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SMITHSONIAN ; + z 2 = wr’ g S a oy a ® a ae D ' RS a cS 3 a \ Oo — 2 Z E™ 2 - WE: = a » 2 a | RIES SMITHSONIAN _ NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVHY : 2 = % WX = =. _ oO me Se YS o <>; pa. < eae SS < a = oc - oc 4 oo = and = ‘ a C cae Oo ed ra) = | aad = -! = a i tad ILSNI SASiuvuaty te z c z c ow = w ELL, — w re ie xo (SAAR 2 > be > {E 2) > ee) E mo 3 = a ©) — w —_ 4. S wo a — m aS = m /NOSHY = m | 7.) = w = 7) RIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOMLILSNI NVINOSHLINS SAIUV , ” > a “” =z wn P a = ee = | < = ; con z = LATE — so rT ~W ISS oO yf fl x fe) Z E NS 2,77 * c = ILSNI_NVINOSHLINS S3l uYVdd!il LIBRARI ES SMITHSONIAN_INSTITU1 i] ‘ | \ tal bel _ a ; ; : sy iy | \a i i ot a i | ; ee ime et | . he : i | i 7 § Pe Ae af 1 F f ‘ if : | f oT - ’ j i M , { ¢ : “a mi : Ve "y r be: ‘4 ; ir Mi ; im) Pia! ded’ : hey y ? \ Education Department Bulletin Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at ‘Albany, N. Y¥.; under the act of July 16, 1894 No. 490 ALBANY i Niv¥ 2 MARCH I, 1011 New York State Museum Joun M. CrarkeE, Director EPHRAIM PorRTER FELT, State Entomologist Museum Bulletin 147 26th REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST ON INJURIOUS AND OTHER INSECTS OF THE ony STATE OF NEW YORK a\ 4 atc: men 5 +m. s FPN ancnigae rFANOLGS F 1910 1911 x BRARY PAGE PAGE J 5 Forest tree insects. . sae os 57 Injurious insects............-.-. 72 | Miscellaneous. 3.) 2. 0d Seeleonne 66 Codling moth................ 12 | Publications of the Entomologist 70 Parapet WEPWOTT <2. +--+ +4» 35 | Additions to collections......... 76 Large aphid spruce gall....... 36 A di 3 PE MAIE hoa nc daes'es oval ),) 39 PK ose: ea Ashe ty oe) nil = PteseiOr tNe YEaT wc... eek eee 4! Miastor americana Felt, an Soo See oe a 41 account of pedogenesis...... 82 Garden and grain insects...... 47 | Explanation of plates........... 105 Siradle tree pestS....5...... 0% is Ms ius ks Let tale bic bin ae eee 175 ALBANY ; UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 4 IQII 5 9 7 2\19 Mer43t-Jari-1800 STATE OF NEW YORK _EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Regents of the University With years when,terms expire 1913 WHITELAW Reip M.A. LL.D. D.C.L. Chancellor New York 1917 -StTCLain McKeiway M.A.LL.D.Vice Chancellor Brooklyn to1g DaNnieL Beacu Ph.D. LL.D. — -— - - - - - — Watkins 1914 Purny T. Sexton LL.B. LL.D. - - — — — — Palmyra 1912 T. Gui_tFrorp SmitH M.A. C.E. LL.D. —'— — — Buffalo 1915 ALBERT VANDER VEER M.D. M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. Albany 1922 CuesteR S. Lorp M.A. LL.D. - - ---- - New York r9t8 WittiamM NorttincHaM M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. — —- Syracuse 1911 Epwarp LauTerBAacH M.A. LL.D. - - - - - New York 1920 Eucene A. PuitBin LL.B. LL.D. -.-— — — — New York 1916 Lucian L. SHeppEN LL.B. LI.D. = - + -— —- Plattsburg 1921 Francis M. CARPENTER —- —------—----— Mount Kisco Commissioner of Education _ ANDREW S. Draper. LLB. LL.D. Assistant Commissioners Aucustus 8S. Downine M.A. Pd.D. LL.D. First Assistant. CHARLES F. WHEELOCK B.S. LL.D. Second Assistant THomasS E. FINEGAN M.A. Pd.D. Third Assistant Director of State ‘Library James I. Wyer, Jr, M.L.S. Director of Science and State Museum “Joun M. Crarxe, Ph.D. D.Sc; LL:D. |” Chiefs of Divisions aministeneen. Grorce M. Witey M.A. Attendance, James D. SuLLIVAN Educational Extension, WILLIAM R. eee M.A. M.L.S. Examinations, HARLAN H. Horner B.A, Inspections, FRANK H. Woop M.A. Law, FRANK B. GILBERT B.A. School Libraries, CHARLES E. Fitcu L.H.D. Statistics, Hiram C. Cass Trades Schools, ARTHUR D. Dean BS. Visual Instruction, ALFRED W. ABRAMS Ph.B. New York State Education Department Science Division, December 21, 1910 Hon. Andrew S. Draper LL.D. Commissioner of Education DEAR siR: I have the honor to communicate herewith for publi- cation as a bulletin of the State Museum the Annual Report of the State Entomologist, for the fiscal year ending September 30, IgIo. Very respectfully Joun M. CLARKE Director STATE OF NEW YORK EDUCATION DEPARTMENT COM MISSIONER’S ROOM Approved for publication this 22d day of December 10910 Commussioncr of Education Hoos oe Education Department Bulletin Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under the act of July 16, 1894 No. 490 ALBANY, N.Y. MARCH I, Igt!t ~ New York State Museum JouNn M. Criarke, Director EPHRAIM PorTER FELT, State Entomologist Museum Bulletin 147 26th REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, tig1o0 To John M. Clarke, Director of Science Division I have the honor of presenting herewith my report on the injuri- - ous and other insects of the State of New York for the year ending October 15, 1910. The past season has been remarkably quiet so far as unusual out- breaks of injurious insects are concerned. The entomologist was exceptionally fortunate in discovering a colony of pedogenetic latvae, presumably those of Miastor americana. These extremely. peculiar forms were previously unknown in this country and have been studied by only a few Europeans. A summarized account of these interesting larvae is given in an appendix. Fruit tree pests. The experimental work with the codling moth was continued the present season under more diverse condi- tions, and data which will be of great value in the practical control of this species, was secured. The experiments were conducted in the orchards of W. H. Hart, Poughkeepsie; C. R. Shons, Washing- tonville and William Hotaling, Kinderhook. Great pains were taken to secure an ample number of trees likely to produce a nearly uniform amount of fruit. Each plot, as last year, except in the case of Mr Hotaling’s orchard, consisted of 42 trees, the fruit from the central six alone being counted. Comparisons were made to ascer- tain the relative efficacy of one spray given just after the blossoms dropped, with this treatment supplemented by a second application 6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM about three weeks later. The unusual abundance of the codling moth the past season renders the data secured of exceptional value because they show the possibilities under very adverse conditions. Assistant State Entomologist Young aided in the field work and was responsible in large measure for the computation of the tabulated data. These experiments and their application are discussed on subsequent pages. The San José scale is still very destructive, especially to peach trees, though our progressive orchardists have comparatively little difficulty in controlling it. A lime-sulfur wash, particularly that known as the concentrated wash, either homemade or commercial, has proved very satisfactory, as a rule, in checking this pest. There was complaint of injury by the cherry maggot in the Hudson valley and an investigation of the pest and methods of controlling it was inaugurated. ‘The cherry and pear slug was exceptionally abundant in this region and also in the western part of the State. The pear psylla was somewhat numerous in the lower Hudson valley and reports of serious injuries were received from certain sections in the western part of the State. The work of a new apple pest which may be known as the lined red bug (Lygidea mendax Reut.) was obsetved) anaes Hudson valley. This insect occurs in early spring, lives upon the more tender terminal leaves and, under favorable conditions, may inflict considerable injury. Shade tree pests. The injurious work of various species has been brought to our notice. The more important of the shade tree pests is the elm leaf beetle, a well known form which has been exceedingly abundant on Long Island, throughout the Hudson val- ley and an certain cities in the westerm part oname stale. 9 Piva sugar maple borer has been unusually numerous on the trees of Fulton, Oswego county, destroying or practically ruining a number of magnificent trees. The cottony maple scale has been somewhat abundant in the lower Hudson valley, while the injurious work of the false maple scale was observed in several localities in the vicin-— ity of New York city. Forest insects. ~The snow-white linden moth, a pest which has been very destructive in the Catskills for the past three years, was abundant in limited localities last season and its flight in small numbers was observed in various places. A series of outbreaks by another leaf feeder was reported from several localities. They were due to the operations of a green, white-striped caterpillar — REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIO 7 (Xylina antennata) frequently designated as the green fruit worm. The destructive work of the hickory bark beetle, noted in a preceding report, has been continued. An unusual out- preak was that of Abbott’s sawfly, a false caterpillar which stripped or nearly defoliated many white pines in the foothills of the Adi- rondacks. The spruce gall aphid has continued to be abundant and injurious on Norway spruce, in particular. It is interesting to record the discovery of another species of gall aphid, new to the State, occurring upcn the Colorado blue spruce. The above noted insects have been the subject of correspondence and, in some instances, of field investigations during the past season. Gipsy and brown tail moths. Much interest was aroused early in 1909 by the finding of thousands of winter nests of the brown tail moth on many shipments of French seedlings. A num- ber of such nests occurred on shipments received in 1910, though the pests were not so abundant as during the preceding year. The careful inspection of the stock appears to have prevented this insect from becoming established in the State. There is much more dan- ger of this moth being brought into New York State on shipments of full grown nursery stock originating in infested American terri- tory than there is of its being introduced with imported seedlings. It has been found necessary to give considerable time to the deter- mination of remains of caterpillars, cocoons and egg masses in order to be certain that none of these fragments on nursery stock indi- cated the presence of either the gipsy or brown tail moth. The mounting of such fragments has devolved upon Miss Hartman. A personal investigation of conditions in eastern Massachusetts shows that no pains are being spared to prevent the dissemination of either the gipsy or the brown tail moth. Particular attention has been given to keeping the property abutting on the principal highways free from the pests so as to eliminate in large measure the danger of their being carried by vehicles of any kind. There has been, however, some extension of the territory occupied by these two pests. The gradual spread of these insects appears to be inevitable, though the utmost care is taken in the treatment of the outlying colonies. It is gratifying to state that the serious infes- tation recently discovered at Wallingford, Conn. has been handled in such a satisfactory manner that only a very few specimens rewarded a week’s careful search by a gang of fifteen men. An examination: of the work with parasites showed that no stone was being left unturned in an effort to find, rear and liberate a large number of 8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM efficient enemies of these pests. The entomologist would emphasize once more the grave danger of bringing either one or both of these pests into the State on nursery stock originating in the infested area, and would call attention to the great desirability of promptly exterminating any isolated colonies which might be found in the near future. House fly. The popular interest in the control of this pest has continued and bids fair to result in important and far-reaching sanitary changes. The demand for information along these lines speedily exhausted the edition of Museum Bulletin 129 on the Control of Household Insects and necessitated its republication in an extended and revised form as Museum Bulletin 136 entitled: The Control of Flies and Other Household Insects. The entomo- logist has been called upon to give a number of popular lectures upon this insect and has made personal examinations of conditions in several localities, giving special attention to situations favorable for the production of flies in cities and villages. Gall midges. Our studies of this extensive and interesting group have been continued and the results are now in manuscript. This publication will describe fully some 800 species, 441 having been reared. The tabulation of midge galls, made with the assist- ance of Miss Hartman, shows that we know some 538 species representing 44 genera and living at the expense of some 177 plant genera referable to 66 plant families. In addition to the above, there are some 5 species reared from unknown plants and 11 species belonging to 3 genera known to be zoophagous. A number of new species have been reared during the year. Miss Cora H. Clarke of Boston, Mass. has continued collecting and forwarding to us excellent series of galls from which we were able to rear several previously unknown species. The care of this material has devolved largely upon assistant D. B. Young and Miss Hartman. ‘The latter has also made a large number of micro- scopic mounts of these fragile forms. Miscellaneous. The entomologist spent nearly six weeks in Europe, giving special attention to museum methods, shade and forest tree insects and the gall midges. Collections were studied in the following institutions: British Museum of Natural History, London; the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge; the Tropical School of Medicine, Liverpool; the zoological gardens at Antwerp; the Royal Museum of Natural History at Brussels; the botanical ° gardens of Ghent; Museum of Natural History and also the ento- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIO 9 mological station, both of Paris; the University at Zurich; the exceptionally valuable collection of forest insects in the forestry school at Munich; the natural history collections in the Sencken- berg Museum at Frankfurt; the Winnertz collections in the Uni- versity of Bonn; the Museum of Natural History, Berlin, and the Museum of Natural History at Hamburg. In addition, the entomo- feeier spent several days with Prof. J. J. Kieffer of Bitsch, Ger- many, studying his exceptionally valuable collection of Cecido- myiidae, and a day with Prof. E. H. Rubsaamen at Remagen, Ger- many, which was devoted largely to examining his numerous excel- lent drawings and a discussion of the classification of this group. A portion of a day was spent with Oberforster H. Strohmeyer of Munster, Germany, studying his excellent collection of Scolytidae, while another day was passed with Oberforster Karl Philip at Sulzberg obtaining first-hand information of forestry methods as practised in Germany. Publications. Numerous brief, popular accounts dealing with injurious insects have been prepared by the entomologist for the agricultural and local press, besides a few more technical papers for scientific publications. A revision of Museum Bulletin 129, as noted above, was issued during the year, while the report for 1909 appeared July last. A tabulation of the midge galls known to occur upon several plants was published in August under the title of Gall Midges of Aster, Carya, Quercus and Salix. Collections. A most valuable addition to the collections was secured through the generosity of Prof. J. J. Kieffer, of Bitsch, Germany, who kindly donated to the museum a number of his generic types of European gall midges. These have been carefully mounted and are now accessible to students in the group. A fine series of Italian midge galls was secured by exchange with Dr Mario Bezzi. These were carefully arranged and labeled by Miss Hartman. Miss Cora H. Clarke, as in preceding years, has con- tributed some valuable biological material, mostly insect galls. The arrangement and classification of the collection has been pushed as rapidly as possible, though it should be remembered that, with the limited office staff, it is practically impossible to keep the collections properly classified, while the securing of extremely desir- able additional material must of necessity proceed slowly. The restrictions due to a small staff will become more apparent with the occupancy of quarters in the new building, accompanied by the obligation of maintaining a larger exhibit. The school teachers of IO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Albany, Troy and presumably other near-by localities are making extensive use of our exhibit collections in connection with the regular school work. It is the aim of the Department to have a representative collection of the species occurring in the State, though the assembling of such means the work of years. The nearly completed monograph on the gall midges shows that the State collections in this family will far exceed anything that can be assembled elsewhere for some years to come. It will always be exceptionally valuable because of the very large series of generic types or cotypes. Assistant State Entomologist Young has identi- fied and arranged the Conopidae, besides doing much miscellaneous work in classifying insects collected during the year and identifying species sent in for name. A number of Hemiptera have been very kindly determined by our well known authority in this group, Mr E. P. Van Duzee of Buttalo. Miss Hartman has also assisted in the arrangement of the collection and has reared and spread a number of specimens. The value of the exhibit collections will be greatly enhanced when the fine series of plant groups, designed for the exhibition of insects in their natural environment in the new Educational Building, has been completed. The wax work for four of these eroups has been delivered and it is planned to complete gine remainder next year. Several excellent models representing injur- ious insects are now on exhibition and more should be secured, preferably made to order, since only a few can be purchased in the market, while no one has attempted to prepare models of many forms which could be exhibited in this manner to very great advantage. Nursery inspection. There has been close cooperation with this phase of the work conducted by the State Department of Agri- culture. Numerous specimens of both native and foreign insects have been submitted to this office for name, and the entomologist frequently consulted in regard to various problems. This work, while consuming much time and often necessitating identifications of minute forms, like scale insects or the recognition of species by fragments or the comparatively unknown early stages, is very important, since the treatment of large shipments must depend in great measure upon our findings. Office matters. The general work of the office has progressed in a satisfactory manner, the assistant State entomologist being in charge of the office and responsible for the correspondence and REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIO II other matters during the absence of the entomologist in Europe and while away on vacation. Miss Hartman, in addition to matters noted above, has rendered material assistance in bibliographic work and in translating from German, French and Italian works. Numerous specimens have been received during the year for identi- fication and many inquiries made concerning injurious forms. 1445 letters, 37 postals, 417 circulars, 1475 packages were sent through the mails and 44 packages were shipped by express. General. The work of this office has been greatly facilitated, as in past years, by the identification of certain species through the courtesy of Dr L. O. Howard, chief of the Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, and his associates. Several cor- respondents have aided materially in securing valuable specimens of one kind or another, and, as heretofore, there has been a most helpful cooperation on the part of all interested in the work of this office. Respectfully submitted EPHRAIM PORTER FELT State Entomologist Office of the State Entomologist, October 15, I9oTO IZ NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM INJURIOUS Tis eer CODLING MOTH Carpocapsa pomonella Linn. The apple worm, or larva of the codling moth, is such a common pest that comparatively few appreciate the losses caused by its operations, and altogether too many regard it as a pest which it is almost useless to combat. This latter notion is a very erroneous one. There is abundant data to prove not only the possibility, but the practicability, of controlling this insect in a very satisfactory manner. This is shown in a very striking way by the experiments conducted last vear. Even one thorough application resulted in the production of nearly 99 per cent of worm-free fruit, while check trees did not produce quite 73 per cent of sound frit, ~ Visese experiments were continued the present season for the purpose of testing more thoroughly and under varying conditions the relative value of one or more sprays for the control of this serious pest. General observations. ‘The season of 1910 has been remark- able for the development of a large second brood and a consequent prevalence of wormy apples. The work of this pest was very evident in Genesee county as well as in the Hudson valley, and in some unsprayed orchards over 50 per cent of the fruit had been injured by the apple worm. May 30th there was a severe hail storm in sections of the Hudson valley, and an examination of the wormy fruit showed that from 50 to 60 per cent of the apple worms had entered at points injured by the hail. Cacoecia larvae were rather prevalent in one orchard and their operations were very frequently followed by codling moth larvae entering at such places. Moreover, badly rusted, rough spots on the fruit were also favorite points of attack. Comparative freedom from codling moth injury was observable in orchards where pigs or sheep had been allowed to run, this being especially true if the animals had been pastured in the orchards for several years, even in those where there was no spraying. One codling moth larva was found spun up in a shght depression on the under side of an apple resting on loose soil, and REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I9QIO 13 another had prepared a similar retreat for the winter on an apple before it had dropped from the tree. Life history and habits. Before discussing the experimental work of the season we will briefly summarize the life history of this species. The apple worm, as is well known, winters in a tough, silken cocoon, usually found under the rough bark of trees. The advent of warm weather in spring, which in New York means late April and early May, is followed by the caterpillars transforming within their silken retreats to pupae, and a week or ten days after the blossoms drop the moths commence to emerge and continue to appear throughout the greater part of June. The minute, whitish eggs are deposited largely upon the leaves, though a number may be found on the young fruit. These hatch in about a week and as a consequence the young apple worms of the first brood may be entering the small apples from early in June to nearly the end of the month, or even later. The caterpillars require about four weeks to complete their growth, at which time they desert the fruit, wander to a sheltered place, spin a cocoon, transform to pupae and in about two weeks, namely the very last of July or in August, another brood of moths appears. These in turn deposit eggs which hatch in due time and the young larvae usually enter the side of the fruit. Two broods appear to be the rule in the northern fruit-grow- ing sections of the United States, though some investigators claim a third in the southwest. Experimental work. It was planned the present season to test, under varying conditions, the relative efficacy of but one spray given just after the blossoms fall, compared with other plots where _ the application just described was followed by a second about three weeks later, designed to destroy the codling moth larvae just as they are hatching, and a third plot where but one spraying was given about three weeks after the blossoms fell. This plot was designed to show the relative efficacy between the treatment at this time, which is markedly out of season, and the time applications are usually made, namely just after the bloom falls. Series 1. This series of experiments were conducted in a young orchard belonging to Mr W. H. Hart of Arlington, near Pough- keepsie and close to Briggs Station on the Hopewell branch of the Central New England Railroad. The orchard is on a moderately high hill, the trees being thrifty, about 16 years old, 16 to 19 feet N NEW YORK. STATE MUSEUM ae ole ois O10 OO 00) OO. 0 0-07 0 Pee ee OO Ou 0 6 0 OO. 0 02 OOO O O om O O | © O O O © O ~ @ O O O © 7 Gaerne” «Oe Bemter ©. 6. O17 O +0 O-. 0,050 Or ea aL Portion of orchard at Arlington showing the location of the experimental plots REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIO 15 high and 30 feet apart. The actual experimental trees were northern spy. Each plot consists of 42 trees, six trees in a row one way and seven in a row the other way, the central six being the actual experimental trees. These were carefully selected for uniformity in size, fruitage and infestation. There was a large crop of Baldwin apples in this orchard last year and some of the northern spys produced a fair yield. The check trees of the two plots in this orchard were located in the same north and south rows of trees near the western edge of the orchard, and were some little distance north of the road. Plots 1 and 2 were still further north. These two plots were thoroughly sprayed May 12, 1910 with seven pounds of arsenate of lead (15 per cent arsenic oxide) to each 150 gallons of spray, together with one gallon of a homemade concentrated lime- sulfur wash (Cordley formula, testing probably from 30 to aa Baumé) to each 25 or 30 gallons of spray. The day was dry, nearly quiet and conditions were almost ideal. The pressure was maintained at from 100 to 150 pounds, Friend nozzles being em- ployed and 150 gallons of spray sufficing for about 105 trees: Ali of the spraying was from the ground, the hose being tied to poles and the nozzles set at an angle so as to discharge almost directly into all the blossoms. The application was sufficiently thorough te cover practically all of the foliage in a very uniform manner. The trees were fairly well fruited and had just completed blossoming. The second application was made on plot 2 June 2d. The day was cloudy, with a strong southwest wind and, as a consequence, the spray was applied from only one side, the eastern portion of the trees not being well covered, though special attention was given to the center where the greater portion of the fruit was located. The formula for the spray was practically the same as in the preced- ing application; 140 gallons were necessary to spray the plot of 42 trees. The fruit was in fine condition and the foliage had made excellent growth since the earlier application, which was plainly evident. At this time there were no signs of codling moth work. An examination of this orchard June 30th showed a very gratity- ing condition. The check trees were in excellent foliage and already exhibited a markedly greater codling moth infestation. Plot 1, which received but one spraying, showed practically no wormy fruit and no signs of injury to the foliage. The same was true of plot 2 which was sprayed twice. 10 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The fruit was picked up from under these trees and carefully classified August 23d and September 12th, the remainder being picked October 6th. The condition of the fruit on this latter date was most excellent, the color being fine, the surface smooth and a very high percentage with few defects. A tabulation of the entire data is given below. Series 1, plot I | CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT | TOTAL TREE DATE FRUIT ; End Exit | Exit Total Ge Total % | End | and | Side | hole | hole | lwormy side |wormy}] I 2 | pes | AG Atte! 23, 990. otets 9 Galiscseakt.w SW Eid eth i ante 3 ee Nata Septpl2te a5 wos 6 Hk Wewkele hor CN Panacea iGmS hy ate 2 2) ere OCHO 82 c cee 148 TAG eee ES eka eee ee 3 a6) 3 I 163 145 88.95 TS) |) LOSS |e eens 3 I5 8 I Bl) Age 23 0). kee I Ridlkea ated Fe Gets ne acamvem [hc Dies god ehe a) aso ee SEP os Qint ths tiers 8 a iaee ch aye eA as Aorta 2 ieee Gee ees eon 3 3) eae OCtUAOseh oe Ss 105 Ooine: eee Gi Rone eereeers I 2 2 2 I 114 I05 | 92.10 9 | 7.90 I 2. | 6 5 I Cm mAwie. 123 Pe crise I2 ave eee 8 | SES CAN fe Sas I vi TP Me Boake Depb.. (25.0... 3] 22 Tino este On| rik: deel eo tetera I 8 Ou || Woseee OctA6., ace ee. | 409 BRS ice acy te Di | Sede 5 7 I5 Ola ee 443 | 309 | 90.07 | 44 | 9.93 5'| |: 9) ghgoae eel Di | PANIES 2S) ek ee 14 A ene ee lie osa “ah scout oe eeekell yee = 7 Fh Weed Sook SED bl oe ws) 5 20 Tig TMA licen Se ts 4 (SS ees Oct Gates a4 593 BOS ela fta.e wr ale | SOME ree I 2 27 3" ae | —— ee 627 583 | 92.98 | 44 | 702 4 2 38 MO" || Siecters Baan “AME 923%, a tete oe 5 a4 | eae heen Al Il's Sic. o oll eee cal 4 Auli pee Sept. al2+en nee 6 a ee eN core ee Geers) Siar 6A |/n ac ailocoe shes cn: OCHO. na cethaes 160 TIO! | acter eee. DB Te4| Senet 4 3 I4 5 I 171 146.'| $5.38. || -25.4| a4c62 4 3 18 9 I ie DAMON 23), mieten 12 Selle cayesenbe Oi lider current eee all eee ere 9 Si alt spree DEPbaT2t selon II aA eR Ata ae Ek Pee eects Wess ral i each 3 Sialic. tee Oct. 6)... 208 Bia ater atc a ae Da hy ete 2 2 19 TS" Gee ade 321 286 | 89.09 | 35 | 10.901 2 2 31 DS We heer Grand total...| 1839 | 1664 | 90.48 | 275 9.52 16 Ok 138 83 | 1 ‘ Z REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIO Series 1, plot 2 CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT TOTAL TREE DATE FRUIT End Exit | Exit Total % Total % End | and | Side | hole | hole wormy| side |wormy] I 2 wormy J2\-)| OEE I2 iige Ale epee bt Ae ee) one See ors cae I Tas ec pete L2) <. «5 Die percentage of sound fruit varies from 85.38 per cent in tree E, with its 171 apples, to 92.98 per cent in tree D, having a maximum yield of 627 apples. Note that tree B had only 9 wormy fruit, nearly 8 per cent of the 114 produced, while the most wormy apples were found on trees C and D, each with 44 and forming, respectively, 9.93°and 7.02 per cent of the total product. (ere; at leasiamme percentage comparison 1s obviously unfair, since the two trees had, as nearly as we can determine, a practically uniform infestation, yet the percentage varies considerably, due simply to the larger crop on one tree. There were no end wormy only on tree A, while the maximum in this classification was 5 on tree C. The side wormy range from 40 in tree D to 8 in tree B. It is perhaps significant that 8.6 per cent of the total fruit in this plot was side wormy, 7.5 per cent of this being side wormy only. Plot 2 with its second poisoned application produced approxi- mately 6 per cent additional sound fruit. This is nearly half a barrel, or 171 apples. It is probable that the somewhat greater yield of this plot, namely 2846 as compared with the 1839 of plot 1, had its influence in the production of a somewhat larger percentage of sound fruit. It is interesting to note certain details. The mini- mum tree C, with only 229 apples, produced 97.81 per cent of sound fruit, while the maximum tree D, with 980 apples, yielded 97.95 per cent of sound fruit, a difference of only .06 per cenit. Here again we see the obvious injustice of a strictly percentage com- parison, since C yielded only 5 wormy apples while D had 20, or, in other words, supported four times as many codling moth larvae, yet, owing to the disparity in fruiting, the percentage was prac- tically identical. The minimum percentage of sound fruit was 93.93 produced by tree A yielding 462 apples, 28 of which were wormy. The minimum number of wormy apples, five, was pro- duced by tree C mentioned above. The number of end wormy only ranges, among the individual trees, from nothing to 4, a total of 6 for the plot, with only 1 end and side wormy. It will be seen at once that only a little over 3.3 per cent of the apples in this plot were either side or end and side wormy, or a reduction in the REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIO IQ number of side or end and side wormy of nearly 6.3 per cent from that of plot 1, by far the greater number being side wormy only. The gain following this second application is apparent 1n the almost total elimination of end wormy fruit and the material reduction in the side wormy, the actual number being nearly one-half that in plot I. The two check trees, X and Y, yielding respectively, 240 and “71 apples, a total of 711, 72.59 per cent being wormy, give an excellent idea of the conditions which would have prevailed had there been no application of poison. They produced respectively, only 40 per cent and 22.5 per cent of sound fruit and totals of 144 and 365 wormy apples, sovow these on X and 242 on Y, or: 32 per cent and 51 per cent respectively, of the total yield being side wormy. ‘There were only 28.41 per cent of sound fruit on the two trees. It will be seen that under natural conditions, such as obtained last year, approximately equal numbers were end and side wormy. Series 2. This series of three plots and two check trees was laid out in the young orchard of Mr C. R. Shons at Washington- wille. These trees are about 18 years old, 16 or 18 feet high, thrifty, rather thickly set and with a steep incline just southeast of the experimental area. The three plots and the check trees, as will be seen by reference to figure 2, were all in the same row of trees, running approximately northeasterly and consisted so far as the experimental trees were concerned, with but one exception, of Baldwins. The two check trees were farthest from the highway. The experimental. trees in this series, as in the preceding, were carefully selected so as to obtain, as far as possible, uniformity in fruitage and infestation. Plots 1 and 2 were thoroughly sprayed May 11th with arsenate of lead and bordeaux mixture. The first tank of 150 gallons contained 6 pounds of arsenate of lead (15-16 per cent arsenic oxide). This was applied to the actual experi- mental trees and the barrier trees, spraying them together with a few trees on the northeast corner of plot 2. The second tank con- tained 6 pounds of arsenate of lead and was put on the remaining barrier trees on the north side of plots 1 and 2 and also on a portion of the barrier trees on the southeast corner of plot 2. The remainder of the barrier trees, namely, those on the southwest corner of plot 2 and the southern ones on plot I, were sprayed with 2 pounds of arsenate of lead and rt pound of paris green to 150 gallons, in con- STATE MUSEUM O NEW YORK SJO[C [VJUOWTIOGNI OY} FO UOTLIOT YY) SUTMOYS I]LAUOJSUIYSe MA Je palvYyIIO Jo UONIOgG cz ‘BLT OOO a Ore Hid 00 6°O 06 0 6 0 6 0 6 66 © 7esa ce omer ate ae 0 -0..0°O0-0 O.0° 0.6 © 6 6 6 O° 606 creme sore ome whee yar be Me pee tS 7 “4-- ies 0%, b0 00 00H Be 0 0% B&G 0000 Ket 2 aDe5 fe 3° -y. 2 af ae ONO 0 00 O70 0,0, OO 7 10°o S o.one omer ae 0.20 "O1G) CO 3G nOcG ONO “or ote Tele amer reece =O. SO ROsO OO) OO 0 6) Ok =O qe OO) tO. O ac * . . REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIO 21 nection with the bordeaux mixture. This latter consisted approxi- mately of eight pounds of copper sulfate with enough lime to satisfy the copper, to 150 gallons. The day was lowery with an occasional sprinkling of rain, but at no time did enough water fall to materially affect the work. The pressure was uniformly maintained at 85 to 100 pounds, a one horse gasolene engine supplying the power. Friend nozzles were’ employed, set at an angle and on the end of long extension nozzles, one man standing in a wagon, thus being able to throw the spray down upon even the highest blossoms. ‘The actual experimental trees and the barriers separating them were Baldwins, while the two rows of barrier trees on the northwest were Wagners, and the same was true of the first barrier row on the southeast, the second being Baldwins. The biossoms had just dropped from the trees and the time of application was therefore nearly ideal. Plot 2 was sprayed a second time June Ist and plot 3 for the first time on the same date. The day was cloudy with an occasional mistiness which did not interfere with the work, as there was not at any time enotigh moisture to wet the foliage. Six pounds of arsenate of lead (15 per cent arsenic oxide) was used to each 50 gallons of water and approximately the same formula as given above for the bordeaux mixture. 375 gallons of spray were applied to the 85 trees, it being sufficient to cause dripping in almost every instance. There was at this time no evidence of codling moth work, aside from possibly one apple which may have been entered at the side. Larvae of the green-striped apple worm, X ylina anten- mata Walk. and also those of a Tortricid, were rather abundant. The latter hid between the leaves and ate them as well as contiguous fruit. Apples were picked up under the experimental trees and classified August 24th, September 13th and October 4th—5th. An examination of this orchard June 30th showed that the con- ditions were not so satisfactory as at Arlington. There was con- siderable bordeaux injury, especially on the plots receiving the early application. The poison was very evident on all the experi- mental trees. Those of plot 3, sprayed only on June Ist, showed less bordeaux injury than the others. The fruitage on some of the trees was disappointing, since many of the blossoms failed to set. Work of the Tortricid leaf roller, mentioned above, and the green _ fruit worm was quite evident. iN) No NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM An examination October 4th and 5th revealed much injury from the bordeaux mixture, many of the apples checking and codling moth larvae of the second brood entering at such points. An effort was made to approximate this injury and small, random samples from various trees were carefully sorted. The results are tabulated as follows: Tree 1A 26 smooth, 48 injured 1B 12 27 i IC 30 2 2 ‘ 30 21D ey! 2 32 x 2° irg P I ee 3A I2 o ioe oes ab t2 a 25 . 3D IO “ce 29 cc xe Wh “ce 22 ce We endeavored, in the above table, to put in the smooth class only those apples which were at least fairly smooth. A large pro- portion of those classed as injured were not seriously affected, aside from appearance, though some were badly gnarled and even cracked. It will be seen at once that a very high percentage of the fruit on all the sprayed trees were more or less rusted, while the proportions are approximately reversed on the unsprayed trees. Burning by bordeaux mixture was strikingly illustrated in Mr Shons’ Ben Davis, some 90 to 95 and possibly 99 per cent of the apples being badly rusted and in some cases so seriously affected (pl. 13) that portions of the apple were irregular and more or less covered with rounded, tuberclelike elevations. A considerable number of apples had been entered at the stem. The Tortricid larva, mentioned above, was still working on the apples in some numbers, either under a leaf, on the side of the fruit or beneath a light web at the blossom end. A note made by Mr Young September 13th records that over 90 of the 115 clean apples dropped from tree FE, plot 3, had been gnawed by some larvae, prob- ably that of this Tortricid. The work of this insect is illustrated on plates 10 and 11. A’ tabulation of the data obtained upon these plots follows. le tia Oe REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIO 23 , Series 2, plot 1 CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT TOTAL TREE DATE FRUIT End Exit Total % Total % | End | and | Side | hole wormy| side |wormy|] 1 wormy aes eS eae ee ———— eS ee Eee J 1) VN oe 65 BOW toes DOA eae es tes I I 27 23 Sepbs ts... a0 42 LSS ae eae EAT UES ears ea Ca | cages I 2s 14 OCGA S5.0. 25> - BLOG| LOO ||. srs, a..2 13 On [eee oor Tae I 118 40 e BAGS LOS, ees FISH, O47 S373 184 | 16.27 4 3 177 51 I DV aA Ls a8 25 TS Al lec ee Ee TiN, costo tetaed katy ne (ek eee a Wal er sci Dept 1a. esl 69 AG, | ete es 201) wees 2 I iy) 14 I Octja=sei 2s TO2| WOTOE le ees Be basi nee. By Lewes 84 22 3 x ESQ] Perea in Toe S CRUE ok entae 7 I 52 Lil eee Oct. 18-19..... ASO SARs |e eee Al Whsid ences Teepe a 6 aT! s\n eae 948] 767 |! 80.90 TOT LO MnO I3 2 LOG 155 3 | PAtig Maye ase | 8 7 | as ese OP Sagopa RH et eee pare 6 6 ls ee Sept. 13 7 COT I deat geal Zen hel eae Tee ||\ ev eoees I Ts ees Oct. 4-5 27 ART Ale verses ccd TOS Sra ees) ccs eS ea ne) 2 I ‘ 30 QS en ots Fi Al sale Abeae aye Tips suiee 6 i ieee Oct. 18-19..... { 62 SO)iills a aes oer Sal peoans & Talis See 2 Tt. Sree I34| 106 | 79.09 254) 2O10K Bile eewee 25 Ir I 5) Aas pale 8 06 ba. con Bn He ana PAL gare Sea | 306 PH eI Septydsecen ven 103 OO Uae SU ay ee 4 I 29 Teal | cece OCt. 455). =: 3°7.0)|| | Pa gle eee LOS a ore ae Tea 2 147 SOR aaa os LOG} | TZOT| eh eee = GON |e Awan 4 I 55 beau fives 2 A Oct. 18-19..... { O73 5 OSOUlee ae 14 a ee Tek 2) pee 1744] 1442 | 82.68 3029} O07 a2 26 4 272 86") See Grand total..} 7316] 6105 | 83 °45) || Lecr jeromgs 127 Io | 1074 | 581 5 ee ee ee : TREE REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIO DATE sees ee a ceev ala, a. ee re eee eee ee ee eee se eee ape) eee wis © ab a(n ei eee ewes Grand total..| 7504 | 4355 | | | bo or Series 2, plot 3 CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT re | End Exit | Exit Totaly) %, | Lotal % End | and | Side | hole | hole wormy| side |wormy| I 2 wormy BER ho 65 Fe Ts a ( OC) |) eerie 12'S |e ey cope 46 7 70 64 5 FIT kN ecioneeeae O3)s'|||. Sre-aeuen 51 7 35 uit dl eh ae EA Og Whe a kets) she: 37)» Wnekaecwet fe 162 58 177 79 2 Ate beer as anes LSS Sere ot fa 9 55 On| teitecers EOS ete wa) O's aereuncrer 33 4 26 Al Wiles. 669 | 45.20 81r | 54.80 363 85 363 | 186 7 Tonnes a PperaDe arti doe 30 9 66 | 70 2 O@ul|eereiic on Sie iiscoes ee 23 I 27 TSF Nore sans THD Abs yer oie aie BOI Pity are dake I40 35 130 69 9 MOA ||) chever sacl « TOOM| hehe: sertvte 65 5 39 TG ete ce SON Weert ss HO WW)|| eva eho tays 174 il oes ene TiN har stick cil er ssn ok O15 | 60.84 589 | 39.16 270 50 2690 | 167 Er I4 Gee ee a SU aia cits eke 26 it 15 21 I ASM apc a) es Shek ylieactrecuen, 6 24 6 8 WZe lear ers BAND es Set, oj Male eee? 50 I4 Dy) Oe fy ae TO sete cts, DSS |e Parad tec 19 2 Hie | BA Ages one AGA estate ene fs Or [ies oars On) | reser cau iat oh sizepacs| Gro cele a= TAs | a0. 10 201 | 63.81 125 23 53 56 I SOM ispeccrote> TOM apace pare: 39 3 59 44 3 GON Pave Si. OB hillers ale euch: 40 8 35 30 =e TAS OL licvsorees. cs ZOOM aes TTT 29 160 86 4 SAN teed Sctaus TOMA Pos veseees 56 3 42 TiS ere « TAG \teisicrciet« « Tanke, ech 107 (Mal tesa eae IO Deere. 1096 | 64.17 6a 35283 263 43 ZOO) 77 7 II5 aa 2 A EAN sas eexte (s 65 I 48 60 2 2X0) Nipieioreala TD) lilaheier senses 46 37 42 44 I STEN svehave\ eo 0 AOOM la eteneraboke I96 35 169 94 3 GOW aiciate h:3 TSI are css ees 70 22 39 Malo trove AOS dick. hers ss SION octave jos ee 13 LE 8 Bra tote paren 748 | 48.26 80200 51.74 390 106 306 | 235 6 AON Oe cie,s 6.5 | SON hoys cranes 16 I 21 21 I 1) 7) 0i| Se See TOP Ne aie es cays MGR elo c 5 Bult sees SOM ete fo: Lia Poesy Ot eoe 8 5 39 TOD tyes 95 |..-.... Boras eee: Io 5 23 male eye, oe Og | Aas. cheese SG hea stare ce 35 8 43 TAM I stetote 813 | 78.39 220A) 2G0u 74 19 I31I 61 I 57-35 | 3239 | 42.65 | 1485 | 326 | 1428 | 882 33 20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Series 2, check trees CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT TOTAL | TREE DATE FRUIT | Total % End Exit | Exit Total % End | and Side | hole | hole wormy| side |wormy] I 2 DM (4) uo) ct . H Ww Oct. 18-19 Grand total..... | This series, it will be seen by reference to the above tables, presents markedly different conditions in certain respects from those of series I. There was a considerably larger setting of fruit, the total for the three plots being remarkably uniform, and in addition ther was a very serious infestation by codling moth. This was probabl due in part, at least, to local conditions and it is possible that th sprayings were not quite so thorough as those in series 1. Th entire equipment was different and it is by no means easy to mak exact comparisons. An earnest attempt was made to secure the mos thorough work possible under the conditions. It is very likel that a portion of the discrepancy in percentages may be due t the difference in varieties in series I and 2. Data upon this poin is given in the case of two other varieties in series 3. A study of the data given under plot 1 shows that the minimu tree F produced 884 apples, 80.43 per cent being sound, while th maximum tree B yielded 1656 apples and but 77.96 per cent fre from worms. The maximum percentage of sound fruit, namel 85.52 per cent, was produced by tree E with its total of 1492 apples while the minimum percentage of sound fruit, 77.96 per cent, con trary to the usual rule, was found on tree B mentioned above. Th number of wormy fruit under individual trees ranged from 19 or 17.78 per cent on tree C to 365 or 22:04 per cent on trees the case of the latter, we would call attention to the fact that prac tically all the wormy apples were on the ground by October 18t The maximum number of side wormy or end and side wormy apples REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIO 27 iI or nearly I9 per cent of the total, were found on tree B, less han .5 per cent of these being also end wormy. The minimum umber of side or end and side wormy apples was found on tree F. Mis was 144 or 16.3 per cent of the total yield, less than .4 per rent being also end wormy. ‘The entire plot produced 8135 apples, f which 1208, or 15.9 per cent, were side wormy or end and side ormy, the latter being a practically negligible quantity. Plot 2 had the minimum yield of 134 on tree E, 79.09 per cent eing sound. The maximum number of apples, 2258, was produced y tree B, which yielded 86.94 per cent of sound fruit. This tree uso produced the maximum number, 205, of wormy fruit, amount- ng however, to but 13.06 per cent of the total yield. The smallest umber of wormy apples, 28, was found on tree FE, and constituted - 0.91 per cent of the entire product. Percentage comparisons are yery strongly in favor of B, though as an actual fact it bore ten imes aS many wormy apples. The maximum number of side ormy or end and side wormy apples, 276, occurred on tree F, and omprised 15.8 per cent of the entire product, less than 2 per cent of the whole yield being end wormy. The minimum number of side wormy apples, 25, were found on tree E and amounted to 18.6 Der cent of the total yield, less than 2 per cent being end wormy. Here again we see the injustice of strictly percentage comparisons, since had ten times as many wormy apples as FE, yet the per- sentage of sound fruit is strongly against the latter. This plot as a whole produced 7316 apples, 1084 or 14.8 per cent being side wormy or end and side wormy. A comparison between plots 1 and 2 shows a gain in sound fruit from the second spraying of only 1.37 yer cent, though there were 247 less wormy apples on plot 2 than on plot 1. Plot 3 presents an entirely different set of conditions, since it was sprayed but once and then in early June. The minimum tree C yielded but 315 apples, only 36.19 per cent being sound. The Maximum tree D produced 1708 apples, 64.17 per cent being free from worms. The wormy apples range in number from 811 in tree A to 201 in tree C, comprising 54.80 per cent and 63.81 per cent, respectively, of the entire product. The maximum number of end wormy or end and side wormy apples was found on tree A with ts 448 thus classed, forming 30.2 per cent of the entire yield. The ninimum number of 76 was produced by tree C and comprised 24.1 yer cent of the total. The entire plot yielded 7594 apples, 1754 or 23, per cent of the total being side wormy. The plot as a whole yielded but 57.35 per cent of sound fruit, showing a marked dis- repancy between it and the two preceding plots, 28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The two check trees produced 2000 apples, which is not far from a fair average as these trees ran, 1407 or 70.3 per cent of the total were wormy, 707 or 35.35 per cent being side or end and side wormy and 1044 or 51.2 per cent being end or end and side wormy. Series 3. The young orchard of Mr William Hotaling of Kinder- hook, was selected for certain corroborative experiments. ‘The trees are exceptionally fine, only about five or six years old, dwarf in habit and, as a rule, heavily laden for such young trees. They are set in four rows running approximately north, with rows of peach trees between, and, in the case of the experimental areas, the Wealthy apples are alternated with Mackintosh. . The actual experimenta! trees were on the 30th to 35th transverse rows north from the house and located on the two middle longitudinal rows. The check trees were similarly located on the 25th and 26th transverse rows. The data relating to the two varieties has been tabulated separately. The western row of the experimental trees was sprayed with arsenate of lead (15 per cent arsenic oxide) 3 pounds being used to a 44 gallon barrel, and a lime-sulfur solution, the latter composed of 1 gallon of a homemade concentrated wash-testing about 35° on a Baumé scale to about 4o gallons. The eastern row of experi- mental trees received the same application, except that the bordeaux mixture, composed of 4 pounds of lime and 3 pounds of blue vitriol, was substituted for the lime-sulfur wash. The spraying was done May 17th, a hand pump with a rather fine Friend nozzle being em- ployed. Care was exercised to see that the mixture was well stirred. The application was made by Mr Hotaling personally. He took special pains to cover the under, as well as the upper, surface of the leaves, being in this respect possibly a little more thorough than in his efforts to fill the upturned calyx ends of the young fruit. Almost every leaf was well coated and only a very little dripping was observed. It is possible, owing to the slight breeze, that the northeast side of the trees was not sprayed quite so thoroughly as other portions. The intervening peach trees were not sprayed. This orchard had been well sprayed the preceding two seasons. The fruit was picked September 16th. It is probable that a large percentage, possibly 50 per cent, of the wormy fruit was attacked at points injured by a hailstorm which occurred May 30th. These places afforded almost ideal opportunities for the entrance of young codling moth larvae. The results are tabulated on page 30. Ce tOr es Ore > CCr 1G. HOO! Or aa sa ee erent sO) REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQ1O ® Oo 2 © © 6 © © 6 6 © 6 6 6 & ®@ O-- OPE o- VO pre eran OO Os 20 : 1X O O 2 1¢ 2. © © ® ©'® ®6 © 6:9 6 6 6 © 0:8 @ @ te Us UX Owe O @ Or OCs 2@ ee 3 J ie op > Oo GO @ Go mp: G6 © © 6 @ 6 ay O fee GO. OOO OO OO. 0 0 0: 0.26256 37 38.0. 293 23 eee 30 Os apple trees @ = Peach ”" DM. aie 74 »——— N Vt Fig. 3 Portion of orchard at Kinderhook, showing the location of the experimental trees 30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Series 3, Wealthy CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT TREES !TOTAL ai End +. | po: rruir|Total| o |Total| o | Bnd | and | Side | ait) Batt 70 70 \|wormy| side |wormy : 3 | wormy | Tid Ist Sel Cee I 106 $4) | 7oN2s 222 Oy sal yh ieee ee 19 3 | eee ESAs cst OKC sa lalisvese:s 28 23) Eo2et 5 | 27 480 Dee cr vee: 2.\ 5 Jeet Sees UTM Gog 8: Sua ee CR nea ee ae 160 TEA G52 AO || 34.78 Di fl Sak Be cee fas) 44 A See UD) AA eae a See 8I 5L | 62.07 30) 4137503 4 Tas |}2 eee 29 ial eee TQBIPREES he ect eo hones’ ote ve 121 732. | (6033 48 | 39.67 7A Ned pe 44 802 ee Ferment Revers hoc arct aria tore’ oo 33 20: | 78.710 7a BOAT. NRG I> nee eel Mee eee (ji Peter ies > Grandetoral..e.o.l. 529 270 ale On: | 158 | 29.86 ONC eke 146 23/1 |* aah CHECK TREES 1s Grin har Alt Aen Ree eg 38 TOM eA ersi 200 |) 52.08 8 6 63505 sen | eee TOY onset cian ete 50 ie) || {OE Boulos T2 7 13 2*| ee MObalets ste eiat. dee oe 88 | 20 43.10 52 | 56.81 | 20 | 13 19 2.) ee Series 3, Mackintosh CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT TREES TOTAL End E : : 4 | Exit FRUIT oF End and | Side x Total % Total % See os hole Hols wormy | DAG aap ri et Misys SEE ie 179 IIO | 61.46 69 | 38.55 8 2 59 TOs) See 23 Oy ot ene ee ee RD 16 8 | 50. 8 | 50 Tallis spec ope a B'l. ee DON ge ig TA Pails ee ee 105 | ASST Age LAs ial ere 48 (Ch nse.c aD LAT Heche MAO ALE errs 87 27 \\| 3r .07 60 | 68.96 9 2 49 KO || eee 3 Dee ea Sena ne Pe Arete ee] (een, Abel eng Fee eae e ae Wes a ai wel epi dlisA ae. A'sile oo edie wa oe DI mistices Se yee ae oe 57 230) AOR 36 34 | 50.64 1 Kee ee 33 OW aoe Grand total... ..- 444 210) 49.33 | 22 SO). O17 25 4 196 | AA al ene CHECK TREES 23) CEG ea A Re ae 6 15 | Salessrsd 10 | 66.66 6 I 2 2 I IN ENS 3s Fe eS Bs TEAS) | 233h5,eyal 250 | 66.66 78 37 135 51 3 Otal were acre 390 TZOMlessees. 260 | 66.66 | 84 38 138 53 This series illustrates conditions where a minimum crop is pro- duced. The maximum Wealthy tree C yielded but 160 apples, 65.22 per cent being sound, while the minimum B bore but 28, 82.14 per cent being free from worms. The maximum percentage, 79.25, of sound fruit was produced by tree A, yielding only 106 apples, while the minimum percentage, 60.33, occurred on tree E with its crop of 121 apples and its maximum number, 48, of wormy apples. The minimum number of wormy apples was 5, occurring on tree B and constituting 17.86 per cent of the total product, 11 per cent being side wormy. This plot produced only 529 apples, 70.14 per cent being sound, 27. per cent of the total side wormy, while only 2 per cent were end wormy. The two check trees yielded 88 apples, only 43.19 per cent being sound and with the side and end wormy nearly equal in number. The Mackintosh trees in this series show a greater degree of infestation, though they were interspersed with the others. The REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQTO 31 maximum tree A produced 179 apples, 61.46 per cent being sound, and also the maximum number of wormy fruit, namely 69. The minimum tree B yielded only 16 apples, 50 per cent being sound, while the minimum per cent of sound fruit, 31.04, was found on tree D with its total of 87 apples. The minimum number of wormy apples occurred on tree B, 8, or one-half the total number being thus affected. Summarizing the data for this group of trees, it will be seen that only 49.33 per cent of the total yield of 444 were sound. A total of 45 per cent of the fruit was side wormy, while only about 6 per cent was end wormy. The check trees produced a total of 390 apples, only 33.34 per cent being sound. 45 per cent were side wormy or end and side wormy, while 31 per cent were end wormy or end and side wormy, showing in this respect a marked difference from the fruit borne by the sprayed trees. Summary of plots CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT SERIE PLOT TOTAL End Exit | Exit Total % Total % End and | Side | hole | hole wormy side |wormy| I 2 wormy 1 UT) TS Aa ee eee 1839 | 1664 | 90.48 175 9.52 16 21 138 83 3 QUeneN atch shiek te sire 2846 | 27560 | 96.84 90 3). 16 6 I 83 BS lhepey se ss C0 lt Oe ea Bus5) | OO77. |eoseOo 8) L453) | 17102 160 27 | T2977) e455 3 NR Tate ojos siake Valo NOLOS, | 68245) || D2EE 16.55 Ti TO! |, LO74A. | sor 5 BPR slats Cie st ISOA NASSP 572s || 3239 | 42.05 || 1485 3200) TAZ8. | Soen ibe: esa See NWealthy.. ss... 529 Zaft |) 70 WA 158 | 29.86 Teles Grate 146 Pee eRe B Mackintosh...| 444 ZIGQy | PAG). 83 225 | 50.67 25 4 196 AAPA ere tencys Tlie @HeCks... «a4. 7fas 202 | 28.41 500m 759 186 240 82 | 208 40 OI" || (Claito) ieee 2000 503) |)20.05) |) 1407 + 70.35 700 324 igh || eee 20 3 | Wealthy checks 88 30) |)43). 19 50 | 56.81 20 13 19 Otte ea 4 | M’k’t’hchecks! 390 rizKoy |] eigiasyil 260 | 66.66 84. 38 138 53 4 A study of the above record shows almost the same percentage of infestation, namely 71.59 and 70.35 respectively, for the check trees in series I and 2. These two orchards were in the same general region and the results should therefore be approximately comparable. There is, however, a markedly higher percentage of. side or end and side wormy in the checks of series 1, this totaling 322 and amounting to 45.28 per cent, while in series 2 the checks produced 707 side or end and side wormy, or but 35.35 per cent. The number of side wormy alone in these two checks is approximately propor- tional to the number of apples produced by the respective trees. These figures would indicate, in a general way at least, substantially identical conditions in the two series so far as infestation by the codling moth is concerned. A comparison of the percentage of wormy apples obtained on plots 1 and 2 in series I and those obtained on plots 1 and 2 in series 2, shows a marked and constant variation. Plot 1 series I produced 90.48 per cent of sound fruit, while the 32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM similar plot in series 2 yielded only 82.08 per cent. Likewise, pilot 2 in series I bore 96.84 per cent of sound fruit, number 2 of series 2 yielding only 83.45 per cent of worm-free fruit. It will be seen that there was a variation of from a little over 8 to over 13 per cent in favor of the plots in series 1. This may be explainable in part by the fact that the orchard in series I was younger and somewhat cleaner than in series 2, though it would seem as if some of this discrepancy must be attributed to less efficient spraying in series 2, especially as the experience of last year showed that an apparently minor factor, namely, a slightly less thorough spraying on one por- tion of a tree, resulted in reducing the amount of sound fruit by 2 to 3 per cent, and it is possible that a slight difference in the thorough- ness of application, accentuated perhaps by the lack of an automatic mechanical agitator, was responsible for most of this discrepancy. There may also have been in the case of series 2 less thorough work on the trees adjacent to the experimental area than was the case in series I. This was especially likely to occur on the trees lying on a steep hillside to the southeast of the experimental trees, where spraying could hardly be so thorough as in the comparatively level orchard where the experiments in series I were conducted. Allow- ance should also be made for the difference in varieties. Further- more, the trees in this orchard were rather close together and this would be a great hindrance to the best work. It is interesting to compare the side or end and side wormy between these various plots. Plot I, series 1, produced only 159, constituting some 8:64 per cent for the entire yield, while plot 1, series 2, yielded 1298 such fruit or 15.9 per cent of its entire product. Similarly, plot 2 of series 1 bore 84 side or end and side wormy, only 3.3 per cent of the entire yield, while plot 2, series 2, produced the relatively much larger number of 1084 or 14.8 per cent of the total number. Stated in another way, if we take the check trees as a standard, one application in plot 1 reduced the percentage of side or end and side wormy by 30.64 per cent, while a similar application to plot 1 in series 2 re- duced this percentage only 19.45 per cent. Likewise, two applica- tions in series I made a difference of 41.98 per cent of side or end and side wormy, while in plot 2 there was a difference in this respect of only 20.55 per cent. These figures all go to show that for some reason there was a decidedly lower efficiency in series 2 than in Series 1. Plot 3 of series 2 illustrates a totally different condition, since the one spraying was not given till about June Ist. We find a much lower percentage of sound fruit, namely 57.35, while the tree yielded REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIO 33 1754 side or end and side wormy apples, or 23 per cent of its entire product, or this one application, taking the check trees again as a s ‘standard, reduced the percentage of side or end and side wormy by ‘only about-12 per cent. These figures give an excellent idea of the ‘relative inefficiency of one application made at this season of the year. _ A comparison of the totals in series 3 reveals an entirely different condition of affairs. The percentage of sound fruit was only 70.14 on the Wealthy and but 49.33 on the Mackintosh, the former variety yielding 146 side or end and side wormy, or 27 per cent of the entire product, while the latter produced 200 such apples or 45 per cent of the total yield. The checks in the Wealthy and Mackintosh Tespectively had 43.19 and 33.34 per cent of sound fruit, the former variety producing 32 side or end and side wormy, or 36.36 per cent, while the latter variety yielded 176 such apples, or 45 per cent. Again, taking the checks as a standard, it will be seen that, in the ‘ase of the Wealthy, one spraying reduced the wormy apples by 26.95 per cent, while on the Mackintosh the same treatment gave a ‘reduction of only 15.99 per cent. The spraying of the Wealthy trees reduced the percentage of side and end and side wormy by about 9 per cent, while there was apparently no benefit in this Tespect on the Mackintosh. Percentage comparisons are certainly mot very favorable when applied to small trees producing only 16 to a maximum of 375 apples, though they yield from only 5 to 69 ‘wormy apples, a number smaller than that found on any trees in the other series where the percentages of sound fruit are much greater. Tabulation of side wormy apples SERIES PLOT NUMBER % sg ek on6 GIRS) AGIARS Seine Weta: ae cre wits oie ae I59 8.64 Qed Merah oraterexeie’ oy oh 84 333 NINE INCE os fails clicks. o.e'ciais,s eai'vfws\eiesceseaes GWEN, oh crceekers: ote. a, wve)sv0 I 208 I5.9 Os es Ore carto, AOw AETS OS I 084 14.8 ibaa, aes chaos ets I 754 23. as ath OO IS OGBIOS ACEO CIG.O GI PEE Wealthy: ss epee ers 146 2s Mackintosh....... 200 45. I Check yer Sayetehekeree 322 45.28 a een ni 707 35.35 I UUM ele epee eee Wee ef (abe we lele wie aia'c |) ee 6 6.0 ue 6 6 Wealthy check. . 32 36.36 Mackintosh check.. 176 45. Comparison of data with work of previous year. A comparison of the summarized figures given above with those obtained in 1909 shows that the codling moth was very much more abundant and 34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM injurious last season. This is true of the check trees as well as those which were sprayed. ‘The check trees of last year produé as much sound fruit as some of the sprayed trees in 1910, thou this is true only where very exceptional conditions prevailed. T percentage of wormy fruit was very much less than the prese year, while the percentage of side and end and side wormy w even smaller, ranging in plots I to 6 in 1909 from less than I to I per cent. A similar condition obtained on the check trees, whi produced 17.62 per cent of side or end and side wormy. Conclusions. The data secured shows that it is possib with but one spraying to obtain over 90 per cent of sound fruit in year when the codling moth is very abundant, even on trees yiel ing only 300 to 500 apples. 20 WV hidte hats 2.00 mire a eee te 34 Bememoyane fTOrMS.......6..-.-..- 22 ETE tele sae ge Se ee ee 35 MMISTCE ONY. 00. oe... ce wees PaaS SENG ONG tea) (2s) eg Sete set eee 35 Seaepseand hornets........... 23 MORSE CAMIES? Av. 7 ots Site oie sein Be 35 House or rain barrel mos- Gockronches*...cb.de os Sol ese s 37 Le ae 23 (kacder ‘beetle: Ar4cnscs cairns 40 Saleimarsh mosquito.......... 24 Cheese Sskipperincet cov ives 40 Mpmseieds....4.......0..6-5- 26 Gereal and seed pests’. .5-5..7% 4I Beemer hinter...,..........-- 27 Fumigation with hydrocyanic iuamise centipede.............. 28 2 LGITE AN(i2 ope ee ee 48 cess Oe ae eer eae SI Work with the Codling Moth. Country Gentleman, Mar. 3, IgIo. 75 :230°° A summary comparison of results obtained against codling moth, Carre pocapsa pomonella Linn, between coarse and fine sprays and one, two and three applications. One thorough application of a mist spray gave 98-99 per cent of worm-free fruit. Struggle with the Scale. New York Apple Orchards Saved. Rural New Yorker, Mar. 5, 1910, 69 :2567” A summary account of the work against San José scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst., with special reference to the success of Mr W. H. Hart in his old orchard. 72 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Bleeding Elm— Beetle. Country Gentleman, Mar. I0, 1910, 75:245"° Discusses the causes of bleeding in trees and gives remedy for the elm leaf beetle, Galerucella luteola Mill. The Apple Maggot. Country Gentleman, Mar. 17, 1910, 75:2717 A general discussion of Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh, with reference to work against fruit flies in South Africa with poisoned syrups. Spraying for Codling Moth. Country Gentleman, Mar. 31, 1910, Teja 2e A summary discussion of remedial measures for Carpocapsa pomonella Linn., with special reference to results obtained with the single spray and with observations on prepared insecticides. Schizomyia ipomoeae n. sp. Entomological News, April, IQIO, 21 :160-O1 ae eae A description of this West Indian species reared from the flower buds of Ipomoea. Methods of Controlling the House Fly and thus Preventing the Dissemination of Disease. New York Medical Journal, April 2, IQIO, QI :685-87 A summary account of the house fy, Musca domestica Linn., with special reference to control measures. Oyster-Shell Scale. Country Gentleman, April 7, 1910, 7573477 Remedial measures for Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn. Spraying for the Codling Moth. Economic Entomology Journal, IQIO, 3:172-70 Summary of experiments for the control of Carpocapsa pomonella Linn., and emphasizing the. effectiveness of one thorough application of poison. Leopard Moth. Country Gentleman, April 21, 1910, 75 :396*° Brief economic account of Zeuzera pyrina Fabr., with special refer- ence to control measures. Peach Twig Borer. Country Gentleman, May 12, 1910, 75 :470*? Summary economic account of Anarsia lineatella Clem. Borer. Country Gentleman, May 26, 1910, 75:5177° A brief discussion of the peach borer, Sanninoidea exitiosa Say and methods of controlling it. Cutworms in the Garden. Country Gentleman, May 26, 1910, 75 :518°° A discussion of remedial and preventive measures. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIO 73 West Indian Cecidomyiidae. Entomological News, 1910, 21 :268-70 Cecidomyia manihot on Cassava, Camptoneuromyia meridionalis from flower buds of Ipomoea are described as new. The larva of Schizomyia ipomoeae Felt is also characterized. Maple Leaf Aphis. Country Gentleman, June 23, 1910, 75 :603%4 A brief general account of Pemphigus tessellata Fitch on maple. Beet Leaf Miner. Country Gentleman, June 30, 1910, 75 :622°° A summary economic account of Pegomya vicina Lintn. Flies in the Stable. Country Gentleman, June 30, 1910, 75 :628" A general discussion of the house fly problem, Musca domestica Linn., with special reference to stables and methods of preventing breeding. Onion Maggot. Country Gentleman, July 7, 1910, 75 :642"7 Remedies for Phorbia ceparum Meign. are briefly discussed. Apple Tree Borer. Country Gentleman, July 7, 1910, 75 :642°" Brief discussion of remedial measures for Saperda candida Fabr. Green Fruit Worm. Country Gentleman, July 7, 1910, 75 :646*7 - Records injuries by a green fruit worm, Xylina antennata Walk, in New York State. Beans Hurt by Maggot. Country Gentleman, July 14, 1910, 75 :66071 A summary account of Phorbia fusciceps Zett., with special refer- ence to remedial measures. Flea Beetle. Country Gentleman, July 21, 1910, 75 :6827¢ m@ priet practical’account of Epitrix cucumeris Harr. Corn Worm. Country Gentleman, July 28, 1910, 75 :703"8 Control measures for Heliothis armiger Hubn. are briefly out- lined. Maple Scale. Country Gentleman, July 28, 1910, 75 :703%" A summary discussion of the cottony maple scale, Pulvinaria vitis Linn., with mention of the woolly Phenacoccus acericola King and the alder and maple plant louse, Pemphigus tessellata Fitch. Plant Lice. Country Gentleman, August 4, 1910, 75 :72274 General directions for spraying for plant lice or Aphididae. 25th Report of the State Entomologist on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York, 1909. Education Department mumein. N.Y: State Mus. Bul., 141, roto, p. 1-178, 22 pl. - (Issued August 4, 1910) 74 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Contents PAGE PAGE Introduction: ... aoe te eee 5 Slade treenpests 2... svc.c. ee 97 INjUFIOMS: IMSECESt +, are ae 12 Forest isects..5..02.k..8 eee 100 Typhoid or housetly ai... 12 Publications of the Entomologist. 104 Brows: «tail aot. eee 17. Additions to collections.:.7.5:/3—% 113 Codline’ mothvs, .otaaace ee 25 Insect: .collecttons, 9-0 saeee oe 118 Hickory leaf stem borer...... 71 Insect types in New York State Rhododendron lace bug....... 72 Museumicee.2. 2c ee eee II9 Plant: lice. F 4ee ose eee 75 Additional list of Adirondack in- Notes. for the -yearosier ae eee ee 890 sects. s.D2B. YOUNG. 2.7 ease 123 Fruit tree pests: ew. 89 “Explanation of ‘plates: 3. aaa 127 Small) fruit imsectss. 2.0. eee 2” Index Sete hee So T7t Miscellaneous. 2.7 eh. eee 04 Malaria and Mosquitos in New York State. Atti della Societa per eli studi della malaria, vol. 9, 1910, Separate p. I-12 Summary discussion of malaria in New York, with a brief notice of the malaria-carrying species, their breeding places, enemies and legislation in relation thereto. A brief account is given of the mosquito control work in the State. The Elm Leaf Beetle. Country Gentleman, Aug, 11, 1910, 73547464 A record of injury with a summary discussion of remedial measures for Galerucella’ huteoda: Mall: Recent Observations upon European Insects in America. “ Economic Entomology Journal, 1910, 3 :340-43 Notes are given on Pissodes notatus Fabr, Dichromeris marginellus Fabr. Hyponomeuta malinella Zello Satara pavonia Linn, Monarthropalpus bu xa: Labmandl@h caaumeee piceae Ratz., all recently brought into this country. Gall Midges of Aster, Carya, Quercus and Salix. Economic Ento- mology Journal, 1910, 3:347-56 A tabulation of the American species of Cecidomyiidae occurring upon the above named plants—46 being recorded on willow. A new _ genus, Asteromyia, is erected and two new species, Oligotrophus salici- folius and Dasyneura corticis, described. Scientific Notes. Economic Entomology Journal, 1910, 3 :381 Galerucella luteola Mill is recorded from Fort Ticonderoga and serious injuries are reported throughout the Hudson valley. Observations are presented on the work and flight of the snow-white linden moth, Ennomos subsignarius Hibn. Red Spider. Country Gentleman, Aug. 18, 1910, 75 :762°° A discussion of injuries and remedial measures. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIO 75 Melon Aphis. Country Gentleman, Aug. 18, 1910, 75 :764% Remedial measures for Aphis gossypii Glov. are given. Tree Spraying. Country Gentleman, Aug. 25, 1910, 75:789*° Observations on methods employed by “ tree-protecting companies” and those of service in controlling elm leaf beetle. Scale on Maple. Country Gentleman, Aug. 25, 1910, 75 :789”° -Putnam’s scale, Aspidiotus ancylus Putn. is identified and spray- }ing with a lime-sulfur wash advised where the scale is abundant. Vermin in the House. Country Gentleman, Aug. 25, 1910, 75 :8007* m che bed bug, Cimex lectularius Linn. is briefly described and -exterminative measures fully discussed. Asparagus Beetles. Country Gentleman, Sept. 8, 1910, 75 :840% Arsenical applications, preferably arsenate of lead, are recommended for “the control of both species of asparagus beetles, Criocerus asparagli Minn, and C. duodecimpunctata Linn. | Tulip Scale. Country Gentleman, Sept. 8, 1910, 75 :840° _ Spraying with contact insecticides in early September to destroy the young of Eulecanium tulipiferae Cook is advised. 7 Harvest Mites. Country Gentleman, Sept. 8, 1910, 75 :840%" mm the life history of this pest is briefly sketched and methods of avoid- ing infestation and allaying the irritation following an attack given. Woolly Aphis. Country Gentleman, Sept. 8, 1910, 75 :840% __ Remedial measures are given for the woolly aphis,s Schizoneura lanigera Hausm. and also for the scurfy scale, Chionasp is | murfura Fitch. ‘Horticulture: Diseases and Pests. New York State Education Department. Review of Legislation, 1907-8. Legislation 391, p. 119-22 (Issued Sept. 1910) A review of legislation for the years 1907 and 1908. Go? The Leopard Moth. Country Gentleman, Sept. 29, 1910, 75 :922 : This insect, Zeuzera pyrina Fabr. and its work is described and _ control measures summarized. i 76 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ADDITIONS TO COLLECTIONS, OCT. 16, 1909-OCT. 15, 1910 | The following is a list of the more important additions to the collections: DONATION Hymenoptera Thalessa atrata Fabr., black long sting, adult on maple, June 13, S. W. Stillwell, Charlotteville T. lunator Fabr., lunate long sting, adult, July 23, A. L. Kampfer, Albany Aulacidea tumidus Bass., gall on Lactuca, August 30, Roy Latham, Orient Point Neuroterus batatus Fitch, galls on white oak, July 8, J. H. Dodge, Roch- ester. Through State Department of Agriculture Lophyrus abbotii Leach, Abbott’s sawfly, larvae on pine, August 3, Andrew Lackey, Johnsburg. Same, from J. W. Wilson, Olmstedville L. ? lecontei Fitch, Leconte’s pine sawfly, larvae on pine, October 20, Townsend Cox, jr, Setauket Trichiocampus viminalis Fall., poplar sawfly on poplar, August 29, H. S. Post, Albany Eriocampoides limacina Retz., cherry and pear slug, larvae on cherry, August 22, L. A. Rose, Rensselaer Harpiphorus tarsatus Say, sawfly, larvae on Cornus mascula, September 15, ). H. Dodge, Rochester. Through State Department of Agriculture H. versicolor Nort., sawfly, larvae on Cornus alternifolium, September 18, L. F. Rinkle, Boonville Coleoptera Entimus imperialis Forster, diamond beetle, adult, May 7, Richard Lohr- mann, Herkimer Calandra granaria Linn., granary weevil, adults in grain bins, December 27, P. A. Schaefer; Allentown, Pa. Magdalis ? barbita Say, black elm snout beetle, grubs on elm, March 18, S. L. Frey, Palatine Bridge Pissodes strobi Peck, white pine weevil, larvae on pine, July 13, Benjamin Dorrance, Dorranceton, Pa. Through Hermann Von Schrenk Phloeodes diabolicus Lec., adult on Polyporus growing on Eucalyptus, March 20, Hermann Von Schrenk, Southern California Bruchus obtectus Say, bean weevil, adults, March 21, F. A. Fitch, Randolph . Haltica ignita Ill., strawberry flea beetle, adults on Virginia creeper, August 3, Miss L. E. Clarke, Canandaigua Galerucella luteola Mull., elm leaf beetle, larvae and pupae on elm, July 109, F, T. Clark, Ticonderoga Melasoma scripta Fabr., cottonwood leaf beetle on poplar, September 7, Theodore Foulk, Flushing. Through State Department of Agriculture Centrodera decoiorata Harr., adults on locust, October 18, Mrs J. De P.- Lynch, Barneveld Desmocerus palliatus Forst., cloaked knotty horn, adults on elder, June 6, H. T. Brown, Rochester Elaphidion villosum Fabr., maple and oak twig pruner, work on oak, July 31, W. A. Payne, Bronxville REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIO 77 Prionus laticollis Dru., broad-necked Prionus, adult, July 18, Burton Ellison, Poughkeepsie Xyloryctes satyrus Fabr., rhinoceros beetle, August 1, D. T. Marshall, Hollis Euphoria inda Linn., bumble flower beetle, adult, September 6, J. D. Keating, Fort Edward Cotalpa lanigera Linn., goldsmith beetle, adult, April 15, J. R. Gillett, Kingston _ Thanasimus rufipes Brahm, adult, July 29, L. H. Joutel, New York (European) Podabrus rugosulus Lec., adults, June 16, H. B. Filer, Buffalo Agriotes mancus Say, wheat wireworm, larvae on oats, May 20, Purley Minturn, Locke Diptera Calliphora viridescens Desv., larvae, July 30, Mrs H. G. Reist, Schenectady Bombyliomyia abrupta Wied. adult, July 26, H. E. A. Dick, Rochester Rhyphus fenestralis Scop., adults, April 24, G. C. Hodges, New Hartford Bibio xanthopus Wied., adult, May 18, Richard Lohrmann, Herkimer Contarinia johnsoni Sling., grape blossom midge, adult, May 28, Fred ‘Johnson, North East, Pa. Monarthropalpus buxi Lab., pupae on box, May 19, A. E. Stene, Kingston, m1. | Joanissia aurantiaca Kieff., Aprionus miki Kieff., A. pinicola Kieff. s., | Monardia stirpium Kieff., Bryomyia bergrothi Kieff., Miastor cerasi Kieff. ms., Brachyneura squamigera Winn., Winnertzia fusca Kieff. Ms., W. pinicola Kieff. ms., Colomyia clavata Kieff., Colpodia anomala Kieff., Dicerura scirpicola Kieff., Porricondyla venustus Winn., Camptomyia ? binotata Kieff., C. nigricornis Kieff., Holoneurus pilosus Kieff. M.s., Lasioptera rubi Heeg., Baldratia salicorniae Kieff., Stefaniella atriplicis Kieff., Trotteria sarothamni Kieff., Rhizomyia silvicola Kieff., Cysti- phora taraxaci Kieff., Macrolabis stellariae Kieff., Arnoldia castanea Kieff. ms., A. sambuci Kieff., A. cerris Koll., Lasiopteryx (Ledomyia) divisa Kieff., L. (Ledomyia) lugens Kieff., Dasyneura sisymbrii Schrnk., D. urticae Perris, Rhabdophaga karschii Kieff., R. pierrei Kieff., Mikiola fagi Hart., Psectrosema tamaricis Stef., Schizomyia galiorum Kieff., Zeuxidiplosis giardiana Kieff., Stenodiplosis geniculati Reut., Thecodi- plosis brachyntera Schw., Bremia longipes Kieff., B. ramosa Kieff., Aphidoletes urticariae Kieff., Massalongia rubra Kieff., Hormomyia cornifex Kieff., Monarthropalpus buxi Lab., Pseudhormomyia granifex Kieff., Xylodiplosis aestivalis Kieff., X. nigritarsis Zett., Putoniella marsupialis F. Lw., Endaphis perfidus Kieff., Macrodiplosis volvens Kieff., Clinodiplosis galliperda F. Lw. All from Prof. J. J. Kieffer, Bitsch, Germany, and especially valuable because a number are cotypes Lepidoptera _Sphecodina abbotii Sm. & Abb., Abbott's sphinx, larva on woodbine, July 13, Mrs Carriere, Albany - Saturnia pavonia Linn., Emperor moth, cocoon on French nursery stock, January 31, Rochester. Through State Department of Agriculture 7o) NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Anisota senatoria Sm. & Abb., larvae on oak, September 9, L. C. Griffith, Lynbrook. Through State Department of Agriculture Basilona imperialis Dru., Imperial moth, larva on pine, August 18, Andrew Lackey, Johnsburg Ctenucha virginica Charp., larvae on pine and gooseberry, L. H. Adams, Johnstown. Through State Department of Agriculture Halisidota caryae Harr., hickory tussock moth, larvoe on maple, July 11, L. C. Griffith, Lynbrook. Through State Department of Agriculture Arsilonche albovenosa Goeze, larva, September 27, William Hotaling, Kinderhook Xylina antennata Walk., green fruit worm, larvae on maple, June 16, Alex Anderson, Stonyford. Same, larvae on apple, June 28, Geneva. Through State Department of Agriculture Notolophus antiqua Linn., rusty tussock moth, eggs, March 9, H. W. Gordinier, Troy. Same, caterpillars on elm, June 18, H. E. Vaughan, Ogdensburg Datana ? integerrima G. & R., larvae, July 11, L. C. Griffith, Lynbrook. Through State Department of Agriculture Schizura concinna Sm. & Abb., red-humped apple caterpillar, larvae on apple, September to, C. C. Perry, Eagle Bridge Synchlora viridipallens Hulst, adult, August 4, Louis Capron, Menands Cingilia catenaria Dru., chain-spotted geometer, larvae on sweet fern, bayberry, August 2, L. C. Griffith, Sag Harbor. Through State Depart- ment of Agriculture Ennomos subsignarius Hubn., snow-white linden moth, eggs on maple, March 28, Edward Thomson, Frost Valley, Denning. Same, adult, July 22, J. ©. Ayer, Glen Cove Phobetron pithecium Sm. & Abb., hag moth caterpillar, larva, September 13, W. A. Bullis, West Sand Lake Zeuzera pyrina Linn., leopard moth, pupae, July 1, H. I. Newell, Rich- mond Hill. Same, exuviae on maple, July 5, T. J. Beam, Port Chester. Through State Department of Agriculture. Same, larva on apple, September 17, E. G. Serins, South River, N. J. Through Country Gentleman Hyponomeuta malinella Zell., ermine moth, larvae on imported French apple stock, June 24, J. H. Dodge, Rochester. Same, larvae on apple, June 27, J. J. Barden, Orleans Ancylis nubeculana Clem., larvae on apple, September 1, R. H. Ham, Niverville Dichomeris marginellus Fabr., Juniper webworm, larvae on Juniper, February 28, S. G. Harris, Tarrytown. Same, larvae on Irish Juniper, April 26, L. D. Rhind, Plandome. Through State Department of Agri- culture Aspidisca splendoriferella Clem., resplendent shield bearer, winter cases, March 24, Benjamin Hammond, Fishkill Hemiptera Belostoma americanum Leidy, giant waterbug or electric light bug, adult attached to a fish, May 4, J. D.(Collinsai@itica Brochymena quadripustulata Fabr., adult, July 15, D. H. Cook, Altamont. Same, nymphs, August 26, W. P. Thorne, Lagrangeville REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIO 79 Blissus leucopterus Say, chinch bug, nymphs on corn, August 5, Fred Wheeler, Mongaup Valley. Through State Department of Agriculture Haematopinus piliferus Burm., sucking dog louse, adult on dog, Jan- uary 8, V. P. D. Lee, Altamont Ormenis pruinosa Say, lightning leaf hopper on matrimony vine, August 26, Mrs C. F. Webber, Athens Aleyrodes vaporariorum Westw., white fly on coleus, August 26, Mrs C. F. Webber, Athens Chermes abietis Linn., spruce gall aphis, galls on spruce, June 23, F. F. Briggs, Pocantico Hills. Same, adults on spruce, June 26, S. G. Harris, Tarrytown. Same, galls on spruce, October 12, Theodore Foulk, Flushing C. cooleyi Gill. galls on Colorado blue spruce, August 4, White Plains, State Department of Agriculture C. pinicorticis Fitch, pine bark aphid, adults on pine, May 12, M. T. Richardson, New York city. Same, eggs, February 12, Miss Pauline Goldenmark, New York city C. piceae Ratz., adults and eggs on Nordmann’s fir, May 17, Rochester. Through State Department of Agriculture C. pinifoliae Fitch, pine leaf aphid, adult on black spruce, January 20, Miss Edith M. Patch, Orono, Me. C. consolidatus Patch, adults on larch, January 29, Miss Edith M. Patch, Orono, Me. C. floccus Patch, adult on black spruce, January 29, Miss Edith M. Patch, Orono, Me. C. lariciatus Patch, adults on white spruce, January 20, Miss Edith M. Patch, Orono, Me. Pemphigus imbricator Fitch, beech blight, nymph on beech, August 31, G. C. Wood, Barneveld P. tessellata Fitch, woolly maple leaf aphid, adults on maple, June 16, A. P. Knapp, Hillsdale, N. J. Through Country Gentleman. Same, eggs, June 20, Miss May Seymour, Lake Placid Schizoneura americana Riley, woolly elm leaf aphid, adults on elm, June 5, R. M. Boren, Ballston Lake. Same, adults and young on elm, June 10, W. P. Judson, Broadalbin. Same, adults on elm, June 18, H. E. Vaughan, Ogdensburg _ §. lanigera Hausm., woolly apple aphis, nymph on apple, November 9, C. S. Ashley, Old Chatham. Same, Mrs S. H. Niles, Coeymans. Same, November ito, J. F. Rose, South Byron. Same, November 13, Bell & Smith, Castleton. Same, C. C. Woolworth, Castleton Lachnus abietis Fitch, on balsam, September 8, C. H. Peck, Lake Placid Psylla pyricola Forst., pear psylla, adults on pear, September 20, John Dunbar, Rochester Pachypsylla celtidis-gemma Riley, hackberry nodule gall, galls on hack- berry, February 16, H. B. Smith, Nashville, Tenn. Through Garden Magazine, Doubleday, Page & Co. Eulecanium tulipiferae Cook, tulip tree scale on tulip, August 31, O. W. Peterson, Fairfield county, Conn. Through Country Gentleman Asterolecanium pustulans Ckll., golden oak scale, adults on oak, May 16. Through State Department of Agriculture So NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM A. variolosum Ratz., on oak, September 7, Theodore Foulk, Flushing. Through State Department of Agriculture Phenacoccus acericola King, false cottony maple scale, young, January 21, Archibald Beresford, Mt Vernon. Same, eggs on maple, July 18, Mrs Alice G, Fisher, Batavia. Same, females and young on maple, October 4, Miss Fanny G. Dudley, Newburgh Pseudococcus longispinus Targ., mealy bug, February 24, C. E. Olsen, Winfield. Same, larvae on coleus, August 30, Albany. Through Country Gentleman Pulvinaria vitis Linn., cottony maple scale, females and young on maple, July 26, G. W. Morley, Haverstraw. Through State Department of Agriculture P. occidentalis subalpina Ckll., immature, August 31, T. D. A. Cockerell, Boulder, Col. Gossyparia spuria Mod., elm bark louse on elm, July 9, R. H. C. Bard, Syracuse. Through State Department of Agriculture Eriococcus azaliae Comst., on azalea, November, Brooklyn. Through State Department of Agriculture Aulacaspis pentagona Targ., West Indian Read scale, adult on imported Japanese flowering cherry, January, P. L. Huested, Kingston. Same, adult on Japanese cherries, February 3. Through State Department of Agriculture A. rosae Bouché, rose scale on rose, November 13, C. C. Woolworth, Castleton. Same, adults on rose, April 29, L. L. Woodford, Pompey Chionaspis americana John., elm scurfy scale, crawling young, May 10, W. B. Landreth, Schenectady C. euonymi Comst., euonymus scale, eggs on ? Euonymus, May 19, C. H. Hechler, Roslyn Fiorinia fioriniae var. japonica Kuw., adults on Japanese hemlock, June 9, Long Island. Through State Department of Agriculture Orthoptera Chortophaga viridifasciata DeG., green-striped grasshopper, nymphs, March 26, N. Ashley, Old Chatham EXCHANGE Galls received from Prof. Mario Bezzi, Torino, Italy Cystiphora sonchi F. Lw. on Sonchus arvensis L., Sondrio, Italy Dryomyia circinans Gir. on Quercus cerris L., Mantua, Italy Dryomyia lichtensteinii F. Lw. on Quercus ilex, Macerata, Italy Dasyneura sisymbrii Shrnk. on Nasturtium silvestris L., Milan, Italy 1 Perrisia sp. on Cucubalus bacerifer (?) L., Bergamo, Italy Perrisia sp. on Polygonum bistorta L., Sondrio, Italy Perrisia alpina F. Lw. on Silene acaulis L., Sondrio, Italy Perrisia capitigena Br. on Euphorbia cyparissias L., Macerata, Italy Perrisia crataegi Winn. on Crataegus oxyacantha L., Milan, Italy ‘Perrisia ericina F. Lw. on Erica carnea L., Como, Italy Perrisia fraxini Kieff. on Fraxinus excelsior L., Sondrio, Italy tA synonym of Dasyneura. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIO 81 Perrisia oenophila Haimh. on Vitis vinifera L., Sondrio, Italy Perrisia pustulans Rubs. on Spiraea ulmaria L., Sondrio, Italy Perrisia rosarum Hdy. on Rosa canina L., Sondrio, Italy Perrisia salicariae Kieff. on Lythrum salicaria L., Milan, Italy Perrisia ulmariae Br, on Spiraea ulmaria L., Sondrio, Italy Rhabdophaga rosaria H. Lw. on Salix purpurea L., Sondrio, Italy Mikiola fagi Hart. on Fagus silvatica L., Bergamo, Italy Rhopalomyia artemisiae Bouché on Artemisia campestris L., Sondrio, Italy - Oligotrophus sp. on Juniperus communis L., Mallare, Italy Oligotrophus capreae Winn. on Salix caprea L., Sondrio, Italy _ Oligotrophus corni Gir. on Cornus sanguinea L., Relegon, Como, Italy Oligotrophus reaumurianus F. Lw. on Tilia parviflora Clerk., Sondrio, Italy Oligotrophus solmsii Kieff. on Viburnum lantana L., Sondrio, Italy Oligotrophus taxi Inchb. on Taxus baccata L., Mallare, Italy Mayetiola poae Bosc. on Poa nemoralis L., Sondrio, Italy Asphondylia sp. on Scrophularia canina L., Selvius, Bergamo, Italy Asphondylia sarothamni H. Lw. on Sarothamnus scoparius Link., Son- drio, Italy Schizomyia pimpinellae F. Lw. on Pimpinella magnus L., Como, Italy Harmandia petioli Kieff. on Populus tremula L., Sondrio, Italy Harmandia tremulae Winn. on Populus tremula L., Sondrio, Italy Clinodiplosis vaccinii Kieff. on Vaccinium uliginosum L., ? Valmaleneo, Sondrio, Italy 82 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM APPENDIX MIASTOR AMERICANA FELT An account of pedogenesis The remarkable larvae of Miastor, presumably M.americana Felt, were found Oct. 5, 1910 under the partially decayed inner bark and in the sapwood of a chestnut rail used to fence a shady road- side in the vicinity of Highland. Additional material was secured October 19th, and from these two lots we have been fortunate in being able to follow through the larval life cycle and to actually witness pedogenesis, now regarded as a modification of partheno- genesis. These minute larvae are very easily handled and studied and should therefore be extremely serviceable to teachers of zoology and biology desiring to give their classes first-hand information respecting this phase of reproduction. Our studies of this form are given below in some detail in the hope that many teachers will find it advantageous to make use of these larvae in their class work. Habitat. The moist inner bark of various trees showing incipient decay is the most likely place to find Miastor larvae. Those discussed in these pages were discovered in the fall, working in the partially decayed chestnut bark of a rail fence along a shaded road- side. The larvae were most abundant in the soft, partly decayed bast just beyond the point invaded by various borers in dead wood and the accompanying predaceous Dipterous larvae. An allied, though undetermined, species was taken under similar bark of a chestnut stump in a wood lot. European observers report the occur- rence of these and allied larvae under the bark of a variety of trees, such as beech, birch, poplar, oak, elm, ash and ironwood, and even in sugar beet residue. Recognition characters. It is very probable that these larvae have been repeatedly overlooked by collectors, simply because when occurring singly or in small colonies they present no very striking characteristics. Large colonies of this remarkable form are easily recognized by the masses of more or less adherent yellowish or whitish larvae, and especially by the presence here and there of larger, motionless individuals, some of which usually contain young ss well developed as to be easily seen with a hand magnifier. A careiui examination with a pocket lens will show, even in the case of isolated larvae, a distinct head and a fuscous ocular spot in the sedgment just behind. The head is flattened, triangular, with a pair . REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIO 83 of diverging antennae and quite different from the strongly convex, usually fuscous head of Sciara larvae sometimes occurring in similar situations. Predaceous larvae likely to be associated with Miastor, may be instantly recognized by the body tapering to the small anterior segments, and especially by the chitinized, usually fuscous, hooked mouth-parts. Small Dipterous maggots having a length of one-twentieth to one-eighth of an inch and occurring under con- ditions described above, should be carefully examined if one is ‘searching for this or allied species. Value to zoologists and biologists. Muastor larvae and their allies should be of great service to teachers of zoology and biology, since they admit of the study at first-hand of one form of partheno- genesis. It is possible with a no more elaborate outfit than an ordi- nary student’s microscope equipped with a three-quarter objective, a microscopic slide and a few cover glasses, to observe the vital activities of the young larva, to see the muscular, respiratory, digestive and nervous systems, to identify the ovaries and to watch the gradual development of the semitransparent embryos within the mother larva. Furthermore, this larva is well adapted to more exact histological methods, being soft and therefore an excel- lent subject for serial sections and stains, particularly as it is com- paratively easy to secure from one colony a series of individuals _ representing different stages of development. There are other considerations aside from the interest attaching to their morphology and biology which should appeal strongly to the teacher of zoology. These larvae are widely distributed and, with an understanding of their habits, there should be little difficulty in finding them. Moreover, they are small, and a piece of wood six inches long, three inches wide and half an inch thick may contain or produce material enough for a fair sized section or class in zoology. The larvae are prolific and under favorable conditions would probably multiply at any season of the year. This is cer- tainly true of the fall, the early winter and the spring. They are so amenable to artificial conditions as to make it possible to keep them alive for at least a month in microscopic cells, and with care a larval generation will develop in such restricted quarters. We have kept larvae healthy and multiplying for more than three months with nothing more elaborate than a moist piece of decaying wood clamped lightly to an ordinary microscopic slide. These remarkable larvae are very hardy. Prolonged dryness simply results in a suspension of activities, while they are quite resistant to an $4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM abundance of moisture. We have kept them alive in sealed water- filled cells without food for five weeks. With our present knowl- edge we see no reason why artificial colonies might not be established in the vicinity of a zoological laboratory and maintained with very little or no attention from year to year, if not for a decade or more. Description. The parents of these remarkable larvae are small midges belonging to the Dipterous family Itonidae, better known as the Cecidomyiidae or gall midges. The members of this family are all small Diptera with the tibiae unarmed apically, the coxae not produced and the wings usually with but three or four long veins and no cross veins. Extreme forms may have six or seven long veins and one cross vein or, as a result of reduction, the veins may have nearly disappeared. The subfamily Heteropezinae, to which Miastor and its allies belong, comprises a number of exceedingly peculiar forms, some of them most remarkable on account of the great degree of specializa- tion by reduction — physiological as well as morphological. Mem- bers of this subfamily may be separated from the Itonidinae by the absence of circumfili, and from the Lestremiinae by the great reduc- tion in the venation, there being at most, three long veins. The metatarsus may be longer than the following segment, while the number of tarsal segments may be reduced to two. Certain species have quinquearticulate tarsi and the wing membrane thickly clothed with rather broad, striate scales. The production of larvae by larvae or pedogenesis is known to be true of several genera referable to this subfamily, the larvae of which appear to live for the most part in decaying vegetable matter and are therefore likely to be found in searching for Miastor larvae. The adults of Miastor appear in June, while the one known American species of Oligarces was taken in July. The following table will facilitate the recogni- tion of the genera in this group. KEY TO GENERA a Metatarsus longer than the second segment b Tarsi quadriarticulate; 3 long veins; palpi biarticulate Miastor Mein. bb Tarsi triarticulate;- 2 long veins; antennal segments cylindric Heteropeza Winn. aa Metatarsus shorter than the second segment b Tarsi quinquearticulate c Wing membrane finely haired d 3d vein extending to the apex of the wing e Palpi quadriarticulate f 5th vein forked Haplusia Karsch jf 5th vein simple Johnsonomyia Felt REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIO 85 ee Palpi triarticulate Meinertomyia Felt dd 3d vein not extending to the apex of the wing eee Palpi uniarticulate Leptosyna Kieff. e Palpi biarticulate Frirenia Kieff. ee Palpi triarticulate Epimyia Felt cc Wing membrane scaled; 3 simple veins; palpi triarticulate Brachyneura Rond. bb Tarsi biarticulate Oligarces Mein. Fiz. ro Side view of thorax, legs and Fig.8 Palpus of abdomen of Miastor americana, Miastorameri- (Original) cana, greatly en- larged. (Original) Pitt a eS ite, —— e Ls — > 22a GI eg ore ——— 4 AY q Fig.9 Wing of Miastor americana, greatly enlarged. (Original) 4 M. americana. Female. Length 2.5 mm., slender. Antennae © extending to the base of the coxae, sparsely haired, brown; II seg- ‘ments, the first short, stout, irregularly subglobose, the second % longer, the fifth subcylindric, with a length about 4% greater than its diameter, tapering at both extremities, subsessile; a very sparse ~ subbacal whorl of stout setae; subapically and apparently on the _ ventral surface, a pair of large, irregularly subconic, semitransparent ; processes (fig. 7); the distal segment subglobose, broadly rounded ‘ apically. Palpi biarticulate, the first segment irregularly oval, the : second 1% longer, broadry oval, both sparsely setose. Mesonotum f ; ; 86 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM dark brown. Scutellum reddish brown, postscutellum fuscous yel- lowish. Abdomen pale salmon, fuscous basally, yellowish apically. Wings hyaline, costa pale yellowish, subcosta uniting with the mar- gin at the basal third, the third vein, curving distally, just before the apex, the fifth simple and disappearing just before the basal half; fringe long, slender. Legs a nearly uniform yellowish brown, the tarsi quadriarticulate, the first segment short, about 14 longer than the second, which latter is distinctly longer than the third, the fourth a little longer and stouter than the second; claws long, slender, simple, the pulvilli nearly as long as the claws. Ovipositor short, the lobes long, slender, triarticulate, the basal segment stout, sub- triangular, the second longer, subrectangular, the third narrowly oval, all sparsely setose; on the venter of the seventh abdominal segment there is a submedian pair of obpyriform, chitinous ap- pendages, possibly orifices of odoriferous glands. Larva (presumably M. americana). Length 1.25 to 4 mmm Young larvae yellowish or whitish transparent, the larger larvae whitish or reddish orange. The large, white larva is rather stout, tapering somewhat at both extremities and frequently nearly filled with white adipose tissue. There are 13 body segments. The head (pl. 26, fig. 2) is small, triangular and frequently retracted within the body segments. The palpi are short, stout, biarticulate and arising from the anterior portion of the head, the tip of the head usually fuscous. The irregularly bilobed ocular spot is usually seen as a fuscous mass in the third segment. The posterior ex- tremity tapers to an obtuse apex bearing a series of 6 stout, fre- quently recurved, cuticular processes. The body segments are banded ventrally (pl. 29, fig. 2) with closely set series of short, stout spines pointing backward, these spines being most strongly developed upon the anterior body segments, especially the third, fourth and fifth (pl. 22). The quiescent larva, easily recognized by its somewhat stiff atti- tude, due probably to the relaxation of the transverse muscles eirdling each segment, may be whitish and contain semitransparent embryos, easily seen by reflected light (pl. 23, fig. 1) or yellowish and filled with nearly mature embryos (pl. 24, fig. 1). The young larvae are 1.2 to 2 mm. long and present all the char= acters described above for the larger white larvae except that they are yellowish or yellowish transparent, usually more slender and appear to have a relatively much better developed musculature. Musculature. The muscles are especially well developed in the young larvae. They consist of a series of longitudinal and oblique muscles extending from the anterior to the posterior margins of the body segments. There are a number of transverse, girdling mus- cular bands, which are particularly well developed at the union of the body segments, though several distinct broad bands may be observed near the middle of each segment. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIO 87 Respiratory system. ‘The tracheal trunks comprise a double series on each side extending nearly the entire length of the body and sending minute branches to lateral spiracles on the fourth to the eleventh body segments. The dorsal trunks are united to each other by transverse tracheae in the posterior third of body segments five to eleven inclusive and, in addition, send minute branches to the various organs of the body. The tracheal system of a liviny, semitransparent larva may be easily examined in a water mount. Nervous system. This is composed of the pyriform submedian optic lobes and the fuscous, lobulate, socalled ocular spot, the bi- lobed brain in the fourth and fifth body segments and a series of ganglia united by submedian nerves as follows: A broadly oval ganglion occupying the length of the third body segment and with a width fully equal to half its diameter; a shorter, more slender ganglion in the anterior portion of the fourth segment; a broadly pyriform ganglion in the anterior third of the fifth body segment. Separated slightly therefrom, another ganglion lies in the posterior portion of the fifth and the anterior part of the sixth body seg- ments. It is a little narrower than the preceding though it has an equal length. The fifth and sixth ganglia, each short, subquadrate, occur in the sixth body segment; the seventh ganglion is one-half longer than the sixth and is situated in the middle of the seventh body segment; the eighth to the twelfth body segments each appear to have one ganglion, the posterior one almost extending to the anterior margin of the thirteenth body segment. Digestive system. The digestive system, difficult to study because of its being largely inclosed by nearly opaque adipose tissue, consists, according to Kahle, of a comparatively simple tube extending the entire length of the body, the granular salivary glands occurring in the fifth to the ninth body segments, while the long, slender, malpighian tubes may be found in the 11th to 13th segments, inclusive. History of pedogenesis. The discovery of this remarkable phenomenon is credited to Nicolas Wagner, professor of zoology at Kasan. He published a short note in the Journal of the Univer- sity of Kasan in 1861 or 1862, and in 1865 a detailed account. The latter was held by the editor for almost two years because of its “almost increditable”’ character. The observations of Wagner were confirmed by Meinert and Pagenstecher in 1864, and by Hanin, Leuckart and Mecznikoff in 1865. Wagner believed at first that the embryos originated in the adipose tissue, at the expense of which they develop very largely. Later he, Leuckart and Meczni- koff satisfied themselves that the embryos originated from ovaries. 88 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The investigations of these scientists covered approximately a dec- ade, 1862 to 1872, which was followed by a long period of ap- parent lack of interest in these larvae, very little original being published from the latter date until the exhaustive studies in 1908 © by Kahle, who employed modern laboratory methods, demonstrated the general correctness of the earlier observations and satisfied him- ~ self that the process was a true parthenogenesis. It does not seem to have occurred to any one that these larvae might be of great service to the teacher of biology. This method of reproduction has been observed by Meinert in Miastor, Oligarces and Meinertomyia (Pero Mein.) and by Kieffer in Leptosyna. The latter believes the same to be true of Frirenia, though he has not observed mother larvae, since the females con- tain the unusually large eggs characteristic of genera reproducing in this manner. | Pedogenesis or close approach thereto is known to occur in the Chironomidae. Grimm in 1870 describes a larval Chironomus in which eggs develop, they escaping, however, from paired submedian ventral orifices in the eighth abdominal segment of the pupa. This must be construed as at least a modification of the process exhib- ited by Miastor and its allies. Professor Johannsen recorded in 1910 a pedogenetic larva, Tanytarsusdissimilis Jhns., which had come under his observation and that of the late Dr James Fletcher, though no data has been published to show the exact character of this process. Professor Johannsen also refers to an account of pedogenesis in this genus observed in Bohemia by Pro- fessor Zavrel. Habits. These larvae appear to thrive only in the moist, partly rotten inner bark and punky sapwood which has not been invaded to any considerable extent by other Dipterous larvae or Coleopterous borers. They exhibit a manifest tendency to occur in segregated masses, frequently between loose flakes of bark or in rather broad crevices. These colonies contain in autumn old empty skins of mother larvae; a number of yellowish mother larvae with approximately five to fifteen young within; very numerous, small, yellowish larvae showing no trace of embryos; a number of white, various sized active larvae, frequently white, sometimes semitrans- parent; and a few quiescent white larvae containing young embryos. Such larval colonies are most likely to be found in somewhat flaky inner bark, especially where conditions allow several larvae to lie side by side (pl. 26, fig. 1). REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIO 89 Slender, yellowish larvae are often found lying between wood fibers, in some instances apparently having penetrated several inches from the nearest adjacent larvae. These latter do not appear to grow so rapidly as is the case in the more populous colonies, and they also seem to be less prolific, since the few larvae we have Observed under such conditions, produced only three or four, and mostly but one, young. The small, yellowish larvae lying in crevices, mentioned above, frequently occur in series, sometimes one or two lying side by side. They move comparatively little, action being confined largely to the head and the semitransparent anterior body segments. Such larvae appear to remain almost unchanged for two weeks or more. These muscular larvae, with their bands of retrose spines especially well developed on the anterior body segments, are admirably adapted for forcing their way between par- tially rotten tissues, a procedure which is also of material service in giving them relative immunity from attack by natural enemies. The small yellow larvae were most abundant in our material during the winter months. Active larvae crawl rapidly over moist wood and glass, and have even been observed wriggling between colonies of mold. Lack of moisture appears to cause a partial suspension of vital activities, while flooding does not seem to be very injurious. The mouth- parts of the larvae, though the anterior portion of the head is strongly chitinized, appear to be comparatively weak, and, while we have repeatedly observed these larvae moving the head about and examining adjacent tissues, we have seen no indication of gnawing or boring. The alimentary canal contains little that can be discerned with the aid of a compound misroscope, and we are inclined to believe that a considerable portion of their nourishment is absorbed by osmosis after escaping from the mother larva, as. well as before. It would appear as though the several types of larvae occurring in a colony are possibly only modifications, due to the relative amount of nourishment obtained by the individual. Normally, reproduction by pedogenesis occurs throughout the warm months of the year and even into late fall, and commences in early spring, the cold weather of winter simply causing a suspension of activities. Dr Kahle, after an extended series of observations, was led to believe that asexual multiplication might continue unin- terruptedly for possibly a period of two or three years. This appears reasonable, since somewhat recent experiments by Slinger- land have shown that a plant louse might produce nearly I00 asexual Qo NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM generations in almost four years and presumably was capable of continuing this much longer. The adults of Miastor and Oligarces occur in midsummer, a season when the midges of most of these forms are probably abroad. Biological observations. The first larvae secured were taken October 5, 1910, placed in an ordinary fruit jar with moist sand and subsequently allowed to become rather dry. A second lot was obtained October 19 and on examining the latter November 18th, an adherent mass of young larvae evidently recently escaped from the mother larva was found. Soft, partially rotten wood was taken from the earlier lot presumed to contain little or nothing alive, and one or two of these young larvae placed in a groove in each piece of wood, the latter being attached by light clamps, either directly toa microscopic slide or held between a pair. These preparations were kept in a closed tin box on damp blotting paper. It was hoped that we would be able to watch the development of the one or more larvae thus placed in each piece of wood. Most of these for some reason or other escaped and we soon found that the additional moisture given these pieces resulted in renewed activities on the part of many larvae concealed in the woody tissues. On Novem- ber 28, ten days after these preparations had been made, numerous young larvae were observed in most of the preparations, the ma- jority probably recent young of larvae stirred to renewed ac- tivity by the addition of moisture. Throughout November and in early December large, white mother larvae capable of producing from five to perhaps fifteen embryos were frequently seen. The latter part of December and during January large, white larvae were difficult to find and the major portion of the reproduction was by the small, yellow mother larvae usually occurring in crevices in the sapwood and producing only one or two young. ‘These prepara- tions afford an excellent opportunity for determining the duration of the quiescent period under nearly natural conditions. This was found, as a result of observations upon a number of larvae, to be in the vicinity of a week, the movements of the embryo with the fuscous ocular spot and brown anterior portion of the head being observable about five days prior to the escape of the young. The occurrence of a small amount of mold did not seem to have a material effect upon the health of the larvae, and the same was true respecting the presence of mites, Tyroglyphus, which were upon occasions rather abundant in some of the preparations. The larvae crawl readily between the glass and the wood, occasionally REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIO QI making their way to the margin of the preparation and sometimes }escaping. A few were found lying upon the damp blotters in the bottom of the box, others between the blotters and more under the lower blotter on the tin bottom of the box. The larvae are evidently able to remain active for considerable periods without nourishment and with comparatively little oxygen, since it was observed that flooding of the preparation, even though continued for ‘two or three days, apparently had no ill effect upon the larvae — ‘subsequently we found that larvae would live submerged several | weeks and the embryos develop. | The above was continued by isolating one or more larvae on ‘ordinary microscopic slides. Each of these contained several small ‘slivers of wood approximately .2 mm. thick and 1 to 1.5 em. long. | These were laid upon the slide, moistened, several larvae added -and a square cover glass placed over the whole, the margins being “more or less perfectly sealed with vaseline. These preparations were designed primarily to secure more accurate data as to the ‘length of the quiescent period, to facilitate observation upon the development of the embryo and also to ascertain the feasibility of ‘rearing the larvae under such conditions. It was soon noted that while the vital processes were not at once inhibited by submersion, ‘they were greatly retarded and if flooding was long continued, the “embryos were unable to escape from the mother larva, though ap- parently well developed. One moderate sized, apparently quiescent larva with finely granu- lar contents and a brownish discoloration on one side was placed “in such a cell December 12, 1910, together with a moderate sized, yellowish or yellowish white larva and a number of smaller ones. ‘The 16th it was evident that the adipose tissue of this large larva was disintegrating, the several embryos being about one-half the length of the mother larva. On the 22d the embryo was apparently about three-fourths the length of the mother larva and there were no signs of either head or ocular spot. The next day the develop- ing ocular spot was seen as a pair of narrowly oval, fuscous, sub- median bodies, while most of the posterior part of the larva was filled with large, cuboidal cells arranged in a series of columns. The embryo at this time extended from the fifth to the thirteenth body segments of the mother larva. The following day the ocular spot was more evident and the apex of the head discernible. The 27th we were able to recognize two embryos, both with the large cells as described above. The 30th there was a distinct bulging 92 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM of the mother larva in the region of the fifth body segment, a con- dition presaging the nearly developed embryo. The next day the ocular spot was black. Observations were continued daily from January Ist to the 13th, during which time development appeared to be slow and a clear definition of the changes undergone almost impossible because of the ponetita of the ceil. January 16th the embryos had escaped. The moderate sized, yellowish or whitish larva mentioned above was lost sight of for a time, not being located till December 23, 1910, at which time it was found well established on the underside of a splinter of wood and with a length of about 3mm. It remained moderately active for a time, two embryos being observed the 26th, at which time its color approximated closely that of the wood and accounted in large measure for its being overlooked earlier. The 28th the adipose tissue of the mother larva had nearly disappeared and on the 31st an ocular spot was visible in the young. January Ist the head and ocular spot of two embryos were recognized, and on the 5th embryonic movements were observed. The next day one embryo had extruded its head through the skin of the mother larva. Our records show that embryos remained within this mother larva till the 20th, possibly one or more perishing. There were at least three small, yellowish larvae placed in this preparation with the two larger ones discussed above. ‘These re- mained active for some days, two being located as quiescent, each containing an embryo about half the length of the mother larva, December 23, 1910, and from this on were subjected to daily ob- servation. The first of these showed a grouping of the cells in tows the 24th, which became more distinct the next day, and on the 26th a median tract of darker cells was observable. The 28th the embryo extended from the second to the eleventh body segments of the mother larva and showed rather distinct masses of adipose and mesodermal tissue (pl. 35, fig. 3). The ocular spot was evident and the head slightly fuscous. On the 30th movements of the anterior extremity of the embryo and streaming of the body contents were observed, the mesodermal tissue was less conspicuous and the adipose tissue occupied more space. The embryo escaped from the mother larva January Ist. This was unusually early and may have been hastened by artificial causes. The second small, yeilowish, quiescent larva was located De- cember 23, 1910 at which time it contained a large-celled embryo with a length fully one-half that of the mother larva. Three days REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIO 93 later the embryo extended from the fifth to the thirteenth segments f the mother lavra, the cells being arranged in indistinct rows and larger at the extremities. Owing to its position, it was im- possible to properly illuminate this mother larva. The ocular spot and fuscous head were observed on the 30th and an active, well- developed larva seen January 2d, which remained within the skin of the mother larva till the 12th, an unusually long period, due possibly to the mother larva being partially surrounded by vaseline and therefore deprived of a proper supply of oxygen. Three months after the establishment of the cell containing the larvae discussed above, their progeny were living under substantially the same conditions and gave every indication of producing young in due time. A large, white, active larva was isolated under another slide December 12, 1910 with the conditions practically as outlined above. Six days later this larva had worked itself to the margin and become practically inclosed in a vaseline, water-filled cell where it remained for over a month, namely till January 2oth. The de- velopment was unusually slow, probably due in large measure to the deficient supply of oxygen. Young, oval embryos were observed in the region of the sixth and seventh body segments December Io. On the 24th several embryos were found on the venter in the tegion of the tenth or eleventh segments, each with a length nearly equal that of the body diameter. There was a gradual increase in length and on the 20th one extended from the eleventh to the fourteenth segments of the mother larva. The adipose tissue was yellowish and reticulate by the 29th, though no signs of ocular spot or mouth parts were to be seen. January 2d a slight row of cells was visible in one embryo, this median streak becoming more apparent on the 5th. Extended masses of large, cuboidal ‘cells were observed on the 7th, the ocular spot showing as a pair of Minute, brownish spots. On the 16th well formed, embryonic heads and brown octziar spots were visible. This appeared to be about as far as development could go without additional oxygen, and though the vaseline cell was ruptured on the 20th no larvae escaped. The record is interesting since it gives an idea of the vitality of these larvae under adverse conditions. Another quiescent, white larva containing at least two embryos was isolated December 12, 1910. The adipose tissue was granular and irregular. On the 16th the larva was nearly filled with whitish transparent embryos, the latter with a distinct median O4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM streak. Five days later one embryo had a length equal to one-hal that of the mother larva, the embryonic adipose and mesoderma tissue were rather distinct, while the adipose tissue of the mothe larva was largely absorbed. On the 22d the form of the mothe larva was distinctly modified by the obliquely-lying young, eac with a length approximately three-fourths that of the parent. Th next day we observed the mesoderm, composed of irregularly ar ranged, subhexagonal cells, accompanied by the appearance o incipient ocular spots in various embryos. The tip of the hea became fuscous by the 28th and on January 5th, slight movement of the embryos were observed. Owing to the reduced oxyge supply, due to the larva being in a practically sealed cell, the em bryos experienced difficulty in escaping. One was observed Jan uary 9th with the seven anterior segments protruding from th posterior extremity of the mother larva, remaining in the sam position and nearly motionless the three following days. The cel was opened January 14th and the mother larva given air, but th action was apparently too late, as the young failed to revive. There appears to be sufficient oxygen in the tissue of the mother larva t permit the embryos to become fully developed. Methods. The material taken in October was kept in ordi- nary fruit jars for a time, some of these at least being allowed to become rather dried. There was very little or no multiplication. On November 18th small pieces or slivers of somewhat dried wood con- taining these larvae were either clamped directly to ordinary microscopic slides or laid between two held together by means of light wire clips. These portions of infested wood were kept on moistened blotting paper in a dark, tin box, being examined every two or three days. Large, white mother larvae were produced from time to time and occasionally considerable colonies of small young were observed in the vicinity of the empty skins of mother larvae. Such preparations enabled us to keep track, not only of a colony but, by noting the location of quiescent larvae, even of individuals. Later this series was supplemented by a few fragments of wood laid upon microscopic slides, covered with large, square cover glasses and the margins more or less perfectly sealed with vaseline. The cell thus formed was kept moist and sometimes flooded with water. Under such conditions full grown white larvae, quiescent larvae and small, white or yellowish larvae were also studied. They apparently thrived for one week at least. Finally we selected a series of small, yellowish, active and quiescent larvae, placed them in water cells REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIO 95 nd observed the embryos and their various stages of develop- ent, photomicrographs being successfully made from this living aterial. The observations on the small lots of material noted above were ecked by examinations of the fruit jars containing larger amounts f material. The latter jars were especially useful because the very umerous maggots made it possible to select at one time practically ll stages, which were mounted in considerable abundance. Some f the larvae were cleared with potassium hydrate and then stained ith Fuchsin, Hematoxylin, Eosin and Eosin-Hematoxylin. The ctions of the stains were all somewhat unsatisfactory and the ajority of our most successful mounts were entire larvae in rdinary balsam preparations which had been thoroughly cleared. he study of the mounts was checked by examination of living aterial as detailed above. Embryology. The development of the embryo may be observed n the living larva. It is easily seen in the larger, white individuals ommon in the fall and producing a number of young, though the changes in the embryo are best observed in the small, yellow lar- yae, especially if they are mounted in shallow water cells." The region of the ovaries is marked in the large, white larvae by an irregular, yellowish green streak in the tenth or eleventh seg- ments. A close examination of such a larva may disclose the oval, large-celled ovaries nearly concealed by the submedian masses of Mpaque, white adipose tissue, especially if the larva rolls slightly. [hese organs are more easily detected in the young yellowish larva. They are submedian, whitish transparent, contrast rather strongly with the darker, more refractive adipose tissue and are located in the posterior portion of the tenth or the anterior part of the eleventh segment, one frequently being somewhat in advance of the other. They are composed of globular or oval, nucleated cells. The youngest embryos we have observed are oval, granular and may be found in the large, white larvae in the vicinity of the Ovaries. The motion of the internal organs appears to distribute the embryos through the body, there being from one to as many as seventeen in individual mother larvae. The young embryos are semitransparent and present a strong contrast to the opaque adi- pose tissue of the large, white larvae or the denser cells of the small, yellowish larvae. The youngest embryo photographed is 1We have used a ring of vaseline to support the cover glass and found uch a cell very satisfactory as well as economical. 96 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM represented on plate 30, figures 2 and 3. It occurred in a small yellow larva and had a length nearly equal to that of the nint segment of the mother larva, its width being about one-fourth th diameter of the parent. This embryo is evidently in the morul stage, it being composed of a rather indistinct mass of irregular closely placed cells, apparently with a slight infolding, the begin ning of the blastoderm. At the posterior extremity there is group of nucleated, large, polar cells. The next stage observed though not photographed, was seen in larva Y. This embryo ha a length equal to nearly twice the diameter of the mother larva. I was natrowly elliptical, with a length approximately three time its diameter and the polar cells, though visible, were not so evi dent as in the embryo described above. At its anterior extremit there was a slight thickening, apparently the much reduced cells o the corpus luteum. The median portion was occupied by a rathe broad streak of dark, granular cells, bordered on either side an at the extremities by lighter, small-celled tissue. A more advance stage is shown on plate 30, figure 1, and plate 31. This represent an embryo dissected from the large, white type of mother larva. It shows a distinct darker ectoderm and a lighter mesoderm, th anterior extremity having a conspicuous cap of large, dark cells. Portions of the posterior extremity and of the middle of the same embryo are represented still more enlarged on plate 31, figures I and 2. The time required for the small embryos to migrate from the region of the ovaries and develop to such an extent as de- scribed above and thus produce a quiescent stage in the large, white type of mother larva is approximately four to five days, much appearing to depend upon the size of the mother larva and the number of embryos present. The latter are perhaps most easily seen when viewed by reflected light (pl. 23 fig. 1, 2). The nex@ stage in the development is illustrated on plate 32, figure 1. The embryo has a distinct cephalic cap of dark-celled tissue, a well defined germinal streak, the latter being broadly produced to one side in the region of the anterior third. The same general condi- tion, though in a more advanced stage and apparently from a somewhat different viewpoint, is illustrated on plate 32, figure 4, and plate 33, figure 2, the dark ectoderm occupying one-third the width of the embryo and extending from approximately the re- gion of the sixth to the twelfth segments; the cephalic cap persists as before. This condition appears to be followed shortly, though we have observed it somewhat clearly only in embryos developing in REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIO Q7 he large, white mother larvae, by a great increase in the ecto- erm, accompanied by its folding and extension anteriorly around he posterior extremity, the development of the large lobes an- eriorly and its segregation into somatic masses, indistinctly shown yn plate 27, figure 2, and apparently producing a peculiar cuboidal spect illustrated on plate 28. The greatly developed mesoderm in- ludes a series of large, cuboidal cells, some at least probably being he polar cells, and a certain portion destined to develop into a nuch more conspicuous mass to be described later. These changes re accompanied by a shrinking of the embryo from the extremi- ies of the amniotic sac and the development of the digestive sys- em by an invagination from both extremities. This latter is in- licated in living embryos of young yellowish larvae, by the forma- jon of irregular lobes at each extremity and the appearance in he region of the sixth to the twelfth segments, of a considerable nass of large-celled tissue, occupying most of that portion of the Jody cavity and which we believe to be mesoderm (pl. 35, fig. 2) und identical with that mentioned above. The changes from now gn are rapid. This conspicuous mass of mesoderm gradually be- somes absorbed or reorganized into organs such as the digestive system, its appendages and especially the ovaries, while the de- veloping adipose tissue expands, occupies more space and pro- duces a three-rowed appearance in the embryo (pl. 35, fig. 3). Development of the head now proceeds, the mouth parts become nore definite, the ocular spot visible and the lobes at the posterior sxtremity become well defined. Motion may be observed in the ambryo and shortly it is ready to escape from the mother larva. The length of the fully developed embryo is about 1 mm. It is frequently nearly as long as the small, yellow mother larva and ipproximately half as long as the large, white larva. The development of the embryo reacts upon the mother larva and she soon assumes a rather characteristic quiescent form, un- loubtedly an outcome of her lowered vitality due to the rapid ab- sorption of nourishment by the young. This results in the relax- ng of the muscles, especially the transverse girdling bands at the margins of the segments. The change in the condition of the mother is probably explainable solely upon physiological grounds. The time elapsing between the assumption of the quiescent stage by the mother larva and the escape of the young is about seven days. The first part of this period the embryos rarely exhibit signs of life, though distinct motions of the head and anterior segments 98 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM may be observed five days before they escape. The embryos are inclosed in the amniotic sac, which latter is ruptured before they escape from the body of the mother larva. There is a marked tendency among the embryos, when more than one occurs, to de- velop with their heads toward both extremities of the mother larva. The growth of the embryo is correlated, as alluded to above, by interesting modifications in the ‘mother larva. The large, well developed mother larva is easily recognized by her plump condition and the nearly solid, submedian masses of white adipose tissue filling the body from the fifth or sixth segment to the posterior extremity. Shortly after the escape of the embryos from the ovaries we observe clear patches (pl. 23, fig. 1), here and there in the mother larva, bordered by cells well filled with adipose tissue. Within a few days there is a striking modification and these large cells lose, probably by osmosis, a large proportion of the white, fatty- matter and assume a somewhat reticulate character (pl. 23, fig. 2), which is soon followed by their disappearance, and the embryos absorbing practically all of the contents of the mother larva. Records of individual embryos. The embryo in larva A was first detected January 17th. It then had a length about equal to two and one-half body segments of the mother larva. There was a distinct median streak of large, irregular cells, with a broad pro- jection to one side near the anterior third, and a distinct cephalic cap of dark cells at the anterior extremity (pl. 32, fig. 1). The nex day the germinal strip occupied an area approximately equal to one-third the width of the embryo (pl. 32, fig. 2), extending the following day to about half the width of the embryo, the clear space just behind the cephalic extremity being decidedly smaller. At this time the embryo had increased in length so that it extended from the posterior third of the fifth to the anterior fourth of the eighth body segment of the mother larva. There was some in- crease in length and minor changes in development from that date to the 27th, at which time there was a remarkable change, the germinal streak and its production to one side becoming narrower and being composed of unusually large cells; this change was soon followed by disintegration, the condition on the 28th being well illustrated on plate 32, figure 3. The embryo of larva B was recognized January 17th, at which time it extended from the fourth body segment of the mother larva to the twelfth. The greater portion of the embryo consisted of a nearly uniform series of small, globular cells, though a darker area was visible on one side near the middle (pl. 34, fig. 1). Pulsa- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIO 99 tions were visible in the body of the mother larva. The next day a series of moderately large, cuboidal cells were observed near the posterior extremity. This tissue became more distinct as develop- ment progressed, it becoming more evident by the 21st and occu- pying a still more prominent place the 23d and 24th. On this latter date two-thirds of the posterior portion of the embryonic body were filled with this tissue, somewhat as illustrated on plate 35, figure 2. The masses of adipose tissue on either side commenced to develop and eventually overspread and apparently absorbed in considerable measure the substances of the mesodermal tissue, a portion of which apparently develops into the ovaries. The embryonic di- gestive tract, apparently marked by large-celled tissue, appeared on the 27th to be nearly continuous throughout the entire length of the embryo. The embryo had shrunk a perceptible distance from the ends of the amniotic sac and the developing extremities were observed. The lobes of the antennae were recognized the following day as obtuse, buttonlike projections having a length less than three-fourths their diameter. Two days later the an- tennae had a length a little greater than their diameter; the ocu- lar spots were indicated by indistinct, submedian, pigmented areas; the lobes of the brain could be traced; the salivary glands were submedian, narrowly lanceolate masses of large, glistening cells lying in presumably the sixth or seventh segments of the embryo, while the mesodermal tissue had retracted somewhat. The posterior extremity of the embryo was also well defined. February Ist there were three distinct rows of embryonic tissue, the two strips Oi adipose tissue and the large-celled mesoderm, the latter being less extensive the following day and largely obscured by adipose tissue on February 3d. There was a slow development from this time subsequently. On the 8th the ocular spots were light brown, diffuse, and the semitransparent mouth parts well developed, a fuscous appearance showing on the goth. This embryo failed to escape from the mother larva. The embryo in larva C extended from the third to the eleventh segments of the mother larva and had a distinct median streak January 17th. The latter on the 20th was seen to be composed of smaller, dark cells. The next day the embryo extended from the third to the middle of the twelfth segment of the mother larva. Development continued until the 27th, at which time it was nearly in the condition illustrated on plate 35, figure 2, the posterior por- tion being largely occupied by the mesodermal tissue. The an- 4 100 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM terior five or six segments of the embryo were semitransparent and the ocular spots represented by minute, brownish, submedian, - pigmented areas. The next day the three-rowed condition, indi- cating the development of adipose tissue, was more apparent, while the lobed posterior extremity of the embryo was fairly definite. On the 30th developing salivary glands were distinguished near the anterior extremity of the adipose tissue. ree movements of —_ the embryo were noted the 31st, and on February Ist it was seen that the head was well developed though semitransparent, the antennae having a length twice the diameter. The mesodermal tissue was obscured or absorbed to a considerable extent by the developing sublateral masses of adipose tissue. The head of the embryo was slightly infuscated on the 2d and the ocular spots purplish brown. Free movements of the embryo continued and on the 6th the mesoderm was largely concealed by adipose tissue. There was comparatively little development from this date onward, though the embryo continued active in the mother larva till the 10th. Owing probably to an insufficient supply of oxygen it was unable to escape. One larva (f7/) separated January 17th, contained two embryos, each with a length about half that of the mother larva and both showing a distinct infolding near the middle of the germinal streak. The posterior extremities of these embryos showed several exceptionally large, compound cells — polar cells. Six were ob- served in the anterior embryo and apparently three in a row in the posterior embryo, the latter apparently moving anteriorly. Un- fortunately this promising larva was accidentally destroyed. Larva J, isolated January 17th, contained an embryo extending from the fifth to the eleventh body segments of the mother larva. The next day four presumably polar cells were recognized at the posterior extremity. There were no evident streaks in the em- bryo. On the roth one very large aggregation of unusually dark cells was observed just before the posterior extremity, the opposite extremity being largely filled with globular ectodermal cells, espe- cially abundant on one side. The following day a distinct tract of darker tissue was observed on one side of the embryo, extending from its anterior third to its posterior fifth and representing ap- proximately the area occupied by the mesodermal tissue. January 21st the embryo extended from the fifth to the anterior margin of the thirteenth segment of the mother larva. There was a dis- tinct fold of ectodermal tissue, presumably in the region of the — REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIO IOI eighth to the twelfth embryonic segments, extending a little over half the width of the embryo. Posteriorly there were several large, globose, nucleated cells, presumably polar cells, while at the opposite end there was a considerable mass of large cells having a diameter of one-fourth to one-third that of the embryo. Two days later the posterior extremity of the embryo contained a mass of large-celled tissue in which were several larger, indistinct, pre- sumably polar cells. The large, glistening mesodermal tissue was observed in the region of the ninth to the twelfth segments, while the sublateral developing adipose tissue was seen on either side. This condition is well shown in a photograph taken the following day (pl. 35, fig. 2), at which time the embryo exhibited distinct movements. The rather well formed head was colorless and moved from side to side. Streaming of the body contents was observed though the fat bodies occupied a comparatively small space on either side. The fine-celled, slender, malpighian tubes were noted. The posterior extremity had well developed lobes. On the 25th the median mass of mesodermal tissue had begun to contract, the developing adipose tissue increasing considerably. Two days later the head was well developed; the ocular spot black; the salivary glands were recognized; the malpighian tubes were distinct, while the mesodermal tissue extended approximately from the tenth to the twelfth segments and had a width only about one-fourth the “diameter of the embryo. The following day the embryo escaped from the mother larva. Larva N was a small, yellow larva separated January 30th and containing an embryo extending from the posterior third of the ninth to the posterior third of the eleventh segment of the mother larva. The embryo exhibited a distinct germinal strip extending from the anterior third to the posterior fourth and with a broad band of ectodermal tissue extending to one side and including ap- proximately the middle of the embryo. The anterior extremity of the embryo is capped as it were with dark-celled tissue, while large yolk cells may be seen here and there in the germ plasma. This “embryo was about as far advanced as the one illustrated on plate 32, figure 4. The next day there was a median germinal strip of lighter “cells and on one side a layer of decidedly darker cells, much as shown in plate 30, figure 1. February Ist the two layers described above were more distinct and broader, the median lighter one being crowded a little to one side by the greater development and conse- quent breadth of the darker ectoderm, which latter extended al- I0O2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM most to the middle of the embryo and from its anterior third to its posterior fourth. The anterior extremity of the embryo is charac- terized by irregular series of moderately large cells in the germ plasm. February 2d the median mesodermal tissue was crowded still further to one side by the darker ectoderm which now extends to the middle of the embryo and appears to have elongated some- what. Both extremities of the embryo have retracted a little from the tip of the amniotic sac and are occupied by irregular series of large cells. The following day the mesoderm was crowded still further to one side by the darker ectoderm. At the anterior ex- tremity of the embryo there was a mass of rather dark, fine-celled tissue, possibly the corpus luteum and apparently separating by fission, while the greater portion appears to be composed of globu- lar, highly refractive cells grouped much as at the posterior ex- tremity, which latter is narrowly margined by rather large, highly refractive, indistinctly grouped cells, one or more being unusually large. February 4th there was a distinct clear space in each ex- tremity of the amniotic sac. The anterior extremity of the em- bryo is distinctly lobed, the broader, less produced portion capped with a mass of large, refractive cells, the small protuberant lobe composed of fine tissue. The posterior extremity of the embryo is distinctly bilobed. Unfortunately the numerous changes observed in this embryo from this point on at least appear to be abnormal, since the embryo disintegrated February 9th, though pulsations in the mother larva continued normally till the 15th. A very interesting embryo was discovered in larva Y February 6th. The embryo extended from the seventh to the eighth ab- dominal segments and had a length equal to nearly twice the dia- meter of the mother larva. It was narrowly elliptical, with a length approximately three times its diameter. The polar cells, though visible, were not so conspicuous as in the younger embryo illustrated on plate 30, figures 2 and 3. This embryo is composed of nearly uniformly developed, rather transparent, semicuboidal, ectodermal cells. At the anterior extremity there was a slight thickening, apparently the much reduced cells of the corpus luteum. The median portion was occupied by a rather broad streak of dark, granular cells bordered on either side, including the ex- tremities, by lighter, smaller-celled tissue. The mother larva was alive, as evidenced by distinct pulsations. The following day a distinct though small cap of cells was observed at the anterior extremity of the embryo. At the posterior third of the embryo’ REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIO 103 there was a distinct constriction, almost a division, the tissues adjacent thereto being markedly larger and darker, while at the posterior extremity there was a distinct lobe occupying about two- thirds the width of the embryo. February 8th there was a shrink- ing from both extremities of the amniotic sac, and other changes which are not described in detail, since they appeared to be pre- liminary to disintegration the next day, though the mother larva continued alive until the 15th. An active, moderate-sized, white larva was isolated February 27th and its granular ovaries were seen partially to divide into irregular lobes, the one at the posterior extremity of the left devel- oping into an ovum larger than the remainder of the ovary. The anterior third of the ovum was filled with darker, granular matter, while the remainder consisted of clear plasm containing about seven large, nucleated cells. This ovum increased in size until it was larger than the remainder of the ovary in which it originated, gradually separating therefrom by fission and shortly developing into a small embryo in the morula stage with distinct polar cells much as is illustrated on plate 30, figures 2 and 3. Bibliography of pedogenesis. Reference to the literature shows that investigations of these forms have been confined to Europeans, only minor notices being given by Americans. ‘The following citations include most of the important literature and practically everything that we have been able to find in English. 1862 Wagner, Nic. Ueber spontane Fortpflanzung der Larven bei den Insekten (in Russian) Kasan Fol. 50, p. 72, 5 plates. 1864 Meinert, F. R. Miastor metraloas. Naturhist. Tidsskrift, p. 37-43. 1864 Pagenstecher, H. A. Die ungeschlechtliche Vermehrung der Fliegen- larven. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. 14:400-416, plate 39, 40. 1865 Baer, K. v. Ueber Prof. Nic. Wagner’s Entdeckung von Larven, die sich fortpflanzen, etc. L’Acad. imp. des sciences de St Petersbourg. Bul. 9, p. 64-137, plate 1. 1865 Hanin, M. Neue Beobachtungen weber die Fortpflanzung der Viviparen Dipterenlarven. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. 15:375-90, plate 27. 1865 Leuckart, Rud. Die ungeschlechtliche Fortpflanzung der Cecido- myidenlarven. Archiv. fiir Naturg. 3Ist year, 1 :286-303, plate 12; Ann. & "Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 3, 17:161-73, plate (a translation by W. S. Dallas). — 1865 Mecznikoff, Cand. Ueber die Entwickelung der Cecidomyiden- larven aus dem Pseudovum. Archiv. f. Naturgesch. 31st year, I :304—-I0. 1865 Meinert, F. R. Om Larvespirernes Oprindelse i Miastorlarven. Naturhist. Tidsskrift, p. 83-86. 1865 Siebold, C. Th. v. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. 15:115-16. | 1865 Wagner, Nic. Ueber die viviparen Gallmitckenlarven. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. 15 :106-15, plate 8. 104 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1866 Mecznikow, Elias. Embrylogische Studien an Insecten-Ueber die Entwicklung der viviparen Cecidomyidenlarve, nebst Bemerkungen tiber den Bau und die Fortflanzung derselben. Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Zool. 16:407-21; plates 24, 25 and 27b. 1870 Grimm, v. Osc. Die Ungeschlechtliche Fortpflanzung einer Chironomus-Art und deren Entwicklung aus dem Unbefruchteten Ei. Acad. Imp. d. Sci. St Peters. Mem, T. 15, No. 8)-p, 1-245 4 plates: 1872 Meinert, F. R. Om Aegetts Anlaeg og Udvikling og om embry- onets forste Dannelse i Miastorlarven. Naturhist. Tidsskrift p. 345-78, plate 12. 1880 Packard, A. S. Zoology, p. 653 (Mention). 1883. Claus, C. Lehrbuch des Zool. p. 88 (Mention). 1892 Schiedt, R. C. Principles of Zoology, p. 68 (Mention). 1895 Sharp, David. Cambridge Nat: Hist. Ins. 1:142 (Mention). 1896 McMurrich, J. P. A Text Book of Invertebrate Morphology, p. 60, 499 (Mention). 1896 Williston, S. W. Manual North American Diptera, p. 10 (Sum- mary notice). 1898. Packard, A. S. A Text Book of Entomology, p. 580-81. 1900 Kieffer, J. J. Cecidomyides d’Europe et d’Algerie. Soc, Ent. Fr. Ann. 69:326-29 (Summary). 1903 Phillips, E. F. A Review of Parthenogenesis. Amer. Philosoph. | Soc. Proc. 42:299 (Brief summary). , 1905 Haeckel, Ernst. The Wonders of Life, p. 252-53 (Mention). 190s Hertwig, Richard. A Manual of Zoology, p. 142 (Mention). 1906 Folsom, J. W. Entomology, p. 142 (Mention). 1907 Zavrel, Jan. Pacdo-und Parthenogenesis bei Tanytarsus. Prag, Cas. Ceské Spol. Entomolog. 4:64-65. 1908 Kahle, Walther. Die Paedogenesis der Cecidomyiden. Zoologica, Heft 55, p. 1-80; 38 text figures, 6 plates. (An extended biblography). 1908 Williston, S. W. Manual of North American Diptera, p. I2I-22 (Summary notice). 1909 Shipley, A. E. In Sedgwick’s Students Text Book of Zoology. 3:640, 742 (Mention). 1910 Johanssen, O. A. Paedogenesis in Tanytarsus. Science, Nov. 25, 22-768. to1r Felt, E. P. Miastor and Embryology. Science 33:302-3. (A sum-7 mary statement as to the availability of Miastor larvae for embryological work). nn x) EH << 4 Ay fy O Z O Il é hal ® ‘ aw Codling moth work Unsprayed or check trees X Picked fruit: 86 sound, 69 wormy apples Y Picked fruit: 97 sound, 233 wormy apples TIO Unsprayed apples PLATE 4 ELE Codling moth work Sprayed but once 1b Picked fruit: 1394 sound, 117 wormy apples Id Picked fruit: 703 sound, 82 wormy apples If Picked fruit: 596 sound, 65 wormy apples 112 Sprayed apples . PLATE 5. Dod eed CER {13 4 4 ' Petey ‘| * ¢ 2a Picked fruit: 2b Picked fruit: 2c Picked fruit: Codling moth work Sprayed twice 658 sound, 51 wormy apples 1501 sound, 88 wormy apples 760 sound, 52 wormy apples 114 Plate 5 Ss apple prayed iN . ' tf : . ? ) ‘ * ‘ he all nl - i Codling moth work One late spraying 3a Picked fruit: 392 sound, 198 wormy apples 3d Picked fruit: 830 sound, 128 wormy apples 3e Picked fruit: 467 sound, 163 wormy apples 116 Plate 6 Sprayed apples fer op PLATE 7 ; ih wh at s ‘ 4 » ay ‘i Codling moth work Unsprayed or check trees X Picked fruit: 12¢ sound, 47 wormy apples Y Picked fruit: 317 sound, 325 wormy apples 118 Unsprayed apples Codling moth work Upper figure, Wealthy tree in series 3 Lower figure, Mackintosh tree in series 3, also showing yield of tree 2Y; 125 sound, 250 wormy apples 120 Experimental trees Codling moth work Apples showing the characteristic end wormy infestation, also one which has been entered at a slight depression by a larva of the second brood "22 sojdde Auto AA 6 21eI1g PLATE 10 123 * a it * : ei Codling moth work 1 Baldwin showing a moderate amount of bordeaux injury 2 Work of Tortricid followed by codling moth injury 124 qinay AWIOM PUB pogjessny OI 310Ta PLATE 11 125 Codling moth work Two apples showing work of Tortricid 1 The operations of the insect about the blossom end 2 Its feeding near the end and upon the side of the apple 126 sojdde uo proliy10y, Jo YIOA\ II 931d 1 . ik Fi j = ; . shy, / ae ‘ : 1 &, ‘4 ' ' a . ' : / 2 ' - PLATE 12 127 Codling moth work 1 Baldwin showing a moderate amount of injury by bordeaux mixtur 2 Baldwin with more severe injury and incipient cracking, a codling mot entrance in the middle of a crack 128 Aintut yjout surppoo pue surjessny ZI 9eId ‘PLATE 13 129 Codling moth work 1 Asymmetrical Ben Davis with one side badly deformed, probably fr injury by bordeaux mixture 2 Another apple badly injured though not deformed by bordeaux mixtt 130 Fidle is Russeted frui PLATE 14 131 Codling moth work Badly checked apples on unsprayed trees. Such crevices are fav for entry by codling moth. 132 Plate 14 fruit checked and Russeted PLATE 15 133 A 7 Psyllopsis fraxinicola Forst. Distorted ash leaves, showing work of this species 134 Plate 15 Work of ash psylla PLATE 16 135 Psyllopsis fraxinicola Forst. 1 Anterior wing, male. x I5 2 Posterior wing, male. x 15 3 Apex of male abdomen, showing genitalia. x 20 4 Apex of female abdomen, showing ovipositor and accessory organs. x 20 5oiead. x 15 6 Antenna, portion of anterior leg and part of rostrum of female. x 30 136 Plate 16 Ash psylla ae i i j | / 5 * PLATE 17 ik 137 ’ Ree al? Prans Aix ’ a ear ' i A ; 1 Gall of Chermes cooleyi Gill. on blue spruce, natural size 2 A portion of a printed page showing a crane fly which had been presse into the paper in the calendering process. Natural size 138 A] ourto pue [pes oonidg | a TUWO ey FO JUNOIOL ‘AIO OY} 0} Sursuoyzoq — 4 Taste ACHE ‘QoueUu / $90.1} JO0.1}S. “ie oyuy 4} OSyTe ses oy ™~ fo (} pue soo1}" Ad2 Lys ‘, su yo uonotng 9d 0} WySnos [sey pope vi, apeyg fai “parte SINGHIUOP 0} g ‘ed 2 uIOU oY} Jo ShetMep nd 9 oy) Suysey,, wi yaed vn u ! TaVHS "yy ‘i + PLATE 18 139 Chermes piceae Ratz. 1 Ventral aspect of female. x 35 2 Posterior extremity showing ovipositor. x 200 140 Plate 18 Silver fir aphid PLATE 19 ’ a 141 Camponotus herculeanus Linn. Work of carpenter ant in poplar 142 ant arpenter ce of Work PLATE 20 143 Camponotus herculeanus Linn. Work of carpenter ant in poplar; another view 144 Plate 20 ant of carpenter Work & a H 4 py 145 Snow-white linden moth 1 Snow-white linden moth; eggs, slightly enlarged 2 Adult moths 146 Plate 21 2 Snow-white linden moth PT Sey ee aly Gt Bos: ! =9 rs 4 a +? ° . PLATE 22 147 Miastor ? americana Felt 1 Large, white, living larva chilled. Photographed by reflected light. x 50 148 Plate 22 Miastor larvae Miastor ? americana Felt 1 Mother larva containing a number of semitransparent embryos. Note cells well filled with adipose tissue. x 50. By reflected light 2 Mother larva containing several semitransparent embryos. Note compara- tively few large cells filled with adipose tissue. x 50. By reflected light \f j O cn Plate: 23 yos g embr inin Miastor larvae conta ‘PLATE 24 . 751 Miastor ? americana Felt 1 Mother larva containing several nearly developed embryos. x 50 2 Mother larva containing two nearly developed embryos. Note columns of large cells. x 50 152 Plate 24 I Embryos. in Miastor larvae =! ‘ net & ine) | WwW < as A Miastor ? americana Felt Posterior extremity of a large mother larva filled with numerous embryos, one lying free across the broken end. x I00 154 Plate 25 ~ S embryos astor ¢ c 1 a M Ce, PLATE 26 Miastor ? americana Felt 1 Portion of chip showing a number of Miastor larve. x 20 2 Head and anterior body segments of larva, showing the shape of the head, with the anterior third fuscous, the short, diverging antennae, the ocula spot and the lobed brain. x 120 3 Posterior extremity of larva, showing cuticular processes at its apex. x 5 156 Plate 26 Miastor larvae o i PLATE 27 157 ' ‘ Pa ae ev) 4 ‘ . wy ] | sa. te) i | ‘ae i} [ Wi j } 5 Unter F a a ‘ ‘ . ee fea hae ty Miastor ? americana Felt 1 Mother larva filled with partly broken down adipose tissue, the embry concealed beneath. x 50 2 Embryo in mother larva, showing general outline and an indistinct segm tation along the germirial streak. x 120 158 Miastor larvae 753 i te a ot. < a ta e > . » Ta al ee ’ Miastor ? americana Felt Three segments of a large, white mother larva, showing series of cuboi cells. x 200 160 Plate 28 Portion of Miastor larvae oa 14H Paks z LE Saee i . Oar, va- ‘i » On wes , Miastor ? americana Felt 1 Ovary of mother larva. Note the large-celled, oval mass of tissue near t discolored area. x 325 2 Portion of a band of spines. x 325 162 Plate 29 Miastor larvae 2 , ~) ro) H < 4 Ay 163 Miastor ? americana Felt x Young embryo dissected from a large mother larva and showing a darker strip of ectoderm, a lighter mesodermal area and a dark mass of tissue at the anterior extremity toward the left. x 100 2 Young living embryo lying mostly in the ninth segment of a small, yel- lowish mother larva. Note the large polar cells at the lower posterior ex tremity. x 200 3 The same, more enlarged. x 400 164 Plate 30 yos tor embr 1as M ~~ PLATE 31 > 165 ik Miastor ? americana Felt 1 Anterior extremity of embryo illustrated in figure I of the preceding plate. x 300 2 Middle portion of same embryo. x 300 166 Plate 31 Miastor embryos PLATE 32 167 m4 i) Miastor ? americana Felt Living embryo within a small, yellowish larva. Note the distinct germinal streak with its broad projection to one side near the anterior third, and the cephalic cap of fuscous cells. x 100 The same embryo photographed 24 hours later and showing some change. This photograph was relatively not as good as the first. x 100 The same embryo several days later showing the condition after disintegra- tion has begun. x 100 A larger embryo in a small, yellow mother larva extending from her fifth to eighth body segments. Note the great extension of the ectoderm from about the anterior fourth to the posterior fifth, and the cephalic cap of dark cells. x 100 Empty skin of a portion of a mother larva. The irregular, dark, longitu- dinal lines represent tracheae while the transverse fuscous bands are spines on the segments. x 100 168 Miastor embryos Le Oe ES Abas, Val +) vi “ bo 3 ve PLATE 33 169 Miastor ? americana Felt 1 A portion of a segment of the larva illustrated on plate 35, figure 1 show- ing the character of the large-celled median mass of mesoderm. x 200 2 Embryo illustrated on plate 32, figure I. x 300 3 Enlargement of same embryo from photograph made the following day. X 300 170 «yim a a. ee . errr I Miastor embryos PLATE 34 ‘ 171 . at —" ) , s i 4 dy h % arg | Wise - . © - «oa 2 4 a + ‘ rt a. é Vi Miastor ? americana Felt 1 Small, yellowish mother larva containing an embryo extending from the fourth to the eleventh body segments and illustrating an early stage in the development of the mesoderm and adipose tissue. x 75 2 Small, somewhat shrunken, yellowish mother larva containing a nearly fully developed embryo, the fuscous anterior portion of the head and the black ocular spot showing distinctly in her posterior (lower) body segments. x 75 3 Portion of a large, white mother larva packed with numerous embryos. The two conspicuous black spots near the middle of lighter areas represent well developed ocular spots of embryos nearly ready to escape. This mother larva contained about 10 such embryos, the heads of three at least, being included in the portion illustrated. x 200 172 Plate 34 3 Miastor embryos y o he? a Ch PLATE 35 173 q or y ie 2 ; & » 7 “Te Le yf Miastor ? americana Felt t Mother larva containing an embryo extending from about the fifth to the tenth body segments and showing an early stage in the development of the mesodermal tissue. x 100. A portion of the latter more enlarged as illus- trated on plate 33, figure I. 2 Small, yellow mother larva containing an embryo extending from the fourth to the twelfth segments and showing in the posterior part of the embryo a conspicuous mass of large-celled mesodermal tissue with distinctly rounded extremities. x 100 3 Small, yellow mother larva containing a nearly developed embryo showing the three-rowed condition due to an increase in the embryonic adipose tissue _and a correlated decrease in the mesoderm. x 100 All on this plate are arranged with the head of the mother larva up, the -anterior extremity of the embryo being toward the bottom of the plate. 174 Plate 35 Miastor embryos — —_ | = - EN DEX abbotii, Lophyrus, 58. Abbott’s pine sawfly, 7, 58. abietis, Chermes, 37, 30. acericola, Phenacoccus,: 55, 73. Additions to collections, 76-81. Adirondack insects, 74. Agriotes mancus, 51. Agromyza flaviventris, 68. melampyga, 67. Alder plant louse, 73. americana, Chionaspis, 55. Miastor, 5, 82-103. Anarsia lineatella, 72. ancylus, Aspidiotus, 75. antennata, Xylina, 7, 21, 73. Ants, 70. house, 7I. large black carpenter, 57. white, 7I. Aphelinus diaspidis, 40. Aphid spruce gall, large, 36-39. Aphididae, 73. Aphis gossypii, 75. Aphis, woolly, 75. Apple maggot, 72. Apple tree, injurious insects: cigar case bearer, 41. codling moth, 12. lined red bug, 6, 43. Oecanthus niveus, 71. San José scale, 71. tarnished plant bug, 70. _ Apple tree borer, 73. Apple worm, 12. green-striped, 21. _armiger, Heliothis, 73. Arrhenophagus chionaspidis, 49. Arsenate of lead, 15, 19, 28, 35, 41, 42, 51, 54, 59, 75. Ash psylla, 39-40. asparagi, Criocerus, 75. Asparagus beetles, 75. Aspidiotus ancylus, 75. perniciosus, 46, 70, 7I. Asteromyia, 74. Aulacaspis rosae, 47. Bag worm, 54. Balsam, large black carpenter ant injuring, 57. Beans, Phorbia fusciceps on, 73. Bedbug, 71, 75. Bedbug hunter, 71. Beech, injurious insects; bert’s Otiocerus, 68. snow-white linden moth, 62. Beech tree blight, 65. Beet leaf miner, 73. Beetle catcher, 43. Birch leaf skeletonizer, 64-65. Blackberry bushes, injurious insects: Oecanthus nigricornis, 71. quadripunctatus, 71. rose scale, 47. Blister mite, 47. Blow fly, 66. Blue cornus sawfly, 60. Book louse, 71. Bordeaux mixture, 19, 22, 28. Brachyneura, 85. Bristle tail, 71. Brown tail moth, 7-8, 74. Bucculatrix canadensisella, 64. buxi, Monarthropalpus, 74. Coque- Cabbage, harlequin cabbage bug in- juring, 53. Calliphora viridescens, 66. vomitoria, 66. Calosamia promethea, 67. Camponotus herculeanus, 57. ; Camptoneuromyia meridionalis, 73. 176 Camptosorus rhizophyllus, 67. canadensisella, Bucculatrix, 64. candida, Saperda, 73. Carpet: beetles; 71: Carpocapsa pomonella, 12-35, 71, 72. Cecidomyia manihot, 73. opuntiae, 70. Cecidomyiidae, 70, 73, 74, 84. Centipede, house, 71. ceparum, Phorbia, 73. Cereal pests, 7I. Cheese skipper, 71. Chermes abietis, 37, 39. cooleyi, 36-39. funitectus, 66. piceae, 65, 74. Cherry, pear slug injuring, 41. Cherry fruit fly, 42-43. Cherry maggot, 6. Cherry slug, 6. chionaspidis, Arrhenophagus, 49. Chionaspis americana, 55. furiura, 75: Chironomidae, pedogenesis, 88. Cigar case bearer, 41-42. Cimex lectularius, 75. cingulata, Rhagoletis, 42-43. Clothes moths, 71. Cluster fly, 71. Cockroaches, 71. Codline™ moth,; 5; 112=35,71,/°72,.. 745 general observations, 12-13; life history and habits, 13; experimen- tal work, 13-34; conclusions, 34- 35. Coleophora fletcherella, 41-42. Coleoptera, additions to collection, 70-77: Collections of insects, tions to, 76-&r1. Colorado blue spruce, injurious in- Sects; aphid spruce gall, 36. gall aphid, 7. Conotrachelus nenuphar, 42. cooleyi, Chermes, 36-309. coquebertii, Otiocerus, 68. Corn, injurious insects: ants, 70. 9-102) addi= NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Corn, injurious insects (continued) cutworins, 70. wheat wireworm, 51. Corn worm, 73. corticis, Dasyneura, 74 Cottony maple scale, 6, 55, 73. false; “55: Crickets, 71. Criocerus asparagi, 75. duodecimpunctata, 75. cucumeris, Epitrix, 73. Cutworms, 70, 72. Dasyneura corticis. 74. diaspidis, Aphelinus, 40. Dichromeris marginellus, 35-36, 74. Diptera, additions to collection, 77. domestica, Muscai<71, 72, 73. duodecimpunctata, Criocerus, 75. Elm, large black carpenter ant in- juring, 57. Elm leaf beetle, 6, 53-54, 72, 74, 75. Elm scurfy scale, 55. Ennomos subsignarius, 62, 74. ephemeraeformis, Thyridopteryx, 54. Epimyia, 85. Epitrix cucumeris, 73. Eriocampoides limacina, 4I. Eriophyes pyri, 47. Eulecanium tulipiferae, 75. Europe, study of museum methods and collections, 8. European insects in America, 74. exitiosa, Sanninoidea, 72. Fabric pests, 71. False cottony maple scale, 55. False maple scale, 6. felti, Sympiezus, 68. ferrugalis, Phlyctaenia, 40. Firs, silver fir aphid injuring, 65. Fish smothja71- flaviventris, Agromyza, 68. Flea beetle, 73. Fleas, house, 71. fletcherella, Coleophora, 41-42. Flies, 72; control of, 71. See also” House fly. ‘Food pests, 71. Forest tree insects, 6-7, 57-66, 74. INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIO D7 fraxinicola, Psyllopsis, 39. imbricator, Pemphigus, 65. Frirenia, 85. ipomoeae, Schizomyia, 72, 73. mruit ties, 71, 72. Fruit tree pests, 5-0, 41-47, 74. Johnsonomyia, 84. Fruit worm, green, 7. . Juniper webworm, 35-36. funitectus, Chermes, 66. furiura, Chionaspis, 75. Kerosene emulsion, 40, 45, 49, 57. 1) fusciceps, Phorbia, 73. lanigera, Schizoneura, 75. Galerucella luteola, 53, 72, 74. Darden beetie,:, 71. maneemidges, 8, 10, 84; of Aster, | Lasioptera tripsaci, 70. Sarva, Ouercus and Salix, 9,’ 74. Laternaria phosphorea, 609. Garden insects, 47-53. Leaf bug, four lined, 44. Gipsy moth, 7-8. lectularius, Cimex, 75. gossypii, Aphis, 75. Legislation, relating to insects, 75. Grain insects, 47-53. Leopard moth, 72, 75. Grain weevil, 70. Lepidoptera, additions to collection, Grape, Coquebert’s Otiocerus injur- AGH 70: ing, 68. Lepidosaphes ulmi, 72. Green fruit worm, 7, 73. Leptosyna, 85. Green-striped apple worm, 21. limacina, Eriocampoides, 41. Greenhouse leaf-tyer, 49-51. Lime-sulphur wash, 6, 15, 28, 40, 42, 45, 46, 47, 75. Haplusia, 84. Limneria lophyri, 59. Harlequin cabbage bug, 53. Linden moth, snow-white, 6, 62, 74. Harpiphorus tarsatus, 59. lineatella, Anarsia, 72. versicolor, 60. lineatus, Poecilocapsus, 44. Harvest mites, 75. Lined red bug, 6, 43-45. Heliothis armiger, 73. lophyri, Limneria, 509. Hellebore, 49, 51. Lophyrus abbotii, 58. Hemiptera, additions to collection, | luteola, Galerucella, 53, 72, 74. 78-80. Lygidea mendax, 6, 43. herculeanus, Camponotus, 57. Lygus pratensis, 70. Heterocordylus malinus, 43, 44. Heteropeza, 84. Malarial mosquito, 71, 74. Hickory, Coquebert’s Otiocerus in- | malinella, Hyponomeuta, 74. juring, 68. malinus, Heterocordylus, 43, 44. Hickory bark beetle, 7. . ‘| mancus, Agriotes, 51. Hickory leaf stem borer, 74. manihot, Cecidomyia, 73. histrionica, Murgantia, 53. Maple, injurious insects: Hornets, 71. Coquebert’s Otiocerus, 68. House centipede, 71. cottony maple scale, false, 55. House fleas, 71. Putnam’s scale, 75. Troeuse fly, 8, 71, 72, 73, 74. snow-white linden moth, 62. House mosquito, 71. sugar maple borer, 54. Household insects, 71. Maple leaf aphis, 73. Hydrocyanic acid gas, 51, 71. Maple plant louse, 73. Hymenoptera, additions to collec- | Maple scale, 73. tion, 76. cottony, 6. Hyponomeuta malinella, 74. false, 6. 178 NEW YORK marginellus, Dichromeris, 35-36, 74. Meinertomyia, 85. melampyga, Agromyza, 67. Melon aphis, 75. mendax, Lygidea, 6, 43. meridionalis, Camptoneuromyia, 73. Miastor, 84. Miastor americana, 5, 82-103; habi- tat, 82; recognition characters, 82- 83; value to zoologists and biolo- gists, 83-84; description, 84-87; habits, 88-90; biological observa- tions, 90-04; methods, 064-95; embryology, 95-08; records of in- dividual embryos, 98-103. Midge galls, 8; tabulation, 9. Monarthropalpus buxi, 74. Moosewood, snow-white linden moth injuring, 62. Mosquito, house, 71. malarial, 71; 74. salt marsh, 71. yellow fever, 7I. Murgantia histrionica, 53. Musca domestica, 7I, 72, 73. Muscina stabulans, 67. nenuphar, Conotrachelus, 42. Nicotine, 40. nigricornis, Oecanthus, 7I. niveus, Oecanthus, 7I. Norway spruce, spruce gall injuring, 7. notatus, Pissodes, 61, 74. Nursery inspection, 10. aphid Oak, Coquebert’s Otiocerus injur- ing, 68. Oecanthus nigricornis, 71. niveus, 7I. quadripunctatus, 71. Oligarces, 85. Oligotrophus salicifolius, 74. Onion maggot, 73. opuntiae, Cecidomyia, 70. Orthoptera, additions to collection, 8o. Otiocerus coquebertii, 68. Oystershell scale, 72. STATE MUSEUM Paper, insects and paper, 67. Paris green, 19, 52. pavonia, Saturnia, 67, 74. Peach borer, 72. Peach .trees, San José scale injur- {np3 70. Peach twig borer, 72. Pear psylla, 6, 39, 45-46. Pear slug, 6, 41. Pedogenesis, an account of, 82-103; history of, 87-88; bibliography, 103-4. Pegomya vicina, 73. Pemphigus imbricator, 65. tessellata, 73. perniciosus, Aspidiotus, 46, 70, 71. Petroleum emulsion, 40, 45. Phenacoccus acericola, 55, 73. Phlyctaenia ferrugalis, 49. rubigalis, 40. Phorbia ceparum, 73. fusciceps, 73. phosphorea, Laternaria, 69. piceae, Chermes, 65, 74. Pine weevil, spotted, 61. white, 61. Pines, injurious insects: Abbott’s pine sawfly, 7, 58. spotted pine weevil, 61. Pissodes notatus, 61, 74. strobi, 61. Plagionotus speciosus, Plant lice, 73, 74. Plum curculio, 42, 43. Poecilocapsus lineatus, 44. pomonella, Carpocapsa, 12-35, 71, 72. Rhagoletis, 72. J - ~~ Poplar, large black carpenter ant in- juring, 57. Potassium, cyanide of, 49. Potatoes, wheat wireworm injuring, Sie pratensis, Lygus, 70. promethea, Calosamia, 67. Psylla, ash, 39-40. Psylla pyricola, 30, 45. Psyllopsis fraxinicola, 309. Publications, 9, 70-75. Pulvinaria vitis, 55, 73. Putnam’s scale, 75. INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I9QIO pyri, Eriophyes, 47. pyricola, Psylla, 39, 45. pytima, Zeuzera, 72, 75. quadripunctatus, Oecanthus, 71. Rain barrel mosquito, 71. Raspberry bushes, injurious insects: Oecanthus nigricornis, 71. quadripunctatus, 71. rose scale, 47. Red bug, 44. lined, 43-45. Red spider, 74. Remedies and preventives: arsenate of lead, 15, 19, 28, 35, 41, AB P51, 54, 59, 75- bordeaux mixture, I9, 22, 28. cyanide of potassium, 49. hellebore, 49, 51. hydrocyanic acid gas, 51, 71. kerosene emulsion, 40, 45, 49, 57. lime-sulfur wash, 6, 15, 28, 40, 42, 45, 40, 47, 75. Paris green, 19, 52. petroleum emulsion, 40, 45. tobacco extract, 40, 46, 51. whale oil soap solution, 39, 40, 45, eoyAD. Remedies and preventives for: Abbott’s pine sawfly, 59. ants, 70. aphid spruce gall, 30. apple tree borer, 73. ash Psylla, 40. asparagus beetles, 75. bed bug, 75. beech tree blight, 67. beetle catcher, 43. blister mite, 47. cherry fruit fly, 42. cigar case bearer, 42. eodline moth, 5, 13, 71, 72. cutworms, 70, 72. elm Jeat beetle, 54, 72, 74, 75. false cottony maple scale, 57. fruit flies, 72. grain weevil, 70. greenhouse leaf-tyer, 40, 5r. harvest mites, 75. house fly, 72, 73. 179 Remedies and preventives for (cont'd) Heliothis armiger, 73. leopard moth, 72, 75. melon aphis, 75. mosquito, 74. onion maggot, 73. oyster shell scale, 72. peach borer; 72. pear psylla, 45. pear slug, 41. Phorbia fusciceps, 73. plant lice, 73. plum curculio, 43. Putnam’s scale, 75. red bug, lined, 45. red spider, 74. rose scale, 49. Sam Jose sealex6, 40, 70,, 71. scurfy scale, 75. snow-white linden moth, 64. tarnished plant bug, 70. tree crickets, 7I. tulip scale, 75. wheat wireworm, 52. wooly aphis, 75. Rhagoletis cingulata, 42-43. pomonella, 72. rhizophyllus, Camptosorus, 67. Rhododendron lace bug, 74. rosae, Aulacaspis, 47. Rose scale, 47-40. rubigalis, Phlyctaenia, 40. salicifolius, Oligotrophus, 74. Salt marsh mosquito, 71. San José scale, 6, 46-47, 70, Sanninoidea exitiosa, 72. Saperda candida, 73. Saturnia pavonia, 67, 74. Sawfly, Abbott’s pine, 58. blue Cornus, 60. spotted Cornus, 509. Schizomyia ipomoeae, 72, 73. Schizoneura lanigera, 75. Scurfy scale, 75. Seed pests, 7I. Shade tree insects, 6, 53-57, 74. Silver fir aphid, 65-66. Silver fish, 71. Snow-white linden moth, 6, 62, 74. 1 N 180 NEW YORK speciosus, Plagionotus, 54. Spider, red, 74. Spotted Cornus sawfly, 59. Spotted pine weevil, 61. Spruce gall aphid, 7, 375 20: large, 36-30. Stable fly, 67. stabulans, Muscina, 67. strobi, Pissodes, 61. subsignarius, Ennomos, 62, 74. Sugar maple borer, 6, 54-55. Sympiezus felti, 68. Tarnished plant bug, 70. tarsatus, Harpiphorus, 509. tessellata, Pemphigus, 73. Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis, 54. Tobacco sextract 40.5246, 051, Tobacco whale oil solution, 45. Tortricid leaf feeders, 21, 35. Tree crickets, 71. tripsaci, Lasioptera, 70. Pulip seale, 75: tulipiferae, Eulecanium, 75. Typhoid fly, 71, 74. STATE MUSEUM ulmi, Lepidosaphes, 72. versicolor, Harpiphorus, 6v. vicina, Pegomya, 73. viridescens, Calliphora, 66. vitis, Pulvinaria, 55; 73- vomitoria, Calliphora, 66. Walking leaf, 67. Wasps, 7I. Whale oil soap solution, 39, 40, 46, 49. Wheat wireworm, 51-52. White pine weevil, 61. Willow, Cecidomyiidae injuring, 74. Wireworm, wheat, 51-52. Woolly aphis, 75. Woolly maple scale, 73. Aylina antennata, 7, 2, 7e: Yellow fever mosquito, 71. Zeuzera pyrina, 72, 75. New York State Education Department New York State Museum JouNn M. CriarkeE, Director PUBLICATIONS Packages will be sent prepaid except when distance or weight renders the same impracticable. On 10 or more copies of any one publication 20% discount will be given. 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Bulletins are grouped in the list on the following pages according to divisions. The divisions to which bulletins belong are as follows: 1 Zoology so Archeology 99 Paleontology 2 Botany 51 Zoology too Economic Geology 3 Economic Geology 52 Paleontology ror Paleontology 4 Mineralogy 53 Entomology 102 Economic Geology s Entomology 54 Botany 103 Entomology 6 t 55 Archeology 104 se 7 Economic Geology 56 Geology 105 Botany 8 Botany 57 Entomology 106 Geology 9 Zoology 58 Mineralogy I07 ef 10 Economic Geology 59 Entomology 108 Archeology!| II : 60 Zoology 109 Entomology 12 61 Economic Geology 110 13 Entomology 62 Miscellaneous t11z Geology 14 Geology 63 Paleontology 112 Economic Geology 15 Economic Geology 64 Entomology 113 Archeology 16 Archeology 65 Paleontology 114 Paleontology 17 Economic Geology 66 Miscellaneous t15 Geology 18 Archeology 67 Botany 116 Botany 19 Geology 68 Entomology 117 Archeology 20 Entomology 69 Paleontology 118 Paleontology 21 Geology 70 Mineralogy 119 Economic Geology 22 Archeology 71 Zoology I20 i 23 Entomology 72 Entomology 121 Director’s report for 1907 24 e 73 Archeology 122 Botany 25 Botany 74 Entomology 123 Economic Geology 26 Entomology 75 Botany 124 Entomology 27 se 76 Entomology 125 Archeology 28 Botany 77 Geology 126 Geology 29 Zoology 78 Archeology 127 ff 30 Economic Geology 79 Entomology 128 Paleontology 31 Entomology 80 Paleontology 129 Entomology 32 Archeology 81 - 130 Zoology 33 Zoology 82 xe 131 Botany 34 Paleontology 83 Geology 132 Economic Geology 35 Economic Geology 84 « 133 Director’s report for 1908 36 Entomology 85 Economic Geology 134 Entomology 37 “ 86 Entomology 135 Geology 38 Zoology 87 Archeology 136 Entomology 39 Paleontology 88 Zoology 137 Geology 40 Zoology 89 Archeology 138 41 Archeology go Paleontology 139 Botany 42 Paleontology 91 Zoology 140 Director’s report for 1909 43 Zoology 92 Paleontology 141 Entomology 44 Economic Geology 93 Economic Geology 142 Economic geology 45 Paleontology 94 Botany 143 « 46 Entomology 95 Geology 144 Archeology 47 4 96 _ 145 Geology 48 Geology 97 Entomology 146 49 Paleontology 98 Mineralogy 147 Entomology MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS Bulletins are also found with the annual reports of the museum as follows: Bulletin Report Bulletin Report Bulletin Report Bulletin Report I2-15 Asie, I 72 Seas te Dea) (Loz 5O, V2.0 134 62, Vv. 2 16,17 50,V.1I 73 Sy Ve 2 TOS—58 159 Vez 135 Osan 18,19 mn, V. x 74 595 Vets Dir 2 astOO 59, Ve = 136 oh pene 20-25 Ba, I 75 Se wae 107 60, Vv. 2 137 63) Vi. 26-31 Ban Va I 76 By, Va De Diez LOS 605 V5 3 138 Gay ve a B2—34 54, Vv. 1 715) EA Vewpuek LOO, 110 OO, Va Fr 139 O83 Nve 2 35,36 SA V2.2 7 Bie Me 2 Til 60, Vv. 2 I40 63)'V..r 37-44 Ay Ve 3 79 Rye Merle Du. 2) Deke 60, Vv. 1 I4I Oa Vieo2 45-48 BA Vie 4. 80 Sie Veale Pik, Lrg 60, V.3 142 63, ve 2 49-54 Bev. I 81,82 tea onc: II4 60, Vv. 1 143 635, Ven2 55 56,V.4 83,84 One ae 1I5 60, Vv. 2 : 56 ie cone 5 58, Vv. 2 116 GONwe E Memoir 57 56, Vi 3 80 Chor aie, 177 60, Vv. 3 2 49, V. 3 58 56; Vv. I 87-89 58, Vv. 4 118 60, v. I Chae Ca ane 59,60 BOs. 3 90 holes aes I19-21I O61,V.1 5,6 BT Wi 61 56, Vv. I 91 Se Aue 7 122 6riive2 ” Ba veeA 62 BO Ve 4. 92 ee wn GS 123 GEV x 8, ptr GOpaiS & 63 56, Vv. 2 93 58, V. 2 124 61, V. 2 8, pt 2 5On Vi 4 64 56, V. 3 94 58, V.4 I25 62, V.3 oO, pt 60, Vv. 4 65 56, V2 95,96 Bosna E 126-28 62,v.1 Ou Dtr2 62,V. 4 66,67 56, v.4 97 58.V. 5 129 Gon ve2 Io 60, Vv. 5 68 56, Ve 3 98,.99 59, Vi 2 130 62,V.3 ThE OL Vas 69 56, Vv. 2 I0o BOs Ve Tail, 132 O2 Vere I2 Osa ivess Penae G7, V.i,Pi 1 ro1 59, V. 2 133 ,62,V.1 13 63, V. 4 The figures at the beginning of each entry in the following list indicate its number as a museum bulletin. Geology. 14 Kemp, J. F. Geology of Moriah and Westport Townships, feeen Oo. N. Y., with notes on the iron mines. 38p. il. 7pl. 2 maps. Sept. 1905. Free. 19 Merrill, F. J. H. Guide to the Study of the Geological Collections of the New York State Museum. 164p. 119pl. map. Nov. 1898. Out of print. 21 Kemp, J. F. Geology of the Lake Placid Region. 24p. 1pl. map. Sept. EoQ5.. Tree. 48 Woodworth, J. B. Pleistocene Geology of Nassau County and Borough er Ouecens. -58p. il. 8pl. map. Dec. 1901. 25¢. 56 Merrill, F. J. H. Description of the State Geologic Map of 1901. 4ap. 2 iiaps, tab. Nov. 1902. . Free. 77 Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Vicinity of Little Falls, Herkimer Co. gem, Topl. 2 maps... Jan. 1905. 30. 83 Woodworth, J. B. Pleistocene Geology of the Mooers Quadrangle. 62p. @a5pl. map. June 19005. 25¢. 84 Ancient Water Levels of the Champlain and Hudson Valleys. 206p. Gearpl. r&8:maps. July 1905. 45¢. 95 Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Northern Adirondack Region. 188p. Tsp. 3 maps: Sept. 1905. 3oc. 06 Ogilvie, I. H. Geology of the Paradox Lake Quadrangle. 5,p. il. 17pl. map. Dee: 1905. 30Cc. 106 Fairchild, H. L. Glacial Waters in the Erie Basin. 88p. rapl. 9 maps. Feb. 1907. Out of print. 107 Woodworth, J. B.; Hartnagel, C. A.; Whitlock, H. P.; Hudson, G. H.; Clarke, J. M.; White, David & Berkey, oe es Geological Papers. 388p. s4pl. map. May 1907. 9oc, cloth. Bi, “Ae Contents: Woodworth, J. B. Postglacial Faults of?Eastern New York. Hartnagel, C. A. Stratigraphic Relations of the Oneida Conglomerate. Upper Siluric and Lower Devonic Formations of the Skunnemunk Mountain Region. Whitlock, H. P. Minerals from Lyon Mouniain, Clinton Co. Hudson, G. H. On Some Pelmatozoa from the Chazy Limestone of New York. Clarke, J. M. Some New Devonic Fossils. An Interesting Style of Sand-filled Vein. — Eurypterus Shales of the Shawangunk Mountains in Eastern New York. White, David. A Remarkable Fossil Tree Trunk from the Middle Devonic of New York. a ea C. P. Structural and Stratigraphic Features of the Basal Gneisses of the High- ~ lands. tmz Fairchild, H. L. Drumlins of New York. 6op. 28pl. 19 maps. July 1907. Out of print. 115 Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Long Lake Quadrangle. 88p. 2opl. map. Sept. 1907. Out of print. NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT 126 Miller, W. J. Geology of the Remsen Quadrangle. 5,4p. il. rrpl. map. Jan. 1909.: 25¢e: 127 Fairchild, H. lL. Glacial Waters in Central New York. 64p. 27pl. 15 maps. ‘Mar. 1909. 4oc. 135 Miller, W. J. Geology of the Port Leyden Quadrangle, Lewis County, N.c Yu) O2p al, arpl. map. sian-eromone esse 137 Luther, D. D. Geology of the Auburn-Genoa Quadrangles. 36p. map. Mar. 1910. 20¢. 138 Kemp, J. F. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. Geology of the Elizabethtown and Port Henry Quadrangles. 176p. il. 2opl. 3 maps. Apr. 1910. 4ec. 145 Cushing, H. P.; Fairchild, H. L.; Ruedemann, Rudolf & Smyth, C. H. Geology of the Thousand Islands Region. ry 4p. il. 62pl.6 maps. Dec. TOTO. 5G: = 146 Berkey, C. P. Geologic Features and Problems of the New York City (Catskill) Aqueduct. 2806p. il. 38pl. maps. Feb. 1911. 75c; cloth, $1. Gordon, C. E.. Geology of the Poughkeepsie Quadrangle. In press. Luther, D. D. Geology of the Honeoye-Wayland Quadrangles. In press. Economic geology. 3 Smock, J. C. Building Stone in the State of New York. «54p. Mar. 1888. Ow of print. First Report on the Iron Mines and Iron Ore Districts in the State of New York. 78p. map. June 1889. Out of print. 10 —— Building Stone in New York. 210p. map, tab. Sept. 1800." 4oe 11° Merrill, F. J. H. Salt and Gypsum Industries of New York. gap. zapl. 2 maps, tiatab. UApr 280g oc] 12 Ries, Heinrich. Clay Industries of New York. 174p. rpl.il.map. Mar. T8O5: OC: 15 Merrill, F. J. H. Mineral Resources of New York. 240p) 2 maps he Sept. 1895. [soc! 17 —— Road Materials and Road Building in New York. s2p. rapl. 2 AMmaps.. (Oct, T8071. Ease: 30 Orton, Edward. Petroleum and Natural Gas in New York. 136p. il. zemaps., Nov: 1390. \Sr5e: 35 Ries, Heinrich. Clays of New York; their Properties and Uses. 4s56p. 140opl.map. June 1900. Out of print. Lime and Cement Industries of New York; Eckel, E. C. Chapters on the Cement Industry. 332p. rorpl. 2 maps. Dec. 1901. 8s¢e, cloth. 61 Dickinson, H. T. Quarries of Bluestone and Other Sandstones in New York. 124p. 18pl. .2 maps. )Maroi1g0e. ase. 85 Rafter, G. W. Hydrology of New York State. go2p. il. 44pl. 5 maps. May 1905. $1.50, cloth. 93 Newland, D. H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York. 78p. July 1905. Out of print. 100 McCourt, W. E. Fire Tests of Some New York Building Stones. 4op. 26pl. Feb. 1906. 15c. 102 Newland, D. H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York rgos. 1O2p. une 190025 (2)5e: Tr2 Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1906. 82p. July 1907. Out of print. 119 & Kemp, J. F. Geology of the Adirondack Magnetic Iron Ores with a Report on the Mineville-Port Henry Mine Group. 184p. r4pl. Smaps, “Apr. 1908) 3 5c. 120 Newland, D.H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1907. 8ap. July 1908. Out of print. 123 & Hartnagel, C. A. Iron Ores of the Clinton Formation in New York State. 76p. il. rapl..3 maps. Nov. 1008: 25c. 132 Newland, D.H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1908. 8p. aly, T990On" TSC. 142 Mining and Quarry Industry of New York for1go9. 98p. Aug. TOLO. | 5c: ae Gypsum Deposits of New York. g94p. 2opl. 4 maps. Oct. 1910. 35¢. 44 MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS Mineralogy. 4 Nason, F.L. Some New York Minerals and their Localities. eaperp. Aue. 1888. Free. 58 Whitlock, H. P. Guide to the Mineralogic Collections of the New York State Museum. r5op. il. 39pl. 11 models. Sept. 1902. 4oc. 70 New York Mineral Localities. 11op. Oct. 1903. 20¢. 98 Contributions from the Mineralogic Laboratory. 38p. 7pl. Dec. 1905. Out of print. Paleontology. 34 Cumings, E.R. Lower Silurian System of Eastern Mont- gomery County; Prosser, C. S. Notes on the Stratigraphy of Mohawk Valley and Saratoga County, N. Y. 74p. 14pl.map. May 1900. 15¢c. 39 Clarke, J. M. Simpson, G. B. & Loomis, F. B. Paleontologic Papers 1. feo. il, ropl. Oct. 1900. 15¢. Contents: Clarke, J. M. A Remarkable Occurrence of Orthoceras in the Oneonta Beds of the Chenango Valley, N. Y. —— Paropsonema cryptophya; a Peculiar Echinoderm from the Intumescens-zone , (Portage Beds) of Western New York. —— Dictyonine Hexactinellid Sponges from the Upper Devonic of New York. The Water Biscuit of Squaw Island, Canandaigua Lake, : Simpson, G. B. Preliminary Descriptions of New Genera of Paleozoic Rugose Corals. Loomis, F. B. Siluric Fungi from Western New York. 42 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Hudson River Beds near Albany and their Taxo- nomic Equivalents. 116p. 2pl. map. Apr. Igor. 25C. 45 Grabau, A. W. Geology and Paleontology of Niagara Falls and Vicinity. 286p. il. r8pl. map. Apr. 1901. 65c; cloth, goc. 49 Ruedemann, Rudolf; Clarke, J. M. & Wood, Elvira. Paleontologic Papers 2. 240p.13pl. Dec. 1901. Out of print. Contents: Ruedemann, Rudolf. Trenton Conglomerate of Rysedorph Hill. Clarke, J. M. Limestones of Central and Western New York Interbedded with Bitumi- nous Shales of the Marcellus Stage. Wood, Elvira. Marcellus Limestones of Lancaster, Erie Co., N. Y. Clarke, J. M. New Agelacrinites. Value of Amnigenia as an Indicator of Fresh-water Deposits during the Devonic of New York, Ireland and the Rhineland. 52 Clarke, J. M.~ Report of the State Paleontologist 1901. 28o0p. il. ropl. mop tab. jiuly-1902. 4oc. 63 & Luther, D. D. Stratigraphy of Canandaigua and Naples Quad- ™ tangles. 78p.map. June 1904. 25¢. 65 Clarke, J. M. Catalogue of Type Specimens of Paleozoic Fossils in the - New York State Museum. 848p. May 1903. $1.20, cloth. 69 Report of the State Paleontologist 1902. 464p. 52pl.7 maps. Nov. 1903. $1, cloth. 80 Report of the State Paleontologist 1903. 396p. 29pl. 2 maps. Feb. 1905. 85c, cloth. 81 & Luther, D. D. Watkins and Elmira Quadrangles. 32p. map. ilar FQ05. 25. 82 Geologic Map of the Tully Quadrangle. 4gop.map. Apr. 1905. 20C¢. 90 Ruedemann, Rudolf. 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Geology of Valcour Island. In preparation. Zoology. 1 Marshall, W. B. Preliminary List of New York Unionidae. 2op. Mar. 1892. Free. Beaks of Unionidae Inhabiting the Vicinity of Albany, N. Y. 3op. ipl. Aug. 1890. Free. 29 Miller, G. S. jr. Preliminary List of New York Mammals. 124p. Oct. TS9O. /75c: 33 Farr, M.S. Check List of New York Birds. 224p. Apr. 1900. 25¢. 38 Miller, G. S. jr. Key to the Land Mammals of Northeastern North America; loop.) Ott/1900., |) ESE; 40 Simpson, G. B. Anatomy and Physiology of Polygyra albolabris and Limax maximus and Embryology of Limax maximus. 82p. 28pl. Oct. HOOT) 5c. .43 Kellogg, J. L. Clam and Scallop Industries of New York. 36p. a2pl. map. Apr. room. “Free. 51 Eckel, E. C. & Paulmier, F.C. Catalogue of Reptiles and Batrachians of New York. 64p.il. rpl. Apr. 1902. Out of print. 9 Eckel, E. C. Serpents of Northeastern United States. Paulmier, F.C. Lizards, Tortoises and Batrachians of New York. 60 eet re H. Catalogue of the Fishes of New York. 784p. 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Supplement to 14th report of the State Entomologist. 26 Collection, Preservation and Distribution of New York Insects. 26plaly . Apr. Togo. Eree: 27 Shade Tree Pests in New York State. 26p. il. spl. May 18999 Free. aa 15th Report of the State Entomologist 1899. 3128p. June 1goo. EGC: 36 16th Report of the State Entomologist 1900. 3118p. 16pl. Mar. TOOL.) 42 5C. Catalogue of Some of the More Important Injurious and Beneficial Insects of New York State. 54p. il. Sept. 1900. Free. Scale Insects of Importance and a List of the Species in New York State. o4p, il. rspl. June noo1.425¢: 47 Needham, J. G. & Betten, Cornelius. Aquatic Insects in the Adiron- dacks. 234p. il. 36pl. Sept. 1901. 45¢e. 53 Felt, E. P. 17th Report of the State Entomologist 1901. 232p. il. 6ph Aug. 1902. Out of print.4 37 46 MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS 7 —— Elm Leaf Beetle in New York State. 46p. il. 8pl. Aug. 1902. Out of print. 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Clarke, J. M. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. The Eurypterida of New York. In press. — ee MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS Natural history of New York. 3ov. il. pl. maps. 4to. Albany 1842-94. DIVISION 1 ZOOLOGY. De Kay, James E. Zoology of New York; or, The New York Fauna; comprising detailed descriptions of all the animals hitherto observed within the State of New York with brief notices of those occasionally found near its borders, and accompanied by appropri- ate illustrations. 5v.il. pl.maps. sq. 4to. Albany 1842-44. Out of print. Historical introduction to the series by Gov. W. H. Seward. 178p. Semeptr Mammalia. 31 + 46p. 33pl: 1842. 300 copies with hand-colored plates. wee pte birds. 12 + 380p. r41pl. 1844. Colored plates. v. 3 pt3 Reptiles and Amphibia. 7+ 98p. pt4Fishes. 15 + 415p. 1842. pt 3-4 bound together. v. 4 Plates to accompany v. 3. Reptiles and Amphibia. 23pl. Fishes. yopl. 1842. 300 copies with hand-colored plates. w25 pts Mollusca. 4+ 271p. 4opl. pt6 Crustacea. yop.13pl. 1843-44. 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Geology of New York. 4v. il. pl. sq. 4to. Albany 1842-43. Out of print. v. rptr Mather, W. W. First Geological District. 37 + 653p. 46pl. 1843. w-2)pt2 Emmons, Ebenezer. Second Geological District. 10 + 4397p. nypl, 1842. v. 3 pt3 Vanuxem, Lardner. Third Geological District. 306p. 1842. moaepta Dall). James. Fourth. Geological District. 22 + 683p. . topl. map. 1843. DIVISION 5 AGRICULTURE. Emmons, Ebenezer. Agriculture of New York; comprising an account of the classification, composition and distribution of the soils and rocks and the natural waters of the different geological formations, together with a condensed view of the meteorology and agri- cultural productions of the State. 5v. il. pl. sq. 4to. Albany 1846-54. Out of print. v. 1 Soils of the State, their Composition and Distribution. 11 + 371p. 2rpl. 1846. v. 2 Analysis of Soils, Plants, Cereals, etc. 8 + 343 - 46p. 42pl. 1840. V7ith hand-colored plates. 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Geologic maps. Merrill, F. J. H. Economic and Geologic Map of the State of New York; issued as part of Museum bulletin 15 and 48th Museum ~ report, v.1. 59x67 cm. 1894. Scale 14 miles to 1 inch. 15¢c. a MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS - Map of the State of New. York Showing the Location of Quarries of Stone Used for Building and Road Metal. Mus. bul. 17. 1897. Free. —— Map of the State of “New York Showing the Distribution of the Rocks Most Useful for Road Metal. Mus. bul. 17. 1897. Free. Geologic Map of New York. 1901. Scale 5 miles to1inch. In atlas jorm $3; mounted on rollers $5. Lower Hudson sheet 6oc. The lower Hudson sheet, geologically colored, comprises Rockland, Orange, Dutchess, Putnam, Westchester, New York, Richmond, Kings, Queens and Nassau counties, and parts of Sullivan, Ulster and Suffolk counties; also northeastern New Jersey and part of western Connecticut. Map of New York Sheeacs the Surface Couitersaeeiors and Water Sheds. 1901. Scale 12 miles to 1 inch. 15C. Map of the State of New York Showing the Location of its Economic Deposits. 1904. Scale 12 miles to 1 inch. 15¢c. Geologic maps on the United States Geological Survey topographic base. Scale r in. = 1 m. Those mereed with an asterisk have also been pub- lished separately. *Albany county. Mus. rep’t 49, v. 2. 1898. Out of print. Area around Lake Placid. Mus. bul. 21. 1898. Vicinity of Frankfort Hill [parts of Herkimer and Oneida counties]. Mus. fepe 51, V. 1. . 1899. Rockland county. State geol. rep’t 18. 1899. Amsterdam quadrangle. Mus. bul. 34. tIgoo. *Parts of Albany and Rensselaer counties. Mus. bul. 42. 1gor. Free. *Niagara river. Mus. bul. 45. 1rgo1. 25¢. Part of Clinton county. State geol. rep’t 19. 1gor. Oyster Bay and Hempstead quadrangles on Long Island. Mus. bul. 48. 1901. Portions of Clinton and Essex counties. Mus. bul. 52. 1902. Part of town of Northumberland, Saratoga co. State geol. rep’t 21. 1903. Union Springs, Cayuga county and vicinity. 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Mus. bul. 138. trg10e. 15¢. *Alexandria Bay quadrangle. Mus. bul. 145. Free. *Cape Vincent quadrangle. Mus. bul. 145. Free. *Clayton quadrangle. Mus. bul. 145. Free. *Grindstone quadrangle. Mis. bul. 145. Free. *Theresa quadrangle. Mus. bul. 145. Free. < 7 i 5 i * : > ws 4 z t: : wa e - © > . ‘ : € we Vs) ae 1 ie a ROI RA is i We ‘ate 36. \ , Fue | \ : ; ‘a t ms ' ( ij : a = j = 3 = fs = as. X = — A S\ 2 NS 3 ig 5 Ww" 2 SE E =e wr OS xX > = >" Ya i > = > | LILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTI K=- n = 3 ; f : i ~ —_ brie of i mr je — or = ie a = = Ne 3 oO — oO No: = 2 al a=. 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