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B RARI ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTI = aS Boh < = mm = = ee ‘ x z ‘ = — i = 4 > Ks SA 2 8 WNk HZ? z cB NGG 5 NYS SW SSN Oo |\ Pin SENS oO Sa oO bl ts oO a : IS YO z = AS 2 FE 2 iS z E NS 5 oie ett eee. = > = ee MINLILSNI_NWINOSHLIWS Sa fYvddit LIBRARI ES SMITHSONIAN _INSTITUTION |, —NVINOSHLINS S31 uVud —] yu ere «62 i ee wl 4 ®t a Poy ij x rs New York State Education Department Science Division, February 23, 1912 Hon. Andrew S. Draper LL.D. Commissioner of Education Sir: J] have the honor to transmit herewith for publication as a bulletin of the State Museum, the annual report of the Director of the Science Division for the fiscal year ending September 30, I9IT. Very respectfully Joun M. CLARKE Director STATE OF NEW YORK EDUCATION DEPARTMENT COMMISSIONER'S ROOM Approved for publication this 24th day of February 1912 ¢ - Commissioner of Education Compliments of JOHN M. CLARKE Director State Museum and State Geologist STATE HALL, ALBANY, N.Y. Education Department Bulletin Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under the act of July 16, 1894 No. 516 ALBANY, N. Y. APRIL I, I9QI2 New York State Museum JoHn M. CLARKE, Director Museum Bulletin 158 EIGHTH REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE SCIENCE DIVISION INCLUDING THE 65th REPORT OF THE STATE MUSEUM, THE 31st REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST, AND THE REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST FOR tog11I PAGE PAGE PAULO CHOME emf ajaclea ee via sis 5 VANE Pablications tes qa aes sei. 84 I Condition of the scientific NATTA Getter sc). orc aehe cad ciate amie 88 as el eee : a al ° XS VAC CeSSIONS@ ps5, sss eej ue hea go ee: s ral Visas Ge g | Notes on the Geology of the Gulf Suu ceneenl levies of St Lawrence. J. M. CLARKE III of New York geology. 8 | Notes on Devonic Fishes from TEA SEOLOSY akan ee 15 scaumenac. L. HuSSAKOF. ... 127 Surficial geology........ 29 | Notes on a Specimen of Plecto- Industrial geclogy...... 35 ceras jason (Billings). RUDOLF Seismologic station..... 39 R : IESE NGAININI| = crtic. cis. fois eeteceis Ss 141 Wier aloe ye... ap eins) 20 4I ; j Paleontology...... Le eae On the Genesis of the Pyrite De- TI Report of the State Botan- posits of St Lawrence County. Fact Seas meen 50 GE SMV ON Pies. acs,o 5 ere 0s. « 143 IV Report of the State Ento- Recent Mineral Occurrences in TIOLOSISh 2. hes Sats ca as 52 New York City and Vicinity. V Report of the Zoologist... 59 TEL inane eyercag ya eee 183 VI Report Pu the archeology The Micmac Tercentenary. JOHN ‘ SEOUL OR ogc or Rats Bs 61 IV [a7 OIARIGE een te Oats i aeaks ore 3 189 List of archeological speci- : ; mens destroyed in the The Manhattan Indians. ALANn- capitol fire, March 209, BON) oRGENIME Re velcro aunties ve 199 BOM Crees: cca, s Sabet TICE A MG AVGle> ait oe eae ae ere ee 213 Education Department Bulletin Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under the act of July 16, 1894 No. 516 ALBANY, NY: APRIL I, 1912 New York State Museum JoHN M. Crarke, Director Museum Bulletin 158 EIGHTH REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE SCIENCE DIVISION INCLUDING THE Ss REPORT, OF THE STATE MUSEUM, REE sist REPORT OF State GEOLOGIST, AND THE REPORT OF THE, STATE PAUnON TOLOGIST FOR -tor1t INTRODUCTION This report covers all divisions of the scientific work under the charge of the Education Department and concerns the progress made therein during the fiscal year 1910-11. It constitutes the 65th annual report of the State Museum and is introductory to all the scientific memoirs, bulletins and other publications issued from this office during the year mentioned. Under the action of the Regents of the University (April 26, 1904) the work of the Science Division is “ under the immediate supervision of the Commissioner of Education,’ and the advisory committee of the Board of Regents of the University having the affairs of this division in charge are the Honorables: ‘T. Guilford pando siialo-) Daniel Beach LL.D... Watkins; Lucian L. Shedden LL.D., Plattsbure. The subjects to be presented in this report are considered under the following chapters: I Condition of the Scientific Collections II Report on the Geological Survey JII Report of the State Botanist 2 6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM IV Report of the State Entomologist V_ Report on the Zoology section VI Report on the Archeology section VII Publications of the year VIII Staff of the Science Division and State Museum IX nsdn Zn nn ZeZzgZz ou Zong Zui Z n 7, 4 adi) di wan Dod Bye dfn ldvededsge | wosdd eu (=) o) rh (Sur Per ArP eee eee Pee iS ArwA WAAd See SeA AS PAPA ADEA back) exten. ee ba ba Hy ag 5" = MISSES SIS his FR Fh Condi- ticn Objects in grives broken pot, bracelet none brass spiral, wampum none none shell beads, copper tube stone dice, etc. none bone comb, flints, etc. 7 flint points 4 copper rings 2 flint points none broken pot 3 turkey mandibles none none bone ornament none none none ; brass bracelets, beads, metal, shell, stone dice bone punch, arrow heads, flint chips, etc. nothing nothing necklace and armlet of shell beads none none wampum and shell bead necklace, horn beads, brass rings attached 3 antler punches, 3 bone awls 3 clam shells, flint chips none none none none none none, only few traces of bone crushed pottery vessel none none brass spiral, shell broken pot broken pipe, eagle bones I glass bead none none none none none none beads 64 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Ethnology. The Museum is still fortunate in being able to acquire occasionally good ethnological material from the Indians of the State and during the year a number of fine specimens have been added to our collections. The sources are already being exhausted by the many who are interested in Iroquois ethnology. As long as the Indians in New York remember the articles characteristic of their native culture, however, it is possible to have specimens made by them to illustrate the old form. This is especially necessary in the case of costumes. MUTI OTT, 2 GZZ ee yy BiELELZ ee ee Yj stig i WRBELLEEEESEEREEPeNN CUAGIVL ys Uf Wi GZ ee MN ALY UNG YALL = SS YA A; GALILEE: Se SSS Uf MM MM__EzL LE EZ = UMMM LAE E?ZZZE = <= MM OW WAL??PCPLLOI-ELIEZZZZ —— = MAM SA WY LOO = MONA pga CL PW WA (Sa iff P* SS LS == = ——— SSS —— ay {_L—__ —— a LE Y NS EE SSG SS *@° -8°@ + ey -, 2 . . Ww: :\ wr - ~ ne eletetel Mostly Morgan specimens. “a . ~~ ,7 re” “s0 6 4 oe Pr Ree +m ~ Py AA AAALY LA ALZN) “ " * ior) “ Iroquois beaded garments saved from the Capitol fire. vee =~ ft * Ae) FMM ala - -_— “ Ps | - * vine ewe ae emp so ‘ah ‘ypuda AA pue UOSTHOr Aq OJOYG ‘UNG jOU PIP Sased UIPOOM 9} JO BWOG ‘sased ay} peysnio pue SUI[IID 9UO}S OY} Po[quINIO oI OY} MOY SUIMOYS ]][VY ISedITe}s UJOJSaM Jaddn 9Y} FO Ips UAI]JSOM IY, ‘é hae as Pi eee 5 ~ ~ REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQIT Seneca medicine rattle rescued from the Capitol fire of 191r. A hole was burned in the rattle without destroying the paper label. Converse collection NI 74 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM window sills and precipitate stone and plaster ceilings. Marble wainscotings will chip and fall, tile will loosen and soldered joints will melt. The selection of the top hall about the western stairway seemed to insure absolute immunity from destruction by fire, but if one were disposed to ask why the Museum authorities of some fifteen years ago did not provide fireproof metal cases and thus doubly insure the valuable collections from damage by fire, a reasonable answer would be that the installation in glass cases with metal frames could in nowise have saved the specimens but only have helped to destroy them. Of the wooden framed cases, only those directly in contact with the root of the flame were burned to their bases. Those exposed to the indirect shafts of flame were -not burned, and in some cases the varnish was not even blistered, though the heat was intense enough to melt the glass and expose the contents of the cases. In such of the cases as contained metal supports for shelves, the sup- ports warped and fell and threw the specimens to the lowest level in the case. With the cracking of the plate glass the specimens were thrown in confusion. In the four-sided cases the heavy wooden framework of the case was in no instance burned though in all the glass was cracked by the heat. A second destructive force was the falling of the heavy sandstone ceiling. Chunk by chunk the stone fell, the pieces varying from three or four cubic inches to great blocks of half a cubic yard. It was the falling of such masses of stone that crushed the cases not otherwise injured. The use of water in the hall to reduce the heat and extinguish the fire was almost as destructive in certain cases. The buckskin clothes in superheated cases were entirely ruined by the play of water upon the glass. The glass cracked and the water enter- ing the cases shrunk the skin articles to one-fourth their size and left them crisp, shriveled objects when the heat had dried them again. Public interest. Public interest in the work of this section has largely increased. This is due, first, to the natural interest created by a definitely organized archeological and ethnological bureau with a definite policy; and second, to the unusual activities resulting from the use of the funds provided by Mrs F. F. Thompson for carrying out the plan to create a series of ethnological groups. These groups, described elsewhere in this portion of the report, have attracted the attention of many persons interested in history and in anthropology. Correspondence has grown as the result of the awakened interest REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQII 75 of the public. Inquiries come each day regarding Indian history and anthropology, sometimes many of them. The range of inquiry is broad and covers almost every Indian subject from the interpretation ef Indian place-names to opinions as to the legal status of the Indian, from a modest request for a written account of the history of a tribe to a request to outline a scheme for an archeological survey of a country. Many replies to these letters partake of the nature of manuscripts rather than letters and indeed some of the “ letters” have been reedited and without further addition to the text worked up into ten or twelve page magazine articles. With this confidence of the public in our facilities to furnish information on the subjects dealt with by this section of the Museum, better facilities should be provided. Clerical assistance is an imperative necessity. Another indication of public interest is expressed by the donation of collections and specimens to the Museum. This form of public interest is very gratifying. Condition of collections. At the close of the fiscal year October I, 1910—October I, 1911, a new serial card catalog had been prepared. This work extended through several years, odd moments being employed. The collection number was supplemented with a museum serial number affording better means of identification. In connection with this work the collections were rechecked from the old lists prepared by Mr A. G. Richmond in 1898. This was an arduous task and one requiring. much patience but it resulted not only in improving the condition of the collections but gave the Archeologist a personal familiarity with nearly every specimen and an exact knowledge of the location of every important one. This knowledge became most useful during the fire and during the early hours of the Capitol fire facilitated the rescue of such important relics as were not already destroyed. The only archeological collection now on exhibition in the Capitol is the collection secured by the Archeologist and his special assistant at Ripley in 1906. This material was exhibited just outside the fire zone and though it was endangered it was carried to a place of safety and not a specimen was injured. The material now on hand consists of the following lots: ites SES ICETITINGd SPECIMENS... . 2..c. snus savles eo cise vmnacaadees 541 Bememeeer COMGCIIONS,” TMISCENAUEOUS 320 SSUIVER AmtIGles sss Ca Bee. ecu fog AA tines ozclic whe teuieun us ete: uke ue eae 159 i . 7520 Most of this material is in storage but is in good condition. The fire destroyed our best material at the precise point when we had begun to think we had a representative series of collections from the various parts of the State. We are therefore seriously crippled and our extensive plans for a systematic exhibition have received a set- back. Nearly all the material acquired before the appointment of a permanent curator (in 1906) has been wiped out. That which has since been acquired by purchase and donation and through the per- sonal work of the Archeologist in the field has been largely saved. It is a source of some satisfaction to know that his labors have not come to naught. The Governor Myron H. Clark Iroquois exhibit. Much time has been given to the advancement of this work which involves the preparation of cultural groups of the Six Nations in life-size dimensions. In the course of the last two or three years the life casts necessary for the six groups planned have been gradually assembled and of the large backgrounds measuring 50 by 20 feet which are required for the scenic effect, three have been painted and others are in progress. ‘The greatest care has been taken in the selection of the types of figures from an ethnological point of view. It is not always or often easy to distinguish members of the Six Nations from one another and therefore it has been almost com- pulsory to take the men, women and children from the reservations regardless of their tribal relations, provided they preserved well their racial physiognomy. The six proposed groups call for about forty figures and of these nearly all have now been made. The © making of these life casts is a matter of some delicacy and difficulty inasmuch as the subject must assume and hold just that pose which the figure is to have in the resultant group. Toward the close of the summer, in view of the accumulated material, it seemed well to attempt the assembling of the first of these groups. The bringing together of the essentials for them had had its difficulties but the crucial test of the success of the under- taking lay in the final assembling and construction of a group with all its belongings in place. This therefore was undertaken and a temporary case erected in the Universalist church which serves as an | ur > ro = or = uy Scene, Canandaigua Lake; figures, life size The Iroquois exhibit: Hunter Group or Seneca INDIANS. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQII 77 archeological laboratory, wherein the Seneca Hunter group has been thus brought together and carried through to a completion of all its . details. In the assembling of this group we had the benefit of an a a experience which will be of essential service in the construction of the remaining groups and it has required a large amount of time, labor and patience, as well as artistic ingenuity to produce the effect desired, particularly in making the foreground of the group dis- appear without break or obtrusive interval into the background of the picture. The work in its conclusion appears to be in all regards a success, both artistically and as an almost living expression of this particular phase of Indian activity. This group has not been exposed to public view but has been privately shown to a number of appre- ciative and intelligent people competent to see any of its shortcom- ings and appreciate its merits, and it is gratifying to feel that the work has met with quite unqualified approbation. This Seneca Hunter group represents a camp site on the west side of Canandaigua lake looking across the lake toward the hill Genundewa, or Sacred Hill of the Senecas. The time is the early dawn of a spring day. Looking out from the pine woods which is the location of the camp, the eye catches the shimmer of the dawn upon the waters of the lake and the glow of the coming sun upon the almost cloudless sky beyond the distant hills. The group of figures in the foreground consists of five, the father coming in from an early morning hunt with a fawn on his back, the mother at the skiving log cleaning a deer skin, the daughter on her knees cutting venison into strips, a lad felling a tree in the aboriginal mode of burning the trunk and chopping out the charred matter, and the elder brother, a warrior in full warrior’s garb and headtrim. The costumes have been specially designed and adapted to show the clothing of the time, which is supposed to antedate the coming of the white man. The life casts employed are the handiwork of a very skilful sculptor, Mr Caspar Mayer, and have been drawn with such attention to posture and to detail as to retain the surface of the skin in admirable and lifelike perfection. The completion of this group has satisfactorily demonstrated the possibility of bringing all the groups to a similar successful issue but it has for the present obstructed and impeded the working quar- ters of the Museum so that the auditorium of the church which has | been used some time past as the study of the artist, Mr David C. Lithgow, who has painted the backgrounds, is diminished to about one-half its size and the continuation of the artist’s work will be 78 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM prosecuted at some disadvantage. It is hoped to complete the cases — for these groups in the Education Building early and by so doing enable the removal of the first group to its proper place and with it out of the way opportunity will be afforded to try out the other groups experimentally before setting them up in their final resting places. I should take this occasion to speak here with very great appre- ciation of the admirable service rendered by David C. Lithgow, the artist of the background pictures, in the matter of assembling the parts of this group and bringing out the difficult distance effects so essential to the perfection of the assemblage. The work has required not only artistic appreciation but a large degree of mechanical in- genuity and execution. Not all of the work of the year has been given to the matter of perfecting this group. During the winter months and up into the early spring Mrs Shongo and her daughter, Mrs Maud Shongo Hurd, two Seneca women, were employed in the Archeologist’s rooms in embroidering deerskin costumes in quill, moose hair and beadwork for these life casts. Vhe art of working in moose hair and quill is almost extinct and so indeed is that of working all embroidery of the old style. These women were the only ones found who were still familiar with the technic of this handiwork. Great care was taken in the execution of this work to have every design and detail authentic. The Archeologist in the early summer located the historical sites for subjects of backgrounds; an Oneida village near Nichols pond in the town of Fenner, Madison county, an Oneida stronghold stormed by Champlain in 1615, and the Onondaga capital village in the town of Manlius, Onondaga county. The latter is now known as Indian Hill and overlooks the valley of Limestone creek. Some weeks were consumed here by Mr Lithgow in making the sketches: that are to serve as the data for his large paintings. Later in the summer a site was selected for the Cayuga Ceremonial group at Utt’s Point. & The selection of additional models from among the Onondagas who were to pose for the various characters in the Onondaga Coun? cil group was a matter of some difficulty and when the models were secured they were brought to Albany and very successfully cast by Henri Marchand, and in some cases casts of typical faces have been made by the Archeologist himself. Materials for the accessories to the groups have been sought for A life cast of an Onondaga chief made for the Council group of the Hall of Iroquois Ethnology, by Sculptor Henri Marchand. ‘ 0.5 0rp eee eae II REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQII gI Hudson, Prot. G. H. Plattsburg, N. Y. PMSA he MiMnalic a nhomliu WV allcOliin Island y.as eaten e ces b seals. nce. | 2 Jones, R. W. Albany DicionenitamcrassumipGintye | COty pC ws sac. sae ee oe dele lee eee ec on Kirk, Edwin. Washington, D. C. Fossils from Black River limestone, Kirkfield, Ontario, Canada.... 100 Ormiston, Prof. William T. Constantinople, Turkey Denomiciosslseironm Ivounieli-bitssanr, chunkeyd.a- .ae00.+.-+c-- 2 115 Exchange van Ingen, Prof. Gilbert. Princeton, N. J. BMnypteniassijonl base or salina at Hatimers, Mills, Oneida co., Iho NE eb etn AS eee ec orn ga Nae bath atk IER ie a a 8 Purchase Dean, R. C. Dalhousie, N. B. Wevomemisiies eho mie Vite Osa Sidr sees.) atiarg ete othe sb Sesotho) dyatiove se els 8: 10 Krantz, Dr F. Bonn, Germany One Tom ill OMIEES Haile tais aks coscises alee Naps Cae Sp ERRCO OED CAE Oe Senne 7 Plourde, Anthony. Migouasha West, P. 0. Devomicwmshics rom, Macotasha,. Ps Or Canada y....c045:.8..6.02 137 Collection Clarke, John M. Wer omemossils toni meat News iWwiclmotmdsde OW. yanks .. aces 2: 6 SUMMeEsKOSsils homme New mRIChimoncdy ey Ouran achs.cas Gees. ees 40 EG wie D ery OMlGelitneSstOMes a usnian acme clase We se wine era Gale aes ele 10 Pleistocene shells from elevated beaches, New Richmond, Pas@x (CR NABIGCIE! Sane, SS RIES he Bate isto) RRR ORI So ae 50 Mya truncata Macoma sabulosa M. balthica Serripes groenlandicus Chrysodomus despectus Mevonre coal, Cape Haldimand, Gaspe Bay,)P. ©, Canada........ I Hartnagel, C. A. ita mie nid Suet Oilers chitin COMM yim secre sale diaiess @afe.c 6.8 eile esi weal 570 Ruedemann, R. Graptolites and eurypterids from Normanskill shale at Catskill.... 250 Fossils from lower Siluric shales and limestones of Schuylerville SIIEET Go HS SG den Goo bls coe DN OC AMOI Cee OPEC IRE RS ICE ORE tc ene a 200 Wardell, H. C. Fossils from Canajoharie eiroiten) shale near Watervliet. OAT Siapilones LOM iMamiltom 1onmation- im Ulster cOv.. 0.5.60. 6... oes 200 Q2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM MINERALOGY Donation Jones, R. W. Albany Nattve copper and cuprite, Box Elder co.,, Utah. 3.3). 2 ee Pyrite (crystal) A he dead tae Malachite and azurite Cupriteand-chysocollay 6.0 ASE Pi yee “See Aurichalcite on azurite ee Was ea Pe Malachiteand chrysocolla’,. . 4. Sehr Pyrite, (Boulderico., Coli ccecc. cs po desea heat eee ae Sanford, Gen. Denver, Col. Pyrargyrite, Gunniston co., Colle. .) jasc secics uss) cu 0 oe Sylvaniterand fluorite, Cripple Creek, Coll. se. 2.4.25 02 Sylmanite Cripple Creek Coleime were ev dust beste Ouartz Gamethyst), ‘Colorado. Rho ase Se ee ie Hough, R. B. Lowville, N. Y. Sphalerite in quartz, Lyonsdale, Wewis co... 4-2. eee I Ouartz, dyonsdale, Lewis (cy e:).j0.c oa eee ee Oe ee ee 5 Hartnagel, C. A. Albany, N. Y. Calcite, near Three Forks, Montel. feet ee cae 6 #] Stow.) se Sakatoed: Nerve Marcasite and ‘sphalerite, Elizabethtown, N.Y... 22. eee Malachite im limonite, Indian ake, (N.Y 3.2. cee ee Tourmalin in pegmatite, Greenfield, IN: Y../i15s.26.- .025 eee Ouartz in limestone, Saratoga Ni GY... Sea.) ee ee Malachite) azurite, chalcocite; Adirondacks CG)... 2... o. oe Van Loon, E. S. Albany, N. Y. Atagonite in conglomerate,” Albany, N. Y..22.4. 4. 232 3 Gavitsaia Albany. iN. ay. Ouartz iCenystal), Wemple, Nov Yi 00k bag ee RR ee ee I Herrick, a) We Albany, iN: Y:; Ouartz,. New ‘Baltimore, Ni Ys. sole dsc sk anc acieieeeenee I Ss = = = = = eS Ke H&S S&S ne SS me Exchange Laws Boe. sehenectady, IN. °¥: Ouartz, (crystals), Amsterdam, IN. Yo... 0 2s920 0 une IS Goodwin, H. R. Philadelphia, Pa. Barite on dolomite, Frizineton, England )..... 2. 4. 6.65) I Jandorf, M. L. York, Pa. Cerargyrite, embolite and iodyrite, Tonopah, Nevada............. Pyrrte in ishale Vor a 3.26 oie ce scacelwint oe. sceseie geen ee ae Chrysocolla and chalcocite; York, Pa... o...cd.- ta ee Magnetite, Barts)! Berks co: (Paes. at siiseh eas ba ae Rutilatéd quartz, York Pans. vee. ia. vss sais Be 2s ce eon eene ee en wou Purchase Law, E. S. Schenectady, N. Y. Quartz on chalcedony, Amsterdam, N.Y. is. .en-4e bee eee 4 Ouartz (crystals), Anisterdama, Ni N..s ¥i4.c6 elas a auet eel ioe 3 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQII 93 Collection Assistant State Geologist and R. W. Jones’ MieMGer ANG MnO Riiep Humes Ni) Vice ae cals Sera nie. s.cce cela eccle gscece oe Bee 5 Mineralogist and C. A. Hartnagel . Beg (ance crystals).) Batelellerville; No Yous... 3... 2666. .c 6555. ine) Bemuin(ciaystals). batchellervallle; Nw oo stg esas cues ges eee oo ee 5 Benya microchine and quartz, Batchellerville, N. Y...........2.. IL Muscovite (cleavage sheets showing inclusions), Batchellerville, ITs, SE cic BRS Oe SU mes een ae tN NC a 2 Minscovite, (laree! crystals), Batchellerville, N; Y...:2.2.......--. 8 Muscovite, in microline and quartz, Batchellerville, N. Y.......... 8 Waasea (ose), Batchellervalle, No 5 aa. Side eee ols cds Subs wees 7 Pyroxene and muscovite in pegmatite, Batchellerville, N: Y...... I Himronite and quartz, Batchellerville, Ne Yioiso. ccs cike we ec eee ce i Mirecnociine (crystal). Batchellerville, Nive. cake hee ce ee ce I Mineralogist Pear Omiter tleGOne lomenrate, i batlys INg Ys .9 toed esc 6 dees es Sse 14 @ranez(chalcedony,), Saratogay Ni Y gagcc te hai ek vices ode lle os 6 Wuactze(hint). Saratoga, Ns Youcsss-. ce Beare EN Ess: Sucurontt B a g 3 CannewanGicraphite inj serpentine, Saratoga, ING au sens cee. cc. sss 4 164 ENTOMOLOGY Donation Hymenoptera Nailer Mrs oM. S: “Boonvilley Thalessa atrata:- Fabr., black long sting, July 6 Baker, A. N. ~ Bellport. Rhodites bicolor Harr., spiny rose gall, old galls on rose, June 19 Douglass, J. A. Oriskany Falls. Cynips? prinoides Beutm., gall, September 14 Wallace, Sterling. New York City. Tremex columba Linn, pigeon Tremex, adults on hickory, September 12 Sidacpe, EL. ©: Schenectady, “Caliroa:> cerasi lLinn., cherry and pear slug, eggs on cherry, June 3 Livingston, J, H. ‘Yivoli: Kaliofenusa ulmi Sund.,' elm leat miner, larvae on elm, May 30 Howe, Madam. Kenwood. Same as preceding, May 31 Graff, Stephen. Johnstown. Same as preceding, June 16 Peeine eh. Co Chester, Urichiocampus viminalis Fallen, poplar sawfly, larvae on poplar, August 13 é Harris, W. H. Greenfield Center. Same as preceding, August 30 Barron, Leonard. Garden City. Abia inflata Nort., larvae on Lonicera, June 8 State Department of Agriculture. Trichiosoma tibialis Steph., cocoon and pupa on Crataegus from Holland, April 10 Q4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Coleoptera Hyle, Fisher. Germantown. Eccoptogaster rugulosus Ratz., adult, August 8 Cushman, R. L. Yonkers. E. quadrispinoswus Say, adult on hickory, August 13 Brisbin, C. E. Schuylervillee Gymnetron teter Fabr, aame June 21 Sargent, Miss G. W. Lenox, Mass. Rhynchites bicolor Fabr., rose curculio, adults and work, October 26 . Nards, R. 8S. Slingerlands.§ Pomphopoea sayi Lece., Say’s blister beetle, adults, May 31 Bowen, Smith. Hartford. Same as preceding, May 31 Hart, Matthew. Castleton. Same as preceding, on locust blossoms, June 5 Winne, C. M. Castleton. Same as preceding, adult, June 8 DeGarmo, A. C. Schuylerville. Same as preceding, June 8 Jansen, Frank. Fonda. Same as preceding, June 14 Ward, J. G. Cambridge. Same as preceding, June 16 Ward, Arthur. Philmont. Same as preceding, on cherry, June 20 Brisbin, C. E. Schuylerville. Same as preceding, adult, June 21 Fairman, C. E. Lyndonville Meloe angusticollis Say, oil beetle, adult, September 15 Bush, Miss E. Albany. Tribolium confusum Duv., confused flour beetle, adults, November 29 Frost & Bartlett Co. ~ Stamford, Conn.- Chalepus) dope Thunb. locust leaf miner, adults on locust, Ausust 30, gee wee C. nervosa Panz., adult on locust, August 30 Rose, J. F. South Byron. Systena taeniata Say vag blagee Melsh., adult on bean, June 29 Wicks, F. B. Ticonderoga. Galerucella luteola, Mullgem leaf beetle, larvae, June 28 Satterlee, H. L. Highland Falls. Same as preceding, larvae, pupae and adults on elm, July 6 Bell, Miss S. L. Amsterdam. Same as preceding, eggs on elm, July 21 Wood, Miss F. A. Poughkeepsie. Same as preceding, adult on elm, August 7 Bloodgood Nurseries. Flushing. Through State Department of Agri- culture Melasoma scripta _ Fabr., lined cottonwood beetle, egg, larvae and adult on poplar, August 18 ie Hicks, J. J. Jericho. Crioceris asparagi | Linhyaspaegere beetle, adults on. asparagus, May 19. Also C. duodecim- punctata Linn., !2-spotted asparagus beetle, adults on asparagus, May 19 Shutts, W. H. Claverack. Saperda candida Fabt,, Teams headed appletree borer, adults on apple, May 25 Onderdonk, A. F. Webster Groves, Mo. Plectrodera scalator Fabr., banded poplar borer, adult, July 26 Flanders, C. Y. Tribes Hill. Monohammus confusor Kirby, pine sawyer, larvae on pine, March 14 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IOQII 95 Wadsworth, Leland. Troy. Same as preceding, adult, June 5 Pickering, F. B. Ballston Spa. Same as preceding, June 6 Feeney, James. Meadowdale. Phymatodes variabilis Fabr, variable oak borer, adults reared from oak, June 5 Eeedey, Eo i Amsterdam. DWesmocerus palliatus Forst., cloaked knotty horn, adults on elder, June 2 State Department of Agriculture. Mount Vernon. Neoclytus erythrocephalus Fabr., adult on maple, June 16 Baawit i. A. “Schenectady, Euphoria ainda -Linn., bumble flower beetle, adult, May 30. Brisbin Cy Ee: Schiylerville. Anomala- TIucicola Fabr., light loving grapevine beetle, adult, June 21. Also Serica sericea Ill., adult, June 21 Draper, R. C. Rochester. Through State Department of Agriculture. Eeopitavinctiasciata Say.-ijurine pear blossoms, from Greece, May 16 Scudder, J. B. Coxsackie. Canthon laevis Dru., tumble bug or dung beetle, adult and dung ball, May 27 Gibbes, K. H: Schenectady: Amphicerus bicaudatus Say, apple twig borer, work on cherry, June 23 wouter bo oi New York City. Dhelydrias contractus Mots., adult, pupal and larval skins, June 20 Clapp, S. K. Brown Station. Through State Conservation Commission, Agrilus bilineatus Web., two-lined chestnut borer, larvae on - chestnut, August 30 Erisoimee. oh. ochiylerville: Dicerca -. eee Buckeye shiner, Notropis atherinoides Rafinesque..... Spawn eater, Notropis hudsonius (De, Witt Clintompeee: Mud sucker, Exoglossum maxillingua (Le Sucumeee Invertebrates Bean, Dr Tarleton H. Albany Leech, Trachelobdella vivada -(Vernil) 4-22 eee Patten, Mrs M. M. Albany Sea tan, Rhipidovorgia tlabellum Ciinnacus)). see Sanford, Gen. George D. Albany Tarantula, Dugesrella hentz1 (Girard). 10. Exchange Birds Ward’s Natural Science Establishment. Rochester Black-backed gull, Larus marinus’ Linnaeus, skin oss Iceland gull, Larus leacopprerus Faber, skin. os: 5s Harlequin duck, Histrionicus histrionicus (Linnaeus) 4) Lee eRe ie es RMR Nee EE Arye Wood ibis, Mycteria americana Linnaeus, mountcaeseee White gyrialcon, Falco rslandus Brinnich, skin. .>. 2 see Snowy owl, Nyctea nyctea Clinnaeus) skin. : ...) eee Purchase Mammals Paine, Silas H. Silver Bay Virginia deer,.: Odocotleus virginianus boOPeaimas Miller: fawn, anounted ..¢ 2.6.0.0 eS a ee Porcupine, Erithizon dorsatus (Linnaeus) mountedsee Fisher, Mustela pennanti Erxleben, mounted..!..2.y-eeee Rhodes & Gilbert. Lander, Wyoming Elk, Cervus canadensis (Erxleben), skins.... 2... .s2eeee Ward’s Natural Science Establishment. Rochester Opossum, Didelphis virginiana Kerr, mounted group.... Harbor porpoise, Phocaena phocaena (Linnaeus), cast... Bottle-nosed dolphin, Tursiops tursio (Fabricius), cast... Pok squirrel, Scitirus tufiyéenter Geollroy, skinst.>. oe Se = = = SS S I2 SS = ses eS REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQII 103 Birds, mounted Barker, Fred. Parker’s Prairie, Minnesota Pied-billed grebe, Podilymbus podiceps (Linnaeus)..... mieche ten, ottydrochelidon “nigra Surinamensis GIETIE FERN Coe ATS 2 ie Gd rl aes ei eae Bly a mining emia spilt you ly CMOS immaeuse. {<4 dc) css eee: Reastepitterni. — ). uakiu ts com dais ans bea cis kaa Wels a wee 3 TESS, (GOH S 5 Biche See ERIS Si cabe tetas Hite tea a gt an I ASHIS cet 2566 ee one oor bn ay oy Ely Seca oR ape TT a 3 Eel asioiitee Gna Omid enlusio tis Cat, ve eee A ete Mesh RO Sa 5 IES iiae., CHEN AHA OREM WeCG ta cat ee Aa Gea Ce aioe SA ae en I ASS TOUP (DOMES 5 Cea BALE tes ai SRC (iO a 12 Pig Ota ke Ge Walle JOLIE sf 3) 2 Fa Ses scaBaesns epee oss EPP eee I Sigel (SEOGISS oF RIE i ce eon ee RO or fe gecat ak DOC le a a Sty eae eae 5 SR Gi OA HEATON EP OMNES sp oes baste eA each eccyoe hein cd ok ode anaes 2 fed! CMETCHIDILSG. bake = ieee eRe ey IR eRe ae i en rr 3 EOLuon wove pac. COMtaiiing matty, Deadss 2. . Rene a Re Package arrow, POlmltss 2). Nile enecs4s:2 WS a! a ni ee A ea ' 2 boxes unidentified arrow and spear points...................-- Holden Collection Box 2 on A ee O1 fe) LLGEP EE TOSSES. Bae RSiey ginal a ne, 5 gee Bienes nln ope ae rr DAS ETS Rss SiPics Soe a Bp tvs Un Ss as oe © UCN SEES.) hb eR ee Ne Fee De tO HATE SPONGE Axe Mea acl SR Ce tee. aS SOM Ss Shoe SEES ee ee age Le a he SE DIGS SSIs ae 27 a ae a A ae Gn SEOMe Re “te ae ee SS ne sea Raat De IP Dyn ByCrZee ey Ly pee ae Ss ie i en SIGS Dao SER Eos LO ane Pee Bae ing Lois, 5% COM ISB) Oe ME a np SRO fees SRT RES on ae ce oe re rs | 108 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM IDTESSING {StONe. os! es. Pin Bee ces ok Uy ee OE Oe I OURO GS oe eee a Sl oaye bes et OEE bale ob RE I GONE ists Ses wn cio, id Chee ae Bk i eae oe te I Brolsen pestle. ys es sas dic oe see eae bees 6 cet Se ee I Iron «axe, restored handles) 2220 2. en. sce le nd aeee e I Brasmentssteatite Vessels i. 2.8 scl k sine eke one 2 (G/Sll SSSA eae ee ee ER aOR UTS aOR NER tri. Cia i Sa I Binencelitius 2h. Gipiea ce 6 aie oe veins es ale We ee ee I Brick from Ticonderoga: .vi. 2. 20.0552 Ye) ee eee eee I Gordon, Patchogue, L. I. Workedsoval stone...) 50d hee eee ee ee eee I Notched ssinkers hia. cee tee eee da wie tt obi 6 ghee 4 Grooved"axe crude) incl ne eo eee I Chipped4stomesns.j 2.0 esc. tee Geeie ee Goidé-a d's tele pe aod ee 4 Celt DELS ei ils vee ated owes oe age alone tao Migr 4 Celts, fine: Speciinens .. ¢.42¢0 cs0ike Sonos ar ce eee 3 Celts Acride b.6¢.6 tc dulag o aloe pune bs oe ene 5 Cheri arrow points... 2) 56s eee ee eee we alee he REV OCE MIME Foie are Soe 4 leks io whe De ee FR A Oe ge Ring vor Muropean tradé wampunis...0... sa0se- ns. oe I (©) Gis) Re a en MI ani MRR mee tg os - I Pape =— completevuss oo... fhe ees oe een ee Cae I irmane ilar upOlits). ..62 ee lhe leans Gills a Maul ad eee 07 Wong wlenders points saci. boeken os Bos ee eee 25 Chert ipoints, miscellaneous:...2. 0.4.62. 2.0 Oso oes ee eee 48 Bragmients of clay: pipes a:.4.4/ 40 ¢. Same secon he ete ee 3 Mascellaneous -tilints . ar. meee eee wae beled bon es a 30 Olio “arrow “poimts. oo ol. oe ee ews Fee oe nine eee eee 13 ETH NOLOGY Seneca specimens Flat scorn basket oo eo '5 00 ed von boys boa eb een ae Oe I Carnyine (basket \)e0 0. fen: eee ones eels the ee I Gaile DOW acceso eG eee vels ate -orn. ele 4 slated vis aie ele < Se I PAIS © SACO ee rie Secsie sted ‘ane coh ono eae bonis lie Osun debe el Gscte hee ts nee I WiOOdeTIMSPOON 6 oie Ness wc 2 ow -avel do Snlbse ciateia oie ce kone een ne er I FIEAGETESSES be dec fs eve eid ieie w ols 4 aa aiai'o 41 Sen tein RUE Se ee 3 Wooden Ybowls.i... vee Pett ok ooo tas oh tenis Oe ee 2 Sap’ CP ese hehe Ae ais lero. eto pe 8k Sk BL Ope Oe een LR ee 5 BOW: Amd VArGOW Sis. oe ie So 3 Goodrich, E. S. 1909. Vertebrata craniata (First fascicle: Cyclos- tomes and Fishes). Lankéster’s “A, treatise on zoology.” Part IX. 4 Jaekel, O. 1890. [On Phaneropleuron and Hemictenodus, n. gen.] Sitzber. Gesell. naturforsch. Freunde Berlin. p. (1-8). REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQII 139 5 Semon, R. 1899. Die Zahnentwickelung des Ceratodus forsteri. Zool. Forsch. in Austral. u. Malay Archipel: p. 115-35, pls. xviii-xx. 4 6 Traquair, R. H. 1890. Notes on the Devonian fishes of Scaumenac Bay and Campbelltown in Canada. Geol. Mag., n.s., Dec. iti, VII, p. 15- 22 ~~ 7 —————.._ 1803. Do. No. 3. Geol. Mag, n.s., Dec. iii, X, 202-077 8 Whiteaves, J. F. 1881. On some remarkable fossil fishes from the Devonian rocks of Scaumenac Bay, P. Q., with descriptions of a new | genus and three new species. Canadian Naturalist, n. s., X, p. 27-35. g ———. _ 1887. Illustrations of the fossil fishes of the Devonian RockseouGanadas ant.) rans. Royal Soc. ‘Canada, TV, p.: 101-ro;epe WACK i oo Domuranrt Ul.) trans, Noyaly Soc Canada Walp. 77500, pl. vex. 11 Woodward, A. S. 1803. Note on a case of subdivision of the median fin in a dipnoan fish. Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, XI, p. 241-42, figure NOTE ON: A SPECIMEN OF PLECTOCERAS JASON (BILLINGS) (With one plate) BY RUDOLF RUEDEMANN Preparations for the moving of the State Museum to the new Education Building brought to light a block of middle Chazy lime- stone from Valcour, Clinton county, N. Y., collected by Professor van Ingen and the writer, which had not been at hand when the Cephalopoda of the Beekmantown and Chazy formations of the Champlain Basin were described by the writer (N. Y. State Mus. Bull. go, 1906), but which is so much superior in perfection of shell and in size to the specimens used for that paper that we are sure the publication of its figure will be an addition to our knowledge of the form. Above all it shows the entire living chamber and the apertural margin, both not observed before, as far as we are aware. The living chamber attains in length a little more than one-third of a volution. It is entirely free and furnished in the specimen with very strong costae except near the aperture where the ribs cease rather abruptly. The aperture is directed as it had been described from the growth lines in the above-mentioned paper. We have drawn in the nepionic and neanic portions observed in another specimen and figured in longitudinal section in the former publication,’ thus obtaining a view of the entire specimen. The rate of growth of the conch is thereby distinctly shown. The uncoiled condition of the entire living chamber and the dis- appearance of the ribs near the aperture suggest that the specimen had attained mature if not gerontic age, and the shell therefore represents the full size of this species. The septate portion of the whorl here represented is exfoliated and therefore, while showing the septa, fails to show the costae which are much closer in the neanic shell. The surface of this portion is represented in Bulletin 90, plate 29, and indicated in the restored part. The living chamber is also largely exfoliated and only shown in its interior cast and the smoother character of the apertural portion may be largely due to this state of preservation. The last portion of the apertural chamber would then seem to have possessed a thicker wall. On account of the absence of the shell, the conch now also appears more evolute than it was in reality. ‘1Text figure 44, page 485. The figure is in natural size, and not X 3% as erroneously marked. 142 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The depth of the cameras increases but little in the specimen and they remain relatively shallow as they had been found to be in the smaller specimens; the lateral lobe of the later sutures is apparently a little higher than in the earlier ones. The species was cited in Bulletin 90 as coming from the lower Chazy of the Valcour section. The specimens described had been obtained by Professor van Ingen and the writer in the beds out- cropping along the shore of Lake Champlain north of Valcour (Sibley’s) dock. These beds were in preceding publications referred to the lower Chazy on lithologic grounds but fossil lists since pub- lished by P. E. Raymond (Annals of the Carnegie Mus., vol. 3, No: 4) show that they belong with the middle Chazy (see op. cit. p.'574). Doctor Raymond cites P. jason irom BiIz0(op wen 535), 1. e. the beds just across the bay north of Sibley’s dock; B124, the rocks at lake level on the shore at Day’s Point; and his station B128, exposures in the large quarries near the road between Valcour and Day’s Point. Our records show the species to have been found in beds approximately corresponding to Raymond’s stations between these two points. In all the stations where it has been found it is associated with faunas which, although lacking the Maclurites magnus, are of middle Chazy aspect, the beds in the quarries representing Raymonds zone 2a or the Malo@yieiigaee murchiseni zone of his division 2 (middle /C@hazyjeaeee Plectoceras jason is here a middle and “possibly saamen Chazy form, its range agrees with that observed in its type locality, the Mingan islands. ea] Plectoceras jason (Billings). Natural size Chazy limestone, Valcour, N. Y. ——— ON THE GENESIS OF THE PYRITE DELOSmMS Or SV RENCE COUN TY BY Cue SNE, IR In an effort to get some clue to the methods of formation of the pyrite deposits of St Lawrence county, which in recent years have been more extensively worked than before, the important mines and several pits and prospects were visited and examined with such care as limited time and the conditions of the workings permitted. The expectation, based upon previous knowledge of the geology of the region, that the problem would prove a troublesome one to solve was fully justified by the result. A thoroughly satisfactory investi- gation of the matter can be carried through only after the general geology of the region is worked out in detail, but as this consum- mation is doubtless remote, a statement of the results of the present study seems warranted. | The most important workings are the mine on the Cole farm, four miles northeast of Gouverneur, the Stella mines, one mile north of Hermon, and the group of mines at Pyrites, or High Falls, on the Grasse river, six miles south of Canton. Besides these there are many smaller mines and prospects scattered over this part of the county and, as the geological conditions which favor the formation of the pyrite deposits prevail over a large area, it is peaibalele that many occurrences have escaped notice. GENERAL GEOLOGY The geology of the region is exceedingly complex and, for the most part, as yet unstudied in detail; but, speaking in most general terms, there is an older series of highly metamorphosed sediments, crystal- line limestones, gneisses, schists and quartzites, classed as Grenville; cut by igneous rocks of varying character and age, but chiefly granites, which are generally gneissoid. More basic rocks, diorites and gabbros, are not lacking but, particularly as regards the latter, are much less important than farther south, in the heart of the Adirondack region. The typical rocks of either class, sedimentary or igneous, are of course readily distinguished, but in many cases extreme meta- morphism has completely obscured the original character, making a positive determination difficult or even impossible. It often happens, too, that a rock is of composite character as a result of injection or assimilation, giving, on the one hand, a sediment more or less 143 144 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM “soaked ” with igneous material and on the other an igneous rock which has melted into itself or assimilated sedimentary material. Between these two types every gradation exists, thus introducing added complication and uncertainty. The pyrite deposits occur in association with the sedimentary rocks, although it is probable that they are more or less closely dependent upon the igneous rocks for their existence. ' Throughout the Grenville series pyrite is a rather common acces- sory mineral and becomes particularly conspicuous in the so-called “rusty gneisses” which frequently occur. These rusty gneisses owe their name to the dark iron stain resulting from the weathering of pyrite, which is often present in large amounts. The question of the true nature and origin of the rusty gneisses is most intimately connected with that of the pyrite deposits, which in many, if not all, cases are merely exceptionally pyritiferous varieties of these rocks, or of rocks closely associated with them. At the yery outset this makes the problem. in hand difficult, since it necessitates the determination of the character of a widespread group of rocks which, though superficially similar, vary in character rather widely and may be of quite diverse origin in different cases. In dealing with the Grenville one is on safe ground in classing the crystalline limestones and quartzites as metamorphosed sediments, but with reference to the schists and gneisses the case is quite differ- ent. While many of these may with confidence be regarded as meta- morphosed shales or impure sandstones and limestones, others are beyond question intrusive sheets and dikes, while it is possible that some may originally have been contemporaneous lava flows and tuffs, though no case of the latter kind has yet been established. Thus while the rusty gneisses appear as part of the Grenville series, it does not necessarily follow that they are of sedimentary origin, though it has become rather habitual to take this view of them. That this course is in general justified seems probable from the fact that these rocks are strongly banded, exceedingly variable in com- position, and so far as studied not closely related in composition to any of the well-established types of igneous rocks. It must be admitted, however, that some examples, marked by the presence of scapolite replacing plagioclase, closely resemble certain varieties of gabbro.1 If all of these pyritiferous rocks could be regarded as representing metamorphosed gabbros, a simple solution of the whole problem 1Smyth, C. H. jr, Trans, N.Y. Acad, Sci, XII, 1803, np. 215-17... REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQII T45 would be suggested, the pyrite being a probable primary constituent, concentrated by magmatic differentiation. As shown below, this ex- planation is, at first glance, strongly suggested for one of the chief deposits but further study indicates that it is inapplicable even here, while as a general explanation of the rusty gneisses it has no claim to consideration. For the present it may be assumed that the rusty gneisses are of sedimentary origin, representing shales and sandstones interbedded with the limestones of the Grenville sea. With this brief introduction, the different mining localities may be described, taking them in order from west to east, and in each case first stating the facts observed in the field and then giving the leading megascopic and microscopic features of typical specimens of ores and wall rock. The paper closes with a general discussion of the problem of genesis. THE COLE MINE The Cole mine, situated about four miles north of Gouverneur, was idle when visited by the writer, but has since been started up again and is likely to be an important producer. Rock exposures around the flooded pit were not extensive but sufficient to show the usual strongly foliated rusty gneisses, the more pyritiferous parts of which constitute the ore. Beneath this is a mica schist, and still lower down, with a gap of five or six hundred feet in outcrops, is a beautiful serpentinous limestone: Thus the rocks are distinctively Grenville in type and, as a matter of fact, the location is in the midst of one of the most extensive of the Grenville limestone belts of the region. The only recognizable igneous rock associated with the ore is pegmatite which occurs in small patches and strings, particularly in the underlying mica schist. All of the rocks present, including the pegmatite, contain some pyrite, and here as elsewhere the ore body is merely that part of the gneiss and schist formation in which the amount of pyrite is particularly large. The pyrite is very irregularly distributed, appearing in streaks, bunches and veins (figure 1).1_ As the mineral increases in amount these irregular masses blend and form large and rich ore bodies, in which the relation:of the pyrite to the rock is wholly obscured. But in the leaner ore the pyrite appears distinctly, so far as its present distribution is concerned, to be of vein origin for, while commonly running parallel to the banding of the rocks, it 1¥For all the photographs in this paper the writer is indebted to the kind- ness and skill of Professor Gilbert van Ingen, 146 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM repeatedly cuts across at all angles and wanders about quite inde- pendently. Thus it is evident that at least a part of the pyrite has been deposited in its present position quite late in the history of the formation. The pyrite ranges from tiny scattered grains up to large masses, and may be irregular in shape or bounded by its own crystal faces. Crystals an inch or more in diameter are common, not in cavities but wholly imbedded in the country rock. Intimately associated with the pyrite is graphite in sufficient abundance to be conspicuous in the tailings from the separator. While the gangue is ordinarily the normal country rocks, the dump affords many lumps of quartz whose relations to the ore and other rocks are not shown in the flooded pit. This material appears to be vein quartz, in spite of its carrying considerable graphite. The ore body is perhaps ten feet thick as an average and conforms in a general way with the strike and dip of the surrounding rocks. That the latter are, with the exception of the pegmatite before men- tioned, apparently sedimentary in origin is the most striking fact exhibited at this locality with reference to the origin of the pyrite deposits in general. While the sedimentary character of the immediately adjacent rocks is apparent, it must not be overlooked that everywhere the Grenville is cut by intrusives which, in this vicinity, are abundantly represented by the white granite which is the common phase of the granite-gneiss when intrusive in limestone. With these-intrusions, the pegmatite associated with the pyrite must be connected, and quite possibly too the quartz mentioned above, in spite of its graphite, the latter mineral being frequent and sometimes abundant in very acid pegmatites elsewhere associated with pyrite. A quarter of a mile south of the mine the crystalline limestone contains large quantities of quartz, probably of vein origin, but quite free from both pyrite and graphite. Passing to the more detailed features of the deposits we find a fine-grained, gray banded schist of the wall containing considerable scattered pyrite strung out parallel to the foliation, while a minor cross fracture is filled with calcite and a little pyrite, the latter per- meating the wall of the fissure and thus showing a very late circu- lation of pyrite in the rock. A thin section shows abundant quartz, kaolinized feldspar, chloritized mica, some sericite and graphite. There are also many grains of colorless tourmalin. Pyrite, in moderate amount, occurs in crystals and rodlike and branched aggre- gates, which run between and very commonly project into the other minerals as shown in figure 3. Sometimes pyrite separates and mine, showing large, irregular masses of pyrite in the grained rock. (9/10 natural size) Fig. 2 Photomicrograph of schistose wall-rock, Cole mine, with pyrite developed in a chlorite vein and, to a less extent, throughout the rock. The white mineral is almost entirely quartz. Some cataclastic structure is shown. (Magnified 27.5 diameters) — ~ REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQII LAy. entirely incloses adjacent areas of quartz in perfect optical con- tinuity, thus clearly showing a replacement of quartz with no mechanical disturbance. Two large grains of pyrite with small branches attached suggest very strongly an older generation with a younger growing upon it. This phenomenon is worthy of special note in this case since it is very exceptional in the material examined. That the pyrite has crystallized after the other minerals is obvious and there can be no doubt that it has replaced an equivalent amount, not only of chlorite, but of the much more stable and resistant Guartz. A similar rock, but rather more massive, contains a much larger amount of pyrite in large bunches connected by stringers and vein- iets. Thus to the unaided eye the pyrite appears to be secondary, while as there is nothing to suggest preexistant cavities other than minute cracks it seems equally clear that it must be a replacement. — In thin sections the rock is similar to the last but has little tour- malin, is decidedly kataclastic and has more chloritic alteration. Pyrite is much more abundant in scattered grains, rods and branch- ing aggregates, commonly in association with chlorite, while the sec- tion is traversed by a vein of chlorite in which the abundant pyrite ranges from large solid masses to rods and shreds that might almost be called fibrous (figure 2). The greenish chloritic alteration runs all through the section in the spaces between cracked quartz grains, at whose expense it seems to have developed. Considerable sericite is present, appearing as tufts and shreds in quartz and chlorite, after which it is secondary. It also forms narrow veins around, and fills cracks in, many of the pyrite masses, indicating that the sericite is at least in part younger than the pyrite. Thus the microscopic evidence agrees with that obtained by the naked eye in pointing to a secondary origin for the pyrite, replacing the original minerals which also show pronounced chloritization. A specimen of rich ore very similar to ores at other mines is a medium grained, dark rock with abundant pyrite unevenly disseminated through it in crystals and irregular grains and some- times in large masses, like those in the preceding specimens. The dark color of the rock is largely due to fine scales of graphite, which are exceedingly abundant. A thin section shows a large amount of quartz, little orthoclase and no plagioclase. Muscovite, in part at least secondary, is fairly abundant. There is much pale green, hearly or quite isotropic chloritic alteration product, and abundant graphite. The roughly equidimensional grains of pyrite give little 148 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM hint of their origin or relation to other minerals except that occa- sionally they seem to be molded upon the mica. The rusty gneiss underlying the ore is strongly foliated and in hand specimens shows abundant mica, quartz, some pyrite and garnet. Thin sections show quartz, muscovite, bleached and altered biotite, much garnet and chlorite, little or no graphite, and con- siderable pyrite. The latter is sometimes molded upon other minerals as in figure 4. In chlorite there is sometimes a very. free growth of pyrite, as shown infigure 5. From these facts it is apparent that the pyrite has crystallized in its present position after all the other minerals, including the secondary chlorite but excepting sericite, were formed. This of course makes the deposition of the pyrite subsequent to the meta- morphism which converted the Grenville sediment into the existing eneiss, since the chlorite in which the pyrite has grown is an altera- tion product of the metamorphic minerals. This is an important step toward determining the origin of the deposits 1f it can be proved that the foregoing relations are not simply the result of circulation and recrystallization of pyrite already present in the rock long before this final precipitation. THE HENDRICKS MINE About two miles northeast of the Cole mine, on the Hendricks farm, are some small openings of pyrite which have never got beyond the stage of prospects, but are nevertheless of interest in their bearing upon the problem of genesis. _Here again, as at the Cole mine, the pyrite deposits lie in the midst of Grenville rocks with no large masses of igneous rocks near by. The pyrite is near the bottom of a heavy body of fine, strongly laminated Grenville gneiss, the ore being simply a pyritous and therefore “rusty ” part of the formation. This gneiss makes a high ridge north of the mine, / OU ir. // as cs 77 LTE 1% MD V1 f ldakedi ie L1G MELD Fig. 6 ae gneiss and ore shown by heavier shading while to the south there is a wide gap in outcrops except for some fifty feet of typical limestone almost immediately beneath the ore. The section is diagrammatically represented with little reference to - scale in figure 6. - * Fig. 3 Photomicrograph of fine-grained _ schistose wall-rock, Cole mine, with branching masses of pyrite, and quartz, sericite, chlorite and tourmalin. (magnified 154 diameters) See 5 8 Sale ee he Fig. 4 Photomicrograph of rusty gneiss underlying the ore at the Cole mine, showing pyrite molded upon garnet. (Magnified 83.5 diameters) a: 4 4] REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQII 185 the last being new to the species. The habit is more pyritohedral than either of the former types and the zone [100 . 111], although composed of small modifying planes, is rich in forms. The occur- ring forms were identified by their zonal positions as follows: LETTER ANGLE | NO. MEASURED | CALCULATED ; | =e Z:ne [100 . 115] a:m HOO! > ALT ibe 25° Ox’ Be Aes 7m > 522 6 | 29 41 29 30 :n OL 8 35 153 35 16 gs 4222 7 43 18 43 19 ait Loo 6 45 2B 45 18 : 0 Itt 17 54 43 54 44 Z ne (210. 111] m:e 311 : 210 3 TO) Ako TO) | ry On: ZNO a2 3 | Be 7/ 65 17 Iz sO Sai tia 4 | 39 12 39 14 CHRMSOBRER win ROM St NICHOLAS AVENUE In June 1910 the writer received for identification from Mr James J. Manchester, a small specimen which proved to be chrysobery! from a new locality on Manhattan island. The specimen in question was collected by Mr Manchester from a building excavation at the corner of St Nicholas avenue and 164th street. It consists of a single small transparent crystal of chrysoberyl embedded in Man- hattan schist. The crystal, which is shown in figure 5, measures 5 mm by 8 mm, is light yellowish green in color and is so embedded that about one-half of the prismatic zone is exposed. On the partly exposed end traces of terminating planes were noted, but these were so rough and indefinite that no terminating forms could be identified. Measurements in the prismatic zone showed the presence of the following forms: a(100), b(oI0), #*(11.3.0), m(110), s(120), g*(370) and r(130). Of these, ¢ and g are new to the species. Owing to the position of the matrix surrounding the crystal, only one face of each of these new forms could be ob- served. The planes were narrow and t yielded a fair, and g a rather poor reflection of the goniometer signal. The forms were identified from the following measurements which in every case except that of m corresponded to a single observation; m furnished two readings: Fig. 5 186 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM LETTER ANGLE | MEASURED | LOG. i hese O | oh 21 :m : 110 AK 25 12 2s | : 120 | 43 17 72 470 ho eer 15 A, : 130 fe cara =o Wate ED Er 54 gee 0 : O10 | 90 2 90 re) PYROXENE FROM JEROME PARK RESERVOIR The material upon which the following note is based was collected in November 1904 by Mr J. H. Adams, from an excavation at the southern end of the Jerome Park Reservoir at Jerome avenue and 205th to 207th streets. A suite of twelve specimens from this find was placed at the writer’s disposal for study, through the courtesy of the American Museum of Natural History of New York City, which institution is now the repository of the type specimens. The minerals occur in a limestone vein in Fordham gneiss, the point of contact being marked by titanite, brownish-green actinolite in flat acicular crystals, albite and pyroxene. The last mineral which occurred on two of the specimens studied consisted of small crystals, the largest measuring 20 mm in length and 2x 5 mm in cross section, which marked the contact phase, and minute crystals averaging 1 mm in diameter, occurring embedded in the calcite of the vein. The largest crystal of the group is shown in figures 6a and 6b. The forms observed on this crystal are: c(oo1), b(o10), a(100), f(310), m(110), 1(130), e(o1t), 4(031)*,¢(112), (121), R( 132), 22am v(2Ir), and | (321)*. The forms marked with an asterisk (*) are new the pyramid ¢(112), acomparatively rare form for Fig. 6 pyroxene. The new clinodome (031) was observed — only once on this crystal, partly due to the fact that only one termina- — tion was exposed. The face noted, however, gave a fair image of the © signal, fell well in zone with the basal and clinopinacoids and showed a close correspondence between measured and calculated angles. The ~ ~ new pyramid (321) was observed from one well-developed plane to the species. In habit this crystal is characterized by the prominence and brilliancy of the planes of — REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IOQII 187 at the intersection of the zones [110.211] and [t100. ral], both of which zones are well marked. The face gave fair images of the signal; fell well in the zones indicated and showed a close agreement between measured and calcu- lated angles in these zones. The form was also found on two of the smaller crystals measured. Four of the smaller crystals referred to above were measured. These were found to be of a slightly different type as shown in figure 7, which gives three projections of one Srypulicse munute erystals, The fol- Fig. 7 lowing forms were observed: c(oor), b(o10), a(110), f(310), PiCMO) m7 (rsO). eCOll), (lor), zr), o(112), w(12r), R(132), <(121), o(at1) and [(321)*. The forms of this and the preceding types were identified by the following measurements: Finn See see Ah Pan = NS 22 SEEPS Ss me CII EAD SE pA PD OT a a PI HE Uh I ag LETTER ANGLE NO. MEASURED CALCULATED 4 O10 : 130 2 Wn. PS 5 a Weep :m : TIO 16 43. 323 AS) 33 nif : 130 i 70 37 70 4I Gene OOLe2OnT 2 29 28 29 33 mM +e IIO : OI 2 Bou a On 58 = 353 echt OOI : 031 I 59 36 59 33 Yiu TOL : 111 2 24. 143 24 15 One OLO 2 11t 2 65 43 65 45 6.0! II2 : 112 I 28 45 28" 5. 48 m:o! 110 : 112 2 81 373 81 304 ci Pb OOI ; 121 I 47 20 47 23 a: 100 : 121 2 61 37 61 213 m : I 110 : 121 3 35 16 35 233 BAIR OOI ; 132 I Ag. 30 Aare wey m':R- I1O : 132 2 Sie een 61 254 Cie OOI : 121 I Piotr tog 55.7. ee @’ +6 100 : I21 2 79 37 79 513 5 O10 ; 121 2 RI 28a ee aL 21 m' sé T10-: 121 2 AS 1-20 448 17 atl Be 100 ; 211 I 54 4 BA ane Bs5 O10 : 211 3 O5n i) AB Ne ei wR a m:T IO : 211 3 45 9 a 45 28 a’ a | 100 : 321 2 47, 48 ars 28 5G 1 O10 : 321 2 55 40 Bi: sued m’ :1 110 : 321 2 29 «123 29 419 THE MiICMAC TERCENTENARY Bye JOHN Min CuARKE Recent years have given us a freshet of historic anniversaries. We are swinging through lustra laden with memories of events which subtend large angles in our destinies. We are not to be allowed to forget these, the crucibles in which we were refined. But amid these larger occasions, now and again some event of lesser note in our records strikes its anniversary, graciously salutes its own community or its beneficiaries and takes up again its little orbit. It is one of these seemi gly minor commemorations, now no longer new and so perhaps no longer news, to which, as an inter- ested participant, I desire to refer before the event passes too far out of reach: the Micmac Tercentenary, held at Ristigouche, Province of Quebec, June 24, 1910. It has not received the public notice to which it is entitled and the occasion to remind ourselves of its significance should not be idly let pass." The date was not haphazard, nor was the place. On June 24, 1610, Membertou, grand chief of the tribe of Micmac Indians, with twenty-one of his people, was baptized into the faith by Father Jesse Fleché at Port Royal (Annapolis, Nova Scotia) ; on June 24, 1910, at the Capuchin mission on the Micmac reservation at Risti- gouche, by the invitation of the Reverend Father Pacifique, special missioner to these Indians, chiefs, councilors and captains of the tribe, with many high dignitaries of the church, assembled to com- memorate this ancient event and most momentous occurrence in the history of these people. The reverend priest who organized this successful commemoration kept in the foreground its spiritual significance. The occasion was largely a religious one but still one fraught with very real historical and ethnological significance. The event which this interesting celebration commemorated was not one that excited in its day much comment or notice from con- temporary historians. We know from a few records little else than the simple fact stated above. It may be found in Lescarbot’s 1The writer attended this interesting féte as a delegate from the Educa- tion Department and the New York State Historical Association. IgO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Relation Dermeére and in a letter addressed by an eye witness named Bertrand to the Sieur de la Tronchaie. 7 We need not take this occasion to review Parkman’s rather austere and injudicial portrayal of Poutrincourt’s zealous efforts to bring the aged Chief Membertou and his tribe into the church. The deed was done in fervor; whether it was done to anticipate the Jesuits in the same field, matters little now. The baptism at Port Royal stands as the achievement of a conviction supported by resolution, the combination that has always done things that are worth while. The old chief, having given his adherence to the new religion, instilled his faith into all his tribe, perhaps whether they liked it or not, until all the Micmacs under his control had sur- rendered fully to the new religion. And thus at Annapolis began the spiritual regeneration of the tribe till, under the labors of the “Black-robes”’ and the “ Bare-feet ” alike, it extended throughout the entire domain of the Micmacs in Acadia and Gaspesia. How- ever historians, in the conventual repose of their libraries, may construe the initial effort, the seed was planted and the occasion of June 1910 showed something of the harvest. There was a far deeper meaning to this event —one which it was not the purpose of the tercentenary to commemorate and was obviously omitted, but it has stamped an elemental influence on the history of this western continent. The Micmacs were the first of the American Indians to surrender to the white man’s religion. 1 The latter is quoted by R. F. Pacifique in a souvenir brochure issued in advance of. the tercentennial: ‘Une Tribu privilegi¢ée’’—an illuminating and erudite history of the tribe and a sympathetic analysis of the Micmac psychology. This pamphlet is itself an important historical document, for its author is, of all men, he who doubtless knows the Micmac people best, has sojourned with them most, has received their confidences, soothed their anxieties, advised them in their spiritual and secular interests oftenest. For them he has printed prayer books, hymnaries and catechisms in their own language and today issues a monthly journal, “Le Messager Micmac,” in their tongue. Thus incidentally to his spiritual labors he has rendered a great service to philology and linguistics in helping to conserve this Souriquois language. It is surely upon this learned and devout Franciscan that the mantle of his confrére, LeClercq, the intrepid missioner to the “ Savages ” in the Gaspé peninsula in the 1600’s, when the country was wild and they were wilder, has fallen. He has succeeded to the labors of the devoted Biard and Maillard. To the publication we have referred and to his later “ Souvenir ” of the tercentenary, the writer (or indeed any writer on this theme) must perforce be attentive and from them a constant borrower. \ : : , : y 4 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IOQII IQI , That meant a bond offensive and defensive with the Frenchman who had instilled. the new faith. If by the chance of adventure, of geography or of discovery these Indians had been Iroquois in- stead of the bitterest enemies of that great Confederacy, the whole course of American history would have run in a very different channel. But with the conversion of Membertou and his tribe to the faith of the Frenchman, the die was cast. Mutual and historic enmities alined themselves. The Micmacs first (the Souriquois, as the early French called them), and then in the logical sequence of history the entire Algonquin stock of which they formed a branch, became the allies of the one culture; their enemies, the Iroquois, by very grace of this fact, became the enemies of that culture, and no effort of colonization, of treaty, of conversion (though none was spared) ever could turn the scales the other way. The great Con- - federacy of the Six Nations, holding the apex of the critical triangle in New York at which converged the St Lawrence pathway of the French and the Hudson-Mohawk pathway of the English, held the balance of power between the two. If we analyze our history down to its roots it is perfectly right to look back on the conversion of Membertou, his squaw, his children, his children’s children and his tribe as the first step toward the ultimate supremacy of the English culture in America. . The student of Indian ethnology may look upon the Micmacs as only a little tribe, of small moment in the sum of aboriginal history, but, spread out along the northeastern shores of the Atlan- tic, they were the first of all American Indians to come in close contact with the whites, and today they are the only Indian tribe ‘in all America that has held its own in numbers; its members are as many as when the Europeans first saw them. In this statement there are, of course, only the estimates of the early missioners, LeClerq. and Biard, to guide us, but the fact seems well established. Father LeClercq, laboring in Gaspé, the northern reaches of their hunting grounds where their number was always few, thought in 1680 that his “ Gaspesians ’” numbered no more than 500, but: Biard at an earlier date (1611) and nearer the center of their settlements in Acadia, estimated them at 3000 to 3500. In 1871 Hannay in his history of Acadia, placed the number at “nearly 3000” and adds “it is doubtful if their numbers were ever much greater.” Dr Dionne, the distinguished historian of Quebec, says that in 1891 the Micmacs numbered 4108; Father Pacifique in 1902 made a personal enumeration of the tribe and placed the number at 3850 IQ2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM in Canada and 200 in Newfoundland. Today according to Father Pacifique and the last official census there are 4319 members of the tribe, of whom only 230 live in Newfoundland and about I5 in the United States. It is thus very evident that the tribe has been one of extraordi- nary vitality and has perpetuated itself and even multiplied in the face of much the same conditions which brought about the depopu- lation of every other aboriginal people of this hemisphere. Some ethnologist with the proper psychological equipment might well seek out the causes of this phenomenon. Evidently somewhere in their composition or their environment, by nature or by grace, there has lain a resistant virtue which other tribes have missed, though both by nature and grace, their lands have not greatly invited the white man’s lust. It is not that these Indians have increased by excessive mixture with the whites. This tendency to intermarriage has never been general among the people nor has it essentially modified their physical type. On the other hand, one can not fail of being im- pressed with the perfection of the physiognomy and the sturdiness of the physique in all the better men of the tribe. Father Pacifique says: 3 “Tt is true there have been many crosses, legitimate and illegiti- mate, but in a few generations the type will be fully restored. I have observed that the last children of mixed families are less white than the first born. Moreover their attachment to their beautiful language is a guaranty of cohesion and permanence.” The learned father has here noted a Mendelian factor of ultimate force in insuring a stable or aboriginal type from variation, and which is quite sure, in the mixture of races, eventually to dominate the secondary or derived type represented in this case by the whites. The Micmacs, too, hold to their original soil. Too many of our aborigines have been shifted about, the shuttlecock of the white man’s designs, and find themselves today far away from their old hunting grounds. The Micmac country was the extreme orient of the Algonquins, and in the historic confederacy of this Algic stock which once covered half the continent, they were the “ youngest brother,” their land Migmagig, the “country of friendship.” The “elder brother ’ was the Abenaki to the south and west, while the “father tribe”? was° the Ottawa, their land the “land of their origin.” eit REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQII 193 The tribe is scattered as in the days of Cartier, and spreads through the region over which Nicolas Denys held patent as lieu- tenant governor in 1658 from.“ the Cap de Campseaux as far as the Cap des Roziers.” There are fifty-six small settlements or reservations scattered all the way from the Gaspé peninsula to Cape Breton, the largest of all being at Ristigouche, the seat of the Capuchin monastery and church of St Ann and the metropolis of the tribe, where they number 506. Their segregation into widely . scattered but numerous settlements is unusual in the present dis- position of the Indian tribes and might seem to expose them, by the very fact of freer contact with the whites, to variation and change. They speak the French in French communities and the English in English, but for business purposes only. Among themselves their own language alone is spoken and without variations, no matter how wide apart their homes may be. “It is certain that the race is not disappearing either by extinction or by absorption” (F. P.). This fact is all the more noteworthy because these Indians have been in no wise exempt from the curse of alcohol,* tuberculosis and syphilis. These evils have played havoc here, as they have and do today elsewhere among the aborigines. It may be that their general poverty (for there is a total absence among them of the occasional prosperity one sees among the other tribes) and their ignorance of hygienic living will eventually make inroads on their vitality which the life out of doors may not be able to combat — and here lies at the hand of their legal guardians and of their white neighbors an immediate duty. I could not venture to write even in summary the part the Mic- mac tribe has played in history. It is knit close to the story of early French settlement of Acadia. The enmities of the French were ever its enmities, and this hostility to the English was not based on religious grounds alone. The difference in the attitude of the French and the English toward the Indians is of common knowledge. By the French they were never regarded as subjects of the French king so much as his wards and so by the French clergy they were ever treated not only with gentleness but with 1Long ago Denys painted in vivid colors the fearful effects of the French- man’s liquor on these savages. For this, in those days of the 1600's, they spent their very lives; all the spoils of the winter’s hunt were exchanged for liquor and the summer was one long debauch till the fishermen sailed away from the coast. All this has passed and yet today with them, as with all the aborigines, firewater makes the Indian into a savage again and brings out to the surface all that religion has helped to bury. 194 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM prudence. The French missioners found them in their simple- minded naturalness and though their spiritual labors were slow of fruitage,* the hardship was intensely magnified by the incursions of the English. One who would realize this may well read the account given by LeClercq of the burning of his churches and missions by the “ Bastonnais” (Phips). So through the early history of Acadia they were friendly neighbors to the French, and with the English conquest they submitted, not without some hesi- tation, to the changed régime, and made their allegiance to the new sovereign. When the American war came on efforts were made through the King of France to induce them to revolt against the English, but the advances of Count d’Estaing and Commander Preble were sternly rejected in forcible terms. Today they are loyal and the most ancient of all Canadians. 1LeClercq in Gaspé more than once speaks of the discouragements of his task and finally begged of his superior to be relieved of further efforts to convert the Gaspesians. 2Chief ‘Jerome of Ristigouche exhibited on the occasion of the tercen- tenary a copy of a “ Declaration au nom du roi, a tous les anciens Francais de l’Amerique Septentrionale” printed on board the Languedoc in Boston harbor October 18, 1778. At the bottom of the first page is written by hand: “A mon cher Frére Joseph Claude et autres sauvages Mickmacks. De la part de Monsieur le Comte d’Estaing, Vice-Amiral de France, Holker, agent general de la marine et consul de la Nation francaise.” . With the rest of the settlers of the St Lawrence coasts, the Micmacs had learned to dread the repeated invasions throughout the old régime, which took their start from Boston. The “ Bastonnais” were well hated and not a little feared, so that in time the term became of common applica- tion to all the English. I think the term is not quite extinct —at any rate I have heard a French fisherman call a rather disagreeable American tourist in Gaspé a Bastonnais, with all the old feeling that the epithet must once have carried. Even yet, to the Micmac, the States is the country of the Bastonnais, and on his map of the world the whole area of the United ~ States is called “Poston.” Thus the evil that men do lives after them and Boston is by merit raised to this eminence. The ancient traditionary fears of the gentle-minded Micmac had a curious — illustration on the occasion of the tercentenary. While the Indians were © gathered in the church for the opening ceremony on the morning of the first of the three days, some mischievous miscreant circulated the story that their old enemies the Iroquois, having heard of this assemblage, were lying in the woods outside ready to take advantage of their helpless state and fall upon them. After the mass and the sermon by the missionary, there appeared a growing restiveness among some of the Indians, whispérs and awed looks spread through the pews, and these were not wholly dis- pelled till the wise and patriarchal Grand Chief had assured his people that such a story could only be the invention of the father of lies. | j 4 : \ ' 3 t f REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQII 195 The interesting commemoration gives rise, in my mind, to reflec- tions on a well-worn and ever present theme — the attitude of the white master toward the Indian. Perhaps as a titular official of the Iroquois League the writer may have had opportunity to acquire a right to this expression: There is one perfectly evident infer- ence from the apparent motives and the actual dealings of the French and English cultures with their red allies, whether expressed in provincial, state or federal attitude; the French would ever let the red man be a'‘red man; the English would make the red man into a white man. That is the situation succinctly stated. It would be just to go further and put the statement thus: that Canada would let the red man develop along lines of least resistance, while America has ever insisted and is still insisting on at once turning the red man white. The problem has worked its way along further in the older east than in the newer west. I fancy we may not ascribe to the founders of our governments on either side the line any profound recognition of natural law, but it has certainly so happened that French Canada and French influences in Canada have been content to grant the fundamental difference in culture and to leave the Indian to come up slowly from his barbaric state under a spiritual rather than a civic impetus. It is thus the natural jaw works — slowly, if effectively. A great abyss in nature, profoundly divergent lines of culture meeting at their start but standing wide apart at the extremes, can not be jumped by legislative enactment. Lines of racial development, one following far behind the other, can not be brought together by the process of legislative stretching. The law that says red is white has either a fool or a knave for its author. Just as little can great monetary foundations designed to effect immediate altera- tions in the slow but orderly procedure of natural law — such as the development of language or the establishment of universal peace — escape the conditions which that law imposes. The su- premacy of a law which lies above the statute and the common law is a fact which statute makers and statesmen have been slow to learn; experience is full witness to this. The English attitude toward the American Indian has never once suggested the conces- sion that the Indian has just as much right on this earth as he, and has played just as significant a part in human progress. To the Eng- lish colonists and the ideas they have left alive, the red man is a potential citizen as soon as he can be forced to measure up to 196 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM certain more or less artificial conditions of education and deportment.? French Canada assumed from the outset that the gap be- tween the Indian and the Frenchman was the chasm between a primitive and advanced culture which only the slow process of time could bridge— it seemed to recall the ages which had been necessary for the Frenchman himself to come up from a like aboriginal condition. At any rate what the Catholic pioneers of New France saw in the Indian and what their successors still see is that the Indian has a soul to save. To bring him to adjust his natural religion to the more adequate conceptions of Catholicism was the purpose of the majestic and sublime sacrifices which so brilliantly illumine the pages of the old régime. No judicial mind can contemplate the results of Catholic and Protestant missionary endeavor among the American Indians and avoid the conclusion that the Catholic Indians have on the whole preserved their physical aboriginal type in greater perfection, have kept much of their tribal culture, possess a deeper religious conviction. Among the Protestant Indians there are many instances of individual attainment of noteworthy excellence in education, public useful- ness and personal uprightness, but it is perfectly evident that the term Protestant as applied in some of the Indian tribes does not mean Christianized, so much as it implies an avowal and allegiance to a given form of religious worship, and in many cases, little else. My own personal observation is restricted to neither class, and | believe there is good reason for saying that, broadly, in matters of faith the Catholic Indian is a Catholic while the Protestant Indian is an Indian. It is an important fact in its historical bearings that the tribes which have been subjected to the most direct and per- sistent Protestant effort have never fully surrendered their natural. religion. Indeed among the Iroquois of New York and Canada there are two very distinct interests in the League represented by the ‘‘ Christians ” and the “ pagans.”* So far as my knowledge goes, this is not at all the condition among tribes acknowledging allegiance to the Catholic church. 1Tn the condition of the Six Nations Indians in Canada and New York, there is a contrast, either creditable to the one government or discreditable to the other. Canada has let its Iroquois work out their own salvation and these Indians today are well educated, energetic, aggressive and fairly prospes ame In New York the reports of I910 show that more than one- third (35.5 per cent) are illiterate. 2 The Cannan Oneidas have now gone back to peeaiee after years of Protestant missionary labors. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQII 197 We have already said that the conversion of the Micmacs was an elemental and influential factor in the historic conflict of Eng- lish and French cultures on this continent. We are not likely to exaggerate its importance, whichever way the tides of events turned. It would be unfair and historically inaccurate to say that the influence of the Grand Chief Membertou on the Micmac,tribe, allied with the efforts of the devoted French missioners, finds its counterpoise in the single personal hold of Sir William Johnson who by force of his own personality kept back the Iroquois from alliance with the French. The two opposed facts are of different magnitude and unlike in quality, but similar in their antagonistic effect. Let us give to this historic event of 1610 all its true mean- ing in the century-long struggle between the French and English cultures. That struggle took its final direction in the contest for this continent, and the spectacular victories of Amherst and Hardy and Wolfe were made possible only by the strong hand of His British Majesty’s Indian Agent, which held back the Iroquois from the French interests. THE MANHATTAN INDIANS BY ALANSON SKINNER INTRODUCTORY Some time before the advent of the Dutch at New Amsterdam, a branch of the Lenni Lenapé or Delaware Indians split off from the parent stock, which had its abode south and west of the Hudson and moved eastward and northward forming the Mahikan tribe. They occupied Manhattan island and the east bank of the Hudson as far north as the southern boundary of the Mohawk Iroquois. In time they became subdivided into several subtribes and bands, the chief of which, known as the Wappinger Confederacy, was com- posed of the Wappinger, Kitchawanck, Sintsinck, Siwanoy, Weck- quaesgeck and Reckgawawanck. Of these people the two tribes last mentioned were found by the Dutch inhabiting Manhattan island. At that time the Weckquaesgecks held the upper part of the island above a line drawn from the Rechewa’s creek (later Harlem creek) to the ravine at what is now Manhattanville, and the Reckgawawanck occupied the lower part of the island. Both of these tribes also held territories on the mainland where their principal abodes were situated. The name Manhattan referred to the portions of both tribes dwelling on the island and it is said to mean “Islanders.” Although the modern Delawares insist on translating “ Manhattanink”” as “The Place Where They Were All Intoxi- cated,” basing the name on the traditions of their first meeting with the whites and their introduction to spirituous liquors. All the old records claim that Manhattan island was used not as a permanent abode but as a hunting and camping ground, assertions which, however true at the time of the Dutch occupation, do not seem entirely to hold good of the prehistoric period. Our first records of the Manhattan Indians or their kindred date from Verrazano in 1524, and we have little further information in regard to them until 1609 when Hudson entered New York harbor. The first account of the Indians of the neighborhood of New Am- sterdam is also by Verrazano' who said that they did not differ much from the natives whom he had met elsewhere along the coast and that they were of good proportions, medium height, deep chested and strong armed. He met among others “two kings more 1 Collection of the New York Historical Society, 2d series, 1:45. 200 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM beautiful in form and stature than can possibly be described; one was about forty years old, the other about twenty-four.” They were dressed in the following manner: “ The oldest had a deer’s skin around his body, artificially wrought in damask figures, his head was without covering, his hair was tied back in various knots, around his neck he wore a large chain orna- mented with many stones of various colors. The young man was similar in his general appearance.” In stature, he relates “ they exceed us,” their complexion swarthy, faces sharp, hair black and long, eyes black and sharp and expression pleasant and mild. The women were “of the same form and beauty, very graceful, of fine countenance, and pleasing appearance in manners and modesty.” Clothes they had none “ except a deer skin ornamented like those of the men.” Others wore “very rich lynx skins upon their arms, and various ornaments upon their heads, composed of braids of hair which hung down upon their breasts on each side. Older married men and women “ wore many ornaments in their ears, hanging down in the oriental manner.” They were generous, giving away what- ever they had. The women usually stayed in the canoes when they came to the ship. Our next data in regard to the personal appearance of the natives of old New Amsterdam is in Hudson’s mate’s journal written in 1609: “ The people of the country [perhaps Staten island] came aboard of us, seeming very glad of our coming, and brought greene tobacco, and gave us of it for knives and beads. They goe in deere skins loose, well dressed. They have yellow copper. They desire cloathes, and are very civill. They have great store of maize or Indian wheat, whereof they make good bread. . . . Some of the people were in mantles of feathers, and some in skinnes of divers sorts of good furres. Some women also came to us with hempe. They did weare about their neckes things of red copper. At night, they went on land againe, so wee rode very quiet, but durst not trust them.” The next day after Hudson dropped anchor in the Lower bay,-he sent out the ship’s boat with a crew of five men through the Narrows to the Upper bay to make some observations. As they returned, they were met by a score or more of warriors in two canoes and were speedily drawn into a quarrel with them. One sailor, an Englishman named John Colman, was killed by an arrow shot through his neck and two others were hurt. Colman was afterwards buried at a point usually identified as Sandy Hook, which for many REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQII 201 years bore his name. Some local historians, in writing concerning Staten island, have placed the scene of Colman’s death at.the locality now known as the Cove, in West New Brighton, Staten island, but there is little evidence to confirm this. At a later date Van der Donck stated the young warriors wore “a band about their heads, manufactured and braided, of scarlet deer hair, interwoven with soft shiny red hair,” perhaps very much like the deer’s hair head dresses worn today by the Sauk and Fox, Sioux and other modern tribes, “ with this head dress they appear like the delineations and paintings of the Catholic saints. When a young Indian is dressed this way he would not say plum for a bushel of plums. But this decoration is seldom worn unless they have a young woman in view.” “The women wear a cloth around their bodies, fastened by a girdle, which extends below their knees, and is as much as an under- coat ; they wear a dressed deer skin coat, girt around the waist. The lower body of this skirt, they ornament with great art, and nestle the same with strips which are tastefully decorated with wampum. The wampum with which one of these skirts is ornamented is fre- quently worth from one to three hundred guilders. They bind their hair behind in a club about a hand long, in the form of a beaver’s tail, over which they draw a square cap, which is frequently orna- mented with wampum. When they desire to be fine they draw a head band around the forehead which is also ornamented with wampum, etc. This band confines the hair smooth, and is fastened behind over the club, in a beau’s knot. Their head dress forms a handsome and lively appearance. Around their necks they wear various ornaments, which are also decorated with wampum. Those they esteem as highly as our ladies do their pearl necklaces. They also wear hand bands or bracelets curiously wrought, and inter- woven with wampum. Their breasts appear about half covered with an elegantly wrought dress. They wear beautiful girdles, orna- mented with their favorite wampum, and costly ornaments in their ears. Here and there, they lay upon their faces black spots of paint. Elk hide moccasins they wore before the Dutch came, and they too were most richly ornamented.” Van der Donck states that chiefs or men of wealth and importance had a plurality of wives, but that this was not the rule. Chastity seems to have been considered a virtue, and was much more common in this immediate vicinity than among the Algonkin of the north. Enough has been here stated to give a general idea of the personal appearance of the Indians about Fort Amsterdam at their first meet- 202 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ing with the white men and at a later date. Their ethnology has been more fully described elsewhere. As Hudson journeyed northward up the river which now bears liis name, he had many experiences with the natives, some friendly, others warlike. On the return trip he tried to kidnap two young warriors from an Indian village, but both of his intended victims escaped and jeered at their would-be kidnaper, and one of them shortly returned at the head of a band of his friends in a swarm of canoes. As they were not allowed to board the “ Half Moon” which was well under way, they fell behind and sent a storm of arrows in her direction. Six musket shots from the ship killed two or three of the -warriors, and discouraged the rest, who re- treated to a point of land whence they returned to the attack, but a cannon shot killing two of them drove the rest to the forest. Still undaunted, another war canoe set out, manned by nine or ten men, which was promptly sunk by a cannon shot, and a volley from the’ muskets of the sailors destroyed three or four more, and the unequal battle being terminated in triumph, the victors set their sails for home. This entire scene is supposed to have taken place at Inwood and about the mouth of Spuyten Duyvil creek. At the former place especially, traces of Indian settlements are still to be found. Thus ended the first chapter of the dealings of the Man- hattan with the whites, a fitting prelude to the scenes soon to be enacted. During the next four years white men were more frequently seen on Manhattan island and by 1613 the Dutch were firmly estab- lished at Fort Amsterdam. As they progressed up the Hudson river the new-comers soon learned that all the Algonkins in the vicinity were in deadly terror of the Five Nations of the Iroquois, especially the most eastern tribe, the Kanienga, or as the River Indians termed them, “ Maquas_ or Bears, (a name probably suggested by one of the most powerful of their three clans, and from which our word Mohawk is derived). These ferocious warriors had contracted through a deadly hatred of the French the mistaken policy of Champlain at whose hands they had suffered defeat some nine years before near what is now Ticonderoga, and they hailed the advent of the Dutch with delight, perceiving at once that here lay their opportunity to obtain the fire- arms they needed to triumph over their neighbors and enable them to be revenged upon the French. 1 Skinner. The Lenape Indians of Staten Island. Anthropological Papers, 9 RE ace, REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQII 203 The Dutch, on the other hand, soon recognized that the Five Nations would be a powerful ally in case war broke out among the Indians about Fort Amsterdam, and so in 1618, in the Tawasentha valley, the famous offensive and defensive alliance between the Dutch and the Iroquois was formed, an alliance kept up at a later date by the English, and which resulted in the downfall of France in the New World, through the untiring agency of this resolute group of American savages, but it was an evil day for the Manhattan when the treaty was made with their most powerful and deadly enemies. In 1626 the entire island of Manhattan, about 22,000 acres in all, was purchased by Peter Minuet, then governor, for 60 guilders worth of trinkets. Twenty-four dollars is the amount which is usually rendered as the equivalent of this sum, but as the value of gold was then five times greater than at present, it amounted to some one hundred and twenty dollars, a liberal sum compared with many Indian purchases of. those days. However, according to the old accounts, the Indians considered the island as being divided into two parts, the upper half above the Harlem creek remaining unsold. From the first the dealings of the Manhattan and the Dutch seem to have been fraught with treachery and violence on both sides. While Minuet himself appears to have been open minded and just, his subjects were not all of the same calibre, and the seeds of war were sown daily in the bosoms of the Indians. In 1626, the same year that the purchase of Manhattan island took place, a Weckquaesgeck Indian from the vicinity of Yonkers, accom- panied by his nephew, who was only a small boy was bearing his furs to the fort to trade when they were waylaid.and robbed by some servants of Minuet himself. The Weckquaesgeck was mur- dered before the eyes of the child, who escaped bearing with him a memory of violence which, according to Indian ideas, could only be erased by blood. | Continual aggressions by the Dutch caused endless friction with the savages. Lands were fraudulently acquired, cattle belonging to the whites trespassed on the Indians’ corn fields unchecked, and when the natives took the law in their own hands and slew them, reprisals were in order. So affairs went from bad to worse, intoler- ance and discord growing on either side. During the misadministration of Governor Kieft, that worthy decided to tax the Indians to compensate for what he considered their constant misdemeanors and to establish a firm hold over them, and he went so far as to send an armed sloop to the Tappan to 204 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM collect this tribute in corn and wampum, but the Indians scorn- fully refused to pay and made sarcastic speeches about the Governor. The following year, 1640, some of the Dutch West India Com- pany’s servants stole some hogs from De Vries’s plantation on Staten island, and Kieft, wishing for a pretext to rid himself of a few of his Indian neighbors, blamed it on the Raritans and sent his secretary, Van Tienhoven, in charge of twenty men to punish the Indians for their alleged theft. The party went to a spot located, according to De Vries, somewhere behind Staten island, probably on the New Jersey shore. When the destination was reached the men became insubordinate and decided, against the earnest appeal of the secretary, to murder every Indian they could. At last Van Tienhoven left them in despair and proceeding but a short distance they came to the Indian settlement where wigwams and crops were burned and a number of Indians killed, including the brother of the chief, who was atrociously murdered after he had been made prisoner by one Govert Lockermans (De Vries in his Journal says this man was not killed but outrageously maltreated). They then withdrew, leaving one of their number dead upon the field of victory. As a result the plantation of David Pietersz De Vries on Staten island, was promptly attacked by the angry natives, four of his planters were killed and his tobacco and dwelling houses destroyed. After a time this trouble blew over but more friction was at hand. Claes Smit, a Dutchman, was approached one day by a young warrior who offered him some beaver skins to trade. Smit went to comply when the Indian tomahawked him, plundered the house and escaped. It was the young Weckquaesgeck, who, according to Indian ideas, had avenged the murder of his uncle so long before. Kieft demanded the murderer, but was refused by his tribesmen. Kieft then called a general council and laid the matter before it, suggesting that in case the murderer were not forthcoming, his whole village might be destroyed. The council referred the matter to the “twelve select men,” who wisely suggested that quiet preparations for hostilities might be carried on in secret, and that in the meanwhile a Sloop be sent to the Weckquaesgecks to demand the murderer, ‘once, twice, yea for a third time ” in a friendly manner. About this time Miantonimo, the chieftain of “ Sloops,” or as it is now called, Narragansett bay, visited the Manhattan and other focal Indians in order to get their alliance in a controversy pending with the Mohegan. This threw the Dutch into confusion for a time, as he was suspected and accused of stirring the Indians up against them, but at length the scare blew over. Immediately following REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQII 205 this a Hackensack Indian was made intoxicated and robbed by the Dutch and, in spite of the friendly efforts of De Vries, who met and tried to quiet him, he was so enraged that he murdered a settler in Myndert Mynderssen Van der Horst’s colony near Achter Cul or Newark Bay. This was an unfortunate happening as neither the Hackensack nor Tappan had been embroiled with the Dutch before. The Indians were not in sympathy with the act and at once offered the director, Kieft, through De Vries, two hundred fathoms of wampum to be given to the family of the victim to compensate the crime, as was their custom. This Kieft refused and at length the chiefs visited the fort at the intercession of DeVries, whom they trusted, and who became responsible for their return, and there they repeated their offer. Kieft demanded the murderer and refused the wampum. The Indians could not produce the culprit as he had fled to the Tankitekes or Haverstraws, and moreover he was a chief’s son and could not be surrendered. They once more renewed their offer of payment which was refused and they returned uneasily, while Kieft bided his time which shortly arrived. In February 1643 a band of Mahican armed with muskets came from the upper Hudson below Albany and made a raid on the tribes about Fort Amsterdam, driving them in terror to the Dutch for protection after killing seventeen of their number and taking some of their women and children prisoners. The Dutch sheltered and fed the fugitives and after two.weeks they returned to their homes, but a second alarm drove them again to the Fort and to Vriesendael (De Vries settlement). De Vries helped them as much as he was able and begged Kieft for soldiers to assist them, but these were refused. The Indians then congregated at Pavonia among the Hackensack “full a thousand strong,’ and others at Richtauck (Corlear’s hook on East river, not far from the site of Grand Street ferry) where they occupied some cabins erected by the Reckawancks. The majority of the Dutch, under the lead of De Vries, believed that this was their opportunity to treat the Indians with kindness and so win them over. Kieft, however, in his usual hot-headed and blood-thirsty manner, saw otherwise and decided to do a deed which has rarely been equalled for cruelty and treachery. At midnight Sergeant Rodolf was sent among the sleeping and unsuspecting Indians at Pavonia where he murdered eighty of them in the most brutal manner, and soldiers under Maryn Adriansen massacred forty more at Corlear’s Hook. De Vries has left us a manuscript in which he describes the entire outrage, to which he was an eye wit- ness, in scathing terms. 206 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM When the Indians learned it was not the Mahican (or as they had supposed, the Mohawk) but the director that they had to thank for their inhospitable entertainment, eleven tribes took the war path. I‘armers and settlers outside the immediate walls of the fort were killed on every hand, and the Dutch were terrified. Even Vriesendael was attacked and partially destroyed. De Vries and his people were fortunately able to escape to the fortified manor house where they awaited the assault, when an Indian whom De Vries had managed to save from the massacre appeared and told the assembled warriors that De Vries was “a good chief ”’ per- suaded them to desist. This they did with protestations of regret that they had slain his cattle and burned the houses, and though they wished very much to have the copper kettle in the little brewery to make arrowpoints, they left it where it was and withdrew regretting that they had injured their friend. The Dutch fled to the fort for protection and were loud in their complaints against Kieft, who met them defiantly at first and blamed the calamity on Adriansen, one of his councillors, who promptly sought to vindicate his honor by slaying the governor, an attempt in which he unhappily failed. At last, according to the old documents, terror reduced Kieft and his people to begging from God the mercy which they had not granted the Indians that night at Corlears Hook and Pavonia. Toward spring the savage warriors began to relent, the Long Island Indians sending three men from the wigwams of their chief Penhawitz to open negotiations, from whence De Vries and a man named Albertson, the only settlers who were not afraid to go, accompanied them back to their village. Setting out on the 4th of March they arrived at Rechquaackie or Rockaway where they found Penhawitz and nearly three hundred warriors at a vil- lage of thirty lodges. “ Next day,” says De Vries, “ we were awak- ened and led by one of the Indians upwards of 400 paces from the route where we found sixteen chiefs from Long Island who placed themselves in a circle around us. One of them had a bundle of small sticks. He was the best speaker and commenced his speech. He related that when we first arrived on their shores, we were some- times in want of food, they gave us their beans and corn, and let us eat oysters and fish, and now for recompense we murdered their people. He here laid down one little stick, this was one point of accusation. The men whom in your first trips you left here to barter your goods till your return, these men have been treated by us as we would have done by our eye-balls. We gave them our daughters for REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQII 207 wives, by whom they had children. There are now several Indians, who came from the blood of the Swannekins (Dutch) and that of the Indians; and these, their own blood, were now murdered in such villainous manner. He laid down another stick.” 1 De Vries invited the chiefs to the fort and eighteen of them went with him in a large canoe to visit Kieft. They received presents and assurances, and at length on the 25th of March peace was arranged. Through the efforts of the Long Island Indians, peace was also concluded on the 22d of April with the Hackensack, Tappan, Recka- wawanc, Kitchawanc and Sint-sinck. The presents given to the Indians were meager, however, and the Hackensack especially com- plained of their insufficiency. During the summer their Sachem warned De Vries that his young men were preparing for the war path, but Kieft gave the chief an insolent message and refused to pacify him with further gifts. When difficulties again began in New England, in 1643, the Indians took up the hatchet as had been predicted. The trouble was begun by the Wappinger, who seized a boat coming from Fort Orange, killing two men and capturing four hundred beaver skins. Kieft called a committee of eight to coiisult on this and other out- rages, but before a decision was reached, the Weckquaesgeck destroyed Anne Hutchinson’s settlement at Pelham Bay and killed that noted woman and captured her youngest daughter, a child of eight years, who was given up to the Dutch at the fort four years later, when she had forgotten her native tongue. Throgmorton’s settlement at Throg’s Neck was next destroyed, but here the inhabitants escaped in their boats. Pavonia was burned under the guns of two warships and a privateer, and outside the very fort itself, Manhattan island lay in embers and ashes. ‘“ They rove continually around day and night on the island of Manhattan, slay- ing our folks not a thousand paces from the fort.” (Col. Hist. 1:216, 211.) At this juncture, De Vries was obliged to return to Holland, and left calling the vengeance of God upon Kiett’ s head as the author of so much misery and bloodshed. Kieft now begged aid from New England, offering twenty-five thousand guilders for one hundred and fifty men, and even offered to mortgage New Netherlands to the English for aid; at the same time beseeching Holland for relief. He received, however, only a few English volunteers under the command of Captain John Underhill, who was a combination of 1De Vries. New. York Historical Society Collections, 2d series, 1: 231. 208 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM bravery, piety and fiendish cruelty hard to equal. Of the conduct of this genial gentleman in the New England wars, Trumbull has said, “ He could justify putting the weak and defenceless to death, for says he, ‘The Scripture declareth women and children must perish with their parents . . . we had sufficient light from the word of God for our proceedings.’ ”’ Two companies were soon organized, one of sixty-five men and the other of seventy-five men. The second company was composed of forty burghers under Captain Pietersen and thirty-five English under Lieutenant Baxter, Councillor La Montagne acting as general. This band made a raid upon the Staten Island Indians, but suc- ceeded only in obtaining some corn which had been abandoned. Returning to the fort they were reinforced by one hundred twenty men and invaded the Weckquaesgeck country. They landed at Greenwich, marched all night and found nothing. As they retreated through Stamford they met some English who told them there were Indians nearby. Scouts located an Indian village and twenty-five soldiers sent there killed a number and took some prisoners. Guided by a captive they located three empty Weckquaesgeck “ castles’ and burned them, after which they returned. Meanwhile Underhill landed on Long Island and set out to attack the Canarsies under Penhawitz. After landing, Captain Pieter Cock and General La Montagne set out with eighty men to destroy a large settlement at Maspeth and Underhill while fourteen men were sent to a small village or camp at Hempstead. Both parties were successful, killing one hundred twenty Indians, only one of the whites being killed and three wounded. The English minister Fordham had seven Indians accused of pig stealing locked in his cellar. Three of these Underhill himself killed, two were towed in the water until they were dead, and two were taken to Fort Amsterdam where they were turned over to the soldiers to amuse themselves with. “The first of these savages having received a frightful wound, © desired them to permit him to dance what is called the kinte-kaye, a religious use observed among them before death; he received, how- ever, so many wounds that he dropped down dead. The soldiers then cut strips from the other’s body, beginning at the calves up the back, over the shoulders and down to the knee. While this was going forward Director Kieft and his councillor, Jan de la Montagne, a Frenchman, stood laughing heartily at the fun and rubbing his right arm, so much delight he took in such scenes. He then ordered him to be taken out of the fort, and the soldiers bringing him to the REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQII 209 beaver’s path (he dancing the kinte-kaye all the time) threw him down, cut off his partes genitales, thrust them into his mouth while still alive, and at last, placing him on a mill stone, cut off his head. There stood at the same time some twenty-four or twenty- five female savages, who had been taken prisoners and when they saw this bloody spectacle, they held up their arms, struck their mouths, and in their language exclaimed, ‘For shame! for shame! such unheard of cruelty was never known among us.’”? Rather a heavy punishment for alleged hog stealing. And now Underhill planned a crowning achievement. Visiting Stamford, he learned that the natives had assembled to a large number. With one hundred forty men, piloted by a renegade Indian, he landed at Greenwich where a heavy blizzard compelled him to remain all night. In the morning he marched to the north- west cver stony and steep hills until evening, when he arrived within three miles of the village. Here he waited till ten o'clock and then advanced, reaching the Indian stronghold at midnight. The Indians were all alert and awake, so the whites divided into small bands and attacked the lodges. In a short time oné hundred eighty warriors lay dead outside; the rest were cooped up in the houses. At La Montagne’s suggestion these were fired. The savages tried every means to escape but when they could not, preferred the flames to falling into the hands of Underhill and his Christian followers. About ‘seven hundred of the enemy, including twenty-five visiting Wappingers, were burned or shot, and not one woman or child was heard to scream or cry. Underhill, diligently as he searched his Bible, never seems to have seen some passages which might have justified more humane action. The Sint-sinct, Weckquaesgeck, Nochpeem, Wappinger and others after this calamitous defeat begged for peace, and later the Matine- cock of Long Island and the Hackensack and Tappan treated with the Dutch, and the Indian war of 1641-45 was ended. Sixteen hundred Indians were killed, it is said, and the Dutch exclaimed, “ Our fields lie fallow and waste, our dwellings and other buildings are burnt, not a handful can be planted or sown this fall on all the abandoned places. All this through a foolish hankering after war; for it is known to all right thinking men here that these Indians have lived as lambs among us until a few years ago, injur- ing no one, and affording every assistance.” ° 1 Documentary History, IV, 105. 2 Colonial History, I: 210. 2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM For a time things again assumed a peaceful basis, the Indians coming in to New Amsterdam to trade as of old. However, the Dutch could not resist the temptation to cheat and defraud, nor the Indians to drink, and constant friction resulted. Stuyvesant, who succeeded Kieft, was a better and more diplomatic man, and was more successful with the native tribes. In 1665, however, war broke out again. Hendrick Van Dyck, ex-schout-fiscal of New Amsterdam, lived at what is now the west side of Broadway, near Bowling Green, next door to Paulus Linderstein Van der Grist. One afternoon in September Van Dyck saw an Indian woman picking peaches in his orchard, and, drawing his pistol, shot her dead. Stuyvesant had by his firm, truthful and just dealings with the Indians held them in peace and almost won their friendship, Van Dyck made an end of this by his cruel stupidity. No notice was taken of the murder by the authorities despite the repeated complaints of the Indians. A war party of Wappinger was on its way to battle, and the local Indians begged their aid. On the 15th of September early in the morning, before scarcely any one had risen, sixty-four canoes containing five hundred armed warriors landed and scattered themselves through the town, and under the pretext of searching for their hereditary enemies, the Mohawk, forced entrance to the various houses. They offered no one any personal violence, however, and their chiefs even consent to attend a council with the governor where they promised to depart in the evening, some going to Governors island, but when evening arrived they returned, joined by two hundred more armed warriors. Landing at the Battery they went up Broadway to Van Dyck’s home and there shot him dead with an arrow. Van der Grist, attempting to assist him, was tomahawked. At this the Dutch burgher guard attacked the Indians without _ orders just as they were disembarking, and a sharp battle ensued with loss on both sides. The Indians withdrew to the west side of the river where they destroyed Hoboken and Pavonia, and later the settlement at Staten island. Fully fifty persons were killed and one hundred or more captured, and about eighty thousand dollars worth of damage was done. Stuyvesant was at South River when this outbreak occurred but returned as soon as he learned of the trouble. War parties of Indians were wandering all over Man- hattan island and the Dutch were confined to the fort. Upon Stuyvesant’s return fortifications were strengthened and _ preparations were made to resist an assault, but the Indians were REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQTI 2IT satished. They sent Captain Pos, taken on Staten island, with propositions of ransom, but tired of waiting for his return they sent further word that in two days they would deliver all their prisoners to the Dutch at Paulus Hook. Pos went back and soon brought fourteen prisoners from the Hackensack camp with the report that the Indians desired some powder and ball in exchange. These Stuyvesant sent with two prisoners, a Wappinger and an Esopus, and promised more on the delivery of the rest of the captives. Pos and two others took this message to the Indians, and brought back twenty-eight more prisoners and the intelligence that twenty others would be restored on the receipt of a ransom of powder and ball. Thirty-five pounds of powder and ten staves of lead which were demanded were sent and the prisoners were released. As Stuyvesant believed his people were at fault, he refused to punish the Indians, to the rage of the settlers. Of this outbreak the Long {sland Indians denied any part. Indeed it is said that the war party which landed on Manhattan island was on its way to fight these Long Island tribes, and only stopped to avenge the murder by Van Dyck. Had the band been tactfully treated at the time the entire calamity might have been averted. From this time on the scene of combat was changed to the Esopus country. The Manhattan, Hackensack, Raritan, and Canarsie seem to have taken little part in these troubles. The English under Richard Nicolls now took possession of Fort Amsterdam, which they called Fort James on September 6, 1664. Treaties were made by the English with all the local Indians and the alliance with the Iro- quois was strengthened. Little further trouble was had with the weakening savages who from this time on are rarely heard of as separate bands. Some became incorporated with the so-called ‘“ Schaticooks’’ who were made up of Indians partly from New England, and these often assisted the Mohawks and English against the French. Their descendants may still be seen on the Housatonic river in Connecti- cut.t Others were incorporated among the Delawares and their descendants are scattered in Canada, Wisconsin and Indian Terri- tory. The name of Manhattan is now only a memory and the people who bore it are lost forever. 1See Speck. Anthropological Papers, v. 3, p. 183: “The Mohegan Indians.” NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM to — NO AUTHORITIES Bayles. History of Staten Island. Beauchamp. Aboriginal Occupation of New York. Bolton, R. P. The Indians of Washington Heights, Anthropological Papers, 3: 77-100. Calver, W. L. Personal Notes. | Chenoweth, Alexander. Collections and Notes in Museum. Clute. History of Staten Island. Davis, W. T. Personal Notes. De Vries, David Pieteirz. Journal. Finch, J. K. Aboriginal Remains on Manhattan Island, Anthropological Papers;..3: 65273. , Fiske. The Dutch and Quaker Colonies in America, v. TI. Harrington, M. R. Personal Notes and Manuscripts; also The Rock- Shelters of Armonk, New York, Anthropological Papers, 3: 125-38; Ancient Shell Heaps near New York City, Anthropological Papers, 3: 169-79. Juet. Journal of Hudson’s Voyage. O’Callaghan. Documentary History of New York. Pepper, George H. Personal Notes. Ruttenber. Indian Tribes of Hudson’s River. Skinner, Alanson. The Lenapé Indians of Staten Island, Anthropological Papers, 32.3202: Speck, F. G. Notes on the Mohegan and Niantic Indians, Anthropo- logical Papers, 3: 183-210. INDEX Accessions to collections, 90-109 Adirondacks, crystalline rocks, 36; gold sands, 39; magnetic ores, 10 Albany, lake, 30 Alplaus, lake, 30 Alveolites, 124 Anorthosites, 36, 37 Apple worm, 53 Archeology collections, accessions to, 105-8; destroyed by fire, 6, 71-74; list of specimens destroyed, 79-84 Archeology section, report on, 61-84 Areal geology, 15-29 Arsenopyrite, 42 Atrypa reticularis, 124, 125 Bald mountain limestone, 21 Ballston channel, 30 Rayles, cited, 212 Beauchamp, cited, 212 Beekmantown beds, 21 Benjamin, S. G. W., cited, 116 Berkey, Charles P., bulletin on geol- ogy of Catskill aqueduct, 13, 23 85; study of geology of New York City, 20 Black Cape section, 121 Bolton. ik. P., cited, 212 Bonaventure formation, I2I Botanist, report, 50-52 Botany, bulletin, 88; press, 88 Brinsmade, R. B., cited, 162 Bronze birch borer, 56 Brown-tail moth, 54 Building stone, 9, 35-38 Bull Pond, 28 Bulletins, 85-88; in press, 88 bulletins in Calver, W.-L., cited, 212 Calymmene, 124, 125 Camarotoechia, 125 indianensis, 125 whitei, 125 Canajoharie beds, 21 Capitol fire, fate of New York State collections in archeology and ethnology, 6, 71-74, 79-84 Catskill aqueduct, bulletin on geol- ONO 1 3,) 22s Cement materials, 9 Chaleur Bay, remarkable section on, 120-26 Chenoweth, Alexander, cited, 212 Chestnut borer, two-lined, 56 Chonetes, 124 Chrysoberyl from St Nicholas ave- nue, 42, 185-86 Chrysodomus despectus, 121 Cicada, periodical, 52 Cladopora, 125 Clarke, F. W., cited, 175 Clarke, John M., Notes on the Geol- ogy of the Gulf of St Lawrence,. Siluric 111-26; The Micmac Tercentenary, 169,07; cited, 27, 28, 131 Clay deposits, 9 Clinton hematite, Io Clute, cited, 212 Coal deposits, II Coccosteus canadensis, 127, 131 figure, 129 | cuyahogae, 131 (Protitanichthys) fossatus, 131 halmodeus, 131 macromus, I31 occidentalis, 131 Cockroach, 58 Codling moth, 53 Cornwall shale, 28 Cottony maple scale, 55 Crosby, W. O., report on the general geology of Long Island, 29 Crystalline rocks - of Adirondacks, 36 Cyrtodonta gratia, 123 [213] 214 NEW Darton, N. H., cited, 27, 28 Davis, W. T., cited, 212. Dean, Bashford, cited, 130 Decker Ferry limestone, 27 Devonic fishes from Migouasha, 43. 127-39 Devonic starfish, rence, 44-45 Devonic strata in New York and New Jersey areas, correlation, 26 De Vries; David Pieteirz, cited, 212 Diabase, 37; 38 Diaphorostoma, 124 Dike rocks, 36 Diorites, 37 Dollo, Louis, cited, 138 Domanik shales, relation to Portage fauna of western New York, 47 remarkable occur- Earthquakes, recorded, 40-41 Eastman, CR.,. cited) 131, 138 Economic geology, collection, 90 Edwards, zinc, 39 Ells, mentioned, | Elm caterpillar. spiny, Elm leaf beetle, 55 Employees of State Museum, Engineering, 12-15 Entomologist, report. 5 Entomology, bulletin, in press, 88 Entomology collection, accessions to, 93-101 Eridophyllum, 124 Ethnology, report on, 64-71 Ethnology collection, accessions to. 108-9; destroyed by fire, 6, 71-74. 79-84 Eurypterida, tion, 43 Eusthenopteron foordi, 127 35 88-96 -O nO 2- 87; bulletins anatomy and distribu- 131 Fairchild, Herman L., study of closing phase of glaciation in New York, 32-35 False maple scale, J Favosites, 124, 125 Feldspar, 10, 38 Finch, J. K,; cited, 212 YORK STATE MUSEUM | Fire in the Capitol, fate of collection in archeology and ethnology, 6, 71- 74, 79-84 Fishes from Migouasha, 43, 127-39 Fiske, John, cited, 212 Flies, 56 Forest pests, 56 Fossils, 43 Fruit pests, 53-54 Gabbros, 36 Gall midges, 56 Garden flea, 54 Garnet, I0, 22 Gas fields, 9, II Geologic maps, 12, 15, 88 Geological engineer, profession of, 12 Geological survey, report on, 8-50 Geology, bulletins, 85-87; bulletins in press, 88 Georgian formation, 21 Gipsy moth, 54 Glacial geology, 29-35 Glaciation in New York, closing phase, 32-35 Gneisses, 36, 37 Gold sands of Adirondacks, 12, 39 Goodrich, E. S., cited, 133, 138 Gordon, C. E., Poughkeepsie quad- rangle, 86 Goshen quadrangle, 24 Gouverneur, talc mines, 38 Granites, 36, 37 Graphite, I0 Green maple worm, 55 Green Pond conglomerate, 29 Green Pond-Skunnemunk mountain syncline, 28 Grenville rocks, 22 Gypsum beds, 9 study of Halysites, 124, 125 Harrington, M. R., cited, 212 Hartnagel, C. A., cited, 27, 28 Heat as an insecticide, 58 Heliolites, 124, 125 Hickory bark borer, 56 Highland Mills, 27, 28 INDEX TO REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQII 205 Hollick, on special geologic features | Long Island, report on general geol- of Staten Island, 29 Holzapfel, cited, 47 Honeoye-Wayland quadrangles, bulle- tin, 87; geologic maps, 88 ilowvood, ©, 8: cited, 175 House flies, 56 Hudson, George H., survey of Val- cour Island, 23 Hudson River shales, 21, 25 Hussakof, L., Notes on Devonic Fishes from Scaumenac bay, Que- bec, 127-39 Indian collections, 64-65; destroyed by fire, 6, 71-74, 79-84 Indian Ladder beds, 21 Indians, The Micmac Tercentenary, 189-97; the Manhattan Indians, TOGs2 12: See also Archeology section Industrial geology, 35-390 Iris borer, 58 Iron ores, Io Jaekel, O., cited, 138 Jenny, W. P., cited, 176 Jones, R. W., mentioned, 35 Juet, cited, 212 Kanouse sandstone, 27 Kemp, James F., special investivation of nature of Saratoga waters, 17; study of geology of New York City, 29 Keyserling, Count von, cited, 47 Kummel, Henry B., observations in Orange county, 24; cited, 26 Lake Albany deposits, 30 Lake Alplaus, 30 Lake Pleasant quadrangle, 23 Lead, Io Leptocoelia, 123 flabellites, 122 Lime, 9 Lindgren, W., cited, 178 Little River East, striking uncon- formity in Paleozoic rocks at, 125 Locust leaf beetles, 56 ogy of, 29 Longwood shale, 27, 29 Luther, D. D., Honeoye-Wayland quadrangles, bulletin, 87 Macoma batthica, 121 sabulosa, 121 Magnetic ores, of Adirondacks, 10 Manhattan Indians, 199-212 Manhattan Island, 29 Maple leaf cutter, 56 Maple scale, cottony, 55 TAISEN 55 Maple worm, green, 55 Maps 2s15) Ss Memoirs, in press, 88 Merrill, cited, 27 Miastor, 53 Micmac tercentenary, 189-97 Miagouasha, fishes from, 127-39 Miller, W J., field work on the North Creek quadrangle, 22 Mineral occurrences in New York city, 183-87 Mineral springs, 15 Mineralogy, 41-42 Mineralogy collection, accessions to, 02-93 Mining, relation of geology to, 8-12 Mining and quarry industry of New York, bulletin, 38, 86 Mohawk gorge, 31 Mohawk valley, shale region, 21 Mollusca, monograph of, 60-61 Moses, A. J., cited, 183 Mosquitos, 56 Mushrooms, 51 Mya arenaria, 121 truncata, I2I Myron H. Clark Iroquois exhibit, 70-79 Natural Bridge, talc mines, 38 Natural gas, 9, II New York City, geology, 29; mineral occurrences, 41, 183-87 Newcomb, Essex county, , minerals from, 42 Newfoundland erit, 26 216 Newland, D. H., on New York geol- ogy, 8-39; mining and quarry in- dustry of New York, 86; cited, 158, 169 Normanskill formation, 21 North Creek quadrangle, field work Ons .22 Notch wing, 54 Nursery inspection, 58 O’Callaghan, cited, 212 Oil fields; 09, 11 Orange county, geology, 2 Oriskany strata, 28 Orthis, 125 Orthoceras, 125 Oxford Depot, 28 Palaeaster eucharis, 44 Paleontology, 43-50; collections, 90-91 Palisades trap, 38 Panama, cooperation of geologist, 14 Pea Hill conglomerate, 28 Pegmatite, 38 Pepper, George H., cited, 212 Periodical cicada, 52 Picton island, granite, 36 Pilsbry, H. A., monograph of the New York mollusca, 60-61; cited, 121 Plectoceras jason, note on a specimen of, 141-42 Portage fauna of western New York accessions to relation to Domanik shales of southern Timan, 47 Poughkeepsie quadrangle, bulletin, 86; geologic map, 88 Protitanichthys fossatus, 131 Publications, 84-88 Pyrite, of Adirondacks, 10; Kings- bridge, 42, 183-85; St Lawrence county, 143-82 Pyroxene from Jerome Park reser- voir, 42, 186-87 Quartz, Io, 38, 42 Rafinesquina, 125 Raspberry Byturus, 54 Raymond, P. E., cited, 142 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Rensselaeria, 122, 123 atlantica, 122 stewarti, 122 Ries, cited, 28 Road-making materials, 13 Rock salt, 9 Rose leaf hopper, 58 Round lake, 30 Ruedemann, Rudolf, mapping of Schuylerville quadrangle, 21; Note ona Specimen of Plectoceras jason, 141-42; cited, 45 Ruttenber, cited, 212 St Lawrence county, zinc, 39; pyrite deposits, 143-82 St Lawrence, Gulf, geology of, I1I-26 St Lawrence valley, shore lines, 35 San José scale, 53 Saratoga and vicinity, saline springs, jee . Saratoga quadrangle, surface deposits, 31 Saxicava rugosa, 121 Say’s blister beetle, 54 notes on the comparison of mapping of Scaumenac bay, Quebec, Devonic fishes from, 127-39 Scaumenacia curta, notes on the anatomy, 134-38; figures, 135, 136, ne ets Schenectady quadrangle, 29 Schenectady shale, eurypterid fauna ay 22 Schuchertella, 123 Schuylerville quadrangle, mapping of, 21 Scientific collections, condition, 6-7; accessions, 90-109 Scientific publications, 84-88 Seismologic station, 39-41 Semon, R., cited, 139 Seripes groenlandicus, 121 Seventeen-year locust, 52 Shade tree pests, 55 . Shawangunk (Green glomerate, 29 Silver, 12 Pond) con- INDEX TO REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQII Skinner, Alanson, The Manhattan indians, 190,212; cited) 212 Smith, Burnett, cited, 130 SiaythieC. El. jr, Pyrite Deposits of St Lawrence County, 143-82; cited, 3G, 167 Snake Ehill beds; 213 fauna, 45-47 Specks i. G,, cited) 212 Spiny elm caterpillar, 55 Staff of the Science Division and State Museum, 88-90 Starfish, remarkable occurrence, 44 Staten Island, 29 Stoller, J. H., report on Schenectady region, 20; mapping surface de- posits of Saratoga quadrangle, 31 Storm King gray gneissoid granite, 38 Stricklandinia gaspensis, 124 niagarensis, 124 Stromatoporas, 124, 125 Surficial geology, 29-35 Syenites, 36, 37 Syringopora, 124, 125 Talc, of Adirondacks, 10; Gouver- neur, 38; Natural Bridge, 38 Tentaculites, 124 Thousand Islands granite, 36 Titanite, 42 Topographic quadrangles, 15-29 Tourmalin, 42 Trachypora, 125 Graquain, RH, cited, 132, 134, 139 Trenton limestones, 21 Trochoceras, 125 nn Sar rE NnyE SSS sa to et ~sI Tussock moth, white-marked, 55 Two-lined chestnut borer, 56 Valcour Island, survey of, 23 van Ingen, Gilbert, acknowledgments to, 145; mentioned, 141, 142 Von Cotta, cited, 176 Water supply from sources, 15 Weinschenk, E., cited, 175 Weller cited= 20, 27 White marked tussock moth, 55 Whiteaves, J. F., cited, 134, 139 Whitfieldellas, 124, 125 Whitlock, H. P., Recent Mineral Oc- currences in New York City and Vicinity, 183-87 Wilbur limestone, 2 Winchell, A. N., cited, 175 Woodcock Hill, 20 Woodward, A. S., cited, 127, 132, 124, 139 Woodworth, cited, 30 underground Yonkers eneiss, 38 Young, C. R., cited, 176 Zamyjatin, A., cited, 48 Zaphrentis, 124 Zinc. 10; 35 Zircon, 42 Zoologist, report of, 56-51 Zoology collection, accessions to, 101-4 ; oo ae b rg cerns meth aetna dl ‘ 1 —————— a 1 : 2 compet nm ia * New York State Education Department New York State Museum JoHN M. CLarKeE_ Director - PUBLICATIONS Packages will be sent prepaid except when distance or weight renders the same impracticable. On 10 or more copies of any one publication 20% discount will be given. Editions printed are only large enough to meet special claims and probable sales. When the sale copies are exhausted, the price for the few reserve copies is advanced to that charged by second- hand booksellers, in order to limit their distribution to cases of special need. 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Report 12-15 48,v.1 75 Soa & IIt 60, Vv. 2 143 63, V. 2 16,17 SO, ave Xk 76 57, Ve by DE LEZ 60, Vv. I I44 64, Vv. 2 18,19 Biever O17] Ss Vie Te Dtrie Laks 60, Vv. 3 I45 vil Why at 20-25 GAA VAs 78 S75 Ne 2 II4 60, Vv. I 146 64, V. I 26-31 389 wens 79 G75 Win 385 JOE RES 60, Vv. 2 I47 64, V. 2 32-34 Bfl5 We 80 S77) Vie Tee Dint tel O Gonivalr 148 64, Vv. 2 35,36 54, Vv. 2 81,82 Sen WY & II7 60, Vv. 3 149 Ove aie, 5 37-44 AVAL 83,84 58, V..1 118 Go, Vir I50 64, V. 2 45-48 54,V.4 5 58,v.2 EO —2 Ta OLeaveeL I5I Ovi re 49-54 Sy Wal os 86 Rein We & 122 61, Vv. 2 I52 64, Vv. 2 55 Bon a7 87-89 58, v.4 123 OneivanE 153 WIGAN ee 56 SOV. © 90 58, v.3 I24 61, Vv. 2 I54 64}, Vv. 2 57 56,Vv.3 gr 58, Vv. 4 I25 62, Vv. 3 58 56,v.1 92 58, Vv. 3 126-28 62,v.1 59,60 56,Vv.3 93 58, Vv. 2 129 62, Vv. 2 Memoir 61 56, V. I 94 58,Vv.4 I30 OO, We = 2 49, V. 3 62 ES OMG A 95,96 Re). Niza at 131,132 62, v.2 B54 53, V. 2 63 56, Vv. 2 97 58,V.5 133 62) Vi. i 5,6 Ooh ens 64 56, Vv. 3 98599 505) V02 134 G2) V. 2 7 Side Wea 65 56,Vv.2 Eikeye) Oy Vo 2 Tes Oi}, Wem 8, pt 1 59, Vv. 3 66,67 56,Vv.4 Tor 59, Vv. 2 136 634 Vv. 2 Sept 5Ounvier a: 68 BO) Va 3 102 59,V.1 137 03, Ve I 9, ptr 60, Vv. 4 69 50, Ve 2 103-5 59, V. 2 138 O35 We 1 9, Dt 2 62,Vv.4 70,71 SUV Db i OO Op ave, © 139 Osraver2 Io 60, Vv. 5 72 SVD a, LOT 60, V. 2 I40 Ok ae | II Outs Nees: 73 S75 2 108 60, V. 3 I4I O3h We 2 re Os, 3 74 SVE Ee Dil LOO) LEO) O01, 5 142 O35 Ws 2 13 63, V. 4 The figures at the beginning of each entry in the following list indicate its number as a museum bulletin. Geology and Paleontology. 14 Kemp, J. F. Geology of Moriah and West- port Townships, Essex Co. N. Y., with notes on the iron mines. 38p. il. 7pl. 2. maps: Sept. 1895. Free. 19 Merrill, F. J. H. Guide to the Study of the Geological Collections of the New York State Museum. 164p. t19pl. map. Nov. 1898. Out of print. 21 Kemp, J. F. Geology of the Lake Placid Region. 24p. rpl. map. Sept. 1898. Free. 34 Cumings, E. R. Lower Silurian System of Eastern Montgomery County; Prosser, C. S. Notes on the Stratigraphy of Mohawk Valley and Sara- toga County, Nance 4p. capi map, May mooo. 15e. 39 Clarke, J. M. Simpson, G. B. & Loomis, F. B. Paleontologic Papers tr. 2 elleroOol., OCt, 1900. 15C. Goetls: Clarke, J. M. A Remarkable Occurrence of Orthoceras in the Oneonta Beds of e Chenango Valley, N LE ancenanicagy cryptophya; a Peculiar Echinoderm from the Intumescens-zone (Portage Beds) of Western New York. — Dictyonine Hexactinellid Sponges from the Upper Devonic of New York. — The Water Biscuit of Squaw Island, Canandaigua Lake, N. Y. Simpson, G. B. Preliminary Descriptions of New Genera of Paleozoic Rugose Corals. Loomis, F. B. Siluric Fungi from Western New York. 42 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Hudson River Beds near Albany and their Taxo- nomic Equivalents. TrOpssplL imap. Apr gor. -25C- 45 Grabau, A. W. Geology and Paleontology of Niagara Falls and Vicinity. Z50pedia Tsp map. Apr. root: 65c; cloth, ooc. 48 Woodworth, J. B. Pleistocene Geology of Nassau County and Borough © Oucens: 58p: il. Spl. map. Dec. r90t..~25¢. 49 Ruedemann, Rudolf; Clarke, J. M. & Wood, Elvira. Paleontologic Papers 2. 240p. 13pl. Dec. 1901. . Out of print. Contents: Ruedemann, Rudolf. Trenton Conglomerate of Rysedorph Hill. Clarke, J. M. Limestones of Central and Western New York Interbedded with Bitumi- nous Shales of the Marcellus Stage. : Wood, Elvira. Marcellus Limestones of Lancaster, Erie Co., N. Y. Clarke, J. M. New Agelacrinites. Value of Amnigenia as an Indicator of Fresh-water DERests during the Devonic of New York, Ireland and the Rhineland. 52 Clarke, J. M. Report of the State Paleontologist 1901. 28o0p. il. ropl. Mapmintidoe july 1902. . 40°. 56 Merrill, F. J. H. Description of the State Geologic Map of 1901. 4ap. a iaaps, tabs Nov: 1902. Free. NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT 63 & Luther, D. D. Stratigraphy of Canandaigua and Naples Quad- tangles. 78p., map: June 1904. (25¢. 65 Clarke, J. M. Catalogue of Type Specimens of Paleozoic Fossils in the New York State Museum. 848p. May 1903. $1.20, cloth. 69 Report of the State Paleontologist 1902. 464p. spl. 7maps. Nov. 1903. $1, cloth. 77 Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Vicinity of Little Falls, Herkimer Co. oSp: ilar spl.) 2amiaps.» anee wo05- 9 30c; 80 Report of the State Paleontologist 1903. 396p. 29pl. 2 maps. Feb. 1905. 85c, cloth, 81 & Luther, D. D. Watkins and Elmira Quadrangles. 32p. map. Mary roohs 25C: ; 82 Geologic Map of the Tully Quadrangle. 4gop.map. Apr.1905. 20¢. 83 Woodworth, J. B. Pleistocene Geology of the Mooers Quadrangle. 62p. 2spl. map. June t9o5-n25C. 84 Ancient Water Levels of the Champlain and Hudson Valleys. 206p. il, rtpl. a2Symaps.. Waly r905.. Ase 90 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Cephalopoda of Beekmantown and Chazy For- mations of Champlain Basin. 224p. il. 38pl. May 1996. 75¢, cloth. 92 Grabau, A. W. Guide to the Geology and Paleontology of the Schoharie RESION.” U4 boas 2 ola taape epi 1906. 75¢, cloth. 95 Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Northern Adirondack Region. 188p. I5pl. 3 Maps. Sept. 1905.. 30c: 96 Ogilvie, I. H. Geology of the Paradox Lake Quadrangle. 54p. il. 17pl. map. Dec. I9Q05. 30C. 99 Luther, D. D. Geology of the Buffalo Quadrangle. 32p. map. May EOQOO. 20C- IOI Geology of the Penn Yan-Hammondsport Quadrangles. 28p. map. July 1906. Out of print. 106 Fairchild, H. L. Glacial Waters in the Erie Basin. 88p. 14pl. 9 maps. Feb. 1907. Out of print. 107 Woodworth, J. B.; Hartnagel, C. A.; Whitlock, Hi. P.; Hiudson7G aah, Clarke, J. M.; - White, David & Berkey, CrP. Geological Papers. 388p. 54pl. map. May 1907. 9goc, cloth. Contents: Woodworth, J. B. Postglacial Faults of Eastern New York. Hartnagel, C. A. Stratigraphic Relations of the Oneida Conglomerate. Upper Siluric and Lower Devonic Formations of the Skunnemunk Mountain Region. Whitlock, H. P. Minerals from Lyon Mountain, Clinton Co. Hudson, G. H. On Some Pelmatozoa from the Chazy Limestone of New York. Clarke, ap M. Some New Devonic Fossils. An Interesting Style of Sand-filled Vein. —— Eurypterus Shales of the Shawangunk Mountains in Eastern New York. White, David. A Remarkable Fossil Tree Trunk from the Middle Devonic of New York. Berkey, C. P. Structural and Stratigraphic Features of the Basal Gneisses of the High- ands. arr Fairchild, H. L. Drumlins of New York. Gop. 28pl. 19 maps. July 1907. Out of print. 114 Hartnagel, C. A. Geologic Map of the Rochester and Ontario Beach Quadrangles. 20p.imapn. AueuTenz. | 20c 115 Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Long Lake Quadrangle. 88p. 2opl. map. Sept. 1907. Out of print. 118 Clarke, J. M. & Luther, D. D. Geologic Maps and Descriptions of the Portage ‘and Nunda Quadrangles including a map of Letchworth Park. 5op. r6pl. 4 maps. Jan. 1908. Ree ee Miller, W. J. Geology of the Remsen Quadrangle. 5 4p. il. r1pl. map. 1909. 25C. 127 “Pairehild, H. L. Glacial Waters in Central New York. 64p. 27pl. 15 maps. Mar. 1909. 4oc. 128 Luther, D. D. Geology of the Geneva-Ovid Quadrangles. 44p. map. Apr. 1909. 20C. 135 Miller, W. J. Geology of the Port Leyden Quadrangle, Lewis County, N.Y... 62ep. 4) aapi mapa jas. one. | a5e- 137 Luther, D. D. Geology of the Auburn-Genoa Quadrangles. 36p. map. Mar. 1910. 20€. MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS 138 Kemp, J. F. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. Geology of the Elizabethtown and Port Henry Quadrangles. 176p. il. 2opl. 3 maps. Apr. 1910. 4oc. 145 Cushing, H. P.; Fairchild, H. L.; Ruedemann, Rudolf & Smyth, C. H. Geology of the Thousand Islands Region. 19g4p. il. 62pl.6 maps. Dec. Fores | 1 75C 146 Berkey, OB Geologic Features and Problems of the New York City (Catskill) Aqueduct. 2836p. i 28plemaps. Neb. 191s o75C; Gloria, 148 Gordon, C. E. Geology of the Poughkeepsie Quadrangle. t122p. il. 2oplamap. Apt. 1911. 30c: 152 Luther, D. D. Geology of the Honeoye-Wayland Quadrangles. 3op. map Oct Olt. '20c.. _* 153 Miller, William J. Geology of the Broadalbin Quadrangle, Fulton- Sararoraicountes, New, York) 66p., 110 8 pl.’ map. Dec.) norr 25, 154 Stoller, James H. Glacial Geology of the Schenectady Quadrangle. 44p. Bipla mapy Dec 1911.7 -20c. Fairchild, H.L. Glacial Waters in the Black and Mohawk Valleys. In press. Kemp, James F. The Mineral Springs at Saratoga. In press. Luther, D. D. Geology of the Phelps Quadrangle. In preparation. Whitnall, H..O. Geology of the Morrisville Quadrangle. Prepared. Hopkins, T. C. Geology of the Syracuse Quadrangle. Prepared. Hudson, G. H. Geology of Valcour Island. In preparation. Economic geology. 3 Smock, J. C. Building Stone in the State of New Mone rsap, Mar 1888) Out of print. First Report on the Iron Mines and Iron Ore Districts in the State of New York. 78p. map. June 1889. Out of print. 10 Building Stone in New York. 210p. map, tab. Sept. 1890. 4oc. rz Merrill, F. J. H. 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Some New York Minerals and their Localities. 22p. ipl. Aug. 1888. Free. 58 Whitlock, H. P. Guide to the Mineralogic Collections of the New York State Museum. 15op. il. 39pl. 11 models. Sept. 1902. 4oc. New York Mineral acdlities LLOPs, Oct) 1o6ossm zac: Contributions from the Mineralogic Laboratory. 38p. 7pl. Dec. 1905. Out of print. Zoology. 1 Marshall, W. B. Preliminary List of: New York Unionidae. 2op. Mar. 1892. Free. Beaks of Unionidae Inhabiting the Vicinity of Albany, N. Y. 3o0p. ipl. Aug. 1890. Free. - 29 Miller, G. S. jr. Preliminary List of New York Mammals. t124p. Oct. T1O90- 8 ESCH) > 33 Farr, M.S. Check List of New York Birds. 2245. Apr. 1900. 25¢: 38 Miller, G. S. jr. Key to the Land Mammals of Northeastern North AMenicas s1000.) Oct 1o00., 15: 40 Simpson, G. B. Anatomy and Physiology of Polygyra albolabris and Limax maximus and Embryology of Limax maximus. 82p. 28pl. Oct. KOO 8 2)5C. 43 Kellogg, J. L. Clam and Scallop Industries of New York. 36p. 2pl. map. Apr. 1901. Free. 51 Eckel, E. C. & Paulmier, F.C. Catalogue of Reptiles and Batrachians of New York. 64p.il. rpl. Apr. 1902. - Out of print. Eckel, E. C. Serpents of Northeastern United States. Paulmier, F.C. Lizards, Tortoises and Batrachians of New York. 70 98 60 Bean, T. H. Catalogue of the Fishes of New York. 784p. Feb. 1903. $1, cloth. 71 Kellogg, J. L. Feeding Habits and Growth of Venus mercenaria. 3o0p. Aple G56 Pingo gee nee: 88 Letson, Elizabeth J. Check List of the Mollusca of New York. 116p. May, 10015.) 2oc; gr Paulmier, F. C. Higher Crustacea of New York City. 78p. il. June LOOK.) 2OC: 130 Shufeldt, R. W. Osteology of Birds. 382p. il. 26pl. May 1909. S5oc. Entomology. 5 Lintner, J. A. White Grub of the May Beetle. 34p. il. Nov. 1888. Free. 6 Cut-worms. 38p. il. Nov. 1888. Free. 13 San José Scale and Some Destructive Insects of New York State. 54D. 7pl.) Apr sEsose ES5e 20 Felt, E. P. Elm Leaf Beetle in New York State. 46p. il. spl. June 1898. 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P. 17th Report of the State Entomologist 1901. 232p. il. 6pl. Aug. 1902. Out of print. Elm Leaf Beetle in New York State. 46p. il. 8pl. Aug. 1902. Out of print. This is a revision of Bulletin 20 containing the more essential facts observed since that Was prepared. 59 Grapevine Root Worm. op. 6pl. Dec. 1902. 15¢. See 72. Se 18th Report of the State Entomologist 1902. s110p. 6pl. May 20C. 68 aN ecdhant. JG. GS others. Aquatic Insects in New York: 322p. 52pl. Aug. 1903. 8oc, cloth. 72 Felt, E. P. Grapevine Root Worm. 58p. 13pl. Nov. 1903. 20c. This is a revision of Bulletin 59 containing the more essential facts observed since that Was prepared. 74 & Joutel, L. H. Monograph of the Genus Saperda. 88p. rapl. June 1904. 25¢c. 76 Felt, E. P. 19th Report of the State Entomologist 1903. s150p. apl. TOON 1 LSC: ae or Culicidae of New York. 164p. il. 57pl. tab. Oct. 1904. 86 Nesahag, J. G. & others. May Flies and Midges of New York. 352p. ieo7 ply wide too5. ) Soc, cloth: 97 Felt, E. P. 20th Report of the State Entomologist 1904. 246p. il. ropl. Nov. 1905. 4oc. 103 Gipsy and Brown Tail Moths. 44p. ropl. July 1906. 15c. 104 21st Report of the State Entomologist 1905. 1144p. 1opl. Aug. TOOO™ 25C: 109 Tussock Moth and Elm Leaf Beetle. 34p. 8pl. Mar. 1907. 20c. 110 22d Report of the State Entomologist 1906. 1152p. 3pl. June TOW 25: 124 23d Report of the State Entomologist 1907. 542p. il. 44pl. Oct. BOOS.) 7 FC: 129 Control of Household Insects. 48p. il. May 1909. Out of print. 134 24th Report of the State Entomologist 1908. 208p. il. 17pl. Sept. 1909. 35c. 136 Control of Flies and Other Household Insects. 56p. il. Feb. HOMOR LSC: This is a revision of Bulletin 129 containing the more essential facts observed since that was prepared. 141 Felt, E. P. 25th Report of the State Entomologist 1909. 178p. il. 22pl- Niulyerouce, 25C: 147 26th Report of the State Entomologist rg10. 182p. il. 35pl. Mar. TGaien 35: 155 27th Report of the State Entomologist 1911. 1098p. il. 27pl. Jan. IOs) 40C 156 —— Elm Leaf Beetle and White-Marked Tussock Moth. 35p. 8pl. Jan. LOIS, ZO. Needham. J. G. Monograph on Stone Flies. In preparation. Botany. 2 Peck, C. H. Contributions to the Botany of the State of New York. 72p. 2pl. May 1887. Out of print. 8 Boleti of the United States. 98p. Sept. 1889. Out of print. 25 Report of the State Botanist 1898. 76p. spl. Oct. 1899. Out of print. 28 Plants of North Elba. 206p. map. June 1899. 200. 54 —— Report of the State Botanist 1901. 58p. 7pl. Nov. 1902. 4oc. 67 —— Report of the State Botanist 1902. 196p. 5pl. May 1903. Soc. 75 ——— Report of the State Botanist 1903. op. 4pl. 1904. 4oc. 94 —— Report of the State Botanist 1904. 6o0p. 1opl. July 1905. 4oc. NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT 105 —— Report of the State Botanist 1905. 3108p. 12pl. Aug.1906. soc. 116 —— Report of the State Botanist.1906. 120p. 6pl. July too7- ease, 122 —— Report of the State Botanist 1907. 178p. 5pl. Aug. 1908. 4oc. 131 —— Report of the State Botanist 1908. 202p.4pl. July 1909. 4o0c. 139 —— Report of the State Botanist 1909. 1116p. 1opl. May toro. 4s5¢. 150 —— Report of the State Botanist 1910. see oer May 197%. . Zoe. 157 —— Report of the State Botanist rort. pl... Mar. 1920 Sa5@ Archeology. 16 Beauchamp, W. M. AbOneUeelt Chipped Stone Implements of New York S6pr2epk ) Wet: 18972 “25¢:. 18 Polished Stone Articles Used by the New York Aborigines. 104p. a5ple | NoOvesnoo7. | 25sec. Earthenware of the New York Aborigines. 78p. 33pl. Oct. 1898. 22 25¢. Aboriginal Occupation of New York. r190p. 16pl. 2 maps. Mar. QO! 30: - Wampum and Shell Articles Used by New York Indians. 166p. 2opl Mari ioommsoc: Horn and Bone Implements of the New York Indians. t112p. 43pl. Mar, 1902. (30c Metallic Implements of the New York Indians. o4p. 38pl. June WOO2=4 .215C: Metallic Ornaments of the New York Indians. 1122p. 37pl. Dec. NOOB BOC: History of the New York Iroquois. 340p. 17pl. map. Feb. 1905. 75c, cloth. 32 4I 50 55 87 Perch Lake Mounds. 84p. 12pl. Apr. 1905. Out of print. 89 Aboriginal Use of Wood in New York. t1go0p. 35pl. June 1905. 35¢ 108 Aboriginal Place Names of New York. 336p. May 1907. 40c. 113 Civil, ‘Religious and Mourning Councils and Ceremonies of Adop- tions a Spe 7 ol “June E907. 25C. 117 Parker, A. C. An Erie Indian Village and Burial Site. iezpaygepe Dee. 1907. Ieee: 125 Converse, H. M. & Parker, A.C. Iroquois Myths and Legends. 1096p. Usa pla sees megsiesoe 144 Parker, A. C. Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants. 12op. ils Epl. INOVe LorO. | Goce: Miscellaneous. 62 Merrill, F. J. H. Directory of Natural History Museums in United States and Canada. 236p. Apr. 1903. 300. 66 Ellis, Mary. Index to Publications of the New Work State Natural History Survey and New York State Museum 1837-1902. 418p. June T9038.) 75C, clot: Museum memoirs 1889-date. 4to. t Beecher, C. E. & Clarke, J. M. Development of Some Silurian Brachi- opoda. g6p. 8pl. -Oct. 1889. ‘$1. 2 Hall, James & Clarke, J. M. Paleozoic Reticulate Sponges. 35op. il. 7opl. 1898. $2, cloth. 3 Clarke, J. M. The Oriskany Fauna of Becraft Mountain, Columbia Co., N.Y.) 228popls (Wctengco.n soc: 4 Peck, C.H. N.Y. Edible Fungi, 1895-99. 1o6p.25pl. Nov. rgoo.. [$1.25] This includes revised descriptions and illustrations of fungi reported in the 49th, 51st and 52d reports of the State Botanist. 5 Clarke, J. M. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. Guelph Formation and Fauna of New York State. -196p. 21pl. July 1903. $1.50, cloth. 6 Clarke, J. M. Naples Fauna in Western New York. 268p. 26pl. map. 1904. $2, cloth. 7 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Graptolites of New York. Pt 1 Graptolites of the Lower Beds. 350p. 17pl. Feb 1905. $1.50, cloth. 8 Felt, E. P. Insects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees. v.r. 460p. il. 48pl. Feb. 1906. $2.50, cloth; v.2. 548p. il. 22pl. Feb. 1907. $2, cloth. 9 Clarke, J. M. Early Devonic of New York and Eastern North America. Pt 1. 366p. il. yopl.5 maps. Mar. 1908. $2.50, cloth; Pt 2. 250p. il. 36pl. 4 maps. Sept. 1909. $2, cloth. \ a ae a = = MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS Io Eastman, C. R. The Devonic Fishes of the New York Formations. 2220p ets pl. 197 uypL-25, CloL: rz Ruedemann, Rudolf. Graptolites of New York. Pt 2 Graptolites of _ the Higher Beds. 584p. il. 31pl. 2 tab. Apr. 1908. $2.50, cloth. izeaton be somdsvor New York v. 1. 501p. il. 42pl. “Apr ‘roxo, $3, cloth; v. 2, im press. 13 Whitlock,H.P. Calcitesof New York. gop. il.27pl. Oct. 1910. $1, cloth. Clarke, J. M. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. The Eurypterida of New York. In press. Natural History of New York. 3ov. il. pl.maps. 4to. Albany 1842-94. DIVISION 1 ZOOLOGY. De Kay, James E. Zoology of New York; or, The New York Fauna; comprising detailed descriptions of all the animals hitherto observed within the State of New York with brief notices of those occasionally found near its borders, and accompanied by appropri- ate illustrations. 5v.il.pl.maps. sq. 4to. Albany 1842-44. Out of print. 1 Historical introduction to the series by Gov. W. H. Seward. 178p. Vereen Varmmalia. 131-4 46p. 33pl. 1842. 300 copies with hand-colored plates. VWeaeepiebirdss 12 3280p. r4rpl. 1844. Colored plates. v. 3 pt3 Reptiles and Amphibia. 7+ 98p. pt4 Fishes. 15 + 4r5p. 1842. pt 3-4 bound together. v. 4 Plates to accompany v. 3. Reptiles and Amphibia. 23pl. Fishes. 7opl. 1842. 300 copies with hand-colored plates. v.5 pts Mollusca. 4+ 271p. gopl. pt6 Crustacea. jop.13pl. 1843-44, Hand-colored plates; pts—6 bound together. DIVISION 2 BOTANY. Torrey, John. Flora of the State of New York; com- prising full descriptions of all the indigenous and naturalized plants hith- exto discovered in the State, with remarks on their economical and medical properties. 2v. il. pl. sq. 4to. Albany 1843. Out of print. v. 1 Flora of the State of New York. 12+ 484p. 72pl. 1843. 300 copies with hand-colored plates. v. 2 Flora of the State of New York. 572p. 89pl. 1843. 300 copies with hand-colored plates. DIVISION 3 MINERALOGY. Beck, Lewis C. Mineralogy of New York; com- prising detailed descriptions of the minerals hitherto found in the State of New York, and notices of their uses in the arts and agriculture. il. pl. sq. 4to. Albany 1842. Out of print. v. 1 ptr Economical Mineralogy. pt2 Descriptive Mineralogy. 24 + 536p. 1842. 8 plates additional to those printed as part of the text. DIVISION 4 GEOLOGY. Mather, W. W.; Emmons, Ebenezer; Vanuxem, Lard- ner & Hall, James. Geology of New York. 4v. il. pl. sq. 4to. Albany 1842-43. Out of print. — v. tptr Mather, W. W. First Geological District. 37 + 653p.46pl. 1843. v. 2 pte Emmons, Ebenezer. Second Geological District. 10 + 437p. TApl., 1642. v. 3 ptz3 Vanuxem, Lardner. Third Geological District. 306p. 1842. v. 4 pt4 Hall, James. Fourth Geological District. “22 + 683p. 1opl. map. 1843. DIVISION 5 AGRICULTURE. Emmons, Ebenezer. Agriculture of New York; comprising an account of the classification, composition and distribution of the soils and rocks and the natural waters of the different geological formations, together with a condensed view of the meteorology and agri- cultural productions of the State. 5v. il. pl. sq. gto. Albany 1846-54. Out of print. NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPART MENT v. 1 Soils of the State, their Composition and Distribution. 11 + 3771p. 21pl. 1846. v. 2 Analysis of Soils, Plants, Cereals, etc. 8 + 343+ 46p. 42pl. 1849. V/ith hand-colored plates. v. 3 Fruits, ete: -8 + 340p: 91851: v. 4 Plates to accompany v. 3. g5pl. 1851. Hand-colored. v. 5 Insects Injurious to Agriculture. 8+ 272p. sopl. 1854. With hand-colored plates. DIVISION 6 PALEONTOLOGY. Hall, James. Palaeontology of New York. 8v. il. pl. sq. 4to. Albany. 1847-94. Bound in cloth. v. 1 Organic Remains of the Lower Division of the New York System. 23.+ 338p. oopl. 1847. Out of print. v. 2 Organic Remains of Lower Middle Division of the New York System. 8 + 362p. 104pl. 1852. Out of print. v. 3 Organic Remains of the Lower Helderberg Group and the Oriskany Sandstone. pt1, text. 12+ 532p. 1859. [$3.50] Pt 2..143 plo usome, |[\p2-50\| v. 4 Fossil Brachiopoda of the Upper Helderberg, Hamilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. 11 + 1+ 428p. 69pl. 1867. $2.50. v. 5 pt 1 Lamellibranchiata 1. Monomyaria of the Upper Helderbergs, Hamilton and Chemung Groups. 18 + 268p. 45pl. 1884. $2.50. Lamellibranchiata 2. Dimyaria of the Upper Helderberg, Ham- ilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. 62 + 293p. 51pl. 1885. $2.50. pt 2 Gasteropoda, Pteropoda and Cephalopoda of the Upper Helder- berg, Hamilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. 2v. 1879. v. 1, text. 15 4; 4902p Vee i2O ple 2450, Ton 207 & Simpson, George B. v. 6 Corals and Bryozoa of the Lower and Up- per Helderberg and Hamilton Groups. 24 + 298p. 67pl. 1887. $2.50. & Clarke, John M. v. 7 Trilobites and other Crustacea of the Oris- kany, Upper Helderberg, Hamilton, Portage, Chemung and Catskill Groups. 64 + 236p.46pl. 1888. Cont.supplement tov.5,pt2. Ptero- poda, Cephalopoda and Annelida. 4z2p. 18pl. 1888. $2.50. & Clarke, John M. v.8pt1 Introduction to the Study of the Genera of the Paleozoic Brachiopoda. 16 + 367p. 44pl. 1892. $2.50. & Clarke, John M. v.8 pt 2 Paleozoic Brachiopoda. 16 + 394p. 64pl. 1894. $2.50. Catalogue of the Cabinet of Natural History of the State of New York and of the Historical and Antiquarian Collection annexed thereto. 242p. 8vo. Teh 37 Handbooks 1893-date. New York State Museum. 52p. il. 1902. Free. Outlines, history and work of the museum with list of staff 1902. Paleontology. 12p. 1899. Out of print. _Brief outline of State Museum work in paleontology under heads: Definition; Relation to~ biology; Relation to stratigraphy; History of paleontology in New York. Guide to Excursions in the Fossiliferous Rocks of New York. 3124p. 1899. Free. Itineraries of 32 trips covering nearly the entire series 01 Paleozoic rocks, prepared specially for the use of teachers and students desiring to acquaint themselves more intimately with the classic rocks of this State. Entomology. 16p. 1899. Free. Economic Geology. 44p. 1904. Free. Insecticides and Fungicides. 2op. 1909. Free. Classification of New York Series of Geologic Formations. 32p. 1903. Out of print. Revised edition. 96p. 1912. Free. MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS Geologic maps. Merrill, F. J. H. Economic and Geologic Map of the State of New York; issued as part of Museum Bulletin 15 and 48th Museum Report, v.- I. 59X67 cm. 18094. Scale 14 miles to1inch. 1sc. Map of the State of New York Showing the Location of Quarries of Stone Used for Building and Road Metal. “1897. Out of print. Map of the State of “New York Showing the Distribution of the Rocks Most Useful for Road Metal. 1897. Free. Geologic Map of New York. 1901. Scale 5 milesto 1inch. Jn atlas jorm $3; mounted on rollers $5. Lower Hudson sheet 6o0c. The lower Hudson sheet, geologically colored, comprises Rockland, Orange, Dutchess, Putnam, Westchester, New York, Richmond, Kings, Queens and Nassau counties, and parts of Sullivan, Ulster and Suffolk counties; also northeastern New Jersey and part of western Connecticut. Map of New York Showing the Surface Configuration and Water Sheds. 1901. Scale 12 miles to 1 inch. LSC. Map of the State of New York Showing the Location of its Economic Deposits. 1904. Scale 12 miles to 1 inch. GC. Geologic maps on the United States Geological Survey topographic base. Scale 1 in. == 1 m. Those marked with an asterisk have also been pub- lished separately. *Albany county. 1898. Out of print. Area around Lake Placid. 1898. Vicinity of Frankfort Hill [parts of Herkimer and Oneida counties]. 1899. Rockland county. 1899. Amsterdam quadrangle. t1goo. *Parts of Albany and Rensselaer counties. tgor. Free. *Niagara river. I901. 25¢. Part of Clinton county. tgor. Oyster Bay and Hempstead quadrangles on Long Island. gor. Portions of Clinton and Essex counties. 1902. Part of town of Northumberland, Saratoga co. i903. Union Springs, Cayuga county and vicinity. 1903. *Olean quadrangle. 1903. Free. *Becraft Mt with 2 sheets of sections. (Scale 1 in. —$4m.) 1903. 20¢, *Canandaigua-Naples quadrangles. 1904. 20C¢. *Little Falls quadrangle. 1905. Free. *Watkins-Elmira quadrangles. 1905. 20C. *Tully quadrangle. 1905. Free. *Salamanca quadrangle. 1905. Free. *Mooers quadrangle. 1905. Free. *Buffalo quadrangle. 1906. Free. *Penn Yan-Hammondsport quadrangles. 1906. 20€. *Rochester and Ontario Beach quadrangles. 0c. *Long Lake quadrangle. Free. *Nunda- Portage quadrangles. 2oc. *Remsen quadrangle. 1908. Free. *Geneva-Ovid quadrangles. 1909. 20¢. *Port Leyden quadrangle. 1910. Free. *Auburn-Genoa quadrangles. Igt0. 20. *Elizabethtown and Po:< Henry quadrangles. 1910. I5¢. *Alexandria Bay quadrangle. Free. *Cape Vincent quadrangle Free. *Clayton quadrangle. Free. *Grindstone quadrangle. Free. *Theresa quadrangle. Free. *Poughkeepsie quadrangle. Free. *Honeoye-Wayland quadrangle. 20. *Broadalbin quadrangle. Free. *Schenectady quadrangle. Fres. 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