- culation, however, may be partially restored by a small degree of heat, the warmth of the hand being sufficient to stimulate the heart to action. In the portions of the country sub- ject to long periods of drought, the same process is resorted to as a defense against want of moisture. In this case the epiphragm is much thicker. In the genus Binneyi, it is still more de- veloped, in order to protect the parts of the animal incapable of being drawn within the shell. The snails pass the greater part of their lives under dead leaves and logs, under stones or burrowing in the ground. They seldom come from their lurking'places while the sun shines, and indeed are never seen ranging in the day time unless the day be dark and damp. Should they then be surprised by the appearance of the sun they im- mediately take shelter from its rays under some cover or on the shaded sides of trunks of trees. Their natural food is vegetable, and the formation of the mouth and the organs with which it is armed, seems to be peculiarly well adapted for cut- ting fruits and the succulent leaves of plants. The cutting-edge of the jaw being applied against the substance to 20 THE MUSEUM. be eaten, the semi-lunar rough instru- ment, usually called the "lingual mem- brane," is brought up against it, cut- ting out and carrying into the mouth semi-circular portions of nutriment. The operation is carried on with great rapidity, and the substance to be eaten soon disappears. It is certain, how- ever, that some species are fond of an- imal food, and sometimes prey upon earth-worms, their own eggs, and even upon each other; but the slowness of their motions and their consequent in- ability to pursue prey, forbids the idea of their being dependent upon animal food. They, in their turn, become the prey of various birds and reptiles; and it is no uncommon thing to ob- serve, in the forest, clusters of broken shells lying upon logs or stones, which have been chosen by birds as conven- ient places for breaking the shell and extracting the animal. The snails of the United States are for the most part solitary in their hab- its, differing very much, in this respect, from the snails of Europe. It is true that in localities favorable for their res- idence they may be collected in con- siderable numbers; and especially is this the case in the states north of the Ohio River. But even there they seem to live independently of each other, and not to unite into herds and com- munities. There are occasional ex- ceptions, however, as in the case of Pyramidula alternata, very large num- bers of which have been observed col- lected into a small space, especially in winter, as if for the purpose of impart- ing warmth to each other. The few species of European snails which have been introduced retain their native habits. Helix hortensis, for instance, which has been transplanted to some of the small islands in the vicinity of Cape Ann, is found there in countless numbers, literally covering the soil and shrubs. It is worthy of notice also that each island is inhabited by a var- iety peculiar to itself, showing that the variety that happened to be introduced there has propogated itself without a tendency to run into other variations. Thus, on one islet is found the yellow- ish green unicolored variety, once de- scribed as Helix subglobosa; and on another, within a very short distance, we find a banded variety and none others. In regard to colors our snails are quite plain and exceedingly uniform; in this respect also differing essentially from the species of the old world. They vary from yellowish-green, through horn color to chestnut, most of them being simply horn colored. This is perhaps owing to the fact that our species do not infest our gardens and open fields, but are generally confined to forests, sheltered under logs and stones, and are rarely seen abroad ex- cept during twilight or on damp and dark days; indeed, they almost entire- ly disappear as the forests are cut down and seem to flee the approach of man. The European species, on the other hand, follow in the track of cultivation, and are common in gardens and fields, on walls and hedges, and other places exposed to the action of light. With the exception of Pyramidula alternata, Hemitrochus varians, Lignus fasciatus, etc., there is scarcely a species having bands or variegated colors inhabiting eastern North America; and even there these latter species can scarcely be re- garded as an exception, as they are only to be found in the southern part of Florida, and are more properly West Indian shells. In Texas and be- yond the Rocky Mountains in Oregon and California, many of the species have one or more bands. Another peculiarity of the American snails, is the tooth-like appendages with which the aperture of a large proportion of them is armed, and which are characteristic of the group designated by Ferussac under the name of Helicodonta. More than one-half of the whole number, and more than three-fourths of those with reflected lips, are thus provided. In some spec- ies these appendages assume the form of folds rather than teeth; and in THE MUSEUM. 2r others we have simple threads or la- mins r;/ jiving within the aperture in the course of the spire. They are not formed until the shell has attained its full growth. The genera not furnished with an external shell were grouped into one family of Limacidce by Binney, who thus describes their habits. They are more especially nocturnal than the other families of the order, and they are so rarely visible in the day time that thousands may be near without be- ing known. The injury which they commit in kitchen-gardens, for this reason, is often vaguely ascribed to worms or to birds, and no measures are taken against the real culprits. Their habits, in general, coincide with those which have been described as distinguishing the shell-bearing species, and I shall therefore only mention here, those which are peculiar to them. They differ from the other families in not possessing the faculty of hiberna- tion, or suspension of their organic func- tions during the cold season. In tem- perate latitudes the snails hibernate, under all circumstances, on the ap- proach of cold weather; the slugs, on the contrary having the power of resist- ing extreme cold, continue in their usual haunts until severe frosts set in, when they retire into the earth and other sheltered retreats. Here they remain in a state of inaction and partial torpidity; the functions of the body, however, still going on, though slowly and with diminished force. A slight increase of heat arouses them and stimulates the organs to renewed ac- tion, and they accordingly often come abroad in mild weather even during the winter. Those which inhabit cel- lars and other protected situations are in motion throughout the year; and in- dividuals of all the genera and species which I have kept in confinement have continued active, fed freely and in- creased in size as much in the coldest months as in the summer. All the species which have yet come under my notice possess the power of suspending themselves in the air by a gelatinous thread. This they affect by accummulating a quantity of tenacious mucous at the posterior extremety of the foot, which they attach to the ob- ject from which they are to commence their descent; then, loosing their hold, they hang suspended by this point. Continuing the secretion, their own weight attenuates the mucous attach- ment, and draws it out into a thread. As this dries and hardens, a fresh sup- ply is afforded, the thread is lengthen- ed, and the animal lets itself down any desirable distance. At this time, a. so, the margin of the foot pours out muc- ous freely, and during the whole oper- ation the locomotive disk is in active undulatory motion, in the same man- ner as when in ordinary progression. It appears in this way to guide and force towards the extremety the muc- ous which is secreted on its surface, and which collected, at its extreme point, forms the thread. The slug often pauses in its descent, and extends its eye-peduncles and its whole body in various directions, as if seeking some object on which to make a lodgement. The faculty of suspending themselves in this manner indicates that they pass some part of their lives on trees, from which they can thus make a conven- ient descent to the earth; there are some species, indted, which are stated to inhabit trees almost exclusively. It may serve also as a means by which they can suddenly escape from the at- tacks of their enemies, and particular- ly of birds. It is mostly, however, when they are young, or at least not grown to their full size, that they enjoy this power. Those which have attain- ed their extreme dimensions and weight are too heavy to trust themselves to so frail a support. They have no power to elevate themselves again, and in this respect are inferior to spiders, which can both lower and raise them- selves by the aid of the secreted thread. Like the spiders, however, they often remain suspended in mid-air for a time, and it is not unlikely that there 22 THE MUSEUM. is some pleasurable sensation connect- ed with the act, which induces them to thus prolong it. Dr. Binney states that he had seen the descent actually practiced by every one of our Atlantic species. Besides the watery fluid which at all times lubricates the integuments, the animals can, at their will, secrete at any point or over the whole surface of their bodies, a more viscid and ten- acious mucous than is usually exuded. This power is used as a means of de- fense. Whenever a foreign substance touches them, immediately a quantity of this mucous, of the consistence of milk, and nearly the same color, is poured out and forms a kind of mem- brane interposed between themselves and the irritating substance. So, also, when they are surrounded by a cor- rosive gas, or are thrown into water or alcohol, they form over themselves in this way, a thick protective covering, which is undoubtedly a non-conductor of heat and inpervious, at least for a time, to liquids. Shielded by this coating, they can live the greater part of a day immersed in water, and for a shorter time in alcohol; and M.Ferus- sac asserts that they have survived for hours in boiling water. They leave a trace of their usual secretion on every object over which they pass and thus can easily be traced to their retreats. The ordinary secretion is most abund- ant at their posterior extremety. The secretion of the mucous fluid over their surface is necessary to their existance. Death immediately follows the failing of this power, and is preceded by the drying up on the skin. (To be continued.) New Discoveries at the Wood's Holl Mass- Biological Station. Proffessor Jacques Loeb of the Uni- versity of Chicago, working at Wood's Holl, has succeeded in developing from the unfertilized egg of the sea urchin, by chemical treatment, living and nor- mal plutei, or young sea urchins. He is led by further experiments to believe that this can be done with all marine animals, and reasoning from this dis- covery and from the work of his col- leagues he has come to the conclusion that similar results are possible with mammalians. In the summary of the year's work at Wood's Holl the discovery is an- nounced in the following terms: "The unfertilized egg of the sea ur- chin contains all the essential elements for the production of a perfect pluteus. I consider it possible that only the ions of the blood prevent the parthenogen- etic origin of embryos in mammalians, and I think it not impossible that a transitory change in the ions of the blood may also allow complete parth- enogenesis in mammalians." The statement contains the an- nouncement of a theory of generation and reproduction which is almost rev- olutionary. Wood's Holl is a little village on the end of a neck of land which forms the southeastern shore of Buzzard's Bay. There in 1888 was established the Marine Biological Laboratory at which the marvelous results of the last sum- mer have been achieved. It had its origin in a marine biological school es- tablished in 1873 on the Island of Pen- nikese, near Wood's Holl, by Alexan- der Agassiz, which lived but two seasons. A later attempt was not successful at Annisquam. In 1888, however, several colleges united in forming the present institution under the direction of C. O. Whitman, now professor of biology at the University of Chicago. Under his lead the work became systematic. The simple forms of sea life proved to have wonderful possibilities for study and investigation by the trained scientist, and to throw light on the more complex systems of the higher animals. Wm. T. Sedgwick, Edward G. Gardiner, and Edward O. Jordan of Massachusetts Institute of Technol- ogy, C. B. Atwell of Northwestern University, and F. L. Washburn of THE MUSEUM. 23 Ann Arbor were among the investigat- ors at the school during its first year. The labratory was housed in a two- story frame building, and was support- ed by donations. Year by year its work has grown, the laboratories have been enlarged, course after course have been added to the curriculum, facilities for investigation have been increased, and the corps of scientists who spend each summer their entire vacation at this seaside institution studying marine growths has grown larger. Nearly all who have worked there, being biol- ogists, have been believers in a chem- ical theory of life. They have believed that life originated on the earth through the combination, in the course of natural evolution of the world, of the chemicals which compose simple protoplasmic cells; that through the long course of countless centuries these growths have modified, influenced by circumstances and the change of the world about them, and have gradually produced by natural means all that is living on earth today. Species have differentiated by natural means, and from a single cell to a man there has been a steady and a constant growth. This has been their theory. To es- tablish it they have sought to produce artificially that combination which be- comes, instead of a mere combination, a unit — a cell — and which has the pow- er of moving itself and of growing and reproducing itself. Toward this they have wrought constantly, and step by step they are approaching their goal. Among the workers at the school in previous years W. N. Norman, profesor of biology in the University of Texas, was among the most ardent. Profesor Norman discovered that if he added to sea water, in which were the unfertil- ized eggs of certain marine animals, salts of magnesia to increase the water to a certain density, the eggs began to develope. They never produced larvae, but grew into unformed masses of cells, which broke up as soon as they were placed in normal sea water. On this Profesor Norman was at work a year ago when his efforts were ended by an attack of typhoid fever which caused his death in Boston. This segment- ation of eggs of marine animals also was accomplished by other students at the laboratory. Seeing in it the pos- sibility of great developments, Profesor Loeb took it up where Norman left off. His discovery is the result. The sea urchin is one of the com- monest of marine animals. It is found in great numbers along the shore of the north Atlantic. To the casual ob- server it consists of a ball of prickles, about the size of a fist, which moves in the water. Examined more closely these prickles are found to be spines projecting from a shell which has a single small opening underside, in which is the mouth of the animal occupying the shell. As among fishes, there are among sea urchins two separate sexes. The female deposits her eggs in secluded spots in the rocks along the shore, and the deposit of milt fertilizes them. The eggs, then left to themselves, hatch, or develop, in a few hours into blastulas, and grow thence through the gastrulas stage to plutei. As plutei they live for some time, just as a young frog exists as a pollywog, at length appearing as their parents did before them as sea urchins, clad in shells and spines. For the purpose of his experiments Prof. Leob secured eggs from a female sea urchin which he was ceriain had not been fertilized. These eggs he placed in water containg solutions of various salts. Calcium, sodium, potass- ium, and magnesium were used. He found that when he put the eggs in a calcium solution no result was obtain- ed. When potassium was used they developed slightly. In sodium they slowly evolved into blastulae, but in magnesium solutions these later forms were produced in two hours, and with- in twenty four hours these blastulae, having been placed again in normal sea water, developed into active and vigor- ous plutei. The experiments were a complete success, and magnesium 24 THE MUSEUM. chloride the successful medium for de- velopment. Not content with his own assurance that the eggs were entirely unfertilized, Profesor Loeb took from each group used a portion which he immersed in sea water to develope in the natural manner, and in each case they remain- ed unchanged, showing no growth. Having succeeded in developing the eggs by chemical means, he then began experiments to learn why they did not normally develop in sea water, with- out requiring to be fertilized. He added to his solutions various other ions, and found that as the amount of calcium or potassium in the water was increased it became more difficult and, at last, impossible to develop the eggs. The fact was plainly established that the milt needed to carry the eggs to fertilization nothing more than certain ions to counteract the restrain- ing elements in the sea water. The possibilities of this little discov- ery startled the little colony by the seaside. Accustomed to examine the lower forms of life for light on the phenomena of the higher forms, the scientist at once looked for a parallel case in the human animal, and came to the conclusion that all cancerous growths are of a similar nature. Prof. Loeb is not inclined to go so far. "We have made a wonderfnl discov- ery, all of us at Wood's Holl together, " he says: All have done something. I only succeeded first in producing the plutei. From that, wonderful possibil- ities have opened before us. Many of my associates think they see in it the explanation of cancer. They do not say so loudly yet, for there are so many people who hold to the necessary presence of a bacillus to form a cancer. It may be a bacillus is there — if this theory is correct — for a bacillus makes secretions which may change the com- position of the blood, or of the cells in a certain neighborhood, making for the absence of the restraint and allowing the cells to divide and grow. We can learn that only by farther experiments. I will not even say for myself that I believe it explains cancer. It is won- derful enough for me to say that that is true which is proven. But it is reasonable to believe that if a sea ur- chin egg can develope itself so can the egg of a mammalian." "Do you believe that this brings you much nearer the production of life in a test tube?" Dr. Loeb was asked. "Nearer, perhaps — in fact, much nearer: but after all it may not be an appreciable step when we come to learn the whole distance." The discovery that a solution of magnesium salt caused the develop- ment of sea urchin eggs into normal plutei led the scientists at Wood's Holl to a long series of experiments to find what effect the solution had on other cells. A jelly fish, or sea anemone, was taken as an illustration. This is a transparent, jelly like mass that moves through the sea, pulsating regularly, waving with each motion a set of streamers which drive food towards its stomach. Norman already had shown that when this ring of fibers was cut away pulsation stopped, and it was therefore dubbed the "nerve ring," and was be- lieved to be the centre of motive pow- er in the animal. This has now been proven wrong, for when the remaining portion of the jelly fish was put in wa- ter containing no calcium and a large percentage of magnesium, it immediate- ly began pulsating rhythmically, as it had in sea water with its rings attached. Bit by bit the outer portions were cut away, and at last the merest centre of the mass was put in a magnesium solution, when it pulsated as had the rest. A frog's leg was then experimented upon with similar results. In the frog only the heart beat under normal con- ditions. The leg was cut off and lay inert. It was put into a solution of calcium chloride, and was still motion- less; finally it was put into a solution of sodium bromide and then into one of sodium chloride, and in each the THE MUSEUM. 25 muscles pulsated with the rhythmic regularity of the heart. Further ex- periments convinced the corps of in- vestigators laboring under Professor Whitman that only the presence of potassium and calcium in the blood prevented the whole structure of stri- ated muscled from contracting and ex- panding as regularly as the heart does. That this applies equally well to man- kind, and that only the presence of restraining influence in the blood pre- vents the pulsation of the muscles of the body, is accepted as a natural de- duction by many scientists. Step by step the scientists of Wood's Holl are learing from the marine ani- mals causes of the phenomena in the bodies of mankind. The least eager and least prophetically inclined hardly dares express what he believes will be the outcome of their investigations. That it will revolutionize theories of life held even by eminent students of natural science up to the present day they do not hesitate to affirm. Be- yond they will noi go further than to declare that when the chemical theory of life is definately formulated, as they believe it soon will be, it will startle the world as it has not been startled since Darwin made public his theory of natural evolution. — From the Chi- cago Sunday Tribune. Strange Birds and Their Habits- Probably every stamp collector who has seen the Guatemalan stamp has noticed the beauti- ful and graceful bird whose por- trait adorns them, says A. Hyatt Verrill, in December Popular Science. This bird, the Quetzal or Resplendent Trogan. is found only in the heavy mountain forests of Mexico and Cen- tral America, and would have been far more appropriate as the national em- blem of Mexico than of Guatemala , for when Cortez first visited the land of the Montezumas, he found the kings and high priests wearing robes and head dresses composed of the brilliant feathers of the sacred Quetzal. The male bird is a bright irridescent golden green above, and vivid scarlet below, with a graceful soft green crest, and curved green feathers hanging over the wings, while two or three of the ferny green tail-coverts extend far be- yond the black and white tail, often extending a yard or more in length. The female is much more modestly dressed, hardly a trace of the scarlet appearing on her dull gray breast, while the tail-coverts are scarcely lon- ger than the real tail. Like nearly all the members of the Trogon family, the Quetzal lays its eggs in holes in trees, and the male bird does his share of the sitting. Un- less the hole were very large this would be impossible without injury to the ornamental tail coverts, of which these birds are very proud. To overcome this difficulty the Quetzal resorts to the simple but ingenious plan of digging the hole entirely through the trunk of the tree. Thus when sitting on the nest the tail projects outside, and the bird can enter and leave the nest with- out the necessity of turning about. In the same forest with the Quetzal may be found a cousin of his, a hand- some fellow with burnished steel-blue back and pale yellow breast, who has a still more unique manner of nesting. One day while walking through the woods of Costa Rica, I noticed one of these Trogons perched motionless on a branch near a large hornets' nest. While watching him, he suddenly dart- ed forward, snapped up a hornet, and disappeared. Puzzled at the way in which he vanished, I carefully scrutin- ized the limb, expecting to find him hidden among the leaves. Presently, to my great surprise, he emerged from the opening in the hornets' nest As these tropical hornets are unusually large and lively, I did not attempt further investigation at that time, but discovered later, that these Trogons always make their nests within the home of the hornets, and adding in- 26 THE MUSEUM. suit to injury, feed themselves and young on their hosts. If, while in these Central American forests, we walk along some mountain stream, and look sharply among the orchid- covered branches of the trees, we may spy a "Motmot" sitting quiet- ly in the deepest shadows of the leaves. These Motmots are rather pretty fel- lows, bright olive- green above and rusty- green below, with bright blue wings and tail. The top of the head and the cheeks are shining black, bor- dered with turquoise, blue and violet, which is again edged with black, while in the centre of the breast are one or two black feathers. The most peculiar feature of this bird's plumage, however is the tail, the two central feathers of which are long- er than the others, and are bare shafts with the exception of a small space at the tip and base. When these feath- ers first grow out they are like the others, but for some reason the owner thinks he can improve upon nature by shaving. This he does by bending his head down and his tail forward, and using his strong notched bill for a razor, strips off the plumes. The housekeeping methods of this queer bird are as strange as his shaving, for while home itself, a long tunnel in some sandy river's bank, is dry and warm, it is far from clean or inviting. Motmots, so lazy as to be averse to foraging for their young day by day, pile the nest full of dead fish and small animals, which soon becomes a mass of maggots, upon which the young birds feed until able to care for themselves. You can readily see that such a nest is not a pleasant one to rob, therefore the Motmots are seldom molested and become so tame and un- suspicious that they are called "Bobos," or fools, by the natives. Along the fences and roadsides in Central America, one may some- times catch a glimpse of a small red- dish-brown bird, with a short stub tail, from which project two long stiff feath- ers. This sly and suspicious little chap is a species of wren, and judging from his size no one would believe him to be the maker and owner of the huge nests which are so common in the brushy localities where he lives. These nests are not nearly so re- markable for their great size as for their curious and clever construction. When the wrens are ready to com- mence housekeeping, they select a bush or small tree with horizontal branches; across two of these are laid sticks which are fastened securely in place with tough grass and roots until a plat- form about six feet long and two feet wide is formed. On the end of this platform nearest the tree they build a dome shaped nest about a foot high, with thick sides of interwoven thorns. From this they build a zigzag or curv- ed tunnel to the outer end of the plat- form. Across the entrance and at en- tervals along this passage, are built little thorn fences, leaving holes bare- ly large enough for the birds to squeeze in and out. When leaving the nests the wrens close the doors behind them by placing thorns across the holes. The big dome is filled half full of leaves, soft grass and cotton from the silk-cot- ton tree, and on this warm bed the mother wren lays her dainty speckled eggs and raises the young she has taken such care to protect from in- truders. On the broad level plains or Llan- uras of tropical America are many giant trees standing singly or in groups, and in these the "Caziques" or "Pen- dulas" build their wonderful swinging nests, sometimes fairly covering the trees, so that from a distance they look like huge pear-shaped fruit. The Pendulas (of which there are several species, the largest about the size of a crow,) are relations of our northern Orioles. They are much alike in color, dark seal brown with the exception of the tail, which is a bright golden yel- low, and hence they are known as "yellowtails" in Nicaragua. Their bill is very large and strong, with a broad THE MUSEUM. 27 horny shield on the forehead and a point like a needle. The nests ot the Pendulas are woven entirely of long tough grass and often are six or eight feet in length, and are so strong and closely made that, al- though they sway with the slightest breeze, yet even in the hurricanes they are seldom blown down or the eggs broken. The lower part of the nest is a large pouch which tapers to a point and is fastened to the tip of a branch by a single strand. The opening is about half-way up the side and so cun- ningly designed that it is very difficult to discover being merely a small slit held tightly closed by the weight of the lower part of the nest. In the tropics the greatest enemies of the birds' eggs are the monkeys, and it is to foil these mischevious pests that the Pendulas build such curious nests and select such open situations in which to put them, for doubtless the yellow-tails have learned by experience that the monkeys rarely venture out of the pro- tection of the forests You have all read of the ' 'tailor bird, " who builds his home within leaves sewn together by the aid of his bill for a needle and a tough root for a thread. But this feathered tailor is not unique in his manner of nesting, for in the same country with the "yellow-tails" and motmotsis found a little black and orange oriole, who uses the needle giv- en him by Nature with even greater skill than the better known tailor bird. This fellow selects for a home a new and large banana leaf, the two droop- ing sides of which he sews together with grass. Not only are the stitches so fine as to be hardly noticeable, but the little sewer even takes the precau- tion to run the stitches with the grain of the leaf and close beside one of the narrow veins. Inside of the green and living pocket thus formed, the nest of soft hair and grass is built, and the mother rears her young in safety, with never an outward sign of the hidden treasures within. Football. There is much in December Outing which appeals to college men and all who are interested in amateur sport. There are ten pages of football matter alone, comprising dates, scores, and a concise description of all the important games played in the East, Middle West, and South, finely illustrated. It is just this record matter which makes Out- ing invaluable. It is in the handiest form for reference, and is to be found nowhere else. Librarian of Congress Writes on Library Work. Herbert Putnam, librarian of the Con- gressional Library at Washington, D.C., has written an article for publication in The Ladies Home Journal on "What it Means to be a Librarian." This voca- tion and its requirements are probably less understood than those of almost all other callings demanding special train- ing, and Mr. Putnam's article will be helpful in pointing out the entrance to a constantly widening field of employ- ment. Mr. Putnam, previous to his ac- cepting his present position, was libra- rian of the Boston Public Library, and is regarded as the head of his profession; consequently, his article will have the especial value of being authoritative and practical. The Rajah's Diamonds. In an article on the "The Romance of Lockmaking,"in Cassell's Magazine for December, Mr. Randall Roberts tells a good story of the ingenious device by which the disappearance of an Indian potentate's diamonds was brought to an end. "His Highness applied to Messrs, Chubb to help him out of his difficulty. It should be mentioned that only seven of his servants had. access to the box which contained the jewels, and appar- ently it ought to have been an easy mat- ter enough to discover the culprits; but the thefts were so well organized that all ordinary methods of detection failed, and whether the rajah dismissed his ret- inue or put them to death on suspicion, the thefts continued with unvarying regularity. 28 THE MUSEUM. Christmas Presents. The Giving of Gifts at Christmas Should be Much Simplififd. In the December Ladies' Home Jour- nal Edward Bok writes in a vigorous deprecation of the complicating of Christmas. "Much as we need simplic- ity in all the phases of our living," he contends, "its greatest need is sometimes felt at Christmas. And it seems a pity that we cannot make a beginning there. We could if we would simplify this ques- tion of presents: if we would leave out of our consideration all but the natural promptings of our hearts. If ever ma- terial consideration should be dismissed from our minds and lives it should be in connection with Christmas. If ever our friends should see our hearts — our real inner selves — it should be on Christmas Day. Not that we should be other than our real selves on other days. But as it is, we are not our actual selves on the day of all days we should be. See how we strive that our present of this year shall surpass the one we gave last year! See how instinctively we think of the material value of what we give, and act- ually of what we receive! See how we wrong ourselves by leaving needful things undone and inviting illness because we feel we must give something of our own making to a friend, when really a sigh goes into each stitch, instead of being frank with ourselves, and pleasing our friends infinitely more by being frank with them, and purchasing something at far less cost to our health. Every woman knows what I mean by this: the great evil of"making things' for Christ- mas presents when really neither the time nor the strength can be spared. In much the same way we complicate Christmas at the table." Musical Crows and Vegetable Cat- erpillars- (Henry D. Lloyd in the December Atlantic.) The crow in New Zealand strikes as sweet a note as any heard in the wood- land, says Henry D. Lloyd in the De- cember Atlantic. The robin has no song and no red breast; the native hen is the greatest of rat killers; there is a cater- pillar which turns into a plant. These and some other productions of nature have done for New Zealand what the kangaroo and the ornithorhynchus have done for Australia, — given it the suggest- ion of oddity and the marvelous. Rab- bits and sweetbriers, introduced for pleasure, spread like wildfire, and it is an attraction to be duly advertised in the sale of lands that it has been cleared of sweetbrier and fenced against rabbits; and then later, the rabbit becomes a profit instead of a pest, and is exported by millions to feed the English. {Selected from New Zealand Newest Eng- land, by Henry D. Lloyd, in the Decem- ber Atlantic. ) The December Atlantic might in some senses almost be called a Chicago num- ber, for three of the most striking and salient articles are by Chicago authors. Harriet Monroe's "The Grand Canon of the Colorado" is a brilliant and effect- ive sketch of nature and natural scenery; Mrs. Elia W. Peattie's lively "The Ar- tistic Side of Chicago" pictures the aes- thetic, artistic, educational, and literary features of the great city, while the short story "The Detectives," by Will Payne, is a capital example of the pow- er of Chicago write rs in romantic fiction. Chicago has reason to be proud of her contributions to this number of the rep- resentative magazine of America. The Companion for the Rest of 1899 During the remaining wieks of 1899 The Youth's Companion will maintain its fresh and varied interest for young and old by presenting articles from ihe pens of eminent men and women and stories by the most gifted writers of fic- tion Among these contributors will be Frank R. Stockton, who presents a droll story, "The Wolf and the Wheelbar- row;" James Bryce, author <>f "The American Commonwealth " who offers "Hints on Reading;" W. 1) Howells and Jane Barlow, each of wh >m con- tributes a serial story; Bret Harte, u ho recalls an early California experience in, ' How I Went to the Mines;" Mary E. Wilkins, who tells of ' Sereny Maria at School;" and Henry M Stanly, who under the title, 'For Life and Liberty," relates a thrilling adventure of his trav- els in Darkest Africa The November and December num- bers containing these features are given to every new subscriber for the 1900. THE YOUTH'S COMPANION, 203 Columbus Avenue, Boston, Mass. THE MUSEUM. 29 Schoolcraft's Books for Sale Three books of original Government Edition of Henry Schoolcraft's famous North American Indians for sale. In good condition and clean. Write me. WARREN K. MOOREHEAD, Saranac Lake, N. Y. Fine Florida Shells. We have every facility for furnishing collectors or dealers with Florida Shells, or Souvenirs. We have had long experience in collecting, and the Editor of the Museum, has, unsolicited by us. offered to answer any inquiries as to our responsibility or fair dealing. If you wish to see quality of specimens before placing larger orders, send $1 for a box of samples. All cleaned and correctly named. Price list for stamp and all inquiries promptly answered. Give us a trial. J. H. HOLMES, DUNEDIN, FLA. The best Interdenominational Magazine is The Paulist Father's Catholic World. Subscription $3 per year. 8td Address, New York City. CHARLES LeROY WHEELER . NATURALIST, PROMPTON, Wayne Co., PA. Museums Organized, Specimens Identified, Labels prepared. Instruction by correspondence. RELICS AND CURIOS. Indian, Cuban and Revolutionary Relics for sale. Send Stamp at once for List and Prices. A. C. GOODE, 32 Main St., Lexington, Ky. WHEN YOU ANSWER ADS. ALWAYS MENTION THE MUSEUM. 50 YEARS' EXPERIENCE Trade Marks Designs Copyrights &c Anyone sending a sketch and description may quickly ascertain our opinion free whether an invention is probably patentable. Communica- tions strictly confidential. Handbook on Patents sent free. Oldest agency for securing patents. Patents taken through Munn & Co. receive special notice, without charge, in the A handsomely illustrated weekly. Largest cir- culation of any scientific Journal. Terms, $3 a year ; four months, $L Sold by all newsdealers. MUNN &Co.36,Broadwa> New York Branch Office. 625 F St- Washington. D. C. Florida Land and Fresh Water Shells. Also Centipedes, Scorpions, Crabs, etc. in alcohol at a bargain. Address with stamp. O. BRYANT, Longwood, Florida Save Money On all your subscriptions to Magazines and newspapers, any periodical published. Prompt quotations Lists on request. Note the following combinations, full yeany sub- scriptions. Cosmopolitan, Recreation, Museum $1.95 Recreation, Osprey, Museum 1.95 Condor, Recreation, Museum 1 .95 Museum, Recreation, Bird-Lore 1.65 Munsey's, Cosmopolitan, McClures 2.50 Lippincoti's Magazine, and any other dollar magazine published 2 75 Century Magazine, subscription one year and a full years back numbers, only. .4.25 Appleton's Papular Science Monthly 2.70 Forest an i Stream, new subs, only 3.10 Country Gentlemen 1.10 I have special inducements to offer you on Saturday Evening Post, Ladies Home Journal, and new subscriptions to Youth's Companion. Don't forget Harper's Magazine reduced to $3 00, my price $2 70. Books of every de- scription at like low prices. Bird literature a speciality. BENJAMIN HOAG, BOOKS and PERIODICALS, Stephentom, N. Y. I Curio and Shell Novelties / % % % From the highly colored Abalone, Green Snail, <| % Conch and Pearl Shells. Acknowledged the & f< finest carved shell novelties. Card Receivers, $ ^ Paper Knives, Spoons, Pin Trays, etc., in var- / l> ieties. 500 trial orders direct from the factory lis p have convinced dealers that our goods are of a ^ % superior class and very attractive to the eye. ^ l£ / % Curio and Shell Novelty Co., p % 319 E. Second St. , LOS ANGELES, CAL. ^ MUSEUM BACK NUMBERS are getting scarce; of some numbers we have less than half a dozen. You should complete your files now. We will accept cash or good exchange. The entire first four volumes will be sent for onlv $2 cash, postpaid, or any number you wish at 5c a copy. W. F. WEBB, Mgr., Al- bion, N. Y. 3Q THE MUSEUM. DECEMBER BOOK LIST ALL FOR SALE BY WEBB'S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT, ALBION, All books listed below are new and will be sent prepaid. MAMMALOGY. BAIRD, SPENCER F., Mammals of North America, colored plates, 4to $ 10 00 BARTLETT, A. D., Wild Animals in Captivity, 8vo 3 00 COOPER, S., Animal Life 1 25 CASSIN JOHN, Mammalogy and Ornithology 4to with folio atlas 50 00 GENERA AND SUB-GENERA of Voles and Lemmings, 81pp., paper, 12 figs 20 GADOW, H., A classification of Vertebrata, Re- cent and Extinct 1 25 JORDAN, DAVID S.. A Manual of the Verte- brate Animals of Northern United States, 8th edition, revised and enlarged, large 12mo., 375 pp 2 50 JACK RABBITS of the United States, 84pp., paper, illustrated 20 JAYNE, HORACE, Mammalian Anatomy, illus- trated, imperial 8vo 5 00 LYDECKER, Geographical History of Mam- mals 2 60 FIGUIER, L., Mammalia, 8vo., illustrated 5 00 MacLEAN, J. P., Mastodon, Mammoth and Man, 12mo., illustrated 60 MAMMALIA, THE, in Word and Picture, 30 full page illustrations and 264 engravings 1 vol. royal 4to 12 00 MILLER, OLIVE THORNE, Four-handed Folks, Illustrated, 16mo 1 25 MORGAN, C. LLOYD, Animal Sketches, 8vo 2 50. MIVART, ST. GEORGE. The Cat. An intro- duction to the study of back-boned ani- mals, especially mammals, 200 illust., 8vo_ 3 50 MONOGRAPHIC REVISION of the Pocket Gophers, 258pp., 21 pi., 71 figs., paper 75 PRAIRIE GROUND SQUIRRELS of the Miss- issippi Valley, 69pp., paper 30 POCKET GOPHERS of the U. S., 47pp., illust., paper 25 POULTON, EDWARD B,, The Colours of Ani- mals. Their meaning and use especially considered in the case of insects, 12mo 1 75 RENNIES NATURAL HISTORY of the Ele- phant, illust., 8mo 75 REVISION of the North American Pocket Mice 36pp., paper 20 REVISION of the Shrews of the American Gen- era Blarina and Notiosorex, 124pp , 12pl., paper 20 REVISION of the North American Bats, I40pp., 3 pi.. A') tigs,, paper 20 ROMANES. G. G., Animal Intelligence, 12mo..._ 1 75 Mental Evolution in Animals, 8vo 3 00 SHIELDS. G. O., The Big Game of North Amer- ica, finely illustrated, 8vo., 600pp 3 50 THOMPSON, ERNEST. Wild Animals I Have Known, 200 illustrations drawn by the au- thor, 12mo 2 00 VINCENT, FRANK, The Animal World, illust 45 WARREN UNCLE, Animals and Birds, Their Homes and Their Habits, 2 vols, in one,4to 1 75 WRIGHT, MABEL O., Four Footed Americans. 1 50 WILLEY, AMPHIOXUS and the Ancestry of the Vertebrates 2 50 PETS— DOGS, CATS, ETC. AVIS, RICHARD, The Canary, Breeding and Management, 12mo ..$ 50 BROWN, D. J., American Bird Fancier, illust., paper 50 CUMBERLAND, C, The Guinea Pig for Food, Fur and Fancy, illust,, paper, '2mo _ 40 DALZIEL, HUGH. The Collie, Its History, Points and Breeding, 8vo 80 Dogs, Breaking and Training, illust, ,12mo ... 2 60 Diseases of Dogs, fourth edition. 4to., cloth 80 The Fox Terrier, Us Complete History, il- lustrated, 8vo 1 00 The Greyhound, Its Complete History. 8vo.. 1 00 DYSON, MISS, Bird .'Keeping. A practical guide, illust., 12rho., boards 40 FLOVD, WM , A Handbook on Dog Breaking, illust, 12mo 50 GREENE, W. T., Diseases of Cage Birds, Their Cause and Treatment, 12mo., paper 40 Popular Parakeets, Their Handling and Management, illust., 12mo., pape* _ 40 JENNINGS, JOHN. A Practical Treatise on Cats, Domestic and Fancy, illust., 12mo. . 100 LYELL, J. C, Pigeon;Keeping for Amateurs. A complete guide, 12mo 100 LUCAS. REV, J.. Pleasures of a Pigeon Fan- cier, illust., l2mo 1 50 MILLER, OLIVE THORNE, Our Home Pets, illust., 16mo 1 25 MILLS, WESJUEY, The Dog in Health and Dis- ease, illust., 8vo 2 25 MORRIS'S DOGS and Their Doings, illust., 8vo 1 25 MAYNARD, EDWARD, Dogs. Their Manage- ment, being a new plan of treating the ani- mal. 12mo., illust 1 75 MAXTEe, J., Dog-3, Breaking and Training, il- lust., l<2rno., paper 40 PERRY, J. FRANK, Kennel Secrets; How to Breed, Exhibit and Manage Dogs 3 00 PERCY, W. C, Principles of Dog Training 50 SHIELDS, G. C, The American Book of the Dog, finely illust., 8vo., 700pp 3 50 SHAW, CAPT. T. V„ The Illustrated Book of the Dog, Demy, 4to 8 00 WRIGHT, LEWIS, Practical Pigeon [Keeper, 2S2pp., 8vo _ 1 50 WALLACE, R. D , The Canary Book, contain- ing very complete instructions, new eJit- ion revised and enlarged, illustrated 2 50 WALLACE, R. L., British Cage Birds, illust., 8vo 4 20 REPTILES. BATEMAN, G. C, The Vivarium, contains full information as to all reptiles suitable fof pets, illust $ 3 00 CATALOGUE of the Batrachia. Salienta and Apoda (Frogs, Toads and C ^ecilians) of Southern India 100 KNOEBEL, EDW., Turtles, Snakes and Frogs of New England, 56 illust., 12mo 1 00 TAXIDERMY. ALLEN, GRAHAM, The Taxidermists' Manual, containing complete instruction In the art of taxidermy, profusely illustrated, paper 25 AVIS, RICHARD, Bird Preserving, Mounting and Preserving of Eggs, illust , 12mo., paper 5 BATTY, JOS. H.,PracticalTaxidermy and Home Decoration, 125 illust. Prof. Batty was taxidermist for the U. S. Geological Sur- vey lor many years and is an acknowledg- ed authority on the subject 15mo 1 00 BROWN. T., Taxidermists' Manual with plates, 16mo I 25 THE MUSEUM. 3i MANTON, W. P., Taxidermy Without a Teach- er, comprising a c omplete manu il of in- struction for preparing and preserving birds, animals and fishes. Instructions for prt serving eggs and making skeletons and a number of valuable recipes, cloth... 50 BROWNE, MONTAGUE, Artistic and Scien- tific Taxidermy, recognized authority on the latest methods in the science in Europe 6 50 DAVIE. OLIVER, Methods in the Art of Taxi- dermy. An American work whose chief merit lies in the large number of photo- graphic plates showing every detail of the taxidermic art to fine advantage 7 50 HORNADAY, W. T., Taxidermy and Zoological Collecting. A complete handbook for the amateur taxidermist, collector, osteolo- gist, mu-eum builder, sportsman and traveler, with chapters on collecting and preserving insects, 8vo.. 2 50 ROWLEY, JOHN, The Art of Taxidermy Mr. Rowley is at the head of the Department of Taxidermy in the American Museum in . New York City. This manual recently is- sued is finely illustrated and is invaluable to every collector of birds or mammals, 12mo 2 00 WEBB, W. F., Ornithologists and Oologists Manual. A small pocket manual contain- ing a complete list of the bird -1 of the U. S., with prices of their skins and eggs, a list of mammals with prices of>kins, in- formation on taxidermy, how to make bird and mammal skins, how to prepare a collection of birds eggs, prices of all kinds of instruments, etc. Invaluable to every collector. Paper 15c, or bound in leither.. 50 NATURE STUDY. ABBOTT, C. C, A Naturalist's Ramble About Home. 12mo $ 150 Days Out of Doors, 12mo 1 50 Outings at Odd Times, 12mo 1 25 Recent Rambles or in Touch with Nature, 12mo 150 A Colonial Wooing, 12mo 1 00 The Freedom of the Fields, illust., 12mo 1 50 Clear Skies and Cloudy, illust . 12mo 150 ADAMS Nature Studies in Berkshire, illust., 8vo 4 50 ALLEN, FRANCIS H., Nature's Diary, with 8 full page illus, 16mo 125 BOLLES, FRANK, From Blomiden to Smoky, and other papers, 16mo 125 At the North of Bearcamp Water. Chron- icles of a Stroller in New England from July to December, 16mo 125 Land of the Lingering Snow. Chronicles of a Stroller in New England from January to June, '16mo 1 25 BURROWS, JOHN. Complete Works, each vol- ume 16mo, gilt top 125 Titles are, Wake Robin— Fresh Fields- Signs and Seasons— Riverby— Winter Sun- shine—Birds and Poets with other papers —Locusts and Wild Honey— Pepacton and Other Sketches— Indoor Studies— Whit- man, A Study— 10 volumes in all. COOPER, SUSAN F., Rural Hours, revised, abridged, 16mo 125 GIBSON, W. H., Camp Life in the Woods, il- lust., 16mo _ 1 00 Strolls by Starlight and Sunshine, illust., 8vo 3 50 Sharp Eyes, illust., 8vo 2 50 HOLDER, C. F., Marvels of Animal Life,square 8vo 1 75 The Ivory King, square, 8vo 1 75 Living Lights, square, 8vo 175 INGERSOLL, E., Knocking Around the Rock- ies, illust., 8vo 2 00 The Ice Queen, illust., 15mo 100 KENNEDY, W. S., In Portia's Gardens, beau- tifully illust , 12mo., gilt 1 50 MILLS, HUGH R,, The Realm of Nature, 12mo. 1 50 MERRIAM, FLORENCE A., My Summer in a Mormon Village, illust 1 00 NATURE STUDIES, covering a great variety of subjects, by such authors as Andrew Wilson, Edward Clodd, Grant Allen, A. I2mo., 152pp., Proctor and Thos. Foster. paper 50c. , cloth ~~..i 100 THOMSON, T. A., The Study of Animal Life, 12mo 1 50 THORNTON, JOHN, Elementary Physiogra- phy; An Introduction to the Study of Nat- ure. 247 illust.. 360pp . 8vo 80 Advanced Physiography, 180 illust., 350pp., 8vo 1 50 THOREAU, HENRY D.. Complete Works, elev- en volnmes as follows: A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers -vValden or Life in the Woods— The Maine Woods- Cape Cod— Early Spring in Massachusetts —Summer— Autumn — Winter-Excursions —Miscellanies, with Biographical 3ketch by Emerson— Fami y Letters of Thoreau. The volumes Early Spring, Summer, Au- tumn, and Winter are taken from the Journal of Thoreau and edited by G. O. Blake. Each volume crown 8vo., gilt top . 1 50 TORREY, BRADFORD, Works, 8 volumes as follows: A Workbof Green Hills— Spriug Notes from Tern ssee— A Florida Sketch Book— The Foot-path Way— Birds in the Bush— A Rambler's Lease. Each volume i6mo., neatly bound, each 1 25 WRIGHT. MABEL O., The Friendship ]of Nat- ure 75 Tommy Anne and the Three Hearts 1 50 Bird-craft, new edition 2 50 Citizen Bird 1 50 WHITING, C. G., The Saunterer, Essays on Nature, 16mo 1 25 WILSON, A., Glimpses of Nature, illust., 8vo... 1 25 WOOD. J. G., Common Objects of the Country, illust.. 16mo 50 INSECTS. BUTTERFLIES of India, Burmah and Ceylon. A descriptive hind book of all the known species. Beautiful illustrations, many col- ored. Vols. 1, 2 and 3 are now ready, at f25 for the three. There will doubt'ess be two more volumes, at a probable cost of about $8 vol. BALLARD. JULIA P., Among the Mothes and Butterflies, 8vo., illust 150 BIBLIOGRAPHY of Contributions to American Economic Entomology. The More Impor- tant Writings of Walsh & Riley, Sheep 2 00 BUCKTON, Natural History of Eristalis Tenax or Drone Fly 2 75 COMSTOCK, J. H., Manual for the Study of In- sects. The book is i-o written that any intel- ligent teacher can find out for himself the more important facts of insect-life. Its most distinctive feature is a series of an- alytical tables by means of which the fam- ily to which any North American Insect belongs can easily be determined. Under the head of each family, the characteristics of the family, both as regards structure and habits, are given, and the more common species are described. The book contains 711pp., and is illustrated by 800 figures in the text, and six full page plates, one of which is colored, 8vo 4 50 CHESHIRE, E.R.,Bees and Bee Keeping Scien- tific and Practical. Vol. I scientific, a com- plete treatise on the anatomy of the bees... 3 00 Vol. 2, Practical Management of Bees. An exhaustive treatise on advanced bee cul- ture. 12mo - 3 40 COTTON WORM and Bollworm, 546pp., 54pl., 45ns, Sheep 2 50 COLEOPTERA. Tertiary Rhynchophorous of North America, 206pp., 18pl., Papjr 1 00 CRAGIN, B. S., Our Insect Friends and Foes, il- lustrated, 12mo 1 75 CARPENTER, GEO. H , Insects, their structure andlife, 404pp., 12mo 1 75 CAMBRIDGE, ENG., Natural History Series. Vol. 5. Insects, Peripatus and Myriapods. Sharp, Sedgwick & Sinclair 4 00 CURTIS, JOHN, British Entomology. Finely illustrated, 16 vols, in 8 royal 8vo., original edition, 770 colored plates, half russ., gilt... 95 00 32 THE MUSEUM. DONOVAN, E., Natural History of the Insects of India, with additions by J O. Westwood, royal 4to, 58 colored plates, representing over 220 sp., cloth, uncut 17 00 Natural History of the Insects of China.with additions by J. O. Westwood, royal 4to , 50 colored plates, containing upwards of 220 figures, cloth, uncut 17 00 DISTANTS RhopaloceriMalayana, A descrip- tion of the Butterflies of the Malay Penin- sula, complete in 12 parts, royal 4to, with 44 colored plates, containing several hun- dred cuts, half mor., gilt 28 00 DENTON, S F., Moths and Butterflies of Ihe U. S. East of the Rocky Mountains, with plates both colored and plain. A new work on an entirely unique basis. Issued in 8 parts, Octavo 48 00 EBERHABT. N. M., Elements of Entomology, 300 fig , 144pp., Paper 40 EDWARDS, W. H.. The Butterflies of North America. Containing Life size figures, carefully colored by hand from Nature with descriptive Letter Press First Ser- ies, with 50 Colored Plate-*, 4^0. .half Moroc- co full gilt, $50, Uncolored 20 no Second Series, with 51 colored plates, ditto $50, Uncolored 20 CO Third Series, with 51 colored plates, ditto $50, Uncolored 20 00 FRENCH, G. H.. Butterflies of the Eastern United States, 12mo 2 00 HYATT, A., Insecta, 223 illustrations, 13pl.,321pp 1 25 INSECTS affecting domestic Animals, -302pp., 5pl., 170 figs., Paper 40 INSECTS INJURIOUS to Forest and Shade Trees, 957pp , 40pl., Sheep 3 00 KNOEBEL, EDWARD. The Day Butterflies and DusUflyers, 148 new illustrations, 12mo .... 100 The Beetles and their kind, 580 figs.. 12mo.... 1 00 The Night Moths, 424 illustrations, 12mo 1 00 The Mosquitoes and Flies, 254 figs , 12mo 1 00 LUBBOCK. SIR. JOHN Ants, Bees and Wasps. A record of observations on the habits of the Social Hymenoptera. 12mo 1 75 On The Senses. Instincts and Intelligence of Animals, with special reference to Insects, 2mo 175 Ditto. On the Origin and Metamorphosis of Insects 1 00 MIALL, Natural History of Aquatic Insects 1 75 MEYRICK, A Handbook of British Lepidoptera 3 25 MAYNARD. C. J., Manual of North American Butterflies, with 10 full Page Plates and many Wood Cuts, Svo., Cloth 1 50 MANTON, W. P., Ins- cts, to Catch and how to Prepare them /or the cabinet. Compris- ing a Manual of Instruction for the field Naturalist. Illustrated 50 PACKARD, A. S., Guide to the Study of Insects, 8vo - 5 00 Outlines of Comparative Embryology 2 50 Entomology for Beginners, 12mo 1 75 Textbook of Entomology 4 50 PRINCIPAL HOUSE HOLD INSECTS of the United States, 130pp., 64 figs., Paper 20 REVISION of the Tachinidae of America,154pp., Paper 20 ROCKY MT. LOCUST, The Western Cricket, The Army Worm, Canker Worm and Hes- sian Fly, '45 lpp., 64pl., cloth. 1 50 RENNIE, Insect Architecture 1 50 STEPHENS, J. P , Illustrations of British En- tomology ; or a Synopsis of British Insects. A Comolete Description of all known spec- ies, their habits, etc., 12 vols, in 11, royal 8vo., with 100 beautifully colored plates, containing numerous figures, half morocco 30 00 SAUNDERS. PROF. WM.. Insects injurious to Fruits, 440pp , Ills., 12mo 2 00 SCUDDER, S.'H., Brief guide to the Common Butterflies, 12mo 1 25 Butterflies, l2mo 150 The Life of a Butterfly, 16mo 100 The Butterflies of the Eastern United States and Canada, with special reference to New England. Illustrated with 9ti plates, with about 2,000 figures. The set, 3 vols., Royal 8vo., Half Levant 75 00 Ditto, Frail Children of the Air; Excursions into the World of Butterflies, with9 plates, crown 8vo 1 50 THE HONEY BEE, 118pp., llpl., 76 figs., Paper.. 30 THEOBALD, F. V., Insect Life, 12mo 1 00 TREAT, MRS. MARY, Injurious Insects of the Farm and Garden, with a chapter on Beni- ficial Insects. Illust., 12mo 150 VAN BENEDEN. P. J.. Animal Parasites and Messmates. 12mo 150 WEED, CLARENCE M.. Insects and Insecti- cides. A Practical Manual Concerning In- sects that are Noxious and the Methods of Preventing their Injuries. Illustrated, 336pp 1 50 Ten New England Blossoms and their Insect Visitors, with many Illustrations, Square, 12mo 1 25 WEBSTER, W. B., Manual of Bee-Keeping,12mo. 60 WOOD, J. G., Bees, Their Management and Treatment. Illust., 16mo.. Bds 50 WOODS' INDEX ENTOMOLOGICUS, or a Complete Illustrated Catalogue, 2,000 ac- curate Colored Figures, 8vo 15 00 BR00KDALE MUSEUM, WEST NEWBURY, MASS. • Collectors and Dealers in BIRDS, ® ANIMALS, 0 FISH, @ REPTILES, Both Skins and Mounted Specimens; also Heads, Horns, Fur Rugs, Curios, both land and marine, and all specimens pertaining to natural history. TAXIDERMY IN ALL ITS BRANCHES. Write us for quotations on anything in our line. We can furnish anything obtainable in large or small lots, and you will find our prices as low, if not lower, for the quality of goods, than anybody's. CHARLES NEWELL, President. THE MUSEUM. TO COLLECTOKS While you are adding to your collections of curiosities and what-not, it will be desirable to a Id to your collection of knowledge. There are many ways r>f doing this. One of the very be&t is by reading THE Great Round World in which all the news of the World is told every week, with the exception of crimes, scandals and sensations. This little weekly of 40 or more pages tells tli ■ story of current events in simple, readable Etglish It deals s >lely with facts, not opin- ions It enables both youne and old to keep abreast with the times without being obliged tn bring sensationalism into the household. It makes a fine birthday or holiday gift. $2.00 per full year of 52 weeks. S.nmpl s copy 5 cents if you mention The McsErM. THE GREAT ROUND WORLD CO., 150 Fifth Ave, New York. Established November 11, 1896. Can You do better than to take the OVERLAND? Here are One Thousand Pages of the fresh, strong work of the men and women of the West, writ- ers who have lived the life o' which they write, and have seen and felt the things they describe, and Five Hundred Pictures the work of the most talented artist of a region that has produced many such, and is producing them all the time. All For One Dollar. Every copy that you read or send to a friend, is helping the Overland in its great mission set before It in 1 8fi8, when Bret Harte gave it its motto : "De- voted to the Development of the Country." It is never possible to announce the best things that are in store for Overland readers, for they spring fr >m the great events of the time ; but these are inter- esting times for the world, especially In that gr^at basin of the Pacific Ocean which is tie Overland's territory, and the Overland will not be found want- ing in its presentation of these great happenings. Put the OVERLAND on your list. All Postmasters are authorized to take subs.riptlons. Wholesale Bargains. We have on hand many fine things in such quantity we quote low rates on wholesale or- ders, in order to make room. The material offered in every instance is as low as money can buy. Look over the list carefully: Purple Sea Plumes from the Bahamas. Large size, 4 to 5 feet, $2 50 per dozen. Medium, 2 to 3 feet, $1 50 per dozen. Ostrich Eggs, South African specimens, at $6 00 per dozen. Cyprcea Annulus, Ringtop Cowries, from the East Indies, 50 cents per quart. Cyprcea moneta, with varieties, Money Cowry from Singapore, 50 cents per quart. Black Huliolis, 4 to 5 inch, from Monterey, Cal. 75 cents per dozeu. Bed Haliotis, from Monterey, 7 to 10 inch, at $1 50 per dozen. Nereta ptleronta, Bleeding Teeth, Bahamas, at 50 cents quart. Purple Gorgonias, Flexible Coral from Baha- mas, $1 50 dozen Mica Snow, for Taxidermists and fancy work, worth 80c pound, our price 20c. Bahama Coral, such as Fan, Head, Palm, etc. Several species at 10c pound. Mineral Collections, for Teachers to give or sell to students, 50 varieties, named, etc., at 50c lists on application. Mixed Shells, from Bahamas, nice for fancy work, 25c quart. Fasciolaria dislans, Tulip. 2 inch, 36c dozen. Fasciolaria tulipi, Tulip, 3 to 4 inch, 40c doz. Fulgar perversa, from Fla.. 4 to 5 inch, 60c" Tube Sponges, a great curio from Bahamas, $1.50 dozen. Scaphites,nodosi's, an ammonite shaped fossil from the Bad Lands, 1 inch, 30c doz , 2 inch. 50c dozen; 2i inch, $1 00 dozen. Make up vour order now, as these prices only hold good while stock lasts. W. F. WEBB, Mgr., Albion, N. Y. WRITE ME A LETTER TODAY Stating that you would like to have sent for your inspection, charges prepaid, 35 of the Famons Doubly-teruiln- ated Quartz Crystals, found at this place. If this collection of Brilliant Gems pleases you. kindly send 70 cents (no more;, otherwise return the collect- ion and it will be O. K. Is not this a fair proposition? Exhibit at World's Fair received Highest Award, Medal and Diploma. Address, A. e. CRIBI, Miaaieville, Herkimer Co., N. V. THE MUSEUM. We still have a few sets of back numbers of THE MUSEUM. We will mail the entire first 5 volumes for only $3.00 prepaid; or any number you wish at 5 cents each. Fill out your files now while you can. W. F. WEBB, Mgr., Albion, N. Y. y-T OK North American Birds BY OLIVER DAVIE. Fifth Edition. Finely Illustrated Thoroughly Revised. 600 pp. Extra Cloth - $2.24 postpaid The best book on Eggs Publishe !. THRBRST IN EVERYTHING IS THR GHEAPEST. We have the BEST at lowest prices. IF YOU ARE IN WANT OF Birds Eggs or Skins, Egg Collecting Outfits, Taxidermists' Material, or any kind of Naturalists' Supplies. Send Stamp for Catalogue. Mention this paper. CHAS. K. REED, 75 Thomas St., WORCESTER, MASS. VOL. VI. NO. 3. "Whole number 63. JANUARY, 1900. U4EU7H A Journal Devoted to Research in Natural Science. RA TES: — 50 cts. per year to all countries, in advance. Single numbers, 5 cts. Published on the 15th of each month by Museum Publishing Co., Albion, N. Y. THE MUSEUM. POPULAR SCIENCE NEWS, Nature, Invention, Archseoloy. Eiec- tricity, Chemistry, Mineralogy, Hy- giene, Medicine, Health. Formerly BOSTON JOURNAL OP CHEMISTRY. ENLARGED and IMPROVED. This popular monthly contains a large num- ber of Short, Easy, Practical, Interesting and Popular, Scientific articles, that can be Ap- preciated and Enjoyed by any intelligent reader, even though he knew little or nothing of Science. It is intended to interest those who think. Profusely Illustrated. Free from Technicalities. Entirely Different from and Much Superior to other papers with a similiar name. Monthly, #1.60 per year; Newsdealers,! 5c Largest Circulation of any Scientific Paper. LILLARD & CO., 10a Fulton St., New York. Mention MUSEUM for a sample copy. Re-Enforcements. THE PATDRALlST,™i& FANCIERS REYIEW Has been Re-enforced and will be further Re-enforced. The following Departments have been Inaugurated, and each will be Edited by Prominent parties: LABELS. All sizes and for any branch of Natural H Istory, at the very lowest prices. Send me copy and I will quote price. Fossil Labels like sample 10c per 100 ; 70c per 1000 with assorted headings. Ornithological, Poultry, Pigeon, Pet Stock and Nature Photo Exchange. Drop us % Postal Card for Sample Copy. Subscription, 35 cento per year. See Clubbing offer with this paper. "Ad Rates" on application. H. W. KERR, Publisher, Blencoe, Iowa, or Albion, N. Y. THIS PAPER is printed at the Book and Magazine Publishing House of A. M. EDDY, Albion, N. Y. Period. Name... DEVONIAN AGE. Loc Letter Heads, Bill Heads, Cards, and etc. D. H. EATON, WOBURN, MASS. JAMES P. BABBITT, Wholesale and Retail Dealer in Taxidermists' Supplies, Bird Skins, Eggs and Publications, TAUNTON, MASS. Onr large monthly bulletin of Skins, Eggs, etc. free upon application. The Ornithologist's and Oolo" gist's Manual. Contains 100 pages, giving complete list of all North American Birds, Prices of Eggs and Skins. Number of Eggs in a Clinch, Prices of Mammal Skins, How to Skin Birds and Mam- mals, How to form an Egg Collection and many other pages of useful information. Pre- paid for ten two-cent stamps. Order at once. W.F.WEBB, Pub. Albion. N. Y Fine Florida Shells. We have every facility for furnishing collectors or dealers with Florida Shells, or Souvenirs We have had long experience in collecting, and the Editor of the Museum, has. unsolicited by us, offered to answer any inquiries as to our responsibility or fair dealing. If you wish to see quality of specimens before placing larger orders, send $1 for a box of samples. All cleaned and correctly named. Price list for stamp and all inquiries promptly answered. Give us a trial. J. H. HOLMES, DUNEDIN, FLA. The best Interdenominational Magazine is The Paulist Father's Catholic World. Subscription $3 per year. 8td Address, New York City. THE MUSEUM. WANTS- EXCHANGES AND FOB, SALES. All notices that come under above will be inserted in this department until further notice at one (1) cent a word. No notice less than 25c. Terms Cash with order. No charge for address. I shall at all times endeavor to keep parties, whose reputation is of a doubtful char- acter from using these columns. EXCHANGE:— Eggs, stamps, i-holls,Oregon Naturalists, Natural Science News for shells or eggs; also following for sale: Ridgeway's Manual 4 50, Waltham watch, 15 jewel, silver, $10; Ithaca gun $18. cost $35, good shooter; all above about new. Reason for selling1 need the cash. Write at once to FREDERICK HILL, Essex, Conn. FOR SALE: — A few nice Moose and Elk heads and scalps. Fresh skins of Great Horned and Snowy Owls, Sharp-tailed Ruf- fled Grouse and Prairie hens. A fine skin of Whu> Pelican only $3 CHRIS P. FORGE, Naturalist and Taxidermist, Carman Man. WANTED:— Skins of Wood Duck. Osprey, Duck Hawk, Hooded Merganser, Killdeer and sets of these species. CHRIS. P. FORGE, Carman, Man COLLEC riON:— Of stamps for sile cheap; 1,600 varieties, many rn re. CHRIS P FORGE, Carman, Man. WANTED:— Shot gun. Will exchange Bird Skins for same. Send discription of gun and get my list in return FRED FREY, 428 Decatur St., Sandusky, O EXCHANGE: -Birds' Eggs and Minerals for books on American Archaeology. Govern- ment and society reports preferred J. J. WALSHE, 3 Phoenix St., North Adams.Mass. WANTED: — Moose Horns, also unmounted Elk Head at reasonable cash price or will give good exchange; also fresh skins of birds and mammals, aquarium and supplies, camera tripod Offer mounted deer heads, deer horns on shields, tanned deer skins, mounted birds and skins, etc. JOHN CLAYTON, Lincoln, Maine. WANTED:— Capens Oology. Will give good exchange in bird skins FRED FREY, 428 Decatur St , Sandusky, O. WANTED: -Birds and Mammals in the meat. State with prices what yon can furn- ish H. V. FLICKINGER, Bucyrus, O TYPE-WRIJER DESK:— We offer for sale or exchange a fine office or library desk made with type- writer drop attachment. Any make typewriter can be used; 4 draws on each side. Flat top, size 48 inches long, 31 inches high, and 28 inches deep Cost $30 00, used in our library for past four years. Just as good as new. Will sell for $15 00, or its equivalent value in trade for specimens. W. F. Webb, Mgr., Albion, N. Y. A FEW complete sets of 80, 201. 226, 467, 501, 591b, 608, 617, 756, etc. to exchange for sets equally desirable. C. F. STONE, Branch- port, N. Y. OUR BOOK LISTS:— The book lists we are printing each month now will be an in- valuable reference for all collectors. In fu- ture numbers we shall include the best things published on Geology and its allies, Archeol- ogy and its allied subjects, in fact every branch of Natural History, Sporting, etc. will be covered . EXCHANGE ADS. FREE.— Any reader of the Musuem who will send 25 cents and an addressed and stamped envelope, to Popular Science, 108 Fulton St., New York, for a three months trial subscription, will be presented with a Fifty Cent want advertising coupon. Sample copies free. See additional particu- lars on adv. in this issue. INVERTEBRATE SPECIMENS:— We now have about 100 species of invertebrates ar- ranged by orders from the lowest to the high- est. Full list next month. Write us at once, if you wi-h to examine prices now. About one-haf the varieties are in formalin. W. F. WEBB, Mgr., Albion, N. Y. MUSEUM BACK NUMBERS are getting scarce; of some numbers we have less than half a dozen. You should complete your files now. We will accept cash or good exchange. The entire first four volumes will be sent for only $2 cash, postpaid, or any number you wish at 5c a copy. W. F. WEBB, Mgr., Al- bion, N Y. WANT eggs in sets with nests of all War- blers, Vireos, and Thrushes.and sets of Waders, Hawks and Owls, with fuli data. Send list of what you have or can get, with cash or ex- change price. Illustrated catalog 10c. Chas. K. Reed, 75 Thomas St , Worcester. Mass. A GOOD LOT of California minerals, ten varieties including Petrified Black and white Oak, Jasper, two kinds of Wood Opal includ- ing the rare yellow green, Jasper, Opal Wood and four other interesting minerals, Speci- mens lxl inch, 25c; Hx2 in. 50c; larger and better specimens 2x3 only $100. Everything by mail postpaid John B. Gardella Jr., Newtown, California. WANT to buy Al skins of Sage Grouse, Ptarmigan, rare warblers Send list of what you have or can collect, and cash or exchange price, Send 10c for catalog Chas. K Reed, 75 Thomas St , Worcester, Mass. 34 THE MUSEUM. EXPLORATIONS and SURVEYS— We have secured a number of these rare Quarto works printed by the Government about 1890 and 1870. Vol. 2 contains 20 pi. of Botanical specimens, 4pl. of Fossils and many full page tinted views of Western scenery, many hun- dred pages text. $2 00; Vol 3 contains a re- port of Wheeler on a route for R R near 35th parallell, few pi of fossils and many fine tinted plates of Zuni Wares and scenery, $2 00; Vol. 4 nearly all on Botany, 57 full page plates of plants and each with many hundred illus- trations, $2 00; Vol. 5 is a report of William- son on routes in Ca.ifornia to connect with route near 35th parallell, 30 plates on botany, 10 on Fossils and many fine tinted views of notable scenery, $2 50; Vol. 6, covers narra- tive with fine plates, Geological report with many views acd plates of fossils, botany re- port with many fine plates and views, Zoology report covering birds and mammals, fishes, land shells, reptiles, with many full page pi. $2 00; Vol. 7, covers narrative with many views, Ge- ological report with 15 plates. Paleontological report by Torrey, $2 00; Vol. 8, covers the Mammals of thR survey by Baird, one of the best works on U. S Mammals ever printed, 750 pp Text, 43 full page plates, $4.00; Vol. 9, covers birds of the survey by Baird, assisted by Cassin and Lawerence, 1000 pp, $4.00; Vol 10 contains 13 pi of Reptiles, over 500 figures, report of fishes, with 400 pp and 21 full page plates, with special report on birds with 21 plates beautifully colored, 9 plates mammals, 28 pi. Fishes, 17 plates reptiles. This volume is very richly illustrated, $3.50; Vol., 11 is in 2 parts; part 1 is narrative with 65 fine plates all tinted, showing many of nature's most wonderful handiwork. Part 2, report on Bot- any with 6 plates, report on insects with 2 plates, on mammals with 5 plates, on birds with 8 colored plates, on reptiles with 11 plates, on fishes with 21 plates- This is essentially a "California volume." When we refer to plates in the above eleven volumes we mean large quarto size. We will send these eleven* vol- umes for $18 00 net, only a fraction of their real value. They are in perfect condition be- ing a part of the library of Dr- James Lewis, Mohawk, N-Y. Address at once, Walter F. Webb, Albion, N. Y. ANCIENT INDIAN RELICS— They keep coming and going New arrivals constantly. We can offer now Fair Arrow Heads 30c doz , better 50c and finer at $1.00 dcz Beautiful Western forms from $ inch up and ranging from $1 00 to $2 50 doz. Scrapers notched at 5c to 15 \ uunotehed 10c. Knives at 10 15, and 25c. Drills at 15 to 25c. Bone Awls at 25c. Needles with eye 5Q<\ Fish Spears 50c. Ohio Bird Points at 5c. Game Points at 10c. Flint Fish Spears 25c. Arrows, rotary, ser- rated and beveled at 15 to 3(h\ Grooved Axes at 40, GO and 75c. War Axes 50c Hatchets 35c. Grooved Mallets 40c Rubbing Stones 30c. Pestles 50c and $1 00. Spades 75c to $1.25. Cup Stones 50c Hoes 72c. Pendents 25 and 50c. Celts or Skimmers at 20, 30 40, and 50c. Sinkers N Y. at 15c, Ga. 25c. Spears 25, 35, 50 and 75c Selections sent on approval, assorted lots made up at from $3.00, $5 00, $10 00 and $25.00 Let us hear from vou at once if you want any of the aboVe. W. F Webb, Mgr. Albion. N Y. BARGAINS* 1-6 6, 1-3 47, 1-3 58, 14 160, 1 5 194, 1-9 212, 1-9 219, 1-3 278, 1-10 300, 1-2 325, 12 326, 1-4 331, 1-2 337b, 1-2 339, 1 3 342, 1-2 364, 1-6 367, 1-3 373, 1-4 465, 1-5 508, 1-6 584, 1 2 610, 1-6 622, 1 6 713. 1-5 727. 1-3 757 and many more at 1-2 A. O. U prices; also White Fantails $1 25 per pair, Homers $1. Also Indian Relics, Miner- als and Scientific Books cheap. Send for complete lists. ROY R- CLARK, Box 119, Russellville, Ky IEND MO MONEY WITH YOUR ORDER, "it this ad. out and send to us. and we will send you OUR HIGH L.IADE DROP CABIHET BURDICK SEWING MACHINE >>.> f.-eight.c.O.D.subjei-ttu examina- tion. 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Every known attachment is furnished and our Free In- struction Book tells just how anyone can run it and do either plain or any kind of fancy w ork. A 20- Years' Binding Guarantee is sent with every machine. IT COSTS YOU NOTHING *oaee and examine this machine, compare it with those your storekeeper sells at $40.00 to *to,00, pay your freight agent the $15.fiO. ay you are not satisfied. ORDER TO-DAY $00.00, and then if convinced thai you are saving 125. WE TO RETI'RN YOI'R $14.50 if at a 11 V time wit bin I luce lu DON'T DELAY. (Sears, Hoebuok ,V Co. are thoroughly reliable,— Editor.) Address, SEARS, ROEBUCK & CO. (Inc.) Chicago, III. THE MUSEUM. A Monthly Magazine Devoted to Research in Natural Science. Vol. VI. ALBION, N. Y., JANUARY 15, 1900 No. 3 JTHEJMUSEUM_ A Monthly Magazine devoted to Ornithology, Oology, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Mineralogy and Allied Sciences. Walter F. Webb, Editor and Manager .Albion, N. Y. Correspondence and items of interest on above top- ics, as well as notes on the various Museums of the World— views from same, discoveries relative to the handling and keeping of Natural History material, descriptive habits of various species, are solicited from all. Make articles as brief as possible and as free from technical terms as the subjects will allow. All letters will be promptly answered. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. Single Subscription 50c per annum Sample Copies 5c each ADVERTISING RATES. 5 cents per Nonpareil line each insertion. Twelve lines to the inch. Cash must accompany all orders. Remittances should be made by Draft, Express or Post Office Order or Registered Letter. Unused U. S. Postage Stamps of any denomination accepted for small amounts. MUSEUM PUB. CO., ALBION, ORLEANS CO., N. Y. Entered at Albion post-office as second-class mail matter Notes on American Land Shells. [Continued from December Number.] All the species are extremely vora- cious, and devour an incredible quan- tity of food in a short time. Those found in this country are generally sup- posed to be vegitable feeders, but near- ly all of them subsist occasionally on animal matter, of which they seem to be fond, and when in confinement sometimes attack and devour each other; and the foreign genus Testacella, is known to prey habitually upon earth- worms. It is probable, therefore, that in their natural condition all of them at times resort to animal food and de- vour earth-worms, insects and their larvae, and such animals, as, inhabiting the same retreats, are like themselves slow of motion and defenceless. It is certain, however, that the principal food of those species which frequent the neighborhood of gardens and houses consists of the tender leaves of succu- lent plants and of ripe fruits. Upon these, in Europe, they perpetrate seri- ous ravages, often destroying in a night the labors and hopes of the gardener, and in some years committing so much injury and interfering to such a degree with the prosperity of the agricultural- ist that they are ranked among the scourges of the country. Like cata- pillars, locusts and rats, they are con- sidered to be perpetual enemies and a war of extermination is carried on against them. To limit the extent of the evil many remedies have been pro- posed, and among others the prayers and exorcisms of the church have been claimed, but without any considerable abatement of it. Happily, we are not in this country subject, in the same de- gree, to the mischief done by these an- imals, for their excessive increase is kept in check, probably, by the vicissi- tudes of the climate; but it maybe use- ful to know that a border of ashes, sand or sawdust, laid around the bed containing the plants it is desired to protect, will prove an impassable bar- rier to the slugs, so long as these sub- stances remain dry. When the slugs attempt to pass the barrier they be- come entangled in the dry ashes or sand, which envelops them entirely. The particles of these adhere to the viscid surface of the animals which, in vain endeavoring to disengage them- selves from by secreting their mucous, at length become exhausted and die. Their growth is remarkably rapid. The young have been known to double 36 THE MUSEUM. their size and weight in a week. The earliest hatched young of the season generally attain their full maturity be- fore the end of the first year, although they may afterwards increase some- what in bulk. Those which leave the egg at a later period mature during the second year. Individuals kept in con- finement and fully fed reach a much greater size than when in their normal condition. They possess in a remark- able degree the power of elongation and contraction of the body. When fully extended it is long, narrow, more or less cylindrical, and generally term- inating in a sharp point. The carina of the carinated species disappears. The head is protruded far beyond the mouth, the eye peduncles are long, 'slender and graceful. The mantle is changed from an oval to an elongated form, with parallel sides and rounded ends. The glands are lengthened, lose their prominence and appear nearly smooth. But when alarmed by the touch of a foreign substance an instant change occurs, and a sudden contrac- tion takes place. The eye peduncles and tentacles are retracted and the head is drawn under the mantle. The anterior edge of the mantle is brought to the level of the foot, and its form becomes nearly circular. The body is shortened to one fourth its former length and tumid; the back is rounded and rises high in the center, and the skin is rough with prominent glandular pro- tuberances. The carina, when it exists, become conspicuous. This is the form which they assume in their retreats when they retire to protect themselves from the effects of drought and cold. It differs so much from their form when in motion that one not well ac- quainted with them would hardly re- cognize the same animal in its new shape. It is among the Limaces, per- haps, that the change is most striking and the difference of form between the extremes the greatest They commence reproducing their kind as early as the end of the first year, before they have attained their full dimensions, and hence the eggs of the same species often vary consider- able in size. These are deposited in a cluster of thirty, or thereabouts, in the soil and in other moist and protected situations; or if the species be one that frequents houses, then in the crevices or corners of the walls or under the de- caying planks of cellars. In general form and appearance they resemble the eggs of the shell-bearing genera, but differ from them in several impor- tant particulars. The eggs of the snails are all opaque, while those of the slugs are more or less translucent, permit- ting in the Limaces a view of the cica- tricula, and affording an opportunity of observing its developments. Those of the former are all deposited free or unconnected, except by a slight ag- glutination; those of the latter, in some of the species, are connected together by a prolongation of the outer mem- brane at their longest diameter, thus forming a sort of rosary. The depos- its of eggs, when made, are abandoned by the slug, which then removes to some other convenient place. A con- siderable number of separate deposits are made during the year. Nature Study. We are coming to a day when the importance of the study of Nature is beginning to be recognized. In many of the Normal Schools instructors in "Nature Study" are already employed, at teachers' institutes "Nature Study" is becoming a common topic for the lecturers, and in academies and colleges collections are being made, and mus- eums established. Although many of the lectures, and not a few of the in- structorships give evidence of attempt- ing to carry on a large business upon a small capital, and although the col- lections are for the most part entirely unorganized and in snch a chaotic state that the instructors can make but little use of them, they prove that there is a growing desire— vague though it may be — for more thorough and sys- THE MUSEUM. 37 tematic work in the study of natural history. One of the most common mistakes that the individual collector makes is to imagine that he should begin with something that is not readily accessible. The person who lives among fossilifer- ous rocks yearns to collect and study sea shells. One who lives at the sea shore takes no interest in the mollusks, crabs, and star fishes that are so com- mon, but would like to collect min- erals. Now, this is no yearning for the study of nature: it is simply a de- sire for something new or queer, that may be satisfied, possibly, with a col- lection of tin tags, buttons, or scrap pictures. The student of nature must make a collection. To make this collection, begin right. Collect something com- mon, that you see every day, be it mineral, mollusk, fossil, insect, or plant — anything within the realm of mineralogy, zoology, or botany. Learn all that you can about it by a careful examination with the naked eye and a good pocket lens. Then supplement this knowledge with all that you can learn from such books as you have or can buy or borrow. If you do not thus obtain the information you seek, put yourself in correspond- ence with a naturalist who can furnish the desired information. Then label and catalogue your specimen, and take good care of it. As soon as your col- lection assumes sufficient proportions to require or even permit it, classify, and arrange all that you have, and thereafter always label, catalogue, class- ify and arrange each specimen as soon after you collect it as possible. Never leave specimens in an unorganized con- dition for weeks and months, waiting for a "more convenient season". It will make you an unsystematic and slovenly naturalist, and be very likely in time to take away your love for thorough work in any line of science. If you would enlarge your collection beyond the results of your own person- al collecting, gather large numbers of duplicates and exchange them with other collectors, whose addresses may be easily obtained from science papers. It should be a fixed principle with any collector, or any person in charge of a collection, that any specimen worth a place in a collection should be made to show to the best possible advantage. Nice type or pen printed card labels, and pure white trays, and suitable devices for showing small specimens to advantage should be used. A collection should be — yes will be, a monument of the taste displayed by the collector, or a standing advertise- ment of the systematic — or unsystem- atic— management of the educational institution possessing it. It is not to be expected that the chancellors of universities, can give their time to the proper in- auguration of their museums, even if their knowledge of natural history would enable them to do so; but they should never forget the story that a well equipped museum will tell to their students, and to all who may even visit the educational institutions over which they preside. The adage "A thing of beauty is a joy forever, " holds as true of a natural history collection as of any thing else, and museum inauguration is becoming an art calling for a special- ist. Most universities and many col- leges, and academies and normal schools have, and all should have, per- manent curators, not only to properly organize the material they possess, but to augment the collections by means of exchanges and purchases. Schools that cannot afford to employ per- manent curators, should have their collections properly organized by per- sons whose knowledge of natural his- tory, and whose taste and experience in such work qualify them to do the work. After a thorough organiz- ation of the accumulations of years, accessions may often be safely intrust- ed to the instructors. It should be remembered that spec- imens bear the same relation to nat- 38 THE MUSEUM. ural, that apparatus does to physical science, and deserve the same care. Charles Le Roy Wheeler, Prompton, Pa. A Trip to Fauquier Co.* Virginia; With Notes on the Specimens Obtained- On the 14th of June, 1899, I left Providence, R. I., for a little spot about fifty miles west of Washington City, in the Bull Run mountains of Virginia. In the summer of '98 I vis- ited in this locality and I knew it to be a good country for collecting. I reached my destination in the eve- ning of the next day and was warmly welcomed at the pretty little cottage of Mr. White who was to be my host during the few weeks that I could spend in this paradise for a lover of nature. The cottage is situated a short way up on the mountain side and is really shut in on three sides by the slopes of the mountains, so that on all these sides there is, in summer, a continuous bank of dense green foliage. The exposed side gives us a' glimpse of the surrounding country, including a bit of the railroad and a stone mill. This country is but little worked over by collectors. In 1898 when I was in the same district for two months I did not hear of a single spec- imen of the genus "collector" Nat- urally with so few people to bother them birds are quite abundant anJ the same is true of specimens in other branches of the animal kingdom. There is a small stream of water, "run" they call it, which passes through their district and the banks of this stream fairly team with animal life. There are all kinds of wooded and brush patches on the mountain sides and at the very top of the moun- tain on which Mr. White's cottage (Bee Cottage I shall call it hereafter) is situated is a huge pile of boulders called "Buzzard's Peak." This rock pile is the breeding place for numer- ous turkey buzzards and in its crev- ices many a wary fox has made his lair. I had come prepared to collect specimens of all kinds but it was not my intention on this trip to do any great amount of collecting. I wanted rather to ramble around, get better acquainted with the country and peo- ple and while doing this to pick up more or less material for my collec- tion. I had my camera along also and "took" many a pretty bit of scen- ery. Many people seem to have a very wrong idea of the climate of our south- ern states and of the South as a whole. I have been in Fauquier Co. , Virginia, all the summer months and I have sel- dom found it as hot there as at my home in Providence, R. I. Then too I have worn a medium weight sweater at the equator without finding it un- comfortable. Perhaps I should ex- plain that this last experience was at the Galapagos Islands which possess a cooler climate than most equatorial countries. The climate of the Bull Run mountains is generally very pleas- ant. If there is any breeze you are almost sure to get it at Bee Cottage. There is a difference of several de- grees in temperature between the cot- tage on the mountain side and the railroad station which is located in a gap between two mountains only a mile distant. The first two days I spent in getting settled. On the morning of the next, one of Mr. White's daughters came into the house to inform me that there was a "peckerwood" in a tree in the yard. I immediately took my gun and went out to investigate thinking that perhaps it was a Pileolated Wood- pecker, a bird I wanted to obtain. I was mistaken, however, for instead of a Pileolated It was a Hairy Wood- pecker which was pecking away in- dustriously in the topmost branches of a large locust tree that stood very near the house. I shot it and made up its skin soon after, this making my first capture. THE MUSEUM. 39 A little later in the day, accompan ied by Mr. White's youngest son, went on a salamander hunt up the mountain side. We turned over all the old logs and stones that we could find and secured quite a number of specimens of small salamanders of sev- eral species. The red-backed (Pleth- odon crythronotus) appeared to be the most common and we found them of all sizes from little fellows not much over an inch in length to good sized adults measuring three and a half in- ches. They seemed to live under both stones and old logs and in some cases we found several near together under the same covering The young were found in nearly every case with the adult specimens and as they were very easily captured it is possible that they are more quiet when with their young. I quote the following notes in regard to this species from the "Re- port of the Geological Survey of Ohio." "The Red-backed Salamander is the first of this group seen in spring, having been observed in the middle of April. I found them near Vassar Col- lege in New York state, on April 6, 1878. It occurs in moist woody plac- es, hiding under stones and old logs, and when these are upturned, it, if alone, quickly disappears in the decay- ing wood, moss, leaves or earth; but if accompanied by its young, neither it nor its little ones attempt to escape until touched. It climbs glass by ad- hering with its abdomen, is frequently on herbs, and, if disturbed, springs away by a sudden uncoiling. They are very agile in their motions, walk rapidly, run by sudden and irregular jerks and have been kept alive an en- tire year by allowing them dead leaves constantly moistened. Their food ap- pears to be small snails. When the young are found, as a rule, they are accompanied and often apparently be- ing fed by their parents, but are oc- casionally alone. Their little ones, as well as their eggs, occur under the moss and bark of decayed trees. The latter are found in bunches of from six to eleven each, and individually are about three-twentiths of an inch in diameter and have been found in June at Ann Arbor, Michigan; Fitchburg, Massachusetts; and in August in the White Mountains. "The young are supplied with branchiae, but lose them early, that is, three or four days after hatching. The little ones usually have the same mark- ings as the adult but are often bright red, spotted with black. The young- er larvae are nearly white, the older olive with dark spots. As age ad- vances the color deepens, becoming a brown, and very old specimens often have a purplish tint." This gives us a very good idea of the life history of this little salamand- er. I found the color of the dorsal stripe to vary considerably in my spec- imens. In some it was much more yellow than red, and in many of the younger individuals it was mixed with a good deal of black. Before going any farther with the account of my walk I should like to give some account of the other species of salamanders which I found at this time, it being my intention to make this paper, as far as possible, a col- lection of notes on various animals ob- served during my stay in Fauquier Co., Virginia. Perhaps the most abundant species next to the Red-backed was the Gray Spotted or Viscid Salamander {Plcth ■ odon glittinosus, Green.) This species is larger than the pre- ceding, adult specimens measuring nearly six inches. I found it in damp situations under logs and stones. If I remember rightly I found most of my specimens near the top of the moun- tains. Its general color is black, dot- ted all over the back and sides with spots of gray, these spots being larger on the sides. There are fourteen cos- tal furrows, a distinct cervical fold and a longitudinal furrow along the back. This furrow is much more dis- tinct in some specimens than in oth- 40 THE MUSEUM. ers. I quote a short paragraph from Cope's "Batrachia of North America" as to its distribution and habits: ' 'The range of this species is from Texas to Maine. It appears to be common in Massachusetts and Maine. "This salamander is entirely terres- trial in its habits. It is found much more abundantly in the mountainous districts and haunts rocky localities as well as forest mold and fallen logs. I have found it more abundant in New York than in southwest Virginia. I believe that it prefers a cool climate. In the flat and warmer tertiary and cretaceous eastern coast region it is rare. In southern Pennsylvania I have only found it on the northern ex- posure of the south Chest valley hill and never on the southern exposure or other parts of the north hill. In southwest Virginia it is more common in caves than on the surface." I saw a good many specimens of the red newt (DiemyctJies miniatus). This species is about three and one-fourth inches long. The color of the back and sides is a bright red which is apt to disappear in preserving liquid. On each side is a row of five or more ocel- late spots, while the whole under sur- face is covered with small black dots. Often after a storm these little fel- lows appear in considerable numbers in some localities. I have noticed this fact both* in Virginia and in Rhode Island and have heard that it holds true in Connecticut. That they eat each other is a fact easily learned by confining some in a small box for a few weeks. They will disappear one by one, the larger ones remaining alive the longest, and an apparent increase in the circumference of one individual is a sure sign that the life of another has been sacrificed. There is quite a full account of the habits of this species in the Geological Report of Ohio which I think is worth quoting at length: "The Crimson Triton is found un- der stones and decayed wood and leaves and also in brooks and pools. Holbrook observed them swimming with vivacity under ice an inch thick. Storer found fragments of Lymnea, Physa, insects and spiders in their stomachs and also ascertained that they cast their skin in June and that the new cuticle was in every respect similar to the old, They are not so rapid in their motion as Plethodon erythronotus. In confinement they thrive well if allowed a daily supply of fresh water and a sufficient quanti- ty of flies which they siezed and swal- lowed apparently by several continued efforts. Their eggs are laid attached to weeds and grass in shallow water in albuminous masses, looking some- what like those of frogs, and the young does not lose its brahchise until late in development, "Mr. Howard A. Kelly relates that he has taken the Red Egt Notophthal- mus (Diemyctlus) viridescens, found in Sullivant county, Pennsylvania, and kept them in a dark box filled with moss and saturated with water, and that all the specimens thus treat- ed changed from the vermillion of the miniafus to the dull or olive of the viridescens] that upon being thrown into water they struggled to land but soon returned to the water, returning to the surface at intervals for air. They were kept alive for some time and always seemed satisfied with their aquatic residence. Such an observa- tion would seem to indicate that in- stead of specific or even varietal dif- ferences in this species we have simp- ly the changes due to age and con- dition." Cope in his "Batrachias of North America" states that L. miniatus is identical with D. viridescens and that the two forms are stages of "one and the same animal." He says that the differences between them are simply those caused by changes in season and environment. In the cold mountain springs I found many specimens of the Spring Newt {Desmo gnat Juts fuse a). This is an ac- tive species. It seems to prefer shal- THE MUSEUM. 4i ow running water and, where disturb- ed, will disappear with great rapid- ity amongst the weeds and gravel, its dusky color aiding in its concealment. The average length is about four and one-half inches. The color is gener- ally brown above, with gray or pink shades, both the sides and belly being marked. Cope mentions a variety of D. fitsca as occurring only in the southern states but I did not secure any specimens of it. This salamander hunt occupied sev- eral hours and was rather tiresome physically but I felt well repaid as did my assistant by the number and vari- ty of specimens secured. Upon reach- ing the house again I put the sala- manders into five per cent, formalin, keeping the different varieties separate and labeling all fully so that data would not be lacking when I came to study them at home. From this time on I took trips al- most daily, sometimes with ornitho- logical intent, sometimes after snakes or turtles, but always with a deep re- spect for the beautiful panorama of na- ture constantly changing before me as I wandered over the hills and through the valleys. I shall not try to give an account of these trips in any regular order but shall dwell more particular- ly on a few excursions that were of especial interest to me and on the specimens secured. Being desirous of collecting some rough skeletons of mammals, I inter- ested one of Mr. White's sons, a not- ed trapper, in my behalf and together we set a line of traps up to the very top of the mountain — the rock pile which I have mentioned before as be- ing called Buzzard's Peak." Every morning early for several days we made the round of these traps, but finding game rather scarce we finally gave it up. I will give a few brief notes on the mammals obtained in- cluding also a few species which Mr. . White traps every winter. Vulpes fulvus (Red Fox). This species seems to be fairly common in the northeastern part of Virginia. In the vicinity of Mr. White's cottage they were quite plentiful although hunted a great deal with hounds. On two occasions I saw one enter almost into the dooryard and that too in the daytime. Neither of these animals seemed particularly disturbed at see- ing me but turned around slowly and loped off through the wood. The hounds belonging to the people in the vicinity sometimes get loose at night and on these occasions they have a grand fox hunt of their own, spending a whole night in running around and barking. Vulpes virginianus (Gray Fox). While not as common as the fore- mentioned species the Gray Fox is still taken not infrequently. I did not see one at all but on several occasions when the hounds were having oue of their noisy hunts Mr. White told me they were after a Gray Fox. He said that there was a difference in the course taken by the two species of foxes when pursued by hounds, the Gray Fox keeping for as long a time as possible in a comparatively small area dodging back and forth in hopes of throwing the hounds on a false scent, while the Red Fox relied more on its legs for escaping. Mr. White traps several each year. Putorius vulgaris (Weasel). I be- lieve this species to be quite common. Have heard the residents mention it as being destructive to their chickens which are also subject to attacks from the Fox, Skunk, Mink and Rats. I saw only one specimen. Putorius vison (Mink). The Mink is quite common, finding excellent dwelling and hunting grounds along the banks of the various winding streams with which this country is well supplied. Mr. White traps many each winter. Lutra canadensis (Am. Otter). During the winter of 1896 Mr. White caught his first specimen of this spec- ies. Since then he has caught two or three each winter and said that he 42 THE MUSEUM. thought that by employing a larger number of traps and extending his range a few miles he might obtain even more. This would indicate that the Otter is fairly common in this vi- cinity at least and since they are but little molested their numbers should be on the increase. Mephitis mephitica (Skunk). A very common species. During the past three or four years Mr. White has trapped about" five hundred within a radius of eight or ten miles and they are still abundant. Procyon lotor (Raccoon). The Raccoon was at one time common in northeastern Virginia and it is not in- frequently taken now. "Coon hunts" used to be of frequent occurrence in Fauquier county, but with the great decrease in the number of "coons" the practice has been to a great ex- tent abandoned. Atalaplia noreboracensis (Red Bat). Every evening numbers of these little bats would appear, flying swiftly about in their search for insects. Lepus americanus var. virginianus (Southern Varying Hare). Common all through this section where it is much hunted during the fall and win- ter. Ncotoma floridana (Wood Rat). Several were caught in one trap. They appear to be very abundant. Fiber zibetJiicus (Muskrat). Very CQmmon along the banks of the streams. Sciurus Jiudsonius (Red Squirrel). Mr. White informed me that the Red Squirrel was quite scarce. I did not see any during either of my visits. Sciurus niger (Southern Fov Squir- rel). Fairly common, though accord- ing to all accounts it is not nearly as plentiful as it was a few years ago. Sciurus carolinensis (Gray Squir- rel). Squirrel hunting is a common sport in Virginia and catching the in- fection I accompanied one of the neighbors on two or three of his trips. Either the squirrels had temporarily left the county or else they were en- tirely too shrewd for us as I never had worse luck in any hunt. I believe we secured one squirrel each time and I remember one morning we hunted for several hours without firing a shot, se- curing one squirrel from its hole, some fifty feet up in a large tree, by means of a pliable forked stick. By insert- ing the forked end of the stick into the hole as far as possible and twist- ing it around a few times a hold was obtained on the tail of the squirrel and it was pulled out and brought down. At Bee Cottage they had a squirrel of this kind which they had raised by hand from a very young specimen. There was no cage to confine him. He was perfectly free to go. and come when he pleased and he seldom failed to show up at meal time when he would jump from one person to an- other in search of eatables, not infre- quently leaving scratches to show where his sharp claws had struck. Peanuts were an especial delicacy for him. As a rule he was fed with ker- nels of corn though he ate most any- thing of a cereal nature The rapid- ity with which he could take up the corn kernels, eat the germ or "chit" and throw the rest away, was astound- ing. It fairly kept one busy to sup- ply him with fresh ones. He seemed to like to be fondled and would enter into a romp as though he enjoyed it, though if roughly handled he would lose temper and disappear for a half day or more. I believe that "Buz- zer" as we called him has recently left civilization for the woods to fall a vic- tim no doubt to some hunter's gun. Sciuropterus volucella (Flying Squirrel). The Flying Squirrel is common They have had several at Bee Cottage for pets, taking them from the nest when very young and raising them by hand. They take readily to a corner of a handkerchief soaked in milk and seem to thrive well m captivity. Tamias striatus (Chipmunk) Very common. They are often seen run- THE MUSEUM. 43 ning along the old stone walls of the fields and roads. ' Arctomys monax (Woodchuck). Common. Mr. White catches many of them in his traps and on severol oc- casions I saw fresh signs of them DidclpJiys virginianus (Opossum). The Opossum is quite common. Mr, White catches many of them and from him I secured several skulls. I saw one live specimen, a female, with eight or nine young about the size of half grown rats. There are of course many species of mammals which I have not mentioned that undoubtedly occur in this section On my next trip I hope to be able to give more attention to the small mam- mals, such as shrews, moles, mice, etc. , many of which could be easily obtained. One insect pest peculiar to the South is the "chigger." Though ex- tremely small they are capable of causing a great deal of trouble and on several occasions I had rather more than I desired of their company. They seem to stay on or among the thick shrubbery of the woods and when anyone walks through this, they abandon the vegetable for an animal feeding ground. By eating their way into the skin they produce little irri- tating sores which increase rapidly in size when scratched. I used to lay open these little sores and treat them with antiseptics and found this a very good treatment. By taking a bath after each day's tramp through the woods one can keep fairly clean of them. On some of the old rail fences which border Virginia roads for miles, I found the pretty little lizard Scelo- porus undulatus quite abundant. They were not very timid and one day while out driving I killed several with the whip. They seemed to be most abundant at about eleven o'clock in the morning. When once disturbed they moved very swiftly although most of those that I noticed did not travel more than a few feet at a time. I saw several species of snakes. A water snake, Tropidonotus Sipedon I think, appeared to be the most com- mon. It is locally known as the "water moccasin" though it has no venomous qualities. This species is found along the "run" where it is not uncommon to see one or more individ- uals stretched or coiled on the rocks, taking a sun bath. They take to the water readily when disturbed. One small specimen of T. Sipedon which I pulled rather roughly out of a hole in rocks bit me in return, but I kept it alive for some time afterwards and it never in all later handling bit me again. I secured one large specimen of the Milk Snake [Ophibolus doliatus tri- angulus) which one of Mr. White's daughters killed and brought home. There is such a general dread of snakes whether venomous or not that I always feel very much pleased to meet with anyone who is not afraid of them. Certainly the nonvenomous snakes are entirely benificial, or near- ly so, and should be kindly treated and protected; and yet how often we find them all crushed and mangled where someone, ignorant of their good qualities and with no appreciation of their beauty, has ruthlessly destroyed. I caught one very pretty little grass snake {Liopeltls vernalls) but this species does not appear to be very common. Black snakes {Bascanion constrictor) were quite abundant and I obtained several specimens, some of them being of large size. The moc- casin {Agkistrodon conetortrix) is the only venomous snake that occurs at all commonly in this neighborhood. I did not see any of them on my last trip although I heard of several that were killed during my stay. They are found usually about the rocks and in black-berry patches and not a few are killed when the wheat, large quantities of which is grown, is being harvested. I obtained some interesting data in re- gard to the use of "Rattlesnake Master Weed" as an antidote for the bite of 44 THE MUSEUM. a moccasin which I hope to use in a future article. The interest of the northern collect- or is immediately aroused by the num- ber of box turtle (Cistudo Carolina) or "terrapin," which one meets with in the southern states. In my own state (Rhode Island) box turtles are very seldom met with but in Virginia scarcely a day passed that I did not meet with one or more of these anim- als and I did not make any particular search for them. There was a great difference in the color and design of of the markings on the carapace and plation. Some individuals were al- most a complete black while others were nearly covered with yellow mark- ings. There was a considerable vari- ation in shape also. If one can judge anything of their age by the amount that they grow in a certain number of years, some of those that I noticed must have been very old. The boys in the neighborhood often cut their initails and the date into their terra- pin and I found some that had been so marked as much as fifteen years be- fore and as they must have been of good size when the marking was done they did not appear to have grown much in that time. From this I judge they live to be very old. I saw no other land turtles but one night we seined the run securing quite a varied collection of fish, turtles and other fresh water animals some of which I shall mention. The fish I am not well enough aquainted with to de- scribe. I think we obtained as many as six species and they proved to be very good from an epicurian stand- point when served on the table next day. Several eels {Augville Chrysy- pa) were also caught in the net. Of the fresh water turtles we se- cured three species; we caught one specimen, not a very large one of the "snapper" {Chelydra Serpentina.) The Painted turtle (CcJirysemys pi el a) appeared to be quite common. They are locally known as "skilpots" though why so named I have yet to learn. I also secured specimens of another turtle which I have not yet determined Both this and the preceding specie occur very abundantly throughout the streams and ponds of Fauquier Co. I did not meet with any other tur- tles on either of my trips to this part of Virginia and think that these four species are the only ones occuring at all commonly in this section. Many cray fish (Cambavus affinis) were caught in the seine and I also found this crustacean quite abundant in various springs and little streams in the neighborhood. One large female taken in August had some eight or ten young clinging to its body. Mr. White showed me the remains of some of their burrows in one of his meadows where they reside at certain periods of the year. In general appearance they are very much like diminutive lobsters and they move around in the same manner. Various other interesting animals such as insect larvae, fresh- water unios, etc., where obtained in this night seining, but I did not save these specimens and shall not try to treat of them in this paper. So far I have not said much in re- gard to the birds which were very abundant both in number and species. Perhaps the most noticeable bird is the Turkey Buzzard, that famous scav- enger which saves the southern farm- er the trouble of burying any dead an- imals. The buzzards are very com- mon in this section. I have seen twenty-five or thirty at one time fly- ing around, often at a height so high in fact that one wonders how they ev- er managed to locate any objects on the ground. They breed at various points on the rocky mountain side in spring months. Of the various other birds which I noticed I shall simply give a list which like the foregoing lists of mammals, reptiles, etc. , is far more complete. I hope that the production of these few notes may induce some other col- lector to send in their contribution to these columns. Surely among the THE MUSEUM. 45 great number of subscribers to this paper there must be many who have notes that would be of interest and value to us all. Let us hear from you. Aix sponsa, Wood Duck. Ardea herodias, Great Blue Heron. Ardca virescens, Green Heron. Nycticorax nycticora nacvius, Black- crowned Night Heron. Actitis macularia, Spotted Sand- piper. Charadrius dominions, American Golden Plover. Aegialtis vocifcra, Killdeer. Colinus virginianus, Bob White. Bonasa umbcllus, Ruffed Grouse. Meleagris gallopavo, Wild Turkey. Zenaidura zenaida macroura, Mourning Dove. Cathartes aura, Turkey Vulture. \Accipiter cooperi, Cooper's Hawk. Buteo lineatus, Red- shouldered Hawk. Falco sparverius, Am. Sparrow Hawk. Asio wilsoniauus, Am. Long-eared Owl. Megascops asio, Screech Owl. Bubo virginianus, Great Horned Owl. Dryobates villosus, Hairy Wood- pecker. Dryobatcs pubescens. Downy Woodpecker. Mclancrpes erythrocephalus, Red- headed Woodpecker. Colaptcs auratus, Flicker. Antrostomus vociferus, Whip-poor- will. CJicEtura pelagica, Chimney Swift. Trochieus colucbris, Ruby-throated Hummer. Tyr annus tyr annus, Kingbird. Sayomis phoebe, Phoebe. Empidonax minimus, Least Fly- catcher. Corvus amcricanus, Am. Crow. Sturnella magna, Meadow Lark. Spinus tristis, Am. Goldfinch. Spizella socialis, Chipping Spar- row. Spizella pus ilia, Field Sparrow. Melospiza fasciata, Song Sparrow. Pipilo crythrophthalmus, Towhee. Cardinalis cardinalis, Cardinal. Passerina cyanca, Indigo Bunting. Piranga rubra, Summer Tanager. Piranga crythromelas, Scarlet Tanager. Chelidon erythrogaster, Barn Swal- low. Clivicola ripcria, Bank Swallow. Vir£o olivaceus, Red-eyed Vires. Mniotilta varia. Black and White Warbler. Dendroica aestiva, Yellow Warbler. Dendroica discolor, Prairie Warbler. Seivrus avrocapillus, Oven-bird. Ictcria virens, Yellow-fr. Chat. Sylrania mitrata, Hooded War- bler. Geothlypis trichas, Maryland Yel- low Throat. Anthus pensylvanicus, Am. Pipit. Galeoscoptcs carolincnsis, Catbird. Troglodytes aedon, House Wren. Turdus mustelinus, Wood Thrush. Merula migratoria. Am. Robin. T. P. Drowne. An Indian Mound Opened. An Indian mound on the top of a bluff overlooking the Huron river at a point a few miles below Ann Arbor, was opened Saturday, November 18, by Dr. W. B. Hinsdale, dean of the homoeopathic department of the Uni- versity of Michigan. Within was found a skeleton, two earthen pots and about a dozen small implements. The skel- eton, which was that of a man, was lying on an oval bed of burnt clay. Its head was pointed towards the west. The position of the bones seemed to indicate that the body had been bur- ied in a sitting posture. On the skel- eton's left hand was a pile of bones not human. Among these were the two •front teeth of a beaver. The imple- ments in the pots included several ar- row points, a number of awls made out of antlers, a copper needle and a barbed fishing spear. The spear was also made of an antler. The teeth in the skull were all sound 46 THE MUSEUM. and were about one-third ground down, the edges being flat and smooth instead of pointed and sharp. The two eye teeth were slightly forward of the others. The mound was about 1 5 feet in di- ameter, and originally several feet high, but as it had been plowed over for many seasons it had become somewhat reduced in size. The skeleton was found about four feet below the surface. Thoreau's Mission! {Bradford Torrcy in the November Atlantic) With Trroreau the study of nature was not an amusement, says Brad- ford Torrey in the November Atlantic, nor even a serious occupation for leis- ure hours, but the work of his life, — a work to which he gave himself from year's end to year's end, as faithfully and laboriously, and with as definite a purpose, as any Concord farmer gave himself to his farm. He was no ama- teur, no dilentant, no conscious hoby- ist laughing between times at his own absorption. His sense of a mis- sion was as unquestionable as Wads- worth's, though happily there went with it a sense of humor that preserved it in good measure from over-empha- sis and damaging iteration. In degree, if not in kind, this whole- hearted, lifelong devotion was some- thing new. It was one of Thoreau's originalities. To what a pitch he car- ried it, how serious and all-controlling it was, the pages of his journal bear continual witness, His was a puritan conscience. He could never do his work well enough. After a eulogy of winter buds, "impregnable, vivacious willow catkins, but half asleep along the twigs" (there, again, is fancy of an uncloying type), he breaks out: "How healthy and vivacious must he be who would treat of these things. You must love the crust of the earth on which you dwell more than the sweet crust of any bread or cake; you must be able to extract nutriment out of a sand heap." "Must" was a great word with Thoreau. In hard times espec- ially, he braced himself with it. "The winter, cold and bound out, as it is, is thrown to us like a bone to a famished dog, and we are expected, to get the morrow out of it. While the milk- men in the outskirts are milking so many scores of cows before sunrise, these winter mornings, it is our talk to milk the winter itself. It is true it is like a cow that is dry, and our fingers are numb, and there is none to wake us up. But the winter was not given us for no purpose We must thaw its cold with our genialness. We are tasked to find out and appropriate all the nutriment it yields. If it is a cold and hard season, its fruit, no doubt, is the more concentrated and nutty." A Correction Dear Mr. Webb: Some time since there appeared in the Museum, over my name, an arti- cle on our members of the carpodaci. Since then I have become convinced by further study, and by correspond- ence with those familiar with the birds of this county, that I was in error and that what then appeared to me to be different species were but different phases of the same species, — Carpoda- cus mexicanus frontalis. Several friends in the east have written me concerning these birds and wished me to get them sets and skins of the two rarer species. This of course I cannot do, as I am now fully convinced that neither of them breed in this county Shonld you see fit to print this let- ter I will deem it a great favor, not only to myself but to any of your readers who may have been misled by my notes. Sincerely Yours, Harry H. Dunn. Fullerton, Cal. THE MUSEUM. 47 BOOKS FOR SALE BY WEBB'S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTAB.,ALBION,N.Y. All books listed below are new and will be sent prepaid. ARCHEOLOGY, ETHNOLOGY, ETC. ARCHAEOLOGY, The American Journal of.Sin- gle numbers $1. Bi-Monthly, or $5 a year ABBOTT. Recent Explorations in the Valley of the Delaware River, Univ. of Penna. Arch Work. 75 AMERICAN Anthropologist, New Series, issued Quarterly. Fully illustrated, Paper, per number $1.95, per year 4 00 ARCHAEOLOGICAL Survey of India. Most of the 24 volumes in the set are out of print, but a few can still be had at an average price of $5 per volume. They are 8vo. and finely illustrated. BALDWIN, J. 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Agassiz, Il- lustrated by 40 wood cuts, 64pp, Paper, 25c No 5, Common Hydroids, Corals and Echi- noderms, by A. Hyatt, Illustrated. Paper, 32pp.. 30c. No. 6 Mollusca, Oyster, Clam and Other Common Molluscs, Illustrated, Paper, 65pp.. 30c. No. 7. Worms and Crus- tacea, by A. Hyatt, Illustrated, Paper, 68pp, 30c. No. 8, Insecta, by A. Hyatt and J. M. Arms, 223 Illustrations and 13 plates, 324pp, Cloth, $1.25. No. 12, Common Minerals and Rocks, by W. O. Crosby, Illustrated, Paper, 40c. No. 13, First Lessons in Minerals, bv E H. Richard, 50pp , Paper, 10c. No. 14, Hints for Teachers of Physiology, by H. P. Bowditch, 58pp., 20c. No. 15, Observation Lessons in Common Minerals, by H. L. Clapp. Paper, 80pp., 30c. No. 16, Lessons in Chemistry for Common Schools, by G. P. Phenix, Paper, 41pp , 111 istrated 20 HUXLEY. T., On the Origin of Species; Or the Causes of the Phenomena of Nature, 12mo... 1 00 HUTTON.S F. W., Darwinism & Lamarckism, 8vo 1 00 HUXLEY, T., Science and Education 1 25 HELMHOLTZ, H., Popular lectures on Scientific Subjects, 12mo 2 00 Second Series 1 B0 JORDAN, DAVID S , Foot Notes to Evolution. A Series of Popular Addresses on the Evo- lution of Life, l2mo. 175 JORDAN, DAVID S., Science Sketches. New and Enlarged Edition, 12mo., 287pp _ 1 50 KELVIN, Popular Lectures and Addresses, Three volumes each 2 00 Vol 1, The Constitution of Matter. Vol. 2, Geology and General Physics. Vol. 3, Nav- igational Affairs. LECONTE, PROF. JOSEPH, Religion and Science 12 mo 1 50 LUBBOCK, Scientific Lectures 2 50 MARSHALL, A. M., Lectures on the Darwinian Theory 2 25 MAYHEW'S, HENRY, Wonders of Science, 16mo 1 25 MACLEOD'S, The Silent Sea, 8vo., Paper 50 Green Fire, Post.,8vo 1 25 MIVART, ST. GEORGE, The Groundwork of Science, 8 vo 1 75 NATURE, A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science. Single No. I5c, yearly 6 00 OSBORNE, From the Greeks to Darwin 2 00 ROMANES, G., Mental Evolution in Man. Ori- gin of Human Faculty, 8vo 3 00 RICE, WM. N., Twenty five Years of Scientific Progress. A Series of Lectures, 16mo., Cloth, Gilt top 75 SLOANE, T. O'CONOR, Home Experiments iu Science, 91 engravings, 12mo l 00 SHEPPARD, PROF. N., Darwinism Stated by Darwin Himself. Selected, 12mo.... 1 50 SCIENCE, A Weekly Journal Devoted to the Ad- vancement of Science, Single number 15c, yearly 5 00 TYNDALL, PROF. JOHN, Fragments of Science, 2 vols 4 00 Hours of Exercise in the Alps 2 00 Forms of Water 1 50 WILLIAMS, W. MATTIEU, Science; In Short Chapters. Covers a great variety of Sub- jects, 12mo., 308pp., Paper 50c. Cloth 1 00 WHITE, ANDREW D , The Warfare of Science With Theology, 2 vols., 8vo 5 00 YOUMANS, PROF. E. L , Handbook' of House- hold Science, 12mo 1 75 THE MUSEUM. Florida Land and Fresh Water Shells. Also Centipedes,- Scorpions, Crabs, etc. in alcohol at a bargain. Address with stamp. O. BRYANT, Longwood, Florida CHARLES LeROY WHEELER NATURALIST, PROMPTON, Wayne Co., PA. Museums Organized, Specimens Identified, Labels prepared. Instruction by correspondence. WRITE ME A LETTER TODAY Stating that you would like to have sent for your inspection, charges prepaid, 35 of the Fatuous Doubly-termin- ated Quartz Crystals, found at this place. If this collection of Brilliant Gems pleases you. kindly send 70 cents (no more;, otherwise return the collect- ion and it will be O. K. Is not this a fair proposition? Exhibit at World's Fair received Highest Award, Medal and Diploma. Address, A. B. CRIM, MiclcllevUle, Herkimer Co., IS. V. Outing A MAGAZINE for the Young and Old, exhaling; the very essence of outdoors* J* A recent speci- men copy and handsomely illus- trated prospectus outlining; the ex- tensive plans for 1900 will be sent on request. ^ Buy the HOLIDAY NUMBER with its beautiful cover. At all news-stands, 25c. Outing Publishing Co. 239 Fifth Ave. New York High Water Advertising Mark. The New York Herald of April 17 printed an editorial statement that on the previous day (Sunday, April 10) Its paid advertising reached the high water mark in that journal's history. " The Chicago Tribune " on that same day. last Sunday, April 10, printed not only more adver- tising than the New York Herald, but what is believed to be the greatest amount ever printed in a single issue of any regular main edition of a newspaper. Leaving out of account the twen- ty-two columns of advertising printed by the New York Herald on that day In the special sec- tion devoted to the interests of Brooklyn and New Jersey and appearing only in those editions, the record of " The Tribune " for April Hi sur- passed that of the Herald for the same day by more than 10,000 agate lines of paid advertising. Even allowing the Herald all it claims, includ- ing its Brooklyn and New Jersey supplements, the New York Herald on that day still fell short of " The Tribune " by more than l.ooo lines in the actual amount of paid advertising. The exact figures are given as follows: The New York Herald of April 16 printed in its main edition, exclusive of its Brooklyn and New Jer- sey supplements, 77,823 agate lines of advertise- ments. Including those supplements it claims 86,700. " The Chicago Tribune " printed that day 88,450 agate lines of paid advertisements. The comparison should be made in lines of agate measure, because the columns of " The Trib- une " are longer and contain 305 agate lines, while those of the New York Herald contain only 288 lines of agate each. For the four Sundays ending April 16, the number of columns of advertisements in the New Y'ork Herald, according to its own claims and including its Brooklyn and New Jersey special section, was 1,007.25. In the same period of time " The Tribune " printed 1,084.43 columns of ac- tual paid advertisements. These, reduced to a^ate lines, give the New York Herald 307,308 lines and " The Tribune " 330.751 lines. In " The Tribune " there were printed in that period 23,383 more agate lines than in the New York Herald. This excess was equal to eightv-one columns of the size of those of the New York Herald. Therefore the New York Herald printed an average of 20.25 columns less each Sunday than " The Chicago Tribune." Alert! If an angler or shook er, send 25 cents for a FOREST AND STREAM 4 weeks' trial trip. The sportsman's FAVORITE WEEKLY JOURNAL of shooting i and fishing. Per year $4. With this | spirited pic- ture (size 22x 28 in.) $5.50. FOREST AND STREAM PUB. CO. 346 Broadway, New York. THE MUSEUM. We still have a few sets of back'numbers of THE MUSEUM. We will mail the entire first 5 volumes for only $3.00 prepaid; or any number jou wish at 5 cents each. Fill out jour lies rowwhile 3011 can. | _ . ,i L W. F V\ EBB, Mgr , Albion, N. Y. THE MUSEUM. Wholesale Bargains. To reduce our stock to proportionate limits, we offer the following articles at VERY LOW WHOLESALE RATES. All are on hand and orders can be sent by Express or Freight on a moment's notice. Oitrich Egg8, slightly cracked, as good as perfect, per doz * 2 00 Our Special Mineral Collection, 52 var- ieties, with neat list, labeled, etc., re- tails at $1, per dcz 4 80 Young Naturalists' Marvelous Collec- tion. 44 curios, with description of each, sells at 60c, per doz 3 60 Chautauqua Shell Collections, 33 named shells, retail at $2.50, per doz 12 00 Gem Collections, 12 cut Gems on a card in a neat box, retails at $1, per doz. . 4 50 Cut and Polished Gem Stones as fol- lows: Wood Agate, per doz Tiger Eye, Moss Agate, " Carnelian, " Turqur is, " Amethyst, ' ' Malachite, " Bloodstone, " Ribbon Agate, ' ' Black Gold Stone, Black Agate, " Pink Crocidolite, " 15 per cert, discount by the gross. SMALL SHELLS. 40 30 40 30 50 50 40 40 40 40 30 40 40 Cerethium muscarum, per 75 Donax variabilis, " ii 50 Nereta virginica, (< 75 Cypraea annulus, 50 " moneta, " .... 50 Oliva inflata, << 50 Very fine Mixed Shells, " it 50 Common " " " 25 Tips of Coral, '* .... 25 Calif. Brittle Stars, per doz 60 Sand Dollars, " " 25 Chinese Horn Nuts, " " 20 Red, Yellow and Black Sea Beans, per doz 15 Liver Beans, very large 20 Castor Oil Bean, pint 40 Alligator Teeth, small, doz 15 " large, " 30 Money used in Palestine to give to beg- §ars, with which they buy food, per oz. pieces 50 Sets of Bird Pictures, small, 60 colored cards in a set, per doz. sets 1 00 Acorn Barnacles, per doz 20 Redwood Bark, 2x2, " 40 Fragments Pottery, ancient and good size, per doz 50 Florida Unios, asstd., per doz 30 Revolutionary Gun Flints, perfect, per doz 75 Crown Shells, small, doz 20 Red Ears, large, " 1 50 Cones, assorted, " 50 Tulip Shells, " 60 Fulgars, " 75 Scaphites nodosus, a curious fossil, doz. 30, 50 and 1 00 Purple Sea Plumes, large size, 4 to 5 ft.. doz 2 50 Medium, 2 to 3 ft., doz 1 50 Purple Gorgonias, doz 1 00 Tube Sponges, fine, " 1 00 First 5 Vols. Museum for short time only 2 00 6 copies Birds' Labrador 1 50 6 " Nat. History Labrador 150 12 " Orn. and Ool. Manual 100 12 " Lattin's Standard Catalogue. . . 50 We have over 50 species of Invertebrates informolin will sell low by dozen, and over 200 species of small shells by the dozen. Make up your orders at once, as some of the thing will soon by exhausted. W. F. WEBB, Mgr., ALBION, N. Y. VOL. VI. NO. 4. Whole number 64. FEBRUARY, 1900. ®&m98®m A Journal Devoted to Research in Natural Science. RA TES: — 50 cts. per year to all countries, in advance. Single numbers, 5 cts. Published on the 15th of each month by Museum Publishing Co., Albion, N. Y. THE MUSEUM. POPULAR SCIENCE NEWS, JtBELSi Nature, Invention, Archseoloy. Elec- tricity, Chemistry, Mineralogy, Hy- giene, Medicine, Health. Formerly BOSTON JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY. ENLARGED ami IMPROVED. This popular monthly contains a large num- ber of Short, Easy, Practical, Interesting and Popular, Scientific articles, that can be Ap- preciated and Enjoyed by any intelligent reader, even though he knew little or nothing of Science. It is intended to interest those who think. Profusely Illustrated. Free from Technicalities. Entirely Different from and Much Superior to other papers with a similiar name. Monthly, SI. 60 per year; Newsdealers,15c Largest Circulation of any Scientific Paper. LILLARD & CO., 10» Fulton St., New York. Mention MUSEUM for a sample copy. All sizes and for any branch of Natural History, at the very lowest prices. Send me copy and I win quote price. Fossil Labels like sample 10c per 100 ; 70e per 1000 with assorted headings. Period. DEVONIAN AGE. Loc Letter Heads. Bill Heads, Cards, and etc. D. H. EATON, WOBURN, MASS. JAMES P. BABBITT, Wholesale and Retail Ltealer in Taxidermists' Supplies, Bird Skins, Eggs and Publications, TAUNTON, MASS. Oar large monthly bulletin of Skins, Eggs, etc free upon application. Tribute from the South. [From the New Orleans Times-Democrat. I Apropos of all' this, and other, news from Paris, we take this opportunity to express our admiration of the extremely able and interesting news service from Paris and from London which " The Chicago Tribune " has been running daily in its columns for several months past. Several of the New York dailies have excellent cable letters from London and sometimes other European capitals in their Sunday issues, but they appear as a rule only once a week, the brief dispatches which they get on the other days of the week not amount- ing to much in the way of an intelligible and adequate presentation of European news. " The Chicago Tribune's foreign service, signed " Grace Corneau " from Paris and " H. J. Whigham " from London, taking it all the week around, is a long way ahead of the foreign news service of any of the New- York papers. One or two of the New York papers have- had for years a deservedly high reputation for presenting their readers with news of in- terest from foreign parts, and the public will not forget its indebtedness to them on that account. But it is beyond dispute that the star of journalism is Westward taking its way. and that the journalism of Chicago is beginning to be the metropolitan journalism of the present, and will certainly be. if things move as they are moving now, the metro- politan journalism of the future. We do not generally, if at all. approve the politics of "The Chicago Tribune." but, apart from its politics, it is. in our opinion, superior to any of the New York papers. Not only is its for- eign news service the best in the United States, but its home news service covers the country with a fullness to which the New York papers are strangers. " The Tribune's " edition last Sunday must have caused qualms of envy to the .journalists of New York. It was a Journalistic effort to which hitherto none Of the Gotham papers has been eouul The Ornithologist's and Oolo" gist's Manual. Contains 100 pages, giving complete list off all North American Birds, Prices of Eggs and Skins, Number of Eggs in a Clutch, Prices off Mammal Skins, How to Skin Birds and Mam- mals, How to form an Egg Collection and many other pages of useful information . Pre- paid for ten two-cent stamps. Order at once. W.F.WEBB, Pub. Albion, IN. Y Fine Florida Shells. We have every facility for furnishing collectors or dealers witsh Florida Shells, or Souvenirs We have had long experience in collecting, and the Editor off the Museum, has, unsolicited by us, offered to answer any inquiries as- to our responsibility or fair dealing - If you wish to see quality of specimens before (.lacing- larger orders, send $1 for a box of samples. A13 eleaned and correctly named. Price list for stamp, and all inquiries promptly answered. Give us a trial. J. H. HOLMES, I)UNEI)E\\ PEA. The best Interdenominational Magazine is The Paulist Father's Catholic World. Subscription $3 per year. 8td Address, New Yatk. City. THE MUSEUM. WANTS- EXCHANGES AND FOR SALES. • All notices that come under above will be inserted in this department until further notice atone (1) cent a word. No notice less than 25c. Terms Cash with order. No charge for address. I shall at all times endeavor to keep parties, whose reputation is of a doubtful char acter from using these columns. ALL who wish complete list of sets of 273, 633, 474b, 378 and 474c will do well by send- ing us their exchange list Complete sets of large eggs of common birds wanted. I also have sets of 191, 443, 719b. 746, 506, 601, 277a, 74 and many others C. C. CANTWELL, Sterling, Kas. BARGAINS— Eight vols. Annual Reports Bureau Ethnology $12. 48 volumes annual Reports Smithsonian Institution $30. Fine collection carved Chinese jades $50. Ancient Indian relh's and coins at wholesale. DR. W. O EMERY, Crawfonlsville, Ind. 6i $3 WILL BUY 151 different kinds of foreign and native woods or will exchange for woods not in my collection LOUIS W. HAHN, Sil- ver Creek, Chautauqua countv, N Y. S TAMPS!— Send 10.; and receive by return mail 50 stamps, all different, from Chiii. Cape of Good Hope, etc., and also my new price Hit of sets and packets If you don'c want the stamps send for the list anvway It's full of bargains. EDWIN G. COREY, 20 East 129 St., New Yo-kCity FINE MINERALS t » exchange for Coins or Indian Relies AUo tine 5x8 Ideal D S. Ma- hogany camera, nearly new. L. V. CASE, Bedford. N. Y. 66_ TYPE FOR SALE —I have several fonts of nice type in j^ood condition. Will sell cheap. Send stamp for "proofs' and prices C. F. STONE. Branchport. N Y. WAN 1 ED: — bkins or in meat, L» aches Pet- rel, Kildeer Manx Shearwater, Cormorants, Ducks, Hawks and Owls. Offer tine Miner- als, Fossils Shells, Curios, also live Squirrels various F. A. W. DEAN'S Nat. Sci. Estb., 37 Falls St.. Niagara Falls, N. Y WANTED to Buy or Exchange— One Cali- fornia Rattlesnake and a "Side windei" eith- er alive or -preserved in alcohol. Address JULIUS HARTER, SR , 2346 S. 10th St., St. Louis. Mo 65 READY FOR THE FIELD?-Need Climb- ers, Drills, Blowpipe, Hooks, Calipers, Meas- ures, Scissors, Fish Basket, Collecting Tube, Data Blanks, Books, Magazines? Want a Bicycle, Gun, Rifle, Revolver, Fishing Rods, Reels or Tackle? I have everything you need. Good goods and reasonable prices. State vour wants, I think I can save you money. Benjamin hoag, stephentown, n. y. I WOULD LIKE to hear from collectors who could furnish me different kinds of wood. Send on list with common and Latin names, stating price. LOUIS W. HAHN, Silver Creek, Chautauqua county, N. Y. FORMOLIN is one of the finest preserva- tives for alcoholic specimens. A gallon of al- cohol costs $2 50 to $3 00 We will send a bottle of Formolin, small size enough for 2 gallons of preservative, for 50c prepaid, or for a $1 00 bill enough to make 4 gallons of preservative. Every collector should have it. Some of our correspondents u') freight, c.o.D.su iye.it u..:i. You can examine it at your nearest freight depot and if founo I . rfettly satisfactory, exactly as represented, equal to machines oth as highai $60.00, and THE GREATEST BARGAIN YOU ever heard or pa, Special Offer Price $15.50 jour freight agent our r T and freight charges. Machine weighs 120 poundsand the freight will average 75 cents for each 500 miles. GIVE IT THREE MONTHS TRIAL i" your own home, and we will return ynur$15.;>u any day you are not satisfied. We sell different makes and grndesnf Sewing Machines at $8.50. $10.00, £11.00, $12.00 and up, all fully de eribed in our Free Sewing Machine Catalogue, bu*t $15.50 for this DROP DESK CABINET BL'RDICK is the greatest value ever offered by any ho us?. BEWARE OF IM1TAT8QNS 3ES£SSKSS tisements.offering unknown machines under various names, with varioesin- daccments. Write some friend in Chicago and learn who arc reliable and who arennt. has every MODERN IMPROVEMENT, EVERY GOOD POINT OF EVERY HIGH GRADE MACHINE MADE, WITH THE DEFECTS OF NONE. Made by the best milkers In Amcrlea THE BURDICK from the best material money SOLID QUARTER SAWED OAK ?"0P desk ca.hhet,pi»~p»ii*«i. 2 < me illustration shows machine closed (head dropping fr..m sight I to be used as a center table, stand «r desk, the other open with full length table and head in place for sewing. 4 fancy drawers, latest 1K99 skeleton frame, carved, paneled, em and decorated cabinet finish, finost nickel drawer pulls, rests on four 3, adjustable treadle. gentiineSmyth iron stand. Finest large High Arm head, positive four motion feed, self threading vibrating shuttle, automatic bobbin winder, adjustable bearings, patent tension liberator. improved loose wheel, adjustable pressure foot, improved shuttl carrier, patent needle bar, patent dress guard, head Is handsomely decorated and ornamented and beautifully nickel trimmed. GUARANTEED the Hirhtest running, most durable and nearest noiseless machine made. Fiery known attachment is furnished and our Free I - struction Book tells just how anyone can run it and do either plain or any kind of lancy work. A 20- Years' Binding Guarantee is sent with every machine. COSTS YOU NOTHING l^^orekeVr Hill compare it with ells at $40.00 to $('.0.00, and then if convinced that you are saving 825.00 to J40.00, pay your freight agent the $15. SO. WE TO RKTI'RS YOCR $15.50 i f nt any time within three months you say you are not satisfied. ORDER TO-DAT. DON'T DELAY. (Sears, Roebuck et Co. are thnrouuhlv reliable.— Editor.) Address, SEARS, ROEBUCK & CO. (Inc.) Chicago, III. 62 THE MUSEUM. Price List of Sporting and Guide Books FOR SALE BY Webb's Natural Science Establishment, Albion, N. Y. All books listed below are new and will be sent prepaiai HANDY GUIDE BOOKS. AMATEUR TRAPPER and Trap Maker's Guide This work gives illustrated directions for making all kinds of traps, etc., paper I 50 AMERICAN CHESS PLAYER'S Handbook,16mo 1 25 AMES.TISHER, A Practical Guide to Whist, by the latest scientific methods, as adopted by the American Whist League, 16mo 75 BOARDMAN, EMERY, Winning Whist. A har- monious system of Long-suit and Short- suit Plays 16mo 100 BRANNT, WAHL, The Techno-Chemical Receipt Book. Containing several thousand re- ceipts covering the latest, most important and most useful discoveries in Chemical Technology, and their practical applica- tions to the Arts and Industries, 495pp , 12mo 2 00 BEALE, STEPHEN, Profitable Poultry Keep- ing, with a chapter on American Incubat- ors, 12mo., cloth 1 25 BROTHERS, A , Photography, second edition, revised, illustrated, quarto 6 00 BOOK COLLECTING, A Guide for Amateurs, 12mo 1 75 BELLOWS, ALBERT J., The Philosophy of Eating, 12mo 8 00 BLACK, ALEXANDER, Photography Indoors and Out. A book for amateurs, ills., 16mo.. 1 25 BEARD, JAMES O. Painting on China. A hand- book of instruction in the art, illustrated..-. 1 00 BRIGGS, N. R., American Tanner. Containing full instruction, receipts, etc., paper 25 CHINA COLLECTING in America, 75 illustra- tions, square, 8vo 3 00 CONKLIN'S HANDY MANUAL of Useful Infor- mation, and Atlas of the World, 532pp. Up- to-date in every particular. Revised every year Over two million already sold. Flex- ible cloth, 25c; stiff silk cloth, 60c; leather full gilt v 1 00 CONKLIN, ALFRED R., Guide to Mexico with chapter on Guatemala and Spanish-Eng- lish vocabulary, ills., 12mo 1 50 DRURY, W. D.. Popular Bulb Culture, ills., 12mo., paper ....: 40 DRAYriON'S Whist Laws and Whist Decisions, 16tno 1 00 EGGLESTON, THOS., Tables of Weights, Meas- ures. Coins, etc.. of the United States and England with their Equivalents in the Met- ric System, 18mo 75 EDISON, THOS. E., Encyclopedia of General Information, 512pp., 2,000 subjects of high- est value to all, Limp cloth, •25c; stiff cloth gold stamped 50 GOULD, A. C., Modern American Pistols and Revolvers, ills 1 50 GOSSIP, G. D., The Chess Pocket Manual, 12mo. 1 00 HOYT, J. K.. The New Encyclopedia of Quota- tions. Thirty Thousand Quotations cov- ering a broad field of subjects, 8vo., 1205pp. 6 00 KERL, BRUNO, The Assayer's Manual. An Abridged Treatise on the Docimastic Exam- ination of Ores and Furnace and other Ar- tificial Products, ills., 354pp., -8vo 3 10 LEE'S PRICELESS RECEIPTS. A book of nothing but receipts, 3S8pp. Covers all trades and professions. Flexible cloth, 25c; stiff cloth red edjjes, P0o; fuLl leather 1 00 LEE'S GUIDE TO PARIS and Everyday French Conversation. One of the best of its kiud by Max Maury of the University of Paris. Flexible cloth. 50c; flexible morocco 1 00 LIEBER, OSCAR M.. The Assayer's Guide or Practical Directions to Assayers, Miners and Smelters, for the Tests and Assays, by Heat and by Wet Processes, or the Ores of all the principal Metals, of Gold and Silver Coins and Alloys, Coal, etc, 283pp., 12mo... 1 50 MAY, W. J., Mushroom Culture for Amateurs, full directions, 12mo., paper 40 OSBURN. PROF. H. S., The Prospector's Field- book and Guide. 68 ills . fourth edition, 215pp., 12mo * 1 50 RAVENSCROFT, B. C, Begonia Culture, ills., 12mo., paper .' 40 Carnation Culture for Amateurs, ills., 12mo., paper 40 Chrysanthemum Culture for Amateurs and Professionals, 12mo., paper 40 RIVAS, F. M. DE, Practical Spanish Instructor. Contains an unique and easy method of learning Spanish without the aid of a teacher. Silk cloth, 25c; full morocco 50 SCIDMORE, F. R., Guide Book to Alaska, maps and illustrations, new, 12mo 1 00 WATSON, W., Cactus Culture for Amateurs, ills., 12mo 2 50 ATHLETIC SPORTS. AMERICAN CARD PLAYER, THE, An entirely new edition, boards $ 50 ATHLETIC SPORTS for Boys, Illustrated by 194 cuts, boards 75 BOHN'S HANDBOOKS of Athletic Sports, eight volumes, standard, each 1 00 Vol. 1 Cricket, Lawn Tennis, Tennis, Rack- ets, Fives, Golf, Hockey. Vol. 2. Rowing and Sculling, Sailing and Swimming Vol. 3. Boxing. Wrestling, Fencing, Broad Sword and Single Stick. Vol. 4. Football, the Rugby Game ; Football, the Association Game; Baseball. Rounders, Field Ball, Quoits, Bowls, Skittles and Burling. Vol. 5. Athletics and Cycling, Skating. Vol. 6. Canoi iug and Camping Out. Vol 7. Practical Horsemanship and Rising for Ladies. Vol. 8. Gymnastics, Indian Clubs. CHURCH, JAMES R., University Football, the play of each position treated by a college expert, illustrated, 12mo 1 25 DICK'S Art of Gymnastics, a complete manual, quarto, cloth 1 00 Art of Wrestling, a handbook of thorough instruction, paper _ 25 Dumb Bell and Indian Club Exercises, illus- trated, paper 25 Art of Bowling, Correct Method of Playing, etc., illustrated, paper _ 25 Handbook of Cribbage, full directions, flex- ible cloth _ 50 Game of Patience; or Solitaire with Cards. illust., Bis 75 DONOVAN'S Science of Boxing. A thorough manual, paper 50 DONNELLY, NED, Art of Boxing, Standard Manual, paper 25 DUNN'S Fencing Instructor. A complete man- ual, illustrated, paper 25 Draught'sPlayer's Guide and Companion, cloth 1 50 DIXON, KEMP & Others, Boat Building and Sailing, 12rao 3 00 HOYL'S Games. A Complete Manual of Games of Chance in America, paper cover 50 GROSVENOR, J., Model Yachts and Boats, 118 designs. 12mo -. 2 00 KEMP, DIXON, Yacht Architecture, new edi- tion, 4to 20 00 A Manual of Yacht and Boat Building, im. 8vo 12 00 LEE, JAMES L., Golf In America, illustrated, 16mo 1 00 THE MUSEUM. 63 LAWS OF ATHLETICS, How to Preserve and Improve Health, paper 25 MACLAREN'S Theory in Training and Practice paper 50 MARACHE'S Mannal of Chess, cloth 50 OARSMAN'S MANUAL, Containing Physical Instructions, ills., paper 25 QUALTROUGH, E. F., The Sailor's Handbook and Yachtman's Manual, adopted for the use of the Navy, etc., 16mo 3 50 POLE, WM., On Whist. The theory of the mod- ern Scientific Game of Whist, a thorough treatise, pocket size 20 SCIENCE OF SELF DEFENSE. A Treatise on Sparring and Wrestling, Boards 75 SCATTERGOOD'S Game of Draughts or Check- ers Simplified and Explained, cloth, flex_... 50 WILSON'S Exhibition Drills and Marches, 12 new and original drills 20 SPORTING. BARROWS, S. J. & I. C. The ShybacksinCamp; Ten Summers under Canvass, 16mo 1 00 BIART'S Adventures of a Young Naturalist, 117 ills., 12mo 1 25 DAVIES, G. C , Boat Sailing for Amateurs, con- taining full particulars, second edition, re- vised, 12mo 2 00 GIBSON. W. H., Camp Life in the Woods, 16mo. 300pp 1 00 LEWIS, E. J., American Sportsman, new edition 8vo 2 50 LEFFINGWELL, W. B., The Art of Wing Shoot- ing, a practical treatise on the use of a shotgun, paper, 50c; cloth 1 00 Shooting on Upland. Mar.-h and Stream, pro- fusely illustrated, 8vo., 473pp....: 3 50 Wild Fowl Shooting, handsomely illustrated 8vo., 373pp 2 50 MURPHY, JOHN M., American Game Bird Shooting, handsomely illustrated, 12mo 1 50 McGAFFEY, ERNEST, Poems of Gun and Rod, square, 12mo 1 75 ROOSEVELT. TEEODORE, Works of. Hunt- ing Trips of a Ranchman, illustrated, 8vo ... 3 00 The Wilderness Hunter, illustrated, 8vo 3 00 SHIELDS, C. C. Cruising in the Cascades and other Hunting Adventures, profusely illus- trated. 12mo.. 300pp 2 00 Camping antf Camp Outfits. A manual of In- formation, 30 illustrations, 200pp., 12mo 1 25 THE HUNTER AND ANGLER. A handy man- ual full of information for a hunting man, illustrated, paper 25 THE STILL HUNTER, A Practical Treatise on Deer Stalking, 12mo., extra cloth, beveled.. 2 00 WALSH. J. H., Enclyclopedia of Rural Sports, 8vo 2 00 WHITNEY'S Sporting Pilgrimage, illustrated 8vo 3 00 On Snow Shoes to the Barren Grounds, illus- trated, 8vo 3 50 PETS— DOGS, CATS, ETC. AVIS, RICHARD, The Canary, Breeding and Management, 12mo _-8 50 BROWN, D. J., American Bird Fancier, illust., paper 50 CUMBERLAND, C, The Guinea Pig for Food, , Fur and Fancy, illust,, paper, '2mo - 40 DALZIEL, HUGH, The Collie, Its History, Points and Breeding, 8vo 80 Dogs, Breaking and Training, illust. ,12mo... 2 60 Diseases of Dogs, fourth edition. 4to., cloth 80 The Fox Terrier, Its Complete History, il- lustrated, 8vo 1 00 The Greyhound, Its Complete History, 8vo.. 1 00 DYSON, MISS, Bird ; Keeping, A practical guide, illust., 12mo., boards 40 FLOYD, WM , A Handbook on Dog Breaking, illust., 12mo 50 GREENE, W. T., Diseases of Cage Birds, Their Cause and Treatment, 12mo., paper 40 Popular Parakeets, Their Handling and Management, illust., 12mo., paper - 40 JENNINGS, JOHN, A Practical Treatise on Cats, Domestic and Fancy, illust., 12mo. .. 1 00 LYELL, J. C, PlgeonJKeeping for Amateurs. A complete guide, 12mo 100 LUCAS. REV, J., Pleasures of a Pigeon Fan- cier, illust., 12mo 1 50 MILLER, OLIVE THORNE, Our Home Pets, illust., 16mo 1 25 MILLS, WESL.EY, The Dog in Health and Dis- ease, illust., 8vo 2 25 MORRIS'S DOGS and Their Doings, illust., 8vo 1 25 MAYHEW, EDWARD, Dogs, Their Manage- ment, being a new plan of treating the ani- mal, 12mo„ illust 1 75 MAXTEE, J., Dogs, Breaking and Training, il- lust., liimo., paper 40 PERRY, J. FRANK, Kennel Secrets; How to Breed, Exhibit and Manage Dogs 3 00 PERCY, W. C, Principles of Dog Training 50 SHIELDS, G. O., The American Book of the Dog, finely illust., 8vo., 700pp 3 50 SHAW, CAPT. T. V„ The Illustrated Book of the Dog, Demy, 4to 8 00 WRIGHT, LEWIS, Practical Pigeon [Keeper, 232pp., 8vo 1 50 WALLACE, R. D , The Canary Book, contain- ing very complete instructions, new edit- ion revised and enlarged, illustrated 2 50 WALLACE, R. L., British Cage Birds, illust., 8vo 4 20 REPTILES. BATEMAN, G. C, The Vivarium, contains full information as to all reptiles suitable for pets, illust $ 3 00 CATALOGUE of the Batrachia, Salienta and Apoda (Frogs, Toads and Coecilians) of Southern India 100 KNOEBEL, EDW., Turtles, Snakes- and Frogs ' of New England, 56 illust., 12mo 100 TAXIDERMY. ALLEN, GRAHAM, The Taxidermists' Manual, containing complete instruction in the art of taxidermy, profusely illustrated, paper 25 AVIS, RICHARD, Bird Preserving, Mounting and Preserving of Eggs, illust , 12mo., paper ^b BATTY, JOS. H.,PracticalTaxidermyandHome Decoration, 125 illust. Prof. Batty was taxidermist for the U. S. Geological Sur- vey lor many years and is an acknowledg- ed authority on the^subject 15mo 100 BROWN. T., Taxidermists' Manual with plates, 16mo 1 25 MANTON, W. P., Taxidermy Without a Teach- er, comprising a c omplete manual of in- struction for preparing and preserving birds, animals and fishes. Instructions for preserving eggs and making skeletons and a number of valuable recipes, cloth... 50 BROWNE, MONTAGUE, Artistic and Scien- tific Taxidermy, recognized authority on the latest methods in the science in Europe 6 50 DAVIE. OLIVER, Methods in the Art of Taxi- dermy. An American work whose chief merit lies in the large number of photo- graphic plates showing every detail of the taxidermic art to fine advantage 7 50 HORNADAY, W. T., Taxidermy and Zoological Collecting. A complete handbook for the amateur taxidermist, collector, osteolo- gist, museum builder, sportsman and traveler, with chapters on collecting and prt serving insects, 8vo 2 50 ROWLEY, JOHN, The Art of Taxidermy. Mr. Rowley is at the head of the Department of Taxidermy in the American Museum in New York City. This manual recently is- su» d is finely illustrated and is invaluable to every collector of birds or mammals, 12mo 2 00 WEBB, W- F., Ornithologists and Oologists Manual. A small pocket manual contain- ing a complete list of the birds of the U. S., with prices of their skins and eggs, a list of mammals with prices of.'skins, in- formation on taxidermy, how to make bird and mammal skins, how to prepare a collection of birds eggs, prices of all kinds of instruments, etc. Invaluable to every collector. Paper 15c, or bound in leather . 50 64 THE MUSEUM. MARINE INVERTEBRATES. Teachers, Students and Collectors have often written us for specimens of the different Or- ders of Marine Invertebrates, and we have accordingly put in a stock of same. Prices given below are for single specimens in jars of formolin. They will he sent prepaid on receipt of price. Teachers or Dealers wanting prices by the dozen specimens in a single jar, that is not put up separately, write us at once. All were scientifically prepared and will please you. We feel certain any of the above specimens will give satisfaction or we would not offer them. Webb's Natural Science Establishment, Albion, N. Y. PORIFERA. Chalina oculta $ 15 Grantia sp 10 Microciona prolifera 10 Cliona sulphurea 10 Leucosolenia sp 10 Suberites compacta K COELENTERATA. Companularia (Hydroid) $ 10 Gonionemus vertens 15 Pennaria tiarella 15 Dactylometra quinquecirra 40 Metridium marginatum 25 Phascolosoma gouldi 25 ECHINODERM ATA . Asterias vulgaris (expanded) $20 Echinarachnius parma (dry) 10 Thyone briareus 40 Arbatia punctulata (dry) 15 Ophiura olivacea 25 Astrophyton (dry, not Al) 50 MOLLU5COIDEA. Bugula turrita ...j $15 TUNICATA. Amaroecium sp $ 15 Cynthia partita 15 Molgula manhattensis. . . , 25 Batryllus gouldi 10 Salpa sp. Gulf Stream 20 MOLLUSC A. Loligo pealii (Squid) $50 Helix (expanded) 10 Teredo navalis (Ship worm) 20 In Mollusca (dry) we can furnish represent- atives of about every genera. Land, Fresh Water and Marine in the world. We make a specialty of furnishing generic collections of any size. Shall be pleased to quote on indi- vidual specimens also. VERMES. Clymenella sp $15 Nereis virens 25 Rhynchobolus dilbranchiatus 20 Lepidonotus sp 10 Podarke obscura 10 ANTHROPODA Crangon vulgaris $ 10 Gelasimus pugnax 10 Hippo talpoidea 15 Mysis stenolepis 10 Orchestia agilis 10 Virbius zisierico^a 15 Talochestia longieornis T 15 Eupagarus longicarpus 10 Gelasinnn pugilator 15 Li^pas anatifera 15 Orchestia palustris. 10 Panopaeus sp 10 Palaemonetes vulgaris 10 SOMETHING NEWi THE WESTERN ORNITHOLOGIST. Only exclusive Ornithological Publication in the Mississippi Valley. Opens an entirely new field and is hand in hand with the active Ornithologist. 24 to 40 pages, bi-monthly, printed on heavy enameled paper and with illustrations galore. Fifty cents per year. Send for sample copy to CHAS. C. TRYON, Pubr., AVOCA, IOWA. THE MUSEUM. Florida Land and Fresh Water Shells. Also Centipedes, Scorpions, Crabs, etc. in alcohol at a bargain. Address with stamp. O. BRYANT, Longwood, Florida WRITE ME A LETTER TODAY Stating that you would like to have sent for your inspection, charges prepaid, 35 of the Famous Doubl> -termin- ated Quartz Crystals, found at this place. If this collection of Brilliant Gems pleases you, kindly send 70 cents (no more;, otherwise return the collect- ion and it will be O. K. Is not this a fair proposition'; Exhibit at World's Fair received Highest Award, Medal and Diploma. Address, A. It. CRIM, Middlevllle, Herkimer Co., IV. V. Crystalized Black Slag. A new specimen for the collection. Send 20 cents for a good specimen of the above. Only place to be obtained. B. W KIMBALL, 1428 Arapahoe Ave., BOULDER, COLO. Outing A MAGAZINE for the Young; and Old, exhaling the very essence of outdoors. j* A recent speci- men copy and handsomely illus- trated prospectus outlining the ex- tensive plans for 1900 will be sent on request. ^ Buy the HOLIDAY NUMBER with its beautiful cover. At all news-stands, 25c. Outing Publishing Co. 239 Fifth Ave. Kew York Your Bargain List. Just received a large collection of Stone Age Relics which we will sell at a very low figure. Below are a few prices: 5 very large stone axes, each $2 00 20 large " " " 1 00 20 medium " " " 75 50 small " " " 50 5 very large stone skinners, each 2 00 50 large " " " 75 100 medium " " " 50 50 small " " " 25 50 small adzes each 30 50 large pestles, each 1 00 100 medium pestles, each 50 20 fine water bottles, vases, bowls, etc., over $ gal., each 3 00 50 fine water bottles, vases, bowls, etc., about 1 gal., each 2 50 25 fine water bottles, vases, bowls, etc., about 1 qt. and 3 pts., each 1 50 20 fine water bottles, vases, bowls, etc , slightly broken, each 1 00 25 fine effigies, each $2 50 to 25 00 100 tine slate pieces, each 50c to 2 00 100 tine perfect notched arrowheads, ea. 03 100 " " " spearheads,. 10c to 5 00 2 fine mound skulls, each 3 50 50 fine sandstone discoidals, each 30 100 fine notched scrapers, each 10 100 fine spoon scrapers, each 04 100 tine drills, each 10c to 1 00 100 fine bone beads, each 15 100 fine pitted hammers, each 25 100 fine round hammers, each 25 The above are only a few of the many nice things we have in stock Anything not list- ed ahove that you want send for list and drawings and they will be forwarded at once. Relics bought and exchanged. CHAS. T. WERTZ, 14 E. 4th St., Portsmouth, O. Alert! If an angler or shoot- er, send 25 cents for a FOREST AND STREAM 4 weeks' trial trip. The sportsman's FAVORITE WEEIfrLY JOURNAL of shooting and fishing. Per year $4. With this spirited pic- ture (size 22x 28 in.) $5.50. FOREST AND STREAM PUB. CO 346 Broadway, New York. THE MUSEUM. Wholesale Bargains. To reduce our stock to proportionate limits, we offer the following articles at VERY LOW WHOLESALE RATES. All are on hand and orders can be sent by Express or Freight on a moment's notice. Oatrich Eggs, slightly cracked, as good as perfect, per doz $ 2 00 Our Special Mineral Collection, 52 var- ieties, with neat list, labeled, etc., re- tails at $1, per doz 4 80 Young Naturalists' Marvelous Collec- tion, 44 curios, with description of each, sells at 60c, per doz 3 60 Chautauqua Shell Collections, 33 named shells, retail at $2.50, per doz 12 00 Gem Collections, 12 cut Gems on a card in a neat box, retails at $1, per doz. . 4 50 Cut and Polished Gem Stones as fol- lows: Wood Agate, per doz 40 Tiger Eye, " " 30 Moss Agate, " " 40 Carnelian, " " 30 Turqur is, " " 50 Amethyst, " " 50 Malachite, " " 40 Bloodstone, " 'J 40 Ribbon Agate, " " 40 Black " «• " 40 Gold Stone, " " 30 Black Agate, " " 40 Pink Crocidolite, " " 40 15 per cent, discount by the gross. SMALL SHELLS. Cerethium muscarum, 75 Donax variabilis, " " .... 50 Nereta virginica, << (< 75 Cypraea annulus, " '* . . . . 50 " moneta, " " 50 Oliva inflata, i< ii 50 Very fine Mixed Shells ci ii 50 Common " " << beg- gars, with which they buy food, per doz . pieces 50 Sets of Bird Pictures, small. 60 colored cards in a set, per doz. sets 1 00 Acorn Barnacles, per doz 20 Redwood Bark, 2x2, " 40 Fragments Pottery, ancient and good size, per doz 50 Florida Unios, asstd., per doz 30 Revolutionary Gun Flints, perfect, per doz 75 Crown Shells, small, doz 20 Red Ears, large, " 1 50 Cones, assorted, '' 50 Tulip Shells, " 60 Fulgars, " 75 Scaphites nodosus, a curious fossil doz 30, 50 and 1 00 Purple Sea Plumes, large size, 4 to 5 ft . doz 2 50 Medium. 2 to 3 ft, doz 1 50 Purple Gorgonias, doz 1 00 Tube Sponges, tine, " 1 00 First 5 Vols. Museum for short time only 2 00 6 copies Birds' Labrador 1 50 6 '• Nat History Labrador 1 50 12 " Orn. and Ool Manual 100 12 " Lattin's Standard Catalogue. . . 50 We have over 50 species of Invertebrates in formolin will selMow by dozen, and over 200 species of small shells by the dozen. Make up your orders at once, as some of the thing will soon by exhausted. W. F. WEBB, Mgr., ALBION, N. Y. 8 -Beginning with the April number THE MUSEUM will be combined with The Naturalist, Farm and Fanciers' Review, edited by H. W. Kerr Blencoe, Iowa, It is published and mailed from Albion, N. Y, VOL. VI. NO. 5. Whole number 65. MARCH, 1900. A. Journal Devoted to Research in Natural Science. RATES: — 50 cts. per year to all countries, in advance. Single numbers, 5 cts. Published on the 15th of each month by Museum Publishing Co., Albion, N. Y. THE MUSEUM. POPULAR SCIENCE NEWS, Nature, Invention, Archaeoloy. Elec- tricity, Chemistry, Mineralogy, Hy- giene. Medicine, Health. Formerly BOSTON JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY. ENLARGED and IMPROVED. This popular monthly contains a large num- ber of Short, Easy, Practical, Interesting and Popular, Scientific articles, that can be Ap- preciated and Enjoyed by any Lintellieeut reader, even though he knew little or nothing of Science. It is intended to interest those who think. Profusely Illustrated. Free from Technicalities. Entirely Different from and Much Superior to other papers with a similiar name. Monthly, 31.60 per year; Newsdealers, 1 5c Largest Circulation of any Scientific Paper. LILLARD & CO., lOtt Fulton St., New York. Mention MUSEUM for a sample copy. LABELS. All sizes and for any branch of Natural History, at the very lowest prices. Send me copy and I will quote price. Fossil Labels like sample 10c per 100; 70c per 1000 with assorted headings. Tribute from the South. [From the New Orleans Times-Democrat.] Apropos of all this, and other, news from Paris, we take this opportunity to express our admiration of the extremely able and interesting news service from Paris and from London which "The Chicago Tribune" has been running daily in its columns for several months past. Several of the New York dailies have excellent cable letters from London and sometimes other European capitals in their Sunday issues, but they appear as a rule only once a week, the brief dispatches which they get on the other days of the week not amount- ing to much in the way of an intelligible and adequate presentation of European mws. " The Chicago Tribune's foreign service, signed " Grace Corneau " from Paris and " H. J. Whigham " from London, taking it all the week around. Is a long way ahead of the foreign news service of any of the New York papers. One or two of the New York papers have had for years a deservedly high reputation for presenting their readers with news of in- terest from foreign, parts, and the public will not forget its indebtedness to them on that account. But it is beyond dispute that the star of journalism is Westward taking its way. and that the journalism of Chicago is beginning to be the metropolitan journalism of the present, and will certainly be. if things move as they are moving now. the metro- politan journalism of the future. We do not Ktnerally, if at all. approve the politics of A i cl}lcaK° Tribune." but. apart from its politics, it is in our opinion, superior to any of the New York papers. Not onlv is its for- eign news service the best in the United fetates, but its home news service covers the country with a fullness to which the New York papers are strangers. " The Tribune's " edition last Sunday must have caused qualms of envy to the journalists of New York It was a journalistic effort to which hitherto none or the Gotham papers has been equal. Period. Name... DEVONIAN AGE. Loc Letter Heads, Bill Heads, Cards, and etc. D. H. EATON, WOBURN, MASS. JAMES P. BABBITT, Wholesale and Retail Dealer in Taxidermists' Supplies, Bird Skins, Eggs and Publications, TAUNTON, MASS. Our large monthly bulletin of Skins, Eggs, etc. free upon application. The Ornithologist's and Oolo" gist's Manual. Contains 100 pages, giving complete list of all North American Birds, Prices of Eggs and Skins, Number of Eggs in a Clutch, Prices of Mammal Skins, How to Skin Birds and Mam- mals, How to form an Egg Collection and many other pages of useful information. Pre- paid for ten two-cent stamps. Order at once. W. F. WEBB, Pub. Albion, N. Y Fine Florida Shells. We have every facility for furnishing collectors or dealers with Florida Shells, or Souvenirs. We have had long experience in collecting, and the Editor of the Museum, has, unsolicited by us, offered to answer any inquiries as to our responsibility or fair dealing. If you wish to see quality of specimens before placing larger orders, send $1 for a box of samples. All cleaned and correctly named. Price list for stamp and all inquiries promptly answered. Give us a trial. J. H. HOLMES, DUiNEDIN, FLA. The best Interdenominational Magazine is The Paulist Father's Catholic World. Subscription $3 per year. 8td Address, New York City. THE MUSEUM. WANTS, EXCHANGES AND FOE SALES. All notices that come under above will be inserted in this department until further notice atone (1) cent a word. No notice less than 25c. Terms Cash with order. No charge for address. I shall at all times endeavor to keep parties, whose reputation is of a doubtful char- acter from using these columns. WANT eggs iu sets with nests of all War- blers. Vireos, and Thrushes, and sets of Waders, Hawks and Owls with full data Send list of what you have or can get, with cash or ex- change price II ust rated catalog 10c. Chas. K Reed, 75 Thomas St , Worcester. Mass. FINE GEODES: -Fresh Water Shells from the upper Mississippi River. 12 vols of Eth- nology, R Road, State and U S. Surveys. Smithsonian and Agricultural Reports. For others of different dat s, wanted also Geol- ogies, Ichthyologies, Fossil Books etc Z. T. SNIVELY. Box 52. \\ ayiand, Mo. SEND 50c for a package of tine carbonifer- ous fossils 1 his package contains Pentag- onat Crintiid stems, various Brachiopods, Corals, ere Names and location* given. CAMMIE ROSS, Box 97, Howard, Kans. EXCHANGE: -Columbians 50c 8c 5c at face value Fine Pr. Opera glasses Bills and coins for Diamond Ring. R D. HAY, Win- ston, N. C California eggs to exchange for eggs not in my collection sterroscopic views Send list and receive mine. A<1 cress ANTONIN JAY, 337£ Commercial St. L< s Angeles, Cal. $3 WILL BUY 125 varieties of foreign and native woods or will exchange for woods not in my collection. LOUIS W. HAHN, Lake Avenue, Silver Creek, N Y. FOREIGN STAMP COLLECTIONS:-Fine 15 and 25c collections for beginners, 25c col- lections have date of issue and country issu- ing. Stamps in fiue condition CLAIR DAG- GETTE. 400 L Craig St Pittsburgh Pa TO EXCHANGE: -All of the following for singles not in mv collection A O U No's. 201, 1-3, 277a, 1 4, 316 3-2. 378. 1-5, 412. 1-6, 444,3-4 498, 3 4. 5llb. 1-4. 595 1-4. 616, 1-5, 652, 1-4. 704. 6 4. 705. 5 5, all with complete Datas Als > a few showy marine Shells. Min- erals, and a copy if Maynar<1s Eggs of North American Birds, good as new. Send list of what you have to trade GEO. P ANDER- SON, "BOX 37. Dinnebrog, Neb. BELGIAN HARES: -We wish to procure quite a number of these animals between 8 and 16 monthsold if possible. If any of our sub- scribers or their friends have stock to sell or exchange, write at once with prices and in- formation. W. F. WEBB. Albion, N Y. TO EXCHANGE for Land and Fresh wat er shells and mounted Birds. — Bo ks. Guns, Camera and Musical Instruments. A H. BOIES, Hudson, Mich. BOOKS on Aieha3ology. Am«rii-an Archae- ologist (out of print ) Seven .year.-* Century Magazine, etc . to exchange for relic collec- tion WARREN K MOOREHEAD, Saranac Lake, N. Y. FOR SALE or EXCHANGE:— A tine Col- lection of Bird Skins, every one warranted A. 1. and if not so can be leturned at my ex- pense. A tine Collection of mounted Birds and Game Heads A tine Violin with all the supplies for same (new.) For further particu- lars address at once, stating what you have for exchange or want for cash WALTER E McLAIN, New Vineyard. Maine SOME 3000 addresses of Archaeologists and relic collectors from Uuited States and Canada, gathered at great expense Will ex- change for collection or sell. WARREN K. MOOREHEAD Saranac Lake, N. Y. FOR SALE:— A Copy Vol 2 Bendires Life Histories of North American Birds $6 50 pre- paid. W. F. WEBB, Albion, N. Y. CONCHOLOGICAL BOOKS:— A Copy Try- ons Structural and Systemetic Couchology, 2500 illustrations, nearly 1000pp. text for $6 00, another copy second hand but good as new 84 00, Marine Mollusks of the South East Coast of the United States 200pp and 75pp This is really a check list but illustrates accur ately about all species, paper, prepaid $3.00 W.F. WEBB, Albion, N Y The FRY SHELL Collection, is now in tine shape for tilling orders. We sum the whole thing up in a nut-shell, when we say that Mr. Fry made a practice of getting the showy specimens of all Orders first, leaving the com- mon for later work. Hence the lot as an en- tirety was as a rule showy. Beautiful Murex, Cones, Cypraea, Olives. Cochlostylas, and oth- ers were found th rein in great profusion and will now be sent to any one desiring to exam ine same. Over 650 species of Unios alone are on hand, and one of our most prominent Unio men in the U S writes that he considers that no more accurate labeled lot of Unios are in existance than we have now on hand If you wish to examine list, and will return same promptly, write at once W. F. WEBB, Albion, N Y 66 THE MUSEUM. FINE MINERALS to exchange for Coins or Indian Relics Also fine 5x8 Ideal D S. Ma- hogany camera, nearly new. L. V. CASE, Bedford, N. Y. 66_ WANTED to Buy or Exchange.— One Cali- fornia Rattlesnake and a "Side winder" eith- er alive or preserved in alcohol. Address JULIUS HARTER, SR , 2346 S. 10th St., St. Louis. Mo. 65 FORMOLIN is one of the finest preserva- tives for alcoholic specimens. A gallon of al- cohol costs $2 50 to $3 00 We will send a bottle of Formolin, small size, enough for 2 gallons of preservative, for 50c prepaid, or for a $1.00 bill enough to make 4 gallons of preservative. Every collector should have it. Some of our correspondents use it every day in their collecting Birds can be put in it feathrrs and all without harm. Full direc- tions on bottle. W. F. WEBB. Albion, N. Y. WANTED— 100 to 300 choice American Bird Skins, small preferred. What have you for sale or exchange? Write quick. W. F. WEBB, Albion. N. Y. POLISHED SHELLS.— We have hundreds of fine polished shells for sale suitable for sale in stores and resorts. Write what you want W. F. WEBB, Albion, N. Y. SHELL BARGAINS— 25 kinds of Ctrios from West Indies for $1.25 or a pair of eacn $2 50. 25 kinds Achatinella for $1 25, pairh $2.50; 50 kinds $2 50, pairs $5 00 100 kirds American Land Shells $6 00, pairs $12 00. 100 kinds American Fresh water Shells $3 50, pairs $7 00 100 kinds of Foreign Helix $8 00, pairs $15.00; 200 kinds $20 00, pairs $40 00. 50 kirds Foreign Land Shells other than Helix $2 50, pairs $5.00; 100 kinds $7 50, pairs $15 00. 50 kinds Foreign Fresh Water Shells for $4 00, pairs $8 00. 100 kinds Marine Shells Foreign $8 00, pairs $16 00. 200 kinds Marine $20 00, pairs $40 00. We will send 750 species from above offers in pairs (1500 shells) correctly labeled for $100.00 in cash W. F. WEBB, Al- bion, N. Y. WANT to buy Al skins of Sage Grouse, Ptarmigan, rare warblers. Send list of what you have or can collect, and cash or exchange price. Send 10c for catalog. Chas K Reed, 75 Thomas St., Worcester, Mass. WE W ILL BUY a large collection of eggs, 1,000 to 5,000 s< ts. If you have such and want to sell write at once to W. F. WEBB, Albion, N Y. BIG SEA SHELLS :-We have some of the finest CONCH SHELLS ever received here. Single Speeinu- is 20c net all cleaned in nice, shape. By the ban el, 25 specimens, care- fully packed, cleantd, etc. $4 00 or if you want them in the Natural State $3 00. Beau- tiful large Quien HELMETS at 25, 35 and 50c. whether you want one or a hundred. Both of the above varieties are the largest and finest ofiheir kind we have e or hand- led. W. F. WEBB, Albion, N. Y. BARGAINS.— Eight vols Annual Reports Bureau Ethnology $12. 48 volumes annual Reports Smithsonian Institution $30. Fine collection carved Chinese jades $50. Ancient Indian relics and coins at wholesale. DR. W. O. EMERY, Ciawfordsville, Ind. 65 SHELL CHECK LIST. -A new priced check list of the Land Shells of the United States and Canada just issued. Accurate and up to-date. Sample 4c, 1 dozen 12c or 100 for $1 00 prepaid. The only thing of the kind ever published in this county. W. F. WEBB, Albion, N. Y. ANCIENT INDIAN RELICS— They keep coming and going. New arrivals constantly. We can offer now Fair Arrow Heads 30c doz., better 50c and finer at $1.00 doz. Beautiful Western forms from I inch up and ranging from $1.00 to $2 50 doz. Scrapers notched at 5c to 15c, unnote.hed 10c. Knives at 10, 15, and 25c. Drills at 15 to 25e. Bone Awls at 25c. Needles with eye 50c, Fish Spears 50c. Ohio Bird Points at 5c. Game Points at 10c. Flint Fish Spears 25c Arrows, rotary, ser- rated and beveled at 15 to 30c. Grooved Axes at 40, 60 and 75c. War Axes 50c. Hatchets 35c. Grooved Mallets 40c Rubbing Stones 30c Pestles 50c and $1.00 Spades 75c to $1.25. Cup Stones 50c Hoes 72c. Pendents 25 and 50c. Celts or Skimmers at 20, 30. 40, and 50c. Sinkers N. Y. at 15c, Ga. 25c. Spears 25, 35, 50 and 75c Selections sent on approval, assorted lots made up at from $3.00, $5 00, $10 00 and $25.00. Let us hear from you at once if you want anv of the above. W. F. Webb, Mgr. Albion. N.*Y. Our New Catalogue of Supplies is mailed with this. Look it over and save for reference. We cannot now fill ordeis by old lists. Use the new and be up to date. Anew shell list is in course of preparation, for the use of those who 'ike pictures to go by W. F WEBB, Albion, N Y. A CHOICE Botanical Col lection:— We have 3,000 species of pressed plants, ferns, and a good representation of most all Orders in Botany. A complete list can be forwarded for inspection if you promise to return promptly. No small task to make nut a com- plete list of tbem all Collectors of Botanical Specimens write us if you wish t-> exchange this coming season. W. F WEBB, Albion, N. Y. MARINE SPECIMENS:— See our list in last Museum. Fivo Dollars will huy a nice collection of these W F. WEBB, Albion, N. Y. • THE MUSEUM. A Monthly Magazine Devoted to Research in Natural Science. Vol. VI. ALBION, N. Y., MARCH 15, 1900 No. 5 JTIEJ^USEUM^ A Monthly Magazine devoted to Ornithology, Oology, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Mineralogy and Allied Sciences. Walter F. Webb, Editor and Manager Albion. N. Y. Correspondence and items of interest on above top- ics, as well as notes on the various Museums of the World— views from same, discoveries relative to the handling and keeping of Natural History material, descriptive habits of various species, are solicited from all. Make articles as brief as possible and as free from technical terms as the subjects will allow. All letters will be promptly answered. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. Single Subscription 50c per annum SampleCopies 5c each ADVERTISING RATES. 5 cents per Nonpareil line each insertion. Twelve lines to the inch. Cash must accompany all orders. Remittances should be made by Draft, Express or Post Office Order or Registered Letter. Unused U. S. Postage Stamps of any denomination accepted for small amounts. MUSEUM PUB. CO., ALBION, ORLEANS CO., N. Y. Notes. Mr. Willard N. Clute, of Bingham- ton, editor of the Fern Bulletin and other journals, is spending the spring in Jamaica. Mr. H W. Kerr and wife, of Blen- co, Iowa, visited the Museum office recently. Mr. Kerr is the editor and owner of the Naturalist, Farm and Fanciers' Review, a spirited monthly publication devoted to the interests of the topics indicated in its name. The quarterly journal of ornithology, to be edited and published by Mr. John W. Daniel, Jr., of Lynchburg, Va., Washington, D. C. , et. al., does not seem to appear very fast. It was ap- parently on the verge of appearing some two years ago, but Mr. Daniel was called to war, and the time of publication was deferred. What the reason is now no one seems to know. From all we can learn the journal is being backed very largely by wind, and is liable to be blown away before it fairly gets started. Our subscribers will do well to be careful. Our little check list of the land shells of North America seems to be very well received, both in this country and abroad. Many flattering letters have been written us by the prominent collectors in this country and abroad, fully a thousand copies having already been ordered. It being the first time such a list has ever been published in this country, in a small, neat and con- venient form for enclosing in letters, and the fact that all species are priced as accurately as was possible to judge of their value relatively and collective- ly, by our best authority, ic is little wonder that it is thoroughly liked and appreciated. Other check lists of the American Strepomatidae and of the Unios may follow during the year. Suggestions in regard to same will be very thankfully received from our pat- rons. The time will soon arrive in our northern states for the collecting of our land shells, as it is already well under way in the south. Collectors who will give some time to this branch of natural history this season, may be surprised at the results obtained. Care- ful attention should be given to the small and very minute species. Send us samples at any time for verification, and if we cannot satisfy ourselves as to their correct names, we will submit 68 THE MUSEUM. them to other and better authorities. We shall be pleased to assist any one who will put some time into this. Col- lectors in Colorado and other eastern Rocky Mountain states are particularly desired to look for the minute Pupa's Bifidaria, etc We shall be pleased to exchange specimens in any line of natural history for what you collect Among the Lower Invertebrates. The lower forms of life in the ocean always attract the attention of natur- alists, mainly because of the trouble and work of getting them, and the fact that so few are found in the average collection. About all that are ever seen are a few dried starfish and Urch- ins, but many of the more delicate forms must be preserved in liquid. Formerly alcohol was the only medium used to any extent and the result was that specimens were expensive. Now that formolin has come into general use and the fact that it is quite inex- pensive, collectors are adding many of the more curious and lower forms of life. For a very small amount quite a large collection can now be secured. Among the Porifera or sponges, one of the more common forms is Chalina oculta. This is a bushy form, occas- ionall found on piles of rocks. It is transpi: t and is commonly called Dead-man's lingers. It is usually found where there is a considerable current of clear water. If the condi- tions are favorable for growth, it will attain a height of two feet. The Gran tia belongs to another sub- order as also does Microciona proiifera, which is sometimes found along Cape Cod and Long Island Sound It grows in the pools and tideways. When in still water and on a smooth surface, it forms a thin smooth sheet, but under other conditions it tends to grow up- right, and form branching masses a few inches in height. It is of bright color and produces rich effects when much of it is present Cliona sulphurea be- longs to another sub-order of the sponge family, a group which has ac- customed itself to a life of borers. While they do not attempt to bore in- to hard rocks, they are quite destruct- ive to the shells of various mollusks, and even to limestone and marble. This sponge penetrates and excavates chambers in the shell of a mollu^k.and then after causing the death of the an- imal, it will entirely enclose and resorb what is left of the shell. Not content with this, it frequently proceeds to grow around stones, or take them in until its flesh is full of such ballast. Some- times this form is found attached in the usual manner, and when the local- ity is free from stone or sand, the specimen is clean and free from such incumbrance Leucosolcnia belongs to a class of fine tiny sponges that grow in clusters. Very curios form. Suberites compacta belongs to the same order as Cliona and is the only form in the vicinity of Cape Cod that is able to live on the shifting sands. The pores are so small and the struct- ure so dense, that the sand cannot ob- tain an entrance, while its lightness keeps it from being buried. They are frequently washed ashore in consider- able numbers. Among the great Hydroid group are found many interesting forms on our eastern coast. Companularia is a good form for illustrating. It grows in small tree-like forms on the rocks. Pennaria tiarella also grows in tree- like masses in small colonies. This specimen with Gonionemus vertens are two of the most interesting of their kind. As stated above the Pennaria to all appearances is a small tree, and has every form of one, but it is not classed as a plant at all but is really an animal. As positive proof of this, all over its surface are small feathery masses, which are in process of devel- opment like a rose In due time if not molested these would have fully developed, and by its own action, freed itself from the original stem and floated off in the water a free swimming live animal, so commonly called "Jelly THE MUSEUM. 69 Fish." The Gonionemus vertens is a most beautiful specimen of the small Jelly fishes, about | of an inch in dia- meter. It looks like a small umbrella, with tiny streamers hanging from the edge. Is perfectly transparent. These little tree like forms puzzled naturalists for many years until they were trans- ferred to salt water acquaria and stud- ied, when the above astonishing result was discovered. It furnishes a very good connecting link, as it were, be- tween the animal and vegetable world. Dactylometra quinquecirra is the more common form of Jelly fish seen some- times at twilight in immense numbers floating over Long Island Sound and adjacent waters. Owing to its large size it is not sought after so much as specimens, as it takes at least a quart can to show off one nicely, and they are frequently a foot in diameter. Metridium marginatum is one of the handsomest forms of the beautiful Sea Anemones, the roses of the ocean. These handsome little animals attach themselves to the rocks, have a trunk like a mushroom, and the top blos- soms out like a rose. To preserve them and still have the "top" blossom- ed out is a delicate task, for the mom- ent you touch one in the water it closes up rapidly and nothing but a short stump is left. They have to be col- lected and placed in pails of sea water when they very soon open nicely. Then a small quantity of formolin is added and after a day a little more and in this way they are at the end of four or five days thoroughly inoculated with the formolin and die, fully expan- ded It is a tedious job, but will re- pay the collector. The EcJiinodermata include a wealth of larger and varied forms. The As- terias vulgaris, our most common star- fish of the Atlantic coast makes a pret- ty specimen when preserved in formo- lin and fully expanded. Echinarach nius parma, the Sand Dollar and Ar- batia pnnctulata, the pretty little black spiney Sea Urchin are most commonly preserved dry. They make pretty specimens. Ophiura olivacea is fre- quently called the Serpent Star and is best preserved in formolin, owing to its delicate form and fragility. Their tiny arms quite resemble small snakes. Thy one briar eus or Sea Cucumber is a specimen not so commonly known. It belongs to the curious order of Holo- thurians, lives just below low tide and found occasionally all along our Atlan- tic coast. They run from 2 to 3 inches long, but the alimentary canel is about seven feet long, although the oval stomach is less than one inch. They are black, bushy, pear shaped, with tentacles at the top, that can be quick- ly and deeply retracted at any time. Deep Sea Mollusks and the Con- ditions Under Which They Exist. An address by Win. H. Dall before the Bio- logical Society of New York. I propose to lay before you a state- ment of the conditions which charac- terize the life of Mollusks in the Deep Sea, so far as they are known to us, and to discuss briefly the effect of these conditions upon the animals sub- jected to them; the contrast which their life presents to that of shallow- water mollusks; the peculiarities ob- served or the modifications induced by the special environment; together with some notes on interesting or remark- able forms discovered in deep water. Once for all, it must be understood that explanation of the deep sea fauna has only begun; that the area swept by the trawl and dredge compared with that which remains unknown, is almost infinitesimal; and, of the ma- terial secured by dredging, a large part is fragmentary and imperfect In short what we know about the deep-sea mollusks can only be regard- ed as a foretaste of that knowledge which future )ears may be expected to supply. In all addresses of this sort biblio- graphical references would be out of place. I will only say that the liter- 70 THE MUSEUM. ature on the subject is almost wholly confined to the publications of the last twenty years, and consists in large part of the reports by various special- ists on such voyages as those of the British vessels, Lightening. Porcu- pine, Valorous and Challenger ; the French Talisman and Travilleur ; the Norwegian, North Atlantic Expe- dition; and the expeditions of our own Coast Survey, Fish Commission, and Navy, on the Blake, the Fish Hawk, the Albatross and other well known vessels. The most distinguished nat- uralists of this country and of Europe have added to their reputation by the investigation of wonderful fauna re- vealed by these explorations. The most extensive and important single series of Scientific Reports ever pub- lished as the result of a single expe- dition are those which bear the name of the Challenger upon their capacious covers. Next to these come the Re- ports of the United States Fish Com- mission, under the leadership of Prof. Baird, and then follows a host of min- or documents which it is impossible to enumerate at the present time. What I have to present to you is rather a discussion of conditions and principles than an exhibit of particular facts or observations. In order that their existence may be maintained the abyssal mollusks re- quire oxygen to aerate their circulation, food to eat, and a foothold upon which they may establish themselves. It is necessary that ihe conditions should be such as will not prevent the development of the eggs by which suc- cessive generations are propogated, and that they do permit it may be assumed from the very fact that mol- lusks in large numbers have been shown beyond all question to exist on the oceanic floor wherever this has been explored. Formerly when dredging with the usual appliances in small boats, one hundred fathoms (six hundred teet) was considered extremely deep. If one stands at the foot of the great Washington obelisk and looks up, the idea of collecting a> satisfactory repre- sentation of the insects and plants on the ground at its base by dragging a six foot trawl or dredge by a line let down from the apex of the monument, strikes one as preposterous. Yet the monument is less than one hundred fathoms high. Multiply this height ten or fifteen times, and the idea seems, if possible, still more unreason- able, yet it is a fact that successful dredging has been done from a height above the sea-bottom, of not less than twenty-five times the height of the Washington monument. Living ani- mals have been secured from a depth of about two and a half miles. It is therefore evident that in speak- ing of dredging, we must revise our terms and define them so as to conform more nearly to the new con- ditions under which such work is done. The waters immediately adjacent to the shore were long ago divided by Forbes and other pioneers in marine exploration into zones or areas accord- ing to the conditions characterizing them; for instance, the Lammarian zone or region of brown kelp, the Coralline zone or region of stony algae, etc. But for general purposes and to contrast the areas of the whole :-ea, one with another according to their chief characteristics, we may now di- vide the entire sea bottom into three regions. The first is that to which the light can penetrate and therefore where marine vegetation can exist. This is the Litorial region, and in a general way, modified by especial conditions at particular places, it may be regard- ed as extending from its actual shore out to the limit of one hundred fath- oms. Beyond this it is practically certain that no light reaches the bot- tom of the sea and no sea weeds grow. Outside of this the borders of the con- tinents slope gradually to the bottom of the ocean, which is found usually at a depth of about 2,500 fathoms. On the upper parts of these conti- THE MUSEUM. 7i nental slopes the conditions are often very favorable to marine life. Cur- rents of comparatively warm water, like the Gulf Stream, sweep along bringing fresh pure water and supplies of food to the animals along their track. The differences between the abysses and the slopes is rather a mat- ter of temperature than of mere depth. But the temperature itself is some- what dependent on the depth, the in- fluences of the great warm currents rarely extending below seven or eight hundred fathoms and this depth cor- responds roughly to a temperature of about forty degiees Fahrenheit. Be- low this it diminishes as the depth in- creases, at the rate of about one- tenth of a degree to one hundred fath- oms until the freezing point is reach- ed, though there is no reason to sup- pose that the abyssal water ever act- ually becomes cangealed. To this cold dark area of the ocean bottom has been applied the name of the Benthal or Abyssal region. To the region, chiefly on the conti- dental slopes, between the Litoral and Abyssal regions, I gave some years ago the name of the Archibenthal Re- gion. These divisions have been recogniz- ed by various writers and have had several terms applied to them. Those I have mentioned seem to me as char- acteristic as any, and in some respects more convenient than any I have heard used. Let us now consider the conditions under which life exists in the Abyssal and Archibenthal regions. It may be premised that the differences between them are largely of degree and not of kind and do not require that the two regions should be considered separate- The chief characteristics reside in the composition of the sea water, in- cluding its contained gases; in the dy- namic status of the deeps, especially in relation to temperature and press- ure; in the mechanical qualities of the materials of which the oceanic floor is composed; and lastly, in the food sup- ply- As determined by physicists and chemists the water of the deep sea varies in the properties of natural salts, carbonic acid and air contained in it very much as does the surface water. In general at the surface the wanner water of the tropics has the more salt and the less nitrogen. When carried by currents to the Polar regions and cooled, this tropical water sinks to the bottom carrying its excess of salt along with it. The Polar waters are less saline and contain more nitrogen. The proportion of atmospheric air in the water is found strictly related to the temperature, the pressure at great depths being regarded as having no bea-ing on the question. The amount of oxygen in the sea water diminishes gradually as we descend from the sur- face until about 359 fathoms is reach- ed, when it ceases to change or at most increases slightly until the bot- tom is attained Carbonic acid, according to Tornoe, does not exist in a free state in sea water, but only in the form of carbon- ates or to a less degree of bicarbon- ates. Unless the decomDOsition of animal matter in some manner sets free the carbonic acid, this conclusion is one which cannot be adopted with- out question, especially when we con- sider the great difficulties which are encountered in any attempt to obtain, or when obtained to analyze abyssal water. . The effect of erosion on the shells dredged, from the deeps, even when they contain the living animal, is so strongly marked, the devices for protection against erosion are so rec- ognizable in various species, that the biologist may well call the physicist to a halt, while the latter re-examines his data. It is certain that erosive agencies, of which the effects are in- distinguishable from those known to be due to carbonic acid in other in- stances, are extremely active in the deeps. In general it seems as if we might 72 THE MUSEUM safely assume that the composition of abyssal sea water shows no very im- portant differences from that of other sea water and that the animals exist- ing in it are not exposed to any pecul- iar influences arising from this source alone. This cannot be said of the physical conditions. Everyone knows how op- presssve to the bather is the weight of the sea water at only a few feet below the surface, and how difficult it is to dive, still more to remain on the bot- tom, if only for a few seconds But it is.dimcult to convey any ade- quate idea of the pressure at such a depth as 2,000 fathoms, or about two miles below the surface. Rope made impervious by tarring is said to have become reduced one- third in its diameter by a descent into these depths. Any hollow object not pervious or elastic is at once crushed. There is no doubt that at some points on the ocean floor the pressure may amount to several tons to the square inch. If we recall that the average press- ure in steam boilers is probably much less than one hundred pounds to the square inch it may help toward an ap- preciation of the abyssal conditions. The inevitable conclusion is, there- fore, that all the animals living under these conditions must have their tis- sues so constituted as to prevent the free permeation of the water through every part in order that the pressure may be equalized. How that is pos- sible without putting an end to all or- ganic functions is perhaps the greatest mystery of abyssal life. How can a large egg, like those of various deep- sea animals, pass through the stages of segmentation and development, with every mollecule of its structure in actual contact with ordinary sea wat- er and every solid particle subjected to a pressure of say a thousand pounds to the square inch? ( To be eontinued. The Harriman Alaska Expedi- tion-A Small Talk About Glaciers. Chief among the objects of interest in Alaska are its stupendous glaciers. To more than one traveler the sight of these has made real for the first time all that he has read of the enormous power of such rivers of ice and the in- fluence that they have exerted in earth sculpture. We are accustomed to think of the world as changeless, of the hills and mountains as immutable, and of earth and sea as being of all things the most lasting. Yet in fact we know that this is not true, that all over the world change is constantly taking place, that volcanoes spout out lava, increasing the size of mountains; that snow and water and frost are constantly tearing off or breaking away fragments of other mountains and carrying them down to- ward the plain; that the thundering waves of the sea are continually break- ing upon the shore, removing it in one place and adding to it in another; and that for the last few centuries man, with his axe and his grubbing hoe and his plow, is altering the face of the earth, enabling the rain and the brooks and the rivers t<> pick up and tarry awaj the soil, which is at last trans- ported to the ocean and tends to fill it up. Instead of being permanent, therefore, the earth which we inhabit is unstable. The elements in their ceaseless action, the earthquake at in- tervals, and man during the short time that he has inhabited it are changing its surface continually. We know too that in very ancient times the face of the land which we inhabit was very different from what it i now. The mountains were higher, and so the valleys deeper. Great areas of the land, now mountain and plain, fertile farm, arid stock range, or peaks only traversed by the wild animals, were once the bottom of the salt sea. And in the earth or the rock over which we now pass are often seen the bones or shells of the marine animals which THE MUSEUM 73 were born and lived and died and were covered up in these ancient times, to be seen by us to-day as stones which have the shape of animals. These high mountains have been cut down by the action of the elements; the valleys in part have been filled up, and this ancient sea bottom covered by soil which was once a part of the tops and sides of these mountains. This work has been going on for all time; it is going on to-day, and it will continue to go cm. One of the most potent agents of this denudation was ice, although the length of time during which this agent has acted is small by comparison with the age of the earth. Over much of this continent it has now almost ceased to act, yet in the furthest north it is still doing the work which once it did over the whole of the northern North America. That division of geological time in which mammals had their greatest de- velopment is called the tertiary period. And it was during the ages which im- mediately followed the close of that period that the whole northern North America was covered with an enor- mous ice sheet thousands of feet in thickness. Beneath this frozen mass were deeply buried the whole of British America, all of New England, a very large portion of the Middle States and much of the Rocky Mountains. In northern New England the upper sur- face of this ice sheet was at least 6,000 feet above the sea level, while it is es- timated that still further north it was not less than 13,000 feet in thickness This vast mass was not, as might be thought, at rest. Instead, it had a general slow, but more or less constant motion southward. This was the only direction in which it could move, be- cause to the south the ice was con- stantly melting and disappearing, while to the north it was always firm and un- yielding, and tended constantly to in- crease in thickness, and to push away a portion of the mass in the direction of least resistance. This pressure was constant and ever increasing, and urged on by it, the ice sheet moved steadily southward, creeping up high mountain slopes, and then, when their summits were reached, overtopping them and pushing its way down on the other side. It is a matter of common knowledge that ice is to a certain extent plastic; in other words, it can be made by pressure to take certain forms, as wax does, though of course it is not soft like wax. Dr. Kane speaks of a table of ice 8 feet thick and 20 wide, sup- ported only at the sides, which in two months' time, while the temperature was constantly below the freezing point, became by its own weight so deeply bent that its center was depres- sed 5 feet. By pressing ice through a round hole it may be made to take the shape of a long cylinder, or ice by pressure may be made to copy a seal or a mould. This being the case, we may understand how this great ice sheet moved forward, adapting itself to the inequalities of the land, filling up valleys, climbing mountain sides, overtopping them and then flowing down beyond them. The motion of the ice sheet was slow, but it was sure. It flowed onward slowly, as molasses would flow on a cold day, but better still, is the illustration employed by Prof. Dana, who says: f'If stiff pitch be gradually dropped over a horizontal surface it will spread and continue to do so so long as the supply is kept up, and if that surface rises at an angle in one direction and there is no escape in the other, it will first fill the space to the level of the edge and then drop over and continue onward its flow. So glaciers, if the accumulation is ade- quate, may go across valleys and over elevated ridges. " It may be asked where did all this ice come from and how did it accumu- late to the enormous thickness already named? The answer is simple: It is the accumulated excess of the precipi- tation of many ages over the annual melting. The ice of the great ice 74 THE MUSEUM sheet of the glacial period was merely compacted snow, and the climatic con- ditions were such that each season more snow fell than was melted, and so the ice sheet grew. If the winter's snow fall is 60 inches and the rummer is so cool that of this snow but 50 inches melts, the ice upon which the snow falls will receive an annual increase of thickness to the amount of 10 inches of uncompacted snow, a very slight thickness. If the ice sheet to-day does not cover any considerable portion of the country in which we live, it is because the sum- mers are so long and warm that the snow and ice melt fast, and that for this reason the edge of the ice sheet has crept further and further to the north, so that now on the continent of America it no longer exists, except that on some high mountains and in the north, fragments of it are left in the glaciers found there and in ice masses now covered with soil, which often bear luxuriant vegetation. Such rem- nants are found only in high northern latitudes or on lofty mountains, where the melting of the ice in summer does not greatly exceed the snow fall of winter. The grandest well-known glaciers of the temperate zone are those of Switzerland, but one must travel to the Arctic to witness the most stupendous exhibitions of their work. Glaciers are simply rivers of ice, of varying thickness and extent, having their origin above the level of the per- petual snows by which they are fed. Though in its origin a dacier consists merely of compacted snow, this snow, as it advances down the mountain side, is gradually changed by pressure into an ice-like mass, and as it reaches the point where there is alternate melting and freezing, it becomes true ice. The glacier tends constantly to move in the direction of the least resistance, and follows the inequalities of the ground, thus moving in a b'd not unlike that of a river. Yet as the momentum of such an enormous mass is almost in- conceivably great it acts as an enor- mous plow, which cuts a furrow both wide and deep. In its course, it scrapes away the surface soil and the loose stones, and reaches down to the bed rock, against which it continually grinds and wears itself away. In its course it picks up and carries away with it gravel, pebbles, boulders and some- times great masses of rock, and these, whether torn away from the sides of its bed or dropping on the ice from overhanging cliffs, are lieely at last to reach the bottom of the channel which it has made. Here they are rolled along, crushed beneath the mass of the ice against or into the rock over which it is passing, which is thus scratched and scored or has its irregularities of sur- face smoothed and planed off or some- times is highly polished. In glacial regions such surfaces are frequently seen, as well as the smoothly rounded knolls of rock called sheep backs or roches moutonnees. Such surfaces exist over much of northern North America, though usually covered up by earth and vegetation. The debris carried along in and against the glacier is constantly being ground up like the grain between two mill stones, and the water of the stream formed by the melting ice is charged with this pulverized rock. Such streams therefore are milky fn color, and can often be recognized by this character far away from their source. On either side of the glacier and at its lower end — if it does not reach the sea — and often in the middle of it, are great heaps or windrows of sand, gravel, stone and great rocks, which have been pushed before it or to one side by the ice mass as it travels along These accumulations of glacial debris are called moraines, lateral, terminal or medial, according to their positions. Although a glacier is, in fact, a river of ice, it acts very differently from a river of water. Thus the cross profile of the stream valley is shaped like a V, while in the glacier valley the same profile is like a wide U. The curves THE MUSEUM. 75 of the stream's course are irregular, sharply bending from side to side, as any one may see who looks down from a height on the course of a river flowing through the valley. The cur- ves of an ice river, on the other hand, are slow and sinuous, and the mass changes its direction very gradually. It was about noon when the ship entered the Muir Inlet, and steamed along toward the great glacier at its head. Icebergs soon began to appear; at first small, later much larger. Some were pure white, others dirty; others white above where they were partially melted, and beneath a beautiful blue. The light falling through the ice gives this color, and it is reflected back from the water in the purest, most delicate sea green. The Muir Glacier, which we were now approaching, is rapidly receding. Twenty years ago its front stood two miles further down the bay than now, so that to-day ships sail up over nearly two miles of water, which was former- ly occupied by the ice. The front of the tremendous glacier, which was the first that we had seen near at hand, is two miles wide and perhaps 200 feet in height. From its face great bergs break off at frequent intervals, and fall with a tremendous roar into the water below. They are deeply submerged, spring out of the water again, so as al- most to clear it. go down again, and so rise and fall many times, and at last, after reeling and bobbing about on the surface find a point of equili- brium and slowly float away, to travel back and forth with wind and tide un- til they melt. As the water melts them below faster than air and sun .lo above, they are dangerous to approach in a small boat, since one can never tell when they will turn over and split in two. As they grow small first be- neath the water there is often consid- erable overhanging ice, which gives some indication of their age. The turning over of one of these bergs agi- tates the water, producing waves which may cause other bergs in the neighbor- hood to upset. While the party were near the Muir Glacier an immense mass fell from its place, representing perhaps one-quarter the width of the glacier — that is to say, it was a mass of ice half a mile wide and from 200 to 250 feet in height above the water. How thick it may have been no one can tell. When this fell the wave caused was tremend- ous, and obliged members of the party who were on the beach to run to high- er ground to escape being washed away. As the mass fell it split into three great pieces, one of which floated off, the other two remaining grounded. One of these masses sprang back out of the water, nearly or quite to the height of the glacier. The roar of the fall was appalling. One day two of the party were close to the glacier in a canoe when a great mass of ice, coming apparently from under the glacier, shot up out of the water and raised a wave which nearly filled the canoe and ruined all their photographic plates. If they had not been expert canoemen the two men would very likely have been upset and drowned, for in this ice cold water a man would not long survive. This mass of ice was so close to them that fragments of the berg fell all about them, and any one of these, if it had struck the canoe, would have wrecked it. The experience was one of great danger. From the midst of the Muir Glacier rises a huge nunatak or mountain of rock, a real island in the sea of ice. Many years ago, it is said, that only the point of this mountain was to be seen above the surface of the glacier, but now it is nearly 700 feet above the ice; in other words, the glacier was then 500 feet thicker than now, and its slope of course much more steep. At various points on this glacier are found curious cones of ice, each cap- ped by a number of hard quartz peb- bles, spherical, or nearly so, and so smooth that they sometimes seem pol- ished. Such pebbles have been ground 76 THE MUSEUM. in a glacial pothole, the softer rocks which were with them being ground to powder and carried away by the water, so that only the harder ones remain. The surface of the glacier gradually melts until the bottom of the pothole in which these pebbles lie is even with the top. Then the pebbles protect the ice immediately under them from the direct rays of the sun, and prevent it from melting, and as the surrounding surface melts they remain on this un- melted ice, which now forms a conical projection above the surface of the glacier, the top of the projection being what was formerly the bottom of the hole. Not far below the Muir Glacier, and on its wide side, a stream has cut its way through an enormous mass of mor- ainal detritus, carrying away the gravel and revealing the still standing tree trunks of a long buried forest. At first thought it might be imagined that the sweeping down by the glacier of the enormous mass of coarse gravel would have uprooted or broken off and over- thrown the trees of this ancient forest, and that when again revealed by the cutting away of the drift, all its trunks would have been found prostrate. The reverse of this is true, however. While there are many fallen trunks, most of them are still standing, though usually broken off at a height of from 10 to 25 feet above the present level of the stream valle) . This, of course, shows that the forest was not in the direct path of the glacier, but was to one side, and that at first the encroachment of the morainal drift on the standing forest was very gradual, and the pro- cess of covering it up very slow. The gravel of the moraine was pushed over little by little into and upon the area covered by the forest, the glacier act- ing as a plow acts, and pushing out of its way and off to one side the loose material, which at length covered up the forest. Until the gravel had been deposited to a very considerable thick- ness the moraine's advance was not so rapid as to overwhelm the standing trees. Instead of that, as it was de- posited about them gradually it soon became an absolute protection to the trunks, at least to the height to which they were wholly covered. The details of the burial and subsequent uncover- ing of this forest will no doubt ulti- mately be told by the geologists and botanists of the expedition. The day after leaving Sitka the ship followed the coast, at first about twenty miles distant, but later it ran in much closer, in order to look at a great glac- ier which comes down from the Fair- weather range to meet the sea, and which on the coast survey chart is call- ed La Perouse This glacier has a front three miles wide Its northern half seems white and new, and to be moving, while the southern half appears old, dirty from melting, and dead. Under the new ice for almost the whole width of the front, old dirty ice can be seen, and the impression is gained that a new and active glacier is flowing over one that is old and dead. On either side of the glacier's front the beach shows, and it is apparent that the ice here is moving over the more or less level ground, and not through a channel that it has cut out. In one of the lifeb ats a party land- ed through ihe surf, which was rather high, though not really bad, and in do- ing so got pretty well soaked by surf breaking behind the boat. A small skiff that was being towed was tossed about by a combing breaker and pound- ed on the beach so hard that one of its sides was split From the moraine at the side of the glacier a portion of its surface could be seen, split in every conceivable direc- tion, and i roken up into a bristling mass of sharp pinnacles from i 5 to 40 feet high, over which it would be im- possible to pass. At one point at the side of the glacier was a deep cavern under the ice, green and blue, and dripping from a thousand points so much water as to feed a small stream that flowed from it. THE MUSEUM. 77 After an hour or two spent here, the party returned to the beach. It was determined that thiee men should go off in the skiff, to lighten the load of the ship's boat. The surf was passed without difficult) , but before the skiff had gone far it was seen that she leak- ed so that the men must return to the shore at once or sink. All had pre- pared for a swim by removing their boots, but the beach was reached be- fore the boat sank. Just as all hands were about to spring out and run the boat up beyond the waves, a breaker broke beneath the stern, lifted it high, struck the boat's nose into the sand, and unceremoniously dumped out the passengers The large boat was then launched with no more serious disaster than shipping a few barrels of water, and the ship was reached again with- out trouble. — G. B. G in Forest and Stream, March, 1900 Winter Botanizing. In the early years of my botanical experience, saj s Wm. H. Rich, in December Rhodora, October brought to a close the collecting season, and with the appearance of the Witch- Hazel flowers I thought it useless to continue further exploration. As the Hepatica was to me, in those years at least, the first flower of the year, so the Witch-Hazel was the last. These two species marked the beginning and the end of my botanical calendar For eleven years my note-books show no date later than October 22, but as the seasons came and went subjects of al- luring interest presented themselves, gradually extending the botanical year at both ends, so that now to quote a sentence from Thoreau, "You cannot say that vegetation absolutely ceases at any season in this latitude." The late E. H. Hi'chings of inter- esting memory has recorded the fact that "the wild flowers even in this cold region, blossom every month in the year," adding in proof of his statement that he had found the Hepatica in flower from September to May, nine consecutive months. Somewhat sur- prised as well as interested by these statements, and with a desire to know for myself the extent to which our plants are found in flower during the winter months, I have during the past few years noted all such as I have seen or that have come to my notice through other observers. It is not of course intended in this article to include cryp- togamous plants, such as mosses, lich- ens, fungi and algae, many of which, indeed, attain their fullest development more abundantly in the winter than in the summer month?. That wild-flowers bloom all the year round in New England, though liter- ally true, is a statement obviously to be taken with many qualifications, and it may be remarked that the smallest botanical box will be sufficiently large to hold all that may be found during the months of January and February. The two months just mentioned are, however, the only ones in which flow- ering plants will be found at all scarce. Beginning with November let us briefly review the floral conditions ex- isting in eastern Massachusetts during the colder months of the year. In this month plants in flower are so numerous as hardly to excite comment. On a recent excursion, November 13, fifty-one species still in flower were re- corded, and the list might easily have been enlarged by further search. In December during the earlier part of the month, should the ground be free from snow and the weather mild, as is frequently the case in this region, numerous plants still lingering in flower can usually be found without much effort. In that delightful sketch, "De- cember out of Doors," by Bradford 1 orrey, occurs the fullest list of De- cember flowers that I have yet seen. He records the names of sixteen spec- ies, and to that number I have thus far been able to add but three others, as follows: Hepatica [Hepatica triloba, Chaix), recorded by E. H. Hitchings; Common Dandelion ( Taraxacum offi- 78 THE MUSEUM. cinale, Weber); Seaside Golden Rod (Solidago sempervirens, L. ) The Golden Rod I found as late as Decem- ber 22. at Revere Beach, Mass , in fine fresh flower, though with blackened and shrivelled leaves. The record for the next two months, January and February, though meagre, does not lack its representatives In January there have been found in flower the Hepatica, E. H. Hitchings; Knawel (Scleranthus annuus, L.); Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris, L ), Bradford Tor rey; Chickweed {Stellaria media, Cy rill); and the Dandelion. On the 1 8th of this month in 1899 the Dandelion appeared in full bloom on a grassy bank at Chelsea, Mass , in such num- bers as to attract public attention In February my list records the Hepatica, E. H. Hitchings; Chick- weed, concerning which Thoreau re- marks "apparently it never resis;" Skunk Cabbage {Symplocarpus foetid- us, Salisb.), Frank Bolles; Dandelion; Mayflower (Epigaea repens, L), a small bunch of which I received from Orleans, Mass., that was collected in full flower February 12, 1899, and on the same day my informant adds that some Strawberry plants in his garden were in bloom. The Dandelion, it may be said, has been found in flower ever} month of the year. Willows in staminate flower are occasionally met with in January and February, but owing to the difficulty of identifying the species they are not included in the lists. I have confidence that the scant record for these two months can be increased as future opportunities offer for more extended observations, and doubtless some of the readers of Rho- dora may be able to add to the num- ber. March, though sometimes in New England one of the severest of the winter months, offers so many plants in flower, especially toward the latter part, that a list of them would not be of especial inteiest. There is other and more important work, however, in winter botanizing, than the mere enumeration of such chance flowers as a mild season may offer as a reward for the botanist's con- stant attention. Many fruits of trees and shrubs can now be collected and studied with better advantage than was possible earlier in the season. A hith- erto much neglected subject foi study is that of the winter sta'e of our trees and shrubs, one to which increasing attention is now b^ing given. It is surprising how few cf them can be readily recognized by even the most competent botanist, and the collection and study of specimens of bark, twigs, and buds in their winter state will be found full of interest. The complete herbarium must show specimens of these in addition to leaves and flowers. Another subject for study in winter botanizing is the observation of the radical leaves and basal shoots of herbs, some of which differ so much at this stage from those which we are accus- tomed to associate with the plant as to be very puzzling, and furnish material for collecting on many a winter walk. While engaged in his occasional winter outings, in these and other kin- dred occupations, the botanist will soon have his attention attracted to other objects of most fascinating in terest. On the lowlands, as he passes along on a sunshiny day in late Feb- ruary and March he will suddenly see, in the gleaming olive of a row of Wil- low shrubs and in the brilliant red of the Blueberry bushes, on a rocky hill- side, signs that will remind him of the approach of another season, and as he stands upon the threshold of a new springtime, before he becomes engulf- ed in its rising tide of life, he would linger yet a little longer in the enjoy- ment <>f the winter's offerings. An Alaskan Indian Relic. A totemic column from southern Alaska has been presented to the muse- um of the University of Michigan by Leon J. Cole, assistant in zoology, who THE MUSEUM. 79 visited Alaska during the summer of 1899 as a member of the Harriman Alaska Expedition. The column is about ten feet high and three feet wide and is made from a tree trunk split lengthwise. It was taken by Mr. Cole from the interior of a house in a desert- ed village of the Tlingit Indians near Cape Fox. The column was in front of one of the posts which supported the roof. The carving and painting represent a bear sitting upon its haunches and grasping with its fore paws the arms ot a man, the lower part of whose body has disappeared into the animal's mouth. Besides its obligation to Mr. Cole, the University is also indebted to E.H. Harriman, the founder of the expedi- tion, for his generousity in meeting all expense of transportation of the col- umn from Alaska to Ann Arbor. Save Engravers' High P We havfi a largo number < f useful Taxidermists. Send 2c stamp for circular. C. F. DENLEY, 707 8th St., N. W., Washington, rices. ci's for D. C. Eggs of Insects The collection, preservation and ex- amination of the eggs of insects, will afford interesting recreation. Curtains, carpets, floor- crevices, cushions, furs and wollen garments will serve as a prolific hunting ground indoors; while out of doors the surface waters of ponds and water-butts, the corpses of birds, the skins of cattle, and the leaves and branches of the shrubberies give an abundance of material Among those insects whose eggs make the most in- teresting microscopical mounts may be noted the common house-fly, the wasp, the tortoise-shell and the cabbage but- terflies, the mottled umber and the puss moths, the dragon-fly, and most of the prarasites. The eggs of these are of all shades hexagonal, conical, oval, spherical, and are most richly and harmoniously colored; while the elaborately sculptured surfaces are hardly excelled in the beauty of their designs by the symmetry of the ciliated, winged and fringed ornamentations with which they are surrounded. r^Z 2 ,-■ BICYCLES— GUNS - CANOES BOA rS — Anil all the paropher- FTSH-RODS nalia necessary ror 5- a U^tVa c enjoying the out-door CAMERAS — pastimes are being Given Away Free to those who will devote their leisure moments to subscription soliciting for Outing the foremost magazine devoted to genteel sports. Every man and woman, every boy and girl is a sportsman or sports- woman at heart, therefore everyone wants Outing. , /'^SJ Subscriptions are easily secured; our offers are more than liberal. Send for our 16-page premium list and full particulars, agent's equip- ment, etc. The On lint; Pub. Co. Fifth Ave., New York. \\ 8o THE MUSEUM THE NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT OF THE Naturalist, Farm and Fanciers' Review Conducted by I. S. Trostler, Omaha, Neb. Also Poultry, Pet Stock and Pigeon Departments conducted by prominent writers. Can't be beat for 25 cents a year. Sample copy free. Add rates on application. H. W. KERR, Pubr., BLENCOE, IOWA. Beautiful Crystals. Unsurpassed in Brilliancy and Perfection. Without a rival in tbe Mineral Kingdom No cabinet complete without them. LIBERAL OFFER.— Let me send you for inspection charges prepaid, 35 of these Brilliant Gems. If the collection pleases you. kindly send me 70 cents, altho' you will say it's worth more. If for any reason you are not pleased, return the collection and it will be O. K. Fall in line and send your order today. A. B. CRIM, Middleville, Herkimer Co., N. Y. Pacific Coast Shells. 1 ill send to uny address, postage paid, a labled col'peiion if Puget Sc-ui.d, and coast, Sh< tit* in • li 18 species large hi $15 Nereis virens 25 Rh.yiichob dus dilbranchianis 20 Lepidonotus sp 10 P.iiiike obseura 10 ANTHROPOUA Crangon vulgaris . , Gela-dmus ptignax Hippo talpi idea . . M\sis stenolepis . .$ 10 . 10 . 15 . 10 Orchestia :igi'is 10 Virions z'9 erico'a .' 15 Taloehestia longicornis Eupaararus longifcirpiH Gelasimui pugilator Li- 1 ins jtnat if era Orchesiia palustris Panopaeus sp. . . . Palaomonetes vulgaris it) 15 15 10 10 111 Webb's Natural Science Establishment, Albion, N Y. THE MUSEUM. Florida Land and Fresh Water Shells. Also Centipedes, Scorpions, Crabs, etc.. in alcohol at a bargain. Address with stamp. O. BRYANT, Longwood, Florida The Asa Gray Bulletin. A BI-MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF TEACHERS, STUDENTS AND AMATEURS. Particular attention given to CRYTOGRAMS. Each issue contains notes and other matter of interest to members of Mycological Clubs, and other students of edible and injurious Fungi. Prominent teachers of bot- any, specialists and amateurs from all parts of the Unit- ed States are numbered among its contributors. Subscription, only 50c per year. Write for our Spec- ial Rates to Clubs Send for Sample Copy. Address, THE ASA GRAY BULLETIN, TACOMA PARK, D. C. Crystalized Black Slag. A new specimen for the collection. Send 20 cents for a good specimen of the above. Only place to be obtained. R. W. KIMBALL, 1428 Arapahoe Ave., BOULDER, COLO. Ou ti na V 1 A MAGAZINE for the Young and Old, exhaling the very essence of outdoors. J* A recent speci- men copy and handsomely illus- trated prospectus outlining the ex- 1 tensive plans for 1900 will be sent on request. ^ Buy the HOLIDAY NUMBER I 1 ! i. \ \ e • with its beautiful cover. At all news-stands, 25c. wC Outing Publishing Co. 239 Fifth Ave. New Yor 1 NEW HOME EOTMS. WRITE FOR CIRCULARS &S*«$Ld£ Sewing Machines we manufacture and their prices before you purchase any other. THE NEW HOME SEWING MACHINE CO. OBANGK, MASS. 28 Union Souare, N. Y. Chicago, lD. St ixralj, Mo. Dallas, Te San Francisco, Cal. FOR StIE BY Atlanta. Ga. AlertI If an angler or shooU er, send 25 cents for a FOREST AND STREAM 4 weeks' trial trip. The sportsman's FAV0R1TB WEEKLY JOURNAL of shooting and fishing. Per year $4. With this spirited pic- ture (size 22* 28 in.) $5.50. FOREST AND STREAM PUB. CO 346 Broadway, New York. THIS PAPER is printed at the Book and Magazine Publishing House of A. M. EDDY, Albion, N. Y. THE MUSEUM. Wholesale Bargains. To reduce our stock to proportionate limits, we offer the following articles at VERY LOW WHOLESALE RATES. All are on hand and orders can be sent by Express or Freight on a moment's notice. Ostrich Eggs, slightly cracked, as good as perfect, per doz $ 2 00 Our Special Mineral Collection, 52 var- ieties, with neat list, labeled, etc , re- tails at $1, per dcz 4 80 Young Naturalists' Marvelous Collec- tion. 44 curios, with description of each, sells at 60c, per doz 3 60 Chautauqua Shell Collections, 33 named shells, retail at $2.50, per doz 12 00 Gem Collections, 12 cut Gems on a card in a neat box, retails at $1, per doz. . 4 50 Cut and Polished Gem Stones as fol- lows : Wood Agate, per doz Tiger Eye, Moss Agate, " Carnelian, " Turqucis, " Amethyst, " Malachite, " Bloodstone, " Ribbon Agate, '■ ' Black Gold Stone, Black Agate, " Pink Crocidolite, " 15 per cent, discount by the gross. 40 30 40 30 50 50 40 40 40 40 30 40 40 SMALL SHELLS. Cerethium muscarum, 75 Donax variabilis, it