507.73 NINTS x WS \ead Y yee) we) VuVyy YYY GIGS > = 3 Sy : iN wit \ \ \=\* \~ Saat ¥ J y, SISSY SE} ates Beene Mey, BUS CREOLE | | : WE ee AGE he dette “A Screee VV WV ECVV ally Vig —s wt) Nae Nt | at | we Wave we Seu rvs SSCCgere weld valved ve eee CE ae saG JSF Viwgy || > — aS \~' Boece wee Sey LU eee eCCCUUCUeY 999 vs Ue WWW WIS SIGS SSS Lee wy i) , VS GI GAG IIS WW Serres WIAA AAS ISI IIS bh MILES oVVOWVVUOINVVHIN Yor ~ Bes Mie aid| An, Oh, ~ ~~ F— MDA DN SAA ASS ee Ne ee reece WevuWwel¥ Ao Ae) AK oS Nhe K |} | Nad bead aN) cd SIS) peste aaa | NA AISA a OO OO | ’ Race Nee ‘ea | fi ( AAG ©} vevsseeeee | | | WEES SOOO Nh Nd ly esd Vel ee > sa > we ed rd | Yare =] Nad aaa Nea heh Ne TONING SSS SISO ANAS ss ag Wr 0 | Se ee lala llW Glld WW ld ¥ BUS YE vee Vel all wy YI SSG ewes Seecteres oh AAA LAA NA Ji" wv vw AGF ON OOO dN \o\u\e Ieulvsw we IIIA SSE AEE EL S)\—\— J — Jase | w|S)\ d\n | Ned aa |e ||) vw wv, ~ w Yow Ne BUN KASS AG I, HISICO | CN LICE NN wv = + Nat Nagetl | a IONS TIO Ad tthe hd | hd WV Waly wi = beh SV ly Ww | TUCCUUU.. SILC, ad add ddd deh A, WW UWE \— DA Ne ~ ewe —— Ca 4i\~ ~— - —_ Cac « CaCa CCE Goa pede eye JUV AVIAN | ) ; A An Am) Ca Ea & < ¢ < 4 « MIS g AY \AZ SSSI id Ved dV Wd Wg Vv WW 9/9 w wiwivwy! wi vv! a Ai. wd) et) Nea] — Nee | ~ ew Perewweevurrve*** SL AA YUISIGVS NAA dd taal el ~wy | IIIS "lw . : OD AIS APSISSGGSIIO SSI SGU GS) Ged UII WVSASY “90 i “ i¢ tan ne ee a hy, ss va ry a ‘ : | + ee LJ uA . ltl ele Boy i > ee University of the State of New York puueuw Entered as second-class matter August 2, 1913, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under the act of August 24, 1912 Published fortnightly No. 602 | ALBANY, N. Y. NOVEMBER 1, I915 “New y ork State Museum Joun M. CLarKE, Director Museum Bulletin 178 THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY OF NEW YORK STATE REPORT OF OPERATIONS AND PRODUCTION DURING 1914 BY D. H. NEWLAND : PAGE | PAGE ies 0 ee 7: (Aton OE ey.) as cog ah vege ae oS 36 hos alg productionof New York 10 | Sy rantaer gD gi Arind ll bran platen Caer 39 | ee a ae II SUMET a ENREE GA es Poors! iti die 4I res | 14 | Mineral waters. °..... 06002. fae 53 Ba thick Vrick. Se oy | Sanddane brick feta ee 55 MIN es sb c Scale ss BA | GR Se en ho amas aku k 56 SEI soos Bo use Seis aes - 24 Production of stone 0 pada eae 25 Granite NS nS iS Ona a at 25 « Limestone EEG aw) ss. eb DR y.s vase eo 26 1 3 ay a he AIL so sale uety bas oe sie 26 Sandstone er oO RI lt 5s 29 "DREGE Ae os SE eee 30} Tale <:see ae Dek Ss 33 | Pees Ae ts, Ue cy didn al o's 2 ee ok uh) N dos Gl de vik o's 25) URES ORAL esac aes fr. ee en! ALBANY THE UNIVERSITY OF TRE STATE. O IQI5 Msor-Jl15-2000 Public Records, THomas C. QuiINN VSP iP Seer eee § : ity : f aye dy ee et eee rae ’ 4 \2 OS Ba rah Tae i aM ake ee y 5A r r fs “ os * a. UNIVERSITY OF THE [Ww YORK Regents of the With years when terms expire ; ee 1926 Puuny T. Sexton LL.B. LL.D. Chancellor — Palmyra. e 1927 ALBERT VANDER VEER M.D. M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. "ine , ; Vice Chancellor Albany 1922 CHESTER S. a MA LD. =. ae _ New area 1918 Wittiam NottrncHam M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. — — Syracuse _ : 1921 Francis M. CarPpENTER — — — + — — = Mount Kise = 1923 Asram I, Erxus LL.B. DCL. - —) —) oi New ge oe 1924 ADELBERT Moot LL.D. - = = — Buffalo a 1925 CHARLES B. ALEXANDER - M.A. LLB. ‘Eee a ip ...-.-_-.. nn 1919 JOHN Moore — — — 3 ae es _ 1920 ANDREW J. SHIPMAN M. A. LLB. LL.D. — —New York © 1916 WALTER GuEsT KELLOGG BA saat rs - Opies 1917 en President of the University and Commissioner of Education Joun H. Fintey M.A. LL.D. LHD. Kaien Commissioners ‘stus S. Downinc M.A. L.H.D. LL.D, Fer Higher Ta hs are 3 316 063 nS ok i nea nee “ec Pe RI Meee A ae 230 242 GE SS See Ae Pe os en ee I 056 990 cele Le AI ee aa are chs Sats wwe aps Glee hears breve 770 600 Se aS a Short tons... ... 74 075 671 286 nana eh.) ate ee 2G Se kL) WS peta dl"! Sieb eta wales 58 428 MEME S00) fo REA 2. eds Phy Sed ard aS $35 870 004 1 Includes apatite and marl. ASBESTOS The minerals which supply the asbestos of commerce are known to occur in several places within the State, more especially in the crystalline areas of the Adirondacks and southeastern New York. They are nowhere mined at present, but the occurrences have been at different times the object of inquiry and more or less attention which in one instance has extended to considerable exploratory work. The purpose of this article is to mention the different localities which have come to light and to give whatever informa- tion is available concerning their features and possible importance. That the local occurrences have aroused some interest from a commercial standpoint is not surprising in view of the recent great development in the uses of asbestos and of the remarkable growth 12 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM of the Canadian mining industry which supplies the larger share of the world’s needs of the material. The principal mines of Canada are situated in the province of Quebec, on the south side of the St Lawrence river, not very remote from the northern boundary of New York. The district in fact extends southward across the Vermont line, in’ which state there are similar occurrences which have more or less importance. The proximity of the Adirondack crystalline region to that dis-_ trict might be regarded as favorable to its carrying the same kind of deposits, but there is really no basis for such-inference as a little consideration will show. The asbestos of Canada and Vermont is found within a belt of metamorphosed Paleozoic formations which lie along the flanks of the Green Mountain uplift. The particular home of the mineral is in serpentine, in this case the product of alteration of old igneous rocks originally composed of minerals of the olivine and pyroxene groups. A large number of serpentine bodies are known in the stretch from southern Vermont into and across the eastern townships of Quebec, but in only a few 1s asbestos present in workable proportions. The mines or quarries are based on masses of serpentine that carry closely crowded vein- lets of chrysotile, the latter occurring in such profusion as to per- mit the excavation of the whole mass, from which the fiber is then obtained by hand picking or by milling operations. No similar bodies of serpentine are found in the Adirondacks. The latest igneous intrusions in that region took place before the opening of the Cambric period, and the sedimentary formations were laid down at a much earlier date. The igneous intrusions did not include any rocks of the peridotite class (composed of olivine) and consequently there has been no material from which large serpentine masses could develop. The occurrence of ser- pentine and of chrysotile is limited to the crystalline limestones which are found in belts and in which the serpentine is dissemi- nated in nodules, bands and small particles in the midst of the carbonate minerals. The proportion of serpentine to the whole rock is variable; in some places it may constitute the greater part but usually it plays a subordinate role, being one of several impurities of the limestones. It is a secondary product, formed in most cases by the alteration of a pyroxene mineral. The asbestos is a variety of the serpentine that occurs in small veins, rounded aggregates and irregular patches. It is apt to be very irregular in its occur- rence, but is sometimes rather abundant within limited areas of THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI4 13 the limestones. The fiber looks like the commercial fiber of Canada and Vermont but seems to be of lighter color and greater trans- parency. From the features of its development it is regarded as a vein mineral, deposited in cracks and cavities, by solutions circu- lating through the limestones and probably derived from the dis- seminated serpentine which, as stated, is an alteration of pyroxene. Serpentinous limestones are not at all rare in the Adirondacks; in fact they are rather common in the eastern part in Essex and Warren counties and also in the northwest in St Lawrence county. They are associated with the normal crystalline limestones, of which they are only a special development, the serpentine itself having no geological significance. In some places the rock has been quarried as an ornamental stone, since the greenish serpentine particles with . the white or bluish dolomite base give a very pleasing effect that makes the stone suitable for interior decorative work. Some of the better known localities for these serpentinous marbles are just north of Port Henry on Lake Champlain, in western Moriah town- ship, near Minerva and Olmstedville, all in Essex county, and in ‘the town of Thurman, Warren county. Wherever the serpentinous limestones are found asbestos may be expected in greater or lesser amount, though of course as a subordinate constituent. The principal occurrence of this nature that has thus far been uncovered is in the town of Thurman, about 7 miles west of Thur- man station on the Adirondack branch of the Delaware & Hudson Railroad. There is a large area of crystalline limestone which here and there contains bands charged with serpentine occurring as rounded and irregular patches of some size but irregularly distrib- uted and as small grains that are more evenly scattered through the mass. Such a band was prospected a few years ago, resulting in the production of a small quantity of chrysotile or serpentine asbestos. The latter occurs principally within a small but rather persistent zone of the limestone that takes a northeasterly course parallel to the general structural trend. Within this zone occur numerous veinlets that carry a very light, silky asbestos of a maximum length of about an inch, most of which is apparently of good quality. The veins are not persistent, but thin quickly and merge into the massive serpentine of the country rock. Outside the main zone, bunches of serpentine are to be seen which are shot through with fiber, or show the presence of whitish asbestiform material. The general average of the fiber is probably not more than one- 14 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM fourth of an inch. Samples were shipped by the owner of the property to asbestos manufacturers who reported favorably upon its quality. Although a part of the rock, no doubt, is of workable grade, not a very large quantity of that kind has as yet been exposed. in the workings. } | ? A small prospect showing serperitine asbestos of fairly long fiber was seen by the writer some years ago on the north side of Brant lake, in the town of Horicon, Warren county. It is not known by whom the property was explored, but apparently the results did not warrant a continuance of the work. Serpentinous limestones are also found in the Highlands region in Putnam and Orange counties; from the locality in Philipstown east of Cold Spring many samples of chrysolite have been gathered for museums. Mather in the New York Geological Reports for 1839 mentions an occurrence at Cotton rock in the same town on the bank of the Hudson, 3% miles below West Point. On Staten Island and near the village of Rye, Westchester county, are bosses of serpentine which furnish the closest parallels to the Canadian and Vermont occurrences. The Staten Island boss has a surface of about 15 square miles and constitutes the central elevated part of the island. The rock is apparently an igneous derivative, as unaltered remnants of olivine and pyroxene have been discovered in it. Both amphibole and serpentine asbestos occur within the area, the former variety being restricted to the border where the serpentine is in contact with schistose rocks belonging to the Manhattan formation. Examples of amphibole asbestos have been collected from Pavilion hill near Tompkinsville and at Fort George; one specimen found by the writer near the latter place possessed fibers nearly a foot long. Chrysotile is less common, but a few years ago was still to be found on Pavilion hill. CEMENT The cement manufacturers had a rather poor season in 1914. The year opened auspiciously, with the demand large enough to keep the mills operating at full capacity and prices on the same basis as in the preceding year, which was regarded as reasonable from the standpoint of both consumer and manufacturer. These ‘conditions, however, did not hold out, as the demand began to slacken before many months had elapsed and showed a declining tendency throughout the latter half of the year. In the last four months the market broke badly under the load of accumulated THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI4 15 stocks which were sold at considerable concessions from the price basis that had obtained during the early part of the year. At the close it appeared that the industry would soon lose all the ground it had been able to gain during the period of relative prosperity which followed four or five years of almost unrelieved depression for the local plants. The mills for the most part pecicd throughout the year at their average capacity, so that the market conditions were not reflected in the production returns, although a reduction may be looked for during the current season unless the market shows great improve- ment. There was a large surplus of cement carried over into the new year. In the first part of 1914 the general average of portland cement prices was the same as obtained during the preceding year, that is, around 95 cents for standard brands. This quotation was for deliveries at the mill, not including cost of package. The New York City basis was $1.18 in bulk and $1.58 in package. The mills within the State received somewhat better prices in the local markets. Before the close of the year cement was selling in New York City at 20 and 25 cents below these quotations with large offerings. The average price received by the mills for the whole year was about go cents a barrel as compared with 95 cents in 1913 and 78 cents in 1912. Conditions in the natural cement trade were practically un- changed, the present industry contributing only a small part of the total output, although a few years ago it was the principal branch. The reports, which have been received from all the cement manufacturers within the State, show that the total output last year amounted to 5,899,804 barrels. In the preceding year the combined production of portland and natural cement was 5,340,757 barrels and in 1912 it was 4,783,535 barrels. The steady growth of the portland cement industry in.the last few years has raised the pro- duction now to a higher rate than prevailed at the time of the highest prosperity of the natural cement trade. The output of portland cement for 1914 was 5,667,728 barrels. In the preceding year it amounted to 5,146,782 barrels, showing a gain of about 10 per cent for this branch of the industry. The value of the production based on the average selling prices for the year was $5,088,677, or at the rate of approximately 90 cents a barrel. There were eight mills in operation, the same number as in 1913. 16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The natural cement mills contributed an output of 232,076 barrels, against 193,975 barrels in 1913. The value of the product was $115,117 or about 50 cents a barrel at the mill. Most of this cement was made in the Rosendale district of Ulster county by a. single manufacturer, but small amounts were contributed by three plants in Onondaga county. | Production of cement in New York PORTLAND CEMENT NATURAL CEMENT YEAR Barrels Value Barrels Value TS Ss By allie iene 59 320 $278 810 | 3 939 727 | $2 285 094 OOO ree nc has apenas od 260 787 443 175 4 181 918 2 423 891 DRO fe Pe eae dS wos te, af tea Peas 394 398 690 179 4 259 186 2 124.778 MO oe rae Ra ciety rere © ecole 554 358 970 126 4 157 917 2 065 658 115 (1 le Sa ai Ps are 472 386 708 579 |. 4 689 167 2 813 500 BODO. baie lta eA al 465 832 582 290 3 409 085 2 045 451 OOS Ten Re totes nati e crete ane 617 228 617 228 2 234 139 I 117 066 MOO Arty Nearer helt a cae ene I 156 807 I 521 553 3 577 340 2 135 036 MONON MMos ad tie I 602 946 2 031 310 Bin AL, Tae I 510 529 TOA Pek. Gin ee or ae D277 302 I 245 778 I 881 630 I 207 883 2 (Oh) a SP es a a 2 Tip 822 2 046 864 | 2 257 608 I 590 689 iNGy 8 ORS aS Pare, eh iia 2 A422 274 2 766 488 I 691 565 I 184, 205 JIG (017 She psn Nimes Sa eer CNS 2 108 450 2 214 090 I 137/279 “757 730 EQOS TAS true. 21 aes aes I 988 874 1 (8953622 623 588 441 136 TOOO\ O).0s tea dQ RE atria Re 2 O61 O19 L 761 297 549 364 361 605 MQOR ete A ¥ aloe eet r 3 364 255 2 939 818 292 760 147 202 TOMA ele Lee sth ates a 3 416 400 2 930 434 274 973 134 900 POTD Fi ee ORS Ob spor fe 4 495 842 2 ASS O31 4: | 2871694 142 165 11D ine Ren RS PR 5 146 782 4 873 807 193 975 95 565 EQUA iss pears ee 5 667 728 5 088 677 232 076 II5 117 It is quite probable that the production of portland cement will soon be over 6,000,000 barrels a year. Additional capacity is now being provided in the plant of the Millen Portland Cement Co. at Jamesville, which began operations in 1913. The company will install a second kiln of the same capacity as the original one, which was rated at 700 barrels a day. The mill of the Cayuga Lake Cement Co., according to current reports, will also be enlarged. A few years ago the Seaboard Portland Cement Co. erected a plant below Catskill on the Hudson river, but never placed it in operation. It has now been taken over by the Acme Cement Co., which has made extensive changes and improvements with the view to enter- ing upon active operations during the present season. td SS ee eee THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI4 17 GLAY BY ROBERT W. JONES Due to the decrease in building construction during the year 1914 the production of clay products, along with other building materials, fell off considerably from that of the preceding season. In four of the principal cities of the State that depend largely upon local materials for building purposes, the falling off in con- struction during I914 as compared with 1913 amounted to, an average of 22.1 per cent. In New York City alone, building con- struction fell off 16.8 per cent. The following table gives the production of clay materials in the State during the last three years: Production of clay materials MATERIAL 1912 1913 1914 Wememen brick. )............ $6 666 945 $5 938 922 $4 597 856 0 a ae ane 109 657 99 736 105 439 Vitrified paving brick......... 382 984 576 970 680 226 Semme ICK. wee 42 575 44 265 38 119 MremrOOUNe................. 230 333 276 053 245 034 IA fe oie ie ale se eee E439 201 tT LI344322 892 630 Fire brick and stove lining.... 380 005 275 408 331 671 a 122 571 134 199 92 938 ewer pipe......... Bt Spey Sieh cat as 77 644 154 646 81 000 Me cc ee os 2 876 762 2 267 107 2 405 676 Miteceuaneous................ 13 828 I 164 4 630 eo gat seas so x84 $12 043 095 | $12 077 872 $9 475 219 One hundred ninety companies or individuals were active during the year as compared with 204 during the season of 1913. One hundred thirty-three reported a production of common soft-mud building and 13 ‘a production of wire-cut building brick, or all to- gether 145 as compared with 159 for the preceding year. The aggregate number of common building brick manufactured during the season amounted to 932,759,000 as compared with 1,090,506,000 for 1913; their value was $4,597,856 against $5,938,922 for 1913. Of the number of common building brick produced, 55,071,000 were made by the stiff-mud, wire-cut process with a value of $365,- 159 as compared with a value of $424,894 during 1913... All clay products, with the exception of vitrified paving brick, fell off in value. Paving brick made an increase of 15.1 per cent in value and 23 per cent in quantity over 1913. 18 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Thirty-five counties reported a production of clay products; of this number, 34 had a production of common building brick. Onon- daga county held first place in the industry with a production of $1,556,093. The other leading counties were Ulster with a value of $895,126; Erie with $819,427 and Rockland with $747,026. The only counties that reported increases in production were Cattarau-_ gus, Cayuga, Chautauqua and Westchester. Production of clay materials by counties COUNTY 1912 1913 1914 WMlae ig ee Bem Sk $457 694 $473 325 $369 312 (SIGE ESS \ Ra Ra aaa Diceescevece | diewwne oe «sent ISURCISE STS tie eter, Ce oF i Cea aden) MPa nine, Me fe Sony @ at ee @.. és CAGtATAUCHSe cols ee ses Feta 231 156 275 763 334 557 a Men Ope call gah 5 3 740 5 800 8 765 Chavbavagiaian. Poi aiate se. os: 113 315 147 451 168 134. RBM a ey eyes elisa exe as 79 (510) | ile fee 0. ss): « luni re, Meets ce ys So S| bee ee cee ee ee @ che) a See @. tis Woalumleta. fae heen 381 888 307 571 198 866 POE MESS: Boat. tite tans eee 665 082 634 043 430 269 CLEA, RRR AR aa i ENR ee 810 516 I 000 055 819 427 SEE CHO Fi Shires, Locte tte ete web ak hue 202 306 290 116 196 889 | SARS ao SR eM Se a 3.630 | 2..4.00,0..0 0 MONS) oe Sag SSM ST ty Rect 574 805 539 002 449 839 BAyimeStonsc cs WR ete ame 125 642 200 248 73775 MMGnIrGe iets yeep tint enter 246 264 278 145 168 463 NiGntsOmesye yc a8 ats oo. eho 14) 400) | (@. 22 ee ee a. 2. oe | GIGS (marine alt AE nin. Re at eas 119 708 109 O5I 96 534 New Yorks 0s te a eee ee 56 884 | @.... Son. ot) ee INetepecite.. o) ee as ee see lca 22357 55 469 38 213 Orreidat Ma cae Shae te rene 85 807 84 714 45 000 Gnhondava sds. ae takes tee I 368 345 I 613 395 I 556 093 C22 Sito anemone ge oh iene eR ARTES 2 241 O17 470 638 | , 68 762 Ofanee Stee ee ae ee 615 155 472 465 319 500 USES CF eA eee en aes 613 605 651 328 472 616 IREnSSelaer oieeie cic a erate on 169 179 I5I 202 124 152 Richmond: (5 cin otis shissee acu 723 875 588 534 454 646 eciclainds. 5 47yc ures ie asta eee 994 967 820 475 747 026 St LAWIEnCe y: i) .).7. cen eal cee ee 1 PAS Ss a... eee prtiebO@e)..« Ul. aid ck aan, tae eee 516 632 460 223 255 562 BEReMeCtady Ohh ee en 539 928 579 158 354 872 PRCGUEN. Wy icased kane iene aloe ISL (G63) |b Vee ee @.. ot RHEIN MLE 6h Nath Sia uy Sevens tat 2 Oe 92 150 . 81 000 69 300 PLSORAPYIEUTUS 02.2% eal Cae Deed | eae A eg ee a... a Sree eet, Meets va Lae ae - 1206 779 I 077 655 895 126 IUPERLERD Jabot (cag 4s ee E7 OU Sa ick. ee ra Pe dee ae WISE LOO 2. docs: bee ae 19 620 14 625 10 186 Rimmer. Hikes Siri ee Qs): . Se eee (Ms Westenestier okey es 344 798 290 256 321 826 her counties Bb. . .i2,4 2 sige se i2 1g 406 165 427 509 Mbit or ck Lite kia tek $12 043 095 | $12 077 872 $9 475 219 a Included under other counties. 258 bIn 1912, aside from counties marked a, are Clinton, St Lawrence, Tompkins and Wayne counties. In 1913 and 1914 are included counties marked a. THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI4 19 COMMON BUILDING BRICK The State can be conveniently divided into five common-brick manufacturing districts, according to the materials and methods of manufacture. The first and most important is the Hudson river tidewater region extending from Croton Point on the south to and including Rensselaer and Albany counties on the north. The entire output of this region, with the exception of a small quantity produced in Albany and Rensselaer counties, is disposed of in the metropolitan district that includés New York, Jersey City and environs. The total product of this section during the season of 1914 was 709,877,000 brick with a value of $3,346,430 as com- pared with 788,731,000 and a value of $4,176,406 for 1913. This section consists of five main producing areas, with some outlying yards. The next important section of the State is farther north in the Hudson valley around Mechanicville; this district reported a total of 50,416,000 brick with a value of $240,912 as compared with a production of 89,744,000 for 1913. Nearly the entire out- put of this section is sold in the New England markets. Another important section is Long Island and Staten Island whose product is disposed of in the southern New England states and in the local markets. The output for the past season was 57,735,000 brick valued at $276,832 as compared with 59,004,000 and a value of $331,071 for 1913. Erie county is the other district with a pro- duction of 40,015,000 valued at $244,116 as compared with 56,- 899,000 and a value of $380,153 for 1913. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM - Production of common building brick by counties I9I4 20 1913 COUNTY Number | Albany oR ease 66 700 000 Broome 243 4ee 6s Gre eet. 52) Cattaraugus..... 800 000 Cayuga. ee. ees 800 000 Chautauqua..... 5 352 000 Chemunpo 2.5 2.. Died 5 GE Sea Clintons ehh. DAR ates Colamibia.< 00... 58 585 000 Dirtehess. 3.05.6... 120 770 000 PA lag 1 & 56 899 000 Greenes ii ine 26 976 000 Livingston....... Oia Aen ie Wienroees 2). .4:2. 19 747 000 Montgomery..... CAE RES LE INGISSATIS OL co dea 15 997 000 Naarara 2 Yo 8 8 067 000 Oneida asi cients II 860 000 Onondaga. ..... 19 800 000 Ontario. 01% 2 000 000 On! fae ne 96 493 000 Rensselaer... /.).1. e.. I2 600 000 Richmond i: %.... 29 507 000 Roekland. ee e786 see oe ee ee we we we a! ei a) ol et om) we ee aie: 3s Xe, 6), 1m, 0, fe! pe, cave. ey e le -s\ te (om fe) ee ele « ‘enter fe Tele je) etree) Value $301 Cs). nae 4 34 ees Oe 198 430 244 123 Od... eee 63 G., cee 88 a: sae 43 147 cee 319 28 119 747 Oona 248 eS 69 Co ee . 895 @s eee 302 188 $4 597 eee « ie eee a Included under other counties. ; b Includes in 1913 and 1914 all counties marked a. Hudson River region. The decrease in building operations in the territory tributary to this district naturally affected the manu- facture of brick, which showed a further decline from the very low mark registered in the preceding year. about 350,000,000 brick were carried over into the 1914 season, a quantity much larger than had remained on hand in the few pre- ceding years, so that the producers started with a considerable handicap. The stock was more than sufficient to meet the needs It is estimated that. THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I9QI4 21 of the market before the new product began to be shipped, and consequently the conditions rapidly became worse when the yards got under way. Those manufacturers who depended on the first sales to finance their summer operations had to dispose of their shipments on any terms. In the case of the leased yards the prices received were below the actual cost of production. Some manu- -facturers, as a consequence, ceased operations as quickly as they could, and were out of business the rest of the season. No sub- stantial change for the better occurred as the season advanced and the market held at about the same level throughout the year. The average price received for the entire sales of the year in the region was $4.77 a thousand as compared with $5.37 a thousand in 1913, showing a falling off of 11.2 per cent. This was the lowest average reported since 1910. The prices are for the brick at the yards, and not the New York quotations which average about $1.25 a thousand higher, the difference representing the cost of transporta- tion and commission exacted by the selling agents. Output of common brick in the Hudson River region in 1913 NUMBER AVERAGE “COUNTY OF OUTPUT VALUE PRICE A OPERATORS THOUSAND eee 12 66 700 000 $370 425 $5 55 SS Se 5 58 585 000 307 571 525 RS ooh cca. oes 18 120 770 000 634 043 5 25 ere 7 26 976 000 143 466 5 32 0 8 96 493 000 472 465 | 5 00 Megeeetacr........2...--. 4 I2 600 000 74. 550 | 5 97 a 21 156 281 000 820 475 | 5 25 ME Seis se swe ele 24 | 197 801 000 I 077 655 | 5 50 Westchester........... ys 52 525 000 275 756 | 5 24 a is) co =: _ io) ON ~I fore) oe) ~sI] Ww Laml fo) (e) io) tH a4 _ ~] Oo as fo) ion) Tf: on Ww “NI 22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM. Output of common brick in the Hudson River region in 1914 NUMBER AVERAGE COUNTY OF OUTPUT VALUE PRICE A OPERATORS THOUSAND Albany! i eer aeaea cee II 58 625 000 | $301 be $5 14 Cohimibiawi ao. ens ee 5 44 705 000 198 8 4 45 DDutehees es Armee ac 14 QI 580 000 430 co 4 69 Greene: - ere be iee 5 25 604 000 123 475 4 82 CORATIBE sate endo 6 75 500 000 319 500 4 23 FRenisselaeteh ce tat2 his wes 2 5 025 000 28 000 5 57 Rockland! (6.052 seesk ae 2s 150 183 000 747 026 4 30 BUCS eA eee gee ahs ee 23 202 366 000 895 126 4 42 WVeStGHeSteh 6 crc.< wis s/c, 04 7 56 289 000 302 656 5 ae Biptabs ecu soe ae 98 | 709 877 000 | $3 346 430 $4.77 The output of the region was contributed by 98 firms, as com- pared with 106 in 1913, the smallest number at any time within the last decade. The average for each operator was also lower than in any recent year. The yards that ship by water have a total machine capacity of about 11,000,000 brick a day, which represents the outturn of about 500 soft-mud machines. The principal districts include Haverstraw, Kingston and Dutchess Junction, but there are one or more yards at a number of other places. The Haverstraw district includes the section along the river front from the southern limits of Haverstraw north through Grassy Point and North Haverstraw, a distance of about 3 miles, and embraces all the producers in Rockland county. It has the largest capacity of any district, the rated machine capacity being about 2,950,000 a day. There are 26 different yards, of which 25 were in operation last year. The output was 150,183,000 brick, worth $747,026, which was only a little less than in 1913. Most of the yards in the district are worked under lease, a fixed royalty being paid for each thousand of green brick made. Four yards get their clay from the river bottom by dredges, while the others have pits or banks back of their plants. The Kingston district extends along the river for a dis- tance of about 12 miles, including the yards at Port Ewen, East Kingston, Glasco, Saugerties and Malden. The number of oper- ators last year was 22, and the output amounted to 199,366,000 valued at $878,626, or about the same number as in 1913. The total production of Ulster county was 202,366,000 valued at EE — —— ————— THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI4 23 $895,126. The available machine capacity is 2,900,000 a day. The yards in this district are mostly open and hand labor is used largely in excavating and tempering the clay. One company uses clay dredged from the river bed. The yards around Dutchess Junction, Dutchess county, reported a total product of 88,580,000 brick worth $410,769. The corres- ponding figures for 1913 were 112,723,000 with a value of $591,790. The output of the whole county amounted to 91,580,000 valued at $430,269. The number of operators in the district was 13 and in the county 14, as compared with 16 and 18 respectively in 1913. The yards of the district have an available capacity of 1,936,000 brick a day, but not all were active. In Westchester county seven producers reported an output of 50,289,000 worth $302,656, against 52,525,000 worth $275,756 in the preceding year. Most of the yards are situated along the river between Croton Point and Verplanck Point, where a machine ‘capacity of I,122,000 is available. A large part of the output is marketed within the county which contains a number of thriving cities and communities, so that the prices are apt to vary con- siderably from the New York quotations, the average in most years being higher. Of the output of Albany county, which amounted last year to 58,625,000 valued at $301,512, a little less than one-half was sold locally and. the remainder shipped to the lower Hudson markets. The yards that manufacture brick for shipment are situated at Coeymans, while the others are located at Cohoes, Watervliet and Albany. Rensselaer county usually does not ship any brick, the output being consumed in Troy and vicinity. Only two operators reported as active last year, against. four in 1913, and their output was 5,025,000 valued at $28,000. The average selling price was the highest of any of the Hudson river counties, $5.57 a thousand. FRONT BRICK © The output of front brick includes different grades. The red and buff brick are simply selected common brick made by the stiff- mud process under the same conditions as those obtaining in the manufacture of the common variety. Greater care, however, is exercised in the burning and the product is carefully sorted as to color. The buff brick are made only in Richmond county. Rough- faced tapestry brick are made by the shale brick yards which also produce paving brick. They are burned in the same kilns with 24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the latter, occupying from two to six courses at the bottom where the temperature does not rise high enough for the thorough vitrifi- cation required in pavers. The roughened surface is secured by means of a wire placed near the die of the press so that it drags over the surface of the clay ribbon as this comes from the machine. Another class of front brick consists of dry-pressed brick. The production in 1914 consisted of 3,000,000 red smooth-faced brick valued at $30,000, 4,151,000 rough-faced brick valued at $39,205 and 3,331,000 dry-pressed brick valued at $36,234, aggregating alto- gether 10,482,000 valued at $105,439. In 1913 the output was 9,355,000 valued at $99,736. . a COMMON HOLLOW BRICK There were seven producers of common hollow brick last year who reported an output of 6,402,000 with a value of $38,119, as compared with nine producers in the preceding year with a reported outturn of 7,631,000 worth $44,265. Common hollow brick are made by the same methods as those used for hollow building blocks. Both clays and shales are employed and the molding is by the stiff- mud process, the brick being end cut. There are two forms — headers and stretchers. They are used chiefly for the construction of an inside course upon common building brick or fireproofing. The output is consumed in the larger cities. FIREPROOFING Fireproofing was made by seven companies, the.same number as in 1913, who reported an .output valued at $245,034. ‘The total for the preceding year was $276,053. The material classed as fire- proofing is reported under the names of terra cotta lumber, fire- proofing, hollow tile and hollow building block. It includes many different shapes and sizes that are used in the construction of side- walls, floors, arches and partitions, but not common hollow brick, which latter are used for veneering and not in the main construc- tion. It is made by the stiff-mud process out of clays or shales, or a mixture of the two, according to the local conditions, and is burned in round downdraft kilns. The market for the material has increased steadily, with the exception of the past i when all building operations were greatly curtailed. PAYING BRICK A large gain in the production of paving brick was reported last year, this industry furnishing one of the few exceptions to the general record of depression. The number made was 46,696,000, THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI4 25 an increase of about 30 per cent for the year, and the largest out- put in the history of the industry. The demand for paving brick has developed rapidly with the growing recognition that they are one of the few materials which will withstand the hard usage of modern street traffic. In the last few years particularly they have come into general favor and are now being utilized for the rebuild- ing of many highways throughout the State. In the year 1914 a total of 49,374,169 paving brick were laid on State roads, or more than the local production. Most of the output of the local yards was shipped outside, less than one-fourth being used within the State. The production of paving brick in the last decade is given in the accompanying table. Production of paving brick in New York NUMBER YEAR QUANTITY VALUE Sipe oe OF PLANTS cc Ek oa aidch Ae 13 984 000 | $180 004 $12 87 6 ME ice oe ck wb ee II 472 000 178 O11 15 51 5 aa NSE a ee I2 296 000 184 306 14 98 4 oi, 2 a arviere «6 Ss I4 570 000 211 289 14 50 5 ot ioe I2 278 000 207 970 16: -27 3 Sk ao ee, oy Fat wie 19 762 000 233° 511 16 88 4 0 ee 23 993 000 388 479 16 19 4 MERE Sore ke kw we 18 249 000 382 984 15 78 5 Mase oo oe nin dG naw ow 8s 35 666 000 576 970 16 17 6 6 0 Sr er eee ee 46 696 000 | 680 226 14 56 TERRA COTTA The production of terra cotta is carried on by several plants in the southern part of the State. The materials used are brought in from New Jersey, with the exception of some clays used in glazing. The output in 1914 had a value of $892,630, which as compared with the value of $1,113,322 reported in the preceding year, represented a decline of 10 per cent. The unsettled business conditions accounted for the decline. DRAIN TILE The entire output for the year had a value of $92,938 and was produced by fourteen firms operating in Albany, Cayuga, Erie, Monroe, Oneida, Onondaga, Ontario, Saratoga, and Washington counties. The falling off from the preceding year when the pro- 26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM duction had a value of $134,199 was due mostly to the reorganiza- tion and temporary closing of a few plants whose entire output was sold to the export trade. The remaining production chiefly sold for local consumption remained in about the same condition. POTTERY For the first time in many years the pottery industry showed a decided falling off in activity and interrupted the steady gain which has marked the course of production. The decrease amounted to nearly 30 per cent, mainly affecting the electrical porcelain business. The table below gives the value of the production for the last three years. Value of production of pottery WARE I9I2 1913 1914 DLOMEWALEE: Ok. cuits Sibi eat eo ee $46 024 $37 077 $28 888 Red earthenware... sins yemeneeoe 29 697 35 790 31 806 Porcelain and semiporcelain......... I 038 428 I 143 835 I 129 629 Electric and sanitary supplies........ I 727 553 | 2 100 985 I 187 506 Miscellaneous... 2c. :1ls as sexe eee 35 060 49 500 27 847 otal jake os...) a $2 876 762 | $3 367 187 | $2 405 676 CRUDE CLAY a Four counties reported a production of crude clays. The greater portion of this output was sold under the name of slip clay and was used mainly in the manufacture of porcelain electric insulators, although a small amount was produced for use in the manufacture of decorative terra cotta and for bonding purposes. Onondaga county produced some red burning clays for use in the manu- facture of red ware. Richmond county made the only production of a white or light burning clay. The total production of crude clays amounted to 7109 tons having a value of $12,424. Of this amount, 4,703 tons with a value of $10,407 were slip clays. At present slip clays are used mainly in the production of glazes for porcelain electric insulators, and therefore have to be of such quality that they will fuse at a comparatively low temperature and in a quiet manner and yield a glaze that will be able to stand up under the extreme condition of a very high voltage current. Such THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI4 27 clays have been reported from only a few localities, the largest deposits being found in the Hudson valley. The clay beds of this area cover a section extending along both banks of the river for a distance of about 40 miles south of the city of Troy. Not all the clays in the area are slip clays. | The clays found in the Hudson valley were deposited in the waters of Lake Albany, a glacial lake which at one time occupied a section of the valley from Rhinecliff north to the Battenkill. The clays are underlain mostly by soft gray and black shales and sand- stones of Ordovicic age. The grinding action of the ice reduced the surface portions of the shales to a very fine condition and the _ material then was carried by the waters from the melting glacier into the lake where they were deposited to form beds of clay more or less free from sand and gravel. The sediments deposited in the lower section of the valley and from Troy north carry a larger quantity of sand and also are considerably higher in alumina than those in the middle section where the sediments were deposited in the more quiet waters of the lake. The clays later were subjected to the action of circulating waters which lowered the percentage of calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium in the surface layers and resulted in the formation of a brown or yellow clay that reaches an extreme thickness of 40 or 50 feet. The line between the yellow and unaltered blue clay is very sharp. In one or two localities the beds of yellow or brown clay are absent, the section consisting of from 4 to Io feet of bluish fine-grained sand usually underlying a bed of yellow medium-grained sand. This bluish sand is so finely comminuted that 95 per cent will pass a 100-mesh screen. The sand grains retained on the 40-mesh and 60-mesh screens consist of angular fragments of limestone with a few scattered grains of clear quartz. Those retained on the 80-mesh and 100-mesh consist almost entirely of colorless or iron-stained grains of quartz with a few scattered grains of limestone and undecomposed shale or slate. Following these sand layers there is an average of 20 feet of alternating thin layers of fine-grained blue or purple plastic clay and very thin layers of blue or gray sand. Below this comes the true slip clay. This consists of beds of blue very plastic clay alternating with thin layers of sand. In other places the succes- sions from the surface is fine sand, yellow clay and blue clay. The lower layers of the slip clay are sometimes found with a thickness of as much as 6 feet, free from sand. The chemical change due to circulating waters has in no case reached a greater depth than the 28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM middle of the upper thin layers. of the slip clay. At the junction of the yellow and blue clays there is usually found a layer of concretions consisting mostly of calcium carbonate. The ordinary blue clays are usually very plastic and require about 29 per cent water in order to place them in condition for proper working when used in the manufacture of soft-mud brick. The air shrinkage is about 6 per cent, and when burned at cone 1 (about 1150°C) there is no fire shrinkage. The burned product is of a pink color and is usually comparatively soft. The brown clays require about 26 per cent water for proper working and have an air shrinkage of 7.5 per cent. Burned at 1150°C there is a fire shrinkage of 1.5 per cent, giving a very red, dense vitreous product. The slip clays are produced mainly in the vicinity of Albany. No attempt has been made to open pits or banks on an extensive scale, and no method of artificial drying is attempted by those en- gaged in the slip clay trade exclusively. The clays are shoveled from the banks, placed on racks to be dried by the heat of the sun and then drawn to the railroad siding and loaded. Chemical analysis of the slip clays shows that there is consider- able variation in the percentages of the ingredients but that the alumina is usually low, considerably below that present in the brick clays. The following analyses illustrate the composition of the slip clays of the Hudson valley. I 2 3 4 D ‘Si Oa alee Re see 59.04 58.44 60.76 57.64 59.68 215 OS ee eenek Me Sr 11.80 15.65 12.00 15.29 14.16 Bono gas, | fe eke e eee 5.56 3 43 2.50 2.20 1.76 “10 Tl (Gi Nap benno 8 ake Pte 1.00 .9O 1. LO .95 .9O Oe Sica cater 7.81 702 702 6.70 6.68 "NGS © GR Sead ea an 3.00 5.18 4.40 4.98 4.84 BOER: cist oud Ae ied oe 2.29 2.28 278 207s 2.75 INC 2 gaat Serr er oe 53 TG .49 AI .40 AOISTIEE Sos we a 103 75 50). Wit ie 1.45 .65 LB ezia sho) ee een Y be Se 6.59 7392 7-73 Tes 10, 5211 NA a RLS ad 100.53 99.66 100.10 99.57 Slip clay from Albany, upper banded layers. Slip clay from Albany, upper banded layers. Slip clay from Albany, lower massive beds. Slip clay from Albany, lower massive beds. Slip clay from Albany, average sample of bank. waBWNH THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI4 29 FELDSPAR The production of feldspar for the various uses which it serves has been carried on in New York for many years. The industry, however, is comparatively small, embracing four or five active quarries with a combined output that has ranged recently from 10,000 to 25,000 tons a year. There is evidently an increasing demand for the material which, in view of the abundant local sup-. plies and their favorable situation with respect to the principal markets, should bring the industry into greater prominence. A detailed description of the feldspar deposits, both developed and undeveloped, has been prepared recently by the writer and will be included as a separate chapter in a report on the quarry materials of New York now ‘in press. _ The sources of feldspar are the pegmatite bodies which accom- pany the crystalline formations of the Adirondacks and the south- eastern Highlands. The pegmatites are abnormally coarse-grained granites, consisting of feldspar, quartz and mica, with minor amounts of other minerals, some of which are peculiar to this association. They occur in rather limited bodies which assume the shape of dikes, lenses or small bosses, intrusive in the surrounding formations, and represent offshoots from a granite magma which may or may not outcrop in the vicinity. The coarse grain of pegmatite is its most apparent characteristic, for the different ingredients assume dimensions many times larger than those characteristic of ordinary granite, the feldspar being in crystals or masses that range up to several feet in diameter and the quartz and mica in proportionately large individuals. As a consequence, the separation of the minerals can be effected usually without much difficulty by means of hand cobbing in the quarry. The products of the pegmatite quarries include feldspar, quartz and mica which are marketed separately, and unsorted crushed pegmatite which recently has come into demand for various pur- poses. The feldspar may belong to one of several varieties, such as orthoclase and microcline which contain potash, or albite and oligoclase which belong to the soda-lime series. The composition of the mineral determines to some extent the uses that may be made of it and should be investigated, therefore, before any deposit is developed for quarry purposes. The potash varieties are the ones used for pottery, for which purpose they are also required to be free of iron and fairly free of intergrowth with quartz. Albite is valuable for the glazing of building tile and terra cotta; 30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM manufacturers of these materials show a preference for it over potash spar owing to its lower fusing point. The unsorted pegmatite which is a mixture of feldspar, quartz and mica in varying proportions is employed in making prepared roofing, in the manufacture of artificial stone, for concrete, poultry grit and other purposes. »Artificial stoné differs from ordinary con- crete in that an attempt is made by the use of selected aggregates to render the product attractive to the eye and to imitate more or less closely natural stone. | The quartz of pegmatites may have value when it is present in such form that it is readily separable from the feldspar. It is an important product, for example, at the Kinkel quarries near Bed- ford. Mica is produced in minor quantities from the pegmatites that are worked for feldspar. The quantity of feldspar and unsorted pegmatite produced last year by the New York quarries was 18,487 short tons valued at $97,192. This was a little below the output for the preceding year, which was reported as 19,680 tons valued at $99,765. The greatest output in any single year was in 1912 when it amounted to 24,584 short tons worth $106,419. The value of the feldspar varies with the quality and'its state of preparation. Selected crude spar has sold recently for $4.50 and $5 a ton. The ground spar for enamel and similar purposes is worth from $7 to $8 and for pottery $8 to $10 a ton. Unsorted crushed pegmatite brings about $3 a ton at the mill. : ) The quarries now in operation are situated in Essex and West- chester counties. The Crown Point Spar Co. and the Bartett Manufacturing Co. work quarries in the former county at Crown Point and Ticonderoga respectively. Their main products are unsorted pegmatite. In Westchester county, near the village of — Bedford are the quarries of P. H. Kinkel & Sons and the Bedford Spar Co. which produce spar for grinding. GARNET The output of abrasive garnet in the past year was obtained from the usual sources—the deposits in the vicinity of North © Creek, Warren county. For many years these deposits have con- tributed the larger part of the supply that has beeri mined in the country, which means practically the supply for the whole world, since the output in foreign countries is limited to a few hundred tons annually and is mainly from a single district in Spain. The THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI4 32 employment of garnet as an abrasive is peculiarly an American development, and although firmly established in certain manufactur- ing lines here, as shown by the steady demand in spite of the very active competition of other abrasives natural and artificial, appar- ently it has made little progress in foreign countries. _ The Adirondack deposits have been repeatedly described in the reports of the New York State Museum and elsewhere so that there is no need to discuss their features at length in this place. Briefly, they consist of various gneisses and massive rocks which carry disseminated crystals and aggregates of garnet of the variety known as almandite. In some places, as instanced by the Rogers mine on Gore mountain, the garnet is found in crystals that range up to several feet across and weigh a ton or more, but elsewhere the mineral is mostly in individuals that measure an inch or less in diameter. The larger individuals seldom show any outward crystal development but have rounded or lenticular outlines and are traversed by innumerable fractures or parting planes. When the crystals are broken into, the particles of garnet are picked out by hand with the aid of cobbing tools, such garnet being known as shell and pocket garnet. This method of hand work, with the aid of blasting to break up the rock, is practised on Gore mountain where the conditions are exceptionally favorable for its use on account of the relative richness of the rock and the large size of the crystals. In the other deposits the rock is quarried with no attempt at sorting and is then crushed in mills to a size which releases the garnet from the matrix. The mineral is removed from the crushed product by treatment in jigs or by pneumatic separators. The mechanical separation yields a clean concentrate, although there is a small margin between the specific gravity of almandite and that of the hornblende which is an important con- stituent of the rock. | The utility of garnet for abrasive purposes depends upon its hardness, toughness and cleavage or ‘fracture. Almandite, which is the variety employed, is usually assigned a hardness of 7 to 7.5 by mineralogists; that is, it exceeds quartz in that respect but is not quite so hard as topaz. It appears that Adirondack almandite of the crystal variety possesses superior hardness, and is rated as 7-5 or 8. Toughness and strength are important qualities, especially when the abrasive is used under considerable pressure. A material may be very hard and yet brittle or crumbly under pressure. The well-crystallized almandite, free from impurities, has great strength * and gives good service on polishing machines. The presence of 32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM mica and chlorite is an element of weakness, inasmuch as they pro- vide surfaces along which the garnet fractures more or less readily. An imperfect cleavage or parting that results from regional com- pression, however, is not detrimental and may be an advantage if not too pronounced. The color of garnet can not be used as a criterion of quality, but abrasive manufacturers usually express a preference for the dark shades which show a good red color when applied to paper or cloth. It is important, also, that the garnet ~ crystals be sufficiently large so that when crushed and separated from the rock matrix the garnet will not be too fine but will afford the desirable assortment of sizes. The normal result of milling a small crystal is to produce an excess of the finer sizes. Much of the garnetiferous rock that occurs in various parts of the Adiron- dacks and elsewhere can not be utilized because of the small crystal, if for no other reason. Besides the Adirondacks, North Carolina and New Hampshire have supplied some abrasive garnet in recent years, and mines now inactive are found in several other states within the Appalachian metamorphic belt. The wood-working and leather manufacturing industries are the principal consumers of garnet which is used in the form of garnet paper and garnet cloth. “ Ruby” paper is a common name for the manufactured material. Its efficiency is said to be several times greater than ordinary quartz sandpaper. The garnet mines in the Adirondacks were first developed for commercial production about 1882. The earliest operations were on Gore mountain, in connection with the remarkable deposit known as the Rogers mine. This is by far the richest of the mines and as already stated is worked by hand. The output for the first few years probably did not amount to more than a few hundred tons annually. By 1893, however, it had grown to 1475 tons, according to figures published in The Mineral Industry. The next important development came with the introduction of mechanical methods for the separation of the garnet, due to the initiative of the Messrs Hooper who constructed the first mill on a property lying a little west of North River in the town of Minerva, Essex county. The garnet here occurred’in smaller crystals than in the Rogers mine and could not be economically handled by the methods adopted at that mine. The North River Garnet Co. ‘later built a mill which it now operates on Thirteenth lake, Warren county, the first mill having been dismantled. The production of garnet from 1go4 to date has been as follows: THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI4 33 Production of Garnet YEAR SHORT TONS VALUE ME iss od. os o's Bio de A he Se we oo eos 3 045 $104 325 it ooo Pk ad a 5b AER RMS eels lel ee 2 700 94 500 a. So. oh cip dh male Rees ms ad 28a 4 729 159 298 Sl 2 a a x onsale esd ee NE wk owe eas 5 709 174 800 Se? eet, oer et. feed a oh 2 480 79 -890 Pod oo ss. 5 op ang ake ahs Keen pig aes = ential s uous 3 802 II9 190 oc edie so 5 ane wh apne ee Maree < cies oo 9 5 207 I51 700 MEE a 7S ola s o's a's satcho ie ale eno a eu we cn 4 285 I2I 759 Tah USER on ae ie le ace ae ee AAtS 107.325 EE Nc aS a fia wa, chs WS gn SENS a aise. mh slim 3 4 665 145 445 MERE PN Sas. te nie ER ae Oe uae FO SZ eee ore 4 026 134 940 The statistics show that the production has continued fairly steady from year to year, but does not manifest any marked growth. The value of the product has remained at about the same level also, the prices ranging around $30 and $35 a ton, depending on the quality. The mill product when it is clean crystal garnet of good color commands the highest prices. | The garnet is practically all sold in this country. The domestic manufacturers also import some garnet from Spain where it is obtained by the washing of river sands. This garnet is of fine size and hence finds a rather limited application. It is said to cost about $15 a ton laid down at the Spanish seaboard, which is much less than the cost of mining the Adirondack mineral. The imports for the year 1914, as given by the collectors of customs at the ports of New York and Boston, were 1244 short tons with a declared value of $20,277. In 1913 they amounted to 547 short tons with a value of $8078. GRAPHITE The usual output of crystalline graphite was made last year in the Adirondack region, and as heretofore the main source of supply was the American mine at Graphite, Warren county, which has had a long record as a producer. The mine affords a very light, flaky graphite that commands a special market. The graphite occurs in disseminated condition through the body of a hard quartzite, re- quiring special methods for its extraction and preparation, which have been perfected by the owners of the mine, the Joseph Dixon Crucible Co. The rock is crushed and the graphite extracted in a mill situated at the mine, and the crude product is then refined and finished at a second plant in Ticonderoga. 34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The occurrence of graphitic quartzites has been shown by pros- pecting to be quite common in the eastern section of the Adiron- dacks, in Warren, Washington and Essex counties, and considerable deposits occur also in the northwestern part in St Lawrence county. The separate areas represent, apparently, the broken, eroded rem- nants of once extensive beds which belong to a single formation. They are interbedded with crystalline limestones, schists and gar- netiferous gneisses that belong to the Grenville series of the early Precambric. The stratigraphic position of the quartzites in the bedded series has not been determined, owing to their greatly dis- turbed and eroded condition. The quartzites and quartz schists are hardened sandstones, and the graphite almost certainly is of organic origin, derived from plant or animal remains included in the rocks at the time of their deposition. The graphite content is quite constant within the same layers of a deposit, though it may vary considerably in a direction at right angles to the bedding planes. There is great variation in the graphite percentages in the different occurrences, the richest deposits carrying around 8 or 10 per cent, whereas the usual average is not over 2 or 3 per cent. Rock with less than 5 per cent can not be considered as within the range of economic utilization. There are other factors that have to be con- sidered in addition to the graphite tenor, such as the size of flake, the presence of other scaly minerals, and the degree of crushing that is necessary to effect a separation of the graphite from the gangue. Very rarely does a deposit possess all the requisites for economic production ; in fact the American mine is the only one of a number of enterprises to win a permanent success in the industry. One of the commoner difficulties in the way of utilizing the Adi- rondack deposits pertains to the presence of more or less mica which is disseminated usually through the quartzite in intimate asso- ciation with the graphite. The particles are of approximately simi- lar size, and being of the black variety (biotite) they may be readily overlooked in the hand specimen or in the graphite concentrate. The easicst method of detecting the mica and of estimating its rela- tive proportion to the graphite is to examine the material under the microscope when the former can be readily distinguished by its translucency. The results of previous experience in mill treatment with the use of buddles, concentrating tables, pneumatic jigs and screens have shown that the mica can not be eliminated by such methods. There is a possibility that this difficulty may be overcome through the use of an electrostatic process, such as has been per- fected in recent years and applied with some success to the metallic THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI4 35 ores. The process, it may be explained in a word, makes use of the differences of electric conductivity in the separation of minerals; inasmuch as graphite is a good conductor and mica a very poor one there seems to be a basis at least for experimentation in this field. GYPSUM The gypsum mines of the State were not quite so actively worked last year as in the preceding season, but still yielded a large output. The decrease in tonnage which was of small proportions may be attributed to the poor market for calcined products which in turn was influenced by the decline of building operations throughout the East. The market for gypsum plasters for a time was oversupplied and became almost demoralized by the competition among mills for the little trade that existed. In some building centers these products were offered at prices which left little or no profit to the manufacturer. In view of the enormous development of the indus- try that has taken place in the last few years it is but natural that the production finally should reach a point where it equaled or exceeded the requirements, a condition that obtained last year for the first time. With the resumption of normal activity in the market the industry doubtless will rapidly recover from the depression. The production of gypsum last year was reported from four counties — Onondaga, Monroe, Genesee and Erie. There are sev- eral others that contain deposits, since the district extends all the way from Madison county on the east to the Niagara river, but the present mine localities have certain advantages as to quality of the rock or for economic extraction and marketing of the materials. The thickest deposits are found in the east in Onondaga, Cayuga and Madison counties where they attain a maximum of from 1 5 to 40 feet. The grade is somewhat inferior, however, the gypsum being intermixed with clayey and calcareous impurities and having a rather dark color. These deposits consequently are not employed generally for calcined plasters, but are useful as sources of agri- cultural plaster. In Monroe, Genesee and Erie counties, the deposits are much thinner, averaging 4 or 5 feet in most places, but have a higher purity so that the rock is well adapted for practically all purposes. Most of the output in these counties is calcined, but a fairly large proportion is sold crude to cement manufacturers. The total output was 513,094 short tons or about 20,000 tons less than in 1913. The following table shows the output distributed according to uses for the two years. 36 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Production of gypsum 1913 1914 MATERIAL , Short tons Value | Short tons Value Total output,crudess..-. B22 OSA cvs ee 513 094 | ©.:Ssctek le eee 7 Sold erade. } 1. see oe: 183 597 $265 879 169 257 $246 804 Ground for land plaster.... 8 521 17 807 7 096 15 342 Wall plaster, etc. made..... 306 206 I 022 457 | 297 084 985 258 otal of a eee ee ete $9306: 14310) eee $1 247 404. There were few new developments in progress during the year. Prospecting was practically at a standstill, but will doubtless be resumed once the conditions begin to improve. The developed ground in the western section is confined to a few areas which are controlled by the present mining companies, and the future growth of the industry will depend upon the discovery:of additional de- posits. The number of active mines was eight, one less than in 1913. In the Akron district, the Akron Gypsum Products Corpora- tion became a producer, having taken over the mines and mill formerly owned by the Akron Gypsum Co. IRON ORE The iron trade was greatly depressed throughout 1914, and the output of ore consequently showed a marked decline as compared with the production for the few preceding years. The curtailment _of demand was accompanied by a lowering of prices which worked to the special disadvantage of the local industry owing to the fact that most of the output is now made from low-grade milling ores that involve treatment in elaborate plants with heavy costs of operation. | . a Besides, the decreased demand and falling prices another factor that discouraged activity was the putting into effect of the new compensation act, the terms of which as applied to the mining industry were regarded by the operators as rather drastic. One of the companies that had been active for a number of years pre- ferred to withdraw from business rather than comply with the conditions imposed by the law. Some time must elapse before the effects of the new regulations can be fully determined. THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI4 37 The production of furnace ores and concentrates as reported by the different mines that were operative within the State was 751,716 long tons. In comparison with the total reported for the preceding year, this represented a decrease of 466,183 tons, or nearly 40 per cent. It was the smallest output recorded in the last ten years with the exception of that for 1908. The value of the product at the mine was $2,356,517, or an average of $3.13 a ton. Of the total, the magnetite represented 703,670 tons, with a value of $2,251,656. Hematite constituted the remainder with the excep- tion of a few hundred tons of limonite from Columbia county. The hematite all came from the Clinton belt in Oneida and Wayne counties; the magnetite was mainly from the Adirondacks, with a smaller but important part from the mines in Orange county. Production of iron ore in New York State MAGNE- | HEMA- | LIMO- |.CARBO- TITE TITE NITE NATE pace Ta, SS SS TD VALUE cae. VALUE A TON Long Long Long Long Long tons tons tons tons tons 1895 | 260 139 | 6 769 | 26 462 | 13 886 307 256 | $598 313 | $1 95 1896 346 O15 | 10 789 | 12 288 | 16 385 385 477 780 932 2 03 1897 296 722 7 664 | 20 059 | II 280 335 725 642 838 I QI 1898 | 155 551 | 6 400 | 14 000 | 4 000 179 951 | 350999 | I 95 1899 | 344 159 | 45 503 | 31 975 | 22 153 443 790 | I 241 985 | 2 80 1900 | 345 714 | 44 467 | 44 8901 | 6 413 441 485 | I 103 817 | 2 50 1901 329 467 6 389 | 23 362 I 000 420 218 | I 006 231 2 39 1902 451 570 | 91 075 | 12 676 Nil 555 321 | I 362 987 2 45 1903 451 481 | 83 820 5 159 Nil 540 460 | I 209 899 2 24 1904 559 575; 54 128 5 000 Nil 619 103 | I 328 894 2 15 1905 729.736 | 79 313 8 000 Nil 827 049 | 2 576 123 ee 1906 717 365 |187 002 I 000 Nil 905 367 | 3 393 609 3°95 1907 853 579 |164 434 Nil Nil | 1 018 O13 | 3 750 493 3 68 1908 | 663 648 | 33 825 Nil Nil 697 473 | 2 098 247 3 OI 1909 | 934 274 | 56 734 Nil Nil 991 008 | 3 179 358 | 3 21 IQIO |I 075 026 | 79 206 4 835 Nil | I 159 067 | 3 906 478 a) 57 I9II | 909 359 | 38 005 | 5 000 Nil 952 364 | 3 184 057 | 3 34 I9QI2 | 954 320 |103 382 Nil Nil | 1 057 702 | 3 349 095 | 3 17 1913 |I 097 208 |120 691 Nil Nil | 1 217 899 |. 3 870 841 3 18 2 356 517 3.13 1914 | 703 670 | 47 705 341 Nil 751 716 The magnetite consisted largely of concentrates, some of the Adi- rondack mines shipping all their product in that form. A ton of concentrates, which on the average contains 65 per cent iron, repre- sents from a little over 1 to 3 tons of crude ore, according to the grade of the particular ore body. The actual amount of magnetite 38 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM raised from the mines during the year was 1,074,175 tons; and the total quantity of ore of all kinds taken out was 1,122,221 tons. In 1914 the gross output amounted to 1,606,196 tons. - The list of the active mining companies for the year included the following in the Adirondack region: Witherbee, Sherman & Co., and Port Henry Iron Ore Co., Mineville; Cheever Iron Ore Co., Port Henry; Chateaugay Ore & Iron Co., Lyon Mountain; Benson Mines Co., Benson Mines. In southeastern New York the pro- ducers were the Hudson Iron Co., Fort Montgomery, and Sterling Iron & Railway Co., Lakeville. The hematite mines were operated by C. H. Borst, Clinton; Furnaceville Iron Co., Ontario ema and Ontario Iron Co., Ontario Center. The single limonite mine was operated by Barnum Richardson & Co., who a the out- put to their furnaces in Connecticut. Mineville. The two Mineville companies supplied a little over one-half of the total product of furnace ore, but their output was considerably below that reported for 1913. Operations in the latter part of the year were hampered by the loss of milling capacity due to the burning of the two older mills, No. 1 and No. 2, on the Joker-Bonanza properties of Witherbee, Sherman & Co. This left only No. 3 and No. 4 mills on the Harmony and Barton Hill mines to handle the output. Construction work was immediately started upon a new magnetic concentration plant which will have a capacity equal to that of the mills that were destroyed, and which will treat the high-phosphorus ores of the Old Bed mine group. The mines under active operation during the year included the Joker-Bonanza, Harmony and Barton Hill groups of Witherbee, Sherman & Co., and 21 and Clonan shafts of the Port Henry Iron Ore Co. In the Joker-Bonanza territory attention was directed mainly to the flat seam which underlies the main ore body and resulted in the further extension of the productive ground. Lake Sanford. The most important recent development in con- nection with the titaniferous magnetites of this locality has been the experimentation in smelting the ores on a practical scale, for which purpose the MacIntyre Iron Co. secured a lease of the Port Henry blast furnace for a part of the past year and conducted a series of tests in the production of pig iron with varying portions of Lake Sanford magnetite in the charge. The interest and value of the tests are more than local, as they seem to have demonstrated _ the commercial utility of the great bodies of ore which the com- pany owns in the Adirondacks and which doubtless it will under- take to bring into market. THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI4 39 The furnace tests are the subject of a very complete report’ by F. E. Bachman, who as metallurgical expert and manager of the company was present during the trial. It appears that the magne- tites involved no special difficulties in treatment, at least when em- ployed to the extent of one-third or one-fourth of the charge, and therefore their use will not require any important modifications of present methods or equipment. For the metallurgical details, on which the conclusions here given are based, the report should be consulted. The tests were made with concentrates prepared in a small. experi- mental mill at the mines and also at the commercial mills (Nos. 1, 2 and 4) at Mineville. In none of the plants was the treatment of the crude ore very successful, since the iron content was not raised above 55 or 56 per cent, while the titanic acid averaged around 12 or 13 per cent. The quality of the concentrates may be considerably improved, when once the mill practice has been modi- fied to meet the physical conditions of the ores which are not the same as those characterizing the nontitaniferous class. Previous experiments on a fairly large scale indicate that the iron may be brought up to about 60 per cent with a titanium content of 10 per cent or less. ! In so far as the furnace tests are concerned, the results indicate that the Lake Sanford magnetites are no more refractory than the ordinary magnetites. The fuel consumption in the reduction of the iron actually may be lower, although counterbalanced by the some- what greater proportion of slag produced to the unit of iron. The titaniferous slags are more fluid than those free of titanium, con- trary to what has been commonly supposed, and there is less ten- dency for the furnace to hang and slip when operated on a titani- ferous charge. The quality of the iron is good, numerous tests indi- cating that it is stronger than ordinary pig of the same silicon content. It contains less sulphur and the silicon is lower by an amount corresponding to one-half of the titanium content. The latter ordinarily does not exceed about one-half of 1 per cent. The iron contains up to one-tenth of 1 per cent of vanadium. MILLSTONES Millstones are quarried from the Shawangunk grit of Ulster county, one of the few sources of these materials in the United States. The industry was established there many years ago, and 1 Amer, Iron and Steel Inst., Oct. 1914. 40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM during the earlier period of its history was in a flourishing state as the product found a wide sale for the grinding of cereals. This market has been greatly curtailed within the last quarter of a century or more by the general use of the roller mill process for making flour, although some mills still. make use of stones for grinding the coarse grains. The small corn mills in the South furnish one of the larger markets for the New York product. Be- sides millstones, the Ulster county quarries also turn out disks of stone known as chasers which are employed in a roll type of crusher, the disks revolving on a horizontal axis in a circular pan that is sometimes floored by blocks of the same stone. This type of crusher is much used in the grinding of minerals like quartz, barytes and feldspar, and paint materials. The Shawangunk grit of which the stones are made outcrops on Shawangunk mountain, a monoclinal ridge that extends from Rosen- dale southwesterly into New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The grit forms the top of the ridge, dipping to the west in conformity with the slope of the surface, and in the Walkill valley along the north side disappears below shales and limestones which belong to the uppermost formations of the Siluric. The grit rests unconform- ably upon the Hudson River series. In thickness it ranges from 50 to 200 feet. The millstones are quarried within a limited section of the ridge, between High Falls on the north and Kerhonkson on the south, where the grit appears to be best adapted to the purpose. In character it is a light gray conglomerate with pebbles of milky quartz ranging in size from that of a pea to 2 inches in diameter. The pebbles are rounded and firmly cemented by a silicious matrix of gritty texture. The work of quarrying requires only a small equipment the stone being pried out by hand bars, after the use perhaps of the drill and plugs and feathers. Sometimes a little powder may be employed, but care has to be exercised in its use to avoid weakening the stone. The spacing of the natural joints determines the size of the stone that may be produced, the joints occurring in two sets approxi- mately parallel to the dip and strike of the formation. The rough blocks thus obtained are reduced to shape by the hammer and point and then undergo a final tool dressing which ae: with the use to which the stone is to be put. The hole or “ eye” in.the center is drilled by hand. . The sizes of the stone marketed ranges from 15 to 90 inches in diameter. The greater demand is for the smaller and medium sizes with diameters of 24, 30, 36, 42 and 48 inches. The chasers THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI4 AI are supplied in sizes that usually run from 48 to go inches and with widths up to 24 inches. The prices range from $3 for an 18 inch stone to $75 or $100 for the largest sizes. | The production at one time was valued at over $100,000 a year, but within the last decade it has averaged less than $20,000. During 1914 the total sales of millstones and chasers were reported as $12,410 as compared with $13,130, the value of the stones marketed in 1913. . MINERAL PAINT For the purposes of the present report only the natural mineral pigments are included under this title. In addition to these ma- terials, there is a production in the State of artificial pigments, especially those of lead, but as the substance used in their manu- facture is derived from outside sources, they have not been included among the local products. The crude paint materials that occur within the State include iron ore, ocher, shale and slate. Of the iron ores the Clinton hema- tite affords an excellent base for the manufacture of metallic paint and mortar color of red to brownish red colors. The beds with a relatively high iron content are employed, as they possess the soft- ness and uniformity of texture, as well as depth of color which are requisite for such use. The ore is obtained from the mines at Clinton, Oneida county, owned by C. A. Borst and from those at Ontario, Wayne county, worked by the Furnaceville Iron Co. The hematite from the former locality is of odlitic nature and carries about 45 per cent iron. The ore from Ontario contains about 40 per cent iron and is known as “fossil” ore. In years past the red hematite from the northern part of the State has also been em- ployed, but recently this ore has not been obtainable. Both shale and slate from the local formations have been used quite extensively for pigments. They occur in various colors de- pending upon the amount and nature of the iron oxides present. A large percentage of ferric oxide lends a. reddish color which resembles that of metallic paint. Red shale has been obtained from the base of the Salina beds near Herkimer. The red slate from Washington county is another material that has been quite exten- sively ground for pigment. At Randolph, Cattaraugus county, beds of green, brown and bluish shale occur in the Chemung formations and have been utilized in the past. Deposits of ferruginous clay, or ocher, are found in many places within the State, but they are not now worked. Sienna, a dark 42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM brown variety of ocher, is found near Whitehall where it was pro- duced a few years ago. The production of mineral paint and mortar colors in 1914 amounted to 7321 short tons, valued at $88,720. That of slate pig- ment was 1182 short tons worth $9620. In addition to these out- puts of manufactured pigments, there was a considerable quantity of material produced that was HHevEN to points outside for grind- ing into pigments. MINERAL WATERS New York has held for a long time a leading position among the states in the utilization of mineral waters. The different springs, of which over two hundred have been listed as productive at one time or another, yield a great variety of waters in respect to the character and amount of their dissolved solids. There are some that contain relatively large amounts of mineral ingredients and are specially valuable for medicinal purposes; Saratoga Springs, Ballston Springs, Richfield Springs, Sharon Springs and Lebanon Springs are among the more noted localities for such waters. Numerous other springs are more particularly adapted for table use, containing only sufficient mineral matter to give them a pleasant saline taste. Both kinds of waters are generally carbonated and sold in small bottles. ) Of late there has developed an important business in the sale of spring waters which can hardly be classed as mineral in the com- mon acceptance of the word, but which are extensively consumed for office and family use in the larger towns and cities. Their employment depends upon their freedom from harmful impurities, in which feature they are generally superior to the local supplies. In so far as such waters are an article of commerce they may well be included in a canvass of the mineral water industry. They are usually distributed in large bottles or carboys in noncarbonated condition. © | Character of mineral waters. Among the spring waters that contain mineral ingredients in appreciable quantity, those character- ized by the presence of alkalis and alkaline earths are the most abundant in the State. The dissolved bases may exist in association with chlorin and carbon dioxid, as in the springs of Saratoga county, or they may be associated chiefly with sulphuric acid, as illustrated by the Sharon and Clifton Springs. The mineral waters of Saratoga Springs and Ralletan are foun along fractured zones in Lower Siluric strata, the reservoirs occur- ring usually in the Trenton limestone. They are accompanied by THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI4 © 43 free carbon dioxid which, together with chlorin, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium, also exists in dissolved condition. The amount of solid constituents in the different waters varies from less than 100 to over 500 grains a bottle. Large quantities of table and medicinal waters are bottled at the springs for shipment to all parts of the country. The carbon dioxid which issues from the wells at Saratoga at one time was an important article of com- merce, but its sale has been discontinued. The waters at Richfield Springs contain the elements of the alkali and alkaline earth groups together with sulphuric acid and smaller amounts of chlorin, carbon dioxid and sulphureted hydro- gen. They are employed for medicinal baths as well as for drink- ing purposes. The springs issue along the contact of Siluric lime- stone and'Devonic shales. Sharon Springs is situated to the east of Richfield Springs and near the contact of the Lower and Upper Siluric. Clifton Springs, Ontario county, and Massena Springs, St. Lawrence county, are among the localities where sulphureted waters occur and are utilized. : The Oak Orchard springs in the town of Byron, Genesee county, are noteworthy for their acid waters which contain a considerable proportion of aluminum, iron, calcium and magnesium, besides free sulphuric acid. The Lebanon spring, Columbia county, is the single representa- tive in the State of the class of thermal springs. It has a tempera- ture of 75° F. and is slightly charged with carbon dioxid and nitrogen. Ordinary spring waters. The greater quantity of spring waters consumed in the State belongs to the nonmedicinal, noncarbonated class, represented by such springs as the Great Bear, Deep Rock, Mount View, Sun Ray, Chemung etc. The waters are obtained either by flowing springs or from artesian wells and are shipped in carboys or in tank cars to the principal cities where they are bottled and distributed by wagons among the consumers. The essen- tial feature of such waters is their freedom from noxious impurities. This is generally safeguarded by the care exercised in the handling of the waters which are also regularly examined in the chemical and bacteriological laboratories. Carbon dioxid. Carbon dioxid is given off in quantity by some of the wells at Saratoga Springs, and its collection and storage for shipment constituted for many years an important industry at that place. Over thirty wells have been bored there for gas alone. The industry has now been discontinued by force of a legislative enact- 44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ment; it was considered that the pumping of the wells for the pro- duction of the gas was detrimental to the other springs that were utilized solely for their waters. For some time the value of the natural gas secured from the wells exceeded that of the mineral water sales. List of springs. The following list ‘includes the names and localities of most of the springs in the State that are employed commercially, as shown by a canvass of the industry: NAME LOCALITY Baldwin Mineral Spring.......... . Cayuga, Cayuga county Coyle & Caywood (Arrowhead Spring). . . Weedsport, Cayuga county Diamond Rock spring. 2 2 oss led Po Ss. Cherry Creek, Chautauqua county Breesport Oxygenated Spring........... Breesport, Chemung county : BreesportDeep' Rock Water Co. ...5... - Breesport, Chemung county Chemung: Sprine Water'Co...../..s5252 Chemung, Chemung county Keeseville Mineral Spring: ..........0.: Keeseville, Clinton county hebanon Mineral Spring)... as ees Lebanon, Columbia county PALMAE PRUNE ok hee ae bik suet eek Arlington, Dutchess county Mount Beacon Sprinae. 2.) oc. a ee te Mount Beacon, Dutchess county Meant ten Spring. b)06 2 A ee aetna eG Poughkeepsie, Dutchess county Monarch Spring Water‘Co.ng..... 02 sa Beacon, Dutchess county Hicwpring WateriCon x. cae oe ake wc ate Lancaster, Erie county Clinton Lithia Sprines,dne=: 0. 2 Franklin Springs, Oneida county . isa) Alime sprimg UNE ae sel Nee Washington Mills, Oneida county Pathia~Polaris Spring. dan. Ae as ss eee Boonville, Oneida county F. H. Suppe (Franklin Lithia Spring).... Franklin Springs, Oneida county Onviltetisterye AS vila. os Pee pean iaiscl ae New York Mills, Oneida county Geneva Mineral Water Springs.......... Geneva, Ontario county CrystabSphing sis cies). Guts. dee eee Oswego, Oswego county Deep Rock Spring .)s.1sck oe ee ee Oswego, Oswego county (Sreat; bear Sprite so. 2 So erg aeae ees Fulton, Oswego county White Sulphur Spring:.:0 0... eee Richfield Springs, Otsego county Black Rock Spring stead. ie sch leeee Rensselaer, Rensselaer county Mammoth Spring rx curn os gees Oeics ae North Greenbush, Rensselaer county BHetlwMock: prime: (, a2 con noun om talaeicess East Greenbush, Rensselaer county Madrid Anidian Spring. esnies: wep ee eee Madrid, St Lawrence county Artesian Lithia Spring: ee oe yee oe Ballston Spa, Saratoga county Comstock Mineral Spring... ....4..... ¢. Ballston Spa, Saratoga county Mohican Spring i. cals emakeeene ce Ballston Spa, Saratoga county AGOUGACK Spee... 4 en nce. coy Aen eee Saratoga Springs, Saratoga county Hathorn (Nos. 1 and 2) Springs......... Saratoga Springs, Saratoga county Coesa) Spr Gr. icra g la wore: een Saratoga Springs, Saratoga county Geyser poring) a eee eee Saratoga Springs, Saratoga county Minnionebe Spring ....).2'«s. bent tone ee Saratoga Springs, Saratoga county Orenda Sorin occ wiona seven aie ... Saratoga Springs, Saratoga county sarapopa Gur Spring... Os. he ae Aes Saratoga Springs, Saratoga county matatosa. Vichy Sprite sine. vie kee oe Saratoga Springs, Saratoga county (chaivnedte Spring... 06.42 cae eee aD. Sharon Springs, Schoharie county Pye WW acer sping leo Tras CN ate Sharon Springs, Schoharie county Sulphur-Magnesia Spring............... Sharon Springs, Schoharie county White Sulphur Spring 00). ...2 526.4 wae be oo Sharon Springs, Schoharie county eG sapeen Gpritie. s. 6c. pew parece ct Seneca Falls, Seneca county Setauket Spring......... are GA ATOR INT: Setauket, Suffolk county LETS) aa IY WP gr cae Clintondale, Ulster county RMA UME RMDMUINT Ss sl. Jae ale bem oie m claitce x o's 2 Ellenville, Ulster county NESE SEM So Nine iaisetts Bes a less RO Ahk Fort Edward, Washington county Briarcliff Lodge Association............. Briarcliff Manor, Westchester county Gramatan Spring Water Co...:........ Bronxville, Westchester county COrchiarel emir ti OP al e's citi ere whe oe Yorkt’n Heights, Westchester county THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I9QI4 45 NATURAL GAS The natural gas industry had a slight setback last year, the pro- duction having fallen off in some of the more important districts. The decrease was the result of natural causes, not involved in any way with the general business depression, as shown by the fact that the’ value of the output actually was larger than in the preceding year. There were no discoveries of new pools to counterbalance the normal decline of flow in the older territory. The flow of gas as reported by the individual producers and pipe- line companies amounted to 8,714,681,000 cubic feet, as compared with 9,055,429,000 cubic feet in 1913, a decline of nearly 4 per cent. On the other hand, the value of the output, according to reports, reached $2,570,165 against $2,549,227, and was the largest that has ever been recorded. The value is based on the average prices received for the gas in the different centers of consumption. The average price for the whole State was 29.4 cents a thousand, as compared with 27.8 cents in 1913. The production of gas in the State since 1904 when the statistics were first collected by this office, is shown in the accompanying table. In former years it has been feasible to separate the produc- tion according to the county or district in which it was made, but owing to the recent changes in the industry, particularly in the organization of large distributing companies who derive their sup- plies from different fields, the statistics can no longer be separated by counties. : Production of natural gas OUTPUT NUMBER YEAR 1000 CU. FT. VALUE OF WELLS TE Vid ooh) ob ah aS a'mlg VR icleie » 2 399 987 oe ae Cy dal or a ee Oe o5 ks Na ale kai pre eas 2 639 130 OF OS fey wes DEO NE ees ce k Vata w ile'e wk we'e wk aes 3 007 086 72 es a eh ae NR Si 0 te ds hn ofan ie rtie ask wie wimne d 3 052 145 800 O14 925 I ea hs a iale's se a uk Soe se anit mame 3 860 000 987 775 I 100 NR 2 wth enh ds Shale with a's bb we RTA 3 825 215 I 045 693 I 280 OD in gk Diecdinid i.g sient Sey eeee e 422 148 449 224 310. 724 Hineand core: Sanid). 4c bad See 55 910 38 571 23 944 Ooer'sand bs 5424 sale eee ee eee 75 000 75 000 75 000 Seve o's Pe gen tt he bichiet see AA A 840 669 O18 783 650 895 Gill Puie ctiowse settee Se eR $2 549 729 | $2 584 266 | $2 212 087 a Includes filter sand. ; . 6b Includes glass sand, filter sand except for 1914, engine sand, polishing sand and core sand. Building sand. The main uses of this sand are for concrete and mortar. It is produced in about every community of any importance, inasmuch as almost any sandy material which is not | too diluted with mud or silt may be employed for some of the purposes for which building sand is used. The more extensive THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI4 55 workings are in the vicinity of New York, Buffalo and Rochester. New York derives its principal supply from the beach sands on the north shore of Long Island, mainly from Nassau county. They are dredged from shallow water and conveyed to market in barges. They are among the best sands of their type, consisting of nearly pure quartz sand, well sorted and fairly coarse. Buffalo is supplied from the beach sands of Lake Erie. Glacial sands, modified by stream action, are the sources of supply in Albany and Rochester and many of the interior towns. The output of building sand in 1914 was returned as 3,710,796 cubic yards worth $1,151,521, about the same as was reported in the two previous years. The output, however, included some filter sand which previously was listed under another head. Molding sand. The production of molding sand was 310,727 short tons valued at $310,727, showing a large decrease for the year. The falling off was the result of the depression in the metal trades which curtailed the market. This grade of sand is produced in a single district which includes the section along the Hudson river from Saratoga and Washington counties on the north to Kingston, Ulster county. The sand is a deposit formed in the glacial Lake Albany, that has been sorted by wind action and modified by weathering influences. The main production comes from the ter- raced lands just north and south of Albany. The industry is represented by a relatively few companies and individuals who maintain continuous operations from year to year. The sand is remarkable for its fine, even grain. SAND-LIME BRICK The manufacture of sand-lime brick was carried on last year by three plants, one less than in 1913. The companies represented were the Paragon Plaster Co. of Syracuse, the Buffalo Composite Brick Co. of Buffalo, and the Rochester Composite Brick Co. of Rochester, all of which have been in the business for several years. The Glens Falls Granite Brick Co., the first to erect a plant in the State for commercial production, did not operate during the past season. The production for the year amounted to 17,696,000, valued at $111,326, against 22,225,000, valued at $143,345 in 1913. The average selling price was $6.29 a thousand as compared with $6.40 in the preceding year. Although the industry has not shown the growth that was earlier 56 : NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM predicted by those interested in its development, it has established a recognized place for its products among standard building © materials. It was handicapped for a time by the sales of inferior grades of brick, made in plants which were not properly equipped for turning out a first-class product. Some of these brick had a mortar bond and should not have been classed as sand-lime brick. It can be definitely stated that such grades are no longer manu- factured, and that the present output consists of a superior grade with a calcium silicate bond. ; Production of sand-lime brick VALUE OPERAT- YEAR QUANTITY VALUE A ING THOUSAND PLANTS NCL STS ean, eg eR 17 080 000 $122 340 $7 16 ‘4 OI Metre esee her aye bates 16 610 000 109 677 6 60 9 OO) gaara ae Ca een aa 8 239 000 55 688 6 44 6 BOQOOR eh rc As coe ie cache 12 683 000 | , 81 693 6 25 6 Ge CU MO te hh ota: 258 a wee SLY 14 053 000 82 619 5 88 6 ONG tet oer e Seaet ee era) 15 178 000 Q2 064 6 05 5 WOME DAY retest ots ee ie aed 25° 227 000 123-740 6 30 5 FOR Statens hee he 22 225 000 143 345 6 40 4 1G Wy Ua Re a a ae aE aR 17 696 000 III. 326 6 29 3 SLONE The products of the stone quarries form a large item in the total mineral production of the State. The last few years have wit- nessed, however, some notable changes in the relative importance of the different branches of the stone industry. The use of cement and terra cotta in architectural work has curtailed the demand for cut stone, so that this branch no longer ozcupies the prominent place that it once had. Similarly the market for flagstone and curbstone has fallen off, especially for flagstone, as a result of the favor shown for cement construction. On the other hand there has been a tremendous development of the crushed stone industry, which has practically counterbalanced the declines in the other departments. Altogether the changes that have taken place have meant a loss in- dustrially, since the preparation of crushed stone requires a minimum of labor of the unskilled sort, while the cut stone business _ once gave employment to large numbers of highly trained workmen. — The statistics of stone production which have been supplied by the quarry operators throughout the State indicate that the year a id ~ THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I9QI4 57 1914 was a period of great depression for all branches of the in- dustry. As compared with the conditions in the preceding year, which may be described as about normal, the past season repre- sented a reaction of extreme character such as has not been experi- enced in a long time. The actual decline of output was 17 per cent, from a value of $6,763,054 in 1913 to $5,741,137 last year, but these figures scarcely indicate the full extent of the depression since the worst stage was not reached until the late months. Many quarries closed down in the late summer and fall and have not since resumed work. There is ltttle expectation that the trade will show much improvement during the current season. The granite quarries reported a slight gain in the value of their output which was the result of sales of cut stone for buildings and a small gain in crushed stone. The other products, inclusive of monumental granite, showed a decline. Limestone, as heretofore, constituted somewhat more than one- half of the total output in value, although there was a very large decrease in the aggregate. The falling off was distributed over all the various branches, including building stone, crushed stone, lime and flux. | The production of the marble quarries showed little change. A small increase in building stone was counterbalanced by a dimin- ished output of monumental stock. The sandstone quarries were worked on a much diminished scale, the decline being greater in this industry than in any other of the stone trades. The depression was felt by both the bluestone quarries and those of ordinary sandstone, and their production was smaller than in any previous year for a long time. The trap quarries in the. palisades region contributed a reduced output of crushed stone. The production of the different kinds of stone for the last three years is shown in the accompanying tables. 58 N / ee ae CURBING hit ae Hee MONU- || AND | CRUSHED ALL TOTAL STONE | MENTAL | -BLAG- STONE OTHER VALUE GING Granite 20 tae $65 487| $19 130 a $49 307, $68 172| $202 096 Limestone LOS 56lle a se 5 481| 2 176 368) I 220 O15] 3 510 445 Marblehe .c8 DS AMMO STE | tis. a4 ee eee eee mee I 925! “243 64% Sandstone..... 362) OB5Ieekr es oe 615 846 45 301 256 541| I 280 743 Ne) Oem emesis eg meg ck. lfc tt gt eel aie eo A832. 863187 hoe 483 863 Moral. ire $692 534/$103 641\$621 327/$2 754 839/$1 546 653/$5 718 994 a Included under “‘All other.” Production of stone in 1913 CURBING SNe Feketcl MONU- AND CRUSHED ALL TOTAL STONE || MENTAL | | PEAG- STONE OTHER VALUE GING | Granite Wess. $45 QI1| $17 013 $236 650| $36 068! $335 642 Limestone..... TOL 19S). eeeeveecee $6 546, 2 386 632] I 358 302| 3 852 678 Wartilct pete s. 127 550ly "Ol, 22Ol se kav ala clon Geel ote: 43 406 252 2027 Sandstone..... ae O45 | tee 682 984 46 267| 306 376) & g2u 292 AMEDD . Le Be RES Bel eed 2G ad cea ee gl sta TOOL AZO... elem I oor 170 Tetallcences $560 310 $98 343 $689 530,$3 670 719/$1 744 152|$6 763 054 | | a Included under ‘‘All other.’’ Production of stone in 1914 CURBING . ee Ried MONU- AND CRUSHED ALL TOTAL MENTAL | FLAG- STONE OTHER VALUE STONE GING Granite... a %s,. $79 903) $10 -952\...72 52+. $259 750| $16 637] $367 242 Limestone. .... Cl AGO! ee ..| $3 877] 2 156 503| 1 074 2741 2 316 Bas Miarble ys: x2. DAZ 22 REO. Genre 8 000 Q 222 230 242 Sandstone..... BIT SOs hia. uaa 490 222 200543 313 117| I 056 990 CVENPT we LPI ch ee \'elg: +, 38’ |e PRG MCR Net eee FG, OMS (e<0 | oa ge Rema ae 770 €00 I ENED J haat $521 043| $81 749\$494 099|$3 231 oar 413 250\$5 741 137 EW YORK STATE MUSEUM Production of stone in 1912 - THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI4 59 GRANITE Granite is both a specific and a general term. When used in the restricted scientific sense it means an igneous rock of thoroughly crystalline character in which the chief constituents are feldspar, _ quartz and mica. Such a rock has a massive appearance; that is, the constituents are uniformly distributed in every direction, and owing to the predominance of the feldspar and quartz the color is rather light, commonly gray or pink. As a variation to the uniform distribution of the minerals, the latter may develop a plane parallel arrangement through the influence of compression when the mass was still deeply buried in the earth’s crust. A granite with this parallel or foliated texture is known as a granite gneiss. The commercial definition of granite is much broader than that given and includes almost any of the crystalline silicate rocks (usually igneous) that possess the requisite physical qualities for use as architectural or monumental stone. In most cases the com- mercial product is actually a granite in the true sense, but not in- frequently it may be a syenite which lacks quartz, or a diorite con- sisting of plagioclase, feldspar and hornblende, or anorthosite which contains little else than basic plagioclase feldspar. So-called black granites are mainly gabbros and diabases with a large pro- portion of the iron compounds pyroxene, hornblende and magnetite. The broader usage will be followed in the present classification, as all the above-named rocks are quarried in this State. The only silicate rock not included under granite is diabase or trap which, on account of the special features surrounding its production and uses, is classified by itself. Granites and the related igneous types are restricted to two well- defined areas in New York —the Adirondacks in the north and the Highlands in the southeast: Some account of the principal quarries in the two areas has been given in the issue of this report for the year IQII. The production of granite in the last three years is given in the table herewith. The figures represent the commercial value of the output of all the quarries, with the exception of those operated by contractors on road improvement work, for which it is difficult to compile any reliable figures. The total value of the granite quarried in 1914 was $367,242, as compared with $335,642 in 1913. Gains in building and crushed stone were reported but decreases in the other kinds. 60 . NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Production of granite VARIETY I9QI2 1913 1914 Building. skeet tae bee ee - $65 487 $45 911 $79 903 MMioniimaenital &. 2 ges hese siee hoes bea IQ 130 17-012 10 952 Crushedistonen spake sows fn afk. 49 307 236 650 259 750 Fai 0) 81 RSHRE wr OHae1) 0 ann ge os he Re 27 861 0 722 | ae Milter kam sie Missy, eee ee fae at 40 311 26 346 EG ae A005 77) eee ee eee oe eR ee $202 096 $335 642 $367 242 LIMESTONE The stone classified under the heading of limestone consists for the most part of the common grades of limestone and dolomite, such as are characterized by a compact granular or finely crystal- line texture and are lacking in ornamental qualities. A smaller part is represented by crystalline limestone and by the waste products of marble quarrying which are sometimes employed for crushed stone, lime-making or flux. Limestone used for the manufacture of portland and natural cement is, however, excluded from the tabulations so as to avoid any duplications of the statis- tics. Limestones have a wide distribution in the State, the only region which is not well supplied being the southern part where the pre- vailing formations are sandstones of Devonic age. The microcrys- talline varieties occur in regular stratified order in the Cambric, Lower Siluric, Upper Siluric and Devonic systems. In most sec- tions they occupy considerable belts and have been little disturbed from their original horizontal position. On the-borders of the Adirondacks and in the metamorphosed Hudson river region, how- ever, they have been more or less broken up by faulting and erosion and in places have a very patchy distribution. The Cambric limestones are found in isolated areas on the east, south and west of the Adirondacks. They are usually impure, representing a transition phase between the Potsdam sandstones below and the high calcium limestones above. The lower beds of the Beekmantown formation as originally defined are now known to belong to the Cambric system. The Little Falls dolomite is per- haps the most prominent member of the Cambric limestones and is extensively developed in the Mohawk valley with quarries at Little THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI4 61 Falls, Amsterdam, and other places. It is a rather heavily bedded stone of grayish color, suitable more especially for building pur- poses. In Saratoga county the Hoyt limestone is in part the equiv- alent of the Little Falls dolomite; it has been quarried for building stone just west of Saratoga Springs. On the west side of the Adirondacks the Theresa limestone is described by Cushing as a sandy dolomite which may in part belong to the Cambric system. It is comparatively thin and has no importance for quarry purposes. The Beekmantown limestone, whi.h is now taken as including the middle and upper beds of that series as earlier defined, is mostly restricted to the Champlain valley. It occurs on the New York shore in rather small areas, usually down-faulted blocks, that are the remnants of a once continuous belt. It is also represented doubtless in the basal portion of the limestone area that extends across Washington and Warren counties. The only place where it has been extensively quarried is at Port Henry where the purer layers have been worked for flux. In the Lake Champlain region it is a bluish or grayish magnesian limestone occurring in layers from a few inches to several feet thick. The Chazy limestone is found in the same region as the Beek- mantown in discontinuous areas along the eastern Adirondacks from Saratoga county north to the Canadian boundary. It attains its maximum thickness in eastern and northeastern Clinton county, and has been quarried around Plattsburg, Chazy and on Valcour island. The Chazy is the earliest representative of the Paleozoi: formations characterized by a fairly uniform high calcium content ; it analyzes 95 per cent or more of calcium carbonate. It has a grayish color and finely crystalline texture. The fossiliferous beds afford attractive polished material which is sold as “Lepanto” marble. It is used also for lime and furna’e flux. There are old quarries on Willsboro point, Essex county. On the west. side of the Adirondacks the Pamelia limestone, described in the areal re- ports of that section, belongs to the Chazy series. It covers a con- siderable area in Jefferson county between Leraysville and Clayton, and has been rather extensively quarried for building stone and lime, though of subordinate importance to the Trenton limestones of that section. In the Mohawkian or Trenton group are included the Lowville (Birdseye), Black River and Trenton limestones which have a wide distribution and collectively rank among the very important quarry materials of the State. They are represented in the Champ- lain valley but are specially prominent on the Vermont side; from 62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM | the latter area a belt extends southwest across northern Washing- ton county to Glens Falls in Warren county and is continued into Saratoga county. Another belt begins in the Mohawk valley near Little Falls and extends northwesterly with gradually increasing width across Oneida, Lewis and Jefferson counties to the St Law- rence river. There are isolated areas of Trenton limestone in the Hudson valley south of Albany. The limestones vary in composi- tion and physical character according to locality and geologic po- sition. ‘They are often highly fossiliferous. In the northern sec- tion they are mostly gray to nearly black in color, contain little magnesia and run as high as 97 or 98 per cent calcium carbonate. The lower part of the group is heavily bedded and well adapted for building stone; the upper beds commonly contain more or less shale. They are used for various purposes including building and orna- mental stone, crushed stone, lime, portland cement and flux. In the Champlain valley quarries are found near Plattsburg, Lara- bee’s Point and Crown Point; in Washington county at Smith’s Basin; in Warren county at Glens Falls where there are extensive quarries that supply material for building purposes, portland cement and lime. The well-known black marble from Glens Falls is taken from the Trenton. Numerous quarries have been opened in Herk- imer, Oneida, Lewis and Jefferson counties. The output of the last named county is specially important, including limestone for building and road construction and lime for manufacture of cal- cium carbide. The principal quarries in Jefferson county are at Chaumont. The next assemblage of limestones in the order of stratigraphic occurrence includes the Clinton, Lockport and Guelph members of the Niagara group. The Clinton limestone has a variable impor- tance in the belt of Clinton strata that extends from Otsego county a little south of the Mohawk river across the central and western parts of the State on the line of Oneida lake and Ro hester to the Niagara river. East of Rochester the limestone is relatively thin, usually shaly and split up into several layers, but on the west end in Niagara county it becomes the predominant member and has a more uniform character. Large quarries have been opened -recently at Pekin, Niagara county, for the supply of flux to the blast furnaces of the Lackawanna Steel Co., at Buffalo. The upper beds of bluish gray fossiliferous limestone from Io to 12 feet thick are the purest and analyze from go to 95 per cent. calcium carbonate. The Lock- port is a magnesian limestone, in places a typical dolomite, and is — rather siliceous in the lower part. It outcrops in a continuous belt, THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I9QI4 63 several miles wide, from Niagara Falls east to Onondaga county and then with diminishing width across Madison county. The up- per layers are rather heavy and yield material suitable for building purposes, road metal and lime. There are quarries around Niagara Falls, Lockport and Rochester. It is worked to some extent in Wayne, Onondaga and Madison counties. The Guelph, also a dolomite, occupies a limited area in Monroe and Orleans counties and is worked near Rochester. The Cayugan group includes among its members the Cobleskill, Rondout and Manlius limestones, which are economically important. They have furnished large quantities of material for the manufac- ture of natural cement, being the source of the cement rock in the Rosendale district and in Schoharie and Onondaga counties. The cement rock of Erie county is found in the Salina formation. The Manlius limestone is used for portland cement in the eastern part of the State. At the base of the Devonic system appears the Helderbergian group which is very important for its calcareous strata. Lime- stones of this age are strongly developed along the Hudson river in Albany, Columbia, Greene and Ulster counties. The Coeymans or lower Pentamerus and the Becraft or upper Pentamerus limestones afford material for building, road metal, lime and portland cement. The limestone for the portland cement works at Hudson and Green- port is obtained from Becraft mountain, an isolated area of lime- stones belonging to the Manlius, Helderbergian and Onondaga formations. The works at Howes Cave use both the Manlius and Coeymans limestones. Extensive quarries are loczated also at Cats- _ kill, Rondout and South Bethlehem. The Onondaga limestone, separated from the preceding by the Oriskany sandstone, has a very wide distribution, outcropping al- most continuously from Buffalo, Erie county, eastward to Oneida county and then southeasterly into Albany county, where the belt curves to the south and continues through Greene, Ulster and Orange counties to the Delaware river. It is in most places a bluish gray, massive limestone with layers and disseminated nodules of chert. The chert is usually more abundant in the upper beds. The limestone finds use as building stone and the less siliceous materials also, for lime-making. Quarries have been opened at Kingston, Split Rock (near Syracuse), Auburn, Waterloo, Seneca Falls, Le Roy, Buffalo and other places. The Tully is the uppermost of the important limestone formations and likewise the most southerly one represented in the central part 64 . NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM of the State. Its line of outcrop extends from Ontario to Madison county, intersecting most of the Finger lakes. Its thickness is not over 10 feet, and on that account can not be worked to advantage except under most favorable conditions of exposure. For building stone it is quarried only locally and to a very limited extent. It finds its principal use in portland cement manufacture, being em- ployed for that purpose by the Cayuga Lake Cement Co., in its works at Portland Point, Tompkins county. Marl is a useful substitute for the hard limestone for some pur- poses and is rather extensively developed in the central and western parts of the State. It is found particularly in swampy tracts and old lake basins associated with clay and peat. In the Cowaselon swamp near Canastota the marl underlies several thousand acres and is said to be 30 feet thick. The Montezuma marshes in Cayuga and Seneca counties contain a large deposit which at Montezuma is 14 feet thick. In Steuben county the marls at Arkport and Dans- ville have been employed for lime-making. Until recently marls have been used extensively for portland cement and plants were operated at one time in the marl beds near Warner and Jordan, Onondaga county; at Montezuma, Cayuga county; Wayland, Steu- ben county ; and Caledonia, Livingston county. Their principal use at present is for agricultural and chemical purposes. Production. As already noted in a previous paragraph, limestone ranks first in importance among the quarry materials of the State. The value of the output is larger than that of all other kinds to- gether, and is gaining in relative importance year by year. Its main use is for crushed stone for concrete and roadwork; most of the stratified formations contain limestones that are adapted to that purpose. It is also employed as building stone, though not so ex- tensively as formerly, and considerable quantities are consumed in metallurgy and chemical manufacturing. Of late quite a demand for finely ground limestone has developed in connection with agri- culture. Lime manufacture still holds a prominent place in the industry. The production of limestone, after showing a steady gain for several years, fell off markedly in 1914 and aggregated only $3,316,063 as compared with $3,852,678 in 1913. The decline amounted to about 14 per cent. The figures for the last three years distributed according to the various uses are shown herewith. THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI4 65 Production of limestone MATERIAL + 1912 1913 1914 Crushed stone......... Pere he oe), $2 176 368 | $2 386 632 | $2 156 503 EMESIS ss hd on eee ee 452 002 486 908 270 377, MEMAMAEESLONEC, 05s). ea bans eee « 108 581 IOI 198 8I 409 MEME AEIIIS oc od wc in 5: a) « ws yee ha 542 154 575 102 446 877 MI ITA «se ek wee a 10 696 26 006 6 055 Perens curbing. .........../5...2. 5 481 6 546 i RiteraNEOUS:. 5. us. 8 ode int snes 2E5 563 270 286 250 965 MT. oo eek $3 510 445 | $3 852 678 | $3 316 063 Altogether 91 quarries reported an output, as compared with 104 in 1913. There were 29 counties represented in the industry. There were no new quarries of any importance opened during the year. . Erie county outranks all others in importance in this industry; the value of the limestone quarried in the county last year amounted to $704,865. The products are chiefly furnace flux, crushed stone and building stone. The principal quarries are at North Buffalo, Clarence and Akron. Onondaga county is the second largest producer, having an out- put last year valued at $385,335. Crushed stone is a large item in its industry, and most of the remainder consists of limestone quarried by the Solvay Process Co. for use as a reagent in alkali manufacture. The other counties reporting values of over $100,000 in 1913 were Dutchess, Ulster, Niagara, Rockland, Genesee, Warren, Scho- harie, Clinton and Albany counties, named in the order of their output. Crushed stone. Limestone is crushed for road metal, railroad ballast and for concrete. The larger quarries supplying this material are in Erie, Genesee, Onondaga, Dutchess, Ulster, Rockland and Westchester counties. The fines from some of the quarries are sold for agricultural use, the sales being entered under “ other uses.” The value of the crushed stone for 1914 showed a decrease due to the smaller demand in the building trade, and totaled $2,156,503, against $2,386,632 in the preceding year. The total does not include stone crushed by contractors on the highway sys- tem, but the value of such stone is relatively small. The actual 66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM quantity of stone produced by the crushing plants was 3,306,325 cubic yards against 3,945,543 cubic yards in 1913. . Lime. The value of the lime made for market last year was $370,377, as compared with $486,908 in 1913. In quantity it amounted to 82,944 short tons, against 110,083 short tons in 1912. The decrease was brought about mainly by the shutting down of two of the larger plants, one in Lewis and another in Genesee counties. Although less lime is used in the building trade than > formerly, the loss has been partially compensated by the growth of demand in the agricultural industry. The principal plants are in Warren, Washington, Clinton, Fulton, Madison and Dutchess counties. Building stone. The production of building stone has fallen off year by year, so that a further decrease in 1914 was not unexpected. The decline of 20 per cent, however, was larger than usual and re- duced the output so that it represented but a fraction of the former total. The returns showed the value of the building stone to be $81,409 as compared with $101,198 in 1913. This represents less than one-third of the output ten years ago. The diminished demand for cut stone is a feature that has mani- fested itself in the building trades throughout the country. It is due largely to change in the methods of building construction, par- ticularly in the use of steel, concrete and tile for large structures. The principal quarries of building stone are in Erie, Cayuga, Onon- daga and Montgomery counties. Furnace flux. The metallurgical establishments, especially the iron and steel plants, consume a large quantity of fluxing limestone which is obtained mostly from local resources. For this purpose calcium limestone is mostly in demand, and it is required to be nearly free of siliceous and aluminous impurities. The principal flux quarries are in the Onondaga limestone of Erie and Genesee counties, the Clinton limestone of Niagara county, the Precambric limestones or marbles of the Adirondacks and the Chazy limestone of the Champlain valley. The limestones in these sections ordi- narily carry from go to 95 per cent of calcium carbonate. The pro- duction of flux in 1914 was valued at $446,877, representing a total of 795,538 net tons, as compared with $575,102 and 1,052,519 tons in 1913. Niagara and Erie counties, which supply the iron and steel works around Buffalo, reported the largest quantities. Agricultural lime. The use of lime on soils has become in the last few years an important factor in the quarry industry. The quantity sold far the purpose is not given separately in the statisti- THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I9QI4 67 cal tables, for the reason that many of the quarry companies do not themselves know the amount of the product that is thus used. Some of the material disposed of for agricultural use is really a by-product of which little account is taken, as in the case of the fines and dust of the crushing plants which are sometimes marketed, and also the inferior grades of quicklime. There are a number of quarries, however, that make a specialty of this trade, selling all or a large part of their product for agricultural use. It is estimated that fully 100,000 tons of limestone were thus marketed by the quarries, and the amount may have been considerably more. The possibilities of the trade have received much attention in the last few years, and quarry lands favorably situated with respect to the markets have been in request. Inasmuch as the material must be delivered to the consumer at a low cost to make it economically available, the tendency is to develop local sources of supply in so far as these are available. The resources in limestone suitable for agricultural use are quite widespread, but they are not always within easy reach of markets. They are most abundant in the northern section particu- larly on the borders of the Adirondacks and the adjacent regions to the south, where they occur in the Precambric and early Paleozoic formations. The crystalline limestones or marbles of St Lawrence, Jefferson and Lewis counties and the Trenton and Chazy stratified limestones of the Champlain and Mohawk valleys are among the best high calcium rocks. Some agronomists hold the view that magnesium above a small amount is detrimental, while others are of the opinion that it may perform a useful function or at least have no harmful effect if not existing in a proportion of more than about one-half that of lime. Supplies of magnesian limestones occur in Highlands and Taconic sections and also in the central and western counties. The southern tiers of counties on the Pennsylvania border are devoid of carbonate rocks. 68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Production of limestone by counties in 1913 BUILD- 5 CRUSHED | LIME |FURNACE OTHER COUNTY ING TOTAL STONE MADE | FLUX peters USES Albany) live Saas PLAT ISS3N ecole sc, De ee ee $141 583 Cayueay © lua wae 210) IGS ke ae er $12 552 $74 43 O81 Clintons Rat ee 42 861| $62 073| $17 810 450; 1 255 124 449. Duatchess#a. er ABS ITZ) f18! 302]... <2 say eee ee ee 451 509 Oni aaa ee Bi POO Cris eo: 3 251 OI1| .56°239| To 7re 832 579 Genesee teat 208 881| 15 000) 60 860 700 3 500 288 941 Greener ea ae: BUBOO WE Ak TL haa. 2 ae Gee eee 350 2 650 Herkimer.o055 53. T S00) oe. dp oti.) Sie meee I 800 Jektersonm. o> 28 den 8 170} 58 230 IT (OOO); sou eee 16 400 83 800 [seRPESe: FS aks ok: RLF O sl Mts GO2|ROne ss me 114 4 471 60 158 Madison. 50.) 43 365) 41 571 I 380 685 I 950 88 951 IWEGHITOOS Ss ne sie: 30 695 7 O50) co siseysctes 5) 190) +52 ae 43 544 Montgomery..... AO OAG) Vay. ky Ve varies Sees 4 995 I 361 39 305 Niagara « ush 22 FOO ereck ect oe. 215 498 2 810 236 240 940 Onondaga, -= 22. DEPT ADE. heh oWmecoe cata 9 581} 209 500 501 506 St Lawrence: 0.7%} 13 407 3 162} 18 915 810 453 36 747 Schoharie). 2... ... SO) 7A 2i ee ae 400 431| 26 438 114 OI! LOSIS Cees ae a err 76 O7¥ |. T6"OFO). 156 eats See 92 O81 Warrente f29 51.07% 32466) T54sOTSi= Caer 5 435} 26 082 218 601 Washington...... 1,500). ) AZ OOO. > woes 250). <2 eee 44 750 Other counties... . 370 859| 23 600 8 228 947 58] 403 692 Potala sees $2 386 632/$486 908'$575 102|$101 198/$302 838]$3 852 678 Production of limestone by counties in 1914 BU LD - CRUSHED | LIME |FURNACE OTHER COUNTY ING TOTAL STONE MADE FLUX cant USES lpeeniy ceihes haps tees GIO O22) 0 0. ea $101 022 Canary Sih te Pate AGESGG) N59) Sraie tee eee $14 124). eee 63 984 Charton 7.2 are 14 917| $61. 462| $12 423} 3 500] $10 616; 102 918 ibehesss ek re 222 970) 26050)... ee. |ee ote | 349 020 BNC, cc Vit hen: ATS, M2 Tl seve th eda 177 764| 44 939 4 035 704 865 GEnesees, 6.9. Sake E56 ZONE a. by Ade 40 000 600] . 2 ae 196 902 Greene {2 2h eae A O3Qh 0 Ise fe wl De ote 4 039 Tdeiciimen yee + os TOO). oi sid ye te ool are ess wr ov fhe eas 700 Weflersoms s.-..05 <6 TO: .QO2') TE \6OOW 64 he euslree ee 2 700 25 292 TWAS Ki as.r ete eceeaiee So '7O0!"s Sees ea a ee 2171... See 2:17 Madison. 0. fae. 43 498) 55° 896)... 20 ee. 2 99 394 Monroe.... 20 027 A SOS || oa ieuere L. O21) oe 25 946 Montgomery..... G AOOM. 2 vein |. Shee 4 576 744 It 720 NRG ATA 5. c)s GTC Obs ea yee 190 334 300 5 700| 203 114 Meigs rs hee... ws Fh TAL cw tea cdl s uae ecole meneg he ee 74 741 Onondaga....... EAS): LOO)! ceee | 2 6 eee 6 193] 231 036 385 335 St Lawrence..... 937 4 500) . 22herr2 2 440 274 a3 ..338 Schoharie. .....%". (O08 24h < ee RIG) Aone 108 657 ACS Ret oe rset casa a) ace 208 720 7 FAO\ cx ss Late Ale atte seen 216 460 NAMEN S oor rahe s 18.406) 129°281|\ "so queer I .708 5 343 154 738 WeR hem bOI Gia ilieis's oceans AO O00)... 7L.eee EL O0Oh.:) oem 41 coo Other counties.... 375 O18| ‘28 950) "4° 1es 375 449| 408 976 6 WoC: | ee ep $2 156 503/$370 3771$446 877| $81 40)'$260 817/$3 316 06, THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI4 69 MARBLE Marble, in the commercial sense, like granite, includes a variety of rocks that lend themselves to building or decorative uses. Most commonly, the name signifies a crystalline aggregate of calcite or dolomite, as distinguished from ordinary limestones which at best are of indistinctly crystalline nature. At the same time it implies the feature of attractiveness by reason of color and the ability to take a lustrous polish. Rocks possessing all these features are marbles in the strict sense to which the name may be applied with- out qualification. Some compact or granular limestones that lack the elements of thorough crystallinity make, however, a handsome appearance when polished, and such are commercially classed as marbles. Fossil marbles, black marbles, and a few other kinds are commonly of the noncrystalline type. Serpentine marble, or verde antique, is made up for the most part of the mineral serpentine, a silicate of magnesium and iron, and is therefore not related to the varieties already described. Ophitic limestone, or ophicalcite, is a crystalline limestone or dolomite carrying grains and nodules of serpentine scattered more or less evenly through its mass. Its ornamental quality lies in the speckled or mottled pattern and the sharp contrast between the clear white mass and the greenish serpentine inclusions. Marbles belonging to those various types find representation in the geologic formations of the State and are quarried on a commer- cial scale or have been so quarried in the past. _ The true or crystalline varieties are limited in occurrence to the metamorphic areas of the Adirondacks and southeastern New York. They are of early geologic age, antedating the period of crustal dis- turbance and metamorphism which in the Adirondacks was brought to a close practically before Cambric time and which in southeastern New York was completed in the Paleozoic. This thoroughly crys- talline character is in fact a development of the strong compression accompanied by heat to which they have been subjected; having been originally, no doubt, ordinary granular or fossiliferous lime- stones similar to those so plentifully represented in the undisturbed formations outside the regions. The crystalline limestones of the Adirondacks are most abundant on the western border in Jefferson, Lewis and St Lawrence counties where they occur in belts up to 4 or 5 miles wide and several times as long, interfolded and more or less intermixed with, sedimentary gneisses, schists and quartzites. They are found in smaller and more irregularly banded areas in Warren and Essex counties on the 70 ‘ - NEW YORK STATE’ MUSEUM eastern side, but have little importance elsewhere. The ophitic lime- stones that have been quarried at different times belong to the same series. The marbles of the Adirondacks comprise both the calcite class with very little magnesia and the dolomite class containing high percentages of magnesia. No definite relation is apparent in regard to the occurrence of the two and both may be found in the same area and in close association. The southeastern New York marbles occur in belts which follow the north-south valleys, east of the Hudson, from Manhattan island into Westchester, Dutchess and Columbia counties. They range from very coarsely crystalline to finely crystalline rocks, are pre- vailingly white in color and belong to the dolomite class. They are interfolded with schists and quartzites, the whole series having steep dips like those of strongly compressed strata. The geologic age of the southern belts is probably Precambric, but on the north and east within range of the Taconic disturbance, they may eae to the early Paleozoic. Bodies of practically pure serpentine of considerable extent are found on Staten Island .and in Westchester county near Rye; they represent intrusions of basic igneous rocks whose minerals, chiefly pyroxene and olivine, have subsequently changed to serpentine. They are not important for quarry purposes, owing to the fre- quency of fissures and joints and the rather somber color of the exposed part of the masses. The microcrystalline or subcrystalline limestones that are $0me- times sold as marbles include members of the regularly bedded. | unmetamorphosed. Paleozoic limestones, which locally show quali- ties of color and polish that make them desirable for decorative ‘purposes. They range from dense granular varieties to those hav- ing a more or less well-developed crystalline texture and are often” fossiliferous. Inasmuch as they have never been subjected to regional compression or been buried in the earth deep enough to become heated, the crystalline texture, when present, may be ascribed to the work of ground waters. These circulate through the mass, taking the carbonates of lime and magnesia into solution, and redeposit them in crystalline form. Originally, the limestones were accumulations of lime-secreting fossils or granular precipitates, for the most part of marine origin. Some of the localities where these unmetamorphic marbles occur are on the west shore of Lake Champlain, around Plattsburg and Chazy (Chazy limestone), Glens Falls (Trenton limestone) and Becraft and Catskill ( cs lime- stone). Ne a PP eee eee — — THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI4 71 _ Production. Building and other kinds of marble to the value of $230,242 was quarried in 1914, showing a slight decrease of pro- duction as compared with the preceding year. The active quarries were situated in Clinton, Warren, St Lawrence, Dutchess and West- chester counties. Most of the building marble came from the quarries of the South Dover Marble Co. at Wingdale, Dutchess. county. The quarries at Gouverneur, including those of the St Lawrence, Northern New York and Gouverneur companies, sup- plied the monumental stock. Black and “shell” marble for deco- rative work were also quarried, the former by Finch, Pruyn & Co. of Glens Falls and the latter by the Vermont Marble Co., of Proctor, Vt. Production of marble VARIETY IQI2 1913 IQI4 eto $155 AII $127 550 | $142 223 Mionumental.............. hehe ¢ of 84 511 81 330 70 797 ee I 925 43 406 17 222 = Ta $241 847 $252 292 | $230 242 SANDSTONE Under sandstones are included the sedimentary rocks which con- sist essentially of quartz grains held together by some cementing substance. Among the varieties distinguished by textural features are sandstones proper, conglomerates, grits and quartzites. Of the sedimentary rocks which occur in the State, sandstone has the largest areal distribution, while in economic importance it ranks second only to limestone. Nearly all the recognized stratigraphic divisions above the Archean contain sandstone at one or more hori- zons. The kinds chiefly quarried are the Potsdam, Hudson River, Medina and Devonic sandstones. A few quarries have been opened also in the Shawangunk conglomerate and the Clinton and Triassic sandstones. The Potsdam of the Upper Cambric is the lowest and earliest in age of the sandstones that have a fairly wide distribution and are utilized for building purposes. The most extensive outcrops are along the northern and northwestern borders of the Adirondacks, in Clinton, Franklin, St Lawrence and Jefferson counties. Other exposures of smaller extent are found in the Lake Champlain valley 72 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM and on the southeastern edge of the Adirondack region. These lat- -ter areas represent the remnants of a on e continuous belt that has been broken up by folding, faulting and erosion. The Potsdam sandstone has in many places the character of a quartzite, consisting of quartz grains cemented by a secondary deposition of quartz, and unen is a very hard, tough and durable stone. The quartzite from St Lawrence county has sustained a crushing test of more than 42,000 pounds to the square inch. The color varies from deep red to pink and white. The principal quarries are near Potsdam and Redwood, St Lawrence county, and Malone and Burke, Franklin county. Besides building stone, which is the chief product, there is some flagstone sold, mainly by the quarries at Burke, for ship- ment to Montreal. The so-called Hudson river group is essentially a group of sand- stones, shales, slates and conglomerates, ranging in age from the Trenton to the Lorraine, but which have not been sufficiently studied to permit the actual delimitation of the various members on the map. The group is exposed in a wide belt along the Hudson from Glens Falls southward into Orange county ard also in the Mohawk valleys as far west as Rome. The sandstone beds are usually fine-grained, of grayish color and rather thinly bedded. Over wide stretches they provide practically the only resource in constructional stone and consequently they have been quarried at a great number of places to supply the local needs for building and foundation work. Some of the stone is crushed for road metal q and concrete. | The Medina sandstone is found along the southern shore of Lake Ontario from the Niagara river east to Oswego county: in entral New York it is represented by a coarse conglomeratic phase called the Oneida conglomerate. As developed in the western part of of the State, where it is principally quarried, it is hard fine-grained sandstone of white, pink and variegated color. The pink variety is specially quarried for building stone and has an excellent reputa- tion. Many of the larger cities of the country.and most of the © important towns and cities of the State contain examples of its architectural use. The large quarries are situated in Orleans county, near Albion, Holley and Medina, along the line of the Erie canal, but there are others at Lockport and Lewiston, in Niagara county and at Brockport and Rochester-in Monroe county. The Medina sandstone also finds extensive applications for curbing and flagging and for paving blocks. It is employed more extensively — for the latter purpose than any other stone quarried in the State. Rt 4 “. THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI4 73 The Shawangunk conglomerate is more widely known for its use in millstones than for constructional purposes. It outcrops along Shawangunk mountain in Ulster county and southwesterly into New Jersey, with an outlier near Cornwall, Orange county. ‘The quarries near Otisville have supplied considerable quantities of stone for abutments and rough masonry. The Clinton sandstone is mainly developed in central New York, being absent from the Clinton belt in the western part of the State. It forms ledges of considerable extent on the south side of the Mo- hawk valley from Ilion to Utica and beyond. It consists of red- dish brown and gray sandstones, of medium texture and hardness. The stone has been used for foundations and building in Uti a and other places in the vicinity. Of the Devonic formations which cover about one-third the whole area of the State, the Hamilton, Portage, Chemung and Catskill contain important sandstone members serviceable for quarry operations. These sandstones are popularly known as blue- stones, a name first applied in Ulster county where they are dis- tinguished by a bluish gray color. They are for the most part fine- grained, evenly bedded, bluish or gray sandstones, often showing a pronounced tendency to split along planes parallel to the bedding so as to yield smooth, thin slabs. For that reason they are exten- sively used for flag and curbstone, and a large industry is based on the quarrying of these materials for sale in the eastern cities. Most flagstone is produced in the region along the Hudson and Delaware rivers, where there are convenient shipping facilities to New York, Philadelphia and other large cities. The Hudson River district in-- cludes Albany, Greene and Ulster counties, but the quarries are mainly situated in the area that includes southern Greene and northern Ulster, with Catskill, Saugerties and Kingston as the chief shipping points. The Delaware River district includes Sulli- van, Delaware and Broome counties; the shipping stations are along the Erie and Ontario and Western railroads. The sandstone of this section ranges from Hamilton to Catskill age. In the area to the west the quarries are confined to the Portage and Che- mung groups, with the most important ones in the Portage. There are large, well-quipped quarries near Norwich, Chenango county, and Warsaw, Wyoming county, which produce building stone for the general market. Numerous small quarries are found in Otsego, Chemung, Tompkins, Tioga, Schuyler, Steuben, Yates, Allegany, Cattaraugus and Chautauqua counties. 74 : NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Production of sandstone. Sandstone, by: reason of its adapt- ability and its wide distribution, is extensively quarried in the State,- ranking next to limestone in commercial importance. The larger part of the output is employed in street work in the form of curb- stone, flagstone and paving blo.ks, but an important quantity is also used as building stone. It finds very little application as crushed stone on account of its platy fracture. _ The Devonic sandstones, which are collectively known as blue- stone, are more widely quarried than the other kind; this production is carried on throughout the southern part of the State by a large number of individuals and companies. With few exceptions, the quarries are small, giving employment to only two or three work- men each and having very little in the way of mechanical equip- ment. Such small enterprises are particularly chara-teristic of the Hudson River and Delaware River regions where much of the flag- stone and curbstone is produced. Many of the quarries are worked intermittently by farmers in the off season of their usual occupa- tion. The stone is hauled down the hillside to the railroad sidings or the river docks where it is purchased by middlemen who ship it to the eastern markets. The stone from the Hudson River district is mainly shipped by barges from Kingston and Saugerties. In the interior it is shipped by rail. A statistical canvass of such small enterprises is a matter of great difficulty and is likely to afford very unreliable results. Consequently, it has been the practice in the compilation of this report to secure the information so far as pos- sible from dealers who purchase the stone for shipment to the large wholesalers and consumers in the cities. | The production of sandstone during the last two years is shown in the accompanying tables which give its distribution also among the leading districts. The combined value of all the sandstone quarried in 1914 was $1,056,990, against $1,321,272 in 1913. The total is exclusive of any sandstone quarried by contractors for use on the State highway system, for which it is impossible to assign any accurate value. Of the value given, a little more than one-half was returned by the quarry companies operating in the bluestone districts, in exact figures $546,314. This indicated a marked decline of activity in these districts as compared with the preceding year when the out- put was valued at $753,510. There has been a falling off in the bluestone industry for several years back, owing to the increasing use of cement and concrete in street work. The value of the flag- stone and curbstone made from blue stone was $337,488 against — ee ee ee THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I9QI4 75 $503,607 in 1913. At the same time the output of building stone amounted to $191,239 against $227,645 in 1913. Sandstone other than bluestone represented a value of $510,676 as compared with $567,762 in 1913, the decline being much smaller than in the bluestone trade. The largest item in the value was paving blocks which amounted to $279,687, against $239,389 in 1913. These were quarried almost entirely in Orleans county which also produced a large amount of curbstone; the entire quarry out- put of this county had a value of $439,635 against $467,636 in the preceding year. An unusual number of quarries reported as inactive during the past year, especially in the bluestone district. In part this was due to the poor market for stone, the demand being very quiet through- out the year and the prices on a low basis. Another contributing factor was the putting into effect of the new workmen’s compen- sation law which appeared so formidable to some mine and quarry operators that they preferred to go out of business than submit to its requirements. Production of sandstone in 1913 BUILD- | CURBING SRT iG AND | PAVING |CRUSHED| RUBBLE,| ALL FLAG- | BLOCKS | STONE | RIPRAP | OTHER STONE GING Bluestone Peudeson river.......-.-. BeO77 Paes. 724 ie SS ee. $2 250| $3 400| $11 094 Delaware river....... EGET) 250 -GOOK ¢ a. vec PAO Uo ArOBG. sees Chenango county..... i A age a otra er rte ong ot he aig Matra g 817 Wyoming county..... 97 776 by POOR es 2d tutes 180 BP ESO) ontiv ates Seemer districts........ Cs |S) Wee gS 8 | ea pe eB ROW re eww. < Total bluestone. . .|/$227 645|$503 607|........| $2 680) $7 667] $11 911 Sandstone Orleans county....... $21 636|/$170 725|$230 397| $2 124) $23 791) $19 963 Other districts........ 36° 364) « 8:.652| : 8 O92) AR 46a 4 G55... +... Total sandstone. .| $58 o00/$179 377|/$239 389| $43 587| $28 446 $19 963 Combined total.. .|$285 645/$682 984 $239 389 $46 267| $36 113) $31 874 76 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Production of sandstone in 1914 BUILDS je . Bee vee AND PAVING |CRUSHED| RUBBLE,| ALL STONE | FLAG- BLOCKS | STONE | RIPRAP OTH_R GING | Bluestone | Hudson mvers 22% -., oc $5 -500/$153 430 2... 529). eee eee $1 559 Delaware river... ih: 20. 196\2 177. 2005) ....e en ae ee $1 425; 9. 865 Chenango county..... 69 255 5 S12. 2202 ace See 960). 2. aa7 Wyoming county..... 92 201 1, O00). outa $48 I 393|. a2 eee Other districts! 4. 254s. 4 087 rs err Total bluestone... .|$191 239|$337 488)........ $48) $3 778] $13 761 Sandstone Orleans county....... $15 926|$147 970\$266 775|........ $1 319| $7 645 Other districts..:....| 10 343) 4 764) 12 912) $36 005) (Gywos7)aueeeeee Total sandstone. .| $26 269|$152 734|$279 687) $36 095| $8 246] $7 645 Combined total.. .|$217 508/$490 222|$279 687] $36 143| $12 024] $21 4c6 *TRAP Trap is not a distinct rock type, but the name properly belongs to the fine-grained, dark-colored igneous rocks that o¢ ur im in- trusive sheets and dikes. In mineral composition it differs from most of the igneous rocks that are classed in the trade as granite by the prevalence of the basic plagioclase feldspars and- the higher percentages of the iron magnesia minerals, while it contains no quartz. Some of the so-called “ black granites,’ however, are trap. The name is sometimes applied to fine-grained rocks of granitic or syenitic composition and sometimes even to rocks of sedimentary derivation, but such usage is misleading and indefensible. The particular value of trap is due to its hardness and toughness. Its fine, compact, homogeneous texture gives it great wearing pow- ers and it is eminently adapted for road metal and concrete of which heavy service is required. The principal product, therefore, is crushed stone. It has been used to some extent,.also, as paving blocks, but these are rather difficult to prepare, since trap very seldom shows any capacity for parting comparable to the rift and grain structures of granites. As a building stone it finds very little application, probably on account of its somber color. The expense of cutting and dressing trap is also an obstacle to its employment for building or ornamental purposes. 7 The trap quarried in New York State is properly a diabase. Its mineral composition varies somewhat in the different occurrences, ED aaa: mg tails, cee So oe THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQ14 77 but the main ingredients are plagioclase, feldspar and pyroxene, with more or less of amphibole, olivine, magnetite ana sometimes biotite. The texture is characteristic, for the feldspar forms lath- shaped crystals which interlace and inclose the pyroxene and other ingredients in the meshes, and it is this firmly knit fabric which gives the stone the qualities of strength and toughness. The largest occurrencesof trap in New York is represented by the Palisades of the Hudson and the continuation of the same in- trusion which extends southward through New Jersey onto Staten Island and is also encountered in the interior of Rockland county. The Palisades are the exposed edge of a sill or sheet of diabase that is intruded between shales and sandstones of Triassic age. The sheet is several hundred feet thick, in places nearly 1000 feet, and in general seems to follow the bedding planes of the sedi- mentary strata which dip to the west and northwest at an angle of from 5° to 15°. The outcrop is narrow, seldom over a mile, and in places is limited to a single steep escarpment. The principal quarries are near Nyack and Haverstraw at the base of the cliffs. Other quarries have been opened near Suffern, Rockland county, on an isolated intrusion, and also near Port Richmond, Staten Island, at the southern end of the Palisades sill. Trap occurs in numerous places in the Adirondacks, but mostly as narrow dikes. It is especially common in Essex and Clinton counties where there are many thousands of dikes that range from a few inches to 20 or 30 feet thick. On the southern border of the region are a few dikes of notable size, such as that in the town of Greenfield, Saratoga county, and at Little Falls in the Mohawk valley. A quarry has been opened in the Greenfield occurrence for the supply of crushed stone. The quarrying of trap along the face of the Palisades in Rockland county probably will soon be discontinued, as it is designed to pur- chase the quarry properties for the Palisades Interstate Park. The lands to be included. within the park extend from the river line to the top of the Palisades. So far only the quarry of the Manhattan Trap Rock Co. has been taken over and closed, but negotiations are proceeding for the ik saat of the other quarries along the river front. The future of the industry in this section is somewhat unsettled. It is not unlikely that new quarries may be opened on top of the ridge and in the interior of Rockland county, though the facilities for production and shipment in that section can scarcely be equal to those of the present localities. 78 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Production of trap 1913 IQI4 MATERIAL ; . Cubic Cubic yards Value wards Value Crushed stone for roads.... 631 134 $499 776 | 519 600 | $420 280 Crushed stone for other pur- DOSES Aer stein ese eS an 640 165 501 394 455 400 350 320 AGG ee pontinea as tare sane I 271-209 | $1 001/170 975 000 $770 600 The production of trap in 1914 was entirely by the quarries in the Palisades section of Rockland county, although in former years some has been produced in the Adirondack region. The statistics furnished by the companies show that the output was about 25 per cent, below the production of the preceding year, amounting to 975,000 cubic yards valued at $770,600 against 1,271,299 cubic yards valued at $1,001,170 in 1913. divey aS The: market tor stale >was depressed last year in sympathy - with the general conditions and the slackening of demand in the paper trade which consumes the larger part of the local product. There is little reason for believing that the depression is anything but temporary, since the uses of tal: have become firmly established, not only in paper manufacture but in many other industries, so that they are not likely.to be displaced. On the other hand the | market is likely to make considerable gains by reason of the curtail- ment in the supply of white clays which are employed in the coat- ing of paper. These clays are largely imported, the shipments hitherto coming mainly from Germany, as they are not produced to any extent in this country. The ground talc from the Gouverneur district possesses a natural fiber which makes it specially valuable for use in paper; the material can be thoroughly incorporated with the vegetable fiber and adds strength to the latter. The tale is re- tained by the paper stock to a larger extent than is.’ lay. The Gouverneur tale district consists of a narrow belt, lying to the southeast and east of that village in the towns of Fowler and Edwards, in which the tale occurs in lenticular bodies arranged in series along the strike. The bodies dip uniformly toward the north- ee THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I9QI4 79 west at angles of from 30° to 60°, so that they are all worked by underground methods. The wall rocks are limestone and schist of Precambric age, a part of the Adirondack crystalline formations. The fibrous talc is an alteration product of tremolite which it re- _ sembles in physical development, but the scaly talc apparently. is the result of deposition by underground waters. Altogether thére are fully fifteen or twenty different deposits, some of which, however, are not profitable under present conditions, and others are being held in reserve. The number of operative mines in recent years has ranged from five to eight or nine. The mines are opened by inclined shafts sunk on the footwall with levels driven from either side at intervals of 100 feet or less. The mining is simple and inexpensive, the main cost of the prepared talc being incidental to the mill treatment which involves reduction by several stages the final grinding being done in ball and tube mills. The final grinding requires from two to five hours. The producers of talc in this district include the Ontario Talc Co. with a mine and miil near Fullerville, the Uniform Fibrous Tale Co. at Talcville, and the International Pulp Co. with mines near Talcville and Sylvia lake and mills at Hailesboro near Gouver- neur. The Standard Talc Co. has a mine near Talcville, which was once worked by the United States Talc Co., but the company made no output last year. The North Country Corporation has been engaged lately in the development of a new deposit near a lvia lake, town of Fowler. _ The Gouverneur district first became an important shipper of ground talc about 1880, when the output amounted to 4000 tons, but it was developed a few years before that date. The production since has been continuous and in the last 20 years has averaged about 60,000 tons. The ‘total product since the beginning has amounted to over 1,600,000 tons, worth about $14,000,000 at the average prices received at Gouverneur. A deposit of talc near Natural Bridge has been worked for the last four years, and has supplied a considerable quantity of material which is sold in ground form. This deposit occurs in limestones, but in a separate area from the Gouverneur belt and has a quite different character. The talc lacks any definite structure, except that it shows a granular appearance in places, and is associated with other hydrated silicates of the serpentine and chlorite groups. It appears to be a contact deposit, lying near an intrusion of granite. An analysis of the material was given in the last previous issue of this report. The mine is operated by the St Lawrence Talc Co., 80 } NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Inc., the product being ground in a local mill which is equipped on the neal plan of the Gouverneur mills. The production of both districts last year amounted to 74,075 short tons with a value of $671,286. This represented a large increase, as the total for 1913 was 63,000 tons worth $551,250. The prices were approximately the same as those received in the preceding year. Production of talc in New York SHORT SHORT YEAR mos VALUE YEAR Fone VALUE EGS ame hoc er eer wie 610007 |-) $75 000 | 1800)... Sane 54 655 | $438 150 Lito ts): Ey carat Ras ara 10 000 11O! O00. | 190084 3 aia 63 500 499 500 ESOS rca seas teh 10 000 EKO OOO) |), TOON ties eee 62 200 483 600 OOO ane. ee mitts es I2 000 125) OOO)! TQODL I ee eee 71 100 615 350 Lito Co) ene ee I ses 15 000 rGOVO0O, | sIQ08¢ Eee Geese 60 230 421 600 POGOe exes 2 oar wats 2 20 000 PLO OOO 4) TOOAS. Gretna se ae rer 65 000 455 000 TOG Cigna ames hae ae 23.476 2A SEF Ou|s UGOh. eure t-te 67 000 519 250 SOO ER ae oie A, RAM lay, 41 354 389 196.) F906: hues a. ake 64 200 541 600 113100 So ne a een 53 054 AOS ‘O08 | TOO7E a. = vices. neat 59 000 501 500 | (010 20 etal ele ak 41 925 B72 ASS | POOGS 2 ee.coee, 2 oe 70 739 697 390 BOOS c here ae eer 36 500 BS 7 1G25 (VEOOO she ak nee 50 000 450 000 OAR AT, SALE a 50 500 A54.500.| 1910. 22: ee. 65 000 552 500 MOOS se ache ade 40 OOO 320000. | “8OE 1) 5.25 eee 65 000 552 500 so 1 aa Reeser ee ee 46 089 2OQ 443) | EQU2 2 hoo eRe 61 619 511 437 ESQ fe eee se ase 57 009 396-976. WI OU aie. aes aoe 63 000 551 250 SOS. ae ee ae 54 356 ALL SABO ROMA aoa erie betet 74 075 671 286 ZINC The zinc mine at Edwards, St Lawrence county, did not make any commercial shipments last year, but it produced a considerable quantity of ore in connection with the underground development that was continued from the previous season. This product is held for treatment by the new milling plant whi h was expected to be ready in the early part of 1915. The old mill was destroyed by fire after it had been remodeled and made ready for operations, and consequently shipments have been delayed ee the period anticipated at the outset. The general nature and occurrence of the zinc ores in this part of St Lawrence county have been described in previous issues of this report; no remarkable discoveries or new features have since come to light, and the main interest in the field at present centers upon the outcome of the single active enterprise which began the ——— - — a ‘THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI4 81 development of the Edwards property several years ago. The re- sults of the underground exploration, which has been carried on through two shafts, appear encouraging, as several thousands of tons of concentrating material carrying up to 40 per cent or more zinc have been uncovered. The product has been held in stock until it could be milled, as practically none of it is of shipping grade owing to admixture with pyrite. The first attempts in the separation of the minerals in which a special type of magnetic machine was employed did not prove a success. The ore was treated without previous roasting, as it was aimed to secure both the blende and the pyrite, the latter being in sufficient amount to make a valuable by-product if recoverable. The general run of the ore is fine-grained, and there is more or less serpentine and talc in the gangue, which may add to the difficulty of mill treat- ment. | The outcome of the present undertaking is naturally awaited with much interest; if successful it will mean a new industry in that section and will lead no doubt to other developments in the district. PD i XxX. Acme Cement Co., 16 Adirondacks, feldspar, 29; garnet, i, 31; gtanite, 50; graphite, 33; limestone, 61; magnetite, 37; mar- bles, 69; sandstone, 71; serpentin- ous limestones, 13; talc, 10; trap, 77 Agricultural lime, 66 Agricultural plaster, 9 Akron, limestone, 65 Akron Gypsum Co., 36 Akron Gypsum Products Corpora- tion, 36 Albany, molding sand, 55; slip clays, 28 Albany county, brick, I9, 20, 21, 22, 23; clay, 18; drain tile, 25; lime- Stone, 63, 65, 68; sandstone, 73 Albion, sandstone, 72 Albite, 29 Alden-Batavia Natural Gas Co., 46 Allegany county, clay, 18;. natural gas, 46; oil wells, 9; petroleum, 49, 50; sandstone, 73 Allegany Pipe Line Co., 49 Alma, petroleum, 49 Almandite, 31 Amsterdam, limestone, 61 Andover, petroleum, 49 Apatite, 10 Arkport, marl, 64 Asbestos, I1 Auburn, limestone, 63 Bachman, F. E., cited, 30 Baldwinsville, natural gas, 47 Baldwinsville Light & Heat Co., 46 Ballston Springs, 42 Barnum, Richardson & Co., 38 Barrett Manufacturing Co., 30 Becraft, marble, 70: Becraft limestone, 63 Bedford, pegmatites, 30 Bedford Spar Co., 30 Beekmantown limestone, 60, 61 Benson Mines Co., 38 Black River, limestone, 61 Blue stone, 57,.73, 74; 75 Bolivar, petroleum, 49 Borst, ‘©. A,,° 38; 41 rick, 6, 17, 10, 20, 21, 22, 23; prices, ZI Brockport, sandstone, 72 Broome county, brick, 20; clay, 18; sandstone, 73 Buena Vista Oil Co., 49 Buffalo, limestone, 63 . Buffalo Composite Brick Co., 55 Buffalo, Iroquois Natural Gas Co., 46 Building brick, Io, 11 Building sand, 10, 54 Building stone, 57, 58, 66; from granite, 60; from limestone, 65; from marble, 71 Burke, sandstone, 72 Caledonia, marl, 64 Carbon dioxid, 43 Carbonate, 37 Carrolton, petroleum, 49 Catskill, limestone, 63; marble, 70; sandstone, 73 Catskill formation, 73 Cattaraugus county, brick, 20; clay, 18; natural gas, 46; oil wells, 9; petroleum, 40, 50; sandstone, 73 Cayuga county, brick, 20; building stone, 66; clay, 18; drain tile, 25; limestone, 68; marl, 64 Cayuga Lake Cement Co., Portland Pt, 16, 64 Cement, 9, 10, 14, 63 Chateaugay Ore & Iron Co., Lyon Mountain, 38 Chaumont, limestone, 62 Chautauqua county, brick, 20; clay, 18; natural gas, 46; sandstone, 73 Chazy, marble, 70 [83] 84 NEW YORK Chazy limestone, 61, 66 Cheever Iron Ore Co., Port Henry, 38 Chemung county, brick, 20; clay, 18; sandstone, 73 Chemung sandstones 47, 73 Chenango county, bluestone, 75, 76 Chrysotile, 12, 14 Clarence, limestone, 65 Clarksville, petroleum, 49 Clay, 17-28; crude, 26 Clay materials, production by coun- ties, 18 Clay products, 10, II Clay-working industries, 8 Clinton cotnty, brick, 20; clay, 18; iron ore, 41; lime, 66; limestone, 61, 65, 68; marble, 71; sandstone, 71; trap, 77 Clinton limestone, 62, 66 Clinton sandstone, 73 Cobleskill limestone, 63 Coeymans, brick, 23 Coeymans limestone, 63 Cohoes, brick, 23 Colunrbia. county, brick, 20, 21, 22; clay, 18; limestone, 63; limonite, 37;. marbles, 7O. Columbia Pipe Line Co., 49 Consumers Natural Gas Darien, 46 Core sand, 54 Cornwall, sandstone, 73 Cotton rock, 14 Cowaselon swamp, marl, 64 Crown Point, feldspar, 30; limestone, 62 Crown Point Spar Co., 30 Crushed stone, 9, 56, 57, 58, 65; from granite, 60; from iimestone, 65; from trap, 78 Curbstone, 56, 58, 74; from lime- stone, 65; from sandstone, 72 Cuylerville, salt, 52 Co;, Dansville, marl, 64 Darien, Consumers Natural Gas Co., 46 Delaware county, sandstone, 73 Delaware rivér, bluestone, 75, 76 STATE MUSEUM Drain tile, 17, 25 Dutchess county, brick, 20, 25)eae clay, 18; lime, 66; limestone, 65, 68; marbles, 70, 71 Dutchess Junction, brick, 22, 23 Earthenware, 26 Edwards, talc, 78; zinc, 80 Electric supplies, 26 Emery, 10, 1 Emery Pipe Line Co., 49 . Empire Gas & Fuel Co., 46 Erie county, brick, 19, 20; building stone, 66; clay, 18; drain tile, 25; furnace flux, 66; gypsum, 35; lime- stone, 65, 68; natural gas, 46 Essex county, crystalline limestone, 69; feldspar, 30; gfaphitesas. serpentinous limestone, 13; trap, 77 | Eureka Salt Corporation, 51 Feldspar, 10, II, 29 ~ ~ Finch, Pruyn & Co., Glens Falls, 71 Fire brick, 17 Fire sand, 54 Fireproofing, 8, 17, 24 Flagstone, 56, 58, 74; from limestone 65; from sandstone, 72 Flux, 57 Fords Brook Pipe Line Co., 49 Fort George, 14 Fort Montgomery, Hudson Iron Co., 38 Fowler, talc, 78, 79 Franklin county, sandstone, 71 Front brick, 17,23 Frost Gas Co., 46 Fullerville, talc, 79 Fulton county, lime, 66 Furnace flux, 66; from limestone, 65 Furnaceville Iron Co. Ontario Center, 38, 41 Garnet, 10, II, 30 Gas, 45 : Genesee county, gypsum, 35; lime- stone, 65, 68; natural gas, 46; salt, 51 Genesee Salt Co., Piffard, 51 Glasco, brick, 22 oe ale oS Sale = INDEX TO MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI4 85 Glens Falls, limestone, 62; marble, 79, 71 . é Glens Falls Granite Brick Co., 55 Gouverneur, marble, 71; talc, 79 Gowanda Natural Gas Co., 46 Graiite, 0, 10, 11, 57, 58 50 Graphite, 8, 10, II, 33 Gravel, 10, II, 53 Greene county, brick, 20, 21, 22; clay, 18; limestone, 63, 68; sand- stone, 73 , Greenfield, trap, 7 Greenport, portland cement works, 63 Guelph dolomite, 63 Gypsum, 8, 9, 10, II, 35 Hailesboro, talc, 79 Hamilton formation, 73 Haverstraw, brick, 22; trap, 77 Hematite, 37 Herkimer county, limestone, 62, 68 Highlands, feldspar, 29; granite, 59; serpentinous limestones, 14 Holley, sandstone, 72 Hollow brick, 17, 24 Horicon, asbestos, 14 Howes Cave, portland cement works, 63 . Hoyt limestone, 61 Hudson, portland cement works, 63 Hudson Iron Co., Fort Montgomery, 38 ; Hudson river bluestone, 75, 76 Hudson river group, 72 Hudson river region, brick, 20; clay, 27; slip clays, 28 International Pulp Co., 79 International Salt Co., 5: Iron ores, 8, 10, I1, 36 Iroquois Natural Gas Co., Buffalo, 46 Ithaca, salt, 51 Jamesville, Millen Portland Cement Co., 16 Jefferson county, clay, 18; crystalline limestone, 69; limestone, 62, 67, 68; sandstone, 71 Jones, Robert W., Clay, 7-28 Jordan, marl, 64 Joseph Dixon Crucible Co., 33 Kendall Refining Co., Bradford, Pa., 49 Kings county, clay, 18 Kingston, - brick, 22; limestone, 63; sandstone, 73 Kinkel quarries, 30 Lake Sanford, iron ore, 38 Lakeville, Sterling Iron & Railway Ca, 38 Larabee’s Point, limestone, 62 Lebanon Springs, 42 Lepanto marble, 61 Le Roy, limestone, 63 Le. Roy Salt .Ca., 52 Lewis county, crystalline limestone, 69; limestone, 62, 67, 68 Lewiston, sandstone, 72 ‘Lime, 57, 65, 66; agricultural, 66 Limestone, 9, 10, II, 57, 58, 60, 68 Limonite, 37 Little Falls, trap, 77 Little Falls dolomite, 60 Livingston county, brick, 20; clay, 18; Salt. St Lockport, limestone, 63; sandstone, 72 Long Island, brick, 19 Lowville, limestone, 61 Lyon Mountain, Chateaugay Ore & Iron Co., 38 Mac Intyre Iron Co., 38 Madison county, lime, 63, 66; lime- stone, 63, 68 Madison Pipe Line Co., Wellsville, 49 Magnetite, 37 Malden, brick, 22 Malone, sandstone, 72 Manhattan Trap Rock Co., 77 Manlius limestone, 63 Marble, 9, 10, 11, 57, 58, 60, 70, 71 Marl, 10, 64 Medina sandstone, 47, 72 86 . NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Metallic paint, 10, II Mica, 30 Millen Portland Cement Co., James- ville, 16 Millstones, 10, II, 30, 73 Mineral paints, Io, 41 Mineral production, small output for Vea.) 7.s valser 7 Mineral waters, 10, II, 42 Mineville, iron ore, 38 Molding sand, Io, 54, 55 Monroe county, brick, 20; clay, 18; drain tile, 25; gypsum, 35; lime- stone, 63, 68; sandstone, 72 Montezuma, marl, 64 Montgomery county, brick, 20; build- ing stone, 66; clay, 18; limestone, 68 Monumental stone, 58; from granite, 60; from marble, 71 Moriah township, serpentinous mar- bles, 13 Mortar colors, 42 Myers, salt, 51 Nassau county, brick, 20; clay, 18 Natural Bridge, talc, 79 Natural cement, 9, 10, II, 15, 16, 63 Natural gas, 9, I0, II, 45 New York county, clay, 18 New York Transit Co., Olean, 49 Niagara county, brick, 20; clay, 18; furnace flux, 66; limestone, 65, 68; _sandstone, 72 Niagara Falls, limestone, 63 North Buffalo, limestone, 65 North Country Corporation, 79 North Creek, garnet, 30 North River Garnet Co., 32 Norwich, sandstone, 73 Nyack, trap, 77 Oil industry, 9, 47 Olean, petroleum, 49 Olean, New York Transit Co., 49 Olmstedville, serpentinous marbles, 13 Oneida conglomerate, 72 Oneida county, brick, 20; clay, 18; drain tile, 25; hematite, 37; lime- stone, 62, 68 Onondaga Coarse Salt Association,. 51 Onondaga county, brick, 20; build- ing stone, 66; clay, 18, 26; drain tile, 25; gypsum, 35; limestone, 63, - 65, 68; salt, 51 Onondaga limestone, 63, 66 Onondaga Salt Springs Reservation, 50 Ontario Center, Furnaceville Iron Cos. 46 Ontario county, brick, 20; clay, 18; drain tile, 25; iron ore, 41; natural gas, 46 Ontario Gas Co., 46 Ontario Iron Co., Ontario Center, 38 Ontario Talc Co., 79 Orange county, brick, 20, 21, 22; clay, 18; limestone, 63; magnetite, 37; serpentinous limestone, 14 Oriskany sandstone, 63 Orleans county, limestone, 63; sand- stone; -72).75, .70 Otisville, sandstone, 73 Otsego county, sandstone, 73 Paint minerals, 41 Palisades, trap, 77 Pamelia limestone, 61 Paragon Plaster Co., Syracuse, 55 Pavilion hill, 14. Pavilion Natural Gas Co., 46 Paving blocks, from sandstone, 72 Paving brick, 9, 17, 24 Pegmatite, 30 Pekin, limestone, 62 Petroleum, 9, 10, II, 47 Philipstown, serpentinous limestone, 14 Piffard, Genesee Salt Co., 51 Plaster, agricultural, 9 Plattsburg, limestone, 61, 62; marble, 70 Porcelain, 26 Port Ewen, brick, 22 Port Henry, limestone, 61; serpentin- ous marbles, 13 Port Henry, Cheever Iron Ore Co., 38 Port Henry Iron Ore Co., Mineville, 38 —— INDEX TO MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI4 87 Port Richmond, trap, 77 Portage formation, 73 Portland cement, 9, I0, II, 15, 16, 63 Portland Pt., Cayuga Lake Cement Co., 64 Potsdam, sandstone, 72 Potsdam sandstone, 71 Pottery, 8, 10, II, 17, 26 Producers Gas Co., 46 Pulaski, natural gas, 47 Pulaski Gas & Oil Co., 46 Putnam county, serpentinous lime- stone, 14 Pyrite, 8, 10, II Quarry materials, 9 Quartz, IO, II Quartz of pegmatites, 30 Queens county, clay, 18 Randolph, shale, 41 Red slate, 41 Redwood, sandstone, 72 Remington Salt Co., Ithaca, 51 Rensselaer county, brick, 19, 20, 21, im 23; clay, 18 Retsof Mining Co., 52 Richfield Springs, 42 Richmond county, brick, 20; clay, 18, 26; front brick, 23 Riprap, from granite, 60; from lime- stone, 65 Rochester, limestone, 63; sandstone, 72 Rochester Composite Brick Co., 55 Rochester, Vacuum Oil Co., 49 Rock Glen Salt Co., 51 Rock salt, 8 Rockland county, brick, 20, 21, 22; clay, 18; limestone, 65; trap, 77 Rondout limestone,. 63 Roofing slate, 10, 11 Rosendale district, cement, 16 Rubble, from granite, 60; from lime- stone, 65 Rye, serpentine, 14, 70 St Lawrence county, brick, 20; clay, 18; crystalline limestone, 69; gra- _ phite, 34; limestone, 67, 68; marble, 71; sandstone, 71; serpentinous limestone, 13; zinc, 80 St Lawrence Talc Co., 79 Salt. -G, 10,- 11,50 Saltville, salt, 51 Saud, 10; 11, 53 Sand-lime brick, Io, II, 55 Sandstone, Of 10, 11,57, 58, 71,75, 76 Sandy Creek, natural gas, 47 Sandy Creek Oil & Gas Co., 46 Sanitary Supplies, 26 Saratoga county, brick, 20; clay, 18; drain tile, 25; limestone, 61, 62 Saratoga Springs, 42 Saugerties, brick, 22; sandstone, 73 Schenectady county, clay, 18 Schcharie county, limestone, 65, 68 Schuyler county, salt, 51; sandstone, 73 . Scio, petroleum, 49 Seaboard Portland Cement Co., i6 Semiporcelain, 26 Seneca, petroleum, 49 Seneca county, marl, 64 Seneca Falls, limestone, 63 Serpentine, 12, 70 Sewer pipe, 9, 17 Sharon Springs, 42 Shawangunk grit, 40, 73 Sienna, 41 Silver Creek Gas & Improvement Co., 46 Silver Springs, salt, 51 Slate, Io Slate pigment, 10, II, 42 Slip clay, 26 Smith’s Basin, limestone, 62 Solvay Process Co., 52, 65 South Bethlehem, limestone, 63 South Dover Marble Co., Wingdale, 71 South Shore Natural Gas & Fuel Co., 46 Split Rock, limestone, 63 Standard Tale Co., 79 Staten Island, brick, 19; serpentine, 14, 70; trap, 77 Sterling Iron & Railway Co., Lake- ville, 38 88 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Sterling Salt Co., Cuylerville, 52 Steuben county, brick, 20; clay, 18; marl, 64; petroleum, 50; sandstone, 73 Stone, 9, 56 Stoneware, 26 Stove lining, 17 Stucco, 9 Suffolk county, brick, 20; clay, 18 Sullivan county, sandstone, 73 Sylvia lake, talc, 79 Syracuse, Paragon Plaster Co., 55 Palens 10: 1, 75 Talcville, talc, 79 Terra cotta, 8, 17, 25 Theresa limestone, 61 Thurman, asbestos, 13; serpentinous marbles, 13 | Ticonderoga, feldspar, 30 Tide Water Pipe Co., 49 Mile; 9 Tioga county, sandstone, 73 Tompkins county, brick, 20; clay, 18; salt, 51; sandstone, 73 Trap,.6, 10, ©1, 57; 58,-70 Trenton limestone, 47, 61, 62 Tully, limestone, 63 Ulster. county, -brick,. :20;,. 21, 22; cement, 16; clay, 18; limestone, 63, 65, 68; millstones, 39; sandstone, 73 Uniform Fibrous Talc Co., Talcville, 79 Union Pipe Line Co., 49 United States Talc Co., 79 Vacuum Oil Co., Rochester, 49 Valcour island, limestone, 61 Vermont Marble Co., Proctor, 71: Vitrified paving brick, 17 Wall plasters, 9 Warner, marl, 64 Warren county, brick, 20; clay, 18; crystalline limestone, 69; graphite, 34; lime, 66; limestone, 62, 65, 68; marble, 71; serpentinous limestone, 13 Warsaw, sandstone, 73 Washington county, brick, 20; clay, 18; drain tile, 25; graphitewase lime, 66; limestone, 62, 68; red slate, 41 Waterloo, limestone, 63 Watervliet, brick, 23 Watkins, salt, 51 Watkins Salt Co., 51 Wayland, marl, 64 Wayne county, clay, 18; hematite, 37; limestone, 63 Wellsville, petroleum, 49 West Union, petroleum, 50 Westchester county, brick, 20, 21, 22, 23; clay, 18; feldspar, 30; times stone, 65; marble, 70, 71; serpen- tine, .14, 70 Willsboro point, limestone, 61 Wingdale, marble, 71 Wirt, petroleum, 49 Witherbee, Sherman & Co., Mine- ville, 38 Worcester Salt Co., 51 Wyoming county, bluestone, 75, 76; salt, 51 Yates county, sandstone, 73 Zinc, 80 Ay” % TA hes ar a ans The University of the State of New York New York State Museum Joun M. CiarkeE, Director PUBLICATIONS Packages will be sent prepaid except when distance or weight renders the same impracticable. On 10 or more copies of any one publication 20% discount will be given. Editions printed are only large enough to meet special claims and probable sales. When the sale copies are exhausted, the price for the few reserve copies is advanced to that charged by second- hand booksellers, in order to limit their distribution to cases of special need. Such prices are inclosed in[ ]. All publications are in paper covers, unless binding is specified. Checks or money orders should be addressed and payable to The University of the State of New York. Museum annual reports 1847-date. Allin print to 1894, 50c a volume, 75c in cloth; 1894-date, sold in sets only; 75c each for octavo volumes; price of quarto volumes on application. These reports are made up of the reports of the Director, Geologist, Paleontologist, Botanist and Entomologist, and museum bulletins and memoirs, issued as advance sections of the reports. Director’s annual reports 1904—date. 1904. 138p. 202. 1910. 280p. il. 42pl. 50c. 1905. 102p. 23pl. 30c. IQII. 218p. 4opl. soc. 1906. 186p. qrpl. 25c. I9I2. 214p. 5opl. Not available. 1907. 212p. 63pl. Not available. I9I3. 158p. il. 2opl. aoc. 1908. 234p. 3901. map. Not available. 1914. 174p. il. 33pt. 45c. 1909. 230p. 41pi. 2 maps, 4 charts. Out of print These reports cover the reports of the State Geologist and of the State Paleontologist. Bound also with the museum reports of which they form a part. Geologist’s annual reports 1881-date. Rep’ts 1, 3-13, 17-date, 8vo; 2, 14-16, 4to. In 1898 the paleontologic work of the State was made distinct from the geologic and was reported separately from 1899-1903. The two departments were reunited in 1904, and are “now repcrted in the Director’s report. 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The descriptions and illustrations of edible and unwholesome species contained in the 49th, 51st and 52d reports have been re- nisee and rearranged, and, combined with others more recently prepared, constitute Museum emoir 4. Museum bulletins 1887-date. 8vo. To advance subscribers, $2 a year, or $1 a year jor division (1) geology, economic geology, paleontology, mineralogy; 50¢ each for division (2) general zoology, archeology, miscellaneous, (3) botany, (4) entomology. Bulletins are grouped in the list on the following pages according to divisions, The divisions to which bulletins belong are as follOws: rt Zoology 61 Economic Geology 120 Economic Geology 2 Botany 62 Miscellaneous t21 Director’s report for 1907 3 Economic Geology 63 Geology 122 Botany 4 Mineralogy 64 Entomology 123 Economic Geology 5 Entomology 65 Paleontology 124 Entomology 6 ate 66 Miscellaneous 125 Archeology 7 Economic Geology 67 Botany 126 Geology 8 Botany 68 Entomology 127 “ 9 Zoology 69 Paleontology — 128 s to Economic Geology 70 Mineralogy 129 Entomology Il - 71 Zoology 130 Zoology I2 Y 72 Entomology 131 Botany 13 Entomology 73 Archeology 132 Economic Geology 14 Geology. » 74 Entomology 133 Director’s report Yor £908. 15 Economic Geology 75 Botany 134 Entomology 16 Archeology 76 Entomology 135 Geology 17 Economic Geology 77 Geology 136 Entomology 18 Archeology 78 Archeology — 137 Geology 19 Geology 79 Entomology 138 < 20 Entomology 80 Paleontology 139 Botany 21 Geology 81 Geology 140 Director’s report for 1a09- 22 Archeology 82 ¥ 141 Entomolog 23 Entomology 83 s 142 Economic Geoloes 24 “ 84 - 143 25 Botany 85 Econo.aic Geology 144 Archeology 26 Entomology 86 Entomology; 145 Geology 27 nC 87 Archeology 146 5 28 Botany 88 Zoology 147 Entomology 29 Zoology. 89 Archeology 148 Geology 30 Economic Geo.uogy 90 Paleontology 149 Director’s report for I9I0: 31 Entomology 91 Zoology 150 Botany 32 Archeology 92 Paleontology I51 Economic Geology 33 Zoology 93 Economic Geology j 152 Geology 34 Geology 94 Botany Oe ee a 35 Economic Geology 95 Geology 154 es 36 Entomology 06 ps5 Entomology 37 % 97 Entomology 156 38 Zoology 98 Mineralogy 157 Botany 39 Paleontology 99 Paleontology © 158 Direcuses s report for 1911 40 Zoology too Economic Geology 159 Geology 41 Archeology 101 Paleontology LOOT UG. T 42 Geology 102 Economic Geology 161 Economic Geology 43 Zoology 103 Entomology 162 Geology 44 Economic Geology 104 163 Archeology 45 Paleontology 105 Botany 164 Director’s report for 1912 46 Entomology 106 Geology 165 Entomology 47 107 Geology and Paleontulogy 166 Economic Geology 48 Geology - 108 Archeology 167. Botany. 49 Paleontology 109 Entomology 168 Geology 50 Archeology IIo 169 51 Zoology t11 Geology 170 KE: 52 Paleontology 112 Economic Geology E70, fs 53 Entomology 113 Archeology 172 S* 54 Botany 114 Geology 173 Director’s report for 1913 55 Archeology 115 Geology 174 Economic Geolcgy 56 Geology 116 Botany I75 Entomology 57 Entomology, 117 Archeology 176 Rotany 58 Mineralogy 118 Geology 177 Director’s report for 1914. 59 Entomology 119 Econornic Geology 178 Economic Geology o Zoolozy s — ee ee ee ee MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS Bulletins are also found with the annual reports of the museum as follows: Bulletin Report ' Bulletin’ Report Bulletin Report Bulletin Report II-I5 48, V. 1 79 | 57, V. 1, pt II9-2I 61,V.1 154 64, Vv. 2 EG S27 HO,.v. x | 80 57, V. 5, Dt I22 61, Vv. 2 I55 65, V. 2 28,19 ih aes g 81,82 58) V3 123 6, Vi. I 156 65, Vv. 2 20-25 52, Va E 83,84 5S, Var I24 Gis. 2 I57 65; Va 2 26-31 aa VE 85 58, Vv. 2 I25 62, V.3 158 65, Vv. I 32-34 BAL Vet SO 58, Vv. 5 126-28 62,Vv.1 I59 655.V.. = 35,36 54, Vv. 2 87-89 58,Vv.4 129 62, Vv. 2 160 Oss Veet 37-44 GA. Va. 3 90 58, v. 3 130 62, V.3 I6I 65, v. 2 45-48 54,V.4 gI 58, Vv. 4 731,132 62, V. 2 162 OSa VEE 49-54 Sea we E 92 58, v. 3 n33 62, v2 163 66, v. 2 55 56, V.4 93 58, v. 2 134 62, Vv. 2 164 66;-ve I 50 S65.V.1 94 58,V.4 135 OS n Vie ok 165-67 66, v. 2 57 56, Vv. 3: 95,96 Bos ve L 136 63, V. 2 168-70 66, v. I 58 BO, av. 1 97 58,Vv.5 137 Ose Eayno 56, V. 3 98,99 59,V.2 138 Ozer Memoir 61 SOV 100 5O; Ver 139 63; Ve 2 2 49, Vv. 3 62 56,Vv.4 IOI 59, V. 2 I40 63, V. I 3,4 = Bah Mare 63 56, Vv. 2 102 SOn Vv. © IAI 63, V. 2 5,6 57, V.3 64 EO. 3 103-5 Seva 2 142 63, Vv. 2 4 57, V.4 65 56, Vv. 2 106 5O; Vik 143 _ 63, Vv. 2 Se Dt a 59, V. 3 60,67 56,v.4 107 60, V. 2 144 64, Vv. 2 8, pt 2 59, V.4 68 56, Vi 3 108 60, Vv. 3 145 64, V.F 9, ptr 60, Vv. 4 69 56, V. 2 I09,«10 60, V.1 146 G4, V1 9, pt 2 62,V.4 Pei Ss. C. Ly Pt I) Lt 60, V. 2 147 64, Vv. 2 Io 60, Vv. 5 72 Syeeveet, DG2 1r2 60, Vv. 1 148 64, Vv. 2 II GIR Vans 73 Bye 2 113 60, Vv. 3 I49 64, Vi 1 12, pt. OB avers 74 Reeve tpt 2 ixTA 60, Vv. I I50 64, Vv. 2 T2 0 pe 2 O6tev Ss 75 575, Va 2 II5 60, Vv. 2 I51I 64, V. 2 13 635 vi.4 76 Bev. Lapb 2) TLO 60, Ve 5 I52 64, Vv. 2 EAS Vad 65, Vv. 3 77 peat Ptr TL7 60, V. 3 153 64, V. 2 TAS.) 2 65, Vv. 4 78 57, V. 2 118 60, Vv. 1 The figures at the beginning cf 2ach entry in the following list indicate its number as a museum bulletin. Geology and Paleontology. 14 Kemp, J. F. Geology of Moriah and West- port Townships, Essex Co., N. Y., with notes on the iron mines. 38p. iyo 2 maps. Sept. 1895. Free. 19 Merrill, F. J. H. Guide to the Study of the Geological Collections of the New York State Museum. 164p. t19pl. map. Nov. 1898. Out of print. 21 Kemp, J. F. Geology of the Lake Placid Region. 24p. rpl. map. Sept. 1898. Free. 34 Cumings, E. R. Lower Silurian System of Eastern Montgomery County; Prosser, C. S. Notes on the Stratigraphy of Mohawk Valley and Sara- toga County, N. Y. 74p.14pl. map. May 1900. Not available. 39 Clarke, J. M.; Simpson, G. B. & Loomis, F. B. Paleontologic Papers 1. fan, i, z6pl.. Oct. 1r900.. 15¢. SA gectaig Clarke, J. M. A Remarkable Occurrence of Orthoceras in the Oneonta Beds of e Chenango Valley, N. Y. —-— eli cryptophya; a Peculiar Echinoderm from the. Intumescens-zone (Portage Beds) of Western New York. —— Dictyonine Hexactinellid Sponges from the Upper Devonic of New York. —— The Water Biscuit of Squaw Island, Canandaigua Lake, Simpson, G. B. Preliminary Descriptions of New Genera of Paleozoic Rugose Corals. Loomis, F. B. Siluric Fungi'from Western New York. Ruedemann, Rudolf. Hudson River Beds near Albany and their Taxo- nomic Equivalents. 1116p. 2pl. map. Apr. 1901. 25c. ‘ 45 Grabau, A. W. Geology and Paleontology of Niagara Falls and Vicinity. 286p. il. 18pl..map. Apr. 1901. 65c; cloth, goc. 48 Woodworth, J. B. Pleistocene Geology of Nassau County and Borough of Queens. 58p. il. 8pl. map. Dec. 1901. Not available. 49 Ruedemann, Rudolf; Clarke, J. M. & Wood, Elvira. Paleontologic Papers 2. 240p. 13pl. Dec. r901. Out of print. Contents: May foomarye Rudolf. Trenton Conglomerate of Rysedorph Hill. Clarke, J. M. Limestones of Central and Western New York Interbedded with Bitumi- nous Shales of the Marcellus Stage. Wood, Elvira. Marcellus Limestones of Lancaster, me Coy, N. Y. Clarke, J. M. New Agelacrinites. Value of. Amnigenia as an Indicator of Fresh-water Deposits during the Devonic of New York, Ireland and the Rhineland. i 52 Clarke, J. M. Report of the State Paleontologist rg01. 28o0p. il. ropl. map, 1 tab. July 1902. 4oc. THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 56 Merrill, F. J. H. Description of the State Geologic Map of 1901. 4ap. 2 maps, tab. Nov. rg02. Free. 63 Clarke, J. M. & Luther, D. D.. Stratigraphy of Cananadigua and Naples Quadrangles. *78p. map. June 1904. 25c. 65 Clarke. J. M. Catalogue of Type Specimens of .Paleozoic Fossils in the New York State Museum. 848p. May 1903. Not available. 69 —— Report of the State Paleontologist 1902. 464p. 52pl.7 maps. Nov. 1903. $1, cloth. 77 Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Vicinity of Little Falls, Herkimer Co. 98p, il, 15pl. 2 maps. gam: 1905: 30¢. : 80 Clarke, J. M. Report of the State Paleontologist 1903. 396p. 2gpl. 2 maps. Feb. 1905. 85¢c, cloth. 81 Clarke, J. M. & Luther, D. D. Watkins and Elmira Quadrangles. 32p. map..Mar. 1905. 25c. - 82 —— Geologic Map of the Tully Quadrangle. 4op.map. Apr.1905. 20C¢. 83 Woodworth, J. B. Pleistocene Geology of the Mooers Quadrangle. 62p. 25pl. map. June 1905. 25¢. 84 —— Ancient Water Levels of the Champlain and Hudson Valleys. 206p. il. rzpl. 18 maps: July 1905. 45¢. 90 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Cephalopoda of Beekmantown and Chazy For- mations of Champlain Basin. 224p. il. 38pl. May 1906. 75¢, cloth. 92 Grabau, A. W. Guide to the Geology and Paleontology of the Schoharie Region. 314p.il. 26pl. map. Apr.1006. 7s5€¢, cloth. 95 Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Northern Adirondack Region. 188p. bSpl 3 maps. Sept! 1roo5. 30¢: 96 Ogilvie, I. H. Geology of the Paradox Lake Quadrangle. 5,p. il. r7pl. map. Dec. 1905. Not available. 99 Luther, D. D. Geology of the Buffalo Quadrangle. 32p. map. May ~ L906. 20C. IOI Geology of the Penn Yan-Hammondsport Quadrangles. 28p. map. July 1906. Out of print. 106 Fairchild, H. L. Glacial Waters in the Erie Basin. 88p. 14pl. 9 maps. Feb. 1907. Out of print. 107 Woodworth, J. B.; Hartnagel, C. A.; Whitlock, H. P.; Hudson, G. H.; Clarke, J. M.; : White, David & Berkey. Cy Py Geological Papers. 388p. 54pl. map. May 1907. goc, cloth. Contents: Woodworth, J. B. Postglacial Faults of Eastern New York. Hartnagel, C. A. Stratigraphic Relations of the Oneida Conglomerate. Upper Siluric and Lower Devonic Formations of the Skunnemunk Mountain Region. Whitlock, H. P. Minerals from Lyon Mountain, Clinton Co. Hudson, G. H. On Some Pelmatozoa from the Chazy Limestone of New York. Clarke, ie M. Some New Devonic Fossils. An Interesting Style of Sand-filled Vein. = — Eurypterus Shales of the Shawangunk Mountains in Eastern New Vouk White, David. A Remarkable Fossil Tree Trunk from the Middle Devonic of New York. Berkey, C. P. Str -tural and Stratigraphic Features of the Basal Gneisses of the High- ands : t11 Fairchild, H. L. Drumlins of New York. 6o0p. 28pl. 19 maps. July 1907. Out of print. 114 Hartnagel, C. A. Geologic Map of the Rochester and Ontario Beach Quadrangles. 36p. map. Aug. 1907. Not available. 115 Cushing, H. P. Geologv of eae Long Lake Quadrangle. 88p. 2opl. map. Sept. 1907. Out of print. 118 Clarke, J. M. & Luther, D. D. Geologic Maps and Descriptions of the Portage and Nunda Quadrangles including a map of Letchworth Park. 50p. r6pl. 4 maps... Jan. 2908, | 35¢. 126 Miller, W. J. Geology of the Remsen Quadrangle. 54p. il. r1pl. map. Jan..1995:. 25c. 127 Fairchild, H. L. Glacial Waters in Central New York. 64p. 27pl. 15 maps. Mar. 1909. Out of print. 128 Luther, D. D. Geology of the Geneva-Ovid Quadrangles. 44p. map. Apr. 1909. Not available. 135 Miller, W. J. Geology of the Port Leyden Quadrangle, Lewis County, N. M4, O2p ail... 1 pl, map. jan. ror. eae ey EE —— —ian =e. ast = <> MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS 137 Luther, D. D. Geology of the Auburn-Genoa Quadrangles. 36p. map. Mar. 1910. 20C. 138 Kemp, J. F. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. Geology of the Elizabethtown and Port Henry Quadrangles. 176p. il. 2opl. 3 maps. Apr. 1g10o. Not _avatlable. 145 Cushing, H. P.; Fairchild, H. L.; Ruedemann, Rudolf & Smyth, C. H. Geology of the Thousand Islands Region. t1gq4p. il. 62pl.6 maps. Dec. 1910. Not available. 146 Berkev, C. P. Geologic Features and Problems of the New York City (Catskill) Aqueduct. 286p. il. 38pl. maps. Feb. 1911. 75c; cloth, $1. 148 Gordon, C. E. Geology of the Poughkeepsie Quadrangle. 122p. il. mop map. Apr.1gir. 30C. 152 Luther, D. D. Geology of the Honeoye-Wayland Quadrangles. 3op. map. Oct. IQII. 20¢. 153 Miller, William J. Geology of the Broadalbin Quadrangle, Fulton- Saratoga Counties, New York. 66p. il. 8pl. map. Dec. 1911. Not available. 154 Stoller, James H. Glacial Geology of the Schenectady Quadrangle. 44p. gpl. map. Dec. 1911. Not available. 159 Kemp. James F. The Mineral Springs of Saratoga. 8op.il. 3pl. Apr. 1912. Not avaiiable. 160 Fairchild, H. L. Glacial Waters in the Black and Mohawk Valleys. 48p. il. 8pl.14 maps. May 1912. 50c. 162 Ruedemann, Rudolf. The Lower Siluric Shales of the Mohawk Valley 152p. il. pl. Aug. 1912. 35c. 168 Miller, William J. Geological History of New York State. 130p. 43pl. 10 maps. Dec. 1913. 40c. 169 Cushing, H. P. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. Geology of Saratoga Springs and Vicinity. 178p.il.20pl. map. Feb. 1914. 4oc. 170 Miller, William J. Geology of the North Creek Quadrangle. gop. il. r4pl. Feb. 1914. Not available. 171 Hopkins, T.C. The Geology of the Syracuse Quadrangle. 8op. il. 2o00l. map. July 1914. Not available. : 172 Luther, D. D. Geology of the Attica and Depew Quadrangles. 32). map. August 1914. Not available. Miller, William J. The Geology of the Lake Pleasant Quadrangle. In press. Stoller, James H. Glacial Geology of the Saratoga Quadrangle. In press. Miller, William J. Geology of the Blue Mountain Quadrangle. Prepared. Martin, James C. & Chadwick, George H. Geology of the Canton Quad- rangle. Prepared. Luther, D.D. Geology of the Phelps Quadrangle. In preparation. Whitnall, H. O. Geology of the Morrisville Quadrangle. Prepared. Hudson, G. H. Geology of Valcour Island. In preparation. Economic Geology. 3 Smock, J. C. Building Stone in the State of New York. r54p. Mar. 1888. Out of print. . First Report on the Iron Mines and Iron Ore Districts in the State of New York. 78p. map. June 1889. Out of print. Building Stone in New York. 210p. map, tab. Sept. 1890. Not available. tr Merrill, F. J. H. Salt and Gypsum Industries of New York. ogg4p. r2pl. 2 maps, 11 tab. Apr. 1893. Not available. 12 ha Heinrich. Clay Industriesof New York. 174p.il. rpl.map. Mar. 1895. 30C. 15 Merrill F. J. H. Mineral Resources of New York. 240p. 2 maps. Sept. 1895. [soc] Road Materials and Road Building in New York. s52p. r4pl. 2 maps. Oct. 1897. Not available. 30 Orton, Edward. Petroleum and Natural Gas in New York. 136p. il. 3._maps. Nov. 1899. 15¢c. 35 Ries, Heinrich. Clays of New York; their Properties and Uses. 456p. 140pl. map. June 1900. Out of print. Lime and Cement Industries of New York; Eckel, E. C. Chapters on the Cement Industry. 332p. rorpl. 2 maps. Dec. 1901. Sse, cloth. Io 17 THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 61 Dickinson, H. T. Quarries of Bluestone and Other Sandstones in New York. \ 114p./r18pl: 2) aaps: “Mar, 1903. | 35€e: 85 Rafter, G. W. Hydrology of New York State. gop. il. 44pl. 5 maps. - May 1905. $1.50, cloth. 93 Newland, D. H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York. 78p. July 1905. Out of print. too McCourt, W. E. Fire Tests of Some New York Building Stones. 4op. 26pl. Feb. L900. I5C- 1o2 Newland, D. H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 19056 162p. June EOOO..) 25¢ 112 —— Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1906. 82p. July 1907. Out of print. 119 & Kemp, J. F. Geology of the Adirondack Magnetic Iron Ores with a Report on the Mineville-Port Henry Mine Group. 184p. rapl. Suma pss Api GOo. | 13,5C: 120 Newland, D.H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1907. 8ap. July 1908. Out of print. 123 & Hartnagel, C. A. Iron Ores of the Clinton Formation in New Yorkiotate,.76p! il; rapl.3 maps.: Nov. 1968.) ese 132 Newland, D.H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1908. 98p. july 1909. a 5c: 142 Mining and Quarry Industry of New York for 1909. 98p. Aug. 1910. Not available. 143 Gypsum Deposits of New York. g4p. ZO 4maps. Oct.1910 Not available. I51 Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1910. 82p. June 1g1i1. Not available. 161 —— Miningand Quarry Industry of New York 1911. 114p. July 1912. 20c. 166 —— Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1912. 114p. August 1913. Not available. 474 —— Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1913. 111 p. Dec. 1914. 200. 178 —— Mining and Quarry Industry of New York 1914. 88p. Nov. 1915. 15c. The Quarry Materials of New York. In press. Mineralogy. 4 Nason, F.L. Some New York Minerals and Their Localities. 22p. ipl. Aug..1888. Not available. 58 Whitlock, H. P. Guide to the Mineralogic Collections of the New York State Museum. trsop. il. 39pl. 11 models. Sept. 1902. 4oc. New York Mineral Localities. r10p. Oct. 1903. 20¢. . Contributions from the Mineralogic Laboratory. 38p. ypl > Wee 1905. Out of print. Zoology. 1 Marshall, W. B. Preliminary List of New York Unionidae. 2op. Mar. 1892. Not available. Beaks of Unionidae Inhabiting the Vicinity of Albany, N.Y. 30p. Ipl. Aug. 189s. Free. 29 Miller, G. S., jr. Preliminary List of New York Mammals. t124p. Oct. 1899. Not available. | 33 Farr, M.S. Check List of New York Birds. 224p. Apr. 1900. 25¢. 38 Miller, G. S., jr. Key to the Land Mammals of Northeastern North America. 106p. Oct. 1900. Out of print. 40 Simpson, G. B. Anatomy and Physiology of Polygyra albolabris and Limax maximus and Embryology of Limax maximus. 82p. 28pl. Oct. LOOT. (25) 43 Kellogg, J. L. Clam and Scallop Industries of New York. 36p. 2pl. map. Apr. 1901. Not available. 51 Eckel, E. C. & Paulmier, F.C. Catalogue of Reptiles-and Batrachians < of New York. 64p. il. rpl. Apr. 1902. Out of print. Ps: Eckel, E. C. Serpents of Northeastern United States. *Paulmier, F.C. Lizards, Tortoises and Batrachians of New York. pee eT: Hi, Cara eee of the Fishes of New York. 784p. Feb. 1903. I, clot 70 98 9 MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS 71 Fa J. L. Feeding Habits and Growth of Venus mercenaria. 3op. 4 ept. 1903. Free. ee Elizabeth ds Check List of the Mollusca of New York. 1116p. Pi, 1905. 20C. 91 Paulmier, F. C. Higher Crustacea of New York City. 78p. il. June 20Cc. Beg Shateldt, R. W. Osteology of Bada 382p. il. 26pl. May 1909. 50c. Entomology. 5 Lintner, J. A. White Grub of the May Beetle. 34p. il. Nov. 1888. Not available. . 6 Cut-worms. 38p. il. Nov. 1888. Free. 13 San José Scale and Some Destructive Insects of New York State. eee. “iipr. 1895. 15. 20 Felt, E. P. Elm Leaf Beetle in New York State. 46p. il. spl. June pogo. Free. See 57. 14th Report of the State Entomologist 1898. t15o0p. il. gpl. Dec. 1898. Not avazlable. Memorial of the Life and Entomologic Work of J. A. Lintner Ph.D. State Entomologist 1874-98; Index to Entomologist’s Reports 1-13. 316p. oe Oct. 1899. 35c. Supplement to 14th report of the State Entomologist. 26 Collection, Preservation and Distribution of New York Insects. 36p. il. Apr. 1899. Out of print. Shade Tree Pests in New York State. 26p. il. 5pl. May 1899. 27 Pree: 31 —— 15th Report of the State Entomologist 1899. 128p. June 1goo. Not available. 36 16th Report of the State Entomologist 1900. 3118p. 16pl. Mar. 1901. Not available. Catalogue of Some of the More Important Injurious and Beneficial Insects of New York State. 54p. il. Sept. 1900. Not available. Scale Insects of Importance and a List of the Species in New York State. o4p. il. rspl. June 1901. 25¢c. 47 Needham, J. G. & Betten, Cornelius. Aquatic Insects in the Adiron- dacks. 234p. il. 36pl. Sept. 1901. 465c. 53 Felt, E. P. 17th Report of the State Entomologist 1901. 232p. il. 6pl. Aug. 1902. Out of print. 57 Elm Leaf Beetle in New York State. 46p. il. 8pl. Aug. 1902. Out of print. This is a revision of Bulletin 20 containing the more essential facts observed since that Was prepared. 46 59 Grapevine Root Worm. 4op. 6pl. Dec. 1902. Not available. See 72. 64 18th Report of the State Entomologist 1902. t11op. 6pl. May 1903. Not avazlable. 68 Needham, J. G. & others. Aquatic Insects in New York. 322p. sa2pl. Aug. 1903. 8oc, cloth. 72 Felt, E. P. Grapevine Root Worm. 58p. 13pl. Nov. 1903. 2o0¢. This is a revision of Bulletin 59 containing the more essential facts observed since that was prepared. 74 & Joutel, L. H. Monograph of the Genus Saperda. 88p. rapl. June 1904. 25c. 76 Felt, E. P. agth Report of the State Entomologist 1903. rs5op. 4pl. Sood. 5c. 79 ee or Culicidae of New York. 164p. il. 57pl. tab. Oct. 86. Meedhatn, J. G. & others. May Flies and Midges of New York. 352p. il. 37pl. June 1905. Out of print. 97 Felt, E. P. 20th Report of the State Entomologist 1904. 246p. il. rgpl. Nov. 1905. 4oc. 103 Gipsy and Brown Tail Moths. 44p. 1ropl. July 1906. 15¢. THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 104 —— 21st Report of the State Entomologist 1905. r144p. 1opl. Aug. 1906. Not available. 109 —— Tussock Moth and Elm Leaf Beetle. 34p. 8pl. Mar. 1907.. Not available. IIo 22d Report of the State Entomologist 1906. 1152p. 3pl. June TOO Fe. 258: 124 23d Report ofthe State Entomologist 1907. 542p. il) qagpl@er L908, 1.756. 129 Control of Household Insects. 48p. il. May 1909. Out of print. 134 24th Report of the State Entomologist 1908. 208p. il. 17pl. Sept. 1909. 35¢c. 136 Controi of Flies and Other Household Insects. 56p. il. Feb. EOIO.1 1 5C: This is a revision of Bulletin r29 containing the more essential facts observed since that was prepared. 141 Felt, E. P. 25th Report of the State Entomologist 1909. 178p. il. 22pl> July 1910. Not available DAY 26th Report of the State Entomologist rg10. 182p. il 35pl. Mar. ane oe Report of the State Entomologist 1911. 1098p. il. 27pl. Jan. ee ‘Eim Leaf Beetle and White-Marked Tussock Moth. 35p. 8pl. Jan. ee ata Report of the State Entomologist 1912. 266p. 14pl. July 1913. Not available. 175 29th Report of the State Entomologist 1913. 258 p. 16 pl. April I915. 45¢. 30th Report of the State Entomologist 1914. In press. Needham, J. G. Monograph on Stone Flies. Iu preparation. Botany. 2 Peck, C. H. Contributions to the Botany of the State of New York. 72p. 2pl. May 1887. Out of print. 8 Boleti of the United States. 98p. Sept. 1889. Out of print. 25 Report of the State Botanist 1898. 76p. spl. Oct. 1899. Out of print. 28 Plants of North Elba. 206p. map. June 1899. 20¢. 54 Report of the State Botanist 1901. 58p. 7pl. Nov. 1902. 40c. 67 Report of the State Botanist 1902. 196p. 5pl. May 1903. Soc. 75 Report of the State Botanist 1903. 7op. 4pl. 1904. 4oc. 04 Report of the State Botanist 1904. 6op.1opl. July 1905. 4oc. 105 —— Report of the State Botanist 1905. 108p.12pl. Aug.1906. S5o0c. 116 Report of the State Botanist 1906. 1120p. 6pl. July 1907. 35¢c. 122 Report of the State Botanist 1907. 178p. 5pl. Aug. 1908. 4o¢c. bee Report of the State Botanist 1908. 202p. 4pl. July 1909. 4oc. 139 Report of the State Botanist 1909. 116p.1opl. Maytogt1o. 45c. 150 Report of the State Botanist 1910. t1oop. spl. May 1911. 3o0c. 157 —— Report of the State Botanist 1911. 1140p. opl. Mar aore. eee 167 —— Report of the State Botanist 1912. 138p. gpl. Sept. 1913. 30c. 176 —— Report of the State Botanist 1913. 78p. 17pl. June 1or5.. Zee. Report of the State Botanist 1914. In press. Archeology. 16 Beauchamp, W. M. Aboriginal Chipped Stone Implements of New York. 86p. 23pl. Oct. 1897. Not available. Polished Stone Articles Used ee the New York Aborigines. 104p. S5pL . N@w.21897.. 25c. Earthenware of the New York Aborigines. 78p. 33pl. Oct. 1898. 18 22 Aboriginal Occupation of New York. troop. 16pl. 2 maps. Mar. E990... 30C. Wampum and Shell Articles Used by New: York Indians. 166p. 28pl. Mar. 1901. Out of print. Horn and Bone Implements of the New York Indians. rt2p. 43pl. Mar. 1902. Out of print. 32 41 50 ae a _ ee Se As tc rl Ni, ee wie cca ae MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS Metallic Implements of the New York Indians. o94p. 38pl. June 1902. Not available. Metallic Ornaments of the New York Indians. 122p. 37pl. Dec. 1903. Not available. History of the New York Iroquois. 340p. 17pl. map. Feb. 1905. Not available. Perch Lake Mounds. 84p. 12pl. Apr. 1905. Out of print. Aboriginal Use of Wood in New York. gop. 35pl. June 1905. Not available. . 108 Aboriginal Place Names of New York. 336p. May 1907. 4o¢e. 113 Civil, Religious and Mourning Councils and Ceremonies of Adop- fom. r18p. 7pl. June 1907. 25¢. : 117 Parker, A. C. An Erie Indian Village and Burial Site. t1ozp. 38pl. | Dec. 1907. 30c. _ 125 Converse, H. M. & Parker, A.C. Iroquois Myths and Legends. 1g6p. me. crpl. Dec. 1908. foc. 144 Parker, A. C. Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants. t12op. Sei. 31pl. Nov. r910. Not available. 163 The Code of Handsome Lake. 144p. 23pl. Nov. 1912. Not avazlable. The Constitution of the Five Nations. In press. Miscellaneous. 62 Merrill, F. J. H. Directory of Natural History Museums in United States and Canada. 236p. Apr. 1903. 30C. 66 Ellis, Mary. Index to Publications of the New York State Natural History Survey and New York State Museum 1837-1902. 418p. June fea. 75¢, cloth. Museum memoirs 1889-date. 4to. t Beecher, C. E. & Clarke, J. M. Development of Some Silurian Brachi- ,opoda. og6p. 8pl. Oct. 1889. $1. 2 Hall, James & Clarke, J. M. Paleozoic Reticulate Sponges. 35o0p. il. 7opl. 1898. $2, cloth. 3 Clarke, J. M. The Oriskany Fauna of Becraft Mountain, Columbia Co., ma.) 2283p. opl. Oct. 1900. 8oc. 4 Peck, C. H. N. Y. Edible Fungi, 1895-99. 106p. 25pl. Nov. 1900. Not available. This includes revised descriptions and illustrations of fungi reported in the 49th, sr1st and 52d reports of the State Botanist. 5 Clarke, J. M. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. Guelph Formation and Fauna of New York State. 1196p. 21pl. July 1903. $1.50, cloth. _ 6 Clarke, J. M. Naples Fauna in Western New York. 268p. 26pl. map. : 1904. $2, cloth. 7 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Graptolites of New York. Pt 1 Graptolites of the Lower Beds. 350p. 17pl. Feb. 1905. $1.50, cloth. 8 Felt, E. P. Insects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees. v.1. 46op. il. 48pl. Feb.1906. $2.50, cloth; v.2. 5§48p. il. 22pl. Feb. 1907. $2, cloth. 9 Clarke, J. M. Early Devonic of New York and Eastern North America. Pr. 3606p. il. yopl.5 maps. Mar. 1908. $2.50, cloth; Pt 2. 25op. il. 36pl. 4 maps. Sept. 1909. $2, cloth. to Eastman, C. R. The Devonic Fishes of the New York Formations. 236p. 15pl. 1907. $1.25, cloth. tr Ruedemann, Rudolf. Graptolites of New York. Pt 2 Graptolites of the Higher Beds. 58q4p. il. 3rpl. 2 tab. Apr. 1908. $2.50, cloth. Seemeton, ©. H. . Birds of New York. v. 1. sorp. il. 42pl. Apr. roro. $3, cloth; v.2, 719p.il.64 pl. July 1914. $4, cloth. 13 Whitlock,H.P. Calcitesof New York. trgop. il.27pl. Oct. rgr1o. $1, cloth. 14 Clarke, J. M. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. The Eurypterida of New York. v. 1. Text. 44op. il. v.2 Plates. 188p. 88pl. Dec. 1912. $4, cloth. Natural History of New York. 3ov. il. pl.maps. 4to. Albany 1842-94. DIVISION 1 zoOLOGy. De Kay, James E. Zoology of New York; or, The New York Fauna; comprising detailed descriptions of all the animals hitherto observed within the State of New York with brief notices of those occasionally found near its borders, and accompanied by appropri- ate illustrations. s5v.il.pl.maps. sq. 4to. Albany 1842-44. Out of print. Historical introduction to the series by Gov. W. H. Seward. 178p. a E73 Ps 87 89 THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK v. 1 ptr Mammalia. 131 + 46p. 33pl. 1842. 300 copies with hand-colored plates. v2 pt2 Birds: 12 -3g00ps earl . Toda. Colored plates. ; V. 3 pt3 Reptiles and Amphibia. 7 + 98p.. pt 4 Fishes. 15 + 415p. 1842. pt 3-4 bound together. J v. 4 Plates to accompany v. 3. Reptiles and Amphibia. 23pl. Fishes. 7Opl. 1eA2. 300 copies with hand-colored plates. v. 5 pts Mollusca. 4+ 271p. 4opl. pt6 Crustacea. op. 13pl snege—aae Hand-colored plates; pts—6 bound together. ; DIVISION 2 BOTANY. Torrey, John. Flora of the State of New York; com- prising full descriptions of all the indigenous and naturalized plants hith- erto discovered in the State, with remarks on their economical and medical properties. 2v. il. pl. sq. 4to. Albany 1843. Out of print. v. 1 Flora of the State of New York. 12'+ 484p. 72pl. 1843. 300 copies with hand-colored plates. v. 2 Flora ot the State of New York. 572p. 89pl. 1843. 300 copies with hand-colored plates. DIVISION 3 MINERALOGY. Beck, Lewis C. Mineralogy of New York; com- prising detailed descriptions of the minerals hitherto found in the State of New York, and notices of their uses in the arts and agriculture. il. pl. sq. 4to. Albany 1842. Out of print. v. 1 ptr Economical Mineralogy. ptz Descriptive Mineralogy. 24 + 536p. 1842. ; 8 plates additional to those printed as part of the text. DIVISION 4 GEOLOGY. Mather, W. W.; Emmens, Ebenezer; Vanuxem, Lard- ner & Hall, James. Geology of New York. 4qv. il. pl. sq. 4to. Albany 1842-43. Out of print. v. tptr Mather, W. W. First Geological District. 37 + 653p. 46pl. 1843. v. 2 pt2z Emmons, Ebenezer. Second Geological District. re -)439p: Lag.) su Saee | v. 3 pt3 Vanuxem, Lardner. Third Geological District. 306p. 1842. v 4 pt4 Hall, James. Fourth Geological .District. 22 + 683p. — ropl. map. 1843. DIVISION 5 AGRICULTURE. Emmons, Ebenezer. Agriculture of New York; comprising an account of the classification, composition and distribution of the soils and rocks and the natural waters of the different geological formations, together with a condensed view of the meteorology and agri- — cultural productions of the State. 5v. il. pl. sq. 4to. Albany 1846-54. Out of print. v. I Soils of the State, Their Composition and Distribution. 11 + 371p. 21pl. 1846. v. 2 Analysis of Soils, Plants, Cereals, etc. 8 + 343+ 45p. 42pl. 1849: With hand-colored plates. > v. 3 Fruitsjete: .§ + 3240p. 1858: | v. 4 Plates to accompany v. 3. .o5pli “185n. Hand-colored. ; v. 5 Insects Injurious to Agriculture. 8+ 272p. 5opl. 1854. With hand-colored plates. . a DIVISION 6 PALEONTOLOGY. Hall, James. Paleontology of New York. 8v. — il. pl. sq. 4to. Albany 1847-94. Bound in cloth. . v. 1 Organic Remains of the Lower Division of the New York System. 23 + 338p. ogopl. 1847. Out of print. ; v. 2 Organic Remains of Lower Middle Division of the New Vnre System. ye + 362p. rogpl. 1852. Out of print. | 3 Organic Remains of the Lower Helderberg Group and the Oriskany eseehtie tenes pt 1, text. 12 + 532p: 1859. .[$350! pt 2. 142pl. 186r. [$2.50] : MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS v. 4 Fossil Brachiopoda of the Upper Helderberg, Hamilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. 11 + 1+ 428p.6g9pl. 1867. $2.50. v. 5 pt 1 Jamellibranchiata 1.. Monomyaria of the Upper Helderberg, Hamilton and Chemung Groups. 18 + 268p. 45pl. 1884. $2.50. —— Lamellibranchiata 2. Dimyaria of the Upper Helderberg, Ham- ilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. 62 +4 293p. s5ipl. 1885. $2.50. pt 2 Gasteropoda, Pteropoda and Cephalopoda of the Upper Helder- berg, Hamilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. 2v. 1879. v. 1, text. 15 + 492p.; v.2. 120pl. $2.50 for 2 v. : & Simpson, George B. v. 6 Corals and Bryozoa of the Lower and Up- per Helderberg and Hamilton Groups. 24 + 298p. 67pl. 1887. $2.50. . & Clarke, John M. v. 7 Trilobites and Other Crustacea of the Oris- kany, Upper Helderberg, Hamilton, Portage, Chemung and Catskill Groups. 64 + 236p.46pl. 1888. Cont.supplement tov.5,pt2. Ptero- poda, Cephalopoda and Annelida. 42p. 18pl. 1888. $2.50. —— & Clarke, John M. v.8pt1 Introduction to the Study of the Genera of the Paleozoic Brachiopoda. 16 + 367p. 44pl. 1892. $2.50. —— &Clarke, John M. v. 8 pt2 Paleozoic Prachiopoda. 16 + 394p. 64pl. 1894. $2.50. Catalogue of the Cabinet of Natural History of the State of New York and of the Historical and Antiquarian Collection annexed thereto. 242p. 8vo. 1853. Out of print. Handbooks 1893-date. New York State Museum. s2p. il. 1902. Free. Outlines, history and work of the museum'with list of staff rgo2. Paleontology. 1312p. 1899. Out of print. Brief outline of State Museum work in paleontology under heads: Definition; Relation to biology; Relation to stratigraphy; History of paleontology in New York. Guide to Excursions in the Fossiliferous Rocks of New York. 124p. 1899. Free. Itineraries of 32 trips covering nearly the entire series of Paleozoic rocks, prepared specially for the use of teachers and students desiring to acquaint themselves more intimately with the classic rocks of this State. ; a Entomology. 16p. 1899. Out of print. Economic Geology. 44p. 1904. Free. Insecticides and Fungicides. 2o0p. 1909. Free. Classification of New York Series of Geologic Formations. 32p. 1903. Out of print. Revised edition. 96p. 1912. Free. Geologic maps. Merrill, F. J. H. Economic and Geologic Map of the State of New York; issued as part of Museum Bulletin 15 and 48th Museum Report, v. 1. 59x67cm. 1894. Scale 14 miles to 1 inch. 165c. —— Map of the State of New York Showing the Location of Quarries of Stone Used for Building and Road Metal. 1897. Out of print. Map of the State of New York Showing the Distribution of the Rocks Most Useful for Road Metal. 1897. Out of print. . Geologic Map of New York. tro901. Scale 5 miles to1inch. Jn atlas form $2. Lower Hudson sheet 60c. } T.u:e lower Hudson sheet, geologically colored, comprises Rockland, Orange, Dutchess, Putnam, Westchester, New York, Richmond, Kings, Queens and Nassau counties, and parts of Sullivan, Ulster and Suffolk counties; also northeastern New Tersey and part of western Connecticut. Map of New York Showing the Surface Configuration and Water Sheds, 1901. Scale 12 miles to 1inch. 15c. Map of the State of New York Showing the Location of Its Economic Deposits. 1904. Scale 12 miles to 1 inch. r15¢c. Geologic maps on the United States Geological Survey topographic base. Scale 1 in. = 1 m. Those marked with an asterisk have also been pub- lished separately. *Albany county. 1898. Out of print. Area around Lake Placid. 1808. Vicinity of Frankfort Hill [parts of Herkimer and Oneida counties]. 1899. THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK | \ Rockland county. 1899. Amsterdam quadrangle. t1goo. *Parts of Albany and Rensselaer counties. 1go1. Out of print. | . *Niagara river. Teor.) 25e. Part of Clinton county. t1gor. Oyster Bay and Hempstead quadrangles on Long Island. t1ogor. : Portions of Clinton and Essex counties. 1902. © Part of town of Northumberland, Saratoga co. 1903. Union Springs, Cayuga county and vicinity. 1903. *Olean quadrangle. 1903. Free. *Becraft Mt with 2 sheets of sections. (Scale 1 in. 3m.) 1903. 20c. *Canandaigua-Naples quadrangles. 1904. 20¢. *Little Falls quadrangle. 1905. Free. *Watkins-Elmira quadrangles. 1905. 20C. *Tully quadrangle. 1905. Free. *Salamanca quadrangle. sg05. Free. *Mooers quadrangle. 1905. Free. Paradox Lake quadrangle. 1905. *Buffalo quadrangle. s«906. Free. *Penn Yan-Hammondsport quadrangles. 1906. 20¢. *Rochester and Ontario Beach quadrangles. 2oc. *Long Lake quadrangle. Free. - *Nunda-Portage quadrangles. 2o0c. *Remsen quadrangle. s1r9c8. Free. *Geneva-Ovid quadrangles. 1909. 2zoc. *Port Leyden- quadrangle. 1910. Free. *Auburn-Genoa quadrangles. 1g1o. 20¢€. *Elizabethtown and Port Henry quadrangles. 1910. I5c. *Alexandria Bay quadrangle. 1910. Free. *Cape Vincent quadrangle. iIgi0. Free. *Clayton quadrangle. i910. Free. *Grindstone quadrangle. 1910. Free. *Theresa quadrangle. 1910. Free. *Poughkeepsie quadrangle. Ig11I. Free. *Honeoye-Wayland quadrangle. I9II. 20c. *Broadalbin quadrangle. I911. Free. *Schenectady quadrangle. 1911. Free. *Saratoga-Schuyilerville quadrangles. I914. 20c. *North Creek quadrangle. 1914. Free. *Syracuse quadrangle. 1914. Free. *Attica-Depew quadrangles. 1914. 20c. Me wh) a ay ‘yw Ween b) utile ys Si a. % tel ‘ -” ar , a * Pa hag) An i 7 yi y ; “ y \ se 7. z so , i oll 1 4 ; t } ) a ee 4 oy eo % ’ Rare q “ 1 red U ’ i ‘- r P4\ is pen ‘or ' ay P lal sa § a iy se z Ae = “ b A J oe = Ai i I Se | b= “ 2 , / * j oe —_ ‘i “= - = G . 2 , i] ' i a 7 » rc x an a ~ = . = ve 7 ra \ J ne i ' 2 os. - i ‘ i y my 1) ok hi x 4 3 : / a i ; oy x ey ; r . - 74 * :| * . 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