a . ve 1 i i . 2 ’ ’ - + et ew ee me cay e ‘ ‘ r - ne vy ; Pas 4 ; cain Cal aes ore ’ ¥ " 3 re ‘ ee a) 1 €%2 # "eo to 3 ‘Tas 7 ‘Pea the - : oe gwd x emt FF u ’ A ad 7 rc oe + can He we - ey . 4 . ee = se be a bie apes be hee A Wes Op werasy wet fear ae ve te Bete =e i oe ae ORs 4 4pm ——-_,™= CC KC PP) | 1 WwW Ww ; ia Ba | YY) )\yre2 a es / " \| a A | = } lo \ : bal} y 1 f i. W rN | | / \ an Bal PAA. eee * iY RAR AR‘! | AAA) Ala AAAY PA PARA GA Aie.\ V ~ oN 9 Ca Aah \ \, \ s == \! i ANS >! AN Viz Ze) NAN PAI AV ae rN " a \ WN \ Za" f f TES AM (aN pee AENEAN _\ WN TAWA WN {WAAL NIA IR! Vi NANY i a (FN gan co oo ENS f fall \ \/ \f \ f \ AN AN A AN yy V7 \| y AA | \ \ ANA AAA c™ L y i i rN , } / | \ Valet! _y ¥ il \ i~ A y a WY f ~ AY YY ] A \ } Alaa IAA ENP \\ \ i | | lf oN le AR | A ia ARARAAARAR Allen AN! \ \/ | AA TATA al Wi | APA paAARFrARAA & / Wey OM Ifo MV / ¥/ | \ i AAAARIA| {| i [ Vaal) | WA | W / Wie i WAV AY! \ \ a ~ j | @ \ ) \I \ \ \ | y | ! a I a i gaws| lel f=) ; ! ) 7 j | b | [peor { i | , , | | Ala Aaa el ann AIAN AICO | yaa A ale I iy ; V : l f | f |, { lf f { | _\ ba) | f j | Y Y. YAWN i! WNW l \) ) \A NARAAARAAACY A AARC AREER AARAR A naa A \ MN, WAN \\F \ \ \ a (ANT. I WEV NZS ANAS Va\ ~\ 1 —~\\ y i ‘ S = Hy vi \y Y) WAV, MW I/\\ i a \VV/m\\ \EN uN H { : 4 4 \ | { - sy N/ \\V i fi 1/—\\ } § \ \ 1 =\\ fm \| | = 7 | Vy wy Y | Y =| \ 4 / Yam, \ ; WN VY | " y a W ae iE | I ; \ | 4 \ LIZ N IAD Ny if Law| | gm WW Pm f__\| y \ VV \ i \" | \ } \ aN Wy | \" \ Gams Za \ \ WV r t f - ~ 4 1} / If y i/, i/ ¥ s y | ¥ | l 4 A | y Wt fi \ \ ; \\\ ! ’ | i, f SES Y, | i, | ‘i | | | H i / y vy } \ ¥ \ 4) \ an \W/ W-\\ | KE = EN EN A f f } ! i \ y Py / y yy Y VY | fo \| | TN gal 7 AW If iex\ W/ aN all ‘all ~ | | | ¥ | y \ \i i YNG Ip t = if Walala Bala VAIN \ AAG AAA } AV OWAN ap RIAAAAAA AVA pana aa WZ an Rasa A Aan SN 1a) \ !) | ay Aralal i \) Ni \I An A A NN: dadedowesesoe el We LUANG Ue SIGS Ue eew | ville ell yy UU eyo MVM eS vs wy NA KA | ig et hes | J \ DALAM) IN Ny} IDS Ae, S Oe lel hd ISS fl A~) Y oa; \ Iv) | | hd Ved, Viel hate WISix NESS vevveecreeueyeeNwe wy eee eee Joe) aRavee ron SMIOOONN Ning ebb eee CeeUDOUDDED, MeV IeCCE ECS Te, inte ee wey ae i vw coaacaastcati PIA SAA Meee we Maine IN WN ly f \ YUE GU MauWviie ¥i. ' Pies: ¢ bh Ay Ras ae < aA 2 ee ne A Sh 4 ( ¥ ” F eee gree an ot ; me ; ! ioe eS ahs Education ‘Department Bulletin — Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under the act of July 16, 1894 FOvO. STO |. ALBANY, N. Y. JANUARY I, 1912 New York State Museum Joun M. CrarKke, Director EpuHrAIM Porter Fett, State Entomologi ON INJURIOUS AND CTHER INSECTS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK IQIT PAGE PAGE MUTEROUMERTION ss 5 se e's. 5 ors 5 | Experiments with heat .as an lannions INSECES~ 2.50886 Sei rg IISECHCIGE | Wes | sate ee ee SOB ited Code mmotli. tT. ..5 Sete. eke Tou Motes, foruthevyeare. 1s ecto 98. SSEDSY MASEL! cpio es o's cada 6 os 42 Brut, tree! smsectsss.6sc aeace 98 Green maple worm ....... as Small? frit. inseetsets: .3 oss. 102 JUSS g py} (cc tee te et 52 Shade treeteipestsianac,) - 1. 104 Monee wine! 4 A... vache a - 54 Honest): pests wi tase oe ra aeons IIO Maple leaf cutter 222.0204. 56 Miscellaneousiel: ans erae 114 Mocust leafminer yy. 6.406 59 ; Publications of the Entomolo- Bitsy, Hispa | )vins.. eee Ce ee gist’ et hehe MELD Rick vee 124 Rose leaf hopper ......... 65 | Additions to collections..... 130 Pemodical Cicada -...3). 2.) 68 | Explanation of. plates........ 137 A report upon the condition of Pind cece ct oe eae oe Oe the shade trees of the city of Mount Vernon, N. Y. ..... 88 ALBANY UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK IQI2 ae Mertr-Jar2-1800 STATE OF NEW YORK EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Regents of the University With years when terms expire 1913 Wuireraw Rew M.A. LL.D.\D.C.L. Chancellor New York rot7 St CLarrR McKe way M.A. LL.D. Vice Chancellor Brooklyn Tog WANIED BEACH Ph.D ULDN \= ai) cata Watkins Tora, Puny 1. Sexton LLB ELD ee aes ae Palmyra 1915 ALBERT VANDER VEER M.D. M.A. Ph. D. LL.D. Albany 1g22) GHESTER ©. orp’ MAN Li De New York 1918 Wittiam NotrTincHaM M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. — — Syracuse 1920 EUGENE A. Puitsin LL.B. LL.D. —---—-—— New York Toro Lacius N: LirrAuBR, Beis ieee ier - Gloversville r92t Francis M. CARPENTER — — — — - ——- = — — Mount Kiscos@ Tees VABRAN I. HLKUSHLLABS =o) ac ey >= New York 1924 ADELBERT Moor*> —=-— —- -—-—= ----- - Buffalo Commissioner of Education ANDREW S. Draper LL.B. LL.D. Assistant Commissioners Aucustus S. Downine M.A. Pd.D. LL.D. First Assistant CHARLES F. WHEELOCK B.S. LL.D. Second Assistant Tuomas E. Finecan M.A. Pd.D. Third Assistant Director of State Library __ James I. Wyver, Jr, M.L.S. Director of Science and State Museum Joun M. CiarKkE Ph.D. D.Sc. LL.D. Chiefs of Divisions Administration, GrEorcE M. Witey M.A. Attendance, James D. SULLIVAN Educational Extension, Wittiam R. Eastman M.A. M.LS. Examinations, HARLAN H. Horner B.A. History, James A. HoLpeEn B.A. Inspections, Frank H. Woop M.A. Law, FRanK B. GILBERT B.A. Library School, Frank K. WALTER M.A. Public Records, THomas C. Quinn School Libraries, SHERMAN Wiutiams Pd.D. Statistics, Hiram C. Case : Visual Instruction, ALFRED W. ABRAms Ph.B. Vocational Schools, ARTHUR D. Dean B.S. a ed RE oe ae on. ne eee > New York State Education Department Science Division, December 26, 1911 Hon. Andrew S. Draper LL.D. Commissioner of Education Sir: I have the honor to communicate herewith the annual report of the State Entomologist for the fiscal year ending September 30, IQII, and to recommend the same for publication. Very respectfully Joun M. CrarkE Director STATE OF NEW YORK EDUCATION DEPARTMENT COMMISSIONER’S ROOM Approved for publication this 26th day of December 1911 Commissioner of Education Education Department Bulletin Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under the act of July 16, 1894 No. 510 ALBANY, N. Y. JANUARY I, IgI2 New York State Museum Joun M. Crarke, Director EPHRAIM PortTER FELT, State Entomologist Museum Bulletin 155 27th REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, torr Dr John M. Clarke, Director of Science Division I have the honor of presenting herewith my report on the injurious and other insects of the State of New York for the year ending September 30, IQITI. The appearance in late May of a large brood of the periodical Cicada or so-called seventeen-year locust was of great popular interest and an entomological event of some importance. A hitherto unknown colony was located near Amsterdam and through the cooperation of many iocal observers much.was learned respecting the present distribution and relative abund- ance of tnis insect in New York State. A fine series of photo- graphs showing the transformations to the adult was obtained. Despite the warnings of earlier years, a number of young orchard trees had been set in the vicinity of populous Cicada colonies and, as a result, were severely injured. A detailed notice of this unique form is given on subsequent pages. During the period covered by this report, Miastor larvae were discovered, their biology ascertained in large measure, their amenability to laboratory conditions demonstrated, and owing to the value of this information to teachers, a discussion of pedo- genesis in this insect and its allies was included in an appendix to the Entomologist’s report for 1910. Subsequent studies have confirmed the observations referred to above and have shown a wide distribution for Miastor. Fruit pests. ‘The experiments with the codling moth or apple worm were continued in the orchard of Mr W.-H. Hart of Poughkcepsie and in those of Messrs Edward Van Alstyne and 6 ‘NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM William Hotaling at Kinderhook. Special pains were taken to secure uniform plots of ample size and to see that the treatment was thorough. Each plot, as last year, except in the case of Mr Hotaling’s orchard, consisted of forty-two trees, the fruit from the central six alone being counted. The relative value of one, two and three sprayings, and also of one application made three weeks after the blossoms dropped, was ascertained. The results conipare closcly with those obtained in 1909 and go far to show that the conditions in 1910 were exceptional. One thorough ap- plication last season resulted, in the case of trees bearing a fair crop, in from over 98 to more than 99 per cent of worm-free fruit. This should prove most encouraging to the fruit grower, since the work was done under practical conditions which can be duplicated in almost any section. Assistant State Entomolo- gist Young assisted in the field work, classified the wormy fruit and computed the tabulated data. The work of 1911 with the codling moth has been correlated with that of the two preceding years and is the most compre- hensive data yet secured as to the possibilities with one spray- ing under varied conditions. These results should be of great practical value in enabling the fruit grower to determine for himself the advisability of spraying for this pest more than once in any season. The details are given on subsequent pages. Observations show that the San José scale, while a serious fruit tree pest, is being generally controlled, though some fruit growers are not entirely successful, due in large measure to difficulties in treatment. Some of these are excessively large or inaccessible trees, adverse weather conditions at the time the work should be done or defects in equipment. The concentrated home- made or commercial lime-sulfur washes were used largely and mostly with very satisfactory results. The peculiar linear series of eggs so frequently seen on apple and pear bark have been identified as those of the notch wing, a species noticed below. The usually rare Say’s blister beetle was exceptionally numerous. Two small fruit insects, the rasp- berry Byturus and the garden flea, were studied at Milton, the former proving somewhat injurious. Gipsy moth. The discovery of a gipsy moth colony at Lenox, Mass., while not entirely unexpected, was something of a shock to our extensive agricultural interests. A personal ex- amination satisfied the Entomologist that the insect was: REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 7 brought there with trees and shrubs purchased a few years ago in eastern Massachusetts. A small colony was discovered later at Great Barrington, Mass. Nothing but the closest inspection and the adoption of most rigid precautions will prevent the early establishment of this pest in New York State. Judged solely from an economic standpoint, there can be no question as to the advisability of keeping this insect out of the State as long as possible. We have assembled during the year a series of prepara- tions designed to facilitate the recognition of this pest in any stage. Several of these have been reproduced as photomicrographs and will be of great service in identifying this species. The Entomologist visited the territory in eastern Massachu- setts infested.by this insect and found the residential area, as a whole, in excellent condition though there were extensive tracts of forest land badly infested. The ultimate spread of this pest is inevitable. The Federal authorities have accomplished much in retarding its dissemination by keeping the roadside trees of the principal thoroughfares free of caterpillars. Marked progress is being made in the work of introducing parasites and natural enemies which it is expected will shortly prove of mate- rial service in checking this destructive insect. The latter is no justification for not adopting every reasonable measure for pre- venting the spread of this dangerous enemy. The state of Connecticut has made excellent progress in handling its gipsy moth problem. This insect is more fully considered below. Brown-tail moth. This species, while not so destructive as the gipsy moth, has become established in North Adams, Mass. and smaller infestations occur at Adams and Williamstown, Mass. Since both sexes of the moth fly readily, it will probably not be long before this pest appears somewhere in New York State. The winter nests are so characteristic that there should be little difficulty in identifying the insect and at the outset preventing excessive multiplication. Careful inspection of nursery stock should prove a most effective barrier to its being introduced-with trees and shrubs. The observations above relating to the para- sites of the gipsy moth apply equally to the natural enemies of the brown-tail moth. Shade tree pests. The Entomologist investigated conditions in a number of communities and found exceptionally severe and widespread injury by the elm leaf beetle. The defoliation was so general, in connection with the work of previous years 8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM and the severe droughts of earlier seasons, that many trees have succumbed or are likely to perish in the next few years unless radical measures are adopted for their better protection. There seems to be great difficulty in securing efficient treat- ment, even if the equipment be adequate. This defect has been pointed out and, with a fuller understanding on the part of those compelled to solve the problem, we look for materially better results another season. The elm leaf beetle is not such a serious pest in Europe, and it would seem, in view of the prob- able continuance of the severe injury of the last few years, due in part at least to changed conditions, as though a serious effort might well be made to secure natural enemies, since they appear to be very effective checks upon this beetle in European countries. 5 The cottony maple scale and the false maple scale occasioned repeated complaints, because of serious injury to hard and soft maples, especially in the vicinity of New York City. An un- fortunate condition developed in the city of Mount Vernon. Several hundred hard or sugar maples were seriously injured or killed, following the application of one of the commercial mis- cible oils in early spring. An investigation convinced the Ento- mologist that the trouble was due to the material applied, the in- jury being greatly aggravated by subsequent cold weather re- tarding growth and producing conditions favorable for penetra- tion by the oil. We must therefore classify early applications of oily preparations as dangerous to hard maples. Our findings are given in detail below. The extended outbreak by the green maple worm was in- vestigated and must be partly charged to the general destruction of birds and a consequent scarcity of the insectivorous species. Investigations by Zoologist W. G. Van Name showed that nine species were feeding upon the caterpillars, while nine others were in the vicinity, probably for the same purpose. A relatively slight increase in the number of birds would doubtless have prevented the defoliation of the trees. A detailed account of this insect is given in subsequent pages. The spiny elm caterpillar and the white-marked tussock moth are two other shade tree pests which were excessively abundant and the subjects of much correspondence. The ornamental birches are being rapidly destroyed by the pernicious bronze birch borer, the depredations of which were detected the past season in the eastern part of the State. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 9 Forest pests. Injuries by insects to forests have greatly in- creased during recent years. The hickory bark borer has de- stroyed thousands of magnificent trees in the vicinity of New York. The investigations of the Entomologist showed that this nefarious pest had destroyed many hickories at Tivoli. A warn- ing circular was issued and widely copied by the local press. The two-lined chestnut borer, probably breeding first in fun- gous-affected chestnut, invaded nearby oaks at Old Westbury. This outbreak was studied and appropriate repressive measures advocated. Damage by this species was also reported from Garden City. The severe though local injury by the locust leaf beetles at Syosset and Jericho received personal attention and is fully discussed on subsequent pages. The exceptional abundance of the maple leaf cutter at Lake George was also investigated, and an account is given below. Flies and mosquitos. General interest has been maintained in the house fly campaign. The Entomologist prepared several popular notices and experimented in a limited way with a fly trap. The results with the latter, while beneficial, were not en- tirely convincing. We investigated a local mosquito problem at South Salem and had the satisfaction of learning that the exe- cution of our recommendations resulted in the speedy disappear- ance of the pests. Many localities in the State are suffering needless annoyance and, in some cases, illness because mosquito breeding pools are ignored. One case came to our notice where malaria developed following the employment of Italians in a locality previously free from this disease. Gall midges. Our studies in this interesting and important group have been continued as opportunity offered. A number of new species have been reared and described, and a table of food habits of the reared species and a generic synopsis of the entire group published. This family, composed entirely of small to minute fliés and including a number of destructive forms, is an immense complex which could be grouped satisfactorily only after prolonged and careful microscopic studies. This has been accomplished and a monographic account of the family is now in manuscript. Publications. A number of brief popular accounts of the more injurious species of the year were prepared and widely circu- Jated through the agricultural and local press. The extended contributions, aside from the report for last year, are: Summary Io NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM of the Food Habits of American Gall Midges; A Generic Synop- sis of the Itonidae; Hosts and Galls of American Gall Midges; and New Species of Itonidae. A list of the more important pub- lications of the Entomologist, forty-four in number, is given below. Collections. There has been a continued increase in the State collections. Most of the additions the past year have resulted from collections by the office staff, some of the most desirable having been reared. Extremely large series of Miastor and Oli- garces were obtained in this manner and will later be available for exchange. Specimens illustrating the habits and work of insects are being collected at every opportunity, since they are particularly valuable for economic and exhibition purposes. There have been substantial additions to the gall midges or Itonidae and they are now in very satisfactory condition. The pinned specimens were rearranged by Miss Hartman and this, in connections with the numerous microscopic slides, and the large assemblage of galls and other biological material, will prove in- valuable to:subsequent workers, especially as the collection in- cludes a very large number of types. The classification of the diversified material in the Museum and that daily coming to hand is necessarily slow and is a work which must extend over years. There is need of more assistance in carrying on the large amount of labor involved in the amass- ing of a thoroughly representative collection necessary for the maintenance of an adequate exhibit in the enlarged quarters afforded by the new Education Building. Three additions have been made to the series of plant groups designed for the exhibition of insects in their natural environ- ment. These will add greatly to the attractiveness and pedagogical value of the enlarged exhibit collections now in preparation. Assistant State Entomologist Young has rearranged and identified the Muscidae, the species belonging to the Coleopter- ous genera Telephorus and Podabrus, and has done considerable on the snapping beetles or Elateridae, the parasitic flies, the Tachinidae, and a group of parasitic wasps, the Braconidae. Miss Hartman made nearly five hundred microscopical prepa- rations of various species, mostly gall midges and scale insects, rearranged the pinned collection of scale insects and prepared a special Cicada exhibit. She also gave much time to mounting, spreading and labeling of specimens. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII Il Nursery inspection. The nursery inspection work conducted by the State Department of Agriculture has resulted in the office being requested to make numerous identifications and also recom- mendations in regard to the policy which should be pursued by the State. Most of the material submitted for name is in poor condi- tion, may represent any stage in insect developnent, and is often fron a foreign country. This work, though time-consuming and laborious, is very important, since the disposition of large ship ments of nursery stock must depend in great measure upon our findings. The possibility of introducing the gipsy and brown-tail moths with stock originating in territory in- fested by these pests, justifies a most careful examination of all such material and the adoption of every reasonable precaution. Miscellaneous. ntcheete 19 TSH ieee Pal eee git Pata Nal eons oat 4 7 Rey oe hy 14 T?) | Stews Rep || eoaearese alle eonets T | escdedcoca ceased eee Sept. 26-28... x7 SSiiar7eanlleeeeene oe) POs I I 3 Tit (ey see 1879 I868 | 90.41 ni | .59 r | 2 8 Aull iceetn te Aug. 22. MO!) ROD |Loosance idl ia toc laecrene [Esse 3 2 || eee Sept, WSisccces 2Oih he2de | Come eee 2B lasssess)ooa00" licites ens 2 Bulb aha nee 24) Oye Wetas oko (ae Pariene acl eters ae gre less eras cs fo) OC nome Sept. 26-28... \E28oo0le2Sehnlhereenen TGs cl er eee I r | 13 Aces 3053, 3033 | 90.34 | 20 | 66 I | x] 38 il (sees Aug. 22.. 68 6x [eae OR aS a ots eseemenere 2 eee eS Septe DSics seer ; It Sale ecsuee Sie tren ab St bea Nes eases 3 Qraliceacens 4 ay 15 Giliscranouees Oe |e ee I | 6 2 2 ii Sears Sept. 26-28 \ 1906} Toor |. .....: ‘Seales Dra gee see Sole aoe 2000| 1983 | 99.15 | 17] .85 3 6 | 8 AO |Site Grand total. | 16638 16515 90.26 123 74 ae 19 | I2 Q2 AOI pss ! REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII Series 1, plot 2 (Sprayed twice) TREE CLEAN FRUIT | | WORMY FRUIT rg TOTAL | ie 5 oeae Bee | Bee Ib eeals| ead (| sides neste ae er | er n an ide xit xit Total cent | Weken cent |wormy}| side |wormy| hole | hole wormy I 2 iene Pernt | } Aug. 22 PEO ti} Noooocon Hel Aeaanciay eet Sa eosbante:ltererares 7 Aw [ees teks SIs aOoocae 38 en Slaveatys (ave | 3 ees aveh Cxall be tepaitas ots I 2 Nat | as rte Ale eS Sik cen siea.se We SntGvil} copes Tiles 8 5 Tiilphcsee Sept. 26-28 eee ABR Naaasenc less FST all a araee 2 | I sigrt [eens pea] Nas eae 4307| 4274 | 99.23 | 33 77 3 2 28 Ca INGE BPs oonuss ara HGS llanoanec | TA Gey ete la es Peal ene 4 Au eee Sept L5ecwee ss ae DEN voices 5 Onilicivacr eect nae rel to) CO ieee tt corenes a 4 Aull oraecehesee Te ee ay eo a Tt ee ere | es oeare Sept. 26-28 (gece Racie Ilsoeedce | Aaa ie tcd gee iam |e I 3 rode 3630| 3621 | 99.75 | 9 AG \lniaasacl I 8 Be eee eee / Nites 2 ep cre iewoy) - Te loca son Ty seat vehi | cheery Metis essere iF De eee SEP Usd 5piccce.s ea 2° effete stars | Bt Pca tareyats al fm istieveke culis icuatakers 3 b ie Ee. Banta 0 Baler geese | Zyl le aie Bl epepie oral Een de 2 ii | eee Sept. 26-28 leseee BIAS |lnooooac Ob eee iey es nee Sac a 0 Onl me. 3354| 3348 | 99.82 | 6 Uren (ian 6. tease INGE OD Seabee 227/|| BAS Nooooaes Pia | EOE Thy one ast I CT Mena SHHis UHosooc 06 ae A) losason- | B looscods Ho jocoopo I Tell eras me 3 Fish nao | | BO. |ovbooSctbousnellossaan Io I I Sept. 26-28 fone fae"7 llooaooac | Aa eons abe ie eee | Rey a2 4 Tole ae 4269| 4251 | 99.58 | 18 42 | ils aenee 16 5 I ING eee Gia WAS) “TeX lag anooe | Dialleper erate iaalerae ean 2 BUI Septe Ls ewes. 18 TB liax sven enalle | en evese rere tore | eta es 5 Dal sya cs 43 BOM Shysunte Abd ltt nayireboeay taper mel cheer 4 CN Sorea ie Sept. 26-28.... eee imine Nemo BW eeoa ae ae oes is ee Beets al een 1383] 1369 | 98.98 I4 Tar O Zale increas | 14 Chul Ousoye IME BES opaeee git) — se, Weooauot Ab l\stecs, coxpensteve cae anilgedoed 4 rAA) lotsa Sieiolts Wists oe soc | 28 Di Noaopnec I Sac oooene Reroceetera I OAS oe 45 AB Noma ao | lf lloneinoiao cosour | Beart eyens I Tau |tepmenere Sept. 26-28. = { AYNg|| GE "aac sdac | Filles tert eal 3 lees sett 5 Teh aye 3051) 3040 | 99.64 | 11 o3 OGM tees lannnas | It ON sano Grand total..| 19994/19903 | 99.54 | oI 46 5 | 3 Ba || 3 I 20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Series 1, plot 3 (Sprayed thrice) CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT TREE DATE | Sees | Bud | | Per Per | End | and | Side | Exit | Exit | Total | cent | Total cent |wormy| side |wormy, hole | hole wormy I 2 ANN ONCE eee gots || ADA) ~ AON) oss cv LP Al Re ava otaa ce beneen atoll eee ner Ded Wer yeti ee SENS Eooacoas 26 ABO Noida dots O |idaamosallon oolos||Sino aos Olea See | TOS | LO eerie D4] )s eee re lege ol fete we arate ewer aera Zi stuotealhecnete Sept. 26-28 ‘| tone ANG) sod sins o Bull ba exsspecescd| ue eN eae | eae res 2 Tee eee 4222| 4218 | 99.90 4 TOW Al Ee Rersgensas) | herecsnee 4 i Nees, | == Bin) Atos ai soles | TSS||o ers a le reese EB DIP far etane l(t ot earl as hana 3 oe eee SEMIS Uaodoccc | 22 BANS da0906 @ llecocsse OM liners em E lle. m 73 Ce Vodsion so ARG epee eae aaa se 2 Lalla lee Sept. 26-28 eee Bil |loodacee Cit PRES are A 6 Gal ee 2473| 2460 | 99.47 13 a3 elle See of 03 Sone G || Ue 2O. sooden | | HOS) FOL |occooos Belle Bevo egal eae cisyelteveue eves 3 Paine je Sept U5 kes sak I4 Th eee Tl eases cas ray | ete eee rel ree I pee ee oe | 34 Bepulcsa ale Tea Se cece ete eal le enact ee I Tis) eon Sept. 26-28 (eae Die olson o or Oude eae etal eat Olas lercrias | — SS) | 2714] 2709 | 99.81 5 sioha eh ew | eed Sie ay eee ID) ) UN He Scodoc BON SIU oteroa ae. i fa Nene B leoooee 15 I2 ee Sept. I15....... 52 ALTE MS ieee 1a Ne Aa a Tape cneaee 4 She Ee ae S | 75 riisaltalota Gee Aah oe Rape Billie eeeate 2 Eyer ee Sept. 26-28 B820|b382 mn aoeee Sul ae ee I 2 5 Bri poet 4347| 4313 | 99.22 34 78 6 | 2 26)4|\aoom| aa 1B) | WING wa. Goose 89 Sale Talla Mess Org Sacre I Toil et oee Sieile jc aaga co IQUE sattiey tA sing oe @lounigace 0) Ie BANS eaisietoral ln. dic Gallo conc My 82 Heya WeRalotaren, TOM ays ey eraes BYE ayetk cake 7 Sia eeeee Sept. 26-28....| { 2901| 2001 |....... ON yee dated SG eure ac, 2 keene ee rr 3185| 3174 | 90.65 II 25 Byles ee S|\- aia eee IPAS GID og oo6 6c Teel Nae || oal5'S gc hal attrac Cal iors re 9 Stl nee SEDtsmSte ae it 29| 26) i\heteees tess Balle ete an BUM ieteueschees (0) Or tAe se hey Taye Hk NSLS erailene oie TSE Hos ON myers Saline Melee I2 Ballin nee Sept. 26-28 eae BOSo ee nene Bh ANE a nell Wel sae hey ce 2+ || eee Nertewts 3085| 3956 | 99.27 20 23 Gil eee 23) | 70 eee Grand total.. 20926, 208.0 | 99.54 96 46 17 2 Hel AGM |e REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII ZAG Series 1, plot 4 (Sprayed once, late) CLEAN FRUIT | WORMY FRUIT | TOTAL | Ts i a3 P | P End nd Side | E E er | er | En an ide | Exit xit | Total cent | Total | cent \wormy| side |wormy, hole | hole | wormy | I 2 PAG EA Tipe 2 tis. As EKSIH| Unie leo eee | i lea seiaree ai ol Peat be 2 TAMA aye Sept. To vets ceeac 42 CE a ee | DO | ers eee 7 3 Io Alaltace cress = 102 GSileesceesel SOU leet 10 2 27 Pill eect caters Sept. 26-28 ae 2658) |e oocsn- Bea ahed eile ns 8 6 Bar eis eens | | 3030) 2021 | 96.40 | 109 3.60 | 26 TEE 2h LGiAl taskarets HS) A Slee a occ ore 73 GO actacsvsear aie a (eee | 4 2) 6 cof efits aca Sept. T5.c6- 655 53 11) Alp Besere 43 oh tee oS 5 I3 DOW | eer ee 35 On| ecree ee 2OW Woes tee 7 13 Quien. Sept. 26-28 { SA8)) 767 Ne ase Sig eee Alon 21 245) |} BO laoooe | 1009} 846 | 83.84 | 163 | 16.16 59 36 68 Gy. conic | | | Gi PAme oe Ste TSS (ee 75 ale eae oi TOS sete 2 I 7 Orlin Septeds.e.0.55/5 30 ue Leto toe DS iy | seoeee recs 5 3 7 Able eereee y 51 2155 "| |oakerenvane Tig Mba teres 3 3 9 Isat era nee Sept. 26-28...) {22 DUS | \non wees SOM eee: 15 4 20 7a eee 2720| 2641 | 97.09 | 79 2.91 25 Ir 43 BIDEN nee D | Aug. 22....... eo eke vl ee rout oe Tol|tee rap |) it Ineo ce | SESS 1Gyecetercero 78 (om acento OZR aro 29 I5 18 20F ones 76 Dian tere cot cove SS Sein accents 13 Gi 35 T29h| reteete Sept. 26-28... { F885) w800 |... ---| HON Deak 19 15 AN GEO NS 20 Sk | 2210| 1985 | 89.82 225 | 10.18 76 37 112 BOs | Reve. Grand total..| 8969) 8393 | 93.57 570 6.43 | 186 95 205 WEES: | SEs I | Series 1, check trees (Unsprayed) e CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT TOTAL ri a poten P 2 End ae Side | Exit | Exi er er n an ide xit xit Total cent Total cent jwormy) side |wormy| hole | hole |wormy I 2 oe MA up 225. .i83 is ROOW TOS! see. ask OE? |\ieseha ors 51 Io 30 CY ie eee DEP be Sis aicis it I IQII 16638 | 16515 | 99.26 123 74 19 I2 O2 Hive te 6. I 2 | 191r | 20802 | 20401 | 98.07 401 1.93 28 14 250) | eee n pe ee Grand total and per Centinee sciemenete retest 98855 | 96117 | 97.23 2738 Fs 7/7) 279 IIO | 2349 -394 oO a 2 I | 1909 | 10316 | 10206 | 98.93 nme do) THO 4 7. QO" eee ie 5 i | 1909 | 19275 | 19084 | 99.01 IQI -99 10 9 P72 | pe crete = || I | Ir910 2846 2756 | 96.84 90 io 116) 6 I SB iscerctsuers z 2 | 2 | 1910 7316 6105 | 83.45 I21r | 16.55 127 TO" ||) LOAN terse 3 2 I IQII | 19994 | 19903 | 99.54 OL -46 5 3 SZ he, cuss & 2 2 | r91r | 34019 | 33510 | 98.50 509 I.5 53 54 AG2 Tl) sabe ci Grand total and per | | Bt GET bs ctedclennecst shay 03766 | 91564 | 97.65 2202 BESS 205 84 ! 1913 -308 (3) = = e ~ 3 I | I909 9680 9582 | 98.99 98 I.OI 8 nKe) 80), ae Z 6 I | 1909 7710 7633 | 99 77 I 6 3 68: 4\..oeae > 3 I | r91I1 | 20926 | 20830 | 99.54 96 -46 wy) 2 i fa Nees 5 3 2 | IQII | 31119 | 30852 | 99.14 267 . 86 60 23 || ) rS4) |e eee “| Grand total and per Ganley siomeceaviauoe 60435 | 688907 | 99.22 538 78 one 38 409 .185 § —— o g 8 3 2 | 1910 7594 4355 | 57-35 3239 | 42.65 | 1485 326 | 1428 |...... Ms) 4 iy |) 3K) Tt 8969 8303 | 93-57 570 6.43 186 95 205 {| cee S 4 2 IQII T6815 13113 77.98 3702 | 22.02 1422 yisy || a7? ko aas feu] —_ & Grand total and per @Gisite's vacuo Seloce 33378 | 25861 | 77.47 e517 | 22.53 | 2093 9co | 3725 | 12.26 |Check I | 1909 3251 2366 | 72.73 885 | 27.27 312 302 27T |e2-cee & 2 | 1909 7015 5127 | 73.08 1888 | 26.92 674 630 BOAN |" toees ue) e I | 1910 711 202 | 28.41 509 | 71.59 186 .240 RE Neon alain: - me € 2 | I910 2000 503 | 20.65 1407 | 70.35 700 324 383), |\cxecsceae S « I | IO1IL 5337 4540 | 85.06 797 | 14.94 379 166 ESC Pee. eS 2 | I91r | 14670 9860 | 67.21 A810 | 32.79 | 2048 GVO) ansiesy|lscoos S| | Grand total and per Goi myuteteo ool 4 32084 | 22688 | 68.78 | 10296 | 31.22 | 4299 2611 | 3385 | 20.95 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQITI 39 the figures being grouped so as to show the results from various applications. The single spray applied to the different plots dur- ing this period gave from 82.08 to 99.26 per cent of sound fruit or an average of 97.23 per cent for the three years, when com- parisons are made between an equal number of plots in each year. It should be noted that the low percentages occurred in IgI0, a Season remarkable for the unusual destructiveness of the second brood and one presenting infrequent conditions which were accentuated by the small yield of the experimental trees. Excluding the data for this year, the lowest percentage of sound fruit obtained from one spraying was 97.52. Incidentally we would call attention to the fact that less than % of I per cent (.394 per cent) of the wormy fruit from the trees receiving but one spray were end wormy. The six plots receiving two sprayings during this period pro- duced from 83.45 to 99.54 per cent of sound fruit or an average of 97.65 per cent, the end wormy fruit constituting about % of I per cent (.308 per cent). It will be observed that the average gain in sound fruit resulting from this second application was .42 per cent and that there was a slight reduction in the per- centage of end wormy. It was unfortunate that in 1910 no plot received three applica- tions and, as a consequence, the average percentage for this eroup is 99.22 of sound fruit, a yield undoubtedly relatively higher than would have been the case if two plots for 1910 could have been included. Even with this omission which, in a measure at least, is favorable to the three applications, the average percentage gain between two and three treatments is only 1.57 per cent, while the average percentage of end wormy is even smaller than in the preceding plots, namely, .185 per cent. The three plots receiving one late application during 1910 and IQII gave an average percentage of sound fruit of only 77.47, there being a range for individual plots from 57.35 to 93.57. This average percentage of sound fruit is approximately midway. between that obtained from one spraying and the yield on the check trees. The percentage of end wormy, 12.26, is a great increase over that in the preceding plots and shows in a con- vincing manner where the late spray lacks efficiency. The check trees during this period gave an average percentage of sound fruit of 68.78, the yield varying in individual plots from 28.41 to 85.06. This small yield of good fruit, it should be 40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM noted, occurred on trees producing relatively few apples. The aver- age percentage of end wormy fruit for these plots is 20.95, a great increase in the average for the plots receiving one late spraying . and very different from the data for the sprayed plots where the greater number of wormy apples have been injured by the second brood and are therefore side wormy. A study of the wormy fruit on the check trees during the three- year period shows that nearly one-third (31.22 per cent) of the entire yield was affected and that over two-thirds (20.95 per cent) of this was end wormy. A comparison of the end wormy fruit produced on the sprayed trees shows at once that by far the great- est benefit accrues from the first spraying, since this reduced the percentage of end wormy to .394, a second bringing it down to .308, and a third to .185 per cent. The one late spray (three weeks after blossoming) reduced the end wormy, taking the check trees as a standard, by less than one-half, that is, to 12.26 per cent. The great value of the first application made within a week or ten days after the blossoms fall and preferably early in this period, is at once evident from these data. Comparative yields. The following tabulation of comparative yields from the experimental plots will prove instructive, since those from the plots sprayed three times, sprayed late and checks have been raised pro rata to make up for a deficiency in the num- ber of plots or a reduced number of trees in the plots and the fig- ures thus indicate a fair comparative value. Those for the plots sprayed three times are undoubtedly somewhat higher than they should be, because there were no plots sprayed thrice in 1910, a year when the second brood of the codling moth was extremely abundant. and as a consequence there was excessive injury. Comparative summary of yields from experimental plots 1909-11 CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT NUMBER OF SPRAYS TOTAL Total FRUIT Total Total end Num- | Per Total end side and ber cent wormy | wormy side wormy SARL OSCHE ©. SOR Eee PGE oe 08 855 | 96 II7 OF7E23 2 738 | 3890 2 459 IIo DN oie ty Sve Ce Re 93 766 | 91 564 07.05 2 202 280 I 907 84 5B a TE See PME ep ane ae ae I04 I5I | 91 863 99.22 807 | 272 596 50 latent. emer ete andy alee argh 66 756 | 5I 722 77.47 | I5 034 8 184 8 848 I 998 Cheels Sy Bie k ae ae ae 98 952 | 68 064 68.78 | 30 888 | 20 730 | 17 988 7 833 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQITI AI It will be noted on referring to the above table, that the reduc- tion in wormy apples is constant, whether we take the total, the total end wormy, the total side wormy or the total end and side wormy, with the increase in the number of sprayings, while the plots sprayed but once and late show a large increase in the wormy apples and the unsprayed or check plots approximately twice as many. The evidence is so plain that further comment as to the relative value of the different sprays seems unnecessary. Conclusions. A study of these data as a whole justifies the conclusion for the Hudson valley at least that in normal years when the crop is abundant or fairly abundant, one thorough early spraying, within a week or ten days after the blossoms fall, should result in the production of 95 to 98 per cent of sound fruit. A slight gain will accrue from a second treatment about three weeks later, and an additional gain from the third treatment given the latter part of July. The benefit from the latter two sprayings is comparatively small so far as the codling moth is concerned, though ample to meet the cost of the poison and, in many instances, probably the expense of treatment. Should there be sufficient fungous disease to warrant applications for this purpose, there should be no question as to the advisability of adding poison in the later sprayings. A small crop almost invariably means a larger percentage of wormy fruit and if the prospects are even fair for good prices, the third spraying (the latter part of July) would at least justify itself because of the additional protection from possible severe injury by the second brood. The second spraying, three weeks after the blossoms fall, might be advisable especially if the first application is not thorough for some reason or other. Fungous affections are of comparatively little importance in the Hudson valley. Many of our fruit growers have been ob- taining fair resu'ts with the single treatment, and the above data, we believe, show the reason why such is the case. Compara- tively few have appreciated the importance of one thorough treatment at the proper time. With the information given above we believe that our Hudson valley fruit growers can ascertain for themselves whether more than one treatment is advisable. There is no reason why the progressive fruit grower should not watch developments and if wormy apples seem to be somewhat common in early July, protect himself against possible further injury by spraying thoroughly the latter part of that month and thus destroy many of the second brood larvae before they 42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM can enter the fruit. This second treatment would hardly be necessary more than once in three or four years, unless the light crop and high prices justified efforts to produce the largest pos- sible quantity of sound fruit. GEES MOm Er Porthetria dispar Linn. Plates 9-12 The discovery in August last of a gipsy moth infestation at Lenox, Mass., renders most timely anything relating to this ex- ceedingly destructive pest. A personal examination of the con- ditions compels us to hold that in all probability the insect was brought to Lenox with some recently set nursery stock. There was nothing in the local situation, so far as we could see, to justify the belief that the pest had been carried by automobiles. A similar infestation might easily occur west of the New York State line. This insect may be found elsewhere in the Berk- shire region, or in fact in almost any place where nursery stock has been planted in recent years, provided it was grown in a locality where there was an opportunity for infestation. We hope that a careful examination of all such localities, wherever they may be, will show practical immunity from this pest. It must be recognized that this appearance of the gipsy moth in a section widely separated from the previously known infested district was to be expected and that similar infestations may develop in the future, even though there be the most careful and rigid examination of all trees and shrubs shipped out of the in- fested territory. There have already been, aside from the case mentioned above, several such instances. A small colony of brown-tail moth caterpillars was found in Westchester county in 1909, brought there with ornamentals grown in the vicinity of Boston, Mass. A similar condition (gipsy moth caterpillars being also present) obtained the following year in New Jersey just across the New York State line. Fortunately, exterminative measures were promptly adopted. These cases illustrate the danger of spreading both gipsy and brown-tail moths with nur- sery stock. It is our opinion that under present conditions we have in nursery stock a most important carrier of these insect pests to sections remote from the infested territory. A careful ailalysis of the situation would, in our estimation, justify the conclusion that this danger was much greater in the case of REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 43 nursery stock grown upon American soil than with that shipped from Europe, since the latter is mostly imported as seedlings, while the larger shrubs and trees receive more personal attention abroad than in this country. (Since the above was written, a small gipsy moth infestation has been found at Great Barrington, Mass., possibly carried on a freight car, since the center of the colony appears to be close to the railroad station.) Description. There is great danger of the gipsy moth being brought into New York State and on this account we have pre- pared rather careful descriptions of the various stages including also certain microscopic features of service in recognizing the insect from remains of exuviae (larval or pupal) or even broken egg masses. This latter is of considerable importance in connec- tion with shipment of nursery stock from infested regions, since even lifeless and therefore intrinsically harmless exuviae indi- cate the previous occurrence of the insect upon the stock in ques- tion and compel its classification as at least suspicious. The egg masses of this insect, occurring from midsummer till the following spring, appear very much like a small section of fine sponge. They are round or oval, buff colored and each contains usually from four hundred to five hundred eggs. The eggs may be found on stones, in tin cans and in fact on almost any station- ary object near at hand, not excluding plantain leaves and other vegetation. They are especially likely to be deposited on the under surface of limbs, fence rails, moldings, etc., on or in the vicinity of infested trees. The nearly globular, pale yellowish or salmon colored eggs are about one-twentieth of an inch in diam- eter and are well concealed in the mass by the buff colored scales from the under side of the female’s abdomen. The micro- pyle of this ege (plate 9, figure 2) comprises about eleven slender, irregularly pyriform plates surrounded by approximately three rows of small, polygonal plates, these in turn merging into larger, thinner, irregular, hexagonal plates. This character is of great value in establishing the identity of individual eggs or a small portion of an egg cluster. It can be demonstrated best by thoroughly cleaning individual eggs by rubbing them with the fingers in alcohol, then sectioning the egg, drying the shell and mounting it in an air cell. The egg mass of the definite marked tussock moth, Hemerocampa definita Pack. approaches in appearance that of the gipsy moth. The approximately oval egg mass of this 44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM insect is thinly covered with short, light buff or yellowish brown hairs and has a length of a little over half an inch. This egg mass is almost invariably deposited upon a filmy cocoon nearly one and one-quarter inches long and one-half inch in diameter and with moderately long, yellowish gray, barbed hairs entangled in the open web. The individual eggs oi the definite marked tussock moth have a diameter of about one-sixteenth of an inch, are sub- globular, the darker micropyle being in a marked depression and surrounded by a light yellowish brown, elevated ring, this in turn variably bordered by dark brown shading into pearly white. The micropyle of this species differs from that of the gipsy moth egg, in that there are usually but seven or eight rather stout, pyriform plates surrounded by a granutar area (plate 9, figure 1). The young gipsy moth caterpillar is slightly over one-tenth of an inch long just after it emerges from the egg. It has a black head and the brownish yellow body is well clothed with long hairs.. There is a prominent hairy tubercle on either side of the segment next the head, which gives the caterpillar a peculiar, broad-headed appearance in its early stages. At this stage we find the peculiar aerostatic hairs, easily recognized by the bulb- like enlargement near the middle (plate 9, figure 6). The other hairs are distinctly barbed (plate 9, figure 5). The markings become plainer as the caterpillar increases in size. The full-grown caterpillar is from two to two and one-half inches long and has a double row of conspicuous warts or tuber- cles down its back, The eight anterior, not counting the four blue ones just behind the head, blue; the twelve remaining, red. Similar tubercles occur on the side. The caterpillar of this species has large, coarse, yellowish and brown or black hairs, both minutely serrate (plate 9, figures 3, 5) and numerous finer, smaller, lighter hairs with minute reticulations on the surface. The full-grown caterpillars, like those of the well-known forest tent caterpillars, assemble in the day on the shady side of the trunks and under side of the limbs, sometimes forming clusters covering considerable areas. The somewhat conical, dark brown pupa ranges from three- quarters to one and one-half inches long and is usually found in numbers lying among a few threads and securely attached to them by its terminal spine. The abdominal segments of the pupa are ornamented with symmetrically arranged, sparse clus- ters of short, yellowish hairs. Similar hairs also occur upon the thorax and at the anterior extremity of the pupa. A microscopic REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 45 preparation of a portion of the empty pupal case shows the stout, barbed hairs and on the surface of the chitin irregularly placed, oval areas apparently due to a slight increase in pigmentation or chitinization (plate 9, figure 7). The male and female moths differ widely. The former is a slender, oval, brown, black marked insect with feathery antennae and a wing spread of about one and one-half inches. It flies in the late afternoon and early evening. The female is much heavier and lighter colored. She has a wing spread of about two inches, is white or buff white and with more or less distinct, black mark- ings, the abdomen being tipped with black. Distribution in America. The gipsy moth is now well estab- lished in five of the New England states. Aside from the large colony found two years ago at Wallingford, Conn., and two small ones in the Berkshires, it is not known to occur west of the Connecticut river. Both Connecticut and Massachusetts have undertaken to exterminate these outlying colonies, and it is to be hoped that the gipsy moth may be kept for a long series of years east of the Connecticut river. This stream forms a natural bar- rier, the absence of thick forests and the large, open valley render- ing it comparatively easy to check the progress of this enemy. Condition of infested territory. There is no better way of comprehending what infestation by the gipsy moth or the brown- tail moth means than by a study of the conditions in the infested territory. It was our pleasure, in company with parties in charge of Government, State and private work against both the gipsy and brown-tail moth, to study the problem over a wide section of country. We have also seen representative infested areas almost annually for over twenty years and, as a conse- quence, can make personal comparisons between the present and earlier status. Generally speaking, there has been much prog- ress in controlling the insects in the immediate vicinity of Boston, in the towns and cities where the pests have been estab- lished for a number of years. The residential areas as a whole are in excellent condition and, to the casual observer, appear free from any very destructive insect pest. This relatively desirable change has been brought about only by enormous ex- penditures. It has been recently estimated that the cost of con- trol work in Massachusetts and portions of other New England states amounts to upwards of a million dollars a year. This makes no allowance for the actual damage inflicted. Such ex- 46 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM tended and thorough work means heavy appropriations, practical only in the more valuable residential or business territory and utterly beyond the resources of poorer cities and towns having extended tracts of low-priced lands. Vhe discrimination of an entomologist is not needed to note the widespread and in some instances extremely severe devastations by both the gipsy and the brown-tail moth (plates 10, 11, 12 and 13). The Federal Gov- ernment has in recent years been spraying strips two hundred feet wide on each side of the more important highways for the pur- pose of preventing spread by vehicles and incidentally this serves in a considerable measure to obscure the extent of the injury. Last summer there were hundreds and in some instances thousands of acres of woodland defoliated, although the strips along the highways were in excellent leaf, due to the thorough spraying with poison. These large areas of stripped forest or orchard lands show what would be the result were there a re- laxation of control measures in the well-protected territory. In other words, relative immunity is extremely costly. | The conditions would be much worse than obtain at present, in spite of the enormous expenditure, were it not for important advances in methods during the last few years. The develop- ‘ment of very efficient high-powered spraying outfits has mate- rially reduced the cost of spraying and made it possible to protect woodlands, in large measure, for about $7 an acre. It has been found that pure or unmixed plantings of pine, if protected from invading hosts of caterpillars, are immune from injury (plate 12). Ash is not troubled by the gipsy moth, while the work of the last two years has shown that maple, hickory and locust are rarely damaged. Chestnut also appears to suffer but little if the young caterpillars have nothing else to feed upon. Apple, oak, birch and willow are favorites of both gipsy and brown-tail moth caterpillars and under favorable conditions may be the indirect cause of serious injury to adjacent, relatively immune trees. There is also the possibility that the numerous parasites im- ported during the last few years may shortly prove efficient aids in checking these pests. It should be understood that conditions in the infested district are serious, especially in sections where low values prohibit expensive control measures. Means of preventing spread. The prevention or hindrance of the spread of such an insect as the gipsy moth is most important and in large measure practical. The female does not fly and as REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 47 a consequence the pest depends largely for dissemination upon the eggs or caterpillars being carried. The former may be read- ily distributed, since they are deposited upon a variety of mate- rials, such as tree trunks, stones, bricks, boxes, crates, tin cans, and in fact almost any hard object near an infested tree or plant. Even railroad cars standing near infested trees have been bur- dened with eggs. Fortunately, there is a considerable chance that packing boxes, building materials, etc. will, if transported and infested, not be in the immediate vicinity of a desirable food plant at the time the eggs hatch. This one factor probably accounts for so few isolated colonies being found. Railroad cars, both passen- ger and freight, rarely stand for any length of time near trees which may be infested or at the time of egg-hatching adjacent to desirable food plants. Consequently there is not the serious danger of spread with freight and passenger trains running in and out of the infested territory, as would seem at the first thought. On the other hand, young trees or plants bearing eggs carry with them in most instances desirable food or are very likely to be set in the near vicinity of plants upon which the caterpillars can thrive. This is the reason why infested nursery stock must be regarded as a most important factor .in carrying the gipsy moth to sections remote from the infested territory. The crawling powers of the caterpillar are limited. Recent experiments have shown that the young caterpillars may be blown considerable distances by winds, and other evidence leads to the belief that under certain conditions they may even be carried by birds, especially by some of the larger species. There was undoubtedly a considerable local spread in the early days by caterpillars which were carried on vehicles traveling out of the infested region. Almost any moving object would serve this purpose. Automobiles are particularly effective and could easily pick up hundreds if not thousands of caterpillars in a short run through infested woods at the proper season of the year. This condition prompted and justified the large expenditures by the Federal Government for the purpose of freeing roadside trees from the pests and thus preventing a wide and rapid dissemina- tion. The adoption of this policy has greatly reduced the danger of vehicles spreading the caterpillars, though the possibility of this still occurring, were there to be a change in conditions, should not be overlooked. 48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM GREEN MAPLE WORM Xylina antennata Walk. Plates 14-16 The work of this insect was very prevalent here and there in the Hudson valley from Kingston north to Fort Edward and in the Mohawk valley to Fonda and its vicinity. This species, though comparatively unknown till recent years as an insect pest, was reported as defoliating many of the soft maples at Kingston. Green maple worms were responsible for stripping trees at Red Hook according to Mr R. N. Lewis. Many such maples and adjacent willows along the river from Glenmont to Kenwood were defoliated by the light green caterpillars of this insect. Similar work was very evident from Albany north to Troy. Defoliation of soft maples was reported from the vicinity of Hoosick Falls and it was stated that all the soft maples on the island near Fort Edward were similarly affected. Many soft maples in Schenectady and adjacent Scotia were attacked, the caterpillars appearing about May 20th. June Ist it was stated that there were about three inches of half-eaten leaves lying along the gutters in Mohawk -avenue. . There was also serious injury at Amsterdam in front of St Mary’s Hospital on Guy Park avenue (plate 15) and in that vicinity.. “here weremm this immediate region some fifty trees almost entirely defoliated with many more to the east showing signs of having been rather badly infested. June oth caterpillars were not very abundant, though the statement was made that they had been excessively numerous prior to a three days’ rain on the 5th to 7th, inclusive. The work of this insect in the vicinity of Albany and at Amster- dam is shown in plates 14-16. Previous history. A similar outbreak on the soft maples at Schenectady occurred in June 1898, at which time many cater- pillars were to be seen upon the affected trees and crawling upon the sidewalks and adjacent roads. There was also injury that year in a number of other localities. Outbreaks by this insect caused several complaints last year. There are comparatively few early records of damage by this species, though the cater- pillars are frequently seen in orchards sometimes in numbers, and in 1896 on account of their prevalence under such condi- tions were denominated green fruit worms by the late Professor REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 49 Slingerland. The injury to fruit trees, however, appears to be slight compared to the damage to ash and maple trees. Description. The moth (plate 17, figure 1) is ashy gray with | indistinct, rather variable markings. There is such a close re- semblance existing between this species and X. laticinerea Grote and X. grotei that only an expert in the group can reliably separate the three forms. The caterpillars (plate 17, figure 2) are stout, smooth, light green, measuring from one to one and one-half inches in length when full grown and resembling in a general way, aside from color, some of our common cutworms. ‘The head is pale yellow- ish green; there is a rather broad, yellowish, white or white dorsal stripe along the body, a narrower, white subdorsal stripe, a broken, faint lateral stripe of the same color and an irregular, white stigmatal stripe, the upper margin of the last much broken or indentated by the body color. The tubercles are rather large and white and the skin is minutely spotted with the same color. Life history. The caterpillars are not usually observed till the latter part of May or early June. They complete their growth some time in June (the past season it was early in June), enter the ground and transform to brown pupae an inch or more below the surface. They remain in this stage till September when most of the moths emerge. Though some hibernate as pupae, the majority winter as adults. It has been stated that in the South the eggs are deposited on the under surface of the leaves. No record of the oviposition in the North has been made. Food habits. This insect evidently displays a marked prefer- ence for soft maple, though it frequently defoliates adjacent wil- low and maple. It is also well known as an apple tree insect. Doctor Riley has recorded injuries by this species on peach, oak galls, hickory leaves and those of other forest trees. It has been stated that it feeds also on rose buds. The late Professor Slingerland, in his bulletin, adds to the above, peas, plums, cur- rants and quinces, and states that one grower found it necessary to watch the buds on grafted pears in order to prevent their be- ing destroyed. Natural enemies. Two Hymenopterous parasites, Mes o- ehorus agilis Cress. and Meteorus hyphantriae Riley, and a Dipterous parasite, the red-tailed Tachina fly, W in- themia quadripustulata Fabr. have been reared from this caterpillar, The last-named species is one of the most ef- 50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM fective enemies of the army worm, Heliophila unipuncta Haw. Last season numerous birds, sparrows and robins in particu- lar were observed at Amsterdam here and there upon the ground searching out and devouring the pests. One greedy robin was seen with three green fruit worms in his mouth. The birds were mutch more numerous among and under the infested trees than in other portions of the city. Only a relatively slight in- crease in their number would probably have checked the pest be- fore the trees were defoliated. Dr W. G. VanName, zoologist of the State Museum, visited Amsterdam June toth and made the following observations: The green maple worms were then already much reduced in numbers, and it was evident that if the rate at which they were being destroyed by birds should continue, few would be able to transform to the pupal stage. Nine species of birds were actu- ally seen eating or carrying away caterpillars, and nine others were apparently associated in this work. Considering the num- ber of individuals, size and habits of each of the species seen eat- ing worms, the following were apparently most destructive and in about the order named: English sparrow, robin, crow black- bird, Baltimore oriole, cow bird, cat bird, chipping sparrow. The English sparrow takes first place solely on account of its superior numbers; the robin, cat bird, crow blackbird and oriole are individually more efficient. The cedar waxwing and yellow warbler were also seen carrying off caterpillars. The following species, seen about or under the infested trees, were doubtless there for the purpose of feeding upon the pests: blue bird, rose-breasted’ grosbeak, red-eyed vireo, warbling vireo, bobolink, redstart, song sparrow. The king bird and phoebe were also seen, and though they feed chiefly on flying insects, appear to take some of the caterpillars, though this could not be established with certainty. The majority of the above-named birds had nests within two or three hundred yards of the infested trees and could be seen carrying off the caterpillars (the robins and blackbirds often with two or three at a time) to feed their young. The cater- pillars were evidently a great attraction to the birds, since there were at least two or three times as many birds as in apparently equally favorable though uninfested localities. The following record, made between 9.30 and Io a.m., will give an idea of the rate at which the birds were destroying the REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII il caterpillars, the numerals indicating the number actually seen eaten or carried off during the above-mentioned period, a time when the birds were less active than earlier in the morning: English sparrows 25, robins 13, cow birds 3, cedar waxwings 2, Baltimore orioles 2, crow blackbirds 1, chipping sparrows 2; total 48. Control or remedial measures. A scrutiny of the history and habits of this insect justifies the belief that under normal condi- tions, parasites and birds should keep this pest under control. The recent severe, widely separated, though local outbreaks must be construed as another evidence of a deficiency in the number of insectivorous birds. These caterpillars are smooth and there- fore form a most acceptable diet to many of our native species. More adequate protection to our birds must be classed as one of the most effective methods of keeping this insect in check. Local outbreaks on the more valuable shade trees of cities and villages can be easily checked by thorough spraying with an arsenical poison, preferably arsenate of lead, using at least two pounds (15 per cent arsenic oxid) to fifty gallons of water and making the application as soon as there is evidence that a number of caterpillars are at work. Unfortunately, many such out- breaks are not detected till almost too late for the successful use of a poison. In such instances many of the descending cater- pillars can be killed by inclosing the trunks of the infested trees with a low, overhanging barricade and then treating the collected larvae with hot water, kerosene or other contact insecticides. Small trees can be protected in large measure by jarring the caterpillars from them, and if sticky bands (tree tanglefoot is most efficient) are placed around the trunk and properly guarded, none can ascend to continue the destructive work. Bibliography A few of the principal references, together with citations of later records, are given below. These, in connection with the earlier bibliographies, afford a ready clue to the literature of this species. 1896 Slingerland, M. V. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul 123 Pp. 509-22. ia05 Heli EB. P. i4th Rept State Ent. N. Y. State Mus. Bulls 23: p27 12: 1899 Beach, S. A., Lowe, V. H. and Stewart, F.C. N. Y. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Buls 176, .p. 305. 52 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1900 Smith, J. B. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 27 :35-36. 1904 Pettit, R. H. Mich. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Spec. Bul. 24, p. 28-29. 1905 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 1:129—-32: IQII —_—_——— N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 147, p. 6-7. IRTS BORER Macronoctua onusta Grote Specimens of this boring caterpillar were received July 25, 191i’ from. Mr. Waldo LL. Rich of Saratoca SpringesaeNee accompanied by the statement that about half of the Iris tubers in a bed were partly eaten by a grub. Mr J. W. Huyck also transmitted specimens from Saratoga about the same time and stated that these borers had practically destroyed a bed of Iris roots. He found over one hundred of the caterpillars in a bed about 6 x 8 feet long. This species appears to have largely escaped the observation of economic entomologists. It was first reared from Iris by Doctor Thaxter. Henry Bird records in 1902, injury by this larva to Iris roots, and in a recent letter states that this insect is at times obnoxious in parks and on estates where large beds of Iris are used for landscape effect. The late Dr James Fletcher mentions several instances of injury in Canada in a report for the same year, while the following season Arthur Gibson gives a somewhat detailed note respecting the operations of this borer. Dr J. B. Smith also records injury by this insect. Description. The parent moth (plate 17, figure 3) has a wing spread of about one and seven-eighths inches and is a typical Noctuid in form and color. The forewings are a variable dark purplish brown with a more or less distinct, broadly crenulate and dentate (the latter near the middle) subterminal line. The discal spot is very irregular, being narrowly lanceolate, with an indistinct, rounded, lobelike projection anteriorly. Near the basal third and a little behind the anterior margin there is an irregularly subtriangular area bounded by a narrow line of dark scales. Posterior of this there is a faintly outlined, oval area resting upon a somewhat more distinct, curved line of dark scales, and near the posterior margin a somewhat indistinct, V- shaped mark of similar scales. The anterior third of the wing back to the middle, and the distal fifth especially on the posterior two-thirds, is markedly darker, the margin with a distinct REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 53 crenulation of darker scales. Hind wings mostly a yellowish brown with purplish brown near the tip. The thorax is thickly covered with purplish brown scales, the abdomen with hght brown scales. The pupa has a length of about one and one-half inches and a diameter of nearly one-quarter inch. It is chestnut brown, shiny. The anterior margin of the abdominal segments are coarsely and sparsely punctate, the posterior margins thickly and finely punctured. The cremaster is almost black, with two stiff, capitate spines apically and three others on each side. The full-grown larva is about two inches long, white, the head brown and with rows of black spots laterally. Life history and habits. The moth is secretive in habit and appears to be quite local in its operations, since Messrs Fletcher and Gibson record the work of this-species in the same locality for three seasons in succession. The adults appear in the fall, September and October, and according to Mr Bird live but a short time. He is of the opinion that the eggs are laid scatter- ingly about the base of the Iris stalks, relying largely on the fact that winter burnings almost surely result in the local ex- termination of this species. He believes that the eggs hatch about the last week in May. The larvae first attack the stems some inches above the ground and gradually work downward, the full-grown caterpillars operating in the roots. Mr Bird states that the larval stages occupy a nine or ten day interval so far as he has followed them, and that there are probably six _ molts. This borer has been recorded as attacking different species of Iris (all species seem to be acceptable according to Mr Bird), including the blue flag, the roots of German lily and also of the blackberry lily, Belamcanda chinensis. Under ordinary conditions this species appears to be held in check by parasites. Control measures. Affected stems should be cut out and burned, thus destroying the caterpillars at the inception of the attack. It is probable that thorough spraying with an arsenate of lead applied about the time the insect begins operations, mamely, the latter part of May, would be very effective in destroying this pest. Winter burning of the debris on Iris beds, if this can be done without injury to the roots, promises to be the simplest and most effective method of keeping this pest in check. 54 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Bibliography 1874 Grote, A. R. Peab. Acad. Sci., 6th Rep’t, p. 27. 1883 Fernald, Mrs C. H. Papilio. 3:22. 1891 Thaxter, Roland. Can. Ent. 23:35. 1899 Dyar, H. G. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 4:321-22. 1902 Bird, Henry. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 10:214-15. 1903 Fletcher, James. Ent. Soc. Ont., 33d Rep’t 1902, p. 94. 1903 Holland, W. J. The Moth Book, p. 170. 1904 Gibson, Arthur. Can, Ent. 36:355. 1904. ———————- Ent. Soc. Ont., 34th Rep’t 1903, p. 49-50. 1909 Smith, J. B. Ins. N. J., p. 450. NOM CHEV VELNG Ennomos magnarius Guen. The peculiar, linear series of polished, greenish brown or bronze colored eggs of this species on apple and pear have been received from time to time during recent years and mostly from Hudson river localities. There have been no records of serious injuries by the caterpillars, though this is a common form and a somewhat general feeder. It is widely distributed, having been recorded from northern Maine west to the Northwest Territory. It appears to be closely related to the European E.autumnaria Wernb. Description. The individual eggs are polished, greenish brown or bronze colored, have a length of 1.25 mm, a diameter of .7 mm, subrhomboidal in shape and are deposited transversely upon the flat surface of bark side by side in linear rows. An exceptionally fine series has a length of four and one-half inches (plate 8, figure 2). The newly hatched caterpillar is a yellowish, dark green looper with a length about 2.25 mm. The large, orange yellow head has a diameter nearly twice that of the body, the labrum and antennae being whitish. The cervical shield is moderately large, yellowish, with a deep, median, subquadrate impression, the latter fuscous greenish. The dorsum of the remaining thor- acic and body segments is mostly dark olive green with a rather conspicuous lateral margin of bright yellow, the latter extending and somewhat indeterminate on the anal segments. True legs yellowish orange, venter yellowish green, the prolegs mostly yellowish or yellowish green. According to Beutenmueller the second stage is a pale green, smooth, somewhat shining and without any visible mark- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 55 ings. The third stage is characterized by yellow incisures. In the fourth stage the head and the body beneath are quite flat- tened, the lateral edge being ridged below the spiracles. “ The full-grown larva is a dull dirty green mottled with green- ish ocherous. The head is comparatively small, and the first seg- ment is about equal the width, the remaining segments gradually increasing in size. The thoracic feet have the bases considerably swollen and ringed with ocherous. The pair of abdominal and anal legs are chocolate brown. Over the body are scattered irregularly small, elevated, pale yellowish spots, especially on the last three segments, which are conspicuously mottled. The cervical shield is dirty chocolate brown; on the second to tenth segments inclusive, are four minute black tuberculate spots; the fourth and fifth segments have an additional pair of spots. The transverse ridge on the fifth is very prominent, as is also the one on the underside of the sixth segment and the one on the eighth segment, and the two black tuberculate spots on the dorsum of the eleventh segment. Underside of body same as above, except the last three segments pale whitish-green. Anal plates tinged with lilac. Length 110 mm.” (Beutenmueller) The pinkish white pupa is covered with a mealy substance, the extremities of the segments roughened, the interspaces being semitransparent and yellowish. The change to the pupa occurs in an oval, elongated, whitish cocoon open at each end. The parent moth (plate 8, figure 1) is a delicate ocher yellow- ish insect variably marked with purplish and reddish brown, especially at the extremities of the wings, the anterior pair with a conspicuous, almost hooked lobe near the middle. The male, with its pectinate antenna, has a wing spread of about one and five-eighth inches, while the larger, stouter bodied female has slender antennae and a wing spread of about two and one-eighth inches. Life history. Oviposition occurs in September and October, individual females depositing from five hundred to six hundred eggs. These latter hatch the following May or June, the larvae attaining full growth from the latter part of July till the end of September. The pupal stage lasts from eighteen to twenty days, adults flying from early August until the last of October. There are specimens in the Lintner collection taken at Keene Valley, N. Y., August 7, 1894. re 56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Food habits. This caterpillar appears to be a general feeder, it having been recorded by Beutenmueller on elm, maple, sweet eum, etc. It is rather common on black birch, feeds upon poplar and, as stated above, the eggs may frequently be observed upon apple and pear. It has also been recorded on lilac and chestnut. Remedial measures. Should the caterpillars of this species become abundant they could probably be easily controlled, as in the case of other leaf feeders, by timely spraying with a poison, preferably arsenate of lead. Bibliography 1860 Walker, Francis. List Lepid. Het. Brit. Mus. 20:2009. 1806 Walsh, B. D. Practical Entomologist. 1:77. 1869 Harris, T. W. Entomological Correspondence, p. 320. 1874 Lintner, J. A. N. Y. State Mus. 26th Rep’t,.p. 165, 182. 1876 Packard, A. S. Mon. Geomet. Moths, p. 529-30 (Eugonia al- iM 1 BL eB). 1878 Worthington, C. E. Can Ent. 10:16 (E. alniaria). 1885 Dimmock, A. K. Psyche 4:272-73 (Eugonia alniaria). 1886 Hulst, G. D. Entomol. Amer. 2:49 (Eugonia alniaria). 1888 —————— Entomol. Amer. 4:49 (Eugonia). 1890 Packard, A. S: U. S: Ent. Comm. 5th Rept, p. 425 72 a20- ral 8) sy al @l)n 1895 Beutenmueller, William. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:37_-38 (E. all imi ae a). 1896 Lintner, J. A. Ins. N. Y. 11th Rep’t, p. 266. 1896 Hulst, G. D. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23:371-72 (EK. alniaria). 1904 Gibson, Arthur. Ent. Soc. Ont. 34th Rep’t, p.54 (E. alniaria). 1906 Dod, F. H. W. Can. Ent. 38 :264. 1906 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:725. 1908 Fletcher, James. Can Ent. 40:170. MAPLE LEAF CUTTER Paraclemensia acerifoliella Fitch Plate 18 This peculiar insect was excessively abundant on the estate of Dr Wilby Meyer, North West Bay, Lake George, in the town of Bolton or North Bolton. The infestation though local was severe and included perhaps twenty-five acres. Some trees had their foliage very badly injured, there being in each leaf a number of oval holes and much of the tissue between dead, because of skeletonizing by the larva. The work is rather characteristic. since the caterpillar reaches out from its oval case, eating all that is within reach and then migrates to another spot. Infested REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 57 leaves (plate 18) may therefore show one or more oval holes with circular skeletonizing here and there, the centers of some of the areas at least being occupied by an oval case, with a diameter of about five-eighths of an inch. The work is usually on the upper surface though the caterpillars occur also upon the lower side of the foliage. Viewed from below, an infested leaf is generally indicated by one or more dark spots surrounded by irregular, lighter, skeletonized, brownish areas. The injury was especially marked on the lower limbs of large trees and on small trees in the woods the feeding was confined mostly to the hard maple, adjacent soft maple practically escaping injury. A few of the larval cases accompanied by feeding were collected on oak and witch-hazel undergrowth. This latter appeared to be largely accidental. The ground was in many places thickly dotted with the circular larval cases. The late James Fletcher has also recorded rather severe injury to beech trees after the foliage on adjacent maples had been destroyed. At the time of our examination September 22d, some larvae were still feeding, though most of them had evidently forsaken the trees or were nearly ready to drop to the ground. Previous history. Early records show this insect to be rather local in habit. The first notice of this species by Doctor Fitch states that injury was rather common during 1850 in the eastern section of New York State. The withered leaves began to be noticed in early August and continued to increase in numbers for three or four weeks. He observed that forest trees were mostly affected, those standing alone as shade trees in fields being practically exempt. This latter hardly obtained at Lake George last summer, since several badly affected trees were well separated from the adjacent woodland. The late Doctor Lintner recorded in 1888 serious injury by this insect to maples at Pittsford, Vt., nearly all the trees having the foliage brown and looking as though they had been scorched by fire. The work of this species has also been recorded from the state of Illinois, while the late Dr James Fletcher reported severe injuries to hard maples in the vicinity of Ottawa, Canada. This species appears to have a wide distribution in the northern part of the United States and southern Canada, it having been reported from New York, New Jersey, Illinois, the vicinity of Ottawa and also Kaslo, British Columbia. 58 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Description. The small moth has been described by Doctor Dietz as follows: Head _ russet-yellow. Palpi fuscous. Antennae blackish brown, pecten of first joint russet. Thorax dark brown, with golden green and bluish scales. Abdomen bronzed brown. Fore- wings dark fuscous, overlaid with deep, bluish purple scales; scattered over the disk and along the apical veins are some bright green, hairlike scales; both margins narrowly edged with colden. Cilia fuscous, sprinkled with bluish scales; under side fuscous brown, with purple reflection. Hind wings pale grayish fuscous, with a feeble, purple lustre, margin narrowly edged with pale metallic scales. Cilia pale fuscous; under side similar to upper. Under side of body dark fuscous, with some silver- white scales. Legs grayish, tinged with dark fuscous, basal half of tarsal joints paler. Exp. I1.5-13.5 mm; 0.36-0.54 inch. Doctor Fitch states that the tips of the wings are commonly bent inward, giving them when closed the appearance of a little pod enveloping the abdomen. The pupa is about five-thirty-seconds of an inch long, pale yellowish, rather stout, the dorsum of the abdominal segments with a transverse row basally of rather stout, dark brown spines; cremaster represented by an indistinct short spine. The full-grown caterpillar is slender, flattened, cylindric, dull white, the strongly depressed head and the third thoracic seg- ments pale rusty brown. There is an interrupted, more or less distinct, broad, blackish stripe down the back. The case (plate 17, figure 5) of the full-grown caterpillar is oval, about three-eighths of an inch long and composed of two pieces of a leaf fastened together at the edges and forming a shelter. Within this there is another pair of narrowly oval pieces of leaf, each with a length nearly a quarter of an inch. These are fastened together in the same way, and within this inner retreat the transformation to the pupa occurs. Life history. Pupation occurs in the fall, and the winter is passed in the larval cases described above. These shelters usually lie upon the ground in immense numbers or fall with the affected leaves. The adults emerge and may be frequently seen, according to Doctor Fitch, during the month of May, flying by day or resting exposed upon the leaves in forests and along their borders. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 59 Remedial measures. This species is evidently local in habit and there appears to be no reason why many of the hibernating insects could not be destroyed by burning over the ground in early fall, provided conditions admit of such treatment. It is very probable that thorough spraying, especially on the upper surface of the leaf, with arsenate of lead about the middle of June, would check this pest in a very satisfactory manner. Bibliography 1856 Fitch, Asa. N. Y. State Agric. Soc. Trans. 15:501-5 (Ornix). 1856 —————— Nox. & Benef. Ins. N. Y. Ist-2d Rep’t, p. 269-73 (Ornix). 1872 Clemens, Breckenridge. Tineina of N. Amer., p. 90 (Ornix). 1873 Reed, E. B. Ent. Soc. Ont. Rep’t 1872, p. 42-43 (Ornix). 1873 Chambers, V. T. Can. Ent. 5.86 (Tinea tiridella). 1874 Lintner, J. A. Cult. & Country Gent. 39:631 (Ornix). 1882 Walsingham, Lord. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 10:172 (Incurvaria). 1885 Fletcher, James. Rep’t of Ent., p. 31-32 (Incurvaria). iss7 > [Rape @i Wim Ge IROL, wD, As) (lneiinveinia)). 1888 Walsingham, Lord. Insect Life. 1:147 (Incurvaria). 1gg9q Lintner, J. A. Injur. & Other Ins. N. Y. 5th Rep’t, p. 215-19 (Incurvaria). 1890 Packard, A. S. U. S. Ent. Com. 5th Rep’t, p. 408-9 (Incurvaria). 1895 Comstock, J. H. & A. B. Man. Study of Ins., p. 255-56 (In- curvaria). 1897 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 27th Rep’t, p. 69 (Incurvaria). 1902 Busck, August. Amer. Miscroscop. Soc. Trans. 23:90 (Brecken- ridgia). 1903 ———————- Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 5:193 (Brackenridgia). 19649 NY. Eat Soc. Journ iesr77 (Breckenridgia): 1905 Dietz, W. G. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 31:41-42 (Breckenridgia). 1906 Busck, August. Can. Ent. 38:348. 1906 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:509-41 (Incurvaria). 1907 Dietz, W. G. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 33 :287. Foro Sinith; J. B: Ins. N. J., p.575- LOCUST LEAF MINER Chalepus dorsalis Thunb. The locust leaf miner, a rather common insect on Long Island, was responsible, in large measure, for somewhat serious injury to the foliage of black locust trees at Syosset and Jericho, L. I. Mr Walter S. Funnell, editor of the Long Island department of the Brooklyn Daily Times, stated under date of August Ioth that the leaves of locust trees at Syosset and Jericho were grow- ing brown day by day, the leaves being apparently reduced to mere skeletons. Mr F. A. Bartlett of the Frost & Bartlett 60 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Company, Stamford, Conn., reported the above species with the associated C. nervosa Panz. as doing a great amount of in- jury to locust trees on Long Island, many being as brown as though fire had run through them. He stated that the smaller, C. nervosa, appeared to be the more abundant of the two forms. A personal examination of the locality September 19th showed that most of the injury was confined to trees less than thirty feet high, or to large ones in the near vicinity of this new growth. The damage was so pronounced that affected areas showed a distinct brown color, even at a considerable distance, though this had been obscured to some extent by the develop- ment of new leaves subsequent to the attack. The major por- tion of the injury appeared to result from skeletonizing the leaves by the beetles, the small trees noted above showing comparatively few evidences of having been mined by the grubs. A very few leaf miners, evidently belated individuals, were found. This insect commonly occurs on large trees here and there throughout Long Island, though as a rule there is not material injury. The above described outbreak is undoubtedly irregularly periodic in character and appeared to be limited very closely to Syosset and adjacent Jericho. The trees, while checked, do not appear permanently injured and it is probable that there will be speedy recuperation. Early history. The late Doctor Lintner, in his report for 1896, records similar injury to locust trees at Yaphank, L. L, the leaves appearing much as does elm foliage after extensive feeding by the elm leaf beetle. Doctor Chittenden states that this species is nearly always more or less troublesome to locusts in Maryland, Virginia and the District of Columbia, adding that the injury is usually most severe on young trees. Doctor Hopkins states that about 1892 thousands of locust trees died in West Virginia after the foliage had been destroyed three years in succession by this insect. The direct cause of the death of these trees, however, may have been due to abnormally cold weather. Serious damage during the seasons of 1904 and 1905 to locust trees along the Ohio river was recorded by Mr E. C. Cotton, the defoliation being general for a distance of over fifty miles, according to Mr Burgess. This insect is local in habit and appears to be decidedly more injurious in the latitude of Virginia. The late Professor W. G. Johnson reports this species as defoliating apple trees near woods, presumably locust trees. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 61 Description. The adult beetle is about one-fourth of an inch long with the head, appendages, under surface and a median triangular area, widening posteriorly, on the wing covers coal black. The remainder of the wings and the dorsum of the thorax are orange red. The thorax is irregularly and deeply punctured and the wing covers strongly ridged and ornamented with deep, nearly flattened, thickly set rows of punctures. The full-grown larva is a trifle over one-fourth of an inch long, with the head, thoracic shield, true legs and anal shield coal black, the remainder of the body being yellowish white; the segmentation is very distinctly marked and the abdominal seg- ments bear conspicuous lateral tubercles, those on the second to seventh being tipped with black and with a black, chitinous point. The brown spiracles are circular. The egg is short, oval in outline and flattened, the two sides being milk white when first laid. The mine of this insect is equally visible on both sides of the leaf, pale green, slightly tinged with brown, its surface being slightly roughened and the margin irregularly undulated. Distribution. This leaf beetle appears to be confined largely to the upper austral life zone. It is common throughout Long Island and probably occurs in the southern portion of the Hudson valley, at least. It has been recorded from Massachusetts, Con- necticut, Pennsylvania, throughout New Jersey, Maryland, Washington, Virginia, West Virginia, southern Ohio, Kentucky, and generally distributed in Indiana and Missouri. Food plants. The beetle feeds by preference on the leaves of the black locust. It has also been recorded as attacking the young leaves of red oak, has been found on white oak, beech, birch, hawthorn, apple, red clover, hog peanut and soja beans. The larvae have been observed in the leaves of false indigo (Amorpha fruticosa). It also occurs on several other food plants. Life history. The beetles evidently winter in any sheltered place, and in the vicinity of Washington, at least, make their appearance as soon as the leaves of: the locust trees have fully developed. At this time they eat small, oblong holes in the leaves, and later in the season skeletonize the upper surface. The eggs are laid on the under side of the leaves and are partly covered with an excrementaceous secretion. They hatch in about six to eight days, the young larvae breaking through the ege shell on the under side of the egg mass and gnawing at once 62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM through the epidermis of the leaf. The three to five larvae in an egg mass enter through the same orifice, excavate the interior of the leaf for from two to four days, desert the mine and wander to other leaves, often to a considerable distance, where each larva excavates a retreat of its own. The number of larval migrations under natural conditions has not been ascertained. Larval existence is never Jess than two weeks and probably averages about three weeks. Transformation to the pupa occurs within the mine, the duration of this stage being from six and one-half to ten days. There appears to be but one generation in the northern states, while in the latitude of Washington there may be two generations. The above outline of the life history is an abstract from a more detailed account by Chittenden. Natural enemies. This insect is subject to attack in its southern range at least, by the wheel bug, Prionidus or Arilws cristatus (Linn, This large, predaccoussbiespaeys upon the larvae while still within the mine. Trichogramma odontotae How. is recorded as a common egg parasite, while Derostenus primus How. has also been reared from the eggs and is probably a secondary parasite. Two para- sites of the larvae have been recorded, namely, Sympiezus urolatac How. andiS pilio chiavcersio dont aearemeetone Control measures. These must obviously be restricted to the more valuable shade trees on lawns and roadsides and, as a rule, are unnecessary in New York State. Thorough and timely spraying with an arsenate of lead, using about two pounds (15 per cent arsenic oxid) to fifty gallons of water ought to be effective in protecting the foliage. The application should be made at about the time the leaves are full grown and in New York State the advisability of the treatment must be determined largely by the abundance of the insects. Numerous beetles and slight injury to many leaces in June are liable to result in severe damage during July and early August, unless repressive measures are adopted. Jarring the beetles into inverted umbrellas or other mechanical collectors has been suggested for a few trees in yards or lawns. This would be especially applicable to the small trees which, by the way, are the most liable to injury. This treatment would have to be repeated every few days so long as the insects con- tinued abundant. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIT 63 x Bibliography The following citations are supplemental to the detailed biblio- graphy given in the 12th report of this office. 1896 Hopkins, A. D. Can. Ent. 28:248 (Odontota). roomenittenden bh .. Pa) WS. Dept Acric.,) Div. ‘Ent Bul’ yo, ny ss p. 22-23 (Odontota). 1897 Lintner, J. A. Injur. & Other Ins. N. Y., t2th Rep’t, p. 264-67 (Odontota). 1899 Johnson, W. G. U. S. Dep’t Agric., Div. Ent. Bul. 20, n. s., p. 63 (Odontota). noo2znChittenden, EF. HH: UW. S:. Dept Asric,: Div. Ent, Bul’ 38)'n) si, p. 70-83 (Odontota). 1GoA bursess, A. FP. -U. S: Dep't Agric) Dive (Ent; Bul. 46;) p65 (Odontota). 1905 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 1:258, 325-29 (Odontota). 1906 Cotton, E. C. Ohio Dep’t Agric., Div. Nur. & Orch. Insp. Bul. 7, p. 15-19 (Odontota). 1907 Girault, A. A. N. Y. Eent. Soc. Jour. 15:119 (Odontota). 1908 Hopkins, A. D. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 10:10 (Odontota). 1910 Blatchley, W. S. Coleoptera of Ind., Ind. Dep’t Geol. & Nat. Ress bul 1, “pe: 8227. ROSY, HISBA Chalepus nervosa Panz. This small and variable leaf-feeding beetle was found associated with C. dorsalis Thunb. in an outbreak which re- sulted in the defoliation of many locust trees at Syosset and Jericho. Mr F. A. Bartlett of the Frost & Bartlett Company, Stamford, Conn., reported this species as more abundant than the larger and better known locust miner. For a fuller account of the conditions, the reader is referred to a discussion of the preceding species. Previous history. This small leaf beetle is quite variable in appearance and has been described under several different names, notably, inaequalis Web. and rosea Web. It has been re- corded by Chambers as mining the leaves of linden and Eupa- torium ageratoides, while Messrs Hopkins and Cotton ‘ found it feeding commonly on locust in association with the locust leaf miner. Arthur Gibson states that it is common in Canada on basswood, though it has never caused noticeable injury. William Beutenmueller reared this species from the foliage of asters and Eupatorium. Harris states that these insects may be found on the leaves of apple trees and very abundantly on those of the shadbush and chokecherry during the latter part of May and 64 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM early in June. Harrington found the beetles upon oaks, haw- thorns and elms, and adds that the larvae mine the leaves of various trees, including apple. Theodore Pergande reared this species from Cassia nictitans, while Messrs Hubbard and Schwarz found a pale var-ety or race very abundant on the leaves of Robinia neomexicana in the Santa Rita mountains of southern Arizona. Life history. The life history of this species has been out- lined by Saunders as follows: The eggs are small, rough, blackish and fastened to the sur- face of the leaf either singly or in clusters of four or five. The larvae, when hatched, eat their way into the interior of the leaf, where they feed upon its green, pulpy substance, leaving the skin above and below entire, which soon turns brown and dry, forming a blisterlike spot. The larva, when full grown, which is usually during the month of July, is°about one-fifth of an inch long, oblong in form, rather broader before than behind, flattened, soft, and of a yellowish-white color, with the head and neck blackish and of a horny consistence. Each of the three anterior segments has a pair of legs; the other segments are provided with small fleshy warts at the sides, and transverse rows of little rasplike points above and beneath. The larva changes to a pupa within the leaf, from which, in about a week, the perfect insect escapes. Within these blister- like spots the larva, pupa, or freshly-transformed beetle may often be found. : The beetles hibernate among dead leaves and other debris. Description. This species, according to Wickham, may be separated from allied forms by the elytral punctures being arranged in eight rows and the acute costa. He states that the color is variable, usually with the head dark, the thorax and elytra pale with dark, irregular spots. The beetle is about one-fifth of an inch long, tawny reddish above, with irregular, darker spots and lines upon the strongly ridged, deeply punctured wing covers. The legs are yellow. - These characters serve to separate it readily from the larger C. dorsalis with which it is frequently associated. Distribution. Horn states that this beetle occurs everywhere in the eastern regions and also in Arizona. Lugger reports this beetle as common in Minnesota, it being frequently found among dead leaves and rubbish in the vicinity of forests. Remedial measures. It is hardly likely that this species would be sufficiently numerous to make treatment advisable. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 65 An exceptional outbreak could undoubtedly be controlled by thorough spraying with a poison as described for the preceding form. This would of necessity be restricted largely to more valuable street and park trees. Bibliography The following comprise practically all the literature that we have been able to find relating to this species. 1924 Say, ‘Thomas. Acad: Nat. Sei, Phil, 3432. (Hispa ros éa ): Same, in Compl. Writ. 2:205. Rejoerlarhis. Ia Ws dns. lint to; Wer. 3d ied: ip, 120-28 (Hus pa rosea). 1869 Packard, A. S. Guide Study Ins. p. 503 (Hispa rosea). 1672 Chambers, V. ET. Can. Ent. 4:125 (Hispa inaequalis and Eequadrata ). 1874 Henshaw, Samuel. Psyche 1:23 (Odontota rosea). 1877 Provancher, L’Abbe. Pet. Faun Entomol. Can. Vol. 1, Col., p. 683-84 (Odontota-rosea). 1882 Horn, G. N. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 10:295, 297 (Odontota). toes) Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 13th: Rep’t, 1882, p. 61 (Odontota rosea). 1889 Saunders, William. Ins. Injur. to Fru., p. 120-21 (Odontota rosea ). 1890 Beutenmueller, William. Entomol. Amer. 6:178 (Odontota). 1891 Riley, C. V. and Howard, L. O. Ins. Life, 3:435 (Odontota). ison aopkins, Ay Ds We Vay ANericy Expt Stas, 3dv Rep*t, p- 167 (Odontota). 1891 W. Va. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul. 16, p. 88 (Odontota). 1893 W. Va. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul. 32, p. 202 (Odontota). 1897 Wickham, H. F. Can. Ent. 29:61 (Odontota). 1899 Lugger, Otto. Minn. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul. 66, p. 251-52 (Odon- tota). noo2 Cinttenden) By He UU. SDep't Agric, Div. Ent. Bull 38) nis, p. 84-85 (Odontota). 1904 Gibson, Arthur. Ent. Soc. Ont., 34th Rep’t, 1903, p. 52 (Odon- tota fosea). 1906 Cotton, E. C. Ohio Dep’t Agric., Div. Nur. & Orch. Insp. Bul. 7, p. 46 (Odontota). 1910 Blatchley, W. S. Col. of Ind., p. 1228. ROSE LEAP HOPPER Typhlocyba rosae Linn. This common pest of roses, frequently though inaccurately designated as thrips, is an European form which has obtained a wide distribution in this country. Signs of its presence are readily seen in the series of somewhat characteristic white spots 66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM along the midvein and in the vicinity of the other veins. These are, in the ordinary course of affairs, frequently followed by severe injury and many of the whitish or yellowish white, jump- ing adults. Badly infested foliage frequently has the under surface thickly specked with the white membranous cast skins of the young. This leaf hopper was exceedingly abundant and somewhat injurious to the foliage of young apple trees at Ghent, N. Y., in October 1909. This unusual attack was not unpre- cedented, since the late Dr C. V. Riley had earlier recorded this species as abundant on apple foliage. It has also been taken upon the leaves of plum, cultivated cherry, currant, grape, elm and soft maple. Dr T. W. Harris, the first American to write of this species, thought that the insect might winter in the perfect stage con- cealed under fallen leaves and rubbish. This supposition has been repeated from time to time with no additional information respecting the life history of this species. Last winter and early in the spring the eggs of this species were found just under the bark of the new growth of rose bushes and the young issuing therefrom reared to maturity. . Description. The full-grown or perfect leaf hopper is about one-eighth of an inch long, yellowish white, the wings usually being whitish and semitransparent. The eyes, claws and ovi- positor are brown. The young present a general resemblance to the adult. They are distinctly smaller, especially when newly hatched, with only rudimentary wing pads and a very light green. They fre- quently harmonize so closely with the color of the under side of the leaf that it is difficult to recognize them. The egg is semitransparent and has a length of .7 mm and a diameter of .2 mm. It is narrowly oval, the anterior extremity being broadly rounded, while near the posterior third there is a slight curve, the posterior extremity being narrowly rounded. The eggs are deposited singly just under the new bark. Their location is indicated by an almost imperceptible, oval elevation in the bark about 1 mm long and presenting a slight greenish or yellowish discoloration occasionally accompanied by in- creased transparency due to the egg beneath. There is at one end of the elevation a very slight scar made at the time the egg was deposited. This wound is quite different from the elongate lenticels seen upon the wood. It is comparatively easy REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 67 to expose the eggs by simply rupturing the bark on either side with a needle and raising it. Prof. R. L. Webster of Ames, Iowa, has found the eggs of this species in the bark of elm two or three years old. He also found nymphs on maple trees though no signs of oviposition. Life history. It is evident from the above that the eggs winter in the bark of various trees and shrubs, especially rose and probably apple. April 17, 1911 material taken at Nassau, N. Y., contained a semitransparent, yellowish embryo with a length about one-third that of the egg and showing an indistinct segmentation. May 14th nymphs were numerous on the lower leaves especially, their presence being indicated by the rather characteristic white spots along the veins. The abundant growth above the affected leaves obscures, in large measure, the early signs of this insect. The injury becomes more marked as the season advances. May 25th the nymphs were about three-quarters grown, the first adults being observed June 3d. Pairing and the deposition of eggs is stated to occur about the middle of June. Owing to the fact that the insects were not numerous later in the summer we did not follow the life history of the species further. The abundant occurrence of this leaf hopper upon apple leaves in October shows that there must be more than one generation, possibiy three under favorable conditions. Remedial measures. The hibernation of the insect in the egg stage and the consequent somewhat uniform hatching of the eggs makes it comparatively easy to watch for the early indica- tions of injury, namely, the series of characteristic white spots along the midvein and in the vicinity of other veins, and then spray with a contact insecticide, either a whale oil soap solution or a kerosene emulsion. This application if thorough and made to the under side of the leaves should destroy practically all of the delicate, comparatively slow-moving nymphs and prevent further injury during the season unless there be an invasion from nearby plants. This early treatment will be much more effective than anything that can be employed after the insects have become adult and able to jump and fly readily. Bibliography 1862 Harris, T. W. Ins. Injur. to Veget. 3d. ed., p. 229 (Tettigonia). 1885 Lintner, J. A. 2d Rep’t N. Y. State Ent., p. 31 (Tettigonia). 1889 Weed, C. M. Ohio Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul. v. 2, no. 6, p. 155-56. 1890 Lintner, J. A. 6th Rep’t N. Y. State Ent., p. 166 (Tettigonia). 3 68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1890 —— Country Gentleman 55:538 (Tettigonia). 1891 —— 7th Rep’'t N. Y. State Ent., p. 345 (Tettigonia). 1891 Weed, C. M. Ins. & Insecticides, p. 156-57. 1893 Lintner, J. A. 8th Rep’t N. Y. State Ent, p. 256-57 (Empoa). 1894 Van Duzee, E. P. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 21:313. 1895 Comstock, J. H. and A. B. Manual Study of Ins., p. 154 (Empoa). 1895 Gillette, C. P. and Baker, C. F. Col. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul. 31, Dowie. 1896 Lintner, J. A. Country Gentlemen. 61:763. 1898 Gillette, C. P. U.S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 20:771-72. 1900 Lugger, Otto. Minn. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul. 69:131-32. 1905 Felt, E. P. Ins. Affect. Prk. & Wdld. Trees. 1:191. I9lo —— 25th Rep’t N. Y. State Ent., p. go. 1910 Webster, R. L. Ent. News. 21:267. 1911 Felt, E. P. Econom. Ent. Jour. 4:413-14. PERIODICAL CICADA , Tibicen septendecim Linn. Plates 19-24 The large size of the insects, their immense numbers, the accompanying roar, the spectacular injury and unique life his- tory, all combine to excite popular interest in the periodical visitations of this remarkable species. The season of IQII was marked by the appearance of the large Hudson river brood, the only one occupying any great extent of this populous watershed. A Cicada colony, especially if the insects occur by the millions, abounds in interest. The early part of the visitation is marked by the numerous dirty yellow, grublike pupae leaving their bur- rows by the thousands in late afternoon or early evening, climb- ing adjacent vegetation and rapidly transforming to the beau- tiful yellowish white, black spotted, red-eyed insects which at this time cling to foliage and stems and appear not unlike blossoms, and by the following morning have assumed the more sombre colors of the hardened adult. Later the empty pupal shells may be seen clinging to trunks, branches and leaves, while the black, red-winged adults rest upon the foliage or sit motionless on trunk or branch. Hundreds may be driven to flight by shaking small trees. Cicada notes may herald the ris- ing of the sun and if the day remains clear, the sound gains volume with the increase in temperature and, in the case of numerous colonies, resembles the distant hum of a busy factory. The serenade may be continued long after dark on moonlight evenings. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 69 Life history. This insect presents an extraordinary life cycle, requiring in the northern states seventeen years to complete its transformations, though the adult existence is relatively short. The same species completes its transformations in the southern states in thirteen years. The Cicadas appear in this latitude the latter part of May, usually from May 2oth to early June and may continue to July, a few persisting into August. The pupa emerges about dusk from its circular hole or burrow about half an inch in diameter and climbs the nearest support. Here it fixes itself firmly and prepares for the final transforma- tion, which latter is an extremely interesting process and may occupy about an hour and a half. The established pupa is illustrated on plate 19, figure 1, while the first sign of the impending change, namely, a split along the back, is shown at plate 19, figure 2 and only five minutes later at plate 1o, figure 3. Two minutes later we have a condition shown at plate 19, figure 4, while five minutes after the insect is half way out of the pupal shell (plate 19, figure 5) the with- drawing of the tender wings and legs from their horny cases is a matter of some difficulty and proceeds relatively slowly. One stage of this, taken seven minutes after the above mentioned illustration, is shown at plate 19, figure 6, while two minutes later (plate 20, figure 1) the developing insect had already com- menced to turn back, and a minute later (plate 20, figure 2) had nearly freed its legs, this process being complete (plate 29, figure 3) I minute later and within another minute (plate 20, figure 4) the perfect insect was resting upon the empty pupal shell, and six minutes later (plate 20, figure 5) it was hang- ing beside the empty shell and the wings were beginning to develop. The developing wings are better seen in a dorsal view (plate 20, figure 6) which represents the pupa as it is turn- ing back in an effort to withdraw its limbs, while six minutes later (plate 21, figure 1) we have the same Cicada clinging to a leaf and with its limp, milk white wings about half expanded. This latter process is rapid and the wings were nearly extended one minute later (plate 21, figure 2) and practically fully de- veloped (plate 21, figure 3) in two minutes. The limp wings gradually stiffen and are then wrapped around the body (plate 21, figure 4). The insect hardens during the night, the wing veins become dark red, the body black and we have the well-known Cicada (plate 21, figure 5). 7O NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The adults, as demonstrated by Prof. A. L. Quaintance, feed to some extent though there never seems to be any material injury as a result. The Cicadas may be observed throughout the day resting upon the foliage or branches and occasionally flying a short distance. They seem to be very local in habit. The principal injury, as is well known, is caused by the female in the cutting of slits for the reception of eggs. This operation has been described by Mr Ira H. Lawton as follows: After finishing one fissure the female moved slowly forward about two steps, depressed her ovipositor about 45°, and setting her saws in motion, first alternately and then simultaneously, rapidly penetrated the bark, but the ovipositor was soon elevated to 25°. After penetrating to the full length of her ovipositor and filling that chamber with eggs, she swung a little to one side and through the same hole in the bark excavated the opposite chamber and filled it with eggs. The making of each chamber occupied a little over twenty minutes or a total of forty-five minutes for the whole. During the cutting of a fissure, the saws made about eighty strokes to the minute, and after making four, the female would rest for a time. The heads of the Cicadas were directed, in the main, from the tree but not invariably so, as some worked with their heads toward the trunk of the tree. A female with the ovipositor partly inserted is shown at plate Zi etre Oy Oviposition. The female exercises very little choice in select- ing twigs in which to deposit eggs. Mr William T. Davis of Staten Island has recorded oviposition in between seventy and eighty kinds of trees, bushes and herbaceous plants. The limbs of oaks and hickories are favorites, though on Staten Island the black birch and sweet gum were frequently severely injured. Oviposition in the twigs of pine and the smooth sumac, Rhus glabra, appears to be comparatively rare. Poison ivy is not exempt. One female may make as many as fifty of these slits (plate 22) in a twig, and after depositing her complement, which is said to be four hundred to five hundred, drops to the earth and dies. Oviposition commenced at Nyack in 1911, according to Mr Lawton, June 22d, the eggs beginning to hatch within five weeks, namely, the latter part of July. Eggs taken in the vicinity of Albany hatched in the office August 5th. The young Cicadas are slender, grublike creatures about one-tenth of an inch long. They are as lively as ants, and after running about on the tree for a short time, drop to the ground and bury them- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 71 selves. Their strong forelegs are well adapted for digging and are undoubtedly of great service in searching for the tender succulent rootlets on which they feed. The Cicadas grow so slowly and require so little food that but slight injury to trees or shrubs appears to result from their presence. They remain at moderate depths, especially during the ealier and latter por- tions of their existence though at times they have been found a number of feet below the surface. There is little change dur- ing the subterranean existence, except in size, between the newly hatched young and the full-grown nymph, which latter has on the thorax four scalelike appendages, the rudimentary wings. The insects make their way to the surface in the spring of the seventeenth year through a smooth, firmly compacted gallery which may even pierce the hard surface of a pathway or roadside and under certain conditions may be covered with a cone- like chamber made of mud pellets. Description. The periodical Cicada (plate 21, figure 6) may be easily distinguished from the common dogday Cicada or harvest fly, Cicada linnei Grossb. by the eyes and veins of the wings being bright red. More or less of the ventral surface of the abdomen (especially in the male) and the legs are dull red. The dorsal surface of the body is almost entirely black. The periodical Cicada is more slender than the stouter dogday Cicada, which latter has green markings on the thorax, greenish eyes and bright green wing veins. Distribution. The Hudson valley brood is one of the best known, since it occurs throughout a populous section. Aside from the New York localities given in detail below, it has been recorded from Connecticut, District of Columbia, Indiana, Mary- land, Michigan, the entire state of New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia. An examination of the map indicating the distribution of this brood, shows that it is largely confined to the eastern slope of the Appalachian mountains, the few records in the central states apparently being isolated colonies. There are authentic records of the appearance of this brood extending hack to 1724. Comparative abundance. It is difficult to give any very exact data respecting the comparative abundance of an insect appearing only once in seventeen years, nevertheless the follow- ing observations indicate an apparent increase in some localities with a reduction in others, compared with the brood appearing in 1894. The Cicadas were about the same at Copake Falls 72 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM (H. D. Harvey) and less numerous at Ghent (Thomas F. Hartigan); equally numerous at West Taghkanic (S. S. Sim- mons); there were slight changes in the infested territory at Annandale (H. D. Lewis) ; hardly as abundant at Fonda (Frank Jansen); equally abundant or more numerous at Middletown (Eugene Smith) and at Mountainville (R. G. Doxey) ; twice as abundant at Goshen (C. B. Coleman); much more numerous at Schaghticoke (Fred M. Askins); somewhat more numerous at Highland (W. D. Tallman); not so abundant at Marlboro (H. C. Dawes); equally numerous at Milton (A. E. Beil); more abundant at Port Ewen (Silvanus VanAken); more abundant at Saugerties (C. E. Davis) ; equally numerous at Walkill (J. T. Halmes) and fewer at Thomson (Letitia H. Dixon). There were undoubtedly a number of localities where the insect failed to appear this season though present-in 1894. Most of these might easily be explained if we knew all the facts. Mr W. T. Davis,.of New Brighton, states that in 1877 there were a, great many Cicadas in the garden of the home place, and though the same fruit trees are standing and the conditions as regards vegetation have remained practically unchanged, yet he failed to find any of the insects the past season. He concludes that they have undoubtedly been exterminated by the house sparrows which have become very numerous in that section of Staten Island. The destruction of forests and the death or re- moval of shade and fruit trees is bound to result in the local extermination of the Cicada. Many such instances have doubt- less occurred in the vicinity of growing cities and villages. Weak colonies are also very likely, to become exterminated by birds. Mr Silvanus VanAken of Port Ewen states that the insect has failed to appear in some localities where it occurred seventeen years ago. No statement is given as to the cause. Mr Eugene Smith of Middletown states that there were great differences locally in the numbers of the insects. Practically all the others reporting upon this question concur in stating that the insect has not failed to appear in any locality where it occurred in 1894. The relative abundance of the insects in limited localities at least, is indicated by the number of holes made by the pupae as they emerge from the ground. In some places the insects were so numerous as to literally give a honeycombed appearance to hard surfaces. This phenomenon was reported by the follow- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 73 ing: S. S. Simmons, West Taghkanic; H. D. Lewis, Annan- dale; E. P. Wheeler, New Hamburg; J. H. Mills, Rhinecliff (roadside honeycombed); Eugene Smith, Middletown; R. G. Doxey, Mountainville; C. B. Coleman, Goshen (twenty-five holes in one square foot); Fred M. Askins, Schaghticoke; A. E. Bell, Milton; C. E. Davis, Saugerties; J. T. Halmes, Wallkill; N. D. Rand, West Camp (one thousand holes in twenty-five square feet); C. W. Hyatt, Peekskill, and Annis E. Thomson, Yonkers. Time of appearance. The periodical Cicada is most remark- able because of the regularity with which it deserts its subter- ranean retreats. A careful study of this insect in 1894 led the late Doctor Lintner to decide that the first specimens appeared above ground May 2oth, though it subsequently developed that adults emerged that year May 19th on Staten Island. Miss Annis E. Thomson, Loweree Summit, Yonkers, states that the first Cicada pupa appeared above ground last season May 13th, transforming to the adult the next day. The thin, rocky soil of that locality probably explains this somewhat early emer- gence. Mr Davis states that the first Cicada appeared on Staten Island May 22d. Mr George A. Lintner transmitted to this office a living specimen taken at Summit, N. J., May 2oth, while Mr Ira Lawton reported the occurrence of perfect insects on that date at Nyack, Mr R. G. Doxey at Mountainville and Mr Samuel H. Cox at Bangall. Mrs Matthew Hart recorded the appearance of Cicadas at Castleton May 22d, while Mr N. D. Rand observed them at West Camp May 23d. They were ob- served at Annandale, Arlington, and Saugerties May 24th by Messrs H. D. Lewis, W. H. Hart and C. E. Davis, respectively, and reported from near New Baltimore Station by C. H. Van Orden May 25th. They were seen May 27th at Athens by Mr O. Q. Flint and the following day at Ravena and Fonda by Messrs Bronk VanSlyke and Frank Jansen, respectively. The first specimens taken in the vicinity of Albany were found May 29th at the Rural Cemetery and were evidently among the first to come above ground, though it is possible that a few emerged on the 28th. It will be seen by scanning the above dates of appearance that they were progressively later as we ascend the river, with the exception of the appearance at Castleton May 22d. There may have been some local cause for this apparent irregularity. Several instances of accelerated or delayed emergence were 74. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM brought to our attention. Mr H. D. Lewis of Annandale states that he observed a few living, fully developed Cicadas and sev- eral recently vacated pupal shells in r910. The arrival of the main body in that locality in 1911 was later than in 1894. He found that the first appearing individuals seemed to be diseased and lived only a few hours, possibly dying as a result of adverse weather conditions. Mr J. H. Mills, Rhinecliff, also Suaked! that many died shortly after leaving the soil. There is another record of Cicadas appearing in 1910 in New York State, though this latter appears to apply to a different — brood. Mr William T. Davis of Staten Island states that he found the insects abundant at Half Way Hollow near Wyan- danch, L. I., in t910, though repeated examinations in that lo- cality last season failed to disclose any signs of the insect. He is inclined to believe that this appearance represents another brood which can hardly be the case with the few found in 1910 by Mr Lewis at Annandale. Date of the first cry or song of the male. This, like the record for the last appearance and last recorded note, varies consider- ably, ranging in the different localities from May 22d to June Sth: ) Whe detailed records are as) follows: MayseZzodeeivemmee Doxey, Mountainville; May 25th, S. S. Simmons, West Tagh- kanic; May 27th, H. D. Lewis, Annandale; June 5th, Frank Jansen, Fonda; May 20th, Eugene Smith, Middletown; May 23d, C. B. Coleman, Goshen; June roth, W. D. Tallman, Highland; May 27th, H. G. Dawes, Marlboro; May 30th, Silvanus Van- Aken, Port Ewen; May 26th, C. E. Davis, Saugerties; May 27th, N. D. Rand, West Camp; May 22d, C. W. Hyatt, Peekskill and May 30th, Annis E. Thomson, Yonkers. Persistence of Cicadas. It is well known that the Cicadas remain above ground for several weeks, and in connection with ascertaining the distribution of the insect, two queries were asked designed to supply data respecting the period during which these insects could be either seen or heard. Parties re- porting gave the date when they last saw the insect from June 12th to July 18th. The individual records are as follows: July 4th, R. G. Doxey, Mountainville; July 8th, S. S. Simmons, West Taghkanic; July 18th, H. D. Lewis, Annandale; July ath, E. P. Wheeler, New Hamburgh; June 12th, Eugene Smith, Middle- town; July 2d, C. B. Coleman, Goshen; July 4th, Sylvester Bulson, Stony Point; July 19th, W. D. Tallman, Highland; REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIt 75 June 21st, H. C. Dawes, Marlboro; July 1st, Silvanus VanAken, Port Ewen; July 8th, C. E. Davis, Saugerties; July 12th, N. D. Rand, West Camp; July 6th, C. W. Hyatt, Peekskill, and June 13th, Annis E. Thomson, Yonkers. The date when the last cry or song of the male was heard is also of value in determining this period, it ranging from June Toth to August 2d or 6th. No one conversant with the party can question the record given by Mr Davis, though there is a bare possibility that Mr Bulson may have been mistaken. The detailed records are as follows: July 1t2th, S. S. Simmons, West Taghkanic; July rt4th, H. D. Lewis, Annandale; June 12th, Eugene Smith, Middletown; July 8th, C. B. Coleman, Goshen; July roth, W. T. Davis, New Brighton, S. I. (he records hearing a belated individual August 2d); August 6th, Sylvester Bulson, Stony Point (one male nearly over his head); June 27th, Silvanus VanAken, Port Ewen; July 8th, C. E. Davis, Sauger- ties; July 6th or 7th, C. W. Hyatt, Peekskill, and June toth, Annis E. Thomson, Yonkers. Above-ground chambers. These peculiar structures which excited so much attention in 1894 could doubtless have been found in many localities the past season. Mr H. D. Lewis of Annandale reports their rare occurence in a few places; Mr C. B. Coleman, Goshen, found a very few; Mr R. G. Doxey, Moun- tainville, observed them in low spots; Mr. W. T. Davis of New Brighton, S. I., states that they were rather common in the William Brook woods; Mr Silvanus Bulson found them numer- ous at Stony Point. Investigations at New Baltimore and at the Graceland Cemetery in the vicinity of Albany showed these above-ground chambers to be rather common though, as a rule, they were not nearly so perpendicular as appears to have been the case in 1894. On scraping away dead leaves the chambers were to be found mostly in an oblique or horizontal position, a few being vertical (plate 23). We fail to find even one locality where they were so numerous as represented by the photographs of the late Doctor Lintner, taken seventeen years ago. The variety Cassinii appears to have been nearly over- looked though Mr William T. Davis of Staten Island records finding small numbers of this form June 16th near Willow Brook and Westerleigh. Mr Isaac Wort, Rossville, gave Mr Davis two specimens taken by him in that locality June 18th. Appearance of the Cicada in the Hudson valley. The detailed records given below show that the Cicada appeared during 1911 70 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM on the western end of Long Island, on Staten Island and in practically all of the counties on each side of the Hudson river from New York City north to Saratoga and Washington counties, the northernmost limit recorded the past season being at Thom- son, Washington county. The insects extend some miles back from the Hudson river, probably to the Massachusetts state line in the vicinity of Annandale and in Orange county, possibly some twenty miles or more from the Hudson river. There is, in addition, a recently discovered populous colony near Fonda in Montgomery county. Albany county. Near Albany Cicadas were extremely abundant in Graceland Cemetery, Normansville; were heard at Clarksville by J. Shafer Bartlett; evidences of their work were observed in Coeymans near Coeymans creek from the West Shore Railroad, and they were reported from Dunnsville by the, Albany Evening Journal. A complaint of injury by this insect to orchard trees was received from Mrs E. K. W. Vanderzee who lives near Feura Bush. Cicadas were very abundant at Kenwood just south of Albany and numerous in Wildwood valley and probably other sections of the Albany Rural Cemetery at Menands. The insects appeared to be rather generally distributed in Ravena here and there southward to the Greene county line. Mr Bronk Van Slyke of Ravena states that they were present in his orchard and that seventeen years ago they were very numerous, seriously injuring it, and that on the occasion of the preceding appearance, thirty-four years ago, the insects destroyed a nearby orchard. Cicadas were reported in 1894 from New Scotland, Voorheesville and Bethlehem Center in addition to some of those named above. It is very probable that it also appeared in these localities in 191T. Columbia county. Cicadas were reported as being present at Claverack by Mr G. G. Atwood of the Department of Agricul- ture. Mr H. D. Harvey writes that they were very abundant at Copake Falls, near Hillsdale). Mr Thomas 7. Hartigan of Ghent states that up to June 9th Cicadas had appeared in small. numbers compared to those which obtained in 1894, when there seemed to be millions of the insects. Observations on the New York Central trains showed numerous signs of Cicada work from . a little south of Hudson nearly continuous to North Germantown. 1The Copake Falls record given above refers to the colony reported in 1894 from Hillsdale. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQITI WIE Evidences of their work were abundant about two miles south of Germantown and three or four miles south of that station. At Kinderhook small numbers were reported in the orchards of Mr Edward VanAlstyne and William Hotaling. Mr VanAlstyne states that there was a numerous colony on another farm of his some two miles west of the home place. There were abundant evidences of Cicada work in a patch of woods about one mile south of Niverville on the Albany Southern Railroad. Scat- tering insects were reported at North Chatham on the farms of W. W. Woodward and Theodore Horton. Along the line of the New York Central Railroad there was evidently an abund- ant colony one-half mile south of Stockport and two miles south of this station they were even more numerous. The insects were also reported from Stuyvesant Falls. Mr S. S. Simmons, West Taghkanic, states that Cicadas were abundant in that local- ity some eight miles east of the Hudson river and only a few miles from the southwestern corner of Massachusetts. Dutchess county. Mr H. D. Lewis reported the Cicadas as very numerous at Annandale, they appearing first May 24th. The insects were very abundant in portions of a small orchard near the residence of Mr Lewis’s father, some trees being very badly infested, while less than fifty feet away comparatively few Cicadas were to be seen. The orchard some distance from the house, which was badly infested in 1894, showed comparatively few this year. Mr Lewis states that the insect occurred here and there on the ridges from the river practically to the Connecticut state line. Cicadas were excessively abundant on the estate of Warren Delano near the river. They were literally present in millions, immense numbers of pupal shells being observed clinging to the branches and lying at the base of the large oaks and maples. Probably several quarts could have been scooped up around almost any one of the trees. The Cicadas were ex- ceedingly numerous on this estate in 1894. Mr W. H. Hart noted Cicadas for the first time in his Arlington orchard May 25th. Early plowing resulted in turning up pupae so abundant in some places that there appeared to be more insects than soil. Mr Samuel H. Cox reported millions of Cicadas in the vicinity of Bangall. They were rather numerous near the Barrytown station. Mr H. D. Lewis of Annandale states that several orchards in Barrytown were ruined, even trees set some fifteen years ago. In one instance a recently set orchard had the two rows next a badly infested woodland severely affected, while all of the other trees practically escaped injury. There were a few 78 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM signs of Cicada work visible from the New York Central tracks two to four miles north of Camelot, while injured twigs were abundant four miles north. There was evidenty a numerous colony along the New York Central tracks one-half mile north of Chelsea and extending for fully one and one-half miles. The work of this insect was most apparent on rocky knolls or hills covered with a scrubby oak growth. Cicada injury was very evident south of Dutchess Junction, while the woodland on the hills to the east appeared to be severely injured. The work of what appeared to be a moderately small colony was observed just north of Fishkill Landing, this colony being fully a mile long. At Hyde Park the evidences of Cicada work were rather prevalent, there being abundant signs of injury one-half mile south, and a little farther south the work was even more prevalent and practically continuous from that point to Pough- keepsie. Mr Everett P. Wheeler of New York states that the Cicadas became very numerous at New Hamburg and were de- structive to young branches of trees, particularly peach and elm. Observations from the New York Central Railroad dis- closed signs of this insect’s work here and there in the vicinity. The Poughkeepsie News states that the insects were present in millions on the river road near “ Carnwath,” the grass was com- pletely covered with the pupal cases, while the roar of the sing- ing could be heard for miles. Another locality mentioned was on the Ruppert farm south of the driving park. Dr Z. D. Patter- son of Red Hook states that the Cicadas were a great menace in that locality. Mr Joseph H. Mills, forester for J. J. Astor, re- ports an infested locality of one and one-half acres of lawn and shade trees at Ferncliff near Rhinecliff. There was on the aver- age about four quarts of pupal shells under about twenty trees, one having five quarts within a radius of eight feet. Rhine- cliff and vicinity appears to have been one of the localities greatly favored by Cicadas. The insects were present at Staats- burg, evidence of their work being plainly seen from the New York Central tracks some one-half mile south of the station, and more evident two to three miles farther south. Cicada work was abundant also at Tivoli, some trees having their tips killed while a few small ones had most of the branches destroyed. The colonies along the New York Central Railroad were practically continuous and abundant from Tivoli south to Rhinecliff. Greene county. The work of Cicadas was observed from the West Shore Railroad about two miles north of Alsen to one mile REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 79 south, a colony nearly three miles long. The insect was re- ported from Athens by Mr J. Q. Flint as follows: On land be- longing to Mr Egbert Hallenbeck at Morrison Hill south of Athens; on land of Mr Edward A. Guthrie on the Sporenburgh road; on that of Miss Anna Brandow on the Catskill road. The insects were exceedingly abundant at Morrison Hill and were doubtless generally prevalent in that section. They were re- ported as being present at Cairo by Miss Ida M. Bonesteel. Wicadas were said toyoccur at Leeds: Mr ©. Hy VanOrden reported the appearance of the insects between West Coxsackie and New Baltimore Station on the 25th, they being in full cry on the 27th. There was a large colony about a quarter of a mile south of New Baltimore Station on the West Shore Railroad. The noise was loud enough so that the insects could easily be heard a quarter of a mile. An orchard about midway between Ravena and New Baltimore Station was very badly infested by this insect and it was reported as being present a half mile or so east of New Baltimore Station. Cicada work was seen from the West Shore Railroad from about one-half of a mile to a mile and a half south of the West Athens station. The insects were re- ported as very abundant at West Coxsackie. Montgomery county. A large colony was recorded by Mr Frank Jansen on the sand flats about three miles west or north- west of Fonda, the insects occurring there by the millions and making the woods ring with their noise about half a mile from his house. Mr Jansen states that he knows they were in that locality in 1894 and adds that his wife heard them on the occa- sion of the‘r previous advent, namely, 1877. The local papers refer to this colony as being in Mr Nare’s woods and state that the birds were devouring many of the insects. This appears to be a hitherto unrecorded locality for the periodical Cicada. Nassau county. Miss Grace K. Wandless reported Cicadas as being abundant at Garden City. New York county. Mr Waldemar Cruger, 85 West 18Ist street, found insects, presumably in that locality, and reports Cicadas as rather scarce in the Bronx. He observed fifteen to twenty on a tree at Fort Schuyler. Orange county appears to be one of the strongholds of the Cicada, since its work was seen here and there in the woods along the river, while reports from various localities in this county agree in considering the insect extremely abundant. Many of the tips of the branches in ‘the woods in the vicinity 8o NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM of Balmville just north of Newburgh were killed by this insect. Mr C. B. Coleman, Goshen, states that it is difficult to find in that locality a farm where the insect does not occur in consid- erable numbers, many of the trees appearing as though they had been swept by fire. Near Highland Falls the work of this insect was conspicuous at a distance. There were millions of Cicadas, according to C. M. Dayton, at Leptondale some ten miles from Newburgh. ‘The work of the insect was very abundant in wood- fands in the vicinity of Middlehope. Mr Eugene Smith reports the Cicada as occurring in millions in the country surrounding Middletown, while press dispatches allege serious injury result- ing from the work of this species. Millions were to be seen at Mountainville, town of Cornwall (R. G. Doxey). According to the Montgomery Standard there were millions of the insects along the banks of the Wallkill valley, notably in the grove be- longing to Charles Mould near Bodine’s Bridge. Several New- burgh papers record an abundance of Cicadas in the near vicinity of the city. South of the city they were very abundant on the Highlands and at a place about four miles north of West Point the colonies appeared to extend well toward the summit of the ridges and some distance back from the river. The Middle- town Argus reports the insect at Demerest’s Heights, Warwick. Cicada work was rather abundant in the woodlands north and south of West Point. Mr William T. Davis of Staten Island was at West Point June 3d and states that one of the most impressive sights was the number of Cicadas which occurred on the moun- tain side. They commenced singing with the rising of the sun. “Stronger and louder grew the song until it was continuous like the hum of some busy factory. This lasted till the sun went down.” (Davis) Putnam county. There appears to have been no record of the periodical Cicada occurring in Putnam county in 1894. The work of this insect was evident in rg1t here and there along the Hudson river. Injured twigs were observed on the hills just north of Cold Spring, apparently local, while a little north of Peekskill in Westchester county evidences of oviposition were observed almost continuously north to Garrison. About one mile farther north Cicada work was observed and was prevalent for a distance of some two miles. Evidences of Cicada injury were extremely abundant along the New York Central Railroad north from Cold Spring nearly to Dutchess Junction and un- doubtedly including the section in the vicinity of the New York REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII SI Central station, Storm King. There are no records of the occur- rence of this insect in the eastern part of the county. Queens county. It is presumed that the Cicada occurred in small numbers in Queens county, since it was observed in Suffolk and occurred abundantly in the not distant Westchester and Rich- mond counties. Rensselaer county. The presence of Cicadas at Castleton was reported by Mrs Matthew Hart. In the town of East Greenbush they occurred in large numbers northeast of the village near Elliott's Station on the Albany Southern Railroad. Mr James Elliott remembers their appearance in both 1894 and 1877. They were not so abundant seventeen years ago as in 1877. At East Schodack, they were reported by James Loweree as very abund- ant on the Thomas Collins’ farm near the residence of John Coons and about two miles west of the village of Nassau. He states that they also occurred on the farm of Augustus Byers. Abel Merchant reports that Cicadas were numerous on Dusen- bury hill about three miles east of the village of Nassau and between the residences of Joseph Miller and Stephen Miller just off from the cross road near what is known as the Cold Water Tavern. The insects occurred scatteringly in the vicinity of the village of Nassau. In North Greenbush, Cicadas were very abundant on the grounds of the Forbes Manor estate and north- east on Quackendary kill according to Julius Keastner. They were also numerous farther to the north opposite Maple Beach Park. Mr M. B. Hartley of Schenectady states that there was a large colony on the river road leaving North Troy or Lansing- burg and near the shore at a point called “ The Riffs.” There was a rather abundant colony along the line of the Albany Southern Railroad just south of Schodack Center and also in the ‘vicinity of Stop 77. There was a large colony near the Boston and Al- bany tracks one mile south of the East Greenbush flag station. Mr Fred M. Askins reported a very numerous colony in the town of Schaghticoke for about two miles along the Hudson river and south of Reynolds, the ground being honeycombed in places by their galleries. The only record we have for this county in 1894 was that for Bath-on-the-Hudson (really Forbes Manor, North Greenbush) where the insects were rather abundant. Richmond county. Cicadas were generally distributed in the wooded areas on Staten Island (except in the small, so-called pine barren region) according to Mr William T. Davis of New Brighton who has kindly supplied us with the following data. 82 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The insects first appeared May 22d. They were reported by Mr C. W. Leng on the 23d at West New Brighton, and on the same day by Mr Isaac West at Rossville near the other end of the island. They appeared earlier or were more numerous in some places than in others. At Great Kill they were very common in a grove of sweet gums and could be seen flying and heard sing- ing on May 26th. There were many more males than females at that early date. Rockland county. This appears to be another Cicada stronghold. The results of oviposition were observed ‘on Iona island and vicinity, the insects probably covering most of the Dunderberg mountain to the south. Mr Ira Lawton reports the occurrence of the Cicada at Nyack. They were recorded in swarms near Suffern by Mr M. S. Daniels and reported by Mr Sylvester Bul- son as occupying a territory about six miles»square between Haverstraw and Fort Montgomery. This brood was reported by Dr J. A. Lintner in 1894 from Palisades on the Hudson and was doubtless more or less prevalent throughout the county. Saratoga county. Rev. David C. Davies of Mechanicville trans- mitted specimens of Cicadas collected by himself on the Bemis Heights battlefield in the town of Stillwater. He states that there were hundreds of the pupal cases to be seen. He also sent specimens taken on the farm of George Lape, a mile and a half from Mechanicville and about a mile west of the Hudson river. The trees in this locality were full of the insects and their sing- ing could be heard for some distance. He also states he heard of a colony on the east side of the Hudson and northeast of Stillwater in a locality known as Chase’s Hill, a place where they appeared in 1894. The local press records the appearance of great numbers of the Cicadas on the Guy Fitch farm about three miles northwest of Mechanicville. Mr George B. Thomas observed Cicadas about four and one-half miles south of Schuy- lerville and one-quarter of a mile west of the Hudson river. There was a clump of bushes and trees about one rod wide and twenty rods long which were nearly covered with the insects. Suffolk county. Mr William T. Davis, of New Brighton, states that occasional Cicadas were found in localities on the western end of Long Island. He adds that he was unable to find any specimens whatever after three visits to the Half Way Hollow Hills where the insects were so abundant in 1910, and he is therefore led to conclude that this earlier appearance represents an independent brood. Mr Charles Watkins of Wyandanch in- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 83 formed Mr Davis that he had seen two Cicadas (in 1911) in the nearby lowlands, and Mr Frederick M. Scott assured Mr Davis that he had heard a few singing about the ,village but never in the hills. Mr Davis visited Babylon, L. I., on July 21st and was unable to find any one who had seen Cicadas reported from that vicinity by the Brooklyn Eagle. We have been unable to obtain any other records respecting the occurrence of this brood upon Long Island in rot. ~ Ulster county. Just south of Esopus station many locust trees along the West Shore Railroad showed the effects of Cicada work, and the same was true of oak about one mile farther south. At Highland the insects were reported extremely abundant in the woods near the station, though no injured twigs were ob- served. Mr.H. W. Ford reported, under date of July 5th, hear- ing only a few of the insects. Mr W. D. Tallman states that the insects were rather abundant at Highland and that they appeared in small numbers one-half mile west of Clintondale, some seven miles from the Hudson river. They seemed to be more abundant than in 1894. Many dead tips were observed from the West Shore Railroad one-half mile south of Malden. Cicada work was very abundant in the woods just above Marl- boro, the colony being more or less continuous from there to Milton where similar conditions obtained. Mr H. C. Dawes, three miles south and west of Marlboro, found Cicadas very scarce in his neighborhood. Mr Arthur E. Bell of Milton re- ports the insect about as abundant as in 1894 and is of the opinion that it did not fail to appear in any locality where it occurred that year. Serious injury resulted in some places. Many Cicadas were reported from the woods back of New Paltz. Dr J. R. Gillett May 30th stated that the insects occurred all along the line from Highland to New Paltz. About one-half square mile of mountain land was abundantly infested by the Cicadas at Port Ewen according to Silvanus VanAken, the insects failing to appear in some localities where they occurred in 1894. Very little injury came to his notice. He reports another colony one and one-half miles southeast of Port Ewen. Miss Ethel H. Dann observed great numbers of Cicadas at Sauger- ties. Mr ©. E. Davis of that locality states that there is an in- fested area some six miles from Saugerties and one mile west of the Hudson, the insects occurring by the millions and so abund- ant that it was necessary to lead horses in cultivating crops. Mr William Waldele, Saugerties, reports the Cicadas so numerous 84 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM that nearly every leaf, limb and part of recently set apple trees were covered with the insects. Mr J. T. Halmes, writing from Wallkill, states that June 30th the Cicada cry was almost con- tinuous, especially when crossing the Shawangunk mountain between the Wallkill valley and Ellenville, the cry apparently stopping as he entered Sullivan county. Returning to Wallkill three weeks later he observed that the insects had disappeared and that the oaks and chestnuts especially had been severely injured, it appearing as though fire had scorched the young branches. Mr N. D. Rand of West Camp reports an infestation _ one-quarter of a mile wide along the Hudson, the insects occur- ring by the millions and extensive injury to apple and peach trees in particular, resulting. Just south of West Camp station on the West Shore Railroad injuries by Cicada were very evi- dent. This insect was recorded by Dr J. A. Lintner in 1894, in addition to certain localities given above, from Quarryville. Washington county. Miss Letitia H. Dixon transmitted speci- mens collected in Governor Dix’s woods at Thomson and states that the insects were there seventeen years ago. Mrs William G. Drake, now of New Jersey, informs us that she remembers very well Doctor Fitch collecting periodical Cicadas in 1877 at Fort Miller, only a short distance from Thomson. There appears to have been no published record of this occurrence in 1894. Westchester county. Mr R. W. Trine is responsible for the statement that Cicadas were thick on his property, “the Kitch- awan Hills,’ Croton Lake, located on the Mount Airy road to Croton. The insects did not occur in the village though they were pretty generally distributed in that section. Mr G. G., At- wood of the Department of Agriculture reports the insect very abundant at Dobbs Ferry and Katonah. Messrs Edward and Robert Broom of Mount Vernon record many pupal cases in that locality. Mr A. J. Bolton of New Rochelle reports large numbers of Cicadas, probably millions, on Twin and Hunter islands. The insect was also reported as occurring by millions at New Rochelle and in the Pelhams. Mr C. W. Hyatt found Cicadas abundant about four miles north and three miles west of Peekskill. Mrs E. H. Kingsland reports thousands of Cicadas at Pelham. Abundant evidences of this insect were observed from the New York Central tracks just north of Ossining, in- juries being rather numerous from there to Croton on Hudson. From Scarboro along the New York Central tracks south nearly to Tarrytown evidences of Cicada oviposition were rather abund- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 85 ant. Miss Annis E. Thomson, of Yonkers, reports thousands of Cicadas at Lowerre Summit and Park Hill. It is probable that the insect was pretty generally distributed throughout the west- ern and southern portion of the county, at least. Natural enemies. A large and excessively numerous insect such as the Cicada affords abundant provender for many natural enemies. Cats and dogs have been reported as eating the pupae as they emerge from the ground. Miss Annis E. Thomson of Yonkers reports feeding twenty of the insects in succession to a cat without any ill effects. Skunks, groundhogs and gray squir- rels have been observed in earlier years feeding upon the Cicadas, and it is probable that several other quadrupeds do not ignore this article of diet. There were several reports of domestic fowls, probably all kinds, feeding greedily upon the insects. Birds, such as hawks, crows, robins and sparrows, feed readily upon this species. More than one farmer reports no pulling of corn and unharmed cherries as a result of abundant Cicadas in the vicinity. A flock of crows hanging over a woodland and scolding on the approach of man, is very likely to signify a colony of Cicadas. The English sparrow appears to be part-cu- larly fond of this insect and is undoubtedly largely responsible for its local extermination in the vicinity of cities. dhere are several insect enemies of the Cicada. Mr J. C. Guffin, Albany, reports having observed one of our largest dragon flies feeding upon a Cicada. His attention was attracted by the Cicada note and sounds of a struggle. An investigation disclosed the two insects on a nearby mullen stalk. The dragon fly was seen to bite off the head of the Cicada, eat into the thorax, and after a time, becoming alarmed, fly away with the remainder of the body. Mr ©. ©. Flint, Athens, reported darning needles numerous in the vicinity of a locust colony. Ants have also been observed to attack Cicadas though they probably content themselves with preying on the dying or dead. The fungus Massospora cicadina was _ reported rather prevalent in a number of localities. Mr William T. Davis of Staten Island found numerous males and females infected with the disease at West Point June 3d. It was observed in Graceland Cemetery near Albany as early as June gth, while at New Baltimore it was rather prevalent June roth and 13th. Oc- casional specimens could be seen flying even after most of the abdomen had dropped off as a result of the fungous infection. Mr R. G. Doxey, Mountainville, reports the occurrence of the Solem NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM fungus. Mr H. D. Lewis of Annandale recorded many dead and dying insects, some infected with fungus June 16th. The local presence of the disease was also reported by Mr S. S. Simmons, West Taghkanic; Eugene Smith, Middletown; C. B. Coleman, Goshen; Fred M. Askens, Schaghticoke; Sylvester Bulson, Stony Point and C. W. Hyatt, Peekskill. Adverse weather conditions are undoubtedly responsible for the untimely death of many insects. Miss Annis E. Thomson, states that on June roth, 11th and 12th there were three terrific thunder and lightning storms which killed every Cicada. Not one was seen alive after June 12th. Between the storms, the birds feasted on the insects and the children picked the wings from the multitude of dead bodies in the roadways. Injuries. The reports of injuries as a result of a Cicada'vis'ta- tion usually characterized the damage as very severe, and in localities where the insects are exceptionally numerous, many of the young twigs, in some instances most, may be killed by the numerous oviposition scars. This looks badly in midsummer and gives a very unfavorable impression, whereas in reality the damage is confined largely to the small limbs, and in the case of good sized trees amounts to but little more than a somewhat general heading back. Some correspondents state that affected trees look as though they had been swept by fire. In certain cases fruiting trees had the limbs so badly injured that they broke with the weight of the young apples. The proportionate injury to young trees is undoubtedly much greater than in the case of large ones, and in certain instances may result in the ruin, if not death: of individual trees. The Cicada is relatively local in its habits, and as a.conse- quence the injury is rarely widespread and mostly confined to comparatively low value forest trees. This disinclination of the Cicada to fly is well illustrated by conditions obtaining on the farm of Mr H. D. Lewis at Annandale. There were a number of trees in one orchard very badly infested with the insects while within fifty feet there were many others practically free from Cicadas. Mr Lewis reports one case where two rows of a young orchard near a woodland were severely affected, while other Parts were practically ines from damage. Mit Re Guerre Mountainville, records the killing of newly set fruit trees. . Preventives of injury. The major portion of the visible in- jury at least is caused by the female as she makes slits in the twigs with her sawlike ovipositor for the reception of eggs. It REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 87 is purely a mechanical injury. Small trees in the vicinity of a numerous colony can be easily protected by inclosing them with a fine netting during this egg-laying period (plate 24). It is equally obvious that some attention to the probabilities of injury in the future would suggest refraining from planting young trees near infested woodlands for at least several years prior to the ex- pected appearance of the insect. Similarly, trees in the local- ity where Cicadas were abundant might well be trimmed very little or not at all for one or two years prior to the advent of the insects, thus leaving a superabundance of wood and mitigating to considerable extent the probable injury. Practical experience has shown that it is possible by system- atic and persistent collecting to protect moderate sized trees from serious injury. The adoption of such measures would be justified only by some exceptional conditions. Their efficacy depends largely upon the somewhat local habits of the insect. Spraying the issuing pupae with a contact insecticide, such as a kerosene emulsion, whale oil soap solution or other material will destroy immense numbers, and where the insects are excep- tionally abundant and the trees valuable, may be profitable. Mr H. D. Lewis of Annandale reports that spraying trees in- fested by the insects, with a commercial lime-sulfur solution diluted one part to forty appears to drive out the Cicadas. This method might prove of value in the vicinity of woodlands and assist in keeping the insects restricted largely to the wild growth. It is possible that spraying with a lime-sulfur wash, as mentioned above, or with a bordeaux mixture, may prove of considerable service in preventing oviposition. Bibliography Very many popular notices, accurate and otherwise, have ap- peared in the press of the country during the past season. The insect has also figured in many scientific accounts from time to time. The following brief bibliography, in connection with the citations the works contain, will enable the student to ascertain the more important facts respecting this remarkable species. 1897 Lintner, J. A. Injur. and Other Ins. N. Y., 12th Rep’t p. 272-08. 1905 Felt, E, P. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 1 :231-37. 1907 Marlatt, C. L. U.S. Dep’t Agric., Bur. Ent. Bul. 71, p. 1-181. A REPORT UPON THE CONDITION OF THESE TREES OF THE CIVY OF MOUND VERNON? The Entomologist, under the guidance of Alderman Whitmore and Commissioner of Public Works Harlow, examined the shade trees of Mount Vernon Tuesday afternoon, June 20, 1911. It was obviously impossible to make a careful examination of all the injured trees in the city. Our investigations were therefore limited to what were considered typical localities. At the outset we were informed that some 2136 trees were sprayed last spring, largely for the purpose of controlling the false maple scale.t Many of these, mostly hard maples, show signs of severe injury from one cause or another. An examination of the trees disclosed the fact that the leop- ard moth? is generally present in the city and, furthermore, that it is liable to cause, if allowed to breed unrestricted, serious injuries within a few years. We observed no maples so badly infested with this insect as to justify holding the pest responsible for the recent and sudden death of individual trees, or even of good sized limbs, though we did find certain trees, mostly soft maples, which were rather badly infested by this species. Our investigations also showed that a “ pin-hole” borer® or “Ambrosia beetle” is generally present on the dead and dying trees. This insect is just entering the maples, attracted by their unhealthy condition and therefore can not have a causative rela- tion to the present sad state of many hard maples in Mount Vernon. There was also found on a number of these trees, a moderate sized, reddish-brown, yellow-marked beetle,t which, like the “pin-hole”’ borer, is an inhabitant of diseased or dying trees. At Park avenue and East Sibley street, near the church, there were fifteen out of about twenty hard maples with at least the lower limbs seriously affected, a few of the smaller having practically all the foliage destroyed. The type of injury observed here was limited to trees marked or recorded as having been sprayed. We were informed that this was done in March. 1Phenacoccus acericola King. 2Z7euzera pyrina Linn. 3X yloterus sp. 4N eoclytus) enyth Tocep hialiuiseehapr [88] REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 89 These maples were young trees which presented every appear- ance of having recently been in as thriving and vigorous a condi- tion as nearby unharmed maples, which latter were not marked as having been sprayed, and no record was submitted to show that they had been so treated. These trees, both the injured and the nearby unharmed ones, were young and fairly well separated. ‘There was no evidence of overcrowding, though this would doubtless occur later if all the trees grew and were allowed to remain. At Park and Oakley avenues there were nineteen hard maples perhaps more seriously affected out of about twenty-six sprayed and presumably treated in the same manner as those discussed: above. These trees were smaller than those in the preceding lot, and some at least of the injured maples even had the tips of their branches well separated from those adjacent. They pre- sented every indication of having recently been in a thriving condition and there could have been no crowding for several years at least. At North Fulton and Clinton avenues most of the hard maples were killed on one block. These trees were larger than those discussed above. Even here one could hardly consider the maples crowded, though in a year or two such a condition would probably develop. One of these trees was cut down and the larger limbs, the trunk and the base of the roots carefully examined for insect and other injuries. On Beechwood avenue in another part of the city we examined several small hard maples marked as having been sprayed. This work, we were informed, was done later and the injury was not so severe, though three out of some seven or eight hard maples were affected to some extent. Several other trees in this general section of the city were examined. One was dying but the trouble appeared very dif- ferent from the injury under discussion. The entire top was dead and there was a vigorous growth of shoots at the base of the larger limbs. This type of injury we have seen here and there in the vicinity of New York City. Another affected tree was observed. The foliage presented a generally unhealthy condition, The trouble appeared to be similar to, or possibly identical with, the bacterial affection which was so prevalent on hard maples in the Hudson valley two years ago. The condition of this tree is very different, in our estimation, from the severe go NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM injury noted elsewhere. There are undoubtedly other trees here and there in the city which are dying from one cause or another. It would be surprising were conditions otherwise. Our findings in connection with the major portion of the injured maples are as follows: 1 The trouble is practically limited to hard maples. 2 It is confined very largely to the lower limbs or portions of the tree most easily reached by spraying outfits of the usual type. This phase of the injury attracted our notice at the out- set. Small trees, those not more than eighteen or twenty feet high, were more frequently killed than moderate sized ones. The lower branches of these latter were usually in a dying condi- tion; sometimes the lower third or the lower half of the limbs were thus affected. On large trees, such for example as those in front of Alderman Whitmore’s residence, the injury was mostly limited to a few of the lowest limbs. 3 Only trees marked as having been sprayed or so recorded, presented the characteristics common to all the hard maples showing this sudden and severe injury, namely, dying branches with withering, usually discolored leaves accompanied by a brown, lifeless inner bark near the middle portion of the branches and the trunk. 4. A careful examination of the trees in the above mentioned localities which, we were informed, were typical of conditions obtaining in Mount Vernon, compels us to exonerate insects. The injury is utterly unlike the work of any insect pest. There is no connection between the abundance of the leopard moth and the severity of the attack. Were this insect the cause we would expect the trouble to show first on the silver or soft maples. This opinion is based not only upon a superficial examination of a number of trees, but also a detailed one of the tree cut down on North Fulton avenue and also a number of limbs which were removed from various other trees. 5 The injury to the affected trees is restricted largely to the trunk near the base of the larger limbs and to the lower branches, places easily reached with the ordinary spraying equipment. Repeated examinations of dying limbs showed green, apparently vigorous bark at both the base and the tip, while for a variable length of the branch the inner bark was brown and dead or nearly so. Some limbs on the more badly affected trees had practically all the inner bark dead, simply indicating that the injury had pro- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQItI gt gressed farther. Furthermore, this affection was uneven and varied greatly within a few inches, indicating that it might have resulted from some external application. This was true also of the tree cut down. The tips of the branches and the trunk below the limbs had a green, apparently healthy inner bark, while much of the inner bark between these extremes had turned brown and was dead or nearly so. We explain this condition by holding that the thicker bark of the trunk would succumb less quickly to an injurious application than the thinner bark just above. The smaller limbs, especially at the top of the tree, escaped serious injury because of the difficulty of spraying them thoroughly. The lesser injury to the later sprayed trees is probably due to the increased pressure of the sap hindering the penetration of the spray material. It is well recognized among entomologists that bark borers work- ing near the middle of the trunk of the tree, namely, near the base of the larger limbs, may girdle the trunk at this point and cause a successive and rather rapid death of both extremities of the tree. We have repeatedly seen this in the case of bark borers! working in the trunks of white pine, and the same pro- cess may be observed in hickories succumbing to the injuries of the deadly hickory bark borer,? a pest now very prevalent in the vicinity of New York City. The spray material appears to have girdled limbs and trunks by destroying the vital inner bark and produced a condition similar to that resulting from bark beetle attack. These insects can not be held responsible for the injury, since the great majority of the affected limbs and trunks show practically no indications of insect injury. 6 It is our opinion that the trouble is largely if not entirely due to injury caused by the material sprayed upon the trees. 7 We would advise the prompt removal of the dead trees and the early burning of the wood so as to prevent “ pin-hole” borers or Ambrosia beetles breeding out and possibly causing serious trouble later. We would favor leaving trees showing fair signs of vigor till it was evident that they were beyond hope. 8 The leopard moth is well distributed throughout the city and, if allowed to multiply freely, may ruin many trees. A - judicious cutting out of the borers and the destruction of the Zips sp: 2Eccoptogaster quadrispinosus Say. 92 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM moths so far as practicable would do much to avert trouble. There are other insect pests which also need attention. 9g In conclusion, we would emphasize the fact that not all the sickly trees were injured by the application. Moreover, the majority of the sprayed maples were infested by insects and therefore less able to withstand injury. Had the season been as early as usual, it is probable that the damage would not have been so severe. Nevertheless, the use of oils or oily prepara- tions on living plants is attended with a certain amount of danger. PEE RIMENTS WITH HEAT AS AN INSECTICIDE There are numerous places where it is impractical to employ gases, contact insecticides or arsenical poisons for the destruc- tion of injurious pests, and in some of these situations heat may be available. The work of Dean! indicates the possibilities along this line in the case of several well-known mill pests. It seemed advisable to test this with other insects, and the heat- loving, oriental cockroach, Periplaneta orientalis Linn, was selected as presumably a very resistant form. The work be- gan with insects in vials, then in jars and finally in jars or paste- board cylinders in a small room. In all instances observations were possible throughout the test and the thermometers were corrected ‘by comparison with standard instruments. Great care was exercised so to place the vials or jars containing the insects that the walls could not become unduly heated with consequent burning of the contained roaches. The apparatus employed in experiments 1 to 3 consisted of a candy jar about eight inches high, in which was placed an ordinary stab file supported on three wooden blocks so as to separate its metal base from the glass bottom. A piece of soft pine was fastened to the tip and from this a dairy thermometer suspended so that it hung nearly in the middle of the jar and touched no metal, its bulb being nearly an inch and a half from the bottom of the jar and its top just below the cover. The insects subjected to the test were suspended in the same way as the thermometers. They were placed in two dram vials, the free end being covered with coarse cheesecloth and the vials hung so that they were nearly eight inches from the bottom of the candy jar and free from contact with any metal. The candy jar in turn was placed on wooden blocks in a shallow pan partly filled with water, protected by an asbestos mat and placed on a gas plate. : Experiments 4 and 5 differed in that a quart fruit jar was placed inside the candy jar described above. ‘The insects were provided with a slanting piece of cardboard for a support though nothing was placed in the bottom. Experiments 6 to 8 differed from the preceding in that the insects were better protected. Small blocks of wood were 1 Dean, G. A. Econ. Ent. Jour., 1911, 4:142-58. [93] O04. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM placed inside the fruit jar, and on these a circular piece of corrugated cardboard so that the latter could not come in direét contact with the glass bottom. he fruit jar, in addition, had the lower half lined by corrugated paper in such a way that it was impossible for the insects to come in direct contact with the heated glass walls. The thermometer rested lightly upon this cardboard bottom, the whole being covered with cheese- cloth as before. Experiments 9 to 13 were conducted in a photographer’s dark room about five feet five inches by four feet eleven and one- half inches and eleven feet high, the necessary heat being secured from a gas heater and a gas plate. The insects were placed in card- board cylinders with netting at each end, or in a lantern globe simi- larly inclosed. One was put upon the floor, a second on a shelf about four feet high and just inside of a window, so that develop- ments could be watched, while the third was placed upon a higher shelf some six feet from the floor. The observations in experiments 10 to 13 inclusive, tabulated below, relate to the insects on the shelf, since they were the only ones that could be watched. Owing to the small dimensions of the dark room and the rather wide shelves, it was found that there was a considerable difference between the temperature at the floor and five feet above. In experiment 13, for example, a temperature of over 125° was maintained five feet from the floor for more than five hours, while a maximum thermometer located on the floor registered joche ge Observation, whether the insects were in vials, fruit jars or the relatively much larger dark room, showed that the cock- roaches became uneasy when the temperature reached about 112° to 114°F; they exhibited evident signs of distress at 116° or thereabouts and succumbed at a temperature of about’ 120°. This is a comparatively moderate heat and it would seem entirely practical, in the case of hotel kitchens and similar places where there must of necessity be a good sized heating plant, to destroy the pests with this rather moderate temperature. ' In practice it would be unsafe to plan for less than thirty minutes’ at a temperature of 120° if one would obtain satisfactory results. It might be necessary to prolong this period even more in apartments where the insects could retreat in cracks or take refuge under bagging or similar material which would afford some shelter from the heat. It is perhaps unnecessary to add that the filling of all cracks and crevices would immensely REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQITI 95 facilitate the control of this and other household pests, whether we resort to heat or some other method for the destruction of the insects. Heat is also applicable, though the duration of the treatment would probably have to be greatly extended, for the destruction of wood and bark borers in specially selected material, such as that used in the manufacture of souvenirs. It may also prove of value in destroying young larvae in manufactured articles prior to storage and thus greatly reduce the loss on such materials subject to insect attack. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1oOATLY ‘wm Sp j-urof my Ijaz “141 "2 Sv o1 ‘dzq v n Sore n £S°z preg ‘USE ;ursP iy) “iy z ‘uly | Sh'P 6 ‘dxq ‘am 'M | SIP n jur'dé “n Sv°z peed THQ | UlO7 ‘141 "Pp £o'1 g ‘dxe ‘ul ou | Sb°zr Sv" 11 prog ‘UL 0% ‘ul ZS oS‘ o1 L ‘dxq Ulf} | 6€°or gs 6 ‘ws | PI'Or preg "lm gi "lm ge “79) £o-V 9g ‘dxq Sve Sc prog “UI I ‘ULI iy Ej) Sz “iy (0) ara S ‘dxq uMOp | 60°2 €S"o1 Svo1 peed ‘Ul Z ‘ul OL “Ul ZI b -dxg ainyeisduie, ut orue ly asi pider 930N 9) ZI°O1I | pausinq | Soor O1 aATLY ‘Ww I “Iu L "8 cileaes os Vv € ‘dxa j SUCCES Sie |e SEO ) os 6 praq ‘mS "Wm ZI ‘ut oS ‘urs | OV’ OL ‘Pp SzZer ee ‘dx 9) ge o1 S€° or yuis | Lyor prog ‘uw iI ‘Ul £V ‘Pp ge°or ‘D LI O1 z ‘dx Mags AS} | SIE.) preg ‘WM yy |weriyi| “14 z ‘p SIS ote er ‘dxq *b 11’ wn | £7°z n sued peed ‘wi MES jurSe iy Iwi YI ‘p Sioee ‘mn | &y-% ‘urn | SE°z% 2 Sidi I ‘dxq "Db ele ‘n ov'z *b sf a ‘aeyag | duly | -aeyag aul], | “AeYyeg | eulry | Aeyag | oury | ‘aeyog | ouiry SNINYOW oncl 021 os ll oOII O01 Sel | 021 onl OIL ; 001 IXGN SLOAAAT ae IvaH 4O NOILVand SIDASNI 4O AOIAVHAR GNV ANNLVAAdWAL AO AONVA ty OO ———————————————— }eay YM Sjuswiiedx7 ay REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST Igit *IOO]} 3Y} 9AO “sss —s foatoe — SE i ae ee SS! ‘8 tprap=—"p ‘yomb—"b ‘arqoey = qe paseld sayovor asoyy} 04 Jaya suotyeArasqo oy ‘EI ‘zr ‘II ‘Or ur r SsquouraAou —tur !Aseaun —"'n oOo ‘ud hb fS11 tT peed jut $ ‘ry €)urS aq) -uroz yp ‘Iq Ss jursr-sys) ‘p I Siew |) ood qh | ST*11 *n Sserai | 1 peed ‘uroS |'wSf3y 1 “IY z “Ul Sz “IY c|"ur Sh ry z Of ZI 8) Senn or’ Ir SS~or Ofo1 n 1 peed “Ur Se | ‘ur S$ -3y 1)'w Sr iy z|-w Sb “IY & Se"2r ‘p O11 ob'or ‘n SS:o1 n oFor | €1 ‘dxq $001 n SP°6 | zr ‘dxq oz‘Oor ‘n oS'6 | 11 ‘dxq NOTES SHOR. dri yee Auk The following are brief accounts of some of the more injurious or interesting species which have been brought to our attention during the past year. The false cottony maple scale (Phenacoccus acericola King) and the cottony maple scale (Pulvinaria vitis Linn.) have occasioned numerous inquiries, especially in the southern portion of the State. Both of these species have been repeatedly noticed in the publications of this office, and in this connection we would call attention to the report appearing on another page, upon conditions obtaining in Mount Vernon last summer, and emphasize the desirability of employing the safer whale oil soap solution in efforts to control these pests. Canker worm injury continues in southeastern Westchester county, as reported by. Henry Bird and several other correspondents. ‘This species is easily controlled and serious effects resulting from its activities must be charged to either indifference or ignorance. The European Phytonomus meles Gyll., kindly deter- mined by Prof. E. G. Titus, was reared June 21, 1908 from clover heads collected in the vicinity of Albany. The‘record shows the establishment in the State of an European species closely related to the introduced and very destructive alfalfa weevil, Phyton- omus posticus Gyll., and is therefore of more than usual interest. Trichius affinis Gory was reared from decaying black cherry. : BRUT REE EN SEES Hoplia trifasciata Say. Mr Roy C. Draper states, under date of May 14, 1911, that this beetle was abundant on the blossoms of a small pear orchard in Greece. He adds that the trees were covered with the insects which were gnawing out the sides of the fruit buds. He estimated that at least one-third of the buds were thus affected. Similar injury has been recorded by Messrs Webster and Mally in Bulletin 17, n.s., United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, page 98. Such depredations are unusual and generally limited in extent. Prompt spraying with arsenate of lead, using six to ten pounds to fifty gallons of water, would probably be the most practical method of checking this insect. Hand picking, in the case of small or low trees, might be equally or even more effective. [98] REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 99 Say’s blister beetle (Pomphopoea sayi Lec.). This large, usually rare blister beetle is nearly an inch long and is easily distinguished from allied forms by its rather stout, olive green body and the shining black, orange banded legs. It was excep- tionally abundant this year, having been reported as feeding upon locust blossoms at Castleton, Slingerlands, Fonda and Hartford by Messrs Matthew Hart, R. S. Nards, Frank Jansen and Smith Bowen, respectively, the dates varying from May 3oth to June 14th. Mr Arthur Ward of Philmont reported this beetle as destroying cherry blossoms June 21st. The abundance of this blister beetle was also noted at Cambridge and Schuylerville by Messrs J. G. Ward and A. C. DeGarmo, respectively, though no record was given as to the food habits. It is possible that a portion of these reports was stimulated by the desire to locate colonies of the periodical Cicada, though this could hardly be the entire explanation. This insect was reported in 1909 as swarming upon roses and other plants, devouring much foliage and causing considerable injury in Voorheesville, Albany county, and Quaker Street, Sche- nectady county, while in I900 it was rather abundant and in- jurious to peach trees at Clarksville. The late Doctor Lintner records this species as feeding upon wheat, the leaves of butter- nut and on locust blossoms, and states that ordinarily it is rare, only individual specimens being taken. These outbreaks last but a week, and as the grubs feed upon grasshopper eggs the species is beneficial on the whole, even though occasionally com- mitting local depredations. It is possible that the insects could be driven from valued fruit trees by the use of long switches or jarring, or even the employment, when weather conditions are favorable, of a dense smoke. It is better to attempt some such method than to kill the beetles by hand picking or by the use of poisons. The latter can not be used with safety upon trees in bloom, to say nothing of its being against the law. Red-humped apple caterpillar. GSehizura,, comdnna Abb. & Sm.). This is one of our most striking caterpillars on ac- count of its coral red head, the prominent hump of the same color on the first abdominal segment, and a similar swollen area near the posterior extremity. The full-grown caterpillar is about one and one-quarter inches long, black, with a series of rather con- spicuous yellowish dorsal and: sublateral lines with white be- tween. There are prominent black tubercles on the body, which 4 100 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM are especially well developed on the thoracic and first abdom- inal segments, on which latter they form conspicuous conical processes on the top of the swollen red portion. ‘This stage is so peculiar that it is easily recognized. The young caterpillar presents an approach to these conditions, as will be seen from the following description: Length 6 mm. Head shining jet black, bilobed, with a pair of submedian setose tubercles. Body mostly yellowish orange, mottled obscurely with reddish and with narrow sublateral and lateral yellowish lines. Dorsally there are submedian rows of rather large, black, setose tubercles, those on the thoracic seg- ments and on the Ist, 8th, 9th and toth abdominal segment, especially the latter, being markedly larger. These abdominal segments show a slight enlargement. There are also sublateral, lateral and suprastigmatal lines of smaller, black, setose tuber- cles. The true legs are black, while the prolegs are yellowish, the apexes laterally being dark brown or black. The parent moth is rather inconspicuous with dark brown fore wings, grayish on the outer margin, a dot near the middle, a spot near each angle and several longitudinal streaks along the hind margin, all dark brown. The female deposits her eggs in clusters on the under side of the leaves during the month of July. They hatch soon and the young caterpillars at first con-- sume only the under surface of the leaf, leaving the upper un- broken, though as they increase in size the entire leaf is devoured. The caterpillars are social in habit, remaining in rather compact groups when not feeding and attain maturity in this latitude during August or early September. This gre- garious habit frequently results in one or more branches being entirely stripped. There is but one brood in the North though in the South there are said to be two generations. This pest is seldom abundant, and while displaying a marked preference for apple, also occurs on plum, cherry, rose, thorn and pear. It is easily controlled by thoroughly spraying with an arsenical poison, preferably arsenate of lead (15 per cent arsenic oxid) used at the rate of about two pounds to fifty gallons of water. Numerous specimens of the small, grayish Tachinid, Actia pilipennis Fallen, were reared in early August from the red- humped larvae of this common pest received from Amenia, N. Y. Nothing seems to have been published earlier respecting the food habits of this parasite in America, though it has been recorded from the White Mountains, N. H., New Jersey, District of Colum- bia and southern Illinois. It was first studied in America by REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII IOolL Professor Townsend who redescribed it under the name of iitirmyptocera americana. Forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria Hubn.). This pest was exceedingly abundant and destructive about a decade ago, defoliating considerable areas of hard maples and stripping many apple trees. Apparently this species is becom- ing numerous again, since it was reported as stripping wood- lands by Townsend Cox, Setauket, and as present in some num- bers on the estate of Warren Delano, Annandale, a number of trees being defoliated. Mr Bronk VanSlyke of Ravena found small numbers of the caterpillars in his orchard, while Dr C. S. Merrill of Albany brought in a number from Warrensburg and stated that the pests were on everything in the village. Dr W. E. Britton of New Haven, Conn., found evidence showing that the caterpillar had been abundant at Jay, Essex county, cocoons being present in July on the trunk of nearly every tree, includ- ing pines, and on fences and stone walls. On the under side of large branches of apple trees one could see patches five or six inches in diameter, of the cast skins or exuviae of the caterpillars. This scattering appearance in widely separated localities may ‘be the forerunner of a great abundance of this pest in the next two or three years. It is certainly advisable to watch for their appearance and if they become numerous upon orchard or valued _ shade trees, resort promptly to remedial measures, such as thorough and early spraying with an arsenical poison, preferably arsenate of lead. A peculiar apple miner. In connection with our studies of the codling moth discussed earlier, we found an exceptionally fine example (plate 8, figure 4) of the work of a miner operating just under the skin of the apple. This insect appears to work in a similar manner under the bark of apple twigs, making a long, nar- row, serpentine mine. The miner is never abundant and the adult has not been reared, though from the character of its work the insect has been tentatively referred to the genus Mamara. Doctor Howard’ published a brief notice accompanied by an illustration of the work of this insect in Delaware, while ten years later, Mr A. L. Quaintance*® recorded this species from the Ozark mountains *1808, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, Bul. Io, n. s., p. 87-88 71908, Entomological Society of Washington Proceedings 10:2 102 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM and also in Massachusetts. Prof. H. T. Fernald, in a recent letter informs us that repeated attempts to rear the adult have been unsuccessful. San José scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.). There have been some complaints the past season to the effect that the scale has multiplied to an unusual extent, especially late in the summer and during the fall, even in orchards where there has been more or less thorough spraying. Investigation of several such cases disclosed the fact that this abundance of the scale was most marked on trees in localities where the treatment was not thorough for some reason or other. Exam- inations in several orchards where the scale has been prevalent for years, showed exceedingly gratifying conditions so far as checking this pest was concerned. The concentrated lime-sulfur washes, commercial or home- made, are being used very largely to the exclusion of the earlier preparations. There has been a siight tendency on the part of some to blame the newer washes for unsatisfactory results here and there, though we have been unable to obtain any reliable data in support of any such contention. Results where thor- ough work was possible have almost invariably been good or even excellent. The manufacture of the home-made concen- trated wash has been rendered easier during the last year or two, and in a few instances most excellent results have been secured by cooperation in the making of this preparat on. This is usually possible in a neighborhood where there is con- siderable demand for a lime-sulfur wash, since there is almost invariably a steam plant of some kind which can be readily adapted for this purpose. ‘The invariable result, if the work is properly systematized, is a good product and a marked saving to the community. One great advantage of this wash is that it can be made up in advance if this seems advisable and the necessary storage capacity is available, or it can be prepared just before using, provided the plant has sufficient capacity to meet the local needs. SMALL FRUIT INSECTS Raspberry Byturus (Byturus. unicolor Say). The small, yellowish brown beetles referable to this species were rather abundant May 17, 1911 in the raspberry patch of Mr S. R. Taber, Milton, N. Y. They were particularly numerous upon the lower leaves and displayed a marked preference for the REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 103 unfolding leaf or the unopened bud, eating a circular hole into the latter, the beetles evidently feeding to a considerable extent upon the more tender opening leaves, gnawing between the veins, and as the foliage expands they produce a series of irregu- lar, somewhat linear, skeletonized areas sometimes extending through or breaking through to the under surface of the leaf. In an adjacent patch there were as many as eight or ten of these insects upon individual hills and, in some instances, a number of buds had already been destroyed. Beetles were ob- served in copulation, This insect was also reported by Mr J. S. Carpenter of Marlboro as being very abundant and injurious to his raspberry bushes. “ The pale yellowish brown beetles appear in early May and feed upon the tender leaves and buds. In the case of bad in- festations most of the tender leaves may be partly or almost entirely skeletonized. ‘The larvae feed in the fleshy head of the fruit. The most satisfactory method of controlling this species is early and heavy applications of arsenate of lead, preferably just before the beetles appear. In the case of bad infestations it may be advisable to supplement this poison application by spraying with kerosene emulsion, designed to kill the beetles by contact. Garden flea (Smynthurus arvalis Fitch). An exam- ination May 17, 1911 in the raspberry patch of Mr S. R. Taber, Milton, N. Y., showed that the supposed red spider was this species, a comparatively innocuous form having no connection with the abundance of red spider last season. These small, yellowish garden fleas were rather numerous upon some hills, two and three being frequently seen upon a leaf and, in some instances, five or six were readily found upon one leaflet. This latter, however, was exceptional. The garden fleas did not ap- pear to be inflicting any material injury, possibly causing a very slight rasping here and there upon the surface of the foliage. There was so little damage caused by this species that remedial measures were not considered necessary. Four-lined leaf bug (Poecilocapsus lineatus Fabr.). Currant shoots showing serious injury (plate 26) by this pest were submitted for examination in early June by Hon. Albert Yeomans, Walworth, accompanied by the statement that this insect had inflicted serious damage upon an extended planting of currants. This pest belongs to the family of true bugs or Hemiptera, is a rather common general feeder and occasionally 104. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM becomes excessively abundant, as was the case about 1892 at Ithaca) N: Yc Dhe parent insect 1s aneulay inyshapemaeanmly, three-eighths of an inch long, black, with conspicuous yellowish green or yellowish longitudinal stripes. It is extremely rapid in motion, secretive in habit and is rarely observed. The young or’nymphs are vermilion red and, like the adult, seek shelter. The most characteristic and usually the only apparent evidences are the oval, brown spots on the developing leaves. These are caused by the bugs sucking the green, succulent matter from the interior of the leaf, the affected areas soon collapsing, turn- ing brown and dying. These spots measure about a tenth of an inch in diameter and may be exceedingly numerous. Ovtca- sionally the injury is so serious as to result in the wilting and death of many of the leaves. The eggs of this plant bug, deposited during late June and early July in slits in the shoots, hatch early the following May and the young attain full growth about the second week in June. The adults are so agile and resistant to insecticides that it is practically impossible to destroy them. Watching for early signs of the young or nymphs, indicated by the occurrence of discolored spots described above, and then promptly spraying with a kerosene emulsion, the standard formula diluted with about five parts of water, is the most promising method of checking this insect. The treatment should be exceedingly thorough and the apparatus adapted to underspraying in order to catch as many of the pests as possible. Ordinarily, remedial measures are not necessary. SHADE DRE VEE Sis Spiny elm caterpillar (Euvanessa antiopa Linn.). The large, spiny, black, red-spotted caterpillars of this butterfly feed in colonies, usually near the tips of limbs, and frequently defoliate branches and occasionally considerable portions of trees. This insect was exceptionally abundant in Néw York State, causing complaints from Long Island, throughout the Hudson valley and from some other sections. The caterpillars were quite numerous and injurious to Carolina poplars and willows in particular, at East Hampton. Specimens of this pest were received from Belleport, L. I., Amenia, Hillsdale, Greenwich, Ballston Spa, Gloversville, Chestertown, Ticon- deroga, Elmira, and Oneonta, accompanied by reports of more REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 105 or less serious injury. This insect has also been reported as being abundant upon the elms of Binghamton and of Dunkirk. Local observations at New Baltimore, Ravena and the vicinity of Albany disclosed more or less injury by this caterpillar, though most of it was restricted to branches or portions of trees. The gregarious habits of the caterpillar make its feeding con- spicuous and therefore facilitate its early detection. It is com- paratively easy to check these leaf feeders by the judicious application of an arsenical poison, preferably arsenate of lead, it being feasible to restrict the treatment to the infested limbs and those adjacent. Limbs bearing clusters of caterpillars can also be cut off and the pests crushed. Ordinarily, remedial measures are not necessary. Elm leaf beetle (Galerucella luteola Miill.). Injuries by this pest have been exceptionally severe and general on Long Island and in the Hudson valley at least. The damage was so general that the elms of many communities could easily be recognized in midsummer at a distance of several miles because of the contrast presented by the brown, dead foliage. The elms of Amaganset at the eastern end of Long Island were very severely injured, and the same would have been equally true of East Hampton had it not been for the spraying earlier in the season. Even with this protection there was con- siderable injury. The brown foliage of elms was a rather common feature of the landscape on both sides of the Hudson river from Yonkers north to Albany. Mr Henry Bird reports the pest abundant at Rye. The injury to more or less isolated trees in woodlands or on the edges of fields and some distance from the highway was very evident during the past season. Many of the trees in Albany were badly eaten by the elm leaf beetle, this being especially marked on Clinton avenue, Lark and Hamilton streets and those adjacent to the two latter. The elms of Menands and Watervliet were very seriously af- fected, this being especially true in the southern portion of Watervliet. Almost every tree in this section had the foliage severely injured and in many instances it was completely de- stroyed. The damage in Watervliet appears to have been more widespread and general than has been the case for the past twelve or fifteen years. Many of the elms of Green Island were severely injured, though the work of the insect was not nearly so general as at Watervliet. The same was true of Cohoes, while Waterford had very many trees which had been seriously 106 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM affected. There was also general injury in North Troy or Lansingburg, many of the trees having practically all the foli- age destroyed. The elms of Hoosick Falls suffered greatly, and, to a less extent, those of Valley Falls and Johnsonville. The elms of both Stillwater and Schuylerville were very severely injured, many having the foliage practically destroyed. There was serious and general injury at Ballston Spa and con- siderable damage at Saratoga Springs in spite of the spraying. The trees of Fort Edward and Hudson Falls were practically defoliated by the insect, especially near the centers where the infestation is of longest standing. A number of the elms in these communities had died and others were in a greatly weak- ened condition owing to the injuries of successive years. The damage at Glens Falls was evident though not so severe, the difference undoubtedly being due to the spraying of the past season. ss An examination of the elms both in the city of Albany and along the Delaware and Hudson railroad shows an interesting condition. The trees on the streets traversed by trolleys are, as a rule, more severely injured by the beetle than those on adjacent thoroughfares. The elm leaf beetle has not obtained a foothold west of Slingerlands on the Susquehanna division of the Delaware and Hudson railroad. This is a section not traversed by the electric car. A very different condition ob- tains on the southern portion of the Saratoga and Champlain division of the Delaware and Hudson railroad comprising a sec- tion which has for some years had electric car service. Evi- dences of severe injury are to be noted along most of the route north of Glens Falls, manifest exceptions being Gansevoort, Round Lake and Lake George. The two former are off the _line of the electric cars and the latter has probably not had trolley service for a sufficient time to allow general infestation. The elm leaf beetle, as is well known, is very prolific and natur- ally quite local in its habits. The electric cars, traversing as they do many of the tree-lined streets of various communities, afford abundant opportunities for the collection and dissemina- tion of the beetles. The distribution of the badly infested areas lends weight to the belief that the electric car is an important factor in the dissemination of this pest. There are numerous other localities not served by the electric lines where injury has been severe, especially in the last few years. Even comparatively isolated groups of elms in front of REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 107 a farmhouse may be badly injured. Many of these places are along highways traversed by numerous automobiles, and it seems very probable that the comparatively recent general use of these vehicles has also been of material service in distributing this pest. The exceptionally dry weather of the last few years has had a serious effect upon many trees and has doubtless accentuated, by reducing the vitality of the trees, the injury inflicted by the elm leaf beetle. It is also possible that climatic conditions have been unusually favorable for the increase of this pest. Never- theless, present conditions would seem to justify the expectation of more widespread and general injury in the future than has obtained in the past. The experience of communities infested by the elm leaf beetle for a decade or more has shown that unless the trees are adequately protected, many are bound to suc- cumb to attacks by this insect. Thousands of elms have per- ished during the last twenty years from this cause alone in the cities of Albany and Troy and many more are in a precarious condition owing to lack of adequate protection in recent years, due either to no spraying or indifferent work. The problem at the present time is to secure the general recognition of the necessity for protecting our elms if the trees are to be kept in even a fairly good condition. Repeated de- foliations in the past have resulted in the wholesale destruction of trees, and under the changed conditions -of the last decade or thereabouts, even more general injury may be expected in the future. A number of communities in the Hudson valley have been spraying their elms for some years and, in some instances at least, those interested in the work have been in- clined to blame the failure to secure good results upon the insect itself, climatic conditions or some other than the true cause. The facts of the case ate that thorough spraying with a modern equipment should result in keeping the leaves green, vigorous and practically intact throughout the season, even in localities where the elm leaf beetle is exceedingly abundant and not ex- cepting trees adjacent to those practically skeletonized by the pest. The essentials are timely and thorough sprayings. Examinations of conditions in several communities the past season force us to the conclusion that most of the unsatisfactory results following spraying operations are due to careless or slovenly work. It is impossible to stand at a distance and spray an elm tree in such a way as to secure approximately 108 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM i fair control. It is a rather eommon occurrence to find the lower limbs fairly well sprayed, while the upper branches are almost untouched by the poison and, as a consequence, the latter are severely injured by the beetle. Good poison and efficient apparatus can be easily secured and in most instances has been obtained. The weak link in the chain of practice at present is the time and method of application, particularly the latter. Spraying trees is a disagreeable, hazardous occupation and in order to secure the best results, it is necessary to make the compensation such as to result in a keen competition for the position of nozzle man. The application of business prin- ciples would justify the placing of this work in the hands of a party who at least understood the rudiments involved (a skilled forester would be even better) and giving him author- ity to insist upon any reasonable standards in methods and operation. Let this man be held rigidly accountable for un- satisfactory results following spraying operations and we shall see a marked change in the elm leaf beetle situation. The elm leaf beetle is not such a serious pest in Europe, and it would seem, in view of the probable continuance of the severe injury of the last few years, as though a serious effort might well be made to secure natural enemies, since they ap- pear to be very effective checks upon this beetle in European countries. Bronze birch borer (Agrilus anxius Gory). Dying or dead white birch trees, especially the ornamental weeping birches on lawns, have been a rather common sight during recent years in cities in the western part of the State. It is now stated that all the birches in Geneva have been killed or practically so, while many of those in Elmira and Ithaca have been destroyed. The writer has noted dying birches in Rochester and several villages in that general section. The past season our attention was called to a group of dying birches at Lansingburg, showing that this insect has com- menced its nefarious work in the eastern part of the State. Similar injury or something closely resembling it was observed on the grounds of the Hotel Sagamore, Lake George. The signs of injury are very characteristic, it requiring but’ little experience to recognize the work of this pest. Usually the thin foliage and dying condition of the upper branches are the first evidences of trouble. A more careful examination may show well-marked, annular ridges around some of the smaller REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIT 109g branches, accompanied frequently by reddish or rusty brown spots here and there on the white bark, indicating the oper- ‘ations of a borer beneath. This indentification can be con- firmed by cutting into the bark, especially where there are ridges, and the disclosing in the inner bark or sapwood of a flattened, usually more or less sinuous channel. Advanced in- jury is usually characterized by numerous interlacing galleries in the bark of the upper branches, the limbs above being mostly dead. The cause of this trouble is a flattened, whitish, rather delicate grub about three-quarters of an inch long, with a large, flattened anterior extremity and a pair of horny, serrate processes at the opposite end of the body. The destructive work of this pest is confined to the inner bark and sapwood, places inaccessible to ordinary applica-/= tions, consequently spraying or the ap-|2 plication of deterrent substances are of {, little or no value. The grub winters in its burrow, transforming to a pupa in the early part of May, the moderately robust, olive brown beetle from three-tenths to nearly one-half an inch long appearing the latter part of May or early in June. The only satisfactory method of checking this » borer is to cut and burn, at some time Pat prior to the appearance of the insect, E<) gi infested trees of portions of theric 3 ‘Bronze eee ike ; le beetle: b—=first abdominal Same eambs that appear but slightly *ccemente of male from below: affected are usually doomed, since the {boar A tee ater Chee galleries generally girdle or nearly Butaac YE girdle the limb and it is only a ques- tion of time before the branch must succumb. It is much bet- ter to remove such and burn the wood at once, rather than to allow the beetles to escape and attack adjacent trees. It is obvious that the more thorough the work the greater will be the benefits resulting from this treatment. This applies not only to isolated groups but to all the trees in a given section. There should be the fullest possible cooperation in an effort to check this pernicious enemy. White marked tussock moth (Hemerocampa leu- costigma Sm. & Abb.). This well known city pest has Ilo NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM been rather abundant in Albany, defoliating or nearly stripping many of the horsechestnuts and lindens (plate 25), though the elms and maples do not appear to have been seriously affected. The work of this caterpillar was also observed on horsechest- nuts in particular, though to some extent on lindens at Menands, Watervliet, Green Island and Cohoes. It is comparatively easy to remove from infested trees dar ing the winter, the conspicuous snow-white egg masses (plate 27, figure 2) attached to filmy cocoons. This is very effective, since the female moth is wingless and rarely does more than crawl onto the surface of the cocoon prior to laying her eggs. The crawling powers of the caterpillar are also very limited; consequently th.s insect is an extremely local pest. It is also amenable to thorough and timely sprayings with a poison, preferably arsenate of lead (15 per cent arsenic oxid) using about two pounds to fifty gallons of water and making the ap- plication when the caterpillars are small and therefore most susceptible to any such poison. European elm case bearer (Coleophora limosipen- nella Dup.). This introduced species has been known for some years in the vicinity of New York City and on Long Island. The curious brown, somewhat flattened cases of the larva are quite characteristic and are sometimes accompanied by rather serious injury. It was surprising last June to dis- cover the larvae and work of this insect in a somewhat out of the way location near the Connecticut line in South Salem, some forty miles from New York. FOREST PESTS Hickory bark borer (Eccoptogaster quadrispin- osus Say). The pernicious activity of the hickory bark borer has been most evident in the eastern part of New York State, particularly in the immediate vicinity of New York City during the last three years. An examination of the hickories in Pros- pect Park, Brooklyn, in 1909 showed that a large number of the magnificent trees in that extensive park were so seriously affected that it would be necessary to cut out many in order to save the remainder. Last year there were complaints of in- juries in the region of the Bronx, while the destructive work of this borer has been continued during the past season. Its nefarious operations were reported by Mr Henry Bird of Rye. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII IIt Diseased or dying hickories are to be found in many places in the Hudson valley. A personal investigation of conditions in the vicinity of Tivoli showed that a number of trees had been killed by this borer during the past two or three years, and that many, possibly the majority, in that section were so seri- ously infested that it was only a question of a few months be- fore they must also succumb to the attack. The severe droughts of the last two or three years have undoubtedly been favorable to the development of this pest, since the vitality ot many trees has been lowered and they have thus been rendered Fig. 4 Hickory bark borer from above and side view of the posterior extremity of the male (author’s illustration) more susceptible to attack by insect enemies. It is also possi- ble that the extremely cold weather of several years ago had a deleterious effect upon the trees. The insect is now so abundant in many sections that unless radical measures are adopted, many trees will be destroyed another year. The preliminary signs of injury, such as wilting leaves and dead twigs in midsummer, are exceedingly important because they indicate serious trouble before it has passed the remedial stage. Examination of injured trees in the fall or during the winter may show particles of brown or white sawdust in the crevices of the bark, and in the case of some trees a few to many circular holes appearing as though they had been made by number eight buckshot. The recognition of this sawdust is quite important, since the dark brown or black, rather stout, cylindrical parent beetle about one-fifth of an inch long inva- 112 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM riably starts its gallery under a protecting scale of bark, the sawdust mentioned above being the only external evidence. Such trees are more dangerous to the welfare of adjacent living hickories than others which may be fairly peppered by the numerous exit holes. The external evidences cited above should be supplemented by cutting down to the sapwood. The exposure there of longitudinal galleries one to one and one- half inches long, about one-eighth of an inch in diameter and with numerous fine, transverse galleries arising therefrom and gradually spreading out somewhat fan shaped, is conclusive evidence as to the identity of this pest. In very early stages of the attack the longitudinal gallery described above, with a series of minute notches for the reception of eggs on either side; may be all that can be found. Only a little experience is necessary before one can recognize the characteristic galleries of this borer. These are almost invariably to be found some- where upon infested trees, since an attack is rarely discovered before at least some of the grubs have commenced working across the bast fibers. The insect passes the winter in oval cells as stout, whitish, brown-headed grubs about one-quarter of an inch long, the beetles appearing in the latitude of New York from the last of June to the last of July. There is only one generation in this section of the country. This greatly facilitates the control of the pest, since it is not necessary to guard against a midsum- mer infestation. There is only one thing to do in the case of a serious infesta- tion such as that indicated by dying trees or branches. All badly infested trees or portions of trees should be cut and at least the bark burned before the following June, in order to prevent the grubs then in the bark from maturing and chang- ing to beetles which might another season continue the work in previously uninfested trees. It is particularly important to locate the hickories which have died wholly or in part the past summer, because they contain living grubs. General co- operation over an extended area in the cutting out of infested trees and burning of the bark as indicated above, will do much to check this deadly enemy of hickories. This destruct on of the insects does not prevent the utilization of the wood and timber commercially, provided the bark is destroyed within the time limits given above. Slabs from saw logs and fire wood with the bark on should all be burned during the winter. ‘ : REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII I1l3 This also applies to trimmings and small limbs which have no commercial value. If it is impractical to work up logs and burn the slab wood, the insects can be destroyed by a pro- longed submergence in water or by removing only the bark and burning that. Two-lined chestnut borer (Agrilus bilineatus Weber). An investigation of conditions on the estate of Mr Norman de R. Whitehouse at Old Westbury, N. Y., showed that there were probably some two hundred red oaks which had been killed by this pest. Most of the affected trees were small with a trunk diameter of less than six inches and were usually well shaded and therefore presumably less vigorous. Fig. 5 Two-lined chestnut borer: a=adult beetle, enlarged; b=antenna of same, enlarged ¢=claws of posterior tarsi of female, somewhat enlarged; $=same of male, somewhat enlarged; c=larva, Re re ; d=pupa, enlarg_d. (After Chittenden, U.S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Cir. 24, 2 ser. 07 A few of the rather scarce, larger trees were also affected. One group consisted of three with diameters of about fifteen, twelve and nine inches, respectively. They had died during the summer, probably in late August or early September, and were standing near a tree about nine inches in diameter which had evidently been killed the preceding season. This is an instance of the beetle being somewhat local ‘n napit and con- ditions comparable to those frequently noted in the case of the allied bronze birch borer, Agrilus anxius Gory, another pernicious enemy of trees. The galleries of this chest- nut and oak pest were rather common in oak stumps at Nas- sau in a wood lot where limited annual cutting was the prac- II4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM tice though there was no evidence here of serious injury to liv- ing trees. Injury was also reported from Garden City. The work of this insect is easily recognized by the irregular, anastomosing galleries traversing the inner bark and _ fre- quently girdling the tree. Many of these galleries are only about one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, though the mature grubs cut a channel nearly a quarter of an inch wide. The beetle is nearly three-eighths of an inch long, black, and with the wing covers marked with two golden yellow stripes as illus- trated in the figure. The borer or larva is long, slender, flattened, the part just behind the head considerably swollen, and a milk white or yellowish color except the mouth parts and the pe- culiar minutely serrate anal processes, which are dark brown. This borer winters in its gallery, usually with the slender body abruptly bent near the middle. The pupa is white like the larva. ‘ This borer is a well-known enemy of chestnut and oak, there being several records of serious injury in various parts of the country. It would not be surprising if this outbreak was an in- direct result of the chestnut blight. Most of the chestnuts near Old Westbury, L. I. have been killed by the disease, though there are still hundreds dead or dying and therefore presenting favorable conditions for borer infestation. Beetles issuing from the chestnut, in the absence of this food plant, must necessarily concentrate their attack upon adjacent oaks or perish. Since these borers winter in the affected trees, the cutting out and removal or burning of the wood before growth begins in the spring will do much to check the trouble and thus destroy many borers which normally would mature and attack other trees the following season. MISCELLANEOUS Abia inflata Nort. The false caterpillars of this species were transmitted by Leonard Barron from Garden City, N. Y., under date of June 8, I911 accompanied by the statement that they were destroying Lonicera in that section. Larva. Length when extended 2.2 cm. Head brownish, the ventral third fuscous whitish. Body.mostly yellowish and sooty yellowish. There is down the middle of the back a broad, vari- ably yellowish stripe broken by a series of median, quadrate or rectangular spots as follows: on the annulets of the anterior portion of each segment two transverse, irregularly quadrate REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII II5 spots and on the broader posterior annulet a distinctly larger, quadrate or irregularly quadrate, black spot. The color of this posterior annulet is a deep orange and gives the impression of a partially transverse band bounded sublaterally with an irregular, rather large, black spot. Sublaterally there is a broad, fuscous yellow stripe and laterally a yellowish white stripe, the boundary between the two being marked by an irregular line of black spots arranged much as those on the dorsum. Venter, true legs and prolegs (the latter, sixteen in number, being located on the second to the ninth and fourteenth segments, respec- tively) whitish. At the base of each proleg there is a short, oblique stripe of yellowish. June beetles. Last spring, May or June beetles were excep- tionally abundant here and there in the Hudson valley, attract- ing notice by invading lighted dwellings and feeding upon various forest .trees, especially oak and chestnut. In the vicinity of Albany were taken several species, namely Lach- MoS hema Stan dig Sun, ML. fusca Kroh, he rir cula Knoch, L. hirsuta Knoch, while the usually rare Pol y- p hylla variolosa Hentz, was very common at Schenectady in early July, though no damage was observed, according to Richard Lohrmann. The above list of species should not be considered as exhaustive, since it includes only those forms taken in connec- tion with other collecting. The young or larvae of the May or June beetles are the well- known white grubs of our grasslands, which are sometimes rather injurious to strawberries, potatoes and some other crops planted upon sodland badly infested by these pests. Occa- sionally the grubs become so numerous in old seedings as to eat off practically all the roots and make it comparatively easy to roll up the sod with a potato hook or similar implement. The life history of the species may be summarized as follows: The eggs are laid by the parent beetles in loose soil and hatch about a month later; the grubs slowly increase in size for at least two years, and from the middle of June till the middle of September of the second or third year, construct earthen cells in which the transformation to the pupa occurs and from which the beetles emerge the following spring. Fall plowing _is frequently advised since the breaking up of the earthen cells containing the soft, white pupae is invariably followed by the death of the insect. Injuries to crops can be avoided in large measure by refraining from planting those susceptible to attack upon badly infested sodland. A well-planned rotation 116 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM of crops is one of the most efficient methods of preventing the undue multiplication of these insects. Cecropia moth. This large insect, Samia cecropia Linn., as is well known, is subject to attack by a number of parasites, one of the most efficient of these being Frontina frenchii Will. The puparia of this fly are sometimes very numerous in the cocoon of the host (plate 27, figure 3) which in the case illustrated contained forty-one puparia. Cotton moth (Alabama argillacea Hibn.). The un- usual flights of this species attracted the notice of several ento- mologists. Prof. C. R. Crosby of Cornell called our attention to the presence of the moths at Ithaca. Writing under date of September 28th, he states that the insects covered the ground beneath the street lights, by the thousands. They were numer- ous at Schenectady, “ masses sometimes covering whole sides of buildings near electric lights,” according to Richard Lohr- mann. Mr Henry Bird of Rye also reported the appearance of the moths and recorded a marked preference by them for the thin-skinned Concord grape as compared with the thicker skinned Salem, hundreds being observed feeding upon the fruit. He states that the punctures made by the moths were exceedingly minute and left no immediate trace, though it is probable that the keeping qualities may be affected. A great abundance of this insect was noted September 23d in Philadel- phia by Dr Henry Skinner, while Doctor Britton, state ento- mologist of Connecticut, records the presence of hundreds at New Haven, Conn., September 25th. Prof. H. T. Fernald re- ports the capture of a number of moths the last week in Sep- tember at Amherst, Mass., and Arthur Gibson records their presence at St Thomas and Sarnia, Ontario. ‘These appear- ances are interesting, as they probably indicate extended flights. These insects are no menace to residents of the North, since they appear unable to live upon any other than the cot- ton plant. i Depressaria atomella Hiibn. Larvae of this species were transmitted by Mr John Dunbar of Rochester, under date of March 25, 191I, accompanied by the statement that they de- voured the blossoms of Cytisus albus. The infested plants were obtained by him from another florist in the city, who in turn had imported them from Holland the preceding fall. Adults were reared April 2oth and were apparently the above-named southern and central Europe form, though the REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 117 specimens were so rubbed that a positive identification was impossible. A description of the larva is given below. Larva. Length 1.5 cm. Head yellowish brown, the most of the labrum, the sutures of the clypeus and the posterior lateral portion of the sides of the head fuscous or dull black; labial palpi tapering, light brown, the sutures transparent; maxillary palpi with the basal segment whitish transparent, the distal segment cylindric, with a length one-half greater than its diameter, fus- cous. Thoracic shield brownish yellow, laterally dark brown or black, these markings being produced on the posterior margin neatly to the median line where they are bidentate and also forming an indistinct, broad tooth near the base of this mesal projection. Body: General color yellowish brown with rather broad, submedian, fuscous yellowish stripes, the latter dotted with dark brown, submedian tubercles; sublaterally there is a dark brown stripe; laterally and ventrally the color is fuscous yellowish; anal plate fuscous yellowish; true legs shining black or piceous; prolegs dark brown, except the posterior which are fuscous yellowish; thoracic segments with a submedian small, and a little more laterally, a larger, dark tubercle; sublaterally there is a larger, compound tubercle and laterally a smaller tubercle on the anterior and posterior annulae; abdominal segments with sub- median tubercles on the anterior and posterior annulae, those of the latter slightly more lateral, the anterior annula also with a rather large lateral tubercle, all of these unisetose. Gracilaria. A number of azaleas injured by a leaf feeder were brought to our attention the past winter. Some of these were collected by Mr T. F. Niles in a greenhouse at Yonkers, the azaleas having been imported. Similar trouble was also called to our attention by Mr John Dunbar of Rochester. An examination of the leaves shows that the caterpillars usually turn over the tip, webbing it down with fine, silken strands, and eating away the tissues of the infolded undersur- face. The injured portion turns dry and the retreat contains numerous small, black particles of frass. The whitish, silken cocoons may frequently be found on the leaves close to the affected area, though an occasional one is spun under a mar- ginal roll. One moth was reared and through the courtesy of Dr L. O. Howard of the Bureau of Entomology, determined as a species of Gracilaria near violacella by Mr August Busck. The immature stages are described below. Larva. Length 7mm. Head greenish yellow, the labrum and mouth parts light brown, the body mostly pale green, the posterior margins of the segments lighter, the three posterior segments yellowish tinted. Fine, almost invisible hairs origin- 118 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ate from minute tubercles; venter mostly yellowish; true legs whitish transparent; prolegs yellowish green; abdominal seg- ments I, 2, 6, 7 and 8, apodal. Pupa. Length 6 mm, slender, yellowish green, the dorsum of the head a brownish shade, that of the abdominal segments brownish, the color being distinctly darker on segments 2 to 6. Antennal cases long, extending bevond the tip of the abdomen, those of the posterior legs to the penultimate segment, those of the yellowish green wing cases to the fifth abdominal segment. Exuvia. Length 6 mm, slender, whitish, protruding from a cocoon such as that described above. Antennal cases extremely long, slender, multiarticulate; dorsum of the abdomen slightly chitinized and rather thickly set with chitinous dots. Sooty Crambus (Crambus caliginosellus Clem). A number of these grass webworm caterpillars were received. under date of June 21, 1911 from Mr R. L. Skinner, Greenwich, N. Y., accompanied by samples of the work and a statement to the effect that they had destroyed a field of popcorn. He also adds that he had similar trouble in this field several years before. There was serious and somewhat general injury by grass web- worms in 1905, corn planted upon sod or in the vicinity of grass suffering severely and even grassland being badly affected. The full-grown webworm caterpillars appear very much alike, being dull whitish or purplish with a darker head and about three-quarters of an inch in length. The young caterpillar of the sooty Crambus has a pale amber head and is a dirty trans- lucent white with irregular, reddish spots on the middle of the body. Scattered, light colored hairs occur above the head and the body. The female may deposit as many as one hundred .and seventy-five eggs, which are dropped indiscriminately. The partly grown cater- pillars winter in the protection of grass stubble, and in plowed grassland commence feeding upon the corn as it appears above the ground. Some stalks may be nearly girdled and the worms are frequently embedded in cavities they excavate. As many as thirty caterpillars have been found in a hill, some stalks of which were entirely destroyed, while in others the plants were small, yellow and sickly. Injuries to corn and other crops by this insect and its allies must be considered more or less accidental, especially as the depredations are usually more marked on the borders of fields ad- jacent to grass than elsewhere. An excellent preventive is to keep corn and other crops liable to suffer from these pests as REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQITI I19 distant from grasslands as practical and avoid planting upon recently turned sod. Plowing of infested land in late summer or early fall, August or early September, should result in most of the caterpillars perishing before the following spring. This can not always be done, and danger of injury by species of web- worms which feed in the early spring may be obviated to some extent by delaying the plowing as late as possible so as to give the caterpillars an opportunity to complete their growth before another crop is planted. Early spring plowing may only aggra- vate the injury by retarding the development of the caterpillars, with the result that when corn or some other crop appears, it 1s speedily devoured by hordes of halt-starved webworms. Extra heavy seeding is also advantageous under these conditions, since there is a greater liklihood of some stalks escaping injury. Lunate onion fly. (Eumerus strigatus Fallen). Numer- ous specimens of this European fly, kindly identified by Mr W. R. Walton through the courtesy of Dr L. O. Howard, were reared August 19, 1911, from Iris roots received from Saratoga Springs, N. Y., which had also been badly injured by the Iris borer, M ac- ronoctua onusta Grote. There appears to be no published record of this insect having been found in America, though Dr F. H. Chittenden kindly informs me in a recent communication, that flies were reared in the Bureau of Entomology from Amaryl- lis bulbs received from Buffalo, N. Y., in October, 1906, and also from bulbs from Connecticut and Brownsville, Texas. The species is evidently widely distributed. The establishment of this insect in America is of more than passing interest, since it is recorded as attacking onions in Europe. Verrall.t states that the maggots sometimes destroy the entire crop quite as the larvae of Mero- don affect Narcissi. The larvae occurred in July and pupated in the bulbs or in the neighboring earth. Dr J. Ritzema Bos? finds that one to several maggots may occur in the heart of an onion, causing a decay accompanied by a black dis- coloration. He is of the opinion that there are two genera- tions annually and describes the full-grown maggots as one-third to nearly one-half of an inch long, dirty grayish yellow and granu- lated in appearance. Francis Walker* records this species as gen- erally distributed in Great Britain and adds that the larvae belong- 1ygo1, British Flies 8.615. "1891, Tierische Schadl. u. Niitzl. p. 634. 317851, Insecta Britannica, Diptera, 1:241-42. 120 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ing to the genus feed on bulbous roots. Verrall states that it is recorded from all North and Middle Europe and also from Italy. It would seem as though this insect might become a serious enemy of American bulbs, particularly the onion. 2 lame This onion fly is noticed most frequently in economic literature under the generic term Eumerus, though the discovery of Meigen’s 1800 paper may necessitate the substitution of Zelima for the better known Eumerus. This species has also been redescribed a number of times, the recognized synonyms being Kumerus aeneus Macq, ES funieéralis, Meigns) a eimamane cornis Megn ES lunwlatus Merri) pila nbiiemems Megn., E. selene Lw. (not Meign.) beside another probable synonym, Syrphus acanthodes Rossi and two varieties. In view of the possible economic importance of this insect a descrip- tion of the adult and an illustration of the wing-are given below. Adult. Length 6 to 7 mm, head rather small, slightly swollen, hemispheric; eyes in the male narrowly contiguous. Face in the male grayish black, with a sparse, yellowish pile, in the female dark grayish with scattering, short setae. Antennae dark brown in the male with grayish reflections, black in the female, the inner face hoary; the two basal segments short, the third narrowly oval, with a length nearly twice that of the two preceding. Frontal triangle of the male with golden yellow setae; vertex bluish in the Fig. 6 Wing of lunate onion fly, Humerus strigatus, enlarged (original). male, aeneous in the female and with a thick pile which is black on the vertical triangle and otherwhere mostly tawny. Disk of thorax and scutellum aeneous, the former with submedian, hoary, evanescent stripes and short, coarse setae. Abdomen bronzy black with three lateral oblique, white, lunate bands, the posterior pair in the male largely obscured by coarse, yellowish Sefacy thewlatterms also thick on the apex of the abdomen. Wings grayish, the stigma tawny. Halteres yellowish white. Legs mostly black, the tip of the coxae, femora, the basal third and the apex of tibiae, and the three basal tarsal segments yellowish or tawny red; the femora has ~ about twelve short, stout spines on the distal half of its ventral margin. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 121 Xylophagus lugens Loew. The large, carnivorous larvae of this species, easily recognized by the elongate, heavily chitinized conical head, were found at Nassau, N. Y., in decaying chestnut bark from which Winnertzia pectinata Felt was subse- quently reared. Two sizes of larvae were observed but they all produced adults within a short time and probably represent vari- ations in nourishment or possibly sexual differences. The larva presents a close general resemblance to that of the allied Xylophagus abdominalis Lw. occurring in decaying pine bark, except that in the latter the three segments behind the head are each well chitinized dorsally. Larva. Length. about 2.5 cm, whitish or dirty white, the head slender, conical, heavily chitinized and with a length greater than the body diameter (plate 27, figure 4). The segment behind the head is well chitinized dorsally, except for two narrow, ir- regular sublateral lines. The next following has a pair of irregu- larly subquadrate submedian chitinous plates. The incisures dorsally and ventrally are marked by slight, median thickenings, pseudopodous in character and bordered by a narrow line, in places doubled, of chitinous points. Near the middle of each body segment there is laterally a sparse group of four or five rather long, fulvous hairs. Anal plate chitinized, produced as a pair of submedian stout processes, each ornamented with several long, fulvous hairs. The submedian anal spiracles are located on this plate and are distinctly darker. Pupa (plate 27, figure 4). Length 1.5 cm, diameter 3.5 mm; color dark brown anteriorly; including the first three abdominal segments, the posterior segments yellowish brown. The an- tennal cases are short, diverging, conical, reddish brown struct- ures, with a stout cephalic horn at the external ;basal angle; dorsum of thorax dark brown. Wing covers and leg cases dark brown. Abdominal segments with a distinct, rugose, darker thickening on the anterior and posterior margins, the latter with moderately stout, rufous bristles laterally; terminal segment about half the length of the preceding, with a median process or knob bearing a pair of stout, conical, diverging processes, the latter apically with a fuscous,:chitinous spur. Psilocephala melampodia Loew. The white Dipterous larva of this species was collected April 8, 1911 under decaying pine bark at Albany, N. Y. Larva. Length 2.5 cm, diameter 2mm. Head small, chitinous, light brown, the anterior extremity darker; short, stout antennae appear to be present. There are a few sparse setae on the ven- tral surface of the head. Posterior margin of head with sub- lateral fuscous markings which appear to unite in a fuscous 522 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM median line extending back apparently to a fuscous ocular spot near the anterior extremity of the second body segment. Gen- eral coloring of the body yellowish white, the anterior and pos- terior segments slightly smaller than the median ones. Pupa. Length 1.5 cm, the thoracic segments somewhat swollen, the abdominal segments of a nearly uniform diameter, each separated by a strong constriction; color a variable yellow- ish brown and dark brown, the deeper coloring being confined largely to the wing and leg cases and the abdominal incisures. Anterior extremity truncate, the lateral angles bearing the short, subconical antennal cases; thoracic horns short, subconic. Wing cases extending to the middle of the second abdominal segment, the leg cases to the anterior margin of the third abdominal seg- ments. Abdominal segments 9, with a rudimentary i1oth, each separated by a deep constriction; near the middle of segments I-7 a stout conic spine laterally and posteriorly an irregular, sparse band of short, stout setae. Posterior extremity produced, apically with a pair of submedian, long chitinous processes. The adult was reared May 1, 1911, permitting the identification of the above described early stages. Blood worms (Chironomus species). A good sized, living blood worm, some 8 mm long and dark red, was brought into the office January 6, 1911 from the Bender Hygienic Laboratory, ac- companied by the statement that it was blown from the nose of a lady who had suffered from several attacks of nosebleed, the larva being found upon her handkerchief. The specimen was transmitted to the Bender Laboratory by Dr J. E. Vigent of Red Hook, N. Y. The blood worms are stated by Johannsen to feed upon the small, red worms known as Tubifex or other small creatures presumably containing hemoglobin in the blood. It hardly seems possible that this creature could have been respon~ ble for the nosebleed; it may have been taken into the mouth accidentally when drinking and, in a fit of coughing, thrown up into the upper respiratory passages. Teratology. Deformities of antennae and other appendages are comparatively common among insects, though asymmetrical modifications of the body, aside from those due to hermaphrodit- ism, are comparatively rare. An interesting malformation of the abdomen was detected in the case of a specimen of Winthemia quadripustulata Fabr. (plate 8, figure 3) taken at Pough- keepsie, N. Y., July 17, 1903. It will be noted from an examination of the illustration that the second abdominal segment is wanting on the right side, while on the left it appears to have attained almost a normal development. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 123 Protective mimicry. The posterior extremity of many female Lepidoptera is protected with a thick tuft of scales. This struc- ture is especially well marked in the Sesiidae. Professor Beuten- mueller has given illustrations of the tufts in the case of a num- ber of species. This structure is presumably protective and is doubtless of some value in maintaining equilibrium while the insect is in the air. It is not improbable that these scale tufts are intimately connected with a scent gland so that when ex- panded they are of material service in attracting the opposite sex. We have shown at plate 17, figure 4 the expanded tuft of Pyrausta theseusalis Walk. as it exists upon a museum specimen which evidently died with the tuft fully expanded. Superficially, this expanded tuft resembles some of the downy, floating seeds, such as that of the dandelion. A closer examina- tion shows this circular, apparently homogeneous organ to con- sist of two closely apposed, semicircuiar parts each overlapping the other slightly. Leptosyna quercivora n. nom. This specific designation is pro- posed for L. quercus Felt 1911, preoccupied by L. quercus Kieff. 1904. PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGISi The following is a list of the principal publications of the Ento- mologist during the year 1911. Forty-four are given with titles,* time of publication and a summary of the contents of each. Volume and page numbers are separated by a colon, the first superior figure gives the column and the second the exact place in the column in ninths: for example, 75:10251? means volume 75, page 1025, column I in the second ninth; that is, nearly one- fourth of the way down. Insects in the Grain. Country Gentleman, November 3, 1910, Fig O25 4 A summary, economic notice of the Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella Oliv. and a short biologic account of a mite abundant in chaff. It is probably Tyroglyphus longior Linn. Codling Moth in the Hudson Valley. Country Gentleman, IDeSrMlDsie 1K, UOMO, Ss Unga Summary account of work of Carpocapsa pomonella Linn. im 1910, showing that over 90 per cent sound fruit may be obtained with but one spraying, even when there is a small crop and the second brood of the moth is abundant. The Greenhouse White Fly. Country Gentleman, December 22) OL 75-0 LOoss A brief account of Aleyrodes vaporariorum Westw. with special reference to control measures. Recent Experiments with the Codling Moth. Economic Ento- mology Journal, 3:474-77 Summary of experimental data obtained in roIo. Repelling Squash Bugs. Country Gentleman, December 29, TOTO 7S el222n2 A brief account of the squash bug, Anasa tristis DeG. with a short notice of the striped cucumber beetle, Diabrotica vittata Fabr. A New Lestodiplosis. Entomological News, January 1Ig11, 22 :10-II A description of Lestodiplosis peruviana. seareqdmeby C. H. T. Townsend from Hemichionaspis minor Mask. 1Titles are given as published and in some instances they have been changed or supplied by the editors of the various papers. [124] REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 125 Do Sprays Poison People? Country Gentleman, February 16, HEE, 7OLE54** A general discussion of the application of poisons to vegetation, the effects thereupon and the possibility of thus poisoning domestic animals and human beings. The need of care in using these materials is emphasized. Miastor and Embryology. Science, 1911, 33 :302-3 A summary discussion of the adaptability of Miastor larvae to embryo- logical work. Two New Gall Midges (Dipt.). Entomological News, 1911, 22 :109Q-II Asphondylia vincentiand Hyperdiplosis eupatorii described from the island of St Vincent. The former was reared from fruits SE usstaea linitolia and Jj; sutinwuticos/ a and) the, latter from a conical leaf gall on Eupatorium. Endaphis Kieff. in the Americas (Dipt.). Entomological News, IQII, 22:128-29 . Arthrocnodax (Endaphis) abdominalis from Peru and Endaphis americana from Arizona described as new. Both were reared from foliage infested with gall mites, Eriophyes. Fumigation-poisoning. Country Gentleman, March 9g, IgII, 70 245, % A summary discussion of methods of fumigating for grain insects. Insects and Scale Pests Common to New England and Best Remedy for Each. Massachusetts Fruit Growers Association Reports 12-16, 1906-10, p. 7-12 A brief discussion of spraying followed by observations on the case bearers, canker worms, the oyster scale, scurfy scale and the San José scale. The Increase and Control of San José Scale. Massachusetts Fruit Growers Association Reports 12-16, 1906-10, p. 37-40. Summary discussion of control measures for Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst. The Latest and Best Methods of Controlling Insects and Fungous Pests Attacking our Fruits and Ornamentals. Massachusetts Fruit Growers Association Reports 12-16, 1906-10, p. 84-93 Spraying methods with special reference to controlling the more com- mon insect pests and fungous diseases. Fruit Tree Insects and Their Control. Massachusetts Fruit Growers Association Reports 12-16, 1906-10, p. 141-57 The San José scale, codling moth, plant lice and apple maggot were discussed in detail, especially the first two. 126 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Summary of Food Habits of American Gall Midges. Entomolo- gical Society of America Annals. I911, 4:55-62 A summary of the food habits of the Itonidae and a comparison of our knowledge with that relating to European species. A Generic Synopsis of the Itonidae. New York Entomological Society Journal, 19 :31-62 A systematic arrangement of the genera with the synonymy. The fol- lowing new genera were erected: Mycophila, Ceratomyia, Cordylomyia, Corinthomyia, Epimyia, Didactylomyia, Coccidomyia, Erosomyia and Diadiplosis. Meinertomyia and Xenodiplosis were proposed for the pre- occupied Pero Mein. and Allodiplosis Rubs. not Kieff. Elm Beetle. Country Gentleman, March 30, 1911, 76:3137 Spraying with arsenate of lead is advised for controlling Galerucella luteola Mull. Spraying an Apple Orchard. Country Gentleman, March 30, WOW, WOseiae™ Thorough spraying with a lime-sulfur wash and arsenate of lead is advised for the control of the San José scale and codling moth, respectively. Some Spraying Compounds. Country Gentleman, March 309, NOM Te Oo ea The preparation and use of the lime-sulfur wash is briefly discussed. A kerosene emulsion or whale oil soap solution is advised for the oyster scale and arsenate of lead for the codling moth. 26th Report of the State Entomologist on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York. New York State Museum Bulletin 147, p. 1-180, 1911 (Issued April 5) Contents PAGE PAGE ThatimOGOUIGINs .Soscoaocesavcccadce & IWligeclleyn@owS.oscoc0 onouccsosce 66 Inn CIMOES WREGCIS socoscogossdec 12 Publications of the Entomol- Codlinommoth eee seers 12 OS1St 2 iihisas dive ee ee 70 Juniper webworm ........... 35 Additions to collections........ 76 Large aphid spruce gall...... 36), ‘Appendix... nee ae eee 82 Ah “psyllaaceliaaae eins ceaes 39 Miastor americana INOUES TOw WE WEA. occcocccsnv AI Felt, an account of ped- INC UNE IMACS goaonasdscoddoeo AI OMEMESISK ac, s.suaennee ene ere 82 Garden and grain insects..... 47 Explanation of plates.......... 105 SMMAGE GREE MESMSocasecacseace 83h) Unde sie Sak Sleele ava eee 175 POMEGE HES THIS ocu5 oceans 57 Brown Mite. Country Gentleman, April 6, 1911, 76:33778 A discussion of control methods for the brown or clover mite, Bryobia pratensis Garm. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IGII 127 Miastor larvae. Canadian Entomologist, April 1911, 43:134-35; Science, April 14, I9II, 33:583; Economic Entomology Jour- nal, 1911, 4:296; Entomological News, May 1911, 22:227; New York Entomological Society Journal, 19 :200-1 Brief directions are given for finding these larvae and the cooperation of entomologists in collecting invited. Gipsy and Brown-tail Moths. Country Gentleman, April 13, ROII, 762358" A discussion of the moth situation in New England as shown by the report of the state forester of Massachusetts. Bean Weevil. Country Gentleman, April 27, 1911, 76:409** Summary discussion of control measures for Bruchus obtectus Say. Endaphis hirta n. sp. Entomological News, May rot, 22:224 Original description of a Ceylonese species reared from Dactylopius. A New Species of Lasioptera with Observations on Certain Homologies. Psyche, April 1911, 18:84—-86 Original description of Lasioptera portulacae Felt with observations on the development of the acicula and the homology of the basal pouch in Asphondylia and the terminal lobes in females of other groups. A Summer Spray. Country Gentleman, May 18, 1911, 76:480* A brief discussion of summer sprays for the control of San José scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst. Cutworms in the Garden. Country Gentleman, May 18, IgI1, 76 :482u Cutworms and their habits are described in connection with methods of controlling the pests. Apple Borers. Country Gentleman, May 25, 1911, 76:502°° The habits and methods of controlling the round-headed _ borer, Saperda candida Fabr. are briefly discussed. Insects. .Country Gentleman, May 25, 1911, 76:502* A brief notice of Chermes floccus Patch on spruce and of the birch borer, Agrilus anxius Gory. Two New Gall Midges. Canadian Entomologist, June 1911, 43 :194-96 Toxomyia rubida and Lobodiplosis coccidarum reared respectively from the aecidiospores of Uromyces and larvae preying on the eggs of Dactylopius, are described. 128 ' NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Billbugs in Corn. Country Gentleman, June 22, 1911, 76:586" © A brief economic account of the work of Sphenophorus species in corn. Salt and Cutworms. Country Gentleman, June 22, 1911, 76:586* Salt is considered to be of little service in controlling cutworms, pests most injurious when prolonged dry weather prevents normal plant growth. Cicadas in New York. ‘Country (Gentleman, June) 22erome 76 :590" General observations on the abundance and distribution of the 1911 brood. Rhopalomyia grossulariae n. sp. Economic Entomology Jour- nal, 1911, 4:347 Description of a species destroying gooseberry buds in Ohio. Rose Beetles. Country Gentleman, June 29, 1911, 76:607'% Arsenate of lead advised or the use of netting. Silver-spotted Skipper. Country Gentleman, June 29, I9I1I, 76 :60778 An outline is given of the life history of this butterfly. Four New Gall Midges. Entomological News, July 1911, 22: 301-5 The new genus Toxomyia is erected. Asphondylia pattersoni neared from flowers) of (Giuthapwexy lum © qiula dinamenilicanmer Toxomyia fungicola reared from teleutospores of Puccinia on Emilia sonchifolia; Contarinia lycopersici from flowers of Lycopersicum esculentum and Hyperdiplosis coffeae from fruits of Coffea liberica are described. Rose Leaf Hopper, Typhlocyba rosae Linn. Economic Ento- mology Journal, 1911, 4:413-14 Method of oviposition described. Miastor. Economic Entomology Journal, 1911, 4:414 Observations on the food habits and biology. Three New Gall Midges (Dipt.). New York Entomological Society Journal, 19:190-92 Holoneurus cecidentalis, Masaoptemy x sce hwan zumand Hyperdiplosis americana are described, all reared from a decay- ing branch of wild fig. Hosts and Galls of American Gall Midges. Economic Ento- mology Journal, 1911, 4:451—-75 A tabulation of the galls and food habits of American Itonidae. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 129 New Species of Itonidae. Economic Entomology Journal, 1911, 4:476-84 A new genus, Kronomyia is erected and the following species are described: Joanissia pennsylvanica, Kronomyia populi, Olacarces ulmi, Winnertzia pectinata, Rhizomyia minta Dasymeura communis, Di gibsoni, D: pergand'ei, wer smiltacifolia, Cystiphora | viburni, -Asteromyia Minima, AN reducta, Lasioptera allioniae,| L. varizo- mensis, Neolasioptera agrostis, N. squamosa, N. tri- mera and Rhopalomyia gnaphalodis. ADDITIONS TO COLLECTIONS, O@TOBSER a7 a91m_ OCTOBER 14, IgII The following is a list of the more important additions to the collections: DONATION Hymenoptera Thalessa atrata Fabr., black long sting, July 6, Mrs M. S. Miller, Boonville. Rhodites bicolor Harr., spiny rose gall, old galls on rose, June Ig, A. N. Baker, Bellport Cynips ? prinoides Beutm., gall, September 14, J. A. Douglass, Oriskany Falls Tremex columba Linn., pigeon tremex, adults on hickory, September 12, Sterling Wallace, New York City. 2 Caliroa cerasi Linn., cherry and pear slug, eggs on cherry, June 3, H. C. Sharpe, Schenectady Kaliofenusa ulmi Sund., elm leaf miner, larvae on elm, May 30, J. H. Livingston, Tivoli. Same, May 31, Madam Howe, Kenwood. Same, June 16, Stephen Graff, Johnstown Trichiocampus viminalis Fallen, poplar sawfly, larvae on poplar, August 30, W. H. Harris, Greenfield Center. Same, August 13, F. C. Helme, Chester Abia inflata Nort. larvae on lLonicera, June 8, Leonard Barron, Garden City Trichiosoma tibialis Steph., cocoon and pupa on Crataegus, April Io, Holland. Through State Department of Agriculture Coleoptera Eccoptogaster rugulosus Ratz., adult, August 8, Fisher Hyle, Germantown E. quadrispinosus Say, adult on hickory, August 13, R. L. Cushman, Yonkers Gymnetron teter Fabr., adult, June 21, C. E. Brisbin, Schuylerville ; Rhynchites bicolor Fabr., rose curculio, adults and work, October 26, Miss G. W. Sargent, Lenox, Mass. Pomphopoea sayi Lec., Say’s blister beetle, adults, May 31, R..S. Nards, Slingerlands. Same, May 31, Smith Bowen, Hartford. Same, on locust blossoms, June 5, Matthew Hart, Castleton. Same, June 8, C. M. Winne, Castleton. Same, June 8, A. C. DeGarmo, Schuylerville. Same, June 14, Frank Jansen, Fonda. Same, June 16, J. G. Ward, Cambridge. Same, on cherry, June 20, Arthur Ward, Philmont. Same, June 21, C. E. Brisbin, - Schuylerville i Meloe angusticollis Say, oil beetle, adult, September 15, C. E. Fairman, Lyndonville Tribolium confusum Duv., confused flour beetle, adults, November 209, Miss E. Bush, Albany Chalepus dorsalis Thunb., locust leaf miner, adults on locust, August 30, H. L. Frost & Bartlett Co., Stamford, Conn. [130] REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST WOE 1 ai C. nervosa Panz., adult on locust, August 30, H. L. Frost & Bartlett (Go, Stamford, Conn. Systena taeniata Say var. blanda Melsh., adult on bean, June 20, J. EF) Rose, South Byron Galerucella luteola Mill., elm leaf beetle, larvae, June 28, F. B. Wicks, Ticonderoga. Same, larvae, pupae and adults. on elms July 6; H. L. Satterlee, Highland Falls. Same, eggs on elm, Jjuillyy | Bi, Miss S. L. Bell, Amsterdam. Same, adult on elm, August 7, Miss F. A. Wood, Poughkeepsie Melasoma scripta Fabr., lined cottonwood beetle, egg, larvae and adult on poplar, August 18, Bloodgood Nurseries, Flushing. Through State Department of Agriculture Crioceris asparagi Linn., asparagus beetle, adults on asparagus, May 10, John J. Hicks, Jericho C. duodecim-punctata Linn., twelve-spotted asparagus beetle, adults on asparagus, May 19, John J. Hicks, Jericho Saperda candida Fabr., round-headed appletree borer, adults on apple, © May 25, W. H. Shutts, Claverack Plectrodera scalator Fabr., banded poplar borer, adult, July 26, A. F. Onder- donk, Webster Groves, Mo. Monohammus confusor Kirby, pine sawyer, larvae on pine, March 14, C. Y. Flanders, Tribes Hill. Same, June 5, Leland Wadsworth, Troy. Same, June 6, F. B. Pickering, Ballston Spa Phymatodes variabilis Fabr., variable oak borer, adults, reared from oak, June 5, James Feeney, Meadowdale Desmocerus palliatus Forst., cloaked knotty horn, adults on elder, June 2, F. T. Huxley, Amsterdam Neoclytus erythrocephalus Fabr., adult on maple, June 16, Mount Vernon. Through State Department of Agriculture Euphoria inda Linn., bumble flower beetle, adult, May 30, E. A. Baldwin, Schenectady Anomala lucicola Fabr., light-loving grapevine beetle, adult, June 21, C. E. Brisbin, Schuylerville Serica sericea Ill., adult, June 21, C. E. Brisbin, Schuylerville Hoplia trifasciata Say, injuring pear blossoms from Greece, May 16, R. C. Draper, Rochester. Through State Department of Agriculture Canthon laevis Dru., tumble bug or dung beetle, adult and dung ball, May 27, J. B. Scudder, Coxsackie Amphicerus bicaudatus Say, work on cherry, June 23, R. H. Gibbes, ’ Schenectady Thelydrias contractus Mots., aduli, pupal, larval skins, June 20, L. H. Joutel, New York City Agrilus bilineatus Web., two-lined chestnut borer, larva on chestnut, August 30, S. K. Clapp, Brown Station. Through C. R. Pettis, super- intendent state forests Dicerea divaricata Say, adult, June 21, C. E. Brisbin, Schuylerville Alaus oculatus Linn., eyed snapping beetle, adult, June 26, George Fischer, - Albany 5 132 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Byturus unicolor Say, raspberry Byturus, adults on raspberry, May 15, J. S. Carpenter, Marlboro Attagenus piceus Oliv., black carpet beetle, larvae, October 3, Mrs James Wilson, Rochester Anthrenus scrophulariae Linn., Buffalo carpet beetle, larvae, October 3, Mrs James Wilson, Rochester Silvanus surinamensis Linn., saw-toothed grain beetle, adults, April 12, P. Cleveland, Scotia. Same, in flour, May 31, W. I. Seiver & Co.,, Angelica. Same, June 20, Bates & Broman, Middleburg Diptera Tabanus atratus Forst., horse-fly, adult, July 14, J. D. Collins, Utica Thecodiplosis piniradiatae Snow & Mills, cotypes on Monterey pine, March 16, V. L. Kellogg, Stanford University, Cal. Anopheles punctipennis Say, malarial mosquito, adult, October 6, R. M. Moore, Rochester Siphonaptera 5 Ctenocephalus canis Curt., dog flea, adult, August 4, Miss M. E. Drew, Highland Falls. Through State Department of Health Lepidoptera Euvanessa antiopa Linn., spiny elm caterpillar, larva, June 2, Miss Mabel Todd, Gloversville. Same, June 3, L. W. Draper, Amenia. Same, on elm, June 3, M. G. Thomas, Ticonderoga. Same, June 5, H. N. Babcock, Elmira. Same, June 6, C. L. Morey, Greenwich. Same, on elm, June 6, F. B. Pickering, Ballston Spa. Same, June 6, S. D. Zeh, Hillsdale. Same, June 14, C. A. Russell, Frankfort. Same, June 17, A. N. Baker, Bellport. Same, chrysalis, June 14, E. W. Rankin, Albany. Same, June 9, M. F. Winchester, South Amenia Basilarchia astyanax Fabr., larva on oak, May 30, William Wells, Flushing Samia cecropia Linn., Cecropia moth, cocoon, May 6, G. E. Ward, Ravena. Same, adult, May 24, Livingston McEwan, Albany Callosamia promethea Dru., Promethea moth, cocoon on lilac, December 9, J. H. Carpenter, Elnora. Same, April 25, John J. Hicks, Jericho. Same, April 28, Miss F. B. Darling, Syracuse. Same, June 6, C A. Russell, Frankfort Tropaea luna Linn., luna moth, adult, May 29, Mrs N. A. Pierce, Solsville. Same, May 20, Mrs M. E. Wheeler, East Nassau Telea polyphemus Cram., Polyphemus moth, adult, May 29, Mrs N. A. Pierce, Solsville. Same, cocoon and moth, July 15, J. A. Reed, Watervliet Hyphantria textor Harr., fall webworm, larvae, August 25, P. L. Huested, Sparta. Through State Department of Agriculture. Same, September 12, A. G. Scifield, Hopewell Junction. Same, on apple, June 9, A. T. Bennett, Tivoli Alypia octomaculata Fabr., eight-spotted forester, larva, June 23, EF. -N. Powers, Utica: Same, on grapevine, ‘July (6) = Aeneimes New York City Macronoctua onusta Gr., larva on iris, July 28, W. L. Rich, Saratoga. Same, August 2, through J. N. Huyck, Albany REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 133 Xylina antennata Walk., green maple worm, larvae on maple, May 30, C. O. Horning, Amsterdam. Same, on soft maple, June 6, W. B. Wester- velt, Newburg. Same, adult, April 27, C. J. Herrick, Albany Papaipema nitela Guen., stalk borer, larvae, July 17, A. G. Harris, North Pelham Heliothis armiger Hutbn., corn worm or boll worm, larva in corn, Octo- ber 13, H. B. Winters, Brooklyn. Through State Department of Agriculture Melalopha inclusa Hubn., poplar tent maker, larvae on Carolina poplar, June 30, M. C. Albright, West Coxsackie Datana ministra Dru., yellow-necked appletree caterpillar, July 20 Charles Fremd, North Rose. Same, August 25, F. M. Brooks, Athens D. integerrima G. & Rob., black walnut caterpillar on pecan, July 28, Miss E. L. Keller, Eden Schizura concinna Sm. & Abb., red-humped appletree caterpillar, July 12, A. G. Davis, Schenectady. Same, on apple, July 21, W. L. Bosworth, Amenia Notolophus antiqua Linn, rusty tussock moth, eggs on box, March, nursery stock, Holland. Through State Department of Agriculture Hemerocampa leucostigma Sm. & Abb., white-marked tussock moth, eggs, March 22, Thomas Tupper, Corning. Same, larva, May 29, J. A. Hep- worth, Marlboro H. definita Pack., eggs on poplar, April 5, Rochester. Through State De- partment of Agriculture Tolype velleda Stoll., larch lappet moth, caterpillars on pear, July 25, West Coxsackie. Through State Department of Agriculture. Malacosoma americana Fabr., apple tent caterpillar, June 5, G. F. Machure, Saranac Lake M. disstria Hibn., forest tent caterpillar, June 11, Townsend Cox jr, “Setauket. Same on maple, June 13, Miss A. Humphrey, Warsaw Bombyx mori Linn., silk worm, cocoons on mulberry from North Italy, July 21, Arthur Paladin, Albany Alsophila pometaria Harr., fall canker worm, moths and eggs, Novem- ber 30, T. F. Niles, Rye. Through State Department of Agriculture. Same, eggs, February 23, White Plains. Through State Department of Agriculture. Same, moth, April 26, J. F. Hummer, Potsdam Ennomos subsignarius Hiibn., snow-white linden moth, eggs on. beeth, April 28, J. N. Smith, Margaretville. E. magnarius Guen., eggs, February 16, P. M. Eastman, Coxsackie. Through State Department of Agriculture \ Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Haw., bag worm, larvae, August 13, Mrs William Frech, Bayside Cnidocampa flavescens Walk., Oriental slug caterpillar, cocoon on Japanese maple, March 23, nursery stock imported from Japan. Through State Department of Agriculture Sibine stimulea Clem., saddle-back caterpillar, larva, August 30, C. L. Van Loan, Catskill. Same, larvae, September 29, R. MacGregor, Brooklyn ; Euclea delphinii Boisd., larvae, August 25, Mynard DeFreest, Voorheesville Phobetron pithecium Sm. & Abb., hag moth, larva, July 27, J. J. Barden, Sodus. Same, August 14, B. O. Burgin, St Johnsville 134 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Zeuzera pyrina Linn., leopard moth, adult, July 21, Mrs H. W. Struss, New York City Podosesia syringae Harr., lilac borer, pupa, March 14, Hermann Von Schrenk, St Louis, Mo. Phlyctaenia rubigalis Guen., greenhouse leaf tyer, moth, January 7, J. Dun bar, Rochester Crambus caliginosellus Clem., sooty web worm, larvae on corn, June 23, R. L. Skinner, Greenwich Mineola indigenella Linn., leaf crumpler, larvae on Crataegus, November 4, P. L. Huested, Port Chester. Through State Department of Agriculture Plodia interpunctella Htibn., Indian meal moth, adult in graham flour, Sep- tember 20, I. A. Weston, Syracuse Evetria ?turionana Hubn., pine bud tortrix moth, larvae on pine, August 20, D. M. Munger, Glen Cove Depressaria ? atomella Htibn., adults on Cytisus, April 19, John Dunbar, Rochester Bucculatrix canadensisella Chamb., birch leaf Bucculatrix, larvae, work on yellow birch, September 7, A. N. McGeoch, Lake Placid. Through State Conservation Commission Phyllonoryter hamadryadella Clem., white blotch oak leaf miner, on oak, October 10, Miss M. B. Steward, Goshen. Same, June 30, J. N. Briggs, Coeymans Tinea pellionella Linn., clothes moth, adult, May 1, I. A. Weston, Syracuse Neuroptera Corydalis cornuta Linn., Dobson fly, adult, June 29, A. E. Milligan, Schuylerville Hemiptera Tibicen septendecim Linn., seventeen-year Cicada on apple twigs, showing oviposition scars, April 13, H. D. Lewis, Annandale. Same, adult, May 20, G. W. Lintner, Summit, N. J. Same, adults, May 28, Edward and Robert Broome, Pelham Bay Park. Same, adult, May 20, G. E. Ward, Ravena. Same, adults, June 3, A. J. Bolton, New Rochelle. Same, June 8, G. B. Thomas, Schuylerville. Same, June 12, R. J. Davey, Mechanicville. Same, June 13, Frank Jansen, Fonda. Same, June 16, F. M. Askins, Schaghticoke. Same, June 19, D. C. Davies, Mechanicville. Same, adults and pupal cases, May 209, S. Bulson, Stony Point. Same pupal cases, May 26, J. Johannsen, Raritan Bay Park, Tottenville. Same, eggs on locust, July 1, A. G. Harris, Pelham Ceresa bubalus Fabr., Buffalo tree hopper, eggs on peach, April 22, H. B. Filer, Buffalo Enchenopa binotata Say, two-spotted tree hopper, nymphs on bittersweet, June 15, Miss E. C. Humphrey, Watervliet Pachypsylla c.-gemma Riley, galls on Celtis occidentalis, May 19, White Plains. Through State Department of Agriculture Phylloxera caryaecaulis Fitch, hickory gall aphid, adults in galls on hickory June 2, Mrs A. J. Ferber, Rutherford, N. J. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 135 Chermes floccus Patch, gall on spruce, May 15, H. W. Wesson, Eggemoggin, Me. Through Country Gentleman C. abietis Linn., spruce gall aphid, galls and adults on spruce, June to, R. T. Conover jr, Bedford C. pinicorticis Fitch, pine bark aphid, adults on pine, June 11, Arthur Clark, Garrison Hamamelistes spinosus Shim., adults on birch, June 17, C. W. Goodyear, Tarrytown Pemphigus ulmifusus Walsh, half. grown galls on red or slippery elm, May 27, Stephen Graff, Johnstown Phyllaphis fagi Linn., woolly beech aphis, adults on beech, June 15, M. N. Gardner, Brewster. Same, on beech, June 17, C. W. Goodyear, Tarry- town Gossyparia spuria Mod., elm bark louse, adults on elm, June Io, J. D. Rogers, Round Lake. Same, May 31, Madam Howe, Kenwood Phenacoccus acericola King, false cottony maple scale, adults on maple, May 209, Miss E. M. Briggs, Oneonta. Same, on hard maple, September 9, Miss J. N. White, New Rochelle, through State Conservation Com- mission. Same, on maple, June 8, T. R. Lawson, Troy. Same, larvae and adults on maple, August 31, C. W. Buckten, Mamaroneck. Same, young females, August 17, H. A. Unger, Clinton Heights. Same, young and females on maple, August 16, H. B. Wooster, Walden, through State Conservation Commission. Same, August 14, J. W. Small, North Tarry- town. Same, August 7, L. H. Crossman, New Rochelle. Same, July 20, A. J. Harcourt, Kingston. Same, male cocoons on maple, May 18, J. T. Lansing, Rensselaer. Same, young on maple, May 26, Benjamin Ham- mond, Fishkill Pulvinaria vitis Linn., cottony maple scale, adults on maple, June 16, B. D. Van Buren, Mount Vernon, through State Department of Agriculture. Same, on maple, May 21, C. F. Nies, Salamanca. Same, adults and young on soft maple, July 21, C. C. Kekok, West Brighton Lecanium scale, adults and young, June 20, Miss E. S. Blunt, New Russia ? Eulecanium magnoliarum Ckl],, adults on maple, June 30, Miss A Humphrey, Warsaw E. nigrofasciatum Perg., terrapin scale on soft maple, April 8, H. N. Bab- cock. Elmira. Same, on soft maple, April 29, M. DeForest Yates, Sche- nectady. Same, June 12. Miss S. A. Brown, Unadilla Forks E. persicae Fabr., adult on mulberry, May 29, G. E. Ward, Ravena ? Saissetia oleae Bern., olive scale, adult on lemon, March 5, C. E. Olsen, Maspeth Chionaspis pinifoliae Fitch, pine leaf scale, eggs on Scotch pine, September 27, S. G. Harris, Tarrytown Diaspis carueli Targ., juniper scale, adults on Swedish juniper, September 27, A. E. Stene, Kingston, R. I. Aulacaspis rosae Sandb., rose scale, egg on rose, November 18, Miss Rhoda Thompson, Ballston Spa. Same, April 26, E. J. Ritch, Kingston Epidiaspis piricola Del Guer., pear scale, adult on French imported pear, January 16. Through the State Department of Agriculture 136 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Aspidiotus ? ostreaeformis Curt., European oyster scale, adults on willow, May 12, Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester. Same, October 11, Arthur Gib- son, Ottawa, Canada A. perniciosus Comst., San José scale’ young on apple, April 1, A. M. Lane, Schenectady. Same, May 18, Mrs E. A. Earl, Ballston Spa. Same, August 8, W. J. Akins, New Baltimore. Same, adults and young on apple, September 15, R. Schofield, Coeymans Chrysomphalus smilacis Comst., smilax scale on ? Smilax, March 29, C. E. Olsen, Maspeth Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn., oyster shell bark louse on French lilac, August 14, W. J. Akins, New Baltimore. Same, young on apple, May 18, Mrs FE. A. Earl, Ballston Spa. Same, eggs on balm of Gilead, April 21, J. E. Field, New York City L. beckii Newm., adult on lemon, March 5, C. E. Olsen, Maspeth Parlatoria proteus Curt., orange chaff scale, adult on orange, March 5, C. E. Olsen, Maspeth Lygus pratensis Linn., tarnished plant bug, adults on aster, October 8, G. H. Hudson, IPiLaeeetee 2 Poecilocapsus lineatus Fabr., four-lined leaf bug, work on currant, June 13, Albert Yeomans, Walworth Orthoptera Ischnoptera pennsylvanica DeG., June 19, M. R. Brown, Merrickville Gryllotalpa borealis Burm., mole cricket, August 26, W. F. Moore, Mechanic- ville. Through Troy Pre Plecoptera Pteronarcys biloba Newm., adult, May 26, W. G. Robinson, Greenfield Center Ephemerida Hexagemia.variabilis ? Eaton, June 2, B. H. Lane, Coxsackie Thysanura Smynthurus arvalis Fitch, adults on raspberry, May 24, S. R. Taber, Milton EXPLANATION OF PLATES PLATE 1 15037 Codling moth Two small apples, one end and the other side wormy. The former is the most common method of injury by apple worms or larvae of the first brood, while the other is very characteristic of larvae of the second brood and is usually confined to points where fruits touch or where a leaf and apple adhere. Group of blossoms ready to spray and showing conditions just after the petals drop. Note that the green sepal lobes are widely ex- panded or drooping, and that conditions are therefore favorable for filling the calyx cup with poison. ; Three mature apples showing the work of the apple worm or cod- ling moth larva about the core, at the blossom end and an irregular cavity at the side, a point where the full grown larvae frequently escape A piece of bark removed from the tree and showing on the under surface the numerous cocoons in which the insects hibernate and undergo their transformations from the caterpillar to the pupa and moth 1 Moth with wings expanded, natural size. 2 Moth resting on young apple, side view 3 Moth resting on leaf, seen from above 4 A portion of a pinkish apple worm or larva in a wormy apple 5 Cocoon, as seen from the under side and showing the hole made by a woodpecker in search of the apple worm or larva 6 Cell on the under side of the bark containing a codling moth worm or larva. Note its nearly doubled position. 7 Upper surface of bark showing hole made by a woodpecker. The same condition as seen from the inner surface is repre- sented at 5. 8 Empty cocoon 9 Group of old cocoons 10 Two cocoons in which apple worms or larvae have been destroyed by fungus TI Oval excavation in the bark made by the apple worm or larva prior to spinning its cocoon ; 12 Newly made cocoon, the silken case being nearly obscured by particles of bark 138 Plate | Codling moth and its work Codling moth work Series I 1c Sprayed once, picked fruit: 3842 sound, 25 wormy apples 2c Sprayed twice, picked fruit: 3136 sound, 2 wormy apples NX Unsprayed, picked fruit: 2411 sound, 171 wormy apples 140 Plate 2 Codling moth work Codling moth work Series I 3a Sprayed thrice, picked fruit: 3879 sound, 3 wormy apples 4d Sprayed once late, picked fruit: 1809 sound, 131 wormy apples. Y Unsprayed, picked fruit: 1832 sound, 225 wormy apples 142 Codling moth work ee as b4 y t : ; ‘ PLATE 4 143 Codling moth work Series I 2c View showing loaded condition of tree 3a View showing loaded condition of tree 144 Plate 4 Trees in experimental orchard a | ; ——— ———s ee ——_—- Codling moth ‘Series 2 : ere f g moth work in Codl PLATE 6 147 iy f ‘ Y f 1 OL Tie oe ed) i | - Codling moth work — Three apples showing sun scald, W. H. Hart orchard, > [ ; i Plate 6 & ce e oeine Apples affected by sun scald & Cs Sera | . { ; [Se —— PLATE 7 149 eee a oe 7 ge Cm te es me pn ee Codling moth work Series 2 Two apples showing sun scald, followed by severe checking, fr orchard of Edward Van Alstyne, October 1911 150 i | i | press t I nS SUIMOT[O} 3 SUIYIIL if) L ayeld PLATE 8 151 1 Notch wing, Ennomos magnarius Htbn., natural size 2 Eggs of notch wing, Ennomos magnarius, natural size 3 Winthemia quadripustulata Fabr., view showing deformed or asymmetrical abdominal segments 4 Apple showing work of a miner, probably a species of Marmara Clem. 152 Apple insects and a parasite ai PLATE 9. 153 coal +> UL NI Micropyle of definite marked tussock moth, Hemerocampa dle tain iisdeackensxs200 Micropyle of gipsy moth, Porthetria dispar Linn. x 200 Hairs from full-grown gipsy moth larva, Porthetria dispar Linn. x 50 Hairs from egg mass of gipsy moth, Porthetria dispar Linn. x 200 Large hair from full-grown gipsy moth larva, Porthetria dispar Linn. x 200 An aerostatic hair from young larva of gipsy moth, Porthetria dispar Linn. x 225 Portion of pupal case of gipsy moth, Porthetria dispar Linn. X 33 154 Plate 9g Gipsy moth structures PLATE 10 155 Gipsy moth Prot ivelt ara dispar Linn. Defoliated apple orchard, Weston, Mass., Jun te the fruit and the vigorous untouched poison PAO (Obie WINE wees . yy Plate to Gipsy moth work r1o11 PLATE 11 157 Gipsy moth POreMercria Giswelie Lava, Red oak near Weston, Mass., June 29, 1911. Many acres were defoliated like this, though a strip some 200 feet wide on each side of the road had been well protected by poison. 158 Plate 11 Eee Spon Gipsy moth work 1o11 PLATE 12° 159) Gipsy moth IPCGirw ine we ma hig aie Lika, Practically clean stands of pine and maple near Metheun, Mass., June 30, 1911. These areas were protected simply by cutting out the favorite food plants and practically no injury resulted, as the young caterpillars were unable to develop upon either the pine or maple. 160 Plate 12 d by gipsy moth ine uninjure Clean stands of maple and p PLATE 13 161 Brown-tail moth | Euproctis chrysorrhoea Nests on young oaks near Salem, N. ie ih epi 162 ’ e ‘ -~ i ‘ * ’ I r 1 . t = ‘ i 7 . , i A at Plate ore A Petey: Ga: Brown tail moth work IgII sH ce By is 4 Ay Green maple worm ss Xylina antennata Walk Defoliated willows and maples, North Albany, N. 164 Plate 14 Green maple worm work IoIlI PLATE 15 165 Ooialianed! Green maple worm Xylina an 2 soft maples at Amsterdam, N. tennata W f | 166 \ 4 4 a a ‘ ah , ; 5; , ¥ A ha im \ Plate 15 as ad é Z 5 pager Green maple worm work Io11 ve in , Fs ee fi u "i aM Green maple worm Kiylinag antenmata. Walke Soft maple sprouts badly ragged by caterpillars, Amste Plate 16 "Noone De ali Green maple worm work I9gII i - y i : i Tan: it 8 bb st f ih! i , ree" oy ¥ 4% 4; te 7 i \ ; ve > i iy ad PAY ain yop = ‘ b MTs va fo be ¥ a is J Plea ene Oc a i eo Fl ies CMAN e ras 3 i j nd As . y i yee ; A uae ag. Seay » : it ” t Moth of green maple worm, Xylina antennata_ 2 Green maple worm, Xylina antennata Walk, xT 3'Iris borer, Macronoctua onusta’ Groteaga, (ee 4 Pyrausta theseusalis Walk, showing anal tuf 5 Larval cases of maple leaf . cutter, Paraclemens: foliella Fitch, natural size 170 Plate 7, New York insects ij pas PLATE 18 71 Maple leaf cutter Paraclemensia acerifoliellay Soft maple leaves showing characteristic eating a ! 172 II6I 39}}Nd Jeo] ojdeut FO FIOM gI aeId a eo eI 5) < H Ay Periodical Cicada Tibicen septendecim Linn. 1 Pupa as it comes from the soil 2 Pupal shell just cracking 3 Pupa five minutes later, 10:01 4 Pupa two minutes later, 10:03 5s Emerging insect five minutes later, 10:08 6 Emerging insect three minutes later, 10:11 174 Plate 19 Cicada transformations r—) R a 15] < 4 Ay Nu & WN Periodical Cicada Tibicen septendecim Linn. Emerging insect two minutes later than plate 18, fig. 6, 10:13 Emerging insect one minute later, 10:14 Insect crawling from the shell, 10:35 Insect resting on the empty shell, 10:36 Insect hanging beside the shell, to:42 Insect hanging from the pupal shell. Note padlike wings, 9:45 176 Plate 20 N tT Cicada transformations <= ee es > gs . . | ( t j cad aR I H < 4 Aa 7 yoy ; eo * Me UN eee ie F 4 Biren at: Son seat 4 a i v r f A > ah | ‘ i va Latry 5 ” ; tS Per. ele REALS) i JA ® hs 4 A ee wa te > i * uy Ae oo ie j rt } ye ; Pm i i i 5. Periodical Cicada Tibicen septendecim Linn, 1 Insect six minutes later Shes in plate 20, ae 6, 9:51 - 2 Insect one minute later, 9:52 3 Insect one minute later, 9:53 4 Wings fully developed and partly wrapped Bes | tee b | 5 Cicada fully colored as it appeared the next morning 6 Cicada with ovipositor partly inserted in a twig 178 Plate 21 Cicada transformations a SSS a Se Tas 9 + * isu an By H qd H Ay Tibieen se pten decim Linn. showing oviposition scars fast ie N N o Y Ge) = Ay Cicada oviposition Sey Sete a “a i] an a H aq AA ; 4 Periodical Cicada Tibicen, septendecim 1 Cicada chambers at New Baltimore, N. Y., June TOIl ie 182, punois sAoqe siaquieyd epeoiy €z 91eId s+ nxn | H a 4 fy. 184 SePpBII WOIF WY} Jo}01d 0} poyoU soo17, ve 93e1d PLATE 25 185 White marked tussock moth Hemerocampa leucostigma Sm. & Abp Defoliated linden at the corner of Eagle and Hamilton streets, Albany, N. Y. Photo June I9Q1t 186 Plate 25 White-marked tussock moth work PLATE 26 187 ; vite mt ey i IS Fin Mops ‘ . be f or ro ; WED 4 Pay a oh at CSTR as bate PS a i } s peat hi Tit bne ti ba Se "i it f iS OITA RON oe ee wid ( A) 0 } ul Ae en : as cf ‘ow i h | eh Tt a ee ie it we ¥ ie seh ths “= Four-lined leaf bug Poecilocapsus lineatus Fabr. Wilder currant shoots showing the characteristic spotting ca 188 Plate 26 eS work Four-lined leaf bug Fr 2 pe ao i$ 1 \ — ———— ee SS — ae = PLATE 27 189 1 Males of white marked tussock moth, Hemerocampa leuco- stigma Sm. & Abb. x I 2 Female of white marked tussock moth, Hemerocampa leuco- stigma Sm. & Abb. depositing eggs on the filmy cocoon x I 3 Cocoon of Cecropia moth, Samia cecropia Linn. containing nu- merous puparia of a parasitic fly, Frontina frenchii Will. 4 Pupa and larva of Xylophagus lugens Loew and larva (the larger one) of the allied X. abdominalis Lw. 190 Pe ee es os cael > Lz ard i ( eS Ss SS SSS 4 INDEX abdominalis, Arthrocnodax, 125 Xylophagus, 121 Abia inflata, 114-15 acanthodes, Syrphus, 120 acericola, Phenacoccus, 88, 98 _ ~ acerifoliella, Paraclemensia, 50-59 Actia pilipennis, 100 Additions to collections, 130-36 aeneus, Eumerus, 120 affinis, Trichius, 98 agilis, Mesochorus, 49 Agrilus anxius, 108-9, 113, 127 bilineatus, 113-14 agrostis, Neolasioptera, 129 Alabama argillacea, 116 Aleyrodes vaporariorum, 124 allioniae, Lasioptera, 129 Ambrosia beetle, 88 americana, Endaphis, 125 Hyperdiplosis, 128 Miastor, 126 Thryptocera, 101 Anasa tristis, 124 Angoumois grain moth, 124 antennata, Xylina, 48-52 antiopa, Euvanessa, 104-5 anxius, Agrilus, 108-9, I13, 127 Apple borer, round-headed, 127 Apple caterpillar, red-humped, 99- IOI Apple maggot, 125 Apple miner, 101 Apple tree, injurious insects: apple caterpillar, red-humped, 100 cicada, periodical, 84 codling moth, 13 forest tent caterpillar, ror gipsy moth, 46 locust leaf miner, 61 maple worm, green, 49 notch wing, 6, 54 | Apple tree, injurious insects (con- tinued ) rose leaf hopper, 66, 67 rosy hispa, 63 | Apple worm, 5, 13-42 | argillacea, Alabama, 116 Arilus cristatus, 62 arizonensis, Lasioptera, 129 Army worm, 50 Arsenate of lead, 51, 53, 56, 62, 98, TOOM LOLs LOS LOS Oy 1200128 Arthrocnodax (Endaphis) abdomi- nalis, 125 arvalis, Smynthurus, 103 Ash, green maple worm injuring, 49 | Ash psylla, 126 Asphondylia pattersoni, 128 vincenti, 125 Aspidiotus perniciosus, 102, 125, 127 Aster, rosy hispa injuring, 63 Asteromyia nigrina, 129 reducta, 129 atomella, Depressaria, 116-17 autumnaria, Ennomos, 54 Azalea, Gracilaria injuring, 117 | | | | | | | Basswood, rosy hispa injuring, 63 Bean weevil, 127 Beech, injurious insects: locust leaf miner, 61 maple leaf cutter, 57 bilineatus, Agrilus, 113-14 Billbugs, 128 Birch borer, 127 bronze, 8, 108-9, 113 Birch trees, injurious insects: bronze birch borer, 108 | cicada, periodical, 70 gipsy moth, 46 locust leaf miner, 61 : | notch wing, 56 192 Blister beetle, 6, 99 Blood worms, 122 Bordeaux mixture, 87 Bronze birch borer, 8, ro8-9, 113 Brown mite, 126 Brown-tail moth, 7, 42, 127 Bruchus obtectus, 127 Bryobia pratensis, 126 Butternut, Say’s blister beetle in- juring, 990 Byturus unicolor, 102-3 caliginosellus, Crambus, 118-19 candida, Saperda, 127 Canker worms, 98, 125 Carpocapsa pomonella, 13-42, 124 Case bearers, 125 cecropia, Samia, 116 Cecropia moth, 116 cerealella, Sitotroga, 124 Chalepus dorsalis, 59-63 inaequalis, 63 nervosa, 60, 63-65 rosea, 63 Chermes floceus, 127 Cherry tree, injurious insects: apple caterpillar, 100 rose leaf hopper, 66 Say’s blister beetle, 90 Chestnut, injurious insects: cicada, periodical, 84 June beetles, 115 notch wing, 56 Chestnut borer, two-lined, 9, 113 Chironomus sp., 122 Chokecherry, rosy hispa injuring, 63 Cicada, dogday, 71 Cicada, periodical, 5, 68-87, 128; life history, 69-70; oviposition, 70-71; description, 71; distribu- tion, 71; comparative abundance, 71-73; time of appearance, 73- 74; date of first cry or song of male, 74; persistence, 74-75; above ground chambers, 75; ap- pearance in the Hudson valley, 75-85; natural enemies, 85-86; injuries, 86; preventives of in- jury, 86-87; bibliography, 87 red-humped, NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Cicada linnei, 71 Clover mite, 126 coccidarum, Lobodiplosis, 127 Cockroach, 11 oriental, 93 Codling moth, 5, 13, 42, I24, 125, 126; summary of three years’ work with, 38 coffeae, Hyperdiplosis, 128 Coleophora limosipennella, 110 Coleoptera, additions to collec- tions, 130-32 Collections, 10; additions to, 130- 30 communis, Dasyneura, 129 concinna, Schizura, 99-101 Contarinia lycopersici, 128 Corn, Sphenophorus sp. injuring, 128 Cotton moth, 116 © | Cottony maple scale, 8, 908 | false, 08 Crambus caliginosellus, 118-190 cristatus, Arilus, 62 Cucumber beetle, striped, 124 Currant bushes, injurious insects: four-lined leaf bug, 103 | maple worm, green, 40 rose leaf hopper, 66 Cutworms, 127, 128 Cystiphora viburni, 120 Cytisus albus, injurious insects, — 116 Dactylopius, 127 Dasyneura communis, 129 gibsoni, 120 pergandei, 129 smilacifolia, 120 definita, Hemerocampa, 43-44 Depressaria atomella, 116-17 Derostenus primus, 62 Diabrotica vittata, 124 Diptera, additions to 132 dispar, Porthetria, 42-47 disstria, Malacosoma, I01 collections, INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 193 Dogday cicada, 7! dorsalis, Chalepus, 59-63 Eccoptogaster quadrispinosus, 91, 110-13 Elm case bearer, European, 110 Elm caterpillar, spiny, 8 Elm leaf beetle, 7, 105-8, 126 Elm trees, injurious insects: notch wing, 56 rose leaf hopper, 66 rosy hispa, 64 spiny elm caterpillar, 104 Endaphis, 125 americana, 125° hirta, 127 Ennomos autumnaria, 54 magnarius, 54-56 Ephemerida, additions to collec- tions, 136 Eriophyes, 125 erythrocephalus, Neoclytus, 88 Eumerus, 120 aeneus, 120 funeralis, 120 grandicornis, 120 lunulatus, 120 planifrons, 120 selene, 120 strigatus, 119-20 eupatorii, Hyperdiplosis, 125 ~ Eupatorium ageratoides, 63 European elm case bearer, I10 Euvanessa antiopa, 104-5 Explanation of plates, 137-90 False maple scale, 8, 88, 98 Flies, 9 floccus, Chermes, 127 Forest pésts, 9, 110-14 Forest tent caterpillar, ror Four-lined leaf bug, 103-4 Frontina frenchii, 116 Fruit, small fruit insects, 102-4 | Galerucella luteola, 105-8, 126 Gall midges, 9, 126, 127, 128; food habits, 10; hosts and galls of, 10; two new, 125 Garden flea, 6, 103 gibsoni, Dasyneura, 129 Gipsy moth, 6-7, 42-47, 127; de- scription, 43-45; distribution in America, 45; condition of infested territory, 45-46; means of prevent- ing spread, 46-47 gnaphalodis, Rhopalomyia, 129 ° Gooseberries, Rhopalomyia grossu- lariae injuring, 128 Gracilaria, 117-18 violacella, 117 Grain insects, 124, 125 grandicornis, Eumerus, 120 grandis, Lachnosterna, I15 Grapes, injurious insects: cotton moth, 116 rose leaf hopper, 66 Green maple worm, 8, 48-52 Greenhouse white fly, 124 grossulariae, Rhopalomyia, 128 grotei, Xylina, 49 . Hartman, Miss, work of, Io, II Harvest fly, 71 Hawthorn, injurious insects: locust leaf miner, 61 rosy hispa, 64 Heat as an insecticide, experiments with, II, 93-97 Heliophila unipuncta, 50 Hemerocampa definita, 43-44 leucostigma, 109-10 Hemichionaspis minor, 124 Hemiptera, additions to tions, 134-36 collec- Hickory, injurious insects: cicada, periodical, 70 green maple worm, 49 hickory bark borer, 9, QI, 110-13 Fruit tree insects, 5-6, 98-102, 125 | hirsuta, Lachnosterna, 115 Fumigation poisoning, 125 funeralis, Eumerus, 120 fungicola, Toxomyia, 128 fusca, Lachnosterna, 115 hirta, Endaphis, 127 Rhizomyia, 129 hirticula, Lachnosterna, I15 | Hispa, rosy, 63-65 194 Hogpeanut, locust leaf miner in- juring, 61 Holoneurus occidentalis, 128 Hoplia trifasciata, 98 Horse-chestnuts, tussock moth, white-marked, injuring, 110 House flies, 9 Howard, L. O., identification of species through courtesy of, 12 Hymenoptera, additions to col- lections, 130 Hyperdiplosis americana, 128 coffeae, 128 eupatorii, 125 hyphantriae, Meteorus, 49 inaequalis, Chalepus, 63 Indigo, false, locust leaf miner injuring, 61 inflata, Abia, 114-15 Injurious insects, 13-87 Ips sp., 91 Iris borer, II, 52-54, 119; descrip- tion, 52-53; control measures, 53; life history and habits, 53; bibliography, 54 Itonidae, 126, 128, 129; generic synopsis, I0; new species, Io Joanissia pennsylvanica, 129 June beetles, 115-16 Juniper webworm, 126 Jussiaea linifolia, 125 suffruticosa, 125 Kerosene emulsion, 51, 67, 87, 103. 104, 126 Kronomyia, 129 populi, 129 Lachnosterna fusca, I15 grandis, II5 hirsuta, I15 hirticula, 115 Lasioptera allioniae, 129 arizonensis, 129 portulacae, 127 Lasiopteryx schwarzi, 128 laticinerea, Xylina, 40 Leopard moth, 88 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Lepidoptera, additions to collec- tions, 132-34 Leptosyna quercivora, 123 quercus, 123 Lestodiplosis peruviana, 124 leucostigma, Hemerocampa, ime) Lilac, notch wing injuring, 56 Lime-sulfur wash, 6, 17, 87, 102, 126 limosipennella, Coleophora, 110 Linden, injurious insects: rosy hispa, 63 tussock moth, white-marked, 110 lineatus, Poecilocapsus, 103-4 linnei, Cicada, 71 Lobodiplosis coccidarum, 127 Locust leaf beetles, 9 Locust leaf miner, 59-63; early history, 60; description, 61; dis- tribution, 61; food plants, 61; life history, 61-62; control meas- ures, 62; natural enemies, 62; bibliography, 63 Locust trees, injurious insects: cicada, periodical, 83 locust leaf miner, 59-63 rosy hispa, 63 Say’s blister beetle, 90 longior, Tyroglyphus, 124 lugens, Xylophagus, 121 Lunate onion fly, 119-20 lunulatus, Eumerus, 120 luteola, Galerucella, 105-8, 126 lycopersici, Contarinia, 128 109- Macronoctua onusta, 52-54, II9 magnarius, Ennomos, 54-56 Malacosoma disstria, 101 Mamara, 101 Maple leaf cutter, 9, 56-59; previ- ous history, 57; description, 58; life history, 58; remedies, 509; bibliography, 59 Maple scale, cottony, 8, 08 false, 8, 88, 08 Maple worm, green, 8, 48-52; de- scription, 49; natural enemies, 49-51; food habits, 49; life history, 49; control measures, 51; bibli-— ography, 51-52 INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST Igit Maples, early applications of oily preparations dangerous, 8 injurious insects: forest tent caterpillar, Tol maple leaf cutter, 57 maple worm, green, 49 notch wing, 56 rose leaf hopper, 66 Maples of Mount Vernon, report upon condition of, 88-92 May beetles, 115 melanipodia, Psilocephala, 121 meles, Phytonomus, 98 Mesochorus agilis, 49 Meteorus hyphantriae, 49 Miastor, 5, 125, 127, 128 Miastor americana, 126 Mosquitos, 9 Mount Vernon, report upon con- ditions of shade trees, 88-92 \ ! Neoclytus erythrocephalus, 88 Neolasioptera agrostis, 129 squamosa, 129 trimera, 129 nervosa, chalepus, 60, 63-65 Neuroptera, additions to collec- tions, 134 nigrina, Asteromyia, 129 Notch wing, 6, 547-59; description, mass life history, 555 food habits, 56; remedial measures, 56; bibliography, 56 Nursery inspection, II Oaks, injurious insects: chestnut borer, 9 two-lined, I13 cicada, periodical, 70, 83, 84 gipsy moth, 46 June beetles, 115 locust leaf miner, 61 maple leaf cutter, 57 maple worm, green, 49 rosy hispa, 64 obtectus, Bruchus, 127 occidentalis, Holoneurus, 128 odontotae, Spilochalcis, 62 Trichogramma, 62 Office matters, II 195 Oligarces ulmi, 129 Onions, lunate onion fly, injuring, 119 onusta, Macronoctua, 52-54, I19 orientalis, Periplaneta, 93 Orthoptera, additions tions, 136 Oyster scale, 125 to collec- Paraclemensia acerifoliella, 56-59 pattersoni, Asphondylia, 128 Peach tree, injurious insects: cicada, periodical, 84 maple worm, green, 49 Say’s blister beetle, 99 Pear tree, injurious insects: apple caterpillar, red-humped, 100 Hoplia trifasciata, 98 maple worm, green, 49 notch wing, 6, 54 Peas, green maple worm injuring, 49 pectinata, Winnertzia, 121, 129 pennsylvanica, Joanissia, 129 pergandei, Dasyneura, 129 Periodical cicada, 68-87 Periplaneta orientalis, 93 perniciosus, Aspidiotus, 102, 125; 127 peruviana, Lestodiplosis, 124 Phenacoccus acericola, 88, 98 Phytonomus meles, 98 posticus, 98 pilipennis, Actia, 100 “ Pin-hole” borer, 88 Pine, injurious insects: bark borer, 9! cicada, periodical, 70 planifrons, Eumerus, 120 Plant lice, 125 Plates, explanation of, 137-90 Plecoptera, additions to collections, 136 Plum tree, injurious insects: apple caterpillar, red-humped, 100 maple worm, green, 49 rose leaf hopper, 66 196 Poecilocapsus lineatus, 103-4 Poison ivy, periodical cicada in- juring, 70 Poisons, do sprays poison people, 125 Polyphylla variolosa, 115 pomonella, Carpocapsa, 13, 124 Pomphopoea sayi, 99 Popcorn, sooty Crambus injuring, 118 Poplar, injurious insects: notch wing, 56 spiny elm caterpillar, 104 populi, Kronomyia, 129 Porthetria dispar, 42-47 portulacae, Lasioptera, 127 posticus, Phytonomus, 08 Potatoes, June beetles 115 pratensis, Bryobia, 126 primus, Derostenus, 62 Prionidus, 62 Protective mimicry, 123 Psilocephala melampodia, t2tr Psylla, ash, 126 Publications, Q-10, 124-29 Pulvinaria vitis, 08 Pyrausta theseusalis, 123 Pyrina, Zeuzera, 88 injuring, quadripustulata, 122 quadrispinosus, Eccoptogaster, Ql, 110-13 : quercivora, Leptosyna, 123 quercus, Leptosyna, 123 Quinces, green maple worm injur- ing, 49 Winthemia, 40, Raspberry bushes, garden flea in- juring, 103 Raspberry Byturus, 6, 102-3 Red clover, locust leaf Miner in- juring, 61 Red-humped apple caterpillar, 99- IOI Red-tailed Tachina fly, 49 reducta, Asteromyia, 129 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Remedies and preventives: arsenate of lead, 51, 53, 56, 62, 98, 100, IOI, 103, 105, IIo, 126, 128 bordeaux mixture, 87 kerosene, 51, 67, 87, 103 104, 126 lime-sulfur wash, 6, 17, 87, 102, 126 whale oil soap solution, 67, 87, 98, 126 Remedies and preventives for: apple borer, round-headed, 127 | apple caterpillar, red-humped, 100 chestnut borer, two-lined, 114 cicada, periodical, 86 codling moth, 6, 14, 126 cutworms, 127, 128 elm leaf beetle, 107 forest tent caterpillar, tor four-lined leaf bug, 104 hickory bark borer, 112 Hoplia trifasciata, 098 iris borer, 53 locust leaf miner, 62 maple leaf cutter, 59 maple worm, green, 51 notch wing, 56 raspberry Byturus, 102-3 rose beetles, 128 rose leaf hopper, 67 rosy hispa, 65 San José scale, 6, 102, T2naamaae 127 Say’s blister beetle, 99 spiny elm caterpillar, 105 tussock moth, white-marked, 110 Rhizomyia hirta, 129 Rhopalomyia gnaphalodis, 129 grossulariae, 128 rosae, Typhlocyba, 65-68, 128 Rose, injurious insects: apple caterpillar, red-humped, 100 maple worm, green, 49 rose leaf hopper, 65 Say’s blister beetle, 99 Rose beetles, 128 Rose leaf hopper, ‘ i) ) INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 11, 65-68, 128; description, 66-67; life history, 67; remedial measures, 67; bib- liography, 67-68 rosea, Chalepus, 63 Rosy hispa, 63-65; previous his- tory, 63-64; description, 64; dis- tribution, 64; life history, 64; remedial measures, 64-05; bibli- ography, 65 Round-headed apple borer, 127 rubida, Toxomyia, 127 Salt and cutworms, 128 Samia cecropia, 116 San José scale, 6, 102, 125, 126, 127 Saperda candida, 127 sayi, Pomphopoea, 99 Say’s blister beetle, 6, 99 Schizura concinna, 99-I0I schwarzi, Lasiopteryx, 128 Scurfy scale, 125 selene, Eumerus, 120 septendecim, Tibicen, 68-87 Seventeen-year locust, 5 Shadbush, rosy hispa injuring, 63 Shade tree pests, 7-8, 104-10 ‘Shade trees of Mount Vernon, re- port upon condition of, 88-92 Silver-spotted skipper, 128 Siphonaptera, additions to collec- tions, 132 Sitotroga cerealella, 124 smilacifolia, Dasyneura, 129 Smynthurus arvalis, 103 Soja beans, locust leaf miner in- juring, 61 Sooty crambus, 118-19 Sphenophorus sp., 128 Spilochalcis odontotae, 62 Spiny elm caterpillar, 8, 10475 Spraying, 125, 126 Sprays, do sprays poison people, 125 Spruce, Chermes floccus injuring, 127 Spruce gall, large aphid, 126 squamosa, Neolasioptera, 129 Squash bugs, 124 197 Strawberries, June beetles injur- ing, 115 strigatus, Eumerus, 119-20 Striped cucumber beetle, 124 Sumac, smooth, periodical cicada injuring, 70 Sweetgum, injurious insects: periodical cicada, 70 notch wing, 56 Sympiezus uroplatae, 62 Syrphus acanthodes, 120 Tachina fly, red-tailed, 49 theseusalis, Pyrausta, 123 Thorn, apple caterpillar, red-humped injuring, 100 Thrips, 65 Thryptocera americana, 101 Thysanura, additions to collec- tions, 136 Tibicen septendecim, 68-87 Toxomyia, 128 - i fungicola, 128 rubida, 127 Trichius affinis, 98 Trichogramma odontotae, 62 trifasciata, Hoplia, 98 trimera, Neolasioptera, 129 tristis, Anasa, 124 Tussock moth, definite marked, 43-44 Tussock moth, white-marked, 8, 109-10 Two-lined chestnut borer, 9, 113-14 Typhlocyba rosae, 65-68, 128 Tyroglyphus longior, 124 ulmi, Oligarces, 129 unicolor, Byturus, 102-3 unipuncta, Heliophila, 50 uroplatae, Sympiezus, 62 Van Name, W. G., investigations by, 8 vaporariorum, Aleyrodes, 124 variolosa, Polyphylla, 115 viburni, Cystiphora, 129 vincenti, Asphondylia, 125 198 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM violacella, Gracilaria, 117 vitis, Pulvinaria, 98 vittata, Diabrotica, 124 Webworm, juniper, 126 Whale oil soap solution, 67, 87, 08, 126 Wheat, Say’s blister beetle injur- ing, 99 Wheel bug, 62 White-marked tussock moth, 8, 109-10 Willow, injurious insects: gipsy moth, 46 spiny elm caterpillar; 104 Winnertzia pectinata, 121, 129 Winthemia quadripustulata, 122 Witch-hazel, maple leaf cutter juring, 57 Xylina antennata, 48-52 grotel, 49 laticinerea, 49 Xylophagus abdominalis, rar lugens, 121 Xyloterus sp., 88 Young, D. B., work of, 10, II Zeuzera pyrina, 88 49, in- | j Education Department Bulletin: Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y:, under the act of July 16, 1894 " No. 511 ALBANY, N. Y. JANUARY 15, 1912 Joun. M. CLarKz, Dire EPHRAIM PORTER FELT, State u MAY 8- ~ 1939 . Museum Bulletin Ae ELM LEAF BEETLE an WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH BY EPHRAIM PORTER FELT D.Sc. 1 PU ELPSNS (EVO) 10 0 lS eee i 5 Remedial tmeastires........... II Mea OCCHE. fel) os fal. ea 6 | White-marked tussock moth..... 14 Results of vattack! v8: Ye EN Descmiptionen tGasiinilmeu vents aa, oodniilanm Goss acca). Ses tus alee 7 Life history and habits....... TS aMee | Fis\ seillayei nto) sine ae ae ee 7 Tio fofe lub oF Feb lA MoeeeseAlgat PB ta ery es 4 ake 16 Description... fod ee 8 Natural enémiesyi.0o 0 <7 16 Pee wIISEOLV. hy). 2h; cielste v4 eyes 9 Remetiiess «nahin aii ee 16 INatmiral enemies’, joc. obs e ko 10 | Explanation of plates........... 19 Preventive measures.......... LOR) WRHGSS a Stati se ae ene BRL 35 ALBANY UNIVERSITY OF THE,STATE OF NEW YORK : Lore Me2r-Api2-2000 aan aaa 2 sty . STATE OF NEW YORK EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Regents of the University With years when terms expire 1913 ee Rei M.A. LL.D. D.C.L. Chancellor New York, : TOLg OT. CLAIR McKetway M.A. LL.D. Vice Chan- COLOR Me chin gins ohige | Deo ae. Sei e eikalavad § 1919 DANIEL BEACH Ph. D. Te D! OU Ato ie Na es ria rin. 1. SEXTONWUL.B: LGW! ss) vl Sele mime 1915 ALBERT VANDER VEER M.D. M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. Albany 1922),\CHESTER ©. LoRp M/A, LU.Da 2.02 Us (0s New Mens 1918 Witiiam NottrincHaM M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. . . Syracuse 1920 EUGENE A. PuHitpin LL.B. LL.D. °.°.. . . New York POLO, lLumcrus Nw LittaAveR’ BiAl 2 oe he ay Glonmeneaillle TO2t FRaNcIs M.\.\CARPENTER....... ). 2... . Moti Gaseqie 1928 ABRAM T/ELKUS LL Biya. 7.) ae Newent MOZAMADEDBERT NIOOT tei). ss lS Ae SW 4) ie neal Fa et ‘ a Commissioner of Education ANDREW S. Draper LL.B. LL.D. ‘Assistant Commissioners / Aucustus $. Downince M.A. Pd.D. LL.D. First Assestant | CHARLES F. WHEELOCK B.S. LL.D. Second Assisiant ° - Tuomas E. Finecan M!A. Pd.D. Third Assistant Director of State Library JAMES I. WyeEr, Jr, M.L.S. Director of Science and State Museum Joun M. CrarKke Ph.D. D.Sc. LL.D. _ Chiefs of Divisions Administration, GEorcE M. Witey M.A. Attendance, James D. SULLIVAN Educational Extension, W1LLIAM R. EASTMAN M.A. M:Lssy Examinations, HARLAN H. HorNeER.B.A. History, James A. HoLpen B.A. Inspections, Frank H. Woop M.A. Law, FRANK B. GILBERT B.A. Library School, Frank K. Water M.A. B.L.S. | Public Records, THomas C. Quinn ae School Libraries, SHERMAN WiLittAMs Pd.D. Statistics, Hiram C. Case \ he Visual: Instruction, ALFRED W. ABrams Ph.B. Vocational Schools, ARTHUR D. Dean B.S. * New York State Education Department Science Division, April 4, 1912 Hon. Andrew S. Draper LL.D. Commissioner of Education Str: Ihave the honor to submit herewith a revision of our State Museum Bulletin 109 relating to the elm leaf beetle, the tussock moth and their depredations upon our shade trees. The demand for information on these insect pests is large and the last edition of the bulletin is now exhausted. I therefore recommend this manuscript for publication. Very respectfully JouHn M. CLarRKE Director STATE OF NEW YORK EDUCATION DEPARTMENT COMMISSIONER'S ROOM Approved for publication this oth day of April 1912 Commissioner of Education Education Department Bulletin Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under the act of July 16, 1894 No. 511 ALBANY, N. Y. JANUARY 15, 1912 New York State Museum Joun M. CLarke, Director EPHRAIM PORTER FELT, State Entomologist Museum Bulletin 156 ELM LEAF BEETLE AND WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH BY EPHRAIM PORTER FELT D._Sc. The elm leaf beetle and the white-marked tussock moth must be ranked among the most important leaf feeders affecting the shade trees of cities and villages in New York State. They have been responsible for widespread injury to thousands of trees in recent years, while earlier experience shows that we must reckon with these species if we would preserve the beauty of our trees. Experience in the past has demonstrated beyond all question the practicability of checking both of these leaf feeders by spraying, an operation which is not very costly if modern apparatus be employed. We are forced to conclude therefore that extensive injury by either of these pests must be attributed to indifference or culpable neglect rather than in- ability, despite the fact that many appear very eager to take up the warfare at a time when the ravages are most apparent and unfortunately when repressive measures can be employed to very little advantage. There is a tendency on the part of many private individuals to attribute their woes to the neglect of adjacent shade trees on public streets, and conversely municipal authorities are prone to state that injury to public trees is due to the pests swarming thereto from neglected private grounds. The facts of the case are that both of these insects are very local in habit. This is a 6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM necessity in the case of the tussock moth, because the female -is wingless and as a consequence the species relies for dissemina- tion on the very limited crawling powers of the caterpillar or upon being carried by other agencies. [The elm leaf beetle, on the contrary, flies readily, but for some reason or other it is very local in its habits and not infrequently one may see magnificent trees infested with hordes of beetles and larvae, while within a block, sometimes within 50 feet, other elms may be practically free from the pest. These facts are of greatest importance to all interested in the welfare of shade trees, since they demon- strate beyond question the possibility of protecting the trees on our public streets, irrespective of what is done by private citizens, or conversely, the practicability of keeping the pest in check on private grounds, even though there is little or no re- pressive work upon those adjacent. Elm leaf beetle Galerucella luteola Mull The ravages of this dangerous enemy to elms has been par- ticularly severe in recent years. The damage has doubtless been accentuated in numerous instances by exceptionally dry weather and possibly by extremely low winter temperatures. These two factors afford no adequate explanation for the great increase in the number of injured trees, and particularly for the general de- struction of the foliage so conspicuous in many communities in Ig10 and 1911. It is very probable that the extension of electric car service and the more general use of automobiles have been of material service in disseminating a local and exceedingly prolific insect, since both of these vehicles usually traverse tree- lined streets and afford abundant opportunities for the collection and dissemination of the beetles and thus greatly increase the damage along favorite routes of travel. This pest was so abundant and injurious from 1896 to 1899 in the cities of Albany and Troy as literally to compel some action or a very large proportion of the elms would have been destroyed. The insect made such headway in these cities that it ruined or killed about 3000 elms before the end of 1900, and it is more than probable that at least 1000 additional succumbed the following decade. The earlier spraying against this pest produced for the most part very satisfactory results, while the treatment in recent years has given indifferent returns in many ELM LEAF BEETLE AND WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH 7 instances. An examination of conditions in several communities in the summer of rg11 forced us to the conclusion that most of the poor results following spraying were due to careless or slovenly work. It was a rather common occurrence to find the lower limbs fairly well sprayed, while the upper branches were almost untouched by the poison and, as a consequence, severely injured by the beetle. Dead foliage in midsummer, a weakened or dying condition of the trees, and the vacant spaces formerly occupied by elms, are in most instances the direct result of injury by this per- nicious beetle, though all conversant with the situation must admit that leaking gas and electricity have killed some trees in many communities. The number destroyed by these latter two agencies is small compared to those succumbing to insect depredations. Old age has been advanced by some as a reason for the death of many elms. This is hardly an adequate explana- tion, since many trees which have perished were comparatively young. Authentic records show that the American elm may live from 150 to 200 years. Under favorable conditions it should thrive for at least a century and in many instances for a century and a half. It is lamentable that so many magnifi- cent elms, representing the growth of several generations, and in many instances occupying commanding positions and adding greatly to the beauty and value of the adjacent property, should be destroyed within a few years by an insect which may be controlled at a comparatively small expense. -Results of attack. Elms losing two crops of leaves a season for three or four years are invariably seriously affected and some at least may die. The injury is almost as severe if the first crop of leaves is destroyed so late that very little new foliage de- velops the latter part of the season. This condition was rather general with American elms in 1911 and may have resulted in part from the weakened condition of the trees, an outcome of earlier injuries. Food plants. This leaf feeder displays a marked preference for the more tender foliage of the English and Scotch elms, though after the beetle has become abundant, it is frequently exceed- ingly destructive to the American elm. Its operations on this latter tree have been especially severe in the city of Watervliet and in villages in the upper Hudson valley. Distribution. This pest has now attained an extensive distri- bution in this country, ranging from north of Salem, Mass., to Char- 8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM lotte, N. C., and westward into Ohio and Kentucky. It occurs in most of the cities and villages in the Hudson valley, having made its way north to Glens Falls and Ticonderoga and along the Mohawk valley at least to Amsterdam. It has become well established at Elmira and Ithaca and has been known for some years in Oswego, though it does not appear to have been par- ticularly destructive in that city. There is no record Known to us of this species occurring in Utica, Syracuse, Rochester or Buffalo, though it is rather surprising that it has not already become established in all of these cities. Description. The skeletonized brown appearance of the fol- iage in midsummer is very characteristic of the work of this pest, particularly in the eastern cities and villages of the State. The irregular, oval holes about one-quarter of an inch in diam- eter, eaten by the beetles in early spring, are EmGANeS indication of the work of this species. The parent beetle may be recognized by reference to the colored illustration [pl.1, fig. 5,6]. It is about one-quarter of an inch long, with the head, thorax and margin of the wing covers a reddish yellow. The coal-black eyes and median spot of the same color on the head are prominent. The thorax is marked with a dorsal black spot of variable shape and with a pair of lateral ovoid ones. The median black line on the wing covers is widely separated from lateral stripes of the same color by green- ish yellow. The wing covers are minutely and irregularly punc- tured, bear a fine pubescence and at the base of each there is an elongated, black spot in the middle of the greenish yellow stripe. These markings are fairly constant in the beetle, though the color is quite variable during life and changes more or less after death. Many of the insects emerging from winter quarters have the yellowish stripes of the wing covers nearly obliterated by black. The orange-yellow eggs [pl. 1, fig. 1] are usually deposited in irregular rows side by side, forming clusters of from three to twenty-six or more on the underside of the leaf. Each egg is somewhat fusiform, attached vertically by its larger end and with the free extremity tapering to a paler rounded point. The recently hatched grub [pl. 1, fig. 2] is about one-twentieth of an inch long with the head, thoracic shield, numerous tuber- cles, hairs and legs jet-black. The skin is dark yellow but the tubercles are so large and the hairs so prominent that the pre- vailing color of the grub at this stage is nearly black. An increase ELM LEAF BEETLE AND WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH 9 in size, following molts, is accompanied by the stiff hairs be- coming less conspicuous and the yellow more prominent, till the grub becomes full grown [pl. 1, fig. 3]. It is then about one- half of an inch long, more flattened than in the earlier stages, with a broad, yellowish stripe down the middle of the back and with a narrower stripe of the same color on each side, these be- ing separated by broad, dark bands thickly set with tubercles bearing short, dark colored hairs. The dorsal yellow stripe is broken on each side by a subdorsal row of black tubercles which decrease in size posteriorly. The lateral yellow stripe includes a row of prominent tubercles with dark tips bearing hairs of the same color. The under surface is yellowish. The pupa [pl. 1, fig. 4] is a bright orange-yellow, about one- fifth of an inch long and with a very convex dorsal surface which bears transverse rows of stout, inconspicuous hairs. Life history. The transformations of this insect are so rapid and so greatly influenced by local conditions that a man must know what to expect or he will accomplish very little in fighting the pest, because a substance effective against the beetles or grubs may not kill the pupae and, after the larvae have begun to de- scend, may be of no value. The beetles winter in attics, sheds, belfries and other shelters. They emerge with the advent of warm weather and may then be found on the walks during the sunny portion of the day or at the windows of houses, trying to escape. The last of April or early in May, with the appearance of the foliage, the beetles fly to the elms and eat irregular holes in the leaves. Some time is occupied in feeding before the deposition of eggs, the latter may continue four and possibly five or six weeks. The prolific beetles consume a large amount of foliage during this time, depositing clusters of from three to twenty-six or more eggs every day or two. Over half the total number of eggs may be laid at the height of the season within about twelve days; in 1898, from June 12th to 23d. A female may produce over six hundred eggs. The young grubs appear early in June or about five or six days after the eggs have been deposited later in the season. They feed on the under surface of the leaf, producing the familiar skeletonization [pl. 1, fig. 7] which is caused by their eating the softer underpart, leaving the veins and the upper epidermis practically untouched. The results of their feeding are so marked that it is easy to detect the presence of the grubs by the IO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM semitransparent patches in the foliage. These latter soon dry and turn brown. . There are two and occasionally three generations of this de- structive insect in the latitude of Albany, the number depending to a considerable extent upon the availability of suitable food. The grubs complete their growth in from fifteen to twenty days, descending limbs and trunk to a great extent in search of some shelter under which to pupate. Seven days are spent in this latter state in warm July weather, while in September it is ex- tended to twelve and in October to twenty-four days. The grubs of the first brood usually forsake the trees in Albany by the last of June or early in July, and beetles belonging to the second generation may begin depositing eggs about the middle of July, and from then to late in autumn it is generally possible to find this insect in all stages in some part of Albany. The beetles of the second brood are naturally attracted to fresh foliage and consequently more eggs are usually deposited on trees which _have been defoliated earlier in the season than upon others. Badly infested trees are therefore very likely to lose two crops of leaves in a season and may possibly have their third seriously marred by this pest. The second brood of grubs completes its growth about the middle of August, beetles appearing the latter part of the month, and if there is an abundant supply of fresh leaves, a third generation may appear in considerable numbers. This last brood more frequently occurs in near-by trees which have not been severely injured earlier in the season. Natural enemies. This leaf feeder is subject to attack by a number of natural enemies, most of which, however, are of com- paratively little importance in keeping it in check. The common garden toad will devour many beetles, and the much despised English sparrow also feeds upon these insects to some extent. Several predaceous insects prey upon this pest to a certain degree. Preventive measures. There are measures of considerable value in the prevention of insect depredations, and there is no reason why such should not be applied to the shade tree problem. It is a mistake to have half to three-fourths of all the shade trees in a city or village one species, especially if mostly on contiguous streets. This is true of many localities where the elm leaf beetle has caused very serious injury during the last few years. The American elm and sugar maple, both ELM LEAF BEETLE AND WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH 1a deservedly favorites for shade and park trees, may well give way in part at least to other desirable species, such as the Nor- way maple, an excellent tree in many ways and practically free from the insect pests so injurious to the sugar and the white or silver maple. The last named has been extensively used in many localities, and though brittle and liable to injury by wind and ice, usually keeps in excellent condition for a number of years. The red maple is also a valuable tree. Vhe American basswood or linden, the horsechestnut, the European plane tree or buttonwood, the American ash and oaks, especially the pin oak, red oak and scarlet oak should be set more freely. The Ailanthus (pistillate trees) and the Carolina poplar, though pos- sessing serious drawbacks, are desirable under certain condi- tions. This diversified planting would admit the use of one species on a street, and if adjacent streets were set with differ- ent varieties, such an arrangement would go far toward reduc- ing the possibility of extended outbreaks by injurious insects or fungous diseases. The proper care of trees, including judicious selection so as to secure the best adaptation to local conditions, is an important factor in forestalling insect ravages. Trees in full vigor are better able to sustain injury and are usually less troubled by in- sects than those in a debilitated condition. Certain progressive communities have already recognized this need and have met it in a more or less satisfactory manner. ‘The city of Newark, N. J., with a population of 347,469, expends for tree work (which latter is separate from park work) about $27,000 a year, $6000 of this being for pruning, $6000 for spraying and $15,000 for setting out new trees, maintenance etc. East Orange, N. J., with a population of only 34,371, expended in 1909 over $10,000 through its shade tree commission, $1200 of this being a special ‘appropriation for spraying elms. The city of Buffalo has re- cently placed the care of its trees in the hands of a forester and there is no reason why other communities should not adopt equally comprehensive measures. Spraying alone is not suffi- cient. There should be wise planting, judicious pruning and liberal fertilization whenever necessary. _ Remedial measures. The secret in controlling this insect lies in understanding thoroughly its life history and appreciating the vulnerable points. A thorough spraying with a poison early in the spring, when the leaves are half out or larger, is most 12 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM effective in preventing breeding, as the beetles are de- stroyed before they can deposit many eggs. Arsenate of lead is by far the best poison and should be used at the rate of four pounds (15 per cent arsenic oxid) to fifty gallons of water. Fortunately the beetles are rather local in habit and as a consequence individual trees or groups of trees may be protected to a very large extent even if there are neglected ones in the near vicinity. The local spread of this pest is slow and this should be taken advantage of to the greatest possible extent by keeping the insect in control wherever it occurs, even though the infestation be a small one and the present injury of comparatively little importance. It is a mistake on the part of local authorities to wait till this enemy of the elms has become well established and destructive before repressive measures are undertaken. The grubs feed almost exclusively on the under surface of the leaf, rarely occurring upon its upper side. The first injury is usually on the upper more tender leaves, hence there is great need of spraying the tops of the trees, and in order to kill the de- structive grubs it is essential that the poison be thrown on the underside of the foliage. Spraying with an arsenical poison for the destruction of grubs is satisfactory only when the application is early, as it is hardly advisable to spray for this insect when the grubs are nearly full grown, since they are liable to desert the tree even when slightly underfed and complete their transforma- tions, rather than to eat distasteful foliage. The ideal spray for this pest is a fine mist applied to the under side of all the leaves. It is impossible to throw such a spray any distance, and owing to the great height of most elms, such treatment is impractical. A moderately coarse spray which can be thrown 25 to 40 feet has been usually employed in connection with ladders or the use of a high tower. The latter is practical only where the streets are fairly level. The recent development in the use of a solid stream and pressures of between 200 and 300 pounds for gipsy moth work has greatly reduced the cost of applications in woodlands, and the system is now being applied to shade trees with a corresponding saving in time and expense. This method necessitates the use of more poison, there is in- creased dripping and the throwing of the spray upon the foliage is not so readily controlled. These are grave though not insut-_ mountable objections, and for the present we are inclined to - favor a moderately coarse spray with the use of ladders or a , tower as the most practical method of spraying shade trees. | ELM LEAF BEETLE AND WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH 13 Communities usually fail to realize that in the elm leaf beetle we are dealing with an insect extremely sensitive to poison and one which will feed upon sprayed leaves only when no others are available. Its senses are so keen that it can detect poison hardly visible with a powerful hand lens. Under such conditions one may readily see how easy it is to secure indifferent results. Spraying trees is a disagreeable, hazardous occupation, and in order to secure the best returns, it is necessary to make the com- ‘pensation such as to result in a keen competition for the position of nozzleman. The application of business principles would justify larger municipalities placing this work in the hands of one who understood at least the rudiments involved (a skilled landscape gardener or forester would be even better) and giving him au- thority to insist upon any reasonable standards in methods and operation. Such a person could reasonably be expected, if pro- vided with sufficient funds, to keep the foliage of elms practically intact throughout the season, even in sections where the elm leaf beetle was excessively abundant or upon trees adjacent to those badly injured by the pest. Many trees were badly injured last year because there was so much difficulty in securing men who would do thorough work, a prime essential in an under- taking of this kind. The effective spraying season extends from early to middle May till nearly the latter part of June, a total of approximately six weeks. Making allowances for interruptions by rain, we can hardly expect more than thirty full working days during this period. A power spraying outfit of the usual type and provided with two lines of hose can spray thoroughly, perhaps fifty trees a day or a maximum of 1500 during the season as restricted above, much depending upon the size and location of the trees as well as the efficiency of the men in charge. _ The cost of thorough spraying is not excessive, It may be esti- “mated at about 50 cents a tree or only 10-20 cents a tree if all the work be done from the ground with a high power outfit, in -each case making no allowance for the cost of apparatus. A power spraying outfit adapted to shade tree work can hardly ‘be obtained for less than $275 to $500, and in case of the high Pressure outfits, may easily amount to more than double the latter sum. There should be plenty of power, an abundance of hose and good ladders unless it is planned to do all the work from the ground. This work can be done with a powerful hand pump at a greater cost for operation though the initial expense 14 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ($30—$50) is much less. It is extremely desirable, where conditions permit, for a community to provide not only for the spraying of the street trees, but also to arrange for the care of those on private grounds at a nominal cost. The full-grown larvae crawl down the trunks in great num- bers and the golden yellow pupae may be found in abundance in crevices in the bark and on the ground about the tree. A good proportion of the insects can be forced to take refuge on the ground by scraping off the rough bark, thus depriving them of shelters upon the tree. Large numbers can then be killed when assembled about the base of the tree by spraying them with a contact insecticide such as kerosene emulsion, whale oil soap solution or even by pouring boiling water on them. The grubs should be destroyed in the manner indicated every five days so long as the pests are seen in numbers, in order to secure the best results, This method of fighting the pest is advisable only when it is impossible to employ the more satisfactory arsenical sprays. Bands of tar, sticky fly paper, cotton batting, etc., while they do no harm, can not be considered of much value in keeping the elm leaf beetle under control. The relatively few grubs caught on a sticky band are but a drop in the bucket com- pared with the masses which complete their transformations either above or below. It is worse than useless to attempt to control this or any other insect by boring a hole in the trunk of a tree and inserting therein compounds of any nature. The tree is weakened and unless the chemical be powerful enough to kill it, the insects are not affected. White-marked tussock moth. Hemerocampa leucostigma Abb. & Sm. This insect, preeminently a pest on city and village trees, occasionally proves a veritable scourge over considerable areas. Some cities appear to be more afflicted in this way than others. The summer of 1906 was marked by extensive depredations in a number of cities and villages throughout the State, thus dupli- cating the experience of 1898. It will therefore be seen that seri- ous injuries by this caterpillar are more or less periodic. This is to be explained by the fact that the species has a number of natural enemies which assist materially in keeping it under con- trol. The destructive outbreaks are examples of what might occur annually were there no parasites to check the work of this ELM LEAF BEETLE AND WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH 15 voracious leaf feeder. The cause of this native species thriving so greatly in cities and villages during recent years is explained by the abundance of the English sparrow. This bird will not eat the caterpillars and drives away many of the native forms which, in earlier days, were of great service in devouring these hairy pests. Description. The full-grown caterpillar is really a beautiful object. It has a coral-red head, a pair of long, black plumes just over it, a single one at the opposite extremity of the body, four delicate yellowish or white, brushlike tufts on its back and just behind them, separated only by a segment, two small retractile red elevations. There is a broad, black band broken only by tubercles and tufts along the back and bordered by yellowish stripes. Each side is dark gray except for the yellowish tuber- cles: The breathing tubes or spiracles are in a lateral black line and below this the caterpillar is yellow, the legs usually be- ing paler [pl. 2, fig. 4]. The very young caterpillar is pale yel- lowish or whitish with long, irregular hairs. It increases in size, casts its skin from time to time and assumes one after another the characteristics of the full-grown larva. The thin cocoons spun in the crevices of the bark [pl. 2, fig. 6] have the long hairs of the caterpillar interwoven and within this shelter the larva transforms to a yellowish white pupa more or less shaded with dark brown or black [pl. 2, fig. 7]. The sexes differ strikingly as is shown on plate 2, figures I and 2. The male is a beautiful moth with large feathery anten- nae, tufted legs, and with the wings and body delicately marked with several shades of gray or grayish white. The female, on the other hand, is a nearly uniform gray with simple antennae and but rudimentary wings. The eggs, usually over three hundred, are deposited on the empty cocoon, under a conspicuous white mass of frothy matter about one-half of an inch in diameter [pl. 2, fig. 3]. This soon hardens and forms a very effective protection. The egg masses [pl. 7, 8] are easily removed and a tree thoroughly cleared thereof can become infested again only by caterpillars crawling from adjacent trees or being carried thereto. The individual egg is nearly spheric, about one-twenty-fifth of an inch in diameter, white or yellowish white and with a light brown spot surrounded by a ring of the same color. Life history and habits. This insect winters in the conspic- uous egg masses described above, the young appearing about 16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the latter part of May in this latitude. They feed at first on the more tender lower epidermis of the leaf and soon devour all but the principal veins. The small caterpillars frequently hang by a silken thread and continued jarring may cause many to drop to the ground. Feeding and growth occupy a month or more, pupation occurring the latter part of June or early in July. There is some deviation from this, as a few individuals spin up early and some caterpillars linger till numerous egg clusters indi- cate that most of the insects have completed the round of life. The pupal stage occupies from ten to fifteen days. The wingless female appears at the end of this period, crawls on her co- coon and shortly deposits eggs as described. There is normally but one generation annually in Albany and other inland cities, while in New York City and vicinity and in Boston, Mass., there are two broods and at Washington, D. C., there are three gen- erations each year as stated by Doctor Howard. The young caterpillars drop from the tree readily, suspend themselves by silken threads and then may be blown or carried considerable distances. The full-grown caterpillars desert the trees and wander considerably. This is particularly true of the larger ones which almost invariably produce female moths. The eocoons are spun very generally on the trunks or on the mme@ee side of the larger branches. Food plants. This leaf feeder exhibits a marked preference in cities for the linden and horse-chestnut, while it feeds readily on elms and maples. It has also been recorded on a number of other trees. Natural enemies. This species has a number of natural ene- mies. Its comparative rarity in the country shows that our native birds must be very efficient natural checks upon this in- sect. Mr E. H. Forbush states that forty-seven species of native birds feed on hairy caterpillars, most of which would probably take this leaf feeder. The robin, Baltimore oriole and cuckoo are among the more valuable in this respect. Parasitic insects are also very efficient checks. This species is subject to attack by some twenty-one primary parasites and these in turn may become the prey of fourteen hyperparasites. Remedies. A simple and very satisfactory method of con- trolling this insect is the gathering and destroying of egg masses. Several cities and villages in New York State have employed children in this work by offering a small bounty and a system of prizes. The result has been that 4 large number of ege masses ELM LEAF BEETLE AND WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH W7/ were secured and destroyed at a comparatively slight cost. The defect in this method is that it is more or less irregular in opera- tion and is usually resorted to only after serious injury to the trees has aroused public opinion. There is no doubt as to the effectiveness of collecting egg masses and in not a few instances it may prove the cheapest method of keeping this pest in check. It would seem better for the welfare of the trees to make some provision for the systematic collection of egg masses from year to year from all the trees, even though the cost be some- what greater. The collection of egg masses should be supplemented, if un- cleaned trees are in the vicinity, by banding the trunks at the time the caterpillars begin to crawl, with some material which will prevent the ascent of straggling larvae. A very simple method is to take a band of cotton batting some six or eight inches wide, wrap it around the tree, tie a string about its middle and then turn the upper edge down over the string. Tree tangle- foot, a preparation made by the same company that manufac- tures tanglefoot fly paper, has been used very extensively on trees about Boston. It is very adhesive, remains sticky for a con- siderable time and does not injure the bark of older trees at least. The tussock moth caterpillar succumbs readily to arsenical poisons and where the trees are infested or are likely to be at- tacked by more than one leaf feeder, as is true in the Hudson valley, spraying is perhaps the best method of protecting the trees. One of the best poisons for this purpose, particularly in sections infested by the elm leaf beetle, is arsenate of lead, (15 per cent arsenic oxid), used at the rate of four pounds to fifty gal- lons of water. EXPLANATION OF PLATES Plate 1 Executed from nature, under the author’s direction, by L. H. Joutel of New York City, and reproduced from the 5th report of the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forests through the courtesy of the commissioners 19 Elm leaf beetle Galerucella luteola Mill. Cluster of eggs, much enlarged Side view of single egg, still more enlarged Recently hatched larva or grub, much enlarged Full-grown larva or grub, much enlarged Pupa, much enlarged Overwintered beetle, much enlarged Fresh, brightly colored beetle much enlarged Leaf showing eating of larvae or grubs and a few holes eaten by beetles, eggs in clusters, cast larval skins and full-grown larvae, natural size Leaf skeletonized by grubs Leaf eaten by beetles PLATE 1 L. H. Joutel, 1900 ELM LEAF BEETLE {Reprint from 5th report of commissioners of fisheries, game and forests) Plate 2 i Executed from nature by L. H. Joutel = White-marked tussock moth Hemerocampa leucostigma Abb. & Sm. Male moth at rest on trunk Female laying eggs upon her cocoon Egg masses on cocoons A full-grown caterpillar resting on a twig Cast skins of caterpillars Cocoons massed on trunk Pupa of female within cocoon Twigs girdled by caterpillars a Twig broken off at point of girdling The foliage shows the effects of this caterpillar’s work CO ON Cro f ® DN 22 PLATE 2 MOTH x S) O D rm) = KE a Lu x ac =< = Lu i x = L. H. Joutel, 1906. Css | A magnificent English elm nearly defoliated by the el ‘beetle, Galerucella luteola Miill. Lancas Albany. Photo August 1906. | Plate 3 Sas Albany, Aug. 1906 Work of elm leaf beetle on Lancaster street Row of English elms on South Hawk street, Albany, nearly ruined by the work of the elm leaf beetle, Galerucella luteola Mill. Photo August 1906. These nine trees were, in 1898, in about the same condition as the one illustrated on plate 3. 26 W/V) UU) y Yip Work of elm leaf beetle on South Hawk street Yi) Albany, Aug. 1)» American elm on Washington avenue near Fort Orange Club, Albany, seriously injured by the elm leaf beetle, Galerucella luteola Mill. Photo August 1906. Note the numerous dead limbs. This tree died about two years later. 28 Plate 5 Albany, Aug. 1906 Work of elm leaf beetle on Washington avenue —— { i. i { a ed = Plate 6 29 Work of white-marked tussock moth, Hemerocampa leucostigma Abb. & Sm., on clump of horse-chestnuts standing on the grounds of St Francis de Sales Asylum, Albany. Photo August 1906. 30 jnujsoyo ssIOY UO YJOW Yoossn} poyseU-sYyYM JO YOM 9061 ‘any ‘Aueqiy 9 238[d See Egg masses of white-marked tussock moth Hemero- campa leucostigma Abb. & Sm., on “Ameneanmem: Congress street, Albany. Photo August 1906. Note that the egg masses are conspicuous, attached to slight cocoons and therefore easily removed. Go to Plate 7 Albany, Aug. 1906 g street marked tussock moth eggs on Sprin te- Whi Plate 8 33 4 ‘ : yy wt “% i . . f as n 4 J : N . 4) “ ‘ i?) , Tf i Egg masses of white-marked tussock moth, Hemero- campa leucostigma Abb. -& (Sm) on (eugene Capitol park, Albany. Photo August 1906. Note that the egg masses are conspicuous, attached to slight cocoons and therefore easily removed. 34 Plate 8 Capitol Park, Albany, 1906 te-marked tussock moth eggs Whi IND BX Arsenate of lead, 9, 12, 17. Birds, feeding on white-marked tussock moth, 16; on elm leaf beetle, Io. Cotton batting, 14. Elm leaf beetle, 6-14; description, 8- 9; distribution, 7-8; food plants, 7; life history, 9-10; natural enemies, 10; remedial measures, II-I4. Fly paper, 14. Galerucella luteola, 6-14. Hemerocampa letcostigma, 14-17. Kerosene emulsion, 14. leucostigma, Hemerocampa, 14-17. luteola, Galerucella, 6-14. 35 Parasites, white-marked tussock moth, 16. Remedies, arsenate of lead, 12, 17; cotton batting, 14; fly paper, 14; kerosene emulsion, 14; tar bands, 14; whale oil soap solution, 14. Tar bands, 14. Tussock moth, see White-marked tussock moth. Whale oil soap solution, 14. White-marked tussock moth, 14- 17; description, 15; food plants, 16; life history and habits, 15-16; natural enemies, 16; remedies, 16— ie a d as second-class 1 matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y. under a i the act of July 16, 7204 ALBANY, N. Y. Marcu 1, 1912 Joun M. Crarxe, Director CuarLes H. Peck, State Boeing 4q PAGE PAGE 1 : UN OGUENCH ION PR vohc ry sx. chong write! 5, | eidibledimnedsy akon ne TRS ene 53 q Plants added to the riser tr | New York species of Clitocybe... 59 q ‘Contributors and their eeeeeaee New York species of Laccaria.... 90 Beers >) tlOHS 20... : AA NOR aca 14. | New York species of Psilocybe... 94, _ Species not before reported...... 21 | Latin descriptions of new species Remarks and observations...... 37 ang PWATTetIeS. 0'\./ ute leant neem 106 i ____ New species and varieties of ex- Explanation of plates........... 117 Pralamattal famed oo ck cay bas Aig il Ls £612 daa Me ee yr Pua i ALBANY _ UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1912 _ Mbir-Mr12-2000 STATE OF NEW YORK. EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Regents of the University With years when terms expire 1913 WHITELAW Rep M.A. LL.D. D.C.L. Chancellor. New York ‘ro17! ST Crain McKetway M.A. LL.D. Vice Chan- CELOT ia wae og a OY i 2 Eo eaiegel 1919 DANIEL Bec Ph. D. io De Vests Santee tS MN hea eet LOMAVELINY: “h. SEXTON) WEB. Way sient . Palmyra 1915 ALBERT VANDER VEER M.D. M.A. Ph.D. bie D. Albany 1922 CHESTER S. Lorp M.A. LL.D. eis . . New York 1918 WiLii1aAmM NottTincHaM M.A. Ph. D. LL. D. . . syracuse 1920 EUGENE’ A. Puirpin LL.B. LL.D. .*..-. .. New Mork 1910) Jaucius N. Lirrauger BiAw ). ) olose) 17) 72 Glomersalies i92t) Francis M. CARPENTER... . . 4. ,, Moume aie 1923 ‘ABRAM Jd, Erkus (LLB. is 2 yao. (2 428). INiemeias POCA) ADELBERT MOOT.) os. iyoriete se lea ciate, el alee enectinar Commissioner of Education ANDREW S. Draper LL.B. LL.D. Assistant Commssioners Aucustus S. Downine M.A. L.H.D. LL.D. First Assistant CuHarLeES F. WHEELOCK B.S. LL.D. Second Assistant Tuomas E. Finecan M.A. Pd.D. LL.D. Third Assistant Director of State Library James I. WveErR, Jr, M.L.S. Director of Science and State Museum Joun M. Crarke Ph.D. D.Sc. LL.D. Chiefs of Divisions Administration, GEorcE M. Wirtey M.A. Attendance, James D. SuLLIVAN Educational Extension, Witt1am R. Eastman M.A. M.L.S. Examinations, Hartan H. Horner B.A. History, James A. Hoven B.A. : Inspections, FRanK H. Woop M.A. Law, Frank B. GitBert B.A. | Library School, Frank K. Watrter -M.A. B.L.S. Public Records, THomas C. Quinn School Libraries, SHzERMAN WiLLtAMs Pd.D. Statistics, Hiram C. Case ; Visual Instruction, ALFRED W. Aprams Ph.B. : Vocational Schools, ARTHUR D. Dzan B.S. New York State Education Department Science Division, February 28, 1912 Hon. Andrew S.-Draper LL.D. Commissioner of Education Sir: I beg to transmit herewith for publication as a bulletin of the State Museum, the annual report of the State Botanist for the fiscal year ending September 30, I9QI1. Very respectfully Joun M. CLARKE Director STATE OF NEW YORK EDUCATION DEPARTMENT COMMISSIONERS ROOM Approved for publication this 29th day of February, 1912 Commissioner of Education Education Department Bulletin Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office, at Albany, N. Y. under the act of July 16, 1894 No. 514 ALBANY, N. Y. MARCH I, I9I2 New York State Museum JoHN M. Crarke, Director. CuHarLes H. Peck, State Botanist Museum Bulletin 157 REPORT OF STATE BOTANIST tort Dr John M. Clarke, Director of the State Museum: I have the honor of submitting the following report of work done in the botanical section of the State Museum during the past year. Specimens of plants for the State herbarium have been collected in the counties of Albany, Essex, Lewis, Oneida, Otsego, Rensselaer, Saratoga, Steuben and Warren. Specimens have been contributed by correspondents and others that were collected in the counties of Albany, Cattaraugus, Columbia, Cortland, Franklin, Fulton, Greene, Herkimer, Jefferson, Monroe, New York, Oneida, Onondaga, Ontario, Orange, Orleans, Queens, Rensselaer, Richmond, Schenectady, Suffolk, Tompkins, Warren, Washington and Westchester. Extralimital specimens have been contributed that were collected in Alaska, California, Canada, Colorado, Connecticut, Cuba, Dela- ware, District of Columbia, Europe, Florida, Indiana, Kansas, Mary- land, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Jersey, Ohio, Oregon, Utah, Vermont and Washington. The number of species of which specimens have been added to the herbarium is 283 of which 100 were not before represented in it. Of these, 28 are new or hitherto undescribed species. All of these are fungi. A list of the names of the added specimens is marked “ Plants added to the Herbarium.” The number of those who have contributed specimens is 74. This includes those who sent specimens merely for identification, if the specimens were collected in our State and were in such condition 6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM and of such character as to make them desirable additions to the herbarium. The number of persons for whom identifications have been made is 162. The number of identifications made is 1915. A list of the names of contributors and of their respective con- tributions is marked “ Contributors and their contributions.” The names of species new to our flora with their localities, time of collecting and remarks concerning them will be found in a chap- ter marked “ Species not before reported.” This includes species which may have been reported before as varieties of other species but which now are regarded as distinct species. Also descriptions of those regarded as new species. New localities of rare plants, new varieties and any facts of interest that may have been observed are given under the title “ Remarks and observations.” Many specimens of fungi collected outside of our State have been received for determination. When no description could be found to correspond to their characters they have been considered new species and names given to them and descriptions of them written. These will be found under the heading “ New species and varieties of extralimital fungi.” Eight species and varieties of mushrooms have been tested for their edible qualities and approved. These added to those already known make the number of New York edible species and varieties of mushrooms now known, 213. One species previously reported as edible was found by Mr F. C. Stewart to have a bitter taste. It is the rooted collybia, Collybia radicata (Relh.) Fr. In my trials of this species for its edi- bility no such flavor was observed. At my request Mr Stewart sent me specimens of this mushroom gathered in the locality from which the bitter ones came. These were cooked in the same manner as in my former trials. Their bitter flavor was verified: but no evil conse- quences resulted. It has been learned in this case that some mush- rooms, as well as apples and other fruits, may vary in flavor. When the bitter taste is mild it is not a serious objection to their edibility provided it is not distasteful to the eater and no evil consequences follow. Dandelions cooked as a pot-herb often have a decidedly bitter flavor which to some persons is not at all objectionable and may even be considered as valuable because indicating tonic properties. Two trips have been made in my efforts to locate and investigate the chestnut bark disease. Having learned by report that this REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 7 disease was supposed to have attacked the chestnut trees about Cooperstown, that locality was visited and under the guidance of one familiar with the locality and interested in the woodland sup- posed to be affected, a careful search for it was made. No evidences ef the presence of the fungus that causes the chestnut bark disease were found either in the standing trees or in the branches, stumps and young shoots of trees that had been cut because they were sup- posed to have been attacked by it. The real cause of the trouble was not satisfactorily ascertained, but it seemed probable that the severe drouths of three preceding seasons may have contributed to the trouble. Having heard that the disease was advancing northward from New York City through the counties along the east bank of the Hudson river, and had already reached Columbia county, a visit was made to the town of Sand Lake in Rensselaer county. Chestnut trees are common in the woods of that region but my efforts to find there any evidences of the fungus that causes the chestnut bark disease were wholly unsuccessful. Subsequent investigations by others have indicated its presence in both the southern and northern part of the county. In this case as in others a new attack appears to have been made in places widely separated from any others. In this respect the disease is specially dangerous, the germs or spores being evidently carried by insects, birds or some other agent than winds. It is therefore of the utmost importance that a close watch be kept for the appearance of the disease wherever chestnut trees abound and that trees found affected by it should be cut and their bark burned as soon as possible. The spread of the disease has been so rapid and its work so virulent during the two years past that constant watchfulness and prompt action whenever it appears are essential to its suppression. It is probable that this destructive out- break of this remarkable disease is sporadic and brought about by an unusual combination of favoring circumstances and will not long continue to be so destructive. Nature generally finds some way to check such extraordinary action and restore the equilibrium of her forces, but sometimes the proper conditions are not restored till after great damage has been done. It will not do therefore to sit quietly down and wait for such a consummation. We may by prompt and judicious action aid the natural processes and thereby diminish and shorten the ravages of the evil. In continuance of my investigation of the marsh flora of the Adirondacks, Peacock marsh in the town of North Elba was visited. It is located about three miles south of Lake Placid and nearly east 8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM from Averyville. The visit was made in June and owing to the early time in the season it is probable that some plants which occur later were not seen. A list of those seen will be found in the chapter designated ‘“‘ Remarks and observations.” It is interesting to note the seasonal influences on plants and their similar results on our cultivated plants and wild mushrooms. In the eastern part of the State the prevailing low temperature in the spring retarded the development of vegetation and kept back the blossoming of the early varieties of fruit trees. Then a somewhat abrupt change to warmer weather caused these and later varieties to blossom more nearly simultaneously than usual. The early Rich- mond cherry and the Montmorency commonly have an interval of about ten days between their times of flowering. This year that interval was only two or three days. Pear trees, plum trees and cherry trees were in blossom nearly at the same time and apple trees quickly succeeded them. ‘The resulting fruit crop was abundant and matured early. In midseason a long period of dry hot weather kept back the development of those species of mushrooms that com- monly appear at this time of the year. It was a rare thing to find one. They were extremely scarce even in swamps and wet places. Several correspondents wrote that they never before knew mush- rooms to be so scarce. One correspondent says, “On account of the drouth this has been the poorest season for fungi I have known in twenty-five years. Not a single morel could J find.” This condition continued longer in some places than in others. Where plenteous rains came toward the end of the season mushrooms began to appear. In the vicinity of New York City rain fell abundantly during a whole week. This effectually broke the drouth and soon a crop of mushrooms began to appear. Summer and autumn species came up together and by their great variety and united numbers made such a crop as is rarely seen. In some places the ground appeared as if it was almost covered with them. One correspondent says, “the Long Island woods are full of mushrooms. It seems that almost every step reveals some different species.” Others represent their abundance as so great that they could be gathered by the bushel. One says that a friend who had been out collecting mushrooms brought in half a bushel of Tricholoma personatum Fr. This abundance has extended to other states than our own and has induced people to gather them for food more freely and in greater quantity than usual. As a con- sequence more accidents and deaths from eating poisonous mush- REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 9 rooms have been reported than usual. In New York City and vicinity it is reported that more than thirty deaths from this cause have taken place. It is affirmed however that nearly all these were among foreign born people who have doubtless mistaken poisonous species for the European species they were accustomed to eat in their own country. Native American people generally have a proper sense of the danger of rashly eating mushrooms whose edible qualities are unknown to them and are prudent enough to avoid doing it. In European countries the ignorant are to some extent protected from such danger by an inspector of the markets who permits to be sold only those mushrooms known to be edible. It is possible that poverty combined with the high cost of living may have been a source of danger in some cases of mushroom poisoning. An instance was reported to me of a poor family in which the mother and two children were poisoned. The mother recovered but the children died. An enthusiastic mycologist living in the vicinity of the place where this accident occurred began an investigation of the case in an attempt to learn what mushroom caused the sickness. Enough was learned from the mother to indi- cate that the mushroom chiefly eaten was one known by the name autumn pholiotaa Pholiota autumnalis Pk. This was not known to mycologists to be an unwholesome species, but apparently impelled by hunger the family had collected a considerable quantity of it, cooked and ate it. The mother ate about a pint, the boy about the same quantity and the girl somewhat less. All were made sick and after several hours delay a physician was called. The result was as above stated. The flavor of the mushroom is not specially entic- ing and I can see no reason why they should have eaten so much of it unless they were impelled by hunger. An excessive quantity of a good mushroom may be harmful, but of a bad one it would be still worse. The mycologist who investigated the case learned by sub- sequent experiment that this is a noxious species and though it may not always be fatal it should be rigidly avoided. It is at least unwholesome. Besides the abundance of the crop caused by the concentration of summer and autumn species the appearance at such a time of species not before recorded as growing out of season is remarkable. Morels are among the most constant spring and early summer growers. I have not before known them to appear at any other time. One correspondent writing after the morel season had passed says, “I have not been able to find a single morel this season.” My own experience was similar to his. Evidently the cold spring time IO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM immediately followed by dry weather suppressed the crop of morels. The moderately warm and moist fall weather, however, gave oppor- tunity for a crop of morels in a limited station near Boston, Mass. Specimens were collected and some of them sent to me by Mrs U. C. Sherman with the inquiry if it was not unusual for morels to appear in autumn. An examination of them showed a very close relation- ship to the conic morel. They differed in a few minor characters from the conic morel, Morchella conica Pers., but most of all in their time of appearance. This is probably due to the peculiar weather conditions of this season, nevertheless it seemed best in view of the minor differences and the very unusual time of its appearance to designate it by the varietal name which will be found in its proper place in this report. Some seasons seem to be specially favorable to the development of the species of certain genera. In one season species of Hygrophorus will be abundant, in another many species of Lepiota will be seen and in another, species of Lactarius will appear to be unusually common. This year specimens of more species of Tricholoma have been received by me from correspondents during September, Octo- ber and November than in any other previous year. This indicates to me that the latter part of the season has been unusually favorable to the development of species of Tricholoma. The custom of issuing generic monographs of New York species has been continued. Revised descriptions of New York species of the genera Clitocybe, Laccaria and Psilocybe have been prepared and arranged as far as practicable according to the Friesian system as given in Sylloge. To meet the requirements of the rules of the International Botanical Congress of 1905 Latin descriptions of the new species and varieties herein reported have been written. My assistant, Mr S. H. Burnham, has performed his clerical — duties with noteworthy faithfulness, doing all the typewriting of the office, attending to the arrangement, mounting and labeling of speci- mens, aiding in the identification of specimens sent for that purpose, and in conducting the correspondence. In addition to this he has improved his opportunities during holiday and vacation periods in collecting specimens and in making many valuable additions to the herbarium. Respectfully submitted Cuarctes H. Peck State Botanist Albany, December 28, 191T REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQIt II PLANTS ADDED TO THE HERBARIUM New to the herbarium Acer carolinianum JWalt. Aecidium atriplicis Shear Anthyllis vulneraria L. Armillaria pinetorum Gill. Artemisia frigida [Villd. iN gnaphalodes Nutt. Ascochyta imperfecta Pk. AN. mane JB, GP JB, Boletus ballouii Pk. Camarosporium maclurae Pk. Centaurea maculosa Lam. Cercospora medicaginis E, & E, Cercosporella terminalis Pk. Clavaria subtilis Pers. Clitocybe fumosa brevipes Pk. (ee hirneola Fr. CG sinopicoides Pk. C. splendens (Pers.) fr. G tuba Fr. Os tumulosa Kalchb. Coniothecium chomatosporium Cd. Coprinus domesticus (Pers.) I'r. Coronospora angustata Fckl. Cortinarius albidipes Pk. (e phyllophilus Pk. C, purpurascens Fr. Coryneum disciforme K. & S. Cytospora rhoina Fr. C. salicis (Cd.) Rabenh. Dasyscypha sulphuricolor Pk. Deutzia scabra Thunb. Diplodia spiraeina Sacc. Diplodina medicaginis Oud. Flammula sulphurea Pk. Fusarium pirinum (Fr.) Sacc. Ganoderma sessile Murr. Gloeosporium valsoideum Sacc. Gutierrezia sarothra (Pursh) B. & R. Gymnolomia multiflora( Nutt.) B.& H. Haplosporella ribis Sacc. Hebeloma sinapizans Fr. Helvella capucinoides Pk. Hendersonia grossulariae Oud. Hydnellum peckii Banker Hygrophorus recurvatus Pk. Hygrophorus sordidus Pk. Leptosphaeria distributa (CE 12) Marasmius epiphyllus Fr, Melanconis alni Tul, Mycena atroumbonata Pb. Mycena metata Fr, Naucoria arenaria Pk, Oenothera muricata L. Omphalia offuciata Fr. Ophiotheca vermicularis (Schw.) Peniophora tenuissima Pk. Periconia pycnospora Fres. Peronospora trifoliorum DeBy. Pestalozzia adusta E. & E, 12, funerea Desm. IP’, longiseta Speg. Phacidium lignicola Pk, Pholiota rigidipes Pk. Phoma amorphae Pk. 12 bacteriophila Pk. IP. leprosa Pk. P. smilacis B. & J. Physcia granulifera (Ach.) Tuck. ' Polyporus melanopus Fr. Polysaccum pisocarpium Fr. Psilocybe fuscofolia Pk. 12 polycephala ( Paul.) Poria pulchella Schw. Ramularia karstenii Sacc. Rubus glandicaulis Blanch. Sagedia cestrensis Tuck. Septoria aquilegiae P. & S. S. dianthi Desm. S: malvicola LE. & M. S mirabilissima Pk. Sphaeronema minutulum D. Sacc. Sphaeropsis amorphae E. & B. S- maclurae Cke. Spongipellis occidentalis Murr. Stagonospora carpathica Baeuml. Steccherinum peckii Banker Steganosporium fenestratum(E,.&£.) Stigmina populi (E. & E.) Pk. Teichospora trimorpha Atk. Thyridium pallidum £. & E. 12 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Tricholoma boreale Fr. ae planiceps Pk. Te subsaponaceum Pk, mee subsejunctum Pk. Trimmatostroma salicis Cd. Uromyces spartinae Farl. Ustilago hypodytes (Schl.) Fr. Verbena stricta Vent. ’ Vermicularia hysteriiformis Pk. Volutella buxi (Cd.) Berk. Not new to the herbarium Acalypha virginica L. Agaricus abruptibulbus Pk. A. placomyces Pk, A. subrufescens Pk. Amaranthus crispus (L. & T.) A. Br. Amelanchier oligocarpa (Mz.) Andromeda glaucophylla Link Andropogon furcatus Muh. Anthostoma gastrina (Fr.) Sacc, Anychia dichotoma Mx. Arctium minus (Hill.) Bernh. Arabis drummondii Gray Belonidium aurelia (Pers.) DeNot. Bidens cernua L. Boletus albidipes Pk. B. speciosus Frost Botrychium obliquum Muh. B. simplex FE. Hitche. Calocera viscosa (Pers.) Fr. Calvatia gigantea (Batsch) Cantharellus aurantiacus Fr. Centaurea nigra radiata DC. Cichorium intybus L. Claudopus nidulans (Pers.) Pk. Clavaria crassipes Pk. Clitocybe candicans Pers. (Gi clavipes (Pers.) Fr. (Gi nebularis (Batsch) Fr. G sudorifica Pk. Coccomyces juniperi Karst. Collema pulposum (Bernh.) Ach. Collybia albipilata Pk. Cr butyracea Bull. & familia Pk. G: radicata (Relh.) Fr. G; tuberosa. Bull. Coniophora puteana (Schum.) Fr. Convolvulus arvensis L. Corallorrhiza trifida Chat. Corticium martianum B. & C. Coryneum pustulatum PR. Crataegus helderbergensis S. Cryptogramma stelleri (Gmel.) Cynosurus cristatus L. Cytospora microspora (Cd.) Rabenh. Datura stramonium L. Dendrophoma tiliae Pk. Dentaria diphylla Mx. Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Didymium squamulosum (A. & S.) Drosera rotundifolia L. Durella corrugata (C. & P.) Sacc. Entoloma grayanum Pk. Epilobium molle Torr. Epipactis tesselata (Lodd.) Eragrostis frankii (F. Mey. & L.) Euphorbia corollata L. Flammula alnicola Fr. F, pulchrifolia Pk. Fomes conchatus (Pers.) Fr. Ie. fomentarius (L.) Fr. ee pinicola (Sw.) Fr. F. roseus (4. (GS Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. Fuligo septica (Link) Gmel. Galera reticulata PR. Galium trifidum L. Geopyxis hesperidea C. & P. Gloniopsis australis (Duby) Sacc. Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) G. squar. nuda (Wood) Habenaria ciliaris (L.) R. Br. Helvella macropus (Pers.) Karst. Hibiscus trionum L. Hirneola auricula-judae (L.) Hydnum caput-ursi Fr. H. coralloides Scop. H. erinaceus Bull. H subfuscum PR, Hygrophorus min. subluteus Pk. Hymenochaete tabacina (Sow.) Lev. Hypholoma boughtoni PR. H. rigidipes PR. H. subl. squamosum Cke. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 13 Hypoxylon serpens (Pers.) Fr. Irpex lacteus Fr. Juncus brevicaudatus (Engelm.) Laccaria striatula (PR.) Lachnea hemisphaerica pusilla Pk. Lactarius cinereus PR. es : minusculus Burl. IL rimosellus Pk. Lentinus lepideus Fr. Lenzites sepiaria Fr. Lespedeza procumbens Mx. Linnaea bor. americana (Forbes) Lonicera tatarica L. IL, xylosteum L. Lycoperdon pusillum Batsch Lyonia ligustrina (L.) DC. Lysimachia punctata L. ibe thyrsiflora L. Macrosporium tomato Cke. Marasmius spongiosus B. & C. Mentha gentilis L. Merulius fugax lr. M. tremellosus Schrad. M. ulmi Pk. Monilia peckiana S. & V. Mollisia melaleuca (Fr.) Sacc. Mutinus caninus (Huds.) Fr. Mycena clavicularis Fr. M. pseudopura Cke. M. pura Pers. M. sanguinolenta A. & S. M. vulgaris (Pers.) Fr. Mycosyrinx osmundae Pk. M. osm. cinnamomeae Pk. Naucoria vernalis Pk. Osmunda cin. bipinnatifida Clute Panaeolus retirugis Fr. Penicillium glaucum Link Phlebia pileata Pk. Pholiota adiposa Fr. 12. autumnalis PR. 124 comosa Fr. 124 discolor PR. Pee praecox Pers. 1B vermiflua PR. Physcia hypoleuca (Muhl.) Tuck. Pleurotus porrigens Pers. Poa compressa L. Polygonum hydropiper L. Polyporus admirabilis PR. Polyporus albellus Pk. benzoinus (Wahl.) Fr. brumalis (Pers.) Fr. delectans Pk. fragrans Pk. frondosus Fr. giganteus (Pers.) Fr. umbellatus Fr. Poleuens parvulus K/, Propolis faginea (Schrad.) Karst. Quercus prinoides Willd. Rhytisma acerinum (Pers.) Fr. IR, vitis Schw. Roestelia aurantiaca Pk. Rosellinia mutans (C. & P.) Sace. Rubus canadensis L. IR sativus (Bail.) Brainerd Russula purpurina QO. & S. Rynchospora fusca (L.) Ait. f. R. glomerata (L.) Vahl Scirpus cyp. condensatus Fern. Scleroderma geaster Fr. Smilacina trifolia (L.) Desf. Solenia ochracea Hoffm. Solidago juncea ramosa P. & B. Sphaeropsis biformis Pk. S. persicae E. & B. Stenophyllus capillaris (L.) Britt. Stereum acerinum nivosum Rav. S: radiatum reflexum Pk. Ss spadiceum Fr. Streptothrix fusca Cd. Stropharia aeruginosa (Curt.) Fr. Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Nutt. Taraxacum officinale Weber Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nutt. Tricholoma album (Schaeff.) Fr. Bel Bo epee eee ene Ie) li eques. albipes Pk. aly personatum Fr. ali resplendens Fr. Trichothecium roseum (Pers.) Link Trichostema dichotomum L, Valsa linderae Pk. We rhodphila C. & E. Vernonia altissima Nutt. Viola blanda Willd. We cucullata Ait. Wie pallens (Banks) Brainerd Xyris caroliniana alt. 14 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM CONTRIBUTORS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS Miss L. C. Allen, Newtonville, Mass. Lepiota farinosa PR. Mrs C. Beach, Catskill Cryptogramma stelleri (Gmel.) Prantl Miss F. Beckwith, Rochester Anthyllus vulneraria L. Grindelia squarrosa nuda (Wood) Artemisia frigida Willd. Gutierrezia sarothra (Pursh)B. & R. AY gnaphalodes Nutt. Gymnolomia multiflora( Nutt.) B.GH. Veronica virginica L. Mrs E. B. Blackford, Boston, Mass. Collybia atrata Fr. Mrs R. C. Burnham, Hudson Falls Agaricus subrufescens PR. Miss M. C. Burns, Middleville Vernonia altissima Nutt. Miss J. F. Conant, Melrose, Mass. Hydnum laevigatum Sw. Morchella conica serotina Pk. Mrs G. E. Duryee, Schenectady Agaricus campester majusculus PR. Mrs E. P. Gardner, Canandaigua Arabis drummondii Gray Oenothera muricata canescens CEASED) Oenothera muricata L. O. oakesiana Robbins Mrs L. L. Goodrich, Syracuse Centaurea nigra radiata DC. Miss C. C. Haynes, New York Astrella tenella (L.) Bu. Riccia arvensis Aust. Cololejeunea jooriana (Aust.) Ricciocarpus natans terrestris Lindb. Reboulia hemisphaerica (L.) Scapania uliginosa Lindb. Riccia americana M/, A. Howe Targonia hypophylla L. Miss A. Hibbard, West Roxbury, Mass. Tricholoma piperatum PR. Mrs M. A. Knickerbocker, San Francisco, Cal. Astragalus watsonianus (Ktze.) Ephedra nevadensis Wats. Lewisia rediviva Pursh REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII Mrs M. Miller, Boonville Rhytisma acerinum (Pers.) Fr. ‘Misses M. L. Overacker and I. S. Lawrence, Syracuse Claudopus nidulans (Pers.) Pk. Mrs F. W. Patterson, Washington, D. C. Hygrophorus sordidus Pk. Mrs J. H. Poor, New York Volutella buxi (Cd.) Berk. Mrs U. C. Sherman, Roslindale, Mass. Morchella conica serotina Pk. Miss E. H. Smith, Berkeley, Cal. Septoria populi Desm. Miss E. C. Webster, Canandaigua Clitocybe fumosa brevipes Pk. Helvella crispa (Scop.) Fr. c: sudorifica Pk. : Hieracium murorum L, Cortinarius purpurascens Fr. Hygrophorus recurvatus Pk. Cynosurus cristatus L. Hypholoma perplexum Pk. Flammula sulphurea Pk. Lysimachia thyrsiflora L. Hebeloma sinapizans Fr. Mycena metata Fr. Pholiota squarrosa Muell. F. H. Ames, Brooklyn Boletus vermiculosus spraguei (Frost) PR. je GwArthur, Watayette, Ind: Aecidium kellermanni DeTom G. F. Atkinson, Ithaca Teichospora trimorpha Atk. G. G. Atwood, Albany Irpex tulipiferae Schw. Peridermium pyriforme PR. W. H. Ballou, New York Boletus aurifammeus B. & C. Lentinus spretus Pk. B. ballouii Pk. Peridermium cerebrum PR. Clitocybe fumosa brevipes Pk. Polyporus albellus Pk. G& illudens Schau. 12), flavovirens B. & R., Entoloma batschianum Fr. IP frondosus Fr. Fistulina hepatica Fr. lee umbellatus Fr. Fomes pinicola (Sw.) Fr. Polystictus parvulus K/. Ganoderma sessile Murr. Psilocybe fuscofolia PR. Gloeoporus conchoides Mont. Steccherinum ballouii Banker Lactarius rimosellus Pk. Stropharia coronilla Bull. H. J. Banker, Greencastle, Ind. Acalypha virginica L. T5 16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM E. Bartholomew, Stockton, Kan. Alternaria brassicae phaseoli Brun. Amanitopsis vaginata alba Stev. Camarosporium berkeleyanum Lev. Camptoum cuspidatum Cke. & Hark. Cercospora circumscissa Sacc. C. eustomae Pk.’ G henningsii Allesch & pastinaceae (Sacc.) Pk. Cercosporella mirabilis Pk. Cladosporium aromaticum FE. & E., C; gloeosporoides Atk. Coryneum sorbi PR. Cytospora foliicola Libert Dermatea mori PR. Diaporthe inornata Pk. Diplodia polygonicola Pk. Exobasidium vaccinii (Fckl.) Voron. Gloeosporium psoraleae Pk. Graphyllum chloes junci Pk. Haplosporella ailanthi E. & E. Helotium citrinum (Hedw.) Fr. Hendersonia rosae Kickx. Henningsinia caespitosa Pk. Hysterium cubense PR. Leptostromella scirpina PR. Macrophoma burserae Pk. M. numerosa Pk, Melanconium betulinum S. & K. Ovularia avicularis Pk. Phoma roystoneae Pk. Pyrenophora depressa PR. Ramularia macrospora asteris Sacc. Rhytidhysterium guaraniticum Speg. Rosellinia bigeloviae roystoneae PR. Septonema spilomeum Berk. Septoria apii Chester S. ficarioides PR. Ss magnospora Pk, S; purpurascens E. & M. S solanina Speg. Sphaeropsis smilacis E. & E. Thelephora sullivantii Mont. Uromyces pictus Thwuem. Valsa ceratophora Tul. J. M. Bates, Red Cloud, Neb. Cercospora gymnocladii E. & K. Puccinia silphii Schw. Ramularia pruinosa Speg. Septoria gramineum Desmu. M. S. Baxter, Rochester Antennaria neglecta Greene Antennaria neodioica Greene Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. F. §. Boughton, Pittsford Cantharellus aurantiacus Fr. Clavaria stricta Pers. C. tsugina PR, Flammula sulphurea Pk. Galera reticulata Pk. Hypholoma rigidipes Pk. Omphalia oculus Pk. Pholiota confragosa Fr. Polyporus ovinus (Schaeff.) Fr. Stropharia aeruginosa (Curt.) F. J. Braendle, Washington, D. C. Bovistella ohiensis EF. & M. Hygrophorus sordidus Pk. Polyporus volvatus PR. Tricholoma columbetta Fr. Tricholoma melaleucum (Pers.) Fr. C. E. Brand, Norwich, Conn. Lepiota farinosa Pk. S. H. Burnham, Hudson Falls Agaricus subrufescens Pk. Amaranthus crispus (L. & T.) A. Br. Anthostoma gastrina (Fr.) Sacc. Anychia dichotoma J/x. Arctium minus (Aiull.) Bernh. Boletus speciosus Frost REPCRT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 17 Cephalozia lunulaefolia Dum. Clavaria crassipes Pk. Clitocybe candicans Pers. GC. clavipes (Pers.) Fr. Cc: nebularis (Batsch) Fr. G: sudorifica Pk. Convolvulus arvensis L. Coryneum disciforme FF. & S. Cytospora microspora (Cd.) Rabenh. Ce rhoina Fr. Datura stramonium L. Deutzia scabra Thunb. Diplodia spiraeina Sacc. Eragrostis frankii (PF. Mey. & L.) Euphorbia corollata L. Flammula alnicola Fr. F. pulchrifolia Pk. Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr. F. roseus (4A. & S.) Fr. Ganoderma sessile Murr. Hibiscus trionum L. Hirneola auricula-judae (L.) Berk. Laccaria striatula (PR.) Lentinus lepideus Fr. Lespedeza procumbens Mx. Lonicera xylosteum L. Mentha gentilis L. Mycena vulgaris (Pers.) Fr. Mycosyrinx osmundae Pk. M. osm. cinnamomeae Pk. Osmunda cinn. bipinnatifida Clute Phlebia pileata PR. Pholiota autumnalis Pk. Phoma amorphae Sacc. Physcia granulifera (Ach.) Tuck. Plagiothecium deplanatum (Schimp.) ee admirabilis Pk. 1B delectans Pk. Pe fragrans Pk. Pp: melanopus Fr. 12% picipes Fr. 12), underwoodii Murr. Poria pulchella Schw. Quercus prinoides Willd. Sphaeropsis amorphae FE. & B. Ss biformis Pk. S: maclurae Che. Spongipellis occidentalis Murr. Stereum radiatum reflexum Pk, S: spadiceum Fr. Thyridium pallidum FE. & E. Tricholoma album (Schaeff.) Fr. ali boreale Fr, Tt, resplendens Fr. H. W. Clute, Gloversville Corallorrhiza maculata flavida Pk. M. T. Cook, New Brunswick, N. J. Trichoderma koningi Oud. S. W. Cowles, Marietta Silene dichotoma Ehrh. J. A. Crabtree, Montgomery Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal S. Davis, Brookline, Clavaria peckii Sacc. Entoloma flavifolium Pz. iE, grayanum PR. 13, subtruncatum Pk. Mass. Leptoglossum luteum (Pk.) Sacc. Leptonia davisiana Pk. Pilosace eximia PR. Tricholoma terraeolens majus Pk. J. Dearness; London, Can. Creonectria verrucosa(Schw.) Seaver Dothiorella quercina (C. & E.) Sacc. Entyloma polysporum (Pk.) Farl. Mazzantia sepium S. & P. Ophiobolus cesatianus (Mont.) Sacc. Peronospora hydrophylli Waite its) NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Peronospora parasitica DeBy. Puccinia minutissima Arth. Pestalozzia funerea Desm. Pyrenopeziza artemisiae (Lasch) Phyllachora graminis (Pers.) Fckl. Septoria noctiflorae E. & K. Puccinia glaucis Arth. Urophlyctis pulposa (Wallr.) Xylaria filiformis caulincola Rehm F. Dobbin, Shushan Bryum capillare L. Collema pulposum (Bernh.) Ach. (G13, Fairman, Lyndonville Septoria polygonorum Desm. Sphaeronema minutulum D. Sacc. Ustilago hypodytes (Schil.) Fr. W. G, Farlow, Cambridge, Mass. Tolyposporella (?) nolinae Clint. Uromyces spartinae Far], Ustilago muhlenbergiae Clint. O. E. Fischer, Detroit, Mich. Clitocybe piceina Pk. Lepiota fischeri Kauffm. ined. M. J. French, Utica Pholiota comosa Fr. Volvaria bombycina (Pers.) Fr. G. S. Graves, Newport Collection of 24 abnormal ferns, leaves and flowers. C. Guillet, Westfield, Mass. Solidago juncea ramosa P. & B. J. F. v. Hafften, Winfield Cedrus libani Barr. Ginkgo biloba L. C. C. Hanmer, East Hartford, Conn. Lepiota farinosa Pk. Marasmius peronatus Fr. B. B. Higgins, Ithaca Trimmatostroma salicis Cd. A. P. Hitchcock, New Lebanon Xylaria polymorpha (Pers.) Grev, G. T. Howell, Rockville, Ind. Pluteus alveolatus eccentricus Pk. Tricholoma subsaponaceum PB. M. E. Jones, Salt Lake City, Utah Puccinia aberrans Pk. Uredinopsis copelandii Syd. Thecopsora pyrolae (Gmel.) Karst. Uromyces erythronii (DC.) Pers. G. L. Kirk, Rutland, Vt. Dichelyma pallescens B, & S. R. Latham, Orient Point Aecidium atriplicis Shear Belonidium aurelia (Pers.) DeNot. Ascochyta rhei E, & E, Boletus ballouii Pk. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 19 Camarosporium maclurae Pk. Clitocybe pithyophila Fr. Coccomyces juniperi Karst. Collybia tuberosa Bull. Coronophora angustata Fk. Coryneum pustulatum Pk. Cytospora salicis (Cd.) Rabenh. Dendrophoma tiliae Pk. Durella corrugata (C. & P.) Sacc. “Geopyxis hesperidea C. & P. Gloniopsis australis (Duby) Sacc. Haplosporella ribis Sacc. Hendersonia grossulariae Oud. Hydnum subfuscum Pk, Hygrophorus laetus (Pers.) Fr. H. miniatus subluteus Pk. H. sordidus Pk. Hymenochaete rubiginosa (Schrad.) Hypoxylon serpens (Pers.) Fr. Marasmius epiphyllus Fr. M. spongiosus B. & C. Merulius ulmi Pk. Mollisia melaleuca (Fr.) Sacc. Monilia peckiana S. & V. Mycena sanguinolenta 4. & S. Pestalozzia adusta FE. & E, IP, funerea Desm. iP: longiseta Speg. Phoma smilacis Boy. & Jacq. Physcia hypoleuca (Muhl.) Tuck. Poa compressa L. Polyporus giganteus (Pers.) Fr. Polysaccum pisocarpium Fr, Propolis faginea (Schrad.) Karst. Rhytisma vitis Schw. Rosellinia mutans (C. & P.) Sace. Russula purpurina O. & S, Sagedia cestrensis Tuck. Scleroderma geaster Fr. Septoria dianthi Desm. Solenia ochracea Hoffm. Sphaeropsis persicae EF. & B. Steganosporium fenestratum(E.& EF.) Stereum acerinum nivosum Rav. Streptothrix fusca Cd. Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nutt. Trichostema dichotomum L. Valsa linderae Pk. Valsa rhoophila C. & E. W. B. Limberger, Randolph Lysimachia punctata L. Viola cardaminefolia Greene Viola minuscula Greene C. A. Mabie, Holley Hydnum erinaceus Bull. Lepiota naucinoides Pk. Lepiota rhacodes Vitt. G. E. Morris, Waltham, Mass. Amanita crenulata Pk. A. morrisit Pk. Armillaria nardosmia Ellis Boletus cyanescens Bull. B. luteus L. B. parasiticus Bull. Cortinarius cinnabarinus Fr. G ' morrisii PR. (G vibratilis Fr. Geaster morgani Llovd Merulius rubellus Pk. Panaeolus subbalteatus B. & Br. Paxillus microsporus Pk. Pholiota duroides Pk. Scleroderma tenerum B. & C. Ss verrucosum (Bull,) Sparassis crispa (Wulf.) Fr. Tricholoma saponaceum Fr. Tricholoma sejunctum (Sow.) Fr. F. T. Pember, Granville Centaurea maculosa Lam. Verbena stricta Vent. L. H. Pennington, Syracuse Coprinus domesticus (Pers.) Fr. Hymenogaster anomalus Pk. 20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM C. R. Pettis, Albany Chilonectria cucurbitula (Curr.) Phoma bacteriophila Pk. Septoria mirabillissima Pk. D. Reddick, Ithaca Monilia peckiana S. & V/V. W. H. Ropes, Salem, Mass. Calvatia rubroflava Cragin Lysurus borealis serotinus PR. F. L. Schrader, New York Hygrophorus sordidus Pk. F. J. Seaver, New York Herpotrichia nigra Hartig E. B. Sterling, Trenton, N. J. Fomes igniarius (L.) Fr. Hebeloma subcollariatum B. & Br. F. C. Stewart, Geneva Ascochyta imperfecta Pk. Gloeosporium nervisequum (Fckl.) Cercospora circumscissa Sacc. G. valsoideum Sacc. C. medicaginis FE. & E. Hypholoma boughtoni PR. Collybia radicata (Relh.) Fr. Lentinus spretus PR. Diplodina medicaginis Oud. Peronospora trifoliorum DeBy. Flammula sulphurea Pk. Pseudopeziza medicaginis (Lib.) W. G. Stover, Stillwater, Okla. Bolbitius fragilis Fr. Marasmius delectans Morg. Marasmius bellipes Morg. M. opacus B. & C, : J. M. Van Hook, Bloomington, Ind. Hypoxylon atropurpureum Fr. Hypoxylon rubiginosum (Pers.) 4 effusum Nits. ital sassafras (Schw.) IB, petersii B. & C. lel, turbinulatum (Schw.) Nummularia microplaca B. & C, W. G. Van Name, Albany Roestelia aurantiaca Pr. H. L. Wells, New Haven, Conn. Boletus edulis clavipes Pk. | T. E. Wilcox, Washington, D. C. Boletus affinis Pk. Boletus subtomentosus L. Sparassis herbstii Pk. C. L. Williams, Glens Falls Coniothecium chomatosporium Cd. D. B. Young, Albany Calyptospora goeppertiana Kuehn Chaetomium streptothrix Quel. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 21 SPECIES NOT BEFORE REPORTED Acer carolinianum Walt. Troupsburg, Steuben co. May. This species is readily distin- guished from Acer rubrum L., the red maple, when in fruit. The wings are nearly parallel or convergent, but in the red maple they are divergent. They are also nearly or quite fully developed when the leaves are yet partly expanded. The leaves are usually only three lobed and are more hairy, specially beneath, than in the red maple. On account of the three lobed leaves it was named Acer rubrum var. tridens in Wood’s Class Book of Botany It has generally been neglected by botanists but it certainly seems worthy of recognition. The station here reported is the only one in our State known to me and is north of its previously recorded range. ‘Aecidium atriplicis Shear On living leaves of young plants of the halberd leaved orach, Mimninhex patula wastata (L:) Gray, Orient Point, Sut- folk co. May. R. Latham. Anthyllis vulneraria L. _ Introduced. Cobbs Hill reservoir. Rochester. September. Miss Florence Beckwith. Determined by P. A. Rydberg. Armillaria pinetorum Gill. Decaying wood. North Elba, Essex co. September. This species of Armillaria is easily distinguished by its small size, scaly cap and stem and very small spores. It differs from the European plant in growing on wood. Artemisia frigida Willd. Cobbs Hill reservoir. Rochester. August. Miss F. Beckwith. Introduced from the West but well established. Artemisia gnaphalodes Nutt. Cobbs Hill reservoir. Rochester. August. Miss F. Beckwith. Introduced from the West. This and the preceding one were determined by P. A. Rydberg. Ascochyta imperfecta n. sp. Spots variable, 4-12 mm in diameter, amphigenous, orbicular, semicircular or subtriangular, the larger ones usually terminal or marginal, pale brown or smoky brown, not sharply defined ; 22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM perithecia amphigenous, few, depressed, .3-.6 mm broad, brown or blackish brown; spores variable, continuous or pseudouniseptate, cblong or subcylindric, obtuse, hyaline, 6-15 x 2.5-4 up. Living or languishing leaves of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. Geneva. May and June. F. C. Stewart. It may be separated from Ascochyta medicaginis Bres. by its habitat and smaller perithecia and spores. Ascochyta rhei FE. & E. Living leaves of pie plant, Rheum rhaponticum L. Orient Point. R. Latham. This was originally described. as Phyllo- Situeibar mined VEAtere. Boletus albidipes n. sp. : For description of this species see article on Edible Fungi in another chapter of this report. Boletus ballouii n. sp. Plate VIII, figures 1-5 Pileus fleshy, firm, often irregular, convex becoming nearly plane or slightly depressed in the center, dry, unpolished or minutely tomentose, occasionally rimosely squamose, at first bright orange or orange tinged with brown, becoming wood brown or subcinnamon with age or in drying, flesh white tinged with yellow beneath the cuticle, taste mild or sometimes slightly disagreeable; tubes at first white or whitish becoming smoky brown where cut or bruised and brown or brownish in drying, usually slightly depressed around the stem and adnexed or subdecurrent; stem variable, solid, mealy or minutely scurfy, striate or subreticulate at the top, single or cespitose, white or pallid above, yellow or orange below, similar to the pileus ‘n color when dry, its flesh when cut while fresh assuming a brownish tint, mycelium white, radiating at the base; spores pale yellow inclining to orange, 8-10 x 4-5 pm, cystidia rare, fusiform, granular within. Pileus 5-12 cm broad; stem 2.5-12 cm long, 7-15 mm thick. Orient Point. October. R. Latham. Specimens have also been received with copious notes from W. H. Ballou for whom the species is named. They were collected in groves at or near Deal Beach, N. J. It is said to be common in Monmouth co., N. J. This is a beautiful species apparently related to Boletus subsan- guinets Pk. from which it differs in its dry pileus with its REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IOQII 22 orange color changing to brown, in its whitish tubes and in its stem approaching the pileus in color. Camarosporium maclurae n. sp. Perithecia gregarious, about .3 mm broad, nestling in the bark, erumpent, conic or subglobose, scarcely papillate, black; spores at first simple and hyaline, then colored and 3-5-septate and muriform, sometimes slightly curved, 15-20x 8-10 u. Dead branches of osage orange, Maclura pomifera (Raf.) schneid. Orient Point. April. R. Latham. The apertures in the epidermis through which the fungus breaks are either orbicular or subelliptic. Centaurea maculosa Lam. Granville, Washington co. September. F. T. Pember. An introduced species. Cercospora medicaginis E. & E. Living leaves of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. Geneva. June. F. C. Stewart. Cercosporella terminalis n. sp. Spots narrowly oblong, 1-3 cm long, 3-5 mm broad, often con- fluent, specially at the apical end of the leaf which is commonly entirely discolored, brown or blackish brown, often sterile; tufts mostly effused, forming linear flocculent white patches; spores variable, curved or flexuous, subcylindric or gradually tapering toward the apex, continuous or I—3-septate, often nucleate, 50-150 x 3-5 p, supported on short simple or obscure hyphae. Leaves of Indian poke, Veratrum viride Ait. Edwards, St Lawrence co. May. This species is closely related to Cercosporella veratri Pk. from which it is easily distinguished by its earlier appearance and by the different character of the spots. Their habit of becoming confluent and discoloring the whole apex of the leaf has suggested the specific name. Notwithstanding the obscure character of the hyphae, a careful search even in young and slightly discolored spots failed to detect any acervull. Clavaria subtilis Pers. Among fallen leaves of spruce trees. North Elba. September. In some of the specimens the tips of the ultimate branchlets have retained their pure white color. 24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Clitocybe fumosa brevipes n. var. This variety differs from the typical form in its constantly short stem which is 1.2-2 cm long. Its thickness is nearly equal to its length. It is so short that the pileus appears to rest on the ground. Canandaigua. October. Miss E. C. Webster. Near New York City. W. H. Ballou. Clitocybe hirneola Fr. North Elba. September. Clitocybe sinopicoides n. sp. Low wet places. North Elba. June. For the description of this - species see chapter on New York species of Clitocybe. Clitocybe splendens (Pers.) Fr. Mossy ground under balsam fir trees. North Elba. June. This species is allied to Clitocybe gilva (Pers.) Fr. from which it may be separated by its whiter flesh, its thinner pileus and its less crowded lamellae. The spores in both are subglobose and 4-5 p broad. Clitocybe sudorifica n. sp. Gregarious. Grassy ground. Saratoga Springs, F. G. Howland. Albany, S. H. Burnham. Canandaigua, Miss E. C. Webster. Sep- tember to November. For description see chapter on New York species of Clitocybe. Clitocybe tuba Fr. Woods. North River. September. Clitocybe tumulosa Kalchb. Woods. North Elba. September. Coniothecium chomatosporium Cd. Branches of apple tree. Glens Falls. April. C. L. Williams. Coprinus domesticus (Pers.) Fr. Syracuse. June. L. H. Pennington. A very rare species. Coronophora angustata Fckl. Dead trunks of bayberry, Myrica carolinensis Mill. Orient Point. April. R. Latham. Cortinarius albidipes n. sp. The description of this species will be found in the chapter on Edible Fungi in this report. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 25 Cortinarius phyllophilus n. sp. Pileus fleshy, thick, compact, convex or nearly plane, viscid, some- what shining and slightly innately fibrillose when dry, pale tawny ochraceous, flesh white, taste mild; lamellae thin, close, eroded on the edge, yellow becoming brownish cinnamon; stem short, stout, firm, abruptly bulbous, silky fibrillose, whitish with ferruginous stains at the base; spores somewhat pointed at the ends, 10-12 x 5-6 up. Pileus 7-12 cm broad; stem 3-5 cm long, 1-1.5 cm thick. Among fallen leaves in woods. Humphreys gorge, Lewis co. September. The species belongs to section Phlegmacium, group Scauri. The color of the spore print is dark cinnamon. Young lamellae yellow. Cortinarius purpurascens Fr. Canandaigua. September. Miss E. C. Webster. Coryneum disciforme K. & S. DWeadipranches of «basswood, Milia amerrcama | Vaughns, Washington co. June. S. H. Burnham. Cytospora rhoina Fr. Dead branches of smooth sumac, Rhus glabra L. Rensselaer. February. S. H. Burnham. Cytospora salicis (Cd.) Rabenh. Dead branches of willows. Orient Point. May. R. Latham. Dasyscypha sulphuricolor n. sp. Cups sulfur color, gregarious or subcespitose, subsessile, 1-3 mm broad, minutely villose, hymenium plane or convex, margined by the incurved edge of the cup; asci subcylindrical, 70-80 X 3-4 B; spores oblong or subfusiform, 10-12 x 2-3 p, paraphyses filiform. Decaying wood of black ash, Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Remsen, Oneida co. August. The species is apparently related to Dasyscypha pulverulenta (Lib.) Sacc. but it differs from it in its larger size, longer asci and spores and in its habitat. Deutzia scabra Thunb. The rough leaved deutzia is plentiful along the stream at Copake Iron Works, Columbia co. July. S. H. Burnham. It has evidently escaped from cultivation but is apparently well established. Occa- sionally double flowered specimens are seen, which indicates that such plants grew from branchlets of Deutz a) (SC De ae uevelle plena Maxim. which had taken root and developed into shrubs. 26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Diplodia spiraeina Sacc. Dead branches of nine bark, Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim. Near Rensselaer lake, Albany co.) Maya sums Burnham. Diplodina medicaginis Oud. ' Dead stems of altalta, Medicago sativa WeGeneva Apel Ja, (C, Swsnyenet, Flammula sulphurea n. sp. Plate VII, figures 7-11 Pileus fleshy, subconic or convex becoming broadly convex, glabrous, viscid, hygrophanous, watery yellow when moist, sulfur yellow after the escape of the moisture, sometimes with whitish silky fibrillose scales on the margin, flesh white when dry, odor and taste disagreeable; lamellae thin, close, arcuate, adnate, crenulate on the margin, whitish becoming dark ferruginous; stem equal, flexuous, fibrillose or squamulose below, stuffed or hollow, pale yel- low and naked at the top, ferruginous toward the base; spores dark ferruginous, 8-II x 5-6 uy. Pileus 2-6 cm broad; stem 3-6 cm long, 4-8 mm thick. Cespitose or densely gregarious. Grassy ground under apple trees or in orchards. October. Menands, Albany co. Canandaigua. Miss E. C. Webster. Geneva. F. C. Stewart. Pittsford, Monroe co. F. S. Boughton. This species is related to Flammula spumosa Pr with which it has probably been confused but from which it is easily distinguished by its place of growth, its more cespitose mode of growth, the uniform pale yellow color, fibrillose margin of the pileus, white flesh and larger spores. Its color is suggestive of F. alnicola Fr., but it is readily separated from that by its place of growth, white flesh and viscid hygrophanous pileus. It is worthy of remark that this species has appeared for the first time this season in four distinct localities and in each one under or near apple trees. Fusarium pirinum (Fr.) Sacc. On decaying pears. Menands. August. Ganoderma sessile Murr. Dead wood of oak and elm. Poebles island, Waterford, Saratoga co. September. S. H. Burnham. New York. W. H. Ballon it REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 27 is colored like Ganoderma tsugae Murr. but is a smaller species with the pileus sessile and dimidiate. Gloeosporium valsoideum -Sacc. Small twigs of sycamore, Platanus occidentalis L. Geneva. F.C. Stewart. It is easily distinguished from Gloeos - porium nervisequum (Fckl.) Sacc. by its habitat and larger and more conspicuous pustules. Gutierrezia sarothra (Pursh) B. & R. Cobbs Hill reservoir. Rochester. August. Miss F. Beckwith. Introduced but apparently well established. Gymnolomia multiflora (Nutt.) B. & H. Cobbs Hill reservoir. Rochester. August. Miss F. Beckwith. Introduced but apparently well established. This and the preceding one were determined by P. A. Rydberg. Haplosporella ribis Sacc. Dead stems of some species of cultivated Ribes. Orient Point. May. R. Latham. Hebeloma sinapizans Fr. Canandaigua. September. Miss E. C. Webster. Helvella capucinoides n. sp. Pileus thin, submembranaceous, saddle-shaped, usually with one lobe deflexed, the other erect, the naked free margins of both curved inward, the lower enfolding the top of the stem, the hymenium smoky ochraceous, becoming brown or ochraceous brown with age or in drying, the lower or inner surface of the pileus white, rugulose ; stem slender, firm, equal, stuffed or hollow, the surface wavy or uneven, minutely and pubescently pruinose, snowy white; asci cylindric, 240-280x 18-20 yw; spores oblong ellipsoid, uniseriate. uninucleate, hyaline, 20-28 x 12-16 mw, paraphyses filiform, clavate at the tips. Pileus .5—2.5 cm broad; stem 2.5-7 cm long, 2-4 mm thick. Gregarious. Jn groves of arbor vitae trees, Thuja occi- Memmalitsmibn Noni River, September: This species agrees in some of its characters with the description Heelvelilancapmcina Otel: but itditfers im the shape and color of the pileus, in its naked margin and its even surface. The large nucleus of the spores in our plant is hyaline, not greenish as in the European. 28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Hendersonia grossulariae Oud. J Dead or dying stems of cultivated gooseberry, Ribes grossu- Lar ane Orient Pome Mayen een leatn arm Hydnellum peckii Banker ined. Growing on the ground. North Elba. September. The plants are single or cespitose and have the pilei sometimes confluent. The pileus is whitish becoming brownish or subviolaceous with age. Hygrophorus recurvatus n. sp. Pileus fleshy in the center, thin toward the margin, convex becoming plane or concave by the margin curving upward, often lacerated on the margin, grayish brown and obscurely striatulate on the margin when moist, subalutaceous and even when dry, glabrous, the center often more highly colored than the margin, flesh white; lamellae subventricose, distant, venosely connected, decurrent, whitish ; stem fragile, equal, stuffed or hollow, fibrous, easily split- ting, subpruinose, white or whitish; spores broadly ellipsoid or sub- globose, 6-8 x 4-6 » or 6-7 mp in diameter. Pileus 1.2-2.4 cm broad; stem 2-4 cm long, 2-4 mm thick. Growing on lawns. Canandaigua. October. Miss E. C. Webster. The plants sometimes grow in arcs of circles. The relationship appears to be with Hygrophorus colemannwanmiue Blox. from which it may be distinguished by its smaller size, paler color, more fragile character and its upcurvéed margin of the pileus in mature plants. Hygrophorus sordidus Pk. Among fallen leaves along the banks of Bronx river, New York. October FEY Schraders) @ntentweoimm ake eatigaia Leptosphaeria distributa (C. & E.) Sacc. Dead stems of some species of Asclepias. Edwards. May. These specimens differ from the typical form in not blackening the cuticle which at first covers the perithecia. Marasmius epiphyllus Fr. Fallen’ leaves.) Orient) Point) yAueusta hen eathameoneml et. ferson, Suffolk co. Closely allied to Marasmius insititius Fr. from which the more velvety stem will separate it. Melanconis alni Tul. Dead branches of hoary, alder, Alnus) 1mcana (ls Meenen Rossie, St Lawrence co. May. The specimens are young. . REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 29 Mycena atroumbonata n. sp. Peileus submembranaceous, convex becoming broadly convex or nearly plane, umbonate, striate plicate from the margin half way to the umbo, glabrous, dark watery brown and shining when moist. grayish brown with a black umbo when dry; lamellae thin, moderately close, widely sinuate at the inner extremity, decurrent with a tooth, white when young, whitish or livid white when mature ; stem slender, rather long, glabrous, hollow, radicating, colored like the pileus, with a white villosity at the base; spores oblong or ellipsoid, granular within, often 2-nucleate, 6-9 x 5-6 pn. Pileus 1.2-3.2 cm broad; stem 5-8 cm long, 1-2 mm thick. Gregarious. Mossy prostrate decaying trunks of hemlock, aomsaweanadens its ()))Carr. North’ River, September: This species ‘is closely related to Mycena galericulata Scop. with which it probably has hitherto been confused. It differs in its gregarious mode of growth, its habitat, its black umbo, its widely plicate striate margin of the pileus, its pure white young lamellae and its more expanded mature pileus. Mycena metata ['r. Ground. Canandaigua. September. Miss E. C. Webster. Naucoria arenaria n. sp. Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, glabrous, pale yellow or red- dish yellow with paler’ margin; lamellae broad, distant, unequal, sinuate, brownish ferruginous; stem slender, rigid, glabrous, stuffed with a white pith, colored like the pileus, pseudobulbous; spores brownish ferruginous 15-20 x 10-12 up. Pileus .75-2 cm broad; stem 2-3 cm long, 1-2 mm thick. Sandy soil. Karner, Albany co. August. A small species closely related to Naucoria platysperma Pk. but much smaller with more distant lamellae and a more rigid stem enlarged at the base by a globe of sand bound together by the mycelium and firmly attached to the stem. Oenothera muricata L. Canandaigua. August. Mrs E. P. Gardner, who also sends specimens of Oenothera muricata canescens (Gk G.) Robins. Omphalia offuciata Fr. Under or near pine trees. Luzerne, Warren co. June. In our specimens the spores are broadly ellipsoid or neatly globose, 30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 6-8 x 5-6 » or 5-6 » in diameter. I have seen no description of the European plant that gives the spore dimensions. Ophiotheca vermicularis (Schw.) Macbr. Dead stems of herbs. Edwards. May. Determined by T. H. Macbride. Peniophora tenuissima n. sp. Widely effused, very thin, indeterminate, adnate, not at all or but slightly rimose when dry, whitish, subpruinose; spores ellipsoid, 8 x 4 p; cystidia subcylindric or elongated conic, obtuse, 50-80 x 15-20 py. Bark of yellow birch, Betula lutea Mx. North Elba. June. Periconia pycnospora Fres. | Dead stem of paeony, Paconia of few Menands. April. Rare. Peronospora trifoliorum DeBy. Living leaves of alfalfa, Medicago sativa )) Geneva, Potsdam, Fayetteville, Canandaigua and Earlville. June. F. C. Stewart. Oospores were found in October. Pestalozzia adusta E. & E. Living leaves of wild black cherry, Prunus serotina Bhrke (Ornent Pom julys Re atari Pestalozzia funerea Desm. Twigs of white cedar, Thuja occidentalis Ex s@nicnt Point. May. R. Latham. Pestalozzia longiseta Speg. Living leaves of cultivated raspberry. Orient Point. August. R. Latham. Phacidium lignicola n. sp. Perithecia superficial or nearly so, about 1 mm broad, orbicular or broadly ellipsoid, prominent, rugose, black, laciniately opening, the margin with 3-5 triangular teeth; hymenium blackish or green- ish black; asci clavate, 60-80 x 12 » broad in the widest part; spores crowded or subdistichous, continuous, straight or slightly curved, oblong or sometimes slightly narrowed toward one end, hyaline, 12-15 X 3.5-4 p. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQIt 31 Dry hard decorticated wood of American aspen, Populus tremuloides Mx. Thompsons Lake, Albany co. May. Pholiota rigidipes n. sp. Pileus fleshy, rather thin, broadly convex, sometimes slightly and broadly umbonate, obscurely squamulose with appressed hairy brownish scales more conspicuous in the center, pale yellow or buff, flesh white, tinged with yellow next the gills, taste mild; lamellae thin, rather broad, close, adnexed, brownish ferruginous when mature ; stem equal, slender, stuffed or hollow, more or less flexuous, rigid, floccose squamulose below the slight sometimes evanescent annulus, white and pruinose at the top, pallid below the annulus; spores ellipsoid, 8-10 x 5-6 up. Pileus 5-8 cm broad; stem 5-7 cm long, 4-6 mm thick. Among fallen leaves in woods. Constableville, Lewis co. Sep- tember. This species is related to Pholiota terrigena Fr. from which I have separated it because of its more slender habit, white flesh, adnexed lamellae and more slender rigid stem. The margin of the pileus in the dried specimen is obscurely striate. Phoma amorphae Sacc. Dead stems of false indigo, Amorpha fruticosa L. Near Kenwood, Albany co. May. S. H. Burnham. Phoma bacteriophila n. sp. Perithecia minute, .2-.3 mm broad, at first covered by the epi- dermis, then erumpent, scattered or densely gregarious, sometimes crowded and covering the whole branchlet, black; spores obovate or ellipsoid, hyaline, 6-8 x 4-5 up. Canker spots on young stems of white pine, Pinus strobus L. and on dead branchlets which it completely covers. White Pine plantation, Saranac Lake, Franklin co. April. C. R. Pettis. The young trees are killed by a bacterial disease and the dead spots of the trunk and dead branchlets are attacked by this and other fungi. Phoma leprosa n. sp. Perithecia .3-.5 mm broad, depressed or subglobose, perforated, covered with a whitish incrustation; spores straight, cylindric, hyaline, 10-15 x 3-4 p. Old fruit of the punctate fruited thorn tree, Crataegus punctata Jacq. Rossie. May. 32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The sporophores are short or obsolete. The fungus is conspicu- ous by reason of the white crustlike scales that cover the perithecia. This character is suggestive of the specific name. Phoma smilacis B. & J. Dead stems of some species of Smilax. Orient Point. April. R. Latham. Physcia granulifera (Ach.) Tuck. Lyndonville, Orleans co. C. E. Fairman. On stems of button bush, Cephalanthus occidentalis 1) Karaee man uary. S. H. Burnham. Polyporus melanopus Fr. Woods. Vaughns, Washington co. October. S. H. Burnham. Determined by C. G. Lloyd. A rare species both in this country and in Europe. It bears some resemblance to Polyporus radi- catus Schw. from which it is separated by its cespitose mode of growth and its smaller spores. It is more closely allied to P. Ween Ss lle, Polysaccum pisocarpium Fr. Sandy soil in cedar woods. Orient Point. October. R. Latham. Poria pulchella Schw. : Bark of black willow, Salix nigra Marsh. Loudonville, Albany co. March. S. H. Burnham. Psilocybe fuscofolia n. sp. Solitary, gregarious or cespitose. Vicinity of New York. Octo- ber. W. H. Ballou. For description of this species see chapter on New York species of Psilocybe. Psilocybe polycephala ( Paul.) Ground in woods. Constableville. September. Description given in chapter on Edible Fungi. Ramularia karstenii Sacc. Leaves of Epilobium adenocaulon MHaussk. North Elba. June. It most frequently occupies the apical part of the leaves and discolors and kills them. The basal half of the leaf is usually reddish. ' Rubus glandicaulis Blanch. Roadsides and pastures. North Elba. June. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQIt 33 Sagedia cestrensis Tuck. Bark of basswood, Tilia americana L. Orient Point. March. R. Latham. Septoria aquilegiae Penz. & Sacc. Living leaves of wild columbine, Aquilegia canadensi 5 IE. Rossie. May. Septoria aquilegiae E. & E. appears to be the same species. Septoria dianthi Desm. Living or languishing leaves of sweet william, Dianthus barbatus L. Orient Point. June. R. Latham. In these speci- mens the spots are surrounded by a purple border. Septoria malvicola E. & M. Leaves of the common or round leaved mallow, Malva MmOnminedettro lia IL. Rossie. May. ' Septoria mirabilissima n. sp. Perithecia scattered, very minute, .1—2 mm broad, superficial, black; spores filiform, flexuous or curved, continuous, hyaline, 40-150 x 1.5—2 p, supported on slender sporophores, 20x1I up. Slightly discolored bark of white pine, Pinus strobus L. Four year old seedlings. White pine plantation, Saranac Lake. Ppigion ©. Pettis. A remarkable species because of its peculiar habitat and its minute size. It is scarcely visible to the naked eye. The spores are unusually long and when moist the perithecia are easily scraped from the bark. The bark tissues had assumed a dark rusty red color, probably from some bacterial invasion and the trees were in a dying condition. Sphaeronema minutulum D. Sacc. Dead stems of showy sedum, Sedum spectabile Bor. Lyndonville. October. C. E. Fairman. . Sphaeropsis amorphae FE. & B. Dead stems of false indigo, Amorpha fruticosa L. Menands. March. S. H. Burnham. Sphaeropsis maclurae Cke. Dead branches of osage orange, Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid. Kenwood. May. S. H. Burnham. The perithecia are densely gregarious and cover the branches on all sides. Occasion- 34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ally two are crowded together thereby indicating an approach to the genus Haplosporella. Spongipellis occidentalis Murr. Prostrate trunk of American elm, Ulmus americana L. ’ Vaughns. October. S. H. Burnham. Stagonospora carpathica Baeuml. Living leaves of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. Geneva. June. F. C. Stewart. The typical form of the species occurs on leaves of sweet clover, Melilotus alba Desv. but the form on alfalfa leaves does not differ essentially from it. Steccherinum peckii Banker ined. Dead wood of sugar maple, Acer saccharum Marsh. Griffin Corners, Delaware co. September. The species is related te Steccherinum oechpace mm (Pets) Ss. HeiGiayeenome which it differs in having a distinct stemlike base and in being glabrous and more distinctly zonate. The pilei are often laterally confluent as in Stereum fasciatum Schw. Steganosporium fenestratum (E. & E.) Sacc. Twigs and branches of sweet pepperbush, Clethra alni- Pola We. sOrentsPomty) Maye) WRealeatiaamnn Stigmina populi (FE. & E.) Pk. Living leaves of American aspen, Populus tremuloides Mx. North Elba. June. This is a parasitic fungus which causes dead spots on the leaves. These spots increase in size and often become confluent and kill the leaves. The spores develop on both sides of the leaf and form dark olive green patches on the dead spots. The species was placed in the genus Clasterosporium by Ellis and Everhart, but its phyllogenous and biophilous characters evidently indicate a closer relationship to the genus Stigmina. Teichospora trimorpha n. sp. Atk. Perithecia scattered or gregarious, rounded, orbicular or oblong, rarely two or three conjoined, plane or shortly papillate, black, sunk in the bark; asci dimorphic, 30-125 x 12-15 yp, cylindric or tapering very gradually into a short pedicel, some collapsing, 4-6- or 8 spored; spores uniseriate, 20-30 x 7-10 p, constricted in the middle 5-8-septate, blackish brown, frequently inequilateral, paraphyses filiform, numerous. REPORT OF THE STATE ROTANIST IQi!I 35 Bark of dead branches of poplar. Fall creek above the dam. Near Ithaca. March 1894. G. F. Atkinson. This species differs from Teichospora disseminata B. & C. in its much larger perithecia. Thyridium pallidum E. & E. Dead branches of staghorn sumac, Rhus typhina L. Vaughns. June. S. H. Burnham. Tricholoma boreale Fr. Lawns near Dudley observatory grounds under or near Austrian pine trees. Albany. November. S. H. Burnham. Tricholoma planiceps n. sp. Pileus fleshy but very thin, broadly convex or plane, glabrous, erayish brown or yellowish brown with the thin acute margin some- times whitened by a very thin flocculent tomentum, flesh white; lamellae thin, narrow, close, slightly sinuate, white or whitish; stem slender, straight, stuffed or hollow, colored like but a little paler than the pileus; spores broadly ellipsoid, 7-8 x 5-6 up. Pileus 2-5 cm broad; stem 4-6 cm long, 4-6 mm thick. In arbor vitae groves. North River. September. iciiomtuntcholoma melaleucum (Pers) rr. trom which it differs in its very regular plane orbicular pileus, its more crowded narrow lamellae, its strict stem and broader spores. Its habitat is peculiar having been found only under white cedar trees, Miwpaeoceidentalis L., and in but one locality: In this station it has been found two years in succession. Tricholoma subsaponaceum n. sp. Pileus fleshy, compact, flexible, convex or nearly plane, glabrous, whitish creamy white or pallid on the margin, smoky brown or alutaceous in the center, sometimes marked by a row of pallid or watery spots near the margin, assuming yellow or saffron hues where cut or bruised, flesh white, changing color like the pileus where cut or wounded, odor pleasant like anise, taste farinaceous ; lamellae broad, close, adnexed or nearly free, whitish; stem variable, equal or enlarged at the top or at the base, sometimes compressed, often abruptly narrowed at the base and radicating, silky fibrillose, solid becoming hollow with age, whitish, changing color like the pileus where cut or bruised; spores broadly ellipsoid or subglobose, 5-6 x 4-5 ». 2 30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Pileus 6-14 cm broad; stem 4-5 cm long, 1.5-3 cm thick. Among fallen leaves in woods. October. Brooklyn. F. H. Ames. Also near Rockville, Indiana. G. T. Howell. The Indiana specimens are taken as the type. The species is related to DPricholoma, saponacenm | hr bubdiiiersmimnonm it in the color assumed by wounded places, in its odor and taste and in its spores. Tricholoma subsejunctum n. sp. The description of this species will be found in the chapter on Edible Fungi in this report. Trimmatostroma salicis Cd. Dead branches of willows. Ithaca. November. B. B. Higgins. Uromyces spartinae Farl. Leaves of smooth marsh grass, Spartina glabra alterni- flora ‘(Loisel.)) Mer Shelter island) ) Sittollacomm@ccopen W. G. Farlow. Ustilago hypodytes (Schl.) Fr. On dead stems of quack grass, Agropyron repens (L.) ie Iayrackormyills, Jiae, (Ce JZ, airmen, Verbena stricta Vent. Pastures. Granville. August. F.T. Pember. Introduced from the western part of the country. Vermicularia hysteriiformis n. sp. Perithecia elliptic or oblong, .3-.6 mm long, at first covered by the epidermis, then erumpent, setose, black, the setae continuous, erect or divergent, 50-120 x 4-5 p, black, tapering upward, pale at the apex; spores oblong or subfusiform, straight or slightly curved, acute at the ends, continuous, hyaline, 20-25 x 3-4 p. Dead. stems of blue cohosh, Caulophy lam yt hake: tioidses CE.) Mx) Droupsbures) May, Volutella buxi (Cd.) Berk. Living and languishing stems and leaves of box, Buxus sempervirens L. East Hampton, Suffolk co. October. Mis JJ. Jal, Poor, REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQIt 37 REMARKS AND OBSERVATIONS Agaricus arvensis Schaeff. This fine large mushroom was found by F. H. Ames growing in the arc of a circle about 15 feet in diameter. Long Island. September. Several species occasionally grow in this manner. The fairy ring mushroom frequently does. Agaricus subrufescens Pk. This rare species in our State was found by Mrs R. C. Burnham near Vaughns in August. Its pileus was more distinctly squamose than usual. The scales were larger and more conspicuous and the young lamellae were whitish and those of the mature plants were brown. No intervening pink colored lamellae were seen. Andropogon furcatus Muhl. A glaucous form of this grass occurs in sandy soil near Karner. August. Calvatia gigantea (Batsch) The giant puff ball is the largest species known. It is not unusual for it to attain a diameter of 12-14 inches. It is also one of the very best of our esculent species. It has long been known to be edible so long as its flesh is pure white and it has never been known to prove, so far as I am informed, injurious to anyone eating it in reasonable quantity and at reasonable times. The unfortunate thing about it is that it is not common nor of long continuance. It occurs mostly in the month of September only and in limited stations widely separated from each other and generally in limited number in any station. On the farm of one of our correspondents, Mr A. P. Hitchcock, New Lebanon, is a station in which a few specimens have appeared annually for several years. On the first day of September three or four young plants had made their appearance. These were in close proximity to each other. On September 6th two more had appeared. Two were selected for observation and numbered respectively 1 and 2. The following is the record of the development of these two as Opmadle by Mr Hitchcock. 28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Sept. No. 1 No. 2 CLEC TONITE estimated circum. 6 in. estimated 6 32875 measured i 16 measured 8 ce 28 ce (t3 34 ce iK6) (G3 2 (Ts (73 43.5 e II is 43-75 bi) 45.75 i 12 “ce 42 (19 ce 46 (79 15 decay commenced 46 On the 15th, the observations ceased. It will be seen that No. I continued to increase in size for ten days or to the 11th when its circumference was 43.75 inches. The total increments amount to 33.75 inches. This gives an average daily increase of 3.37 inches. Number 2 continued to increase eleven days when its circumference was 46 inches and the total incre- ments amount to 40 inches. This gives an average daily increase of 3.63 inches. It remained stationary three days and then began to decay. Number 1 being larger at the commencement of the observations, it is fair to conclude that it started about one day before No. 2. This gives them both at least eleven days in which to make their full development. We may therefore conclude that the average time of the development of these puff balls is about eleven days and that their average daily rate of increase in circum- ference is about 3.5 inches or a little more than one inch in diameter. The average time of growth appears to be eleven or twelve days or possibly twelve to fourteen days according to the length of time these two had been above ground before they were first seen. Centaurea nigra radiata DC. Homer, Cortland co, Augtst. ©) Me Crouse ancdiiigeeeen Goodrich. An introduced plant. Cichorium intybus L. A white flowered form sometimes occurs. Menands. August. Convolvulus arvensis L. Washington park, Albany. July. S. H. Burnham. A form grow- ing on lawns with leaves oblong and only 1-2 lines broad, the lobes at the base very narrow and divergent. Corallorrhiza trifida Chatelain North Elba. June. This delicate little coral root is becominy very rare in our State. Its early blooming time, May and June, at once distinguishes it from our other small species. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQIt 39 Cryptogramma stelleri (Gmel.) Prantl Head of Plattekill cove, Ulster co. September. Mrs Charles Beach. This little fern was found growing in the crevices of sand- stone rocks. It usually grows on limestone rocks and this is the first instance known to us-in which it has been found growing on sandstone in our State. It occurs on sandstone cliffs in a few places in the middle western states. Drosera rotundifolia L. This common sundew and its variety comosa Fernald occur along the sandy shores of White lake, Oneida co. Specimens are sometimes found with the scape forked near the top, each branch bearing flowers and fruit. One thrifty plant had two forked scapes and two simple ones. There were six racemes borne on four scapes, which was a saving of two scapes. In the variety a similar economy is practised by shortening the rhacis of the raceme and crowding the flowers and fruit together. Euphorbia corollata L. Sand hills near Albany rural cemetery. September. S. H. Burn- ham. This is a rare species in our State. In the locality here given it is probably an introduction from the western states. Galera reticulata Pk. This rare species of mushroom was collected near Pittsford in October by F. S. Boughton. This is the second locality now known for it in our State. % Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal Overrunning a pasture at Montgomery, Orange co. September. J. A. Crabtree. In New York State Museum Bulletin 150, page 31, this plant was reported from Granville where it is recorded as growing in dry pastures on hillsides and in some places constituting nearly all the vegetation. Its abundance and aggressiveness in both these instances indicate that it is likely to become a noxious weed in our pastures. It would therefore be well to destroy it promptly in these places and in every locality where it may appear. A little labor of this kind promptly done may save much labor in the future and much loss of pasturage. 40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Grindelia squarrosa nuda (Wood) Gray Cobbs Hill reservoir. Rochester. November. Miss F. Beck- with. This variety differs from the typical form in its flower heads having no ray flowers. Habenaria ciliaris (L.) R. Br. Fruiting specimens of this pretty orchidaceous plant were col- lected in August in a low but not wet piece of ground near Karner. Scarcely more than a dozen plants of it have been seen here any season since its discovery several years ago. The past season there were eleven. The vicinity has been deprived of most of its larger trees in comparatively recent years, yet the yellow fringed orchis is perpetuating itself well in spite of its changed environment. It probably could be cultivated 1f given a soil similar to that which it now occupies. Hypholoma rigidipes Pk. This mushroom was discovered two years ago at North River. Mr F. S. Boughton has added a second station for it by finding it near Pittsford in October. Lachnea hemisphaerica pusilla n. var. Cups small, 1.5-4 mm broad; spores uninucleate. In other respects like the typical form. Exsiccated water holes. Remsen. August. Lactarius minusculus Burl. Damp ground under or near pine trees. North River. Septem- ber. In these specimens the milk was sparse or entirely absent, the pileus was viscid and the taste acrid. The color of the pileus is orange brown, sometimes darker in the center than on the margin. Lepiota rhacodes Vitt. This lepiota is very rarely seen in our State. Fine specimens were found near Holley, Orleans co. in October by C. A. Mabie. Lobelia cardinalis L. A white flowered form of the showy cardinal flower was found at Gull bay, Lake George in August by Mrs H. H. Murdock. Lonicera tatarica L. Pastures. Hornell. May. Two forms occur. One has young flowers pink, the other white, but the flowers of both become yellow- ish with age or in drying. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII AI Lonicera xylosteum L. Well established in the woods south of Kenwood. May. S. H. Burnham. Lysimachia punctata L. Roadsides near Randolph, Cattaraugus co. August. W. B. Lim- berger. Plants with whorled flowers only. Lysimachia thyrsiflora L. A peculiar form of this plant was collected near Canandaigua in July by Miss E. C. Webster. It has a terminal raceme which gives the plant the general appearance of Lysimachia.terrestris (L.) BSP. Whe flowers are more closely placed, the pedicels are shorter and the petals and sepals are marked by dots instead of lines or dashes as in that species. There are also two short opposite thyrselike racemes just below the terminal one, and two longer and looser clusters among the leaves beneath. These are distant from each other with two leafy branches between them. The single contributed specimen suggests the possibility of its being a hybrid ReiMicciMeat my tott tora i, and LL. terrestris (L.)) BSE: Mentha gentilis L. © Introduced and occurring specially in waste places in gardens and in dooryards. Kingsbury, Washington co. August. S. H. Burnham. It is recognizable at a glance by its variegated leaves, these having whitish or pale yellowish stripes along the principal veins. Merulius ulmi Pk. - The type specimens of this species were found on dead branches of elm. It has been found at Orient Point growing on bayberry, Myrica carolinensis Mill. The former specimens are sterile and have the hymenium brighter colored than the latter. The spores in these are globose and 4-5 p» in diameter. Osmunda cinnamomea bipinnatifida Clute Woods south of Kenwood. May. S. H. Burnham. It differs from the common form in having some of the lower pinnae pin- natifid. Plowrightia morbosa (Schw.) Sacc. Specimens illustrative of the different effects of the black knot on the host plant were collected on chokecherry, Prunus vir- 42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM giniana L., near Meadowdale, Albany co., in July. Some of the branches were completely surrounded by the black knot, others were partly surrounded. Those surrounded showed dead leaves only above the knot, those partly surrounded showed green leaves only above the knot. Polygonum hydropiper L. A slender form with elongated drooping spikes bearing white flowers. Remsen. August. Polyporus albellus Pk. This species has been common this season while its near relative Polyporus chioneus Fr., which is usually plentiful, has been scarce. Peculiar weather conditions appear to be responsible for the comparative abundance of one and the scarcity of the other. Polystictus parvulus Klotsch This species has been unusually abundant in burnt places on Long Island whence specimens have been sent by W. H. Ballou. They are often confluent in tufts of two, three or more. Polyporus focicola B. & C. is considered synonymous with it in Sylloge. Rubus sativus (Bail.) Brainerd Thin woods. Karner. In fruit July and August. Rynchospora fusca (L.) Ait. f. Abundant along the shores of White lake. August. Solidago juncea ramosa P. & B. Association island, Henderson Harbor, Jefferson co. August. C. Guillet. Stenophyllus capillaris (L.) Britton Abundant in sandy soil of pastures. Round Lake. September. Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nutt. This extremely rare orchidaceous plant is recorded in Torrey’s Flora of the State of New York from a single locality, Parma, Monroe county. One additional station has been discovered for it by.M. S. Baxter. This is at Adams Basin not far from Parma station.. The past season Mr Roy Latham has discovered a third REPORT OF THE STATE ROTANIST IQII 43 station for it at Orient Point where he collected fine specimens of it, some of which he has kindly contributed to the State herbarium. Trichostema dichotomum L. Orient Point. September. R. Latham. The flowers of this plant are generally blue. From this the common name blue curls is evidently derived. The plants sent by Mr Latham have pink flowers. : Ab Ustilago osmundae Pk. Fresh specimens of this singular and imperfectly understood parasitic fungus were collected on the royal fern, Osmunda regalis L., by S. H. Burnham, in Cambridge, Washington co., in June. An examination of them revealed a feature previously over- looked. In the early stage of the fungus the cell, which eventually becomes two spores, is single. Soon it develops into a pair of glo- bose echinulate reddish brown spores, 12-16 p» in diameter, these finally separate and with others form a dusty layer of spores over the surface of the young pinnae on which they develop. In develop- ing its spores in pairs this species is unlike the genus Ustilago and is therefore referred to the genus Mycosyrinx and takes the name Mycosyrinx osmundae Pk. Mycosyrinx osmundae cinnamomeae n. var. This differs from the typical form in the paler brown color of the spore mass and the even surface of the spores. It occurs on the base of the pinnae of the cinnamon fern, Osmunda cinna- momea L. It is very rare. Only two small specimens were found. Cambridge. June. S. H. Burnham. Vaccinium oxycoccus L. This cranberry is common to Bonaparte swamp, Cranberry marsh, Averyville marsh and Peacock marsh. It is found in nearly all our sphagnum marshes and on the open mossy summits of most of the high mountains of the Adirondacks. It is a very hardy species and can maintain itself where the larger and cultivated species, Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait, can not. It is there- fore available for cultivation where the other would be a failure. For the purpose of exhibiting the peculiar flora of Peacock marsh a list of its plants is here given. This list was made June 15, 1911. 44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Amelanchier oligocarpa(Myx.) Roem. Kalmia polifolia Wang. Andromeda glaucophylla Link. Larix laricina (DuRoi) Koch Carex canes. disjuncta Fern. Ledum groenlandicum Oeder G. exilis Dew. Nemopanthes mucronata (L.) Trel. G. pauciflora Lightf. Picea mariana (Mull.) BSP. C. paup. irrigua (Wahl.) Fern. Sarracenia purpurea L. (OA stricta Lam. Smilacina trifolia (L.) Desf. Chamaedaphne calyculata(L.) Moench Vaccinium canadense Kalm. Eriophorum callitrix Cham. We oxycoccus L. Kalmia angustifolia L. W pennsylvanicum L, This marsh, in the town of North Elba, is a small one, probably not over three acres in extent, lying apparently less than a mile east of Averyville marsh. It is circular in outline and has no visible stream running through it. It is a shrubby marsh with numer- cus trees of tamarack and black spruce scattered over it and indi- eating that the time is not far distant when it may properly be called a swamp. Except a half dozen sedges there were but two herbaceous plants found. These are the three-leaved smilacina, Smilacina trifolija (West va lhaceoucsi plant wanda. pitcher plant, Sarracenia purpurea L., neither of wien was found in Averyville marsh. No grass was found there. Of the twenty-one species occurring on the marsh, thirteen are trees and shrubs and eight are herbaceous. Of these herbaceous plants, five are carices, only one of which was found on Averyville marsh. It is remarkable that such a dissimilarity should exist in the herba- ceous vegetation of two marshes so near to each other in location and stages of development. Vernonia altissima Nutt. Roadsides. Middleville, Herkimer co. September. Miss M. C. suns. This species has also been found by Dr lj, Veublaberermem New Hartford, Oneida co. It is a rare plant with us. Veronica virginica L. Brown’s grove. Scottsville, Monroe co. August. Miss F. Beck- with. A noble appearing plant commonly known as Culver’s physic or Culver’s root and having some reputation as a medicinal plant. } REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 45 MEV Vise Clase wD VARIETIES OF EXT RATAIMIpE AME FUNGI : Cercospora eustomae Spots suborbicular, definite, grayish or grayish brown, surrounded by an elevated line ; hyphae amphigenous, densely aggregated on the spots or occupying large areas of the unspotted parts of the leaves, simple or septate, irregular or nodulose at the top, 30-60 x 4-6 pn; spores very variable, straight, curved or flexuous, often irregular or of unequal diameter in different parts, oblong or subcylindric, sub- hyaline, continuous or obscurely I—2-septate, 20-60 x 4-6 up. Living leaves of Eustoma andrewsii A. Nels. and E: masse hina nmtunmn (l))Griseb. September, Wenver, Colorado: E. Bethel. Wood River, Nebraska. J. M. Bates. The species is peculiar in the variability of its spores. The tufts of hyphae are sometimes so crowded that they appear to form an effused sooty stratum. Cercospora pastinacae (Sacc.) comb. nov. Spots small, inconspicuous, amphigenous, yellowish green or brown, bounded by veinlets; hyphae hypophyllous, aseptate, nodu- lose at the top, pale brown, 40-60 x 6-8 m; spores oblong or cylin- dric, rarely narrowed toward the apex or when uniseptate having the apical cell narrower than the other, straight or curved, I-3- septate, 25-85 x 6-8 up. Living leaves of parsnip, Pastinaca sativa L. Red Cloud, Nebraska. October. J. M. Bates. This fungus was originally referred by Mr Ellis to Cercos- pora apii Fres. though with some hesitation, as he says that he is strongly of the opinion that it will yet prove to be distinct. Professor Saccardo later gave it the name Cercospora apii pastinacae Sacc. It appears to us to be a distinct species in its numerous small spots limited by the veinlets of the leaf, in its broader aseptate hyphae and specially in its broader subcylindric conidia with only 1—3-septa. Cercosporella mirabilis Spots angular, irregular, 2-10 mm long, sometimes confluent, at first yellowish or pallid, soon reddish brown; hyphae long, creeping, branched and interwoven or short, simple, erect, hypophyllous, hya- line; spores cylindric or gradually tapering from near the base to 46 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the apex, multinucleate and sometimes I-—3-septate, more or less curved or flexuous, rarely curved at the apex, hyaline, 40-120 x 3-5 p, sometimes rising from creeping hyphae, sometimes from minute sclerotioid bodies on the older and darker spots. Living leaves of Crataegus rivularis Nutt. Morrison, Colorado. August. E. Bartholomew and E. Bethel. This is a remarkable aberrant and variable species, and possibly the type of anew genus. The best development is from the younger spots or the margin of the older ones and in these cases its white flocculent masses are plainly visible to the naked eye. In the older spots minute black perithecialike dots scarcely visible to the naked eye appear. Under the microscope minute rather obscure hyphae appear to arise from these and bear smaller and less plentiful spores. Ts this a sclerotioid state of this fungus? Coryneum sorbi Acervuli numerous, discoid, erumpent, orbicular or ellipsoid, .5-1 mm broad, black; spores oblong or oblong-ovoid, triseptate, often irregular, colored, 12-20 x 8-9 p»; sporophores short or obsolete. Dead twigs of Sorbus californica Greene. Tulare co. California. August. J. D. Culbertson. Communicated by E. Bartholomew. The disklike receptacles are crowded and surround ie twigs. The small terminal cell of the spore is often semipellucid. Fre- quently the spore is abruptly contracted in some part of its outline. This gives it an irregular appearance. Dermatea mori Receptacle orbicular ellipsoid or slightly irregular, 1-2 mm broad, broadly convex or nearly plane, erumpent, surrounded by the remains of the ruptured epidermis but sometimes more elevated, biack or brownish black; asci cylindric or subclavate, 60-90 x 20-25 uw; spores oblong or subcylindric, crowded or biseriate, continuous, anne 20-30 x 8-10 up. On dead twigs of Russian mulberry, Morus alba tatarica Loud. Concordia, Kansas. April. E. Bartholomew. The spores are sometimes slightly narrowed near the middle and then they resemble in outline the sole of a shoe. By the blackish color of the receptacle the species makes an approach toward the genus Cenangium, but the texture is somewhat waxy and indicates a closer relationship to Dermatea. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQgit 47 Diaporthe inornata Perithecia collected in valsoid clusters 1-1.5 mm broad, 4-14 in a cluster, about .3 mm broad, black, whitish within, nestling in the inner bark with no circumscribing black line, the long crowded black ostiola piercing and obliterating the cortical stroma, erumpent, sur- rounded by the ruptured remains of the epidermis; asci subfusiform, 60-80 x 8-10 mw; spores crowded, oblong or subfusiform, with a short bristle at each end, constricted at the septum, 2-4-nucleate, 15-24 X 3-4 Bb. Dead branches of staghorn sumac, Rhus typhina L. Cabin John Bridge, Maryland. June. E. Bartholomew. The species is apparently related to Diaporthe syn- genesia (Fr.) Fckl. from which it differs in its smaller clusters, longer and differently shaped asci and in its longer spores. The stroma is cortical and surrounded by no black line. This suggests the specific name. Diplodia polygonicola Perithecia minute, abundant, densely gregarious, forming long patches on the stems, erumpent, black; spores oblong or broadly ellipsoid, at first hyaline, then colored, finally uniseptate, 14-16 x 8-9 p. Dead stems of dock leaved persicaria, Polygonum lapa- Miatoinm Ik Blie Rapids, Kansas, (July. E: Bartholo- mew. Entoloma subtruncatum Pileus subconic, thin, glabrous, hygrophanous, pale yellow ochre and striatulate when moist, paler and subshining when dry, trun- cate or slightly umbonate, the margin incurved, the cuticle separa- ble; lamellae thin, broad, adnexed, moderately close, unequal, whit- ish becoming tinged with pink; stem slender, equal or slightly attenu- ated upward, terete or compressed, hollow, silky fibrillose, pale yel- low, with a whitish mycelioid tomentum at the base; spores angu- lar, apiculate at each end, 12-14 x 8-I0 p. Pileus 2-3 cm broad; stem 3-8 cm long, 2-5 mm thick. Solitary or gregarious. Under pine trees. Stow, Massachusetts. November. S. Davis. The more or less truncate apex of the pileus affords a distin- guished feature of this species and is suggestive of the specific name. 48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Gloeosporium psoraleae Pustules minute, on brown or blackish brown orbicular spots, .25-.75 mm broad, partly concealed by the hairs on the lower sur- face of the leaf; spores oblong or subellipsoid, straight or slightly curved, hyaline, 14-20 X 4-5 p. Leaves of prainie Japple, Psoralea Vesicnlem tance Webster, Nebraska. June. E. Bartholomew. Graphyllium chloes junci This variety differs from the type in its spores which are not dis- tinctly constricted at the septa and in its paraphyses which are rudi- mentary or obsolete. On stems of baltic rush, Juncus balticus Willd. Scotia, Nebraska. September. J. M. Bates. ‘ Henningsinia caespitosa Stroma subclavate, .5-1 cm high, 3-4 mm broad at the top, nar- rowed below into a stemlike base, cespitose or rarely only two united at the base, obtuse at the apex, sometimes with a slight umbo, black, sometimes shining; perithecia oblong, about 1 mm long, vertical in the upper part of the stroma, interior substance white beneath them ; asci ovate or clavate, 35-40 x 14-16 m; spores crowded in the ascus, oblong, continuous, colored, 10-12 x 6-7 up. Bark of West Indian birch, Bursera gummifera Jacq. Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. November. C. F. Baker. This species differs from Henningsinia durissima A. Moell. in its mode of growth, much smaller size, shorter perithecia, broader asci and broader spores. Hysterium cubense Perithecia gregarious or clustered, oblong or ellipsoid, straight, curved or rarely flexuous, at first erumpent, then superficial by the falling away of the epidermis, even, I-2 mm long, .5 mm broad and high, black; asci cylindric, 160-200 x 15-20 p; spores uniseriate, oblong or ellipsoid, 3-septate, colored, 30-40 x 12-16 p, the terminal cells longer than the central cells. , Dead branches lying on the ground. Nazarene, Cuba. September. (Gy 1, Balke. ' This species is related to Hysterium pulicare Pers. from which it may be separated by the smooth perithecia, cylin- dric asci and uniseriate and larger spores. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII AQ Leptonia davisiana Pileus thin, submembranous, convex becoming plane or broadly depressed, fragile, glabrous but slightly squamulose in the center, often widely striate when dry, blackish brown; lamellae thin, close, subventricose, adnexed, at first white then pinkish and pulverulent from the spores; stem slender, equal, glabrous, stuffed or hollow, colored like the pileus ; spores angular, uninucleate, 10-12 x 8-10 up. Pileus 1-2.5 cm broad; stem 1.5-3 cm long, 1-2 mm thick. Among short grass on a lawn. Brookline, Massachusetts. Aug- ust. S. Davis, to whom the species is respectfully dedicated. It differs from Leptonia abnormis Pk. in its smaller size, closer adnexed lamellae, squamulose disk and larger spores. The lamellae are somewhat tough in the dried state. Leptostromella scirpina Perithecia epiphyllous or rarely amphigenous, suborbicular or oblong, .20-.75 mm long, discoid or concave, subsuperficial, black; spores subbacillary, hyaline, curved, continuous, acutely narrowed at each end, 20-25 x 2-3 up. On dead leaves of dark green bulrush, Scirpus atrovirens Muhl. Superior, Nebraska. May. J. M. Bates. The perithecia sometimes occur on a pallid spot, occasionally on both sides of the leaf. The species appears to be related to Lep- HoOSeaomlellanhyysterioides (Kr) Sace: but the spores are neither guttulate nor cylindric. Lysurus borealis serotinus Specimens of this fungus in the egg state were collected in Salem, Mass., and contributed in fresh condition by Mr W. H. Ropes in October. These were placed in a damp chamber and two of them burst from the egg and completed their development. At first the arms, six in number, at the apex of the stem are curved inward their tips meeting at the center of the dome thus formed. In this position the margins of the arms are rolled backward but the edges are separated by a narrow white stripe, the central sterile exterior of the arm. The contiguous margins of any two adjacent arms are then in close contact and separated only by an inconspicuous impressed line, and the exterior surface of the dome is covered by a layer of the blackish or very dark olive green spores and the hymen- ial surface is apparently external, although interrupted longi- tudinally by the six white stripes. Anyone seeing the fungus in this condition for the first time would be likely to refer the species to 50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the genus Anthurus. But soon the tips of the arms separate and the upper part of the dome opens outward or becomes divergent, when it is plainly seen that the inner surface is really the hymenial surface and the species must therefore be referred to the genus Lysurus. In these specimens the external part of the arms is white, while in the typical form it 1s described as pink. In them there are also six white lines or stripes radiating from the base of the stem and marking the inner surface of the volva. I find no mention of a similar character in the type specimens. ‘This character and the white color of the exterior of the arms and the late appearance of the fungus lead me to separate this form under the name Mysurus bore alwys (Surh) ny ies em Oa mils meme te Macrophoma burserae Perithecia minute, 100-200 mw broad, covered by the epidermis, gregarious or aggregated and forming unequal slightly prominent and often confluent pustules, black, white within; spores ellipsoid, hyaline or nearly so, 16-20 X 10-12 p. Bark of West Indian birch, Bursera gummifera Jacq. Santiago) de lacy Viegas, Cubaqe )tlyaim Gaeta malcer: A species easily recognized by its habit of forming broad pustules or slightly prominent patches beneath the epidermis. Macrophoma numerosa Perithecia minute, .3-.5 mm broad, numerous, closely gregarious, membranaceous, nestling in the bark, erumpent, black, whitish within; spores oblong-fusiform, continuous or binucleate, acute at the ends, 12-20 x 3-4 »; sporophores very short or obsolete. Dead branches of locust, Robinia pseudacacia L. Cin- cinnati, Ohio. June. E. Bartholomew. The fungus occupies small branches, surrounding them and ex- tending several inches on them. Morchella conica serotina : Pileus conic or irregular, pointed at the apex or rounded and obtuse, sometimes perforated by a small circular aperture, often sterile with the hymenium brown and the edge of the costae whitish. Roslindale, Massachusetts. October. Mrs U. C. Sherman and Miss J. F. Conant. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQIt Si The late appearance of this fungus is remarkable and the varia- bility of the pileus makes it desirable that it should have a distinct designation. Ovularia avicularis Spots large, suborbicular or oblong, pale brownish red; hyphae amphigenous, erect, forming minute white crowded tufts, 25-35 x 3-4 »; spores oblong or ellipsoid, sometimes slightly narrowed to- -ward the base, hyaline, 12-20 x 6-8 up. Living leaves of knotgrass, Polygonum aviculare L. Wood River, Nebraska. June. J. M. Bates. iiticuspeciess dimers) irom Ovularia risidmla Delack which occurs on leaves of the same host plant, in being amphigenous, in having shorter and more narrow hyphae, shorter and broader spores and differently colored spots. Paxillus microsporus Pileus fleshy, thin, convex becoming nearly plane, subglabrous, white becoming whitish, sometimes brownish in the center, slightly viscid when moist, the margin involute, spreading when mature and even or distantly striate with short elevated ridges and inter- vening depressions, flesh white; lamellae thin, narrow, close, adnate when young, decurrent when mature, occasionally forked or slightly anastomosing at the base, whitish, becoming pale yellowish brown or raw umber; stem short, usually tapering downward, solid or stuffed, colored like the pileus; spores brownish ochraceous, minute, subglobose, 2-3 » in diameter. Pileus 1-6 cm broad; stem 1-6 cm long, 3-8 mm thick. Solitary or cespitose. Ground under chestnut trees. Waltham, Massachusetts. October. G. E. Morris. The species is remark- able for its small spores. Phoma roystoneae Perithecia minute, about .2 mm broad, amphigenous, gregarious, abundant, black; spores minute, oblong or subcylindric, hyaline, 5-8 x I.5-2 » supported on short hyaline sporophores. Onvroyal palm, Roystonea regia (HBK:) ©. F. Cook Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. July. C. F. Baker. Pluteus alveolatus eccentricus Stem short, curved, eccentric; spores pale pink, in old or water soaked specimens paler or yellowish, globose or subglobose, min- utely rough or pitted, 6-8 m in diameter. ° 52 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM On decaying wood. Rockville, Indiana. September and October. G. T. Howell. In other respects it matches the description of the type. Septoria magnospora Spots small, 2-3 mm broad, pallid or whitish with a reddish brown border ; perithecia epiphyllous, minute, .20-.25 mm broad, depressed, biack; spores large, broadly filiform or subcylindric, curved, hya- line or faintly tinged with greenish yellow, continuous or plurisep- tate, 45-80 X 3-4 p. Living leaves of Prunus fremontii Wats. San Diego co., California.. January. S. C. Mason. Communicated by E. Bartholomew. Tricholoma terraeolens majus Pileus 2-6 cm broad, umbonate, nearly plane or sometimes de- pressed around the umbo when mature; stem 6-10 cm long, 4-6 mm thick, solid. In other respects similar to the type. Stow, Massachusetts. October and November. S. Davis. a REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 53 EDIBLE FUNGI Tricholoma subsejunctum n. sp. SUBDISJOINED TRICHOLOMA Plate 124, figures I-5 Pileus fleshy, conic or convex, often wavy and lobed on the mar- gin, slightly viscid when moist, virgate or reticulate with blackish brown fibrils, blackish brown, often pale yellow or greenish yellow on the margin, flesh white, taste farinaceous ; lamellae thin, close. rounded behind, adnexed, white, sometimes tinged with yellow anteriorly ; stem stout, solid, nearly equal, white, sometimes tinged with yellow; spores minute, 5-6 x 4-5 ph. Pileus 2.5—7 cm broad; stem 3-5 cm long, 6-12 mm thick. The subdisjoined tricholoma is a rare species. It has been seen by the writer but once and then only in limited quantity. It was found growing gregariously among mosses and fallen leaves under evergreen and deciduous trees on the margin of a swamp near Mohawk Hill, Lewis county, in September. The cap is 1-2.5 inches broad, at first conic but expanding with age, with the margin sometimes irregular, wavy or lobed and the surface covered with brown or blackish brown fibrils which radiate from the center toward the margin and sometimes form reticula- tions by connecting with each other. The general color is grayish brown or blackish brown, yellow on the margin and at first nearly black in the center. In wet weather it is a little viscid. Its gills are white, sometimes yellow at the outer extremity. They are slightly attached to the stem, which also is white and occasionally tinged with yellow. The stem is 1-2 inches long and 3-6 lines thick, solid and firm. The taste is farinaceous. The plants may be sought in September and October. Tricholoma equestre albipes n. var. WHITE STEM EQUESTRIAN TRICHOLOMA Plate 124, figures 0-9 Pileus fleshy, convex becoming plane or nearly so, viscid when moist, glabrous or with a few spotlike scales in the center, flesh white, taste farinaceous; lamellae thin, close, sinuate, slightly ad- nexed, yellow; stem equal, solid, glabrous, white; spores ellipsoid, 6-8 x 4-5 p. 54. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Pileus 2.5-6 cm broad; stem 2.5—5 cm long, 6-8 mm thick. The white stem variety of the equestrian tricholoma scarcely differs from the typical form of the species except in having a white stem. It is gregarious or cespitose in its mode of growth, its cap is viscid when moist, and 1—2.5 inches broad, its stem is I—2 inches long and 3-4 lines thick. The cap is yellow or greenish yellow on the margin, reddish yellow in the center and there usually adorned by a few spotlike appressed scales. The flesh is white and like that of the preceding species has a farinaceous taste. It grows in thin woods or open places and occurs in September. North River. Volvaria bombycina (Pers.) Fr. SILKY VOLVARIA Plate 125, figures I-3 Pileus fleshy, campanulate or very convex, densely silky fibrillose, white or whitish, flesh white, taste mild; lamellae broad, close, free, whitish becoming bright pink; stem straight or curved, solid, silky fibrillose, white, volva large white or whitish; spores flesh colored or pink, ellipsoid, 8-10 x 5-6 u. The silky volvaria is a large species which usually grows in a solitary manner. It inhabits the sugar maple, Acer saccharum Marsh., and grows from dead places in living trees. It is a noble looking species. Its pileus is 2-4 inches broad; the stem 2-4 inches long, 4-6 lines thick. It bursts from a large persistent volva which is white or whitish and appears like a cup or loose wrapper at the base of the stem. Its specific name has reference to the copious silky fibrils which persistently cover the cap. The species may be found at any time during July, August and September. Its flesh is firm but tender, palatable and satisfying. Unfortunately its scarcity _ detracts from its availability as an esculent ‘species. The spores in cur plant are larger than the dimensions given for those of the European plant and the color of the pileus is paler. Pholiota discolor Pk. FADING PHOLIOTA Plate 127, figures IO-I5 . Pileus thin, convex, becoming nearly plane, glabrous, viscid, hygrophanous, watery cinnamon and often striatulate on the margin when moist, pale yellow or subochraceous when dry, flesh white, taste mild; lamellae narrow, close, adnate, pallid becoming pale ferruginous; stem equal or slightly tapering upward, hollow, fib- REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 55 rillosely striate, pallid or brownish, often with a white mycelioid tomentum at the base; spores ellipsoid, 6-8 x 5-6 u. Pileus 2-4 cm broad; stem 2-5 cm long, 2-5 mm thick. The fading pholiota is a small but common species growing in woods on decaying wood or branches. It is easily distinguished Monee imoliota antumnalis Pky by its. viscid icap.) Mire change of color in the cap by the escape of its moisture is very noticeable and is suggestive of the specific name. It grows singly or somewhat gregariously and very rarely in small tufts. In this case the caps are apt to be smaller than usual. It usually appears in August and September. Its caps are rarely more than one and a half inches broad. Psilocybe polycephala (Paul.) MANY CAP PSILOCYBE PGE Rt2 i, moUnes: IO Pileus fleshy but thin, subcampanulate convex or nearly plane, glabrous, even, hygrophanous, at first whitish with a reddish yellow center, then darker or brownish and obscurely striatulate on the margin while moist, paler or whitish when the moisture has escaped, flesh white or whitish when dry, taste mild; lamellae thin, narrow, close, adnexed or nearly free, whitish becoming purplish brown; stem equal or flexuous, hollow, glabrous, mealy or pruinose at the top, white; spores purplish brown, ellipsoid, 7-8 x 4-5 p. Pileus 1-3 cm broad; stem 2.5-5 cm long; 2-4 mm thick. The many cap psilocybe is a small mushroom but it sometimes occurs in such abundance as to make it available for culinary pur- poses. It is not highly flavored but it is harmless. It has been classed as a mere variety of Psilocybe spadicea Fr. from which it differs chiefly in its mode of growth and in its nearly free fuscous brown gills. When growing on the ground it forms densely crowded troops or patches several inches in diameter. This is given as the typical form. It also grows on trunks of trees, but it then appears to be more cespitose and to grow larger. This form is represented in our plate by figures 3-9. Other marks by which it differs from P. spadicea Fr. are its smooth, not scabrous, pileus, and its clear white stem. The form growing on tree trunks is larger than that growing on the ground and has the cap more strongly convex approaching bell shape. It is darker brown when moist and paler or whitish when dry. The dried specimens retain this color better than the dried specimens of the terrestrial form in 56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM which the brown color is more permanent and more clearly shown. The moisture escapes first from the center of the cap, last from the thin margin. The gills in the young plant are white or whitish, but they soon change to the purplish brown cf the mature plant. The stem in the lignatile form “is sometimes slightly stained toward the base. Our specimens were found in woods near Constableville, in Sep- tember. The larger form was growing from a dead place in the trunk of a sugar maple tree about two feet from the ground; the. smaller form was growing on the ground at the foot of the tree and on the same side. Specimens of both were collected at the same time. Entoloma grayanum Pk. GRAY ENTOLOMA Plate 126, figures I-7 Pileus fleshy, but thin toward the margin, broadly convex or nearly plane, sometimes broadly umbonate, glabrous, moist or sub- hygrophanous, whitish or grayish brown, flesh white, taste farinace- ous; lamellae thin, moderately close, adnexed, whitish becoming flesh colored; stem equal or nearly so, solid, stuffed or hollow, silky | fibrillose, white or pallid; spores angular, uninucleate, 7.5 m in diameter. Pileus 5-8 cm broad; stem 3-7 cm long, 4-10 mm thick. The gray entoloma is a very variable mushroom, both in size, habit and color. The cap ranges from 1-3 inches broad and from watery white to grayish brown. Its stem also may be long, slender and flexuous or short, stout and straight and from 1.5-3 inches long and 2-6 lines thick. It may be solid, stuffed or hollow, and white whitish or pallid. The flesh of the cap is white when dry and its flavor is distinctly farinaceous. The gills are at first white but when mature they are pink. They never assume the brown color so characteristic of the common mushroom and other species of the genus Agaricus which have pink gills when young. The mode of growth is single, loosely gregarious or rarely cespitose. They usually grow among fallen leaves in mixed woods and may be found from July to September. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 57 Cortinarius albidipes n. sp. WHITE STEM CORTINARIUS Plate 128, figures 1-6 Pileus fleshy, compact, hemispheric becoming broadly convex, obtuse or subumbonate, viscid, glabrous and shining when dry, buff color, flesh white, taste mild; lamellae 4-4 mm broad, moderately close, pale violaceous when young, cinnamon when mature; stem commonly narrowed upward from a thickened or bulbous base, firm, solid, silky fibrillose, white; spores subglobose, 8-10 x 7-9 p. Pileus 5-10 cm broad; stem 5-8 cm long, I-1.5 cm thick at the top. The white stem cortinarius is a large fine species easily recognized by its buff colored viscid cap, its violaceous young gills and its white stem thickened or bulbous at the base. In similar species, having the young gills violet, the top of the stem is also violet. The wholly white stem therefore separates this species from all such related species. Sometimes the spores lodge on the remains of the white webby veil and form a conspicuous rust or cinnamon colored ring near the top of the solid stem. The cap is from 2-4 inches broad, the stem is 2—3 inches long and about 5 lines thick at the top. The plants grow among fallen leaves in woods. Collected near Con- stableville in September. Found but once. Agaricus campester majusculus n. var. LARGER MUSHROOM ; Plate 129, figures I-5 Pileus fleshy, firm, convex or nearly plane, fibrillose and squamose on the margin, even in the center, the margin surpassing the lamellae, the color is dark umber brown, flesh firm, white, not at all or but very slightly and slowly assuming a faint ruddy tint when cut, taste mild, agreeable; lamellae thin, close, free, pink, becoming brown or blackish brown; stem stout, equal, stuffed, fibrillose, white, with a white annulus, the white veil at first concealing the lamellae; spores broadly ellipsoid, 7-9 x 6-7 p. Pileus 6-15 cm broad; stem 2.5-7 cm long, 1-2 cm thick. The larger mushroom is one of very many varieties of the com- mon mushroom. It closely approaches the garden mushroom, var. hortensis Cke., but differs from it in its rather larger size, darker colored cap with even center and more coarsely scaly margin. 58 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM In the color of the cap it approaches the brown mushroom var. umbrinus Vitt., but that has an even cap and a squamulose stem. The ‘cap also resembles that of var. villaticus Brond., but that also has the stem squamose below the collar. It inhabits rich soil and was found in October at Schenectady by Mrs Geo. E. Duryee. The flesh is firm but not tough. It affords a very sub- stantial, enjoyable and satisfactory dish scarcely inferior in this respect to the common mushroom. Boletus albidipes Pk. Boletus granulatus albidipes Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 54, p. 168 WHITE STEM BOLETUS Plate 130, figures I-5 Pileus fleshy, convex becoming broadly convex or nearly plane, viscid or glutinous, yellowish white when young becoming pale ochraceous with age and then obscurely spotted by the drying gluten, flesh white, tubes plane, adnate, whitish in the young plant, becoming yellow and finally brownish ochraceous, the edges of the dissepi- ments naked or rarely with few glandular dots; stem short, equal, solid, white, with few or no glandular dots at the top; spores 8-10 x 3-4 B- Pileus 5-8 cm broad; stem 2.5-5 cm long, 8-12 mm thick. The white stem boletus is related to the granular boletus, Bole- tus granulatus L. It may be separated from that species by its paler cap, white flesh and few or no glandular dots at the top of the stem and on the edge of the dissepiments of the tubes. Gre- garious. Under or near white pine trees. The cap is 2-4 inches broad; stem 1-2 inches long, 4-6 lines thick. This is an excellent edible species and may be sought in September in pine groves or under or near white pine trees, specially in rocky places. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 59 NEWeVvORK SPECIES OF CLITOCYBE Clitocybe Fr. Pileus generally fleshy, specially in the center, flexible or rather tough, convex plane or centrally depressed, umbilicate or infundi- buliform, involute on the margin, flesh confluent with the stem; lamellae adnate or decurrent, not normally sinuate; stem normally central, externally more compact, fibrous, somewhat elastic, solid stuffed or hollow; veil sometimes present as a slight silkiness on the pileus or its margin. Terrestrial or occasionally lignicolous, usually gregarious or cespi- tose. They occur chiefly in late summer and autumn. Many species are edible but a few are known to cause sickness and one is very sudorific. None are known to be fatally poisonous. The species are numerous, variable in color and not always sharply limited from each other. This has given rise to numerous synonyms and much difficulty in the identification of some of the species. They have been divided into two large groups or series.. The first includes all species having a dry pileus and those having a moist but not clearly a hygrophanous pileus, that is a moist pileus which does not essentially change its color with the escape of the super- fluous moisture. This series includes all of the large species and many of medium size with a few small ones. The second series includes those species in which the pileus is truly hygrophanous. The flesh is thin, soft and watery and changes color with the escape of moisture. The pileus is convex plane umbilicate or centrally depressed and sometimes cup shape but not normally infundibuliform. In one section the flesh is separable into two horizontal layers. The species are mostly terrestrial, gre- garious and of medium or small size. KEY TO THE SECTIONS Series A Not truly hygrophanous Plant solitary or subgregarious, pileus fleshy, regular, lamellae regularly adnate or decurrent.......--+--++++++: Plant commonly cespitose, pileus often irregular or eccentric, lamellae irregularly adnate or Gectitnetiiemr)Pileus snot) umibrlicatey . i294) 240 14 asa ees Se 3 Zh SHeSiHal’ OuIoWIMOS) Oe waverly Vie WE Wyn vsccoconaccucatsoosacanso>: metachroa 2 \Stenmmmaked atuthe: topes sega nate tee nil Genre nee vilescens 40 Plant anod@rous:, “masini ee oe eae ee ee angustissima 4 Plant «irasratnt: cic 61): 2 hie son cet ells On ee ee 5 5 Marcinvot the smoist pileusestidckem ise rt eee eee subditopoda 5 Margin of the moist pileus even ............. Cee Petes sc Ac iid-olo-¢ 6 GyPilens browash iwi enmeinots te eerste ea ee ae eee compressipes 6) Bileus) witttish when tmoistecee see see laa eee fragrans Clitocybe flavidella Pk. YELLOWISH CLITOCYBE N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.38 Pileus thin, convex becoming plane or centrally depressed, often irregular, glabrous, hygrophanous, dingy yellow when moist, paler or whitish when dry; lamellae close, narrow, adnate or slightly decurrent, yellow or yellowish; stem equal, glabrous, hollow, colored like the pileus ; spores unknown. Pileus about 2.5 cm broad; stem 2-3 cm long, 3-4 mm thick. Gregarious. Low wet ground. Otsego co. September. Rare. Found but once. Clitocybe ditopoda Fr. DOUBLE STEM CLITOCYBE Sylloge V, p.186 Pileus thin, convex becoming plane or centrally depressed, glabrous, hygrophanous, brownish when moist, gray when dry, odor farinaceous; lamellae thin, close, about 2 mm wide, slightly decur- rent, brownish gray; stem equal, glabrous, hollow, often compressed, colored like the pileus; spores broadly ellipsoid, 5-6 x 3-5 p. Pileus 2-5 cm broad; stem 2-3 cm long, 2~4 mm thick. Woods and among fallen leaves. Albany and Warren counties. September and October. Rare. The stem in the Warren county specimens is. sometimes com- pressed and grooved as if composed of two united stems. Such specimens are stiggestive of the specific name. The spore dimensions i REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 87 here given are taken from American specimens. Some authorities say spores “ sphaeroid, 2-3 » in diameter.” Clitocybe peltigerina Pk. PELTIGERINE CLITOCYBE N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.38 Pileus thin, nearly plane, umbilicate, glabrous, hygrophanous, brown and striatulate on the margin when moist, whitish or pale eray when dry; lamellae subdistant, sometimes branched, decurrent, brownish, interspaces venose; stem nearly equal, solid, glabrous, rather firm, paler than the pileus, often with a minute white tomentum at the base; spores ellipsoid, 8x 5 py. Pileus 4-10 mm broad; stem 12-20 mm long, I-1.5 mm thick. Among species of lichens (Peltigera). Albany and Oneida counties. May. Rare. Sometimes two or three stems are united at the base, thus mani- festing a tendency to become cespitose. Clitocybe metachroa Fr. CHANGEABLE CLITOCYBE Sylloge V, p.185 Pileus thin, convex becoming plane or centrally depressed, glabrous, hygrophanous, brownish or grayish brown when young and moist, whitish when dry, margin slightly striate when old; lamellae thin, narrow, close, linear, adnate or slightly decurrent, whitish or cinerous; stem equal, tough, externally fibrous, stuffed or hollow, terete or compressed, whitish, mealy or pruinose at the top, colored like the pileus ; spores 6-8 x 3-4 pb. Pileus 2.5-4 cm broad; stem 3-4 cm long, 4-8 mm thick. Pine woods. Albany co. November. Rare. Found but once. The marked change of color between the moist pileus and the dry one is suggestive of the specific name. The mealy or pruinose top of the stem, its habitat in pine woods and its late appearance are guides in the identification of the species. Clitocybe vilescens Pk. WORTHLESS CLITOCYBE N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, D.19 Pileus convex becoming plane or centrally depressed, sometimes irregular, glabrous, slightly pruinose on the involute margin, brown 88 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM or grayish brown, becoming paler with age, sometimes concen- trically rivulose, flesh pale gray; lamellae close, adnate or decurrent, cinereous or tinged with dingy yellow ; stem short, equal, solid, some- times compressed, grayish brown with a whitish tomentum at the base ; spores subglobose, 5-0 x 4-5 p. Pileus 2.5-4 cm broad; stem 2-5 cm long, 2-4 mm thick. Gregarious. Bushy places and pastures. Albany and Onondaga counties. August. Not common. Clitocybe angustissima Lasch NARROW GILL CLITOCYBE Sylloge V, p.188 Pileus slightly fleshy, plane or centrally depressed, glabrous, hygrophanous, watery white when moist, shining white when dry, the spreading margin slightly striate when old; lamellae thin, nar- row, very close, white; stem slender, stuffed, often curved or flexuous, naked at the top, glabrous or pubescent at the base, white ; spores 4-5 X 2-3 p. Pileus 4-5 cm broad; stem 3-5 cm long, 2-3 mm thick. Low wet ground in woods. Essex co. September. Rare. Related to Clitocybe fragrans Sow. from which it may be separated by the lack of odor, the more slender stem and the purer white color. Clitocybe subditopoda Pk. DITOPODALIKE CLITOCYBE N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 42, p.18 Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, umbilicate, glabrous, hygro- phanous, grayish brown and striate on the margin when moist, paler when dry, flesh concolorous, odor and taste farinaceous; lamellae broad, close, adnate, whitish or pale cinereous; stem equal, glabrous, hollow, colored like the pileus; spores ellipsoid, 5-6 x 3-4 up. Pileus 12-24 mm broad; stem 2.5-5 cm long, about 2 mm thick. Mossy ground in woods. Essex co. September. Rare. This is closely related to Clitocybe ditopoda Fr. from which it may be separated by the umbilicate pileus, its striate margin and its broader paler lamellae. REPORT OF THE STATE ROTANIST IQI1 So Clitocybe compressipes Pk. FLAT STEM CLITOCYBE N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.18 Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, umbilicate, glabrous, hygro- phanous, brownish when moist, whitish or pale tan color when dry, fiesh white when dry, odor slight, farinaceous; lamellae close, subar- cuate or horizontal, adnate or slightly decurrent, whitish; stem firm, hollow, generally compressed, often slightly tapering upward, slightly pruinose, colored like the pileus; spores 5-6 x 4-4.5 pm. Pileus 2-3 cm broad; stem 2-4 cm long, 2-4 mm thick. Gregarious. In pastures or grassy places. Albany and Warren counties. July. Not common. The odor is not always perceptible unless the pileus is moist or broken. The umbilicate pileus, paler or whitish lamellae, time and place of growth separate this species from Clitocybe Giopoda Fr. Clitocybe fragrans Sow. FRAGRANT CLITOCYBE Sylloge V, p.188 Pileus thin, convex becoming plane or umbilicate or centrally depressed, glabrous, hygrophanous, watery white when moist, whit- ish when dry, odor strong, aniselike; lamellae close, slightly decur- rent, 2 mm broad, distinct, white; stem equal, slightly flexuous, elastic, glabrous, stuffed or hollow, whitish ; spores 6-7 X 3-4 pb. Pileus 2-5 cm broad; stem 4-5 cm long, 4-6 mm thick. Woods among mosses and fallen leaves. Lewis co. July. Rare. go NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM NEW YORK SPECIES On WAG @ Avr Laccaria B. & Br. Pileus convex becoming umbilicate or depressed, flesh thin; lamellae broadly adnate, sometimes with a decurrent tooth, becom- ing mealy with the copious subglobose minutely warted white spores ; stem central, externally fibrous, veil not evident. The species of this genus have generally been included in Clito- cybe, but they are so peculiar in their general appearance that it seems best to separate them. The lamellae are rather thick and subdistant broadly adnate and when mature are powdered or whitish pruinose from the abundant spores. These are typically — globose or nearly so and rough. We have included one species in this genus that has oblong even spores; but in all other respects it is so closely allied to the genus that it seems best to consider the spore character a specific rather than a generic one. KEY TO THE SPECIES Base of the stem radicating, clavately thickened.............. trullisata Base of the stem not radicating, rarely thickened.................... it 1 Mature pileus usually more than 4 cm broad ............. ochropurpurea > eMaturepileus/ usually Messi thane4 cn broader 2 2iikamellae vaolaceousiy.a ose eo ae eee te ae ee amethystina 2) waniellaeieshmcolonedmor mleatslye av laiteee ee seine tere 3 3 Pileus regular, becoming unpolished or minutely squamulose...... laccata aePileus| regular ipersistently) glabrous) sose ete eee oe ee eee striatula 3) Pileus irrecular, usually, less\/than 12) mim) broad? 2.55. sss4eeeeeeeee tortilis Laccaria trullisata (Ellis) Pk. PLASTERED LACCARIA Sylloge V, p.195 Pileus fleshy, convex or plane becoming depressed in the center, innately fibrous, squamose or squamulose, smoother in the center, thin on the margin, reddish flesh color; lamellae unequal, sub- distant, thick, adnate or with a decurrent tooth, at first purplish violet, then brick red and pruinose or white pulverulent; stem stuffed, fibrillose, colored like the pileus, the enlarged more or less deeply radicating and clavately thickened base covered by a mass of mycelium and adhering sand; spores oblong or cylindric, even, granular within, 15-20 x 8-9 up. Pileus 2.5-5 cm broad; stem 2.5—7 cm long, 5-8 mm thick. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQI1I gt Solitary or sparsely gregarious. Sandy soil. Suffolk, Nassau, Madison and Albany counties. September and October. The author of this species placed it in Clitocybe with the remark fiztgetis elated to "Agaricus laccatus Scop, and A. ochropurpureus Berk. The fresh mycelium is violet col- ored. The specific name apparently has reference to the mass of soil adhering to the base of the stem which in consequence appears as if it had been plastered over with sand. Laccaria ochropurpurea (Berk.) Pk. PURPLISH OCHER LACCARIA N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 116, p.41, pl.106, fig.7-11 Pileus fleshy, firm, subhemispheric or convex with decurved mar- gin becoming plane or slightly centrally depressed, hygrophanous, purplish brown when moist, grayish or pale alutaceous when dry, unpolished; lamellae thick, distant, broad, adnate or decurrent, purplish ; stem variable, short or long, equal or sometimes thicker in the middle, sometimes at each end, fibrous, solid, colored like or paler than the pileus ; spores globose, verruculose, 8-10 p in diameter. Pileus 5-10 cm broad; stem 3-8 cm long, 4-12 mm thick. Solitary or rarely gregarious. Open grassy or bushy places. Common. July to September. Edible. This species is often very irregular and very variable in size and shape. The color of the lamellae is generally darker than in Mmaccaria ilaccata (Scop.) B. & Br. Whe pileus’ is much darker when moist than when dry. The stem is very fibrous and firm. Laccaria amethystina (Bolt.) B. & Br. in part AMETHYST LACCARIA N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 48, p.176, pl.25, fig.23-27 Pileus thin, broadly convex, umbilicate or centrally depressed, hygrophanous, brown or violaceous brown when moist, grayish when diy, unpolished; lamellae subdistant, adnate or decurrent, violaceous, color more persistent than in the pileus; stem slender, equal, flexuous, hollow, colored like or paler than the pileus ; spores globose, verruculose, 8-10 p» in diameter. Pileus 1.2-2.5 cm broad; stem 2.5-5 cm long, 2-4 mm thick. Solitary or gregarious. Damp ground in shaded places. Not common. Albany and Suffolk counties. July and August. Q2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM This beautiful and quite distinct species has commonly been con- fused with Laccaria laccata (Scop.) B. & Br. or considered a mere variety of it; but to me it appears to be distinct in its violaceous color, slender hollow stem, peculiar habitat, commonly smaller size and more rare occurrence. It is easily recognized and the change of color between the moist and the dry state is strongly marked. Laccaria laccata (Scop.) B. & Br. in part LACCATE LACCARIA WAXY CLITOCYBE N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 48, p.175, pl.25, fig.1-13 Pileus fleshy, rather thin, convex or nearly plane, sometimes um- bilicate or centrally depressed, hygrophanous, glabrous, furfuraceous or minutely squamulose, pale red, buff red or flesh red when moist, pale ochraceous, grayish or buff when dry, margin even; lamellae rather broad, thick, subdistant, adnate or decurrent, flesh color or pale flesh color; stem long or short, nearly or quite equal, fibrous, firm, straight or flexuous, stuffed, colored like the pileus; spores globose, verruculose, 8-10 p» in diameter. Pileus 1.2-5 cm broad; stem 2.5-7.5 cm long, 2-6 mm thick. Solitary, gregarious or cespitose. Woods, groves, swamps, mossy places and pastures in wet, dry or sandy soil and even in sphagnum. Common. May to October. Edible. This is the most common and the most variable species of the genus. It is not at all particular concerning its habitat, soil nor season. It may be found at any time from spring to late autumn if the weather is not too dry. As in other species the color of the lamellae is more persistent than that of the pileus, and is one of the most available characters by which to separate this species from any of the preceding. On account of its variability many varieties have been designated by European mycologists. We recognize among our specimens only two varieties: var. palliditolia Pk (NN) Y\ Stateuvine Rep’t 48, p.176, pl.25, fig.19-22) differing from the type in having the lamellae very pale, barely tinged with flesh color; and var. decurrens Pk. in which the lamellae are distinctly decurrent or arcuate decurrent. As an edible species it is not to be classed as first quality. It is inclined to be tough and not highly flavored. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 93 Laccaria striatula (Pk.) STRIATULATE LACCARIA N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 48, p.176, pl.2s, fig.14-18 Pileus very thin, submembranaceous, convex or nearly plane, glabrous, hygrophanous, buff red and striatulate when moist, grayish or pale buff when dry; lamellae broad, distant, adnate, pale flesh color; stem slender, equal, fibrous, hollow, colored like the pileus; spores globose or subglobose, verruculose, 11-13 » in diameter. Pileus 12-20 mm broad; stem 1.5-3 cm long, 1-2 mm thick. Gregarious. In wet or damp places. Albany, Ulster and Warren counties. Not common. June to September. This was formerly considered a mere variety of Laccaria laccata (Scop.) B. & Br., but its thinner glabrous striatulate pileus, which is usually convex, its smaller size, more slender hollow stem and specially its larger spores lead me to consider it a distinct species. Laccaria tortilis (Bolt.) B. & Br. TWISTED LACCARIA Sylloge V, p.198 Pileus membranaceous, convex plane or centrally depressed, deflexed and sometimes torn on the margin, obscurely striate, irregu- lar, subferruginous; lamellae thick, subdistant, adnate, flesh color ; stem short, equal or slightly thickened at the base, stuffed or hollow, twisted, fragile, colored like the pileus; spores globose, echinulate, 12-16 p in diameter. Pileus 5-10 cm broad; stem 8-12 mm long, .5-I mm thick. Closely gregarious or cespitose. Damp places in woods or by roadsides. Rensselaer and New. York counties. August. Rare. This is the smallest of our species. It is easily recognized by its small size and irregular shape. Its spores are larger and more sharply verruculose than in the preceding species. Var. gracilis Pk. has a more regular pileus, a longer stem and a less cespitose mode of growth. O4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM NEW YORK) SPECIES(OE, PsIl@OeMnk Psilocybe Fr. Pileus more or less fleshy, glabrous, the margin at first incurved ; lamellae brown or purplish brown, not decurrent; stem subcartt- laginous, rigid or tenacious, tubular, either hollow or stuffed, often radicating ; veil absent or rudimentary, not forming a membrane; spores either brown or purplish brown. The genus has been divided into two sections characterized as follows: Rigidae. Pileus thin, not pelliculose, hygrophanous, commonly some shade of brown and striatulate when moist, paler when dry; stem slender, rigid, usually brittle or fragile, glabrous or silky fibrillose, veil none. : Spadiceae is another name that has been applied to this section. Tenaces. Pileus pelliculose, often slightly viscid in wet weather, becoming pale and mostly clear or bright in color; stem commonly tough flexible, glabrous or silky fibrillose, veil rarely conspicuous. Callosae is another name sometimes applied to this section. The species of these sections are not in all cases sharply separated from each other. We have included in the genus one species having red spores. The absence of an interwoven veil will distinguish species of Psilocybe from those of Hypholoma on one hand, and the incurved margin of the young pileus will separate them from those of Psathyra on the other. Most of the species are terrestrial but a few small ones inhabit wood or fallen decaying leaves. Some occur both eon wood and on the ground. KEY TO THE SPECIES Pileus hy grophanous’ (eae ee dane ee ads ae eee I Pileus) notphyerophanous) aoe eateeen anak an eee eae eee 14 EsStem itimsed wath dhe: cise ioseey. Uabh para e teres recent ee ee caerulipes I Stem! not tinged jwath blues Geet velo vate ote c vere ee eee 2 B IPlNME Girone sin Celathy SeMll bococcoccesssnasocnncbeoceaccac arenulina 2 Plantnot Srowine) in Sancdysisollmenarniecee eee eee 3 33 IPWISHS TERIOKS DUCES AiG! AUOMIENIS oncccdnsooocccucccosoencese atomatoides 20 Pileusmnot having, these: chanactersue ase eee eee eee eee 4 A-Sporesi ced) Ais dh vse cs Wa ae oe Oe SO AR eee ee eee conissans Al Synontes) lorroyinal Ore ywrsliqolliGay loNRONWAM soocockocsuncoasouonsanccnescossoce 5 5 Moist pileus yellow, reddish yellow or brownish ....................... 6 5 Moist pileus alutaceous, reddish brown or chestnut ..................... 7 5 Moist pileus brown, sooty brown or blackish brown ................... 10 REPORT OF THE STATE ROTANIST IQTI 95 6 Stem reddish IS VEO itl YA oat came tre SRAM 2 ea) PE squalidella 6 Stem white Seamer a See eeraaies kin aha Wa cee wae CR et hoe polycephala 7 Plant growing in woods or uncultivated places ......................... 8 Menenowing sin srassy places 2.5.0... 020.. dele foenisecii Sesponessslobose or subglobose .2 2.266.602 esos ccc. phyllogena S Spores! UDINE eA a err geen a erat te RENT ie URN Le. 9 peat riomlessmtikaim 2.5 .(Cil! DTOAC ys. 5 foots dice sine ok bodes oe deen ken castanella g Pileus 2.5 cm or more broad, bay brown when moist ............ spadicea g Pileus 2.5 cm or more broad, tan color when moist ............ fuscofolia HOP WMoiGtsnilens: striatulate oni the marsin .222 200). thalicimondnss (Mise. a BN EXPLANATION OF PLATES : : Plate 124 117 iB © bw 4 Oo ONT OV Tricholoma subsejunctum Pk. SUBDISJOINED TRICHOLOMA Two young plants Plant with conic cap Plant with convex cap and lobed margin Vertical section of the upper part of a plant Four spores x 400 Tricholoma equestre albipes Pk. WHITE STEM EQUESTRIAN TRICHOLOMA Plant with convex cap Plant with fully expanded cap Vertical section of the upper part of a plant Four spores x 400 118 See EDIBLE FUNGI alee ¥ Fic. 1-5 Fic. 6-9 TRICHOLOMA SUBSEJUNCTUM Px. TRICHOLOMA EQUESTRE ALBIPES PK SUBDISJOINED TRICHOLOMA WHITE STEM EQUESTRIAN TRICHOLOMA Volvaria bombycina (Pers.) Fr. SILKY VOLVARIA 1 Plant of medium size with white cap 2 Vertical section of the upper part of a plant 3 Four spores x 400 oe | N.Y. STATE MUS. 65 EDIBLE FUNGI PLATE 125 4 v VOLVARIA BOMBYCINA (PERS.) FR. SILKY VOLVARIA ‘Plate 126 zi Entoloma grayanum ile GRAY ENTOLOMA 1 Immature plant 2 Mature plant 3 Mature and immature plants united at the base 4 Whitish plant with broadly umbonate cap 5 Vertical section of the upper part of an immature plant 6 Vertical section of the upper part of a mature plant 7 Four spores x 400 | /, gles MUS. 65. EDIBLE FUNGI PLATE 126. ENTOLOMA GRAYANUM PK. : GRAY ENTOLOMA Plate 127 123 Psilocybe polycephala (Paul.) MANY CAP PSILOCYBE Cluster of immature plants growing on the ground Two immature plants of larger size Mature moist plant growing on dead wood Mature plant with center of cap free from moisture Mature plant with entire cap free from moisture Vertical section of the upper part of an immature plant Vertical section of the upper part of a mature plant Transverse section of a stem Four spores x 400 Oo ON AM BW ND H Pholiota discolor Pk. FADING PHOLIOTA 1o A mature and-an immature plant united at the base 11 Mature plant after the escape of the moisture from the cap 12 Vertical section of the upper part of an immature plant 13 Vertical section of the upper part of a mature plant 14 Transverse section of a stem 15 Four spores x 400 i N. Y. STATE MUS. 65 EDIBLE FUNGI © Been Fic. 10-15 PHOLIOTA DISCOLOR PK. FADING PHOLIOTA Fie. 1-9 PSILOCYBE POLYCEPHALA (PAUL.) MANY CAP PSILOCYBE Plate 128 ' 125 Cortinarius albidipes Pk. WHITE STEM CORTINARIUS 1 Immature plant 2 Immature plant showing color of the gills 3 Mature plant 4 Vertical section of the upper part of an immature plant 5 Vertical section of the upper part of a mature plant 6 Four spores x 400 126 eS 65 EDIBLE FUNGI PLATE 128 CORTINARIUS ALBIDIPES PK. WHITE STEM CORTINARIUS 7 ' . Plate 129 Agaricus campester majusculus Pk. LARGER MUSHROOM 1 Young plant or “ button ” with gills concealed by the white veil 2 Immature plant showing pink color of the gills 3 Mature plant showing blackish brown color of the gills 4 Vertical section of an immature plant 5 Four spores x 400 128 PLATE 129 EDIBLE FUNGI N. Y. STATE MUS. 65 Liman Vege creas. ch 2S Ee AGARICUS CAMPESTER MAJUSCULUS PK. LARGER MUSHROOM *otun il A Eee R Boletus albidipes Pk. WHITE STEM BOLETUS t Immature plant showing whitish tubes 2 Immature but older plant showing yellowish tubes 3 Mature plant with expanded cap and ochraceous tubes 4 Vertical section of the upper part of a plant 5 Four spores x 400 130 PLATE 130 BOLETUS ALBIDIPES PxK. WHITE STEM BOLETUS Clitocybe sudorifica Pk. SUDORIFIC CLITOCYBE Immature plant with convex cap Mature plant with centrally depressed cap Cluster of plants 4 Mature plant with the margin of the cap lobed Vertical section of the upper part of a plant Four spores x 400 &® WN 4 OV U1 Flammula sulphurea Pk. SULFUR-COLORED FLAMMULA 7 Immature plant 8 Tuft of plants, two of them showing the color of the mature gills 9 Vertical section of the upper part of an immature plant 10 Vertical section of the upper part of a mature plant 11 Four spores x 400 © FES j N. Y. STATE MUS. 65 > OR WING © PLATE VII “ Fic. 1-6 Fic. 7-11 * CLITOCYBE SUDORIFICA Px. FLAMMULA SULPHUREA PK. SUDORIFIC CLITOCYBE SULFUR-COLORED FLAMMULA . - | Plate VIII 133. Boletus ballouii Pk. BALLOU BOLETUS 1 Immature plant 2 Mature plant 3 Tuft of plants, two of them showing faded color 3a Vertical section of the upper part of a plant 4 Cystidium x 400 5 Four spores x 400 134 PLATE VIII FUNGI ite) © a) =) = ua} be << ke 7p) s z Were a’ OSs Zolee 2D BOLETUS BALLOUII PK. BALLOU BOLETUS INDEX Acer carolinianum, 21 rubrum, 21 var. tridens, 21 Adirondacks, marsh flora, 7 Aecidium atriplicis, 21 Agaricus (Clitocybe) anisarius, 66 arvensis, 37 campester majusculus, 57, 106 laccatus, 91 Ochropurpureus, QI (Hypholoma) phyllogenus, 99 (Hypholoma) squalidellus, 97 subrufescens, 37 (Clitocybe) subzonalis, 83 tabescens, 75 Andropogon furcatus, 37 Anthyllis vulneraria, 21 Armillaria mellea exannulata, 75 pinetorum, 21 Artemisia frigida, 21 gnaphalodes, 21 Ascochyta imperfecta, 21, 106 medicaginis, 22 ileien ee Boletus, white stem, 58 Boletus albidipes, 22, 58, 106 ballouii, 22, 106 granulatus, 58 albidipes, 58 subsanguineus, 22 Burnham, S. H., work of, Io Calvatia gigantea, 37 Camarosporium maclurae, 23, 107 Centaurea maculosa, 23 nigra radiata, 38 Cercospora apii pastinacae, 45 eustomae, 45, 107 medicaginis, 23 pastinacae, 45, 107 Cercosporella mirabilis, 45, 107 terminalis, 23, 107 veratri, 23 Chestnut bark disease, 6 Cichorium intybus, 38 135 Clavaria subtilis, 23 Clitocybe, 59-60; New York species, 59-89 acrid, 72 Adirondack, 82 bitter, 64 bowl shape, 79 brown stem, 69 cespitose, 84 changeable, 87 clouded, 62 club stem, 62 cup shape, 84 deceiving, 76 decorated, 63 deformed, 70 ditopodalike, 88 double stem, 86 eccentric, 8I ectypoid, 81 flat stem, 89 fragrant, 89 funnel form, 80 hairy, 64 intermediate, 61 inverted, 83 ivory, 73 large, 79 leaf-loving, 71 little jug, 67 many cap, 78 mottled, 76 mound, 75 multiform, 77 narrow gill, 88 open, 66 peltigerine, 87 pine, 63 pine-loving, 71 regular, 72 revolute, 77 rivulose, 63 robust, 71 saucer, 70 shining, 83 sinopican, 80 136 Clitocybe (continued) ’ sinopican-like, 80 smoky, 75 spreading, 75 subconcave, 85 sudorific, 67 sulfur-colored, 64 sweet, 65 thin margin, 68 trog, 66 trumpet, 81 trunk inhabiting, 68 two-form, 65 united, 74 very white, 60 waxy, 92 white lead, 70 whitish, 67, 72 wintry, 85 worthless, 87 yellowish, 82, 86 Clitocybe adirondackensis, 82 albidula, 67 albissima, 69 ampla, 75 angustissima, 88 aperta, 66 biformis, 65 brumalis, 85 caespitosa, 84 candicans, 72 candida, 71 carnosior, 62 catina, 79 centralis, 67 cerussata, 70 clavipes, 62 compressipes, 89 concava, 85 cyathiformis, 84 dealbata, 68, 73 sudorifica, 68 var, deformata, 73 var, minor, 73 decora, 63 difformis, 70 ditopoda, 86, 88, 80 eccentrica, 8&1 ectypoides, 81 fellea, 64 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Clitocybe (continued) flavidella, 86 fragrans, 89 fumosa, 75 brevipes, 24, 75, 108 fuscipes, 69 gallinacea, 72 gilva, 24, 82 hirneola, 24, 67 illudens, 76 incilis, 81 infundibuliformis, 79, 80 var, membranacea, 8o inversa, 83 leptoloma, 68 maculosa, 83 marmorea, 76 Maxima, 79 media, 61 metachroa, 87 monadelpha, 74 multiceps, 78 var, tricholoma, 78 multiformis, 77 nebularis, 62 odora, 65, 66 var. anisaria, 66 patuloides, 75 peltigerina, 87 phyllophila, 71 pinophila, 63 pithyophila, 71, 82 poculum, 84 regularis, 72 revoluta, 77 rivulosa, 63 robusta, 71 sinopica, 80, 81 sinopicoides, 24, 80, 108 splendens, 24, 83 subconcava, 85 subcyathiformis, 70 subditopoda, 88 subhirta, 64 subzonalis, 83 sudorifica, 24, 67, 108 sulphurea, 64 tornata, 72 trogii, 66 truncicola, 68 INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII Clitocybe (continued) tuba, 24, 81 tumulosa, 24, 75 vilescens, 87 virens, 65 Clitopilus conissans, 97 Collybia radicata, 6 Coniothecium chomatosporium, 24 Convolvulus arvensis, 38 Coprinus domesticus, 24 Corallorrhiza trifida, 38 Coronophora angustata, 24 Cortinarius, white stem, 57 Cortinarius albidipes, 24, 57, 108 phyllophilus, 25, 1o9 purpurascens; 25 Coryneum disciforme, 25 sorbi, 46, 109 Cryptogramma stelleri, 39 Cyathiformes, 60, 83 Cytospora rhoina, 2 salicis, 25 Dasyscypha pulverulenta, 25 sulphuricolor, 25, I09 Dermatea mort, 46, I09 Deutzia scabra, 25 var. plena, 25 Diaporthe inornata, 47, 109 syngenesia, 47 Difformes, 59, 74 Diplodia polygonicola, 47, I10 spiraeina, 26 Diplodina medicaginis, 26 Disciformes, 59, 60 Drosera rotundifolia, 39 Edible fungi, 6, 53-58 Entoloma grayanum, 56 subtruncatum, 47, IIo Euphorbia corollata, 39 Explanation of plates, 117-34 Flammula alnicola, 26 spumosa, 26 sulphurea, 26, ITO Fungi, edible, 6, 8, 53-58; extra- limital, new species and varieties, 45-52 Fusarium pirinum, 26 137 Galera reticulata, 39 Ganoderma sessile, 26 tsugae, 27 Gloeosporium nervisequum, 2 psoraleae, 48, I10 valsoideum, 27 Graphyllium chloes junci, 48, 110 Grindelia squarrosa, 39 Squarrosa nuda, 4o Gutierrezia sarothra, 27 Gymnolomia multiflora, 2 Habenaria ciliaris, 40 Haplosporella ribis, 2 Hebeloma sinapizans, 2 Helvella capucina, 27 capucinoides, 27, III Hendersonia grossulariae, 28 Henningsinia caespitosa, 48, III durissima, 48 Hydnellum peckii, 28 Hygrophorus colemannianus, 28 recurvatus, 28, III sordidus, 28 Hypholoma incertum, 97, 104 modestum, 99 rigidipes, 40 Hysterium cubense, 48, III pulicare, 48 Infundibuliformes, 59, 78 Laccaria, New York _ species, 90-93 amethyst, 91 laccate, 92 plastered, 90 purplish ocher, 91 striatulate, 93 twisted, 93 Laccaria amethystina, 91 laccata, 9I, 92, 93 var, decurrens, 92 var. pallidifolia, 92 ochropurpurea, 91 striatula, 93 tortilis, 93 var. gracilis, 93 trullisata, 90 Lachnea hemisphaerica pusilla, 4o Lactarius minusculus, 40 138 Lepiota rhacodes, 40 Leptonia abnormis, 49 davisiana, 49, I12 Leptosphaeria distributa, 28 Leptostromella hysterioides, 49 scirpina, 49, II2 Lobelia cardinalis, 40 Lonicera tatarica, 40 xylosteum, 41 Lysimachia punctata, 41 terrestris, 41 thyrsiflora, 41 Lysurus borealis serotinus, 49, I12 Macrophoma burserae, 50, 112 numerosa, 50, I12 Marasmius epiphyllus, 28 insititius, 28 Melanconis alni, 28 Mentha gentilis, 41 Merulius ulmi, 41 Morchella conica serotina, 50, I12 Mushrooms, 6, 8, 45-58 larger, 57 mowers, 98 Mycena atroumbonata, 29, 113 galericulata, 2 metata, 29 Mycosyrinx osmundae, 43 cinnamomeae, 43 Naucoria arenaria, 29, I13 platysperma, 29 Oenothera muricata, 2 muricata canescens, 2 Omphalia offuciata, 2 Ophiotheca vermicularis, 30 Orbiformes, 60, 85 Osmunda cinnamomea_ bipinnati- fida, 41 Ovalaria avicularis, 51, 113 rigidula, 51 Paxillus microsporus, 51, 113 Peacock marsh, 7, 44 Peniophora tenuissima, 30, 114 Periconia pycnospora, 30 Peronospora trifoliorum, 30 Pestalozzia adusta, 30 funerea, 30 longiseta, 30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Phacidium lignicola, 30, 114 Pholiota, fading, 54 Pholiota autumnalis, 9 discolor, 54 rigidipes, 31, I14 terrigena, 31 . Phoma amorphae, 31 bacteriophila, 31, 114 leprosa, 31, 114 roystoneae, 51, 114 smilacis, 32 Phyllosticta rhei, 22 Physcia granulifera, 32 Plants, added to herbarium, 5, r1- 13; specimens collected, 5; con- tributors and their contributions, 5, 6, 14-20; remarks and observa- tions, 6, 37-44; species not be- fore reported 6, 21-36 Plates, explanation of, 117-324 Plowrightia morbosa, 41 Pluteus alveolatus eccentricus, 51, IIs Polygonum hydropiper, 42 Polyporus albellus, 42 chioneus, 42 focicola, 42 melanopus, 32 radicatus, 32 varius, 32 Polysaccum pisocarpium, 32 Polystictus parvulus, 42 Poria pulchella, 32 Psilocybe, 94; New York species, 94-105 bay, I00 bent stem, 102 blackish, rot blue stem, 95 brown gill, roo chestnut, 99 dusty, 07 haymakers, 98 hilly, 103 leaf, 99 liberty cap, 103 long stem, 104 many cap, 55, 98 moist, 105 INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 139 Psilocybe (continued) mud, Io1I mud-loving, 104 old, 102 one-colored, 102 sandy, 96 squalid, 97 tawny brown, IOI two-colored, 104 Psilocybe ammophila, 96 arenulina, 96 atomate, 96 atomatoides, 96 caerulipes, 95 camptopoda, 102 canofaciens, 103 castanella, 99 cernua, I05 clivensis, 103 conissans, 97 dichroa, 104 elongatipes, 104 foenisecii, 98 fuscofolia, 32, 100, 115 fuscofulva, Io1 limicola, ror limophila, 104 nigrella, Ior phyllogena, 99 modesta, 99 polycephala, 32, 55, 98 semilanceata, 103 caerulescens, 96 senex, 102 spadicea, 55, 98, 100 squalidella, 97 var. deformata, 98 var. macrospora, 98 var. umbonata, 98 uda, 105 var. elongata, 105 unicolor, 102 Ramularia karstenii, 32 Rubus glandicaulis, 32 sativus, 42 Rynchospora fusca, 42 Sagedia cestrensis, 33 Sarracenia purpurea, 44 Septoria aquilegiae, 33 dianthi, 33 magnospora, 52, II5 malvicola, 33 mirabilissima, 33, II5 Smilacina trifolia, 44 Solidago juncea ramosa, 42 Sphaeronema minutulum, 33 Sphaeropsis amorphae, 33 maclurae, 33 Spongipellis occidentalis, 34 Stagonospora carpathica, 34 Steccherinum ochraceum, 34 peckii, 34 Steganosporium fenestratum, 34 Stenophyllus capillaris, 42 Stigmina populi, 34 Teichospora disseminata, 35 trimorpha, 34 Thyridium pallidum, 35 Tipularia discolor, 42 Tricholoma, equestrian, white stem, 53°54 subdisjoined, 53 Tricholoma boreale, 35 equestre albipes, 53-54, I15 melaleucum, 35 multipunctum, 64 personatum, 8 planiceps, 35, II5 saponaceum, 36 subsaponaceum, 35, I16 subsejunctum, 36, 53, 116 terraeolens majus, 52, 116 Trichostema dichotomum, 43 Trimmatostroma salicis, 36 Uromyces spartinae, 36 Ustilago hypodytes, 36 osmundae, 43 Vaccinium oxycoccus, 43 Verbena stricta, 36 Vermicularia hysteriiformis, 36, 116 Vernonia altissima, 44 Veronica virginica, 44 Volutella buxi, 36 Volvaria, silky, 54 Volvaria bombycina, 54 \ 7 / Nah hf th A AN SY aoc REREEL WY UVVeUUUUUT EOE Ve oy, sous, YSEURe JUSS v yew ey Nw lees _» 2 7 RGA AA AAA | KAI MI" WH, WINE] Whed| J | | | | | GAY yy JIA WWI\S NSIS yIys Ubi UY — UYSUyy J MINN WelM¥™ | uyyyysyyyyyuyyS) yyyy? Vile ey | @ JOE. y > wwe | : S Wi ss yi \ F n} } f \y ei iy, ae | \ | | \ \ Y ‘\ 7\ \ we’ we \ At |) 4 V eed y I | | De iA AN) ver | WANN LAA i ve hi = =a j\\ \ re y et | f \ \ (= \ \7\")\ \ 4) haa |) | Yue ec ’ ; ) hf I, 4 yl rk ) ) , . | } | Hh) y \ | | } Ah ) \ : ' | : | MS Re \ ey UUUVUSSESSNS MUevield f y WY YY yyy DK, es e we IN x Vur, Mulvey) ¥ | j i SSS Sy be A DNS) Nv Ny Wey DOG y PD. Wee we vy heh’ “i vy LOW y y SE Tn