THU SYS Ruowewervenes a= SSS) vv \ | A evs Wy ee | Ms Wd dy, Wy NS PAIDADALS SS Vy Siarsoeen See | se’ we Jv" ¥ wwevevevyu lll atl Deel hs 4 w ww ww —_ ; \ | Ne : = ead ber fet ~ Jn Ne | ) et SN I NN ~ i | = vw) Se | et | | Nea dhs n “N\A A —— ~ wh MESS, wee Vv edu uuee dvd SUNY ileus ywyvy AA Nd Net WWI" Wvlebl se yee MMIII WIE AAS . oi A ii + \ * rr ; F ‘i , FS * ' . 0 ; ° ; Lie i ’ nt . . . bd i, i 4 Me “ ! : ; , F j ar jhe ; i, ; { ; ‘ es t y by the U University of the State of New York lass matter June a4, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under . the act at july: 16, 1894 — a aN, FEBRUARY 15, 1910 bs. Let 5 7 4 ys 4 s @ : hs es M. Cranes. Hla. Se . “-Eprranit PoRTER FELT, State Entomologist _ Museum Bulletin 136 CONTROL OF FLIES ee = ee AND | Pr ER HOUSEHOLD INSECTS < ae - BY EPHRAIM PORTER FELT Sc.D. SAGE) by be PAGE y Wee Eee coc: eee, ae Clothes: moths: 1.0 2.04.5 eds 28 Carpet BEEHiag ai. nde tis a te he Silver fish, bristle tail or fish moth 33 BOOK louse. ccc aele ca rxe licxe aoe ver mosquito... 20 Whhiate antec. acs. ee anes. c ns oem ea aed. uese,c-. 20) “ Crickets... .....- dee eco forms. ...+-++seereeee: ou) MORE Pests... ssn ie meters ae Bee» ss House ants..... Re SE 2 oe | Me hak Ska 1; WaeGkroaches...f agile. Se nd hornets...0+++-++ >. Larder beetle.......... Pe ey r rain barrel mosquito.. 23°) ~- Cheese skipper........--- nsotenche been sh mosquito........+-. 24 Cereal and seed pests........... 41 m CAS. vee eee settee eeeeee 26 Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid ve ae 27 BRAS O65, OA Sule toy Ss 0 er We centipede..........-:+++ 28° Lite a tai SANS | i pi rcs, vse) TATRA NE | UNIVERSITY oF Ker STATE OF pe uu ty ae NAS TF yar te ‘% ‘1QIO eA a lip ae 13 a > ; ey b. ep ae ate! | a : . 4 a aL ore ene + bieaé en Me Meco 2 ag aks Rone ne aren oe cra an 1913 WHITELAW Rerp M.A. LL.D. D.C.L. Chancellor New York 1917 St Crain McKetway M.A. LL.D. Vice Chancellor Brooklyn t919 Danie, Beach Pu.D. LL.D. - - - — —- Watkins 1914 Priny T. Sexton LL.B. LL.D. - - -— — — Palmyra 1912 T. Guitrorp Smiru M.A. C.E. LL.D. - — —-Buffalo 1918 Wiii1aM NottTincHaAM M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. — — Syracuse 1910 CuEsTER S. Lorp M.A. LL.D. - -—- ~ — = New York 1915 ALBERT VANDER VEER M.D. M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. Albany r911 Epwarp LautersacH M.A. LL.D. - -— -— — New York 1920 EuGeNne A. Puirpin LL.B. LL.D. —- — - — New York 1916 Lucian L. SHEDDEN LL.B. LL.D. - - —- -— Plattsburg 1921 Francis M. CarPENTER — — — — — — — Mount Kisco _ STATE OF NEW YORK EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Regents of the University With years when terms expire Commissioner of Education ANDREW S, DRAPER LL.B. LL.D. : \ Assistant Commissioners -Aucustus S. Downtne M.A. Pd.D. LL.D. First Assistant Frank Rotutns Ph.D. Second Assistant Tuomas E, Finecan M.A. Pd.D. Third Assistant Director of State Library ae James I. Wyer, Jr, M.L.S. Director of Science and State Museum Joun M. Crarxe Ph.D. Sc.D. LL.D. Chiefs of Divisions Administration, Hartan H. Horner B.A, s Attendance, JAMEs D. SULLIVAN | Educational Extension, W1LL1AM R. Eastman M.A. M. L. S. Examinations, CHarLtes F. WHEEtocK B.S. LL.D. Inspections, Frank H. Woop M.A. Law, Frank B. GitBert B.A. — School Libraries, Cuarues E. Fitcu L. 1.D; Statistics, Hiram C, CasE Trades Schools, ARTHUR D. DEaAn B.S. Visual Instruction, ALFRED W. ABRAms Ph.B. New ps ork State Education Department Science Division, January 25, 1910 s . Andrew S. Draper LL.D. Commissioner of Education Pa: In April of last year I communicated to you a bulletin by the State Entomologist entitled the Control of Household In- sects. Th publication, which was issued to a considerable edi- tion, has be a entirely exhausted and the demand continues. To ‘meet this ot.tstanding demand for knowledge in regard to house- 1 insect pests, I transmit to you herewith the manuscript for 1ew edition of this work, enlarged in its scope, and recom- nd its publication as a bulletin of the State Museum. | Very respectfully JouHn M. CLARKE = Director State of New York Education Department _COMMISSIONER’S ROOM Approved for publication this 26th day of January 1910 @ oe Commissioner of Education ~ a Education Department Bulletin Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under . the act of July 16, 1894 No. 46s | ALBANY, N. Y. FEBRUARY 15, 1910 New York State Museum _ Joun M. Crarxe, Director EPHRAIM PoRTER FELT, State Entomologist Museum bulletin 136 CONTROL OF FLIES AND OTHER HOUSEHOLD INSECTS BY EPHRAIM PORTER FELT Sc.D. INTRODUCTION The discovery that the common house fly may, under certain conditions, play a most important part in the dissemination of tuberculosis, typhoid fever and other diseases of the alimentary tract, has effected in recent years a marked change in the at- titude of the public toward this very prevalent nuisance. This ‘statement should not be construed as meaning that the common house fly is necessarily the principal agent in disseminating the above mentioned diseases, though it would not be surprising, were we fully acquainted with the facts, to find that this familiar and almost universally tolerated species has been much more ac- tive in this respect than hitherto suspected. An insect, breeding as does the house fly upon organic matter, and feeding indis- criminately upon material which may be literally swarming with deadly germs, and other substances likely to be used as food, can hardly be regarded as other than a menace to human life and happiness. Recent discoveries respecting the part played by insects in the dissemination of malaria, yellow fever and typhoid fever, read like a romance. Mosquitos as distributing agents of malaria have 6 ; NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM | been suspected for many years. An active impetus was given to this suspicion through the discovery by Ross that certain Indian mosquitos harbored a malarial parasite affecting birds. It was only a step from this to human malaria. The mosquito-malarial theory took such firm hold that in 1900 Drs Low and Sambon spent the summer on the fever-ridden Roman campagna, relying entirely for protection from malaria upon flimsy mosquito net- ting. Their field test was further confirmed by the shipment of malarial-infected mosquitos to London, where they were allowed to bite Dr Patrick Manson’s son, who in due time came down with the disease though residing in a nonmalarious section. The deadly, justly dreaded “yellow jack” has likewise been traced. to its lair through the heroism of a few devoted scientists. Volunteers lived in a fever-stricken locality with no protection from infection other than the frail mosquito bar. They even ~ slept in beds soiled by fever patients for the sake of demonstrat- ing beyond question that the disease was not infectious. Drs if Carroll and Lazear went further and allowed themselves to be bitten by infected mosquitos. Both contracted the disease, the latter losing his life on the altar of scientific investigation. This was true heroism. All honor to these martyrs. Theirs was not ~ a useless sacrifice. Before their time, a yellow fever outbreak meant the loss of hundreds or thousands of lives, simply because _ there was no known adequate method of preventing the disease. Prolonged, arbitrary and wasteful quarantines were maintained. a Thousands fled from infected districts. The horrors of the shot gun quarantine prevailed. The control of the yellow fever epi- — demic of 1905 in New Orleans is a most striking testimony to ~ the value of the recent discoveries regarding this disease. This — outbreak was handled as a mosquito-borne infection and for the a first time the disease was stamped out before cold weather and : with compa little loss in either life or property. © 4 DISEASE CARRIERS Typhoid or house fly! The typhoid or house fly is such an extremely common species . that a detailed description is almost unnecessary. Dr Howard’s — investigations show that fully 98¢ of the flies in houses are or- — dinary house flies. A few others are associated with this very — *Musca domestica Linn. FLIES AND OTHER HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 7 prevalent nuisance. The stable fly' may be rather abundant about houses in the fall and is responsible for the persistent be- lief that under certain conditions the house fly bites. Invariably ‘the offender is this inhabitant of the barn, a form which pre- sents an extremely close general resemblance to the fly and is perhaps best recognized by its bite. Another fly liable to be abundant about houses in the fall is known as the cluster fly? a species somewhat larger than the house fly and easily recog- nized by the yellowish hairs upon the thorax. The small, vel- Fig.1 Typhoid or house fly ; a, male, seen from above ;_}, proboscis and_palpus from the side; ¢, tip of the antenna; d, head of female ; e, puparium ; f, the anterior breathing ag sg: ee all enlarged. (After Howard & Marlatt, U.S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent 2 ais. 'S. ; lowish fruit fly,> only about. 4% of an inch long, is sometimes rather abundant in houses and is invariably found in association with overripe or decaying fruit. These species, though annoy- ing and under certain conditions dangerous, are insignificant offenders compared with the common house fly. Description. The egg of the house fly is a slender, whitish object grooved on one side somewhat like a grain of wheat and only 1/20 of an inch long. eeatomoxys calcitrans Linn. *Pollenia rudis- Fabr. : ‘ *Drosophila am pelophila Loew. 8 . NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The maggot, or more properly larva, is invariably whitish at first, very small and when full grown only about % of an inch long. The body tapers from the large, nearly truncate posterior extremity to the slender head. The resting or transforming stage known as the puparium, is "i oval, brownish, ringed and scarcely 1% of an inch long. : The parent insect or adult fly is about 14 of an inch long, rather slender, dull grayish and therefore easily distinguished 4 from the stouter, metallic blue or green bottle flies occas a 7 seen in houses and especially about meats. | o A disease carrier. Typhoid fever is one of the most ae 3 ailments to which man is subject. There are about 500,000 cases of this disease annually in America, about 50,000 proving fatal. 60% of the deaths in the Franco-Prussian War and 30% of the dentine in the Boer War were caused by this disease. Dr M. A. Veeder of Lyons in 1898, was very strongly of the opinion that the house fly was largely responsible for the dissemination of this q disease in camps. Dr Walter Reed writing of an outbreak near Porto Principe in the annual report of the War Department states that the outbreak “was clearly not due to water infec- 2 tion but was transferred from the infected stools of patients — to the food by means of flies, the conditions being especially favorable for this manner of dissemination.” Dr Vaughan, a member of the army typhoid commission, writes as follows - re 4 specting conditions in the Spanish-American War: 2 27 Flies undoubtedly served as carriers of the infection. a My reasons for believing that flies were active in the dissemi nation of typhoid may be stated as follows: a Flies swarmed over infected fecal matter in the pits and then ~ ‘visited and fed upon the food prepared for the soldiers at the © mess tents. In some instances where lime had recently been is sprinkled over the contents of the pits, flies with their feet whit- ened with lime were seen walking over the food. te a b Officers whose mess tents were protected by means of screens — suffered proportionately less from typhoid fever than did those whose tents were not so protected. . Be c Typhoid fever gradually disappeared in the fall of 1898, with | the approach of cold weather, and the consequent a ofg the fly. ae It is possible for the fly to carry the typhoid bacillus in two — ways. In the first place fecal matter containing the typhoid germ may adhere to the fly and be mechanically transported. In the *For a bibliography of flies and disease, see N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 134, 1909. p. 32-40. s << ea a. /S 2% a ee ee yee a ee ee, ee ee a ee FLIES AND OTHER HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 8) second place, it is possible that the typhoid bacillus may be carried in the digestive organs of the fly and may be deposited with its - excrement. Dr Alice Hamilton in 1903, studying the part played by the house fly in a recent epidemic of typhoid fever in Chicago which © could not be explained wholly by the water supply nor on the grounds of poverty or ignorance of the inhabitants, captured flies in undrained privies, on the fences of yards, on the walls of two houses and in the room of a typhoid patient and used them to inoculate 18 tubes, from five of which the typhoid bacillus was isolated. She further found that many discharges from typhoid patients were left exposed in privies or yards, and concluded that flies might be an important adjunct in the dissemination of this infection. More recently, Dr Daniel D. Jackson investigating the pollution of New York harbor in 1907 to 1909, found that by far the greater number of cases occurred within a few blocks of the water front, the outbreak being most severe in the immediate vicinity of sewer outlets. He gives a series of charts showing an almost exact coincidence between the abundance of house flies and the occurrence of typhoid fever, when the dates are set back two months to correspond to the time at which the disease was con- tracted. He is of the opinion that most of the typhoid cases in New York originate in local infections carried by flies. The bacilli of typhoid fever were found by Ficker in the dejecta of house flies 23 days after feeding, while Hamer records the presence of this . bacillus in flies during a period of two weeks. It has recently been found that flies produced from maggots living or developing in in- fected material are capable of conveying disease even when not ex- posed to subsequent infection. Most significant of all, it should be noted that competent physicians in position to make extended obser- vations upon this disease and the methods by which it may be dis- seminated, are of the opinion that under certain conditions at least, the fly is a very important factor. Epidemics spread by flies, accord- ing to Dr Veeder, tend to follow the direction of prevailing warm winds. He considers flies the chief medium of conveyance in vil- lages and camps where shallow, open closets are used, thus afford- ing the insects free access to infected material, and where it 1s pos- sible to eliminate water and milk as the sources of infection. Drs Sedgwick and Winslow, writing in 1903 state that “the three great means for the transmission of typhoid fever are fingers, food and flies,” the authors holding the last to be the most important. 1G) NEW -YORK STATE. MUSEUM Typhoid fever, while a most dangerous infection, is not the 4 only disease which may be conveyed by flies. Certain forms of diarrhoea and enteritis are undoubtedly due to specific germs, _ and there is no reason why the bacilli causing these infections * may not be carried as easily and in the same way as those — responsible for typhoid fever. The monthly bulletin of the New York State Department of Health for October 1908, states < that during 1907 there were in New York State 37,370 deaths of | infants under 2 years of age, 9213 being due to diarrhoea and enteritis. Careful investigators, it 1s stated, have placed the propor- tion of deaths between bottle-fed and breast-fed babies as 25 to 1. Physicians recognize the necessity of providing pure milk for young children, and in most instances it is comparatively easy to see how flies might be responsible for the major portion of the infections, since they usually occur in numbers about stables, in the vicinity of milk houses, in the neighborhood of milk stations, on milk wagons and, in fact, are found in greater or less numbers wherever milk is stored, excepting in refrigerators and similar places. Martin states that each succeeding year confirms his ob- servation of 1808 to the effect that the annual epidemic of diarrhoea and typhoid is connected with the appearance of the common house fly, while Nash, in the Lancet, records no mortality from diarrhoea among infants at Southend during July and August 1902, this immunity being accompanied by the almost complete absence of the house fly. This insect was abundant in that locality in Septem- ber and coincidently epidemic diarrhoea developed. Sandilands. in the Journal of Hygiene, states that the great majority of cases of diarrhoea are due to the consumption of infected food, and suggests that the seasonal incidence of diarrhoea coincides with and results from the seasonal prevalence of flies. Dr Jackson of New — York records several epidemics of a malignant type of dysentery — radiating from a single point and disappearing entirely when proper disinfection of closets was enforced. | | The evil possibilities of the fly are by no means exhausted in the above recital. It is well known that flies feed upon sputum. Ex- — periments by Lord recorded in the Boston Medical and Surgicai — Journal show that flies may ingest tubercular sputum and excrete — tubercular bacilli, the virulence of which may last. for at least 15 days. He considers the danger of human infection from this source to lie in the ingestion of fly specks on food, and suggests ~ ery ae ee ae ee ate ee ee a ee FLIES AND OTHER HOUSEHOLD INSECTS II that during the fly season great attention should be paid to the screening of rooms and hospital wards containing patients with tuberculosis and laboratories where tubercular material is examined. The evidence showing that flies may play an important part in the diffusion of cholera is, according to Dr Nuttall, absolutely con- vincing. He cites experiments showing that cholera bacilli may be found on flies in large numbers, while they may occur in the dejecta within 17 hours after feeding and as late as four days. Infected flies have been given access to milk and cholera cultures made therefrom. Dr Nuttall considers that the evidence previously submitted proves that the house fly may carry about and deposit anthrax bacilli, though there may be a question as to how generally flies are responsible for the dissemination of this disease. Parke admits the possibilities of flies distributing, in addition to diseases mentioned above, plague, trachoma, septicemia, erysipelas and leprosy. Fur- thermore, there are those who would hold flies responsible for the more frequent new cases which occur in the zone immediately sur- rounding the smallpox hospital and which may be due either to the wafting out: of infected particles or their carriage by flies. The latter is considered the more probable. Yaws or framboesia is a tropical infection carried by this household pest. Howe, ac- cording to the statement of Dr Howard, has demonstrated that the purulent conjunctivitis of the Egyptians is spread by the house fly. The experiments of Grassi show that the eggs of Taenia, Tricho- cephalus and Oxyuris pass uninjured through the alimentary tract of flies. Methods of carrying diseases. The most common and danger- ous infections conveyed by the house fly are typhoid fever, other intestinal disorders, including those affecting young children, and tuberculosis. Typhoid germs may be discharged from the human system several weeks before diagnosis is possible, continue in num- bers 6 to 8 weeks after apparent recovery, and in exceptional cases may persist during a period of several years. There are authentic records of a patient distributing these germs for 17 years and being the incipient cause of 13 cases during 14 years of that period. Even the urine of patients may contain active typhoid bacilli. Further- more, Dr M. A. Veeder of Lyons cites a case where typhoid fever was perpetuated from year to year in a locality, ascribing it to a physician recommending the burial of all typhoid excreta and the 12 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM execution of this direction by a favorite nurse. It is well known that soil infected by these germs may be the origin of new cases, and Dr Veeder significantly observes that the annual recurrence of typhoid fever in the above noticed locality ceased with the death of the two parties mentioned above and a change in the method of disposing of typhoid discharges. The germs producing other in- testinal disorders are discharged from the system, though pre- sumably not persisting for such extended periods. It. is well known that the bacilli causing tuberculosis are abundant in the sputum of patients and are therefore, under the prevalent sanitary conditions, easily accessible to flies. The house fly subsists entirely upon fluids and feeds with appar- ently equal gusto upon fresh manure, decaying vegetable matter, sputum or the daintiest culinary preparations. It is only neces- sary for discharges from patients suffering from typhoid fever or other intestinal diseases to be exposed in open vessels, poorly con- structed privies, or even in vacant lots near dwellings in order to secure the spread of the infection. The hairy legs are fouled with thousands of deadly bacilli and countless numbers are swallowed. Shortly thereafter the flies may appear in the house and incidentally contaminate the food, to the great peril of the consumer, with the germs adhering to the limbs and those deposited with undiminished virulence in the familiar fly specks. This, while disgusting and abhorrent to every sense of decency, occurs repeatedly and is apparently ignored by the masses, despite the deadly peril thus in- curred. One fly, after having fed upon contaminated matter, may carry many more bacilli than usually occur in gallons of infected milk or water. Habits. The house fly breeds by preference in horse manure, though it lives to a limited extent in cow manure and miscellane- ous collections of filth, especially decaying vegetable matter. The flies deposit their eggs upon manure and similar material, the maggots ‘hatch in less than 24 hours and, under favorable condi- tions, complete their growth in 5 to 7 days. The white conical maggots some half an inch long then transform to an oval, brown,. resting or pupal stage, remaining in this condition from 5 to 7 days. The life cycle is therefore completed in 10 to 14 days, the shorter period being true of the warmer parts of the year, particularly in the vicinity of Washington, D. C. One fly may deposit 120 eggs, and as there may be Io or 12 generations in a season, it is not sur- FLIES AND OTHER HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 13 prising that this insect should become extremely abundant by mid- summer. It has been estimated that 1200 house flies might be bred from a pound of manure, and at this rate a good load would pro- duce two and one half million. Fortunately, breeding is confined to the warmer months, only a few flies wintering in houses in a more or less dormant condition. Ordinarily, flies do not travel a great distance and, in most in- stances, probably breed within 300 to 500 feet of places where they are extremely abundant. Butcher carts, grocery wagons and elec- tric or steam cars carrying more or less exposed meat and other supplies attractive to flies, may become important agents in the dis- semination of disease, since it is only necessary for these vehicles to load where conditions are favorable for fly infection and we may have a mysterious outbreak of disease at some distance from the source of trouble. Natural enemies. The house fly, though so abundant, is subject to attack by various natural enemies. One of the most common is a fungous disease known as Empusa muscae which is occa- sionally responsible for the death of many flies, particularly toward the end of summer. It is not uncommon to find a few individuals affected by this disease every year. A small, reddish mite may be occasionally found attached to flies, seriously weakening the host. There are, in addition, wasps and spiders which prey upon flies and undoubtedly are of considerable service though they are very rarely sufficiently abundant to materially reduce the numbers of this pest. Another interesting enemy of the house fly is known as the house centipede,! a harmless species which, in recent years, has become well established in many houses in New York State. It is credited with preying on house flies, cockroaches and presumably other insect inhabitants of dwellings. Sanitary measures. The first essential is to prevent the spread _ of disease by the prompt disinfection of all discharges, both fluid and solid, from typhoid and other fever patients, thus preventing so far as individual cases are concerned, the possibility of fly in- fection. Such treatment should include al! affections where there is even a remote possibility of insects or other agents carrying dis- ease from one person to another. A very cheap and effective dis- infectant, according to Dr Veeder, is a strong solution of the common blue vitriol or sulfate of copper, a few pounds being suf- _ ficient for a hogsheadful of disinfectant. ‘SScutigera forceps Raf. eM NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM It is hardly necessary to add, in view of the foregoing, that the: greatest care should be taken to exclude flies from the sick room, especially in the case of contagious diseases. These pests not only~ annoy the patient but may aid in carrying the germs to others. Ac-_ cumulations of exposed fecal matter in the vicinity of human dwell- — lings should not be tolerated, since disease can be easily contracted — from such sources. Swill barrels should always be provided with tight covers and care exercised that there be no leakage or accumulation of fly-breeding material about the barrel. The old-fashioned box ~ privy should be abolished unless it is conducted on the earth closet principle and the contents kept covered with lime or dry earth, so © as to prevent both the breeding and infection of flies. In this con- nection it should be remembered that deposits of human excrement in the open are equally dangerotis. The modern water-closet and cesspool is by far the best and safest method of caring for these wastes. Such conveniences — one might well term them necessi- ties — are no more costly than a long run of fever with its attendant suffering and occasional death. It is obviously impossible to distinguish between flies bearing disease germs and others. Consequently, it is extremely desir- able to keep these pests from all food, particularly that to be eaten without having been cooked. This is especially true of milk, since it affords a favorable medium for the multipli- cation of certain disease germs. It applies to dealers in food sup- plies as well as to the home. A movement for the better protec-) tion of food supplies, now being pushed so vigorously by the Con- sumers’ League in New York city, might well be extended to other) localities. This important step toward better sanitary conditions would receive an additional impetus if the public refused to patron- ize provision stores, restaurants and hotels overrun by flies. Control measures. The foregoing account justifies the as sumption that numerous flies may be construed as indicating a) observed at the outset that these insects multiply most readily im moist, organic matter, preferably in light places, and that at least = to produce myriads of flies throughout the warm months, a condi tion frequently obtaining in the country. It is not necessary that . | | FLIES AND OTHER HOUSEHOLD INSECTS T5 this material be stacked for weeks in partly open cellars or back yards connected with village or city stables. Common experience and experiments by the writer show that flies rarely invade darkened places. One of the most fly-beridden situations we chanced across the past summer was an open barn cellar containing a mass of sloppy manure in a hog pen. Such conditions should never be allowed to exist. Manure can and should be stored in a fly-proof receptacle. This may be a tightly covered pit outside the stable or a cellar so dark or so tight that flies will not or can not enter. Both are rela- tively easy to construct with our modern concrete walls, matched lumber and cheap building paper. Even should eggs be deposited in the manure prior to its being placed in any such receptacle, it would be comparatively easy to provide, at the farther end of such cellar, pit or vault, a tightly screened light fly trap. Any flies issuing from the manure would enter the trap, and comparatively few escape to the stable. It is entirely practical to make similar provision for the care of other fly-breeding materials, such as table scraps, decaying fruit, etc. 2 Conditions may render it practically impossible to provide such a fly-proof receptacle. Experiments have shown that horse manure treated each morning with a small amount of chlorid of lime will not produce flies. A cheap material which, according to Prof. W. B. Herms of California, may be used for the destruction of the maggots in manure, can be prepared by dissolving one half pound of caustic potash in a half pint of water. Stir the cold solution and -at the same time add one quart of linseed oil and stir at about hourly intervals for four or five hours and then allow the mixture to stand over night. Next, add one and one fourth quarts of commercial cresol to the soap formed and dilute the slowly formed solution with 20 parts of water. Three or four days may be nec- essary to effect a complete solution. Poultry should not be allowed to feed on maggots killed in this manner. It is very probable that some of the so called “ soluble ” or miscible oils, now on the market under various trade names, could be used for this purpose, the dilu- tion being about one to ten. It will be seen by referring to the habits of the house fly that it is impossible for this insect to produce a generation inside of 10 days, consequently the frequent removal, at approximately five day ‘intervals, of manure and other fly-breeding material will prevent the multiplication of this insect, provided the work is thoroughly 16 7 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM done. This is entirely practical in many places and in accord with the best agricultural practice. Sanitary regulations of the District of Columbia permit the keeping of manure in barrels, provided it is tightly packed and removed within a certain period. Manure spread upon the field dries out so rapidly that the insects are unable to complete their transformations. The persistence of flies in localities where this practice prevails, means that certain breeding places have been overlooked and, as a rule, the evil can be corrected without great expense. There is no reason why stables and barns on farms in particular, should be located so near the house as to cause serious trouble on account of flies. One or more of the above measures is applicable to every stable in cities and villages and should be practical under most farm conditions. It will be found in practice that some flies are very apt to exist in a neighborhood even after the adoption of rigid precautions. They should be kept out of houses, so far as possible, by the use of window and door screens, supplemented by the employment of Tanglefoot or other sticky fly-paper, or better yet, a sweetened 5 to8 per cent solution of commercial formaldehyde. This latter should be renewed from day to day and exposed in saucers or other shal- low dishes in places where flies are most abundant. A 4o per cent solution of formaldehyde can be purchased in drug stores, and 1f diluted with five or six times its volume of water, will give the desired strength; add a little sugar or other sweet. This ma- terial is somewhat expensive but much preferable to arsenical or cobalt poisons so extensively used against flies. Fresh pyrethrum powder placed upon window sills has also been highly recommended. The control of this pest is of great importance to the community. Individual effort in this direction should be strengthened and sus- tained by all officials charged with protecting the public health. The Health Department of Washington, D. C. has already pro- mulgated excellent ordinances against the fly pest. Similar action should be taken by health officials in our municipalities and villages. Fruit flies These light brown flies, only about % of an inch long, are most commonly found about the pomace of cider mills and on overripe or partly decaying fruit. They are attracted by fermented liquids, such as wine, cider, vinegar, beer, and may frequently be observed on the sides of jars containing preserved fruits. There are two FLIES AND OTHER HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 17 species! which appear to be most abundant. It is very difficult to keep these insects out of houses on account of their small size. Dr Howard has listed these forms-as likely to be disease carriers. _ These little insects rarely enter the house unless attracted by ovetripe or canned fruit. The latter should be hermetically sealed, making it safe from injury, and stored in the cellar or other place comparatively inaccessible to the flies, as soon as convenient. These small flies can easily be destroyed with fresh pyrethrum powder. . ' Fig. 2 Fruit fly: a, adult fly; b, antenna; c, base of tibia and first tarsal joint; d, puparium, side view; e, same, dorsal view; f/f, larva; g, anal segment of same; a, d, e, f, much enlarged; b, c, g, still more enlarged. (After Howard, U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 4. n. s. 1896) Malarial mosquito? This is one of our native species. It is only recently that its connection with the spread of malaria has’ been established beyond question, though there has long been a suspicion that some mos- quitos might be responsible for this disease. Infection by malaria. Medical’ men, best qualified to pass upon the question, unhesitatingly affirm that certain mosquitos are responsible for the dissemination of this malady. Malaria, like some other diseases, is caused by a specific germ. It is peculiar in that it has to pass through certain changes within the body of the mosquito before it can develop successfully in the human system. Moreover, malarial mosquitos are harmless until they have become infected by biting some _Person suffering from ‘Drosophila ampelophila Loew and D. amoena Loew. "Anopheles maculipennis Meign, 18 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM this disease. These germs may be carried by man in a latent con- dition for years. This is especially true of Italians. The sequence of events may be briefly summarized as follows: A female mosquito bites a person having malarial germs in his blood. The malarial parasites enter the walls of the mosquito’s stomach, undergo cer- tain changes therein, and in from 7 to 14 days make their way to the salivary glands and are then ready to enter the systent)Otmpme next person bitten. These germs then undergo a series of changes, and if the person is not immune a more or less severe case of malaria develops. So far as known, the malarial mosquito, and that only, ee Maga nage iaeene cae CArhy this infection. | aime with, male antenna at Fieht and wing t? connection between malaria amd Bole as wee et D Eat extensive . excavations aa been recognized, though it is only recently that a satisfactory explanation of this condition has been advanced. Malarial: mosquitos breed in large numbers in pools in and about excavations. Italians are our principal excavators. Most of them have suffered from malaria and have the disease germs Fig. 4 Common and malarial mosquitos at t, the latter to 11 ightson ela ‘Howard, WSS. SDept Agric. Di ea eels 25. Wine Croats te nent Se in their systems. The malarial mosquito, breeding in large numbers about recent excavations, derives its infection from the Italians and then, if opportunity allows, inoculates Americans, We a tube, by its resting in a hori- FLIES AND OTHER HOUSEHOLD INSECTS {9g therefore frequently have exceptionally severe outbreaks of malaria following extensive excavations. This is exactly what would be expected if the above statements are true. Appearance and habits. The appearance and habits of the malarial mosquito are important if we wish to avoid malaria. This peculiar form is easily recognized by its spotted wings and, in particular by the characteristic resting position, the beak and the body being in almost a straight line and at a considerable angle to the sup- porting surface. On the other hand, our ordinary mosquitos do not have spotted wings and when at rest the beak and the body form an ebtuse angle, the body being approximately parallel with the supporting surface. The wrig- gler of the malarial mosqu‘to occurs in grassy pools, beside streams and is frequently very abundant in collections of water in and about recent excavations. The wriggler of the malarial mos- quito is easily recognized by the absence of a conspicuous air zontal position just beneath the surface film, and the usually bright or dark brown and green- ish colors. The wrigglers of the common mosquito, conversely, have a large air tube at the posterior extremity, invariably rest with the body. at a con- Fig. 5 Characteristic feeding position of siderable angle to the surface of malstjal mosquito wriggler in upper Sgure fie water and are a dull whittsh fee, Pe Gat Bel ge ee '1900) or yellowish white. The mala- rial mosquito breeds more or less during the warm months of the year, the spotted-winged adults wintering in any shelter, frequently in houses and occasionally flying in midwinter. The capture of chilled specimens on snow banks in early spring is not unusual. Control measures. Malarial outbreaks may be prevented or controlled in two ways. The malarial mosquito is very local in its habits. It is comparatively easy, by draining breeding pools and treating those not easily drained, with oil, to eliminate the mosquito and thus do away with all danger of infection. This is 20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM practicable in most cases and in sections where malaria is more or less prevalent, is the only course to pursue. The malarial mosquito is widely distributed in the North and there is always a chance of an outbreak following the appearance of parties suffering from malaria or having the parasite in their blood, as for example, Italians. The advent of either in a neighborhood should be preceded if possible by extraordinary activity in draining or treating breeding places in order to destroy as many of the in- sects as possible and thus reduce the danger of infection. Methods of value in controlling common mosquitos will be equally service- able in checking this disease carrier. Yellow fever mosquito? This, though a southern species, is of interest owing to its arent economic importance. It is a dark brown form, marked with strongly contrasting silvery white, and is frequently designated as | the day mosquito in the South. Yellow fever carrier. This insect appears to be the only agent by which yellow fever may be conveyed from one person to another. As in the case of the malarial mosquito, the yellow fever mosquito is harmless until it has become inoculated with the germs by biting a yellow fever patient, and even then some 12 days must elapse before it can convey the infection. As a result of the recent discoveries relating to this insect, the control of a yellow fever outbreak means a strenuous, well sustained campaign against mos- quitos, supplemented by the exercise of special care to prevent their gaining access to yellow fever patients. Habits and control. The yellow fever mosquito appears to have in the South much the same habits as our house mosquito in the North. It displays a marked preference for the water in cisterns, tanks and similar places; consequently measures of value in reducing the house mosquito will prove equally serviceable in controlling this much more dangerous southern species. Bedbug? The brown, oval, flattened, malodorous insect so generally desig- nated by the above name, is too familiar to require description. It is especially likely to be abundant in-old houses where cracks and crevices abound, and its continuance therein is favored by Stegomyia calopus Meign. ‘Cimex Llectularius Linn, Aon ee S ie NG eR: Oe FLIES AND OTITER HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 21 the old style wooden bedstead with its numerous shelters. The occurrence of this pest in a home is not necessarily a reflection upon the ability of the housewife. Its continuance there may be the occasion of grave reproach. Bedbugs are very liable to occur on boats, are occasionally found in sleeping cars and are said to be much more common in the Southern than in the Northern States. This pest has been connected with the dissemination of several dis- eases. Habits. This insect, as many can vouch for by personal ex- perience, is nocturnal in habit. Recent experiments show that it may feed under certain conditions on mice as well as upon man. ‘This Fig. 6 Bedbug: a, and b, adult females from_above and below, gorged_ with blood; c, and alae details. (After Marlatt, U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 4. n. s. 189 habit, should it prove to be general, accounts for cases where bedbugs are found very abundant in houses which have been unin- habited for some time. Another species! occurs in swallows’ nests and occasionally invades adjacent living rooms. It appears to live almost exclusively upon birds, though a third form,? found on chickens, has been known to suck human blood, but not under natural conditions. | The oval, white eggs of the bedbug are deposited in cracks and crevices in batches of 6 to 50 or thereabouts. The yellowish white, nearly transparent young hatch therefrom in a week or Io days. Experiments have shown that about 11 weeks are neces- sary for the young insects to attain maturity, though the period is probably greatly modified by the degree of warmth and the *Cimex hirundinis Jenyns. *Cimex columbarius Jenyns. 22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM abundance of food. It is said that ordinarily only one meal is taken between each of the five molts preceding the attainment of maturity. Full-grown bugs at least are able to endure long fasts with apparently no inconvenience. Control measures. Cracks and crevices, loose wall paper and the old wooden bedsteads afford ideal hiding places for this d*s- gusting pest. The modern tight construction of both floors and walls, and iron or brass bedsteads reduce the retreats of this species to a minimum and greatly facilitate its control. The insect can be controlled in the older type of dwelling only by extreme vigilance. Cracks and crevices should be stopped so far as possible, and the joints of the old-fashioned bedstead treated liberally with benzine, kerosene or similar oils. Hot water can be employed for cleansing bedsteads where this treatment seems preferable. Corrosive sublimate is frequently used, though a deadly poison and should be employed with great caution. The daily inspection and the destruction of bugs found on the bed and bedding soon results in eliminating the pest unless the building affords comparatively inaccessible retreats, as, for example, a very defective floor. A room badly infested by this pest might well be thoroughly fumigated with brimstone; 2 pounds of sulfur are advised for each thousand cubic feet of space, the treatment being continued at least 24 hours if possible. The sulfur candles now manufactured are excellent for this purpose. A more effective though mucn more dangerous method is the employment of hydrocyanic acid gas, directions for the use of which are given on page 48. This latter is especially serviceable where entire buildings are badly infested. It may be comforting to know that the bedbug has active © enemies in the little red ant and also cockroaches. Unfortunately — these insects are serious nuisances in the household and hardly more welcome than the pest under consideration. ANNOYING FORMS Cluster fly This interesting species! has received its popular name because of the large clusters occasionally found in autumn in houses. It is easily distinguished from the rather closely related house fly by the black thorax covered rather thickly with tawny hairs frequently inclining to a grayish shade. The young of this species live about *Pollenia rudis Fabr. | P | ie FLIES AND OTHER HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 23 the roots of grasses and there is a record of its having been reared from cow dung. Clusters of this insect can easily be destroyed by dusting the flies liberally with fresh pyrethrum or insect powder. The insecticide may be molded into moist cones and burned if pre- ferred. The stupefied flies, in either case, should be swept up and burned. Wasps and hornets The paper wasp! and the common wasp” frequently occur about buildings and are of considerable service in de- stroying flies. Occasionally, if excep- tionally abundant, they may become a nuisance on account of the danger from stinging. These insects can easily be excluded by the use of screens and in case of their being excessively abundant, the nests should be found and the inmates destroyed at night with chloroform or bisulfid of carbon. Fig. 7 Wasp enlarged. (After Riley) House or rain barrel mosquito®* This modest, brown, though by no means retiring mosquito, hardly needs an introduction. Its suggestive song is so well understood that we instinctively prepare for the inevitable. This mosquito takes advantage of man at every possible oppor- tunity, while we tamely submit to a series of annoyances which could be eliminated at a less expenditure of energy than is necessary to endure repeated trials of patience with a reason- able degree of fortitude. he Sk iia ee Mac al er ell enlarged eggs above and at the left; young - eae BS : wrigglers below. (Reduced from Howard, Habits. This insect winters in ive S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 25. n.s. small numbers in houses or other 19°” shelters, the females depositing clusters of eggs upon standing water on the approach of warm weather. Breeding may continue "Vespa germanica Fabr. *Polistes sp. *Culex pipiens Linn. 24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM under favorable conditions till checked by frosts in the fall. This domestic pest displays a marked partiality for water in rain barrels, cisterns, defective eave troughs, old wooden buckets, tin cans. or similar receptacles. The black eggs are deposited in maftlike masses of some two to four hundred, and the entire development to the adult may occur within 14 days. One rain barrel may produce thousands of mosquitos and provide an abundance of these ubiquitous annoyances throughout a season. Control. This species, like a number of other mosquitos, ‘is quite local in habit and its presence may be construed as an indi- cation of nearby breeding places. The elimination of useless barrels, tin cans, etc. will accomplish much toward reducing the numbers of this pest, and this should be supplemented by atten- tion to gutters and eave troughs to see that they have not become bent or clogged so as to afford breeding places. Rain barrels and cisterns, if a necessity, may be rendered innocuous by covering them closely, even though nothing more substantial than mosquito netting be employed. Should this latter be undesirable, the surface may be kept covered with a film of kerosene, without detriment to the employment of the water for domestic purposes, provided the water be drawn from the lower part of the vessel. Salt marsh mosquito! The salt marshes, as might be presumed, present peculiar con- ditions and these are accompanied by a corresponding variation in animal life. Those at all familiar with marsh conditions have learned by experience about the large, voracious swarms of mos- quitos which may occure in such sections. Habits. The salt marsh mosquito is typical of several forms which breed by preference in brackish water. The short tubed, — dark colored wrigglers are found here and there in pools, being by far the most numerous within two or three hundred feet of the high land, this area being that portion of the marshes flooded only by high tides. These more or less regular overflows of water result in numerous eggs hatching and the production of ravenous hosts of mosquitos, easily recognized by their white banded legs, beak and body, the latter in addition, bearing a conspicuous longi- tudinal white stripe. These insects differ greatly from our house mosquito, in that they fly considerable distances, there being authentic records of their having been found 4o miles from the ——. — > *Culex solicitans Walk. Pa. U4 WU ZEE Bo pe MSM Ml EES Wi PRT al ah gh oe Zp] NUNS \\ WO MAM HANNAH YY — SALAD ® ————)'i\| SN \ } VA UT if = A i is capable of inflicting no injury aside Fig. 12 House centipede; is ° ao from Gea pth ak ee from a somewhat poisonous bite, the latter the hea still more en- 4 4 ire ed’ (After Wood). -- Deng extremely rare. BABRIG. PESTS Clothes moths The small, white caterpillars of these insects, frequently in a cylindric, webbed case, are very different from the young of the tee AG Y We : anit ro ii Uy ia ~ XN Gg PE i ZS } Re yy, Sane eVEE VEEN h mee i . . a ; Fig. 13. The common case-making clothes moth; adult; larva and larva in case; enlarged. (After Riley) ; carpet beetles noticed on page 30, one of which is frequently — referred to as the Buffalo clothes moth. The true clothes moths ‘Scutigera forceps Raf, xs FLIES: AND OTHER HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 29 are small, grayish yellow moths or millers, indistinctly dark spotted and having a wing spread of less than half an inch. The progeny of not all small moths are injurious to fabrics, though several such destructive species occur in this State. Description and habits. The most common form in New York State is known as the case-making clothes moth! easily recognized in the immature stage by the cylindric case which the small cater- pillar drags around as it moves from place to place. The webbing or southern clothes moth? is stated to be the more abundant and injurious spe- cies in the latitude of Wash- ington though it occurs far- ther north. This species is about the same size as the preceding and has uniformly pale yellowish wings. young or caterpillar does not construct a case but lines its runways with fine silk. This destructive caterpillar feeds animal on a variety of | The adult, enlarged. (After Riley) Fig. 14 Webbing or southern clothes moths: larva, cocoon and empty pupal skin; materials, having been found in woolens, hair, feathers and furs, and is frequently a troublesome pest in museums. The tapestry moth? is rare in this country and is larger than | | ii Fig. 15 Tapestry moth: ; (After Riley) = a | adult, enlarged. either of the other two, hav- ing a wing spread of about 34 of an inch. The base of the forewings is black, the outer portion being a_ variable creamy white. This larger species displays a marked preference for the heavier fabrics, such as carpets and horseblankets and may be found in felting, furs, skins, carriage upholstering, etc. . Clothes moths, like carpet beetles, fleas and some other household pests, thrive best in situations where there Control measures is relatively little disturbance. Clothing used almost daily and other fabrics subject to frequent handling, brushing or sweeping "Tinea pellionella Linn. mineéol2 biselltiella Hum. *Trichophaga tapetzella Linn. 30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM are relatively immune from injury. Woolens and furs are most likely to be damaged while in storage during warm weather. These, before being laid away, should be thoroughly aired, brushed and carefully examined for the presence of the destructive larvae. Then they should be packed in cedar chests or tight boxes, preferably with some naphthalene or camphor, as these latter materials are of some service as repellents. A very effective and cheap method of storing articles for the summer is to put them in tight pasteboard boxes and seal the covers firmly with strips of gummed paper. | a Valuable furs and similar articles are frequently deposited with — storage companies. Experiments conducted under the direction of — Dr Howard, Chief of the Bureau of Entomology,-have shown that — all danger of injury by clothes moths and their associates may be — obviated by keeping the temperature at about 40° Fahrenheit. This — is sufficiently low so that insects, even if present, will remain in a- dormant and therefore harmless condition. | Occasionally a clothespress becomes badly infested by clothes : moths. All garments should then be removed, aired, thoroughly brushed and care taken to destroy any larvae which may not have been dislodged by this treatment. The clothespress itself should be © thoroughly brushed and cleaned. These measures should afford — relief. It 1s a very poor plan to have in the attic or some unused part of the house miscellaneous woolens or other materials in which the pests can breed unrestricted, as such places are likely to serve as. centers for the infestation of more valuable articles. Methods of fumigating are briefly discussed on pages 22, 48-50. Spraying with benzine or naphtha two or three times during warm weather is advisable for the purpose of preventing injury to cloth-covered furniture, cloth-lined carriages and similar articles in storage or unused for extended periods. Care should be exer- cised to prevent the inflammable vapor of these oils gaining access to fire of any kind. Carpet beetles Housekeepers of Albany, N. Y., at least, are seriously troubled by carpet beetles. These destructive insects, it will be seen by referring to page 28, are very different from the clothes moths though operating somewhat in the same manner. Description. The Buffalo carpet beetle! is a stout, oval beetle ‘Anthrenus scrophulariae Linn. lies fie 92"; FLIES AND OTHER HOUSEHOLD INSECTS an white or yellowish white and red mottled wing covers. The red markings form an irregular line, with three lateral projections on each side, down the middle of the back. The common name Buffalo carpet beetle is suggestive of the shaggy, stout grub or larva, some % of an inch long, found working in carpets, more generally along seams or cracks in the floor. The black carpet beetle! is a more slender, black or brownish beetle somewhat larger than the oval Buffalo carpet beetle, though rarely attaining a length of 3/16 of an inch. It is peculiar on account of the greatly produced terminal antennal segment in the male. The slender, reddish brown grub some quarter of an inch or more in length, is easily distinguished from that of the Buffalo carpet beetle by the long, brushy tail of reddish hairs and the sparse clothing of the tapering body. Habits. Both of these carpet beetles are rather common on flowers the latter part of May and early in June and may be brought into houses therewith. They also occur on windows in early spring, are found in the fall and occasionally in the winter. Both play possum when dis- turbed. The eggs of the Buffalo carpet beetle are deposited in convenient places || = and the young grubs develop quite rapidly. beetle, seen from above, en- It is probable that there are not more Jarged. (Original) ~ F than two generations in the North though the insects are active in warm houses throughout the year. The Dlack carpet beetle has very similar habits though the develop- ment of its grub appears to be much slower. This latter insect is known to feed upon feathers and has been reared in flour and meal. Woolens are more liable to injury than other fabrics. Control measures. Obviously it is advisable to destroy the beetles found about houses before they have had an opportunity of laying eggs. It is desirable to avoid bringing the pests into the house with flowers. Both of these insects breed in organic matter, presumably in outbuildings or outdoors, as well as within, fly to the flowers and may then, in the case of the Buffalo carpet beetle at least, be carried into dwellings before eggs? are deposited. The *Attagenus piceus Oliv. *Professor Slingerland, Rural New Yorker, 1896, 55:582, records obtaining eggs from Buffalo carpet beetles taken on flowers. 32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM substitution of rugs or matting for carpets is advised in localities where the pests are destructive. Infested carpets should be taken up and thoroughly cleaned, and if badly infested, sprayed with benzine. This latter should invariably be done outdoors, owing to the extreme inflammability of this oil. Local injury can frequently be stopped by passing a hot iron over a damp cloth laid on the affected part of the carpet. The steam penetrates the fabric and destroys the pest in its retreat. The danger of subsequent injury can be largely avoided by filling all cracks and crevices in poorly constructed floors with putty, plaster of paris ora crack filler. Laying tarred paper under a carpet has been frequently advised as a preventive. Fig. 17 Black carpet beetle, seen from above, enlarged; antenna of the male, still more enlarged. (Original) : These insects can undoubtedly be destroyed by fumigation with burning sulfur, bisulfid of carbon or hydrocyanic acid gas. The first named is frequently employed and though the fumes are very pungent, liable to blacken silver and cause other damage, par- ticularly if considerable moisture is present, it is one of the safest fumigants. Bisulfid of carbon, on account of its inflammability, is hardly a safe material to employ in dwellings. Hydrocyanic acid gas has been used extensively in the last decade for the destruc- tion of household pests. Directions for using it are given on page 48. 7 For the treatment of garments and furs stored during warm weather, see the discussion on page 30. FLIES AND OTHER HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 33 Silver fish, bristle tail or fish moth! This peculiar, elusive insect is frequently the subject of inquiry by careful housekeepers. It is rather common about houses though rarely seen. It is about 3g of an inch long, silvery gray and tapering. Perfect specimens have very long antennae and three equally long appendages at the posterior extremity. Habits. This insect feeds upon nitrogenous or farinaceous mat- ter such as the sizing of paper, starch, paste etc. It has even been known to eat off the face of museum labels to such an extent as to _ render them illegible. It thrives best in places where there is com- paratively little disturbance and is therefore rarely numerous in houses having few crevices and no storeroom where articles are allowed to remain undisturbed for months or even years at a time. Control measures. This insect, if abundant, can be controlled to best advantage, according to Mr Marlatt, by slipping into their haunts pieces of paper liberally treated with a thick, boiled, starchy, preferably nitrogenous, paste poisoned with arsenic. This material should be used with extreme care and placed only where there is no danger of children getting hold of the poison. Ordinarily the dusting of this insect’s haunts with fresh pyrethrum powder, fol- lowed by thorough cleaning, is preferable to the employment of an arsenical poison. Damage is most likely to occur in comparatively moist places or where articles are allowed to remain undisturbed for a year or more. Book louse _ This is a pale louselike insect” only 1/25 of an inch long and fre- quently designated as the “death watch” because of the peculiar ticking sound it makes. This latter is supposed to predict an early death in the family. An allied species? has similar habits and is considered to be the true “death watch.” Both of these species, as well as allied forms, live upon vegetable matter and occasionally may become very abundant. There have been several records of this insect issuing in enormous numbers from mattresses stuffed with hair, corn husks or straw. An infestation of this kind can be controlled best by removing and burning the infested mattress. The apartment then should be thoroughly cleaned. mepisma domestica Pack. *Atropos divinatoria Fabr. "Clothilla pulsatoria Linn. 34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM White ants! These insects, despite their general resemblance to the more common ants, are very different creatures. The flying ants, though having somewhat the same size as some of our winged, black ants, may be recognized at once by the numerous veins of the wings. White ants are frequently very injurious to buildings or their contents, particularly in Washington and to the south- ward. Occasionally they cause serious injuries in New York, and_ in at least one instance established themselves in safe deposit vaults and proceeded to destroy valuable records and to tunnel the wooden blocks of electrotypes. The whitish, wingless, antlike forms make large tunnels in woody and other vegetable fibers, PTT 1 Lhd Tig. 18 White ants: a, adult male from above; b, posterior extremity of the same from below; c, the same of the female; d, male seen from the side; e, side view of the abdomen of the female; f, tarsus showing the segments and the claw; a, d, e, are en- larged; eae f, greatly enlarged. (After Marlatt, U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Eat.) Balm n. s. 1896 invariably avoiding the light. They pass from one object to another only through covered galleries. The secrecy with which these pests operate enables them to cause extensive injury before their presence is suspected. These peculiar insects are familiar to many who have observed their operations in an old stump. Control measures. Nothing but the most thorough work will clean a building or a vault of these insects, because their burrowing habits enable them to get beyond the reach of destructive gases. An infested vault should have everything removed, every crack — and crevice thoroughly cleaned and then special attention given to doors or other means of entrance, to see that there is no possi- *Termes flavipes Kollar. re i ne ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee a “a FLIES AND OTHER HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 35 ility of insects entering through an unsuspected crevice. Before ‘eplacing the contents of the vault, wood, papers or other materials ikely to be infested should be most carefully examined and, if necessary, thoroughly heated or repeatedly fumigated with some x2 s. Great care should be exercised to prevent the reinfestation sf any such place. It is even more difficult to control this pest ir buildings, since if it becomes abundant nothing can be done aside from installing brick, stone or concrete foundations. This form of construction is especially advisable in warmer sections of the country. Where books, papers and exposed woodwork only are infested, thorough and protracted fumigation with nydrocyanic acid gas, described on page 48, may be advisable. Crickets _ These black, chirping, nocturnal insects! occasionally make their way into houses and for the most part are welcome. Sometimes they may cause serious injury. Dr Lintner records a case where a suit of clothes, just from the tailor, was completely ruined in a night by the common black field cricket? which had entered an Open window in some numbers. Such injury is exceptional. Crickets can be destroyed where necessary by the use of ground-up carrots or potatoes to which a liberal amount of arsenic has been added. They may also be caught by taking advantage of their liking for liquids and placing low vessels containing beer or other fluids about their haunts. FOOD: PESTS House ants There are several species of ants likely to occur in houses. These Tittle insects are not specially destructive nor obnoxious aside from their faculty of getting into everything. The little red ant® is particularly troublesome, since its small ‘size, it being only about 1/16 of an inch long, enables it to enter almost any receptacle not hermetically sealed. Furthermore, this little pest is very prolific and occasionally literally overruns buildings to the serious discomfort of the inhabitants. This tiny “species is perhaps the most common and the most abhorred of all, owing to the difficulty of eradicating it. 4 Gryllus domesticus Linn. and others, ~*Gryllus luctuosus Serv. "“Monomorium pharaonis Linn, _ i i 36 : NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The little black ant! is about 1% of an inch long and though nor- mally occurring under stones in yards, also invades the house in considerable numbers. The pavement ant? is about 36 of an inch long and is ig com- mon along the Atlantic seaboard. The large, black ant? is the giant among our household ants. — It may be half an inch or more in length, is normally a wood feeder and has frequently been designated as the carpenter ant. This large species occasionally invades buildings, particularly in the country, lives in the timbers and makes systematic levys upon the food supplies of both kitchen and pantry. Occasionally this species may become very abundant in a dwelling. Control measures. A house badly infested by ants, particularly if a rather old building, might well be thoroughly fumigated with — i lh a ey Fig. 19 Red ant: a, female; b, worker or neuter, enlarged. (After Riley) hydrocyanic acid gas, directions for which are given on page 48. This method of treatment is ‘especially good for the little red ant, because its nests are usually in the walls of the building and there- fore inaccessible. Aside from the fumigation mentioned above, the next most satis- factory method of controlling these pests is to search for their nests _ and destroy them so far as possible. This can be accomplished only by ascertaining the origin of the continuous stream of ants and is frequently impossible. The little black ant and the pavement ant are very likely to build nests outdoors under stones. — Should the nests be found they can be destroyed by liberal applica- tions of boiling water or spraying with kerosene. Outdoor nests ii onion ot fui minweum Mayr. jLetramorium caegpitum Linn, Camponotus herculeanus Linn. —=— = FF oe ss eS a ee y ‘ FLIES AND OTHER HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 37 of ants can be destroyed by the use of carbon bisulfid. Make a hole several inches deep with a broom handle and put therein about I ounce of carbon bisulfid and cover quickly. In the case of a large nest, several holes should be made at a distance of a foot or a foot and a half and each charged with carbon bisulfid. A more recent method is scooping out a portion of the soil and filling the cavity with a solution of cyanide of potassium, using 1 ounce of this deadly poison to a gallon of water. Another probably equally effec- tive method is the sprinkling of the surface of the nest with fine particles of potassium cyanide. This material, it should be re- _ membered, is a most dangerous poison and every precaution should _ be taken to avoid disastrous results. The nests of the large black ant are usually found in timbers, such as studding in the walls and _are therefore wellnigh inaccessible. The writer has seen 2 x 4 joists badly riddled by the operations of this insect. Trapping the ants by means of sponges dipped in sweetened _ water is frequently advised and gives good results if conscientiously carried out. First, attractive foods should be removed, so far as possible, prior to the distribution of the pieces of sponge saturated with sweetened water. These latter should be gathered from time to time and the ants clinging thereto destroyed by dropping in boiling water. Cockroaches Cockroaches and their smaller cousins, the croton bugs, are - frequently the bane of the neat housekeeper, particularly in old city dwellings. These species are distributed through commercial agencies and have become well established in most large cities and _ villages on the principal routes of travel, especially seaports and _ places on rivers or canals, since these pests are invariably found on ships and boats. The old houses with their numerous inac- cessible crannies and crevices afford a multitude of hiding places and enable the roaches to exist year after year, in spite of strenuous efforts to exterminate them. Description. At least three species of cockroaches may be found in houses. The American cockroach! is a large, dark brown species nearly an inch and a half long and has well developed wings. The Oriental cockroach or black beetle? is a nearly wing- less, dark brown or black form about an inch long. The Australian ‘Periplaneta americana Linn. *Periplaneta orientalis Fabr, 38 : NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM cockroach,! frequently brought to our shores by vessels, is a red- dish brown form about an inch and a quarter long, easily recog- nized by the yellow, irregular, oval markings just behind the head. A slender, light green cockroach? about an inch long is occasionally introduced with tropical fruits. The smallest and the most pestifer- ous of all is the croton bug,® a light brown, dark marked cockroach only about 34 of an inch in length. - Habits. The larger American or European cockroashies are) frequently somewhat abundant, but the most numerous is the smaller croton bug. These insects find the dampness of water pipes | very congenial, and on account of their abundance in such places, | they are widely known as water bugs. Roaches, both large and Fig. 20 Oriental cockroach: a and c, female are above and the side; b, male; d, a half grown individual; all natural size. Aft Marl Div. Ent. Bul. Anil. MS. 1896) 4 Ges arlatt, U. S. Dep’t Agric. small, feed upon a variety of vegetable and animal matter. The re- _ fuse scraps of the sink, the food on the pantry shelves, woolens, leather of shoes, furniture or books, the sizing or paste of cloth- — bound books and similar materials are all liable to be gnawed by — these almost omnivorous pests. Aside from the actual amount of | injury inflicted, the fetid, roachy odor is imparted to infested food stuffs. It is only fair to state that these disgusting pests are known — to feed upon that horror of the housewife, the bedbug. There is small choice between the two evils. | "Periplaneta australasiae Linn, ‘Tanchlora hyalina Stahl. *"Ectobia germanica Linn, :), .. — FLIES AND OTHER HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 39 Control measures. Badly infested houses can be cleared of these pests most easily by thorough and perhaps repeated fumiga- tions with hydrocyanic acid gas as described on page 48. Carbon bisulfid, has also been advised as a fumigant. On account of the inflammability of the latter, we would prefer to use in houses the somewhat more poisonous hydrocyanic acid gas. Carbon bisulfid with its heavy fumes is particularly adapted to the destruction of these pests in the holds of vessels. A still safer method of fumigation consists in burning pyrethrum in infested compartments. It is stated that the vapors of this insecticide are frequently more effective in destroying roaches than the use of the powder itself. The room should be kept closed from six to ten hours. The smoke of burning gunpowder is also very obnoxious and deadly to roaches, particularly the black Eng- Fig. 21 Croton bug: a, b, c, d, successive stages in the development of the young; e, adult; f, female, with egg case; g, egg case enlarged; hf, adult, with wings spread; all natural size except g. (After Riley) lish roach. The moistened powder should be molded into cones, placed in an empty fireplace and ignited. It is especially valuable in the case of old houses. There are a number of roach poisons placed upon the market and some of these are undoubtedly very efficacious, particularly if assisted by persistent cleanliness and the eradication of inaccessible haunts, so far as possible. We would further suggest the testing of naphthalene in the flake form, as described on page 27, as a means of at least partially suppressing this pest. The liberal use of Per- sian insect powder or pyrethrum is also of service in destroying these insects. The paralyzed cockroaches should be swept up and burned. ' A relatively simple method, described by Mr Tepper of Aus- tralia, is to mix plaster of paris one part, and flour three or four 40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM parts, in a saucer and place the preparation about the haunts of the pests. Near by there should be a saucer containing a little ™ water and made easily accessible to the roaches, by laying a few sticks as bridges up to the rim. The insects eat the mixture, drink © the water and soon succumb. There are several methods of trapping cockroaches, particularly the larger species.. A deep vessel partially filled with stale beer | or ale can be placed in roach haunts and small sticks adjusted so — that the insects can crawl over the edge and to within a short dis- tance from the surface of the liquid. The pests fall into the trap and, being unable to escape, are drowned in large numbers. This method is of comparatively little service with the smaller, more wary croton bug. Larder beetle! The parent insect, a stout, dark brown beetle with the base of the wing covers mostly yellowish, is frequently rather common about houses in May and June. This in- . sect breeds by preference on animal matter such as ham, bacon, various meats, old cheese, horns, hoofs etc. The very hairy, brown grub is Loot Y% inch long when full grown. : Meats and other food stuffs attractive to this insect should be stored in places inaccessible to the beetles. It is said that old cheese can be used very successfully for trapping the parent insects. Cheese or meat infested by the grubs should have the affected part cut away and the surface | | washed with a very dilute carbolic solu- pooe shove, enlarged: (Orig tion. The packing of meats in tight bag- ‘™*” ging is of considerable service in preventing attack. Cheese skipper The cheese skipper? is the young of a small, black, glistening fly about 3/16 of an inch long. The white, cylindric maggots are easily recognized by their peculiar jumping power. This is accomplished by bringing the two ends of the body together and then Sa *Dermestes lardarius Linn. "Piophila casei Lign. . FLIES AND OTHER HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 4I 4 straightening with a quick muscular action. The maggots of this insect are likely to occur on cheese, particularly that which has oon kept for some time, and also upon ham. This species has proved to be a serious pest in some packing houses. It is more r less abundant about cheese factories. i This little pest can be best controlled by storing products likely po be injured, in a dark place. Scrupulous cleanliness is a most ‘efficient preventive. Rubbing daily the bandages and sides of cheese, in hot weather, has been recommended for the purpose of destroying or brushing off eggs. The cheese may be washed with hot whey or with lye, the latter acting as a repellent. Smoked ; | | ) . ; RQ S———-__-” x Fig. 23 Cheese skipper: a, maggot or larva; b, puparium; c, pupa; d, male fly; e, female; all enlarged. (After Howard, U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 4. n. s. 1896) ‘meats should be put in places inaccessible to the flies. A fine ‘screen, 24 to the inch wire mesh, effectively excludes this little ‘insect. _ Cheese or meat infested by skippers is not necessarily ruined, : since the injured parts can be cut out and the remainder used as food. q Cereal and seed pests } A number of these insects are likely to occur in houses and, on account of their somewhat similar habits, they are discussed under ; ¥ a 42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM a general head. Most of these species are important because of their infesting cereals or cereal preparations of one kind or another. The Indian meal moth! has a wing spread of 34 of an inch and is easily recog- nized by the outer twe thirds of the wings being) reddish brown and with a coppery luster. It is one of the more common of our . cereal pests) 2am whitish, brown-headec caterpillar lives in a large Fig. 24 Indian meal moth: a, moth; b, pupa; variety of substances, in- g, caterpillar from the sige; ty ae rc enlarges, ClUding “all (cote Ce RE Tee ee Agric. Div. Ent. —_ rations jand such diverse materials as various nuts dried fruits, seeds etc. The caterpillar spins a light web to whict particles of its food and frass adhere, thus injuring much that i not consumed and affording a ready means of detecting th presence of the pest. ; The meal snout moth? with its different shades of brown ant reddish reflections has a wing spread of about 34 of an inch._ Th Fig. 25 Meal snout moth: a, adult; b, larva; c, pupa in its cocoon; twice natur size. (After Chittenden, U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 4. n. s. 1896) whitish caterpillar has a brown head and lives in long silken tube It subsists mostly upon cereals though it has been recorded as fei ing upon other seeds and dried plants and displaying a preferen for clover. . 4 ela ‘Pledia interpunctell a Hubs. ‘ey talis darian eaiis dann: persistent of the grain beetles. It is only about 1/10 of an inch long, reddish brown, flattened and easily recognized by the peculiar saw edge along the sides of the thorax. It displays a marked preference for all cereal preparations though it occurs in pre- FLIES AND OTHER HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 43 _ The saw-toothed grain beetle! is one of the smallest and most : 4 | Fig. 26 Saw-toothed grain beetle: a, beetle, from above; b, pupa, from below; c, grub or Shee enlarged. (After Chittenden, U. S. Dep’t Agric. .Div. Ent. Bul. 4. fn) 3: 189 ; served fruits, nuts and seeds and has been recorded as injuring yeast cakes, mace, snuff and even red pepper. This*species will breed for extended periods in packages of cereals. The writer had his attention called recently to a case where this beetle multiplied Fig. 27 Confused flour beetle: a, beetle from above; b, grub or larva, from above; c, pupa, from below; all enlarged; d, e¢, and f, structural details. (After Chittenden, aS, Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 4. n. s. 1896) by the millions in a brewery, spread therefrom to adjacent houses and caused a great deal of annoyance by getting into everything, not excepting clothing that was worn and bedding in use. Silvanus surinamensis Linn. AA ‘NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The confused flour beetle! is a stout, rust-red beetle about 1/6 of an inch long. It, like the preceding form, has a marked liking for cereal preparations, though it occurs in such diverse products as” ginger, cayenne pepper, baking powder, orris root, snuff, slippery — elm, peanuts and various seeds. A closely allied form with sim- ilar habits, known as the rust-red flour beetle? occurs mostly in the Southern States. 5 The meal worms are rather common pests of meal and the ordinary stable foods. The large, brown or dark brown parent ™ beetles have a length of about 5% of an inch and are frequently Vig. 28 Meal worm: a, larva; b, pupa; c, female beetle; d, egg, with surroundin; case; e, antenna. a, b, c, d, about twice natural size, e, more enlarged. (After Chittenden, U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 4. nes. 1896) found about houses. There are two closely allied species; the yel- low meal worm? and the dark meal worm*. Both occur under similar conditions and have nearly the same habits. The beetles are frequently attracted to lights. The young or grubs are an inel or more in length, cylindric and yellowish brown. In addition © a meal and similar products, they have been found in adulterated black pepper, commercial soda ash, phosphate fertilizers, in the latter instances undoubtedly feeding upon organic matter, possib cotton seed meal,.a well known food of these beetles. “Triboliumconfiusum Duy. *T ribolium ferrugine um Fabr. Pectin o.4.4, o'r: Lamn: ‘Tenehrioobscurus Linn. FLIES AND OTHER HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 45 The cadelle! is another inhabitant of grain bins. The beetle is rather stout, shining, dark brown and about 3¢ of an inch long. The peculiar grub or larva, over an inch long, is easily recognized by its flattened appearance and the dark brown plates just behind the head and at the opposite extremity of the body. This species, Fig. 29 Cadelle, beetle and larv-, from above, enlarged. (Original) according to Chittenden is predaceous as well as herbivorous. The grub has a faculty for turning up in unexpected places, as for example in milk which had evidently beert adulterated with some farinaceous material. It has been found in white hellebore and even in granulated sugar. The drug store beetle? is a rather stout, light brown beetle about Y of an inch long, which attacks a large variety of substances. It occurs in mills, granaries and warehouses, living upon flour, meal, breakfast foods, condiments, roots and herbs and animal sub- Fig. 30 Drug store beetle, seen from above and the side, enlarged. (Original) stances. It has even been known to colonize itself in a human skeleton which had been dried with the ligaments left on, and has been recorded as perforating tinfoil and sheet lead. Only two *Tenebrioides mauritanicus Linn, *Sitodrepa panicea Linn. 46 7 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM months are required to complete the life cycle and in warm dwell- ings breeding may be continuous throughout the year. The cigarette beetle! is another tiny omnivorous species. The beetle is light brown, stout, slightly hairy and only % of an inch long. It infests a large variety of food stuffs, including condi- ments such as cayenne pepper, ginger and rhubarb; drugs of vari- ous kinds as ergot and tumeric, and even dried herbarium speci- mens. It has also been recorded as destructive to silk and plush upholstery. It is best known on account of its work in tobacco, \ P ‘ ee ee SS Fig. 31 Cigarette beetle, seen f ’ 1, oo and the side, enlarged. above, enlarged. (Original) Fig. 32 Spider beetle, seen from per cigarettes in packages being frequently perforated by this tiny pest. It occasionally becomes a very serious pest in tobacco warehouses and factories. Spider beetles. The white marked spider beetle? is a small, reddish brown form with four white marks on its wing covers. Its — long antennae and legs and subglobular body are suggestive of a spider, hence the common name. This species feeds upon a large variety of dried vegetable and animal substances, such as insect collections, dried plants and herbaria, red pepper, cotton seed, . . c *Lasioderma serricorne Fabr. Ee tin ws far.” Link. a ee ee FLIES AND OTHER HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 47 refuse wool, and is said to be injurious to furs, clothing, roots, grain, stuffed animals, etc. The brown spider beetle! lives with the preceding, has similar habits and differs principally in the absence of the white markings. The pea weevil? and various bean weevils? are stout, grayish weevils most easily recognized by their occurring respectively in peas and beans. The original infestation usually takes place in the field, though these insects are capable of breeding for extended periods in the dried seeds of their food plants. The presence of the beetles in a house is an almost infallible indication of infested peas or beans. It is usually more satisfactory to burn a small lot infested by these insects. bas hey HHA i) Se ill ui La - Fig. 33 Bean weevil, seen from Fig. 34 ea above, enlarged. (Original) larged. (Original) Pea weevil, seen from above, en- Control measures. It is comparatively easy, with the exercise of a moderate degree of care, to avoid serious injury by any of these pests, since they invariably require access to a liberal amount of food for an extended period. Any materials likely to produce numbers of these insects should not be allowed to lie undisturbed and accessible for a series of months. Most of these pests can easily be destroyed by heating the infested materiai for a period of 4 or 5 hours to about 125 or 150 degrecs Fahrenheit. This should be done carefully and time enough given so that the heat will pene- trate and destroy all of the insects. Anything infested should be Setinus brunneus Dutt. *Bruchus pisorum Linn. *B. obtectus Say and others. - 48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM promptly cared for either by destroying the entire package or if © heating is inadvisable by treating the same with carbon bisulfid. Fumigation with carbon bisulfid is comparatively easy of exe- cution since it is only necessary to put the material. in a tight pail or can, put on the top a spoonful or thereabouts of the insecti- cide in a shallow saucer or plate, cover the receptacle tightly and allow the whole to stand for preferably 24 or 36 hours. This insecticide may be used on a large scale according to Dr W. E. Hinds, at the rate of 5 pounds to tooo cubic feet of space, pro- vided the compartments are exceptionally Bok and the temperature above 7 eek Bes cE: FUMIGATION:- WITH HYDROCYANIC ACID Gis This is one of the most effective methods of destroying insects in houses, particularly if the infestation is general. It should be remembered at the outset that potassium cyanide, sulfuric acid and their derivative, hydrocyanic acid gas, are among our most active and deadly poisons. They should be handled with extreme _ care and every precaution taken to avoid an accident, since a slight mistake might result in one or more fatalities. - One ounce of high grade, 98¢ cyanide of potassium and one fluid ounce of the best commercial sulfuric acid, diluted with two fluid ounces of water, should be used for every 100 cubic feet of space. These amounts should be doubled for poorly constructed houses. The fumigation should last at least 30 minutes and it would be preferable to have it continue three or four hours, or if feasible, all night. Prior ‘to treatment all fluids, especially liquid or moist foods, should be removed from the house. Arrangements should be made = to open the building from the outside after the fumigation is com- 4 pleted. Windows and doors should be sealed as tightly as possible, — either by stuffing damp paper in the crevices or pasting strips of paper over cracks. Chimney places, ventilators and other orifices _ should be closed tightly. The gas is generated by dropping the cyanide of potassium, previously broken into lumps about the size of a walnut and preferably placed in thin bags or wrapped loosely in thin paper, into the requisite amount of diluted acid. The anda should be carefully diluted by pouring it slowly, accompanied by fre- 3 quent stirring, into the necessary amount of water. This dilution a should be slow enough to avoid all danger of this very strong acid — splashing and perhaps causing dangerous burns. It will be found | wa a a “Ml ein ey. se FLIES AND OTHER HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 49 _ advisable to have one or more jars or generators in each room or J hallway, since it is not wise to use more than two pounds of cyanide in a generator. The large, preferably deep, earthenware vessels _ used as generators should be placed near the middle of the room and on a thick layer of newspapers in order to avoid possible injury , from splashing acid. Precautions should be observed, if the build- ‘ing is in contact with others in a row, to see that parties in adjacent _ dwellings are warned and arrangements made so that the rooms _ next the treated building will be kept well aired during the fumiga- tion. It is unsafe to attempt to fumigate individual rdoms in a house or a building in a row, unless one can be certain that there _will be good aeration on all sides of the apartment or building. The deadly character of this gas is shown by the destruction of sparrows _ resting upon the eaves of a building during fumigation. One should not attempt to fumigate a building or a room alone, because an ac- _ cident under such conditions is very likely to result fatally. Since hydrocyanic acid gas is lighter than air, operations should com- _ mence at the top of the building and proceed successively from floor _to floor. Better still, p!ace the requisite amount of the cyanide of _ potassium in thin bags, suspend each over its generator in such a ‘manner that when a string near the exit is loosened, all will drop into - the jars. The poison should not be in a thick paper bag, as the ac- tion of the acid may be seriously hindered if not almost prevented. _ Under no conditions should any one be allowed to enter the building prior to the completion of the fumigation and its thorough aeration. At least 30 minutes and preferably an hour or more, depending somewhat upon the means of ventilation, should be allowed for this latter process. It is unsafe to enter any recently _ fumigated building until all the odor of the gas, resembling that of peach kernels, has disappeared. The contents of the fumigating jars should be carefully disposed of together with any remaining cyanide. These substances can either be buried deeply in the soil, or if in a city, may be poured into the sewer. 4 The following memoranda will doubtless prove of service in “practical work. q I Estimate the cubical contents and the amount of materials for each room. _ 2 Remove all liquids and moist foods in particular. 3 Seal all exits tightly with strips of paper or by filling crevices. 4 Provide for ventilation from the outside. ane . = 50 _ NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 5 Weigh out the cyanide and place it in thin bags ¢ or do. loosely in thin paper. a 6 Place the generators in the various rooms, each upon ‘ layer of newspapers. | 7 Dilute the acid carefully and put it in the generators. 8 Distribute the amounts of cyanide to the various rooms. 9 Be certain that everything is all right and nobody in the ing or room. Notify occupants of adjacent rooms or that the fumigation is to be commenced. 3 Re. 10 Drop in the cyanide, preferably from near the exit anc tightly. : 3 11 Adopt suitable precautions to prevent the room or uild ' being entered during the fumigation period. ie ee 12 Open the ventilators from the outside. ae 13 After the building has been thoroughly aerated, remo generators and take care of their contents together Ww a excess of cyanide. »? americana, Periplaneta, 37. _ amoena, Drosophila, 17. _ _ampelophila, Drosophila, 7, 17. _ Anopheles maculipennis, 17. *. threnus scrophulariae, 30. Ants, house, 22, 35-37. me white, 34-35. » Arsenic, 33, 35. Atropos divinatoria, 33. _ Attagenus piceus, 31. _ australasiae, Periplaneta, 38. - Bean weevil, 47. : Bedbug, 20-22; habits, 21; control z _Measures, Zoi. Bedbug hunter, 27. _Benzine, 22s 30, 32. _biselliella, Tineola, 29. Black carpet beetle, 31. Book louse, 33. Bristle tail, 33. Bruchus obtectus, 47. _ pisorum, 47. — brunneus, Ptinus, 47. Buffalo carpet beetle, 30. Cadelle, 45. _caespitum, Tetramorium, 36. calcitrans, Stomoxys, 7. calopus, Stegomyia, 20. ‘Camponotus herculeanus, 36. canis, Ctenocephalus, 26. Carbolic solution, 4o. Carbon bisulfid, 23, 32, 37, 39, 48. Carpet beetle, 30-32; description, - 30-31; habits, 31; control meas- ures, 31-32. ( asei, Piophila, 4o. Centipede, house, 13, 28. Cereal pests, 41-48; control meas- . ures, 47-48. Cheese skipper, 40-41. Chloroform, 23. Cigarette beetle, 46. 51 PDE X Cimex columbarius, 21. hirundinis, 21. lectularius, 20. Clothes moth, and habits, ures, 29-30. Clothilla pulsatoria, 33. Cluster fly, 7, 22-23. Cockroaches, 22, 37-40; habits, 38; control measures, 39—40. columbarius, Cimex, 21. Confused flour beetle, 44. confusum, Tribolium, 44. Corrosive sublimate, 22. Cricket, 35: Croton bugs, 37, 38. Ctenocephalus canis, 26. Culex pipiens, 23. solicitans, 24. 28-30; description 29; control meas- Dermestes lardarius, 40. Disease carriers, 6-22. divinatoria, Atropos, 33. domestica, Lepisma, 33. Musca, 6-16. domesticus, Gryllus, 35. Drosophila amoena, 17. ampelophila, 7, 17. Drug store beetle, 45-406. Ectobia germanica, 38. ‘Fabric pests, 28-35. farinalis, Pyralis, 42. ferrugineum, Tribolium, 44. Figures ant, red, 36. white, 34. bean weevil, 47. bedbug, 21. bedbug hunter, 27. cadelle, 45. carpet beetle, 31, 32. 52 > NEW YORK Figures (continued) centipede, house, 28. cheese skipper, 41. cigarette beetle, 46. clothes moth, 28, 29. cockroach, oriental, 38. croton bug, 39. drug store beetle, 45. flea, 26. flour beetle, confused, 43. iy teat, 7: house, 7. grain beetle, saw-toothed, 43. Indian meal moth, 42. larder beetle, 4o. meal snout moth, 42. meal worm, 44. mosquito, house, 23. malarial, 18, rg. salt marsh, 25. pea weevil, 47. spider beetle, 46. tapestry moth, 20. wasp, 23. Fish.moth, 33. flavipes, Termes, 34. Flea, house, 26-27. Flour beetle, confused, 44. rust-red, 44. Fly, cluster, 7, 22-23. fruit, 7, 16-17. house, 5, 6-16. .Food pests, 35-48. forceps, Scutigera, 13, 28. Formaldehyde, t6. Fruit flies, 7, 16-17. Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas, 48-50. fur, Ptinus, 46. - Pars, treatment of, go. germanica, Ectobia, 38. Vespa, 23. Grain beetle, saw-toothed, 43. Gryllus domesticus, 35. luctuosus, 35. Gunpowder, 39. herculeanus, Camponotus, 36. hirundinis, Cimex, 21. STATE MUSEUM *” Hornets, 23. House samt, 353i. UTES, “FO 27. House centipede, 28. House flea, 26-27. House fly, 5, 6-16; description, 7-8: disease carrier, 5, 8-11; methods cfs carrying diseases, 11-12; habits, 12-13; natural enemies, 13; Scan” j tary and control measures, 1 3 Eo. House mosquito, 23-24. ‘hyalina, Panchlora, 38. a Hydrocyanic acid 2as,22) 270 aaeeee y 36, 39; fumigation with, 48—5o. control meas-— Indian meal moth, 42. interpunctella, Plodia, 42. Kerosene, 22, 24, 36. Kissing ‘bug, 27. lardarius, Dermestes, 4o. Larder beetle, 40. Lasioderma serricorne, 46. lectularius, Cimex, 20. Lepisma domestica, 33. luctuosus, Gry illus 335: Eyes eau maculipennis, Anopheles, 17. Malarial mosquito, 5, 17-20; habits, Re: 19; control measures, 19-20. P mauritanicus, Tenebrioides, 45. Meal snout moth, 42. Meal worms, 44. : : minutum, Monomorium, 36. molitor, Tenebrio, 44. Monomorium minutum, 36. pharaonis, 35. Mosquito, house or rain barrel, 23- 246 . malarial, 5, 17-20. 2 salt marsh, 24-26. a yellow fever, 6, 20. an Moth, 28-30. F > ox fish, .¢3: ae Musca domestica, 6—16. ie & Naphtha, 30. Naphthalene, 27, 30, 39. a - FLIES AND OTHER HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 53 ew urus, Tenebrio, 44. : scrophulariae, Anthrenus, 30. ctus, Bruchus, 47. Scutigera forceps, 13, 28. . Seed pests, 41-48; control meas- pettis personatus, 27. mes. 47-48.- talis, Periplaneta, ag. serricorne, Lasioderma, 46. F Silvanus surinamensis, 43. ora hyalina, 38. Silver fish, 33. a, Sitodrepa, 45. . _ |. Sitodrepa panicea, 45. ,weevil, 47. solicitans, Culex, 24. ellionella, Tinea, 209. Spider beetle, 46—47. laneta americana, 37. Stable fly, 7. ustralasiae, 38. Stegomyia calopus, 20. rientalis, 37. a Stomoxys calcitrans, 7. SE insect powder, see Pyre-| Sulfur, 22, 32. um. surinamensis, Silvanus, 43. jonatus, Opsicoetus, 27. | ionis, Monomorium, 35. Tapestry moth, 29. _ Attagenus, 31. tapetzella, Trichophaga, 29. ila casei, 40. Tenebrio molitor, 44. is, Culex, 23. obscurus, 44. im, Bruchus, 47. Tenebrioides mauritanicus, 4 ce a interpunctella, 42. Termes flavipes, 34. Sp... 23. Tetramorium caespitum, 36. nia rudis, 7, 22. Tinea pellionella, 29. sium, cyanide of, 37. Tineola biselliella, 29. is brunneus, 47. | - Tribolium confusum, 44. 46. ferrugineum, 44. atoria, Clothilla, 33. Trichophaga tapetzella, 29. farinalis, 42. ' Typhoid fly, 5, 6-16. hrum powder, 16, 17,.23, 27, 33; | Vespa germanica, 23. in barrel mosquito, 23-24. Wasps, 23. Pollenia, 7, 22. Weevil, bean, 47. red flour beetle, 44. pea, 47. ¥ White ant, 34-35. Ww: to othed grain beetle, 43. Yellow fever mosquito, 6, 20. New York State Education Department New York State Museum Joun M. Criarkez, Director PUBLICATIONS Packages will be sent prepaid except when distance or weight renders the same impracticable. On 10 or more copies of any one publication 20% count will be given. Editions printed aré only large enough to meet ‘special claims and probable sales. When the saie copies are exhausted, the price for the few reserve copies is advanced to that charged py second- aand booksellers, in order to limit their distribution to cases of special d. Such prices are inclosed in[]. All publications are in paper covers, unless binding is specified. Checks or money orders should be addressed and payable to New York State Education Department. Museum annual reports 1847—date. Allin print to 1894, 50c a volume, 75¢ in cloth; 1894-date, sold in sets only; 75c¢ each for octavo volumes; price of quarto volumes on application. _ These reports are made up of the reports of the Director, Geologist, Paleontologist, Botanist id Entomologist, and museum bulletins and memoirs, issued as advance sections of the petts. ‘Director’s annual reports 1904-date. 1904. 138p. 20C. 1907. 212p. 63pl. soc. 1905. 102p. 23pl. 30c. 1908. 234p. 39pl. map. 4oc. 1906. 186p. 4r1pl. 35¢. ‘These reports cover the reports of the State Geologist and of the State Paleontologist. Bound also with the museum reports of which they form a part. seologist’s annual reports 1881—date. Rep’ts 1, 3-13, 17-date, 8vo; 2, 14-16, 4to. In 1898 the paleontologic work of the State was made distinct from the geologic and was reported separately from 1899-1903. The two departments were reunited in 1904, and are mow reported in the Director’s report. g _ The annual reports of the original Natural History Survey, 1837-41, are out of print. _ Reports 1-4, 1881-84, were published only in separate form. Of the 5th report 4 pages _ Were reprinted in the 39th museum report, and a supplement to the 6th report was included the 40th museum report. The 7th and subsequent reports are included in the 41st and llowing museum reports, except that certain lithographic plates in the 11th report (1891) ind 13th (1893) are omitted from the 4sth and 47th museum reports. _ Separate volumes of the following only are available. Report Price Report Price Report Price 12 (1892) $.50 17 $.75 21 $3.40 14 75 18 AG ia 22 -40 15, 2V 2 19 .40 23 45 16 I 20 .50 [See Director’s annual reports] ‘Paleontologist’s annual reports 1899-date. See first note under Geologist’s annual reports. ceeend also with museum reports of which they form a part. Reports for 1899 and 1900 vit be had for 20c each. Those for 1901-3 were issued as bulletins, In 1904 combined a it the Director’s report. Entomologist’s annual reports on the injurious and other insects of the _ State of New York 1882-date. ; p Reports 3-20 bound also with museum reports 40-46, 48-58 of which they form a part. wmce 1898 these reports have been issued as bulletins. Reports 3-4, 17 are out of print ther reports with prices are: Report Price Report Price Report Price it $.50 10 $.35 18 (Bul. 64) $.20 2 +30 r3 .25 TO FO) 4. tS 5 -25 12 25 20 (“* 97) .40 6 Wiis 13 a att fto4) 28 7 .20 14 (Bul. ie an") x20) 35 8 -25 Oe ee 35 o9°6:,/394) -.7S 9 -25 rt hte “3 .25 eee x8ay «3S ae 2, 8-12 may also be obtained bound in cloth at 25c each in addition to the pric ven above, Botanist’s annual reports 1867-date. _ Bound also with museum reports 21-date of which they form a part; the first Botanist’s ep ort appeared in the 21st museum report and is numbered 21. Reports 21-24, 29, 31-4! rere not published separately. j Separate reports for 1871-74, 1876, 1888-98 are out of print. Report for 1899 may be had br 20c; t900 for soc, Since rgo1r these reports have been issued as bulletins. NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT 4 Descriptions and illustrations of edible, poisonous and unwholesome fungi of New Yor have also been published in volumes 1 and 3 of the 48th (1894) museum report and in volume 52d (1898). 54th (1900), 55th (1901), 56th (1902), 57th 1 of the 49th (1895), 51st (1807), (1993), 58th (1904), soth (1905), 6oth ( reports. (1906), in volume 2 of the 61st (1907), and 62d (1908) The descriptions and illustrations of edible and unwholesome species contained | ¥ no the 4gth, 51st and 52d reports have been revised and rearranged, and, combined with other 3 more recently prepared, constitute Museum memoir 4. Museum bulletins 1887-date. 8vo. To advance subscribers, $2 a year or $1 a year for division (1) geology, economic geology, paleontology, mineralogy; soc each for divisions (2) general zoology, archeology and miscellaneous, (3) botany, (4) entomology. Bulletins are grouped in the list on the following pages according to divisions. The divisions to which bulletins belong are as follows: Zoology Botany Economic Geology Mineralogy Entomology Economic Geology Botany Zoology Economic Geology al OO OI AU AW DN H. “ Entomology Geology Economic Geology Archeology Economic Geology Archeology Geology Entomology Geology Archeology Entomology Botany Entomology “ Botany Zoology Economic Geology Entomology Archeology Zoology Paleontology Economic Geology Entomology Zoology Paleontology Zoology Archeology Paleontology Zoology Economic Geology Paleontology Bulletins are also found with the annual reports of the museum as follows: Bulletin Report Bulletin I2-15 48,v.1 69 TO; 07+ 50s Ve 70, 71 POA. eT Vere 72 20-25 J5:2) Vat 73 BOSSI 5G Vek 74 32-34 54,Vv.1 75 35,36 54,Vv.2 76 S744: 5A; Fs | A5-48° 54, VA 78 49-54 55,V.1 79 55 SO pun AA! 8o 56 BO aved 81,82 57 56, Vv. 3 83,84 58 SOM Ven 85 59,00 56,Vv.3 86 61 56,-Vie 2 87-89 62 EG Wend 90 63 56, v. 2 91 64 50; V2 3 92 65 56, v. 2 93 66,67 56,Vv.4 94 68 56, Vv. 3 95, 96 40 47 48 49 50 Sie 52 53 54 55 56 56, Sy 57) 573 57> Entomology Geology Paleontology Archeology Zoology Paleontology Entomology Botany Archeology Geology Entomology Mineralogy Entomology Zoology Economic Geology Miscellaneous Paleontology Entomology Paleontology Miscellaneous Botany Entomology Paleontology ~ Mineralogy Zoology Entomology Archeology Entomology Botany Entomology Geology Archeology Entomology Paleontology “ Geology Economic Geology Entomology Archeology Zoology Archeology Paleontology . Report Bulletin Report Wane 97 tesa \ae Vo FE, Dit ©. 95; 99 / 505 vi We ky Due 100 59, V Vino2 IOI 59, V Vela uae: Io2 SO, avs Wire LOSS, eS avs Vs eeptns 196 59, V AARON ne 107 60, Vv. Vie 108 60, v. i pe teal Gyre I09, II060, v. Vie Est ptor II. OO vA Vous II2 60, v. “tas att II3 60, v. Ware II4 60, Vv. ys ris 60, Vv. ml 116 60, v. Vin 117 Go, v. Ni inn 118 60, v. Vi 1g Itg-2r 61, V. Views I22 61, v. Vv. 4 123 61, Vv. Voor 124 6r,-V. Ce elie NDHNHHWHNHWHNHWNHHDHNDHNWN QI 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 ToL 102 103 Io4 IOS 106 107 108 IOo9 IIo TE I12 Lig 114 II5 116 Bp Me 118 II9 I20 12T I22 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 I 32 133 134 a 136 a! Zoology Paleontology Economic Geology Botany Geology Entomology Mineralogy Paleontology Economic Geology Paleontology Economic Geology Entomology Botany Geology Archeology Entomology Geology Economic Geology Archeology Paleontology Geology Botany Archeology Paleontology Economic Geology Director’s report for 1907 Botany Economic Geology Entomology Archeology Geology Paleontology Entomology Zoology Botany Economic Geology Director’s report for 19 Entomology Geology Entomology Bulletin Report T2i5Re 62; Wns 126-128 62, v. I 129 62, “Vea 130 62,43 131,532 O02, xem 133 62, Vo gam I34 62, Vec2™ ot Memoir - 495 VeinS ae 3.4 53, Vea 2) 6 57) Se 57s Vel Ao 8, ptr 59, Vv. ; 8,pt2 59,V-4 — 9, Dix Go, Vvieaee 9, Dt a 62,ve0ge 10 Go; Vines It 61, Ved MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS _ ‘The figures at the beginning of each entry in the following list indicate its number as a _ museum bulletin. Geology. 14 Kemp, J. F. Geology of Moriah and Westport Townships, ' Essex Co. N. Y., with notes on the iron mines. 38p. il. 7pl. 2 maps. SSept. apos. Free. 109 Merrill, F. J. H. Guide to the Study of the Geological Collections ot the New York State Museum. 164p. 119pl. map. No-. 1898. Out of rint. ee Kemp, J. F. Geology of the Lake Placid Region. 24p. 1pl.map. Sept. Ss 1s9s. Free. 48 Woodworth, J. B. Pleistocene Geology of Nassau County and Borough of Queens. 58p. il. 8pl. map. Dec. 1901. 25¢. 56 Merrill, F. J. H. Description of the State Geologic Map of rgo1. 4a2p. m2 maps; tab. Nov. 1902. Free. 77 Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Vicinity of Little Falls, Herkimer Co. — 8p. il. r5pl.2 maps. Jan. 1905. 3oc. _ 83 Woodworth, J.B. Pleistocene Geology of the Mooers Quadrangle. 62p. 25pl. map. June EOOS-.. 2he. 84 Ancient Water Levels of the Champlain and Hudson Valleys. 2o06p. Mestpl rsimaps. July 1905. 45¢c. 95 Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Northern Adirondack Region. 188p. Seeaspl ginaps. Sept. 1905. 3o0c. 96 Ogilvie, I. H. Geology of the Paradox Lake Quadrangle. sap. il. 17pl. Seeaiap. Wee. 1905. 30C. 106 Fairchild, H. L. Glacial Waters in the Erie Basin. 88p. 14pl. 9 maps. Feb. 1907. Out of print. j 107 Woodworth, J. B.; Hartnagel, C. A.; Whitlock, H. P.; Hudson, G. H.; m Clarke, J. M.: White, David: Berkey, oa Geological Papers. 388p. _54pl. map. May 1907. 9g0OC, cloth. Contents: Woodworth, J. B. Postglacial Fauits of Eastern New York. Hartnagel, C. A. Stratigraphic Relations of the Oneida Conglomerate. Upper Siluric and Lower Devonic Formations of the Skunnemunk Mountain Region. Whitlock, H. P. Minerals from Lyon Mountain, Clinton Co. Hudson, G. H. On Some Pelmatozoa from the Chazy Limestone of New York. Clarke; in M. Some New Devonic Fossils. An Interesting Style of Sand-filled Vein. —— Eurypterus Shales of the Shawangunk Mountains in Eastern New York. White, David. A Remarkable Fossil Tree Trunk from the Middle Devonic of New York. Berkey, C. P. Structural and Stratigraphic Features of the Basal Gneisses of the Highlands. ‘ 4111 Fairchild, H. L. Drumlins of New York. 60p. 28pl. 19 maps. July 1907. Out of print. Sere Cushing, H. P. eg of the Long Lake Quadrangle. 88p. 2opl. ’ map. Sept. 1y07. 126 Miller, W. J. Peiccs of the Remsen Quadrangle. 5,p. il. r1pl. map. F an. 1909. 25¢. * Fairchild, H.L. Glacial Watersin Central New York. 64p. 27pl. 15 maps. 7 Mar. 190g. 40c > 135 Miller, W. 1. Geology of the Port Leyden Quadrangle, Lewis County, Meee Y., G2p.il.r1 pl. map. Jan. 1910. 25¢. ‘Berkey, C. p. Geology of the Highlands of the Hudson. In preparation. ‘Cushing, H. P.; Fairchild, H.L.; Ruedemann, Rudolf; Smyth, C. H. Geology of the Thousand Island Region. In press. Luther, D. Geology of the Auburn-Genoa Quadrangles. In press. Kemp, re, B.: Ruedemann, Rudolf. Geology of the Elizabethtown and Port Henry Quadrangles. In press. Economic geology. 3 Smock, J.C. Building Stone in the State of New York. 1154p. Mar. 1888. Out of print. First Report on the Iron Mines and Iron Ore Districts in the State of New York. 78p.map. June 1889. Out of print. : Building Stone in New York. 2t1op. map, tab. Sept. 1890. 4oc. i2 Merrill, F. J. H. Salt and Gypsum Industries of New York. og4p. rapl. _ 2maps, 11 tab. Apr. 1893. [Soc] 2 “amy Heinrich. Clay Industriesof New York. 174p. 1pl. il. map. Mar. ’ 1895. 30C. NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT 15 Merrill, F. J. H. Mineral Resources of New York. 240p. 2 maps Sept. 1895. [soc] 17 —— Road Materialsand Road Building in New York. 52p. r4pl. 2 maps. Octt1 807: the: , 30 Orton, Edward. Ferree and Natural Gas in New York. 136p. il. 3 maps. Nov. 1899. 15 35 Ries, Heinrich. Clays Pst New York; their Properties and Uses. 456p. t40opl. map. June 1goo. $1, cloth. 44 Lime and Cement Industries of New York Eckel, E. C. Chapters on the Cement Industry. 332p. rorpl. 2 maps. Dec. 1901. 865¢, cloth. 61 Dickinson, H. T. Quarries of Bluestone and other Sandstones in New York. .114p: 18pl..2 maps... Mar.:1goz-, \25c. 85 Rafter, G. W. Hydrology of New York State. gozp. il. 44pl. 5 maps. May 1905. $1.50, cloth. 93 Newland, D. H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York. 78p. July 1905. Out of print. 100 McCourt, W. E. Fire Tests of Some New York Building Stones. 4op. 26p).. “Feb 10060.) .15¢. to2 Newland, D. H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1905. 162p. June 1906. 25¢. 112 Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1906. 82p. July 190 TSC. Fe end, D. H. & Kemp, J. F. Geology of the Adirondack Magnetic Iron Ores with a Report on the Mineville-Port Henry Mine Group, 184p. 14pl. 8 maps. Apr. 1908. 35c. 120 D.H. Newland. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1907. 82ap. July 1908:) 15¢: 123 & Hartnagel, C. A. Iron Ores of the Clinton Formation in New York State, 76p. il. 14 pl. .3 maps. Nov. 1908 25@ 132 Newland, D.H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1908. 98p. July 1909. I5¢. —— Mining and Quarry Industry of New York for 1909. In preparation. Mineralogy. 4 Nason, F. L. Some New York Minerals and their Localities, 22p.1pl. Aug. 1888. Free. 58 Whitlock, H. P. Guide to the Mineralogic Collections of the New York State Museum. r15op. il. 39pl. 11 models. Sept. 1902. 40c. 70 —— New York Mineral Localities. r11op. Oct. 1903. 20¢. 98 T9005. — TSC. Paleontotory. 34 Cumings, E. R. Lower Silurian System of Eastern Mont- gomery County; Prosser, C. S. Notes on the Stratigraphy of Mohawk Valley and Saratoga County, N. Y. 74p. 14pl. map. May 1900. 15c. 39 Clarke, J. M.; Simpson, G. B. & Loomis, F. B. Paleontologic Papers 1. 72p. il. r6pl. ‘Oct. Ig00. I5C. Contents: Clarke, J. M. A Remarkable Occurrence of Orthoceras in the Oneonta Beds of — the Chenango Valley, N. Y —— Paropsonema cryptophya; a Boulter Echinoderm from the Intumescens-zone (Portage Beds) of Western New York. > —— Dictyonine Hexactinellid Sponges Peon the Upper Devonic of New York. ; —— The Water Biscuit of Squaw Island, Canandaigua Lake, Vig Simpson, G. B. Preliminary Descriptions of New Genera of Paleozoic Rugose Corals. Loomis, F. B. Siluric Fungi from Western New York. 42 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Hudson River Beds near Albany and their Taxo- nomic Equivalents. 116p. 2pl. map. Apr. 1901. 25¢. 45 Grabau. A. W. Geology and Paleontology of Niagara Falls and Vicinity. 286p. il. r8pl. map. Apr. 10991. oe cloth, goc. 49 Ruedemann, Rudolf; Clarke, J. M. & Wood, Elvira. Paleontologic Papers 2. 240p. r3pl. Dec.. 1901. 40¢;*. Contents: Ruedemann, Rudolf. Trenton Conglomerate of Rysedorph Hill. Clarke, J. M. Limestones of Central and Western New York Interbedded with Bitumi- t nous Shales of the Marcellus Stage. Wood, Elvira. Marcellus Limestones of Lancaster, Erie Co., Nios: Clarke, J. M. New Agelacrinites. ~— Value of Amnigenia as an Indicator of Fresh-water Deposits during ‘is ie ofl j New York, Ireland and the Rhineland Contributions from the Mineralogic Laboratory. 38p. 7pl. ‘Dec. a MUSEUM FUBLICATIONS # wa yi ou §2 Clarke, J. M. Report of the State Paleontologist 1901. 280op. il. ropl’ map, 1 tab. July 1902. 4oc. — «63 & Luther, D. D. Stratigraphy of Canandaigua and Naples Quad- frangles. 78p. map. June rgo4. 25c. 65 Clarke, J. M. Catalogue of Type Specimens of Paleozoic Fossils in the New York State Museum. 848p. May 1903. $1.20, cloth. 6 Report of the State Paleontologist 1902. 464p.52pl.7 maps. Nov. © ‘1903. $1, cloth. . : Report of the State Paleontologist 1903. 396p. zopl. 2 maps. Feb. 1905. 85c, cloth. — 81 —— & Luther, D. D. Watkins and Elmira Quadrangles. 32p. map. _ Mar. 1905. 25¢c. 82 Geologic Map of the Tully Quadrangle. 4op.map. Apr. 1905. 200. 99 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Cephalopoda of Beekniantown and Chazy For- _ mations of Champlain Basin. 224p. il. 38pl. May 1906. 75c, cloth. 92 Grabau, A.W. Guide to the Geology and Paleontology of the Schoharie Region. 314p. il. 26pl. map. Apr. 1906. 75¢c, cloth. 99 Luther, D. D. Geology of the Buffalo Quadrangle. 32p. map. May 1906. 20¢C. — Geology of the Penn Yan-Hammondsport Quadrangles. 28p. map. July 1906. 25c. 414 Hartnagel, C. A. Geologic Map of the Rochester and Ontario Beach _ Quadrangles. 36p.map. Aug. 1907. 200. ' 118 Clarke, J. M. & Luther, D. D. Geologic Maps and Descriptions of the Portage and Nunda Quadrangles including a map of re eee Park. _ sop. 16pl. 4 maps. Jan. 1908. 35¢c. ; 128 Luther, D. D. Geology of the Geneva-Ovid Quadrangles. 44p. map. Apr. 1909. 2o0¢. —— Geology of the Phelps Quadrangle. In preparation. Whitnall, H.O. Geology of the Morrisville Quadrangle. Prepared. Hopkins, T. C. Geology of the Syracuse Quadrangle. In preparation. Hudson, G. H. Geology of Valcour Island. In preparation. Zoology. 1 Marshall, W. B. Preliminary List of New York Unionidae. _ 2op. Mar. 1892. Free. 9 —— Beaks of Unionidae Inhabiting the Vicinity of Albany, N. Y. 3op. an Aug. 1890. Free. 29 Miller, G. S. jr. Preliminary List of New York Mammals. 1r2q4p. me Oct. 1899. 15¢. 33 Farr, M.S. Check List of New York Birds. 224p. Apr. 1900. 25¢. ; 38 Miller. G. S. jr. Key to the Land Mammals of Northeastern North _ America. 106p. Oct. 1900. 15c. 42 Simpson, G. B. Anatomy and Physiology of Polygyra albolabris and _ Limax-maximus and Embryology of Limax maximus. 82p. 28pl. Oct. me 190%. 25C. 43 Kellogg, J. L. Clam and Scallop Industries of New York. 36p. 2pl. map. Apr. 1go1. Free. 51 Eckel, E. C. & Paulmier, F. C. Catalogue of Reptiles and Batrachians — of New York. 64p.il. rpl. Apr. 1902. r5c. _ Eckel, E.C. Serpents of Northeastern United States. _Paulmier, F.C. Lizards, Tortoises and Batrachians of New York. of any H. Catalogue of the Fishes of New York. 784p. Feb. 1903. «eI. cloth, 71 Kellogg J. L. Feeding Habits and Growth of Venus mercenaria. 3op. _ 4pl. Sept. 1903. Free. — B88 Letson, Elizabeth J. Check List of the Mollusca of New York. 116p. May 1905. 200. gt Paulmier, F. C. Higher Crustacea of New York City. 78p. il. June BeEQOS. 200. 130 Shufeldt, R.W. Osteologyof Birds. 382p. il. 26pl. May 1909. soc. fntomology. 5 Lintner, J. A. White Grub of the May Beetle. 34p. il. Nov. 1888. Free. -* Cut-worms. 38p.il. Nov. 1888. Free. NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT 3 —— San José Scale oa Some Destructive Insects of New York State 54p. 7pl. Apr. 1895. : 20 Felt, E. P. Elm-leaf ‘Hestle in New York State. 46p. il. 5pl. June — 1898. Free. See 57. 14th Report of the State Entomologist 1898. 1150p il. gpl. Dev. 1898. 20C. Memorial of the Life and Entomologic Work of J. A. Lintner Ph.D. State Entomologist 1874-98; Index to Entomologist’s Reports 1-1 3: 316p. rpl. Oct. 1899. 35¢. Supplement to 14th report of the State Entomologist. 26 —— Collection, Preservation and Distribution of New York Insects | 36p. il. Apr. 1899. Free. 24 27 Shade Tree Pests in New York State. 26p. il. spl. May 1899. Pree: 31 15th Report of the State Entomologist 1899. 128p. June 1900. I5c 36 16th Report of the State Entomologist 1900. 118p. 16pl. Mar. FOOT, (25C. z Catalogue of Some of the More Important Injurious and Beneficial Insects of New York State. 54p.il. Sept. 1900. Free. Scale Insects of Importance and a List of the Species in New York State. 94p- it, repl..- June so0r., 225¢: ; 47 Needham, J. G. & Betten, Cornelius. Aquatic Inseae in the Adiron- — dacks. 234p. il. 36pl. Sept. ¥OOI. 45¢: : 53 Felt, E. P. 17th Report of the State Entomologist 1901. 232p. il. 6pl. © Aug. 1902. Out of print. a Elm Leaf Beetle in New York State. 46p. il. 8pl. Aug. a 37 46 a Out of print. This is a revision of 20 containing the more essential facts observed since that was pre pared. 59 Grapevine Root Worm. 4op. ep Dec. 1902. “156: See 72. 64 18th Report of the State Entomologist 1902. r1op. 6pl. May 1903. Out of print. 68 Needham, J. G. & others. Aquatic Insects in New York. 322p. s2pl. Aug. 1903. 8oc, cloth. f 72 Felt, E. P. Grapevine Root Worm. 58p. 13pl. Nov. 1903. 20¢. This ie a revision of 59 containing the more essential facts observed since that we . prepare 74 & Joutel, L. H. Monograph of the Genus Saperda. 88p. 14pl. kw June 1904. 25¢c. 76 Felt, E. P. 19th Report of the State Entomologist 1903. s150p. 4pl. 1904. I15¢C. ; 7 79 Mosquitos or Culicidae of New York. 164p. il. 57pl. tab. ~ Octs 1904. 40C a 86 Needham, Efe G. & others. May Flies and Midges of New York. 35 il. 37pl. June 1905. 8oc, cloth. a 97 Felt, E. P. 20th Report of the State Entomologist 1904. 246p. il. r9pl- Nov. 1905. 40c. a 103 Gipsy and Brown Tail Moths. 44p. ropl. July 1906. 15¢. 104 21st Report of the State Entomologist 1905. 1144p. ropl. Aug. 1906. 25¢c. ae | 109 —— Tussock Moth and Elm Leaf Beetle. 34p. 8pl. Mar. 1907. 206. 110 22d Report of the State Entomologist 1906. 4152p. 3p June PGO7.7 aye. 23d Report of the State Entomologist 1907. 542p. 44pham Oct. 1908... 75¢. . 129 Control of Household Insects. 48p. il. May 1909. Free. e a k ‘ 28 fad einke vi Lannie ME MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS 134 24th Report of the State Entomologist 1908. 208p. 17pl. il. Sept 1909. 35¢. Controlof Flies and Other oe fusects, sop. il). Feb: x9%10. Reedtiam, J. G. Monograph on Stone Flies. In preparation. Botany. 2 Peck, C. H. Contributions to the Botany of the State of New Work. 72p. apl. May 1887. Out of print. Boleti of the United States. 98p. Sept. 1889. Out of print. 25 Report of the State ae 1898. 76p. 5pl. Oct. 1899. Out of print. Plants of North Elba. 206p. map. June 1899. 20¢. 54 —— Report ofthe State Botanist 1901. 58p. 7pl. Nov. 1902. 4oc. 67 —— Report of the State Botanist 1902. 196p.5pl. May 1903. 5oc. 75 —— Report of the State Botanist 1903. op. 4pl. 1904. 4oc. 94 —— Report of the State Botanist 1904. 6op. 1opl. July 1905. 4oc. 105 Report of the State Botanist 1905. 108p.12pl. Aug. 1906. soc. 116 Report of the State Botanist 1906. 1120p. 6pl. July 1907. 35c. 122 Report of the State Botanist 1907. 178p. spl. Aug. 1908. 4oc. 131 Report of the State Botanist 1908. 202p. 4pl. July 1909. 4oc. Archeology. 16 Beauchamp, W. M. Aboriginal Chipped Stone Imple- ments of New York. 86p. 23pl. Oct. 1897. 25c. 18 Polished Stone Articles used by the New York Aborigines. ro4p. 35pl. Nov 1897. 25¢. Earthenware of the New York Aborigines. 78p. 33pl. Oct. 1898. 25¢c. ; Aboriginal Occupation of New York. t1g90p. 16pl. 2maps. Mar. Ig00. 30C. Wampum and Shell Articles used by New York Indians. 166p. 28pl. Mar. 1901. 3o0C¢. Horn and Bone Implements of the New York Indians. 112p. 43pl. Mar. 1902. 300¢. Metallic Implements of the New York Indians. o94p. 38pl. June 1902. 25¢. Metallic Ornaments of the New York Indians. 122p. 37pl. Dec. T9O%. 30C. itory of the New York Iroquois. 340p.17pl. map. Feb. 1905. 75¢, cloth. 50 25 73 78 87 Perch Lake Mounds. 84p. t12pl. Apr. 1905. 200. 89 Aboriginal Use of Wood in New York. tgop. 35pl. June 1905- 35¢. 108 Aboriginal Place Names of New York. 336p. May 1907. 4oc. 113 Civil, Religious and Mourning Councils and Ceremonies of Adop- tion. 1118p. 7pl. June 1907. 25C¢c. ea7 Parker, A. C. ne Sera; Indian Village and Burial Ste. t1o2p. gspl. Dec. 1907. 125 irerae, H. M. & Paver A.C. Iroquois Myths and Legends. 1096p. i. tipi. Dec: 1908. Soc. Miscellaneous. Msr (62) Merrill, F. J. H. Directory of Natural History Museums in United States and Canada. 2 36p. Apr. 1903. 30C. 4 4 66 Ellis, Mary. Index to Publications of the New York State Nat- ural History Survey and New York State Museum 1837-1902. 418p. June 1903. 75¢,cloth. Museum memoirs 1889-date. Q. t Beecher, C. E. & C arke, J. M. Development of Some Silurian Brachi- opoda. og6p. 8pl. Oct. 1889. = $r. . 3 Hall, James & Clarke J. M. Paleozoic Reticulate Sponges. 35op. il. 7opl. 1898. $2, cloth. f 3 as, J. M. The Oriskany Fauna of Becraft Mountain, Columbia Co., ae ae Oct. 1900. 8oc. 4 “OM c H Edible Fungi, 1895-99. 1106p. 25pl. Nov. rgo0o0. [$1.25] This includes revised descriptions and illustrations cf fungi reported in the 49th, 51st and 5:d reports of the State Botanist. § Clarke, J. M. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. Guelph Formation and Fauna of New York State. 1096p. 21pl. July 1903. $1.50, cloth. , NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT 6 Clarke, J. M. Naples Fauna in Western New York. 268p. 26pl. map” $2, cloth. 7 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Graptolites of New York. Pt 1 Graptolites of the Lower Beds. 350p. 17pl. Feb. 1905. $1.50, cloth. 8. Kelt, Eo P. jacocis Affecting Park and Woodland Trees. v.1. “6opy ‘ i aech Feb. 1906. $2.50, cloth; v.2. 548p.° il. 22pl. Feb. 1roo7m $2, clot 9 Clarke, J. M. Early Devonic of New York and Eastern North Amedca Pt 1. 366p. il. zopl. 5 maps. Mar. 1908. $2.50, cloth; Pt 2, 25op. il. 36ph 4maps. Sept. 1909. $2, cloth, — % to Eastman, C. R. The Devonic Fishes of the New York Formations. 236p. «spl. 1907. $1.25, cloth. tr Ruedemann, Rudolf. Graptolites of New York. Pt 2 Graptolites of the Higher Beds. 584p. il. 2 tab. 31pl. Apr. 1908? $2.50, cloth. ‘. 12 Eaton, E.H. Birds of New York. In press. - 13 Whitlock, H. P. Calcites of New York. In press. Clarke, J. M. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. The Eurypterida of New York. Prepared. . Natural history of New York. 3ov. il. pl. maps. 4to. Albany 1842-04. 4 DIVISION 1 zooLoGY. De Kay, James E. Zoology of New York; or, The - New York Fauna; comprising detailed descriptions of all the animals hitherto observed within the State of New York with brief notices of those occasionally found near its borders, and accompanied b appropri- ate illustrations. 5v.il.pl.maps. sq. 4to. Albany 1842-44. Out of Pris Histsrical introduction to the series by Gov. W. H. Seward. 178p. ; tees katie Ohh PO a Navona in ascending order...©'7 | Devonic (continued ) i BR oars oete bake 7 ‘Ludlowville shale....... ys pte\ shen Wie "7 | Tichenor limestone.......... 22 e waterlimes. 6. ep. 4) ek et Moscow Shigled: ch. y /.ccu eg limestone Bg oe re Th Tully limestone...........5. 24 it waterlime.. me vsel a} Genesee’ black shale......... - 26 s limestone... ade Pety Genundewa limestone....... 27 ease Soe Pt", kik West River dark shale...... 28 fetal la 13 Cashaqua ,shalé....2.>..30s:05a0 pee Hatch shales and flags...... 30 :16*|:,, . -Gnimes sandstones..... 1... .3I : shales’. ey ee 18 West Hill flags and shales. tak oe shale...-.....-. 20 sTndeie vs seo ces naan elias 33 f 7 es »* . f 2 Riad oe, hit? . Beers PEO . Big } Si Pal ue 4: > pms 57, BHD HHWHFRDHWFTNHWNHHDHNANYN Report Bulletin Report Vi.02 97 Seg fe Va Lp Pb x. OO) 99 59s Ne Mie i DG 100 59, Vv. V.2 IoI Rely we Viehilig: Pee. Ow Bor Me Vee Loss a Orv. VenEeptee 196 59, V. Vis iy Ge I07 60, Vv. Vie 2 108 60, V. Waite Do 2 109, I1060, v. Ve TR bar Tins iam aie Vas II2 60, v. Vien II3 6o, v. Vi. 2 II4 60, Vv. Vas Drs 60, Vv. v. 4 116 60, Vv. Vieng I1l7 Ao, Vv. Wied 118 60, Vv. fare: Ilg-21 61, V. Wine I22 OL, v Vv. 4 123 61, Vv. Ve 124 Gx, .02 NANWDHD Ww Bulletin Report 125 G2 .rve 126-28 62, V. 129 O25 ave I30 Gane 1Z1,032 eee 133 625 Me Tee 6:2, (Ve Memoir 2 49, V- 3 3.4 Sasa 5; ©) 57s ease a 57, Vv. 4. 8; ptt. $9, vas 8, pt2 59, V- 4 9, Dt Gowen 0, Dt 2 62, sve 10 60, Vs .5 | II 6X, Vang ee MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS The figures at the beginning of each entry in the following list indicate its number as a museum bulletin. ae. 14 Kemp, J. F. Geology of Moriah and Westport Townships, Essex Co. N. Y., with notes on the iron mines. 38p. il. 7pl. 2 maps. Sep t. 1895. Free. : 19 Merrill, F. J. H. Guide to the Study of the Geological Collections of the New York State Museum. 164p. 119pl. map. Nov. 1898. Out of print. 21 Kemp, J. F. Geology of the Lake Placid Region. 24p.r1pl.map. Sept. 1898. Free. 48 Woodworth, J. B. Pleistocene Geology of Nassau County and Borough of Queens. 58p. il. 8pl. map. Dec. 1go01. 25¢c. 56 Merrill, F. J. H. Description of the State Cenlaat Map of 1901. 42p. 2 maps, tab. Nov. 1902. Free. 77 Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Vicinity of Little Falls, Herkimer Co. 98p. il. r5pl.2 maps. Jan. 1905. 30c. SS oodwarth, J.B. Pleistocene Seaioay of the Mooers Quadrangle. 6z2p. wees map. June 1905. 25c. 84 Ancient Water Levels of the Champlain and Hudson Valleys. 2o06p. il. ripl. 18 maps. July 1905. 45¢c. g5 Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Northern Adirondack Region. 188p. 1spl. 3 maps. Sept. 1905. 3o0c. 96 Ogilvie, I. H. Geology of the Paradox Lake Quadrangle. 5,p. il. r7pl. Map. DCE. 1905. 30C. 106 Fairchild, H. L. Glacial Waters mn the Erie Basin. 88p. 14pl. 9 maps. Feb. 1907. Out of print. 107 Woodworth, J. B.; Hartnagel, C. A.; Whitlock, H. P.; Hudson, G. H., Clarke, J.M.:; White, David & Berkey, CG. Ps Geological Papers. 388p. 54pl. map. May 1907. 9Qoc, cloth. Contents: Woodworth, J. B. Postglacial Faults of Eastern New York. Hartnagel, C. A. Stratigraphic Relations of the Oneida Conglomerate. Upper Siluric and Lower Devonic Formations of the Skunnemunk Mountain Region. Whitlock, H. P. Minerals from Lyon Mountain, Clinton Co. Hudson, G. H. On Some Pelmatozoa from the Chazy Limestone of New York, Clarke, ye M. Some New Devonic Fossils. An Interesting Style of Sand-filled Vein. Eurypterus Shales of the Shawangunk Mountains in Eastern New York. White, David. A Remarkable Fossil Tree Trunk from the Middle Devonic of New York. Berkey, C. P. Structural and Stratigraphic Features of the Basal Gneisses of the Highlands. rrr Fairchild, H. L. Drumlins of New York. 6op. 28pl. 19 maps. July - 1907.. Out of print. ‘115 Cushing, H. P. Sse of the Long Lake Quadrangle. 88p. 2opl. Sept. 1907. 126 6 Miller’ W. 4% ony of the Remsen Quadrangle. 5 4p. il. r1pl. map. ® jan. 1909. 25c. 127 Fairchild, H. L. Glacial Watersin Central New York. 64p. 27pl. 15 maps. _ Mar. rgoy. 4oc. 135 Miller, W. J. Geology of the Port Leyden Quadrangle, Lewis County, vet. O2p.il. 1x pl. map. Jan. igi0. 25¢. 137 Luther, D. D. Geology of the Auburn-Genoa Quadrangles. 36 p. map. _ March rogro. 20¢. Berkey, C. P. Geology of the Hienisie of the Hudson. In preparation. ushing, H. P.; Fairchild, H.L.; Ruedemann, Rudolf & Smyth, C. __ Geology of the Thousand Island Region. In press. Kemp, J. F. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. Geology of the Elizabethtown and Port Henry Quadrangles. In press. Economic geology. 3 Smock, J.C. Building Stone in the State of New York. 1154p. Mar. 1888. Out of print. First Report on the Iron Mines and Iron Ore Districts in the State _ of New York. 78p. map. June 1889. Out of print. Building Stone in New York. 210p. map, tab. Sept. 1890. 4oc. . Merrill, F. J. H. Salt and Gypsum Industries of New York. og4p. rapl. I f =) 2 maps, 11 tab. Apr. 1893. [Soc] 2 Ries, Heinrich. Clay industries of New York. 174p.1pl. il. map. Mar. 1895. 30C. ——_ —— — _ NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT 15 Merrill, F. J. H. Mineral Resources of New York. 240p. 2 maps Sept. 1895. [5o0c] Road Materials and Road Building in New York. 52p.14pl. 2 maps. Oct. 1807. 3)2 56 30 Orton, aged SR and Natural Gas in New York. 136p. il. 3 maps. Nov. 1899. 15 35 Ries, Heinrich. Clays aS New York; their Properties and Uses. 456p. r40pl. map. June 2900. Ont of przt. 44 Lime and Cement Industries ot New York; Eckel, E. C. Chapters on the Cement Industry. 332p. rorpl. 2 maps. Dec. roo1. 85¢, cloth. 61 Dickinson, H. T. Quarries of Bluestone and other Sandstones in New York. s14p. 18pl. 2 maps. Mar. 1903. 35¢. 85 Rafter, G. W. Hydrology of New York State. gozp. il. 44pl. 5 maps. May 1905. $1.50, cloth. | 93 Newland, D. H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York. 78p. July 1905. Out of print. ) 100 McCourt, W. E. Fire Tests of Some New York Building Stones. 4op. 26pi.. Feb 1906... 15¢: 102 Newland, D. H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1905. 16ep. June 1906. Out of print. 112 Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1906. 82p. July 1907. Out of print. II9 & Kemp, J. F. Geology of the Adirondack Magnetic Iron Ores © with a Report on the Mineville-Port Henry Mine Group. 184p. 14pl. 8 maps. Apr. 1908. 35c. 120 Newland, D. H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1907. 82p July 1908. 15¢c. 123 & Hartnagel, C. A. Iron Ores of the Clinton Formation in New — York State. 76p.il.14 pl. 3 maps. Nov: 1908. 25e. 132 Newland, D. H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1908. 98p. iialyceoes (se: —— Mining and Quarry Industry of New York for 1909. In preparation. Mineralogy. 4 Nason, F. L. Some New York Minerals and their Localities. 2op. ipl. | Aug. 1888. | Free. 58 Whitlock H. P. Guide to the Mineralogic Collections of the New York State Museum. tsop il. 39pl..11 models Sept. 1902. 4o0¢c. New York Mineral Localities. r1op. Oct. 1903.” aac : Contributions from the Minetalogic Laboratory. 38p. 7pl. Dec. TQOS ie \ THe: Paleontology. 34 Cumings, E. R. Lower Silurian System of Eastern Mont- ; gomery County; Prosser, C. S. Notes on the Stratigraphy ot Mohawk Valley and Saratoga County, N. Y. 74p. r4pl. map. May 1900. 15e. 39 Clarke, J. M. Simpson, G. B. & Loomis, F. B. Paleontologic Papers 1. gap. il. 16pl. | Oct. roce:, "ice; Coplentse Clarke, J. M. A Remarkable Occurrence of Orthoceras in the Oneonta Beds of he Chenango Valley, _—— TDagoetanece eryptovhya: a Peculiar Echinoderm from the intone on (Portage Beds) of Western New York. —— Dictyonine Hexactinellid Sponges from the Upper Devonic of New York. —— The Water Biscuit of Squaw Island, Canandaigua Lake, N. Y. Simpson, G. B. Preliminary Descriptions of New Genera of Paleozoic Rugose Corals. Loomis, F. B. Siluric Fungi from Western New York. 42 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Hudson River Beds near Dap and their Taxo- nomic Equivalents. 1116p. 2pl.map. Apr. rgo1r. 25 45 Grabau. A. W. Geology and Paleontology of Nidan Falls and Vicinity. 286p. il. r8pl. map. Apr. 1991. 65c; cloth, goc. 49 Ruedemann, Rudolf; Clarke. J. M. & Wood, Elvira. Paleontologic Papers 2. 240p. r3pl. Dec. ro901. © 400. Contents: Ruedemann, Rudolf. Trenton Conglomerate of Rysedorph Hill. Clarke, J. M. Limestones of Central and Western New York Interbedded with ‘Bitumi nous Shales of the Marcellus Stage. Wood, Elvira. Marcellus Limestones of Lancaster, Erie Co., N. Y. Clarke, J. M. New Agelacrinites. Value of Amnigenia as an Indicator of Fresh-water Deposits during the Devonic o New York, Ireland and the Rhineland 17 70 98 MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS 52 Clarke, J. M. Report of the State Paleontologist rg01. 28op. il. 1opl. ™map, 1 tab. July 1902. 4oc. 63 —— & Luther, D. D. Stratigraphy of Canandaigua and Naples Quad- rangles. 78p. map. June rgo4. 25¢c. 65 Clarke, J. M. Catalogue of Type Specimens of Paleozoic Fossils in the New York State Museum. 848p. May 1903. $1.20, cloth. Report of the State Paleontologist 1902. 464p. s2pl. 7maps. Nov. 1903. $1, cloth. Report of the State Paleontologist 1903. 396p. 2o9pl. 2 maps. Feb. 1905. 85c, cloth. & Luther, D. D. Watkins and Elmira Quadrangles. 32p. map. Mar. 1905. 25c. 82 Geologic Map of the Tully Quadrangle. 4op.map. Apr. 1905. 200. 90 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Cephalopoda of Beekniantown and Chazy For- mations of Champlain Basin. 224p. il. 38pl. May 1906. 75¢c, cloth. 92 Grabau, A.W. Guide to the Geology and Paleontology of the Schoharie Region. 314p. il. 26pl. map. Apr. 1906. 75¢c, cloth. 99 Luther, D. D. Geology of the Buffalo Quadrangle. 32p. map. May 1906. 20¢c. 101 —— Geology of the Penn Yan-Hammondsport Quadrangles. 28p. map. July 1906. 25c. 114 Hartnagel, C. A. Eaelagie Map of the Rochester and Ontario Beach Quadrangles. 36p.map. Aug. 1907. 200. 118 Clarke, J. M. & Luther, D. D. Geologic Maps and Descriptions of the Portage and Nunda Quadrangles including a map of Letchworth Park. sop. 16pl. 4maps. Jan. 1908. 35c. 128 Patiier. D. D. Geology of the ew: Ovid Quadrangles. 44p. map. Apr. 1999. 20C¢. —— Geology of the Phelps Quadrangle. In preparation. Whitnall, H.O. Geology of the Morrisville Quadrangle. Prepared. Hopkins, T. C. Geology of the Syracuse Quadrangle. In preparation. Hudson, G. H. Geology of Valcour Island. In preparation. Zoology. 1 Marshall, W. B. Preliminary List of New York Unionidae. 2op. Mar. 1892. Free. 9 —— Beaks of Unionidae Inhabiting the Vicinity of Albany, N. Y. 3op. ipl. Aug. 1890. Free. 29 Miller, G. S. jr. Preliminary List of New York Mammals. 1124p. Oct. 1899. 15c. 33 Farr, M. S. ‘Check List of New York Birds. 224p. Apr. 1900. 25¢c. 38 Miller. G. S. jr. Key to the Land Mammals of Northeastern North _ America. 106p. Oct. 1900. 15c. 40 Simpson, G. B. Anatomy and Physiology of Polygyra albolabris and Limax ei and Embryology of Limax maximus. 82p. 28pl. Oct. Igor. 43 Ralcgs” f L. Clam and Scallop Industries of New York. 36p. 2pl. map. Apr. igor. Free. 51 Eckel, E. C. & Paulmier, F. C. Catalogue of Reptiles and Batrachians of New York. Gap. il. xpi; “Apr. ‘1902. r5e. Ecke}, E.C. Serpents of Northeastern United States. Paulmier, F. C. izards, Tortoises and Batrachians of New York. ee H. Catalogue of the Fishes of New York. 784p. Feb. 1903. 1, clot 71 pellogg, J. L. Feeding Habits and Growth of Venus mercenaria. j3op. pl. Sept. 1903. Free. age tson, Pilizabsth J. Check List of the Mollusca of New York. tr16p. ay 1905. 20¢. gI + sige! F. C. Higher Crustacea of New York City. 78p. il. June 81 1905. 130 Shufeldt. R. W. ig aly ig 3$2p. il. 26pl. May 1909. 500. Entomology. «5 Lintner, J. A. White Grub of the May Beetle. 34p., il. Nov. 1888. Free. 6 —— Cut-worms. 38p.il. Nov. 1888. Free. NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT 13 —— San José Scale and Some Destructive Insects of New York State 54p. 7pl. Apr. 1895. 15¢ 20 Felt, *E. P. Elm-leaf Beetle in New York State. 46p. il. spl. June 1898. Free. See 57. 23 2 14th Report of the State Entomologist 1898. rs5op. il. gpl. Dec. 1898. 20C. Memorial of the Life and Entomologic Work of J. A. Lintner Ph.D. State Entomologist 1874-98; Index to Entomologist’s pies I-13. gn6p. tpl. Oet.i1899, - 35. Supplement to 14th report of the State Entomologist. 26 Collection, Preservation and Distribution of New York Insects. 36p. il. Apr. 1899. Free. 27, Shade Tree Pests in New York State. 26p. il. spl. May 1899. Free. 31 —— 115th Report of the State Entomologist 1899. 128p. June 1900, 15c 36 16th Report of the State Entomologist 1900. 118p. 16pl. Mar. Igol. 25¢. 37_—— Catalogue of Some of the More Important Injurious and Beneficial Insects of New York State. 54p.il. Sept. 1900. Free. 46 —— Scale Insects of Importance and a List of the Species in New York State. 94p- il. rspl: - June r9ex; -25¢: 47 Needham, J. G. & Betten, Cornelius. Aquatic Insects in the Adiron- dacks. 234p. il. 36pl. Sept. TQOTs! 45e: 53 Felt, E. P. 17th Report of the State Entomologist 1901. 232p. il. 6pl. Aug. 1902. Out of print. Elm Leaf Beetle in New York State. 46p. il. 8pl. Aug. 1902. Out of print. ty is a revision of 20 containing the more essential facts observed since that was pre- pare 57 59 Grapevine Root Worm. 4op. 6pl. Dec. 1902. 165¢. See 72. 64 18th Report of the State Entomologist 1902. 1110p. 6p). May BQ03: .) 2ac. . 68 Needham, J. G. & others. Aquatic Insects in New York. 322p. 5apl. Aug. 1903. 8cc, cloth. 72 Felt, E. P. Grapevine Root Worm. s58p. 13pl. Nov. 1903. 20c. This is a revision of 59 containing the more essential facts observed since that was prepared. 74 —— & Joutel, L.H. Monograph of the Genus Saperda. 88p. 14pl June 1904. 25c. 76 Felt, E. P. roth Report of the State Entomologist 1903. r5o0p. 4pl. 1904. I5C. . Mosquitos or Culicidae of New York. 164p. il. 57pl. tab. Oct. eS eS ee 79 1904. 40¢. 86 Needham, J. G. & others. May Flies and Midges of New York. 352p. il. 37pl. June 1905. 80c, cloth. 97 Felt, E. P. 2oth Report of the State Entomologist 1904. 246p. il. zgpl. Nov. 1905. 40c. 103 Gipsy and Brown Tail Moths. 44p. ropl. July 1906. 15¢. 104 21st Report of the State Entomologist 1905. 144p. r1opl. Aug. 1906. 25¢. 109 —— Tussock Moth and Elm Leaf Beetle. 34p.8pl. Mar. 1907. 20¢. 110 —— 22d Report of the State Entomologist 1906. 1152p. spl. June — BGO7. -25C. 23d Report of the State Entomologist 1907. 542p. 44pl. il. — Oct. 1908. , 5c. j 129 Controi of Household Insects. 48p. il. May 1909. Out of print. ee 50 MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS 134 24th Report of the State Entomologist 1908. 208p. 17pl. il. Sept 1909. 35C. 5g Controlof Flies and Other Household Insects. 56p.il. Feb.1g10. iim, J. G. Monograph on Stone Flies. In preparation. Botany. 2 Peck, C. H. Contributions to the Botany of the State of New York. 72p. 2pl. May 1887. Out of print. 8 Boleti of the United States. 98p. Sept. 1889. Out of print. 25 Report of the State Botanist 1898. 76p. spl. Oct. 1899. Out of print. . 28 Plants of North Elba. 206p. map. June 1899. 200. 54 —— Report of the State Botanist 1901. 58p.7pl. Nov. 1902. 4oc. 67 —— Report of the State Botanist 1902. 196p.spl. May 1903. 5oc. 75 —— Report of the State Botanist 1903. 7op. 4pl. 1904. 4oc. — 04 Report of the State Botanist 1904. 6op. ropl. July 1905. 4oc. 105 —— Report of the State Botanist 1905. 108p.12pl. Aug. 1906. 5oc. 116 Report of the State Botanist 1906. 120p. 6pl. July 1907. 35Cc. 122 Report of the State Botanist 1907. 178p. spl. Aug. 1908. 4oc. I31 Report of the State Botanist1908. 202p. 4pl. July1g09. 4oc. Archeology. 16 Beauchamp, W. M. Aboriginal Chipped Stone Imple- ments of New York. 86p. 23pl. Oct. 1897. 25¢c. 18 —— Polished Stone Articles used by the New York Aborigines. ro4p. 35pl. Nov. 1897. 25¢c. 22 Earthenware of the New York Aborigines. 78p. 33pl. Oct. 2605. 25¢. 32 Aboriginal Occupation of New York. t1gop. 16pl. 2maps. Mar. Ig00. 30C. 41 —— Wampum and Shell Articles used by New York Indians. 166p. 28pl. Mar. 1901. 300. Hora and Bone Implements of the New York Indians. rr2p. 43pl. Mar. 1902. 30C. 55 Metallic Implements of the New York Indians. o94p. 38pl. June 1902. 25¢. 73 —— Metallic Ornaments of the New York Indians. 122p.37pl. Dec. 1903. 30C. Fiveory of the New York Iroquois. 340p. 17pl. map. Feb. 1905. 75¢. cloth. 78 87 Perch Lake Mounds. 84p. r2pl. Apr. 1905. 20C¢. 89 Aboriginal Use of Wood in New York. gop. 35pl. June 1905. 35¢. 108 mcodaitial Place Names of New York. 336p. May 1907. 40c. a Civil, Religious and Mourning Councils and Ceremonies of Adop- mom. 118p.7pl Jane 1907. 25¢. sx7 Parker, A. C. oo fog Indian Village and Burial Site. troa2p. 38pl. Dec. 1907. 125 Converse, H. M. & paket A.C. Iroquois Myths and Legends. 196p. a. z2pl Dec. 1908. 5o0¢c. Ba dlasaous. (62) Merrill, F. J. H. Directory of Natural History Museums in United States and Canada. 236p. Apr. 1903. 30c. 66 Ellis, Mary. Index to Publications of the New York State Nat- ural History Survey and New York State Museum 1837-1902. 418p. June 1903. 75¢,cloth. Museum memoirs 1889-date. Q. 1 Beecher, C. E. & Clarke, J. M. Development of Some Silurias Brachi- opoda. 96p. 8pl. Oct. 1889. = $r. 2 Hall, James & Clarke J. M. Paleozoic Reticulate Sponges. 35o0p. il. 7opl. 1808. $2, cloth. 7 otge J. M. The Oriskany Fauna of Becraft Mountain, Columbia Co., 128p. gpl. Oct. 1900. 8oc. 4 Peck, c |: Bae. & Y. Bdible Fungi, 1895-99. 106p.25pl. Nov. rgo0o0. [$1.25] This incluces revised descriptions and illustrations cf fungi reported in the 4 )th, sist and 52d reports of the State Botanist. 5 Clarke, J. M. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. Guelph Formation and Fauna of New York State. 196p. atpl. July 1903. $1.59, cloth. NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT 6 ane M. Naples Fauna in Western New York. 268p. 26pl. map. $2, cloth. ; 7 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Graptolites of New York. Pt 1 Graptolites of the Lower Beds. 350p.17pl. Feb. 1905. $1.50, cloth. 8 Felt, E. P. Insects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees. v.1. 46o0p. il. 48pl, Feb.. 1906. $2.50, cloth; v.2. 548p. il.. 22pl) Feb eeaam $2, cloth. 9 Clarke, J. M. Early Devonic of New York and Eastern North America. Pt 1. 366p. il. zopl. 5 maps. Mar. 1908. $2.50, cloth; Pt 2, 250p. il. 36pl. 4maps. Sept. 1909. $2, cloth. 1o Eastman, C. R. The Devonic Fishes of the New York Formations. © 236p. spl. 1907. $1.25, cloth. 11 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Graptolites of New York. Pt 2 Graptolites of the Higher Beds. 584p. il. 2 tab. 31pl. Apr. 1908. $2.50, cloth. 12 Eaton, E. H. Birds of New York. In press. 13. Whitlock, H. P. Calcites of New York. In press.. Clarke, J. M. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. The Eurypterida of New York. Prepared. Natural history of New York. 3ov. iJ. pl. maps. 4to. Albany 1842-94. DIVISION 1 zooLOGY. De Kav, James E. Zoology of New York; or, The New York Fauna; comprising detailed descriptions of all the animals hitherto observed within the State of New York with brief notices of those occasionally found near its borders, and accompanied by appropri- — ate illustrations. 5v.il.pl. maps. sq. 4to. Albany 1842-44. Out of print. Hist3rical introduction to the series by Gov. W H.Seward. 178p. Vv. 1 ptr Mammalia. .131 446p.. 23pl..) ro42. 399 copies with hand-colored plates v. 2pt2 Birds. 12+380p. r41pl. 1844. Colored piates. v. 3 pt3 Reptiles and Amphibia. 7 +o8p. pt4 Fishes. 15 +41 5p. 1842. . pt3—-4 bound together. v. . Plates to accompany v. 3. Reptiles and Amphibia 23pl. Fishes 7op!. 1842 300 copies with laud-colored clates v. 5 pts Moliusca. 4+271p. 4gopl. pt6 Crustacea. 7op. r13pl. 1843-44- Hand-colored plates; pts—6 bound together. DIVISION 2 BOTANY. Torrey, John. Flora of the State of New York; com- prising full descriptions of all the indigenous and naturalized plants hith- erto discovered in the State, with remarks on their economical and medical properties. av. il. pl. sq. gto. Albany 1843. Out of print. v. 1 Flora of the State of New York. 12+484p. 72pl. 1843. 300 copies with hand-colored plates. v. 2 Flora of the State of New York. 572p. 89pl. 1843. - 390 copies with hand-colored plates. DIVISION 3 MINERALOGY. Beck, Lewis C. Mineralogy of New York; com- prising detailed descriptions of the minerals hitherto found in the State of New York, and notices of their uses in the arts and agriculture. il. pl. sq.4to. Albany 1842. Out of print. v. 1 pt1 Economical Mineralogy. ptz Descriptive Mineralogy. 24+536p. 1842. 8 plates additional to those printed as part of the text. DIVISION 4 GEOLOGY. Mather, W. W.; Emmons, Ebenezer; Vanuxem, Lard- ner & Hall, James. Geology of New York. 4v. il. pl. sq. 4to. Albany 3 1842-43. Out of print. v. t ptr Mather, W. W. First Geological District. 37+653p. 46pl. 1843 v. 2 pt2 Emmons, Ebenezer. Second Geological District. 10+437p. 17p 1842. v. 3 pt3 Vanuxem, Lardner. Third Geological District. 306p. 1842. v. 4 pt4 Hall, James. Fourth Geological District. 22+682p. «gpl. map. 1243 a a a Se MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS DIVISION 5 AGRICULTURE. Emmons, Ebenezer. Agriculture of New York; comprising an account of the classification, composition and distribution of the soils and rocks and the natural waters of the different geological formations, together with a condensed view of the meteorology and agri- 2 ah productions of the State. 5v. il. pl.sq. 4to. Albany 1846-54. Out 0 int ae Boils of the State, their Composition and Distribution. 11 +371p. 2rpl. 1846. v. 2 Analysis of Soils, Plants, Cereals, etc. 8+343+46p. 42pl. 1849. With hand-colored plates. - : ; v. 3 Fruits, etc. 8+340p. 1851. v. 4 Plates to eer ony Me 35 95pl. BEDI Hand-colored. 72 v. 5 Insects Injurious to Agriculture, 842720. sopl. 18 54 ei ’ With hand-colored plates.’ DIVISION 6 PALEONTOLOGY. Hall, face Paleontology of New Yort: 8v. il. pl. sq. 4to. Albany 1847-94. Bound in cloth. v. 1 Organic Remains of the Lower Division of the New York System. 23+338p. oopl. 1847. Out of print. v. 2 Organic Remains of Lower Middle Division of the New ‘York System. 8+362p. ro4pl. 1852. Out of print. v. 3 Organic Remains of the Looe Honierbetie Group: ane the Oriskany _ Sandstone. pti, text. 12 +532p. 1859. [$3. 50] © pt2. 143pl. 1861. [$2.50] = 4 Fossil Brachiopoda of the Upper ‘Helderberg, Hamilton, Portage and ~ Chemung Groups. 11 +1 +428p. “6opl. 1867. $2-50.. . § ptr Lamellibranchiata 1. -Monomyaria of ‘the. Upper’ Helderberg, * Hamilton and Chemung Groups. 18+268p. qspl. 1884.’ $2.50. Lamellitranchiata 2. Dimyaria of the Upper ‘Helderberg, Ham- ilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. 62+293p. 5ipl. 1885. $2.50. — pte Gasteropoda, ° ‘Pteropoda and Cephalopoda | of the’ Upper Helder- berg, Hamilton, Portage and’ Chemung Groups. av. 1879. Vv. 1, text. F'rs +402p. ‘v. 2; 120pl.- $2. ‘sofor2v. © —— & Simpson, George B. ‘v. 6 Corals and Bryozoa of the Lower and Up- per Helderberg and Hamilton Groups. 24+298p- 67pl. 1887. $2.50. —— & Clarke, John M. v. 7 Trilobites and other Crustacea of the Oris- kany, Upper Helderberg, ° Hamilton, Portage,’ Chemung and Catskill Groups. 64+236p. 46p]. 1888. Cont. supplement to v. 5, pt2. Ptero- poda, Cephalopoda and Annelida. 42p. 18pl. 1888. $2.50. —— & Clarke, John M. v.8pt1 Introduction to the Studs of the Genera of the Paleozoic Brachiopoda. 16+367p. 44pl- 1892. $2.50. en & tee John M. v. 8 pt2 Paleozoic Brachiopoda. 16 t 3904p. 64pl. 1894. 2 CataJogue of i. Cabinet of Natural History of the State of New York and. - i Historical and Antiquarian Collection annexed thereto. 242p. 8vo. Handisoks 1893—date. | ae: | el In quantities, 1 cent for each 16 pages or less. Single copies postpaid ‘as below. New York State Museum. s52p. il. Free. ® Outlines, history and work of the museum with list of staff rgo2. Paleontology. 12p. Free. Brief outline ot State Museum work in paleontology under heads: Definition: Relation to biology; Relation to stratigraphy; History of paleontology in New York. Guide to Excursions in the Fossiliferous Rocks of New York. r124p. Free. Itineraries of 32 trips covering nearly the entire series of Paleozoic rocks, prepared specially for the use of gg oo students desiring to acquaint themselves more intimately with the classic rocks of this State. ham & 16p. Free. Economic Geology. 44p. Free. Insecticides and Fungicides. 2o0p. Free. Classification of New York Series of Geologic Formations. 32p. Free. NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Geologic maps. Merrill, F. J. H. Economic and Geologic Map of the State of New York; issued as part of Museum bulletin 15. and 48th Museum — Report, v. 1. 59x67 cm. 1894. Scale 14 miles to 1 inch. 1§5¢c. ' —— Map of the State of New York Showing the Location of Quarries of Stone Used for Building and Road Metal. Mus. bul. 17. 1897. Free. [ —— Map of the State of New York Showing the Distribution of the Rocks — Most Useful for Road Metal. Mus. bul. 17. 1897. Free. + —— Geologic Map of New York. roo1. Scale 5 miles to 1 inch. Jn ailas — form $3; mounted on rollers $5. Lower Hudsow sheet 6oc. The lower Hudson sheet, geologically colored, comprises Rockland, Orange, Dutchess, Put- nam, Westchester, New York, Richmond, Kings. Queens and Nassau counties, and parts of oder Ulster and Suffolk counties; also northeastern New Jersey and part of western — onnecticut. —— Map of New York Showing the Surface Configuration and Water Sheds. tgo1. Scale r2 miles to1inch. 15c. —— Map of the State of New York Showing the Location of its Economic _ Deposits. 1904. Scale 12 miles to 1 inch. 15c. Geologic maps on the United States Geological Survey topographic base; — scale 1 in. == 1m. Those marked with an asterisk have also been pub- — lished separately. *Albany county. Mus. rep’t 49, v. 2. 1898. Out of print. Area around Lake Placid. Mus. bul. 21. 1808. a Vicinity of Frankfort Hill [parts of Herkimer and Oneida counties]. Mus. rep't 51, v. 1. 1899. i] Rockland county. State geol. rep’t 18. 1899. Amsterdam quadrangle. Mus. bul. 34. 1900. *Parts of Albany and Rensselaer counties. Mus. bul. 42. rgo1. Free. *Niagara river. Mus. bul. 45. 1901. ac. Part of Clinton county. State geol. rep’t 19. 1gor. Oyster Bay and Hempstead quadrangles on Long Island. Mus bul. 48. Igor. 5 i Portions of Clinton and Essex counties. Mus. bul. 52. 1902. 3 Part of town of Northumberland, Saratoga co. State geol. rep’t 21. 1903. Union Springs, Cayuga county and vicinity. Mus. bul. 69. 1902. *Olean quadrangle. Mus. bul. 69. 1903. Free. *Becraft Mt with 2 sheets of sections. (Scale 1 in. == 4m.) Mus. bul. 69. — 1903. 20C. *Canandaigua-Naples quadrangles. Mus. bul. 63. 1904. 2oC¢. *Little Falls quadrangle. Mus. bul. 77. 1905. Free. *Watkins-Elmira quadrangles. Mus. bul. 81. 1905. 200. *Tully quadrangle. Mus. bul. 82. 1905. Free. *Salamanca 7 ee aa Mus. bul. 80. 41905. Free. *Mooers quadrangle. Mus. bul. 83. 1905. Free. *Buffalo quadrangle. Mus. bul. 99. 1906. Free. *Penn Yan-Hammondsport quadrangles. Mus. bul. ror. 1906. ec. *Rochester and Ontario Beach quadrangles. Mus. bul. 114 200. *Long Lake quadrangle. Mus. bul. 115. Free. *Nunda-Portage quadrangles. Mus. bul. rr8. 200¢. *Remsen quadrangle. Mus. bul.126. 1908. Free. *Geneva-Ovid quadrangles. Mus. bul. 128. 1909. 200. *Port Leyden quadrangle. Mus. bul. 135. 1910. Free. *Auburn-Genoa quadrangles. Mus. bul. 137. XOLO..-2cc. Yyy Yj] Ly Sica i i i p , ; ‘ A Fi 3, ii ee ; tad (3 « r A ie 4 » i. 1. ij f f I 1 ; 4c i ) ig i hl ; eh, ‘ dpe at 3 ris fi es Q 2 = j ’ : j iy t j iy ‘a J jcaTiON DEPARTMENT E pucATO 34 CLARKE Scare CBOLOOIST UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE op NEW STATE MUSEUM IN 197 ADRANGLES Topestapty: to, Comtont tastoryah JO feet. Woteon se menam ne hovel | ] i } Ge m co) ul z oO iif: Orixkany 5 B 5 3 = 5 limestone i —1 UPPER SILURIC DEVONIC PLEISTOCENE - é pail rypeir se resins. + getter “aR eR OOO ENS sacichabiitinincliedeitn Ts — os ——— eae b , cere a a ’ ee ie g ah Reiter a ‘ af ap ay oo tts rT tg va Pe % ~~ bys A 2 i - “a, ‘ _— a ey aie s > * i se hs = © Fu? é . > AAAAG . te AAAAAAA pcr ete ARAAA N\A AAA ABIARA ian | - aA Ar : SAR AAR R peanenreeernteee Aa AY SAA AAARRAAA CANA naan aman ite aannrmn | AA AAAAAAAAAAAAAA RAH taccaaas AAAAMA AAAAAAARAAAEAAAae | Rey ARAAAAA AL RAR AANA “AAA AnaA AARAAAAAA aA | | | AAAA AARAAAA An AAR, AANA unputta AAA BAIA ieonore SARA An ANNAN A aAnAennnnnnnnnncnnn eas AERA REGARAREA WAAAWAARAARAAARAARAR aaa’) Aap AA AAAARAAAAA - NAA AAMAAARLCAAAA AES AAA AMANNAR AAAANA ANA ARIAAA pe ratan APCAAIARAARAAARAAR naan? (Ar | nl \, a lal 1 V Ve > fap PP vA ARRAN AAANARAARAAAAAR SE An o Ao eae an Se ee (alae SAAAAa vA BARK ARIANA AANA > fl a RIAAARRAMAMARNOA OAC " AAAS BAAARARAPY pannnnnn pialalnia na AA NAAAAAR AANAAARA AAAAARAAAAAAAARAAA PORARARARASS eran nae RAMA EEER ER AARANaa J | | q ) \ AAndAanngpanapaasanonconaceee ARAN A | aAAA ‘an BREE ERAN AANA APRARAL ARAN NON an Annnh an AAAAAA A AA . IARARRAAAA AA? AAAAP AAA Yao NAAAAAAY SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES “WI 3 9088 01300 7760