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& -Medical- J ULY, 1914.

Serial prs

‘ eS nie
| Vol. XXV. DONG. <2;
5 . 3 . Nee“ ica a
Bit Fide J. Brackenridge Clemens,
Died 1867.
PHILIP P. CALVERT, Ph.D., Editor.
E. T. CRESSON, Jr., Associate Editor.
HENRY SKINNER, M.D., Sc.D., Editor Emeritus.
ADVISORY COMMITTEE:
EZRA T. CRESSON. J. A. G. REHN.
PHILIP LAURENT, ERICH DAECKE, H. W. WENZEL.
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EnT. NEws, VoL. XXV. Plate XII.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION.

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA.

VoL. XXV.

JULY,

1914. NO} :7-

CONTENTS:

Skinner—Dr. J. Brackenridge Clemens 289
Quayle, Barber—Changes of Address.. 292
Rehn and Hebard—A New Species of
True Katydid from Western Texas
(Orthoptera ; Tettigoniidae) ...... 293
Diptera at High Altitudes............ 295
Girault—Standards of the Number of
Eggs laid by Insects (Orthop. )—XI 296
Nakahara—A new Dilar species from

Japan (Nes, Plams)). ais, <tatsselaetielele ais 297
Wilson—A New Sugar Cane Aphis
(RNeMI pay FLOMOP) \bscisci-5 50 els icles 298
Bethune-Baker—Monogiaph of the
Chrysophanids (Lepid.)........... 299
Haskin—Butterfly Collecting in Mo-
jave County, Arizona (Lep.)....... 300

Malloch—Notes on North Amevyican
Agromyzidae (Dipt.).........--.-- 308
Lovell—The Origin of Oligotropism
(EDU IMEI) E cs ods cnmalele canmatire cee 314
Girault—A Locustid Laying Eggs
COLEROPs \gcinelaes ee asses 32
Comstock Memorial Library Fund 321
Proposed Monument to J. Henri Fabre 321

Cresson—More Nomenclatorial Notes

on Trypetidae (Dipt.).... .-....-- 323
Barnes and MeDunnough, Skinner—A °

Note on Argynnis laurenti (Lep.).. 323
VAG JEP GG uceataie eis /sio:s/p 27a aeis/ois\e\x(« (js /0is]s\ whalers’ 325
Skinner—Colias eurytheme Boisd. and

its varieties (Lepid.)....... 325
Cockerell—Suggestions for the Biblio-

graphical Dictionary of Entomolo-

ISLS |isjas = 0/nje nia/aislebetaie|stalelaleiels)sis'sle\sleiee 325
Skinner—Notes on Lycaena xerces, an-

tiacis and polyphemus (Lep.)....-- 326
Huguenin—Observations on an Insec-

tivorous Larva (Lep.)...........-- 327
Hancock—Some Corrections in Names

of So. American Tetriginae (Orth.) 328

Entomological Witerature: its. s'c:</0sje'0 a 329
Skinner—Review of Patton & Cragg’s

Medical Entomology .....--....+-+- 333
Doings of Societies—Feldman Collect-

ing Social (Col.)..--cescsee-eereees 334

Obituary—Dr. Garli@himecest cence 325

Mr. Frank E. Moeser...... 335

Me Mr. and Mrs. H. H. Lyman 335

Editorial—What is a Species?.........- 322

Dr. J. Brackenridge Clemens.
By Henry SKINNER, M.D., Sc.D.
(Portrait, Plate XII.)

Doctor Clemens was born in Wheeling, Virginia (now West
Virginia), in 1829 or 1830, son of James Walton Clemens,
M.D., and Elinor Sherrard. His father attended lectures at
the University of Pennsylvania in 1823-24.. The. subject of
our sketch attended the Virginia Military Institute for three
years previous to entering the University of Pennsylvania at
Philadelphia, where he was graduated from the Medical De-
partment in the class of 1849, but he did not actively practice
his profession. In 1850 he married Susan Burke Wagener,
daughter of David D. Wagener, of Easton, Pennsylvania, who
was a congressman from 1838 to 1841. Four children were
the result of this marriage: Mary Wagener Clemens, Harold
Clemens, James B. Clemens, M.D. (University Penna., 1883),
and Maurice Clemens. The Practical Entomologist, a journal

289

290 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [July, 714

published by the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, con-
tains the following (Vol. 2, page 58, 1867):

Died of typhoid fever on January 11, 1867, Dr. Brackenridge Clem-
ens, of Easton, Pennsylvania. It was only the middle of December
when he was at the hall of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia,
looking as hale and hearty as ever. He was an excellent entomologist,
with good, sound, general views, and had devoted his especial atten-
tion to the Lepidoptera (moths) of this country. Readers of The
Practical Entomologist will recall his name as having been more than
once quoted as authority in Answers to Correspondents.

April 11, 1859, he was elected a Corresponding Member of
the Entomological Society of Philadelphia. When he died
the Society adopted suitable resolutions expressive of its appre-
ciation of his intellectual attainments and of the high literary
and scientific character of his work, and that the Society “has
lost one whose ability was great, and the acuteness of whose
mind was large, capable of searching to the greatest depths.
and bringing therefrom the long sought knowledge.” He was
buried at Easton, Pennsylvania.

The distinguished English entomologist, the late H. T.
Stainton, F. R. S., Secretary of the Linnaean Society of Lon-
don, was so impressed by the value of Clemens’ writings on the
Microlepidoptera that he republished them in book form. The
title of this work is “The Tineina of North America, by (the
late) Dr. Brackenridge Clemens (being a collected edition of
his writings on that group of insects. London: John Van
Voorst, Paternoster Row. 1872.” Stainton says:

“Little did I think when I received his first letter in 1857, two years
berore he became an author, that his career was to be so brilliant and
so short. I had for some years contemplated putting together such an
arrangement of his writings as would enable those who were previ-

ously unacquainted with them to profit by his remarks on the habits
of new genera, genera with which we in Europe were unacquainted.”

In the years 1857 to 1860, Stainton received nine letters
from Dr. Clemens and published them in the above mentioned
work. They are very interesting and show Clemens to have
been a man of unusual culture, education and refinement, and
a keen naturalist. He was first attracted to the subject of
natural history from the aesthetic standpoint, for he says:

Vol. xxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 291

“I have devoted my attention almost exclusively to Lepidoptera—
why, I do not know, unless I was first attracted by their beautiful
colorings.”* “The field of observation here is almost unlimited, poorly
cultivated and abounding in the most interesting, beautiful and unde-
scribed rarities.” In his first letter he says: “Should I not, even at
the risk of being egotistical, give you some introduction to myself?
I am yet young, as you have perhaps conjectured, a physician by edu-
cation and profession, and a graduate of the University of Pennsyl-
vania; but here, I fear, my scientific qualifications to your regard
must find an end. I stand merely on the shores of science, gazing on
the immensity before me. And as I follow with my eyes the full-
freighted intellects which, fanned by the wings of fame, sail over its
placid waters in search of unknown truths, I am filled with doubts
and the feelings of despair which arise from a consciousness of my
own imperfections.” Letter No. 4 says, in part: “I determined long
since to form no collection for myself and freely gave away all speci-
mens I have systematized. Such specimens as are new I add to the
collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, where
anyone may find them.” No. 6: “It is with feelings of some trepida-
tion that I send by present post my first paper on Entomology. Need
I say I shall be pleased to have your opinion on it? Do not hesitate to
indicate that which you conceive to be objectionable or erroneous. I
have honestly expressed the results of my own labors, regardless of
the praise or disapprobation they may meet with, and confident that
if my conceptions are truthful and accurate they will stand the tests
of examination and discussion.”

Letter No. 9 (the last) was dated Easton, Pennsylvania,
October 29, 1860, mentions the deaths of a lovely and accom-
plished sister and his father-in-law, whom he greatly respected
and loved. These letters show him to have been generous,
loving, modest, fearless, and of poetic feeling. He was evi-
dently inspired with the love of science and nature. It was
a great pity that such an ardent and capable worker should
have been the victim of what is now called “the crime of ty-
phoid fever.”

In 1903, August Busck, an authority on Tineina, wrote

as follows:

* When Dr. Clemens was attracted to the micro-moths on account
of their beauty he probably never imagined that they would become
of economic importance. A number of his species attack crops and
are very destructive. This is due to the fact that man has upset the
balance of nature. Crambus caliginosellus Clem. is estimated to do
$800,000 damage to tobacco in Virginia annually, and other species he
described in this genus injure grasses, oats, corn, wheat and rye.

2092 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [July, ’14

“Although a few stray species of American Tineina were described
before 1859, that year really marks the beginning of the study of these
insects in this country. During that and the following four years
Dr. Brackenridge Clemens, of Easton, Pa., published a series of sys-
tematic and biological articles which yet remain the most important
contribution to our knowledge of American Tineina. These papers
contain descriptions of thirty-one genera and about two hundred new
species, together with notes on larval habits of many of them.”

The Clemens types were presented to the American Ento-
mological Society by his widow in 1867. They were contained
in boxes bound as books, in leather, and were labeled “Etudes
Entomologiques, Clemens, Vol. I,” etc. The specimens were
pinned on small corks, gummed to glass, and each cork had a
printed number, these numbers corresponding with the names
and numbers of a list. Studies of the collection made by
Busck resulted in the identification of the types of all but
eight of Clemens’ two hundred species. Five of these eight
have been identified with certainty from Clemens’ descriptions,
leaving only three species unknown at that time (1903).

Stainton gives a list of seven papers published by Clemens in
the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia and ten in the Proceedings of the Entomological
Society of Philadelphia. He published an important paper in
the Journal of the Academy, iv (2), 97, 1859, entitled “Synop-
sis of the North American Sphingidae.” This shows great
ability and research and was the foundation for subsequent
revisions of the American species. Much was thus accom-
plished in a few years by this pioneer American Lepidopterist,
whose brilliant career was ended in such a sad and unfortunate
way.

The non-entomological facts stated in this paper were sup-
plied by Dr. James B. Clemens, of New York City, a son of
Dr. Brackenridge Clemens, and by Dr. Ewing Jordan, of the
University of Pennsylvania.

Changes of Address.
Kindly change my address from University of California, Berkeley,
to Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, California—H. J. Quayue.
Please address me at 644 Sixth St., N. E., Washington, D. C., in-
stead of 703 East Capitol St—HeErpert S. Barser.

Vol. xxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 293

A New Species of True Katydid from Western Texas
(Orthoptera; Tettigoniidae).

By JAmes A. G. REHN and Morcan HEsBarp.

Pterophylla excelsa new species.

General appearance and form similar to P. camellifolia
(Cyrtophyllus perspicillatus of authors) ; general form of pro-
notum similar to that species but resembling that of Paracyr-
tophyllus robustus in the caudal margin of the disk, which is
subtruncate, and in the length of the same which is less than
the greatest width; ventral margins of lateral lobes of
pronotum differ from all other North American species in
being moderately oblique, declivent cephalad. Subgenital
plate of males distinctive in form and reaching beyond the
tips of the tegmina, but apparently showing a development
of the type found in Paracyrtophyllus robustus. Cerci of
male distinctive but showing nearest affinity to Lea flori-
densis.

Type—Male; Moss Well, foot of Pulliam Bluff, Chisos
Mountains, Texas. September 5-8, 1912. Elevation 470¢c-
5000 feet. (Rehn and Hebard.) [Hebard Collection. |

Size and general form similar to camellifolia. Head larger and
broader than in that species, with fastigium of the vertex more de-
cidedly produced in a spine which projects distinctly beyond the
plane of the face; face much flattened, with lateral margins distinctly
defined in weak ridges, these ridges subobsolete dorsad; labrum dis-
tinctly broader than in camellifolia. Pronotum similar to camellifolia
in contour, transverse sulci and lateral canthi, but with length of disk
less than greatest (caudal) width and with caudal margin subtrun-

Fig. 1.—Pterophylla excelsa n. sp.—Lateral outline of type. (x 2.)

204 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [July, ’14

cate; lateral lobes with ventral margin moderately oblique, declivent
cephalad with ventro-cephalic angle more broadly rounded than ventro-
caudal angle, which is distinctly more ample, weakly obtuse-angulate.
Tegmina much less ample than in camellifolia,

with veinlets more regular and pronounced,

te stridulating area much as in that species. Wings

i a almost as long as tegmina, by which they are
wholly concealed. Limbs and armament of same

as in camellifolia. Supra-anal plate somewhat
longer than broad, sulcate meso-proximad, be-
yond this portion moderately expanding, with
distal margin subtruncate and moderately ser-
rate. Cerci evenly rounded at base, then forking
at a distance equal to the basal width and pro-
duced in two very slender and little divergent
spines which have an even inward curvature,
the outer spine nearly twice as long as the inner
(dorsal) spine. Subgenital plate nearly as long
as the caudal femur; the heavy margins of the
produced shaft forming a broad, deep mesal
groove both dorsad and ventrad; apical portion
Picrophy tid xecteascan split, with the two parts distinct but attingent
nite 2.—Cercus of male. distad, this portion directed dorsad at a very

x .
Fig. 3.—Ventral outline broad obtuse angle to the produced and hori-

pallae (Sir plate of 7 ontal shaft.

Allotype-—Female; Chisos Mountains, Texas. July, rort.
(H. A. Wenzel.) [Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-
phia. |

Similar to the type, but larger. Supra-anal plate longer than broad,
distal margin rotundato-truncate. Cerci long, nearly straight, termi-
nating in a sharp tooth. Ovipositor similar to that of camellifolia.
Subgenital plate nearly divided mesad into two very narrow and trans-
verse lateral lobes, leaving the base of the ovipositor exposed.

Measurements (in millimeters).

Sg = % =
Se | Bs oe SE Se oa
a2 | Fs] 28 ath 22 a3
es | 32 | fe | 32 Es gs
wi | eae as 6 ys ae
O° 5 3) 3
USAR i od ya -)1i] wn
Type, male .icsus..... 5 5.9 27.2 II.7 18.9 169
Paratypes, ma/es...| 4.7-6 | 5.6—7 |24.8-31.9 |10.8-13.1 |17.8-22.6 |16.7-18.9
Allotype, female... 5.3 6.7 36.4 13.1 2357 | O)\ cepecenee ;
|

Vol. xxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 295

The ovipositor of the allotype is 16.8 mm. long and 3.1 mm. in great-
est width.

The tegminal measurements are given for these organs in their con-
vex natural condition; were the tegmina flattened out a decided increase
in length and width would result. The type is about the average for
the series of males taken by the authors; the male taken earlier in the
season with the allotype is very large.

In life the specimens were jade green; this color has become pale on
the body and limbs in the majority of dried specimens. The eyes are
walnut brown.

The present species is known only from the Chisos Moun-
tains, situated in the southern portion of the Great Bend reg-
ion of the Rio Grande in western Texas. The following field
notes were taken: “This species is everywhere on the hillsides
above 4700 feet elevation in low oaks (15 to 25 feet in height)
and at dusk the males begin their incessant song which is con-
tinued through the night. This song consists of a single rasp-
ing note, quuck—quuck—quuck, repeated incessantly and very
deliberately. One was startled into giving this note in the
early afternoon of a cloudless day when a rifle was fired over
the cafion. The specimens are found in the trees usually near
the lower branches, perched upon the twigs among the leaves ;
they are very hard to locate, but when the collector has climbed
into the tree an individual will usually recommence its song if
he keeps still under it for a few minutes. When closely ap-
proached they invariably leap clumsily into space, unless
quickly seized, and upon hitting the ground at once begin to
crawl away. When seized they often utter their note in an
irritated manner.”

Specimens examined.—25; 24 males and 1 female.

Chisos Mountains, Texas, July, 1911 (H. A. Wenzel), 1
male, 1 female, paratype, allotype, [A. N. S. P.].

Moss Well, Chisos Mountains, Texas, September 5-8, 1912,
(R. and H.), 23 males, tyPE, paratypes, [Hebard Collection
and uN. Sy FP. 1:

Diptera at High Altitudes.

Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, in the Entomologist for April, 1914, notes
that he collected, August 28, 1913, Stomoxys calcitrans, Phormia'
terrae-novae, Musca domestica and Allograpta obliqua at timber line,
11,200 to 11,300 feet altitude, on the Long’s Peak trail, Colorado.

206 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [ July, 14

- Standards of the Number of Eggs laid by Insects
(Orthop. )—XI.*

Being Averages Obtained by Actual Count of the Combined Eggs
from Twenty (20) Depositions or Masses.

By A. A. Grrautt, Nelson, Cairns, Queensland.

' 15. Periplaneta australasiae (Fabricius)

No. Date, 1913 i ea | Sueceae Eee tre | Max. Min. | Range
ri May Io 26 | [2 26m aos i
2 26 52 26.
3 28 80° 7] 1326/6 28
4 26 106 26.5 %-|
5 May 12 28 134 26.8
6 26 160 26.6 |
7 28 188 26:5 <0\l)
8 24 212 26/5: -|
9 26 | 238 26.4 | |
10 27 265 26.5
II 28 293 26.6
12 27 320 26.6
13 26 346 26.6
14 28 374 26.7
15 22 396 26.4 22
16 28 424 26.5
LS iy 26 450 26.4
18 | 24 474 26.3
19 26 500 26.3 28
20 24 524 26.2 22
20 524 | 26. 28 22 | 6 | Finals

The eggmasses were collected in a private residence at Nel-
son (Cairns), Queensland, Australia, where the only available
food consisted of starch and glue in book bindings, straw
used for packing materials, wrapping paper and the like. The
residence was used as a laboratory and no food for human
consumption was kept about the place nor prepared therein.
Another, jet black egg case, longitudinally striate and of an
unknown species, rarely found in the same place, averaged
about 34 eggs each.

* For the first ten of this series, see Ent. News, 1901, p. 305; 1904, pp.
2-3; 1905, p. 167; 1906, p.6; 1907, p. 89; 1908, pp. 4. 383; 1900, pp. 355-3573
IQII, pp. 14-15 and 10912, pp. 355-356.

Vol. xxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 297

A new Dilar species from Japan (Neur. Plan.).
By Waro Nakanara, Tokyo, Japan.

The genus Dilar was not known in Eastern Asia until Navas
described a species, D. septentrionalis (Rev. Russ. d’Entom.,
xii, pp. 420-21, 1912), from Siberia, although eleven species of
the genus were recognized from various parts of the world
before that time.

The new species which is described in the present paper is,
‘therefore, the second species of the genus in the region just
referred to.

Dilar nohirae n. sp.

Head ochraceous yellow; ocelli yellow, anterior one marked with
piceous; frons and clypeus spotted with fuscous black; palpi fulvous.
Antennae of the male fulvous with about 25 joints, a few basal joints
are more or less suffused with fuscous, joints in the middle of the
antennae are much more elongated than those near the base or near
the apex; lateral appendages of nearly equal length present on third
to eighteenth joints.

Prothorax wider than long, yellowish, with a transverse impression
in middle; three tubercules, of which the median is somewhat smaller
than the other two, present before the impression; small tubercules
exist on both sides and behind the median impression.

Abdomen fuscous on both ventral and dorsal surfaces; covered with
yellowish hairs, especially near apex; lateral surfaces pale. Lateral
valve of the male genitalia is shiny yellow and clothed with hairs.

Legs ochraceous yellow, very hairy; extremity of femur of each
leg is blackish.

Wings hyaline, slightly colored with yellowish; with numerous small
fuscous spots on fore wing and costal area of hind wing; the spots
are larger and more deeply colored towards base in the fore wing;
the largest fuscous spots with a small whitish centre in middle of the
space between the first radial sector and the first branch of the second
sector; spots around the largest one are slightly colored. Neuration
pale yellow; costal crdss veins mostly -simple, but some in middle are
furcate; about six cross veins between subcosta and radius, about ten
between radius and its second sector; radius with two sectors, the
second of which has four branches; two series of gradate veinlets
very irregular and imperfect; some cross veins present besides those
of the gradate series.

Length of body, 10 mm.; of fore wing, 14 mm.; of hind wing, 12
mm.; of antenna, 5.5 mm.; width of fore wing, 6.5 mm.

208 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [July, 14

A single male specimen captured by Mr. Akio Nohira at
Yoshino, Province Yamato, is in my collection. There are
also a few specimens obtained along with that just mentioned
in Mr. Nohira’s collection.

This species is quite distinct from all other known species
in the number and arrangement of tubercules of prothorax,
and of course in many other respects.

Since there has been hitherto a single species of Dilaridae
recorded from Japan by McLachlan, the discovery of the pres-
ent species adds one more to our fauna. The Japanese species
of the family, therefore, are as follows:

1. Dior nohirae’ as sp... -).. <2 eee (Yoshino, Yamato)

2. Rexavius japonicus (McLachlan)...... (“Tukushima”)

Dilar japonicus McL., Ent. Month. Mag., xix, p. 220 (1883); Rexa-

vius japonicus Navas, Mem. de la Real. Acad. de Cienc. y Art. de Bar-
celona, vii, pp. 665-666 (1909). é

A New Sugar Cane Aphis (Hemip., Homop.).
By H. F. Witson, Entomologist, Oregon Agricultural Col-
lege, Corvallis. Oregon.

(Plate XIII.)

Aphis bituberculata n. sp.

Specimens of this aphis collected on Saccharum officinarum
at Audubon Park. New Orleans, Louisiana, were sent to me
several times during the season of 1912. I have compared
these specimens with descriptions, etc., of the other aphids
found on sugar cane without being able to refer this species to
any of them. I am therefore describing it as new.

Alate viviparous female.—General color dark green, antennae, legs
and nectaries dusky to black. Antennal tubercles present but not
elongate; antennae about two-thirds the length of the body, not quite
reaching to the base of the nectaries, and with six segments.

The two basal segments are normal, while the third appears thicker
and longer than the fourth, or the fifth and sixth together, not
including the spur of the sixth; the fourth is slightly longer than the
fifth, and the spur of the sixth is nearly as long as the third, fourth
and fifth together. The third segment bears six to ten irregular-sized
sensoria, all situated on the inner side, the fourth sometimes with a

Ent. News, Vor. XXV. Plate XIII.

APHIS BITUBERCULATA N. sP.—wiLsoNn.

Vol, xxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 299

single sensorium on the inner side of the segment, about midway from
the ends. The fifth with one sensorium near the tip, sixth with usual
sensoria at the base of the spur.

Head with distinct frontal tubercle, prothorax long and with two
dentate tubercles on each side instead of one, the usual number. Wings
hyaline, hind wing with but a single oblique vein. Abdomen stout and
with a row of three black spots on each side in front of the nectaries.
Nectaries about three times as long as the cauda and tapering. Cauda
short and held with the tip extended toward the head (see Pl. xiii,
fig. a).

Measurements: Length of body, 1.81 mm.; width at widest part of
abdomen, .76 mm.; length of antennae by segments, I, .o7 mm.; II, .06
jm.; 11T,..24 mm.;.1V, .ro mm; V, .15 mm:; VI, .10 mm.; spur, .5
mm.; total length of antennae, 1.31 mm. Length of wing, I.9 mm.
Nectaries, .24 mm.; cauda, .o85 mm.

Apterous viviparous female.—General color yellowish to dark green.
Abdomen robust and with the anal plate broad and conspicuous. An-
tennae with six segments and not reaching to the base of the nectaries.
Segments one, two, distal part of fifth, sixth and spur dusky to black,
other portions opaque. Legs, except femora, dusky to black and the
latter dusky at the distal ends. Nectaries black in color and tapering.
Cauda short and turned back over the abdomen as in the case of the
alate forms.

Measurements: Length of body, 1.76 mm.; width, .9 mm.; length
of antennae by segments, I, .065 mm.; II, .06 mm.; III, .22 mm.; IV,
17 mm.; V, .15 mm.; VI, .o9 mm.; spur, .5 mm.; length of nectaries,
24 mm.; cauda, .0o8 mm.

EXPLANATION oF PLATE XIII.

Aphis bituberculeta n. sp. Above, alate viviparous female, a cauda
enlarged, b antenna.
Below, apterous female.

Monograph of the Chrysophanids (Lepid.).

My appeal for help from American entomologists has been almost
fruitless, only one observer having come to my aid. I want very
specially Heodes fieldeni, Chalceria snowi, cupreus, rubidus; Satyrium
fuliginosa. 1 should like also some specimens of Gaeides xanthoides,
editha and gorgon. May I again appeal to brother entomologists on
your side of the water for help. Palaearctics, ‘exotics or cash given in
exchange—G. T. BrETHUNE-BAKER, 19 Clarendon Road, Edgbaston,
England.

300 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [ July, ’14

Butterfly Collecting in Mojave County, Arizona (Lep.).

By J. R. Hasxtin, Los Angeles, California.

A glance at the map of the United States will show the
southeastern point of Nevada on the thirty-fifth parallel to
be separated from Arizona by the Colorado River. About
35 miles east of the river on the line of the Santa Fe Railway
is the small town of Kingman.

From the car window the traveler through this country sees
only arid stretches of hill and plain—no trees and but a scanty
growth of low brush, interspersed with cactus, to serve as a
cover to the desert plains. Yet there is a wonderfully attrac-
tive something about this land that appeals to men and makes
them return again and again. Those who have settled in it
seem never satisfied when away for any length of time. Per-
haps it is the dry, clear atmosphere and the brilliant sunshine;
perhaps the feeling of being out in the limitless open, where
each man’s individuality stands out and he feels that he really
is a Man among men and not simply a unit in a group of other
similar units.

To nature lovers, to naturalists, what appeals most strongly
is the feeling of great open spaces, alive and yet so still, espe-
cially when the lengthening shadows subdue the hum of insect
life and the occasional call of a belated bird sounds startlingly
clear.

In the early spring of certain years, after the light snows
have disappeared, western Arizona is like a beautiful garden.
The ground is carpeted for miles with bright flowers of in-
numerable species. The clumps of low brush are fresh and
green, and even the various species of cactus seem to have
taken a new lease on life. Soon, however, the dry heat of
approaching summer causes a rapid change and the country
becomes an apparently barren desert except for the few
scrubby bushes. About the middle of summer, rains may be
expected and heavy downpours occur occasionally as late as
September. Yet they have very little effect, as the water runs
off so rapidly that the vegetation does not seem to benefit by it.

From my experience during the past four years I have come

Vol. xxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 301

to the conclusion that the best season for collecting in this
country is in the fall of the year just after the fall-blooming
shrubs have begun to blossom. Late in September and through
October there is a season of fall flowers. This season varies
slightly from year to year and, as it is rather short, one must
be on hand at just the right time in order to get the best results.
There is one shrub in particular, Bigelovia graveolens Gray,*
which has proven a sure guide to successful collecting. It
occurs in many places in the sandy washes along the foothills,
and when its bulk of fine evergreen foliage becomes hidden
by dense masses of small, bright yellow, strong smelling flow-
ers, one is sure of making a good catch. The rank smell of
this flower seems to have a wonderful attraction for butterflies
and other insects and in certain spots one can find halesus,
strigosa, bachmanm, and many others, so busily engaged that
one can approach without caution and net them at will.

Most of my Arizona collecting has been done in and around
the Goldroad district. Goldroad is a mining camp between
Kingman and the Colorade River on the west slope of the
Black Mountains, or River Range. The road from Kingman
crosses the Sacramento Valley and up through a pass over the
range, then down a steep winding road into Goldroad. Little
Meadows, a water station halfway up the pass, and Silver
Spring, below Goldroad, are good collecting grounds in the
proper season, as there is rather more vegetation than usual in
these spots.

Following is a list of specimens taken during the past few
seasons. Probably a more exhaustive search than I have been
able to make would result in some further interesting captures.

A. strigosa, E.. claudia, M. neumoegem, P. gratensis, Synchloe
californica Wright, P. cardui, L. bachmanni, L. mormo, L.
palmeri, C. australis, T. halesus, T. melinus, T. leda, L. acmon,
L. isola, L. myrina, L. exilis, P. protodice, N. iole, E. reakirti,
C. eubule, M. caesonia, C. eurytheme, T. nicippe, P. asterias,
P. erecetorum, P. tessellata, and three Hesperids not identified.

* Identified by Dr. Anstruther Davidson, Los Angeles, Cal.

302 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [ July, ’14

Melitaea neumoegeni Skinner, 1895.

About four years ago I caught what I thought was a new
species, named it M. marialta, and sent photographs and a
description to the NEws. Dr. Skinner, however, wrote me that
he had named it newmoegeni and that the description could be
found in the News, Volume 6, page 113, April, 1895. The
types were taken, I believe, by the late Mr. Neumoegen in
Utah and from the description I judge they are all males.

Dr. Skinner’s description tallies closely with about forty
male specimens which I have taken in the past four years.
These males are of such a uniform, fulvous color on upper
side, and the black markings are so light that their general
appearance is much like a small Argynnis. No other Melitaea
approaches it in uniformity of coloration. The fulvous dark-
ens only slightly at the base of the secondaries and not at all
on the primaries. The under side, especially of the second-
aries, shows it to belong to the gabbi group.

In rg1I, near Goldroad, Arizona, I was fortunate enough to
see four females and to capture two of them. In appearance
and habits they differ so widely from the males that, had I not
seen one pair trying to mate and another actually in copula-
tion, I would have been very uncertain as to their identity,
even though I have never seen any other species of Melitaea in
this vicinity during four vears of collecting.

Of the two female specimens which I have, one was taken
near Goldroad, Arizona, on March 30, 1911. In size and
markings it is almost exactly like the illustration of the male,
M. augusta, shown in Plate 14, No. 169, of Wright’s Butter-
flies of the West Coast. The only observable difference is in
the black bar dotted with a row of round spots across the ends
of primaries. This is exactly as in the next figure, No. 169B.
On the other specimen, taken at Little Meadows, near Gold-
road, on October 4, 1911, the primary is almost the same as
the above, but the secondary is almost solidly red and black
with hardly a trace of the pale, buff spots. The under sides of
both specimens are alike and similar to the males, except that

Vol. xxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 303

the males are silvered as in the rest of the gabbi group, while
the females are not.*

In March, 1911, the male newmoegeni were abundant along
the sandy roads and dry water courses in the small arroyos.
or gullies, below Goldroad. They were flitting continually up
and down these sandy stretches with a quick, jerky flight,
resting frequently on the ground and occasionally on low
twigs and dry weed stems.

The females, three of them, were seen further up on the
hillsides in the brush at some little distance from the play-
grounds of the males. These three which I saw near the end
of March were apparently just out of their chrysalids, as they
were very bright and fresh. Most of the males were badly
worn and must have emerged a week or two earlier on the av-
erage than the females. One female which I caught was only
a few hours on the wing. Another was in copulation and a
third was flirting with a male. I was so anxious to obtain
them that I got excited and missed both easy tries and the
brush prevented further pursuit.

I believe this species is double-brooded, as I caught my first
specimens in October, 1909, others in March, 1910, and others
in March and October, I1g1I.

Concerning their distribution, I caught eight in March, 1910,
near Cinco, California, east of Mojave, California, in the foot-
hills along the Mojave desert. They are abundant in the Gold-
road district, Mohave County, Arizona. Mr. Neumoegen’s
specimens came from Utah. It will probably develop that they
are to be found in various sections of the arid country be-
tween these points.

Synchloe californica Wright.

I believe nothing has been published concerning this species
except the original description in The Butterflies of the West
Coast, by Mr. W. G. Wright.

*[Months after this paper was accepted for publication, the fol-
lowing additional note was received from the author.—Ep.]

In contrast to the two females taken at Goldroad are half a dozen
taken in April, 1914, near Johannesburg, Kern County, California, on
the Mojave Desert. These are all identical in color and markings
with the males and average somewhat larger in size—J. R. HASKIN.

304 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [ July, ’14

As Mr. Wright says, this species is different from the other
Synchloes on account of its constancy of color. I took a series
of Synchloes in June, 1911, at Georgetown, Texas, that had
the same general area of. buff and light brown as californica,
but the details are somewhat different.

All of Mr. Wright’s specimens, which I had the pleasure of
examining at San Bernardino, were much worn and I believe
for that reason even he did not realize how true to one form
this species runs. I have found that as the individual becomes
old and worn the lustrous black and buff become brown and
yellow, giving the specimen a much lighter appearance than
when fresh. With forty fresh specimens as uniform as one
could obtain in as large a set of Melitaea or Phyciodes, I be-
lieve the following description will be of value as a supple-
ment to that of Mr. Wright.

Expanse, males, 1.2 to 1.5 inches; females, 1.5 to 1.8 inches. Sexes
alike on both sides.

Above, base and inner third of wings black, with three yellowish-
brown spots arranged in a triangle on primary and one minute spot
on secondary. A broad median band across both wings, pale buff on
inner half shading abruptly to a light brown on outer half. Near
costa of primary the buff shades to whitish. Outside of median band
is a band of black with clear white dots between the nervules. Along!
the margins is a series of light brown crescents, constant on secondary,
but with a tendency to disappear on primary of some specimens. The
fringe is black, broken by white between the nervules.

Below, similar to above except at the bases. The base of primary
is buff, then black to the median band, with a whitish spot at end of
cell. The secondary is banded brown, black, white and then broadly
black to the median band. The general effect on the basal area is a
broad black band across both wings just inside the median band.

S. californica was taken about the scattered flowers along
the base of the hills and along the roadsides. In general ap-
pearance and actions they are like some of the Phyciodes and
I thought at first glance that my first specimens would prove
to be of that genus.

My first specimens, six in number and all fresh, were taken
September 15, 1909, at Little Meadows, near Goldroad, Ari-
zona. I took twenty-seven the latter part of September, 1910,

Vol. xxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 305

some badly worn, near Goldroad and Little Meadows. Sev-
eral more were taken at the same places in 1911 and 1912.

Further east in Arizona at Ash Fork, Jerome, in the
Verde River valley below Jerome, and further south at Phoe-
nix, I have not seen californica but have taken S. crocale in
the Verde Valley and at Phoenix. Mr. Wright told me that
he took all of his specimens in a canyon in Riverside County,
California, on the east slope of the San Jacinto range, about
opposite Palm Springs on the Southern Pacific Railroad. In
May, 1913, I saw several just a little north of this on a moun-
tain road west of Banning, which I am quite certain were S.
californica, but could not obtain them as I had no net with
me. I rather believe they are to be found in the foothills all
along the Colorado River valley, and the valley running up
through Imperial and Riverside Counties, which opens into
the Colorado valley.

L. bachmanni.

This species is fairly common in the fall season about Gold-
road, Arizona. In October, 1910, they were very numerous,
especially in the stretch of valley below Goldroad, where
Bigelovia graveolens was in full bloom. Riding horseback on
a windy morning through this brush, I could see twenty or
thirty at a time tailing out to leeward from every clump of
graveolens. Catching them was not an easy matter. I would
look forward to netting at least half a dozen specimens from
one of these groups, but after one or two ineffectual passes
with the net they would all disappear. Observing them care-
fully, I noticed that instead of flying away they would dart
into the thicket and alight on the dead twigs with their wings
folded and their antennae pointed forward in line with the
perch on which they sat. Here they would remain motionless
until my hand or the net approached within a few inches of
them, when they would dart away and settle on another perch.
The under side of the wings, when folded, has a perfect pro-
tective gray coloring which matches the gray of the twigs,
and it was interesting to note the evident use these insects
made of it.

306 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [July, 14

Another interesting and rather remarkable feature about
this swarm of bachmanni was the absence of the large pro-
jecting palpi on many of the specimens. Ina set of forty good,
fresh specimens I found thirteen—eight males and five females
—without the projecting palpi which give it the curious ap-
pearance aptly described by its common name—the Snout_
Nosed Butterfly. In March, 1911, I caught one fresh speci-
men and found it to lack the palpi also.

L. mormo.

In the fall of the year mormo is found all over the hillsides
of the River Range and can be taken by thousands if desired.
In general their flight and habits are like those of the com-
mon virgulti of the west coast.

L. palmeri.

In October, t911, I took four of this very small species in
the bottom land below Goldroad. At first I took one to be a
dwarfed mormo, but a second glance showed they were a dif-
ferent species. Probably a closer search would have discov-
ered many more of them.

C. australis.

While not common, a special search for these in the vicin-
ity of Little Meadows resulted in the capture of twenty-two
perfect specimens in the fall of 1910. These were mostly
taken while feeding on various small flowered plants, such as
Lepidospartum squamatum.

T. halesus,

The most delightful two days of collecting I.ever had were
October 23-24, 1909, near the Little Meadows. I had been
taking quite a few specimens of various sorts when for the
first time I came across a great clump of Bigelovia graveolens
in full bloom. All over its mass of yellow flowers I saw stri-
gosa, bachmanni and other species flitting about and feeding,
while here and there a black something, entirely different from
the ordinary forms, gave me a real palpitation of the heart.
After some debate as to what method to use, I tried a swift
pass of the net crosswise and just above one of these new
forms, and was rewarded by a violent fluttering in the small

Vol. xxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 307

end of the net. It was my first halesus, and by following pre-
cisely the same tactics I captured 46 specimens, almost all of
them fresh and perfect.

The following year I went over the same ground, but did
not see one. In 1911 I was unfortunately just a week or so
too early for the flowering of graveolens and took only a few
scattered halesus. I believe that a little later I would have
found more of them.

The larva of halesus is supposed to feed on mistletoe. I
noted a few clumps of it on some small oaks in the vicinity,
but none of the butterflies themselves were in close proximity
to these trees.

Holland and Wright fail to bring out one point with refer-
ence to the sexes, namely, that the males have one small tail,
while the females have two—one small, the other long, flat
and curled. The females are larger than the males and the
metallic green luster is confined more to the base of the wings
with more dead black on the outer areas. Denton’s beauti-
fully illustrated book on butterflies mentions this difference
in the tail structure of the two sexes.

T. leda.

In October, 1911, I caught seven specimens at Silver Spring
below Goldroad at about 1500 feet elevation. I caught fre-
quent glimpses of these small, darting insects in the foliage of
the mesquite trees, but it was impossible to net them on ac-
count of the annoying thorns common on this tree. Finally I
found a clump of low flowering shrubs in a secluded corner
and had no difficulty in netting a small series while they were
feeding.

A careful comparison of these specimens with an extensive
series of JT. ines from Southern California, Southern Arizong
and Northern Mexico, in the possession of Mr. Fordyce Grin-
nel, Jr., and myself, show them to be exactly the same. As
Goldroad is only ninety miles west of Prescott, where the
types of /eda were taken, this confirms us in the belief that
leda and ines are synonymous.

308 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [July, 14

N. iole.

This is fairly common. Contrary to a description of the
habits, which I read somewhere recently, stating that this spe-
cies is found only in moist places, I found it only along the
dry sandy spaces and on the hillsides about Goldroad and also
on the dry plain about Ash Fork further east.

Except for notes on dates and captures, the other species
mentioned in my list show nothing of particular interest. If
one could spend an entire season in this interesting country,
many more interesting features could doubtless be recorded
and valuable studies worked out in detail.

Notes-on North American Agromyzidae (Dipt.).
By J. R. Matiocu, Urbana, Illinois.

Since the completion of my paper on the species of the genus
zlgromyza* IT have had the opportunity of examining the ma-
terial in the collection of the Illinois State Laboratory of Nat-
ural History, and have also seen two species, kindly submitted
by Dr. E. P. Felt, which make necessary the present supple-
mentary paper on the group. I have indicated the changes
necessary in the synoptic table to permit of the inclusion of
the new species.

It may be of interest to mention that Agromyza melampyga
Loew occurs in Britain. I captured a specimen of this species
at Dunoon, Scotland, in July, 1912, while on a visit there. I
cannot say whether the ‘species has any European name or
not, as the knowledge of this family in Europe is very unsatis-
factory, and meanwhile leave our species as melampyga.

I have received several letters from correspondents request-
ing information as to what I have done with Agromyza aenet-
ventris Fallen in my paper. I take this opportunity of stating
that I have not seen any American specimens which agree with
the species considered by European authors as the true aenet-
ventris, so have dropped the name entirely. I have found so
much confusion amongst the species I have examined, from

* Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer, vol. 6, No. 3, p. 260.

Vol. xxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL, NEWS. 309

Europe, that I prefer to await the examination of the types
of the older authors before changing the names of any of this
group (with black halteres), because, as things are at present,
there is but little hope of arriving at a correct interpretation of
their descriptions, color being almost the only character used,
and as this is very similar in all the species it is almost hope-
less to attempt identifications.

Mallochiella glabra Fallen.

This species occurs in North America and may be separated
from halteralis Coquillett by the following characters:

M. glabra—Male: Black, including face and palpi, only the basal
3 joints of mid and hind tarsi yellowish at base; hind tibia very slightly
dilated; last section of fifth vein recurved and shorter than the pen-
ultimate section of fourth; last section of fourth slightly less than
four times as long as penultimate section. Length, 2 mm.

Female: Similar to the male except that the last section of fourth
vein is barely more than three times as long as penultimate section.
Length, 2.5 mm.

M, halteralis—Male: Black, face below antennae, palpi and base
of all tarsi yellow; hind tibia very much broadened; last section of
fifth vein generally distinctly longer than penultimate section of fourth,
last section of fourth vein generally five times as long as penultimate.
Length, 1.5 mm.

Female: Colored as the male, and in other respects very similar ex-
cept that the hind tibia is not conspicuously broadened, showing only
a very slight thickening as in glabra. Length, 1.75 mm.

Halteralis seems to be widely distributed in North America.
I have seen a large series of specimens in the collection of the
Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History that were reared
from refuse pig hair. The only specimens that I have seen
from North America that are referable to glabra are several
which I took at Frankford, Philadelphia, Pa., during Septem-
ber, 1913. ‘These specimens are in the Academy of Natural
Sciences, Philadelphia, with the exception of one which is
now in the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

AGROMYZA Fallen.

Owing to the addition of A. quadrisetosa in the Addenda
to my paper on the genus Agromycza, and the description here-
with of another species with black third antennal joint, the
synoptic table should be altered as given here.

310 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [ July, 14

4. Frons black, only the frontal lunule yellow..... vanthophora Schiner.
Frons yellow, only the ocellar spot black, and the orbits sometimes -
blackened .posteriorly :).....5... «2. vjpwate's «pues ciate ais meite = haa 5

5, Palpi ‘and legs black... c2.t. + esemieate ne Seen quadrisetosa Malloch.
Palpi yellow, legs mostly yellow ..............; T's 0 steel: 5a.

San Waites) clear a: ccienere cee ter ea eleeiake io ies ....longispinosa Malloch.

Wings with a distinct infumation from end of vein 1 to apex of 2
which does not entirely cover the marginal cell...fwmicosta n. sp.

Delete No. 5 in synoptic table in the paper in the Annals quoted and
insert the above.

Agromyza fumicosta n. sp.

This species is very similar to longispinosa, differing only in being
slightly smaller, in having the antennae slightly larger, the bristles on
the mesonotum weaker; the wings more obtuse, the second vein undu-
lated, the last section of fourth vein less than six times as long as the
penultimate section (7-1 in longispinosa) and the costa with a distinct
infuscation, which disappears before the lower margin of marginal
cell is reached. In all other respects, coloration and chetotaxy, iden-
tical with longispinosa.

Ty#e.—Swept from blue grass, May 3, 1894, Normal, Illi-
nois. In collection of Illinois State Lab. Nat. Hist.

Agromyza felti new species.

Male: Pale yellow, shining, ocellar spot and back of head black;
orbits slightly browned posteriorly; arista brown or black; other parts.
of head clear yellow. Mesonotum with a large biack spot on disc which
is most intense on the area covered by the discal mark in melampyga
Loew; the quadrate area between the posterior lobes is filled with a
less intense black color which extends almost to the scutellum and is
centrally dentate; pleurae unspotted, or with a reddish triangular,
mark between fore and mid coxae, postnotum glossy black; scutellum
with a small spot at base on each side. Abdomen with a brownish-
black fascia on each segment, the posterior margin yellow; sixth seg-
ment elongated; hypopygium normal in shape, blackened laterally. Legs
yellow, wings clear, veins distinct. Halteres yellow.

Frontal orbits distinct; four pairs of orbital bristles present, the
lower pair rather weak, incurved; antennae as in melampyga; arista ~
closely covered with pubescence, giving it a rather thickened appearance,
its length not equal to that of frons; cheek about one-fifth as high
as eyes; vibrissa weak. Four pairs of dorso-centrals on mesonotum,
which decrease in strength towards anterior margin; discal hairs
distinct. Abdomen as in melampyga. Legs of the normal shape;
mid-tibia without any posterior bristles. Wings almost identical in

Vol. xxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. arI

venation with those of melampyga, the penultimate section of fifth
vein from one-half to three-fourths as long as last section. Length,
1.5 mm.

Locality: Hudson Falls, New York, May 27, 1910, reared
from leaves of “walking leaf fern,” Camptosorus rhizophyllus.
Seven specimens. Named in honor of Dr. E. P. Felt, who
transmitted the specimens.

Type and paratypes in New York State collection; para-
types in Illinois State Lab. Nat. Hist. collection.

Since submitting this paper for publication, the writer has
reared this species from blotch mines in leaves of the fern
Asplenium pinnatifidum, collected at Parker, Illinois, April
18, 1914.

This species is recorded as A. melampyga Loew, Bulletin
147, N. Y. State Museum, p. 67.

To include this species in the synoptic table in my paper pre-
viously mentioned it will be necessary to change couplet 6.
second section, to read as follows:

Mesonotum with black stripe-like marks; or disc black, the
center of disc in front of scutellum yellow owing to the abbre-
viation of the central portion of black mark; or at least a distinct
yellow line on the posterior margin of disc in front of scutellum.8
8. Only the margins of discal mark black, the center portions red-
PNSHT DLO WI) oc decree deresie melampyga var. marginalis Malloch.
sthiemwhole ot) discalemmark black 7. tad JoG oe aede ascent etic. 9

9. Markings on mesonotum dull gray black, not glossy,
borealis Malloch.
Markings’ on) ‘mesonotum™ glossy “black su. 26sec detec ee 10
10. The space between the lateral lobes of discal mark filled with
black; posterior surface of mid tibiae without bristles..felti n. sp.
The space between the lateral lobes, posteriorly, clear yellow;
posterior bristles present'‘on mid tibiae. oi fies es. .c. eee es 10a
toa. Cheeks posteriorly about one-half the height of eye, arista almost
Beare; asad at creas bela eee e aie teh tks ne flavonigra Coquillett.
Cheeks posteriorly much less than one-half the height of eye;
ATIStar PUDESGENt, < arorteinm version o's « a «serene ates melampyga Loew.

Agromyza pleuralis n. sp.

Female.—Black, subopaque. Head yellow, only ocellar spot, back
of head, and small portion of orbits at upper extremity blackened.
Mesonotum slightly grayish pruinose; pleurae yellow, a large spot be-

312 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [ July, 14

tween fore and midcoxae, a smaller one behind midcoxa, and post-
notum black; abdomen brownish black, subopaque; hypopygium glossy.
Legs, including coxae, entirely yellow. Wings clear, veins yellowish.
Halteres white. Frontal bristles and thoracic hairs yellow, the other
bristles brown.

Frons with four pairs of long orbital bristles; face slightly buccate;
cheek one-third as high as eye (antennae in poor condition). Meso-
notum with two pairs of dorso-centrals, the posterior pair very widely
separated, the anterior pair weak; discal setulae numerous on the
anterior half and rather long, becoming sparser on the posterior half.
Legs slender, no bristles present. Wing with costa to fourth vein;
veins 3 and 4 divergent; inner cross-vein at slightly before end of
vein I and at middle of discal cell; last section of fourth vein six
times as long as penultimate section; last section of fifth one and one-
half times as long as penultimate section. Length, 1.75 mm.

Type-—Swept from catalpa, University grounds, Urbana,
Illinois, June 21, 1898. (Marten). In collection Illinois State
Lab. Nat. Hist.

This species will run down to citreifrons Malloch in my
synoptic table in the paper previously referred to, but may be
readily separated from that species and its allies by its posses-
sion of only two pairs of dorso-central bristles.

Agromyza youngi new species.

Male.—Black, shining. Squamae and halteres black. Wings clear,
veins black.

Frons very slightly over one-third the width of head, frontal triangle
shining, elongated, reaching over half-way to base of antennae and
very distinct; orbits very narrow, rather thickly covered with hairs,
which become much longer and stronger towards anterior margin,
where one or two are setulose, the normal orbital bristles hardly dis-
tinguishable in type, all incurved; ocellar bristles widely separated at
base and lying subparallel; frons in profile declivous; face short;
the anterior margin of cheeks much produced, as in females of the
vibrissata group; antennae small; arista bare, swollen at base, and very
short, being slightly shorter than the width of frons at above anten-
nae; cheeks narrow, about one-sixth the eye height; marginal bristles
moderately strong; vibrissa indistinguishable.

Mesonotum with three pairs of dorso-centrals, the length of these
slightly decreasing anteriorly, discal hairs very numerous, closely
placed and not regularly arranged in rows; the pair of bristles between
posterior dorso-centrals absent; pleurae and scutellum normal. .

Abdomen short, broad at base, tapering very much to apex, its out-

Vol. xxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 253

line subtriangular; hypopygium very small; surface very distinctly
hairy.

Legs normal, the posterior mid-tibial bristles absent.

Wings with costa to fourth vein; inner cross-vein at distinctly
beyond end of, first vein and at three-fourths from base of discal cell;
outer cross-vein at about half its own length from inner; last section
of fifth vein subequal with penultimate section; veins 3 and 4 very
distinctly divergent. Length, 2.5 mm.

Locality: Albany, New York, April 28, 1913, reared from
Taraxacum densleonis, dandelion. Received from Dr. E. P.
Felt, New York State Entomologist.

Three males and one female reared by Mr. D. B. Young,
after whom I take pleasure in naming the species.

Type and allotype in New York State collection. Paratypes
in Illinois State Lab. Nat. Hist. collection.

Since submitting this paper for publication, the writer has
taken a single specimen of this species at St. Joseph, Illinois.
May 17, 1914.

This species will run down to websteri Malloch in my synop-
tic table, but may readily be separated by the much less strongly
bristled orbits and the produced mouth-margin. ‘The female of
this species may be mistaken for one of the group which has
the mouth-margin produced and the male with a conspicuous
group of hairs on the vibrissal angle, but none of the species
described in that group have more than two pairs of dorso-
central bristles. One specimen of young: has four pairs of
dorso-centrals in the series before me, but this is abnormal, as
in other respects it is identical with the type. The female has
the orbits much less hairy, the orbital bristles much more dis-
tinct (3), and the mouth margin very much produced.

Agromyza dubitata Malloch.

In my paper in the Annals, I inadvertently left the name
californiensis as that of the species with which I compared
dubitata. This was due to the fact that I considered, at the
time I wrote that description, that the specimen mentioned in
the last paragraph dealing with setosa Loew was a distinct
species and had given to it the name californiensis. I subse-
quently decided to allow this specimen to stand as setosa, but

314 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [July, ’14

unfortunately I did not change the wording under the name
dubitata. The specimen with which I compared dubitata has
only three distinct pairs of dorso-central bristles, hence my
locating it in front of dubitata. In other respects the descrip-
tion of the latter may be compared with that of setosa.

I have to thank Dr. S. A. Forbes and Dr. E. P. Felt for per-
mission to publish the descriptions of the new species included
in this paper.

The Origin of Oligotropism (Hymen.).
By Joun H. Lovett, Waldoboro, Maine.

Certain statements recently made by Mr. Robertson in re-
gard to the origin of oligotropism (Ent. News, 25: 67) call
for brief consideration.

No evidence is offered to support his earlier assertion that
Epeolus is a parasitic genus. As regards Triepeolus donatus
the writer stated that he had taken it on the Compositae only
in this locality.

Herman Miller, notwithstanding his great experience as
a floroecologist, did not foresee the existence of the oligotropic
habit. A discovery in retrospect often offers little difficulty.
Thus Huxley writes: “My reflection when I first made my-
self master of the central idea of the ‘Origin’ was ‘How ex-
tremely stupid not to have thought of that!” (Life and Let-
ters, 1: 183.)

It is manifestly futile for Robertson to quote statements of
the writer, and merely express difference of opinion. This
mode of argument is not common in scientific papers.

Robertson assumes the existence of competition. He says,
“My view is that the bee fauna is all that the flora will sup-
port.” This I do not admit, on the contrary I believe that it
can be shown that only a part of the available flower food is
gathered by bees. ‘The commonness of an insect species does
not depend alone on the quantity of food obtainable, e. g., oc-
casionally the forest caterpillar (Heterocampa guitivitia),
which feeds on the leaves of deciduous trees, appears in count-

Vol. xxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 315

iess numbers, defoliating acres of the woodlands and apparent-
ly threatening the entire destruction of the hardwood forest;
but it speedily disappears again and becomes so rare that its
presence is unnoticed. The size of the bee fauna is likewise
limited by other factors than the food supply.

It is desirable to consider a few specific instances where
there is unquestionable evidence of a surplus of flower food.
In Riverside County, California, the orange bloom secretes
nectar so freely that it drips upon the clothing of the pruners,
and at the end of a day’s cultivating in the groves it is neces-
sary to wash the horses and harnesses. Large quantities are
lost each year for want of bees to collect it. Hundreds of
acres of the sandy coastal plain of Georgia are covered with
the bushes of the common gallberry (Jlex glabra). It re-
mains in bloom for about a month, the secretion of nectar is
constant and but little affected by the weather; but, according
to J. J. Wilder, this sea of flowers is not frequently visited by
insects. Immense quantities of fine honey are lost annually
because there are no bees to gather it; furthermore it is not
easy to overstock a gallberry region with the domestic bee,
and in one instance 362 colonies did nearly as well as 100
previously. A conservative estimate by Iowa apiarists of great
experience places the possible production of honey in that
State for a single year at 60,000,000 pounds. The average
moisture content of honey is 17.59 per cent., while that of nec-
tar is not far from 75 per cent., so that the weight of the nec-
tar would exceed that of the honey fourfold (Browne, C. A.,
“Chemical Analysis-and Composition of American Honeys,”
U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem., Bull. 110, p. 45). This esti-
mate, of course, does not take into consideration the nectar
consumed by anthophilous insects other than the honey bee.
If a region were already stocked to its fullest capacity with
bees, it is clear that it would be impossible to establish a large
apiary containing millions of bees, storing twenty or more
tons of honey, consuming perhaps twice as much more, and
requiring enormous quantities of pollen for brood-rearing. It
will be remembered that the honey bee does not usually fly
more than two miles from the apiary.

316 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [ July, ’14

It would be easy to multiply examples in the case of buck-
wheat, basswood, tupelo, raspberry, heartsease and golden rod,
and the extra-floral nectaries of cotton and Cassia chamae-
christa in the Southern States. Certain plants, as Bidens aris-
tosa in the lowlands of the Mississippi, fairly carpet large
areas with their myriads of flowers. Fruit growers have
learned from experience that the wild bees are wholly insuf-
ficient to gather the pollen and nectar of extensive plantations
of fruit trees, berry bushes and cranberries; and effective pol-
lination is secured only by the establishment of apiaries of the
domestic bee. An immense quantity of pollen, which can be
used by bees in emergencies, is produced by anemophilous
plants, as the Amentaceae, elms, grasses, sedges, rushes, and a
variety of coarse homely weeds. Occasionally honey bees by
thousands do resort to anemophilous flowers for pollen; and
much less frequently, because their necessities are less, the
solitary bees. Many plants have probably remained wind-
pollinated, while others formerly entomophilous have wholly
or in part reverted to self-fertilization or anemophily in the
absence of sufficient pollinators.

In none of his articles has Robertson ever presented satis-
factory evidence of existing competition for flower food; and
in reply to my earlier paper he now advances the hypothesis
that oligotropism originated at some indefinite past time in the
evolution of the long-tongued pygidial bees and Andrenidae,
etc., from the competition of the former with the Bombidae
and of the latter with the Halictidae. This highly imaginary
supposition can not be supported by historical data, and would
appear to be neither probable nor necessary. The polytropism
of Halictus is the result of its peculiar economy. ‘The im-
pregnated females hibernate during the winter and appear the
following spring; while the new generation flies during the
latter half of the season. This economy has no special ad-
vantage for Halictus is greatly surpassed by Andrena in both
species and individuals; while Sphecodes which has essen-
tially the same economy as JHalictus is represented by com- °
paratively few species and individuals. It is an advantage for

Vol. xxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 317

a social bee to maintain its organization throughout the sea-
son ; but for a solitary insect it is desirable that it mate and de-
posit its eggs as soon as possible. The longer the female flies
before this happens the greater the probability is that she will
be destroyed by some one of many causes. There are numer-
ous other insects besides bees which have a short term of ,
flight. A solitary bee, which like Halictus flies throughout the
season, and of which the adult females pass the winter dor-
mant is evidently exposed to more dangers than a species which
passes the larger part of the year in an immature state in its
burrows. Since many polytropic bees have either a short term
of flight, or one which does not exceed 100 days, it is clear that
a shorter term of flight is not necessarily correlated with
oligotropism.

If severe competition did exist among the solitary bees for
flower food, the oligotropic habit would not be desirable. It
is not an advantage for a bee to restrict its visits to one kind
of flower unless it is always certain to obtain the food supply
it requires; otherwise it is clearly at a disadvantage as com-
pared with the polytropic species. If severe competition is in-
duced by artificial means, as by overstocking a locality, then
the oligotropic bees will either tend to disappear or become
polytropic. The small number of oligotropic bees reported
from central Europe is noteworthy. If, however, a very com-
mon flower yields a surplus of food then a bee with a period
of flight nearly coinciding with the period of inflorescence
- would save time and labor by restricting its visits to this spe-
cies; and since bees instinctively learn from observation it
would naturally be expected that the oligotropic habit would
be formed. To some extent, at least, Robertson recognizes
the correctness of this inference in the case of a part of the
oligotropic visitors of the Compositae. He says, “It is not so
surprising that some of these are exclusive when we consider
that at their maximum the Compositae form 34 per cent. of
the indigenous flowers.” (Can. Ent., 42:327.) Why, in-
deed, should the nest-building bees, which restrict their visits
to the great tribes Astereae and Heliantheae do otherwise?

318 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [ July, 14

From the very beginning an oligotropic bee saves time and
labor, and later may enhance this advantage by learning “to
manipulate the pollen better than other bees.”

In a previous paper I have reviewed the oligotropic species
of Wisconsin Andrena, and have showed that there is no evi-
dence that they have acquired this habit in competition for
flower food. (Graenicher, S., “The Relations of the And-
renine Bees to the Entomophilous Flora of Milwaukee Coun-
ty,” Trans. Wis. Ac. Nat. Sci., 15: 89-97.) Six vernal spe-
cies, including the two earliest on the wing, are oligotropic to
Salix, a very widely distributed genus producing a great
abundance of pollen and nectar. The willow aments are also
visited by all the vernal polytropic species, but their average
time of flight is 33 per cent. longer than that of the oligotropic
species. Of the eleven autumnal Andrenid species ten, or in
view of the limited distribution of A. parnassiae, practically
all are oligotropic to the Compositae. The single exception,
A. parnassiae, occurs only at Whitefish Bay, Lake Michigan,
where it is oligotropic to Parnassia caroliniana, a plant very
common in that locality. Since the flower is widely distrib-
uted, while the bee is local, evidently the former has not de-
termined the habitat of the latter. These figures certainly in-
dicate that the adaptation of the vernal oligotropic species to
the Salicaceae and of the autumnal species to the Compositae
is determined by the character of the flowers. In a similar
manner honey bees restrict their visits almost exclusively dur-
ing the period of inflorescence to Solidago, which yields im-
mense quantities of nectar and pollen; otherwise they would
suffer great loss. If their flight were synchronous with the
blooming period they would become oligotropic to the golden
rods.

An examination of the characters and habits of the genus
Perdita should throw some light on the origin of oligotropism.
This large genus of bees is confined to North America and in-
cludes not far from 150 described species and varieties, most
common in the arid regions of New Mexico. “Practically all
are oligotropic,” says Cockerell (Psyche, 18:154.) Graeni-

Vol. xxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 319

cher also says, “All of the species so far as their habits are
known are oligotropic” (Can. Ent., 46: 51.)

“The species are mostly very small.” The length seldom
exceeds 6 mm., and in some species is only 2% to 3 mm.
“They do not take long flights.” So far as my observations
go, they settle quickly and may be easily captured without a
net. A part of the species are vernal; but the majority fly in
late summer and autumn, and many visit the Compositae. A
very large number have been found in only one State, ap-
proximately 74 in New Mexico (34 in the Mesilla Valley), 11
in Texas, 3 in Arizona, 14 in Colorado, 3 in Nevada, 2 in New
Jersey, 1 in New England, and 6 in Mexico. About a dozen
have been reported from more than one State, P. octomaculata
of the East having the widest distribution. Oligotropism is
as fully developed or, as the data available show, more pro-
nounced, where there is only one or few species as where there
are many. This habit cannot, therefore, be dependent on ex-
isting competition between the different species.

Many flowers are visited by more than one species of Per-
dita; Salix by 2; Prosopis by 2; Mentzelia by 1 at Santa Fe,
and 2 others at Albuquerque; Gutierrezia by 6; Solidago by 4
in Colorado, by another in New Mexico, and in New England
by a sixth species; while Bigelovia wrightu, which is “won-
derfully attractive to many kinds of insects” furnished 12 spe- ~
cies, etc. This behavior on the part of so many species of
Perdita and other insects is very similar to that of higher
forms of life when they gather at some feeding ground where
there is a superabundance of food. The flowers visited by
these bees occur in immense profusion and include the best
honey plants of this country, as Salix, Solidago, Cleome, Pro-
sopis, Helianthus, Verbesina, Bidens aristosa and Monarda
punctata, a most valuable plant to beekeepers. It is note-
worthy that we find these flowers also visited by oligotropic
bees belonging to other genera.

The presence or absence of many species of Perdita, espe-
cially in the case of the Compositae, is determined by the
length of the tongue. Cockerell states that the length of the

320 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [July, ’14

tongue appears to have increased or decreased according as
the total size of the bee has increased or decreased, not to
meet special requirements. Species of Perdita visit the flow-
ers of both Verbesina and Bigelovia, but the species on the
flowers of the former are much larger than those on the latter.
The species of Perdita on Gutierrezia are still smaller than
those on Bigelovia. ‘The visitors of the Compositae according
to Graenicher, are determined by tube-length more than by
any other character of the flower (“Wisconsin Flowers and
their Pollination,” Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc., 7:42.) Thus
it is the tube-length of the flower, not competition, which is
the factor limiting the visits of many species of Perdita. The
facts related, as well as many others, are well in accord with
the views of the writer. (On Perdita, see Cockerell, “The Bees
of the Genus Perdita,” Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil., 48: 25-107;
“Notes on New Mexican Fiowers and their Insect Visitors,”
Bot. Gaz., 24: 104-6; “A List of the Bees of the Genus Per-
dita,” Psyche, 18: 134-43. Also Graenicher, “Wisconsin Bees
of the Genus Perdita,’ Can. Ent., 46: 51-7.)

The female inquiline bees do not gather pollen and nectar
for brood-rearing, but like the males of the nest-builders re-
quire only nectar for themselves—the males of the honey bee
are even unable to feed themselves. Under these circum-
stances it should not be expected that they will exhibit the
same constancy to flowers as the brood-rearing species.
Nevertheless a number of the parasitic bees with a short term
of flight visit wholly or largely the Compositae, and under
Loew’s definition would be called oligotropic species. This is
of great interest since it is not claimed that they have acquired
this habit as the result of competition.

According to the theory proposed by the writer certain bees
have become oligotropic because of the direct advantage gain-
ed, combined with the fact that their flight was synchronous,
or nearly so, with the period of inflorescence of the plant to
which they restricted their visits. ‘This theory offers an ex-
planation of the rise of oligotropism by the observation of ex-
isting conditions. ‘There may be and often are accessory fac-

Vol. xxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 321

tors, but they are of secondary importance. Robertson con-
cedes all that is required, when he says, “The average flight
is shorter and there are more of them with a short flight.” A
large number of oligotropic bees are of small size, as has been
pointed out in the case of Perdita. I believe that I have suf-
ficient evidence to establish my statement that Halictoides
novae-angliae, a monotropic visitor here of the pickerel weed,
has a weak flight. I have observed hundreds of these bees
during a series of years, but I have never seen them fly far
nor have I ever taken them on any other flower. But to quib-
ble over minor details seems unnecessary in the absence of any
evidence of severe competition among the solitary bees for
flower food.

A Locustid Laying Eggs (Orth.)

On October 24, 1900, I observed at Annapolis, Maryland, a very
common locustid ovipositing in a hollow weed. It first made an open-
ing with its strong mandibles, slipping the ovipositor through it, then
laying. An opening was made for each successive egg—A. A.
GIRAULT.

Comstock Memorial Library Fund.

Exercises in connection with the presentation of the Comstock
Memorial Library Fund to Cornell University, on the occasion of
the retirement of Professor John Henry Comstock at the close of
forty-one years of active service, were held on Saturday, June 13,
1914, at three o’clock, in the Assembly Room, Roberts Hall, Cornell
University. Addresses were made by Professors S. H. Gage, L. H.
Bailey, and W. R. Lazenby, and by Dr. L. O. Howard, and a letter
from President David Starr Jordan was read by Mrs. Ruby G.
Smith. The memorial was presented by Prof. J. G. Needham,
accepted by Prof. Comstock, presented by him to Cornell and ac-
cepted on behalf of the University by President J. G. Schurmann.

Proposed Monument to J. Henri Fabre.

A public subscription, under the patronage of M. R. Poincaré, Presi-
dent of the French Republic, has been instituted to purchase Harmas,
the residence of J. Henri Fabre, to convert it into a museum and to
erect a monument to him at Sérignan. The appeal, which has been
widely distributed, says: “In respectful admiration for the world-
wide work of the entomological savant your co-operation and sub-
scription are solicited to aid in perpetuating the memory of the most
modest and most genial of workers. The assistance of yourself and
of all friends of science is counted on for a work whose sole end is
the glorification of Scjence and of Letters.” Subscriptions should be
sent to M. Henry de la Paillonne, Mayor of Sérignan, Vaucluse,
France. The honorary committee on this project includes, among
others, Professors Perrier and Bouvier of the Museum of Natural
History at Paris, Dr. G. V. Legros, biographer of Fabre, and M.
Rostand, the famous dramatist.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS.

PHILADELPHIA, PA., JULY, I9I4.

What is a Species?

Linnaeus wrote, in section 157 of his Philosophia Botanica
(1750) :

There are as many species as the Infinite Being produced diverse
forms from the beginning; which forms, according to the fixed laws
of generation, produced more, but always like themselves. There-
fore, there are as many species as diverse forms or structures occur
to-day.

Many species, as established by Linnaeus himself, were
divided into several species, some of which were referred to
one genus, some to another, by his successors, even in the first
half of the nineteenth century. Prof. Poulton, in his presi-
dential address to the Entomological Society of London in
1904, gave many illustrations of the divergences of opinion in
the separation of species by the structural or form criterion.

In the latest number of the American Naturalist (June,
1914), Prof. J. H. Gerould treats of Species-building, largely
with reference to his own breeding experiments with the Sul-
phur Butterflies. He calls the breeding-true criterion, the
“always like themselves” of the Linnean dictum, “an unveri-
fied dogma.” He thinks

The erroneous idea that Linnean species are homogeneous, well-
defined groups of equal importance has done much to retard progress
in the experimental study of evolution. The limits of a species are
often arbitrary, depending ultimately upon the temperament of the
describer, and frequently based upon ignorance of the nearest allies
of the individuals described, living in other parts of the world.

The most definite criteria of species, viz.: that specific characters
are constant and that hybrids of Linnean species are infertile inter se,
are only approximately correct

Like all things else, our ideas of what constitutes a species
change and will continue to change. As a consequence, the
work of the taxonomist, the systematist, will never end as
long as animals and plants exist. The time never will come
when the status of every living thing will be definitively estab-

322

Vol. xxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 323

lished. Monographic revisions will pile on top of monographic
revisions and the end will not be yet. The application of the
tests of breeding to all supposed species will be a long and
tedious task. Type and neotype will not suffice to determine
what a species is, when the experimental method is in full
possession of the field, and to-day’s problems of nomenclature
are as nothing to those that will then arise!

Notes and News.
ENTOMOLOGICAL GLEANINGS FROM ALL QUARTERS
OF THE GLOBE.

More Nomenclatorial Notes on Trypetidae (Dipt.).

Since the publication of my “Nomenclatorial Notes on the Dipterous
Family Trypetidae” in the NEws for June, pages 275-279, I have seen
a paper by Dr. Hendel in the Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, xxxiii,
73-98, 1914, entitled “Die Gattungen der Bohrfliegen,’ which is a
svnoptical table of the genera of the world, with their type-species. In
this Dr. Hendel makes Phorellia Desv. (1830) equai to Spilographa
Lw. (1862). This should be Forellia Desv. (1830) equal to Spilo-
Gcrapha Lw. (1862) equal to Phorellia Rond. (1870), that is, if Des-
voidy’s species can be recognized. His (Hendel’s) Ditricha Rond.
(1856) should be Dithryca Rond. (1856) as originally proposed, and
his Hoplogaster Rond. (1856) is evidently meant for Oplochaecta Rond.
(1856). Both of these are recognized as part of Carphotricha Lw.
(1862). Ditricha Rond. (1870) is a synonym of Urellia Desv.
(1830). Paracantha Coq. (1890) is recognized as distinct from Oplo-
chaeta Rond. by the presence of black facial spots. He errs in saying
the third vein in Paracantha is bristly. It is entirely bare, which char-
acter may be used in separating it from Oplochaeta Rond. For
Euribia Meig. (1800) he gives arnica Linn. as the type species, but as
Coquillett in 1910 made M. artemisiae Fab. the type species, Hendel’s
designation is invalid. This is another instance showing the uncer-
tainty of the status of Meigen’s 1800 genera—E. T. Cresson, Jr.

A Note on Argynnis laurenti Skinner (Lepid.).

In the Ent. News, vol. xxiv, p. 450, 1913, Dr. Skinner describes
under the above name an Argynnis from Silver Lake, Utah. We
greatly fear that this so-called new species is identical with kriemhild
Strecker, described and figured in the Ruffner Report, p. 1854 (18790),
from Rio Florida, Colo. Strecker also mentions other specimens from

324 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [ July, ’14

Utah and Arizona. We have a specimen from Utah which has been
compared with Strecker’s type and marked exact; this agrees extremely
well with Dr. Skinner’s description, especially with reference to the
sinuate subterminal black line above and dot at base of secondaries,
and the absence of silver markings below. We have other specimens
from the vicinity of Provo, Utah; Beaver Canon, Idaho, and Yellow-
stone Park, Wyoming. ‘

Kriemhild Stkr. is at present listed as a variety of epithore Bdv., but
in our estimation it should stand as a distinct species with laurenti
Skin. as a synonym.—W™M. Barnes, M.D., and J. McDunnovucu, Ph.D.,
Decatur, III.

Strecker’s kriemhild was described from a female according to the
description and was compared with epithore Bois. He mentions hay-
ing examples from the Rio Florida, Colorado, from Arizona, and a
female specimen mentioned on page 117 of his Catalogue as bellona,
var. b, Utah. In his list of types (Lep. Rhop.-Het. suppl. 3) he men-
tions under kriemhild two males from the Rio Florida, Colorado
(McCauley), one male, Utah; one female, Arizona.

I wrote to Mr. W. J. Gerhard, Curator, Department of Entomology,
Field Museum, Chicago, in relation to the matter and his reply is as
follows: “On examining the material under the name Argynnis kriem-.
hild in the Strecker collection I found three specimens all marked
original type and with the following data: One male, Utah (Johnson) ;
one female, Rio Florida, Colorado (McCauley); one female, Arizona
(Neumoegen). From this it is evident that the female from Utah,
which he mentions in his Catalogue, either has been lost, or the sex
of the specimen was originally wrongly determined. Although he
apparently discovered his error when he published the list of types
in his collection, nevertheless he makes a similar error when he calls
his Colorado specimen a male.”

I sent Mr. Gerhard a specimen of laurenti and he says: “I have
compared your specimen carefully with the three types of kriemhild
and have not been able to find the least difference among them. Your
specimen, which is just a little fresher than ours, agrees with the
types spot for spot, as well as in size and color. It looks very much as
though your name laurenti, or rather species, must be regarded as a
synonym of kriemhild.”

Mr. W. H. Edwards in his Catalogue (1884) put kriemhild as a
variety of epithore and it has so remained until the present time.
Synonyms are unfortunate, but sometimes good follows the evil as
we live and learn. This little study shows the necessity of a single
type and I propose for the type of kriemhild Strecker the male speci-
men from Utah (Johnson),—HENRyY SKINNER.

Vol. xxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 325

A Jubilee.

We extend to our fellow journal, The Entomologist’s Monthly
Magazine, our heartiest congratulations upon the fiftieth anniversary
of its existence, June 1, 1914, and wish it continued success.

The Magazine was founded by E. C. Rye, H. T. Stainton, R. Mc-
Lachlan, Dr. H. G. Knaggs and T. Blackburn. As one after another
of these withdrew or deceased, their places were filled by others.
McLachlan was the last survivor of the original board of editors and
maintained his connection with the journal until his death on May
23, 1904.

The June, 1914, number contains an interesting sketch of «the
Magazine's history, with eight portraits of its founders and early
editors.

Colias eurytheme Boisd. and its varieties (Lepid.).

The fixation of a type and the accurate illustration of types will
make a considerable difference in our nomenclature and the standing
of many species and varieties. Eurytheme has been placed as a variety
of chrysotheme Esper and probably correctly so. Dr. Verity in his
“Rhopalocera Palaearctica” has figured Boisduval’s types (now in the
Oberthiir collection) of eurytheme Bd. and amphidusa Bd. Keewaydin
Edw. is a synonym of eurytheme, and ariadne Edw. is a synonym of -
amphidusa. Strecker, in his Catalogue of American Macrolepidop-
tera, page 83, describes ab. 2 flava, destitute of every trace of orange.
Dr. Verity (p. 273, pl. 49, fig. 41) describes 2 ab. flavescens. If
eurytheme is considered a variety of chrysotheme this would maké
fiavescens a synonym of flava.

Californiana Menetries is doubtless a synonym of eurytheme or
amphidusa. Eriphyle Edw. is a yellow form of which hageni Edw. is
a synonym. Intermedia Ckll. and autumnalis Ckll. come in somewhere
between the other names. How many names we shall have is largely
a matter of opinion. The relationship of so-called species of Colias
is not well understood. Even philodice and eurytheme may be forms
of one species. In the mountains of North Carolina, they can only
be told apart by the color, being either yellow or orange respectively.—
H. SKINNER.

Suggestions for the Bibliographical Dictionary of Entomologists.

Apropos of the editorial in the May News: For Deppe localities
see Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., September, 1910, p. 284. At the New York
Botanical Garden they have a system of large envelopes open at the
top, in which they put all sorts of data relating to botanists. Each
botanist has his envelope. Would not this be a good plan for ento-
mologists? In this way much good material will accumulate for the
future historian or biographer. The Philadelphia Academy would

326 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [ July, ’14

be a good place to keep such a series of envelopes. Living entomol-
ogists might be asked to give lists of the places where they have
collected. For most it would be no great trouble. I have in MS. a
list of the new species described from my collections, with localities.
Much information which does not require publishing might usefully
be filed somewhere, where it could be got at when needed. The Uni-
versity of Colorado librarian has just published a complete list of
writings of the U. of C. faculty from the beginning of the university
to the middle of last year—Turo. D. A. CoCKERELL,.

Notes on Lycaena xerces, antiacis and polyphemus. (Lep.).

Mr. J. C. Huguenin, of San Francisco, has lately sent me a nice
series of freshly caught specimens of Lycaena xerces and polyphemus,
and in addition there are a number of specimens in the collection of
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, making in all forty
specimens studied. In my opinion xerces and polyphemus represent
but one species, verces being the same as polyphemus with the black
pupil of the white spots on the under sides of the wings absent. I
have been unable to find any other difference.

Mr. Huguenin says the species has been abundant this year and
on the second of April he took a large number of them. They were
taken in the western district of the Twin Peaks, San Francisco, Cali-
fornia. He remarks that they were caught in a very limited area, not
more than two hundred square feet, and were flying in every direction
among the big blue Lupinus. “Antiacis and xerces always fly together,
and I am coming back to my old belief that they are only one species.
For the last twenty-five years I always caught more antiacis than
werces, one-third xerces to two-thirds antiacis, but this year it is just
the reverse, more xerces than antiacis”?’ Mr. F. X. Williams, Env.
NEWS, xix, 476, 1908, also expresses his belief that the two are identical.

I prefer the name polyphemus as the specimens agree perfectly with
Mr. Oberthiir’s figure of the type of polyphemus in Lep. Comparee,
Fasc. 9, pl. 230, f. 2072. The species would stand as Lycaena sxerces,
Bd. Ann. Ent. Soc. France (2), 10, 296, 1852, with polyphemus, Bd.
Ann. Ent. Soc. Belg., p. 48, 1869, as a variety. If antiacis and poly-
phemus prove to be the same thing, antiacis would have priority and
stand as a variety of serces.

It is possible that the difference in temperature to which the chrysa-
lids are individually exposed during the winter in the mountains may
cause the presence or absence of the black dot (pupil). Heat and
cold will produce this effect on chrysalids in confinement as proven by
Standfuss in experiments on Vanessa antiopa and io. Antiopa loses its
blue spots and io its eye-spot (ocellus)—HENryY SKINNER.

Vol. xxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 327

Observations on an Insectivorous Larva (Lepid.).

The 7th of October, 1911, I went for one day’s collecting in the
Sacramento Gulch near Fairfax, Marin Co., California. It was very
warm in this little gulch, or valley, and was very dry. The only vege-
tation was tarweed (Hemizonia Inzulaefolia), which was in full bloom
and grew to a height of two feet. But few butterflies were col-
lected—4 Anosia plexippus, 2 Pyrameis carye, 4 Lycaena acmon, 3 Colias,
and 4 Junonia (very pale in color); 1 Papilio philenor (very much
worn), 2 Chrysophanus helloides, 9 Skippers, a few Coenonympha, 5
Vanessa californica (very plentiful) ; 2 Hemihyalea moths (very much
worn), and 2 Catocola aholibah (or near) fresh.

A Noctuid moth (Heliothis dispaceus—determined by Dr. Skinner),
was exceedingly plentiful flying about the gulch. Twenty-five were
collected but not one of them was perfect, all being worn from flying
about through the sticky tarweed, I presume. One caterpillar of the
moth was found eating the tarweed. The larva was about one and
one-half inches in length, a beautiful little caterpillar of a peculiar
shade of green, with few hairs. The larva was placed in a breeding
cage with the following larvae: Pontia (Pieris) rapae, Pyrameis
carye, Papilio philenor, Hemihyalea edwardsi (a noctuid), and a few
little moth caterpillars. The larvae lived in perfect harmony for two
or three days. When one of the Pontia rapae larva pupated, it was*
attacked in the first stage of the process by the larva of Heliothis dis-
paceus and eaten until not a vestige was left. The next day two
Pyrameis carye and another Pontia rapae pupated. The Pontia
chrysalid was immediately eaten but the other two pupae were not at-
tacked.

I attributed the carnivorous appetite of the Heliothis larva to lack
of the proper food plant. To test this possibility another experiment
was performed. On the 12th of October the same year I went to the
same gulch and found another caterpillar of the same species. ‘This
time I took a good supply of the food plant (tarweed). The plant was
placed in the breeding cage together with seven or eight larvae and
the Heliothis larva was then put in. The larva ate the tarweed with
relish. Some of the caterpillars turned to pupae at the same time. The
only one attacked was the Pontia rapae pupa. The chrysalid was at-
tacked in the same way as the two previous ones, the Heliothis larva,
beginning at the point of the thorax, then eating its way down the dor-
sal part to the end of the abdomen, and from there to the head, tak-
ing a path around the edge of the chrysalid and finally eating all the
remaining parts of the chrysalid, it taking five hours to complete the
repast.

The next day the carnivorous Heliothis dispaceus larva descended
from the top of the cage and entered the ground, forming a cocoon one

328 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [ July, ’14

inch under ground. The pupal period lasted ten days. Two of the
moths were raised in this manner.

Conclusions: That the larvae of the Heliothis dispaceus will, with-
out being forced by lack of their food plant (tarweed), eat the chrysa-
lids of Pontia rapae and apparently no other.—J. C. HUGUENIN.

Some Corrections in Names of South American Tetriginae (Orth.).

In a paper on South American Tetriginae by Bruner,* a few correc-
tions of names are made necessary through an oversight of literature.t
Some of these names with their proposed changes are as follows: The
genus Lophotettix Bruner, 1. c., p. 137, is preoccupied by Hancock’s
name of the same spelling, previously applied to a genus of South
American Tetriginae, recorded in the Transactions of the Entomolog-
ical Society of London, p. 388, 1907. In place of Bruner’s Lophotettix
I suggest the name Eutettigidea, the type being E. lineatus Bruner.
The type of the original Lophotetttx Hanc., as already recorded, is
L. brevicristatus Hancock.

Under the genus Gladiotettix Hanc., Bruner notes three species,
namely: turgida Bol., unicristata Hanc., and hancocki Bruner. The
two latter species belong to the genus Lophotettix Hanc., the species
Gladiotettix hancocki Brun. being synonymous with the previously
described Lophotettix alticristatus Hancock. The genus Gladiotettix
Hance. is restricted at present to one species, G. turgidus Bolivar.

The genus Halmatettix Hanc. is not mentioned by Bruner in this
article, but he has plainly described it under the new name Apteropedon
which necessarily falls as a synonym. Bruner’s Apteropedon apicale,
which forms his type, is also synonymous with the previously described
Halmatettix cristinotus Hancock.

Under the genus Sclerotettix, 1. c., p. 104, Bruner described five
species. He has designated as the type his second species, S. tibialis
Brun. The first species mentioned, S. abbreviatus Brun., appears ftom
the description to be synonymous with Crimisus lobatus Hancock. It
is also quite likely that he has confused the species S. infuscatus Brun.
and S. minor Brun. with Micronotus asperulus Bol. and Micronotus
dubius Hance. respectively.

The genus Prototettix Bol., preoccupied, now Liotettix Bol., as given
by Bruner, 1. c., p. 122, is.confined to Africa. It should be replaced by
Rytinatettix Hance. for the species he characterizes from South Amer-
ica.—J. L. Hancock, Chicago, Illinois.

* Ann. Carnegie Mus., vii, I910.

+ It is owing to Bruner’s admitted oversight of my paper in the
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., pp. 387-426, 1907, that the present corrections
are suggested.

Vol. xxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 329

Entomological Literature.
COMPILED BY E. T. CRESSON, JR., AND J. A. G. REHN.

Under the above head it is intended to note papers received at the
Academy of Natural Sciences, of Philadelphia, pertaining to the En-
tomology of the Americas (North and South), including Arachnida and
Myriopoda. Articles irrelevant to American entomology will not be noted;
but contributions to anatomy, physiology and embryology of insects, how-
ever, whether relating to American or exotic species, will be recorded.
The numbers in Heavy-Faced Type refer to the journals, as numbered
in the following list, in which the papers are published, and are all
dated the current year unless otherwise noted, always excepting those
appearing in the January and February issues of the News, which are
generally dated the year previous.

All continued papers, with few exceptions, are recorded only at their
first installments.

The records of systematic papers are all grouped at the end of each
Order of which they treat, and are separated from the rest by a dash.

For records of Economic Literature, see the Experiment Station Record,
Office of Experiment Stations, Washington.

1—Proceedings, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
38—The American Naturalist. 4—The Canadian Entomologist. 5—
Psyche. 8—The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, London. 9—
The Entomologist, London. 10—Nature, London. 11—Annals and
Magazine of Natural History, London. 22—Zoologischer Anzeiger,
Leipzig. 34—Proceedings, Iowa Academy of Sciences, Des Moines.
36—Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. 38—
Wiener Entomologische Zeitung. 40—Societas Entomologica,
Zurich. 50—Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum. 60—
Anales, Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires. 65—ILa Feuille des
Jeunes Naturalistes, Paris. 79—La Nature, Paris. 84—Entomolo-
gische Rundschau. 86—Annales, Societe Entomologique de France,
Paris. 87—Bulletin, Societe Entomologique de France, Paris.
89—Zoologische Jahrbucher, Jena. 92—Zeitschrift fur wissen-
schaftliche Insektenbiologie. 119—Archiv fur Naturgeschichte,
Berlin. 142—Report, Michigan Academy of Sciences, Lansing.
158—Bulletin, American Museum of Natural History, New York.
161—Proceedings, Biological Society of Washington. 166—Inter-
nationale Entomologische Zeitschrift, Guben. 176—Archiv fur
Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen, Leipzig. 185—Journal,
Quekett Microscopical Club, London. 191—Natur, Halbmonat-
schrift fur alle Naturfreunde. 193—Entomologische Blatter, Cas-
sel. 216—Entomologische Zeitschrift, Frankfurt a. Main. 239—
Annales, Biologie Lacustre, Brussels. 248—Yearbook, Department
of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 278—Annales, Societe Zoo-
logique Suisse et du Museum d’Histoire de Geneve, Revue Suisse
de Zoologie. 324—Journal of Animal Behavior, Cambridge. 353—
Arbeiten aus den Zoologischen Instituten der Universitat Wien.
384—-Archivio Zoologico Italiano, Napoli. 394—Parasitology, Cam-

330 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [ July, ’14

bridge, England. 407—Journal of Genetics, Cambridge, England.
447—Journal of Agricultural Research, Washington. 461—Bulletin
de la Classe des Sciences, Academie Royal de Belgique, Brussels.
462—The Butterfly Farmer, Truckee, Cal. 467—Monthly Bulletin
of the American Iron and Steel Institute, New York. 474—Ontario
Agricultural College, Toronto. 475—Bulletin de la Societe Vau-
doise des Sciences Naturelles. 476—Fortschritte der Naturwissen-
schaftlichen Forschung.

GENERAL SUBJECT. Anon.—Der Entomologe, 216, xxviii,
17-8. Belon, R. P.—Notice necrologique, 86, 1xxxiii, 136-40. Ber-
lese, A.—Gli insetti loro organizzazione, sviluppo, abitudini e
rapporti coll’uomo. Vol. II, Fasc. 7-8, 177-240. Draper, B. M.—
A live box for the observations of insects and similar objects,
185, xii, 313. Escherich & Schwangart—Zeitschrift fur angewandte
entomologie, Band 1, Heft 1, 240 pp. (Berlin, P. Parey), 1914.
Gerould, J. H.—Species-building by hybridization and mutation,
3, xlvili, 321-38. Goury & Guignon—Insectes parasites des Dro-
seracees, 65, 1914, 81-3. Harms, B.—Insekten und Krankheiten,
191, 1914, 356-8. Heikertinger, F.—Die phytokologie der tiere als
selbstandiger wissenszweig, 38, xxxiii, 99-112. Imms, A. D.—The
scope and aims of applied entomology, 394, vii, 69-87. Krizenecky,
J—Experimentelle und theoretische untersuchungen weber die
restitution der insektenflugel, 176, xxxix, 131-62, 177-216.
Lonnberg, E.—Was ist binare nomenklatur, 22, xliv, 332-36.
Lovell, J. H.—Conspicuous flowers rarely visited by in-
sects, 324, iv, 147-75. Meigen, J. W.—Ein gedenkblatt zu seinem
150jahrigen geburtstag. Von P. Speiser, 84, xxxi, 52-3. Meissner,
O.—Kurze bemerkungen ueber einige neuere naturwissenschaft-
liche theorien. V. Die Mendelschen regeln, 40, xxix, 35. Necholson,
C.—Respiratory movements of insects, 10, 1914, 298. Patton &
Cragg—A text book of medical entomology, 768 pp. (Christian
Literature Society for India, London, Madras and Calcutta, 1913.)
Poche, F.—Prufung der gutachten 1-51 der Internationalen nomen-
klaturkommission, 119, 1914, A. 1, 1-41. Scherdlin, P—Ueber die
zucht nuetzlicher insekten in den U. S., 166, viii, 24-6 (cont.).
Seitz, D—Entomologische streitfragen, 84, xxxi, 55-6. Thompson,
F.—Apparatus designed for setting small insects, 8, 1914, 120-1.
Webster, F. M.—Bringing applied entomology to the farmer, 248,
1913, 75-92. Wesenberg-Lund, C.—Fortpflanzungsverhaltnisse:
Paarung und eiablage der susswasserinsekten. Wohnungen und
gehausebau der susswasserinsekten, 476, vili, 161-286; ix, 55-132.
X—Taxonomy and evolution, 3, xlviii, 369-82.

ARACHNIDA, ETC. Cummins, H.—A sarcoptid mite in the
cat, 142, xv, 106. Scheuring, L.—Die augen der Arachnoideen, II,

Vol. xxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 331

89, xxxvii, Abt. f. Anat. 369-464. Wenck, W. v.—Entwicklungs-
geschichtliche untersuchungen an tardigraden (Macrobiotus la-
custris), 89, xxxvii, Abt. f. Anat., 465-514.

Brolemann, H. W.—Etude sur les Spirobolides, 86, Ixxxiii, 1-38.

APTERA AND NEUROPTERA. Banks, N.—American Tri-
choptera—Notes and descriptions, 4, 1914, 148-56. Campion, H.—
Some dragonflies and their prey, 11, xiii, 495-504. Foerster, F.—
Beitrage zu den gattungen und arten der Libellen, 119, 1914, A. 2,
59-83. Longin-Navas, R. P—Neuropteres nouveaux de l’Amerique
du Nord, 216, xxviii, 18-20 (cont.).

HEMIPTERA. Caesar, L.The San Jose and oyster shell
scales, 474, Bul. 219. Ferriere, C—L’organe tracheo-parenchyma-
teux de quelques Hemipteres aquatiques, 278, xxii, 121-45. Gadeau
de Kerville, H.—Anomalies antennaires de Pyrrhocoris apterus,
87, 1914, 258-60. Kershaw, J. C.—The alimentary canal of a Cer-
copid, 5, 1914, 65-72.

Bergroth, E.—Four new American Hemiptera, 5, 1914, 73-5.
Cockerell & Robinson—Descriptions and records of Coccidae, 153,
XXxXiii, 327-35. Neiva, A.—Algunos datos sobre Hemipteros Hema-
tofagos de la America del Sur, .... 60, xxiv, 195-7.

LEPIDOPTERA. Bauer, E.—Vogelschutz, obstbau und ge-
spinstmotte, 216, xxviii, 47-8. Bethune-Baker, G. T.—The scales
of the Ruralidae, with some observations on their colour problems,
36, 1913, cxlii-cxciii. Busck, A.—New gen. and sps. of microlepi-
doptera from Panama, 50, xlvii, 1-67. Cavazza, F.—Modificazioni
riscontrate in esemplari di Bombyx mori derivanti... . 384, vii,
313-30. Engelhardt, V. v.—Ueber die Hancocksche druse von
Oecanthus pellucens, 22, xliv, 219-27. Gerould, J. H—(See under
General Subject.) Harrison & Doncaster—On hybrids between
moths of the geometrid subfamily Bistoninae ... . 407, iii, 229-48.
Poulton, E. B.—Mimicry in No. American butterflies: a reply, 1,
1914, 161-195. Richter, V. K. J.—Ueber lepidopterofaunistische
publikationen, 166, viii, 32-3. Rowley, R. R.—Hunting chrysalids
and cocoons, 462, i, 161-2. Semichon, L.—Secretion provoquee
d’un deuxieme cocon. Experiences sur Metzneria lapella, 87, 1914,
209-10. Slevogt, B—Ueber den wert wissenschaftlicher, nament-
lich lepidopterologischer hypothesen, 92, x, 145-7. Verlaine, L.—
La spermatogenese ches les lepidopteres, 461, 1913, 701-57.

Cockle, J. W.—Bombycia improvisa and tearlii, 4, 1914, 184.
Dyar, H. G.—Doctors Barnes and McDunnough on Florida L., 4,
1914, 179-80. The noctuid moths of the genera Palindia and Dyo-
myx. Report on the L. of the Smithsonian Biological Survey of
the Panama Canal Zone, 50, xlvii, 95-116, 139-350. Forbes, W. T. M.
—The N. A. families of L., 5, 1914, 53-65. Meyrick, E.—Lepidop-

332 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [July, 14

terorum catalogus. Pars 19: Hyponomeutidae, Pleutellidae, Am- -
phitheridae, 64 pp. Walsingham, L.—Biologia centrali-americana.
Heterocera IV, 225-280.

DIPTERA. Darlington, T.—The menace of mosquitoes and
what to do about it, 467, ii, 62-68. Merle, R—DLes varrons des
bovides, 79, 1914, 380-2. Severin & Severin—Behavior of the
mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) towards kerosene, 324.
iv, 223-27. Wahl, B.—Ueber die kopfbildung cyclorhapher dipte-
ren-larven und die postembryonale entwicklung des fliegenkopfes,
358, xx, heft 2, 35-114. Whiting, P. W.—Heredity of bristles in the
common greenbottle fly, Lucilia sericata. A study of factors
governing distribution, 8, xlviii, 339-55.

Brues, C. T.—The phorid genus Platyphora in America, 5, 1914,
76-9. Cosens, A.—The gall produced by Cystiphora canadensis, 4,
1914, 180. Enderlein, G.—Zur kenntnis tropischer Asiliden, 22,
xliv, 241-63. Hendel, F.—Die gattungen der bohrfliegen, $8, xxxiii,
73-98. Kertesz, K—Some remarks on American Lauxaniidae, 5,
1914, 82. Knab, F.—Simuliidae of Peru, 161, xxvii, 81-6. Philips,
W. J.—Corn-leaf blotch miner (Agromyza parvicornis), 447, ii,
15-31. Villeneuve, J—Quelques reflexions au sujet de la tribu des
Calliphorinae, 87, 1914, 256-8.

COLEOPTERA. Brocher, F.—Observations biologiques sur
les Dyticides, 239, vi, 305-13. Gorka, A. v.—Experimentelle und
morphologische beitrage zur physiologie der malpighischen gefasse
der kafer, 89, xxxiv, Abt. f. Allgem. Z., 233-338. Hass, W.—Die
asymmetrie der flugelrudimente bei Carabus auratus, 22, xliv, 292-
97. Prell, H.—Mannliche sexualcharaktere als monstrositat bei
einem weiblichen kaefer, 198, 1914, 140-42. Webster, R. L.—Life
history notes on the plum curculio in Iowa (Conotrachelus nenu-
phar), 34, xx, 313-15.

Blair, K. G—On the Fabrician types of Tenebrionidae in the
Banks collection, 11, xiii, 482-90. Jeannel, R—Coleopterorum cata-
logus, Pars 60: Silphidae: Bathysciinae, 62 pp. Wichmann, H.—
Zur kenntnis der Ipiden—II, 198, 1914, 136-9.

HYMENOPTERA. Boulange, H.—L’appareil copulatieur de
Tenthredella temula, 87, 1914, 260-66. Von Engelhardt, V.—Ueber
den bau der gynandromorphen bienen (Apis mellifica), 92, xi,
161-7 (cont.). Ferton, C.—Notes detachees’ sur l’instinct des H.
melliferes et Ravisseurs, 86, Ixxxiii, 81-119. Friese & Wagner—
Zoologische studien an hummeln, 89, xxxvii, Abt. f. Syst., 172-98.
Hudson, G. V.—Evidence of memory and reasoning in a Pompilid,
8, 1914, 121. Wheeler, W. M.—Note on the habits of Liomyrmex,
5, 1914, 75-6.

Vol. xxv | ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 333

Brethes, J.—H. de la America meridional, 60, xxiv, 35-165. Cock-
erell, T. D. A——Names applied to the N. A. bees of the genera
Lithurgus, Anthidium and allies, 50, xlvii, 87-94. Crawford, J. C.—
H., superfamilies Apoidea and Chalcidoidea, of the Yale-Dominican
expedition of 1913, 50, xlvii, 131-34. Crosby & Leonard—An egg
parasite of the tarnished plant bug (Lygus pratensis), 4, 1914,
181-2. Forel, A.—Fourmis d’Argentine, du Bresil, du Guatemala
& de Cuba, 475, xlix, 203-50. Gaige, F. M.—Description of a n.
subsp. of Pogonomyrmex occidentalis from Nevada, 161, xxvii,
93-6. Jorgensen, P.—Las Tenthredinoidea de la Republica Argen-
tina, 60, xxiv, 247-88. Morley, C—A monograph of the genus
Joppidium (Ichneumonidae), 9, 1914, 137-41. Rohwer, S. A.—De-
scriptions of two n. gen. of parasitic H., 5, 1914, 79-81.

A Text Boox or Mepica, ENtomotocy. By WALTER Scort PATron,
M.B. (Edin.), I. M. S., King. Inst. of Preventive Medicine,
Guindy, Madras, and Francis Witiram Cracc, M.D. (Edin.),
I. M. S., Central Research Inst., Kasauli, Punjab. Christian
Literature Society for India. London, Madras, Calcutta, 1913.
(Price, one pound one shilling.)

This is a large octavo volume of 764 pages, 89 plates and some
text-figures. Some idea of this extensive work may be obtained from
a brief mention of the contents. Anatomy and physiology, general
structure, internal structure (pp. 1-93). Diptera, Orthorrapha, Nema- -
tocera, Brachycera, Cyclorrapha, Pupipara (pp. 94-404). Siphon-
aptera (pp. 405-434). Rhynchota (pp. 435-478). Anoplura (pp. 470-
527). Acarina (pp. 528-681). Pentastomida: Linguatulidae (pp. 682-
698). Eucopepoda: Cyclops (pp. 699-705). Laboratory technic (pp.
700-711). Relations of Arthropoda to their Parasites (pp. 712-726).

The authors mention the difficulties the medical and veterinary
officers have in the tropics to obtain the necessary literature, which is
scattered in many publications, thus making such a work essential.
“With the advent of journals specially devoted to the subject the cur-
rent literature has now become available and it is possible to keep
one’s knowledge up to date.” The present volume is to give a working
foundation of what has preceded in the older and more scattered
literature. The rapid increase of the literature of medical entomology
and the recognition of its practical importance to humanity is well
illustrated by this great contribution to the subject. It contains many
original illustrations, especially relating to the anatomy of insects
that transmit disease. Such a work will be of immense value to the .
medical man in the tropics or in any place not accessible to good spe-
cial libraries, and even where libraries are available it is a great aid to
have the essentials culled for one, as it saves valuable time.

334 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [ July, 14

The subject has developed in a few years into a special field of work
and makes one realize that it is indeed the era of insects and they must
be studied from every viewpoint. The systematist, the economic stu-
dent in relation to plant life and other commodities, have struggled
with the vast hordes of insects and now the medical entomologist
comes in for a large share of the general burden. A few years ago
our wildest dreams would not have contemplated a work of the mag-
nitude and character of the one here noticed—-HENRY SKINNER. (Ad-
vertisement.) Wa ie

Doings of Societies.
FELDMAN COLLECTING SOCIAL.

Meeting of March 18, 1914, at the home of H. W. Wenzel,
5614 Stewart Street, Philadelphia. Eleven members were
present. President H. A. Wenzel in the chair.

Mr. Daecke said he had sent his Lachnosterna to Mr. John
J. Davis, a specialist in that group, for verification and found
he had some wrongly determined. The specimen in the New
Jersey list known as parvidens LeC. from Manumuskin, June
23. 1902, should be placed under aemula Horn, making now
two specimens from New Jersey, the other being DaCosta,
June 4, 1905, beaten from a pine tree. The rugosa Melsh.
record from Merchantville, March 15, should be placed with
luctuosa Horn, making also two records of this species, the
other being Buena Vista.

Mr. Laurent said that on July 5, 1913, previous to a heavy
thunder shower, it became so dark that one could not see to
read. Looking from the window he saw numerous bright red
lights of some species of Lampyridae. The beetle was plenti-
ful enough, but not having a net he succeeded in capturing
only one specimen, which proved to be Photinus pyralis Linn.

Mr. Kaeber said he had gotten some small twigs of wild
cherry at Lester, Delaware County, Pennsylvania, in January,
containing many pupae, and upon cutting open one of the stems
on February 14th had found an imago of Dysphaga tenuipes
Hald. (Col.).

Adjourned to the annex.

Meeting of April 15, 1914, at the same residence. Nine
members were present. President H. A. Wenzel in the chair.

Vol. xxv] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 335

Mr. Kaeber said since the last meeting he had reared more
specimens of Dysphaga tenuipes Hald. (Col.), and that the
first two had brown elytra with dark spot and the next two
reddish black elytra and black thorax.

Mr. Wenzel exhibited wood with larvae of Prionus (?) and
also burrows of a species of bee. Recorded two specimens of
Chrysobothris convexa Fall from Chisos Mts., Texas, July
19, one collected by J. W. Green and the other by H. A. Wen-
zel. The type locality for this beetle is Alamogordo, New
Mexico. :

Two newspaper articles were read, one on “A Seven-legged
Curacoa Bug” and one on Amblychila cylindriformis Say.

Mr. Geo. M. Greene remarked on his card catalog of North
American Coleoptera and pointed out some “oddities” in a
recent paper. ;

Adjourned to the annex.
Geo. M. GREENE, Secretary.

OBITUARY.

Dr. Cart Cuun, professor of zoology in the University
of Leipzig, died April 11, 1914. Although chiefly distin-
guished, in recent years, for his oceanographical work as sci-
entific leader of the German Deep Sea Expedition on the
steamship Valdivia, he published in 1875 an elaborate paper
on the structure, development and physiological significance
of the rectal glands in insects. He was sixty-two years old.

Mr. Frank E. Moeser, a collector of Lepidoptera and a
keen observer of their life histories, died at his home, 239
Guilford Street, Buffalo, New York, on May 1sth, being
forty-five years of age. His work, among the local Noctuidae
especially, proved of interest, in that material brought to notice
by Grote, when the latter was with the Buffalo Society of
Natural Sciences, was again collected by him. He is survived
by a wife, daughter and son.—H. B.

Mr. AnD Mrs. H. H. Lyman perished in the terrible dis-
aster of May 29, 1914, when the Canadian Pacific steamship,

330 ENTOMOLOGICAI, NEWS. [ July, 14

Empress of Ireland, foundered in the St. Lawrence River.
off Father Point, Quebec. Those of us whose latest personal
association with both of them was at the Atlanta meeting of
the Entomological Society of America, last December, feel the
suddenness of their removal with especial keenness, remem-
bering the eagerness with which Mrs. Lyman was looking for-
ward to the visit to England so hopelessly prevented at its
outset. To our Canadian colleagues we tender our hearty
sympathy. ;

Henry Herbert Lyman was born at Montreal, Canada, De-
cember 21, 1854, and took the B.A. and M.A. degrees. at
McGill University in 1876 and 1880, respectively. He en-
gaged in the drug business, eventually becoming senior partner
of the firm of Lyman, Sons & Company and also president of
The Lyman Brothers & Company, Limited, of Toronto.

Dr. C. J. S. Bethune wrote of him in the Report of the Ento-
mological Society of Ontario for 1899 (p. 123):

When less than eight years old he began to take an interest in
insects and to observe their ways. and when only twelve he started to
form a collection, the precursor of what is now one of the finest
collections of Lepidoptera in Canada. His first printed observation
on insects appeared in the sixth volume of the Canadian Entomologist
(1874) and showed that even in those early days he was engaged in
the rearing of butterflies and moths, a work to which he has largely
devoted himself ever since.

The scientific societies with which he was connected include
the Entomological Society of Ontario (vice-president 1895-7,
president 1897-9), and its Montreal Branch, the Entomological
Society of America (fellow), the New York Entomological
Society, Cambridge Entomological Club, Natural History So-
ciety of Montreal, the International Congresses of Entomology,
and the American and British Associations for the Advance-
ment of Science.

Mr. Arthur Gibson, Chief Assistant Entomologist of the
Department of Agriculture of the Dominion of Canada, writes:

His death is a great loss to our Society, particularly to the ento-
mological branch. He had been looking forward to continuing his
entomological work, as in alterations recently made to his house
[74 McTavish Street, Montreal] he had arranged for an entomological
studio, greenhouse, etc., for studying life-histories.

=)

EXCHANGES.

Not Exceeding Three Lines Free to Subscribers.

4as- These notices are continued as long as our limited space will allow; the new
ones are added at the end of the column, and only when necessary those at the top
(being longest in) are discontinued

Wanted—Insect Life, Vol. V, No. 5, and Bibliography of American
Economic Entomology, No. 4. Write offer.—Geo. M. Greene, 1303 N.
54th St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Miss Sarah Maul, 14 Channing St., N. W., Washington, D. C. Col-
lector and breeder of Lepidoptera. Purchasers wanted.

The undersigned will greatly appreciate receiving records of New
Jersey species not listed in Smith’s Insects of New Jersey.—Harry B.
Weiss, 272 Hale St., New Brunswick, N. J.

_N. A. Coleoptera for Exchange—My list of over one thousand spe-
cies of N. A. Coleoptera is now ready. If you wish to exchange,
answer by sending me your list of what you have to offer.—Philip Lau-
rent, 31 East Mt. Airy Ave., Philadelphia, Pa.

_ I offer for exchange a few perfect, bred specimens of Vanessa goner-
ila in papers. Desire many common North American species of Lepi-
doptera, both Macro and Micro.—Fred Marloff, Box 104 Oak Station P.O.,
Allegheny Co., Pa.

Specialists—I will coilect for cash any order of insects during the
coming season in this vicinity. Flat rates given.—Harry Johnson, South
Meriden, Conn. ;

For Exchange—Volumes VII to XII Entomological News for other
entomological publications or for Lepidoptera.—Alex. Kwiat, 2055 Pen-
sacola Ave., Chicago, III.

Wanted, for my own library—Papers by LeConte, Horn, Harris, Ran-
dall and Melsheimer in Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1835, 1845; Jour.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phiia., 1852; Froc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1844, 1856,
1868; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vols. 3, 4, 5, 7; Lists of Coleoptera, J.
D. Putnam, 1876; Schiddte, Metamorphoses, Parts 2, 6; Casey, Contri-
butions to Coleopterology, Part 2, 1884.—Address John D. Sherman, Jr.,
403 Seneca Ave., Mount Vernon, N. Y.

To complete sets in my library I need No. 1 of Vol. XXX, Canadian
Entomologist, Riley’s 9th Missouri Report and No. 18 of Henry Edwards’
Pacific Coast Lepidoptera. I will give cash or liberal exchange in Cali-
fornia insects.—H. H. Newcomb, Venice, California.

Heteroptera—I am engaged on the study of this group and desire
material from all regions, especially New England. Will exchange in
this and other orders. Correspondence desired.—H. M. Parshley, Bus-
sey Institution, Forest Hills, Mass.

Wanted—to purchase for cash the following numbers of the Experi-
ment Station Record, Vol. I, No. 2; Vol. II, Nos. 2 and 9; Voi. III, Nos.
4 and 10.—J. F. Abbott, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo.

Wanted —Larvae or ova of cecropia, polyphemus and Saturnia gal-
bina.—O. C. Poling, Phoenix, Arizona.

Photographs of Entomologists Desired.

The Entomological Section of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural
Sciences desires for its entomological album the photograph of every
entomological student. The collection contains over 300 at this date.
A list was published in the News 1902, pages 45-47, of those in the
album at that time. We hope that those who can do so will write their
names and date of birth and the date when the photograph was taken
on the back of each photo, along with any other information concern-
ing themselves they may wish to impart.

SECOND-HAND BOOKS FOR SALE

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Canadian Entomologist for the years 1874 to 1891 inclusive, 17 volumes,

bound in 9 vols., % morocco. (15 pounds) . : . $20.00
Edwards, W. H. —Butterflies of North America. 3 vols. : 4 morocco, 180

beautifully colored plates. (Pub. price, $150.00)... . 75.00
Felt, E. P.—Entomological Reports of the State of New York. His

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—— Scale Insects of New York State. (Post. Se. \ 2. hn Sas .25

Fitch, Asa —Insects Injurious to Vegetation in the State of New York.
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Fernald, C. H.—Crambidae of North America. (Post. 3c.) ...... aA.)
Forbes, S. A.—Reports of Illinois State Entomologist, Nos. 18, 19, 24,

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Harris, T. H.—Insects Injurious to Vegetation, cloth. (23 lbs.).... 3.00
Hentz, Dr. N. M.—The Spiders of U.S. Paper, platesloose. (Post.10c.) 3.00
Insect Life.—Complete with General Index. (134 pounds) . 22:00
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Guide to the Study of Trees. Paper. (Post. 3c.)....-... .40

Lintner, J. A.—Insects Injurious to Vegetation in the State of New
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Maynard, C. J.—Manual of the North American Butterflies. Cloth.

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Packard, A. §.—Guide to the Study of Insects. Cloth. (34 pounds). 2.50
Comstock, J. H.—Manual of the Study of Insects. Cloth. (4 pounds) 3.50
Porter, Gene Stratton.—Moths of Limberlost. New, cloth. (4 pounds) 2.25

Riley, C. V.—The Cotton Worm. Paper. (Post. 4c:) . :). 72cm .50
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Observer for the years 1892, 1893, "1894. Patent Bdg. (74 pounds) . Men aas0

PRICES ARE NET AND PURCHASER PAYS COST OF TRANSPORTATION.

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Scarce Books For Sale at Affixed Net Prices

1. American Entomologist: Vols. land3. Inparts......... $10.00
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11. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 1892 to 1898. 7 vols.in parts... 5.00
12. French.—Synopsis of Catocalae, Analytical Tables of the Moths and

Synopsis of Noctuidae, of Illinois. 3 papers. 1880-82... .. 2.50

13. French.—Butterflies of the Eastern United States. 1890. Cloth .. 1.50
14. Grote and Robinson.—Descriptions of American OR 4 parts,

WSG7—G8s (4 cols plates. .- Spach 3.50

15. Grote and Robinson.—Notes on Lepidoptera of America. 1867. 3 pls. 1 00

16. Hagen.—Synopsis of Neuroptera of North America, 1861... 1.50
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18. Henshaw.— List of the Coleoptera of America North of Mexico. 1885 3.00
19. Packard.— Monograph of the Geometrid Moths or Phalaenidae of the

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20. Papilio.—Devoted to Lepidoptera exclusively. 4 vols, 1881- 1894.

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21. Proceedings of Entomological Society of Philadelphia, vol. 4. In parts 5.00

22. Saunders.—Insects Injurious topruiie:;” aso, - Cloth. Mar, <, 304205), 1.50
23. Say.—American Entomology. A description of the Insects of North

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24. Strecker.— Lepidoptera, Rhopaloceres and Heteroceres, indigenous
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25. Strecker.—Butterflies and Moths of North America. 1878. .... 1.50
26. State Cabinet (Museum) of Natural History of New York. Annual

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WILLIAM J. GERHARD, Dealer in Books on Natural History
2005 BRANDYWINE STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA. U. S. A.

JUST PUBLISHED
THE BOMBIDAE OF THE NEW WORLD By H. F. FRANKLIN Ph.D.

An extensive monograph of the genera Bombus and Psithyrus. A work
of great merit treating of the North and South American species of these gen-
era. The text of 438 pages is made up of careful descriptions and valuable
notes supplemented by 22 plates, chiefly camera-lucida drawings of the genita-
lia. An excellent review of this work may be found in the Canadian Entomo-
logist for February, 1914, pages 73-76. This work should be in the hands of
every student of Hymenoptera who is interested in this family, and may be
procured for $4.50 post paid, from the

AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

1900 RACE STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

NEW JERSEY ENTOMOLOGICAL COMPANY

HERMAN H. BREHME, Manager

Dealers in Insects of all Orders. Lepidoptera, Cocoons and Pupae. Life
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74-80 THIRTEENTH AVENUE, NEWARK, NEW JERSEY, U. S. A.

Send 4 cents for Price List of Insects and Supplies.
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THE BUTTERFLY FARMER

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ENTOMOLOGICAL BOOKS, JOURNALS AND
PAMPHLETS BOUGHT AND SOLD

Best Prices Paid for Libraries, Duplicates, Separates, Excerpts, etc.

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‘WOOD INSECT BOX

These cabinets havea specially constructed groove or trough around the front,
lined with a material of our own design, which is adjustable to the pressure of the front
cover. The cover, when in place, i is made fast by spring wire locks or clasps, causing a
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The interior is made of metal, with upright partition in center. On the sides
are metal supports to hold 28 boxes. The regular size is 424 in. high, 13 in. deep, 183
in. wide, inside dimensions; usually enameled green outside. For details of Dr. Skin-
ner’s construction of this cabinet, see Entomological News, Vol. XV, page 177

METAL INSECT BOX has all the essential merits of the Sekine “having a
groove, clasps, etc. Bottom inside lined with cork; the outside enameled any color
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WOOD INSECT BOX.—We do not assert that this wooden box has all the quali-
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