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Education ica ‘Bulletin

Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York

Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under
the act of July 16, 1894

No. 476 . ALBANY, N. Y. AUGUST I, I9I0

New York sia. Fe.

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY

\ OF

NEW YORK STATE

REPORT OF OPERATIONS AND PRODUCTION DURING 1909

BY
l
' D. H. NEWLAND
PAGE PAGE
a Neal ais a en ene a ae Bl Milistenes: (.9< Gc. yee 50
SG ra ae 5° | Aineral point. 5%. 04. eee 51
Mineral production of New Mineral watets, ...... 22. ....%% a Sg
. pe SS ge ARES ee G. | Maseckl paee. slat. eee 57
Some limitations of the mining Petroleat. 3. 223.2425 css ae 60
field in New York State..*... D9. A REND a Aa eas tds pee 62
Ee. oi aes pin ode be Pc Mk oc). aa ees (ek en RS Opeterne | 64
NM 05.925 GM ss 2d nie ote Spit aN Pye stl PR pking Cc ate Lon oe ia 68
Production of clay materials . 23 | Sand-lime brick................ 69
Manufacture of building brick 25 | Slate.: HENry LEIGHTON...... 70
Other clay materials......... 29 | Stone. HENry LEIGHTON..... 74
ss OS RR re ee Production of stone.......... 75
Eh a a an 32 Gopaciaget bafta NaS yrs ds ook Sh 76
ER, 50 2 sire nnn os x oe bai 33 Limestone........ ee Get ae al 298
RARE SE Brad oe age Ae 8 +: 33 Mam Hea i adds eerie ca» oes’ 82
EE CRE Lg RA Ps Le 34 GAtHIREENIS 517), se ate 2 ima 84
a ee Pe pS 37 EER Fie DWacpaicn & Hs eee 86
a. PO POA AA ER ee BEN in Weed hs wits ehciy had oh Vali ieit + /s. bare 88
ae od ae ies ane PO Ee e e e er Se ie a ek) Sep ee go
ALBAN Y
UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
IQIO

M23s5r-Myto-2500 *

°
i 2

AOTS
I9L7
I9IQ
IQI4
IQI2
1918
1922
ie 8h as
IQII
1920

1916

1g21

STATE OF NEW YORK
EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
Regents of the University
With years when terms expire
ee Reip M.A. LL.D. D.C.L. Chancellor New York
St Crain McKetway M.A. LL. D.Vice Chancellor Brooklyn

Daniet Beach Ph D. LL.D. * = =:> =—- = Wee
Puny T. Sexton LL.B. LL.D. - - - ~- — Palmyra
YT. Guitrarp Smita M.A. C.E.UCLU.D.° =. =) = sie
Wii1am NortincuaM M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. - —- Syracuse
Cuester §. Lorp M.A. LL.D. - — = = — Neweveem
ALBERT VANDER VEER M.D. M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. Albany °
Epwarp LauTERBACH M.A. LL.D..- -— —-— — New York |
Eucene A. Puttgin LL.B.-LL.D. -—- -— — — New York.
Lucian L. SHEDDEN LL-B. LL:D. ‘- -— — — PlattSburg
Francis M. CARPENTER - - - - -— —

Commissioner of Education

ANDREW S. DRAPER LIB Lape

Assistant Commissioners

Aucustus S. Downine M.A. Pd.D. LL.D. First Assistant

FRANK Ro.uuins Ph.D. Second Assistant

Tuomas E, Finecan M.A. Pd.D. Third Assistant [x

Director of State Library

James I. Wver, Jr, M.L.S.

Director of Science and State Museum

Joun M. CrarKxe Ph.D. Sc.D. LL.D.

Chiefs of Divisions
' Administration, HarLaAN H. Horner B. A.
Attendance, James D. SULLIVAN
Educational Extension, WiLL1AM R. Eastman M.A. M.L.S.
Examinations, CHARLES F. WHEE Lock B.S. LL.D.
Inspections, Frank H. Woop M.A. |
Law, FRANK B. GILBERT B.A. .
school Libraries, Cuartes E. Fitcu L.H.D.
Statistics, Hiram C. Case
Trades Schools, ARTHUR D. Dean B.S.

Visual Instruction, ALFRED W. ABrams Ph.B. ; x ¥

— Mount Kisco

New York State Education Department
Science Division, May 17, 1910

Hon. Andrew S. Draper LL.D.
— Conunissioner of Education

Str: I beg to communicate herewith and recommend for publi-
cation as heretcfore, in the form of a bulletin of the State Museum,
the accompanying report on the Iining and Quarry Industry of the
State of New York for the calendar year 1909, prepared by David
H. Newland, Assistant State Geologist.

Very respectfully
JouN M. CLARKE
Director
State of New York
Education Department
COMMISSIONER'S ROOM

Approved for publication this 19th day of May t9to0

Wits

Commissioner of Education

ties
Jase &

Education Department Bulletin

Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York

Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y.,
under the act of July 16, 1894

ALBANY, N: Y.

No. 476

AUGUST I, IgI0

New York State Museum

Joun M. Criarxe, Director

Museum Bulletin 142

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY

OF

EVE VOR STATE
REPORT OF OPERATIONS AND PRODUCTION DURING 1909
BY,

D. H. NEWLAND

PREFACE

The present report follows the general plan of the preceding
issues which have been compiled each year since 1904, its aim being
to furnish a timely record of progress in the various mineral indus-
tries represented in New York State. The statistics of production,
as well as much of the information relating to new discoveries and
other matters of interest, have been supplied by the individual enter-
prises engaged in the exploitation of the local resources, and it is
desired to express grateful acknowledgment for their cooperation.

| INTRODUCTION
The mining and quarry enterprises of the State felt the stimulus
of the improved business conditions last year and made good prog-
ress toward recovery from the depression that followed the 1907
panic. The value of the mineral production, as calculated from
reports rendered by the individual enterprises, amounted in all to

6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

$34,914,034, a gain of more than $5,000,000 over the total for 1908.
The upturn was not sufficient to establish a new record for the in-
dustries, but it reflected their strong position and capacity for con-
tinued growth. |

The valuation, it should be noted, has been based, so far as prac-
ticable, on crude materials, and though serviceable for comparing
the course of the related industries from year to year it affords
only a small measure of the contribution made by the general class
of mineral activities that are represented in the State. The metal-
lurgical and chemical products of mineral nature are among the
largest items of local manufactures. The inclusion of pig iron
alone in the list of products for last year would nearly have doubled
the above total.

Among the notable features of the record for 1909 was a large
gain in the product of iron ore which reached an aggregate of
991,008 long tons valued at $3,179,358. This represented a gain in
quantity of nearly 300,000 tons over the total for the preceding
year. The production fell a little short of the output in 1907, but
with that exception was the largest reported for any year since
1891. The iron market during the early months was still under
the influence of the depression and it was not until the spring
season had well advanced that the mines began operations at full
capacity. There were 12 companies who reported a production,
against 10 in 1908 and 13 in 1907. The Adirondacks furnished the
greater part of the increase, though the mines along the Clinton
belt showed a substantial gain.

The various materials of clay constituted the largest items in the
year’s record, with an aggregate value of $12,351,482, as compared
with $8,918,863 in 1908. The increase of nearly 40 per cent in
the value of the production was due principally to the revival of
the building trades and consequent demand for structural materials.
The combined output of brick, tile, fire-proofing and terra cotta
used for building purposes was valued at $9,342,015, against $6,071,-
850 in 1908. In 1907 these materials represented a value of
$8,909,392. The number of building brick made last year was
1I,518,023,000 of which 1,218,784,000, or about three fourths, con-
sisted of common brick from the Hudson river region. The value
of the pottery manufactures showed a smaller relative gain with a
total of $1,827,193 as compared with $1,653,241 in 1908. The num-
ber of plants that were engaged in clay manufacturing of all kinds
was 232 or 10 less than in 1908, |

THE MINING AND GUARRY INDUSTRY IQOQ m4

The quarries of the State contributed material valued at $7,061,-
580, against $6,615,614 in the preceding year. The total was divided
according to the various uses into: building stone, $873,651 ; monu-
mental stone, $138,313; curb and flagstone, $800,620 ; crushed stone,
$3,214,374 ; other uses $2,034,622. The output of slate, millstones
and limestone used in making hydraulic cement is not included in
these totals. All kinds of stone, except marble, participated in the
increased activity, but limestone and trap furnished most of the gain
- due to their extending application in road building. Important as
the quarry industries are, they still fall considerably short of sup-
plying the local requirements in building and ornamental stones.

The hydraulic cement industries reported a product valued at
$2,122,902, a little less than in 1908 when the valuation was given
as $2,254,758. A decreased output was reported by the natural rock
plants, the total amounting to 549,304 barrels against 623,588 bar-
rels in 1908. That industry has shown a steady decline for a num-
ber of years past. The manufacture of portland cement, on the
other hand, gained slightly with a product of 2,061,019 barrels
against 1,988,874 barrels in the preceding year. A considerable in-
crease in the production of this material may be expected for the
current year.

From the salt mines and wells there was obtained a total of 9,880,-
618 barrels of salt valued at $2,298,652. The production was the
largest in the history of the salt industry and represented an increase
of nearly 10 per cent over the total for 1908 which was 9,005,311
barrels valued at $2,136,736. The gain was distributed between the
output of rock and brine salt, both classes showing about the same
proportionate increase. Onondaga county for the first time failed
to return the largest production and was outranked by Livingston
county which has been the center of the rock salt industry. Within
the last 25 years the State has increased its output by over 400
per cent. | pee TET a]

The mines and quarries of gypsum reported an output of 378,232
short tons, which was also the largest ever recorded in New York
State. The gain over the total of 218,046 short tons for 1908
amounted to nearly 20 per cent. The value of the different gypsum
materials, including plaster of paris, wall plaster, and gypsum sold
in unburned condition was $907,601 against $760,759 in the pre-
ceding year. The important developments in the western counties
have been chiefly responsible for the expansion of the industry which
has increased nearly tenfold in the last decade.

8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Petroleum and natural gas were reported last year at a value of
$2,960,356, against a value of $3,059,308 in 1908. There was little
change in the production of petroleum which amounted to 1,160,402
barrels as compared with 1,160,128 barrels in the preceding year,
but a marked decline in prices was responsible for a large reduction
in valuation. The flow of natural gas was approximately 3,825,-
215,000 cubic feet and was valued at $1,045,693.

The tale mines of the State made an output of 65,000 short tons
valued at $617,500, or a little less than in 1908 when the produe-
‘tion was 70,739 short tons valued at $697,390. The talc, as here-
tofore, came from the Gouverneur district of St Lawrence county,
which practically enjoys a natural monopoly of the fibrous tale con-
sumed in paper manufacture.

The garnet mines in the Adirondacks were more active last year
and reported an output of 3802 short tons valued at $119,190 against
2480 short tons valued at $79,890 in 1908. Conditions in the abra- —
sive trade were considerably depressed, otherwise a larger gain
would have been registered.

A production of 2,342,000 pounds of crystalline graphite valued
at $140,140 was made by the Adirondack mines. In 1908 the out-
put was 1,932,000 pounds valued at $116,100.

The mineral springs of the State reported sales of 9,019,490 gal-
lons valued at $857,342, as compared with 8,007,092 gallons valued
at’ $877,648 in 1908.

The miscellaneous mineral materials, including apatite, carbon
dioxid, clay, diatomaceous earth, emery, feldspar, marl, millstones,
metallic paint, slate pigment, pyrite, quartz, slate, sand and sand-
lime brick, that were produced in 1909, amounted in value to $2,170,-
881. The value of the same materials in the preceding year was
$1,904,472.

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY TQO9Q

Mineral production of New York in 1905

PRODUCT

Pemiiatid cement...........
Natural rock cement
fmanrbrmck. 2... 1...
Pottery
Other clay products
Crude clay

eae eee ON Mew! da) ey iw) a). eo em. .o? Pym
Pha LW ta wh Tar

Sk ON OE eae a a ae rae

Garnet

Panis wp iam) win) ee Miah tse) of ak a 6
awe sis) 6 wile Wola ee. e ¢. ahs

Maen ella) lo” wiee) (ene! ey 6) (2) a sie | ©
Maney ie) ae) ptm, a he). we le), veiw, ie ‘we

Metallic paint
Slate pigment
meta WALeTS....... . 2.55
Natural gas
Petroleum

i id BS 8 8 os & 0s © «6 6 p ieee

i, cate) Cp. 0. ey a ae Vaute hel

Mie ee MO) G6 CeO eB erie re Oe

Bea. nen © oe \ =) 6i.e' 6 Sole S

Roofing slate
Slate manufactures.........
Granite
Limestone

Marble

aie eo mre) = (el ce a! e pear e's

Pawnee es md oe we, eee. oi) <esip 6

UNIT OF

MEASUREMENT 2 na aie
Bastelg as Gs te. 2 ETF B22
Bartelers. > 2 ae. 257 698
Thousands..... Ryka cuSy

| Short tons...... 6 766
Short: tens. s L 475
Long tOms.7.20°.5 I7 000

iL mort coms oo... s 2 700
Short tons. .. =. g 850
Bouts eye. ss 3 897 616
Sort TOMS. . 3... 191 860
Lone GOS 4 254.7. 827 049
SHOT LOS. Ss as. 6 059
HOt SOUS i e's: 2 929
feallonGea vo, 1st 000 000
TIGo CUMC TeEt.)| “2 639 13a
Barrels as 32 Bae 949 511
Lone tons 4 4% IO I00
daserelS AAs. iid - 8 575 649
SIQIIAIBER a Tete sss 16 460
SHOCE TOMS, Ls. 67 000

Sali (eh ee? a, we

VALUE

I 800

$35 470
|

987

a Includes apatite, carbon dioxid, diatomaceous earth, fullers earth, marl, sand and sand-
lime brick. The value is partly estimated,

Io NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Mineral production of New York in 1906

PRODUCT

_

Poridated Gementon sect sees".
Natural rock cement... .. 2:
Basidine brick, )-ias. es).
ORI er ats. sree eae Case aig
Other clay products... 0...
Crdietelany .. 4 ites. .receuoe a
LEV i Seen aA. Se rete on ae

GARIEES onc ee Le ae

WERE S EO@me St Teele ian ait ee
Mepalite arity. te. ects elon
Slate piIsment -husast es ou su.
Mineraltwaters. 200 2% eck, &

RoOOHnE Slate. 5... 50.066 500 4s
Slate manwuactures.. i. os Nex
Sand ime prick. ov. ss. Oe
Grattites: sce 2/8 kia heccish

Wicite wor eet Uh ce ha Oe ye

UNIT OF
‘MEASUREMENT

Barrels 4234s.
Bartelsuc pales
Thousands’...

Ce ty Chea E ye Oeeiche oe cy

S208) 10, be eye elie Manes ons ie 6,

Sherhronmshee. ae
Sliort. fomsaess
Lone tonsec +:
Short tonstnt. 2.
Short: tonsin See.
Pounds:.4--22
Short tOnswes
Long tons...

Short tons ers.
Shocttonss-ee «
Gallonst shee

Lome tonse<).* h.
Barreliey scar oie
SGUarTeS<\ ewe.

oe) epee cen ieee? ye) 1s) (bi alte) opie) bw
=) jee ep (else) me) @) we) ee) el io
mete S|) else ele 10) Sw sie gwiwe, x
9) eee eee! tel hws ew hey seller a ee

mi ia, ei; e 6) Ketel) es me Veet ela” exe
iw Te! [ee we ge bse fle) re 9) iste

ie feat Cy le s,s) .0 hell). e lafhetin ts

QUANTITY

One “alia wake: te eerie

CeCe Pee yep OS

to
CO
=

St) (@\iey a. “a ip e) rem \en 13,

‘ee 8) s,s len Bile)

o) 6, S06 ©) 6) oe ele

VALUE

N HO H

$37

a Includes apatite, arsenical ore, carbon dioxid, diatomaceous earth, fullers earth, marl
and sand and gravel exclusive of glass sand. :

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1909

Mineral production of New York in 1907

UNIT OF Ss
PRODUCT REA RTR EM N QUANTITY

Pemband cement........... Baereis i225 e 2 108 450
Natural rock cement....... Barreis. 2a EZ 7P 296
mmamo prick............. Thousands: . .....: I 366 842
SEMI PEN SAY enh.) 5 Vena os tac a ores pep tee fo uettina tf ole bie
OE MARRS ISCLS. soo ooh efi cae mo usgle Ruta ahah Qaveieis Ha ma ah
MMIENOIAY. Short tosses. be 2-027
2 Suert tons) 5-2). i223
Hemepar and quartz........| Long tons. ..... So723
Ie). ee ee Short tous: 22). 5 709
0 322 Se Shert, tons >. 1. I 200
DeePibes 2. 2. ele eo Povtadsrn jo8ay ie 2 950 000
Pee ee ee eee Short tens 5. 2% 323 323
MPR 6 020i. so eS Longe tons. os i. E O18: 014
nS. , eas Be tet (beer ree ao ae me ae see
Mase paints. .........5. Short: tons... 2x: 5 269
Pape pIpiient............. Short. £O8S, i472. 620
Meimetalwatets....-........ Gallons! i533 \ 8 000 000
0 os re Zope: CUI Tees 2 -. 3.°A52. 145
eptereOM......2.5-....-.- PRA Teele a ss oe E O52. 224
ot Lone tonsinim. 08 49 978

. 0 eee Gres oho kat} Oe O57) 543
meomme siate...:,......... SUES atone - Ir 686
ENON OEIC S coo ne cs wea ewe eee wut oes ee ee
mame lime brick....:......- Thousands ........ - 16 610
ERIE SSE oe (a ey a, (een
a SEE a 7a ee ee, er
ESERIES ROSSER Dt 232 ae ar ee ee a oR
PePOMG, 2.5... | eee ee IAAL 4 Qysese de Rea
EER 25 Wot nt ai a Bee's Op hae wt cee

Ne o's ahiliaiie) see x) 0: 08 Short teas... -.% 59 000
NUMMER NSS men SiMe So se a aie, niece nfm va Slee me ee

Pee WAIOS Sc. oe | Sc Re SIRI) (MERE Oe

VALUE

&W Nw

I4I

LI

006

a Includes apatite, arsenical ore, carbon dioxid, diatomaceous earth; fullers earth, marl
nd sand and gravel exclusive of glass sand,

12 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Mineral production of New York in 1908

: UNIT OF 7c) eae f
PRODUCT Aaa QUANTITY VALUE

Portland cement... .2./2.):. | (Barcelo. avec t 988 874 | $x 813 622
Neural rock cement. >.< 4.1) Barrels.) =. gal 623 588 | 441 136
Pomicine toriek. 2 co: 2 2.0% ss | hoetsands ii... I 066 533 | / 5) 260 sq0m
2 ONS e\ Ae eee a PR e eter abie fore a URE |. E6534 oR
Oeberclaya products: ..°o t.nel a eRe 6 Oe Dele | . 2064507
SOIT GE TOIAN.. (ou SSI Bis ee ein ied SHOnt, LOOMS: here 4 697 | II 605
PRS Ee 1 tn uets Sb ake Cio R MOLE Os namie: 690 | 8 860
Keldspar and: quartz... 677: SHOrt LONSAee = oe LO. 4.n3"4 68 148
Geen enrd xian Ase: bee | OMOEL GQUS “eerie 2 480%) 79 8go
(SUGSH Nee ER ARR opted ope a-ak Pomids Seen I 932 CoN 116 100
Gy PROM oe nk A033 eR UA 8 | Short oms.e'suie 318 046 760 7 5Q
Lote WY 978 ot Ren se Setar ME \) One Pome <i: oe he 607 473 | « 2 ope ami
MEISE GHES se cc cet ee 2 tactic, ede ope eee ee 1 OMe ee arene ) 18 341
Merle paint ges 420). s sane SHOTEtOnss.. 27 e | TT SG a 54 500
Plate soromientt :3 a. ee ee SHOLt-FOMS =. cae 922.4) 7 a0G
Mineral waters: 0.0240. 2.5% MGallomse3 eae: 8 007 092 877 648
Namie as, ents dans Lee 1000 cubic feet..} 3 860’ 000 | 987.775
Bobnaleuin . tans Newe oe one ae Baprelsun si eh. I 160 128 2 07f 533
Bane Be Aye nce nia a ees | done tons is): 224775 104 798
Prete Ft spa ie eee ea. ade cig PERE OID etme castle Get boos gnu 2 130.926
Hand and. gravel. O25 4.2.0 .. Le wale, Se, CRUE 2G “Or, APE ae I. 13D) 26"
eam lime brick «:.%. .... 24: [Thousands J. Ge 8 239 55 688
PS rt gen 9, Aca ig cases) fe, ae NE aeihaee oo tai ane teal er eas a LLL Bay
MALE Fis ald eae ae G ee tet Geaack Zo Lhe ei OAR oe 367 564
FTO Saree oe, Fe 5 lature hse, Rye Wa abet Sia «castes eae bt a Oe 3 11d, eam
WMcenmomencehies ss Fb Se 3 ee we Se ee eae Mme ar) Puy Nees ok om | 692 857
PIRES L OME Hae tes. 2 a ataeraviie| wars tid OO, DONG cle ae Ree ee I Plingee
PGR Ef Ss ucevaeay oh Pe ce to a ee ae 123. 478
IRENE DEA Sage apa oa ee maa Isphort toms, 2 yeee 70 2G 697 390
Ophermaterialsa..o' cae n. . Hhtoiea 5 asf dans «at ER ER ee 333 648

MGS tawvaiies 4. ss ee a anc. ek ee ee $29 519 785

1 Includes apatite, carbon dioxid, diatomaceous earth and marl.

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY Tgog 13

Mineral production of New York in 1909

UNIT OF ;
PRODUCT Seat Reni aks tine QUANTITY | VALUE
| |

Pernod cement........... Beaieetes oP.) oat 2 061 o19 |- $1 761 297
Meeeoar tock cement.....:.| Barrels......... 549 364 | 361 605
Beene brick. ............ Birousands 5 22% — i S18 023 8 159 096
IRE UN hla ost a Ae Ra POI eu ahi rl ee cin, : 44,529 303
EMPUREMREETINCNCLCES 2. as igs Soy, ah are e ap els ecw nem aed oe 2 365 193
ee short tons. .). 2. > 12 174 | 2 S85
a Short: tons: 76% . 892 | 10 780
Pemenarand quartz........ Shon TONS. 1s". =. EON. ETE | 52 444
7 2 ol See Short fons.").... : 3 802 | IIQ 190
J POURS 2.4 Fat és "2 342 000 | I40 140
i wort tons. fc. >: a8. 242 || 907 601
IE es See Lone fons). 991 008 | 3 179 358
MII. Se ha chix Dera fe haat ss. Cee ico ol af sec apatemes BO | "TQ, 249
2 miiec, tons ss: as oO | 65 600
fraee peyMent.....5....-.. Slort.tens. 2)..." Tere Ged g 130
Beltete Waters............. Os Belle: chy areas 9 O19 490 | 857 342
SS Oe rere | to00 cubic feet. .| 3.825 215 | 1/045 693
OG Tn pobicrrelestn.c hi. «6s miaperdes |“ st ore 6O3
| an 3. ares ts IM i - 9 880 618 | 2 298 652
a MSHOLe CONG te .)2...* 468 609 | 437 402
peu etre Dick... 5.655... ‘Phogeguds e.. 2°. 12 683 | 81 693
Beene Slate... ee. SG (UE ihe ae 2I 187 | 126 170
Slate manufactures......... ye RAR a Ot SR Mirae pear ic 880
ee PANior swam Nae nth a iy te, hs ve 479 955
I vase mL Same Me Ne ot PEIN Sin od ES vod 3 300 383
Me Ss Ce eee Peano esenee a Aidt ee oes p34 s/o 380 o16
OD ok eo er dere ee A oS ED E820". 708
SE TOR get Se ee Maeno ie eae med I o61 428
BM el ee | Short tons... .. 65 000 617 500
Mier d@aterialsa........... | Bi AS ad aun Lith ale eae oe | xr 483 coo
Mmfedk Valle. ...2.-..%- Nat. Php pei aig Ay Meenas plata es | $34 914 034

a Includes apatite, carbon dioxid, diatomaceous earth, marl, pyrite, and sand and gravel
exclusive of molding sand.

SOME LIMITATIONS OF THE MINING FIELD IN NEW
YORK STATE

With its varied and important mining industry, the State still
affords room for new enterprise. ‘The resources of nearly all the
useful minerals represented within its boundaries are so abundant as
to assure an indefinitely long life for productive operations.
Through advances in technology, improved transportation facilities
and the natural growth of markets additional sources of supply are
being brought constantly within the zone of economic development ;

_ in these ways a widening field of industrial opportunity is provided
_ for energy and capital.

14 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

It seems hardly necessary to mention, however, that the mineral
wealth of the State has its natural limitations which are of funda-
mental import to industry. The valuable deposits are not only re-
stricted as to variety, but their areal distribution is conditioned by
the nature of the local rock formations or other features that have
been more or less well defined from scientific inquiry and explora-
tions. A knowledge of the geological conditions surrounding the
cecurrence of the useful minerals is very necessary to the proper
conduct of field operations. In these days of the expert practi-
tioner, mining bureaus and geological surveys, guidance can easily
be had. Few states have been so carefully studied in regard to
geology and mineral occurrence as New York, and the accumulated
information is largely on record and available to the public.

Yet the neglect of these obvious considerations 1s by no means
uncommon, whereby results much wasted effort with very consid-
erable financial loss. Organizations of capital are effected, costly
construction work and development are entered upon frequently
without any adequate basis for operations or knowledge of the con-
ditions pertaining to the particular field so essential to success.

A recurring illustration of this tendency is afforded by the at-
tempts which are made from time to time to develop coal beds in
the State. The futility of such purpose, however well intentioned,
was exposed by the work of the First Geological Survey 1m the early
part of the last century and has been frequently emphasized since;
yet there is still a manifest willingness to engage in unprofitable.
ventures of this kind. The fact that the New York series of rock
formations does not contain representatives of the productive coal
measures rests wpon the most secure basis. But if further evidence
be required it may be said that practically the whole of the New
York section of stratified formations has been explored in outcrop,
mine shafts or drill holes, so that all possibility of the existence of
valuable deposits is absolutely removed.

Among the regions which are favored for such operations and
which have recently received attention may be mentioned the Hud-
son River shale region, the Catskills and the southern part of the
State along the Pennsylvania boundary. The belt of shales extend-
ing along the Hudson river from the Highlands northward to Wash-
ington county contains more or less carbonaceous matter, but never
in sufficient amount to constitute a true coal. Where the shale
has been crushed and compressed the carbon may be noticeable as a
thin film on the surface of the shale fragments, giving the appear-
ance somewhat of shiny anthracite, though a purely superficial one.

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQOQ 15

In the Catskills and the southern tier of counties we have a
series of bedded formations which most closely approximate in
period of deposition the Appalachian coal measures that are so pro-
ductive in Ohio, Pennsylvania and the states to the south. Yet they
all were laid down before the opening of the coal-making period
proper, as shown by the respective stages of life (es opment evi-
denced in the rocks.

The northern limits of the Appalachian fields Re thy an-
proach within such short distance of the New York boundary that
some excuse existed for the search for coal before the time of geo-
logical surveys ; now it can only be a matter of regret that the bound-
ary should have been so discriminately fixed, when the addition of
only a few minutes of latitude on the south would have brought
portions of this wealth into the State.

Though deficient in coal some of the local formations contain val-
uable oil and gas pools which support a fairly important productive
industry. The discovery of illuminating gas in the State dates back
to as far at least as 1821 when wells were drilled at Fredonia, Chau-
tauqua co., probably the first successful attempt to utilize the mate-
rial in this country. There are now more than 1000 wells that
supply natural gas for fuel and lighting purposes besides many more
whose output is consumed on the ground for pumping oil. The
petroleum industry was first started about 1865 in Cattaraugus
county and is now represented by fully 10,000 active wells.

There is thus a solid basis for exploration and development of
these resources and it is creditable to local enterprise that they
_ have been brought to such a high state of productivity. The prac-
tical oil and gas prospector with his knowledge that comes from
accumulated experience has been the chief factor in this achieve-
ment. Scientific study of the accumulations of oil and gas has
yielded, however, some valuable information, though for the most
part perhaps its data have only an indirect or negative application
to field exploration. It may and often does help to establish the
limit within which drilling operations should be conducted; it pro-
vides the means for identifying the productive strata and for tracing
their bounds; and from the structure of the formations may point
out the more promising places for exploration.

Both the results of such study and past experience show that
only a part of the State can be considered as a profitable field for
exploration. The areas comprised within the Adirondacks and the
Highlands are of course absolutely barren territory, as they are

10 | NEW YORK STATE: MUSEUM

made up of crystalline rocks. The bordering areas of thin or dis-
turbed sediments afford very little chance of productive wells and
this is equally true of the great mass of shales and sandstones that
constitute the Hudson River formation, between the Adirondacks
and the Highlands. Small pockets of gas have been found occa-
sionally in the shales, but in every case they have played out quickly

when tapped by the drill. The territory immediately west of these

areas and extending as far as the meridian running through the
middle of Oneida lake is of doubtful value and has been explored
only in places; the results of test wells so far have been disai-
pointing as regards the existence of gas in quantity.

The productive fields of natural gas that have been discovered up
to the present time are restricted to the centra! and western counties
of which there are 15 or 16 that support an active industry. The
extreme easterly localities are in Oswego county, where a few
small pools have been found near the shore of Lake Ontario. The
largest wells are all in the western section, chiefly in Erie, Chau-
tauqua, Cattaraugus and Allegany counties, and it is only in that
part that the industry has achieved any marked success.

The oil fields of New York are even more limited. No pools
have been found outside of southern Cattaraugus and Allegany
counties and a small area in southwestern Steuben county. There
has been no notable addition to the producing territory in many
years; it seems scarcely probable that the industry will ever be ex-
tended much beyond the present bounds.

Another matter which has assumed some importance in relation
to the mining industry and should have careful consideration at this
time is the reputed presence of gold sands in the Adirondacks.
They can not be considered exactly a new development, since a good
deal of attention was given them about 12 years ago during the
Klondyke excitement; but public interest has been revived recently
by attempts to start fresh enterprises which have received frequent
notice in the press.

While discussions of the subject have already appeared from Fre
office, the numerous requests for information indicate a need for
further publicity of the facts so far as they can be learned.

It is well known that the stream valleys and lake basins of the
Adirondacks are choked with gravel and sand deposits. These

have been formed by the erosive action of water and ice upon the -

local rock formations, chiefly granites, syenites, gabbros and gneisses,

with some much altered sediments. Quartz is naturally the main con--

:
:
|
:
:

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1909 17

stituent of the sands; but several other minerals occur in small
amount, such as garnet, magnetite, pyroxene and hornblende which
are common in the Adirondack rocks. No minerals have been
found in the sands that are foreign to the region. The view ex-
pressed as to their derivation from the local rocks is, therefore, well
established.

Gold quartz veins are not known in the Adirondacks or anywhere
within the immediate region. Common white or milky quartz is
rather plentiful, but it lacks the rusty, honeycombed appearance of
gold quartz as well as the iron and copper sulphides with which the
precious metals are associated in veins that have not undergone sur-
face alteration. It is very likely that careful analysis would show
a trace of gold in the Adirondack veins, but they are not mineralized
in the usual sense of the term.

To explain the presence of gold in the sands in any appreciable
amount we must perforce look for its source in the ordinary country
rocks — the deep seated igneous masses and the gneisses and schists.
That gold should be generally distributed through rocks of this char-
acter to the value of even $1 a ton is certainly an exceptional, if
not unique, phenomenon. And yet the basis of present and past
mining operations in the region is the claim that the sands, from
almost any section, apparently, will yield to proper treatment as
much as $4 or $5 and even as high as $40 a ton.

There is a very wide discrepancy between these claims and the
results obtained by reputable assayers. This is said to be due to
the fact that the gold exists in a peculiar condition owing to which
the ordinary methods of fire or wet assay are inapplicable to its
recovery. Without inquiry further into that matter at present, we
give here some determinations made by disinterested commercial
chemists.

In an investigation for the State Museum of the so called “ Sut-
phen” process which was in vogue during the earlier period of
experimentation with these sands, J. N. Nevius collected samples
from deposits at Hadiey that were said to yield $7.50 a ton by that
process. The following statements are extracted from his report:

A sample of sand collected from the spot from which the mill's
supply is obtained was assayed for the Museum, and the value
was reported to be a “trace” of gold to the ton, which means a
value of less than 20 cents a ton. No value of silver was ob-
tained. Another sample of the same sand was tested by Dr E. J.
Wheeler, of Albany, for the presence of bromin, but no trace of

18 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

this element was detected. These two tests prove that the Hadley
sand does not contain bromid of gold to the value of $7.50 a
ton. In just what chemical combination or physical condition the
gold could exist in the sand to the value of $7.50 a ton, and would
not be detected by the fire assay, but, after undergoing a simple
chemical operation, would be susceptible to amalgamation in pay-
ing quantities, is a question which remains for the people inter-
ested in this process to explain, before the scientific world, whose
confidence rests implicitly on the accuracy of the fire assay, will
credit their theory.

For analyses of sands from Lewis county, which is the scene of
present activity in mining, we are indebted to The Engineering &
Mining Journal (March 19, 1910) through whose enterprise samples
were recently collected and assayed. The samples were taken by
B. J. Hatmaker who had previously experimented with sands from
the same localities. The following particulars are from Mr Hat-
maker’s letter transmitting them:

The samples marked “A” are from an immense deposit along
the Black river and represent three samples taken 300 feet apart.
These samples gave me, by fire, from $3.59 to $3.80 per ton. The
samples marked “B” are from a deposit back in the hills which
should run around $3. This particular sample was taken by Pro-
fessor Locke, of the Boston Institute of Technology, and myself.
It represents the sand of which Dr N. S. Keith, of Philadelphia, —
has milled several tons and has reported $2.50 to $3 recovery, by
amalgamation. My fire assays in this have run $1.50 and $2.75.
Professor Locke was unable to get more than a trace.

The report on the results of assay by the firm of Ricketts &
Banks, as printed in The Engineering & Mining Journal, is as
follows:

_ The samples of sand marked “A” and “ B,” received sealed under
signature of B. J. Hatmaker, submitted for assay contain:

6é A 3 66 B ”
TMEISRSAVR AE Se TD eia b daa oes Ged Goan eee 0.005, OZ. ©,00F Ge
WEtASEAY axie nies Sik idan Sidi s(Scs san BG 0.005 0Z. 0.005 oz

gold per ton of 2000 pounds.

Additional samples marked “ A” and “ B’’ were also submitted
by The Engineering & Mining Journal to the firm of A. R. Ledoux
& Co. who made the following report:

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY ITQOQ 19

The two samples of sand submitted to us on February 1, 1910,
marked respectively “A” and “ B,” and sealed with paper bands,
bearing the signature of B. J. Hatmaker, have been assayed by the
usual fire assay method, yielding:

“A” Gold 0.0025 oz. per ton == $0.05 per ton

“B ” — Gold = c.005 oz. per ton==$o.10 per ton

This work was very carefully done, using large assay charges.
In view of the statement that these sands are said to contain gold
combined with some element, or elements, causing the gold to vola-
tilize during the fire assay process, and that this method is not capa-
ble of detecting gold in these sands, we have repeated the assays
by a wet method which involves digestion of the finely ground sands
with aqua regia at a low temperature for a long time, filtering off
the acid liquid, evaporating it to small bulk and examining the
concentrated solution for gold. By this method we obtained:

In sample “ A” — gold, trace

In sample “ B ” — gold 0.003 0z. per ton === $0.06 per ton.

Supplementing these tests, a portion of each sample was con-
centrated by panning and the concentrates were examined both
with a hand glass and also microscopically. Neither sample showed
the presence of any visible gold or cf any usual mineral or sub-
stance which might possibly carry gold. The concentrates are prin-
cipally magnetic iron particles mixed with some complex silicates
of the garnet family.

Portions of each sample contained in closed tubes of hard glass
were heated in a blast lamp flame to the melting point of the glass.
A quantity of combined water condensed on the coo! parts of each
tube but neither sample yielded any sublimate of volatile matter
whatever.

From the above tests we conclude that these samples are ordinary
silicious sands and that they contain only traces of gold as are
usually found in such sands. Traces of gold are frequently pres-
ent in many rocks and sands, and it is not unusual to find gold
values equivalent to a few cents per ton in ordinary rocks, such for
instance, as granite paving blocks. These samples do not contain
any extraordinary or unusual element or any substance which could
cause the gold to volatilize in the ordinary process of assaying,
nor in fact do they contain any volatile substance except combined
water.

These results are certainly concrete and illuminative. Regarding
the methods by which they were obtained. it seems sufficient to
say that they are accepted and employed generally in chem-
ical laboratories and that they have stood the test of long prac-
tice in all the mining regions of the world.

Without indulging in criticism of the good faith of those who
have been at work on the Adirondack sands, we are unable to find
in the notices of the press or in any literature which has been circu-

20 ; NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

lated for the purpose of informing the public as to their claims, any
satisfactory explanation of the processes employed for recovery of
the gold which would account for the wide variance between their
reported results and those obtained by the usual assay methods.
We have been informed recently on creditable authority that in the
so called ‘‘ Sutphen ” process, which was extensively advertised about
Io years ago, the methods consisted briefly of pulverizing the sand
and amalgamation after treatment with a hot sodium carbonate so-
lution. It was stated that the gold had a silicious coating which
necessitated fine grinding and chemical treatment before amalgama-
tion was effective. Even if that were true, there is no reason why
the gold should not be set free by fire assay. On the other hand
the claim that the gold exists in volatile state, something entirely
new to chemical science, seems to be met and controverted by the
recent assays.

The economic record of past enterprise in this field is certainly
not reassuring to those intent on new ventures. Though it is 1m-
possible to give an accurate estimate of the outlay of capital rep-
resented by previous experiments, the total must amount to several
hundred thousand dollars. An idea of the wide interest which the
early enterprises aroused may be gained from the official records
which show that over 4000 claims to gold and silver discoveries,
mainly within the Adirondacks, were filed in the year 1898. We
know of no instance where the public has received any financial
return for its investment.

CEMENT

After the setback of 1g08, a decided improvement in the cement
trade seemed to be the natural order for last year. The market —
was undoubtedly somewhat broader, inasmuch as manufacturers
found a more ready outlet for their product and were able also to
reduce considerably the stocks that had accumulated during the
previous year, but otherwise the conditions were not much changed.
Prices continued at a low level, with a slight upward tendency
in the later months. The disparity between productive capacity
and consumption was accountable for the continuance of a
depressed market. This condition seems to have been removed,
or to have been greatly relieved at any rate, and the outlook
for the trade at the opening of 1910 was more encouraging than —
it had been during the last two years. It may be said that
local manufacturers enjoyed some advantages in marketing

Zi

~_

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY Tgo9g

their output by reason of the numerous large engineering de-
velopments in connection with the canal system, municipal
water supply plants, hydroelectric installations, etc., that have been
in progress recently throughout the State.

During the last few years the cement industry of New York
has undergone radical changes. The manufacture of natural
cement used to be the principal branch of the industry and was
represented by many large and well equipped plants, with an
average output of over 4,000,000 barrels a year. The output of
the Rosendale district of Ulster county especially found a wide
market. With the growth of the portland cement industry in
this country, increased competition has so reduced prices that
there is now very little margin between the cost to the con-
sumer of that article and the natural cement. As a consequence
the sales of the latter have decreased to a fraction of the former
quota and most of the plants have been permanently closed.

The manufacture of portland cement on the other hand has
grown rather steadily, though not so rapidly as to counter-
balance the loss in the output of natural cement. That branch
of the industry has been largely centralized in eastern Pennsyl-
vania, where it was first established. For the last year or two
increased interest has been shown, however, in the develop-
ment of the local resources and there is little doubt that New
York will eventually take a more prominent place in the trade,
which it should occupy by reason of its abundance of raw
materials and its market advantages. The erection of a new
plant in the Hudson river region, with a reported capacity of
5000 barrels a day, has been underway during the ‘last year.

The total production of cement in New York in 1Ig09 was
2,610,383 barrels, or about the same as in the preceding year
when it amounted to 2,612,462 barrels. In 1907 the quantity
was reported at 3,245,729 barrels and in 1906 at 4,114,939 bar-
rels. The accompanying table gives the annual output and
value for each kind of cement since 1890. There were alto-
gether 13 firms who reported a production last year, the same
number as in 1908, but a loss of five as compared with those
so reporting in 1907.

In the portland cement industry there was a slight gain of
output, the aggregate amounting to 2,061,019 barrels valued at
$1,761,297 against 1,988,874 barrels valued at $1,813,622 for
1908. With the placing in operation of the new plant at Green-

22 : NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

port near Hudson which is expected during the current season,
a further increase should be registered for this year. This plant
will be operated by the New York-New England Cement & Lime
Co., under control of Pennsylvania interests. The other pro-
jects in the Hudson river region, mentioned in the review of
last year, have not been so far advanced as to make them a
probable factor in the industry during IgIo.

The output of natural cement showed a continuance of the
decline which has been underway since the beginning of the
present decade. The total was 549,364 barrels valued at
$361,605, against 623,588 barrels valued at $441,136 in 1908.
Three companies in the Rosendale district contributed 487,864
barrels to the total; Onondaga and Erie counties contributed
the remainder.

Production of cement in New York

PORTLAND CEMENT NATURAL CEMENT
YEAR SS
Barrels Value Barrels Value
MOADOR, ores vc eta ee 65 000 $140 000 2 FO" F560 $2 985 513
TOOT Rua ties SaaS pce 87 000 I9O 250 3031206 3 046 279
Ty 210 ie ea iro B I24 000 279 000 3 780 687 3 O74) Joe
EOOQE Se asysensthes « 137 096 287 (725 2 FOF a7 se 2° $05 207
OU ‘wise le 3B se oa 17 275 205. .23)5 3 446 330 I 974 463
HOG eee ies be atl. 159 320 278 810 20020 727 2 285 094
BOO at eee 3 Petey 260 787 443 175 4 1st ons 2 423 Bie
1S YO] EEA aye pe A 3904 398 690 17 4 259 186 2 123 79m
ASO aes te Pais ponk oe Be 554 358 970 1206 ATS 7 1ga7 2 065 658
OQ ONS oaks yeh be 472 386 708 579 4 689 167 2 813 “505
BOG Crees nt are wars” 2 hve 465 832 582 290 3 409 085 2 045 451
1) 3 (2 \0 Ei ite Sek 657 (223 OF7 225 2. Bie Oe I Yr7 ebp
DPA Dis ere tag bed ate L w§Ocse7 Thee 3 S577 240 2 1355688
SAU re maarec x Gigs) s casted I 602 946 2108 I. 216 2H AT ey I. § 10 aq
WENO gate ba cis ete 5 i? 2774900 T2467 7s 1 881 630 I 207 883
WHOS cvabor = fe tant 48s 2,127 822 2 046 864 2°257 6908 I 590 689
1406 Meh Reta hapa ieas 2 422 S354 2 766 488 1. 097 5057) I. 184, Bre
MO ace eis ah soon 3 6 2 108 450 2 214 ogo tr 17 279 757 730°
Ue To) 3 aaa a a are Ree ae t 988 874 1 813 622 623 588 441 136
EIS BY ain 8 ie ie eas 2 061 O19 I 701 297 549 364 361 605
CLAY

BY HENRY LEIGHTON

New York State has an abundance of clay deposits suitable
for the manufacture of all materials not requiring a white-burn-
ing or a refractory clay.

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 190g 23

The Hudson river and Champlain depression furnish excel-
lent red-burning clays for brickmaking and for a few other
special uses, while glacial clays, both buff and red-burning, are
widely distributed throughout the remainder of the State.

White-burning and refractory clays are found in the State
only on Long Isiand and Staten Island. The irregular pockety
nature of the deposits and the extensive use of New Jersey
material have limited the use of these clays but their proximity
to New York city may in time bring them into more promi-
nence. Notwithstanding the lack of suitable clays near at hand,
a number of porcelain, china and fire brick manufactories are in
operation in the State and their production is constantly in-
creasing.

The use of the Devonic shales of western New York for the
manufacture of tile, paving brick, terra cotta etc., is continuing
to increase and the value of shale brick as a high grade build-
‘ing material is becoming more widely known.

Production of clay materials

During the past year the clay-working industry partially re-
covered from the depression experienced in 1g08. Building
operations, as shown by the building permits granted, showed
a largely increased activity. In New York city in May Igoo,
352 buildings with an aggregate value of $18,620,491, were
erected as against 204 with a value of $7,585,150 in 1908, or a
gain of 145 per cent. In the same month, buildings erected in
Buffalo showed a gain over the corresponding month of 1908
of 23 per cent. During the whole year the percentage of gain
in building operations was most noticeable. This activity was
reflected strongly on the output of structural clay materials and
a return to nearly the production of 1907 was made.

The aggregate value of all clay manufactures in I909 was
$12,351,482 against $8,918,863 in 1908 and $12,688,868 in 1907.
The number of firms or individuals engaged in the industry
Was 232 against 242 in 1408, while 42 of the 61 counties in the
State participated in the industry. Examination of the output
classified as to classes of material, brings out the fact that the
increase was felt mainly among the structural materials. Com-
mon and front brick, architectural terra cotta, fireproofing,
building tile and pottery all show large advances over the year
1908. Common brick shows the largest increase, being valued

24 . NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
at $8,009,766 against $5,064,194 in 1908. Front brick increased
from $136,757 in 1908 to $149,330 in 1909; terra cotta from $709,-
360 in 1908 to $962,497 in 1909; fireproofing from $91,377 to
$166,025. On the other hand, products not directly used in
building operations, with the exception of pottery, showed a
decreased output. Fire brick and stove lining were produced to
a value of $486,894 against $545,951 in 1908; drain tile amounted
to $268,589 against a production in 1908 of $273,134; paving
brick had an output of $207,970 against $211,289 in 1908; and
sewer pipe amounted to $117,324 against $133,716 in 1908.
Ulster continues to hold first place among the counties in
total production of clay materials, the total value reported
from it for the year being $1,620,468, a large gain over the year
1908. As in 1908 Rockland county held second place with an out-
put of $1,488,457; Dutchess county with an output of $880,797 took

third place while Onondaga was fourth with a value of $834,11T..

Other counties reporting productions of over $400,000 were Orange
($814,440); Erie ($753,362); Albany ($750,754); Richmond
($698,991) ; Kings ($490,946) ; Columbia ($472,280) ; Westchester
($438,243) and Queens ($435,182). The output of the first three
counties, Ulster, Rockland and Dutchess, is made up almost wholly
of common brick, while Onondaga county, the fourth in rank, pro-
duces large quantities of china ware.

Production of clay materials

MATERIAL 1907 1908 . Seem

Conmimenrt brick «ovo he sew he eee $7 201 525 | $5 0644194 | $8 009 766
trea GRU HE see os elles ei varye akin a oneal 222 769 EO 149 330
Witritied paving brick... 184 306 217 286 207 970
Fire brick and stove lining...... 624 033 545° 951 486 894
RTARED ELON het a cides no SI's eens malt £62) 167 272 5 ea 268 589
DEC SMP eae yw ainns Svs chan mi so teed 463 500 132): 710 iy 3a
ee MUAE OUNCE Na bye shoo lied ete ne drone ah I 224 300\) i o7ao, Foe 962 497
SE Cy iad Yo hw dca ters ute 45 672 ol 397 166 025
PUMICE ANE RS ee uia's oh os wh kw a 215 126 70162 54 397
MaSteeReGHS yas 1 oo. kets 8 28 104 575 29 680 IOI 497
PaGaL is | Slate ihe eta ies ghee 6 chock 2 240 895 THO53 245 1 827 193

Gh reb Recess CAR pla OE ain a 8 a's 2 $12 688 868 | $8 918 863 | $12 351 482

ee ee es

THE MINING: AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1909 25

Production of clay materials by counties

COUNTY | 1907 | ‘1908 1909
| |

| Ee a ee $540 341 $538 213 $750 754
MRI ee ee ee VIL GSE 44 6 22 601
a a ee emer BPO fie casts oes a nil
DEMERS: oe ce ee 4I 234 | (7a Oe oe rae ie ee eee
5) 2 Se eee 14 832 13 280 | I5 400
DUEMERINI S e a e e- ) 113 350 128 866 118 897
0. Ls ee ee / 88 g4o 89 000 61 000
EET ye eka eg 4 250 LOE Eis «she ate
LL DE 433 357 283 720 472 280
MRE oe ee 781 262 605 371 880 707
EE eS a a ee 786 703 632 048 753 362
Se ee ee BMI be i ls nc eer a Biases ea Men
I ee eee 237 620 1b3 3293 346 982
ROEM ee ke ce ee te | 20° 352 £7607 | If 095
Pe ee ais es + ) 574 863 416 474 | 490 9406
LS ee ere Rete Veto letter Bares.) 6 goo
Se 32 000 FLEETS ON irs Side cate
ME, ok ee 583 664 240 087 278 ggI
OS Rema ei Sor 105 000 AR eAzgO | £30. 375
RE ke ee e's le ee 16 282 10 892 | 22 923
a | 98 315 88 606 83 500
IEEE Ss Lc get -443 734 880 | 834 111
Ma se See | 342 810 214 246 | 196 345
0 eee 789 2907 447 637 814 440
a Sr Cie ig se eae Sas eek ake 435 182
0 ) 321 016 233 995 | 317 559
RI ee ees [i See yee 587 919 698 gg1
os | 1 258 467 800 603 | 1 488 457
Ms es ows ) 256 275 245 878 | 335 670
eee ) 83 637 238 750 | 322 549
MI te | 186 124 166 544 | 205 036
I ep es | £24 Gro I25 430 | 68 370
MMi ees et ee ) NECN) AY UL phate ag OS Pea ae
eects Saeko nya sw ew 324 476 819 947 I 620 468
re | Aah tole al Pe Metbens ae ae ee
0 ee ) 22 990 II 295 IO 950
0 , e | 3900 773 226 062 | 438 243
Seer Counties)... .....0....... | 505 960 401 808 | II2 318

I a os es Fa es Il 688 868 | $8 g18 863 | $12 351 482

a Included under ‘‘ Other counties.”’

b Includes in 1907 Genesee, Herkimer, Livingston, Montgomery, New York, Queens,
St Lawrence, Seneca and Wayne counties. In 1908, aside from counties marked a are
included Genesee, Herkim2r, Montgomery, New York, St Lawrence, Tioga and Wayne
counties. In 1909, aside from counties marked a includes Genesee, Montgomery, New
York, St Lawrence, Tioga and Wayne counties.

Manufacture of building brick

The output of common building brick in 1909 amounted to
1,507,126,000 valued at $8,009,766, a production exceeding that
of any previous year with the exception of 1906. The produc-
tion in 1908 was 1,056,769,283 brick valued at $5,064,194 while

26 NEW YoRK STATE MUSEUM

that for 1g07 amounted to 1,351,591,000 with a value of $7,201,-
525. In addition to the common brick there were manufac-
tured in 1909, 10,897,000 front brick valued at $149,330 as
against 9,763,649 valued at $136,757 in 1908. The total output
of brick used for building purposes was, therefore, 1,518,023,000
brick valued at $8,159,096 against 1,366,842 000 valued at $7,424,-
294 1n 1908. The manufacture was carried on by 180 companies
or individuals in 36 counties. In 1908, 196 plants were in oper-
ation in 37 counties.

The avetace price per taper received for the common
brick in 1909, as based on sales at the yard was $5.31 as against
$4.79 in 1908 and $5.33 in 1907. The average value of the front
brick was $13.70 a thousand against $14 in 1908 and $14.61 in

1907.

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I90OQ 27

Production of common building brick

1908 | 1909
COUNTY ee dfn
Number Value Number | Value

Bays... 55 677 000 $255 013 80 343 000 $429 554
2 I 309 000 8 480 I 612 000 IO 200
Chautauqua.... 8 046 o11 EO ORG 7 815 000 52 047
PMemuny....... 14 833 000 89 000 IO 500 000 - 61 000
BaerOn fs... 640 000 3 920 250 000 I 500
POrEmiia...... 61 97I 000 283 720 88 026 000 472 280
Mreeeness. ... re200oR O74 Oh. 37 i 170 615 000 876 207
_ Et 25. 960: 325 202 943 43 379 000 243 786
Pefeene..:..... I2 094 825 cle eae 42 794 000 246 982
Weterson....... 2 321 749 ry 807 I 450 000 pu 275
Livingston...... 490 000 a. 555 I I00 000 6 700
la ES 0On7 Ors a Pa 23 493 000 126 950
oe II 675 000 63 890 20 000 000 118 560
midvara........ Tyas ond 10 892 3 368 000 22, 923
_ ete 17 436 000 83 495 16 000 000 83 500
Onondaga...... 14 028 ooo 76 030 22 800 000 154 250
a 2 768 000 16 946 2 350 000 14 200
ol 151 869 000 747 637 164 680 000 814 440
Rensselaer...... 10 949 400 60 723 19 895 000 To2 235
Richmond...... 25 398) 500 89 083 37 500 000 170 475
Rockland....... 173 926 094 800 603 275 262 000 | 1 488 457
Bartatopa.:..... 51 034 000 243 728 70 539 000 333 728
Bepcmepen........ 2 651 080 21 870 3 480 o00 30 132
BeemOlc......... 20 108 150 122 430 Liha 70.000 68 370
Meeker... EO LOS 560 816 947 304 904 000 | 1 620 468
Westchester.... 39 80r 577 ' 184 774 72 265 000 pre 79
Other countiesa . 9 452 400 2 639 10 836 o00 | 57 080
a
Wotels...... | 056 769 283 | $5 064 194 |t 507 126 000 |$8 009 766

a Includes in 1908, Allegany, Broome, Fulton, Herkimer, Montgomery, St Lawrence,
Schenectady, Tioga, Tompkins, Warren and Washington. In 1909 the following counties
are included: Allegany. Cattaraugus, Fulton, Montgomery, St Lawrence, Steuben, Tioga,
Tompkins, Warren ard Washington.

Hudson river region. By far the greater part of the output
of common brick comes from nine counties bordering the
Hudson river from Albany and Rensselaer counties southward.
In this area the banks of the river are made up of a series of
terraced deposits of clay with occasional sands or gravels. This
more or less continuous clay bed is one of the most extensive
in the United States and supports a brickmaking industry second
to none in America or Europe.

The clays which are very constant in character are bluish in
color, weathering to red at the surface and are rather calcareous

28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

containing usually about 4 to 5 per cent of calcium oxid. They
burn to a good red color, incipient fusion taking place at cone
.o5 and vitrification at .o4. Besides the main use as material
for soft mud brick, the clay has been successfully utilized in the
manufacture of roofing tile and’ certain beds are used as a slip
clay for glazing pottery.

The brick are manufactured entirely by the soft mud process
and are burned in scove kilns, modern methods seemingly
taking slight hold in the district.

The importance and growth of the ina in the region
has been due to the ease with which the clay can be mined from
the terrace; miantiiaciuned practically ome time dock, and loaded
directly onto barges and shipped to New York city.

~The year 1909 showed a marked improvement in business
conditions and an increased activity in building operations.
This activity was felt in the Hudson river yards and a much
langer output of brick was made. The total output was 1,218,-
784,000 brick valued at $6,443,190 of which all but 210,000,000
were shipped, reliable estimates giving that amount as held
over. This would give as the total sales 1,008,784,000 as against
817,459,000 in 1908. The figures in the tables for 1909 represent
the total manufactured while in 1g08 they are given as the total
sold.

The increased output was accompanied by such an increased
demand that prices showed a gratifying increase, the average
price per thousand being $5.28 against $4.75 in 1908 and $5.20
in 1907. There were 119 plants in operation with an average
production of 10,326,000, against 114 plants with an average
output of 7,171,000 in 1908. As in former years Ulster county
had the lead in production with a total of 304,904,000 brick
valued at $1,620,468, against 179,166,000 valued at $816,947 in
1908. Rockland county held second place as heretofore, while
Dutchess county ranked third, displacing Orange county which
held third place in 1908.

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1909 | 29

Output of common brick in the Hudson river region in 1908

| AVERAGE

|
NUMBER | |
COUNTY OF OUTPUT | VALUE | PRICE
PLANTS | . | PERM
|
POI ee 12 55 677 cco $255 013 $4 57
Pema... eee 4 6r 97 C00 283 720: | AE
Mere ess. 22.2... 18 132 004 000 G05. 377. "| 4 58
Peper... 4 I2 095 000 | a ax. | a a
SS RE ae 8 151 869 ooo | ay O27 4 92
Peeeeciger.....-.... 6 IO 949 000 | 60 723 5 54
Reeeetd 29 173 926 000 | 800 603 4 60
eee | 206 179 166 000 | 816 947 4 55
Mreerenester........ | 7 39 802 ooo | 184 774 4 64
7 II4 | 817 459 ooo | $3 812 511 $4 75

Output of common brick in the Hudson river region in 1909

|

NUMBER | AVERAGE

COUNTY OF | OUTPUT VALUE PRICE

PLANTS | PER M
BRM oy. ees ss | 12 80 343 000 $429 554 $5 34
Seeger... 5 | 88 026 ooo 472 280 Bo
Peoneks. o....--.-- 19 | 170 615 000 876 207 cee
oe Bt. 42-994. GO 246 982 ne
a | 8 164 680 000 814 440 4 93
Peeiieeelder.......... | 6 19 895 000 102 225 5 64
a 30 275 262 000 1 488 457 5 40
SS a 26 304 904 000 I 620 468 5 gi
Westchester........ 8 | 72 265 000 392 577 54a
SAUER ees ec bien a | 119g It 218 784 000 | $6 443 I9g0 | $5 28

] |

Other clay materials

The manufacture of vitrified paving brick was carried on by
three companies in Chautauqua, Greene and Steuben counties,
as against five companies in 1908. The output was 12,778,000
brick valued at $207,970 against 14,570,140 valued at $211,289
in 1908. The average price per thousand was $14.50 in 1908
and $16.27 in Igog. There was a decided decrease in the
production of fire brick and stove lining in the State, the total
output of fire brick being $411,796 and of stove lining $75,008
against values of $442,967 and $102,984 respectively in 1908.

30 NEW YORK “STATE: MUSEUM

Eleven companies were active during the year and the indus-
try showed little change aside from the general decrease in
manufacture. The material for these products is all obtained
outside of the State, mostly from New Jersey. |

The manufacture of drain tile and sewer pipe is carried on in
Albany, Cayuga, Erie, Genesee, Kings, Madison, Monroe, Onon-
daga, Ontario, Saratoga, Washington and Wayne counties. The
output of drain tile in 1909 amounted to $268,589 against $273,-
184 in 1908. Eighteen companies are represented in the output,
while the two leading counties were Erie and Ontario. This
product is used mainly for underdraining farm land, and the
education of the farmer along such lines has been instrumental
in recent years in increasing the demand for tile. 3

Sewer pipe is manufactured in the State by but three firms
located in Brooklyn and Rochester. The value of the output
in 1909 was $117,324 against $133,716 in 1908 and $463,500 in
1907, a constant decrease for which the underlying cause is not
apparent.

Fireproofing, including terra cotta lumber, hollow brick, and
various other kinds of hollow terra cotta fireproofing, is manu-
factured mainly from local materials, in Erie, Kings, Monroe,
New York, Onondaga and Rensselaer counties, six firms being
represented in the output. The output for the year was $166,-
025 against $91,377 in 1908. The output for 1909, however,
includes some hollow brick, heretofore included with common
building brick. |

Building tile, including roofing tile, vitrified floor tile and a
terra cotta tile similar to fireproofing was manufactured in Alle-
gany, Kings and Monroe counties by six firms. The total value
of the output for 1909 was $54,397 against $70,162 in 1908.

The roofing tile industry is one deserving more prominence
among the clay-working activities of the State. Two firms, the
Alfred Clay Co., and the Ludowici-Celadon Roofing Tile Co.,
manufacture this product at Alfred, Allegany co., while in
Malden, Ulster co., the industry has, in recent years, been under-
taken. One firm, the German American Roofing Tile Co., is at
present turning out a good grade of tile from a small plant but
as yet supplies only a local trade. Roofing tile are becoming
more popular in this country on account of their beauty and
durability, and with suitable clays at hand at both Malden and
Alfred, a larger industry should be established. The plant of

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1909 44

the Ludowici-Celadon Co. was destroyed by fire in the fall of
1909 and has not yet been rebuilt.

Vitrified floor tile are manufactured by but one firm, the
Brooklyn Vitrified Tile Works of Brooklyn.

Architectural or ornamental terra cotta is manufactured by
three large firms located in Queens, Richmond and Steuben
counties. The output for the year Ig09 amounted to $962,497
against $709,360 in 1908, an encouraging increase.

Pottery

Clays suitable for the finer grades of pottery products, such
as china and porcelain ware, are not found to any extent in the
State. The clay beds of Long Island and Staten Island have
furnished some grades of stoneware clay and these are at times
used in the New York and Brooklyn plants. The main supply
of material for china making, however, must be shipped in from
without the State; the feldspar from Canada, the kaolins from
the south, and the stoneware clays from New Jersey.

Of the commoner grades of clay used for red earthenware
manufacture, the State has an abundance but the demand for
such ware is not sufficient to establish any extensive industry.

The total production of pottery in the year amotinted to
$1,827,193 as compared with $1,653,241 in 1908, indicating a
marked advance. The production came from 23 plants located
in the following counties: Albany, Erie, Kings, Nassau, Onon-
daga, Ontario, Schenectady, Washington and Westchester. -
Onondaga county continues to lead in production with a total
from the six active plants of $671,566 while, Erie, Schenectady,
Kings and Ontario counties also have large productions.

The manufacture of stoneware seems to be steadily declining
in the State, the production in 1909 amounting to $41,298 or less
than one half of the production in 1906.

Red earthenware, consisting mainly of flower pots, shows a
production of $32,800 or about the same as has been reported
for several vears. The increase in production was confined
mainly to the white products not made from New York ma-
terials, such articles being china tableware, sanitary ware and
electrical supplies. The china tableware is made mainly in
Buffalo and Syracuse; the electrical supplies in Victor, Syra-
cuse, Schenectady and Brooklyn; and the sanitary ware in

New York and Brooklyn.

32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Value of production of pottery

WARE 1907 1908 1909
SLOMEWANS Mile os ese ad sews woe $65 271 $44 712 $41 2098
Red ecarthemwate. {oiled seit 2 28 296 31 645 32 800
Porcelain and semiporeelaina....| «1 r8r 162 goo 548 999 663
Electric and sanitary supplies... 869 3780 595 247 697 573
Misecilanicotisn ies es 2h stop te as 96 788 81 089 55 850
PEOtal vies piste aie ars aoe | $2 240 895 | $1 653 241 $1 827 193

a Includes china tabieware and cream-colored ware. f : i ;
b Includes a value of about $200,000 for hardware trimmings used in electric supplies.

Crude clay

In the foregoing tables relating to clay products no account
has been taken of the crude material entering into their manu-
facture. There are a few producers in the State who do not
utilize-the crude clay themselves but ship their output to others
for manufacture. The clay most widely exploited for shipment
is the slip clay found within the city hmits of Albany and
known to the trade as “Albany slip.” This clay belongs to the
terrace “clays of the Hudson valley. It resembles in appearance
the general run of Hudson river brick clays, but in chemical com-
position differs in having much larger percentages of the alkalis,
soda and potash. These fluxing impurities give to the material
a low fusibility and it is therefore in demand as a natural glaze
for stoneware, giving to such products a rich, brown glaze.

In addition to the output of slip clay, refractory and white-
burning clays are mined and shipped from Long Island and
Staten Island. Kaolin for paper sizing is mined at Shenandoah,
Dutchess co., and pottery clays are shipped from various points
in the State, shipments in 1g09 being made from Warners and
Amboy Station, Onondaga co.; Chili, Monroe co.; and Amenia,
Dutchess co.

The total production for 1909 amounted to 12,174 short tons
valued at $11,585, against 4697 tons valued at $11,605 in 1908.
The total tonnage seems to have increased while the value re-
mained the same, which was no doubt due to the fact that a
large proportion of the clay shipped in 1909 was of a lower
grade and sold at a lower figure. Seven producers figured in

,

:

|
J

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1909 33

the output, two producing slip clay; one, fire clay; one, paper
clay; and three, potters clay.

EMERY

The emery mines in Westchester county increased their out-
put last year by about 200 tons. The product reported was
892 short tons valued at $10,780 as comipared with 690 short
tons valued at $8860 in 1908. The production was still con-
siderably below the average as the annual shipments have
usually exceeded 1000 tons. The poor showing may be at-

tributed to a decrease in the demand for abrasives which was

noted as well in other branches of the productive industry.
The statistics of output are based upon the crude material as
shipped from the mines where it undergoes only a rough sort-
ing or cobbing. The emery is mainly shipped to Pennsylvania
for grinding and manufacture. The producers in 1909 were as
follows: Blue Corundum Mining Co., Easton, Pa., Keystone

_Emery Mills, Frankford, Pa., and the Tanite Co., Stroudsburg,

Pa. The Hampden Corundum Wheel Co. of Springfield, Mass.,
and J. .R. Lancaster of Peekskill who in the past have been

actively engaged in the industry made no output last year.

The New York emery is a mixture of corundum, spinel and

_ magnetite in varying proportions. It occurs as a hard, dense

rock, of dark gray to nearly black color, sometimes showing
the corundum in well developed prismatic crystals of lighter
shade. The corundum, which of course is the more valuable

_ constituent, may constitute as much as 50 per cent of the entire

mass, or it may be subordinate to the other ingredients. The

emery occurs in the form of lenses and bands within basic

igneous rocks of the gabbro family. It is the result of segrega-
tion of the heavier rock minerals, and the deposits are analo-
gous to the bodies of titaniferous magnetites which occur in
gabbroic rocks. ‘Some of the deposits, indeed, contain a fairly

high percentage of magnetite and were once mined for iron ore,

4

“used in pottery manufacture continued dull and prices showed

but the material proved too refractory for use in the blast
furnace.

FELDSPAR

There was no notable change in the feldspar industry during
1909. The demand for the better quality of feldspar which is

324 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

little improvement from the low level of the previous year.
The production of this grade consequently did not attain the
usual proportions. The quarries of roofing feldspar were more
active and the demand for the material seems to have been
nearly normal. The greater part of the output belonged to
that grade which is really a crushed pegmatite containing more
or less quartz, mica and other ingredients in addition to feld-
spar.

The production for the year amounted to 13,871 short tons
valued at $46,444, as compared with 14,612 short tons valued at
$53,148 in 1908. There were four companies who contributed
to the output, the several quarries being situated in West-
chester, Essex and Saratoga counties.

Most of the pottery feldspar was quarried in Westchester
county by P. H. Kinkel’s Sons, though the Adirondack Spar Co.
made a smali output from their property at Batchellerville, Sara-
toga co., also the Crown Point Spar Co., of Crown Point shipped a —
small quantity which was obtained in the course of operations for the
production of roofing materials. The Barrett Manufacturing
Co., with quarries near Ticonderoga, produced roofing feldspar
alone. In addition to feldspar the shipments from the quarries _
included some rock quartz and scrap mica. The quartz came
from Westchester county and was used for the manufacture of
wood filler. The production of mica was reported by the
Crown Point Spar Co. as a by-product of milling operations.
The combined value of these materials amounted to $7000.

The average value of the pottery grades in 1909 was about —
$3 a long ton for crude and $6 a short ton for ground feldspar. ©
The crushed feldspar for roofing and poultry grit brones $2.75
and $3 a short ton.

No new quarries were opened during the year ane the trade
situation gave little encouragement to exploratory work. The
only change in the list of producers was occasioned by the |
transfer of the property formerly. worked by the Claspka
Mining Co. to the Adirondack Spar Co. of Glens Falls.

:

GARNET

The abrasive garnet trade in 1909 made some progress |
toward recovery from the severe depression of the preceding
year, but it did not attain great activity. After such an extreme |
decline a more decided upturn might have been expected. The |}

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1909 35

general record of the mining industries showed, however, that
the improvement was slow during the year and conditions on
the whole were scarcely so prosperous as had been depicted in
current reports. There was no evidence of any developments
unfavorable to the Adirondack garnet mines in particular, and
a more active market may be anticipated for the coming season.

The production of garnet last year amounted to 3802 short
tons with a value of $119,190. The gain over the output for
1908, which was 2480 tons valued at $79,890, was thus more
than 50 per cent, but it may be doubted if the consumption
showed a corresponding increase. The total for 1907, the
largest on record, was 5709 tons valued at $174,800. Prices re-
mained practically unchanged; they have fluctuated only
slightly in recent years, the average being between $30 and $35
a ton.

No new mines were opened in 1go9g. The producing com-
pamies included the North River Garnet Co. with mines at
Thirteenth lake; the American Glue Co. and H. H. Barton &
Sons who worked properties near North river; and the Ameri-
can Garnet Co. who operated the Smith mine on Mt Bigelow in
northern Essex county.

The Adirondack garnet that is mined belongs to the common
iron-bearing variety and the better grades have a deep red
color. It is associated with a basic rock of which plagioclase
feldspar and hornblende constitute the other ingredients. The
rock shows the effects of metamorphism and the garnet is
probably the result of a recrystallization. The garnet crystals
are Of variable size; those found on Gore mountain near North
river often measure a foot or more in diameter anda single
crystal has yielded more than a ton of abrasive; elsewhere in
the region the crystals seldom exceed a diameter of 5 or 6
inches. The fact that the garnet is more or less ‘shattered
facilitates its recovery by hand picking which is practised by
all but one of the companies. When the large crystals are
broken into, they crumble under slight pressure and can be
removed from the matrix without much difficulty. The frag-
ments generally exhibit smooth surfaces on one or more sides
due to a well developed parting, and this feature adds consid-
erably to the efficiency of the Adirondack garnet for abrasive
uses. The fractured condition of the crystals’ is probably the
result of regional compression, evidences of which are ob-

36 | NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

servable in extensive crushing and faulting of the country
rocks. |

The deposit on Mt Bigelow is of different character than the
others. The garnet there is found along the contact of
anorthosite in irregular and lenticular bodies that consist in
greater part of the single mineral. It has a massive appear-
ance and breaks into granular particles but occasionally shows
a platy fracture like the crystal garnet. The principal im-
purity is a greenish pyroxene. The masses measure as much
as 40 feet in thickness. Along with the garnet there are bands
of amphibolite and crystalline limestone, the whole assemblage
having the appearance of a sedimentary series which has
been caught up by the anorthosite during its intrusion and
metamorphosed. 3

The capacity of the mines is much greater than the average
output. The production could be raised to 10,000 tons a year
without taxing the present facilities. The North River Garnet
Co. has the only property that is equipped for work through-
out the year. It is the only company also that makes use of
mechanical methods for recovery of the garnet. The mines and
mill are situated on the slope of a mountain on the east shore
of Thirteenth lake. The whole western face of the mountain
consists of the garnet rock, the supply of which is practically
inexhaustible. The rock is crushed and then run through
special types of jigs. Close work is required of these in order
to effect a separation of the garnet and hornblende which
differ by only half a unit in their specific gravity. The garnet
concentrates, however, are brought up to a high degree of
purity. Ba

The shipping point for the region is North Creek. The -
garnet is shipped unsized in bags.

The manufacture of garnet abrasives in this country is lim-
ited to a few companies and there is very little demand for the
mineral for export. The mining field, therefore, can not offer
encouragement to new developments so long as present facili-
ties remain so largely in excess of the market requirements.

In the last two or three years a small quantity of Spanish
garnet has been imported into the United States for manufac-
ture. This garnet is said to be obtained from river sands. It
is cheaper than the domestic garnet, but on account of its uni-.
formly small size is useful only in a limited way. The imports
for the year 1g09 amounted to 536 short tons valued at $10,315.

|THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1909 37

The ports of entry are New York and Boston. The value of
the garnet averaged $19.29 a short ton. In 1908 the imports
amounted in value to $2095 and in 1907 to $6432.

GRAPHITE

The production of crystalline graphite in the Adirondack
region made a good gain last year, but the increase was due
to a more active campaign on the part of the principal enter-
prise and not to any contribution by new mines. There were
no important changes in the mining situation. The increase of
output, which amounted to about 20 per cent as compared with
the total returned for 1908, did not suffice, however, to bring
up the production to the record of earlier years. Market con-
ditions were favorable in spite of the general business de-
pression; the best grades of flake graphite from the Adiron-
dacks have always commanded prices above the average and
these have shown recently a marked upward tendency.

The American Mine of the Joseph Dixon Crucible Co. occu-
pied, as heretofore, the leading place in the industry. For
many years it has been the largest and most successful enter-
prise of the kind in the country. Its position has been attained
through experienced management and the perfection of its
methods for the separation and refining of the graphite. It has
had also the advantage of an unusually rich deposit for its
type, combined with certain features which make’the graphite
more easily recoverable than is often the case. The quartzite
that constitutes the matrix is practically free from other scaly
minerals and the graphite flakes are of large size.

Adjoining the American mine on the southwest, the property
of W. H. Faxon of Chester, N. Y. has been explored recently
with promising results. The same serics of quartzites, iime-
stones and gneisses are in evidence, though the graphite -le-
posits appear to occupy a. higher position than those of the
American mine. That they are not a direct continuation of the
latter is apparent from a field examination and is further indi-
cated by slight differences in their character. There are two
beds of graphitic quartzite separated by garnetiferous gneiss. The
upper or main bed measures from 6 to 14 feet thick; and the
lower one about 4 or 5 feet. They are cut off at the southwest
end by a diabase dike, near which they are also slightly thrown
by a transverse fault. The beds have been exposed along the

38 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

outcrop by test pits and explored on the dip by drilling so as
to prove their persistence over a large area. The average rock
is fairly uniform in graphite which is of somewhat finer flake
than that obtained from the American mine. It is planned to
make mill tests during the current seascn; if they are favor-

able the construction of a large plant and the active exploita-

tion of the deposits may be anticipated.

GYPSUM

The gypsum industry which has advanced very rapidly in
the last few years continued its progress during 1909. Though
no new mines or quarries began active work within the period,
increased operations on the part of the enterprises who recently
entered the field, in the natural course of development, brought
about. a considerable gain of output. Trade conditions were
still somewhat unsettled and from that standpoint the showing
was better than might have been expected.

The output of crude gypsum amounted to 378,232 short tons,
against 318,046 short tons in 1908, an increase for the year of
60,186 short tons or nearly 20 per cent. The production was
reported as 323,323 tons in 1907; 262,486 tons in 1906 and
191,860 tons in 1905; so that it has almost doubled within the
last five years.

Of the quantity of Sars rock that was mined or quarried in
1909 about 70 per cent was converted into calcined plasters by
the producing companies. Their reports showed a total of
209,223 tons of plaster of paris and wall plaster manufactured,
with a value of $699,110. In 1908 the total was 160,930 tons
valued at $574,757. The amount of gypsum ground for land
plaster was 9468 tons valued at $19,283, against 5712 tons
valued at $14,255 in the preceding year. The quantity sold in
crude state for mixture in portland cement and for calcination
in plaster mills outside the district was 126,606 tons valued at oI
208 against 95,146 tons valued at $171,747 in 1908.

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I9QOQ 39

Production of gypsum

1908 1909
MATERIAL ~ ——_----___ ——____---
Short tons Value Shert tons Value
Meper Output, crude. ....... ga C4! || Siae or cee. Sie ee ee
IEG ee i 95 146 | $171 747 126 606 $189 208
Ground for land plaster..... yaar ees 9 468 19 283
Wall plaster, etc. made..... 160 930 574 757 209 223 699 I10
OLA: i eee, ee aaa | - cw hy Wiig sy 2 el Ma ep $907 601

The principal developments in the industry in recent years
have centered about the western localities, and these now fur-
nish most of the supply. Genesee county is the largest pro-
ducer of crude gypsum, as well as of manufactured materials,
like land plaster, plaster of paris and wall plasters. Its output
of crude rock in 1909 amounted to 259,321 short tons. Monroe
county which ranked as the second largest producer reported
an output of 90,970 short tons. The rest of the gypsum came
from Onondaga, Cayuga and Erie counties.

The following brief account of the gypsum resources of the
State and their industrial development has been taken from a
report, now in press, for the State Museum.

NOTES ON THE GYPSUM DEPOSITS OF NEW YORK.

Distribution of gypsum. The workable gypsum beds of New
York are found in the Salina stage of the Upper Siluric or Ontaric
system. There are two main areas of Salina strata, of which the
larger is represented by a belt that extends with unbroken con-
tinuity from Albany county through central! and western New
York to the Niagara river and thence into the province of Ontario.
The Salina of this area is mainly a shale formation. The other
elements are gypsum which occurs in the upper shale beds, rock
salt near the middle of the section, and limestone which is present
in the central and western parts as a thin capping to the shale and
also occurs in bands of inconsiderable thickness within the shale
itself. The sequence is here shown in order from the highest to
the lowest member :

5 Bertie waterlime. An argillaceous magnesian limestone, pos-
sessing hydraulic properties. Its thickness ranges from about 50
feet in Erie county to 10 feet or less in eastern New York. Used
for natural cement.

40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

4 Camillus shale. Drab, gray, green and red shales with beds
of gypsum and dolomite in the upper part. Smaller seams and
veins of gypsum are found all through the shale. The total thick-
ness reaches 300 feet in the central part of the State.

3 Syracuse salt. An assemblage of alternating beds of rock salt
and shale, not definitely delimited with regard to the. Camillus and
Vernon shales. The presence of rock salt is the only criterion for
its recognition. The salt beds have not been found east of Madison
county and they occur only under a thick covering where they
have been protected from solution.

2 Vernon shale. A prominent member of the Salina in the sec-
tion west from Herkimer county. Has a thickness of 500 feet in
Onondaga county. It is distinguished by a bright red color except
in the western part where it is banded with gray and green shales
and becomes less conspicuous.

1 Pittsford shale. A local phase of the Salina, notable only for
its Eurypterid fauna. The type locality is near Rochester.

The second area of Salina strata is in southeastern New York

and consists of two belts, one of which follows the Shawangunk
mountain uplift and the other the parallel Skunnemunk uplift. The
principal members are conglomerate, shale and sandstone. No
gypsum has been found in this region and in view of the fact that
the strata here were accumulated in a separate basin, entirely inde-
pendent of the other, its presence may be regarded as very uncertain.

General features of the deposits. The gypsum as a rule forms
regularly stratified beds which are made up of layers varying from
a few inches to 4 feet or so thick. The beds are not, of course,
continuous throughout the Salina belt, but have the shape of elon-
gated lenses which follow each other along the strike and dip with

intervals in which they may be absent or of greatly diminished —

size. The workable deposits are thus segregated into more or less
well defined areas. When exposed in natural outcrop the beds
are apt to show irregularities due to solution of the gypsum by
ground waters; in this way the entire removal of the gypsum seems
to have resulted in some places where it was only thinly covered
by shale or limestone.

The main deposits lie within the wpper part of the Camillus shales
and as the whole formation has a slight southerly dip (about 1
foot in 100), their line of outcrop is near the southern border of
the Salina belt as traced on the map. A useful indicator in the
field is the Bertie waterlime which is more resistant to weathering
.than the shales and which can often be located by the character
of the topography. The gypsum usually occurs within a few feet
of the base of the waterlime.

The deposits exhibit a considerable variation of character in dif-
ferent parts of the belt.. In Madison county, on the eastern end,
they consist of a loose friable mixture of gypsum crystals (selenite)
and clay, and have originated seemingly by solution and recrystal-
lization of former beds or disseminated gypsum. ‘These deposits

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1909 4I

are not well stratified but form pockets and larger masses of len-
ticular and irregular shape of perhaps a few hundreds of feet in
area. In exposure the clear gypsum, freed from the admixed clay,
lends a semblance of purity to the deposits which is very decep-
tive; the actual gypsum content is usually less than 75 per cent.
The deposits are worked only as a source of material for land
plaster.

The deposits that are worked in Onondaga county and in the
counties to the west, belong to the usual! stratified type and are
more homogeneous than those first described. They are made up
of finely divided gypsum fibers or minute crystals forming a felted
mass in which the impurities are evenly distributed. The color
of the gypsum varies from gray or drab to nearly white.

The maximum development of the gypsum is reached in Onon-
daga county where there is a single bed 60 feet thick consisting of
a number of individual layers which vary somewhat in appearance
and color, though they are quite uniform in regard to gypsum
content. This bed is exposed in the townships of Dewitt and
Manlius, east of Syracuse, where it is quarried for land plaster,
for admixture with portland cement, etc. In western Onondaga
county, the gypsum as seen in outcrop has a thickness of 15 or
20 feet.

Near Union Springs, Cayuga co., a deposit from 20 to 30 feet
thick is worked.

The Salina belt crosses Seneca, Wayne and Ontario counties
and deposits of workable dimensions are found at frequent inter-
vals. No production has been made from this section in recent
years, though some of the gypsum, notably in Ontario county, is
of very good quality. In the town of Victor, two beds, 8 feet
and 6 feet thick, have been found by drilling and the drill cores
indicated a close resemblance to the gypsum at Garbutt, Oakfield
and Akron farther west.

The deposits are encountered in the town of Wheatland, Mon-
roe co. and are there mined on an extensive scale for the manu-
facture of calcined plasters and for other purposes. Two beds are
generally present, separated by 6 feet or more of limestone. The
upper bed measuring from 5 to 8 feet thick is mainly worked
though the lower bed is of equal size and purity. The area at
present developed covers about 3 square miles.

Another important locality is in the town of Oakfield, Genesee
co., where a light-colored rock 4 feet or more thick 1s extensively
mined and employed in calcined plaster manufacture. The plaster
works near Oakfield Station are the largest in the State.

In Erie county, the whole middle of which is crossed by the
Salina belt, mines have been recently opened near Akron, 20 miles
east of Buffalo. The bed is 4-5 feet thick, light-colored and well
adapted for calcination. It is probable that gypsum occurs also
in the interval between Akron and Buffalo, though no recor ds of
its discovery have been made known. A series of test wells put

‘42 ; NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

down by the Buffalo Cement Co., at Buffalo several years ago
showed two beds of white gypsum each 4 feet thick. The upper
bed was encountered at 43 feet from the surface and the lower
one at 62 feet, with a 2 foot bed at 49 feet. An attempt to ex-
plore the upper bed by a vertical shaft was relinquished after meet-
ing a heavy flow of water and nothing has been done since toward
the development of the deposits. ,

Chemical composition of the gypsum. Analyses of average
samples of the deposits from different localities recently made for
the State Museum, indicate that the gypsum content ranges between
the general limits cf 64 or 65 per cent and 95 per cent. The qual-
ity seems to improve toward the west. The impurities are mainly
clay, lime and magnesia carbonates and quartz.

I < 3 4 5
Soe Sa ent eee kk 51 40 2203 4.00 8139
PID) de we Rae R a Ane: 1.29 2.97 1 a2 1.74 4.53
eC ae O0 at Babs 2a ee FO Bed 1.40 (ee 1.34
Ca Rite Lait pean vie 30.62 30.760 26.27 20,30) 0eaaeees
IC CN Ds ae a ea 1.20 1258 8.29 2781 7.20
SD ROR RE SiR ee or ay Oe ee 43.59 43.78 ° 32.83 . 85 30
OTs sO a les 1¢@2 2580. 4 11 302 6.38 9.50
BD ie RIS re eh, 20.52 (19-53 i14:87. a7 262 eee

99.44. 1600.54 100.23. - 99.12 @7eae
Gypsum calculated... 93.74 94.26 72.84 77.06 J@u mae

1 Akron, Erie co. 2 Oakfield, Genesee co. 3 Garbutt, Monroe
co. if Lyndon, Onondaga co. Analyses are by George E. Will-
comb.

Methods of extraction. The gypsum beds of the eastern section
are worked by quarry methods. The smaller pocket deposits have
been exploited only in a desultory manner, their yield from year
to year depending upon the local market for land plaster. More
systematic operations are carried on in connection with the rock
gypsum of Onondaga and Cayuga counties. The beds are exposed
along the edges of hills with a variable covering of limestone and
drift which is stripped off or allowed to fall into the excavation as
the gypsum is removed from the face. The gypsum is broken
down by drilling and blasting. Power drills of the percussion type
and hand drills are both employed. As the quarry advances into
the hill an increasing overburden is encountered and in the course
of time may become a serious obstacle to the continuation of open
quarry work. Operations are then either transferred to a new
locality or changed to underground mining.

In the section west of Cayuga county the gypsum is worked
underground, by means of an adit where the bed approaches close
to the surface, otherwise by a vertical shaft. This method has

" rr Y

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I90Q 43

also been introduced recently in some of the Onondaga quarries.
The main adit entries which serve for haulage are driven from 5
to 8 feet high and from 6 to 10 feet wide. The larger dimensions
refer to the mines near Jamesville where the gypsum is excavated
in large rooms and removed by 2-horse wagons that are loaded
directly at the quarry face. When the beds are only 5 feet or so
thick the rock is hauled out on mine cars attached to a cable.
The size of the rooms ranges up to 30 feet square. The overly-
ing limestone makes a firm roof and little artificial support in the
way of timbering or packing is required.

The mines at Akron, Oakfield and Garbutt are entered by vertical
shafts from 50 to 70 feet deep or by adits. The underground work-
ings follcw the pillar and room system but are more regularly planned
than those of the adit mines. The mines are often electrically
lighted, ventilated by forced draft and when necessary are
drained by pumps which raise the water from a sump at the shaft
bottom. Gas, electricity and steam are used for power purposes,
the former being supplied from the natural gas belt of Erie co.
Electric locomotives are in use for underground haulage, but in
most mines the cars are pushed by hand or drawn by mules. The
gypsum is drilled for blasting by either auger or percussion drills.
For hoisting from the shafts, a bucket elevator is employed at one
mine, while at the others single and balanced platform hoists are
generally used. Most of the mines are connected with the milling
plants by narrow gage railways.

Manufacture of gypsum plasters. A part of the gypsum from
the mines and quarries is shipped in lump form to land plaster
mills and portland cement works. The latter are also supplied with
crushed gypsum which is shipped in bags. A small part is ground
into land plaster by the mining companies. The remainder of the
product, which represents the larger quantity, is converted into cal-
cined plaster in plants run in connection with the mines.

The calcined plasters made by the mining companies belong to
the half hydrate class, their basis being plaster of paris. No anhy-
drous plasters like Keene’s cement or German flooring plasters are
manufactured from the local gypsum. The preparation of plaster
of paris requires the two operations of grinding and calcination.

Grinding is accomplished in several stages and if the kettle
process of calcination is used the stages follow consecutively until
the material is reduced to a fine powder. The coarse crushing is
effected by jaw or gyratory crushers. From these the gypsum
passes into a “ cracker ’”’ which resembles a coffee mill and reduces
the lumps to about pea size. After this treatment the gypsum is
ready for charging into rotary cylinders, but for the kettle process
it is next run through a fine grinder of which there are many kinds
in use. Buhrstones, the Sturtevant emery wheel, the Williams dis-
integrator, the Stedman disintegrator and roller mills all find appli-
cation for gypsum grinding.

44 | NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The kettle method of calcination is employed by most of the
local plaster manufacturers. The kettles are cylinders of boiler
iron from 8 to 10 feet in diameter, nearly square in vertical sec-
tion and set upright in a brick wall. The kettle is charged through
a trap in the cover and heat is gradually applied, passing from the
fire chamber below into flues which traverse the kettle horizontally,
and out through a stack at the top. About Io tons of gypsum are
calcined in a single charge. It is necessary to keep the mass in
constant agitation to prevent overburning, which is accomplished
by means of a vertical shaft with paddles connected with the mill
shafting. The end temperatures range from about 350° to 400° F.
The rotary kiln is used in two plants; it possesses advantages in
that it is continuous, requires less power to operate and is more
economical of heat than the kettle. The type that has been in-
stalled is known as the Cummer kiln. The crushed rock passes
through the cylinder in about 10 minutes and is discharged into
brick-lined bins when the calcination is completed by the residual
heat in about 36 hours. The plaster is then ground.

The calcined plaster in part is converted into wall plasters, plas-

ter board, etc., and partly sold as stucco. ‘all plasters are made ~

from plaster of paris by the addition of some retarder, an organic
or mineral substance which delays the time of setting, and of a
fiber, such as hair, shnedded wood or asbestos. Plaster boards are
formed of layers of paper cernented with plaster of paris. |

IRON ORE

The year 1909 was characterized by extreme fluctuations in
the iron trade. During the first few months market conditions
were little better than in 1908, which was a year of unrelieved
depression. The mining companies were unable to contract
for more than a fraction of their normal output and conse-
quently operated on a small scale. There was even then a
considerable surplus of ore which had to be stocked. By the
middle of the year the market had experienced a decided im-
provement which finally brought an end to the long depression.
Mining was then resumed at the usual rate and for the re-
maining months the demand for ore was sufficient to keep the
mines running at their maximum capacity.

The output reported by the mines was 991,008 long tons
valued at $3,179,358. This was practically an increase of
300,000 tons over the product for 1908 which amounted to
697,473 long tons valued at $2,098,247. The total fell somewhat
short of the output in 1907 but with this exception was the
largest reported in any year since 1891. The average value of
the ore was $3.21 a ton against $3.01 a ton in 1908.

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQOQ 45

Classified as to variety the production consisted of 934,274
long tons of magnetite valued at $3,043,084 and 56,734 tons of
hematite valued at $66,790. A large part of the magnetite
(535,812 long tons) was marketed in the form of concentrates
with an approximate average content of 65 per cent iron; the
remainder (398,462 long tons) was shipped in lump form with
a tenor ranging from about 52 to 60 per cent iron. The hema-
tite ore, mainly from the Clinton belt in central and western
New York, averaged about 40 per cent in metallic iron.
Altogether there were 12 companies which reported an
output last year, against 10 companies in Ig08 and 13 in. 1907.
The new producers were the Salisbury Steel & Iron Co., at
Salisbury Center, Herkimer co., and the Ontario Iron Ore Co.,
at Ontario Center, Wayne co.

The accompanying table gives the production of iron ore
distributed according to kinds for the period 1890-1909 in-
clusive. The statistics covering the years previous to Igo4 are
taken from the annual volumes of the Mineral Resources published
by the United States Geological Survey. The production of
magnetite as given in the table represents high grade ore and
concentrates ready for the furnace and not the mine output
which is considerably larger.

Production of iron ore in New York State

MAGNETITE| HEMATITE | LIMONITE CARBONATE TOTAL

Value

| et Total value per
ton
Long tons | Long tons | Long tons | Long tons | Long tons

1890 945 O71 196 035 | 30 968 | SE SG eas ESOS ak ayes ste Ue Sam, alee
1891 782 729 153 723 ce THe. | SOU OG aS. Ol rie Uc acatene osm 5 <1) meats: oe
1892 648 564 124 800 53 694 | 64 O41 891 099 | $2 379 267 | $2 67
1893 440 693 15 890 35 592 4I 947 534 122 I 222 934 2 29
EERIE te Sealers ML area iate |» t's [Nic hare mabe eomee Tues iacsix eM |e RS 2 ee ee ee ba emt ae
1895 260 139 6 769 26. 462 13 886 307 256 598 313 I 95
1896 346 O15 10 789 12 288 | 16 385 385 477 780 932 2 03
1897 296 722 7 664 20 059 | Ir 280 335 725 642 838 I gt
1898 155 551 6 400 14 000 | 4 000 179 951 35° 999 I 95
1899 | 344 159 45 503 31 975 22 153 443 790 I 241 985 2 80
1900 | 345 714 44 467 44 891 | 6 413 441 485 I 103 817 2 50
IQOL 329 467 66 389 23 362 | I 000 420 218 r 006 231 | 2 39
1902 451 570 QI O75 12 676 | Nil 555 321 1 362 987 2 45
1903 451 481 83 820 SF 59) Nil 540 460 I 209 899 2 24
1904 559 575 54 128 5 000 Nil 619 103 I 328 894 2 15
1905 739 736 49 313 | 8 000 | Nil 827 049 2 576 123 B22
1906 717 365 187 002 I 000 | Nil 905 367 3 393 609 +35
1907 853 579 164 434 Nil Nil |r 018 013 | 3 750 493 3 68
1908 663 648 33 825 Nil Nil 697 473 2 098 247 3 OF
1909 934 274 56 734 Nil Nil 991 008 3 179 358 3 21

46 | NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The list of active producers in 1909 included for the Adiron-
dack region: Witherbee, Sherman & Co., and the Port Henry
Iron Ore Co., at Mineville; the Cheever Iron Ore Co., Port
Henry; the Chateaugay Ore & Iron Co., Lyon Mountain; the
Benson Mines Co., Benson Mines; and the Salisbury Steel &
Iron Co., Salisbury Center. The producers in southeqepegm
New York were the Sterling Iron & Railway Co., Lakeville,
and the Hudson Iron Co., Fort Montgomery.

The output of hematite was made by the Old Sterling Iron
Co. with mines near Antwerp, Jefferson co.; Furnaceville Iron
Co. and the Ontario Iron Ore Co., Ontario Center, Wayneuces
and, €. A. Borst, Clinton, Onerda ‘co:

Mineville. There was a good advance in the output of Mine-
ville and if the demand for ore had been more active during
the first part of the year the mines would have made a new
record. The combined production of Witherbee, Shermans
Co., and the Port Henry Iron Ore Co. was 705,000 long tons,
as compared with 502,663 tons in 1908 and 751,155 tons in 1907
which was the largest reported for any one year. The ore came
from the Old Bed mines, including the Welch, “21,” Joker and

Bonanza workings, and the two Harmony shafts. The Barton

hill mines of Witherbee, Sherman & Co. were under develop-
ment but contributed no output. The new Clonan shaft which
was started by the Port Henry Iron Ore Co., to tap ~ 2 “amas
was practically completed during the year, and should soon be
in operation.

With a commendable policy of maintaining development and
improvement work in advance of exploitation the Mineville
companies have brought their mines and surface plants up tc
a high state of efficiency. The hoisting capacity is now well
over 1,000,000 tons a year, which is larger than that of any
other iron mining center in the east. From a technical point of
view there are few iron mining localities anywhere of more
interest than Mineville.

Among the improvements to the surface plants which have
been underway during the year may be mentioned the new
8oo-ton mill, the third one to be constructed by Witherbee,
Sherman & Co. This mill is situated between “A” and “B”
shafts of the Harmony mines, the ore from which it is designed
to treat. It is of fireproof construction, the materials being rein-
forced concrete and steel, and will cost $125,000 or more. The

Se ee

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQOQ 47

plan of ore treatment will conform in general to that practised
in the other mills, with such improvements as experience has
suggested. The ore will undergo a preliminary crushing at the
shaft houses and then be carried to a 1000-tone storage bin at the
mill. After further reduction it will pass through Ball-Norton
drum separators, then will be recrushed to 14-inch size and separated
on belt machines. The capacity of 800 tons in Io hours for
which the mill is designed will no doubt be considerably ex-
ceeded in practice. The development of the Harmony mines
has yielded such favorable results that another mill was needed
for handling their output.

The additional power required for the enlarged operations
at Mineville has been provided for by the installation of a new
1500 kilowatt turbine engine at the Port Henry station. A low
pressure turbine which uses the exhaust from a Corliss engine,
has also been installed at the Mineville power house.

Some interesting developments have occurred in connection
with recent explorations, through which additional light has
been thrown upon the structure and geology of the ore bodies.
The great Joker-Bonanza body has been shown to have quite
different outlines on the southern section than had been antici-
pated, while another deposit apparently unconnected with it
has been found in the footwall. These changes are indicated
more definitely in a bulletin’ recently issued by the State
Museum.

A test hole put down in the old workings on Barton hill had
reached (March 1910) a depth of about 1000 feet. The rock
shown in the core belonged to the ordinary type that forms
the walls of the principal ore bodies, with occasional bands of
dark hornblendic gneiss. No gabbro was encountered in the
section, though that rock occurs on the eastern slope of tlie
hill. The ore-bearing gneiss thus continues without a break to a
considerable depth below the point reached in the mine workings.
Between the depths of 960 and ggo feet the rock was heavily
charged with magnetite, but little ore was found.

Cheever mine. This, the oldest of the iron mines in the Port
Henry district, has assumed new life after lying idle for many
years. The ownership of the property, formerly held by O. S.
Presbrey, who was instrumental in restoring it to activity, has

1Kemp & Ruedemann. Geology of the Elizabethtown and Port Henry
Quadrangles. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 138. 1910. p. 106 et seq.

48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

been taken over by the Bethlehem Steel Co. and Witherbee,
Sherman & Co., under the title of the Cheever Iron Ore Co.
Many improvements to the mining and milling plants are now
in progress.

The Weldon and French shafts on the south end are the
principal openings through which the exploration of the old
workings has been conducted. These shafts have been retim-
bered and inclosed and are once mtre in operation. They afford
access to some promising territory. A good ore body has
already been found on the north side of the Weldon, in the
interval between that mine and the northern workings. This
body supplies most of the output at present. It averages 8 or 9
feet thick and is of good grade. There is a possibility of dis-
covering similar deposits under the valley to the south of the
Weldon mine, as indicated by recent magnetic surveys. The
northern workings also will be explored for ore that may have
been left from previous operations.

An important improvement which is now being carried out
is the change from steam to electric power for driving the mill
and air compressors and for hoisting the ore. The necessary
electric current is to be supplied by the Port Henry station.
Under the new system both shafts will be operated from a
central hoisting station. The compressed air service will be
enlarged to provide for about double the former drill capacity.

The mill is equipped for handling 500 tons of crude ore a
day. From the shafts the ore is carried by a gravity system to
the receiving bin whence it passes through coarse crushers
preliminary to the first separation. This is performed by a
magnetic cobbing machine. The remainder is then recrushed by
rolls and is run through the usual drum and belt machines, with a
further crushing between the separations.

A gravity tramway connects the mines with the railroad at
the lakeside, a few hundred feet to the east, where the concen-
trates are loaded onto cars for shipment.

Salisbury mine. The first shipments of concentrates from
this mine, near Salisbury Center, Herkimer co., were made in
1g09. The new mill was not completed, however, until late in
the year, so that actual productive operations were limited to a
short period. In the equipment of the mine and mill the
Salisbury Steel & Iron Co. has adopted, the most modern
machinery suited for the conditions, and the results obtained

aa a

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I909 49

in the short run last year were reported to have been very
satisfactory. A feature, novel to the Adirondack region, is the
use of producer gas which is supplied by the company’s plant;
gas engines of 750 horsepower are installed and their power
is transmitted to the mine and mill by electric current. The
company operates its own branch railroad which connects with
the New York Central lines at Dolgeville.

Lake Sanford. The development of the titaniferous deposits
of this locality has been continued during the past year. San-
ford hill has been largely cleared off and the ore exposed in
several places. A few thousand tons of the ore were taken out
and hauled by wagon to North Creek to be shipped for experi-
mental purposes. Exploration with the diamond drill has been
chiefly directed during the year to the Cheney deposits which
lie to the west of Lake Sanford. The ore here occurs in gabbro
and is mostly a fine grained mixture of magnetite and silicates;
though in places it has a coarser texture like the usual grade
of Sanford ore.

Sufficient work has been done to insure a large ore supply
when mining is once started. Prominent metallurgists have
expressed confidence that the magnetite can be reduced suc-
cessfully in the blast furnace, at least when used in mixture
with other ores, and offers have already been made for a large
tonnage. Active operations can not be undertaken, however,
until a railroad is constructed to the mines. The natural out-
let, which is by the way of the Hudson river valley to North
Creek, unfortunately seems to be blocked by the necessity of
crossing State lands. The other alternative, to run the line
east to some point on Lake Champlain, means the laying of
from so'to 60 miles of track over a rough country, whereas the
distance to North Creek is only about 30 miles. It is hoped that
a satisfactory solution of the difficulty may be reached, for the
opening of the mines would give a great impetus to the iron
ore industry of the State.

Clinton hematites. The production of ore along the Clinton
belt was larger last year than in 1908, and it will probably show
a further gain during the current year. In Wayne county the
Ontario Iron Ore Co. started operations and the Wayne Iron
Ore Co. made preparations for an active mining campaign at
the opening of the present season. The Furnaceville Iron Co.
contributed about the usual output from this region. At Clin-

50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

ton, Oneida co., C. A. Borst has been the only active producer
in the last few years. |

Dutchess county limonites. According to current reports in
the press, plans are under consideration for the reopening of
the Kelly mine in the Salisbury limonite district. The Kelly
Iron Ore Corporation is said to have taken a lease of this prop-
erty which is situated in the town of Northeast near the Con-
necticut State line. The mine was last worked in 1888 as an
open cut, but if the present plans are made effective it will be

exploited hereafter by underground methods. It has convenient

shipment facilities over both the New York Central and the
New York, New Haven and Hartford lines.

It has also been reported that the Dover mine is under lease
for the purpose of operation. This mine is situated in the town
of Dover and at one time supplied ore to the Dover furnace.

The production of limonite in this region was once of con-
siderable importance. After the year 1885, when the Lake
Superior shipments began to develop rapidly, the output stead-
ily diminished and one mine after another suspended work.
The only mine which has been operated in recent years is the
Amenia which was closed down in 1906. The prices of ore
have since advanced to such an extent that the operation of
the mines is again receiving consideration.

MILLSTONES

The production of millstones, although much smaller than
formerly, is still an important industry in certain sections of
Ulster county. This area furnishes nearly all of the millstones
produced in the United States, the other producing states being
Pennsylvania, Virginia and North Carolina. In addition to the
domestic supply a large number of millstones and buhrstones
are annually imported from France and other European
countries. .

The-New York stone is known as Esopus stone, a name de-
rived from a former name for Kingston, which was an impor-
tant shipping point. It is a firm white conglomerate varying in
fineness from that of a coarse sandstone to a coarse conglom-
erate with some pebbles 2 inches in diameter. It is compesed
of partially rounded whitish quartz pebbles in a silicious matrix.
The stone is obtained from certain beds of Shawangunk grit,
a rock lying unconformably upon the Hudson river shales and

——_ = ees.

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I90Q 51

formerly correlated with the Oneida conglomerate, but now
known to lie in the horizon of the Salina. Its thickness varies
from 50 to 200 feet.

The quarrying operations are carried on along the northern
border of the Shawangunk mountains, in Rochester and Wawar-
sing townships, Ulster co., mainly along the line of the New
York, Ontario and Western Railroad at Wawarsing, Kerhonk-
son, Accord, Kyserike, Granite, St Josen and Alligerville, while
New Paltz and Kingston also are shipping points.

Quarrying is carried on with but a small equipment, the stone
being worked out by hand bars, wedges and sometimes with
the use of powder. It is dressed by hand at the quarry into
millstones and chasers. The millstones are dressed into stones
varying in diameter from 15 inches to 54 inches or even larger
and are used for the grinding of paint, grain, cement, gypsum
etc. The chasers are stones dressed to run on edge on a plat-
form of blocks of the same material, and are used in grinding
heavier material such as quartz, feldspar, barite etc. Depending
largely on their weight for crushing the fragments, they are
of large size varying usually in diameter from 54 to 72 inches.

The production of millstones has decreased very much in
recent years owing to the introduction of roller mills in flour
making, and ball mills, emery stones and other improved grind-
ing machinery in other industries. The demand for millstones
is now largely from corn-grinding mills in the south and from
gypsum and plaster mills, while chasers are still used in quartz,
feldspar and barite mills.

The value of the production of millstones and chasers and
rough blocks used for paving chasers amounted last year to
$19,247 as compared with a value of $18,341 in 1908. The sell-
ing prices of millstones in 1909 ranged from $3 to $4 for a
16 inch stone up to $60 for a 72 inch stone. Chasers in sizes
from 54 to 72 inches sold at prices ranging from $30 to $70 each.

MINERAL PAINT

Under this title are included the natural mineral colors which
require nothing more than washing or grinding in their prepa-
ration for the market. The raw materials found in the State
that have been used for the purposes are iron ore, ocher, shale
and slate. New York is also one of the leading producers of
artificial pigments, specialiy those made from lead, but the
crude materials are mostly derived from without the State.

52 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The Clinton hematite affords an excellent base for the manu-
facture of metallic paint and mortar color. The beds with a
relatively high iron content are employed, as they possess the
softness and uniformity of texture, as well as depth of color,
which are generally sought for. The mines owned by C. A.
Borst at Clinton, Oneida co. and those of the Furnaceville Iron
Co. at Ontario, Wayne co. supply most of the ore for paint.
The hematite from the former locality belongs to the odlitic
variety and that sold to paint manufacturers carries about 45
per cent iron. The ore in Wayne county is of fossil character

carrying about 40 per cent iron. The red hematite from St

Lawrence county is also used for metallic paint.

The manufacturers of metallic paint and mortar colors in New
. York State include the Clinton Metallic Paint Co. of Clinton,
the William Connors Paint Manufacturing Co. of Troy, and
the Rossie Iron Ore Paint Co. of Ogdensburg. A considerable
quantity of the Clinton hematite is shipped to points outside of
the State for manufacture.

Both shale and slate are ground for mineral paint, their color

depending largely upon the amount and character of the iron
oxids present. When there is a large proportion of ferric oxid
the shale and slate may be sold as metallic paint. At Randolph,
Cattaraugus co. beds of green, brown and bluish shale occur-
ring in the Chemung formation have been worked by the Elko
Paint Co. In’yeers past red shale from the base of the Salina
formation has been obtained in Herkimer county for paint. A

similar material occurring in the Catskill series has been ~

worked at Roxbury, Delaware co. The red slate of Washing-
ton county, which belongs to the Cambric, is also ground for
paint. The Algonquin Red Slate Co. of Worcester, Mass. and
A. J. Hurd of Eagle Bridge, are producers of this material.

A product known as mineral black has been made from the
slates found in the Hudson River series. Certain beds contain
considerable carbon in a finely divided almost graphitic condi-
tion which gives them a dense black color.

The ferruginous clay called ocher is of common occurrence,
but is not now worked in the State. Sienna, a deep brown
variety of ocher, is found near Whitehall. es

The production of mineral paints in 1909 was as follows:
metallic paint and mortar color 6560 short tons valued at
$65,600; slate pigment 1155 short tons valued at $9130. In 1908

- Bere

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1909 53

the following quantities were reported: metallic paint and
mortar color 5750 short tons valued at $54,500; slate pigment
922 short tons valued at $7376. These quantities represent only
the pigments manufactured within the State from local mate-
rials. In addition a large quantity of Clinton ore is shipped to
other states a year for manufacture.

MINERAL WATERS

New York has held for a long time a leading position. among

‘the states in the utilization of mineral waters. The different

springs, of which over 200 have been listed as productive at one
time or another, yield a great variety of waters in respect to
the character and amount of their disso!ved solids. There are
some that contain relatively large amounts of mineral ingre-
dients and are specially valuable for medicinal purposes; Sara-
toga Springs, Ballston Springs, Richfield Springs, Sharon
Springs and Lebanon Springs are among the more noted locali-
ties for such waters. Numerous other springs are more particu-
larly adapted for table use, containing only sufficient mineral
matter perhaps to give them a pleasantly saline taste. Both
kinds of waters are generally carbonated and sold in small
bottles.

Of late there has developed an important paces in the sale
of spring waters which can hardly be classed as mineral in the
common acceptance of the word, but which are extensively
consumed for office and family use in the larger towns and
Cities. Their employment depends upon their freedom from
harmful impurities, in which feature they are generally superior
to the local supplies. In so far as such waters are an article of
commerce they may well be included in a canvass of the min-
eral water industry. They are distributed usually in large
bottles or carboys in noncarbonated condition.

Character of mineral waters. Among ihe spring waters that
contain mineral ingredients in appreciable quantity those char-
acterized by the presence of alkalis and alkaline earths are the
most abundant in the State. The dissolved bases may exist in
association with chlorin and carbon dioxid, as is the case with
the springs of Saratoga county, or they may be associated
chiefly with sulfuric acid as illustrated by the Sharon and Clifton
Springs.

54 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The mineral waters of Saratoga Springs and Ballston are
found along fractured zones in Lower Siluric strata, the reser-
voirs occurring usually in the Trenton limestone. ‘They are
accompanied by free carbon dioxid, which together with chlorin,
sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium, exists also in dis-
solved condition. The amount of solid constituents in the differ-
ent waters varies from less than I00 to over 500 grains per
gallon. Large quantities of table and medicinal waters are
bottled at the springs for shipment to all parts of the country.
The carbon dioxid which issues from the wells at Saratoga is
likewise an important article of commerce.

The waters at Richfield Springs contain the elements of the
alkali and alkaline earth groups together with sulfuric acid and
smaller amounts of chlorin, carbon dioxid and sulfureted hydro-
gen. They are employed for medicinal baths as well as for
drinking purposes. The springs issue along the contact of
Siluric limestone and Devonic shales. Sharon Springs is sit-
uated to the east of Richfield Springs and near the contact of
the Lower and Upper Siluric. Clifton Springs, Ontario co. and
Massena Springs, St Lawrence co. are among the localities
where sulfureted waters occur and are utilized.

The Oak Orchard springs in the town of Byron, Genesee co.
are noteworthy for their acid waters which contain a consider-
able proportion of aluminum, iron calcium and magnesium,
besides free sulfuric acid. |

The Lebanon spring, Columbia co. is the single representa-
tive in the State of the class of thermal springs. It has a tem;
perature of 75° F. and is slightly charged with carbon dioxid
and nitrogen. 7

Ordinary spring waters. The greater quantity of spring
waters consumed in the State belongs to the nonmedicinal, non-
carbonated class, represented by such springs as the Great
Bear, Deep Rock, Mount View, Sun Ray, Chemung etc. The
waters are obtained either from flowing springs or from artesian
wells and are shipped in carboys or in tank cars to the prin-
cipal cities where they are bottled and distributed by wagons
among the consumers. The essential feature of such waters is
their freedom from noxious impurities. This is generally safe-
guarded by the care exercised in the handling of the waters
which are also regularly examined in chemical and bacteriolog-
ical laboratories.

=.

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:
:

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQOQ 55

Carbon dioxid. Besides the sale of mineral waters, an ex-
tensive industry has been developed in the State in connection
with carbon dioxid which is given off by some of the springs.
The collection, storage and shipment of the gas for use in
making carbonated beverages and for other purposes have re-
ceived attention at Saratoga Springs, where the industry has
become of greater importance even, as regards the value of the
output, than the trade in the mineral waters themselves. Over
30 wells have been driven in that vicinity for gas alone. The
carbon dioxid is pumped to the surface together with the water,
separated from the latter at the well and then conveyed to gas
holders, similar to those used by municipal gas plants, where
it is stored preparatory to charging into cylinders. The cylin-
ders are made to withstand the heavy pressure necessary to
liquefy the gas and are of two sizes, the smaller holding about
25 pounds and the larger from 40 to 50 pounds. The principal
producers are the New York Carbonic Acid Gas Co., the Lincoln
Spring Co. and the Natural Carbonic Gas Co. The gas is said
to be superior to that produced by the calcination of magnesite
or other artificial methods. .

List of springs. The following list includes the names and
localities of most of the springs in the State that are employed
commercially, as shown by a canvass of the industry:

NAME LOCALITY

Baldwin Mineral Spring Cayuga, Cayuga co.

Coyle & Caywood Weedsport, Cayuga co.
Diamond Rock Spring Cherry Creek, Chautauqua co.
Mrs D. N. Palmer West Portland, Chautauqua co.
Breesport Oxygenated Mineral Spring Breesport, Chemung co.
Chemung Valley Spring Elmira, Chemung co.
Chemung Spring Chemung, Chemung co.
Lebanon Mineral Spring Lebanon, Columbia co.
Monarch Spring Matteawan, Dutchess co.

Mt Beacon Spring Matteawan, Dutchess co.
Mount View Spring Poughkeepsie, Dutchess co.
Ayers Amherst Mineral Spring Williamsville, Erie co.
Beauty Spring Water Co. Lyons Falls, Lewis co.

Cold Spring New York Mills, Oneida co.
Glacier Spring Franklin Springs, Oneida co.
Lithia Polaris Spring Boonville, Oneida co.

G. Wells Smith Franklin Springs, Oneida co.
W. W. Warner Franklin Springs, Oneida co.
Geneva Lithia Spring Geneva, Ontario co.

Red Cross Spring Geneva, Ontario co.

Crystal Spring Oswego, Oswego co.

Deep Rock Spring Oswego, Oswego co.

Great Bear Spring Fulton, Oswego co.

J. Hagerty Oswego, Oswego co.

Os-we-go Spring Oswego, Oswego co.

56 | NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

NAME

Redstone Spring
Mammoth Spring

Shell Rock Spring
Massena Mineral Spring
Arondack Spring
Artesian Lithia Spring
Chief Spring

Congress Spring

Geyser Spring

Hathorn Spring

Hides Franklin Spring
High Rock Spring

C. N. Mead

Patterson Mineral Spring
Royal Spring

Saratoga Seltzer Spring
Saratoga Carlsbad Spring
Saratoga Emperor Spring
Star Spring

Washington Lithia Spring
Chalybeate Spring

Eye Water Spring
Gardner White Sulphur Spring
Magnesia Spring

Red Jacket Spring

H. W. Knight

Pleasant Valley Mineral Spring
Setauket Spring

Sparko Crystal Spring
Elixir Spring

Sun Ray Spring

Vita Spring

Briarcliff Table Water
Gramatan Spring Water Co.
Putnam Spring Water Co.

Production. The canvass of the mineral springs for 1909 7

LOCALITY
Oswego, Oswego co.

North Greenbush, Rensselaer co

East Greenbush, Rensselaer co.

Massena Springs, St Lawrence co.

Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Ballston Springs, Saratoga co.
Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Ballston Springs, Saratoga co.
Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Ballston Springs, Saratoga co.
Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co..
Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Sharon Springs, Schoharie co.
Sharon Springs, Schoharie co.
Sharon Springs, Schoharie co.
Sharon Springs, Schoharie co.
Seneca Falls, Seneca co.
Seneca Falls, Seneca co.
Rheims, Steuben co.

Setauket, Suffolk co.
Huntington, Suffolk co.
Clintondale, Ulster co.
Ellenville, Ulster co.

Fort Edward, Washington co.

Briarcliff Manor, Westchester co.

Bronxville, Westchester co.
Peekskill, Westchester co.

showed sales of 9,019,490 gallons with a reported value of $857,-
342. In the preceding year the sales amounted to 8,007,092
gallons valued at $877,648. The number of springs reporting a
production in each year was 48. The value of the waters is
estimated at the spring localities and does not include the cost

of bottling. No account is made of the waters used in hotels, -

sanatoriums etc., run in connection with the springs, though this is
an important branch of the business in some places.

The above statistics should be considered only as approxima-
tions; the actual sales of waters doubtless exceed the reported
quantities, since it is very difficult to obtain returns of all the

trade. Some of the smaller producers keep no records of their

business, and new springs, or those once abandoned, are con-
stantly being utilized which may escape notice. The value of
the annual sales of mineral waters very likely amounts to as
much as $1,000,000. |

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LOE OE

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQOQ : 57

The recovery of carbon dioxid from the wells at Saratoga
Springs is the basis of an important industry that is carried on
independently of the mineral water trade. The production of
gas in recent years has averaged about 5,000,000 pounds valued
approximately at $300,000. The gas is separated from the water
at the well mouth and stored in tanks from which it is charged
into cylinders under high pressure for shipment. The producers
of gas include the Natural Carbonic Gas Co., New York Car-
bonic Gas Co., Lincoln Spring Co. and Geysers Natural Car-
bonic Gas Co.

Saratoga Springs. The need for conserving the mineral
water supply at Saratoga has been brought to public attention
recently, and the first steps to that end were taken last year
through legislative enactment. It is aimed to place the spring
properties under State supervision or control as a means of
insuring against wasteful and injurious use on the part of pri-
vate enterprise. A commission was appointed to investigate
the situation at Saratoga and to take such action as might con-
duce to the restoration of the flow of the springs to their former
strength and the maintenance of the future supply. The im-
portance of adopting some plan for regulating the use of these
valuable waters can scarcely be questioned, since it is well
known that they are liable to deterioration and exhaustion in
much the same way as other natural resources. Governmental
control or ownership of mineral springs is a policy that has
long been pursued by European states, with beneficial results.

NATURAL GAS

The productive gas fields of the State are distributed among
I5 counties, of which Erie, Chautauqua and Allegany are the
leading ones. The fields outside of the counties mentioned are
scattered over the western section from Lake Ontario south to
the Pennsylvania boundary. The most easterly localities where
gas has been found in quantity are in Oswego county. Many
wells have been drilled at different places in the eastern part
of the State, particularly in the region south of the Mohawk
river, but the exploration has been uniformly unsuccessful so
far as locating any valuable pools.

According to the returns received for the year 1gog, there
were about 1250 wells in the State, the output of which was
consumed for fuel and lighting purposes. No account was

58 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

taken of the wells that supplied gas for pumping operations in
the oil districts. The number of individual producers was about
200, most of whom, however, made only a small output from
one or two wells for their own supply. Aside from these minor
enterprises, the industry was in the control of about 40 com-
panies who distributed the gas for public use.

The surplus gas from the oil wells of Cattaraugus, Allegany

and Steuben counties is collected mainly by the Empire Gas & |

Fuel Co., of Wellsville; the Producers Gas Co. of Olean and the
United Natural Gas Co. of Oil City, Pa. The prodwet is carried
in pipe lines to Buffalo and other towns in the western part of
the State. Buffalo is also supplied from the important fields in
the eastern townships of Erie county, but elsewhere the supply
is consumed mainly in the towns and villages that lie in prox-
imity to the wells.

The quantity of gas produced in 1909 was approximately
3,825,215,000 cubic feet. To arrive at this total it was necessary
to make estimates for some of the smaller producers who had
no meters attached to their mains; but the proportion of the

cutput involved in such estimates was inconsiderable. The re-.

ported value of the production was $1,045,693. This output of
the wells was a little less than in 1908 when a total of 3,860,-
000,000 cubic feet was reported; but was larger than that for
any year previcus to 1908. Owing to a slight increase of
prices — the average throughout the State having been 27 cents
a thousand against 26 cents a thousand in 1908—the value of
the output was the largest on record.

The value of the production of natural gas during the past
four years is shown in the accompanying table which is ar-
ranged to show also the contributions of the principal counties
so far as practicable.

-

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1909 59

Production of natural gas

COUNTY 1906 1907 1908 1909
Allegany-Cattaraugus...... $247 208 | $250 159 | $264 736 $282 964
ChamtauGa.............. 94 345 106 411 153 O19 174 597
ME Nea ays: in way 0) 2/0 259 (S54 320 199 451 869 461 531
LLCS 50s 52 805 55 780 54 083 59 888
Ue oe ee 16 385 £7 O30 i” Oa £2 310
EE es es ss ew 13 182 10 585 12 800 I4 402
Lees ae 25 100 39 850 29 43% 40 OOI

es
PR ee rao. Ss oud $756 579 | $800 o14 | $987 775 |$1 045 693

a Includes a part of the production of Genesee county.
b Includes also Seneca, Schuyler, Steuben, Ontario and Yates.
c¢ Includes also Niagara and Genesee.

The record for the year shows less activity in the drilling of
wells than usual, due perhaps to the unfavorable financial situa-
tion. The increment from new sources was insufficient to bal-
ance the natural decline in the output of the old wells, which
has not occurred before in many years.

Among the notable developments of the year was the drilling
of a deep well in northern Cattaraugus county which was re-
ported to have encountered a pool in the Medina sandstone at
a depth of 3300 feet. A 40 foot bed of rock salt was also pene-
trated. The well was located on the Sanders farm between
Gowanda and Cattaraugus.

The South Shore Gas Co. completed a very successful well
on the Griswold farm, near Forestville, Chautauqua co. The
company has 32 wells, principally in the vicinity of Silver Creek
and Dunkirk. The Frost Gas Co. added to its supply which is
obtained from the towns of Sheridan and Pomfret. A new well
in West Sheridan was reported to have shown a flow of 100,000
cubic feet a day.

A discovery of gas was made near Swain, in northeastern
Allegany county, at a depth of 300 feet. The Burns Oil & Gas
Co. put down a test well near Canaseraga which encountered a
bed of rock salt at 3100 feet, but no gas in quantity.

The Allen-Salem Oil Co. completed a well on the Walker
farm, 3 miles from Canisteo, Steuben co. Gas was found at a
depth of 740 feet.

There was little change in the production of Erie county last
year. The contribution from the fields, which are principally

60 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

in the eastern and southern parts, amounted to about 1,500,-
000,000 cubic feet or approximately 4o per cent of the total for
the State. The wells in the eastern section are much the more
important. They are largely controlled by the Akron Natural
Gas Co., Alden-Batavia Natural Gas Co., Lancaster-Depew Nat-
ural Gas Co., Niagara Light, Heat & Power Co., and the United
Natural Gas Co. In the southern part of the county the Spring-
ville Natural Gas Co. is the principal producer.

The Pavilion field of Genesee county, the most successful one
that has recently been discovered in the State, made a good

record in 1909. In all about 20 producing wells have been put

down by the Pavilion and Alden-Batavia companies.

PETROLEUM

The oil district in the southwestern part of the State con-
tinuies to afford a fairly large yield, though of course it has long
since passed the high mark of productivity. The pools of Cat-
taraugus county were first tapped in 1865 and those in Allegany
county about 1878, since which times they have been actively
exploited. Many of the original wells that were drilled over 25
years ago still give a profitable return for pumping. No im-
portant discoveries have been reported in recent years, yet by
redrilling of territory once abandoned as worthless and by grad-
ually extending the bounds of the known pools the natural
decline has been so checked that a long career of activity i
be confidently expected for the future.

The productive area in Cattaraugus county is sik prin-
cipally in Olean, Allegany and Carrolton townships, embracing
about 40 square miles. The oil is found at depths ranging from
600 to 1800 feet. The larger pools are the Ricebrook, Chip-

munk, Allegany and Flatstone. They cccur in the Chemung

formation of the Upper Devonic.
In Allegany county are the Bolivar, Richburg, Andover and

Wirt pools which extend across the southern townships and

are tapped by wells averaging from 1400 to 1800 feet deep. The
Andover pool lies partly in the town of West Union, Steuben co.
A recent estimate placed the number of productive wells in
Allegany county at 6000.

The discovery of a new pool in northern Allegany county a
few years ago aroused unusual interest in that it indicated a
much wider range of the oil-bearing strata than had previously

’

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1909 61

been thought possible. The locality is in the town of Granger,
on the Livingston county border. About 30 wells were put
down, some of which flowed at first under natural pressure.
They soon gave out, however, and the entire yield amounted to
less than 3000 barrels. During the past vear the exploration of
another section in the northern part of the county was started
by the drilling of a well near Swain, Grove township. The first
well was put down on the Fred Bennet farm; a heavy pressure
of gas was encountered at 700 feet and a flow of oil at 740 feet.
A second well 400 feet from the first was immediately drilled to
the same depth but proved to be dry. The value of the discov-
ery can not be determined until further tests are made. |

A test well at Canaseraga in the town of Burns, Allegany co.,
was drilled to a depth of 3200 feet. The record as reported in
the Petroleum Gazette (July 1909) gave the occurrence of a
small quantity of oil and gas at 275 feet in gray sand. Another
streak of gas sand was struck at 400 feet. At 975 feet the drill
tapped a 12-foot seam of chocolate sand with a light showing of
oil and gas. From 975 feet to 2650 feet the strata were chiefly
black and brown shales. At 2650 feet the drill entered limestone
which was very hard and may have been the Onondaga; at
least it was not the Niagara limestone as stated in the record.
At 3050 feet the drill passed through 65 feet of clean unbroken
salt. A blue shale was found at 3115 feet which continued to
the bottom of the well at 3200 feet.

The production of petroleum in 1909 amounted to 1,160,402
barrels, or almost the same as in 1908 when it was 1,160,128
barrels. The value of the output was a little lower than in the
preceding year due to a drop in the prices which fell off from
$1.78 a barrel in the early months to $1.43 a barrel in December.
The accompanying table gives the production and its value for
each year since 1891. The statistics for 1904 and subsequent
years have been compiled from pipe line receipts reported to
this office by the companies who handle the output. The earlier
statistics are taken from the volumes of the Mineral Resources.
The following companies have pipe lines in the district: The
Allegany Pipe Line Co., Columbia Pipe Line Co., Union Pipe
Line Co., and Fords Brook Pipe Line Co., all of Wellsville;
Vacuum Oil Co. of Rochester; New York Transit Co. of Olean;
Emery Pipe Line Co., Kendall Refining Co., and Tide Water
Pipe Co., Limited, of Bradford, Pa.

62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

a Production of petroleum in New York

YEAR BARRELS VALUE
TOMS 4 Sas Se oy) S)oweetnte ke oh Ee eee ee I 585 030 $1 o61 970
POD Rs eae ok ao kes ye go's os Wis phe) See ne ee 1 272% gag 708 297
a) Ae eee irene re akan ho Ao Simoes I 051° 301 660 000
TSG ood A ho. ee wnt Sle Yale we sca aeves RE We alle Wptea eae a ec 942 431 790 464
TOG «ic ae eles eh's ie Gch ie») eo ekg eee ee eee Q12 948 I 240 468
BBD ih core isle isl a 0 5 cole ma so, wh S Boe Se eon ae eteees I 205 226 I 420 653
oN ic fay (sad ap oie nd) o vi dente de DAONEN « Ze pe Ce A a ee 1-290. 155 I 005 736
POCO hes ole hy. isa te, & nude Se ene elon ee gee 1 205 (250 I 098 284
BOO 2 ssa ns aruba ayecke fe Sn eds RGchiac a on ae ON Oat a a ge I 320 909 I 708 G26
TOQOW< ty ds, «Bio sgn ange eat kee ee oe ee ae I 300 925 I 750. bom
POM wf) so hott Pas ape fob Yoana Wah regs Cece ah chee hater Ree pore aaa I 206 618 I 460 008
EDO 0.) ‘asda ti Geipatitac bios Ceeia odd Paes, eae eae | ee ee I 100 730 I {580 (652
PQs so) scCai ea leieh alan’ alee uel te ie nade ey ot eer eee ey oe Anan I 162 975 i 8490 185
POA sins Wess fp Seah a ve sibehe igs cevek eles eae Osu ANee eh de Oe I O96, 1gu 1. "Fou gaye
0 ha EEE LOAD aM OL REE CUES Te te cier bs CP Si nea Cae che 949 511 I 566 931
VOM, abuses oa ay syste ew SOM te Bee Race eee eee I 043 088 I 722 95
OCIS oo se le ete toy deste when eae neds out ON ewe ne ree era Tr O52 328 T 730.535
OIE a ee SAN Et Rec anaie ee Nvirast stern EMER Ache I 160 128 2 071 538
DES O10 I acti Gn ia Pear MoM RECN EST NAL DIOR Cokie een Nc suman ic I 160 402 I g14 663

a The statistics for the years ep 1903 inclusive are taken from the annual volumes of
the Mineral Resources.

The records of new wells as compiled and published by the
Oil City Derrick show that a total of 457 wells were completed in
New York during 1909. The increment from the new wells
amounted to 715 barrels a day. Of the number 32 were dry |
holes. In 1908 the corresponding totals were 450 new wells
including 60 dry ones, with a daily production of 750 barrels.

PY RATE

Pyrite is a common ingredient of the metamorphosed sedi-
mentary rocks which are found in the Highlands of south-
eastern New York and in the Adirondacks. It occurs dissemi-
nated in the crystalline limestones and schists and ccca-
sionally forms bands and lenticular masses of variable size and
purity within the schists. In character these deposits are very
similar to the magnetite bodies that are found within the altered
sediments of both regions, and in fact the two minerals are
frequently associated in their occurrence. On the other hand
the magnetites that are contained in the acidic gneisses of
igneous origin generally carry little or no pyrite. Pyrrhotite is

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1909 63

a common associate of the pyrite, and zinc blende and chalcopy-
rite may be usually observed in small amount. Large bodies
of nearly pure pyrrhotite occur in the Adirondacks, but as they
can not be utilized for their sulfur and carry only traces of
nickel they have no commercial value.

In southeastern New York there are no active pyrite mines,
though a deposit at Anthony’s Nose, above Peekskill, was

_ worked some 30 or 40 years ago as a source of ore for sulfuric
acid manufacture. The ore appears to have carried consider-
_ able pyrrhotite and would not be considered mineable at the

present day.

The principal deposits of pyrite in the Adirondack region are
found along a belt of crystalline limestones and schists that
extend from near Antwerp, Jefferson co., into the town of
Canton, St Lawrence co. They take the form of impregnated

_ zones, or fahlbands, the pyrite being intermixed with the min-
_erals of the schistose country rock, which are chiefly quartz,

feldspar and hornblende; some deposits have a pronounced
lenticular shape, with the longer axis of the lenses parallel to
the foliation of the schists. The pyrite occurs in crystals and

_ crystalline aggregates of variable purity. The associated sili-

cates are generally more or less decomposed. The surface por-

tion of the deposits has the characteristic reddish stain and

burnt look due to oxidation, though the weathered zone is re-
markably shallow, the fresh pyrite being found usually within
a few feet from the surface.

There are a number of mines and prospects in this region,
but at present active mining is carried on only by the St Law-
rence Pyrite Co., at Stellaville, near Hermon. The properties
owned by the company include the Stella mines, which it took
Over in 1905, and other holdings in the vicinity that have been
subsequently acquired. Most of the ore is of concentrating
grade and is treated in a 500-ton mill equipped with Hancock
jigs, Hartz jigs and Overstrom tables. The concentrates carry
from 40 to 48 per cent sulfur. Electric current for power pur-
poses is supplied from a central station at Hannawa Falls.

The mines at High Falls which were taken over a few years
ago by the Oliver Mining Co. have not been placed in operation
as yet, though the exploration by the diamond drill, which the com-
pany carried out, is reported to have shown very favorable results.
The mines were once worked by the High Falls Pyrite Co., and
later by the National Pyrites Co.

64. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

SALT

The canvass of the salt industry for 1909 indicated very little

change in trade conditions from those reported for the preced-
ing year. The only direction in which the trade may be said
to have evidenced an improvement was in a larger consump-
tion of certain grades of salt and a corresponding gain of out-
put. The prices generally showed no response to the increased
demand; in fact their average for the yea: was somewhat lower
than in 1908 when the market felt the ful! effects of the financial
stringency.

Keen competition with the industry of other states has tended
of late years to reduce prices and to restrict the outlet for the
local product. The manufacture of evaporated salt has de-
veloped rapidly in Michigan, Ohio and Kansas, under the in-
fluence of cheap fuel, which now supply the markets of the
Middle West. In New York, New England and some of the
adjoining territory, the local manufacturers still have the ad-
vantage, owing to more favorable freight rates. Along the sea-
board, however, there is considerable competition with imported
salt which comes chiefly from the Mediterranean countries and
the West Indies. The importation is likely to increase in the
immediate future by reason of a reduction in the duty of 20
cents a short ton on all grades of salt, that was incorporated in
the Payne tariff bill.

The total quantity of salt obtained from the New York mines
and wells last year was 9,880,618 barrels of 280 pounds. This
may be considered a very satisfactory showing, as the output
for 1908 amounted to 9,005,311 barrels and that for 1907, which
was the largest previously reported for any one year, amounted
to 9,657,543 barrels. The increase in production was thus
875,307 barrels or nearly Io per. cent, as compared with a de-

crease of 652,232 barrels or 7 per cent in the preceding year.

The total value of the yield was $2,298,652 against $2,136,736 in
1908 and $2,449,178 in 1907, or an average of 23.3 cents a
barrel against 23.7 cents in 1908 and 25 cents in 1907. —

Converted to a tonnage basis the production last year
amounted: to. 1,383,386.5 short tons against 1,260,743. 5 short tons
in the preceding year.

The gain was distributed between the output of rock and
brine salt, both classes showing about the same proportionate
increase.

a a

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IgOQ 65

It is to be noted that not all of the salt reported as above
was actually marketed in that form. A very considerable part
of the brine pumped from the wells each year is employed
without evaporation for the manufacture of soda products.
The Solvay Process Co., the principal manufacturer of such
products in this country, has a number of wells in the town of
Tully, Onondaga co., which supply brine to its works near
Syracuse. The salt contents of this brine are included in the
production. The small valuation placed upon the salt thus
used reduces the average well below the actual value of the
marketable product.

There were about 30 mines and works which contributed to
the production last year, as compared with 32 in 1908 and 33
in 1907. Onondaga county alone was represented by more
than one half of the number. The manufacture of salt by the
solar process has long been centered in that county where it is
carried on by individuals and companies operating in a rela-
tively small way. The output has been marketed for many
years through the Onondaga Coarse Salt Association. The -

operative plants in the other counties were distributed as fol-

lows: Livingston 3; Schuyler 2; Tompkins 3; and Wyoming 3.
The International Salt Co., the largest producer of evaporated
salt in the State, maintained three plants in operation, one each
at Ithaca, Myers and Watkins. No new firms were added to
the list of producers during the year.

The accompanying tables furnish details as to the production
of salt in New York. [In the tables for the years 1908 and Igo09
the output is distributed among the several grades recognized
in the trade. The classification is based upon methods of
manufacture and purposes for which the salt is used. Table
and dairy salt includes the finest grades of artificially evaporated
salt, specially prepared for the table and for butter and cheese

“making; it brings the highest market price. Under common

fine, is listed the other grades of fine, artificially evaporated salt
that are not specially prepared. Common coarse represents the
coarser product from artificial evaporation. Coarse solar salt is
made by evaporation of brine in shallow pans exposed to the
sun’s heat. This process, as already stated, is used by manu-
facturers in Onondaga county; it can be carried on, of course,
only during the summer months. Packers salt includes the
product sold to meat packers and fish salters. Under “ other

66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

gerades”’ are listed agricultural salt and other kinds not speci-
fied in the returns from producers, as well as the entire product
of rock salt and of salt in brine used for the manufacture of
soda products. These latter items form a very important part
of the total. As will be observed the salt thus listed bears a
much smaller valuation per barrel than the grades first men-

tioned.
Production of salt by grades in 1908

VALUE
GRADE BARRELS VALUE PER
BARREL

Commmpn tenis oc ue eee 941 682 $372 485 | $. .39
Comimionscoarses. G4o ae. tee oe 194 593 72 427 + at
Table and idaity 2 i 4.7.28 Gee t 188 636 631 987 56
Coarse Soles oy. 5. iho nnai ae ete 520 607 117 136 Be
Packers arcane sic ee ae emcee 326° 114 14y 505 40
Other oradesb:. cos i ee 6 123 679 928 186 Ps
LC FRR Rafi a eco en OR oo ag i) @ 005 S11 | $2 ng6ugge } .237

a Common fine includes a small amount of common coarse.
b Inelude rock salt, salt in brine used for soda manufacture, and small amounts of brine

salt for which the uses were not specified in the returns.

Production of salt by grades in 1909

VALUE
GRADE BARRELS VALUE PER

BARREL
Common tirir7s Sei. sass I 436° 233 $494 464 $. .35
Comimow coarse... vst ss oes 130 200 45 569 wee
Tablet ds Qaany ce ites a) saat 260 "207 633 195 .50
Coansersoleirn: . led need eee 540 614 162 253 30
Packerse': occ. Gk ee ie Maree Qgi124 38 344 . 40
Other-geadesbe. io. fee 6 393 241 924 877 14
DORA ent ova, sce teyede eae 9g 880 618 | $2 298 652 $ .233

a Common fine includes a small amount of common coarse.
b Include rock salt, salt in brine used for soda manufacture, and small amounts of brine
salt for which the uses were not specified in the returns.

The distribution of the salt made this year, according to

counties, shows that Livingston held first place in size of out-
put, having superseded .Onondaga county which was. formerly
the largest producer. The importance of the industry in Liv-

——

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1909 67

ingston county was due principally to the activity in rock salt
mining at Retsof and Cuylerville. The Retsof Mining Co. and
the Sterling Salt Co. furnished the output. The Genesee Salt
Co. was the only producer of brine salt in the county.

Onondaga county was second in regard to production, though
the greater part consisted of salt in brine consumed by the
Solvay Process Co.

Tompkins county, represented by the International Salt Co.,
with two plants, and the Remington Salt Co., made the third
largest output. Wyoming county with the three plants of the
Worcester Salt Co., the Iroquois Salt Co., and the Rock Glen
Salt Co., was fourth in the list, followed by Schuyler county
with two plants owned by the International Salt Co., and the
Watkins Salt Co,

The progress of the salt industry in New York during the
last 25 years is summarized in the table below. The statistics
for the years previous to 1904 have been extracted from the
annual volumes of the Mineral Resources.

Production of salt in New York since 1885

YEAR BARRELS VALUE

IN ey cts os ego n «Fain 6s dies pe wae 2 304 787 $874 258
NNN aul alee ai'a} « 8.6.0 o's a a = he wie La oe, 38 # AZ 563 be a4ge-yar
ME i ctettews al xine vials oip\g ere tenis ’s sa epee 2 353 560 936 8094
EE osteo iel'b ko bya 6 6) aimlel e's wide’ @esea s 2 318 483 I I30 409
a COE ae re ee ee ei a 244: O07 I 136 503
NER Sarl ass blprais nS a arale. woaum oid acdae = 2 532 036 I 266 o18
NR ee rs sie ak bic 6G oe ale'e wee 8 2 839 544 I 340 036
ET RSS igo Sige ed «'d's's ss adins vale 4 68'S 3 472 073 r 662 816
RS oii ag aides Sin aoa ie 8 Kid am trdin's Xmen 5 662 074 1 870 084
RE Paar ub: eine ier io wom Oth oe We ale'e a 6 270 588 I 999 146
Ne i two 6 sb aa ales own sles # Rigiain s' 6 832 331 I 943 398
EN oe NG. as pra beh S id <x ate; xn ot Wii ni. banda 6 069 o40 t 896 681
TN Gir aia ini x 6 oh eer aks alu ale b s.a dk auto 4 6 805 854 1 948 759
NEES el fi Ak nig, winly: 2 2070 ue. ote woh imps WD 6 791 798 2 369 32

te ORT e a eee Ts 7 489 105 2 540 426
a che uidlan wis ‘wis hak tia orale acate ae bleree 7 897 O71 2 171 418
MEST ace p cia 6 cha e's o's w ¢ pad wiv etale ae 7 286 320 2 08 834
TR idb an Hie vc iene veen tad wmeeuns Ware 8 523 389 rt 938 539
EN ay ivo goon ia 6 6 5' t0 a's es sw ole 0-9 tk cat 8 170 648 2 007 807
gayi aie Wahi a. & Five a)0'0 2.0 ww 6 0' we wlan 8 724 768 2 102 748
ATE VCs ei a wis 6 <)s bac ce sas wn st ghee 8 575 649 2 303 067
DMT IMEO sahara cis cs cn ss «000 sav calewieien 9 O13 993 2 131 650
SEES CGD Gla bisikin 9 6{s 6.0 5.0 0 0 0 00's 0: ccayeie Mined 9 657 543 2 449 178
ET RN eisla nT co sYe.s + 0 'e\en e/a dew ee Q 005 311 2 136 736
DA deme wa se bcccvocnccccentvseus tn 9 880 618 2 298 652

68 NEW YoRK STATE MUSEUM

SAND

The production of sand for its varied uses in engineering and
building work, metallurgy etc., is carried on extensively in
New York and most requirements of the different industries
are or can be supplied by the local deposits. Considerable
quantities of the more valuable molding sands are shipped to
other states.

A brief account of the several branches of the sand inches
was given in the issue of this report for 1908. According to the
statistical canvass which was undertaken in connection with

the report, the value of the production amounted to $1,130,2901..

This total should be considered, however, an approximation
only; the actual output probably was considerably larger, as
productive operations, specially in building sands, are so widely
scattered and of so unstable character that no doubt many

escaped enumeration. In the present report attention will be

limited to the molding sand trade. _

Molding sand. The use of sand in the casting of metals calls
for a large supply of special grades which have a rather limited
distribution, as compared with building sands, and are conse-
quently more valuable.

In New York State there are two main areas in which good
molding sand beds abound: (1) on the lands bordering the
Hudson river from Orange county northward on both-sides of
the river, to Saratoga county; (2) in Erie county. The sand is
found in shallow beds immediately underlying the sod and
often covering many acres. Beds 8 inches or more in thick-

ness ate worked profitafly, a I-foot bed over one acre yielding,

about 1200 tons. The large increase in business in the iron and
steel plants was directly responsible for «n increase in the pro-

duction of molding sand. The production in 1909 amounted to .

468,609 short tons valued at $437,402, as against 312,819 tons
valued at $277,2c0 in 1908. Notwithstanding the increase, how-
ever, the production fell far short of that reported in 1907 of

693,293 tons valued at $539,674, which would indicate that the —
foundries had not fully recovered from the panic conditions —

prevailing in 1908.

Of the total production the Hudson river region furnished
450,989 tons valued at $422,144 or about ¢6 per cent of the total.
The remainder of the production was obtained mainly from
Erie county. |

EE =e ee ee eee

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1909 69

The silica sand used’ in connection with the molding sand for
the cores of the castings and known as core sand is obtained
mainly around Oneida lake im Oneida county. Its production
naturally increased also in 19gog, the total being 30,230 tons
valued at $25,472, against 27,624 tons valued at $22,371 in
1908.

SAND-LIME BRICK

The manufacture of sand-lime brick showed a marked increase
during 1909, resulting in a production greatly in advance of that
of 1908, though not equalling the output for 1907. The total
production amounted to 12,683,375 brick valued at $81,693 as
against 8,239,450 brick valued at $55,688 in 1908. The average
value at the yard for the common brick in 1909 was $6.31 a
thousand.

There were six companies who reported an output last year,
as follows:

—"

NAME : LOCATION
eeeeeneamdstone Brick Co. .i. 0.06 ea te ce ee es Buffalo
meememer Domposite Brick Co... 1.225.020 esa ose Rochester
MENG Sse or de Gi Oia s Gera elena ea oa we ere dare Syracuse. .
RM RI. 2 ass lh v & Elo ards Sea ela ade es Schenectady
ennerernrsere atte OO ts ns he oo A Ss we eed Baise ee Schenectady
EG 0S a A ea ae Glens Falls

The Grant Brick Co. of Brooklyn and the Dyett Sand-Lime
Brick Co., with a plant at Port Jefferson, are expected to begin
Operations during the present season.

Owing to the abundance of good brick clays in the State,
specially along the Hudson river, the sand-lime brick industry
is making no great progress, as compared with its growth in
some parts of the country. There seems no reason, however,
why the industry should not supply the local demand for the
material, since there are large quantities of sand and limestone
adapted to the purpose.

In a paper by’S. V. Peppel [Geological Survey of Ohio, Bulle-
tin 5] it is stated that the sand used for brick should show not
Over 10 per cent clayey impurities and should pass through a
20-mesh sieve. The lime may be high calcium or magnesian,
but the former is preferred. The process consists of mixing the
hydrated lime with the sand, pressing the brick, and subjecting
them to a steam pressure of 120 pounds or so in a strong
cylinder for 10 hours. This cooking transforms some of the ma-

70 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

terial into a hard, hydrous silicate of lime, which binds the sand
grains together. The amount of lime used varies from 5 to 20
per cent depending on the purity of the sand.

Although several patented systems of manufacture are on the

market, the general scheme is not patented and the manufacture
of the brick can be undertaken by any one. In fact several
American companies have recently entered the field with their
own systems and no patents.

The estimated cost of a well equipped plant with a capacity
of 20,000 brick, per 10 to 12 hours, is estimated by Mr Peppel
to range, in Ohio, independent of site and buildings, from
$20,000 to $25,000

The cost of ice eran in the tnired States, exclusive of de-
preciation in plant, interest on investment, loss of time in
breakdown and repairs, etc., according to the same author,
varies from $3 to $4 per 1000. The selling price ranges from $8
to $15 per 1000.

From a large series of tests made, Peppel considers sand-
lime brick to be strong and durable and in all respects a safe
and reliable building material.

Ries eS
BY HENRY LEIGHTON

The slate belt of New York State occupies an area extending
from the Poultney river, the northern boundary of Washington
county, south to the Batten kill, and from the Vermont border
west a distance varying from 6 miles in the northern to 12
miles in the southern portion. The majority of the active quar-
ries are in the central part of the field, in Granville township.
Under a slight covering of glacial drift and soil, the rocks of the
belt consist of a series of Cambric and Ordovicic sediments,
greatly metamorphosed and intricately folded. They are made
up of limestone, shale, slate, quartzite and sandstone members,
with slate predominating. The original bedding of the slates
has been partially obliterated by the metamorphism and in its
stead a pronounced cleavage has been developed. The dip of
the cleavage planes is very steep, usually 45° or more. The
original bedding planes can often be distinguished in the slates
as bands or ribbons of varying color,

The slates vary in color, red, purple, mottled and green slates
being found in the belt. Of these the red is the most valuable,

ete

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY Igog ye)

while a quality of green slate known as the unfading green is
also quarried to a large extent.

The slate is taken out from large open pits or quarries, the
face afforded by a side hill being often utilized. The blocks are
loosened by blasting and by the use of bars, etc. Hoisting is
effected by means of a traveler carrying a small hoisting cable
and running on a larger wire cable strung across the pit. This
cable is anchored on one side of the pit and passes over a tall
mast on the other, giving an inclined cableway on which the
traveler may run. The whole is operated by a small drum hoist
which allows the traveler to run out to any position desired over
the pit. It is then automatically locked to the cable and the smaller
hoisting cable descends from it into the pit to receive its load. The
block of slate is hooked to the cable, hoisted to the traveler and by
it is carried directly to the trimming sheds or is loaded on cars which
are pushed to the sheds. The waste rock, which must be hoisted as
well, is dumped in huge conical piles around the mast.

For the manufacture of roofing slate, which is the main use
of the slate, the blocks are carried into small sheds, often
perched on the dump piles. These sheds are equipped with a
trimmer, a few mallets and chisels and some shelving. Two
men work in each shed. The block, usually from 4 to 6 inches
thick, is turned on edge and carefully split with chisel and mallet
into sheets from % to % inch thickness. The sheets thus
formed are then squared up into rectangular roofing slates. The
trimmer used for this purpose consists of two blades resembling
lawn mower knives, a heavy fly wheel for giving sufficient
momentum, a stationary straight edge beneath the knives, a
feeding plate and a treadle to set the knives in motion. The
slate is fed tinder the revolving knives and is thus sheared off
an inch or so at a time until trimmed to the proper size. The
larger slates bring the better prices and some skill is needed in
the splitting and trimming. The men employed are paid either
by the hour or by the square.

The slate used for billiard table tops, electrical switchboards,
stair treads, and other purposes where slabs are required, is
known as mill stock. For these purposes, certain beds only are
suitable, and quarrying is conducted in the same manner as for
roofing slate. The blocks are then dressed in mills where they
are first sawed by circular toothed saws and then planed smooth
on a planer and polished or rubbed on a rubbing table. The

72 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

saw is operated much in the same manner as a circular saw for
sawing wood. The planer consists of a heavy steel blade about
8 inches wide mounted so as to remain stationary while the

slab of slate passes under it on a sliding table. By setting the

blade at the proper distance the slab can be trimmed and
smoothed down to a level surface.

The most striking feature that is presented to a visitor in the
slate region is perhaps the enormous piles of waste material.
~The waste in slate quarrying exceeds that from the quarrying
of any other material, the dump often claiming 60 per cent of
the total slate quarried. Some of the waste slate is ground and
utilized in making paints and pigments while attempts at its
utilization in cement and brick making have been made.

The quarries at present active are all located in a belt parallel-
ing the Delaware & Hudson Railroad from northern Hebron
township through Granville township to southern Hampton
township. The following quarries were in operation during
1909, listed in order from the southern end of the belt, with
location and product.

Mathews Slate Co., 1% miles south-southwest of West Pawlet
and % mile west of Vermont line; product, red roofing slate.

Nelson & Guthrie, 14%4 miles west of West Pawlet, on line
between Hebron-Granville townships; red roofing slate.

Granville Slate Co., 1 mile south-southwest of Granville: just west
of Vermont line; green roofing slate.

slate.
Excelsior Red Slate Co., I mile south southwest of Granville

Railway station, on hillside west of Indian river; red roofing slate.

Beck Slate Co., just north of the Excelsior quarry; red roof-
ing slate.

Enterprise Slate Co., 34 of a mile south of Middle Granville,
west of the Mettawee river; green roofing slate.

Williams Bros., 34 of a mile north of Middle Granville on
main road; green roofing and mill stock.

Prairie Slate Co., adjoining Williams Bros., on north; green
roofing slate.

Ferndale Slate Co., 2% miles north-northeast of Truthville ; green
roofing slate.

Mathews Slate Co., 3 miles north of Truthville in Whitehall
township; green roofing slate.

Higrade Slate Co., 1% miles south of Granville; red roofing

ee ee ee ee eee

eg i Ee i

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I9OQ 73

Mathews Slate Co., Jamesville, % mile from railroad switch;
green roofing slate.

New York Purple Slate Co., near Hampton; purple roofing
slate.

The finished slate is all shipped by rail on the Delaware &
Hudson Railroad. Some of the quarries are connected by switch
with the main track, but in most instances the slate is hauled
from % to 3 miles to the loading point. One quarry on the Vermont
side of the line, transports the finished slate to Raceville by
means of an aerial wire rope tramway, the buckets carrying
the roofing slate to the shipping point and carrying coal back
to the quarries.

The plants for the dressing of mill stock are all located in
Vermont, the plant of the Mathews Slate Co. being situated
almost on the line, near Jamesville. It is equipped with saws,
planers, rubbing table and drills. The finished stock is hauled
a short distance to the Jamesville switch for shipment.

Slate quarrying is a financially precarious undertaking. Often
large amounts of money have been expended in the region with
no return whatever, and this is evidenced by the abandoned
prospects scattered over all the hills. The surface soil and
glacial drift must first be removed and then the slate quarried
out to some depth before any idea can be had concerning the
character of the vein, all of which is costly. Even though a
good seam or vein is found, it may, after a short quarrying
season, become worked out and useless and the quarry must be
abandoned. The best veins can be worked down along the dip
only for a short distance on account of the overburden and the
quarry must in time be extended along the strike, as is often
done in the larger operations, or a new pit opened up. All of
these factors, in addition to the large amounts of waste rock
necessarily quarried and disposed of, combine to lower the
profits or even bankrupt the operator. For this reason the
opening of a quarry should be undertaken only under the super-
vision of a man of long experience and only by one with a large
amount of capital for preliminary work.

Though quarrying operations are carried on the year round,
working days are limited. Severe winter weather causes the
quarries to close, while in wet weather at any time of the year
it is impossible to have many men at work in the quarries. The
treacherous slipping of the steeply inclined strata is the cause

74. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

of many serious accidents and during rainy weather the quar-
ries must work short-handed. .

The output of slate in the State increases and decreases irreg-
ularly from year to year, no very great change in the produc-
tion having taken place in years. The use of various kinds of
patent roofing papers, tars etc., has had a tendency to lower
the demand for roofing slate, while on the other hand the in-
creasing high price and scarcity of wooden shingles has in-
creased the demand for other roofing materials. The fact that
New York State produces such handsome red slates, which are ob-
tained at but few other localities, causes a heavy demand for this
grade and the price remains high. The supply of good red slate,
however, is limited.

The year 1909 seems to have been an exceptionally brisk

year among the quarries, and the production reached a figure
exceeding any preceding year. The total value of the output
was $127,050 against $111,217 in 1908 and $54,800 in 1907. The
only other year showing an output of over $100,000 was 1903
when the value reached $111,998. The output consists mainly
of roofing slates, of which there were produced 21,187 squares
valued at $126,170, an average value per square of $6.99 against
$8.09 in 1908. The high value as compared with the average
value for other slate regions is due to the output of red slate

which commands a value of $8 to $10 a square. About II per

cent of the roofing slate made was of red or variegated color,
the remainder of green.

The balance of the slate output was soils up of mill stock,
both red and green, with a total output of 8000 i feet
valued at $880.

STONE

BY HENRY LEIGHTON

The quarrying of stone and its preparation for the market
continue to hold a place among the most important of the min-
eral industries of the State. Although cement and concrete
have to some degree supplanted cut building stone in construc-
tional work, the use of the former materials has created an ever-
increasing demand for crushed stone and rubble. A large
amount of this crushed stone and in many cases the supply of
building stone is now produced by large companies operating
small areas intensively. Improvements in quarrying, drilling,
crushing and transportation machinery have contributed largely
to the increasing production of stone.

ee ee ee le

ee ee

oe

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1909 75

The State is well supplied with the various kinds of stone and
in the extensively developed areas there are exceptionally good
transportation facilities. The proximity of the Palisades to
New York city and excellent shipping facilities have contrib-
uted toward the development of the trap quarries; the marble
quarries of Dutchess county are likewise well situated; while
the Onondaga limestones form a convenient escarpment but a
short distance from Buffalo in the western part of the State.

The advance in the production of stone over 1908 was marked.
The total production of stone in 1909 was $7,061,580, an advance
over the production of 1908 which was $6,615,614, of 6 per cent.
The advance, however, seems to have been restricted to but
two classes of products: crushed stone and the miscellaneous
uses such as lime, rubble etc. The crushed stone output ad-
vanced from $2,659,016 to $3,214,374 an increase of 20 per cent.
The increase in the column headed “all others” was due to the
large output of rubble and riprap, the increase in lime produc-
tion and in the sandstone output, and to a transposition of
some values in former years included with the building stone.
A notable reduction in output was found in the stone used for
building stone and curbing and flagging. The output of the
former amounted to $873,651 in 1909 against $1,264,403 in 1908,
while curbing and flagging was produced to the value of $800,-
620 against $928,511 in 1908.

All kinds of stone showed an increased output over 1908 with
the exception of marble, the output of which fell from $692,857
in 1908, to $380,016 in 1909..

Trap rock showed the greatest increase in output rising from
$723,773 in 1908 to $1,061,428 in 1909 or a gain of 46 per cent.

Production of stone in 1907

CURBING

BUILDING MONU- CRUSHED ALL TOTAL
VARIETY AND

STONE MEN TAR 7) cetera STONE OTHER VALUE
Granite. ........- $84 774 $9 613 a $92 950 $8 563] $195 900
[amestone........ TRG TOA ce aes sue $x 133|, 725 203] I 254 339| 3 182 447
PUES a cine lvic oa 0s I 408 190 I52 746 a II 000} I 571 936
Bandstone.......- Re GO terns se asare, I OSI 070 55 818 305 730] I 998 417
DTN FaiPesc's'c a casas Cie Vere whe b adete as Bae ee 939 027 2 000 941 627
Total........ $2 208 545| $162 359/$: 064 193\$2 812 998 $x 642 232/$7 890 327

a Included under ‘All other.” b Included under “ Limestone.”

70 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM a

Production of stone in 1908

CURBING

- TOTAL

vanmery | Bumpme | mone. | °Tnp | CRpeee> || ea
FLAGGING ;
Grantte =. 2... was $71 122 $27 585 a $152 783] $116 074) $367 564
Limestone........ 245, OSS c.wse emer $15 668] 1 647 629] I 210 883] 3 119 835
Marble ito ace a eo 567 444 DLE, PAQ2|c.tern a eee oe I3 921 692 857
Sandstone........ Z8Os TS 2i/ ciate ch oka tete sie 912 843 Tey IG i lae 282 819] I 711 585
<1 DS ety ONS Canta Ncken Gueenyey | CCR ane eg erat WM Um RIN ge [ra ane A IF 722 863) gio 923 773
hotale. © 2c $x 264 403| $139 077} $928 sr11\$2 659 o16/$r 624 607\$6 615 614

- Included under “‘All other.”’

Production of stone in 1909

CURBING
rameter | PonEmG | om, | Te | ee
FLAGGING
Gramite a. oat ee $35 o19 $33 818 $x 352| $182 02090| $227 737| $479 955
Limestone........ BEM TOOL acer 15 363| I 744 314] I 323 $97| 3 300 383
Macble. i. 2 coe 262 934 104 495 25 6 403 6 159 380 o16
Sandstone...) oi. SER. CBG nese act 783 880 220 200 477 129| r 839 798
RDO egestas Sree Spay sede LS es opm nel Sma Rea evalis Waites RUN oR Ihc Mae a he nee TOOL ASS)... «cee eee I o61 428
Lotalis2ocn tee $873 651| $138 313| $800 620/$3 214 374|\$2 034 6221$7 061 580
Granite

The granites of the State are confined to the borders of the
Adirondack region including Jefferson county and to southeastern
New York. Many of them are durable and take a beautiful polish
but they have never succeeded in competing as cut stone with the
granite of the New England States. The causes assigned are
various; less favorable facilities for transportation, irregularity of
the deposits, and lack of a “name” or prestige are all in part
responsible. Two promising fields for larger development of
dressed building and monumental stone are the Pictou and Wellesley —
island area in the St Lawrence river, and the Ausable Forks quar-
ries in Essex county. At the former locality large quantities of
stone are being cut for paving blocks, while its use in polished form
bids fair to become more popular.

The Ausable Forks granite has been quarried intermittently for
many years. In recent years, however, the operations have been
increased under the management of the Ausable Forks Granite
Co., and in Ig09 a large production of rough monumental and
building stone was made. This stone is of somber green color,
takes a handsome polish and is excellent for monumental and
building purposes.

4

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1909 77

At Little Falls, Herkimer co., where an outlying tongue of

syenite is quarried and crushed, three firms were in operation.
The output is mainly sold as crushed stone for road and concrete
work. The centralized location and good transportation facilities
have given rise to a large industry. The plant of the Syenite
Trap Rock Co. was destroyed by fire in November but will in all —
probability be rebuilt.
_ The industry in Westchester county remains in about the same
condition as in previous years. The granite and gneiss of the
county are quarried in a small way, and used locally, or shipped
to New York. The gneissic character of the stone makes it of
use, mainly, for building purposes, especially for foundation work.
Some of the granite when polished, however, presents. a pleasing
appearance. Eight firms were operative in the county in 1900.
Many Italians work quarries in an intermittent way, merely skim-
ming off the top rock from place to place. This class of produc-
tion must be omitted from the tabulations as it is impossble to
collect accurate statistics.

One of the features of the year was the opening of a quarry
at Cornwall, Orange co., by the Storm King Stone Co. which pro-
duced a large quantity of crushed stone.

Clinton, Fulton and Rockland counties also contributed to the
production in 1909.

The total production for the year was $479,955 as against
$307,504 for 1908, a gain of 30 per cent. This gain was almost
entirely due to the enormous gain in output of paving blocks in
Jefferson county and to the output from Orange county. The
paving block industry made a very encouraging advance, the pro-
duction in 1909 being more than double that of 1908. The stone
for building purposes showed a decided decline in production over
the year 1908. The production of building stone in 1909 was
valued at $35,019 against $71,122 in 1908. Monumental stone, on
the other hand, because of the activity at Ausable Forks gained
slightly, the value for 1909 being $33,818 against $27,585 in 1908.

The crushed stone industry received a slight setback because
of business troubles at Little Falls, but this was offset by the pro-
duction of the two new firms in Orange and Rockland counties.
The total production in 1909 reached $182,029 as against $152,783
in 1908.

78 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Production of granite

1907 1908 1909
Hotdine SLOUe 092 sie s Ost $84 774 $71 122 $35 O19:
Na tatinaetd teal 21d no s\n dus lads coe oe 9 613 27 Cr at 33 818
Raiished SELON. 6. sc them bss hres ee 92 950 152, 7532 182 029
SUIS Os SIT PAU ces. E Se eto le Ge wotia deh bs 5 600 ee 12. ay
CUPS Vy ata ert a (0 Ke]? Mi ee OR gn 2 963 100-723 216. 352
aera ede eae fe eee eee $195 goo $367 564 $479 955

a Includes in 1908 curbing, paving blocks, and minor uses.

Limestone

New York State is abundantly supplied with limestone. In the ©
western and central parts of the State are the Onondaga and
Niagara formations ; in the northern section the crystalline limestones
of St Lawrence county; in the east the Helderberg limestones ; and
in the southeast various crystalline limestones. These vary greatly
in purity and this variation makes it possible to obtain a stone suit-
able for almost any purpose.

The stone discussed under this heading, with the exception of
some crystalline lumestone used for flux or lime making, is all of
a noncrystalline, massive character. The stone used so extensively
in portland cement manufacture is not included in the tabulations.

The total production of limestone for 1909, exclusive of that used
in cement manufacture was valued at $3,300,383, a slight gain over
the value for 1908 which was $3,110,835.

Among the counties Erie showed the largest production with
a total of $853,764, a large increase over the production of last
year. It was followed in descending order by Dutchess, Onondaga,
Genesee and Jefferson counties, all of which showed large gains
with the exception of Onondaga, whose production took a decided
drop. |

The production was distributed among the various products as
follows: crushed stone $1,744,314; building stone $217,109; lime
$452,874; furnace flux $434,311; other uses $451,775. . All of these
took part in the general increase in production but the stone used
for building purposes which fell from $245,655 in 1908 to $217,109
in 1909. The lime made in connection with the products of the
Solvay Process Co. and the Union Carbide Co. is included under
“other uses.”

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IgOQ 79

Production of limestone

MATERIAL 1907 1908 1909

Bemmeed SPONeG 2 os vcs et es $I 725 203 | $x 647 629 $I 744 314
AS ee ee on sie ws | a888 309 | 40I 728 452 874
oS 189 782 245 655 217 I09
eee HE oo co ew 338° 127; AION LE AZAUSIT
2 5 Song eee es TA GOGy ne teeta es, oc 82 748
Peete CUTDING 2. ee ee ee 137-123 15 668 15 363
Pe UATICOUS 265. 6s) cine es yee os . Eg Fos b579 038 6353 664

DIAN A tetas hey aap 0's eects“ $3 182 447 | $3 119 835 $3 300 383

a Includes Solvay Process Co.’s lime.
b Includes lime made by Solvay Process Co. and Union Carbide Co., also rabble and riprap.
¢ Included in ‘* Miscellaneous.”’’

Crushed stone. The use of crushed limestone for road metal,
concrete and railroad ballast is constantly increasing. Large, well
equipped crushing plants in Erie, Genesee, Dutchess and Rockland
counties are turning out enormous quantities, while smaller plants
are located throughout the rest of the limestone areas. The rail-
roads at the present time are largely using crushed stone in place
of gravel as ballast; the agitation for good macadam roads has also
aided in the demand, while the barge canal and other concrete con-
structions have increased the use of concrete. In the barge canal
contracts, the quarries and crushers are located but temporarily
and part of the stone thus used is probably not included in our
tabulations.

The total. value of the production of crushed stone for the year
was $1,744,314, the largest yet recorded for any year. In 1908 the
value was $1,647,629. Erie county leads in production with a value
of $447,605 against $369,754 in 1908. It is followed in order by
the following counties, the production for 1908 being inclosed in
brackets; Dutchess $365,661 [$233,261]; Rockland, one large
producer; Genesee $123,784 [$122,310]; Onondaga $110,886
[$108,768].

Lime. Since the earliest days of the State, the manufacture of
lime has been carried on; and many active or abandoned lime kilns
are found in all limestone sections. The prevailing economic con-
ditions, however, have tended toward a consolidation of the indus-
try and the manufacture is now mainly carried on from large well
equipped plants. Warren county alone produces 38 per cent of the
State’s production, while the counties of Warren, Jefferson, Clin-

8o . NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

ton and Washington produce 71 per cent of the supply. The lime
made by the Solvay Process Co. and the Union Carbide Co., since
it is not marketed as lime, is not included in these tabulations. |

The total production of lime for the year was valued at $452,-
874 against $401,728 in 1908, a gratifying advance. The production
of the four leading ccunties was as follows, the 1908 production
being inclosed in brackets: Warren $175,830 [$170,832]; Jeffer-
son $57,368 [$52,454]; Clinton $47,488 [$45,000]; Washington
$30,000 [$36,960]. Large increases of production were also re-
ported from the following counties: Albany, Dutchess, Lewis and
Ulster.

Building stone. The use of the limestones of the State for
building purposes seems to be largely local, the stone rarely being
shipped to any great distance from the quarry. Competition with
Bedford limestone and Ohio sandstone seems impossible and our

native limestones show little advance in production from year to_

year, while the past year a strong decline was experienced. In
addition to competition with extralimital material, the increased
use of concrete for foundation work has tended to restrict the use
of cut stone, while at the same time it increases the use of rubble,
riprap and crushed rock.

The increase in production in 1908, attributed to the activity of
the quarry at Newport, Herkimer co. and those in Schoharie
county, was not continued in 1909. The Newport Construction Co.’s
_quarry was idle; the Schoharie quarries did a slightly decreased
business, while a loss was experienced from Jefferson county.

The total production amounted to $217,109 against $245,655 in
1908 and $189,782 in 1907. Erie county continued to be the larg-

est producer with a total of $119,134 or about 54 per cent of the

total for the State. Following in order are Schoharie county with
$25,885 ; Onondaga county, $17,380 and Clinton county, $13,325.
Furnace flux. The limestones of the State are widely used

for flux in blast furnace operations. The Onondaga limestone

is extensively quarried for such purposes, the larger quarries
being in Williamsville and Clarence, Erie co., and North Leroy,
Genesee co. The Niagara limestone which is dolomitic entered
the field during the year as a flux and a large amount of such

rock was quarried by the Empire Limestone Co. at Pekin,

Niagara co.

The Gouverneur district in St Lawrence co., was also a large
producer, the stone being in reality a crystalline limestone or
marble. One firm is in operation at Gouverneur, and the stone

. ‘ ‘
oF — <> ee eS ee eee

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1909 81

is shipped to furnaces in Ohio. Quarries are also in operation
in Chazy, Clinton co. and the stone is shipped to the blast fur-
naces at Port Henry. Aside from these large> quarries, small!
amounts are obtained from quarries throughout the State but
are used only locally in small furnaces. .

The total production of flux for 1909 was $434,311 a gain of
88 per cent over the production of 1908 which amounted to
$230,117. This production even exceeded that of 1907 and was
the largest yet recorded for the industry. Of-the total pro-
duction, Erie county contributed $257,966 or 59 per cent and
Genesee county $99,814 or 22 per cent, both showing large
increases in production over 1908. Clinton and St Lawrence
counties also reported largely increased productions while
Niagara county made its first appearance as a large producer.

Production of limestone by counties in 1908

CRUSHED LIME FURNACE/BUILDING| OTHER

Rare STONE MADE FLUX |. STONE USES Stine
AY Se. Cie? to | ee ie! eae $200 $500] $104 950
Oe 39 O51 $400 $510 6 216 2 500 48 677
Cimton...:.... 18 136] 45 000; 5 640} 8 250 7 592 84 618
CoWmpid...... RA GOG win Wes. 4 500 GG os oe 6 8 560
Dispeness.....- 233 261 TRING) fod e's oe Pat a accuses = S12] 235° 373
tee se. 369 754 515| 138 563] 112 409) 33 711| 654 952
a PaCS EPMO a hoa hatin « Sree ey coke Wee & 17 506
eesce..... =. 122 310 2 520] 53 407 2 461 100] 180 798
Sereemie. .......- fey oy Pees ee eae Bi GOO" ac wikis 4 270
Hereimer...... 6 085 Galo | a ea 30 000 5 180 44 872
Jefferson...... SIGGGRS BEV ARAN OS oo aoe 13 513] 133 521| 201 988
(oer 780 PCG ae ia! o 888 80 5 748
Mamison......- ay ee 3 ot ae ae BOBO A era ce 14 340 45 333
MGS. os. PASS) UIE PEG es 3 981 176 39 915
Montgomery... Be bye eaten 8p hoi ink o's loc 5 343 6 416 20 320
miagara........ I2 950 Ce 22) ere 2 622} 16 500 37 472
(mneida,....... re yoy Renee eae 50 4 000 I 000 31 200
Onondaga..... pio ge | Mina ae | Ae 16 709|a355 105| 482 032
Rensselaer..... RR POIs ene as too] 3 425] 6.750 25 975
St Lawrence... 462 7 305| 14 606 723 562 23 658
Saratoga...... Be an ee eR Sa wt 625 2 271 I5 155
Schoharie...... 32 971 SGA orate ces iL Ls ire 63 758
BOMECH. J... .).: I 340 400 60 Tao 2 g8o 5 goo
oS ee ee 169 414 ee ee iy ea ae 500] 172 444
oy ie 16 opo! ‘190 Basle. «,. I 005 3 357| 192 194
Washington.... §5 860), 36 960)seuaidss . BR. «04's 93 070
Westchester... . 38 509] 22 927 [2 Seee?egs Sea 61 473
Other counties b| 198 927 9 000 TO I 053} 218 624

Tomls. =. $1 647 629|$401 728/$230 117|$245 655|$594 706|/$3 119 835

a Lime used by Solvay Process Co. included in ‘‘Other uses.’

b Includes Essex, Ontario, Orange, Orleans, Rockland and a aplbbowrssins

I tincitent ems ol

82 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Production of limestone by counties in 1909

|

CRUSHED | LIME~ |FURNACE|BUILDING| OTHER

cate eae STONE MADE FLUX STONE USES bids
TMi rehah dan eee ee $205 440|)) $4 O00) eee ok $200! . hate eee $r10 240
Cayliba cis <i 36 734 400 $610 6 835| $2 500 47 079
Chatons cet. 21 9735) “47 ASO ae aeOol me 225 ee 97 280
Columbia...) S72 9.9853) Gane oetene 3 460 200) .'s ¢ eee 13 4a
Mutchess.;\.. 7.5 365 661 4 OOO We tit taal eee engl, cee 369 661
UES en ot ache 447 605 375| 257 .906| 119 134| 28 634) eh agee
PURE ee NSE one nets gs U8. QOO) es Scee ah she Ce ae 18 goo
Genesee 212). i. 123 784 5 400] 99 814 EX226).2.. cee 230 223
Greene’... oo us vie Gy Wy eer eS ears ee 500 30 4 707
Herkimer: .. :4 6 611 3° S80) 2-0. ,55 ke he ele 9 961
Wetterson, ... <5 T {O00} ib 7) SOSiat. wees 562| 153 420) 252 S56
MOWIS. os by. ct 940 S{OGOl)./2's atten: 887 2250 12. 186
Madison 5 son). DAs LF O| telat wat a ater are 840] 12 000 37 016
Monroes... 2: 20 1206] 022 Seesmic =o. 3 O17 2 454 50 182
Montgomery... AD IB ZO regen a bee bie ar: IO 440 I 5ag 54 775
Niagara sys. 2" . 2 060 3 O00!''.27 920 5 587 612 30: E70"
Onondaga.....| 110 886 BOOO'\ Sersice-geen 17 380] 231 842) ~S36007e—
Retsselaer.>.. 5. Ts WOOhs sol. sae 75 3 550 6 750 26 075
ot Lawrence... 6 630 5 350] 23 904 2 993 T Fog 40 070
aLratOLay. («625 EPL) S9 Olivia's tals Croll tere he eae ak TOO | 2. acre oe Ii 456
Schoharie: J. 1... 18 913 AGO) sealer es 25.885 | oe. eae 45 198
WENEER:. ey) cn ss r.056 360} . 40 865 210 2 5e5
Ulster ahi ev % AS: ool a. OO a7... eee) I 200i6. 5.03 60 582
Warren 2./:3..¢ 2 219 (O38) 2 7h COGON es es = I 156 1 750| | 20n67—
Washington.... 47 660) OHA Bg G2OO) cists Se oaraieens Bee 2 000 92 860
Westchester... . 8 5S) BO WOO -4- orc Sieeeh eee 3 465 41 717
Other counties 6} 240 oo1 9 300 bU232 328 561| 256)5a2
s |} |__| __*

Woball: |... .% $i 744 314/$452 874)$434 311\$217 109\$451 775|$3 300 383

a Lime used by Solvay Process Co. included in ‘“‘Other uses.”’
b Includes Essex, Ontario, Oneida, Orange, Rockland and Schenectady counties.

Marble

The marbles of the State are confined to two main areas:
Gouverneur, St Lawrence county and southeastern New York.

The Gouverneur stone is a rather coarse grained gray or
bluish marble taking a good polish. It is quarried as “ light,”
“medium,” “dark” and “extra dark.” It is utilized largely for
monumental work and as dressed building stone.

In Dutchess county, near South Dover, a handsome white
marble, equal to much of the imported stone, is extensively
quarried and shipped to many points in the Eastern States. Its
uniformity of color, its beauty and durability warrant for it a
more extended use. It is to be hoped that with the two well
equipped firms in activity the stone will become more widely!
known, ;

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I909 83

The Westchester county quarries near Tuckahoe, once so
extensively developed, are no longer in operation with the ex-
ception of a small amount of stone quarried for crushing. At
Ossining also small amounts of stone are crushed for the manu-
facture of artificial stone.

At Plattsburg, Clinton co., the Rutland-Florence Marble Co.
continues to quarry small amounts of the mottled pink and gray
Chazy limestone as marble for interior decorations.

The Trenton limestone at Glens Falls is also quarried and
sold in the rough. It is a firm, compact, black limestone, often
classed with marbles because of the fine polish which can be
given to it.

The total production of marble for the year 1909 was $380,-
O16 as against $692,857 in 1908 and $1,571,936 in 1907. This
production was the smallest reported in a number of years. The
Gouverneur district reports the most disastrous year ever
known, while at South Dover a large curtailment of production
was also shown. The reasons for such a condition can not be
ascertained. The use of marble for decoration seems, in gen-
eral, to have been increasing in the last few years, while as a
monumental stone, no new developments would seem to have
arisen to curtail its use. The curtailment seems to have been
general throughout all the districts and over all products.
Reports from Gouverneur would seem to indicate, however,
that better conditions are likely to prevail in 1910, while in the
South Dover district, the advent of the Dover White Marble
Co., in addition to the South Dover Marble Co., will bring about
a more lively trade.

Production of marble
LE

VARIETY 1907 | 1908 | 1909
yo STE een ee
Building marble.............-- $1 408 190 $567 444 $262 934
MUIICO LAL... 5. ee ace eee 152 746 III 492 104 495
MEATS ce ois ec ae vs te ee ws II 000 13 921 12 587
II Es ou oo v09, « hate $1 571 936 “St 571 936 | $692 857 “$652 857 | $380 o16 $380 016

——————————————————————————————————————————————————__

o4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Sandstone

Sandstones are widely distributed over the State, almost
every county having some beds. The largest unbroken area is
that extending across the southern tier of counties from Chau-
tauqua county on the west to Ulster county on the east. This
series will be described more fully under bluestone. North of
this belt and extending tn an east-west direction across western
and central New York, are a series of sandstone strata that
include the Oriskany, the Clinton and the Medina sandstones.
Of these the latter, the Medina sandstone, is the only one of
commercial importance. The main area covered by this stone
lies along the southern shore of Lake Ontario in Niagara,
Orleans, Monroe and Wayne counties. The stone is a medium
grained, red sandstone, free from injurious impurities and easily
dressed. Associated with it in places are white layers. It makes
a very handsome building stone and has been much used for
that purpose. Its main use, however, is for curbing and paving
blocks. Many large quarries are actively engaged in getting
out the stone for such purposes, the majority of them located in
Orleans county between Medina and Holley.

The Potsdam sandstone is found in northern New York,
around the border of the Adirondacks, from Jefferson county to
Lake Champlain. It is one of the hardest, most durable and
at the same time handsome sandstones in the country and it
deserves a wider use. Its delicate pinkish color and its banding
give it a most pleasing appearance. It is quarried in Franklin,
Jefferson and St Lawrence counties and scld mainly as building
stone or flagging. .

The Hudson River series, comprising irregular strata of
slates, sandstone and limestone, affords, at a few places, a sand-
stone suitable for quarry purposes. Quarries in this series are
located in Rensselaer and Dutchess counties. Sandstones of
Triassic age, known as “ brownstones ” were formerly quarried
near Nyack, but the industry is now practically abandoned.

Bluestone. This variety of sandstone is bluish in color, fine
grained and is jointed and bedded in such a regular manner
that with careful selection of a quarry site, flagging and curb-

ing can be extracted with a minimum amount of after-dressing.

The bluestone is, for that reason, in demand chiefly for these
purposes. The quarries are located in Greene, Ulster, Dela-
ware and Sullivan counties and thence west to Chautauqua

a ha

ae eet a ee ee ae

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I909 85

county. In the Hudson river and Delaware river areas, the
industry affords no inconsiderable income to the farmers living
in the hilly country, where other resources are rather limited.
The stone is quarried the year round except in severe winter
weather, and in the spring is hauled down the hillsides to the
railway sidings or river docks where it is purchased by whole-
sale dealers and shippers. From thence it is shipped by barges
on the Hudson river or by rail in other districts, to New York
city, Philadelphia, and other coast cities, or inland to New York
State cities.

In Wyoming county, the rock varies slightly in its jointed
character and is of more value as a building stone. Quarries
are operated on a larger scale and large quantities of dressed
building stone are turned out.

The total production of sandstone in 1909 was $1,839,798
against $1,711,585 in Igo8 or an increase of 7 per cent. This
total, however, falls short of that for 1907 which was $1,998,417.

Bluestone contributed toward the above total $1,301,959 or
70 per cent, as against $1,151,386 in 1908. The increase seems
to have been general over all the bluestone districts but among
the products the increase was shown only in the building and
crushed stone, the.curbing and flagging. showing a decreased
production. This is no doubt due to the large use of cement in
the construction of sidewalk and curb. In the table of pro-
duction, the increase in the building stone is not apparent
because of the fact that the stone used for sills and coping is
included under “ all other,” as is also the Belgian bridge.

Sandstone, other than bluestone, showed a total production
of $537,839 against $570,229 in 1908. The decrease was due to
the small production of building stone in Orleans county and
a large decrease in the production of crushed stone. The pro-
duction of paving blocks which are obtained almost entirely
from Orleans county, increased, the value being $248,751 against

$239,239 in 1908,

86

DISTRICT

— _ — —

Bluestone
Be
Hudson-river...

Delaware river...

Chenango co
: 7
Wyoming co

Other distrmcts.. ; -

Total bluestone...

Sandstone
Orleans co

Other districts....
Total sandstone. .

Combined total...

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Production of sandstone in 1908

BUILD-
ING
STONE

597
871
722
199)

255
$71
$380

400|$296

789/$758
138/$11r 455

393/154 285
182\$o12 843

CURBING
AND
FLAG-
GING

607
3/2
309

428
27
5 eZee

52 830

PAVING
BLOCKS

oe et ee wo
se eee eee
ee eee eee
we, eee) te (eve

ee ee we ow

$227 537

ii Oe
$239 239
$239 239

|CRUSHED| RUBBLE,
STONE | RIPRAP
$45 G50) a. ene
I 630] $4 185
350): eee
Js ence eee 3 042
8. O45) .\iste aaa
$55 644] $7 229
$8 687| $z 470
7I 410| 20 095
$80 097] $21 565
$135 741| $28 792

Production of sandstone in 1909

BUILD-
DISTRICT ING
STONE
Bluestone
Hudson river..... $7 552
Delaware river.) .| 23 165
Chenango co..... 700) 04
Wyoming co..... I9g1t 276
Other districts... |) 16 4207
Total bluestone.. .|$298 631
Sandstone he
Orléans cone 2: $16 o17
Other distrcts...-| “43 oat
Total sandstone. .| $59 958
Combined total.. ./$358 589

CURBING
AND
FLAG-
GING

PAVING
BLOCKS

CRUSHED) RUBBLE,

ALL
OTHER

$11 168

ees eee ee

ALL
OTHER

|__| |

<.@ ele (6 0) ere
ee eee eee
eee ee eee
oer ce eee

oe ecee eee

$246 o91
2 660

$248 751

$248 751\$220 200] $17 244|$211 134

STONE | RIPRAP
$175 O00|... eae
Spit ere $3 905
ohva eashee te 368
ae ee 443
9 602)|.\s, cere
$182 662| $4 716
$874) $4 283

36 664 8 245

$37 538) $12 528

200
2 I00

$3 300

Trap

=

Trap is a term badly misused by many quarrymen and con-

tractors.

Limestones, granites and fine grained sandstones if

dark colored are often spoken of and even sold as trap. Prop-

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I909 87

erly speaking trap is a fine grained, dark colored igneous rock
resulting from the cooling of a mass of molten material intruded
into other rocks. It usually follows a vertical fissure and is
known as a dike, or spreads horizontally between beds of strati-
fied rock and is known as a sill or sheet. In appearance it is
black or greenish black in color, fine grained and shows a crystalline
structure. Under the microscope, in thin section, it is seen to be
composed of lath-shaped feldspar crystals, containing dark colored
pyroxene, olivene etc., in the interstices, the whole interlocked in
such a manner as to give the rock its well known toughness.
This toughness, as well as its cementing or bonding power,
has given it a preeminent place as a road material for macadam
roads. Whatever the lower courses may be, trap rock top dress-
ing is usually specified.

Aside from its use as crushed stone, it has little demand.
Although dressed and polished blocks present a handsome ap-
pearance, the cost of dressing and lack of demand have pro-
hibited its use for such purposes in this State. In the New
England States, related rocks are cut and polished as “ black
granite.”

The main supply of trap in the State, comes from the Pal-
isades on the lower Hudson river in Rockland county. This
sheet of diabase is from 300 to 800 feet in thickness and has an
outcrop of 70 miles, extending into New Jersey. It presents a
practically unlimited supply of trap and large plants are in
operation in both New York and New Jersey. The only other
active locality in the State is near Greenfield, Saratoga co.,
where a trap dike is being quarried and crushed. Other locali-
ties, formerly active but now idle, are Port Richmond, Rich-
mond co., Northumberland, Saratoga co., and Fort Ann, Wash-
ington co.

The production for the year 1909 amounted to 1,095,331 cubic
yards valued at $1,061,428; as against a value of $723,773 in
1908 and $941,627 in 1907. About 80 per cent of the total was
used as road metal, the remainder for concrete work and bal-
last. Six firms were in operation in Rockland county, the quar-
ries situated at Haverstraw, Rockland Lake, Mt Ivy and West
Nyack. One firm was in operation in the town of Greenfield,
Saratoga co.

Among the changes in the industry were the formation of
the Haverstraw Crushed Stone Co., taking over the Long Clove

88 NEW YoRK STATE MUSEUM

Trap Rock Co. and Haverstraw Trap Rock Co., and the forma-
tion of the Ramapo Trap Rock Co., the latter not being active
in IgoO.

Production of trap

1908 ; 1909
MATERIAL Pes ll—~—S
CUBIC CUBIC
one VALUE vase VALUE
Crushed stone for roads... .:| 755 754.) $594 937 868 650 $823 696
Crushed stone for other pur-

POSCSE gouged slcee Oe kgs eras 175 144 138 026 226 681 237 Fae
Pavine blocks, etc ico icin ca ain eee ee | Nn ae ee ae
QERCTS Gwe Gree eee ee Dene Q10 | ..... 6520 ee

Potal Qizechs 23 ae ee 932 ol: | $723 773 |1 O95 331 Ibe COr aaa
TEAC

The talc mines in St Lawrence county were operated last year
on about the usual scale. During the last decade the production
has averaged about 65,000 tons a year and has not varied from
that amount by more than a few thousand tons. In 1907 the total
fell off to 59,000 tons, due to the destruction by fire of one of the
large mills, but this shortage was counterbalanced in 1908 by an
output of 70,739 tons. In 1909 the production may be placed at
about 65,000 tons. The value of the product was approximately
$617,500 as compared with $697,390 in 1908.

A general description of the St Lawrence county deposits and of
their industrial development was given in the issue of this report

for 1908. Following the recent consolidation of mining interests —

by which the properties formerly operated by the United States
Tale Co. and the Union Tale Co. came under the control of the
International Pulp Co., no further changes of note have occurred.
The latter company has been for some time the largest producer in
the region and now occupies a dominant position in the production
and sale of ground talc in this country.

The Ontario Tale Co. was the only independent producer in the
district last year. The Uniform Fibre Talc Co. of New York, has a
mill under construction at Talcville and is expected to begin opera-
tions during the current season. Its mining property is on Winter-
green hill, just west of Talcville. ;

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY igog 89

Production of talc in New York

SHORT : VALUE
s as TONS eaters PER TON
RP Se Oe yc eg Vial ela ed 46 089 | $399 443 $8 67
7. gt a a ae ee ee 57 009 3960 936 6 96
EE ace efor yale Uinta eed wits ware ees ae 54 350 4TI 430 7 aa
ERM es. is ree ee tia carn She te oes ate vas 54 655 438 150 8 02
C0 3 oe he aeba e. o2. 0 are ake oe 63 500 499 500 7 87
NM re) Fee aca ave Pah e ea hc x ee ata eS 62 200 483 600 6 99
EMME PECL oo 8 GNSS spe Ye of ae orene yas “ba 71 100 615 350 8 65
UMM agloG SNe ae mca Otay neh Se ie is wl die a a4, 3 en 60 230 421 600 ee en
EN bc So a a a wird oat, Ash 6) wut a 65 000 455 000 Flee
te eee Sc noe oS oie dr ae ois areca ate 7 000 519 250 ea
Ea CEE a eae ne re ee ee 64 200 541 600 8 43
EE NN et oo, oy. tase Saeea Tal, wana Bheght ta a “a 59 000 EOE +500). 8 50
EIR Se Sie a a Re Se 70 739 697 390 9 86
Mt Niet aa ala is valet oe Wake, o Pa. cbacehs 65 000 617 500 9 50

The tale from the St Lawrence county mines is mainly of fibrous
nature and it is this feature which makes it particularly valuable for
incorporation in paper stock. The foliated variety occurs in some
of the deposits but is utilized to a smaller extent; it is admixed in
small amount with the fibrous article or is ground separately for
coating of wall papers and other uses.

Though the district which hes southeast of Gouverneur has at-
tracted most attention, the occurrence of talc elsewhere in the Adi-
rondack region has long been known. During 1909 a deposit situ-
ated near Natural Bridge, Lewis co., was under development by the
St Lawrence Talc & Asbestos Co. The talc is found there in some-
what similar relations geologically to those in the more northerly
district, but it has the character rather of amorphous talc or soap-
stone, resembling the material from the Southern States. The recent
operations are reported to have revealed a large quantity of rock
of good quality. Natural Bridge is near the southern end of the
belt of crystalline limestones and schists which belong to the same
series as the limestones and schists in which the fibrous tale deposits
are found, the two belts being about 10 miles apart and trending
parallel in a northeast-southwest direction.

LIN Dex

Accord, millstones, 51.

Adirondack Spar Co., 34.

Adirondacks, garnet, 8, 35; gold
sands, 16-20; granite, 76; graphite,
8, 375 ibony ore, 6, 40; "pyrite, (O3-
talc, 80.

Akron, gypsum, 41, 43.

Akron Natural Gas Co., 60.

Albany, crude clay, 32.

Albany county, brick, 27, 29; ciay
industry, 24, 25; drain tile and
sewer pipe, 30; lime, 80; limestone,
81, 82; pottery, 31.

Alden-Batavia Natural Gas Co., 60

Alfred Clay Co., 30.

Algonquin Red Slate Co., 52.

Allegany county, building tile, 30;
clay industry, 25, 30; natural gas,
57, 58, 59; petroleum, 60, 61.

Allegany Pipe Line Co., 61.

Allen-Salem Oil Co., 59.

Alligerville, millstones, 51.

Amboy station, pottery clays, 32.

Amenia, pottery clays, 32.

American Garnet Co., 35.

American Glue Co., 35.

Anthony’s Nose, pyrite, 63.

Antwerp, hematite, 46; pyrite, 63.

Ausable Forks, granite, 76, 77.

Ausable Forks Granite Co., 76.

Ballston Springs, 53, 54.
Barrett Manufacturing Co., 34.
Barton, H. H. & Sons, 35.
Batchellerville, feldspar, 34.
Beck Slate Co., 72.

Benson Mines Co., 46.
Bethlehem Steel Co., 48.

Blue Corundum Mining Co., 33.
Bluestone, 84-85.

Borst, C. A., 46, 50, 52.
Bradford, Pa., petroleum, 61.

Brick, 6, 9-13, 23, 24, 25-26; prices.
26, 28; sand-lime, 60. ~

Brickmaking clays, 23.

Brooklyn, electrical supplies, 31;
sand-lime brick, 69; a Bien
31; sewer pipe, 30.

Brooklyn Vitrified Tile Works, 31.

Broome county, clay industry, 25.

Buffalo, china tableware, 31.

Buffalo Cement Co., 42.

Buffalo Sandstone Brick Co., 69.

Building brick, see Brick.

Building marble, 83.

Building materials, value of output,
6.

Building operations, 23.

Building stone, 7, 74-76; from
granite, 77, 78; from limestone, 78,
79, 80, 81, 82; from sandstone, 86.

Building tile, 3o.

Burns, petroleum, 61.

Burns Oil & Gas Co., 59.

Byron, mineral waters, 54.

Canaseraga, 59; petroleum, 61.

Canisteo, natural gas, 59.

Canton, pyrite, 63.

Carbon dioxid, 55, 57.

Carbonate, 45.

Cattaraugus county, clay industry,
25; mineral paint, 52; natural gas,
58, 50; petroleum, 60.

Cayuga county, brick, 27; clay in-
dustry, 25; drain tile and sewer
pipe, 30; gypsum, 39, 41, 42; lime-
stone, 81, 82.

Cement, 20-22; value of output, 7.

Chateaugay Ore & Iron Co., 46.

Chautauqua county, bluestone, 84;
brick, 27; clay industry, 25; nat-
ural gas, 57, 590; paving brick, 29.

Chazy limestone, 81, 83.

INDEX TO MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY OI

Cheever mine, 47-48.

Cheever Iron Ore Co., 46, 48.

Chemung, spring, 54.

Chemung county, brick, 27; clay in-
dustry, 25.

Chenango county, sandstone, 86.

Chili, pottery clays, 32.

China tableware, 31.

Clarence, limestone, 8o.

Claspka Mining Co., 34.

Pea GO. . 22-33- cride, 9-13; 32-33;
products, 9-13.

Clay materials, 6, 23-25.

Clifton Springs, 54.

Clinton, mineral paint, 52.

Clinton county, brick, 27; building
stone, 80; clay industry, 25;
granite, 77; lime, 79, 80; lime-
stone, 81, 82; marble, 83.

Clinton hematites, 49-50, 52.

Clinton Metallic Paint Co., 52.

Clinton ores, 6.

Clinton sandstones, 84.

Coal beds in the State, 14.

Columbia county, brick, 27, 29; clay
industry, 24, 25; limestone, 81, 82;
mineral waters, 54.

Columbia Pipe Line Co., 6r.

Concrete, from limestone, 79.

Cornwall, granite, 77.

Crown Point Spar Co., 34.

Crushed stone, 7, 74-76; from
granite, 77, 78; from limestone,
78, 79, 81, 82; from trap, 86.

Crystalline limestones, 78.

Curbing, 7, 75, 76; from limestone,
79; from sandstone, 84, 86.

Cuylerville, salt, 67.

Deep Rock spring, 54.

Delaware county, bluestone, 84;
mineral paint, 52.

Delaware river, sandstone, 86.

Dewitt, gypsum, 41.

Dover, iron ores, 50.

Dover White Marble Co., 83.

Drain tile, 24, 30.

Dunkirk, natural gas, 59.

Dutchess county, brick, 27, 28, 209;
clay industry, 24, 25; crushed
stone, 79; kaolin, 32; lime, So;
limestone, 78, 81, 82; limonites, so;
marble, 75, 82; pottery clays, 32;
sandstone, 84.

Dvyett Sand-Lime Brick Co., 69.

Eagle Bridge, mineral paint, 52.

Earthenware, 31, 32.

Easton, Pa., emery, 33.

Electrical supplies, 31, 32.

Elko Paimt Co, 62.

Emery, 9-13, 33.-

Emery Pipe Line Co., 61..

Empire Gas & Fuel Co., 58.

Empire Limestone Co., 80.

Enterprise Slate Co., 72.

Erie county, brick, 27; building stone,
80; cement, 22; clay industry, 24,
25; crushed stone, 79; drain tile
and sewer pipe, 30; fireproofing,
30; gypsum, 39, 41; limestone, 78,
80, 81, 82; molding sand, 68; nat-
ural gas, 57, 59; pottery, 31.

Esopus stone, 50.

Essex county, feldspar, 34; garnet,
35; granite, 76.

Excelsior Red Slate Co., 72.

Faxon, W. H., 37.

Feldspar, 9-13, 33-34.

Ferndale Slate Co., 72.

Fire brick, 24, 20.

Fireproofing, 6, 23, 24, 30.

Flagging, 7, 75, 76; from limestone,
‘79; from sandstone, 86.

Floor tile, 31.

Flux, see Furnace flux.

Fords Brook Pipe Line Co., 61,

Forestville, natural gas, 59.

Fort Ann, trap, 87.

Fort Montgomery, iron ores, 46.

Frankford, Pa., emery, 33.

Franklin county, sandstone, 84.

Front brick, 23, 24, 26; prices, 26.

Frost Gas Co., 50.

Fulton county, clay industry, 25;
granite, 77; limestone, 81, 82.

Q2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Furnace flux, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82.
Furnaceville Iron Co., 46, 49, 52.

Garbutt, gypsum, 41, 43.

Garnet, 8, 9-13, 34-37.

Gas, see Natural gas.

Genesee county, crushed stone, 79;
drain tile and sewer pipe, 30; gyp-
sum, 39, 41; limestone, 78, 80, 81,
82; mineral waters, 54; natural
gas, 50, 60.

Genesee Salt Co., 67.

German American
Cox. 30;

Geysers Natural Carbonic Gas Co.,
57:

Glacial clays, 23.

Glass sand, 9-13.

Glens Falls, feldspar, 34; limestone,
8&3; sand-lime brick, 60.

Gneiss, 77.

Gold sands, in the Adirondacks, 16-
20.

Gouverneur, limestone, 80; marble,
82, 83.

Granger, petroleum, 60.

Granite (village), millstones, 51.

Granite, 9-13, 75, 76-78. |

Granite Brick Co., 60.

Grant Brick Co., 60.

Granville Slate Co., 72:

Graphite, 8, 9-13, 37-38.

Great Bear spring, 54.

Greene county, bluestone, 84; brick,
27, 29; clay’ industry, 25: lime-
stone, 81, 82; paving brick, 20.

Greenfield, trap, 87.

Greenport, 21.

Griswold farm, 509.

Gypsum, 7, 9-13, 38-44; chemical
composition, 42; manufacture of
plasters, 43-44; methods of ex-
traction, 42; notes on, 39-44.

Roofing Tile

Hampden Corundum Wheel Co., 33.
Hatmaker, B. J., 18.

Haverstraw, trap, 87.

Haverstraw Crushed Stone Co., 87.
Haverstraw Trap Rock Co., 88.
Helderberg limestone, 78,

Hematite, 45, 46, 49, 52.

Herkimer county, building stone, 80;
granite, 76; limestone, 81, 82;
mineral paint, 52.

High Falls Pyrite Co., 63.

Higrade Slate Co., 72,

Hudson Iron Co., 46. -

Hudson river region, brick produc-
tion, 27-28; molding sand, 68;
sandstone, 84, 86.

Prd 2 Ac Jie!

Hydraulic cement, value of output,
ie

Illuminating gas, I5.
International Pulp Co., 88.
International Salt Co., 55, 67.
Iron ore, 6, 9-13, 44-50.
Iroquois Salt Co., 67.

Ithaca, salt, 65:

Jefferson county, brick, 27; clay in-
dustry, 25; granite, 76; hematite,
46; lime, 79, 80; limestone, 78, 80,
81, 82; paving blocks, 77; pyrite,
63; sandstone, 84.

Joker-Bonanza ore body, 47.

Joseph Dixon Crucible Co., 27

Kaolin, 32.

Keith; N.S, ac.

Kelly Iron Ore Corporation, 50.

Kemp, J. §.,, cited; a7:

Kendall Refining Co., 61.

Kerhonkson, millstones, 51.

Keystone Emery Mills, 33.

Kings county, building tile, 30; clay
industry, 24, 25; drain tile and
sewer pipe, 30; fireproofing, 30;
pottery, 31.

Kingston, millstones, 51.

Kinkel, P. H., Sons, 34.

Kyserike, millstones, 51.

Lake Sanford, iron ores, 49.

Lakeville, iron ores, 46.

Lancaster, J. R., 33.

Lancaster-Depew Natural Gas Co.,
60,

Lebanon Springs, 53, 54.

—= ss tC

INDEX TO MINING

Ledoux & Co., 18.

Leighton, Henry, clay, 22-33; slate,

70-74; stone, 74-88.

Lewis county, analyses of sands
from, 18; lime, 80; limestone, 81,
82; talc, 80.

~—

Monroe county, brick, 27;

gly

Lime, 75, 78, 79-80, 81, 82.

Limestone, 9-13, 75, 76, 78-82.

Limonite, 45, 50.

Lincoln Spring Co., 55, 57.

Little Falls, granite, 77.

Livingston county, brick, 27;
industry, 25; natural gas, 59;
industry, 7, 65, 66.

Locke, Prof., 18.

Long Clove Trap Rock Co., 87.

Long Island clays, 23, 31, 32.

clay
salt

Ludowici-Celadon Roofing Tile Co.,.

30, 31.
Lyon Mountain, iron ores, 46.

=|

Madison county, clay industry, 25;
drain tile and sewer pipe, 30;
gypsum, 40; limestone, 81, 82.

Magnetite, 45, 40.

: Malden, clays, 30.

Manlius, gypsum, 4r.

Marble, 9-13, 75, 82-83.

Massena Springs, 54.

Mathews Slate Co., 72, 73.

Medina sandstone, 84.

Metallic paint, 9-13.

Millstones, 9-13, 50-51.

Mineral industry, value of output,
BO.

Mineral paint, 51-53.

Mineral waters, 8, 9-13, 53-57; mei
of annual sales, 56.

Mineville, iron ores, 46-47.

Mining field in New York State,
limitations, 13-20

Molding sand, 68.

building
tile, 30; clay industry, 25; drain
tile and sewer pipe, 30; fireproof-
ing, 30; gypsum, 39, 41; limestone,
81, 82; pottery clays, 32; sand-
stone, 84.

Montgomery county limestone, 81, 82.

Monumental stone, 7, 75, 76; from
granite, 77, 78; marble, 83.

AND

QUARRY INDUSTRY I9QOQ

93

Mt Bigelow, garnet, 35.
Mt Ivy, trap, 87.

Mount View, spring, 54.
Myers, salt, 65.

Nassau county, brick, 27; clay in-
dustry, 25; pottery, 31.

National Pyrites Co., 6

Natural Bridge, talc, 8o.

Natural Carbonic Gas Co., 55, 57.

Natural g@as, 8 g-13;, 15, 16, 57-60;
value of output, 8.

Natural rock cement, 7, 9-13, 21, 22.

Nelson & Guthrie, 72.

Nevius, J. N., cited, 17.

New Paltz, millstones, 51.

New York, sanitary ware, 31.

New York Carbonic Acid Gas Co.,
55, 57.

New York county, fireproofing, 3o.

New York-New England Cement &
Lime Co., 22.

New York Purple Slate Co., 73.

New York Transit Co., 61.

Newport, building stone, 80.

Newport Construction Co., &o.

Niagara county, brick, 27; clay in-
dustry, 25; limestone, 80, 81, 82;
natural gas, 59; sandstone, 84.

Niagara Light, Heat & Power Co.,
60.

Niagara limestone, 78, 80.

North Creek, garnet, 35.

North Leroy, limestone, 8o.

North River Garnet Co., 35, 36.

Northeast, limonites, 50.

Northumberland, trap, 87.

Oak Orchard springs, 54.
Oakfield, gypsum, 41, 43.

Ocher, 52.
Ogdensburg, mineral paint, 52.
Oil City, Pa., natural gas, 58.

Oil fields, 15, 16,

Old Sterling Iron Co., 46.

Olean, natural gas, 58; petroleum,
Or.

Oliver Mining Co., 63.

Oneida county, brick, 27; clay in-
dustry, 25; hematite, 46; limestone,
81; mineral paint, 52; sand, 69.

94 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM -

Onondaga Coarse Salt Association,
65.

Onondaga county, brick, 27; building
stone, 80; cement, 22; clay in-
dustry, 24, 25; crushed stone, 79;
tile and sewer pipe, 30; fireproof-
ing, 30; gypsum, 30, 41, 42; lime-
stone, 78, 81, 82; natural gas, 590;
pottery, 31, 32; salt industry, 7, 65,
66, 67.

Onondaga limestones, 75, 78, 80.

Ontario, mineral paint, 52.

Ontario county, brick, 27; clay in-
dustry, 25; drain tile and sewer
pipe, 30; gypsum, 41; mineral
waters, 54; natural gas, 59; pot-
tery, 31.

Ontario Iron Ore Co., 45, 46, 40.

Ontario Dale (Co: 22:

Orange county, brick; 927,28, 25°
clay industry, 24, 25; granite, 77.
Orleans county, building stone, 85;

sandstone, 84, 86.
Ossining, marble, 83.
Oswego county, natural gas, 57, 59,

Palisades, trap, 87.

Paper, made from talc, 80.

Paragon Plaster Co., 60.

Pavilion field, 60.

Paving blocks, from granite, 77;
from sandstone, 84, 85, 85; from
trap, 88.

Paving brick, 23, 24, 20.

Peekskill, emery, 33.

Pekin, limestone, 80.

Peppel, S. V.; cited; 60.

Petroleum, 8, o-13, 15, 60-02:

Plattsburg, marble, 83.

Pomfret, natural gas, 59.

Porcelain, 32.

Port Henry Iron Ore Co., 46.

Port Jefferson, sand-lime brick, 6c.

Port Richmond, trap, 87.

Portland cement, 7, 9-13, 21, 22.

Potsdam sandstone, 84.

Pottery"6, °Q-13))°23; 24, e132.

Prairie Slate Co., 72. }

Presbrey) O) Sag,

Producers Gas Co., 58.

Pyrite, 9-13, 62-63.
Pyrrhotite, 63.

Quarry products, value, 7.

Quartz, 9-13.

Queens county, clay industry, 24, 25;
tefta COlta, aie

Railroad ballast, from limestone, 79.

Ramapo Trap Rock Co., 88.

Randolph, mineral paint, 52.

Remington Salt Co., 67.

Rensselaer county, brick, 27, 20;
clay industry, 25; fireproofing, 30;
limestone, 81, 82; sandstone, 84.

Retsof Mining Co., 67.

Richfield Springs, 53, 54.

Richmond county, brick, 27; clay in-
dustry, 24, 25; tetra jeotbas sam
trap, 87.

Ricketts & Banks, 18.

Riprap, 75; from granite, 78; from
limestone, 79; from sandstone, 86.

Road metal, from limestone, 79;
from trap, 88.

Rochester, petroleum, 61;
pipe, 30.

Rochester Composite Brick Co., 60.

Rock Glen Salt Co., 67.

Rock salt, 7, 67.

Rockland county, brick, 27, 28, 20;
clay industry; 24,7 saee
stone, 77, 79; granite, 77; traps, 87.

Rockland Lake, trap, 87.

Roofing slate, 9-13, 70.

Roofing tile, 30.

Rosendale cement, 21.

Rossie Iron Ore Paint Co., 52.

Roxbury, mineral paint, 52.

Rubble, 74, 75; from granite, 78;
from limestone, 79; from sand-
stone, 86. ;

Ruedemann, Rudolf, cited, 47.

Rutland-Florence Marble Co., 83.

sewer

St Josen, millstones, 51.

St Lawrence county, hematite, 52;
limestone, 78, 80, 81, 82; marble, —
82; mineral waters, 54; pyrite, 63;
sandstone, 84; talc, 8, 88.

crushed . —

INDEX TO MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I909Q 95

St Lawrence Pyrite Co., 63.

St Lawrence river, granite, 76.

St Lawrence Talc & Asbestos Co.,
89. (tent

Salisbury mine, 48-49.

Salisbury Steel & Iron Co., 45, 46,
48.

Salt, 7; 9-13, 64-67.

Sand, €8-6o0.

Sand-lime brick, 60.

Sanders farm, 509.

Sanford hill, iron ores, 49.

Sandstone, 9-13, 75, 76, 84-86.

Sandstone Brick Co., 609.

Sanitary supplies, 31, 32.

Saratoga county, brick, 27; clay in-
dustry, 25; drain tile and sewer

pipe, 30; feldspar, 34; limestone,

81, 82; trap, 87.

Saratoga Springs, 53, 54, 55, 57.

Schenectady, electrical supplies, 31;
sand-lime brick, 69.

Schenectady Brick Co., 60.

Schenectady county, clay industry,
25; pottery, 31.

Schoharie county, building stone, 80;
limestone, 81, 82.

Schuyler county, natural gas, 59;
salt, 65, 67.

Seneca county, gypsum, 41; natural
gas, 59; limestone, 81, 82.

Sewer pipe, 24, 30.

Shale brick, 23.

Sharon Springs, 53, 54.

Shenandoah, kaolin, 32.

Sheridan, natural gas, 50.

Sienna, 52.

Silver Creek, natural gas, 509.

Slate, 9-13, 53, 70-74.

Solvay Process Co., 65, 67, 78, 80.

South Dover, marble, 82, 83.

South Dover Marble Co., 83.

South Shore Gas Co., 59.

Spring waters, 54.

Springfield, Mass., emery, 33.

Springville Natural Gas Co., 60.

Staten Island clays, 23, 31, 32.

Stellaville, pyrite, 63.

' Sterling Iron & Railway Co., 46.

Sterling Salt Co., 67.

Steuben county, brick, 27; clay in-
dustry, 25; natural gas, 58, 50;
paving brick, 29; petroleum, 60;
tetra. Cotta; 31.

Stone, 74-88. See also Building
stone; Crushed stone; Monumental
stone. »

Stoneware, 31, 32.

Storm King Stone Co., 77.

Stove lining, 24, 20.

Stroudsburg, Pa., emery, 33.

Suffolk county, brick, 27; clay in-
dustry, 25.

Sullivan county, bluestone, 84.

Sun Ray spring, 54.

Sutphen process, 17, 20.

Swain, natural gas, 59; petroleum,
61.

Syenite Trap Rock Co., 77.

Syracuse, china tableware, 31; elec-
trical supplies, 31; sand-lime brick,

69.

Talc, 8, 9-13, 88-80.

Tanite Co., 33.

Ferra cotta, 6, 29,34; 37.

Terra cotta tile, 30.

Ticonderoga, feldspar, 34.

Tide Water Pipe Line Co., 61.

Tile, G, 230: SA, 30%

Tompkins county, clay industry, 25;
salt, 65, 67.

Trap, 9-13, 75, 76, 86-88.

Trenton limestone, 83.

Troy, mineral paint, 52.

Tuckahoe, marble, 83.

Tully, salt, 65.

Ulster county, bluestone, 84; brick,
27, 28, 29; clay industry, 24,- 25,
30; lime, 80; limestone, 81, 82;
millstones, 51.

Uniform Fibre Talc Co., 88.

Union Carbide Co., 78, 8o.

Union Pipe Line Co., 6r.

Union Springs, gypsum, 4I.

Union Talc Co., 88.

United Natural Gas Co., 58, 60.

United States Talc Co., 88.

Vacuum Oil Co., 61.

96 Cpaee NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ‘eee

Victor, electrical supplies, 31;
sum, 4I.

8yp-

Walker farm, 509.
Warners, pottery clay, 32.

Warren county, clay \industry, 25;
lime, 79, 80; limestone, 81, 82.
Washington county, clay industry,
25; drain tile and sewer pipe, 30;

lime, 80; limestone, 81, 82; mineral -

paint, 52; slate, 5706
trap, 87.

Watkins, salt, 65.

Watkins Salt Co., 67.

Wawarsing, millstones, 51.

Wayne county, drain tile and sewer
pipe, 30; gypsum, 41; hematite,
46; iton ores, 49; mineral paint,
52; sandstone, 84.

Wayne Iron Ore Co., 49.

Wellsville, nautral gas,
eum,-61.

pottery, 31;

58; petrol-

West Nyack, trap, 87.
West Sheridan, natural gas, 59.
West Union, petroleum, 60.
Westchester county, brick, 27, | :
clay industry, 24, 25; emery, aa
feldspar, 34; granite, 77; lane a
stone, 81, 82; marble, 83; notte ie
31.
Wheatland, gypsum, 4r.
Wheeler, E. J., mentioned, 17, |
Whitehall, sienna, 52. _ ;
William Connors Paint Manufae- -
ture ‘Co 5a
Williams Bros., 72. :
Williamsville, “limestone, 80. eae
Witherbee, Sherman & Gee 46, 48. 4
Worcester, Mass., mineral paint, 52,
Worcester Salt Ca 6... ee
Wyoming county, bluestone: 8s: 1at-
ural gas, 59; salt, 65, 67; sand-
stone, 86. |

Yates county, natural gas, 59. __

New York State Education Department
New York State Museum

Joun M. Crarxez, Director

PUBLICATIONS

Packages will be sent prepaid except when distance or weight renders the
Same impracticable. On 1o or more copies of any one publication 20%
discount will be given. Editions printed are only iarge enough to meet
special claims and probable sales. When the sale copies are exhausted,
the price for the few reserve copies is advanced to that charged by second-
hand booksellers, in order to limit their distribution to cases of special
need. Such prices are inclosed in[]. All publications are in paper covers,
unless binding is specified. Checks or money orders should be addressed
and payable to New York State Education Department.
Museum annual reports 1847-date. All in print to 1894, 50c a volume, 75c in

cloth; 1894-date, sold in sets only; 75c each for octavo volumes; price of

quarto volumes on application.

These reports are made up of the reports of the Director, Geologist, Paleontologist, Botanis
and Entomologist, and museum bulletins and memoirs, issued as advance sections of the
reports. j

Director’s annyal. reports 1904—date.

1904. TZ8P. 20C. 1907. 212p. 63pl. soc.
1905. £oRD. 23pl. 3oc. 1908. 234p. 39pl. map. 4oc.
1906. 186p. 4rpl. 35¢. I909. 230p. 4rpl. 2 maps, 4 charts, 45C¢.

These reports cover the reports of the State Geologist and of the State Paleontologist.
Bound also with the museum reports of which they form a part.

Geologist’s annual reports 1881-date. Rep’ts 1, 3-13, 17-date, Svo; 2,
14-16, 4to.

In 1898 the paleontologic work of the State was made distinct from the geologic and was
reported separately from 1899-1903. The two departments were reunited in 1904, and are
now reported in the Director’s report.

The annual reports of the original Natural History Survey, 1837-41, are out of print.

Reports 1-4, 1881-84, were published only in separate form. Of the sth report 4 pages
were reprinted in the 39th museum report, and a supplement to the 6th report was included
in the 40th museum report. The 7th and subsequent reports are included in the 4rst and
following museum reports, except that certain lithographic plates in the 11th report (1891)
and 13th (1893) are omitted from the 4sth and 47th museum reports.

Separate volumes of the following only are available.

Report Price Report Price Report Price
12 (1892) $.50 17 $.75 aI 3.40
14 75 18 75 22 2-40
15, 2V. 2 19 ~40 23 45
16 I 20 -50 [See Director’s annual reports}

Paleontologist’s annual reports 1899-date.

See first note under Geologist’s annual reports.

Bound also with museum reports of which they form a part. Reports for 1899 and 1900
may be had for 20c each. Those for 1901-3 were issued as bulletins. In 1904 combined
with the Director’s report.

Entomologist’s annual reports on the injurious and other insects of the
State of New York 1882-date.
Reports 3-20 bound also with museum reports 40-46, 48-58 of which they form a part.

Since 1898 these reports have been issued as bulletins. Reports 3-4, 17 are out of print,
other reports with prices are:

Report Price Report Price Report Price

I $.50 10 $.35 18 (Bul. 64) $.20

2 +30 xx 25 79 (:3" 76). .28

5 .25 12 .25 ao(® 097) .40

6 35 13 Free at(‘“* 104) .25

7 26 14 (Bul. 23) .20 oe (CS. xz0) a8

th 8 25 15 z + SHR Gaede 7
9 93 16 36) .a5 Bat SEC) SES

as (“°° 141) .35
Reports 2, 8-12 may also be obtained bound in cloth at asc each in addition to the price
given above. .

Botanist’s annual reports 1867-—date.

Bound also with museum reports 21-date of which they form a part; the first Botanist's
report appeared in the 21st museum report and is numbered 21. Reports 21-24, 29, 31-41
were not published separately.

Separate reports for 1871-74, 1876, 1888-98 are out of print. Report for 1899 may be had
for 20c; t900 for soc. Since rgor these reports have been issued as bulletins.

NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

Descriptions and illustrations of edible, poisonous and unwholesome fungi of New York
have also been published in volumes 1 and 3 of the 48th (1894) museum report and in volume
x of the 49th (1895), 51st (1897), 52d (1898). 54th (1900), 55th (1901), in volume 4 of the
56th (1902), in volume 2 of the 57th (1903), in volume 4 of the 58th (1904), in volume 2
of the soth (1905), 60th (1906), in volume 2 of the 61st (1907) and 62d (1908) reports.
The descriptions and illustrations of edible and unwholesome species contained in the 4gth,
sist and 52d reports have been revised and rearranged, and, combined with others more
recently prepared, constitute Museum memoir 4. . :

Museum bulletins 1887-date. 8vo. To advance subscribers, $2 a year or $1

a year for division (1) geology, economic geology, paleontology, mineralogy;
soc each jor divisions (2) general zoology, archeology and miscellaneous, (3)

botany, (4) entomology.

Bulletins are grouped in the list on the following pages according to divisions.
The divisions to which bulletins belong are as follows: -

t Zoology 48 Geology 95 Geology

2 Botany 49 Paleontology 96

3 Economic Geology 50 Archeology 97 Entomology

4 Mineralogy 51 Zoology 98 Mineralogy

5 Entomology 52 Paleontology 99 Paleontology

6 53 Entomology 100 Economic Geology
7 Economic Geology 54 Botany tort Paleontology

8 Botany 55 Archeology 102 Economic Geology
9 Zoology 56 Geology 103 Entomology

ro Economic Geology 57 Entomology 104 cs

Ir ae 58 Mineralogy 105 Botany

12 e 59 Entomology 106 Geology

13 Entomology 60 Zoology 107 «

14 Geology 61 Economic Geology 108 Archeology

15 Economic Geology 62 Miscellaneous Iog Entomology

16 Archeology 63 Paleontology IIo 5

17 Economic Geology 64 Entomology 11r Geology

18 Archeology 65 Paleontology 112 Economic Geology
19 Geology 66 Miscellaneous 113. Archeology

20 Entomology 67 Botany 114 Paleontology

21 Geology 68 Entomology 11s Geology

22 Archeology 69. Paleontology 116 Botany

23 Entomology 70 Mineralogy 117 Archeology

24 “3 71 Zoology 118 Paleontology

25 Botany 72 Entomology 119 Economic Geology
26 Entomology 73 Archeology - 120 ze

27 < 74 Entomology 121 Director’s report for 1907
28 Botany 75 Botany 122 Botany

29 Zoology 76 Entomology 123 Economic Geology
30 Economie Geology 77 Geology 124 Entomology
31 Entomology 78 Archeology 125 Archeology

32 Archeology 79 Entomology’ ~- 126 Geology
33 Zoology 80 Paleontology 127 of

34 Paleontology 81 cs 128 Paleontology

35 Economic Geology 82 129 Entomology
36 Entomology 83 Geology 130 Zoology
37 ‘ 84 % 131 Botany

38 Zoology 85 Economic Geology 132 Economic Geology
39 Paleontology 86 Entomology 133 Director’s report for 1908
40 Zoology 87 Archeology 134 Entomology

41 Archeology 88 Zoology 135 Geology

42 Paleontology 89 Archeology 136 Entomology

43 Zoology | 90 Paleontology 137 Geology

44 Economic Geology ot Zoology 138 5

45 Paleontology 92 Paleontology 139 Botany

46 Entomology 93 Economic Geology 140 Director’s report for 1909
47 94 Botany 141 Entomology

142 Economic geology
Bulletins are also found with the annual reports of the museum as follows:

Bulletin Report Bulletin Report Bulletin Report Bulletin Report
12-15 48,Vv.1 69 56, Vv. 2 97 58, Vv. 5 125 62,V. 3
16,17 50,V.1 70, 971 57, Vo, pt. © . 98190. SOs 126-28 62, Vv. I
18,19 5I,V.1 72 57, Vel, Dt.2 noo Oy Nek 129 62, Vv. 2
40-25 52, Vist 73 57, Ve. 2 Iol 59, V. 2 130 62,Vv. 3
26=35 53, Vout 74 57. Ve I, Dt 2. - For KO, Wek 131,132 62,V. 2
32-34 54,V.1 oh 57, V. 2 103-5 59, Vv. 2 133 62, VV. F
35,36 54,V. 2 76 574 Ve ft, Dt2 |. “Foo 59, Vv. I 134 62, Vv. 2
37-44 54,003 77 575 Ve it, Dust | erOy 60, V. 2

45-48 54, Vv.4 78 B79 Wow 108 60, Vv. 3

49-54 55, Vv. 1 719 Si, Ve teeD ule 109, 11060, Vv. I

55 §6,'VeA 80 575 Vie\ Ly DbaE igo 0 & 0) ¥.02

56 56, Vv. 1 81,82 58, v.3 I12 60, v. t Memoir

57 56, Vv. 3 83,04 538, wer renee: 60,-Ve3 2 49, Vv. 3
58°. 56, "vet 85 58, Vv. 2 II4 60, v. I 3,4 53, V. 2
59,60 56,Vv.3 86 58, Vv. 5 IIs 60, Vv. 2 5,6 57a
61 BOy Weak 87-859 58, Vv. 4 116 60, Vv. I 7 57, Vv. 4
62 56, Vv. 4 90 58, Vv. 3 II7 60, Vv. 3 8, Ptr 59, V. 3
63 56, Vv. 2 OI 58, Vv. 4 118 60, Vv. I 8, pt 2 59, V. 4
64 56, v. 3 92 58, Vv. 3 II9-21 61, V. © 9, pt 1 60, Vv. 4 q
65, 56, Vv. 2 93 58, Vv. 2 I22 61, Vv. 2 9,Pt 2 62,Vv.4
66,67 56,Vv.4 94 58,V. 4 “123 61, Vv. 2 10 60, Vv. 5
68 56, ¥.4 95,96 58,v.1 124 61, Vv. 2 <x 61, Vv. 3

— eee

MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS

The figures at the beginning of each entry in the following list indicate its number as a
museum bulletin.

Geology. 14 Kemp, J. F. Geology of Moriah and Westport Townships,
Essex Co. N. Y., with notes on the iron mines. 38p. il. 7pl. 2 maps.
Sept. 1895. Free.

19 Merrill, F. J. H. Guide to the Study of the Geological Collections of
the New York State Museum. 164p. 119pl. map. Nov. 1898. Out of

rint.

Aaceree J. F. Geology of the Lake Placid Region. 24p. xrpl.map. Sept.
1898. Free.

48 Woodworth, J. B. Pleistocene Geology of Nassau County and Borough
of Queens. 58p. il. 8pl.map. Dec. Igor. 25¢c.

56 Merrill, F. J. H. Description of the State plants Map of 1901. 42p.
2 maps, tab. Nov.1g902. Free.

77 Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Vicinity of Little Falls, Herkimer Co.
98p. il. r5pl.2 maps. Jan. 1905. 3oc.

83 Woodworth, J.B. Pleistocene Geology of the Mooers Quadrangle. 62p.
25pl. map. June T905; — 25¢.

84 Ancient Water Levels of the Champlain and Hudson Valleys. 2o06p.
il. ripl. 18 maps. July 1905. 45¢c.

95 Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Northern Adirondack Region. 188p.
15pl.3 maps. Sept. 1905. 30c

96 Ogilvie, I. H. Geology of ihe Paradox Lake Quadrangle. 54p. il. r7pl.
map. Dec. 1905. 3o0c.

106 Fairchild, H. L. Glacial Waters in the Erie Basin. 88p. 14pl. 9 maps.
Feb. 1907. Out of print.

107 Woodworth, J. B.; Hartnagel, C. A.; Whitlock, H. P.; Hudson, G. H.;
Clarke, J. M.; White, David & Berkey, CoP. Geological Papers. 3838p.
54pl. map. May 1907. oc, cloth.

Contents: Woodworth, J. B. Postglacial Faults of Eastern New York.
Hartnagel,C. A. Stratigraphic Relations of the Oneida Conglomerate.

Upper Siluric and Lower Devonic Formations of the Skunnemunk Mountain Region.

Whitlock, H. P. Minerals from Lyon Mountain, Clinton Co.

Hudson, G. H. On Some Pelmatozoa from the Chazy Limestone of New York.

Clarke, is M. Some New Devonic Fossils.

An Interesting Style of Sand-filled Vein.

Eurypterus Shales of the Shawangunk Mountains in Eastern New York.

White, David. A Remarkable Fossil Tree Trunk from the Middle Devonic of New York.
Berkey, C. P. Structural and Stratigraphic Features of the Basal Gneisses of the
Highlands,

111 Fairchild, H. L. Drumliins of New York. 6op. 28pl. 19 maps. July
1907. Out of print.

zw Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Long Lake Quadrangle. 88p. 2opl.

map. Sept. 1y07. Out of print.

ie Miller, W. J Geology of the Remsen Quadrangle. sap. il. r1pl. map.
an. 1909. 25

127 Fairchild, iH. ie Glacial Watersin Central New York. 64p. 27pl. 15 maps.
Mar. 190g. 40C.

135 Miller, W. J. Geology of the Port Leyden Quadrangle, Lewis County,
N. Y., 62p.il. 11 pl. map. Jan. rgro. ,

137 Luther, D. D. Geology of the Auburn- y, cee Quadrangles. 36p. map.
Mar. 1g10. 20¢.

138 Kemp, J. F. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. Geology of the Elizabethtown
and Port Henry Quadrangles. 176p.il.20 pl. 3 maps. Apr. 1910. 4oc.

Berkey, C. P. Geology of the Highlands of the Hudson. Jn preparation.

Cushing, H. P.; Fairchild, H. L.;Ruedemann, Rudolf & Smyth, C. H.
Geology of the Thousand Island Region. In press.

Economic geology. 3 Smock, J.C. Building Stone in the State of New
York. 154 Mar. 1888. Out of print.

7 First eport on the Iron Mines and Iron Ore Districts in the State
of New York. 78p. map. June 1889. Out of print.

be) Building Stone in New York. 210p. map, tab. Sept. 1890. 4oc.

1z Merrill, F. J. H. Salt and Gypsum Industries of New York. g4p. rapl.
2 maps, 11 tab. Apr. 1893. [5oc}

12 Lm Heinrich. Clay Industriesof New York. 174p. 1pl. il map. Mar.
1895. 30C.

NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

15 Merrill, F. J. H. Mineral Resources of New York. 240p.,2 maps.
Sept. 1895. [50c]

17 Road Materials and Road Building in New York. - 52p. r4pl. 2 maps.
Oet. £8074 7 5c: ie
30 Orton, Edward. Petroleum and Natural Gas in New York. 136p. il.

3 maps. Nov. 1899. _ 15c.

35 Ries, Heinrich. Clays of New York; their Properties and Uses. 4506p.
140opl. map. June 1goo. Out of print.

44 Lime and Cement Industries ot New York; Eckel, E. C. Chapters
on the Cement Industry. 332p. 1rorpl. 2 maps. Dec. 1901. 85¢c, cloth.

61 Dickinson, H. T. Quarries of Bluestone and other Sandstones in New
York. «4p. 18pl.2 maps. Mar. 1903. 1 a5c.

85 Rafter, G. W. Hydrology of New York State. go2p. il. 44pl. 5 maps.
May 1905. $1.50, cloth.

93 Newland, D. H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York. 78p.
July 1905. Out of print.

100 McCourt, W. E. Fire Tests of Some New York Building Stones. 4op.
26pl. Feb 1906. 1r5¢c.

102 Newland, D. H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1905.
162p. June 1906. Out of print. ©

I12 ee and Quarry Industry of New York 1906. 82p. July
1907. Out of print.

& Kemp, J. F. Geology of the Adirondack Magnetic Iron Ores
with a Report on the Mineville-Port Henry Mine Group. 184p. 14pl.
8 maps. Apr. 1908. 35c.

120 Newland, D.H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1907. 8ap.
July 1908. Out of print.

123 & Hartnagel, C. A. Iron Ores of the Clinton Formation in New
York State. . 76p. il. 14 pl. »3 maps.’ Nov. 1908. (esc:

132 Newland, D. H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1908. 98p.
July 1906. 056.

142 Mining and Quarry Industry of New York for 1909. 98p. August
LO LO. yes

Wineraines, 4 Nason, F.L. Some New York Minerals and their Localities
22p. ipl. Aug. 1888. Free.

58 Whitlock, H. P. Guide to the Mineralogic Collections of the New York
State Museum. ts5op. il. 39pl. 11 models. Sept. 1902. ‘4oc.

70 —— New York Mineral Localities. 11op. Oct. 1903. 20¢.

98 Contributions from the Mineralogic Laboratory. 38p. 7pl. Dec.
1905. Out of print.

Paleontology. 34 Cumings, EK. R. Lower Silurian System of Eastern Mont-
gomery County; Prosser, C. S. Notes on the Stratigraphy of Mohawk
Valley and Saratoga County, N. Y. 74p. 14pl. map. May 1900. 165¢c.

39 Clarke, J. M.; Simpson, G. B. & Loomis, F. B. Paleontologic Papers 1.
72p. il. 16pl. ‘Oct. 19060. 156,

Contents: Clarke, J. M. A Remarkable Occurrence of Orthoceras in the Oneonta Beds of
the Chenango Valley, N. Y.

—— Paropsonema cryptophya; a Peculiar Echinoderm fiom the Intumescens-zone
(Portage Beds) of Western New Yor

—— Dictyonine Hexactinellid Sponges ecw the Upper Devonic of New York.

—— The Water Biscuit of Squaw Island, Canandaigua Lake, N. Y.

Simpson, G. B. Preliminary Descriptions of New Genera of Paleozoic Rugose Corals.
Loomis, F. B. Siluric Fungi from Western New York.

42 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Hudson River Beds near ete and their Taxo-
nomic Equivalents. 116p. 2pl. map. . Apr: 2907. 25
45 Grabau. A. W. Geology and Paleontology of Bui gare Falls and Vicinity.
286p. il. r8pl. map. Apr. 1991. rae cloth, goc. \
49 Ruedemann, Rudolf; Clarke, J. M. & Wood, Eivira. Paleontologie
Papers 2. 240p. 13pl. Dec. 1901. Out of print.
Contents: Ruedemann, Rudolf. Trenton Conglomerate of Rysedorph Hill.
Clarke, J. M. Limestones of Central and Western New York Interbedded with Bitumi-
nous Shales of the Marcellus Stage.
Wood, Elvira. Marcellus Limestones of Lancaster, Erie Co., N. Y.
Clarke, J. M. New Agelacrinites.

Value of Amnigenia as an Indicator of Fresh-water Deposits during the Devonic of
New_York, Ireland and the Rhineland.

* MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS

52 Clarke, J. M. Report of the State Paleontologist 1901. 28op. il. ropl.
map, 1tab. July 1902. 40c.

63 & Luther, D. D. Stratigraphy of Canandaigua and Napies Quad-
rangles. ee map. June mgo4a. 25¢.

65 Clarke, J. M. Catalogue of Type Specimens of Paleozoic Fossils in the
New York State Museum. -848p. May 1903. $1.20, cloth.

— Report of the State Paleontologist 1902. 464p. s2pl. 7maps. Nov.

1903. $1, cloth.

Report of the State Paleontologist 1903. 396p. 29pl. 2 maps.

Feb. 1905. 85c, cloth.

81 & Luther, D. D. Watkins and Elmira Quadrangles. 32p. map.
Mar. 1905. 25¢c.
82 Geologic Map of the Tully Quadrangle. 4op.map. Apr. 1905. 20¢c.

90 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Cephalopoda of Beekniantown and Chazy For- |
mations of Champlain Basin. 224p. il. 38pl. May 1906. 75¢c, cloth.

92 Grabau, A. W. Guide to the Geology and Paleontology of the Schoharie
Region. 314p. il. 26pl. map. Apr. 1906. 75¢c, cloth.

99 Luther, D. D. Geology of the Buffalo Quadrangle. 32p. map. May
1906. 20C.

tor —— Geology of the Penn Yan-Hammondsport Quadrangles. 28p.
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114 Hartnagel, C. A. Geologic Map of the Rochester and Ontario Beach
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118 Clarke, J. M. & Luther, D. D. Geologic Maps and Descriptions of the
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128 Luther, D. D. Geology of the erievra: Ovid Quadrangles. 44p. map.
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Whitnall, H.O. Geology of the Morrisville Quadrangle. Prepared.

Hopkins, T.C. Geology of the Syracuse Quadrangle. In preparation.

Hudson, G.H. Geology of Valcour Island. In preparation.

Zoology. 1 Marshall, W. B. Preliminary List of New York Unionidae.
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9 —— Beaks of Unionidae Inhabiting the Vicinity of Albany, N. Y. 3op.
tpl. Aug. 1890. Free.

29 Miller, G. S. jr. Preliminary List of New York Mammals. 12g4p.
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33 Farr, M.S. Check List of New York Birds. 224p. Apr. 1900. 25¢c.

38 Miller, G. S. jr. Key to the Land Mammals of Northeastern North
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49? Simpson, G. B. Anatomy and Physiology of Polygyra albolabris and
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43 kee t: L. Clam and Scallop Industries of New York. 36p. 2pl.
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51 Eckel, E. C. & Paulmier, F. C. Catalogue of Reptiles and Batrachians
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Ecke!, E.C. Serpents of Northeastern United States.
Paulmier, F. C. Lizards, Tortoises and Batrachians of New York.

60 soit H. Catalogue of the Fishes of New York. 784p. Feb. 1903
$1, cloth.

71 Kellogg J. L. ie ris Habits and Growth of Venus mercenaria. 3op.
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88 Deiat, Elizabeth J. eore. List of the Mollusca of New York. 116p.
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91 Paulmier, F. C. Higher Crustacea of New York City. 78p. il. June
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130 Shufeldt, R.W. OsteologyofBirds. 382p. il. 26pl. May 1909. s5o0c.

Entomology. 5 Lintner, J. A. White Grub of the May Beetle. 34p. il.
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6 —— Cut-worms. 38p.il. Nov. 1888. Free.

NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

13 —— San José Scale and Some Destructive Insects of New York State.
54p. 7pl. Apr. 1895. 15¢e. of

29 Felt, E. P. Elm-leaf Beetle in New York State. 46p. il. 5pl. June
1898. Free.
See 57. ;

23 14th Report of the State Entomologist 1898. 150g. il. gpl. Dec.

1898. 20C.

Memorial of the Life and Entomologic Work of J. A. Lintner Ph.D.
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26 —— Collection, Preservation and Distribution of New York Insects.
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24

27 Shade Tree Pests in New York State. 26p. il. spl. May 1899.
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31 1sth Report of the State Entomologist 1899. 128p. June rgoo.
r5c

36 16th Report of the State Entomologist 1900. 118p. 16pl. Mar.

TOOL. | 25¢:

3 Catalogue of Some of the More Important Injurious and Beneficial
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46 —— Scale Insects of Importance and a List of the Species in New
York State. o4p: il. 15pl..* June reer. 2se-

47 Needham, J. G. & Betten, Cornelius. Aquatic Insects in the Adiron-
dacks. 234p. il. 36pl. Sept. 1901. 45c.

53 Felt, E. P. 17th Report of the State Entomologist IQol. 23200 i 6pl.
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Elm Leaf Beetle in New York State. 46p. il. 8pl. Aug. 1902.

Out of print.

57

This is a revision of 20 containing the more essential facts observed since that was pre-
pared.

59 Grapevine Root Worm. gop. 6pl. Dec. 1902. 15c.
ee 72.
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68 aN coda N el Crare sphere Aquatic Insects in New York. 322p. 52pl.
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72 Felt, E.P. Grapevine Root Worm. 58p. 13pl. Nov. 1903. 20¢.

This - a revision of 59 containing the more essential facts observed since that was
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74 —— & Joutel, L. H. Monograph of the Genus Saperda. 88p. By
June 1904. 25¢.

76 Felt, E. P. roth Report of the State Entomologist 1903. 150p. 4pl.

10904. 15¢.
79 —— Mosquitos or Culicidae of New York. 164p. il. 57pl. tab. Oct.
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86 Needham, hk G. & others. May Flies and Midges of New York. 352p.
il. 27pl. June 1905. 8oc, cloth.
97 Felt, E. P. 2zoth Report of the State Entomologist 1904. 246p. il. z9pl.
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103 Gipsy and Brown Tail Moths. 44p. 1opl. July 1906. 15¢. ;
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1906. -25¢;

109 ——— Tussock Moth and Elm Leaf Beetle. 34p.8pl. Mar. 1907. 20¢€.

110 —— 22d Report of the State Entomologist 1906. 3152p. spl. June
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124 —— 23d Report of the State Entomologist 1907. 542p. 44pl. il.
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129 ——— Control of Household Insects. 48p. il. May 1909. Out of print.

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134 sah Report of the State Entomologist 1908. 208p. r7pl. il) Sept.

Ava 35¢
136 Controlof Flies and Other Household Insects. 56p. il. Feb. 1910.
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This is a revision of 129 containing the more essential facts observed since that was
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I4I
IQIO.

Mee tein a = Monograph on Stone Flies. In preparation.

Botany. 2 Peck, C. H. Contributions to the Botany of the State of New
York. 2p. apl. May 1887. Out of print.

oe Report of the State Entomologist 1909. 178p. 22pl. il. July

8 Boleti of the United States. 98p. Sept. 1889. Out of print.

25 Report of the State Botanist 1898. 76p. 5pl. Oct. 1899. Out of
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28 Plants of North Elba. 206p. map. June 1899. 20¢.

54 —— Report of the State Botanist 1901. 58p.7pl. Nov. 1902. 4oc.

67 Report of the State Botanist 1902. 196p.5pl. May 1903. 5oc.

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94 Report of the State Botanist 1904. 6op. ropl. July 1905. 4oc. ee
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122 Report of the State Botanist 1907. 178p. spl. Aug. 1908. 4oc.
131 Report of the State Botanist1908. 202p. 4pl. July1g09. 4oc.

139 —— Report of the State Botanist 1909. 116p.1opl. Mays1g10. 465c.

Archeology. 16 Beauchamp, W. M. Aboriginal seeped Stone Imple-
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18 Polished Stone Articige used by the New rer Aborigines. r1o4p.

35pl. Nov. 1897. 25¢.

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Aboriginal Occupation of New York. 1g90p. 16pl. 2maps Mar.

1900. 30C.

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22

32

41
50
55
73

eoniony of the New York Iroquois. 340p.17pl. map. Feb. 1905.
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87 Perch Lake Mounds. 84p. 12pl. Apr. 1905. Out of print.

89 Aboriginal Use of Wood in New York. to90p. 35pl. June
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108 Giosiinal Place Names of New York. 336p. May 1907. 40c.

I13 Civil, Religious and Mourning Councils and Ceremonies of Adop-

tion. 118p. 7pl. June 1907. 25C¢.

117 Parker, A. C. An Erie Indian Village and Burial Site. t1o0ep.

gepl.. Dec. 1907. (30¢.

125 evens, H. M. & Parker, A.C. Iroquois Myths and Legends. 1096p.

oe trp. Wea: 0908. soc.

Miscellaneous. Ms 1 (62) Merrill, F. J. H. Directory of Natural History
Museums in United States and Canada. 236p. Apr. 1903. 30¢.

66 Ellis, Mary. Index to Publications of the New York State Nat-
ural History Survey and New York State Museum 1837-1902. 418p.
June 1903. 75¢, cloth.

Museum memoirs 1889-date. ‘

1 Beecher, C. E. & Clarke, J. M. Development of Some Silurian Brachi-

opoda: 96p. 8pl. Oct. 1889. = $r.

2 Hall. James & Clarke J. M. Paleozoic Reticulate Sponges. 350p. il. 7opl.
1898. $2, cloth.

3 paexe, J. M. The Oriskany Fauna of Becraft Mountain, Columbia Co.,

est ae Oct. 1900. 8oc.
4 Peck, C H Edible Fungi, 1895-99. 106p. 2spl. Nov. 1900. [$1.25]

This includes revised descriptions and illustrations of fungi reported in the 49th, srst and
52d reports of the State Botanist.

NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

5 Clarke, J. M. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. Guelph Formation and Fauna of
New York State. ro6p. 21pl. July 1903. $1.50, cloth.
6 aprcene ih M. Naples Fauna in Western New York. 268p. 26pl. map.
$2, cloth.
7 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Graptolites of New York. Pt 1 Graptolites of the
Lower Beds. 350p.17pl. Feb. 1905. $1.50, cloth.
8 Felt, E. P. Insects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees. v.r. 46op.
il. 48pl. Feb. 1906. $2.50, cloth: v.2. 548p. il. 22pl. Feb. 1907. $2, cloth.
9g Clarke, J. M. Early Devonic of New York and Eastern North America,
Pt 1. 366p. il. 7opl. 5 maps. Mar. 1908. $2.50, cloth; Pt 2, 25op. il. 36pl.
4maps. Sept. 1909. $2, cloth.
1o Eastman, C. R. The Devonic Fishes of the New York Formations.
236p. spl. 1907. $1.25, cloth.
1r Ruedemann, Rudolf. Graptolites of New York. Pt 2 Graptolites of the
Higher Beds. 584p. il. 2 tab. 31pl. Apr. 1908. $2.50, cloth.
12 Eaton, E. H. Birds of New York. v.1, 5o1p. il. 42 pl) Apreroee:
$3, cloth; v. 2 im press.
13. Whitlock, H. P. Calcites af New York. In press.
Clarke, J. M. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. The Eurypterida of New York.
In press.
Natural history of New York. 3ov. iJ. pl. maps. 4to. Albany 1842-04.
DIVISION 1 zooLoGY. De Kav, James E. Zoology of New York; or, The
New York Fauna; comprising detailed descriptions of all the animals
hitherto observed within the State of New York with brief notices of
those occasionally found near its borders, and accompanied by appropri-
ate illustrations. 5v.il. pi.maps. sq. 4to. Albany 1842-44. Out of print.
Historical introduction to the series by Gov. W. H. Seward. 178p.

v. 1 ptr Mammalia. 131+46p. 33pl. 1842.
390 copies with hand-colored plates

v. 2 pt2 Birds. 12+380p. 141pl. 1844.
Colored piates.

v. 3 pt3 Reptiles and Amphibia. 7+ 98p. pt4 Fishes. 15+415p. 1842.
pt3-4 bound together.

v. 4 Plates to accompany v. 3. Reptiles and Amphibia 23pl. Fishes 7gpl.
1842.

300 copies with hanud-colored clates.

v. 5 pts Mollusca. 4+271p. gopl. pt6 Crustacea. 7op. r3pl. 1843-44.
Hand-colored plates; pts—6 bound together.

DIVISION 2 BOTANY. Torrey, John. Flora of the State of New York; com-
prising full descriptions of all the indigenous and naturalized plants hith-
erto discovered in the State, with remarks on their economical and medical
properties. ev. il. pl. sq. gto. Albany 1843. Out of print.

_v. 1 Flora of the State of New York. 12+484p. 72pl. 1843.

300 copies with hand-colored plates.

v. 2 Flora of the State of New York. 572p. 89pl. 1843.
390 copies with hand-colored plates.

DIVISION 3 MINERALOGY. Beck, Lewis C. Mineralogy of New York; com-
prising detailed descriptions of the minerals hitherto found in the State
of New York, and notices of their uses in the arts and agriculture. il. pl.
sq.4to. Albany 1842. Out of print.

v. 1 pt1 Economical Mineralogy. ptz Descriptive Mineralogy. 24+536p.
1842.

8 plates additional to those printed as part of the text.

DIVISION 4 GEOLOGY. Mather, W. W.; Emmons, Ebenezer; Vanuxem, Lard-
ner & Hall. James. Geology of New York. 4yv. il. pl. sq. 4to. Albany
1842-43. Out of print.

v. 1 ptr Mather, W. W. First Geological District. 37+653p. 46pl. 1843.

vy. 2 ptz Emmons, Ebenezer. Second Geological District. 10+437p. 17pl.
1842.

v. 3 pt3 Vanuxem, Lardner. Third Geological District. 306p. 1842.

Vs 4 pt4 Hall James. Fourth Geological District. 22+683p. topl. map.
1843.

|

. MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS

DIVISION 5 AGRICULTURE. Emmons, Ebenezer. Agriculture of New York;
comprising an account of the classification, composition and distribution
of the soils and rocks and the natural waters of the different geological
formations, together with a condensed view of the meteorology and agri-
atl productions of the State. 5v. il. pl. sq. 4to. Albany 1846-54. Out
of print.

a Soils of the State, their Composition and Distribution. 11+371p. 21pl.
1846. ‘

v. 2 Analysis of Soils, Plants, Cereals, etc. 8+343+46p. 42pl. 1849.
With hand-colored plates. y

v. 3 Fruits, etc. 8+340p. 1851.

v. 4 Plates to accompany v. 3. g5pl. 1851.

Hand-colored. :

v. 5 Insects Injurious to Agriculture. 8+z2z72p. sopl. 1854
With hand-colored plates.

DIVISION 6 PALEONTOLOGY. Hall, James. Paleontology of New York. 8v.
il. pl. sq. 4to. Albany 1847-94. Bound in cloth.

v. t Organic Remains of the Lower Division of the New York System.
23+338p. oopl. 1847. Out of print.

v. 2 Organic Remains of Lower Middle Division of the New York System.
8+362p. ro4pl. 1852. Out of print.

v. 3 Organic Remains of the Lower Helderberg Group and the Oriskany
Sandstone. pti, text. 12+532p. 1859. [$3.50]

pt2. 143pl. 1861. [$2.50]

v. 4 Fossil Brachiopoda of the Upper Helderberg, Hamilton, Portage and
Chemung Groups. 11+1+428p. 69pl. 1867. $2.50.

v. 5 pt: Lamellibranchiata 1. Monomyaria of the Upper Helderberg,
Hamilton and Chemung Groups. 18+268p. 45pl. 1884. $2.50.

Lamellibranchiata 2. Dimyaria of the Upper Helderberg, Ham-

ilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. 62+293p. 5i1pl. 1885. $2.50.

pt2 Gasteropoda, Pteropoda and Cephalopoda of the Upper Helder-
berg, Hamilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. 2v. 1879. v. 1, text.

15 +4o92p. v.2, 120pl. $2.50 for 2 v.

& Simpson, George B. v. 6 Corals and Bryozoa of the Lower and Up-

per Helderberg and Hamilton Groups. 24+298p. 67pl. 1887. $2.50.

& Clarke, John M. v. 7 Trilobites and other Crustacea of the Oris-
kany, Upper Helderberg, Hamilton, Portage, Chemung and Catskill
Groups. 64+236p. 46pl. 1888. Cont. supplement to v. 5, pt2. Ptero-
poda, Cephalopoda and Annelida. 42p. r18pl. 1888. $2.50.

—— & Clarke, John M. v.8pt1 Introduction to the Study of the Genera
of the Paleozoic Brachiopoda. 16+367p. 44pl. 1892. $2.50.

—— & <a John M. v.8 ptz Paleozoic Brachiopoda. 16+394p. 64pl.
1894. S250.

Catalogue of the Cabinet of Natural History of the State of New York and
of the Historical and Antiquarian Collection annexed thereto. 242p. 8vo.

1853.
Handbooks 1893-date.
In quantities, 1 cent for each 16 pages orless. Single copies postpaid as below.
New York State Museum. sap. il. Free.
Outlines, history and work of the museum with list of staff 1902.
Paleontology. 12p. Free.
. Brief outline ot State Museum work in paleontology under heads: Definition; Relation to
biology; Relation to stratigraphy: History of paleontology in New York.
Guide to Excursions in the Fossiliferous Rocks of New York. 124p. Free.

Itineraries of 32 trips covering nearly the entire series of Paleozoic rocks, prepared specially
for the use of teachers and students desiring to acquaint themselves more intimately with the
classic rocks of this State.

“ogee! 16p. Free

Economic Geology. 44p. Free.

Insecticides and Fungicides. 2o0p. Free.

Classification of New York Series of Geologic Formations. 32p. { Free.

NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

Geologic maps. Merrill, F. J. H. Economic and Geologic Map of the State
of New York; issued as part of Museum bulletin 15 and 48th Museum
Report, v. r. 59x67 cm. 1894. Scale 14 miles to 1:imchy wage,

Map of the State of New York Showing the Location of Quarries of
Stone Used for Building and Road Metal. Mus. bul. 17. 1897. Free.

—— Map of the State of New York Showing the Distribution of the Rocks
Most Useful for Road Metal. Mus. bul. 17. 1897. Free.

—— Geologic Map of New York. 1901. Scale 5 miles to 1 inch. In ailas
form $3; mounted on rollers $5. Lower Hudson sheet 6oc.

The lower Hudson sheet, geologically colored, comprises Rockland, Orange, Dutchess, Put-
nam, Westchester, New York, Richmond, Kings. Queens and Nassau counties, and parts of
Sullivan, Ulster and Suffolk counties; also northeastern New Jersey and part of western
Connecticut.

Map of New York Showing the Surface Configuration and Water Sheds.
tgo1. Scale r2 miles to1 inch. 15c.

—— Map of the State of New York Showing the Location of its Economic
Deposits. 1904. Scale 12 miles to 1 inch. 15¢c.

Geologic maps on the United States Geological Survey topographic base;
scale 1 in. == 1 m. Those marked with an asterisk have also been pub-
lished separately.

*Albany county. Mus. rep’t 49, v. 2. 1898. Out of print.

Area around Lake Placid. Mus. bul. 21. 1808.

Vicinity of Frankfort Hill [parts of Herkimer and Oneida counties]. Mus.
Fep t5%5. Vv. 1.1500;

Rockland county. State geol. rep’t 18. 1899.

Amsterdam quadrangle. Mus. bul. 34. t900.

*Parts of Albany and Rensselaer counties. Mus. bul. 42. rgo01. Free.

*Niagara river. Mus. bul. 45. to901. 25¢.

Part of Clinton county. State geol. rep’t 19. 1901.

Oyster Bay and Hempstead quadrangles on Long Island. Mus. bul. 48.
Igot.

Portions of Clinton and Essex counties. Mus. bul. 52. 1902.

Part of town of Northumberland, Saratoga co. State geol. rep’t 21. 1903.

Union Springs, Cayuga county and vicinity. Mus. bul. 69. 1902.

*Olean quadrangle. Mus. bul. 69. 10903. Free.

*Becraft Mt with 2 sheets of sections. (Scale 1 in. == 4m.) Mus. bul. 60.
1903. 206.

*Canandaigua-Naples quadrangles. Mus. bul. 63. 1904. 20¢.

*Little Fails quadrangle. Mus. bul. 77. 1905. Free.

*Watkins-Elmira quadrangles. Mus. bul. 81. 1905. 20¢.

*Tully quadrangle. Mus. bul. 82. 1905. Free.

*Salamanca quadrangle. Mus. bul. 80. 1905. Free.

*Mooers quadrangle. Mus. bul. 83. 1905. Free.

*Buffalo quadrangle. Mus. bul. 99. 1906. Free.

*Penn Yan-Hammondsport quadrangles. Mus. bul. ror. 1906. 20c.

*Rochester and Ontario Beach quadrangles. Mus. bul. 114. 20¢.

*Long Lake quadrangle. Mus. bul. 115. Free.

*Nunda-Portage quadrangles. Mus, bul. 118. 200.

*Remsen quadrangle. Mus. bul.126. 1908. Free.

*Geneva-Ovid quadrangles. Mus..bul. 128. 1909. 20¢.

*Port Leyden quadrangle. Mus. bul. 135. r910. Free.

+*Auburn-Genoa quadrangles. Mus. bul. 137.. 1910. 200.

*Elizabethtown and Port Henry quadrangles. Mus. bul. 138. 1910. t1sce,

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NVINOSHLINS SSIYVUGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN” INSTIT

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES
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