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Cee ri si ati: bs oe ee t: ra y ly : 5 ee Faction feet Bulletin ‘Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York - Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., ‘ under the act of July 16, 1894 €20 he - 475 ALBANY, N. Y. Jury 16, 1910 ' __ New York State Museum Joun M. Crarxe, Director EPHRAIM PoRTER FELT, State Entomologist yy 4 | : Museum Bulletin 141 ~~ 25th REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST a : : ON INJURIOUS AND OTHER INSECTS | A tay We OF THE . peau oF sihadlacome VevuLOGrY. 7 STATE OF NEW YORK 1a ‘ : ; 4 > paseeht oc. i 1909 | a. | | % . PAGE PAGE Ss oes 5 Shade tree pests............... 97 Injurious MUNG ooo Lice wees wes 12 Forest insects........ Gee 100 Typhoid or house fly.......... 12 | Publications of the Entomologist 104 Brown tail moth.......... .. 17 | Additions to collections.......... 113 sabia teen Tet ae ¢ : Insect collections: 2 ..a% ...< bas 118 Rhododendron lace bug....... 72 ae types in New York State. ; : isGdrti.. ARC aedeais «Je. 119 BNE NODS. ices 2 6 vw ax hws os ay. Add Ye : Notes for the year............... 89 itional list of Adirondack in- Fruit tree pests........./...... 89 sects. D. B. Young..... +++ 123 Small fruit insects..... cao re 92 | Explanation of plates............ 127 Maiecellaneous............02.8.- cl ee UT ES Abe ae ony gee: Pes, rane Aare 171 ALBANY UNIVERSITY OF THe TATE OF NEW YORK P. ¢ Merg2r-F10-1800 . ay Way ve 4! , - j . ; Bt Bh Ss We : é . = STATE OF NEW YORK EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Regents of the University With years when terms expire 1913 WHITELAW Reip M.A. LL.D. D.C.L. Chancellor New York 1917 St Crain McKetway M.A. LL.D.Vice Chancellor Brooklyn 7 = SE ATE a RE. 7 Ny "ae b 1919 DantEt BeacH Ph.D. LL.D. - ~ =.=) Ai : 1914. Puy T. Sexton LL.B. LL.D. —.- —/ —) = Palmyra Ss 1912 T. GuitForp SmitH M.A. C.E. LL.D. — — -— Buffalo | 1918 Wititam NottincuaM M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. — — Syracuse © 1922 CuusterR 5. Lorp. M.A. LL:D:. — .-: = —_= ieee 1915 ALBERT VANDER VEER M.D. M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. Albany - z91x Epwarp Lautersacu M.A. LL.D. - — — — New York © 1920 Eucene A. Puirpin LL.B. LL.D. - -— — — New York 1916 Lucian L. SHEpDDEN LL.B. LL.D. - - -— -— Plattsburg 1921 FRaNcIs M. CaRPENTER — — — + — — — Mount Kisco Commissioner of Education — ANDREW S. Draper LL.B. ead 2 Assistant Commissioners Aucustus S. Downine M.A. Pd.D. LL.D. First Assistant — FRANK Ro .iins Ph.D. Second Assistant a Tuomas E, Finecan M.A. Pd.D. Third Assistant ’ Director of State Library James I. Wyer, Jr, M.L.S. Mer’ Director of Science and State Museum Joun M., CrarKe-Ph.D. Sc.D: LL.D. Chiefs of Divisions f Administration, HARLAN H. Horner B.A. Attendance, James D. SuLiivan Educational Extension, WILLIAM R. EASTMAN M. A. M.L.S. Examinations, CHARLES. F. WuEELock B.S. LL.D. Inspections, FRANK H. Woop M.A. ; Law, FRANK B. GILBERT B.A, School Libraries, CHARLEs E. Fircu L.H.D. Statistics, H1ram C. Case Trades Schools, ARTHUR D. Dgan B.S. Visual Instruction, ALFrepD W. Asrams Ph.B. - New York State Education Department Science Division, February 23, 1910 Hon. Andrew S. Draper LL.D. Commissioner of Education Sir: JI have the honor to communicate herewith for publication as a bulletin of the State Museum, the report of the State Ento- mologist for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1909. Very respectfully Joun M. CLARKE , Director State of New York Education Department COMMISSIONER’S ROOM Approved for publication this 24th day of February 1910 Commissioner of Education Education Department Bulletin Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under the act of July 16, 1894 No. 475 ALBANY, N. Y. JULY 1501960 New York State Museum Joun M. CriarKke, Director EPHRAIM PorRTER FELT, State Entomologist Museum Bulletin 141 25th REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1909 To John M. Clarke, Director of Science Division I have the honor of presenting herewith my report on the in- jurious and other insects of the State of New York for the year ending October 15, 1909. The horticultural world was startled early the present year by the discovery of thousands of young brown tail moth caterpillars in their winter nests on many shipments of nursery stock imported from France. Drastic recommendations were made and promptly adopted by the Commissioner of Agriculture with the result that, so far as known, none of the pests succeeded in establishing them- selves. The middle of June was noteworthy on account of the find- ing of a small colony of nearly full grown caterpillars of this species at Port Chester, N. Y. The thoroughgoing measures adopted in this instance appear to have resulted in extermination. Fruit tree pests. The most conspicuous injury to fruit the past season was undoubtedly caused by the hordes of plant lice which not only abounded upon apple but were exceedingly numer- ous on cherry and more or less destructive to plum. The attack on the apple was followed by the trees producing large numbers of small, gnarly fruit, the latter forming 35 to 45 per cent of the total number of fruit in some orchards. The exact records of the injury in the two experimental orchards will be found on a subse- quent page. One apple grower estimated the loss at 50 per cent. _ This phenomenal outbreak coincided with unusually cool weather and was undoubtedly greatly favored by climatic conditions. The cigar case bearer was somewhat abundant in orchards in the west- 6 . NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ern part of the State, though it was not so numerous as in 1908. The blister mite continued its injuries of last season and in some localities was much more prevalent, this being particularly true of the Hudson valley. The San José scale continues to be one of the important pests — of the horticulturist though progressive fruit growers have little difficulty in controlling it. The general experience with lime-sulfur washes has been exceedingly satisfactory. A number of the com- mercial preparations of this material have given excellent results. Fruit growers are now beginning to use this wash in a more diluted form as a summer spray for plant lice and fungous diseases. Codling moth. The codling moth is one of the most import- ant enemies of the fruit grower. A series of practical experiments ‘were carried through the season for the purpose of ascertaining the actual benefit resulting from the application of arsenical poisons, and also the relative efficacy of insecticides applied with a coarse or a fine spray. These experiments were conducted in the orchard of Mr W. H. Hart of Poughkeepsie and that of Mr. Edward VanAlstyne at Kinderhook, N. Y. Great pains were taken at the outset to secure an infested orchard with an ample number of trees likely to bear a nearly uniform amount of fruit. Each plot con- sisted of 42 trees, the fruit from the central six alone being counted. The others were used as barriers to prevent the treatment of one plot reacting upon the trees in another. These experiments in- — volved considerable labor, since three sprayings were given in the case of the orchard at Poughkeepsie. It was furthermore neces- sary to sort and classify over 100,000 apples in this orchard alone. A reference to the data on a following page shows a most striking difference between the fruit from the sprayed and the unsprayed trees and indicates in no uncertain manner the supreme importance of thorough work. ee Small fruits. The unusually severe injury by the grape blos- som midge noted in 1908, was continued the past season though the insect may not have been quite so prevalent throughout the grape belt. The acre of early Moore grapes recorded as seriously injured last year was badly damaged the past season. We were fortunate enough in early spring to rear the adult, a fragile midge which has hitherto escaped notice although the blighted blossom — buds have been common for several years. Owing to the delay in issuing the report for 1908 it was possible to give, in that publica- tion, a full account of the pest. ee) < . Ve ER ge tet Ie ENDS Tey eee: PPA, | ieiidiese REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IgOog 7 The grape root worm, though generally prevalent in the Chau- tauqua region, has not caused much alarm. This is due in part to a more thorough understanding of the insect and methods of con- trolling: it, and also to better cultivation and fertilization. The latter are important factors in producing vines capable of with- standing injury. 3 Shade tree pests. The protection of our shade trees from the ravages of insect pests has continued, as it most assuredly should, to receive much attention. It is gratifying to record that the general public is displaying a most commendable interest in this phase of economic entomology. There have been numerous demands for information in regard to these pests and methods of controlling them. The supplying of such has been an important part of the office work. The elm leaf beetle has been somewhat prevalent in the Hudson _and Mohawk valleys. It caused extensive injury for the first time in the city of Amsterdam and was quite destructive at Schenectady and also at Sandy Hill. There was general though not very severe injury in both Albany and Troy, while judging from reports this pest has been exceedingly destructive to elms on Long Island. The spruce gall aphid, noticed in the preceding report, has con- tinued abundant and rather injurious in widely separated portions of the State. It is a species which should be watched closely, since it is capable of causing severe damage, by destroying the terminal twigs and thus stunting the growth. The sugar maple borer continues to be a serious enemy of maples. It was particularly abundant the past summer at Fulton, N. Y. A number of trees in that village were badly affected and a few were dying as a result of the recent work of this pernicious borer. Forest insects. The ravages of forest insects are increasing in severity with the lapse of time. Our forest trees have suffered greatly in recent years from outbreaks by leaf-feeding caterpillars. The snow-white linden moth has been one of the chief offenders. The past season was marked by extensive depredations by this pest. The flight of hosts of white moths about city and village lights, so generally noticed in 1908 was observed the past season. The small, modest, grayish and olive-brown moths of the spruce bud worm attracted unusual notice in midsummer on account of their prevalence at street lights in a number of widely separated cities. These flights, judging from reports received, have been pre- ceded by serious injuries to spruce trees in the Adirondacks. ON es 8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The hickory bark borer, a most pernicious enemy of hickories, has been very injurious to the magnificent trees of Prospect Park, Brooklyn. Injuries by this pest have also been reported from the central portion of the State. This nefarious pest has in recent years destroyed thousands of valuable trees in this State. Its destructive potentialities amply’ justify the prompt destruction of infested trees. Gipsy and brown tail moths. The appearance of the latter species in this State has already been mentioned and must be re- garded as but the precursor of similar visitations. This insect has not, to our knowledge, become established west of the Connecticut valley, and it is to be hoped that the repressive measures, prose- cuted jointly by the state of Massachusetts and the federal govern- ment, will result in keeping this destructive form at a distance for some years to come. The finding of numerous winter nests of the brown tail moth upon imported French stock last winter resulted in our conducting a series of experiments for the purpose of determining the effi- ciency of hydrocyanic acid gas as an agent in the destruction of the caterpillars. Though this most deadly gas has given excellent results with other species, it proved of no service in killing brown tail moth caterpillars within their nests, and could not be relied upon to destroy free caterpillars in a dormant condition at any reasonable strength and without an unduly prolonged exposure. The details of these experiments, showing the unreliability of this gas, are given on a following page. On the other hand, dipping the caterpillars in a miscible oil was invariably followed by death. There 1s still no authentic record of the gipsy moth having be- come established in New York State. The pest has not made its way nearer than the outlying small colonies known to exist at Springfield and Greenfield, Mass. and the more recent infestation at Wallingford, Conn. The Entomologist has sent out a number of warning placards to places where these insects would be most likely to become established and as yet nothing suspicious has been discovered. Miscellaneous. The large, olive-colored form known as Say’s blister beetle was unusually abundant in the vicinity of Albany and occasioned some anxiety lest it prove a serious pest. There was a restricted outbreak of the army worm at Oakdale. Conditions were evidently rather favorable for more extended mischief by this insect, since the writer found the caterpillars numerous at Port . : i | REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST Igog 9 Chester though not very evident on account of the large amount of provender upon which they could subsist. House fly. This insect, with its acknowledged potentiality for evil, is one’ of the most important of our injurious species. The present great interest in the house fly and methods for its con- trol led to the devising of a vivarium or special house for the _ purpose of testing the behavior of this insect in relation to light and in particular to ascertain whether darkness or partial darkness could not be used as a barrier to keep this ubiquitous form from breeding materials of various kinds. The house was a light-proof structure with partitions arranged in about the same way as those in the photographer’s dark room, and flies were given a free oppor- tunity to enter as far as they would with a constantly decreasing illumination and deposit eggs upon moist horse manure. The de- tails of the experiments, given on a following page, show that this insect will not invade moderately dark places for the purpose of depositing its eggs. It should be comparatively easy and very practical to store all such materials in dark or nearly dark places. Gall midges. The work upon this group has been pushed as rapidly as possible consistent with the discharge of other duties. We have been able to make material additions to our knowledge of the biology of this group. This was particularly marked in the case of Sackenomyia, originally described from a female taken on the wing and now represented in addition by two reared species, of which both sexes, larvae and galls are known. The life histories of a number of species of Caryomyia, forms responsible for the peculiar and varied hickory leaf midge galls, have been worked out. Likewise, a number of species of Cincticornia, a genus confined to oak, have been reared and some exceedingly gratifying data obtained. This by no means exhausts possibilities with this group, since material has come in so rapidly in recent months that it has been practically impossible to classify it adequately and at the same time collect or rear additional forms. Over 50 species have been reared during the year, most of them new and making a total in the collections of probably over 800 species, about 350 having been reared. This large number of specimens, in some instances species are represented by a hundred midges, is practically classified and requires only a relatively small amount of descriptive and collative work before being made available to the public. Special acknowledgments in this connection are due Miss Cora H. Clarke of Boston, Mass. who has collected and forwarded to IO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM us large series of galls from which we were able to rear a number of previously unknown species. The care of this material devolved largely upon Assistant D. B. Young, who has met with exceptional success in rearing the flies. Miss Fanny T. Hartman has assisted — in caring for the biological material and has made excellent micro-_ scopical mounts of many of these extremely delicate midges. Publications. Many brief, popular accounts dealing with in- jurious insects have been prepared by the Entomologist for the agricultural and local press and a few notices of more than general interest have been disseminated as press bulletins or through the agency of the Associated Press. A comprehensive popular bulletin on the Control of Household Insects, made advisable by the recent great advances in our knowledge of the relation of insects to the dissemination of disease, was issued in May and is now, due to the great demand for such information, practically out of print. The report for last year, owing to delays incident to publication, was not issued till the last of the present year. A popular account summarizing one phase of our studies of gall midges and*entitled: ‘Gall Midges of the Goldenrod,’ appeared in the Ottawa Naturahst for February. Biological data and brief descriptions of nearly 50 reared species of Cecidomyiidae were published in the issue of the Journal of Economic Entomology for August. . Collections. The additions to the collections have not been very extensive, since the amount of material already at hand de- mands the expenditure of much time before it can be properly classified. Particularly gratifying additions have been made by rearing large series of Caryomyia, Cincticornia and Sackenomyia, the biology of these genera being previously unknown. There have been valuable contributions of biological material, mostly insect galls, through the generosity of Miss Cora H. Clarke of Boston, Mass. | | The general work on the arrangement and classification of the collection has been pushed as rapidly as possible. Mr D. B. Young has identfied practically all our species of Bombylidae, has done considerable work upon the Empididae and made substantial prog- ress in classifying the Sapromyzidae, the Tabanidae and the Sciomy- zidae. Mr Young is also responsible in large measure for the preparation of the list of insect types in the New York State col- lection given on a following page. Much of Miss Hartman’s time has been devoted to the care of breeding material, to mounting and REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOIOGIST TQO9 j labeling, to interpolating specimens, particularly Microlepidoptera in the general collections, and to bibliographic work. Several greatly enlarged models representing injurious insects or portions of such forms have added very much to the educational value of the entomologic exhibit. ee zs : 4 | Apparently dead..| 1 alive on 18th and 20th > od SAAS E 21 7, tet |) 2c be Same, 18th and 20th I Ae 41 I Aa eeRANING ois ele. acs % woe: 4 alive 18th and 20th OL Ae + 21 bol Dees bam Ane eee Same, 18th, 2oth ion ee + 3 4 Dele I to Get Tics ee Lo a 4 3 | 4 &nest | 3 alive 18th: 2, 20th} Alive in nest oS ae See + 6/14 5 Exposed __ caterpil- fers GEA = 92's a All exposed caterpillars dead 18th, 20th, most in : the nest dead 2 acs ROE 4 3 4 | Apparently dead... Apparently dead 16th, 1 alive the 18th, all dead the 20th Mitac Pees xs) ote 4 2I Ae ALIA acces Same, 18th, 20th 7S (3 3 ha senest '|oralivels ss J... 2452 2 alive the zoth, those in : nest alive See 4 Gitras Vee Exposed caterpil- larsidead®.ons Same, 18th, caterpillars in -* nest alive s Series 2, January 20, 1909 AE a 4 6 Seen.) yao wets eS Same, the 21st i Bergh ss.'s sss 4 Gos hot OMe Mace peated PRs? the < 4 ‘ A eee + 5 8 os é fe 4 . 7 + = 8 “ 5 s 3 “ “ “ oo: i ; Re Ott Wiha wigs! « Deis.’ + 4 8 a ; 2 Ne * 3 a + 3 8 pind Pagid Meta i: € we oS gel 2 FN Saati a edi igeaade een 4 6 8 Re ee eee abe = es € Bes», i 6 | ho igi ee Beaten hoe om eo. + 5 8 “cle, Seta tee Seam r J se ae : hel a8 Seana Hou - BONS 4 2I 8 Ce neve cc HE eh ores i - 4 “ “ “ “ ee eee ; ai EP ealpene nce Ny Minar ee Ale 4 2I 8 eg ANS ON aR g Pe ¢ Cet e ee 4 3 8 SO eee a miaiees “i 4 “ SS ae 4 ae 8 | Apparently dead...} 1 alive 21st, 22d Series 3, January 21, 1909 + I Se beak tints. Weert ves, Same, the 22d + I 8 Sete eee a ay eee % . ¢ + 2 8 Rete Mahe oe * * x 2 8 SARA int + ener 5 <¢ e + 3 8 Be CoN eae aur Be ee ¥ vy . + 4 8 iNT ic etna eee es - 9 $ I BLA me sa ararctew Foye Same, 22d, 23d 3 I | ah NE et Me “ ee ee 4 2 8 | Apparently dead...| Several alive the 23d, small piece of web pres- ent 4 2 a iad Lote lfo Ure oe aay eee Same, the 22d P's 3 8 | Apparently dead...| Several alive the 23d, pieces of nest present te 4 8° Dead inten yr Same, the 23d Series 4, January 28, 1909 } 3 1o | Allapparently dead| All dead the 3> 3 Io “ “ “ “ “ ‘“ 3 Io “ “ “ “ “ “ i 2 Io “ “ “ “ “ “ 3 Io “ “ “ “ “ “ i 3 Io “ “ “ “ “ “ 22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Experiments with brown tail moth caterpillars (continued) - Series 5, March 2, 1909 Hight Drams | Hours Observations No, of No. of | of cage eae Ese Ne. of at eadios ob experiment cage Aint ade posed arvae fumigation rp net en ERIS I 26 21 2 Te" Or wall iovie seater 2 alive Maren ae | 3 alive March 5 ER Pape Bore 2 20 | 2 2 TOs | Hos es 2 eee 4 alive March 3, 3 alive March 5 Taye cet eee eae 3 Tie | 2 2 Tos! Teh a ee 7 alive -March 3, 5 alive March 5 5 Pads etna ns: f 4 6 2 2 Oph or csi kee a 7 alive March 3, ae 4 alive March 5 Tiiv isi. eet 5 Te 2 2 TO) ber iu a eee 3 alive March 5 Td ald ec eae 6 °° | 2 2 TO\"| 16)" eee 5 alive March 5 OA IPOT tua me Gy o} | 2 2 TO, [oT an A ee eee 2 alive March 3, 3 alive March 5 Ct eB I 26 2 2 TOsi ST “eae 2 aive March 3, — 1 alive March 5 oe ees +e 2 20 2 2 LO A) a ee 4 alive March 5 2) RMS chee te 3 13 2 2 TOS (Ee so eee Neen Big Sear Dee B cess 4 6 2 2 Io SO Wabere tone 2a Cae De HOM Nee 5 I 2 2 Io Apparent all } dead: savers. T. CBs es any Slows ete: 6 of 2 2 to | Apparently x none alive = Te pete (= Cictcdscersam cone I 2 2 Io ll apparently ° : dead! sacs 1 alive March 4, 5 ; 5 ee Eh ue avalie 13 2 to | All apparently % Z deade = fo All dead March 5 act oe ee 3 I 2 ro | All apparently : ; S deade enya 1 alive March 4, ' 2alive March5 Sicdea eee Reet 4 °? 2 3 to | All apparently : ; déads, sii All dead March 5 ] Two drams equals 1 ounce to roo cubic feet of space. “ Cage with end against side of box. 3 Standing on end on the bottom of fumigation box. 4 Cage laid on bottom with both ends unobstructed. 5 Cage lying on bottom of box but in the far corner. Experiment 4, March 3, is a duplicate of number 3. At the close of fumigation the larvae were apparently all dead, this finding being confirmed by observations March 5. Pe Experiment 5, March 4, is practically a duplicate of experi- ments 3 and 4, except that the exposure was for but rt hour and : 4 drams of cyanide were used instead of 2 drams. At the close e of the fumigation a few larvae in cages 1 to 3 were apparently alive, while those in number 4 appeared to be dead. March Bog cage I had 5; cage 2, 5; cage 3, 7 and cage 4, 9 living larvae. | March 6 there were 4 living larvae in cage 1; 4 in cage’2;, Gin cage 3 and g in cage 4. Hy Experiment 6, March 4, was a duplicate of experiment 5, except that the exposure was continued for 2 hours. All the — larvae were apparently dead at the end of the fumigation — period. March 5 there was 1 living larvae in cage 1; 5 in cage oh pr Pe ee REPORT OF THE STATE. ENTOMOLOGIST Igog 23 3 and apparently none in cages 2 and 4. March 6 there were 2 living larvae in cage 1; 8 in cage 3 and 1 in cage 2, all being dead in cage 4. | Experiment 7, March 4, was a duplicate of experiment 6. March 5 there was 1 living larva in cage I and all appeared dead in cages 2 to 4. March 6 there was I living larva each, in cages I, 2 and 3, while all were dead in cage 4. Experiment 8,’ tried March 29, the exposure being 3 hours and the amount of cyanide 4 drams. The caterpillars were all apparently dead at the end of the fumigation, the finding being confirmed by observations March 3oth. Experiment 9, March 28, the exposure being 2 hours and 4 drams of cyanide being employed. The caterpillars appeared to be dead at the end of the fumigation March 30th. One was barely alive in cage 3 and all were dead April Ist. Experiment 10, March 30, with an exposure of but 2 hours and 2 drams of cyanide. The larvae were apparently all dead at the conclusion of the experiment. March 31st there was I alive in cage I; 5 alive in cage 2 and 2 alive in cage 3. April “1, I was alive in each of cages I and 2 and 2 in cage 2. April 2, I was alive in each of cages 1 and 2, the others being dead. Experiment 11, March 30, with an exposure of 1 hour and 2 drams of cyanide. All the caterpillars were apparently dead at the close of fumigation. March 31 all were alive in cages wean 2 and bit 3 dead in cage 3.. April.1, 8 were. alive in cage I and all in cages 2, 3 and 4. April 2, 8 were alive in cage I; 9 in cage 2 and 4 in cage 3. Experiment 12, tried March 31st, exposure 1 hour with 6 drams of cyanide. All were apparently dead at the end of fumigation. April I, I was alive in cage 3; all were dead April 5. Experiment 13, March 31, an exposure of but rt hour with 6 drams of cyanide. April 1 there was 1 larva alive in cage 1; 5 in cage 2 and all in cage 3. April 2, 3 were alive in cage I, 5 in cage 2 and all in cage 3. April 5, 1 larva was alive in cage 2 and 7 in cage 3. Experiment 14, March 31, an exposure of ™% hour with 6 drams of cyanide. April 1 all the larvae were alive in cage 1, The caterpillars used in this and succeeding experiments of this series were taken from nests on recently imported stock and received at Albany, March 27, 19009. 24. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 7 in cage 2 and all were dead in cage 3. April 2 all were alive in cage I, 8 in cage 2 and 3 in cage 3. April 5, 4 were alive in cage 1; 2 in cage 2 and I in cage 3. Experiment 15, April 1, the exposure being 1 hour with 6 4 drams of cyanide. April 2, 5 were alive in cages 1 and 2 and 2 alive in cage 3. April 3, 4 were alive in cages I and 2 and ~ il dead in cage 3. April 5 none were alive in cages 1 and 3 and 3 alive in cage 2. Experiment 16, April 1, exposure 1 hour with 8 drams of cyanide. Examination April 2 to 5 showed that all had been killed. ? | Experiments with scalecide January 20, 1909 : Number Experiment Dilution Time of cater- Observations | pillars Dis RO Raa, a Ri I-20 I min. Io Dead, the 2rst OS cy Ste Ce 5 Nats ke See I-20 pitas Io Pe Sa deh EP SRR eens I-40 Tec i to | Alive the 21st, 5 alive the ae Aiea tohoyis to. Ble lone omens I-40 a ag to | Dead the 21st, 22 Observations on experiments. Series 1 apparently shows that nearly dormant free caterpillars can be destroyed by 3 hours fumigation, using I ounce of cyanide to 100 cubic feet of space. A scrutiny of the records also reveals the fact that this amount of cyanide can not be depended upon to kill the insects within their nests. One half this strength, namely I ounce to 200 cubic feet of space can not be relied upon to destroy free caterpillars if the fumigation be continued 3 hours though all succumb after a prolonged exposure to Ss gas such as 21 hours. Series 2 apparently indicates a most D> method of destroying these pests were it not for the fact that the cater- pillars, prior to the experiments, had been in a warm room of the office for several days and were therefore aroused to nearly normal activity. Series 3 apparently gives very satisfactory ioaghes if the fumigation be continued even 1 hour, provided 1 ounce of cyan- ide be used to each 100 cubic feet of space. Unfortunately, these caterpillars had been exposed to a moderate temperature for at least a day and were hardly in the hibernating condition. Series 4 is practically a duplicate of series 3 and apparently gave very satisfactory results. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQOQ 25 Using the data obtained in the preceding series as a guide, more elaborate experiments were conducted in the cubical box and its cages described on a preceding page. The larvae in this series had not begun to crawl to any extent and were therefore practically in a hibernating condition. It will be seen by reference to the table that fumigation for 3 hours with I ounce of cyanide to 100 cubic feet of space can not be relied upon to destroy all the caterpillars in the various cages though the diffusion of the fumes was checked by no more serious obstacle than the open mesh of cheese cloth. In fact, the lack of uniform action in the different cages and the apparently feeble penetrative power of hydrocyanic acid gas was some- thing of a surprise. A reference to the records of the various experiments under this series shows that the results are more or less contradictory and unsatisfactory, plainly indicating the unreliability of hydrocyanic acid gas for the destruction of the hibernating caterpillars of the brown tail moth. This is es- pecially true if the caterpillars are in their winter nests and not freely exposed. The tests with scalecide diluted one part to 20 resulted in the death of all the caterpillars even when the period of immersion was limited to half a minute. Codling moth Carpocapsa pomonella Linn The codling moth must be regarded as one of the most injur- ious of our fruit insects, since it occurs throughout the apple- producing sections of this country. The apple worms or young of this pest may be found in from 25 to 60 or more per cent of the fruit in many regions. This gives an idea of how very in- jurious it may be, since the value of an apple is seriously affected by the presence of the apple worm. Dr S. A. Forbes, State Ento- | mologist of Illinois, in 1887 estimated the annual loss caused by this insect in that state at $2,375,000. A similar calculation for Nebraska in 1892 placed the damage at $2,000,000, while in 1898 the late Prof. M. V. Slingerland estimated the annual loss caused by this insect on the apple and pear crop of New York State at $3,000,000. An estimate of the injury for the entire United States, made in 1908, puts the damage at $12,000,000; aside from the cost of spraying, which latter amounts to from $3,000,000 to $4,000,000 [Quaintance ’o8]. Those conversant with the situ- 26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ation will agree that the above figures are conservative and probably greatly understate the actual loss. Early history It should not be understood that the apple worm or codling moth is a recent insect pest, though there was a time when this species was unknown in America. Undoubtedly Cato had this form in mind when writing about wormy apples nearly 200 years B. C. Pliny also mentions this pest, though the true history of this insect, according to the late Professor Slingerland, begins with the brief account of Goedaerdt, published in 1635. Several European writers discussed the insect in the next and following _ century. The first notice of this species in American literature was occasioned by the rearing of a moth from plums instead of the familiar plum curculio. Dr T. W. Harris, our first economic entomologist, established in 1832 the identity of the American apple worm with the well known European species. Subse- quently, numerous accounts were published by earlier workers, while the developments of recent years have shown the wisdom of making more careful studies of this species. The result is an enormous literature, much of-it a repetition of facts ascertained by early investigators. The more recent discussions of this msect have almost invariably been preceded by original investigations and have therefore added something to our knowledge of this pest. Origin and distribution This insect is doubtless a native of southeastern Europe, though it is now known to occur in almost every part of the world where apples are grown. South Africa and Australia made determined efforts to exclude the pest and were successful for some years. This moth was probably brought into the United States in the latter part of the 18th century, since it was not recognized in America till 1819, at which time wormy fruit was common in the vicinity of Boston. It was prevalent in the New England States by 1840 and was at that time well established in ~ central New York. It was recognized in Illinois in 1849, lowa about 1860, Utah 1870 and appeared in California the spring of 1874. There may be a few isolated fruit regions in the far West where the insect has not yet become established. It is only a question of time before it will make its way to these remote places. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IgQOQ ZF The wide dissemination of this insect is undoubtedly accom- plished by the shipment of infested fruit, or by means of infested boxes and barrels. This latter is easy, since the apple worms spend the winter in well protected cocoons. The experience of the last 40 years has abundantly demon- strated the practicability of control measures. The problem before us at the present time is to determine the most economical method of accomplishing this desirable result. A knowledge of the insect and its habits is a necessary preliminary to success. Life history and habits | Summary of habits. It is well known that the apple worm winters in a tough, silken cocoon, frequently found under the rough bark of trees. With the advent of warm weather in the spring, which in New York means late April and early May, the caterpillars begin to transform to pupae, and a week or 10 days after the blossoms drop, the moths commence to emerge and continue to appear throughout the greater part of June. The minute, whitish eggs, as determined by recent investigations, are deposited largely upon the leaves, though a number may be found on the young fruit. These hatch in about a week and, as a consequence, the young worms of the first brood may be entering the small apples from early in June to nearly the end of the month or even later. The caterpillars require about four weeks to complete their growth, at which time they desert the fruit, wander to a sheltered place, spin a cocoon, transform to pupae, and in about two weeks, namely, the last of July or in early August, another brood of moths appear. These in turn deposit eggs which hatch in due time and the young larvae enter the fruit. A larger proportion of this brood enter at the side of the apple than is the case with the first generation of larvae. Two broods appear to be the rule in the northern fruit-growing sections of the United States at least, though some investigators claim a third in the southwest, in particular. It is important for the fruit grower, if he would obtain the best results in his efforts to control this pest, to know more than the bare outline given above. We will therefore proceed to dis- cuss certain phases of the life history of the insect in some detail. Food habits. This insect is best known as an apple pest, though its occurrence in pears is by no means uncommon. Some crab apples at least, and quinces are very subject to injury. It is also known to infest peaches, plums, prunes, apricots and cherries. 4 28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM There are records of this species having been reared from chestnut and walnut, though in some instances at least, the evi- dence is not so conclusive as might be desired. Hibernation. The codling moth winters as a caterpillar in a silken cocoon spun in some sheltered retreat, especially under the bark of trees. The full-grown caterpillar usually excavates an oval cavity about half an inch long, occasionally penetrating ~ to the living tissue, in the bark and spins its cocoon. This latter probably occurs frequently under boards, rubbish, fences etc., in the vicinity of infested trees. Simpson [’o1] observed a number of cocoons under clods of earth and in crevices, while Sanderson [08] found that 30% of the cocoons on seven trees in a badly infested, old orchard were on the main branches, the remainder being on the trunk, the great majority of the latter occurring either close to the crotch or within a foot of the ground. The occurrence of cocoons in the soil or in the grass under infested trees is certainly exceptional, since a careful examination by Beal in 1875, resulted in finding none. It is well known that worms leaving infested fruit after it is barreled or stored, will spin their cocoons in crevices and angles of barrels or in almost any convenient shelter. They display a marked preference for the folds of fabrics, a habit turned to good account when we employ burlap or other bands. The apple worms have even been known to injure books in an effort to find a safe place in which to transform. It only requires casual observation to show that winter is a time of great mortality for apple worms. A tree badly infested in the fall may be nearly cleared of the pest in the spring. An examination of seven badly infested, old trees [Sanderson ’o8] showed that out of 269 larvae, only 5% were alive, 87% having been destroyed by birds, 4% killed by fungus and 3% apparently succumbing to cold. Pupation. Transformation to the pupa is coincident with the appearance of warm weather and occurs in New York State [Slingerland ’98] the latter part of April and in early May. Sanderson [’08] records transformation to this stage at Dur- ham, N. H., in 1908 from May 20 to June 9, and the preceding year, May 18 to June 23, the average duration of this stage being 16 days. The New Hampshire records, it should be observed, are later than those of Ithaca, N. Y., the divergence being easily accounted for by the difference in latitude and climate. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQoOQg 29 The moth and its habits. The moth has a wing spread of about 34 of an inch and is an obscure, grayish brown and bronze color. Near the tip of the forewing there is a large, dark brown spot marked with streaks of bronze or gold. The male is distin- guished by the black pencil of hairs on the upper surface of the hind wing and a black spot on the under surface of the forewing. The emergence of the moths from the cocoon, like the transforma- tion of the larvae to the pupae, extends over a considerable period. There is a correlation between the flight of the parent insects and the blossoming of the apples, though the latter varies somewhat according to weather conditions and the variety. Observations extending over three years [Sanderson ’o08| show that the first moth in New Hampshire appeared from a few to about Io days after the petals fell, the majority of the moths being abroad two or three weeks after the blossoms dropped and the last adu!ts being observed nearly a month after the falling of the bloom. The records of several observers show that moths may live from two to about four weeks. The parent insect is nocturnal though not attracted to lights to any extent, feeds freely upon cut fruits and sweets, and on account of its colors harmonizing with the bark upon which it rests, usually escapes observation. It is difficult to reconcile Melander’s belief [’08] that the codling moth may be so local as to even have a home tree, with the contradictory results obtained in some experiments on ad- jacent trees, where the infestation appeared to increase with the number of sprayings. Professor Ball [’04] states that a few moths may be carried by the wind several miles. It is inter- esting to note that observations by Cordley [’02] suggest that the moths may not deposit eggs in Oregon when the evening temperature falls much below 60° F. Eggs. The small, whitish or yellowish eggs of this insect may be deposited upon the foliage or fruit, and to the unaided eye, appear, when fresh laid, much like a minute drop of milk about the size of a small pin head. A careful study [Sanderson ’o8] shows that out of 796 eggs actually observed, 787 were deposited upon the leaves, nearly equal numbers being upon the upper and under surface, while only seven were seen on the fruit and five on the bark. These eggs were from a few to 16 or even 28 inches from any fruit, with an average distance of approximately g inches. The record shows that the moths make no particular effort to deposit the eggs upon the fruit, and also that large num- ; a i _- s — 30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM bers may be laid on leaves of barren limbs. There was nothing in the records to show that proximity of eggs had any material influence upon’ the fruit becoming infested. Similarly, Pettit [04] found some &6% of the eggs on the foliage. Females may deposit from 29 to 136 eggs, the average running probably from 60 to 75. According to Sanderson [’09] the laying of eggs may be considerably delayed by cool weather. Hurst [’o9] holds that the eggs may be killed if the temperature drops to 36° F. Thus a cool period in late May or early June may result in com- paratively few wormy apples. The duration of the egg stage depends somewhat upon temperature conditions and in New Hampshire [Sanderson ’o8| it was found to be a trifle over eight days. Simpson [’03]| gives the average as I1 days. The appearance of the majority of the moths two to three weeks after the dropping of the petals and, adding to this the time necessary for the hatching of the eggs, shows that the major. portion of the young apple worms can not attack the fruit till three to four weeks after the falling of the bloom. Fabits of the larva. The young larva, which is only about 1/16 of an inch long, whitish, black spotted and with a black head, feeds [Sanderson ’o8] first upon the foliage, mining into the leaf at the angles of the midrib and branch veins and gnaw- ing the softer portions of the surface. It is possible that some may attain maturity without entering fruit, since Dr Headlee succeeded in obtaining a pupa from one which grew to full size in a water sprout. Usually the appetite for fruit asserts itself © early and the young larva starts in search of an apple. The blossom end is highly favored, since some two thirds or more of the total enter at this point, feeding first in the calyx cavity and.aam then making a more or less direct path to the core. The young © larvae exhibit a marked preference for the seeds and the tissues in the immediate vicinity. Rarely do we find more than two worms coming to maturity in the same apple, even on very badly infested trees. The time spent in the apple is variable, several investigators giving. records from 10-14, 16-24, 20-20, 25-30 and 34 days. The average is probably not far from four weeks, though the duration of this stage is dependent to some extent upon the temperature. The full-grown apple worm is about 34 of an inch long, with a conspicuous, brown head and a whitish or frequently pinkish body. It forsakes the apple upon attain- ing maturity and seeks some secure place prior to excavating a ne REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMCLOGIST IgGOQ 31 cavity, if this be necessary, and spinning its rather firm, whitish cocoon. A large percentage, over 90 in some instances [Hurst ‘og], desert the fruit while it is still on the tree and crawl down the limbs and trunk. Gillette [’00] has shown that there may be some movement or migration of the larvae in the spring prior to the transformations to the adult. Second generation. The early larvae, at least of the first brood, completing their growth from the middle to the latter part of July, transform, shortly after spinning up, to pupae and produce moths which, in New York State, appear late in July or during August. The second brood larvae are much more likely tc enter the fruit at the side than is the case with the first gener- ation. Very frequently a portion of a leaf attached to the side of the apple, is utilized as a point of entry or the apposed sur- faces of two apples hanging side by side may be similarly em- ployed. The evidence at hand shows there is only a partial sec- _ ond brood in New Hampshire, a partial to a full second brood in New York State, while in the southwest there are those who claim a partial third brood. Natural enemies. The codling moth, despite its destructive- ness, is subject to attack by a number of natural enemies, some of which are exceedingly efficient. Those examining trunks of apple trees in the spring, very frequently come across the characteristic cocoons of this insect, many of them with an irregular, jagged hole showing where a bird had extracted the inhabitant. The destruction of 874 [Sanderson ’o8] of such cocoons is striking testimony to the efficiency of these forms. The downy woodpecker and the nuthatchers are among the most beneficial. It is probable that all woodpeckers frequenting orchards feed on codling moth larvae. Other birds known to do so, in addition to the above named, are the black-capped titmice, wrens, bluebirds, crows, blackbirds, king birds, swallows, spar- cows, chickadees and jays. A bat has been observed in Cali-. fornia diligently capturing moths. There are a number of predaceous and parasitic insects known to prey upon this fruit pest. The larvae of the soldier beetles, Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus and C. mar- ginatus attack the apple worm. The 2-lined soldier beetle, Telephorus bilineatus, an ally of the preceding and likewise common, has similar habits in its larval stage. Two other related forms, Trogosita corticalis and T. lati- B2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM collis have similar habits. Two ground beetles, Ptero- stichus californicus, Calathus rifipespaueee several Dermestid or scavenger beetles, such as Trogo- derma tarsalis and Perimegatoma variegata have been recorded as enemies. Other predaceous beetles un- doubtedly destroy some larvae. A solitary wasp, Ammophila, in Utah, uses codling moth larvae to stock its nest, while Sphecius nevadensis was observed capturing these larvae in California. Though the egg of the codling moth is so very tiny, it is not too small for the development of a small egg parasite known as Trichogramma pretiosa: The late Professor Slinger land records obtaining four from one egg. The delicate long sting, Macrocentrus delicatus has been reared from this in- sect. An ally known as Pimpla annulipes subsists upon 4 this host. A parasitic fly) Hypostena variabilis is ¥ recorded as one of the enemies of the codling moth. These in- sect enemies, though numerous in variety, are rarely abundant enough to have any very material influence in reducing the numbers of this insect. We have heard in late years, considerable in relation to a para- site, Caliephialtes messor Grav. recently introduced in California in the hope that it would prove of material service in controlling the codling moth. We regret to state that the developments of the last year or two have been disappointing, and it is doubtful if this species will ever be ranked as an im- portant enemy of the codling moth in this country. Control measures Destruction of fallen fruit The destruction of fallen fruit is by all means advisable pro- vided it does not involve too much labor or expense. Un- fortunately, a considerable proportion of the apple worms may desert the fruit on the trees and therefore escape destruction in this manner. Trap lights Trap lights have been warmly advocated at irregular inter- vals, though so far as careful investigations show, the benefits — resulting from their use are inappreciable. Garman, in a series — of experiments, found only 1.6¢ of his captures to consist of this species. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IgOg 33 _ Banding In the use of bands we take advantage of the apple worms’ predilection to search out retreats, especially under fabrics on the trunk of the tree and, as a consequence, a considerable pro- portion may be captured in this way. It has been found by careful experiments that a large percentage of the worms in- festing apples may desert the fruit while on the tree, crawl down the limbs and establish themselves in suitable retreats, rather than drop from the trees, crawl to the base of the trunk and ascend. There is no doubt as to the benefit resulting from bands carefully tended throughout the season. Unfortunately so much labor is involved that this method finds comparatively slight favor in the Eastern States. Scraping the trunk This is undoubtedly of service, since it reduces the number of retreats where codling moth larvae can hibernate in safety. There is a question as to the actual benefit to be derived, as repeated examinations in the orchard have shown that a very large percentage of the apple worms hibernating under the bark are destroyed by birds and other natural agents. Screening fruit cellars More or less wormy fruit is carried into storehouses and fruit cellars, and the larvae escape and hibernate in such places. It is advisable, where fruit trees are in the vicinity, to prevent the moths escaping in the spring, by closely screening windows and doors. . Spraying with poisons The experience of the last 30 years has abundantly demon- strated the efficacy of poisoned sprays, provided the applications are timely and thorough. Many experiments conducted in the varied fruit sections of this country show that it is possible by this method alone, to obtain go, 98 or even 99% of worm-free fruit, much depending upon the time when the work is done and the thoroughness of the treatment. Materials. ‘The poisons most generally employed against the codling moth in New York State at least, are paris green, arsenite of lime or arsenite of soda, and arsenate of lead, listing the materials in the order in which they were brought to notice. There is no question as to the value of paris green and its close allies, particularly if used in connection with bordeaux mixture, 34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM since the latter aids materially in keeping the preparation upon the trees. Thorough and continuous agitation is necessary when paris green is used and should not be overlooked with other poisons. The arsenite of lime’ is the cheapest poison which can be employed and has been extensively used in the fruit- growing sections of western New York. It is comparatively safe if used with bordeaux mixture. In recent years large amounts of arsenate of lead, usually a commercial preparation sold under a trade name, have been employed with great satis- faction. This poison is much more adhesive by itself than either paris green or arsenite of lime, and on- account) one ae insolubility is much less likely to injure the foliage by burning. It is one of the safest poisons which can be employed. Arsenate of lead should be purchased on a guaranty as to the amount of arsenic contained, since there is considerable variation between the different brands. It is not particularly profitable for the fruit grower to pay for filler. It is the poison he is after. The experience of the last two seasons has shown that it is possible to use a poison, especially arsenate of lead, with a dilute lime-sulfur wash (one of the standard commercial washes diluted with 30 parts of water). The advantage of this com- bination lies in the fact that so far this dilute lime-sulfur wash has caused no material injury to either foliage or fruit, while it has proved most effective as a fungicide and the poison has in no manner lost its efficiency as an insecticide. It should cer- tainly be tried further, though the results thus obtained do not warrant unmodified recommendation. A word as to the possibility of ultimate injury to orchards receiving one or more applications annually, of an arsenical poison. Prof. William P. Headden of Colorado has published a bulletin giving a warning in regard to this matter and stating that in his opinion, many trees in that state were being killed by applications of poison. It is but fair to state that other investigators in an adjacent state and one in New York State attribute the injury to other causes. So far as the writer can ‘Arsenite of lime may be prepared by dissolving 1 pound of white arsenic and 4 pouncs of sal soda (carbonate of soda, washing soda) in 1 gallon of water by boiling in an iron vessel 15 minutes or till the arsenic dissolves, leav- ing only a little muddy sediment. Add the water lost in boiling and use 1 pint of this stock solution to each 40 gallons of water to which 2 pounds of freshly slacked lime have been added, or a pint of the stock solution may be added to 40 gallons of bordeaux mixture. This stock solution will keep indefinitely in a closed vessel. It is very poisonous and should be properly labeled. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST Ig09 36 ascertain, the use of poison in Colorado and adjacent fruit-grow- ing sections, has been much more liberal than in the East, and the probabilities are that similar trouble, if it be due to poison, will not manifest itself to any great extent in New York State for some years to come. Nevertheless, it is not only more _ economical but it is by all means advisable to bear this in mind when spraying and to endeavor to secure a maximum result with a minimum of poison. Dry poisons. The application of poisons dry, frequently termed “dust spraying,” has been warmly advocated in recent years, though careful experiments show that the dry method is less effective in controlling codling moth. It may be advisable in localities where the nature of the land or other conditions make it almost impossible to use the heavier outfit necessary for applications of liquids. The drifting or blowing dust is very annoying, since it is almost impossible to dodge it entirely, and furthermore, there is, in our judgment, more danger of ill effects to the operator resulting from the continued use of this material. Apparatus. There are now on the market a number of good spray pumps and spraying outfits. The selection of any one to the exclusion of others, must be decided very largely by local conditions. The essentials in a spraying outfit, be it large or small, are ample power, sufficient mobility, plenty of hose and a nozzle extension cr other arrangement so as to permit of the thorough and rapid covering of the foliage with the in- secticide or fungicide. A tower is almost invaluable in a level orchard and of little service in a hilly one. We believe it ad- visable for the beginner to invest in a hand outfit and learn by actual experience whether his conditions justify the purchase of the much more efficient and correspondingly expensive power outfit. The extended experience with spray apparatus of various kinds in eastern Massachusetts, has resulted in several improve- ments which may be of material benefit to our fruit growers. One of considerable utility is the long-tailed coupling, a device which does not reduce the diameter of the hose at the point of coupling, and furthermore permits the attachment of two broad bands to each portion of the coupling, thus preventing “ blow offs”’ almost entirely. Another handy device is the “ goose- neck,’ which is nothing more than a short piece of bent pipe attached to the usual horizontal connection, so that the hose 30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM may be screwed to it at an angle of about 45° from the hori- zontal, thus obviating in large measure the tendency oi the hose ic break at the end of the coupling, owing to its hanging there- from at a nearly right angle. High power outfits capable of de- veloping 200 pounds pressure are being used in the gipsy moth work, with a solid stream nozzle, experience showing that on high trees at least, a very fair spray is secured under such con- ditions. This method could probably be used to advantage on large orchard trees. Methods. There has been more or less difference of opinion as to the relative efficacy of a coarse or fine spray in work against the codling moth. This has culminated in recent years in some very strong statements made in favor of employing a rather coarse spray and an unusually high pressure in an effort to drive the poison into the lower calyx cavity, that is the cavity below the stamens. It is hardly necessary to remind fruit grow- ers that after the white petals have dropped we have the green calyx lobes and within a ring of numerous upright, -slender stamens surrounding the central, fleshy pistil. Below the stamens and at the base of the pistil there is an appreciable cavity [pl. 19, fig. 1]. This is the place, according to some authors, where the poison must be put if we would obtain fairly satisfactory results. One writer has even gone so far as'to state that if spraying is not done in this manner the small apple worm is fairly safe, since it rarely feeds before it goes down into the lower cup, and that the poison sprayed on the outside will therefore not affect it. The claims for this method of spraying were so strong that the problem seemed one worthy of careful demonstration, and the writer therefore planned and conducted a series of experi- ments for the purpose of obtaining data upon this proposition. Experimental work. The main purpose of these experiments was to test the relative efficiency of a coarse driving spray, stich as that produced by a typical Bordeaux nozzle with a pressure of over 100 pounds in comparison with the fine, misty spray of the Ver- morel nozzle and its various modifications so extensively used in the eastern United States. Comparisons were made between single sprays of each of the above mentioned kinds applied just after the blossoms fell, between two sprays of each kind, one given just after the blos- soms fell and the second just before the sepals closed and finally, between two such sprays and a third applied with a Ns De > SIM, 2 gee tae. <. 4 a ee ee a ee) REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQOQ 37 Friend nozzle (an improvement of the Vermorel type) the last week in July for the purpose of destroying the second brood of the codling moth. The first test was duplicated in the orchard of Edward Van Alstyne at Kinderhook, N. Y. Treatment of plots Vermorel nozzles. Plot 1. An early spray just after the blossoms fall; plot 2, the same as above and a second spray before the calyx lobes close; plot 3, the same as plot 2 but with an additional spray, using a Friend nozzle the latter part of July for the second brood. . The spraying with these nozzles followed the usual practice of orchardists, the aim being to cover the entire tree, including the tips of the young apples, with a fine, misty spray. Bordeaux nozzles. Plot 4. One application just after the blossoms fall; plot 5, the same as plot 4 but with a second spraying just before the calyx lobes close; plot 6, the same as plot 5 but with a third application with a Friend nozzle the last of July for the control of the second brood. The nozzles were set so as to give a maximum of rather coarse spray which would not break up into fine spray until about 6 feet from the nozzle. The aim of the application was to drive the poison straight down into the tip of every young apple, the nozzle being held about 18 to 24 inches from the fruit so far as possible. The pressure was maintained at about 150 pounds. Location and treatment of plots. The above series of experi- ments were conducted in a young orchard belonging to Mr W. H. Hart of Arlington, N. Y. near Poughkeepsie and lo- cated close to Briggs Station on the Hopewell branch of the Central New England Railroad. The orchard is on a moder- ately high hill, the trees being thrifty. about 15 years old, 15 to 18 feet high and 30 feet apart. The actual experimental trees were Baldwins though some of the barrier trees were Northern Spy. Each plot consists of approximately 42 trees, 6 trees in a row one way and 7 in a row the other way, the central 6 being the actual experimental trees. These latter were carefully selected for uniformity in size, fruitage and in- festation. An examination of one tree resulted in finding 13 empty codling moth cells and in another none. These were not in experimental areas. The orchard as a whole had not been sprayed much prior to this year. A road runs along the 38 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM southern edge of the orchard and at the southeast corner there is an old orchard which was pastured all last summer and is probably not a serious disturbing factor so far as infestation by codling moth is concerned. Plots 2 and 3 were located on two rows of Baldwins near the top of a hill, Northern Spys lying on either side and being used as east and west barrier trees. Plot 2 consists of 6 very uniform trees. Plot 3 was farther north on the same row and included, among the experimental trees, two which were not up to standard so far as fruiting or size is concerned. These two were not considered, the estimates being restricted to the 6 satisfactory ones. The experimental trees of plot I were remarkably vigorous and heavily fruited. Plot 4 was in t southeast portion of the experimental area next the old orchard mentioned above [sce pl. 3]. Plot 5 was just west and a little north of plot 4, lying very nearly between the latter and plot 2. Plot 6 was just north of plot 5. Plots 5 and 6 have two rows of Spys as barriers on the west. The latter plot, namely 6, has also two rows of Spys as barriers on the north. Ywo eieem trees, x and y were near the northwest corner of plot 4 [see pl. 3]. Plct 1 was northeast of the check trees. First application, May 20. Plots 5 and 6 were sprayed with the Bordeaux nozzles, one on each line of hose. The western experimental trees of both plots 5 and 6 were treated perhaps a little more thoroughly than the eastern trees of the said plots. Plot 4 had the experimental trees only sprayed with Bordeaux nozzles, Friend nozzles being used on the barrier trees. Plot I was sprayed throughout May 20 with Friend nozzles, plots 2 and 3 were similarly sprayed May 21 between Il a. m. and 3.15 p. m., plot 3 being sprayed last and completed about 1 hour before it began to rain. The Bordeaux nozzle, with a pressure of 150 pounds, gave a stiff, penetrating spray which repeatedly passed the stamens and collected in the lower cay- ity. This was true, not only of blossoms where the stamens had withered somewhat, but also of those still bearing petals. The first two experimental trees next the road were sprayed with 125 to 150 pounds pressure and all the barrier trees, the remainder of the experimental trees in plot 2 and all of the experi- mental trees in plot 3 were sprayed with a pressure of 145 to 150 — pounds. There was a perceptible difference in the penetration of _ the calyx cup, the higher pressure being the more satisfactory, there ee REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I9O9Q 39 being in some instances a collection of spray at the bottom of the calyx cup in the latter case. All of the spraying was from the ground, the hose being tied to poles and the nozzles set at an angle so as to discharge almost directly into all the blossoms, except "4 possibly a very few on the highest branches. The-defect with the Bordeaux nozzle employed was that the spray was not sufficiently spread out to permit of a very desirable rapidity in operation. It was exceedingly difficult, with the nozzles used, to be certain of hitting every apple. It was, however, markedly penetrating, throwing a rather coarse, forcible stream 6 or 8 feet and usually hitting the limbs near the center of the tree with considerable force. The Friend nozzle gave a very well distributed, moderately fine mist spray which lacked the penetration of the coarser Bor- deaux spray. In a few instances minute drops of spray were observed just within the stamens but there was never-any col- lection of moisture at the bottom of the cup, seen in the case of flowers sprayed with the Bordeaux nozzle. The spray from the Friend nozzle with 125 pounds pressure is so fine that it rarely collects or runs at least upon the floral organs and can usually be seen as minute globules adhering to various parts of the leaf and foliage. Applications. 5 pounds of Grasselli’s arsenate of lead, and 10 pounds of copper sulfate were used to each 150 gallons of spray, enough lime being added to neutralize the copper sulfate as determined by the ferrocyanide test. 140 gallons of this mix- ture, using one Bordeaux nozzle on each line of hose, sufficed to treat 56 trees. It required about I minute to spray a tree 15 feet high with 1 lead of hose. 150 gallons of the spray were applied to 55 trees with 2 leads of hose, 2 Friend nozzles on each. It likewise required about I minute to spray a tree. The pressure while spraying with the 2 Bordeaux nozzles was kept at about 150 pounds. The pressure with the 4 Friend nozzles was maintained at about 125 pounds. The weather was almost ideal for spraying on the 2oth, there being very little wind until in the late afternoon. The 21st the weather was cloudy, wind strong and fitful. About 90¢ of the blossoms had dropped from the Baldwins at the time of application. Second application, May a1. The calyx lobes were still widely expanded though the stamens and the tip of the pistil had shriv- eled and in many cases adhered so as to form an almost im- passable barrier even to the heavy spray from the Bordeaux 40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM nozzles. Repeated examinations failed to show a satisfactory penetration by either type of nozzle though 145 or even 150 pounds pressure was employed. This condition was observed, despite the fact that the calyx lobes for the most part showed no signs of closing and were mostly turned back. This phe- nomena was particularly apparent in the swelling fruit which had evidently been fertilized and was not so evident in the case of smaller apples doomed to shrivel and fall. The stamen bars of the latter were more widely separated and therefore more easily penetrated by the insecticide. The weather was fair, warm and with a light to rather stiff breeze, the latter being more prevalent in the afternoon... The pressure varied from 120 to 145 pounds. Adler’s arsenate of / lead was employed instead of the Grasselli applied earlier, simply because the stock of the latter had been exhausted.. Two Friend nozzles passed 4 gallons of spray mixture in I minute and Io seconds at 150 to 160 pounds pressure, while 1 Bordeaux nozzle with 150 pounds pressure took about I minute and 15 to 20 sec- | onds to discharge the same amount of insecticide. The pressure while the Bordeaux nozzles were in use, varied from 125 to 145 pounds. The penetration was distinctly less than to days previously. The eastern experimental trees were covered fully as thoroughly as the western ones in each of the plots. Plots 2 and 3 and 5 and 6 were sprayed, 2 and 3 with the new type _ Friend nozzles and 5 and 6 with the Bordeaux nozzles. Third application, July 28. Experimental plots 3 and 6 were sprayed for the third time, using 2 pounds of Adler’s arsenate of lead to 50 gallons of water and bordeaux mixture made with 4 pounds of copper sulfate to 50 gallons of water, enough lime | being added to satisfy the ferrocyanide test. The weather was warm, clear and with very little or no wind. 75 gallons were used on the 48 trees of plot 4 and nearly as much on the 48 trees of plot 6. | General observations. Several weeks after spraying, the check trees were plainly more wormy than those in the adjacent plots; the fruit as a whole was in excellent condition, the apples being from I inch to 1% inches in diameter. Some of the trees had suffered from aphis attack and a portion of the fruit was more or less deformed. Generally speaking, the fruit conditions throughout the experimental plots were uniform, though some trees will bear much more fruit than others. The experimental trees on plot 4 showed considerable yellowing of the foliage, ae es ss ee ad Foe e ' B | y i : REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I9QOQ Al which Mr Hart thought might be due to bordeaux injury, in- duced to some extent possibly by dry weather. This yellowing was much more evident. on the experimental trees of this plot than on the trees in the adjacent plot 3. Under date of June 17 Mr’ Hart reports a very satisfactory growth of fruit though aphids increased rapidly. The first week in June the infestation was restricted almost exclusively to the fruiting trees, and started upon the whorls of leaves under fruit spurs. There was the usual stunting and malformation of the fruit. He found that the infestation was more severe on the 4 lower experimeiital plots than in other portions of the orchard. July 13 he states that the aphids had almost completely disap- peared and while they affected the uniformity of. the setting, there was still much good fruit. The orchard, including the experimental portion, was plowed in June, fertilized broadcast with 600 pounds per acre of a fertilizer made up of 400 pounds of ground bone, too pounds of 2-9-6 fertilizer and 100 pounds of sulfate of potash. It was harrowed several times and seeded on the 6th with large and crimson clover and cow horn turnips. He saw at this time a little codling moth work but not as much as last year. September gth he states that the trees sprayed the third time had lost much of their foliage. The Baldwins appar- ently lost half of their leaves and the Spys over half [pl. 8, fig. 2], due probably to the bordeaux mixture and not to the poison. The remaining foliage appears healthy and the fruit is growing. A larger proportion of the foliage was shed on the upper plots than on the lower ones, especially on the Baldwins. The leaves of the latter turned yellow and dropped, while those of the Spys dropped without discoloring. Experimental data The following tables give the records for the individual trees. Some 100,000 apples were carefully, handled one by one and classified,..as will be seen by reference to the following data. September 13 and 14 the dropped apples under all the trees were carefully gathered and later, October 5 to 7, the remaining fruit was picked and classified. It will be seen by reference to the detailed tab'es, that the dropped fruit from the various sprayed plots gave from 14.91 to 26.67% of wormy fruit, while the two check trees had 73.91 and 81.02%, respectively, of wormy fruit. These figures are mostly interesting because they show what a large percentage of the wormy fruit drops before picking time. 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Ip'L zZ Ce itore nt m9 Vo ah re NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM \ as 4 Ps ile lit ol ee . m a 4 4, t Aa eg io 7 ie ; ‘ : , > ie : x . ‘ ‘ va | | Ma. ae . eer ; OO) GS Ge ROO SRG OGG ao sO) OGD Se nea) Oerees. co 5 be fata £38 zg’ Se 6S1 T Dacr OF Oo O 6z°SE QvI I (SHA Ale 99£ Zz 1Sz IS a) 9) (e Nolls) ce emi na) (S Sa Se Pot ae e IO GelOn ileeo i, % pue s[ejo} puriy 8 Ser LS Sees isom j4S°€€ Liz LL°3z |9gt EEO EAS MSS £v°99 \6zr 9r9 fier Mia one a ile eo eA pue s[ejoy - 9 101 as ge ‘lot LL°Qz got €z*z€ \ogr SLE: |66°ge |Szz €z°1L |11v LLS £-S 900] ot ; z VZ ¢ 61 RG 16'¢L 1s CoO Oo ceca|pre oc Gaul Wea Go |) oo oi og Sr HOO MO? gi 69 | pr—€r “‘4deg oe - SZ Sev viz Svz 602 14°Sz (399 z€'Le |€L6 “+++ >-lob Se |€z6 6z°vL |LE6 xr |Sog z a es CCE 2 pue s[vjoy S9 Ir€ Sor gLt “lest 6z'oz |€6r Sg°ot |£L6 Sle: 09° ge. £26. 6z°6L |96g 1 |6ge z es 490} OL PIT 6r 69 “4S ZO" 1g ind ee ae Aaa Nata | ah eae er TD Ne te Cone SN = Nan giz vi—-€1 “ydeg| xX |. z 1 Auri0Mm ! | % |reor|‘siga | % | teen | afoy | 2104 ee apis ts 94 evo, : ee % | [e101 FIX a FX A ; 3 pugd d eo oes Lee o oF . cates qin.ay } LINUA TVIVNS | LINNd ATAVLAMAVW : a4eq a1, | SF LAON G LINUL ANYOM urawa Nva@19 (pokvadsup) seer, yo049 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQOQ 49 Summary of plots CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT PLOT TOTAL FRUIT ; Range of Range in No. % No. % % between no, between trees trees 7 30 ©77 |. 29-818 98.81 359 Tero 03) XO 30 — IIt ° 3 6 NS eer Io 316 Io 206 98.93 IIo I.07 (OVS a ea hE) a 36 lo eee 9 680 9 582 98.99 98 I.Or ASDA 4— 29 Pas, G3 0, 5 20 -313 20 O17 98.55 296 TetAs 190)-— 92.104 36— 80 2. OS See Ig 275 | 19 084 99.01 IQI 99 AQ at Gr ES — or °".. 3 7 710 7 633 99 7, I Cee ee! A 228 neck... .... Nici 2 366 72.73 885 27.27 | 25.71 — 33-57 217 — 668 It will be observed that in these tables we have separated the small fruit, the product largely of severe aphis injury. The significance of this data is discussed on page 75. It was inci- dental to the major investigation and has very little or no in- fluence on the codling moth problem, aside from a probably slight reduction inthe percentage of wormy fruit. A study of the results as a whole, is extremely interesting. It will be seen by reference to the table giving the summaries for each plot, that the three sprayed with a Friend nozzle, produced from 98.81 to 98.g9¢ of worm-free fruit, the higher percentage being obtained on the plot receiving three applications. In a like manner, the three treated with a Bordeaux nozzle, yielded 98.55 to 99% of worm-free fruit, the slightly higher percentage, as in the preceding group, being obtained on the plot receiving three applications. This apparent lack of material benefit resulting from the second and third application, may be due in slight measure to the fact that the plots sprayed but once produced more apples than those receiving the second and third spray- ings, though the difference is not uniform and the variation between the percentage of worm-free fruit does not coincide exactly with the difference in yield between the various plots. For example, between plots 2 and 3 there is a difference of only 636 apples out of approximately 10,000, a variation hardly large enough to materially influence the percentage of worm-free fruit. This latter is only .o6 of 1% in favor of the trees receiv- ing three applications. Similarly, on plots 4 and 5 there is a variation of but 1030 out of approximately 10,000 and a differ- ence in the percentage of worm-free fruit of but .46¢ in favor of the trees sprayed twice. It can hardly be claimed, in view ot 50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM these figures, that the variation in the yield on the various plots has affected materially the results obtained, though there is a somewhat uniform though accidental (owing to the yield of the various plots) decrease in production with an increase in the num- ber of poison applications. - The material benefits resulting from the application of poisons is well shown by our obtaining only about 72¢ of worm-free fruit on the check trees, while the sprayed plots produced from 98 to 99% of sound fruit. The observations upon the apples were checked by an examination of the trunks of. the trees the following May. This showed that paper bands, accidentally left on check trees X and Y, sheltered numerous codling moth cocoons, there being some 60 on X and 50 on Y. Examination of bands on sprayed trees in other plots resulted in finding no codling moth larvae. There is, it will be seen by reference to the detailed tabula- tions, and also the summary, more or less variation between the percentage of wormy fruit obtained from trees of the different plots. For example, in plots 1 to 3 this «anges “fi@mmeae of 1% to 3.16% or a difference of 4 to III wormy apples. On plots 4 to 6 we have a variation between individual trees, oi .49 of 1% to 2.74¢ or a range of from 4 to 80 wormy apples. These variations can hardly be considered excessive if a moderate allowance is made for the difference normally obtaining in an or- chard, and also for the difficulty of spraying oe tree exactly alike. Fruitfulness and infestation MAXIMUM TREE MINIMUM TREE PLOT DD ———— SS No. fruit | % wormy | No. fruit | % wormy ea Mel ey ee EN | 2 ACTA min eh Reel Ae als 8 745 .63 _2 507 3G Ds eyo Os deat ans cule’ « Se eneat eae oe eee 3 649 7S 226 2.66 Bis Grey Wie Meo neti hone ta sn Ss SRO eee en 2 298 | 61 417 2.64 BB an ah sive Sa segs Tose el Seow Saas SME I oe aa mea 5 044 .96 3 002 2.64 eR SPOR te ere acti Sehr Ben i Sld cho en Salary -49 994 1.50 Gio vig e cickrcunlie oh cists latrat CORN See eA en aa oe ee a 321 .70 767 -74 A study of the results obtained on maximum and minimum trées, show that in plot rt, the maximum tree producing 8745 apples yielded but .63 of 1% wormy fruit, while the minimum tree producing 2507 apples had 3.16¢ wormy. Similar results, it will be seen by referring to the table showing the variation in individual trees, were found in the other plots. That these vari- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1909 51 are mostly local and hardly of general application, is’ 1 by a study of the figures for all the plots. There was, ointed out previously, a remarkably uniform percentage of ee fruit throughout, despite the considerable variation product. The benefits of the second or third application must essity be restricted to reducing the 1 or 114% of wormy fruit. ly probable that equally good results could be obtained f° NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Sgt | ey eat grete asNgegasteces|b cr se Yat on een greet Scr -oael heir pcne erties cy ere ty ites eae male ica ace Sel bisarme fos as. canttirn ee WP aurrraaed rere ed ess gR@raAy g-I fy IS—oz 6S¢ zlL—ze 664 Osenr S9 £-o gr g-z. LY Se aM SO RSD) 00) Shee Negro peng eA i oF L£L-91 Le 66—gz Lav FI 08 9-0 s¢ g-I SPV Lag thaliana Scie (0) te eta GI EO Cray So AVadS (9—-F SLOId) ASHUVOD HLIM GALSVYLNOO (£-I SLOId) ANIA s$L-98 £3 Scv—Szr oss ) biIz—-LS rZz L£°69 vig Spz—Ls zoe 60z-£o1 z1e g99—L1z QQ ee eee sat z -O ¥ oz —-£ 9S zz —v 89 89°11 6 zZ —O £ s -o 9 fz —p LE ARES Sanne Sofas hares. 2:2) g -O gi er —L QzI Iv —z1 ZLt r6°6 GI y -o 6 b -o ope Ig -SI So aa hee Ages ae g -I IZ IS —oz% LLY tL -ze 6Sz oS ZI L¢é € -o 9 8 -z nf) og —9£ COXON Ay | RRO Po aR ue SO I z—O . s 6z —£ LL fc —v 0g gf Qtr QI b -o or € —-o 8 6z -b 36 Be OSTEO CS Rn aa £ -o ) €z -1 tL gz —S 66 or It y -oO L I -o v of —9 spon x Sees een pee cv Bee £ -z% of LL-9t aaa 66 —gz goer Oz’ FI 1s 9 -9o QI g -I (ts ITI—Of GIS Ce Neeser ace SESS sis See re 9 esuey | [eIOL osURY [e410 WE, oBUPYy [BIOL % ‘ON asuey [ROL osULY Teq1OL é ; ; SHAUL dO | LInwd HONVA |1VLOL oe ; . AWUYOM AWUOM t @IOH LIXH I @IOH LIXa AWUOM AdIS RikE GRRE ZdIS GNY GONG AWUOM ce soo —SSSSeSeSeEeEeEeEeeeESEeEeEeESESESESSeSESSSSFeHeHesesF yinay AwaiomM jo Arswumns 3 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IgO9 53 A study of the condition of the wormy fruit gives some in- teresting data as to the point of attack, though very little can be gleaned therefrom in favor of using a coarse spray with a heavy pressure, as compared with a finer spray and more mod- erate power. It will be seen by reference to the table above, that on plots 1 to 3, 10 to 18.36% of all the wormy apples were entered at the end, an average of 14% end wormy. Simi- larly, in the case of plots 4 to 6, the variation is from 9.94% to 12.50% or an average of 11.50% of end wormy apples in the total infested. Compare these percentages with the 69.37% end wormy of the infested apples on the two check trees. It will be seen at once that the major portion of the codling moth larvae de- stroyed, must have been killed in or about the blossom end be- cause of the enormous reduction in the number of end wormy apples. A comparison between the percentages of the wormy apples entered at the end in plots 1 to 3 with those of plots 4 to 6, reveals, so far as this factor is concerned, a slight gain in favor of the coarse, heavy spray of the Bordeaux nozzle. On the other hand, comparisons between the totals for plots 1 to 3 and 4 to 6 respectively, show that the first produced 50,173 apples of which ‘o8.87¢ wete free from infestation. while the latter yielded 47,298 apples and had 98.81¢ of worm-free fruit, a difference of only .06 of 1¢ in favor of the finer spray. A comparison of the totals of the wormy fruit between these two series of plots given in the above table shows an equally close parallelism. Experiments 1 and 4 were duplicated in the orchard of Ed- ward Van Alstyne at Kinderhook, N. Y., the plots being located as shown on plate 4. In addition, a third plot designated as 7, was sprayed for the purpose of testing the results to be ob- tained from a still higher pressure, and an attempt was made to keep the gage up to 200 pounds. Plot 4, located near the barn, consisted of Greenings; plots 1 and 7 were Baldwins, the latter being seven rows north of the ane on a knoll and a little to the east of the other plots, while the two check trees lay near the northern boundary of plot 1. Spraying began May 29. The weather was clondy, threatening and with a little wind. There was a heavy shower from 1 to about 1.30 p. m. and another at 2 p. m. resulting in a cessation of operations. The spraying May 2G was’ with the old type of Friend nozzle, which is considerably deeper than the latter make. The pressure 54 - NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM was maintained at 100 pounds; 4 pounds of Grasselli’s arsenate cf lead and 3 pounds oi copper sulfate with lime enough to satisfy the ferrocyanide test was employed for each 50 gallons of the mixture. The calyx lobes were mostly well turned back and all the petals were off; the pollen cells had begun to brown though there was no © wilting ar the stamen bars. Owing to interruptions by rain nee above, but five ex- perimental trees of plot 4 were sprayed, the northwestern ,;one not being treated. The three southernmost rows of plot 4 were sprayed mostly from the north side, except the barrier trees on the west end of row 3 counting from the barn. Observations showed that the experimental trees in particular were very well covered with the poison. Spraying was-continued June 2, plot 4 being -onplee in the morning. The experimental trees of plot I were sprayed at 100 pourids pressure. There was practically no penetration to © the inner calyx cavity. The tips of the pistils and stamens were dead and the calyx lobes partially closed. The aiternoon was fair with a light breeze. Plot 7 was sprayed June 2 with a pressure of 150-60 pounds, though tree 7 E had its western side sprayed when there was a very low pressure owing to clogging of the pump. The pressure was not constant and much of the time the nozzles were held too far away to give the best results, a fact strikingly illus- trated by the condition of the fruit at picking time. 55 Ana Sh a Aes pia pies EK ALS sae ee : vo'r zzz Sere yer zr |2S-99. |Scq gtlio6"96 |crvo rze'Poc 12e|"****"* pista Farad ees ‘yoid 10j % pure s[ejo} puri Si Lz ee £ z 98° ge £6°'b jozz fL MOON OVOMVs iT O.G) |Onib Pa eine ig) seeks cae sts Sg eS line eis eas "'*O%, pue s[ejoL . 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(OPW REE #, RT A 6 esate) we Wee "ol me, OE Oe Se Be (Reid mai ys we ee LOTd : re nse ie . cee Ss i PPE a EAT Ae AA 2s oa ee - ls gii-Ly Sor Ig4—9zv os 1 |\Meos=To7 vgs A) Vor 1) Piv—one | Of9 gor—ogz vLO Ster—€4o) | geen ls eos ‘M9849 ; = 3 (Sea gz ovi—vi vre Sgn ety 16€ IS'Lr £g $1-o es ot | x18 “| 691-L¥ 1 A aa WA RE SOO TEL C87 1p ee . i Wola 61 ov_—S £Q £9—6 Bey 06° gr ze 6—o al 6-0 61 Ig-—O1 691 GC CROR COG CCH ING CICSG 7 ae ea $ -1 vI g£-o1 bri €v—v1 origi Lv° QI Iv g-o gt 6-1 £z PSST Lil eg Gite eo meh ree ane 5 — aoe AS : sal ; : ee esuey | [eJOL esueyy [e1OL OBULY [BIOL % - ‘ON |- o8UeYy [BIOL SSUe Sp — eI Ogee oe eee : i | | LINdad is CONVO on LO1d s AWYOM AWUOM si - > ¢ HIOH LIXG I @10H LIXa AWUOM adIS Gah SSO mS CINGVALCN GE AWUYOM CNG oe B we cae sy, . 7, ymazy Autom jo ArewuINng ei 3 (@) ‘ \O REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST TQO9 64: It will be seen by referring to the above tables that the re- sults obtained at Poughkeepsie were confirmed in large measure by those secured at Kinderhook, plots 1, 4 and 7, respectively, producing 98.96, 98.27 and 97.52% of worm-free fruit, while the two check trees yielded only 73.08% of clean fruit. These per- centages, it will be observed, are slightly lower than those ob- tained at Poughkeepsie and may be explained by local condi- tions. The trees were larger and probably somewhat more in- fested by codling moth. The application was with a hand pump and, as a result, there was more difficulty in maintaining an even pressure. The slightly lower percentage obtained in plot 7 was not due to the higher, approximately 200 pounds pressure, but is undoubtedly explainable by a lack of thoroughness in ap- plication, since only 95.06% of clean fruit occurred on one tree where the application was not quite as thorough as it should have been. This obviously reduced the percentage for the en- tire plot materially. It will be seen in this series, as in the pre- ceding, that a considerable proportion of the benefit results in destroying the codling moth larvae at or in the calyx end of the fruit, since in the sprayed plots 17.51 to 18.9¢ of the wormy fruit was entered at the end, while 69.21% of the wormy fruit on the check trees was thus infested. It will be noted that a con- siderably larger percentage of the fruit was end wormy at Kinderhook, compared to our findings at Poughkeepsie. The data submitted above justifies the expectation that under normal conditions as they are found in the Hudson valley at least, one thorough application of a poison within a week or 10 days after the blossoms fall, should result in protecting a very large percentage, 98 to 99%, of the fruit from codling moth injury. We would emphasize the necessity of thorough work, though by this we do not mean an effort to drive the poison into the lower calyx cavity, desirable though this may be on _ theoretical grounds, but thoroughness in covering the foliage, the young fruit, in particular the blossom end,*a point favored, as our in- vestigations show, by about 69% of the worms entering the apple. We would select a nozzle giving the most uniform and rapid distribution of spray without regard to penetration. This should not be understood as discouraging the employment of high pressure, since this is undoubtedly an important factor in thorough and rapid work, the latter being extremely desirable on account of the limited time when successful applications may 62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM be made. We are satisfied that most excellent results can be obtained where conditions permit the employment of only mod- erate pressures. It should be understood that such results can foe be obtained upon trees in the near vicinity of others which have not been sprayed. It will be seen-by reference to the preceding account of the habits of this insect, that the codling moth may breed upon trees bearing no fruit, consequently, we believe it Will pay the fruit grower to spray all trees in a bearing orchard without regard to whether they are fruiting or not. Our experience last year demonstrated the necessity of very thorough work if the high percentages of worm-free fruit cited above, are to be ob- tained. One tree in a special plot, where spraying was less thorough than on the others, though not perceptible to the eye of a practical orchardist making the .application, produced only 95.06% of worm-free fruit. We-would suggest that thoroughness in the distribution of the poison, in an effort to cover every portion of leaf and fruit with minute particles of spray will, in the long run, prove more effective and satisfactory than the application of large amounts of poison, especially if the spray is used so liberally as to cause dripping. It may appear to some that the above results are too good even for an experiment, not to mention the practical iruit grower. The facts of the case are that all our sprayings were made by fruit growers with apparatus at hand. The scientist simply insisted on good, thorough work. The spraying was not nearly so heavy as it might have been and could not on that account be deemed impractical. Work of other experimentors There is abundant»evidence to show that our general results with the sprays were not markedly superior to what others have been able to obtain, whether they were located in New Hamp- shire, West Virginia or some other portion of the country. This aspect of the problem therefore requires little discussion. On the other hand, the tests with but one spray have not been so numerous and were mostly conducted under conditions where error could not be easily eliminated. Experiments very similar to ours were those of Sanderson [’o8]. In 1907 he sprayed a plot of six trees once, just after the blossoms fell, using 2 pounds of arsenate of lead to a barrel of bordeaux, and in a yield of a ieiaceeteial CI m oe roy, _" EE ge BPS tty REPORT OF THE» STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1909 -— 63 10,742 apples, obtained only 3.9% wormy. Another plot of five trees received similar treatment with a mist spray and pro- duced 24,316 apples, 1.884 being wormy. A third plot was sprayed like the preceding, except that it was drenched with a coarse spray. It comprised four trees yielding 8109 apples and produced 3.4% wormy fruit. Conversely, a plot of six trees sprayed in 1908 and producing only 21 to 930 apples each, yielded but 2657 apples, 13% being wormy. This latter approxi- mates our results on trees bearing a very small crop. Almost invariably such trees produced a markedly higher percentage of wormy fruit than the more heavily laden ones. Gossard [’08] gave a plot of four trees but one application. They yielded 4836 apples and an average of 95.91% free from codling moth. Two of these trees had a small crop, otherwise the percentage of sound fruit would probably have been higher. One tree [Gos- sard ‘og] produced nearly 99% of sound fruit. Ball [’07] as a result of experiments conducted over a series of years, became convinced that the first spray or the first and second sprays, namely, the two given within a week or Io days after the falling of the petals, would kill go% of the first brood in Utah, thus destroying many of the progenitors of the second brood and, in addition, enough poison remained on the foliage to kill some 74¢ of the second generation of apple worms. He estimates that two early spray- ings correctly applied, are worth from 6 to 16 times as much as three late ones. These two early sprays killed an average of 98% of the worms of the first brood entering the calyx, and 974% of those of the second, an average of 78% of the first brood entering the sides of the apple and 52¢ of the second brood attacking the apple in the same way. Melander, apparently basing his recom- mendations upon practical results over extended areas, has recently come out most emphatically in favor of one spray, claiming that this, if timely and thorough, will result in crops practically immune from codling moth injury. It may be well to note in passing that Sanderson [’o8] as a result of his extensive series of experiments, came to the con- clusion that an early spray applied shortly after the blossoms fell, and another approximately three to four weeks later, at the time the codling moth eggs hatch, gave a maximum protection, d though he admits that the value of the second application is doubtful when not over 50% of the fruit is likely to be infested or unless a rain follows the first treatment. Obviously, the o 4 Gg | 64 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM great advantage of the early application is that it enables the fruit grower to put the poison where a very large proportion of codling moth larvae will find it before they enter the apple, since about 67% attack the fruit at the blossom end. A second spray- ing made within a week or 10 days after the blossoms fall, simply makes a more thorough job and 1s a tacit admission that it is impossible to cover a tree well with one application. The third spraying, namely, when the young apple worms commence their feeding, justifies itself only when conditions have pre- vented an early application or possible thoroughness in the pre- ceding sprays, is admissible when a poiscn has been used which may have been washed from the foliage by rains, or may be advised for very badly infested orchards. ? With the data at present available we see no reason for urging treatment at the time the second brood of apple worms appear, since if the earlier spraying is thorough there is practically no second brood to be controlled. There are some observations worthy of note in this connection. Lloyd [’07] obtained. data showing that Illinois apple stems might be injured even by a spray for the second brood containing but ™%4 pound of paris ereen to 50 gallons of water. The damage was often greatest at the point of attachment of the stem and apple, both being injured. He gives data showing that before this stem injury, nearly all the windfalls were wormy, while subsequently a con- siderable proportion (18 to over 90%) were uninjured by worms. In spite of this excessive dropping, the crop on the sprayed trees averaged greater than that upon the check trees. Furthermore, he ascertained by careful study that this late application, even when applied after the small apple worms had entered the fruit, re- sulted in the destruction of many, due to their feeding for a time just under the skin. It is possible that some of those de- stroyed in this manner were the larvae of the lesser apple worm. There is little or nothing in the experiments conducted in the East to justify the contention of our Western friends, to the effect that markedly superior results may be obtained by the use of a coarse spray driven by an exceptionally high pressure. We would select a nozzle giving the most uniform and rapid distribution of spray without regard to penetration. We would not be understood as discouraging the employment of high pressure, since this is undoubtedly an important factor in thorough and rapid work, the latter being extremely desirable on account of the limited time when successful applications may REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I909 65 be made. We are thoroughly satisfied that most excellent re- sults can be obtained where conditions permit the use of only moderate pressures. The best time to spray is within a week or Io days after the blossoms drop and while the green calyx lobes are open [pl 15, fig. r]. Bibliography The following references are mostly supplemental to those given by the late Professor Slingerland [’98]. A few additional references are given by Simpson [’o03]. 1897 Card, F. W. Observations on the Codling Moth. Neb. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 51, p. 9-50 Extended account with original observations. 1898 Cockerell, T. D. A. Preliminary Notes on the Codling Moth. N.M. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 25, p. 47-68 General account with original observations. 1898 Lugger, Otto. The Codling Moth. Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 61, Pp. 296-302; also in 4th Rep’t, p. 242-48 General account. 1898 Slingerland, M. V. The Codling Moth. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 142, p. 1-69 An extended account, with bibliography. 1899 Harvey, F. L. & Munson, W. M. Apple Insects of Maine. Me. meric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 133-34 Summary account. 1899 Hedrick, U. P. Codling Moth. Utah Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 64, p.31-38 General discussion with observations on natural enemies. 1899 Woodworth, C. W. & Colby, G. E. Paris Green for the Codling Moth. Cal. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 126, p. 3-40 Discussion of various poisons and methods of application. 1900 Aldrich, J. M. The Codling Moth. Id. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 21, P- 99-112 General account with original observations. 1900 Gillette, C. P. Entomological Notes in Colorado. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 26, n.s. p. 77 Records spring migration of larvae. 1900 Slingerland, M. V. Facts About the Codling Moth. Rural New Yorker, May 5, 59:318 Observations on the use of soda arsenite for codling moth. 1901 Gillette, C. P. Report of the Entomologist. Col. Agric. Exp. Sta. 14th Rep’t, p. 13-14 Summary of observations. 1901 Simpson, C. B. Report Upon an Investigation of the Codling Moth in Idaho in 1900. U.S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 30, n.s. p. 51-63 Observations with experimental data. 1901 Slingerland, M. V. Spraying for the Codling Moth. Rural New Yorker, July 6, 60:468 Observations on the poison and its application. 66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1901 Webster, F. M. Results of Some Experiments in Protecting Apples — from the Attacks of the Second Brood of Codling Moth. Ent. Soc. Ont. 31st Rep't, ageompes7—3° Summary of experimental data. 1902 Cordley, A. B. The Codling Moth and Late sons in ae Or. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 69, p. 123-60 Extended account based on experimental data. \ 1902 Garcia, Fabian. Spraying Orchards for the Codling Moth. N. M, Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 41, p. 1-26 General account with experimental data. 1902 Gillette, C. P. Number of Broods of the Codling Moth, as Indicated by Published Data. Ent. News, 13 :193-96 A careful analysis of the biological data. 1902 Life History Studies on the Codling Moth. U.S. pee t Agric. Div. Ent. Balin, 'n.s..p. 5-20 Summarized discussion based on original investigations. 1902 Piper, C. V. Orchard Enemies in the Pacific Nor Ul-S: Dep’t Agric. Farmers Bul. 153, p. 25-27 Brief notice of codling moth. 1902 Sanderson, E. D. Valuable Remedy for Codling Moth. Am. Agric; April 12, 69:528 : Observations on the value of spraying. 1902 Remedies for the Codling Moth. Del. Agric. Exp. Sta. 13th Rep’t for 1901, p. 172-95 Results from poison applications. 1902 Remedies for the Codling Moth. Del. Agric. Exp. Sta. 14th Rep't; p. 110-27 Discussion with experimental data. 1902 Simpson, C. B. Report on Codling Moth Investigations in the Northwest during 1901. U.S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 35, n. s. p. 5-20 Extended discussion. ; 1902 Slingerland, M.V. Trap Lanterns or Moth Catchers. Cornell Univ- Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 202, p. 199-241 Trap lanterns considered of little value. 1903 Aldrich, J. M. The Codling Moth. Id. Agric. Exp. Sta, Baiwem P- 139-55 ; Summary of experimental data. 1903 Busck, August. Dimorphism in the Codling Moth. Ent. Soc: Wash. Proc. 5 :235—36 Variety sim psonii described. 1903 On the Generic Name of the Codling Moth. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. r1:106-11 Discussion of generic name. 1903 Gillette, C. P. Report of Entomologist. Col. Agric. Exp. Sta. a 16th Rep’t, p. 18-20 ae Summary of observations. 1903 Sanderson, E. D. The Codling Moth. Del. ae a Sta. Bul. 59, P. 1-24 General account with experimental data. t REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1909 67 1903 Simpson, C. B. Observations upon the Life History of the Codling Moth. U.S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 40. n.s. p. 63-65 Brief discussion. 1903 The Codling Moth. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 41, Pp. I-I05 Extended account with experimental data, bibliography. - 1903 The Controi of the Codling Moth. U.S. Dep’t Agric. Far- mers Bul. 171, p. 1-23 A general account. 1903 Woodworth, C. W. New Observations on the Codling Moth. Pac. Rural Press, December 19, 66:388—89 Observations on life history and methods of control. 1903 Ent. Soc. Ont. 23d Rep’t, p. 42-44 Sundry observations by various entomologists. 1904 Ball, E. D. The Codling Moth. Utah Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 87, P- 105-45 An extended discussion. 1904 Burgess, A. F. The Use of Arsenate of Lead for Controlling the Codling Moth. U.S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 46, p. 14-20 Summary of experimental data. 1904 Felt, E. P. Codling Moth. N. Y. State Ent. 19th An. Rep’t. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 76, p. 139 Record of injuries to living bark. 1904 Lounsbury, C, P. The Codling Moth. Agric. Jour. October (Separate, p. 3-8) Summary account. 1904 Pettit, R. H. The Codling Moth in Michigan. Mich. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 222, p. 77-91 General discussion with experimental data. 1904. Woodworth, C. W. Spraying for the Codling Moth. Pac. Rural Press, April 16, 67:244,260 Summary discussion. 1904 Directions for Spraying for the Codling Moth. Cal. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 155, p. 1-20 Summary account. 1905 Farrand, T. A. Mich. State Bd Agric. 18th Rep't, p. 405, 421 Comparisons of the relative efficacy of dust and liquid sprays. 1905 Green, W. J. & Houser, J.S. The Codling Moth. Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 160, p. 197-214 Experimental] data. 1905 Melander, A. L. The Wormy Apple. Wash. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. OS, Dp. I-15 Summary discussion, 1906 Ball, E. D. & Peterson, E. G. Codling Moth Work in 1904. Utah Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 95, p. 65-107 Discussion of experimental data. 1906 Close, C. P. Dust and Liquid Spraying. Del. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 72, p. 1-23 Experimental data, with various sprays. 68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1906 Crandall, C. S. Spraying Apples, Relative Merits of Liquid and Dust Applications. Ill. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 106, p. 207-42 Experimental data, with various sprays. 1906 Felt, E. P. Codling Moth. N. Y. State Ent. 21st An. Rep’t. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 104, p. 91 Injuries by second brood. | 1906 Irwin, E. P. An Insect Enemy of Codling Moth. Fruit Grower; April 17; 3p Fo5— 57 An extended account of tthe discovery and establishment of Caliep hy. tPackttets messor Grav. 1906 Marlatt, C. L. & Orton, W. A. The Control of the Codling Moth and Apple Scab. U.S. Dep’t Agric. Farmers Bul. 247, p. 1-21 Summary discussion. 1906 Melander, A. L. & Jenne, E. L. The Codling Moth in the Yakima Valley. Wash. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 77, p. 1-96 General discussion and experimental data. 1907 Ball, E. D. The Control of the Codling Moth in the Arid Regions. U/S. Dep't Agric. Bur. Ent. Bul. 67, p:55—75 Summary cf experimental data. 1907 Blair, J. C. Fruit and Orchard Investigations. Ill. Agric. Exp. Sta. Cir. 107, p. 45-49 Summary of experimental data. 1907 Burgess, A. F. Remarks on Methods Used in Codling Moth Experi- ments.: .U.05..Dep't Agric. Bur. Ent. Bul. 67, p. 93-55 : Observations on methods, with experimental data. 1907 Ehrhorn, E.M. The Codling Moth Parasite. Cal. Hort. Com’n 2d Rep’t, 1905-6, p. 231-35 Observations on the European parasite, Caliephialtes messor Grav. 1907 Garcia, Fabian. Codling Moth Investigations during 1903 and 1904. N. M. Agric Exp. Sta. Bul. 65, p. 1-29 Summary account based on original observations. 1907 Gillette, C. P. Spraying for Codling Moth. Col. Agric. Exp. Sta. Press Bul. 44 Summary of recommendations. 1907 Henderson, L. F. Mixed Sprays for Apple Scab and Codling Moth. Id. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 55, p. 3-27 Summary account and discussion of experimental data. 1907 Lloyd, J. W. Spraying for the Codling Moth. Ill. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 114, p. 377-429 Extended discussion with experimental data. 1907 Melander, A. L. & Jenne, E.L. The Codling Moth in Eastern Wash- ington. Wash. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 81, p. 1-24 Summary of life history and experimental work. 1907 Sanderson, E. D., Headlee, T. J. & Brooks, Charles. Spraying an Apple Orchard. N. EH. Agric. Exp Sta. Bul. 131, p. 11-38 General discussion of spraying, with special reference to the codling moth. 1907 Scott, W. M. & Quaintance, A. L. Spraying for Apple Diseases and the Codling Moth in the Ozarks. U.S. Dep’t Agric. Farmers Bul. 283, p. 1-42 Experimental data. _ » | REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1909 69 1907 Taylor, E. P. Western Slope Fruit aoe eetion, 1906. Col. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 119, p. 3-8 General discussion. 1907 Woglum, R.S. The Codling Moth. N.C. Dep’t Agric. Ent. Cir. 20, pe t—16 Genera] account. 1907 Ent. Soc.,Ont. 27th Rep’t, p. 3-15, 83 Brief observations by a number of entomologists. 1908 Garman, Harrison. Spraying Apple Trees and Apple Orchard Pests in Kentucky. Ky. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 133, p. 1-11, 21-27 Summary account and experimental data. 1908 Gossard, H. A. Spraying Apples. Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. IQI, Pp. 103-25 Experimental data. 1908 Spring Manual of Practice in Economic Entomology. Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 198, p. 47-50 Brief notice. 1908 Howard,C.W. TheCodling Moth. Transvaal Agric. Jour. 6:523-26. Summary account. 1908 Melander, A.L. Remarkable Success in Spraying the Codling Moth. Fruit Grower, Jan. 19, p. 5-6 Observations on methods of spraying. 1908 & Trumble, R. E. The Codling Moth in 1907. Wash. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 86, p. 1-17 Summary of field experiments. 19008 Melander, A.L. Annihilating the Codling Moth. Ent. News, 19:11-13 Summary of experimental work. 1908 Morris, O. N. & Nicholson, J. F. Orchard Spraying. Okl. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 76, p. 1-22 General account with experimental data. 1908 Quaintance, A. L. Demonstration Spraying for the Codling Moth. U.S. Dep’t Agric. Bur. Ent. Bul. 68, pt 7, p. 69-76 Experimental data. 1908 The Codling Moth or Apple Worm. Year Book, U.S. Dep’t Agric., 1907, Pp. 435-50 An excellent summarized account. 1908 Sanderson, E. D. Codling Moth Investigations. N. H. Agric. Exp. Sta., 19-20th Rep’ts, p. 396-498 General discussion and extended experimental data. 1908 Slingerland, M. V. Must the Calyx Cup Be Filled? Econ. Ent. Jour. 1:352-54 Questions the necessity of using a coarse spray. 1908 Smith, J. B. Insecticide Materials and Their Application. N. J. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 213, p. 43-45 A brief summary account. 1908 Thornber, J. J. Suggestions for the Control of the Codling Moth. Ariz. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 57, p. 275-79 Summary account. 1908 Washburn, F. L. Controlling the Codling Moth with One, or at Most, Two Sprayings. Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. rr2, p. 223-27 A summarized discussion, — 7O ~NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1909 Ball, E. D. Methods for Control of the Codling Moth. Better Fruit, 3:21-24 Extended discussion advising coarse spray. 1909 Buck, J. E. Wormy Apples and How to Prevent Them — Results of Spraying for Codling Moth in 1908. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 181, p. 1-13 Summary account with experimental data. 1909 Felt, E. P. Controlling Codling Moth. Country Gentleman, April 8, 74:348 A summary statement of results obtained in the state of Washington. 1909 Codling Moth. Country Gentleman, June to, 74:572 A discussion of the essentials for successful spraying. 1909 Spraying for the Codling Moth. N. Y. State Fruit Grow- ers Ass’n Proc., 8th Meeting, p. 113-21 Summary of Professor Melander’s discussion of western results. 1909 Gillette, C. P. Shall We Continue to Spray for the Moth? Better Fruit, 4:29—-30 General discussion. 1909 Gossard, H. A. Apple Spraying in Ohio. Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta. Cir. 95, p. 1-8 Summary of results. 1909 Howard, C. W. Report of the Entomologist. Transvaal Dep’t Agric. Rep’t, 1907—8, p. 189—go0 Observations on injuries. . 1909 Hurst, B. F. Practical Experiments With Codling Moths. Better Fruit, 3 :25—30 Data on biology and spraying. 1909 Jenne, E. L. The Codling Moth in the Ozarks. U.S. Dep’t Agric. Bur.cEnt. Bul, So, pt.a5.p.. 1-32 Extended biological data. 1909 Lounsbury, C. P. Report of the Government Entomologist for the Year 1908, p. 63 Occurrence of codling moth in Cape Colony recorded and regulations modified. 1909 Melander, A. L. The Calyx Cup Must Be Filled. Econ. Ent. Jour. 2.:67—-73 Discussion of results obtained with coarse sprays. 1909 The Single Spray for the Codling Moth. Wash. Agric. Exp. Sta. Popular Bul. 17:1-4 Summary account. Sie) Exterminating Codling Moth at One Spraying. Fruit Grower, Jan..20, p. 14 Summary of results obtained with one spray. ; 1909 Reed, W. V. The Codling Moth or Apple Worm in Georgia. Ga. State Bd Ent. Bul. 29, p. 1-37 . General account with discussion of experimental data. 1909 Sanderson, E. D. Notes on Recent Experiments for the Control of the Codling Moth. Econ. Ent. Jour. 2:135—41 Summary of experimental work. 1909 The Codling Moth and How to Control it by Spraying. N.H. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 143, p. 61-106 Summary account based on experimental data. , . ad . REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I909 va 1909 Taylor, E.P. Spraying Apples for Curculio and Codling Moth. Mo. State Fruit Exp. Sta. Bul. 21, p. 1-69 Extended account with experimental data. -1gtio Ball, E. D. Spraying for Codling Moth. Fruit Grower, Jan., 16-18, 20 An extended discussion, advocating one coarse spray. toto Felt, E. P. Work With Codling Moth. Country Gentleman, March 3, 75:230 Summary of experimental work. * 1gto Gillette, C. P. New Sprays for the Codling Moth. Econ. Ent. Jour. 3:29-32 Summary of experimental data. Hickory leaf stem borer Acrobasis feltella Dyar} This new species was reared in early July from caterpillars in- habiting hickory stems collected by Mrs A. M. A. Jackson, Warner, Onondaga co., N. Y. This borer, it was stated, was somewhat abundant upon young hickories. It was at first sup- posed to be identical with Acrobasis angusella Grote, a species also occurring in hickory leaf stems. Dr Dyar states that the adult is separated therefrom by the “conspicuous character of the inner pale band.” Life history. The larva of this new form bores in the in- terior of the leaf stem, causing a distinct enlargement an inch or more in length and 3 inch in diameter. This portion of the stem is eaten so that only thin walls remain, the cavity having a distinct orifice at one extremity and the latter usually con- nected with a rather extensive, white, frass-filled web an inch to 2 inches long and fastening several leaves together. The larval feeding appears to be confined almost entirely to the in- terior of the stem. Nothing further is known concerning the habits of this species though it is presumable that there is but one generation annually. Description. Larva. Length 54 inch. Head dull amber, the thoracic shield greenish amber, the body nearly smooth, dull green- ish or yellowish green, the dorsal vessel being indicated by a dark green stripe. Anal shield dark green, with a few sparse fuscous setae. True legs black. Venter and thorax a little lighter than the dorsum. First thoracic segment with a large lateral tubercle, second thoracic segment with a large, black, sublateral tubercle on either side and with the annulations rather deep. *Dyar, H. G. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1909. 1I1:214. 72 ~NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Imago. The adult has been described by Dr Dyar as follows: Forewing of male with a small patch of black scales beneath subcostally. Wings dark gray, the inner band beyond the sub- basal patch of raised scales very broad, creamy , white, shading to orange below, especially wide in its lower part. In the male the basal space and all of the thorax are white; in the female, these parts are gray. Discal dots joined. Outer line wavy crenu- late, defined by an outward creamy shade. Hind wing light at the base in the male, entirely fuscous in the female. Expanse, 14-17 millimeters. Fig. 1 Rhododendron lace bug: a nymph; d adult; f spine enlarged (after Heidemann) Rhododendron lace bug Leptobyrsa explanata Heid. The delicate, lace-winged bugs excite the admiration of all close observers on account of their exquisite sculpturing. ‘This species is no exception to the rule though on account of its rather serious injuries to Rhododendrons in the vicinity of New York city and also at Rochester, it has been the occasion of con- siderable complaint. The curiously spined young occur on the underside of the leaves during May and June, while the strik- ingly marked adults may be seen in early July. This species draws the sap from the underside of the leaf tissues, producing unsightly brown spotting accompanied by more or less serious injury to the foliage. Furthermore, the deposit of the eggs in the leaf tissues is an additional source of injury. ; | Description. The perfect insect is about 1% of an inch long, its delicately sculptured wings [fig. 1d] with sharply defined, trans- verse, brown marks near the middle being characteristic. The young | . : | | i . ; REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMCLOGIST I909 73 nymphs are rather long legged and ornamented with conspicuous tapering spines [fig. 1f]. This species has been described in detail by Mr Heidemann as follows: Adult. Body short, oval in the female, more elongate in the male, shining black; membranous parts of pronotum and integu- ment of elytra pale yellowish, semitranslucent, nervures yellowish. Head rather small, black, with three white frontal spines, two ap- proaching each other, the middle one comparatively stouter; be- sides, there are two other more slender spines extending from behind the eyes towards front. Antennae long, finely pilose, yellow- ish, the tips infuscated; two basal joints slightly thicker than the following ones, first joint twice the length of second, third a little more than three times as long as fourth. Bucculae yellowish, nar- row, angulate and broader behind, the edge upturned a little. Pro- notum transverse, feebly convex, coarsely punctured, and shining black; in fresh specimens the sides of pronotum are: covered with a whitish film that also extends toward the underside at the sternum. Hood not much inflated, cristate and slightly tapering towards front; covering the head, except the eyes, with quite large areoles at the sides near top and a few smaller ones at lower part. The three pronotal carinae yellowish, the median one strongly foliaceous, as high as crest of hood, rounded on top and ‘slowly declining towards apex. of the triangular posterior portion of pro- notum, with a row of long, large areoles of which the middle ones are divided by a few cross nervures and embrowned; outer carinae very low, only half as long as the median carina, extending from base of hood to sides of pronotal portion posteriorly; the triangu- lar part of pronotum rather short, yellowish and finely reticulated ; membranous pronotal margins strongly rounded behind, reflexed, widening moderately at sides, narrowing toward the neck and reaching the lower part of hood close to the eyes, with two or three rows of average-sized areoles. Elytra ovate, iridescent, extending one half their length beyond abdomen, a little less in the male; strongly rounded from base to apex, broadest behind the middle; discoidal area pyriform and short, angularly raised at the outer nervure, somewhat rounded at apex and broadly scooped out on the upper surface, with three or four rows of quite large areoles at the widest part. Subcostal area subvertical, wider than the dis- coidal area, having about five rows of irregular small areoles, those of the upper row much larger; costal area broadly expanded, with four or five rows of very large, more or less irregular areoles, diminishing to three and two rows at base. Surface of elytra very peculiarly undulated, with two transverse, sharp impressions, and another at apex formed by the outer nervure of subcostal area; a light transverse fascia on basal half. Median nervure of subcostal area strongly sinuate towards tip of elytra; sutural area at inner part irregularly reticulated with rows of some extremely large areoles. Entire margin of elytra, lateral margins of pronotum, crest of hood, carinae, and most of the nervures beset closely with 74 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM long, very fine hairs. Rostral groove uninterrupted, broad at mesosternum and metasternum, angularly closed in front; rostrum reaching metasternum. Abdomen of female broadly rounded at apex, in the male more elongate, the sides of genital segment sinu- ated; at tip two strong claspers. Length 3.6 millimeters; width of each elytron across widest part, 1.4 millimeters. Last nymphal stage. Body elongate elliptical, yellowish white, pellucid, some brownish spots on inner side of the wing pads basally and at apex; abdominal segments on the middle. and all the appendages or processes toward the tip brownish. Pro- notum transverse, lateral margins rounded; hood, median carina, and triangular posterior part of pronotum already indicated. Antennae as long as the whole body, finely pilose, yellowish, tip of the two terminal joints brownish. Wing pads reaching the third abdominal segment. Head with five long processes, of which two at base of head are most prominent and bent forward; two smaller - ones on a little elevation of median carina near together; very large processes on each lateral margin of pronotum; two on the meso- notum and a single one at middle of the first, third, fourth, and sixth dorsal segments of abdomen; another on each wing pad; the processes on the lateral margins of abdomen are slightly smaller. These appendages or processes are peculiarly shaped, cylindrical, narrowing toward the apex, the edge of tip armed with two or three small sharp teeth; there are also some pores and short bristles on the surface of these processes visible by high power magnification. Length, 2 millimeters. Egg. This, according to Heidemann, is cylindric, oval, yellowish white and about .4 millimeters long. Life history. This species, according to Mr Heidemann, win- ters in eggs deposited in the epidermis of the leaves, mostly at the sides of the main rib. The eggs hatch probably early in May in this latitude, the recently emerged young being whitish, somewhat transparent and without spines. Later the color becomes green- ish white and the antennae extend nearly to the end of the ab- domen. In about four days the skin is shed and lateral processes begin to appear which become more apparent in subsequent molts. The partly grown nymphs may be observed on the under- side of the leaves from then to early July at which time the insects become full grown. Food plants and distribution. This species is recorded by Heidemann as. quite abundant on Mountain Laurel, Kalmia latifolia and on the Great Laurel, Rhododendron maximum, and occurs along the Atlantic slope from North Carolina goneivard at least to New York State. SO ee i i REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I909Q 75 Remedial measures. Experiments with an allied form on asters several years ago demonstrated the feasibility of con- trolling that species with a whale oil soap solution, 1 pound to gallons of water. Recent work shows that similar treatment with this or other contact insecticides is equally efficient in the case of this. Rhododendron pest, provided the application be made to the underside of the foliage in May or early June. Bibliography 1908 Heidemann, Otto. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 10:105-8. Plant lice The season of Ig09 was noteworthy because of the great abundance of plant lice. These tiny weaklings were extremely numerous on a variety of fruit trees, seriously affecting the foliage and in not a few instances exercising a very material influence on the development of the fruit. They were also present in unusual force on many other plants, such as currants, cabbage, hops, shade and ornamental trees and shrubs. The foliage was not only badly deformed, thickly smeared with honeydew and then discolored by the sooty fungus growing in this favorable medium, but the excretion was so abundant in many places as to keep sidewalks wet and sticky even on the hottest days. Small or “aphis”’ apples Aside from injury to foliage, there were many complaints on account of the numerous small apples. - This latter was probably brought about by the plant lice or aphids being so numerous as to reduce the vitality of the trees at the time the fruit was setting, to such an extent as to prevent the one or two early fertil- ized blossoms of each cluster securing a sufficient start to out- strip the others and thus result in a large proportion of the fruit dropping at the outset. Instead of the latter, a very desir- able and normal outcome, so many blossoms set that the trees were unable in large measure to produce average sized fruit. There was, as a consequence, very many small apples and relatively few good sized to large, marketable fruit. Vhe extent of this was strikingly illustrated on the experimental plots in the orchard of Mr W. H. Hart, Poughkeepsie. The fruit of over 250 experimental trees distributed throughout the orchard and therefore representative, when picked and carefully classified, 76 : NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM showed that in approximately 100,000 apples there were only 54,845 marketable fruit, many of these being rather small, while 41,982 apples were so small as to be practically unmarketable. This small fruit, popularly designated by many growers as ‘“aphis apples,’ was easily recognized by its small size and fre- quently irregular shape. It was estimated by one of the fruit erowers that in the vicinity of Poughkeepsie approximately 33% of the crop was thus affected though this figure may be some- what high. Similar injury was very prevalent in orchards in the western part of the State. | Apple aphids There are four species of plant lice or aphids very likely to occur on our fruit trees. The woolly apple aphis as is well known, restricts its attack mostly to the vicinity of wounds on trunk and branch and also occurs on the roots. It is rarely abundant enough in New York State to cause material injury. The other three species, known respectively as the European grain aphis, the green apple aphis and the rosy apple aphis, attack the foliage and will be discussed briefly below. European grain aphis. (Siphocoryne avenae Fabr.). This European species has, until recently, in this country been considered identical with the green apple aphid, a species which has been known to occur in America for many years. This aphid is, judging from available records, probably very generally distributed throughout the United States. It has been recorded as occurring upon apple, pear, quince and plum, and such grains as rye, oats and wheat. This species passes the winter in its shiny, jet black eggs deposited by the females in the fall around the buds of the more terminal shoots, in crevices at the crotches of limbs and under scales of the bark. The eggs hatch about the time the young leaves appear, and the small, green plant lice begin to feed upon the unfolding foliage. These early in- dividuals soon commence to produce living young, the latter shortly attain maturity, develop wings, fly to other trees and continue the process of multiplication. This species may be most easily recognized by the oval, yellowish green or brown body. Investigations have shown that there may be four or five generations in the latitude of Washington, and that by early July the trees are deserted for the grains, grasses or other host tSchizoneura lanigera Hausm. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I90Q ye: plants. In the fall there is a return migration from the grasses and grains and the deposit of winter eggs as mentioned above. Green apple aphis (Aphis mali Fabr.). This species, like the preceding, passes the winter as black eggs which are un- distinguishable from the above noticed form. The plant louse has a pear-shaped, yellowish green, green or dark green body instead of the oval form of the European grain aphid. The eggs of this widely distributed form hatch a little later in the season, and the plant lice, like the preceding, frequently cause serious curling of the foliage. This plant louse occurs upon the trees throughout the season and, under conditions obtaining in New Jersey, may produce six generations before the appearance of the sexual forms and the deposition of eggs destined to hatch the following season. Rosy apple aphis (Aphis malifoliae Fitch). This species is easily distinguished from the preceding by its larger size, rounder shape and usually rosy color, though this latter may vary from salmon to tan or even to slaty gray or black, the body being dusted with whitish. This widely distributed aphid, like the preceding, winters as eggs deposited on the trunk and larger limbs. The young plant lice appear with the unfolding of the leaves. There are about three generations produced be- fore the trees are deserted for an unknown food plant. There is a return migration in the fall and the deposition of eggs. Certain other aphid pests Cherry aphis (Myzus cerasi Fabr.). This species is more or less abundant every year and, like some of its allies, was excessively numerous the past season. It is easily recog- nized as the black aphis so prevalent in early summer on sweet cherry foliage, portions of the leaves sometimes being nearly black with insects. Occasionally the attack is so severe as to result in the entire destruction of the leaves for a foot or 2 feet from the tips of the shoots. Such an outbreak means serious injury to the trees. Hop aphis (Phorodon humuli Schrk.). The hop louse was locally abundant and is occasionally quite injurious to this plant. It is one of the forms known to have two food plants. The winter is passed as small, glossy, black eggs on various species of Prunus or plum, both wild and cultivated. The eggs hatch in early spring and three generations are produced on the | 78 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM plum prior to the flight in June to the hop vines. . There have been, according to careful and extended investigations conducted under the supervision of the late C. V. Riley, at that time ento- mologist of the federal government, 4 to 12 generations, depend- ing upon weather and other conditions. Winged adults, pro- duced at the end of the season, migrate back to the plum and deposit the black eggs which remain unhatched till the following © spring. This peculiarity in the life history of the hop aphis, suggests the desirability of eliminating useless wild and domestic plums in the vicinity of hop yards, and also the wisdom of spraying other plum trees in the spring for the purpose oi destroying the plant lice before they have had an opportunity of migrating to the hop. Corn root aphis (Aphis maidiradicis Forbes\igee subterranean species such as this, is very likely to escape notice and this is probably the reason why it is rarely brought to at- tention in New York State, though it is well known as a corn pest in the Central States. Examples of this species, kindly identified by Mr Pergande, through the courtesy of Dr Howard, were received under date of September 29 from Mrs H. Reineck of Albany, with the statement that she experienced difficulty in raising asters, owing to the abundance of plant lice upon the roots. Specimens submitted for examination showed the roots to be thickly clustered with small, bluish green or reddish brown, wingless plant lice about 1 millimeter long. Young aphids were also observed feeding upon the rootlets. These pests were ap- parently attended by ants, the latter probably excavating the soil around the roots and possibly constructing chambers in which the plant lice could winter more successfully. Injury by this species in New York State appears to be so rare that, gen- erally speaking, remedial measures may be considered inadvis- able. It might be well in case of an infestation in the garden, to pull the plants in late fall and thus destroy in large measure the hibernating quarters of the aphids. Should this not be feas- ible, many of these plant lice could be destroyed by treating the ground with carbon bisulfid. Norway maple aphis (Chaitophorus aceris Linn.). This large, yellowish green, brown marked plant louse with long, hairy antennae and reddish eyes is frequently abundant throughout the greater part of the season on the underside of the leaves of Norway maples, and is remarkable for the large ee REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I9OQ 79 amount of honeydew excreted. The latter occasionally collects in rather thick, viscid masses on the foliage, and not infrequent- ly is so abundant as to keep the sidewalk beneath infested trees wet even in hot summer weather. This insect was excessively numerous in many sections of the State in Igo9, seriously injur- ing the foliage of many beautiful trees and in not a few in- stances causing 10 to 25% of the leaves to drop. In very severe at- tacks practically all of the leaves may be seriously affected and a considerable proportion drop before others have an opportunity to develop. This species is usually controlled in midsummer by natural enemies, the beneficial ladybeetles or ladybugs being among the most active. Painted maple aphis (Drepanaphis acerifolii Thos.). This beautiiul little plant louse was very abundant and rather injurious to soft maples in particular, though it occurs in small numbers on the hard or sugar maple. It is easily recog- nized as a small, red eyed, black and white marked plant louse with prettily marked brown wings. The young are pale yellowish and wingless. . mex, elder aphis (Chaitophorus negundinis Thom.). This gregarious species has been somewhat abundant the last few years on the relatively few box elders observed in the vicinity of Albany, N. Y. It is a greenish form, the abdo- men being pale green, the head brown, the latter and the pro- thorax both hairy. Elm leaf aphis (Callipterus ulmifolii Mon.). This very slight, inconspicuous, pale greenish plant louse was ex- cessively abundant on the underside of American elm leaves, causing serious injuries, especially in the western and southern portions of the State. It was so numerous at Dunkirk and Ful- ton as to cause considerable annoyance on account of the large amount of honeydew dropping from the trees. Woolly elm aphis (Schizoneura ulmi Linn.). The woolly elm aphis is easily recognized in June by the badly curled leaves of white elm, usually accompanied by the dropping of wax-powdered pellets of honeydew. This species is some- times excessively abundant on elm foliage, the affected leaves curling so as to form a cavity which may be brimful of strug- gling plant lice and particles of whitish honeydew. Professor Gillette is inclined to believe that the woolly aphid, occurring on the bark of elm and known as Schizoneura rileyi Thos., is identical with this form. 80 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Woolly beech leaf aphis (Phyllaphis fagi Linn.). This rather inconspicuous plant louse, occurring on the underside of beech leaves, is most easily recognized by its woolly covering. It has been abundant on purple beeches in Washington park, Albany, N. Y., for the past decade, occasionally becoming very numerous, as was the case in 1909, though never causing per- ceptible curling of the foliage. A dying, small tree observed had the leaves nearly destroyed by this plant louse. Woolly larch aphis (Chermes strobilobius Kalt.). This species continues abundant upon larches in Washington park, Albany, N. Y., though it is not especially injurious. The winter is passed in the egg state, over 200 having been counted in an egg mass of moderate size. The young appear in early May and settle on larch needles, at which time they somewhat resemble grains of black gunpowder. They increase in size and in the course of a few weeks, excrete an abundance of white, woolly matter, giving a very characteristic appearance to in- fested trees. | . Pine bark aphis (Chermes pinicorticis shies This species continues abundant on pines in Washington park, Albany, N. Y., and is probably responsible in large measure for the gradual destruction of two groups of young pines, individual trees of which have died from time to time during the past decade. This insect winters as yellowish brown eggs, well pro- tected by the copious, waxy secretion, young appearing in the latitude of Albany, N. Y., from the middle to the latter part of May. The full-grown female is a dark grayish purple and about 1/32 of an inch long. This species has been the occasion of complaint from several sections oi the State and has also proved to be a pest on seedling pines in forest nurseries. At- tack by this plant louse is very likely to be followed or accom- panied by bark borer injury. It has also been observed on bal- sam. This species is particularly subject to attack by lady- beetles. Woolly pine aphis (Schizoneura pinicola Thos.). This species, kindly identified by Mr Pergande, through the courtesy of Dr L. O. Howard, was brought to notice by State Forester C. R. Pettis in October on account of its abundance on the roots of seedling pines grown in forest nurseries at Lake Clear Junction, N. Y. The plant lice, he stated, were very abundant upon the roots. Samples submitted for examination } | REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQO0Q SI showed that there had been considerable colonies several inches below the surface, the infested points being marked by an abundance of woolly, waxy matter and in some instances there was considerable exudation from the roots, possibly as a result of the injuries inflicted by this plant louse. Mr Pettis, writing under date of October Io, states that the plant lice appear to live in the ground at night but with the appearance of the sun they emerge and fly, the phenomena he observed probably being the normal autumnal flight. The trees affected were all native pines and so far as a superficial examination went, appeared to be in excellent condition. ~Gall-making aphids There are a number of species of plant lice particularly in- teresting because of the vegetable deformations, more generally termed galls, which they produce. Ordinarily these gall-making species are not very injurious though their effects upon plants are frequently somewhat conspicuous. Cockscomb elm gall (Colopha ulmicola Fitch). The gall made by this species, on elm foliage, is very common and is easily recognized by the long, irregular, frequently red tipped cockscomb swellings running parallel with the veins and some- times so abundant as to seriously deform the leaves. Occasion- ally small trees may bear one or more galls upon almost every leaf, while the foliage of individual branches on larger trees may be badly malformed because of these abnormal growths. The young galls appear about the first of May as slightly elevated ridges on the upper side of the leaf. Soon after, on the opposite surface an. elongate opening is seen, and on pulling the walls apart the glossy, olive-brown plant louse is disclosed within the cavity. This is the parent louse. Four or five weeks later or during the month of June the interior of the gall will be found occupied by numerous young grouped around the mother. Within the gall, among its many occupants, are numerous glis- tening globules of a sweet liquid or honeydew excreted by the plant lice. Later the opening into the gall spreads apart and the insects are thus free to escape. The species is said to winter as eggs deposited in sheltered places on the bark. Spiny hazel gall (Hamamelistes spinosus Shim.). This peculiar form, as determined by the recent investigations of Mr Pergande, has an extremely interesting life history, occur- 82 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ring as it does, in oval; spiny bud galls on witch-hazel and upon the leaves of birch. The season of 1909 was remarkable on ac- count of the abundance of this species upon birch foliage, both in the vicinity of Albany and Hudson and probably in other por- tions of the State. The plant lice were so numerous as to cover the foliage with honeydew, which was soon followed by the development of the sooty fungus and the resultant blackening of the leaves. A summary account of this plant louse, accom- panied by illustrations, has been given by the writer.? | Witch-hazel cone gall (Hormaphis hamamelidis Fitch). The conical, green or reddish galls of this plant louse are more or less abundant upon witch-hazel leaves from year to year and occasionally extremely numerous. This, like the preceding form, migrates to the birches and also has a varied and extremely interesting life cycle, which latter has also been summarized by the writer.* Hickory. gall aphid (Phylloxera catyaceamere Fitch). This is one of the commonest of our Phylloxera galls on hickory and presumably the most destructive, though some other species are occasionally very abundant and undoubtedly seriously affect the trees. The young galls of this species occur in early June, at which time they vary from the size of a pea to that of a small marble and range in color from pale greenish to a bright pink. They are irregularly spheroid, being usually prolonged at the union with the midrib or petiole and with a more or less distinct, somewhat irregular, ventral orifice which is completely closed. Many of the galls are so near each other that they fuse. Each contains a central cavity with its stem mother and numerous young plant lice. Later the galls be- conie green or rosy and as they increase in size the plant lice multiply to such an extent that during the latter part of the period of growth, the inner surface of the gall may be literally covered with numerous young, pale green plant lice. Finally, the distorted tissues die, turn black and leave an ugly, shrunken mass. This is only one of a number of species of Phylloxera likely to occur upon hickory. Mr Pergande, who has made an extended study? of the species occurring upon hickory, divides — *N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:643. *'N.. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:639. °N. Amer. Phylloxerinae Affecting Hicoria (Carya) and Other Trees. Davenport Acad. Sci. Proc. igor. 8:185—-273. = oe CS " | ' REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQOQ 83 _ the galls into three groups. The thin, paperlike or more or less transparent ones occurring upon leaves, the thicker, fleshy, variform galls always opening beneath and on leaves, those forming elongate folds along the veins, and finally, a fourth class represented by the species discussed above, producing galls on the twigs or leaf petioles. Phylloxera galls on hickory leaves are frequently very numerous and are produced by a number of species, though the leaf inhabiting species are rarely abundant enough to cause material injury. The Phylloxera galls usually have a distinct orifice-and may be distinguished from similarly appearing Cecidomyiid galls by the minute plant lice within. Red elm leaf gall (Pemphigus ulmifusus Walsh). ~The large, solitary, spindle-shaped galls about 1 inch long, pro- duced by this plant louse, occur on the upper surface of the leaves of red elm. The interior, as in the case of other plant louse galls, is frequently swarming with aphids in various stages of development. This species is somewhat rare in New York State. | Vagabond gall (Pemphigus vagabundus Walsh). This insect produces a rather common leafy deformation. It is simply a peculiar, folded, convolute mass of foliage some 2 inches in diameter and near the tips of the twigs. Occasionally these galls are quite abundant. Poplar leaf stem gall (Pemphigus populitrans- versus Riley). This species is sometimes very abundant. The galls are oval, about 14 inch long, somewhat elongate, with transverse openings, and develop near the middle of the leaf petioles of cottonwood during the latter part of the summer. The poplar is also affected by several allied forms. Spruce gall aphid (Chermes abietis Linn.). The presence of this insect is easily recognized by the cone-shaped, many celled galls formed at the bases of young spruce shoots. These dry, turn brown and open in August, thus allowing the inclosed plant lice to escape. This insect is widely distributed in New York State and has been responsible in recent years for a number of inquiries accompanied by complaints of injury. This latter is due in large measure to the inability of the affected shoot to continue its growth and, as a consequence, the branches soon become irregular and the tree very unsightly. 84 - NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Honey and honeydew The superabundance of plant lice was not without its effect upon the apiarist and his products. Honeydew was so abund- ant that the bees gathered it very largely and in some localities produced a considerable quantity of honey which, under a strict interpretation of the Pure Food Law, could hardly be considered as pure honey, since the latter is held to be the modified nectar or natural sweets of the blossom and not a saccharine excretion from some other insect. Furthermore, the product elaborated from honeydew is not considered a desirable winter food for bees, though it can be safely employed in the spring for brood rearing. Near the posterior extremity of most plant lice there is a pair of conspicuous processes very generally termed honey tubes, and by many supposed to be the organs from which the honey- dew, so prevalent on aphid infested foiiage, is produced. It is well known that drops of liquid may appear upon these organs, which might more properly be termed cornicles rather than honey tubes, since the latter designation is misleading, as is shown by the investigations of Professor Horvath, who states, according to an abstract prepared by Mr Bueno, that when “an ant strokes an aphis with its antennae a clear drop appears always at the end of the abdomen whilst the cornicles excrete nothing. On the other hand, if an aphis be picked up in the fingers, or if it be touched with a straw, a tiny drop at once appears at one or both cornicles which is always colored.” Honeydew must thus be regarded as a waste product of the body rather than as a highly elaborated secretion. Dr Horvath concludes that the ““cornicles of the aphids are the excretory canals of wax-pro- ducing glands differentiated in a special manner and the product of which is a means of defense against the Coccinellidae and the Chrysopidae.” | Climate and plant lice It is evident to even the most casual] observer, that delicate, nearly helpless insects like plant lice, feeding almost unpro- tected upon the foliage of various trees, must be more or less susceptible to climatic conditions. This is well substantiated by the behavior of various species. The remarkable abundance of these small insects the past year was comparable only with the outbreaks of 1897 and 1903, years distinguished by the super- abundance of these pests. Observation and weather records show a distinct correlation between a low, unseasonable tem- . REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I9QOQ 85 perature and the multiplication of plant lice. The past summer was remarkably cool and backward, a marked change for the better occurring June 21. That the earlier cool weather was favorable to the plant lice, was evidenced by the hosts occurring upon the leaves of many trees. The reason is probably found in the fact that the unusually low temperature prevented the nor- mal activity of such natural enemies as ladybeetles, flower flies and minute 4-winged parasites. Prior to the appearance of warm weather numerous lots of plant lice, showing no evidence of having been materially injured by natural enemies of one kind or another, were received. Shortly after the rise in temperature a very different condition of affairs obtained. Leaves injured by plant lice continued to be received, but in almost every case a few natural enemies had begun to reduce the numbers of the pests, or especially toward the end of the outbreak, most ‘had been destroyed and the leaves only bore evidence of earlier injury. Recent observations on the spring grain aphis in the Southern and Middle States have shown a similar correlation between temperature and the development of plant lice and their enemies. ; The obvious lesson to be drawn from the above is that plant lice outbreaks may be expected when the late spring weather is unusually cool and backward, unless it is accompanied by pelt- ing rains which are undoubtedly of considerable service in destroying exposed aphids. The advisability of adopting direct repressive measures in specific instances, must depend in large measure upon the probability of warmer weather developing soon enough so that natural enemies may check the aphids before material injury is caused. Ants and aphids There is a somewhat intimate relation existing between ants and aphids. The former appreciate the sweet excretions of the latter and not infrequently protect and even construct shelters for various species of plant lice. The popular characterization of aphids as the milch cows of ants, expresses fairly correctly the relationship which may exist between such divergent forms, though possibly it implies too much interdependence on the part of both. Ants can subsist without the secretions of plant lice; and conversely, protection by ants is not necessary to the -existence of aphids. There are well recognized cases where ants 86 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM are potent factors in increasing the destructiveness of aphids. One of the best known is the case of the corn root aphid’ and the corn field ant.2 This ant colonizes the aphid in cultivated fields, on the roots of weeds and corn, and materially increases its destructiveness. The casual nature of this relationship is exhibited by the observations in Louisiana, of Prof. Wilmon Newell on the recently introduced Argentine ant, [Lridomyr- mex humilis Mayr. and native plant lice which are colon- ized by this species and, as a consequence, the latter are decidedly more injurious in sections where the Argentine ant is abundant. Natural enemies The almost helpless plant lice are subject to attack by a number of insect enemies. The beneficial ladybeetles or lady- bugs, easily recognized, as a rule, by their red color and con- spicuous black dots, are among the most serviceable of these natural enemies. They, in association with their ugly, black erubs, are frequently found on badly infested trees, feeding voraciously and destroying hordes of these pests. The 2-spot- ted ladybeetle? is one of the more common of these forms, though the ocellate or 15-spetted ladybeetle* is frequently found in numbers, especially on shade trees. Another com- mon form is the 9-spotted ladybeetle.® The important part played by the delicate, handsome flower or syrphid flies, should not be overlooked. These insects are usually brightly marked with yellowish and brown, generally with conspicuous, reddish eyes and may frequently be seen hovering in bright sunlight. They deposit their delicately sculptured eggs in colonies of the plant lice, and the greenish or yellowish, sometimes red marked, varicolored maggots, less than half an inch long, devour hosts of aphids before they at- tain maturity. These active enemies of plant lice are easily distinguished from all other species found in such situations, by the body gradually enlarging from the head backwards. The maggots seize individual plant lice, raise them from the leaf and quickly drain the body of its vital fluids. *Aphis maidiradicis Forbes. “Lasius niger “americanuse *Adalia bipunctata Linn, Pama nres,. mcellata Linn: ®°Coccinella novem-notata Hbst. « REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1909 87 There are a number of tiny, 4-winged, parasitic wasps which subsist entirely on plant lice. These beneficial insects deposit their eggs in their victims, one in each, and the maggots de- velop rapidly at the expense of the host. The infested aphids are easily recognized by the greatly swolien, frequently glob- ular and usually brown abdomen. Occasionally a very large proportion of the many plant lice on individual branches, or even entire shrubs or trees, are affected in this manner. Each plant louse perishes, while the maggot within, before com- pleting its transformations, fastens the body of its host to the plant. The parasite itself, as it escapes, cuts a characteristic, circular orifice, leaving the central portion or lid attached by a narrow hinge. It is therefore very easy to estimate the pro- portion of plant lice destroyed by these parasites. In additicn to the above, the voracious larvae of the extremely delicate, lace-winged flies, destroy hosts of aphids. The golden eyed parent insects are usually light green and easily distin- guished by the large wings adorned with numerous minutely spined veins. They deposit their oval, whitish eggs in pic- turesque groups on leaves or twigs, each egg supported by a slender, threadlike stem nearly an inch long. The larvae are rather flattened, 6-legged creatures, usually variably marked with brown and yellow, and remarkable because of the greatly produced jaws. Plant lice and other small insects are seized in these enormous jaws and quickly perish as the body juices are drawn through the hollow cavities of the mandibles. Remedial measures The experience of the last few years has demonstrated the futility of depending upon the ordinary winter or early spring applications of lime-sulfur washes for the destruction of aphid eggs upon our fruit trees. There may be some reduction but the percentage killed in this manner is so small as to be practically negligible. Most fruit growers are thoroughly familiar with the curling leaves quickly following plant lice outbreaks, and appreciate the difficulty of destroying the insects after the attack has progressed thus far, owing to the impossibility of hitting the plant lice with any contact insecticide. Experience has demon- strated time and again, the practicability of destroying these minute enemies of our plants, by thorough applications of con- 88 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM tact insecticides, such as tobacco preparations, whale oil soap solutions, kerosene emulsions or even dilute preparations of some of the commercial petroleum compounds now on the market under various trade names. Tobacco preparations of various kinds have long been used for the destruction of plant lice, though some experience is necessary to secure the proper dilution, owing to the variabil- ity of waste tobacco products from which decoctions are usu- ally prepared. There are now on the market a number of ready-made tobacco extracts. A most promising one is known as black leaf extract. It has given very good results in an experimental way, even when diluted with 60 parts of water. The experience of the last season or two has also demon- ~ strated the feasibility of employing a dilute lime-sulfur wash. Several practical orchardists have used the better grades of commercial lime-sulfur washes, diluted with 4o parts of water and adding thereto two pounds of lead arsenate to each 50 gallons, making the application at the proper time for con- trolling codling moth. It has been found effective, so far as the last named pest is concerned, extremely serviceable in de- stroying plant lice and of great value as a fungicide. It is possible that this combination or some modification may ulti- mately take the place of the poisoned bordeaux mixture and solve for all time the problem of controlling plant lice out- breaks, since one thorough spraying with a contact insecticide just aiter the blossoms fall, would probably obviate the neces- sity of any further treatment for plant lice, particularly if this was an annual practice. The insecticide to be employed must depend somewhat upon conditions. There is no doubt but that a thorough application of a whale oil soap solution, used at the rate of one pound to six or seven gallons of water, is very effective. Even 2 strong suds of ivory soap, approximately a five cent cake to eight gallons of water, is extremely serviceable and may be employed upon a large variety of plants without injury. The standard kerosene emulsion, diluted with 9 to 15 or more parts of water, is equally valuable. Ready-made oil emulsions, re- quiring dilution only before application, are on the market and are much more convenient for the small fruit grower. The essential in all these cases, so far as plant lice are con- cerned, is to make the application before the foliage has be- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST Igog 89 come badly curled. The need of special treatment for aphis outbreaks must, of necessity, depend upon several factors, namely, favorable weather conditions and the relative abund- ance of natural enemies. It has been shown above that ab- normally cool weather in the spring and early summer is likely to be followed by aphid outbreaks, owing to the fact that plant lice reproduce readily under such conditions, while the activities of their natural enemies are seriously hindered. Con- sequently, an incipient attack by plant lice, accompanied by a scarcity of natural enemies and the probability of continued cool weather, should serve as a warning to the fruit grower and result in immediate spraying. NOTES FOR THE YEAR The following are brief notices of some of the more injurious species which have come to attention from time to time through- out the season. Fruit tree pests Fruit tree bark beetle (Eccoptogaster rugulosus Ratz.). This insect is more or less prevalent from year to year and is best known on account of its injuries to plum and peach. The past season the writer found a large apple tree in the orchard of William Page of Bethany, N. Y. which had evidently been killed by this insect. It may possibly have been in an unhealthy condition prior to the attack though the numerous galleries of the borers on practically all of the smaller limbs give unquestioned evidence that this species was the initial cause of the trouble. The operations of this pest were also observed in a young pear orchard at North Rose, one small tree having been killed in early August this season and others exhibiting more or less evidence of serious injury. Canker worms. These voracious leaf feeders have been al- lowed to continue their devastations in the southeastern portion of New York State in particular. Hundreds of apple trees in Port Chester and northward were practically stripped of leaves the past season and from the appearance of the trees one might infer that this condition had prevailed for a number of years past. These common pests, easily controlled by timely appli- cations of an arsenical poison or by the employment of sticky bands, have been noticed innumerable times. A summary dis- cussion of these insects and methods of controlling them is gO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM given in the writer’s report for 1908 [N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 134, Pp. 45-471- | Tarnished plant bug (Lygus pratensis Linn.). Al most every year we receive inquiries as to the cause of de- formed apples. These can not be answered satisfactorily in all cases, though recent investigations indicate that in the above named species we have one of the offenders in this respect. The tarnished plant bug is a small, yellowish and black, angu- lar insect about % of an inch long. It occurs on a considerable variety of plants. The investigations of Dr Taylor in Mis- souri have shown that this familiar species may deposit eggs under the skin of young apples. The injured portion heals with the formation of corky tissue and fails to grow. ‘Thus, as the apple develops, an unsightly, craterlike depression is produced, materially affecting the value of the fruit. There is no prac- tical method of controlling this pest, aside from keeping the orchard and its surroundings as free from brush, coarse weeds and other shelter as possible. Rose leaf hopper (Typhlocyba:rosae Harr) Pie species was found October 2, 1g09 in considerable numbers on the — young apple trees of Mr George T. Powell, Ghent, N. Y. The foliage was badly specked by this insect, in some instances the damage almost approximating the injury inflicted by the grape leaf hopper, Typhlocyba comes Say in the Chautauqua region. There was every indication that the insects had bred in considerable numbers upon the apple, particularly toward the latter part of the season, since cast skins were rather numerous on the foliage. Rose bushes were certainly not abundant in the vicinity. This attack though unusual, is not unprecedented, since the late C. V. Riley recorded this species as abundant on apple foliage at Burlington, Vt., in 1892, while Prof. G. C. Davis, according to Professor Gillette took specimens at the Michigan Agricultural College on the foliage of apple, plum, tame cherry, currant and grape. This species, should it become abundant, can be easily controlled by the application of a contact insecticide before the leaf hoppers attain maturity and are therefore able to fly. San Jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.). This pest, while not attracting such widespread notice as in earlier years, has continued to multiply and is slowly becoming established in sections previously uninfested. A large number of fruit trees in the Hudson valley have been seriously injured or destroyed by REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQOQ gli this scale insect in recent years. These injuries or losses have almost invariably followed neglect, intentional or otherwise. The experience of another season has but served to confirm the findings of earlier years and emphasize the importance of a lime-sulfur wash in checking this pest. Some practical fruit growers have been able to obtain such excellent results that their neighbors have raised the question as to whether the pest was really present. Such grati- fying results have not only been obtained with the ordinary home- made lime-sulfur wash, but also with some of the commercial prep- arations for sale in this State. The latter appeal very strongly to some fruit growers, since they oniy require dilution prior to appli- cation. The Cordley lime-sulfur wash, a formula which calls for approximately twice as much sulfur as lime, has been used in sev- eral places with great satisfaction, particularly as it can be made up in large quantities and held indefinitely without danger of the sulfides crystalizing. ‘A dilution of the commercial lime-sulfur wash is also being used as a summer spray with excellent results though we would remind growers that sufficient time has not elapsed, since this method of application has been used, to permit of exhaustive tests. An investigation of the orchard belonging to Mr W. H. Hart at Poughkeepsie, N. Y. shows that he had been able to control the San José scale in a most gratifying manner. Trees which five or six years ago were so seriously affected that perhaps a quarter of the tops had died and the indications were that the trees might be killed within a few years, are now in a most vigorous condition and well laden with fruit. This has been brought about largely by spraying with a lime-sulfur wash, the application being made en- tirely from the ground, since the uneven surface precludes the suc- cessful employment of towers. The badly affected trees noted above had the tops cut out some three or four years ago, in some instances limbs 3 inches in diameter being removed [pl. 20, 21]. There was some suckering following this operation, yet there has been a vigorous growth and a bounteous production of fruit. Care- ful observation is necessary to recognize the trees which have been treated in this way. Mr Hart experiences no difficulty in controlling the San José scale with a lime-sulfur wash, provided conditions allow two applications each spring with the wind in opposite direc- tions. He finds a stiff breeze necessary to carry the spray through- out the entire tree. Much of the fruit in Mr Hart's orchard is practically free from San José scale, aside from occasional branches Q2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM which were inadvertently missed during the spraying operations. Last spring Mr Hart employed the Cordley lime-sulfur wash and proposes to boil, the coming November, sufficient material for the spring application of 1910. 3 West Indian peach scale (Aulacaspis pentagona Targ.). Asmall branch of Prunus pseudo-cerasus was received from New Rochelle through nursery inspector T. F. Niles accompanied by the statement that this scale insect had been ob- served by him for some years in the vicinity of New York city. The specimens examined came from a tree which had been set at least three and probably five years ago, presumably being imported from Japan. The portion of the limb submitted for examination was very badly infested, showing that the insect had apparently thrived in this climate though it was supposedly not hardy north of Washington, D. C. Oyster. scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn) ) tie species, easily recognized by its brown, oyster shell shaped scale, some 4% of an inch long, continues to be abundant here and there, occasioning complaint on the part of the fruit grower and frequently causing serious injury to young trees. As has been previously noted, it displays a marked prolificacy on poplar. This pest may best be controlled by thorough spraying with a contact insecticide at the time the minute, yellowish young are crawling in numbers, namely, the latter part of May or early in June. Winter applications of a iime-sulfur wash have given good results in the hands of some and are worthy of further trial. The later the application can be made without injury to the tree, the better the prospects of satisfactory results following. This wash seems to prevent the establishment of the young rather than destroy the eggs. Blister mite (Eriophyes pyri Nal.). This enemy of the fruit grower is becoming increasingly abundant in the Hudson valley, bad infestations having been reported to the writer from several Columbia county localities and also from Washing- tonville. The general characteristics of the work of this pest and methods of controlling it have been given by the writer in his pre- ceding report [N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 134, p. 481. Small fruit insects Grape blossom midge (Contarinia johnsoni Sling.). We were extremely fortunate in rearing this tiny midge last spring from material collected the preceding June. The parent insect is Ges. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IgOg 93 a small, delicate, pale yellowish fly only about 1/25 of an inch long. The male can be recognized by the long, knobbed, hairy feelers or antennae one half longer than the body. The female is about 1/16 of an inch long and may be distinguished by the shorter, less densely haired feelers or antennae. The slender ovipositor, as long as the body in this sex, is well adapted to placing the tiny eggs within the developing floral tissues. Field observations June 15-17 showed that this midge was fully as abundant in the Chautauqua ‘Tegion as in 1908. The work of these insects in the vineyard of Mr H. L. Cumming of Fredonia resulted in the destruction of a considerable proportion of his Early Moore grapes, possibly over 75%. This midge not only causes serious loss by blasting numerous grapes in the bud, but inflicts damage by destroying a few grapes in many clusters, thus materially affecting the appearance of the bunches and lowering their commercial value. The youngest larvae found June 15 were probably but two or three days old, while many were fully half grown and would presumably desert the blossom buds within four days to a week. No midges were seen flying in the vineyard either in the afternoon or early evening. A close ex- amination of cobwebs and windows in the near vicinity of the badly infested Early Moore vines resulted in finding no midges. Similar conditions obtained near somewhat badly infested Concord vines in the vineyard of D. K. Falvay at Westfield. The midges are ap- parently not attracted to any extent by light and probably remain near their food plants, as is the case with the violet midge, Con- tarinia violicola Coq. It is probable that the grape blos- som midges fly in normal seasons about the first of June. An ex- tended account accompanied by detailed descriptions of the larvae and both sexes is given in the writer’s report for 1908 [N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 134, p. 15-19]. Tree crickets (Oecanthus sp.). These insects, though predaceous and therefore beneficial, have the unfortunate habit of depositing their eggs, which remain unhatched till the following spring, in woody tissues. A very large proportion of the raspberry canes in a patch near Albany were seriously injured last winter by this insect. Recent investigations conducted at the Agricultural Stations located at Geneva and Ithaca have shown that the snowy tree cricket, Oecanthus niveus DeG. is not, as has formerly been supposed, the chief offender in this respect. The snowy tree cricket usually deposits its eggs singly or in pairs in apple twigs. The studies of Professor Parrott show that this in- Q4 LENE WoOYORK STATE MUSEUM jury is very likely to be followed by blight infection. The species thus far known to be responsible for the long series of egg punctures in raspberry, blackberry and other soft stemmed plants are the black horned tree cricket, Oecanthus nigricornis Walk. and the 4-spotted tree cricket, Oecanthus quadripuncta- tus Beutm. This injury is very likely to be followed by the cane splitting or even breaking during the winter and, in some instances, as many as three fourths of the canes in a large patch may be seriously injured. The tree crickets are most abundant among coarse weeds and shrubby growths, consequently, the adoption of clean cultural methods, so far as possible, will be of considerable service in reducing their numbers and preventing subsequent damage. Miscellaneous Say’s blister beetle (Pomphopoea sayi Lec.). This large, usually rare blister beetle is nearly an inch long and is easily distinguished from allied forms by its rather stout, olive-green body and the shining black, orange banded legs. This species was quite abundant the latter part of June and early in July at Quaker Street, Schenectady co. and in the vicinity of Voorheesville, Albany co. In the first named locality it was said to be swarming upon roses and other plants, devouring much foliage and causing con- siderable injury, while at Voorheesville it destroyed many of the blossoms on locust trees and fears were entertained of serious in- jury to crops. It is interesting to note that our records show that this species was abundant in the same vicinity in 1900. This blister beetle usually disappears before material damage has been inflicted. Army worm (Heliophila unipuncta Haw joie widely known insect was very abundant on Long Island caus- ing serious injury to wheat fields at Oakdale, while similar devastations were reported from Greenlawn, the Hamptons and Orient. This pest was abundant in limited localities at least, in southeastern Westchester county, as was evidenced by the writer finding July 2, numerous caterpillars on the estate of W. W. Cook at Port Chester. A nearby outbreak was also reported. This species attracts notice only when the hordes of caterpillars devour all of the foliage in the immediate vicin- ity and then begin to march as though by a common impulse in search of provender. A relatively insignificant factor may result in army worm depredations being observed. A few years ago the writer’s attention was called to a strip of grass cee aD Meet A gt Mii De Ae Se lh rp Be tice cn Mtn. ; REPCRT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST Igog 95 land where hordes of the pest appeared, though none were ob- served on either side. The only difference that was known to exist between infested and uninfested territory was that the infested territory had a little earlier in the season suffered Ttather severely from a hailstorm. It is probable that the hail destroyed enough of the grass so that the caterpillars were compelled to seek food elsewhere, though under normal con- ditions they would not have attracted notice. An army worm outbreak requires prompt treatment. Grass or grain in badly infested fields, if of any value, should be cut and removed at once and the migration or marching of the hungry caterpillars prevented by digging slight ditches or turn- ing furrows toward the advancing horde. The ditches and fur- rows can be made more effective by digging small holes at intervals of 15 or 20 feet in which the caterpillars turning to either side, fall. They can then be readily destroyed by bury- ing. Bands of tar are serviceable in checking the advance of the pests and may be made more effective by putting the tar upon boards and setting the latter on edge. Conditions occa- sionally warrant the poisoning of a strip in front of the march- ing caterpillars, in order to destroy them and prevent further injury. Paris green, london purple or even white arsenic is preferable for this purpose to the slower acting arsenate of lead. Masses of caterpillars can be killed by liberal spraying with a kerosene emulsion or a strong soap solution. Not in- frequently these outbreaks are accompanied by the presence of numerous natural enemies such as Tachina flies which are similar to and larger than the ordinary house fly. These bene- ficial parasites deposit oval, rather conspicuous white eggs on the caterpillars, usually just a little behind the head. An abundance of these flies or other natural enemies such as the ferocious ground beetles may render it unnecessary to take ac- tive measures for the destruction of the caterpillars, because under such conditions there is comparatively little danger of any number attaining maturity. On the other hand, indis- eriminate destruction of the parasitized caterpillars may result in the annihilation of numerous beneficial insects. Luminous larvae (Phengodes plumosa Oliv.). The common lightning bug or more properly lightning beetle, Photuris pennsylvanica DeG. is well known, though its luminous larvae, occasionally observed in decaying wood, 96 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM are rarely seen. The past season our attention was called to two pale yellowish, rather slender, curled larvae about an inch and a quarter long and resembling in a general way, the more familiar larvae of the snapping beeties, though easily distin- guished therefrom by their luminosity. These larvae, kindly identified by Mr H. G. Barber through the courtesy of Dr Howard, proved to be half grown individuals of the northern form of -Phengodes plumosa Oliv. » Ghey were sraems by Mr Joseph E. Brown in Fairfield co., Connecticut. This species undoubtedly occurs in New York State. Similar lumin- ous larvae were found in some numbers about Newton Centre, Mass. in June 1873 and have subsequently been observed from time to time and for the most part were supposed to belong to the genus Melanactes or Asaphes. The full grown larva is about an inch and half long and may be at once recognized in the dark at least, by the bright light shining from the spiracles and visible through the mem- branes connecting the different segments of the body. A larger species, Phengodes laticollis ec) has a iam inches long which, according to Prof. G. F. Atkinson, pro- duces a brilliant, bluish white light visible both through the spiracles and the membranes connecting the body segments. The male of this form is comparatively insignificant, being only about 34 of an inch in length. An interesting fact in connec- tion with these insects is that this grublike, luminous form re- mains in this condition when mature, being simply a. wingless, larviform female. These peculiar insects occur in the ground and have been observed about the roots of grasses and under hedges. They come from their retreats at night, at which time they are most likely to be seen. A museum pest (Anthrenus verbasc1. Dima is well known that this small beetle, easily distinguished from the larger, more brightly colored, red, white and black carpet beetle, Anthrenus scrophulariae Linn “bye yellowish and gray, irregular markings, feeds upon a consid- erable variety of dry animal and vegetable substances. Two ears of corn infested by this insect were received April 4, 1902 and placed in a two-quart Mason jar and kept tightly closed. There was no moisture aside from that in the somewhat dried corn. Breeding has continued uninterruptedly to June 1910, a period of over eight years. At the end of this time the bottom of — ee a Cahn, ee eee ee REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I9Q09 Q7 the jar was nearly covered with fine, white, globose particles, ap- parently starch grains falling from the eaten kernels of corn, and a thick mass of the brown larval skins and other debris. This - record is interesting since it shows how long an insect is capable of subsisting under such adverse conditions. Shade tree pests mum leaf beetle (Galerucella Iuteola Mull.). This notorious shade tree pest continues to attract notice on ac- count of the serious injuries inflicted upon elm trees, especially the European species. A noteworthy feature has been, judging from the reports and specimens, the unusual abundance of this insect on Long Island. Reports accompanied by specimens showing serious injury were received from Northport, St James, Oakdale and Greenport. The pest was injurious in the Hudson valley and would have caused extensive defoliation in Albany and Troy if it had not been for the systematic spray- ing of most of the trees. This insect continues to be a pest in Saratoga Springs and at Sandy Hill a number of trees have been partially defoliated as a result of its work. Complaints of injury were also received from Schenectady. Specimens of this beetle were received from Amsterdam, a new though by no means unexpected locality. This pest will probably continue to spread through the Hudson valley and become a rather serious pest in many cities and villages in western New York. It is already ranked as one of the most dangerous shade tree pests in Ithaca on account of the ravages of the past few years. Experience has repeatedly demonstrated the possibility of keeping the foliage, even of European elms practically intact throughout the season by thorough and timely spraying with an arsenical poison. There is frequently difficulty in getting the work executed in a proper manner. Altogether too often, possibly through a mistaken notion of economy, the beginning of operations is so greatly delayed in the spring that it is im- possible to spray the trees satisfactorily within the time dur- ing which such work can be done to advantage. The most ef- fectual spraying for elm leaf beetle must be done between the middle of May and the 25th of June. It is practically use- less to apply poison after the grubs commence to forsake the trees, unless the foliage has been so thoroughly skeletonized that the majority of the leaves will drop and a new crop ap- 98 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM pear. Spraying for the protection of these latter is always justified by results and late applications may also be service- able in protecting foliage which had escaped injury earlier in the season. Altogether too few realize the very limited time during which work against this species can be prosecuted to advantage and only occasionally do we run across a party who appreciates what can be accomplished by thorough and timely work. | Bronze birch borer (A grilus anxius Gory). This per- nicious enemy of birch trees has continued its ravages here and there throughout the State. It is particularly common in Roch- ester, Buffalo and vicinity, where numerous trees have been destroyed and others are being killed. It is worse than useless to leave an aifected tree standing, since the borers in the bark appear another spring and continue their destructive opera- tions. There is nothing better than to cut and burn, during the winter or early spring, all birch trees or portions of trees show- ing the characteristic dying of the top, produced by the opera- tions of this flat-headed borer. Sugar maple borer (Plagionotus speciosus Say). Retiring though this insect may be in its habits, it is neverthe- less one of the important enemies of our sugar maples. In- vestigations last summer resulted in finding several magnifi- cent trees at Fulton, N. Y. which had been seriously injured, if not practically destroyed by this pest. At the time of our visit July 13, the black, brilliantly golden marked, stout beetles were extraordinarily numerous upon several trees, as is evi- denced by our capturing Io or 12 within 30 minutes. Never before have we found the insects so abundant in a locality. The beetles deposit their eggs in midsummer in slitlike gashes here and there in the bark, particularly at the base of the larger limbs, the sap flowing from the wounds usually producing an oval, discolored area, which is frequently made more con- spicuous by a few particles of borings hanging from a slender thread. The young grubs may be found near the point of entrance during the fall and early spring. The second year the grub has increased materially in size and when full-grown may make a transverse or oblique gallery just under the bark and continue sometimes half way around a tree 18 inches in diameter. This practically girdles the maple and is almost invariably followed by the bark slowly dying on the affected lee REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQO0Q 99 side, until eventually half of the tree may succumb to the in- jury. This pest, besides breeding in the trunk as described, also injures the branches, not infrequently causing the death of one or two limbs or possibly of all those on one side of the tree. Affected trees should first have all the dead wood removed so far as possible, taking care to protect the cut surfaces with applications of tar or any good roofing paint. Next, carefully examine the trees for signs of borers, digging out the pests if possible, since the pernicious grubs if left to themselves, are likely to cause much more injury than would result from the judicious use of the knife. Wounds of this character should be carefully protected with tar or paint. Each fall the trees should be closely examined for irregular, discolored patches about the size of a nickel, caused by the sap oozing from the slitlike oviposition scars. It is comparatively easy to dig out the young grubs. Their early destruction is much more pref- erable to extended excavations in search of the nearly full-grown borer. : European elm case bearer (Coleophora limosipen- nella Dup.). The peculiar, somewhat flattened cases of this species were first brought to the writer’s attention in I9oI. It is a European form which evidently became established in this country at about that period and is now generally dis- tributed in the vicinity of New York city. Complaints of in- jury, accompanied by infested leaves, were received from Oak- dale, N. Y. The writer observed it at Oyster Bay in 1906, at which time its operations approached in seriousness those of the much better known elm leaf beetle. The general injury by these two forms is somewhat similar, though easily dis- tinguished. The areas mined by the case bearers are distinctly rectangular and bounded on either side, as a-rule, by a parallel vein and extending rather evenly for some distance from the central feeding hole, the latter easily seen when looking up- ward toward a bright sky. The eroded, semitransparent, skel- etonized areas produced by elm leaf beetle larvae are at once distinguished by their greater irregularity, the lack of the cen- tral feeding orifice and the fact that there is no mining of the foliage. This more recently introduced pest should be watched closely and can be controlled by early and thorough spraying with an arsenical poison, making the application at the time the leaves begin to appear. 100 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM False cottony maple scale (Phenacoccus acericola King). This insect has been abundant and injurious in the vicinity of New York city in recent years. The city of Mount Vernon appears to have been one of the chief sufferers, judging from specimens and communications received from that local- ity. This pest is easily distinguished from the older and better known cottony maple scale* by the fact that it occurs in con- spicuous felted masses upon the trunks of infested trees and: also has large, cottony aggregations on the foliage, two situa- tions where the cottony maple scale is never found with its conspicuous white covering. The last named insect, though its inconspicuous naked young occur upon the foliage, is rarely observed except on the underside of the limbs after the females have developed their characteristic, cottony masses protruding from under a conspicuous brown scale. This species can be controlled by thorough applications, in winter or early spring, with a contact insecticide, using one pound of whale oil soap to a gallon of water. The kerosene emulsion, the standard formula diluted with four parts of water, has been found very effective in controlling the cottony maple scale and would doubtless prove equally efficient in the case of its associate. Sev- eral oil preparations now on the market under various trade names have also been used successfully. Forest insects Snow-white linden moth (Ennomos subsignarius Hubn.). This destructive span worm first came to notice in recent years during the summer of 1907 because of extensive defoliations in the Catskills. The ravages of that season were more extended the following summer and then included areas in the Adirondacks as well as in the Catskills. The extended outbreak of 1908 was also accompanied by noteworthy flights of the snow-white millers in many cities and villages of the Hudson valley. The past season has again witnessed exten- — Sive injury in the Catskills, this pest causing a large amount of damage to forests in the vicinity of Cooks Falls, Delaware co. and being particularly injurious in the township of Denning, Ulster co. Mr Alexander Tison, writing of conditions under date of June 24, states that in 1908 the measuring worm de- oe 'Palwinatria vitis Linn, ; REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST Igog IOI nuded great tracts of timber on the mountain side and reports that while the worms are still very young there is every indi- cation that they will be more numerous than they were last year. The prediction appears to have been abundantly verified by subsequent experience. Mr Walter Hannah of Poughkeepsie states that on July 4 he ascended Slide mountain and on the next day crossed Mount Cornell and the Wittenberg. All the way up from Winnesook lake the trees and undergrowth were literally covered with caterpillars which were eating leaves and strewing the ground with irregular shaped pieces. The pests were particularly bad on the maples and birches. Mrs Olive Wade of Brooklyn also records extensive injuries in the town- ship of Denning. Mr Walter W. Lewis of Dahlia, Sullivan co. reported under date of July 26 that these caterpillars had de- foliated hundreds of trees on his farm and in the adjoining: neighborhood. The remarkable flights of moths recorded in 1908 were re- peated in 1909. Swarms of the moths or millers about the street lights in New York city this season were recorded by the Daily Press of July 26 and a similar flight though not so ex- tensive was observed in Albany the night of July 29. The re- markable urban visitations of 1908 were not followed, as was anticipated, by unusual injury to shade trees and the same: would undoubtedly be true of the outbreak the past season. The English sparrow, as recorded previously, displayed most commend- able activity in following up and destroying the moths and was probably an important factor in preventing injuries to shade trees. We would reiterate that the recent extended outbreaks by this leaf feeder and other enemies destructive to forest trees must, in our judgment, be attributed in large measure to the relative paucity of bird life. Some years ago Dr William T. Hornaday of the New York Zoological Society calculated that there had been a decrease of about 48¢ in the number of our native birds. This estimate, taken in connection with the enormous number of insects devoured by birds, is exceedingly significant. For example, a pair of tanagers has been ob- served to eat 35 newly hatched caterpillars in a minute and to continue this for 18 minutes, making a total in this short time of 630 caterpillars destroyed. Two Maryland yellowthroats, it is estimated, devoured 7ooo plant lice within an hour. A nearly fledged young crow, it is stated, requires at least 10 102 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ounces of food daily, while an adult needs 8 ounces. Birds, on account of their great mobility, are admirably fitted to” con- centrate their attacks upon outbreaks of leaf-feeding cater- pillars. Repeated observations by competent naturalists have shown that this frequently occurs in nature. The reckless and criminal slaughter of these beneficial forms in recent years is beginning to have its effect upon animal and vegetable life and we are just commencing to harvest the results. The in- discriminate destruction of bird life should be checked at once by prohibiting promiscuous shooting, by suppressing egg de- struction or egg collection by boys, by doing away with cats so far as possible and by keeping hawks, crows and jays within bound. Some attention should also be given to rendering local conditions more attractive to birds. The adoption of such measures, we believe, would have a most important influence in checking the above mentioned and similar outbreaks. This would not mean large expenditures and, if generally supported, would do much toward repopulating the country with its nor- mal quota of birds and thus in large measure restoring the balance of nature. Owing to the extensive areas infested and the com- paratively low price of wood and its products, we can hardly hope for the adoption of other methods for some years to come. More extended discussions of this insect have been given by the writer in the 23d!‘ and 24th? reports. Spruce bud moth (Tortrix fumiferana Clenjeaeaae past season was noteworthy because of an unusual flight in late July, of the small, brown moths belonging to this species. These insects were sufficiently abundant to attract local notice in Albany, Utica, Rome, Auburn, Syracuse, Geneva, Batavia, Binghamton, Ithaca, Olean, Boonville and doubtless many other localities. This insect is well known as a serious enemy of spruce. It was considered by Dr Packard as one of the most destructive enemies of this valuable tree in certain portions of Maine. The unusual abundance of this insect over such a large territory is undoubtedly due to favorable climatic or other conditions and may possibly be followed by a serious injury another season. It may be that this genera! record is to be explained by the earlier flight of the snow-white linden moth drawing attention to other insects and resulting in many ob- servations of phenomena which otherwise might have passed un- recorded. *N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124. 1908. p. 23-28. *N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 134. 1900. p. 51-54. eel ee REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1909 Peer Hickory bark borer (Eccoptogaster quadrispi- nosus Say). An examination of the hickories in Prospect park, Brooklyn, in company with arboriculturist J. J. Levison, showed that a large number of the magnificent hickories in that extensive park were so seriously affected by this pernicious borer that it will be necessary to cut out many trees in order to:save the remainder. This bark borer must be ranked as one of the most dangerous enemies of the hickory, since it has destroyed, in recent years, thousands of trees in central New York and is still continuing its nefarious work. The great trouble with outbreaks of this char- acter is that many of the trees are practically killed before trouble is suspected. For example, an examination in September of many supposedly fine trees in Prospect park revealed the fact that num- erous borers had entered the trees and that millions of grubs had nearly completed the girdling by running tortuous channels in the inner bark and sapwood. Aside from a few brown leaves here and there at the tips of branches killed by beetles feeding in the petioles and a few extremely inconspicuous fine borings scattered in the crevices of the bark, there was practically nothing externally to indicate the condition of affairs. This dark brown or black, rather stout, cylindrical beetle about ¥% of an inch long invariably starts its gallery under a protecting scale of bark and owing to the regularity of the cracks in hickory, these hidden points of entry are usually in series one above another. To make matters even worse the obscure initial attack is very likely to occur about the middle or the upper portion of the trunk where observation is extremely dif- ficult. The beetles begin their galleries the latter part of June or throughout July. At the time of our investigation many of the grubs were more than half grown, while a few had nearly attained full size. There is only one thing to do in the case of a serious infestation such as that detailed above. All badly infested trees or portions of trees should be cut and the bark at least burned before the fol- lowing April in order to prevent grubs now in the bark from ma- turing and changing to beetles which another season might continue the destructive work in previously uninfested trees. Thorough spraying of specially valuable trees the latter part of May or early in June with arsenate of lead used at the rate of 6 to 8 pounds to 50 gallons of water should be of considerable service in killing the beetles when they gnaw their way into the twigs and leaf stalks. It is possible that uninfested trees in a section where this pest is 104 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM known to be abundant could be protected to a large extent by liberal applications, the last of May, to the bark of the trunk and larger branches, of tree tanglefoot. The discovery in. July or early August, of an attack on a previously uninfested tree is not necessarily hopeless, since it should be possible though some- what expensive, by careful examination to locate most of the points of entrance and kill the beetles or recently deposited eggs (depend- en: upon the promptness with which operations are begun) by in- jecting carbon bisulfid or kerosene. This is simply an emergency treatment which might be tried to advantage in case of very highly prized trees. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENTOMOLEOG The following is a list of the principal publications of the ento- mologist during the year 1909. 70 are given with title,t time of publication and a summary of the contents of each. Volume and page numbers are separated by a colon, the first superior figure gives the column and the second the exact place in the column in ninths: e. g. 73:10057° means volume 73, page 1005, columm) 2eeeeme sixth ninth, 1. e/ about two thirds.of the way down. Varieties of the Tussock Moth. Country Gentleman, Oct. 22, 1908, 7a c10057° Brief descriptive notices of the white marked tussock moth, Hemerocampa leucostigma Sm. & Abb, the hickory tussock moth, Halisidota caryae Harr., the well marked tussock moth, Hemerocampa definita- Pack. and the old tussock uamonm Notolophws antig wa linm Prolificacy of Plant Lice. Commercial West (Minneapolis, Minn.), Jan. 30, 1909, 15:59 Original estimates of the possible prolificacy of the hop plant louse, Phorodon humuli Schrank. Greenhouse Scale. Country Gentleman, Feb. 4, 1909, 64 :104” Remedial measures are given for Lecanium hesperidum Linn. * Titles are given as published and in some instances they have been changed or supplied by the editors of the various papers. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQOQ I05 Recent Importations of Brown Tail Moth in French Apple Seed- lings. National Nurseryman, Feb. 1gog, 17 :46—47 General account of Euproctis chrysorrhoea Linn. with special reference to measures for preventing its obtaining a foothold in New York State. Gall Midges of the Goldenrod. Ottawa Naturalist, Feb. 1909, 22: 244-49 Brief observations on the Cecidomyiid fauna of Soijidago with a descriptive list of the galls and their inhabitants, some 35 species being noticed. The Economic Status of the House-Fly. Economic Entomology Journal, Feb. 1909, 2:39-44 The evidence warrants our considering the house fly, Musca domes- tica Linn., as an important agent in the dissemination of typhoid fever, certain other grave intestinal disorders, tuberculosis and other serious dis- cases, especially in warmer climates. peewee tail Moth, Euproctis c¢hrysorrhoea_ Linn. Economic Entomology Journal, Feb. 15, 1909, 2:80 Records the introduction into New York and other states of many winter nests of this insect with recent importations of French seedlings. The resistance of the caterpillars to fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas is noted. Oyster Scale. Country Gentleman, Feb. 18, 1909, 74:153* Brief economic account of Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn. Destroying the Clover Mite. Garden Magazine, March 1909, 9:124 Brief discussion of habits and measures for controlling Bryobia pratensis Garm. Arsenate of Lead. Country Gentleman, March 11, 1909, 74:235°° Recommendations as to the amount of. poison which should be used. Monarch and Mimic. N. Y. State Educ. Dep’t, Arbor Day Annual, IgOQ, p. 20-22 A popular account of the Monarch, Anosia plexippus Linn, and the Viceroy, Basilarchia archippwus Cram. Greenhouse Scale. Country Gentleman, April 1, 1909, 74:320'° A general descriptive account of Orthezgia insignis Sig., with a discussion of control measures. 106 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The Interpretation of Nature. Entomological Society of Ontario, 39th Rep't, 1909, p. 23-30 A popular lecture giving particular attention to various bark and wood borers, the elm leaf beetle, Galerucella luteola Mull., the snow- white linden moth, Ennomos subsignarius Hubn,, the sugar maple borer, Plagionotus speciosus Say, the gipsy moth, Porthe- tria dispar Linn., the brown tail moth, Euproctis chrysor- rhoea Linn., the codling moth,Carpocapsa pomonella Jinn., the cigar case bearer, Coleophora fletcherella Fern: the buster mite, Eriophyes pyri Nal., several scale insects and the house fly, Musca domestica Linn. The Economic Importance and Food Habits of American Gall Midges. Entomological Society of Ontario, 39th Rep’t, 1909, Pp. 43-46 | A summary account of the destructiveness and food habits of many species. Pests of Chestnut Trees. Country Gentleman, April 8, 1909, 74: 344° | Brief economic accounts of the two lined chestnut borer, Agrilus bi- lineatus Weber, and of the chestnut timber worm, Lymexylon sericeum Harr. : Spraying. Country Gentleman, April 8, 1909, 741346" Brief discussion of the action of the lime-sulfur wash and of methods of spraying for codling moth. Controlling Codling Moth. Country Gentleman, April 8, 1909, 74 :348¥ A summary statement of results obtained in Washington by modify- ing the method of spraying for Carpocapsa pomonella Linn. What Ails Your Plants? Garden Magazine, May 1909, 9 :221-25 A comprehensive spray calendar with formulas for the principal in- secticides and fungicides. Anthrenus verbasci Linn. Economic Entomology Journal, April IQOQ, 2:193 Record of continuous breeding in a closed jar containing dry corn for a period of seven years. Spraying for the Codling Moth. N. Y. State Fruit Growers Ass’n Proc. 8th Meeting, 1909, p. 113-21 Summary of Professor Melander’s discussion of western results in con- trolling Carpocapsa pomonella Linn. a 4 ? f ; 7. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST Igog 107 For Codling Moth. Country Gentleman, April 22, 1909, 74:403" Spray within a week or to days after the blossoms fall for Carp- Ocapsa pomonella Linn. Spray Pumps. Country Gentleman, April 22, 1909, 74 :4037° The relative value of pressure, vermorel and bordeaux sprays is briefly discussed. Spray Poisoning. Country Gentleman, April 22, 1909, 74 :403* Judicious spraying involves no danger to stock fed or feeding on the grass under the trees, though it is advised to wait 48 hours after the application. 3 Shade Tree Pests. Troy Press, May 5, 1909 General directions for the control of the elm leaf beetle, Galerucella luteola Mull., and the white marked tussock moth,Hemerocampa leucostigma Sm. & Abb. Control of Household Insects. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 129, p. 1-48, fig. 34 (Issued May 7, 1909) Contents PAGE PAGE BURTON 5.6. eke sae os ce ORS Clowes miathisy.'.ik:.soek eben. 23 MERE CATPCTS) 2.5 ces aces ss o's a GarPeEr. BECLIES esc. bcd ere Coan « 25 wapmowd or house fly.:....... 7 Silver fish, bristle tail or fish BIE MTNIGS: 4's. 5 505.0 isdioleas goat II MRTIME Mie ln 's. ec eas a asec tinete tte 28 Meeietdl MOSQuitO....... 2... 12 LEO) gal (eGo) ae di 28 Yellow fever mosquito....... 15 vce ats. Be Sek wou se vind 2 Sem TOTS... us eee nce e ss 15 Pere MG Sissies non end ws eianle Me, ad Sod 30 REIN 056 o oca.d Soka le Gino RA WG | OBES Gin yy oa Pele oes eos ee ie 30 Wasps and hornets.......... 16 PUOUSC pr MIIES. te bie eX iele an ate 30 House or rain barrel mos- COGHTOSONEEM }ian. 16 nalacsa oucal 32 6) GS Se ae a aa ne 16 AGE h MPOE Wess h t O- cera ocellana Schiff. and the associated case.bearers. ‘ ‘ An Army Worm Outbreak. Country Gentleman, June 24, 7909, 74 7614” Records an outbreak by Heliophila unipuncta Hae at Oak- dale, L. I. and gives remedial measures. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST Igog I0Q Plum Aphis—Rose Leaf Hopper. Country Gentleman, June 24, Igog, 74 :6161! General economic account of aphids on plum and other fruit trees with a brief notice of the rose leaf hopper, Ty phlocyba rosae Linn. Plant Lice. Country Gentleman, July I, 1909, 74 :6357” Brief observations are given on plant lice with directions for their control. Save Your Apple Crops from the Canker Worm. Poughkeepsie Evening Star, July 2, 1909, p. 8 A general discussion of Paleacrita vernata Peck with special reference to control measures. Watural Enemies of Plant Lice. Grape Belt (Dunkirk, N. Y.) July 2, 1909, p. 8 A brief discussion of plant lice and their enemies on elms with observa- tions on methods of control. Sugar Maple Borer. Country Gentleman, July 8, 1909, 74 :654%6 _A brief notice of Plagionotus speciosus Say with suggestions for its control. Falling Leaves. Country Gentleman, July 8, 1909, 74:655'° A short notice of Chaitophorus aceris Linn. with observations on the dropping of leaves. Controlling Hop Louse. Country Gentleman, July 8, 1909, 74 :055"° The life history of Phorodon humu1li Schrk. is briefly outlined and directions given for its control. ~The Birch and Witch-Hazel Louse. Country Gentleman, July 8, 1909, 74 :656" The life history of Hamamelestes spinosus Shim. is discussed together with control measures. Directions are also given for controlling elm leaf beetle, Galerucella luteola Mull. New Species of West Indian Cecidomyiidae. Entomological News, Ig09, 20 :299—302 The following new species were described: Asynapta mangiferae. Asphondylia attenuatataand Lobodiplosis spinosa, Snow-White Linden Moth. Argus (Albany), Brooklyn Eagle, IIO NEW VORK ‘STATE “MUSEUM Utica Observer, July 14, 1909 ; Plattsburg Star, July 13; Catskill Recorder, fily 23 A general notice recording injuries in the Catskills by Ennomos sub- signarius Hubn. and discussing causes. The desirability of protecting. birds is emphasized. Oak Leaf Miner. Country Gentleman, August 5, 1909, 74n74a—— A brief descriptive and biologic account of Lithocolletes hama- rye Via Clem: Squash Vines. Country Gentleman, August 12, 1909, 74:754°" A brief discussion of the squash vine borer, Melittia satyrini- formis Hubn. and the striped cucumber beetle, Diabrotica vittata Fabr. Tortoise Beetle. Country Gentleman, August 12, 1909, TAG A short descriptive account of the golden tortoise beetle, Coptocycla bicolor Fabr. Gipsy and Brown Tail Moth Work. Country Gentleman, August LZ OOO. 74-7.50"° A general review summarizing the accomplishments and pointing out the mportant phases of this work against Porthetria dispar Linn. and Eu proctis chrysorr h oem) wim Additional Rearings in Cecidomyiidae. Economic Entomology Journal, August 1909, 2:286-93 Records the rearing of 40 species, 37 being briefly described as new. A new genus, Caryomyia, with Cecidomyia tubicola OS: asaype was erected. Scientific Notes. Economic Entomology Journal, August 1909, 2 1300-7 The following species are noticed: The snow-white linden moth, Enno- mos subsignarius Hubn., a number of the more injurious Aphididae and the brown tail moth, Euproctis chrysorrhoea Linn. Cabbage Lice. Country Gentleman, August 19, 1909, 74:775%" A brief discussion of Aphis brassicae Linn. and methods for its control. Unicorn Prominent. Country Gentleman, August 19, 1909, (AGG. A brief descriptive account of Schizura unicornis Sm. & Abb. : REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I9Q09Q Ii! Squash Bugs. Country Gentleman, August 19, 1909, 74:775°° A general economic account of Anasa tristis DeG. Strawberry Grubs. Country Gentleman, August 19, 1909, 74:775%8 Remedial measures are given for these pests. Where this Year’s Insects Came From. Garden Magazine, Sep- tember Igog, 10 :68-69 A general discussion of the causes of insect outbreaks with special reference to the excessive numbers of plant lice. A few of the more injurious or morte interesting aphids are briefly noticed. Lilac Borer. Country Gentleman, August 26, 1909, 74 :8037" A brief economic discussion of Podosesia syringae Harris. Probably Elm Leaf Beetle. Country Gentleman, August 26, 1909, 74 :822" A summarized account of Galerucella luteola Mull. with special reference to control measures. Worst than Most Diseases. Country Gentleman, September g, 1909, 74 :8597 The characteristics of the San José scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst. are given and spraying with a lime-sulfur wash is advised. Cutworms in Corn. Country Gentleman, September 9, 1909, 74:859°° A general descriptive account of the corn ear worm or boll worm, H e1lio- this armiger Hubn. The Sugar Maple Borer. Country Gentleman, September 9, 1909, 74 :859"* A general account of Plagionotus speciosus Say witha dis- cussion of remedies. Apples Injured by Insects. Country Gentleman, September 9, 1909, 74:859* A discussion of the causes producing deformed apples, aphids or plant lice, the tarnished plant bug, Lygus pratensis Linn, and the cur- culio injury being described. A Caterpillar. Country Gentleman, September 16, 1909, 74 :880** A brief descriptive account of Basilona imperialis Drury. 1I2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Oak Caterpillar. Country Gentleman, September 23, 1909, 74 :904°° : A general descriptive account of Anisota senatoria Sm. & Abb. Luminous Larvae. Country Gentleman, September 23, 1909, 74 :907°° The half grown larva of Phengodes plumosa Oliv. is identified and several allied luminous forms, Phengodes laticollis Lec, Photuris pennsylvanica DeG:andPyrophorus meet cus Linn. are briefly noticed. The Grain Weevil. Country Gentleman, September 23, 1909, 74::907"* The Angoumois moth, Sitotroga cerealella Oliv. is presumably the pest. A brief economic account is given of this species. 24th Report of the State Entomologist on Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York. 1908. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, 2006p. 17 pl. 1900 (Wssted" Senemes: Contents PAGE PAGE Wnin@duction . 64... ot 7 See 5 Miscellaneous $s... =. >. 2a 55 Mia sIMONS MISEChS, (a. taste - 13 | Publications of the Entomologist 60 Pa plaieaSai wlan =a.) secre yee 13 | Additions to collections a sne— 67 Grape blossom midge....... 15 | Appendix A: Studies of Aquatic Gladioitaplaid,. 2.3.38 ee 19 Insects. J. G.NEEDHAM.... 71 Greentcockroacht i. ee aa ee 22 | Appendix B: Catalogue of the Typhoid or house fly and dis- Described Scolytidae of Am- CASEY eri Oo aS eee oes 24 erica, North of Mexico, J. M. Notes for the wyiGate 1:2. se eee 41 SwWAINE.... 0: -:2:3. 76 Brut ree aasects 47 eter 41 |. Explanation of plates 72aaae 161 siiiall trait ANSeCiSiaars ca. eee AS | “Indes sane eee Pee | - 195 whade. tree 1nSecist pF oak nee 49 A Diseased Elm Tree. Country Gentleman; October 7 apgeee 74:951" | Directions are given for controlling the elm leaf beetle, Galerucella luteola Mull, the possible cause of the trouble. insects and Legislation. Economic Entomology Journal, 2:342— a, A summarized discussion of legislation relating to insects. | . ‘ | REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IgQog I1l3 feast IONS TO COLLECTIONS, OCT. 16, 1908-OCT. 15, 1900 The following is a list of the more important additions to the collection. DONATION Hymenoptera mre cwodes f[ragariae Ckily S) sophiae Ckil. var. Halictus pero phularia Ckil, Augochtora neglectula Ckil., And- moma prunoruin REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I9Q0Q 123 ADDITIONAL LIST OF ADIRONDACK INSECTS BY D. B. YOUNG July 20 to August I0, 1909, found the writer enjoying a vacation at Speculator, N. Y., a village with good accommodations, located in the Adirondacks at the foot of Lake Pleasant. The romantic and delightful scenery appeals to one’s love of the beautiful, while from an entomologist’s point of view the great diversity of plant and insect life of mountain and valley offers exceptional oppor- tunity for collecting many rare and interesting forms. We were particularly impressed by the large representation of Hemiptera in that section and resolved to make a partial collection of the species to be found there and such insects of other orders as might attract our attention. The limited time at our disposal prevented this col- lection from being as complete as we could wish but the following list will give some idea of the rare forms to be met with in this region. The Hemiptera were submitted to E. P. VanDuzee, who very kindly made the identifications in that order. Of the 67 species sub- mitted, 25 were new to the State collection. Among new or rare forms in other orders 15 were taken, as well as many others in- cluded in the list to preserve the records and make additions to the Adirondack lists already published. — Species marked with a dagger are new to the State collection; those with a star are not in the Adirondack list of Hemiptera in the 20th Report of the State Entomologist. Hymenoptera Pemphredon concolor Say Strongvlogaster pinguis Nort. Psithyrus ashtoni Cress. Harpiphorus articulatus Nort. Pristiphora identidem Nort. Emphytus inornatus Say Dolerus aprilis Nort. Tenthredo grandis Nort. Coleoptera fCoeliodes nebulosus Lec. Melasoma scripta Fabr. ?seudanthonomus crataegi Walsh Saperda vestita Say +Myodites sp. +Leptura biforis Newm. Anaspis flavipennis Hald. Onthophagus hecate Panz. A. rufa Say +Elater hepaticus Melsh. Phyllobrotica decorata Say TCleis picta Rand. Diptera TDixa clavulus Wl. *Pangonia rasa Loew 7Platyura sp. +Chrysopa eucera Loew +Sciophila C. hilaris O. S. P2e NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Tabanus reinwardtii Wied. Chrysophila quadrata Say Leptogaster flavipes Loew Dasyllis sacrator Walk. Asilus annulatus Wzll. Laphria sericea Say tDolichopus pachycnemus ? Loew D. grata Loew D. detersus Loew 7Gymnopternus flavus Loew Chrysotus discolor Loew tHybos slossonae Cog. y;Syneches sp. TSyndyas polita Loew {Leptopeza compta Ccq. Trineura aterrima Fabr. +Pipiza pulchella W2ll. Mesogramma marginata Say Zodion fulvifrons Say Parallelomma varipes Walk. Tetanocera plebeja Loew Sapromyza fraterna Loew S. lupulina Fabr. Tephritis albiceps Loew Sepsis violacea Mezg. Loxocera pectoralis Loew Chyliza notata Loew Meromyza americana Fitch Chlorops assimilis Macq. Elachiptera costata Loew | Drosophila amoena Loew Lepidoptera Pieris napi Linn. Petrophora abrasaria H.S. Cleora pampinaria Guen. Pyrausta fumalis Guen. Scoparia basalis Walk. Crambus albellus Clem. Hemiptera Lygazidae *TNysius ericae Schill. *t+Geocoris bullatus Say *Lygaeus kalmi Stal. Capsidae Trygonotylus ruficornis Fall. *7Resthenia insignis var. Say Neurocolpus nubilus Say Phytocoris eximius Reut. Collaria meilleuri Prov. *7 Paracalocoris colon Say *tLygidae rubecula Uhl. var obscura Reut. Lygus pabulinus Linn. *7L. belfragei Reut. *TL. vitticollis Reut. L. invitus Say L. hirticulus Uhl. Hyaliodes vitripennis Say Ilnacora malina Uhl. Pilophorus amoenus Uhl. *+Macrolophus separatus Uhl.! *+Mecomma ambulans Faill.? Stiphrosoma stygica Say *tLabops burmeisterii Stal.’ Orthotylus; specimen too immature for identification Plagiognathus obscurus UA. iB SMC 2 *Onychumenus decolor Fall. Membracidae Campylenchia curvata Fabr. Fulgoridae *Cixius pini Fitch C. stigmatus Say *+Stenocranus felti VanD.! Laccocera vittipennis VanD. Liburnia pellucida Fabr. L. lutulenta VanD. *L. arvensis Fitch ‘This species is accredited to the western states in Uhler’s list. *Mr VanDuzee states that he has seen but three specimens of this species. ‘This is the first time this insect has been taken in America so far as we know. It has been recorded from Kamtschatka. ‘This species is new to New York State. i Idiocerus lachrymalis Fitch REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQOQ 125 Cercopidae *7+Aphrophora signoreti Fitch Philaenus lineatus Linn. *7P. spumarius Germ Clastoptera obtusa Say Tettigonidae Diedrocephala teliformis Walk. Eucanthus acuminatus Fabr. I. provancheri VanD. *Platymetopius frontalis VanD. Deltocephalus configuratus Uhl. D. minki Fieb. D. sayi Fitch D. sylvestris O.&B. *7D. near sylvestris 3 ex: undet. *7D. miscellus Ball Draeculacephala noveboracensis Fitch Bythosco pidae Agallia novella Say A. quadripunctata Prov. Jasstdae Athysanus anthracinus VanD. *TA. infuscatus G.&B. *+A. new sp. near relativus *+A. instabilis VanD. *+Thamnotettix belli Uhl. *+Cicadula lepida VanD! *EKugnathodus abdominalis VanD Specimen too immature for certain identification Corrodentia Psocus sp. near hageni Peripsocus modidus Hag. P. permadidus Hag. Caecilius aurantiacus Hag. T yphlocybidae Dicraneura communis Gill. Empoasca atrolabes Gill. *E. mali Le Baron Typhlocyba rosea? Linn. *7T. lethierryi Edw.? *tAlebra u.sp. Mailophaga +Trichodectes setosus Gieb.? on porcupine *+Livia vernalis Fitch Psyllidae Psylla; two species not identified Neuroptera *Conwentzia hageni Banks? 1A rare form which Mr VanDuzee has not seen since he described it, many years ago. *Gillette writing of this species in 1898 states the only native specimens that he has seen are from Michigan and Iowa. The form closely resembles T. rosea Linn. 8This species was described in 1906. The only records at hand show that it has been taken at Sea Cliff, L.I., Washington, D. C., Virginia and West Virginia. : : : \NATION OF PLATES | 23 ee 3 even) Ta a Fly vivarium. Photo, October 1900 : ADS 4 : : ; ey A : Ww , " UINIIVAIA APT I aed -? —— ae a ee . . - - Plan of tly vivarium % WINDOW uvjd punoss ‘WInIeAIA Ayiy ae s a 7 em i bee M | IZ CL 18 VY acd on: ci ~O pas ) on! Saat VT a a2 paras ot Rea at | MOONIM | Z 331d Door 6T lee 98 gt lez Sz a ae ve ia PLATE 3 131 5 rd owned by W. H. Hart, Plan of experimental orcha nie Plate 3 r---c ccc cee mw geoxUxXux so © ©» © Bw wow fF ew eB O O es ew sie 8s 8 lel Le EES, cs aS rot Ae RMI YARD oo) le a See, aa pee ee eee eee ee ee oe ee we ee is 8s #88 so 2 e@ 8 8 6 3 es eOxuxtx © @ I BrOXUX+X ff =_s © 8 8 Be i Gece Ge s 8.8 etis Boy " ses 8 8 wie eee o's a ee =e ses ee e's ee eee ee ele seeuseunuenuneep ue epeeeseees (so 8 8 8 8 88 oto ns pee siaos eeepeee ee tie eee ee ee @ BOX BUX +X B a 2 8 a erOxUx+x< a o = a P ee ona dase es a's gist een » ss * ss ses ese 8 8s 18 se eee e's «8 ss 8 8 8 8 8 8'e ois se ee 6 o8 . a ete ee ee Ce a eo es ee ee ee ee a ee ee | a a a ee seoseueeepeeesepeeeseeeeeaeseses Hart, Poughkeepsie Experimental orchard, W. H. Plan of experimental orchard owned by Edward Van A 134 Yooysopury “‘oudjs[y urA pieaMpy ‘pseyoio pezyuowtliedxy| saayhis 249 O Soauy yooaf a ste ea Cae nena ec et ee ee ene oe ta a suo un) | @ ! et IE Ld, lg (8 SDeAp yddo 49419 oO wepree seeu ydxy X | ! | 15) | L} | I ) de > ! ) a 4 | 7? 2 X,X : | | Oo 2: ; Xx @X \ | | Pad ©) : , 2 0 0 ©0®@ 00 e0 aenaa ne at gti e 3 See Ie, ee ee See Me all | | { <3 | ; Or) O19 O71 OO} 0. 8 0 (OMNES XK “OO, 6 6.6. “Ke Ne oie o* q ag atic e 2 | Daas oe Ok ated meee oan O | SG SMARTER er Oe cece Des 6. 0. ¢ v RUE RY ee eet eee eT 0@®0 080 | | | — ™ - a —_— —— = ee a Pa ru i Bach! wie Se on ne Se eee SS A= — — ~ ——~ Ad HA o oO 2 : polar c| ge. | o Oo orperpre? Pee Oo. Hw a Ay Photo, October 1909. Experimental trees, 1 D (upper illustration), Poughkeepsie ? A (lower illustration), _ 138 October 1909 © faa foap al ot O 2 3 a Dy ceils On On aE oS H & oO Oe Petpet Re $a" "bb AA S hoa Ay Flate 6 ) ition ), 4 B (lower illustré “ation (upper illust1 al trees, 3 B xperiment E Poughkeepsie : Experimental tree SCS cot aes eRe hae 2 Experimental tree 6F © ce ert Poughkeepsie. Photo, October 1909 140 ‘ ‘ ‘ . ' * IL, 7 " ; F Pt ) A 4 , z Payee ym? A N | of 7 ‘ ; ‘ i ; arty ‘ : as Pa . yaa t 4 5 be 4 ‘ , , hy. ‘2 i Plate 7 Experimental trees, 5 C (upper illustration), 6 F (lower illustration), Poughkeepsie 4 i) ——— = ee a c Experunental tree ia ’ 2 Northern Spy in plot 3, note paucity ait folia e ocean Photo, October 1909 Pay ey Plate 8 * es wie Ene ch »y below ibove, Northern Sy © c xperimental trees, X E : | | 1 ! Wh} | WT Wa I | 1 Apples on experimental tree 1A. 104 wormy fruit 2 Apples on experimental tree 1D. 45 wormy fruit by 3 Apples on experimental tree rE.” 72 wormy fruit October picking, Poughkeepsie — “ 144 2973 marketable fri 3739 marketable fruit, 4 1375 marketable f re Plate 9 5 7 rk Nh ae) 1 + @ a m 2 eepsie x Id, Poughl yie Experimental trees, | | i I] ial t Apples on experimental tree 2A. | 15 wormy fruit 3 | 2 Apples on experimental tree 2E. : 25 wormy fruit é 3 Apples on experimental tree ni 897 marke : 18 wormy fruit : ; : October picking, Poughkeepsie . | ’ | | ) ¢ | ; 146 2026 mark Plate 10 ed s coe | i Te & WY e+ Ce Ags Experimental trees, yield, Poughkeepsie 324 marketable | 1 Apples on experimental tree 3B. 4 wormy fruit 2 Apples on experimental tree 3E. — 945 marketable f 6 wormy fruit te 3 Apples on experimental tree 3F. 7 wormy fruit October picking, Poughkeepsie 148 Plate 11 Experimental trees, yield, Poughkeepsie 45 by bal Ww Ri .eee 9) Gy Hh i HK | 40 wormy fruit 2 Apples on experimental tree a 40 wormy fruit ; October picking, Poughkeepsie - “4 1 Apples on experimental tree 4B. 3989 marketable Fruit 3 Apples on experimental tree 4F. Art wormy fruit — are 1560 marketable fruit 2244 marketab 150 1 iy Wy A ‘®t — i. . 7 : oo » y. ¢ Te ‘ ae ’ an 8 a ~- =) 7 ~ ra Ob | Wi a. > Plate 12 BOSCO ge Cee fe & oF e. ae € eo? 4 Experimental trees, yield, Poughkeepsie SS see i tem pte ok ee Oe y 1 Apples on experimental tree 5A. 741 marketable f 13 wormy fruit Seat ery Me 2 Apples on experimental tree 5C. 21 wormy fruit . aie it PS ob: 3 Apples on experimental tree 5E. 2271 marketable 57 wormy fruit 5) Ms ; ae October picking, Poughkeepsie 152 ae NS4B -O> marketable seyties marketable a Experimental trees, yield, Poughkeepsie ee ee ie me ; - ' 4 7 q y ¥ y a: « * ; * j if és ‘ 452 marketable fruit, . ro wormy fruit - 2 Apples on experimental tree 6E. I Apples on experimental tree 6D. 2320 marketable fru eepsie 19g wormy fruit ; 3 Apples on experimental tree 6F. no wormy fruit October picking, Poughk 154 sie ld, Poughkeep yie 1 trees, xperimenta E oo . 1 Blossoms ‘ret eae to spray | 2 Apples on check tree xX. 923 marketable anit! 973 fruit 3 Appies on check tree Y. (225 marketable fruit, fruit “ips October picking, Poughikeepsie : ceepsie spray, ck trees, Pough to che > ta o a ta | ~ — yie , le e' ee mt il wor c > Me) s°) Vv he ” - = . oO = Ww n 2) = — marketab xperiment Bs a, ee z : . - Pret toe esi ; a pr h Th tele a Sue X Gr S : am ‘ie : * * PLATE 16 157 ie , ) T Tee. Ff a) ‘ , | : Pe ’ oti wi * + 1 Apples on experimental tree ‘ak 2269 marketa rle 28 wormy fruit : 2 Apples on experimental tree 1C. > “ z - o a ta OP e Gs “ Te ef z a » 2 oe a 2 - h« ye. ss ne: +a aks yee 153° 34 wormy fruit October picking, Kinderhook 14 wormy fruit es rae eels 3 Apples on experimental tree rE. 3095 marketable Plate 16 ——— Si x k yield, Kinderhoo xperimental trees, = Fk v P 17 wormy fruit 2 Apples on experimental tree Poth 16 wormy fruit 3 Apples on experimental tree. sD. a 7 5: Ir wormy fruit . : _ Greenings, late September picking, Kind Apples on- experimental tree. 4 A. 90 5 mark ai Plate 17 “46 worm 214 small Experimental trees, yield, Kinderhook i HH Wh ‘ . g * = - - ¥ re \ ! & ) sais Pes ; “i Avr Pat ee ; ‘| is B a ~ ¢ " n * ae ai Vi Wha : 498 mé T I Apples on experimental tree “B. 36 wormy fruit . ) 2 Apples on experimental tree 7E. Soh” Vises a e™ | - : Ss F- Or A@e 9 a 2 Z : : ” Kinderhook | it 128 wormy fruit | 3 Apples on experimental tree 7F. 49 wormy fru October picking, Plate 18 3907 le 2 AY) aw vo ~< a ie ey Experimental trees, yield, Kinderhook : ae rp ad x < aha = : 7 , . ag 3 a : Wee i pga ae cae * 3 3 ee is sf g Hee pean! aN HH - icking, Kinderhook space between the base of the st 2 Apples on check tree X. fruit 3 Apples on check tree Y. 1 Blossoms after petals have fallen, sho fruit October p Plate 19g * ej 4 o ete 7 : be 7” as a s* ~ marketable = 3 1 Blossom in section showing cavity at the base of the stamens 2,3, Experimental work, yield of check trees, Kinderhook ag ee. ee ry > . , . . Ms ‘ . . ' - ‘ ¢ . . m MY oe 5 ' p Poughkeepsie. This tree was cut back three or four t. : ri nen f the fea ion oO i . treat: ‘ the same orchard 1S lity of th win in i r 166 Sl illustrat 7 Lower figure, a decapitated Baldy ing ‘Trees in an Plate 20 old orchard, which has about been I4 years infested by San José scale PLATE 21 167 Upper figure, a decapitated Sutton beauty in the old orchard of Mr W. H. Hart at Poughkeepsie. This tree has a remarkably fine showing of fruit. Photo, October 1909 Lower figure, a Ben Davis tree in the orchard of Mr W. H. Hart at Pough- keepsie. This tree has been infested with San José scale for 14 years and stands adjacent to the spot where the original infested tree stood. Photo, October 1909 168 Plate 21 ent «peas Trees in an old orchard, which has been infested by San José scale about I4 years PLATE 22 169 Characteristic nests of the ‘brown tai Linn. 1 moth, r > i | : : ; : Dd . ~ Re ; Tt Plate 22 Characteristic nests of the brown tail moth INDEX. abietis, Chermes, 83, 108. Physokermes, 108. acericola, Phenacoccus, 100. —acerifolii, Drepanaphis, 79. aceris, Chaitophorus, 78-79, Io09. Acrobasis angusella, 71. feltella, 71-72. Adalia bipunctata, 86. Additions to collections, 113-18. Adirondack insects, additional list, 123-25. Agrilus anxius, 98. bilineatus, 106. alternata, Psychoda, 14, 15, 16. americana, Malacosoma, 108. americanus, Lasius niger, 86. Ammophila, 32. ampelophila, Drosophila, 14. Anasa tristis, IIT. Anatis ocellata, 86. Angoumois moth, 112. angusella, Acrobasis, 71. Anisota senatoria, I12. annulipes, Pimpla, 32. Anosia plexippus, 105. Anthrenus scrophulariae, 96. verbasci, 96, 106. antiqua, Notolophus, 104. Ants, house, 107. white, 107. anxius, Agrilus, 98. Aphids, 75-89, I10, IIT. apple, 76-77. gall-making, 81-83. gladioli, 112. relations to ants, 85-86. Aphis brassicae, I10. maidiradicis, 78, 86. mali, 77. malifoliae, 77. ) 17I Apple aphids, 76-77. Apple aphis, green, 76, 77. rosy, 76, 77: woolly, 76. Apple orchard, experiments with arsenical poisons, 6. Apple tree, injurious insects: canker worms, 89, 109. codling moth, 25-71. European grain aphis, 76. fruit tree bark beetle, 89. plant ice, S75: rar, rose leaf hopper, 9o. tarnished plant bug, go. Aquatic insects, II2. archippus, Basilarchia, 105. Argentine ant, 86. armiger, Heliothis, 111. Army worm, 8, 94-95, 108. Arsenate of lead, 33, 34, 95, 103, 105. Arsenic, 95. Arsenical poisons, 6, 89, 97, 99. Arsenite of lime, 33, 34. Arsenite of soda, 33. Asphondylia attenuatata, 100. Aspidiotus perniciosus, 90-92, IIT. Asters, plant lice injuring, 78. Asynapta mangiferae, 109. attenuatata, Asphondylia, 100. Aulacaspis pentagona, 92. avenae, Siphocoryne, 76. Balsam, pine bark aphis injuring, 80. Basilarchia archippus, 105. Basilona imperialis, ITT. Bedbug, 107. Bedbug hunter, 107. Beech leaf aphis, woolly, 80. 172 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM bicolor, Coptocycla, I10. bilineatus, Agrilus, 1006. Telephorus, 31. bipunctata, Adalia, 86. Birch louse, 109. Birch trees, injurious insects: bronze birch borer, 98. snow-white linden moth, Iot. spiny hazel gall on, 82. Birds, as insect enemies, IOI; de- crease in number, 101; desira- bility of protecting, IIo. Black horned tree cricket, 94. Blackberry, tree crickets injuring, 04. Blister beetle, Say’s, 94. Blister mite, 6, 92, 1006. Boll worm, III. Book louse, 107. Bordeaux mixture, 33, 34, 88. Box elder aphis, 79. brassicae, Aphis, I1o. Bristle tail, 107. Bronze birch borer, 08. Brown tail moth, 5, 8-17-25, 105, 106, I10; destructiveness, 18-19; experimental work, 19-24; servations on experiments, 24- 25; another infestation, 17-18; salient characters, 19. Bryobia pratensis, 105. Bud worm, 108. Cabbage, plant lice injuring, 75. Cabbage lice, Ito. Cabbage worm, 108. Calathus rufipes, 32. Caliephialtes messor, 32. californicus, Pterostichus, 32. Callipterus ulmifolii, 79. » Canker worms, 89-90, 100. Carbon bisulfid, 78, 104. Carpet beetles, 107. Carpocapsa pomonella, 25-71, 106 107, 108. caryae, Halisidota, 104. caryaecaulis, Phylloxera, 82. Caryomyia, 9, IIo. Cecidomyia tubicola, rro. ’ ob- ———. Cecidomyiidae, I09, 110; publica- » t10N On, . 10: Centipede, 107. cerasi, Myzus, 77. Cereal and seed pests, 107. cerealella, Sitotroga, 112. Chaitophorus aceris, 78-79, 109. negundinis, 79. Chauliognathus marginatus, 31. pennsylvanicus, 3I. . Cheese skipper, 107. Chermes abietis, 83, 108. pinicorticis, 80. strobilobius, 80. Cherry apis, 77 ; Cherry tree, rose leaf hopper in- Njuring, go. Chestnut borer, two lined, 106. Chestnut timber worm, 106. . Chestnut trees, injurious insects, 106. chrysorrhoea, 105, 106, IIo. Cigar case bearer, 5, 106. Cincticornia, 9. Clarke, Cota ments to, 0, 10. Clothes moths, 107. Clover mite, 105. Cluster fly,,107. . Coccinella novem-notata, 86. - Cockroaches, 107. green, II2. Cockscomb elm gall, 81. Codling moth, 6, 25-71,0iensunem 108; bibliography, 65-71; con- trol measures, 32-37; early his- tory, 26; estimates of losses caused by, . 25; experimental work, 35-65; life habits, 27-31; natural enemies, 31-32; origin and _ distribution, 26-27; treatment of plots, 37-41. Coleophora fletcherella, 106. limosipennella, go. Coleoptera, additions to collec- tions, I13-14, 118; of »Adiron- dacks, 123; total number of speci- mens in collections, 118. Euproctis, /))aigses: acknowledg- history: andj INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I909 173 Collections of insects, IO-II; ad- ditions to, 113-18; summary statement, 118-19. Colopha ulmicola, 81. comes, Typhlocyba, go. Contact insecticides, 88, 100. Contarinia johnsoni, 92-93, 107, 108. violicola, 93. Coptocycla bicolor, IIo. Corn ear worm, III. Corn field ant, 86. Corn root aphis, 78, 86. Corrodentia, additions to. collec- tions, 115; of Adirondacks, 125. corticalis, Trogosita, 31. Cottony maple scale, 100. false, 100. Crickets, 107. Cucumber beetle, 108, IIo. Curculio, 111. Currants, injurious insects: plant lice, 75. rose leaf hopper, go. Cutworms, III. definita, Hemerocampa, 104. delicatus, Macrocentrus, 32. Dermestid beetles, 32. Diabrotica vittata, 108, IIo. Diptera, additions to collections, 114-15, 118; of Adirondacks, 123; total number of specimens in collections, 118; types, 119-20. dispar, Porthetria, 106, IIo. domestica, Musca, 12-17, 105, 106. Drepanaphis acerifolii, 79. Drosophila ampelophila, 14. Dry poisons, 35. Eccoptogaster quadrispinosus, 103. rugulosus, 89. Elm, cockscomb elm gall on, 81. plant lice injuring, 1009. Elm aphis, woolly, 79. Elm case bearer, European, 99. Elm leaf aphis, 79. Elm leaf beetle, 7, 97-98, 106, 107, 100," III,’ 112. Elm leaf gall, red, 83. Ennomos subsignarius, 100-2, 106, IIO. Eriophyes pyri, 92, 106. quadripes, 108. Euproctis chrysorrhoea, 17-25, 105, 106, IIO. European elm case bearer, 99. European grain aphis, 76-77. explanata, Leptobyrsa, 72-75. Explanation of plates, 127-70. Fabric pests, 107. fagi, Phyllaphis, 8o. feltella, Acrobasis, -71-72. Figures, Leptobyrsa explanata, 72. Fish moth, 107. Fleas, 107. fletcherella, Coleophora, 106. Flies, house, 9, 12-17, 105, 106, TO7,; Fie Flower flies, 86. Food pests, 107. Forest insects, 7-8, 100-4. Fruit flies, 107. Fruit tree bark beetle, 89. Fruit tree pests, 5-6, 89-94, I12. fumiferana, Tortrix, 102. * Galerucella luteola, 97-98, 106, 107, 109,11, FIs. Gall-making aphids, 81-83. Gall midges, 9-10, 106; goldenrod, Io, I05. Gipsy moth, 8, 106, Ito. Glischrochilus quadriguttatus, 16. Goldenrod, gall midges, 105. Grain aphis, European, 76-77. Grain weevil, 112. Grape, rose leaf hopper injuring, ° 90. Grape blossom midge, 6, 92-93, 107, 108, I12. Grape leaf hopper, 90. Grape root worm, 7. Green apple aphis, 76, 77. Green cockroach, 112. Greenhouse scale, 104, 105. Ground beetles, 32. of the 174 NEW YORK Halisidota caryae, 104. hamadryella, Lithocolletes, IIo. hamamelidis, Hormaphis, 82. Hamamelistes spinosus, 81-82, 109. Hartman, Fanny T., work of, Io. Hazel gall, spiny, 81-82. Heliophila unipuncta, 94-95, 108. Heliothis armiger, IIT. Hemerocampa definita, 104. leucostigma, I04, 107. Hemiptera, additions to collections, 116-17; of Adirondacks, 124-25; total number of specimens in collection, 118}: types,. 121-22. hesperidum, Lecanium, 104. Hickory bark borer, 8, 103-4. Hickory gall aphid, 82. Hickory. leaf stem ‘borer, 71,72: Hickory tussock moth, 104. Honey and honey-dew, 84. Hop aphis, 77-78, 104, Io9. Hops, plant lice injuring, 75. Hormaphis hamamelidis, 82. Hornets, 107. Elouse’ ‘fly, 0,;.12-17,, 105, 106,2 167% 112. Household insects, 10, 107. Bloward Oe EO: Li humilis, Iridomyrmex, 86. humuli, Phorodon, 77-78, 104, 109. Hydrocyanic acid gas, 8, 19, 105, 107. Hymenoptera, additions to aie a tions, 113, 117; of Adirondacks, 123; total number of specimens in collections, 118; types, I19. Hypostena variabilis, 32. acknowledgments imperialis, Basilona, IIT. Insect types in New York State Museum, 119-22. insignis, Orthesia, 105. Iridomyrmex humilis, 86. Isoptera, additions to collections, 17. johnsoni, 108. Contarinia, 92-93; 107, STATE MUSEUM Kerosene emulsion, 88, 95, 104. Lace-winged flies, 87. Ladybeetles, 79, 80, 86. lanigera, Schizoneura, 76. Larch aphis, woolly, 8o. Larder beetle, 107. Lasius niger americanus, 86. laticollis, Phengodes, 96, 112. Trogosita, 31. Laurel, rhododendron lace bug, injuring, 74. Lecanium hesperidum, 104. Legislation relating to insects, 112. Lepidoptera, additions to collec- tions, 115, 118; of Adirondacks, 124; total number of specimens in collections, 118; types, 120. Lepidosaphes ulmi, 92, 105. Leptobyrsa explanata, 72-75. leucostigma, Hemerocampa, 104, 107. Lightning beetle, 95. Lilac bores, 11a Lime-sulfur wash, 6, 34, 87, 88, ol, 92; 106; 1 Br. limosipennella, Cocos 99. Linden moth, snow-white, 7, 100- 2, 106, 109, II0. Lithocolletes hamadryella, rtfo. Lobodiplosis spinosa, 109. Locust trees, Say’s blister beetle injuring, 94. London purple, 95. Luminous larvae, 95-96, 112. luteola, Galerucella, 97-98, 106, 107, | 100; TEL, aro: Lygus pratensis, 90, III. Lymexylon sericeum, 106. Macrocentrus delicatus, 32. maidiradicis, Aphis, 78, 86. Malacosoma americana, 108. Malarial mosquito, 107. mali, Aphis, 77. malifoliae, Aphis, 77. Mallophaga of Adirondacks, 125. mangiferae, Asynapta, 109. pitied Se a, ER TAG we oom Maple, injurious insects: snow-white linden moth, Iot. sugar maple borer, 7, 98. Maple aphis, painted, 79. Maple gall, 108. marginatus, Chauliognathus, 31. Melittia satyriniformis, IIo. messor, Caliephialtes, 32. Monarch, 105. Mosquito, house, 107. ‘ malarial, 107. salt marsh, 107. yellow fever, 107. Mountain laurel, rhododendron lace bug injuring, 74. Musca domestica, I2-17, 105, 1006. Museum pest, 96-07. Myzus cerasi, 77. ~erhep eer we ity wong SL ee , oh ts 4 8 Oe negundinis, Chaitophorus, 79. — Neuroptera, of Adirondacks, 125; ‘total number of specimens in collections, 118. nevadensis, Sphecius, 32. nigricornis, Oecanthus, 94. niveus, Oecanthus, 93. noctilucus, Pyrophorus, 112. Norway maple aphis, 78-70. Notolophus antiqua, 104. novem-notata, Coccinella, 86. Nursery certificates, II. Oak caterpillar, 112. > Oak leaf miner, IIo. Oats, European grain aphis injur- ing, 76. ocellana, Tmetocera, 108. ocellata, Anatis, 86. Odonata, total number of speci- mens in collections, 118. Oecanthus sp., 93-04. nigricornis, 94. niveus, 93. quadripunctatus, 94. Orthesia insignis, 105. Orthoptera, additions to collec- a tions, 117; total number of specimens in collections, 118. Oyster scale, 92, 105. 9 ? b a INDEX TO REPCRT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQOQ 175 Painted maple aphis, 79. Paleacrita vernata, 100. Paris green, 33, 95. Peach scale, West Indian, 92. Peach tree, fruit tree bark beetle injuring, 89. Pear tree, injurious insects: European grain aphis, 76. fruit tree bark beetle, 89. Pemphigus populitransversus, 83. ulmifusus, 83. vagabundus, 83. pennsylvanica, Photuris, 95, 112. pennsylvanicus, Chauliognathus, 31. pentagona, Aulacaspis, 92. Perimegatoma variegata, 32. perniciosus, Aspidiotus, 90-92, III. Petroleum, 88. Phenacoccus acericola, 100. Phengodes laticollis, 96, 112. plumosa, 95-96, I12. Phorodon humuli, 77-78, 104, Iog. Photuris pennsylvanica, 95, II2. Phyllaphis fagi, 8o. Phylloxera caryaecaulis, 82. Physokermes abietis, 108. Pieris rapae, I08. Pimpla annulipes, 32. Pine. aphis, woolly, 80-81. Pine bark aphis, 8o. pinicola, Schizoneura, 8o. pinicorticis, Chermes, 8o. Plagionotus speciosus, 98-99, 106, 109, IIT. Plant lice,’ 5, 75-80; 100, -TIt>.nat- ural enemies, 86; prolificacy of, 104; susceptibility to climatic conditions, 84-85: Plates, explanation of, 127-70. plexippus, Anosia, 105. Plum, injurious insects: aphids, 5, 100. European grain aphis, 76. fruit tree bark beetle, 8o. hop aphis, 77. rose leaf hopper, 90. Plum aphis, 109. plumosa, Phengodes, 95-06, 112. Podosesia syringae, IIT. 176 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM pomonella, Carpocapsa, 25-71, I 107, 108. Pomphopoea sayi, 94. Poplar, oyster scale injuring, 92. Poplar leaf stem gall, 83. Poplar sawfly, 112. populitransversus, Pemphigus, Porthetria dispar, 106, I10. pratensis, Bryobia, 105. Lygus, 90; °111, pretiosa, Trichogramma, 32. Psychoda alternata, 14, 15, 16. Pterostichus californicus, 32. Publications, 10; list of, 104-12. Pulvinaria vitis, 100. pyri, Eriophyes, 92, 106. Pyrophorus noctilucus, 112. quadriguttatus, Glischrochilus, quadripes, Eriophyes, 108. quadripunctatus, Oecanthus, 94. quadrispinosus, Eccoptogaster, 103. Quince, European grain apuien in- juring, 76. rapae, Pieris, 108. Raspberry, tree crickets injuring, 93, 94. - Red elm leat gall, $3. Remedies and preventives for: army worm, 95, 108. birch louse, 109. brown tail moth, 8, 19, 105, IIo. bud worm, 108. cabbage lice, 110. cabbage worm, I08. canker worms, 89, 100. _clover mite, 105. codling moth, 6, 32-37, 106, 107, 108. } corn root aphis, 78. cottony maple scale, Ioo. cucumber beetle, 108. elm leaf beetle, 97, 107, 109, IIT, T12. | European elm case bearer, 99. grape blossom midge, 107. greenhouse scale, 104, I05. SL ———_ hickory bark borer, 103. hop aphis, 78, I09. oyster scale, 92. plant lice; $7; 100: rhododendron lace bug, 75. San José scale, 6, O1,°12r, strawberry grubs, III. sugar maple borer, 99, 109, III. tussock moth, white marked, 107. | witch-hazel louse, 100. Remedies and preventives: arsenate of lead, 33, 34, 95, 103, IOS. arsenic, 95. arsenical poisons, 6, 89, 97, 99. arsenite of lime, 33, 34. arsenite of soda, 33. bordeaux mixture, 33, 34, 88. carbon bisulfid, 78, 104. hydrocyanic acid gas, 8, 19, 105, 107. insecticides and fungicides, foot ulas for, 106, 108. kerosene emulsion, 88, 95, 104. lime-sulfur wash, 6, 34, 87, 88, OI, 92, 106, IIT. london purple, 95. paris green 33, 95. petroleum, 88. spray poisoning, 107. spray pumps, 107. tar bands, 95. tobacco preparations, 88. ’ whale oil soap solution, 75, 88, Ioo. Rhododendron lace bug, 72-75. rileyi, Schizonetra, 79. rosae, Typhlocyba, 90, 109. Rose leaf hopper, 90, 1009. Rosy apple aphis, 76, 77. rufipes, Calathus, 32. rugulosus, Eccoptogaster, 89. Rye, European grain _aphis injur- ing, 76. Sackenomyia, 9. San José scale, 6, 90-92, IIT. satyriniformis, Melittia, IIo. = ‘ ? / A, 4 4 : INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQOQ 177 Sawfly, poplar, 112. sayi, Pomphopoea, 94. Say’s blister beetle, 8, 94. Scale insects, 106. Scavenger beetles, 32. Schizoneura lanigera, 76. pinicola, 8o. rileyi, 79. ulmi, 79. Schizura unicornis, II0. Scolytidae, 112. scrophulariae, Anthrenus, 96. senatoria, Anisota, I12. sericeum, Lymexylon, 106. Shade tree pests, 7, 97-100, 107, 112. plant lice, 75. Silver fish, 107. Siphocoryne avenae, 76. Sitotroga cerealella, 112. Snow-white linden moth, 7, 100-2, 106, I09, IIO. Snowy tree cricket, 93. Soldier beetle, 31. speciosus, Plagionotus, 98, 106, 109, IIT. _ Sphecius nevadensis, 32. spinosa, Lobodiplosis, 109. spinosus, Hamamelistes, 81-82, 109. Spiny hazel gall, 81-82. Spray poisoning, 107. Spray pumps, 107. Spraying outfits, 35. Spruce bud moth, Io2. Spruce bud worm, 7. Spruce gall aphid, 7, 83, 108. Squash bugs, III. Squash vine borer, IIo. Squash vines, IIo. Strawberry grubs, III. Striped cucumber beetle, IIo. strobilobius, Chermes, 8o. subsignarius, Ennomos, 100-2, 106, IIo. Sugar maple borer, 7, 98-99, 106, 100, IIT. syringae, Podosesia, IIT. Syrphid flies, 86. —_—— Tachina flies, 95. Tar bands, 95. Tarnished plant bug, go, III. tarsalis, Trogoderma, 32. Telephorus bilineatus, 31. Tent caterpillars, 108. Thysanura, additions to collec- HOGS PI7. ..| Tmetocera ocellana, 108. Tobacco preparations, 88. Tortoise beetle, IIo. Tortrix fumiferana, I02. Tree crickets, 93-94. black horned, 94. four spotted, 94. | Trichogramma pretiosa, 32. tristis, Anasa, III. Trogoderma tarsalis, 32. Trogosita corticalis, 31. laticollis, 31. tubicola, Cecidomyia, IIo. Tussock moth, varieties of, I04. hickory, 104. old, 104. well marked, 104. white marked, ‘104, 107. Typhlocyba comes, go. rosae, 90, I09. Typhoid fly, 12-17, 107, 112. — ulmi, Lepidosaphes, 92, 105. Schizoneura, 79. ulmicola, Colopha, 81. ulmifolii, Callipterus, 79. ulmifusus, Pemphigus, 83. unicornis, Schizura, I10. unipuncta, Heliophila, 94-95. Vagabond gall, 83. vagabundus, Pemphigus, 83. variabilis, Hypostena, 32. variegata, Perimegatoma, 32. verbasci, Anthrenus, 96, 106. vernata, Paleacrita, 109. Viceroy, 105. Violet midge 93. violicola, Contarinia, 93. vitis, Pulvinaria, 100. vittata, Diabrotica, 108, IIo. 178 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1/ Wasps, 32, 87, 107. _| Witch-hazel louse, 109. West Indian peach scale, 92. Woolly apple aphis, 76. Whale oil soap solution, 75, 88, | Woolly beech leaf aphis, 8o. TOO. Woolly elm aphis, 79. Wheat, European grain aphis in- | Woolly larch aphis, 8o. juring, 76. Woolly pine aphis, 80-81. White marked tussock moth, 104, 107. Yellow fever mosquito, 107. ~ Witch-hazel, spiny hazel gall on, | Young, D. B., Additional List of 82. Adirondack Insects, 123-25; Witch-hazel cone gall, 82. | .wwork,.olmine: New York State Education Department New York State Museum Joun M. Crarxe, Director PUBLICATIONS Packages will be sent prepaid except when distance or weight renders the same impracticable. 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Entomology 60 Zoology 104 e 14 Geology 61 Economic Geology 108 Archeology 15 Economic Geology 62 Miscellaneous tog Entomology 16 Archeology 63 Paleontology IIo = 17 Economic Geology 64 Entomology 111 Geology g 18 Archeology 65 Paleontology 112 Economic Geology 19 Geology 66 Miscellaneous 113 Archeology 20 Entomology 67 Botany 114 Paleontology 21 Geology 68 Entomology 11s Geology 22 Archeology 69 Paleontology | 116 Botany 23 Entomology 70 Mineralogy 117 Archeology 24 G 71 Zoology 118 Paleontology 25 Botany 72 Entomology 119 Economic Geology 26 Entomology 73 Archeology I20 « 27 . 74 Entomology 121 Director’s report for 1907 28 Botany 75 Botany 122 Botany 29 Zoology 76 Entomology 123 Economic Geology 30 Economie Geology 77 Geology 124 Entomology 31 Entomology 78 Archeology 125 Archeology 32 Archeology 79 Entomology 126 Geology 33 Zoology 80 Paleontology 127 = 34 Paleontology 81 “ 128 Paleontology 35 Economic Geology 82 3 129 Entomology 36 Entomology 83 Geology 130 Zoology 37 ee 84 ss 131 Botany 38 Zoology 85 Economic Geology 132 Economic Geology 39 Paleontology 86 Entomology 133 Director’s report for 1908 40 Zoology 87 Archeology | 134 Entomology 41 Archeology 88 Zoology 135 Geology 42 Paleontology 89 Archeology 136 Entomology 43 Zoology | 90 Paleontology 137 Geology 44 Economic Geology ot Zoology 138 at 45 Paleontology 92 Paleontology 139 Botany 46 Entomology 93 Economic Geology 140 Director’s report for 1909 47 94 Botany 141 Entomology i] Bulletins are also found with the annual reports of the museum as follows: / Bulletin Report Bulletin Report Bulletin Report Bulletin Report | 12-15 48, Vv. 1 69 56, Vv. 2 97 SSeS 125 62, weg i TO,.5q eS Oy ave ae TOM ALE SSH Veet 98,99 59, Vv. 2 126-28 62, Vv. 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Viz 9, ptr 60, v. 4 HI 65, 56, Vv. 2 93 58, Vv. 2 122 61, Vv. 2 9, Pt 262, Vv. 4 il 66,67 56,Vv.4 94 58, Vv. 4 123 G1,)v. £ 10 60, Vv. 5 i] 66, . 56, Vis 95,96 58,Vv. 1 124 61, Vv. 2 It 61, Vv. 3 MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS The figures at the beginning of each entry in the following list indicate its number as a museum bulletin. Geology. 14 Kemp, J. F. Geology of Moriah and Westport Townships, Essex Co. N. Y.. with notes on the iron mines. 38p. il. 7pl. 2 maps. Sept. 1895. Free. 19 Merrill, F. J. H. Guide to the Study of the Geological Collections of the New York State Museum. 164p. 1t1ropl. map. Nov. 1898. Out of tnt. 21 Kemp, J. F. Geology of the Lake Placid Region. 24p. rpl.map. Sept. 1898. Free. 48 Woodworth, J. B. Pleistocene Geology of Nassau County and Borough of Queens. 58p. il. 8pl.map. Dec. 1901. 25C¢c. 56 Merrill, F. J. H. Description of the State Geologic Map of Igor. 42p. 2 maps, tab. Nov. t1g02. Free. 77 Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Vicinity of Little Falls, Herkimer Co. 98p. il. r5pl.2 maps. Jan. 1905. 30c 83 Woodworth, J. B. Pieistoekne eanteas of the Mooers Quadrangle. 6z2p. 25pl.map. June 1g05. 25¢c. 84 Ancient Water Levels of the Champlain and Hudson Valleys. 206p. il. ripl. 18 maps. July 1905. 45¢ 95 Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Northern Adirondack Region. 188p. 15pl..3 maps. Sept. 1905. 3oc. 96 Ogilvie, I. H. Geology of the Paradox Lake Quadrangle. 54p. il. 17pl. map.” Dec. 1905... ‘goc. 106 Fairchild, H. L. Glacial Waters in the Erie Basin. 88p. 14pl. 9 maps. Feb. 1907. Out of print. 107 os ys B Hartnagel, C. A.; Whitlock, H. P.; Hudson, G. H.; Clarke, J. White, David & Berkey, CaP. Geological Papers. 388p. 54pl. map. procs 1907. oc, cloth. Contents: Woodworth, J, B. Postglacial Faults of Eastern New York. Hartnagel,C. A. Stratigraphic Relations of the Oneida Conglomerate. Upper Siluric and Lower Devonic Formations of the Skunnemunk Mountain Region. Whitlock, H. P. Minerals from Lyon Mountain, Clinton Co. Hudson, G. H. On Some Pelmatozoa from the Chazy Limestone of New York. Clarke, if M. Some New Devonic Fossils. An Interesting Style of Sand-filled Vein. —— Eurypterus Shales of the Shawangunk Mountains in Eastern New York. White, David. A Remarkable Fossil Tree Trunk from the Middle Devonic of New York. Berkey, C. P. Structural and Stratigraphic Features of the Basal Gneisses of the Highlands. 11z Fairchild, H. L. Drumlins of New York. 6o0p. 28pl. 19 maps. July 1907. Out of print. rin goa H. P. Geology of the Long Lake Quadrangle. 88p. 2opl. p. Sept. 1yo7. Out of print. oy Milter, W. J. Geology of the Remsen Quadrangle. 54p. il. r1pl. map. Jan. 19009. 25¢. 127 Fairchild, HL L. Glacial Watersin Central New York. 64p. 27pl. 15 maps. Mar. 190y. 40c. 135 Miller, W. J. Geology of the Port Leyden Quadrangle, Lewis County, Deny. 02p. ilo 1s pl.map: jan. rofo;” 5c. 137 Luther, D. D. Geology of the Auburn-Genoa Quadrangles. 36p. map. Mar. Ig10. 20C. 138 Kemp, J. F. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. Geology of ie. Elizabethtown and Port Henry Quadrangles. 176p. il. 20 pl. 3 maps. fT. I9I0. 40C. Berkey, C. P. Geology of the Highlands of the Findess: ce preparation. Cushing, H. P.; Fairchild, H.L.; Ruedemann, Rudolf & Smyth, C. H. Geology of the Thousand Island Region. In press. Economic geology. 3 Smock, J.C. Building Stone in the State of New York. 154p. Mar. 1888. Out of print. 7 First Report on the Iron Mines and Iron Ore Districts in the State of New York. 78p.map. June 1889. Out of print. ‘S56 Building Stone in New York. 21op. map, tab. Sept. 1890. 4oc. 1r Merrill, F. J. H. ae and ene Industries of New York. g4p. rapl. 2 maps, 11 tab. r. 1893 oc} 12 “hag Heinrich. C ay tantodiite of New York. 174p. 1pl. il. map. Mar. 1895. 30¢. — { NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT 1§ Merrill, F. J. H. Mineral Resources of New York. 240p. 2 maps. Sept. 1895. [soc] Road Materials and Road Building in New York. 52p. 14pl. 2 maps. Oct: 5897-9 5e: 17 30 Orton, Edward. Petroleum and Natural Gas in New York. 136p. il. 3 maps. Nov. 1899. 15c. 35 Ries, Heinrich. Clays of New York; their Properties and Uses 456p. t4opl. map. June 1900. Out of print. 44 —— Lime and Cement Industries of New York; Eckel, E. C. Chapters on the Cement Industry. 332p. rorpl. 2 maps. Dec. tgo1. 85¢, cloth. 61 Dickinson, H. T. Quarries of Bluestone and other Sandstones in New York. rr4p. 18pl.2 maps. Mar. 1903. 35¢c. 85 Rafter, G. W. Hydrology of New York State. go2p. il. 44pl. 5 maps. May 1905. $1.50, cloth. 93 Newland, D. H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York. 78p. July 1905. Out of print. 100 McCourt, W. E. Aire Tests of Some New York Building Stones. 4op. 26pi. Feb 1906. 1r65c. 102 Newland, D. H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1905. 162p. June 1906. Out of print. [12 Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1906. 82p. July 1907. Out of print. & Kemp, J. F. Geology of the Adirondack Magnetic Iron Ores with a Report on the Mineville-Port Henry Mine Group 184p. r4pl. 8 maps. Apr. 1908. 35c. 120 Newland, D. H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1907. 82p July 1908. Out of print. 123 & Hartnagel, C. A. Iron Ores of the Clinton Formation in New York State. 76p.il.14 pl. 3 maps. Nov. 1908. 25¢c. 132 Newland, D. H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1908. 98p. July 1909. 15c. —— Mining and Quarry Industry of New York for 1909. 1m press. Mineralogy. 4 Nason, F. L. Some New York Minerals and their Localities 22p. ipl. Aug. 1888. Free. 58 Whitlock, H. P. Guide to the Mineralogic Collections of the New York State Museum. t15op. il. 39pl. 11 models. Sept. 1902. 40c. New York Mineral Localities. 11rop. Oct. 1903. 20¢. Contributions from the Minetalogic Laboratory 38p. 7pl. Dec. 1905. Out of print. Paleontology. 34 Cumings, E. R. Lower Silurian System of Eastern Mont- gomery County; Prosser, C. S. Notes on the Stratigraphy of Mohawk Valley and Saratoga County, N. Y. 74p. 14pl. map. May 1900. 15¢. 39 Clarke. J. M.; Simpson, G. B. & Loomis, F. B. Paleontologic Papers Es 72p. il. r6pl. ‘Oct. 1906: Se. Contents: Clarke, J. M. A Remarkable Occurrence of Orthoceras in the Oneonta Beds of the Chenango Valley, N. Y. —— Paropsonema cryptophya; a Pcuner Echinoderm from the - Intumescens-zone (Portage Beds) of Western New Y —— Dictyonine Hexactinellid Rataytts epi the Upper Devonic of New York. —— The Water Biscuit of Squaw Island, Canandaigua Lake, N. Y. Simpsen, G. B. Preliminary Descriptions of New Genera of Paleozoic Rugose Corals. Loomis, F. B. Siluric Fungi from Western New York. 42 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Hudson River Beds near mn and their Taxo- nomic Equivalents. 116p. 2pl. map. Apr. 1901. 25 45 Grabau. A. W. Geology and Paleontology of peters Falls and Vicinity. 286p. il. r8p!. map. Apr. 1991. 65c; cloth, goc. 49 Ruedemann, Rudolf; Clarke, J. M. & Wood, Elvira. Paleontologic Papers 2. 240p. r3pl. Dec. 1901. Out of print. . Contents: Ruedemann, Rudolf. Trenton Conglomerate of Rysedorph Hill. 70 98 Clarke, J. M. Limestones of Central and Western New York Interbedded with Bitumi- nous Shales o: the Marcellus Stage. Wood, Elvira. Marcellus Limestones of Lancaster, Erie Co., N. Y. Clarke, J. M. New Agelacrinites. Value of Amnigenia as an Indicator of Fresh-water Deposits during the Devonic of New York, Ireland and the Rhineland. : ews.” ee ee —— es a ee VEE MERSCRY BEET hos be Aha YES eer at Seelie kee MUSEUM FUBLICATIONS 52 Clarke, J. M. Report of the State Paleontologist 1901. 28op. il. ropl. “oda ttab. July 1902. 400. & Luther, D. D. Stratigraphy of Canandaigua and Napies Quad- ei. 78p. map. June rgoa. 25c. 65 Clarke, J. M. Catalogue of Type Specimens of Paleozoic Fossils in the New York State Museum. 848p. May 1903. $1.20, cloth. Report of the State Paleontologist 1902. 464p. s2pl. 7maps. Nov. 1903. $1, cloth. Report of the State Paleontologist 1903. 396p. 29pl. 2 maps. Feb. 1905. 85¢c, cloth. & Luther, D. D. Watkins and Elmira Quadrangles. 32p. map. Mar. 1905. 25¢. 82 Geologic Map of the Tully Quadrangle. 4op.map. Apr. 1905 20c 90 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Cephalopoda of Beekniantown and Chazy For- mations of Champlain Basin. 224p. il. 38pl. May 1906. 75¢c, cloth. 92 Grabau, A.W = Guide to the Geology and Paleontology of the Schoharie Region. 314p. il. 26pl. map. Apr. 1906. 75¢c, cloth. 81 99 Luther, D. D. Geology of the Buffalo Quadrangle. 32p. map. May 1906. 2o0¢. tor —— Geology of the Penn Yan-Hammondsport Quadrangles. 2Bp. map. July 1906. 25c. 114 Hartnagel, C. A. Geologic Map of the Rochester and Ontario Beach Quadrangles. 36p.map. Aug. 1907. 200. 118 Clarke, J. M. & Luther, D. D. Geologic Maps and Descriptions of the Portage and Nunda Quadrangles including a map of Letchworth Park. sop. 16pl. 4 maps. Jan. 1908. 35c. 128 Luther, D. D. Geology of the Sanerk: Ovid Quadrangles. 44p. map. Apr. 1999. 20C. —— Geology of the Phelps Quadrangle. In preparation. Whitnall, H.O. Geology of the Morrisville Quadrangle. Prepared. Hopkins, T.C. Geology of the Syracuse Quadrangle. In preparation. Hudson, G. H. Geology of Valcour Island. In preparation. Zoology. t Marshall, W. B. Preliminary List of New York Unionidae 2zop. Mar. 1892. Free. : Beaks of Unionidae Inhabiting the Vicinity of Albany, N. Y. 3op. 9 tpl. Aug. 1890. Free. 29 Miller, G. S. jr. Preliminary List of New York Mammals. 124p Oct. 1899. 15¢c. 33 Farr, M. S. ‘Check List of New York Birds. 224p. Apr. 1900. 25¢c. 38 Miller G. S. jr. Key to the Land Mammals of Northeastern North America. 106p. Oct. 1900. 1I5¢c. 49 Simpson, G. B. Anatomy and P Ersoy of Polygyra albolabris and Limax > aaa and Embryology of Limax maximus. 82p. 28pl. Oct. Igor. 43 Plocr si L. Clam and Scallop Industries of New York. 36p. 2pl. map. Apr. 1go1. Free. 51 Eckel, E. C. & Paulmier, F. C. 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Out of print. 57 —— Elm Leaf Beetle in New York State. 46p. il °nl. Aug, 1902. Out of print. Tes is a revision of 20 containing the more essential facts observed s. that was pre- pared. - 59- Grapevine Root Worm. 4op. 6pl. Dec. 1902. 15c. CO 7D, sia ; 64 oe Report of the State Entomologist 1902. 11 6pl. May 1903 68 N seats J. G. & others. Aquatic Insects in New York. 322p. s2pl. Aug. 1903. 8oc, cloth. > Delt EPs Grapevine Root Worm. 58p. 13pl. Nov. 1903. 20¢. This Sy a revision of 59 containing the more essential facts observed since that was prepared. 74 —— & Joutel, L. H. Monograph of the Genus Saperda. 88p. r4pl. June 1904. 25¢. 76 Felt, E. P. 19th Report of the State Entomologist 1903. 1150p. 4pl. 1904. I65¢. 79 —— Mosquitos or Culicidae of New York. 164p. il. 57pl. tab. Oct. 1904. 40Cc . 86 Needham, se G. & others. May Flies and Midges of New York. 352p. ilove Wal. June 1905. 8oc, cloth. 97 Felt, E. P. 20th Report of the State Entomologist 1904. 246p. il. rgpl. 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Dec. 1907. 300. 125 Converse, H. M. & Parker, A.C. Iroquois Myths and Legends. 1096p. iaorrpl... Dec. 1908... 50. Miscellaneous. Ms 1 (62) Merrill, F. J. H. Directory of Natural History _ Museums in United States and Canada. 236p. Apr. 1903. 3oc. 66 Ellis, Mary. Index to Publications of the New York State Nat- ural History Survey and New York State Museum 1837-1902. 418p. June 1903. 75¢, cloth. Museum memoirs 1889-date. Q. 1 Beecher, C. E. & Clarke, J. M. Development of Some Siluriay Brachi- opoda. 96p. 8pl. Oct. 1889. = $r. 2 Hall, James & Clarke J. M. Paleozoic Reticuiate Sponges. 350p. il. 7opl. 1898. $2, cloth. 3 oer 4 M. The Oriskany Fauna of Becraft Mountain, Columbia Co., ate gpl. Oct. 1900. 8oc. 4 Peck, c H Edible Fungi, 1895-99. 106p.25pl. Nov. 1900. [$1.25] This includes revised descriptions and illustrations cf fungi reported in the 49th, sist and szd reports of the State Botanist. — NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION ee Se pt ‘agit In 5 Clarke, J. M. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. Guelph Porat and Fauna ie New York State. ro6p.2r1pl. July 1903. $1.50, cloth. +e 6 Clarke, J. M. Naples Fauna in Western New York.: 268p. 26pl. map. $2, cloth. 7 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Graptolites of New York. Ptr Graptolites of the Lower Beds. 350p. 17pl. Feb. 1905. $1.50, cloth. 8 Felt, E. P. Insects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees. v.r1. 460p. il. ’48pl. Feb. 1906. $2.50. cloth: v.2. 548p. il. 22pl. Feb. 1907. $2. cloth. 9 Clarke, J. M. Early Devonic of New York and Eastern North America. Pt 1. 366p. il. zopl. 5 maps. Mar. 1908. $2.50, cloth; Pt 2, 250p. il. 36pl. 4maps. Sept. 1909. $2, cloth. 1o Eastman, C. R. The Devonic Fishes of the New York Formations. 236p. rspl. 1907. $1.25, cloth. tr Ruedemann, Rudolf. Graptolites of New York. Pt 2 Graptolites of. the Higher Beds. 584p. il. 2 tab. 31pl. Apr. 1908. $2.50, cloth. 12 Eaton, E. H. Birds of New York. v. 1, 5o0rp. tl) Aaegohy eee $3, cloth: v. 2 in press. 13 Whitlock, H. P. Calcites af New York. In press. Clarke, J. M. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. The Eurypterida of New York. In press. Natural history of New York. 3ov. il. pl. maps. 4to. Albany 1842-94. DIVISION 1 zooLoGY. De Kay, James E. Zoology of New York; or, The New York Fauna: comprising detailed descriptions of all the anir, als hitherto observed within the State of New York with brief notice of those occasionally found near its borders, and accompanied by appr pri- ate illustrations. 5v.il. pl. maps. sq. 4to. Albany 1842-44. Outo? int. Histsrical introduction tc the series by Gov. W H.Seward. 178p. 6; F v. 1 ptr Mammalia. 131+46p 33pl. 1842. | 39° copies with hand-colored plates 18 v. 2 pt2 Birds. 12+380p. r4r1pl. 1844. t= Pre. Colured piates,. wk v. 3 pt3 Reptiles and Amphibia. TBSP. pt4 Fishes. 15 tas -.. — pt3—-4 bound together. v. 4 Plates to accompany v. 3. Reptiles ae Amphibia 23pl. Fishes 79P 1842 300 copies with haud-colured clates v. 5 pts Moliusca. 4+271p. gqopl. pt6 Crustacea. 7op. 13pl. 1843-44. Hand-colored plates; pts—6 bound together. DIVISION 2 BOTANY. Torrey, John. Flora of the State of New York; com- prising full descriptions of all the indigenous and naturalized plants hith- erto discovered in the State, with remarks on their economical and medic: properties. av. il. pl. sq. ato. Albany 1843. Out of print. > v. 1 Flora of the State of New Yecrk. 12 +484p. yapl.. 184g. 300 copies with hand-colored plates. v. 2 Flora of the State of New York. 572p. 89pl. 1843. 300 copies with hand-colored plates. DIVISION 3 MINERALOGY. Beck, Lewis C. Mineralogy of New York; com m- prising detailed descriptions of the minerals hitherto found in the State of New York, and notices of their uses in the arts and ae il. pl. sq. 4to. Albany 1842. Out of print. v. ‘ ptr Economical Mineralogy. ptz Descriptive Mineralogy. 24 +5360. 1842. 8 plates additional to those printed as part of the text. ie PE, DIVISION 4 GEOLOGy. Mather, W. W.; Emmons. Ebenezer; Vanuxem, | Lar ner & Hall. James. Geology of New York. 4v. il. pl. sq. 4to, Afoeeey 1842-43. Out of print. v. r ptr Mather, W. W. First Geological District. 37 +653p. 46pl. ve v. . pt2 Emmons, Ebenezer. Second Geological District. 10 + 4g7P- Sap 1842. v. 3 pt3 Vanuxem, Lardner. Third Geological District. 306p. 1842. v. 4 pt4 Hall Tames. Fourth Geological District. 22 +683p. a map. 1843. iy ~~ MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS _ DIVISION 5 AGRICULTURE. Emmons, Ebenezer. Agriculture of New York; comprising an account of the classification, composition and distribution of the soils and rocks and the natural waters of the different geological formations, together with a condensed view of the meteorology and agri- een productions of the State. 5v. il. pl. sq. 4to. Albany 1846-54. Out of print. -v. 1 Soils of the State, their Composition and Distribution. 11 +371p. 2rpl. 1846. v. 2 Analysis of Soils, Plants, Cereals, etc. 8+343+46p. 42pl. 1849. With hand-colored plates v. 3 Fruits, etc. 8+340p. 1851. v. 4 Plates to accompany v. 3. gspl. 1851. Hand-colored. v. 5 Insects Injurious to Agriculture. 8+z2z72p. sopl. 1854 With hand-colored plates. DIVISION 6 PALEONTOLOGY. Hall. James. Paleontology of New York. 8v. il. pl. sq. 4to. Albany 1847-94. Bound in cloth. | v. 1 Organic Remains of the Lower Division of the New York System. 234+338p. oopl. 1847. Out of print. v. 2 Organic Remains of Lower Middle Division of the New York System. ®+362p. ro4pl. 1852. Out of print. v: 3 Organic Remains of the Lower Helderberg Group and the Oriskany Sandstone. pti, text. 12+532p. 1859. [$3.50] pt2. r4zpl. 1861. [$2.50] . vy. 4 Fossil Brachiopoda of the Upper Helderberg, Hamilton. Portage and Chemung Groups. 11+1+428p. 6opl. 1867. $2.50. . v. 5 pt: Lamellibranchiata 1. Monomyaria of the Upper Helderberg, Hamilton and Chemung Groups. 18+268p. 45pl. 1884. $2.50. —— — Lamellitranchiata 2. 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Ptero- poda, Cephalopoda and Annelida. a2p. 18pl. 1888. $2.50. —— & Clarke, John M. v. 8 ptr Introduction to the Study of the Genera of the Paleozoic Brachiopoda. 16+367p. 44pl. 1892. $2.50. 7K & ag John M. v.8ptz Paleozoic Brachiopoda. 16+394p. 64pl. 1894. $2.5 °. ’ Catalogue of the Cabinet of Natural History of the State of New York and of the Historical and Antiquarian Collection annexed thereto. 242p. 8vo. 1853. Handbooks 1893-date. In quantities, 1 cent for each 16 pages or less. Single copies postpaid as below. New York State Museum. s2p.il. Free. Outlines, history 4nd work of the museum with list of staff 1902. Paleontology. tr12p. Free. Brief outline ot State Museum work in paleontology under heads: Definition: Relation to biology; Relation to stratigraphy: History of paleontology in New York. Guide to Excursions in the Fossiliferous Rocks of New York. 124p. Free. Itineraries of 32 trips covering nearly the entire series of Paleozoic rocks, prepared specially for the use of teachers and students desiring to acquaint themselves more intimately with the classic rocks of this State. Entomology. 16p. Free. Economic Goolted 44p. Free. Insecticides and Fungicides. 20p. Free. Classification of New York Series of Geologic Formations. 32p. Free. a . — = + ——— - ee eee —e LR ET ET TS IED I Rt tage ett aE, ~~ NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Bentegie maps. Merrill, F. J. H. Economic and Geologic Map of the Sao a of New York; issued as part of Museum bulletin 15 and 48th Museum F Report, v. 1. 59x67 cm. 1894. Scale 14 miles to r inch. 15¢c. - —— Map of the State of New York Showing the Location of Quarries of ir Stone Used for Building and Road Metal. “Mus. bul. ry. T1899. “Frees) ae —— Map of the State of New York meet io! the Distribution of the Rocks 7 Most Useful for Road Metal. Mus. bul. 1897. 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