"

ze

Ss (SEE INSIDE OF COVER)

aan 1917.

NTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Vol. XXVIII. No. 9

Henry Shimer
. 1828-1895,

PHILIP P. CALVERT, Ph.D., Editor.
E. T. CRESSON, Jr., Associate Editor.

“HENRY SKINNER, M.D., Se.D., Editor Emeritus.

ADVISORY COMMITTEE:
EZRA T. CRESSON. r j. A. G. REHN,
PHILIP LAURENT, } ERICH DAECKE, H. W. WENZEL,

; i PHILADELPHIA :
THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,
: LOGAN SQUARE.

Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as Second-Class Matter.

: 2 See
published monthly, excepting August and September, in charge of
logical Section of The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philz

and The American Entomological Seciety. = ss
ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 IN ADVANCE
SINGLE COPIES 24 CENTS. =: Somes
Advertising Rates: Per inch, full width of page, single insertion, $
count of ten per cent. on insertions of five months or over, N
ment taken for less than $1.00—Cash in advance.

ga All remittances, and communications regarding subscriptions, 1
of the News or of reprints, and requests for sample-copies, s
addressed to ENTOMOLOGICAL News, 1900 Race Street, Philadelp
All Checks and Money Orders to be made payable to the ENTOMOLOGIC
News. : Ls ;

-

sG@=All complaints regarding non-receipt of issues of the News should
sented within three months from date of mailing of the issue. Aft

: time the numbers will be furnished only at the regular rate for
copies. REO

ga Address all other communications to the editor, Dr. P. P. Calv
Regent Street, Philadelphia, Pa., from September 15th to June 15th, ¢
the Academy of Natural Sciences from June 15th to September 15th. —

ADVICE TO OUR SUBSCRIBERS—PLEASE NOTE
SUBSCRIPTIONS FOR 1918 will be due on and after Dec
Ist. but they may be paid any time before that date. =

If you wish to receive your January Number on ; i
your subscription must be paid before December 26, 1

SPECIAL NOTICE TO AUTHORS —_

Owing to increased cost of labor and materials, only one plate (of
engravings only) will be published in each issue of the NEws during
except where authors furnish the necessary blocks, or pay in advance the

given free at the following rates: Each-printed page or fraction thereof, twenty-five copies,
15 cents; each half tone plate, twenty-five copies, 20 cents; each plate of line cuts, twe :
five copies, 15 cents; greater numbers of copies will be at the corresponding multiples ¢ 5

these rates. ; : = : sae

500 PIN-LABELS, 25 CENTS! All Alike on a Strip.

Smallest Type. Pure White Ledger Paper. Not Over 4 Lines or 30 Characters (13 to a Line ‘ee
Additional characters 1c each, per Line, per 500, Trimmed. =

¢. V. BLACKBURN, 12 Pine St., STONEHAM, MASS., U. S.

Ent. News, Vol. XXVIII. Plate XXVI.

THE CHINESE GALL.—BAKER.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION

THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA.

Vou. XXVIII. NOVEMBER, 1017. No. 9.
CONDENS:

Baker—On the Chinese Gall (Aphidi- Editorial—The News for 1918.........- 424
dae==lom) acer ceases seseiew- <= 385 | Holloway—Abundance of he Fall
Cureau—Clouds of Butterflies (Lep.).. 393 Web Worm (Lep.)........--2..--- 425

Tucker—Outbreaks of the Elegant The Entomological Collections of the
Looper (Philtraea elegantaria Hy. University of Michigan........... 425
Edw. )on Privet in Louisiana( Lep.) 394 Entomological Literature.............- 426

Girault—The North American Species
of Trigonoderus Westwood, Fe-
MAALES EDV INEM 'S)\</./<1ci<iaintecialy cieleie(eys\a1e 396
Crampton—A Phylogenetic Study of
the Lateral Head, Neck and Pro-
thoracic Regions in Some Aptery-

Review of Hebard: The Blattidae of
North America north of the Mexi-
CanyBOUnGA hyaee ee ceeecr sccinsiclec iss 430

Doings of Societies—Entom. Section
of the Academy of Natural Scien-
ces of Phila. (Hymen., Orth., Lep.) 431

gota and Lower Pterygota......... 398 The Entomological Society of Nova
Warren—Habits of Some Burrowing SHOE cogoncconcosgadouNdbaneoaccd6 43t

Scarabaeidae (Col.)....-.......-... 412 Entomological Section of the Lor-
Davidson—Early Spring Syrphidae in quin Natural History Club......... 432

California and a new Pipiza (Dip.) 414 The Florida Entomological Society
Stevens—Preliminary List of North anGdyits) INEw OLgan’ ves acieisieicvals 432

Dakota Wasps exclusive of Eu-

MEMIGAS: (EL yINs)se/seis/< v.visiew = sei ce.- 419

On the Chinese Gall (Aphididae—Hom.).

By A. C. Baxer, Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C.
(Plate XXVI.)

The galls produced by an aphid on Rhus semialata have for
many centuries been an important article of commerce in
China. They are employed in dyeing and tanning, as well as
in native medicines, and the export of these galls in recent
years has been valued at about one million dollars per annum.
The use of these and similar galls would seem of special inter-
est at the present time to workers in this country, since gall-
nuts are one of the principal ingredients of the so-called secret
method of the London seal dyers. Although the galls are well
known in commerce, publications on the insect producing them
are widely scattered and difficult of access. It seems wise,
therefore, to bring the literature together and to compare the
insect with its well known relatives in this country.

385

386 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [ Nov., ’17

The first publication on the species seen by the writer is that
of Li-Shih-chén (15907). The Pén tsao by this author was
completed in 1578, after about twenty-five years of labor. A
copy said to be dated 1590 is in Berlin and only later copies
are available in this country. The materials referred to by
Li Shih-chén were usually very well known at his time and his
work was compiled, with additions, from some thirty-nine earl-
ier publications, some of them very ancient works, so it is quite
likely that these aphid galls were known long before his time.

There are very many references in Chinese literature, par-
ticularly medical, which are not in the bibliography given with
this article. These will be found recorded in the Tu Shu Chi
Ch’éng (1728) where a rather extended article on the species
is given.

The Pén tsao mentioned previously gives a figure of the
galls (reproduced on Plate XXVI, Fig. r), and after describ-
ing the plant speaks of the nut and says: “On the leaf is an
insect which produces the Wu-p’ei-tzee which is collected in
the eighth moon.”

It is perhaps worthy of note that in the Pen tsao the Wu-
p ei-tzee is included under the insects produced from eggs. The
insects form the first division of animals and there appear to
be of these insects four groups, the frog being included in the
last one with aquatic insects. The general life history of these
gall aphids seems to have been fairly known, but this can hardly
be said of all forms of life, for the insects are followed by a
group composed of dragons.

It is indicated by Pereira (1844) that the gallnut is used
in making soup and as a protection against the peculiar vapors
of the hill country. “Gallnut” is the term by which these galls
are known commercially, but it does not seem from their com-
position that they would make good soup. In speaking of the
nut of the tree Li-Shih-chen says: “On the skin there is a
fine coating of salt” and no doubt this refers to the pollen
which may have been used as a soup flavoring. That the fruit
may have been used is quite possible, since the fruit of the
same tree is eaten by the Nepaulese and Lepchas.

Vol. xxviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 387

The first European reference appears to be that of Cleyer
(1682), who describes the material from the medical point of
view under the name U poi cu.

Another early and more complete European account is that
given by Geoffroy (1724). He refers to the galls under the
Chinese name Oupeytze and says that commercially they are
known as “Indian ears.” He had a notion that the galls formed
by aphids on elms might be the same as the Chinese galls.

A rather extended account is given by Du Halde (1735),
which is referred to by Brande (1817). He says that-the na-
tives of China pick the galls before frost and expose them to
hot water or steam in order to kill the insects. A 1770 English
translation of this work is referred to by Pereira (1844). The
Paris edition (1735) is not available to the writer, but he has
seen a Hague edition (1736) and the name is here spelled in
the French Ou-poey-tse.

In Japan Ono (1802) described these galls under the name of
Mimibushi or Fushi. He says they are hollow and contain
large numbers of minute insects. The powder of the dried
galls he states is used by Japanese women to blacken their
teeth. There may be earlier Japanese references, perhaps in
Japanese editions of Chinese Pen tsaos, but it has seemed a
needless task to search the literature for these.

The first examination into the composition of the gall seems
to have been made by Brande (1817). The material he used
was marked Oong poey and was used in dyeing black. He
made extracts of the galls and obtained twenty-five parts of in-
soluble woody matter. He suggests they could be used for
making writing ink.

In 1844 Guibourt brought these galls again to the attention
of Europe, but considering them unknown, described them un-
der the name of the cauliflower gall. He had a dried specimen
in his own shop and fragments from a Mr. Ledanois. Ledanois
analyzed the material and obtained 60 per cent. of tannic
‘acid. This appears to be the first real analysis. At the same
time Pereira (1844) gave an excellent account under the name
ef Woo-pei-tsze with quotations from the Pen tsao and a

388 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [ Nov., ’17

reterence to a translation of Du Halde. He was the first to
have a good supply of the galls and his came from Canton.

A few years later an article appeared (Bell, 1848), describ-
ing the insect found within the galls as a new species under the
name of Aphis chinensis. This name has by some writers been
credited to Doubleday, but since the article was unsigned Jacob
Bell must be considered the author.

Stein (1849) gave a rather complete analysis and obtained
69 per cent. of tannic acid and 4 per cent. of other tannins.

Pereira (1850) again mentions the gall and figures it, stating
that it is produced by an aphid.

Buchner (1851) considered the tannin present in these as
the same as that of oakbark and he gave analyses of other
galls for comparison.

The first account to appear in an American journal was pub-
lished by Archer (1865). After mentioning the Chinese and
Japanese galls he says: “There is a gall called Kakarasinghee
or Kakrasingee produced on Rhus Kakrasinghee (Royal)
used by the tanners of India.” He also mentions a gall he has
from Shanghi, which he states is intermediate between the
Kakarasinghee and the Woo-pei-tsze.

In India karkata sringi is sometimes applied to a gall on
Rhus. This name, however, should seemingly be used for the
gall mentioned above by Archer. The tree he speaks of is the
northwest form of Pistacia khinjuk Stocks and the galls on
this are the karkata sringi of the Sanscrit. Various names are
used in the different languages as kakrasingi (Hind.), kakra-
sringt (Beng.), kakara-shingi (Tel.) and dushtapuchattu
(Kan.). In Tamil, however, kadi kazipvi is used for these
- galls and kakkata shingi often applied to the galls on the Rhus
succedama. The former tree can hardly be confused as it has
been well known many years, the wood being sold as lumber —
up in the hills at Simla and elsewhere. Rhus semialata, which
is the host of the Chinese galls in Japan and China, occurs in
the outer Himalayas, according to Watt (1892), but, so far
as the writer can learn, is not galled there. It would seem then
that none of the various forms of the karkata sringi are the

Vol. xxviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 389

galls formed by chinensis. Smith (1871), however, in speaking
of these galls under the title “nutgalls,” says: “This excres-
cence, called in India Kakrasingie, is produced by a Coccus,
and is said to sometimes attain the size of a man’s fist.” Further
study on the inmates of the galls from different parts of India
would seem desirable.

Viedt (1875) made a chemical study of the Chinese galls
and found 72 per cent. of tannin.

Hanbury (1876) says that he has satisfied himself by an
examination of the galls and tree that these galls do not occur
on Distylium racemosum, as stated by some pharmacologists,
but on Rhus semialata Mur. The date here given for Han-
bury’s paper is that of his collected papers. The original
papers were printed much earlier.

-Courchet (1879) gives a rather extended discussion of these
galls and refers to them under the name Poey-tse. He says
they occur on hus semialata and according to Fluckiger on
Rhus japonica. He made a study of the structure of the gall
and credited the name of the insect, chinensis, to Doubleday.

Ishikawa (1880) made a study of the galls in Japan and
obtained tannin ranging from 58.82 per cent. to 67.7 per cent.
This would seem to be the first chemical study of the Japanese
galls.

Lichtenstein (1883), after studying the insect which pro-
duces the Chinese gall, described a new genus, Schlectendalia,
‘for the species. This generic name is the one which has gen-
erally been applied to the insect by subsequent writers who
were acquainted with it.

Hartwich (1884) made a study of the Japanese gall and
after comparing it concluded that it was the same as the Chinese
one produced by chinensis Bell.

Uyeno (1886) gave an article on the Japanese gall, showing
its distribution in that country.

Trimble (1892) gave a short account of the Chinese gall and
considered the Japanese one distinct. He gave an excellent
bibliography from the point of view of the tannins.

Shirai (1895) studied the galls on Rhus semuialata and de-

390 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [ Nov., 717

scribed as well the insects producing them. Both alate and
apterous forms were described. He secured galls of two dif-
ferent types. The first is undoubtedly the true Chinese gall
formed by chinensis. These galls develop on the winged
petioles. His other gall is an entirely different thing very ir-
regular in shape and somewhat suggesting the gall of vagabun-
dus Walsh. The insect producing it has a short stigma and
one oblique vein in the hind wing.

Sasaki (1910) studied the life history of the species as oc-
curring in Japan. He secured the stem mother, forming a
small gall on the under surface of the leaf petiole in May.
These stem mothers produce from 17 to 18 young. By the
end of June the galls are divided into chambers, while toward
the end of July the finger-like projections of the galls are pres-
ent with usually two young of a stem mother in each projec-
tion. Toward the last of August the galls contain numerous
females of the second generation and many young of the third.
In October, young of the fourth generation are present and in
this month also pupae appear. During October and Novem-
ber the galls open and alate forms are freed.

The young of these alate forms Sasaki was unable to keep
alive on Rhus, but he concludes that this was due to unnatural
conditions and that these young should remain over and “wake
up” in May and commence to form new galls. No males were
observed. :

Butler (1911), after a brief general account, says: “The
escape of the insect takes place on the spontaneous bursting
of the walls of the vesicle, probably when, after viviparous re-
production for several generations, male winged insects are de-
veloped.”

Thorp (1912) makes reference to the Chinese galls and
states that commercially they are more used than those from
other trees, as the results obtained are much better.

Fitch (1866) described a species of aphid forming galls on
Rhus in this country under the name of Byrsocrypta rhois,
and this is the species now generally known as Pemphigus rhois

Vol. xxviii | ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 391

(Fitch). This species forms a bladder-like gall on the under
side of the leaves of Khus glabra and these galls seem not to
develop until late summer.

Galls collected on July Ist in Virginia are still very small and
not yet well developed. In galls at this time can be found
the stem mother of the gall and from two to a dozen or more
young. By the first week in August the galls are considerably
larger and contain several hundred insects, many of them in
the earlier pupal instars. By the end of August the galls
often reach one inch in diameter and if they are opened wil be
found to contain large numbers of alate insects, and it is not
until the early fall that these alate forms usually leave the
galls. The may be found flying at the last of October. The
galls contain from 60 to 70 per cent. of tannin, an amount
nearly equal to that of the Chinese galls.

Walsh (1866), in studying this species, erected the genus
Melaphis with rhois as type and in this description refers to
the Chinese galls, stating that “It would be very interesting to
know whether the plant lice found in them are generically
related to ours.”

In the collections of the Bureau of Entomology there are
numerous specimens of the Chinese galls and an examination
of them has shown that many still contain their inmates. On
mounting, these alate forms are found to agree in general
characters with rhois Fitch and quite easily fall in the genus
Melaphis on the distinct shape of the stigma, etc.

It will be seen also that the methods of life of the two |
species, chinensis and rhois, are very similar, the alate forms
leaving the galls in the fall. What becomes of these forms
seems to be unknown and the writer has been unable to
determine this for rhois.

Considering the similarity in structure, the similarity in life
history and the fact that both species occur upon plants of
the same genus, as well as the fact that these two species are
quite different from other species in the tribe, it would seem
that there is no good reason for keeping them in different
genera. In such case Melaphis is the generic name that must

392

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [ Nov., ’17

be used and the species forming the Chinese gall will become
Melaphis chinensis (Bell). The more important publications
on the species follow. Mr. S. A. Rohwer supplied me with the
references to Smith (1871) and Trimble (1892).

1590?
1682.

1724.

1728.
1730.

1802.
1817.

1844.
1844.
1848.

1849.

LITERATURE.

Li SHIH-cHEN.—Pén tsao kang mu Bk 39, folio 21 r° & v®
(Chinese).

CLEYER, ANDREW.—Specimen Medicinae Sinicae Med. Simp. (p.
47), No. 225.

Greorrroy, M.—Observations sur les vessies qui viennent aux
Ormes, et sur -un sorte d’excroissance a peu-pres pareille
qui nous est apportee de la Chine—Memoirs of the Royal
Acad. of Sciences, Paris, 320.

T’u Suu Cui CuH’eENG.—(Chinese Encyclopedia.)

Du Hatpe, J. B—Description Géographique, Historique, Chro-
nologique, Politique, et Physique de !’Empire de la Chine
et de la Tartarie Chinoise,—The Hague.

Ono, RanzAN.—Honzo Komoku Keimo, Vol. 35 (Japanese).
Branve, WM. THos.—Observations on an Astringent Vegetable
Substance from China. Philosophical Transactions, 39.
Gursourt, M.—On the galls of Terebinthus and Pistacia. Phar-

maceutical Journal, 3, 377.

PEREIRA, JONATHAN.—Observations on the Chinese gall, cailed
“Woo-pei-tsze.” Pharmaceutical Journal, 3, 384.

BELL, Jacop.—The insect forming the Chinese Gall. Pharm.
Journal, 7, 310.

Stein, Von W.—Ueber chinesischen Gallus. Dingler, 114, 433,
aus Polytech. Centralblatt Liefer. 22.

PEREIRA, JONATHAN.—The Elements of Materia Medica and
Therapeutics. Third Edition, 2, pt. 1, 1224.

ScHENK, Von.—Nachtragliche Notiz tiber die chinesischen Gall-
apfel. Buch. Rep. Pharm., 105, 346.

Bucuner, L. A.—Ueber den Werth der Chinesischen Gallapfel.
Buch. Rep. Pharm., 107, 313.

Wirttstein, G. C—On the Preparation of Gallic Acid from
Chinese Gall-nuts. Pharm. Jour. Trans., 12, 444.

HeEINEcKE, Von H.—Ueber Darstellung des Tannins aus chinesi-
schen Gallapfeln. Archiv der Pharm. (2), 83, 4.

ReEBLING, Von.—Aphis chinensis. Archiv der Pharm. (2), 81,
280.

ARCHER, Pror.—Notes on a new species of Gall from China
with references to other unusual commercial galls. Am.
Jour. Pharm. 37, 186.

Vol. xxviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 393

1866. FircH, Asa—Month, Journ., N. Y. State Agr. Soc., Aug., p. 73.

1866. WatsH, Beny.—Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila. 4, 281.

1871. SMITH, FREDFRICK Porter.—Contributions towards the Materia
Medica and Natural History of China. Shanghai, 156.

1875. Vuiept, C. H.—Uber Schwarz Schreibtinten. Dingler’s Polytech-
nisches Journal, 216, 453.

1876. Hansury, DANigeL.—Science Papers, Notes on Chinese Materia
Medica, 266, London, MacMillan Co.

1879. CourcHET, LucieN.—Etude sur Les Galles Produites par les
Aphidiens, 43, Montpellier.

1880. IsHIKAWA, IwAwo.—Materials containing Tannin used in Ja-
pan. Chem. News, 42, 277. ;

1883. LICHTENSTEIN. J.—Ein neues Aphidien-Genus. Stettiner Ent.
Zeit., Jahrg. 44, No. 4-6, 240.

1884.—Hartwicu, C.—Ueber die Japanischen Gallen. Arch. d. Phar-
macie, Jahrg. 63, 212, 904.

1886. Uyeno, S.—Sina Boyeki Bussan Jiten, 1886, 91 (Japanese).

1892. Watt, GreorcE.—Dictionary of the Economic Products of India.
London and Calcutta.

1892. TRIMBLE, HeNry.—The Tannins, 1, 58.

1895. SuHrrat, MitsuTAro.—Galls of Rhus semi-alata var. obbeckii. The
Botanical Magazine, 9, 95, I (Japanese).

1908. Oxajyima, G.—Contribution to the Study of Japanese Aphididae,
I. Bul. Col. Agr. Tokyo, 8, No. 1.

1910. SASAKI, C.—Life History of Schlectendalia chinensis, Jacob
Bell. (A gall-producing Insect.) Festschrift zum Sechzig-
sten Geburtstag Richard Hertwigs, 2, 239.

1ott. Butter, F. H—Article on Galls. Ency. Brit., 11, 424.

1912. THorPE.—Dictionary of Applied Chemistry.

EXPLANATION OF PLaTE XXVI.
Fig. 1. Illustration of the /’u-p’ei-tzee from the Pén tsao Kang mu.
Fig. 2. Galls produced by Melaphis chinensis.
Fig. 3. Wing of M. chinensts.

Clouds of Butterflies (Lep.).

I have seen clouds of butterflies, all of the same species, passing over
a district [in the Congo] for three months at a time, like flakes of red
snow, and in such close array that one could destroy dozens of them
by throwing one’s hat on the ground. The real savage beast of Equa-
torial Africa, and the most formidable, is the insect—Cureau, Savage
Man in Central Africa, London [n. d. 1915], pp. 217-218.

204 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. | Nov., *17

Outbreaks of the Elegant Looper (Philtraea elegan-
taria Hy. Edw.) on Privet in Louisiana (Lep.).

By E. S. Tucker, State Agric. Exper. Sta., Baton Rouge, La.

The occurrence of numbers of a looper caterpillar, each
dangling at the end of a thread of web suspended from
branches of Amoor privet (Ligustrum amurense), first drew
the writer’s attention to the insect in May, 1913, at Baton
Rouge, Louisiana. Close inspection of the plants revealed the
presence of feeding larvae, and ample evidence of their depre-
dations on the leaves. The privet formed a row of untrimmed
bushes which had grown to a height of at least 12 to 15 feet,
having a wide spread of branches. Owing to the distribution
of the larvae through the rankest growth, hardly any appreci-
able defoliation became noticeable until along in the following
june when the maximum infestation was reached.

Pupae were readily found at every inspection made in the
intervals, being generally attached to the trunks and thick parts
of the branches, although many occurred upon posts and sides
of a building in close proximity to the privet growth. The
latter situations had been reached through the wandering of
several caterpillars, which, having first dropped from the
bushes to the ground after spinning out their threads, sought
the other elevations and pupated on them. From collections
of the pupae, adults emerged on May 30, also June 15 and 19.

With the corresponding appearances of moths in the open,
eggs were found deposited on leaves and stems by June 15
and 19. The specific name of the moth was determined as
Philtraea elegantaria Hy. Edw., from specimens submitted to
the Federal Bureau of Entomology, through the kindness of
Dr. F. H. Chittenden, who likewise gave identifications of the
two following species of reared hymenopterous parasites.

The parasitic attacks killed a large proportion of the pupae.
Of the species obtained, Chalcis ovata Say, which emerged in
the cages on June 9 and 10, proved to be the prevalent para-
site. A few Eutelus sp. matured on June 19. The former
enemy seemed able of itself to greatly limit the issue of motis
so that further infestation of the privet was reduced to but

Vol. xxviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 395

few caterpillars at any time through the remainder of the
season. These individuals, however, persisted in appearing on
the plants until late in September.

An additional parasite, but the only one obtained of its
kind, afforded special interest, a Tachinid fly, which emerged
on June 9. This specimen was determined as a female of
Phorocera (Euphorocera) claripennis Macq., by Mr. W. R.
Walton, through the courtesy of Dr. L. O. Howard.

Only casual attention was given to the elegant looper in the
subsequent seasons, owing to the lack of opportunities for car-
rying on regular observations. On May 12, 1915, Mr. Thos.
H. Jones, Federal entomologist, reported that he found larvae
quite commonly attacking the foliage of a hedge of the same
kind of privet. A brood which was considered to be the sec-
ond one of the season attracted the notice of the writer on
July 14. These caterpillars showed a preference for the lower
shaded regions of the foliage. The third outbreak was ob-
served on August 19, and the looper then appeared to be
scarcely more than half-grown at the most. Several large
branches of the tall bushes were practically defoliated at the
time. Full grown larvae were seen traveling away from the
privet hedge on September 7 and 8, being evidently in search
of other places for pupation. Scattered individuals, however,
still remained on the plants. Fresh pupae also appeared hang-
ing to the branches.

A complaint of injury made during the year of 1913 led to
the suspicion that the trouble in the case had been due to rav-
ages by the elegant looper. The inquirer wrote from Ope-
lousas, St. Landry Parish, under date of October 30, stating
that the leaves of his hedges had been eaten by “small white
insects.”” Some of the plants had died and the ones yet sur-
viving had only a few leaves left on them. He desired to
know a way to preserve the growth.

His mention of the pest in such terms as cited was thought
to refer to the common whitefly (Dialeurodes citri R. & H.) in
mistake for the real devastator. Otherwise, his remarks clear-
ly implied that some pest capable of defoliating the plants had

396 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [ Nov., ’17

been involved. Nothing else than the looper could be fixed
upon as the probable insect. Naturally, at the time, it would
have run its course and disappeared, and therefore be beyond
treatment.

The North American Species of Trigonoderus
Westwood, Females (Hymen.).
By A. A. Girautt, Glenn Dale, Maryland.

Antennae 13-jointed, two ring-joints. Pronotum more or
less quadrate. Parapsidal furrows complete. Scutellum with
a punctate cross-suture near apex. Abdomen elongate with a
short stylus. JT. varipes Viereck is not included since it bears
incomplete parapsidal furrows. Dark metallic green, scaly
punctate. Large species.

I. Wings with a macula at the stigmal vein.
Legs (except the coxae) and the scape pale yellowish or reddish.
Substigmal blotch along the proximal side of the stigmal vein and
extending beyond its apex. Clypeus at apex entire. Segment 2
of abdomen entire.

Abdomen centrally suffused more or less with brownish. Pro-
podeum uniformly, finely punctate, with a median carina only,
the foveae along cephalic margin not coarse nor conspicuous,
the spiracle minute, round, central. Third tooth of mandible
acute. Slender. Funicle 1 nearly thrice longer than wide.
Tegula red. Slender, not large. Length 3.5 mm.

algonquinia new species.

Substigmal blotch from the apex of the stigmal vein, thus free

from it. Clypeus at apex with an acute tooth mesad. Segment
2 of abdomen caudad deeply incised.

Abdomen wholly metallic. Propodeum shining, more or less
scaly, impunctate, with median and lateral carinae, the
foveae along cephalic margin large, coarse, the spiracle
nearly central, large, oblong, mandibles 3- and 4- dentate,
the last tooth truncate. Robust. Pedicel reddish beneath
and at apex. Clypeus glabrous. Length 5.5 mm.

unguttus new species.
II. Wings hyaline or subhyaline, with no distinct macula.
Legs yellow.
Antennae brownish yellow, the pedicel metallic, contrasting. Ab-

domen “flattened, rounded.”
aegeriae Ashmead.

Vol. xxviii]: ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 397

Antennae black, scape and pedicel yellow. Abdomen long and
conical, stylate at apex, distinctly longer than the rest of the
body. Propodeum finely punctate, with a coarse spiracular sul-
cus, a median carina and a large, rounded fovea nearer the
spiracle than to meson and near cephalic margin. Spiracle oval,
moderate in size, more cephalad. Mandibles 3- and 4- dentate,
the last tooth truncate. Funicle joints elongate, the pedicel short.
Segment 2 of abdomen entire. Postmarginal vein elongate, sub-
equal to the marginal. Length 5 mm.... conicus new species.

Coxae and femora (except broadly) at apex, concolorous; antennae
entirely concolorous; abdomen shorter, nonstylate. s

Clypeus with three conspicuous teeth; mandibles tridentate, the
last tooth broad and truncate. Propodeum strongly tricarinate,
with three abbreviated rugae from cephalad between median
and lateral carinae; spiracle moderate in size, oval, cephalad.
Segment 2 of abdomen occupying a third of the surface, glab-
rous, slightly emarginate at meson caudad, rest of body densely
scaly. Venation as in conicus. Pedicel as long as funicle 6;
funicle 1 wider distad, twice longer than wide, 2 somewhat
shorter, 3 and 4 each a fourth longer than wide. Length 3 mm.

nonstylatus new species.

Trigonoderus algonquinia n. sp.

Two females, Algonquin, [linois (W. A. Nason).

Type: Catalogue No. 20899, U. S. National Museum, the
specimens pinned and on a tag, a slide bearing appendages.

Trigonoderus unguttus n. sp.

One female, Bladensburg, Maryland, September (W. H.
Ashmead).

Type: Catalogue No. 20900, U. S. National Museum, the
female on a tag, appendages on a slide.

Trigonoderus conicus n. sp.

One female, Arizona (EF. A. Schwarz).

Type: Catalogue No. 20902, U. S. National Museum, the
female on a tag plus a slide.

Trigonoderus nonstylatus n. sp.
Parasitic on a cecidomyiid, Eastern U. S. "One female.
Type: Catalogue No. 20903, U. S. National Museum, a
female on a tag, appendages on a slide.
The types of aegeriae have not been seen.

398 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [ Nov., '17

A Phylogenetic Study of the Lateral Head, Neck and
Prothoracic Regions in Some Apterygota
and Lower Pterygota.™
By G. C. Crampton, Ph.D.
(Plate XX VII.)

Of the eight groups of lower Pterygotan insects here dis-
cussed, the Plecoptera are structurally the most similar to the
Lepismids, and have apparently departed much less than the
typical Blattids have from the ancestral condition of the Ptery-
gota in general. Together with the Ephemerids, the Plecoptera
are undoubtedly the lowest living winged insects, and, since the
Lepismids (i. e. such forms as Lepisma, Nicoletia, etc.) form
a sort of “connecting link” between the lower Pterygota and
the more primitive Apterygotan forms (such as Campodea,
Japyx, etc.) it is preferable to begin a study of the groups in
question with a comparison of the conditions found in the Le-
pismids and Plecoptera.

In comparing the heads of the Lepismids (Plate XX VII,
Fig. 1), the Blattids (Fig. 2), and an immature Plecopteron
(Fig. 4), it is at once apparent that the Plecopteron is struct-
urally much nearer the Lepismids than the typical Blattids are.
Thus, in both Lepismids (Fig. 1) and Plecoptera (Fig. 4) the
head is markedly prognathous (i. e. mouthparts directed for-
ward), while in the typical Blattids (Fig. 2) the head is mark-
edly opisthognathous (i. e. mouthparts directed backward). I
am not sufficiently familiar with the Blattid group to know
what extremes of variation are to be found among these in-
sects, but, although some Blattids which I have not seen may
also have heads of the prognathous type, it is nevertheless true
that the condition depicted in Fig. 2 may be taken as typical
for the Blattid group in general, in the following discussion.

The head contour is essentially similar in both Lepismids and
the Plecopteron (Figs. 1 and 4) ; but the outlines of both heads
differ very markedly from that of the Blattids (Fig. 2). Fur-
thermore, the nature of the labium, and its mode of attach-

7 * Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of the Massa-
chusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass.

Vol. xxviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 399

ment to the head is much more “Lepismid-like” in the Plecop-
teron (Fig. 4) than in the Blattids (Fig. 2). In the same way the
location of the “compound” eyes, and the position of the anten-
nae are quite similar in the Lepismids and Plecopteron; but
both differ strikingly from the Blattids in these respects. The
clypeus and labrum also, are more alike in Lepismids and the
Plecopteron, than these structures are in the Lepismids and
Blattids, and the mandible of the Plecopteron is nearer the
Lepismid type than the Blattid mandible is. In other words,
the evidence to be gained from a comparative study of the ex-
ternal morphology of the head, would point to a close relation-
ship between the Lepismids and the Plecoptera, and a much
more distant relationship between the Blattids and Lepismids.

In taking up a consideration of the neck and thoracic regions
in the Lepismids one finds (as might be expected) that the
Lepismids have retained a condition resembling that found in
the lower Apterygotan forms (such as Japyx, Eosentomon,
etc.) rather than such a condition as occurs in the Pterygotan
insects. The thoracic sclerites of Japyx, Eosentomon, etc., have
been homologized in a paper dealing with the nature of the neck
region of insects in general (which will shortly appear,*
in the “Annals of the Entomological Society of Amercia’’), so
that it is unnecessary to describe them here, since one may
simply compare the accompanying figure of Lepisma (Fig. 1)
with those of Japyx, Eosentomon, etc., in the aforementioned
article. I would call attention, however, to the anterior trans-
verse pronotal sclerite designated as “Pt” in Fig. 1. This
sclerite is clearly the homologue of the transverse pronotal
sclerite labeled “Pt” in Figs. 9 and 7; and it is in the tergal
region that the Lepismids apparently approach the condition
found in certain lower Pterygota, more closely than in any other
thoracic structures.

The trochantin-like region “abc” (termed the “eutrochantin”
in the paper referred to above) of the Lepismids (Fig. 1) is
also somewhat similar to that found in Figs. 6 and 7, since it

Be cafecquenily published a Vol. X, ‘page 187, of the “Annals” for
IQI7.

400 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [ Nov., ’17

intervenes between the coxa and the true pleural sclerites ; but
the remainder of the prothoracic sclerites of the Lepismids are
somewhat different from the typical sclerites of the lower
Pterygotan forms. In this respect, Nicoletia would have been
a better insect than Lepisma for a comparative study of the
thoracic region, but I have hesitated to spoil my only specimen
of Nicoletia by subjecting it to the staining process with nitrate
of silver, etc., which is necessary to differentiate the sclerites
from the membrane in these weakly pigmented forms.

There are two principal types of head found among the
Apterygotan insects, namely the broad, flattened type, occurr-
ing among certain Lepismids, etc., and the more pear-shaped
tvpe, occurring in Japyx, etc. I find these two types repre-
sented among the Myriopods (sensu lato) and also among the
Crustacea, so that these two types were apparently differenti-
ated at a very early stage of development, and both were
doubtless present among the first insects to be evolved. In
fact. I believe that flat, broad-bodied forms as well as the
more cylindrical, slender-bodied forms occurred among the
ancestral insects (for such types also occur among the Crus-
tacea, etc.), so that it is incorrect to say that the original in-
sects were of this or that type, since several types must have
been in existence at the very beginning of the development of
insects. It is thus evident that insects are not the product of
one type of ancestral forms alone, but the ancestral insects
doubtless differed as much (if not more) among themselves
as the modern representatives of the different families compos-
ing an order of insects differ among themselves.

It is undoubtedly true that throughout the animal kingdom,
many living forms have departed but little from the ancestral
condition characteristic of the early stages in the development
of other living groups, and are fully as instructive as fossil
forms are, in furnishing us with connecting links between many
of the greater groups of the animal kingdom (such, for
example, as the living Dipnoi, which furnish us with inter-
mediate forms annectent between the fishes and Amphibia).
In the same way, certain living insects have departed but little

=

ENT. NEws, VoL. XXVIII. Plate XX VII.

LATERAL HEAD AND PROTHORACIC REGIONS.—CRAMPTON.

1. Lepisma. 2. Pertplaneta. 3. Termes.
4. Pteronarcys. 5. Lchinosoma. 6. Emébia.
7. Capnia. 8. Timema. g. Grylloblatta.

Vol. xxviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 401

from the condition characteristic of the ancestors of certain
other hexapodan groups. and, to my mind, the study of recent
forms is even more instructive than the study of fossil insects,
from the phylogenetic standpoint, since we are able to compare
together more detailed structures in living forms, than it is
possible to do in the distorted and usually imperfectly preserved
fossil forms, the most of which are practically as highly special-
ized along their own lines of development as the most primitive
of living forms are!

In the interesting insect Grylloblatta campodeiformis Walker
we hold the key to the genealogy of the Orthopteroid insects
(such as the Tettigonids, Gryllids, Locustids, etc.) and any
attempt to trace the ancestry of these Orthopteroid forms,
in which the evidence of affinities with the lower groups,
furnished by the study of Grylloblatta, is ignored, is fore-
doomed to failure. On this account, I would present some of
the evidence of relationship gained from a comparative study
of the Grylloblattids and Embiids, since I am convinced that
the Grylloblattids are extremely closely related to the Embiids,
and are therefore ultimately to be derived from Plecoptera-like
ancestors (since the Embiid line of development parallels
that of the Plecoptera more closely than any of the lowest
Pterygotan forms).

In an article dealing with the antennae of the Grylloblattids
and Embiids, which will shortly appear* in the Canadian En-
tomologist, I have pointed out the astonishing similarity in the
antennae of these two groups of insects—a similarity shown
not only in the close agreement in the number of antennal
segments, but which extends even to the more minute details
of relative size and outline in the individual segments of the
antennae in the two groups. On the other hand, the antennae
of both Embiids and Grylloblattids are entirely different from
those of the typical Blattids in regard to precisely those features
wherein they are most similar to one another! In the present
paper, I would endeavor to demonstrate that the remarkable

* Subsequently published in Vol. XLIX, No. 6, page 213, of the
Canadian Entomologist.

402 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [ Nov., ’17

similarity between the antennae extends to the neck plates, and
other structures as well, in the Embiids and Grylloblattids, and
in these features also, the Grylloblattids differ from Blattids
(which some investigators would consider as their nearest rel-
atives).

In conformity with the general depressed condition of the
body, the head of Embia (Fig. 6) is somewhat flattened, but
aside from this fact, and the modifications which the Embiids
have developed along their own lines, the head of a Grylloblat-
tid (Fig. g) is somewhat like that of an Embiid (although both
differ from the Blattids in this respect) and is quite like that of
the Phasmid Timema (Fig. 8) in outline. Not only are the
heads of the Grylloblattids anad Phasmids more prognathous,
like that of an Embiid (while the head of a Blattid is more
opisthognathous), but the outline of the compound eyes, their
extent upward along the sides of the head, the point of at-
tachment of the antenna in relation to the eyes and to the base
of the mandibles, etc., are infinitely more like those of an
Ikmbiid in the Phasmids and Grylloblattids, than they are like
those of a Blattid, as may readily be seen by comparing Figs. 8
and 9 with Fig. 6 and then with Fig. 2.

The agreement in structure between the antennae of Gryllo-
blatta and Embia is extremely striking, but the similarity be-
tween the neck plates and prothoracic sclerites of these insects
is no less remarkable (and in these points of similarity both
i:mbiids and Grylloblattids differ markedly from the condition
found in the Blattids). If one will cover the heads of the in-
sects shown in Figs. 6 and 9, so as to concentrate his attention
upon the plates behind the head region, he will be immediately
struck with the remarkable agreement between the sclerites of
the Grylloblattids and Embiids—an agreement extending even
to the minutest details!’ Thus, the anterior transverse region
Pt in the pronotum of Grylloblatta (Fig. 9) finds its counter-
part in the region designated as Pt in the pronotum of Embia
(Fig. 6), the epimeron Em is very similar in both insects, and in
the episternal region of both Embia and Grylloblatta, there is
marked off a sclerite labeled e, which is demarked by a curved
suture in the two insects.

Vol. xxviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 403

In Grylloblatta and Embia the “eutrochantin” abc (Figs. 9
and 6) is very similar, and is divided in the same fashion into
regions a, b and c, essentially the same in both insects, even to
the subdivision of the region a by an oblique suture, which, how-
ever, is not as distinct in Embia as in Grylloblatta. Furthermore,
the laterosternite v of Embia (Fig. 6) is represented in Gryllo-
blatta (Fig. 9) by a sclerite v of exactly the same nature, al-
though it is more closely connected with the sternum St in Gryl-
loblatta than in Embia. On the other hand, these sclerites in
both insects are very different from those of the Blattids
(Fig. 2).

In the neck region also there is a very close correspondence
in the cervical sclerites of the two insects. Thus, the region
designated as s in Grylloblatta (Fig. 9) is represented by a
region designated by the same letter in Embia (Fig. 6), and the
lateral cervical sclerite labeled 7, with its partially detached por-
tion, labeled 0, is astonishingly similar in both insects, even to
the presence in plate 7 of a longitudinal suture (to which ex-
tends the broken line from the letter ‘“i’”?) which is present in
but few insects other than the Grylloblattids and Embiids. We
find no such agreement between the Grylloblattids and Blattids,
and the more features one examines in the insects in question,
the more it becomes apparent that the Grylloblattids have prac-
tically nothing in common with the Blattids, and practically
everything in common with the Embiids. The similarity be-
tween the Grylloblattids and the Embiids, (and the dissimilari-
ty between the Grylloblattids) extends to the other struc-
tures of the body as well, as will be discussed in a series of
papers dealing with these subjects, and these remarkable sim-
ilarities between the Grylloblattids and Embuiids (with the re-
sulting dissimilarities between Grylloblattids and Blattids) must
be explained before one can claim that the Grylloblattid line of
development is to be traced back to Blattid-like rather than to
[E-mbiid-like ancestors, (and through the Embiid-like ancestors,
to Plecoptera-like forebears).

The contour of the head is quite similar in the Phasmid
Timema (Fig. 8) and Grylloblatta (Fig. 9), the character of the

404 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [ Nov., ’17

neck plates i and o, and the region labeled s is much the same in
both insects, but the remainder of the prothorax is somewhat
different in the two forms: In regard to the pleural sclerites,
and particularly in the character of the plate abc (Fig. 8) Time-
ma resembles certain Plecoptera, but, since I have been unable
to obtain the Plecoptera I wished to use for this comparison,
I would leave the discussion of the condition found in these in-
sects, until the needed material is available for illustration. In
connection with a study of the relationships of the Phylliids, I
have recently been able to compare males of Phyllium scythe
with the flattened Phasmids Ectatosoma, and this comparison
has shown me that my former views that the Phylliids repre-
sent a distinct order, are too extreme. I would, therefore, now
regard the Phylliids as a suborder of the Phasmid group, rather
than as representing a distinct order, as I have stated in an
article dealing with the antennae of the Grylloblattids and
Embiids and the relationships of the Orthopteroid insects.

With regard to the relationships between the Forficuloid in-
sects and other lower Pterygota, as indicated by a study of the
head, neck and prothoracic regions, the lack of suitable Plecop-
teron material for comparison with the Forficulids makes it un-
profitable to attempt to show the relationships of these two
groups of insects at this time. A study of the body-structures in
general, however, has convinced me that the Forficulids are
closely related to the Plecoptera, which doubtless represent as
nearly as any living insects the common ancestral stock whence
sprang the Forficulid and Embiid lines of development, and
these studies indicate more and more clearly that the Blattids
do not stand near the direct line of descent of the Orthopteroid
forms, but comprise an offshoot arising from the main Ptery-
gotan stem at a comparatively early period of phylogenetic
development.

The Forficulids, as exemplified by the rather primitive genus
Echinosoma (specimens of which were very kindly furnished
me by Mr. C. C. Gowdey), are structurally quite similar to the
Embiids and Grylloblattids. The head contour is not essentially
different in the three groups (Figs. 5, 6, and 9), and the location

Vol. xxviii | ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 405

of the eyes, antennae, etc., are much the same in all three.
(Compare also Fig. 4.) In the neck region of the Forficulid
(Fig. 5) there occur two ventral plates Ps represented by two
similar plates designated as Ps in Embia (Fig. 6; compare
also Fig. 7). The lateral neck plates i and o are essentially the
same in the Forficulid (Fig. 5) Embiid (Fig. 6) and Grylloblat-
tid (Fig. 9), but a rather deep longitudinal fold of the integu-
ment in the plate designated as 7 in the Forficulids, presents a
modification not met with in the other insects mentioned. In
the prothoracic region, sclerite e of Fig. 5 is quite like its homo-
logue designated as e in Figs. 6 and 9, and the components of
plate abc are very similar in all three insects, thus indicating
a close relationship in the three groups.

A study of the head, neck and prothoracic regions of the Ter-
mites reveals points of resemblance to the Blattids on the one
hand, and to the Embiid-Forficulid-Grylloblattid “coterie” on
the other. I have no specimens of the more primitive Ter-
mites, but an examination of the heads of specimens of Ter-
mites taken in the Carolinas, of a Termopsis from Arizona,
and of Termes bellicosus from Africa (Fig. 3) would indi-
cate that the prognathous condition is the original one for the
group as a whole, although there is a marked tendency for the
head to assume a more vertical position—a tendency which
has been carried much further in the Blattids (Fig. 2), even-
tually producing a head of the opisthognathous type in the lat-
ter insects.

The contour of the upper portion of the Termite head sug-
gests Blattid affinities, but the location of the eyes, antennae,
etc., is more like the condition found in the other insects stud-
ied. The neck plates 7, i, and o (Fig. 3) are extremely like
those of the Blattids (Fig. 2), and the shape of the epimeral
region Em is much the same in Fig’. 3 and 2. The “eutrochan-
tin” abc (Fig. 3), however, is not like the trochantin a of the
roach (Fig. 2), since this region in the roach does not com-
pletely intervene between the coxa and the pleural region. The
lower portion of the region a becomes detached in both insects
(Figs. 3 and 2) however, thus indicating a tendency common to

400 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. | Nov., ’17

the two groups in this respect. On the other hand the general ap-
pearance of the region abc of the Termite (Fig. 3) is much
more like that of a Phasmid (Fig. 8) or Plecopteron (Fig. 7).
A study of the head, neck and prothoracic regions would thus
indicate that the Termites are quite closely related to the Blat-
tids, but have retained many characters suggestive of affinities
with the other groups studied, and the Termites may thus be
regarded as occupying a position somewhat intermediate be-
tween the Blattids and the other groups.

It would be inadvisable to base one’s conclusions as to the
relationships of the lower insects on a study of the head, neck
and prothoracic regions alone, and the present paper is there-
fore but one of a series in which the different body regions
have been compared part by part in the different groups; but
I am hoping to show that a study of the other structures will
in a large measure bear out the conclusions to be drawn from
the regions here discussed. Other investigators would derive
the Orthopteroid insects from Blattid-like forebears, and would
also trace the Grylloblattid line of development back to a Blat-
toid ancestry; but it is only fair to demand that they shall
produce equally convincing proof of their contentions, which
should be drawn from the facts of comparative anatomy, since
comparative anatomy, after all, furnishes us with the most
reliable evidence of relationships, and is, in fact, the main-
spring of all systematic work!

Before leaving the subject of the head structures, I would call
attention to the antennifer, or antenna-bearing process Af which
is usually situated midway up the outer portion of the antennal
ring An in the Grylloblattids, Forficulids, etc. (Figs. 4, 5,
etc.), while in the Blattids (Fig. 2) it has migrated mesalward,
and in most of the members of this group (e. g. Ectobia, etc.)
this antenna-bearing process is usually located higher up along
the median portion of the antennal ring (i. e. on the side of the
antenna toward the median line of the head). The position of
the antennifer, however, is not sufficiently constant to be of
any great value in determining the relationships of the groups
in question.

Vol. xxviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 407

Another feature which is quite similar in the Phasmids and
Grylloblattids, but which is not sufficiently constant in outline
to furnish a character of phylogenetic value, is the mandibulare
Bm (Figs. 9 and 8), or mandible-bearing sclerite. Comstock,
1903, homologizes this sclerite with the trochantin of the leg
of the thoracic segments, but it is more than doubtful that such
a greatly reduced structure as the trochantin usually is, would
be preserved in the mandibular segment.. I would be much
more inclined to regard this sclerite as representing the coxa
of the mandibular appendage, but such speculation is not very
profitable until one has carefully compared the mandibles of
the Apterygota, Chilopods, Isopods, and lower Crustacea, in
which the mandibles become successively more and more leg-
like—a comparison which I have not yet had time to carry out.
Furthermore, I am not yet prepared to say that the basal
segment of the mandible of Lepisma (1. e. the portion of the
mandible between the terminal portion Md and the trophi-
bearing sclerite Tf, in Fig. 1) is the homolog of the mandi-
bulare Bm of the Plecopteron nymph (Fig. 4), since several
possibilities suggest themselves (e. g. the region immediately
above the mandible in Fig. 1 may represent Bm) in compar-
ing the head regions near the mandibles, in the two insects.
In order to determine this point, it will be necessary to study
a series of Plecopteron and Ephemerid nymphs, examining
the musculature in each case, since the musculature furnishes
many valuable clues in an attempt to homologize the various
parts of a metamere or appendage.

A study of an extremely interesting series of heads, includ-
ing the principal Apterygotan types, the Chilopods, Symphyla,
Isopods, etc., has convinced me that the Isopods, Apterygota
and “Myriopoda” (sensu lato) are very closely related and
were derived from similar forebears. Since the Isopods
were probably descended from ancestors resembling the sessile-
eyed Arthrostraca (such as Koonunga, etc.), | would consider
these Arthrostraca as very near to the common ancestors
of Isopods, Insects, and ‘“Myriopods.” The Arthrostraca,
in turn, were derived from ancestors similar to the Copepods

408 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [ Nov., 17

and Apodidae, and at the bottom of this stem, the Trilobites
unite with the Crustacea, so that it is not surprising that
certain Trilobite features might have been retained in some
of the groups derived from their common ancestral forms.
My own observations would lead me to consider the closely
related Insects, Isopods, and ‘‘Myriopods” as derived from
Arthrostraca-like ancestors, which in turn were derived from
lower Crustacean forms ultimately related to the Trilobites,
rather than to regard insects, etc., as descended more directly
{rom Trilobite forebears, as certain recent investigators would
maintain is the case. These points, however, can be more
profitably discussed elsewhere.

The more intimate relationships of the insects considered in
the foregoing discussion may be expressed by grouping them
into three superorders as follows: The Blattoid, Mantoid, and
Isopterous insects form one superorder (the Pandictyoptera),
in which the head is typically (though not always) hypogna-
thous, the lateral cervicals touch in the median ventral line, and
the ventral cervicals, when present, are situated far forward,
and occur as two narrow transverse bands somewhat crescent-
shaped in outline. A fold of the posterior margin of the tergum
projecting backward in two more or less pointed projections
(the postplica) usually occurs in both meso- and metathoracic
terga, and when the scutellum is demarked, it is usually nar-
row and extends far forward into the scutal region. The meso-
thoracic coxae are usually much longer than broad, and the
tarsi are typically pentamerous. Ovipositor present in some,
absent in others. Styli present in some males.

The Embioid, Forficuloid and Plecopterous insects form the
second superorder, the Panplecoptera, in which the head is
typically prognathous, the lateral cervicals do not touch in the
median ventral line, and the ventral cervicals instead of occur-
ring as narrow transverse bands situated far forward in the
neck region, are much broader and the posterior one occurs
just in front of the prosternum. The mesothoracic coxae are
usually as broad as long, tending to have a ring-like outline
when viewed from the mesal surface, and the tarsi are typically
trimerous. Ovipositor and styli usually absent.

Vol. xxviii | ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 409

The Grylloblattoid, Phasmoid and Orthopterous insects form
a third superorder (the Panorthoptera), in which the head is
frequently hypognathous, and the lateral cervicals usually do
not touch in the median ventral line. The ventral cervicals
are usually absent, but when present may be of either of the
types mentioned above. The tarsi, typically pentamerous, may
be reduced to four or three segments, though a series of five
pads on the ventral surface is frequently retained, indicating
that the pentamerous condition has not been long lost. The
group is typically an ovipositor-bearing one and, styli fre-
quently occur in males. All of the insects previously men-
tioned belong to a single section (the Plecopteradelphia) con-
nected by intermediate or annectent forms, and apparently
descended from ancestors not very different from recent Ple-
coptera.

Since sending the foregoing discussion to the editor of the
“News” an extremely important paper by Pantel, 1917 (“A
Proposito de un Anisolabis Alado” in: Mem. R. Acad. Cienc.
y Artes, Barcelona), has been published, in which he figures a
series of Dermaptera including Allostethus, Labidura and Anis-
olabis, which furnishes an unusually clear illustration of the
gradual fusion of the posterior portion of the eutrochantin
(Fig. 5, bc), with the lower portion of the prothoracic pleur-
on, while the anterior portion of the eutrochantin (Fig. 5, a),
remains free to form the so-called trochantin of the higher
forms, thus offering a very conclusive demonstration of the
claim made in a preceding discussion concerning the fusion
of the posterior portion of the eutrochantin with the lower
portion of the pleural region, etc.

In the appended list the abbreviations used in Plate XXVII
are quite fully explained, so that it is unnecessary to discuss
further the additional points of similarity in the groups of in-
sects here shown, since homologous structures bear the same
label throughout the series.

ABBREVIATIONS.
a, b, c—Sclerites composing the trochantin-like region called the eutro-
chantin, which intervenes between the coxa and the pleural

410 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [ Nov., ’17

region in the Apterygota, and in the prothorax of the lowest
Pterygota. In Fig. 2, a is the trochantin, from which the so-
called trochantinelle has become detached.

Af—Antennifer, or antenna-bearing process.

An—Antennale, or ring at base of antenna.

At—Antenna, only portion of basal segment shown.

Bm—Mandibulare, or sclerite at base of mandible.

Cl—Clypeus.
e—Curvipleurite, or curved pleurite marked off in the episternal
region.

Em—Epimeron.
i—Laterocervicale, or lateral cervical sclerite, divided into two parts
in Figs. 2 and 3, the sclerite o being marked off in the posterior

part.
i—Labium. Only basal portion shown.
Lb—Labrum.

Md—Mandible.

Ma—Maxilla. Only basal portion shown.

o—Posterior portion of lateral cervical sclerite.

Pc—Paracephal suture.

Pn—Pronotum.

Ps—Two ventral cervical sclerites, the anterior of which is the inter-
sternite, and the posterior one is the presternite, excepting Fig. 2.

Pt—Pretergite, or anterior transverse region of tergum.

s—Region in front of prothoracic epimeron, probably homologue of
the lateropleurite of other segments.

St—Sternum of prothorax.

Tf—tTrophifer, or trophi-bearing segment to which all three of the
mouthparts are articulated in Fig. 1. It is a portion of the
occipital region.

v—The laterosternite in Figs. 5, 6, 7 and 9. In others it is a region
connecting sternum with pleuron.

x—Small plate in front of dorso-pleural region.

z<—Dorsal cervical sclerite, or intertergite.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1905. Brenctsson.—Z. Morphologie des Insektenkopfes. Zool. Anz.,
29, D. 457.

1909. BerrLese.—Gli Insetti.

1908. BRUNNER V. WATTENWyL.—Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden.
Leipzig, 1908.

1904. BorRNER.—Z. Systematik der Hexapoden. Zool. Anz., 27, p. 511.

1902. Comstock & Kocui—Skeleton of the Head of Insects. Amer.
Nat) 30ap: 13:

oe

Vol. xxviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 4Il

1914. Crampron.—Thoracic Sclerites of Winged Insects. Ent. News,

252 Den Th:

1915. Crampton & Hasrey.—Basal Sclerites of the Leg in Insects.
Zool. Jahrb., Abt. Anat., 39, p. I.

1915. CRrAmMpton.—Thoracic Sclerites & Systematic Position of Gryllo-
blatta. Ent. News, 26, p. 337.

1916. CramMpron.—Lines of Descent of Lower Pterygotan Insects.
Ent. News, 26, p. 244.

1904. DrsNEux.—Phylogenie des Termites. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique,
48, pp. 278 and 372.

1897-1898. Grasst & SanpiaAs.—Translation of article in Quart. Jour.
IMicrs SGI 30:p; 245, and 40; \p -t.

1906-1908. HaANpDLIRscH.—Fossilen Insekten.

1897. Hreymons.—Zusammensetzung des Insektenkopfes. Sitzb. Ges.
Nat. Freunde, Berlin, 1897, p. 1109.

1904. Ho_imcren.—Morphologie des Insektenkopfes. Zeit. Wiss. Zool.,
76, Pp. 430.

1909-1911. HoL_mMGreN.—Termitenstudien. Kgl. Svensk. Vetensk.
Handl., 44, 48.

1913. Hosrorp.—Segmentation of the Head of Insects. Kans. Univ.
Sci. Bull., 8, p. 65.

1913. Imms.—On Embia Major. Trans. Linn. Soc., London, 2d Ser.
ZOO pe Uien py 107s

1808. JANET.—Constitution morphol. de la Tete de I’Insecte. Proc.
Internat. Congr. Zool., Cambridge, 1898, p. 258.

1916. Martin.—Thoracic & Cervical Sclerites of Insects. Ann. Ent.
Soc. America, 9, p. 35.

1880. MerrInert.—Sur la conformation de la tete . . . chez les In-
sectes. Ent. Tidsk., 1, p. 147.

1880-1882. PacKkarp.—Number of Head-Segments in Insects. Also
Systematic Position of the Orthoptera in Relation to other
Orders of Insects. Third Rpt. U. S. Ent. Commission,
p. 282.

1863. ScHaumM.—Zusammensetzung des Kopfes . . . bei den Insek-
ten. Arch. f. Naturg., 1, p. 247.

1916. TurNER.—Breeding Habits of the Orthoptera. Ann. Ent. Soc.
America, 9, p. I17.

1902. WVERHOEFF.—Ueber .. . die Insektenordnung Oothecaria. Zool.
Anz, 26, p- 20.

1904. VERHOEFF.—Ueber vergl. Morphologie des Kopfes niederer In-
sekten, Nova Acta Kais. Leop. Carol. Deuts. Akad. Naturf.,
PXEXOIV Dp: -T:

1886. WIALLANES.—La Morphologie du Squelette Cephalique des In-
sectes. Bul. Soc. Philom. (7), 10, p. 84.

AI2 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [ Nov., ’17

1904. WaSMANN.—Remarques .. . Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 48, p. 370.
1904. WHEELER—The Phylogeny of Termes. Biol. Bull. Woods Hole,
5, DP. 20.

1910. ZACHER.—Revision der Dermapteren. Namslau, IgI0.
1911. ZAcHER.—Schaedelbildung einiger Eudermapteren. Deutsche
Ent Zeit omenp: 145:

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVII.

Fig. 1—Lateral view of head and prothorax of Lepisma saccharina,
only basal portion of antenna, maxilla and labium repre-
sented. Specimen was stained with nitrate of silver, to dif-
ferentiate the sclerites from the membrane.

Fig. 2.—Lateral view of head and prothorax of Periplaneta americana
—as above.

Fig. 3—Lateral view of head and prothorax of Termes bellicosus—
as above.

Fig. 4—Lateral view of head of nymphal Pteronarcys—as above.

Fig. 5.—Lateral view of head and prothorax of Echinosoma—as above.

Fig. 6—Lateral view of head and prothorax of Embia major—as
above.

Fig. 7—Lateral view of head and prothorax of Capnia—as above.

Fig. 8—Lateral view of head and prothorax of Timema—as above.

Fig. 9—Lateral view of head and prothorax of Grylloblatta campodet-
formis—as above.

Habits of Some Burrowing Scarabaeidae (Col.).
By Rev. J. C. Warren, Sylvia, Kansas.

Here within a radius of two miles there are salt marshes,
alkali beds, black loam and sand hills, and on the latter the
species under consideration were found and observations made.

Phanaeus difformis LeC. is found in sand hills only, always
choosing this sandy region to bore a straight hole almost paral-
lel with the surface, close to a fresh manure dropping. The
horn is used in lifting the sun-baked crust from these, also in
connection with the thoracic shield to press the sand in making
the pit; it is constantly used in boring and lifting, and is not
altogether an ornament as has been supposed. When coming
to the clay region the beetles will always turn back to the
sand.

Phanaeus carnifex Linn. is found in black soil only, always
choosing hard clay or sandy loam for its burrow, nearly at
right angles with the surface, and usually the pit is close to the
roots of a bunch of grass. An examination of the ground
where the sand and black loam come together failed to show

Vol. xxviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 413
that the two species encroached on each other’s territory more
than a few yards.

Canthon lecontei Horn is an interesting little species which
makes a well in the sand one-quarter inch in diameter and three
inches deep, close to or under a fresh rabbit pellet, drops the
latter to the bottom of the pit and there bores to its center and
lays the egg. This small shiny black species when disturbed
will fold its legs and have the appearance of seeds of the sur-
rounding weeds and is apt to be overlooked.

Bradycinetus fossator Hald—tThe first impression at sight
of the burrow of this species is as though a carpenter had used
a half-inch auger and left the chips around the hole. The
great burrowing crickets of this section, having similar holes,
caused considerable extra work until experience enabled me
to separate each at sight. The use of a spade a number of
times failing in results, a dry weed stalk was pushed down the
pit and the sand dug away on one side within two inches of
the stem or hole and the rest carefully removed with the fin-
gers, when the beetle would be found at the bottom, some-
times both sexes being present, at other times either sex singly.
The well would be perfectly straight and about fourteen inches
deep. The species is not scattered but usually restricted to small
areas in apparent colonies. A strong light placed on the sand
near the burrows yielded from three to five specimens per
evening.

Strategus mormon Burm. is a true sand hill species, some-
what restricted as to area, occurring in but a few acres, but
there in abundance. It bores a well one inch in diameter and
eighteen inches deep, then fills in with layers of old dry horse
manure, which is about a year old and in which the eggs are
laid. Judging by the different stages in which I found speci-
mens I suspect it takes three years in the larval state for devel-
opment.

Strategus mormon and Phanaeux difformis both seem to
miss the old buffalo chips and do not seem to thrive as well on
the manure of domestic animals.

All the species were taken from the middle of May through-
cut the month of June.

AI4 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Wov.; a7.

Early Spring Syrphidae in California and a new
Pipiza (Dip.).
By W. M. Davinson, U. S. Bureau of Entomology, Sacra-
mento, Cal.?

The writer has been collecting Syrphidae in the coastal dis-
tricts. of central California the past six years and has there-
from secured considerable data on the appearance of these
flies in spring. This paper aims to discuss those species which
in the adult stage reach their maximum numbers before April
and to briefly note others which have been taken in flight dur-
ing the first three months of the year. The writer is aware
of the arbitrariness of fixed dates in connection with the habits
of insects and hopes exception will not be taken to his use of
them here.

The average daily mean temperature of February is about
50 F. and of March about 54 F. in the region above cited.
Frosts are comparatively unusual after February 15 and in
March the temperature rarely drops below 35 F., while fre-
quently arising to over 70 F., yet there is probably greater an-
nual variation in the March meteorological conditions than in
those of any other month.

Syrphidae in this locality are most abundant on the wing
in the months in which most of the wild flowering plants
bioom—April and May—and thereafter are on the wane dur-
ing the dry summer until September and October, when a “re-
vival” occurs and the autumn blossoms such as Baccharts pil-
lularis Roe. and Aster chamissonis Gray yield good collecting.
The writer has taken thirty-two species of Syrphidae in March
as against fifty-eight in April'and May combined. It is prob-
able that several of the species collected in April but not in
March are occasionally abroad in the earlier month.

In normal seasons five species have been observed to reach
their maximum numbers in the adult stage before April. These
are Crioprora cyanella O. S., Cr. alopex O. S., Cheilosia occi-
dentalis Will., Sphegina sp. (near rufiventris), and Syrphus

1 Published with the permission of the Secretary of Agriculture.

Vol. xxviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 415

arcuatus Fallen. The first two may be considered together
in a single group: These flies appear first about February 20
and may be found visiting the blossoms of almond and Myro-
balan plum for about three weeks. Thereafter they are very
scarce and do not occur beyond April. Osten Sacken reared
the former species from pupae found under oak bark and the
writer has reared alopex from pupae found in a similar loca-
tion. The flies move rapidly and are not easy to capture while
feeding, as they prefer to alight on the higher branches of
trees. They occur both in the valley floors and in the hills and
are typical early spring species.

Cheilosia occidentalis, which is very similar in general ap-
pearance to the European Ch. variabilis Panzer, appears to-
wards the end of February, reaches its maximum about March
25 and during April rapidly declines in numbers. After April
it is rarely to be found. This species is rare in the valleys but
abundant in the hills near water. The males are greatly at-
tracted to plum and other blossoms and the females are more
often seen resting on low herbage. Both sexes are easily
captured. The metamorphoses are not known, but presumably
occur in plant tissues.

The Sphegina appears in flight about March 15, reaches its
maximum abundance about the end of March and then grad-
ually decreases in numbers through April, May and June.
Males are much more commonly observed than females, the
former greatly resembling some of the small ichneumonid
wasps. as they hover and dart among flowers. They may be
taken in March about Toothwort (Dentaria) and fruit trees,
and later about bridal wreath (Physocarpus capitatus
Pursh.). Females occur mostly on low vegetation near wa-
ter. Metamorphoses unknown. A common species in hilly lo-
calities, rare in valleys.

Syrphus arcuatus reaches its greatest abundance earlier than
any other predaceous form. Adults appear occasionally in
January on willow catkins, Laurustinus and Brassica, are to
be found in fair abundance on warm days in February, and
are most numerous in the latter half of March. Thereafter

AIO ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [ Nov., 17

they may be taken up to November, but never in such abun-
dance as in March. The writer has collected larvae from
aphids on conifers in early March, indicating oviposition in
February. The larvae serve as a check upon Chermes and
Lachnus, especially the former. The flies inhabit both val-
leys and hilly places, visiting flowers and aphid infestations.

Earliest collection dates are as follows:—Crioprora cyan-
ella, February 27, 1914 (San José) and February 27, 1915
(Walnut Creek); Crioprora alopex, February 27, 1914 (San
José) ; Cheilosia occidéntalis, February 12, 1913 (Walnut
Creek) ; Sphegina sp., March 23, 1914, and March 23, 1915
(Walnut Creek) ; Syrphus arcuatus, January 12, 1913 (Wal-
nut Creek).

Twenty-seven other species have been collected by the writ-
er before April. In January small numbers of Melanostoma
obscurum Say (?), uniformly the earliest syrphid abroad,
Fristalis tenax Linn. and the two economic Catabomba pyrastni
Linn. and Syrphus opinator O. S., are on the wing. In Feb-
ruary these become more abundant and here and there a few
examples of Evistalis hirtus Loew, E. aeneus Scopoli, Meso-
grapta geminata Say, Eupeodes volucris O. S., Sphaero-
phoria sulphuripes Thompson, and Syrphus americanus Wied.
are observable. These six species later become abundant and
with the exception of Eristalis aeneus, pre-eminently a garden
species, have a wide range of habitat. Up to the middle of
March four additional species appear. These are Paragus
tibialis Fallen, Syrphus intrudens O. S., Eristalis occidentalis
Will. and Helophilus mexicanus Macq. Syrphus intrudens,
unlike the other common members of the genus, is quite rare
in the valleys though abundant in the hills. In the last half of
March there is a very pronounced increase both in the number
of species and of individauls abroad. In the valleys appear
Pipiza californica sp. nov., Syrphus protritus O. S., Chryso-
gaster. sinuosa Bigot, and Syritta pipiens Linn.; in the coast
range hills, besides these four, Volucella facialis Will., Cheil-
osia townsendi Hunter, Ch. willistont Snow, Chrysochlamys
croesus O. S., Xylota nemorum Fabr., X. barbata Loew, Crior-

Vol. xxviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 417

hina humeralis Will., Chrysotoxum integre Will., and Baccha
obscuricorms Loew.

The writer is indebted to Mr. F. Knab, U. S. National
Museum, for the identification of many of the species listed
above.

Pipiza californica sp. nov. be

Length 6.25 mm. to 7.75 mm., average about 7.30 mm.

2 .—Oval, shining black without yellow abdominal markings. Face
and front: Width almost equal throughout, at ocelli four-fifths that at
base of antennae, from antennae to mouth constant; profile straight,
gently receding from antennal tubercle to mouth; ground color shining
black, covered below antennae with white, above antennae with white
and light yellow pile; on vertex there is a tuft of long white pile; in
middle of front a shallow transverse groove and an interrupted trans-
verse stripe of white pollen which is prolonged shortly down anterior
orbits, its extremities briefly separated from the upper limits of the
narrow pollen band which follows the orbits around the eyes to the
vertex; occiput fringed with white pile; cheek shining black, clothed
with pale yellow pile. Eyes covered with rather long white pile.

Antennae: Black, under side of third, and sometimes of second,
joint reddish-yellow or reddish-brown; basal joints black pilose; ter-
minal joint elongate oval, somewhat exceeding in length the combined
basal joints; arista bare, brownish-black, basally reddish-yellow but
sometimes all brownish-black, in length slightly exceeding the third
joint; third joint almost twice as long as broad.

Thorax black, shining, the anterior half more brightly than the pos-
terior; pile white or light-colored. Scutellum black, obscurely shining,
with rather long light-colored pile.

Pipiza californica sp. nov. Head and wing of male, antennae of male and of female.

Wings hyaline, stigma light amber; last section of fourth longitudinal
vein rectangular and petiolate near base, angulated before middle into
first posterior cell, the re-entrant angle thus formed sometimes petio-
late; outer angle of discal and first posterior cells acute to rectangular;
halteres light yellow, knob brown in centre.

418 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Nog faz

Legs black with white pile; knees, base of tibiae, two basal joints of
anterior four tarsi reddish-yellow or reddish-brown; pile on inferior
surface of tarsi and tibiae golden yellow; hind metatarsi slightly
thickened.

Abdomen wholly shining black with white pile, more abundant on
sides than on disc; abdomen oval, equal in length to head and thorax
combined; maximum width slightly exceeding that of thorax.

é.—Body narrower than in female, general character similar. Head:
Vertical triangle shining black with more or less black pile in region
of ocelli; frontal triangle shining black, on sides with black pile, in
center and above with light-colored pile (some specimens have the pile
all black except for a few hairs just above antennae). Eyes contigu-
ous for about Io facets.

Antennae: Length somewhat variable, in general shorter than in
female, shape of third joint more orbicular, coloration similar.

Thorax black shining, clothed with light yellow pile, which is longer
than in the female.

Legs colored as in female, in some specimens the apical and basal
fourth of tibiae and the first three tarsal joints of anterior four legs
are yellow.

Abdomen with broad, ill-defined dull black bands at the bases of
segments, elsewhere shining metallic; pile light yellow and white,
abundant along the sides and much longer than in the female.

Described from 6 females and 14 males.

Type @ and allotype ¢ in the collection of the U. S. Na-
tional Museum.

Type locality, Walnut Creek, Calif.

A common valley species appearing towards the end of
March. The adults have been taken until October, but are not
abundant after May. In 1913 they were very abundant in
spring, flying about wild rose bushes (Rosa) and since then
they have been observed frequently in April about blossoms
of poison oak (Rhus diversiloba T. & Gr.), in May about
grape flowers, and throughout summer about aphid infesta-
tions on trees such as Black Walnut (Juglans californica Wat-
son). The larvae is aphidophagous, a male fly having been
reared in May, 1914, from a larva found feeding upon the
sexes of Pemphigus populicaulis Fitch (Aphid.) underneath
detritus about poplar bark.

The author had previously considered this species P. pis-
ticoides Will., and has twice referred it to that species (Jour-

Vol. xxviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 419

nal Econ. Ent., Aug. ’15, p. 421; Oct. ’16, p. 456), but Mr. F.
Knab, U. S. National Museum, has pronounced the species
new. It is evidently closely allied to P. pisticoides Will. and
to P. pistica Will. P. californica is recognizable in the female
through the wholly shining abdomen clothed with white and
light colored pile; in the male, through the dull bands at the
base of the segments and in the longer pile.

The author is indebted to Mr. F. Knab for helpful sug-
gestions in drawing up the description.

——

Preliminary List of North Dakota Wasps exclusive
of Eumenidae (Hym.).

By O. A. STEvENs, Agricultural College, North Dakota.

While collecting flower-visiting insects in the State the past
seven years, the writer has taken a considerable number of
wasps, although giving special attention to bees. It has been
possible to have nearly all of these identified, and especially
as very little has been published concerning the msects of the
State, it seems worth while to present the list at this time.
Many additional species will doubtless be found by more thor-
ough collecting, especially in the region of the Missouri River.

From the wasps thus far collected, five new species have
been described as follows:

Cerceris dakotensis Banks—Can. Ent., vol. 47, p. 402, 1915.

Cerceris stigmosalis Banks—Ent. News, vol. 27, p. 64, 1916.

Xylocelia striata Mickel—Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., vol. 9, p. 350,

1916.

Thyreopus knoxensis Mickel—Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 42,
Pp. 424, 1916.

Crabro proletarius Mickel—Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 42,
p. 426, 1916.

The identifications of the Sphecidae are by Dr. H. T. Fer-
nald, the Psammocharidae and Philanthidae by Mr. Nathan
Banks, the Bembecidae in part by Dr. J. B. Parker; all others
by Mr. C. E. Mickel, excepting the Vespidae, for which the
writer is responsible, avd the genus Mimesa. I am also greatly
indebted to Mr. Mickcl for revising the arrangement and no-

menclature of the list.

420 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [ Nov., 17

Family MuTILLIDAE.
Dasymutilla bioculata (Cress.). Bismarck; one male, July 8, on
flowers of Sium cicutaefolium.
Dasymutilla canella (Blake). Minot; one male, Aug. 22.

Family Scorrpae.
Tiphia sp. (inornatus Say 7). Bismarck; four, July 8, on flowers
of Sium cicutaefolium.

Family SAPYGIDAE.
Eusapyga sp. Williston; Aug. 14; two at clay bank where bees were
nesting (Anthophora and Osmia).

Family VESPIDAE.

Vespa arenaria Fab. (lV. consobrina Sauss.). Fargo; one worker,
Sept. 4. 1915.

Vespa diabolica Sauss. Fargo; several, at flowers of Aster panicu-
latus, Clematis virginiana, Melilotus alba, Salix sp., Solidago
canadensis, S. rigida. Also from Lake Park, Minnesota, (C. H.
Waldron) on Jmpatiens biflora and Scrophularia leporella. This
is the most common hornet in this locality. I have seen a nest
in a tree and several under the eaves of houses in the city. One
of the latter removed after dark, Aug. 25, contained over 600
adults and must have had two or three times as many larvae
and pupae.

Vespa maculata Linn. Fargo; four males, one on Aster panicula-
tus. Also from Lake Park, Minnesota (C. H. Waldron), on
Eupatorium perfoliatum and Impatiens biflora.

Vespa vulgaris Linn. Fargo; 3 queens, one male, one on Salix sp.
Also from Lake Park, Minnesota, (C. H. Waldron) on Impatiens
biflora.

I have also a worker of V. vidua Sauss. from Lake Park, Minnesota,
(C. H. Waldron) on Jmpatiens biflora. This locality while only 40
miles from Fargo is at the edge of the lake and forest region, and
may be the western limit of many insects as it is of plants.

Polistes so. Fargo (in one of the college buildings), Medora, Sen-
tinel Butte, Mott (J. R. Campbell); on Aster sp., Solidago rigida
and Vagnera stellata. On Aug. 30, 1914, I found queens fairly
common at Medora: otherwise these wasps have seemed very rare
here and I have not seen a nest.

Family PsAMMOCHARIDAE.

Ceropales fraternus F. Sm. Fargo, Bismarck, Schafer; July 8 to
Sept. 6, on Melilotus alba, Sium cicutaefolium and Solidago
canadensis.

Cryptocheilus terminalis Say. Williston, one, Aug. 14, Medicago
sativa (not tripping the flowers).

Psammochares arctus (Cress.). Fargo; one, June 15. on Zizia
aurea (C. H. Waldron).

Psammochares illinoensis (Rob.). Fargo; one, September 10, on
Aster paniculatus.

Family SPHECIDAE.

Chlorion (Palmodes) laeviventris (Cress.). Williston; one female,
Aug. 15, on Melilotus officinalis.

Chlorion (Priononyx) atratum (Iep.). Steele: one male, July 14,
on Carduus undulatus; Mott (J. R. Campbell); one female, Aug.
20, on Solidago rigida.

Vol. xxviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 421

Chlorion (Isodontia) elegans (F.Sm.). Williston; one, August 8,
at clay bank.

Psammophila violaceipennis (Lep.). Fargo, Monango; July 2 to
Sept. 15; on Aster multiflorus, Amorpha canescens, Lactuca pu-
chella and Solidago serotina.

Psammophila luctuosa (F. Sm.). Dickinson (C. H. Waldron); one
female, May 25, on Malus malus.

Severa! other specimens have not been determined definitely.

Family SrTizipae.

Stizus unicinctus Say. Williston; one male, August 15, on
Kuhnistera oligophylla.

Family Nyssonrmpaeg.

Astatus nebeculus Cress. Williston; one female, August 8, at clay
bank.

Nysson lateralis Pack. Bismarck; one male, July 8, on Sium cicu-
taefolium.

Hoplisus albosignatus (Fox). Fargo (C. H. Waldron); one female,
June 15, on Zizia aurea.

Hoplisus atrifrons (Fox). Fargo; four males, June 16, on Zizia
aurea.

Hoplisus nebulosus (Pack.), Valley City; one female, August 13,
on Helianthus maximiliant.

Pseudoplisus phaleratus (Say). Fargo; two males, July 29 and
Aug. 21, on Solidago serotina.

Family PHImANTHIDAE.
Sub-family Philanthinae.

Philanthus solvivagus Cress. Sheldon, Medora, Mott (J. R. Camp-
bell); Aug. 12 and 30, on Solidago canadensis and S. rigida.
Philanthus albipilosus Cress. Williston, Sheldon; many specimens;
Aug. 8 and 12; on Helianthus maximiliani, H. petiolaris, Kuhnis-

tera villosa and Solidago serotina.

Philanthus lepidus Cress. Fargo, Bismarck, Valley City; July 8
to Aug. 10, on Aster salicifolius, Lactuca pulchella, Melilotus alba,
Physostegia parviflora, Sium cicutaefolium, Solidago serotina and
Symphoricarpos occidentalis.

paeeo nue pacificus Cress. Sheldon; August 12; two on Kuhnistera
villosa.

Philanthus flavifrons Cress. Williston. Minot; August 15 and 22;
several on Grindelia squarrosa and Kuhnistera oligophylla.

Philanthus vertilabris Dahlb. Williston; one, August 15, on
Kuhnistera oligophylla.

Ococletes basilaris (Cress.). Medora; several, August 30, on
Solidago rigida.

Ococletes sanbornii (Cress.). (Ph. trumani Dunn). Williston; one,
Aug. 15, on Kuhnistera oligophylla.

Aphilanthops frigidus Sm. Sheldon; August 12, one specimen.

Aphilanthops subfrigidus Cress. Bismarck; one, July 8, on Sium
cicutaefolium.

Sub-family Cercerinae.

Cerceris chrysippe Banks. Fargo; four, August 2 and 10, on
Solidago serotina.

422 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [ Nov., 17

Cerceris dentifrons Cress. Fargo (C. H. Waldron); one, August
19, on Solidago rigida.

Cerceris deserta Say. Fargo, Pleasant Lake, Mott (J. R. Camp-
bell); four, July 31 to Aug. 31, on Solidago canadensis and S.
serotina.

Cerceris occipitomaculata Pack. Williston; three, August 15, on
Kuhnistera oligophylla.

Cerceris dakotensis Banks. Fargo; six, July 7 to September 6, on
Melilotus alba, Solidago canadensis and S. serotina.

Cerceris nigrescens F. Sm. Fargo, Valley City, Bismarck, Mylo;
June 29 to July 21, on Sium cicutaefolium, Symphoricarpos ecct-
dentalis and Zizia aurea.

Cerceris stigmosalis Banks. Fargo; one, September 4, on Solidago
canadensis.

Cerceris halone Banks. Fargo; four, July 31 and August 2, on
Solidago serotina.

Cerceris fulvipediculata Schlet. Fargo, Monango, Granville; July
3 to Aug. 24, on Amorpha canescens, Melilotus alba and Kuhnis-
téra oligophylla.

Cerceris rufinoda Cress. Bismarck; one, July 8, on Sium cicutae-
folium.

Cerceris rufinoda crucis Vier. & Ckll. Williston, Minot; two,
Aug. 15 and 22, on Kuhnistera oligophylla..

Cerceris finitima Cress. Minot; one, August 22, on Kuhnistera
oligophylla.

Eucerceris bicolor Cress. Minot; four, August 22, on Kuhnistera
oligophylla. ‘

a fulvipes Cress. Bismarck; one, July 8, on Sium cicutae-
olium.

Eucerceris superba Cress. Williston, Minot; several, August 15
and 22, on Kuhmnistera oligophylla.

Family Larripaeg.

Tachysphex tarsatus (Say). Sheldon; one female, August 12.

Tachysphex fusus Fox. Dickinson; one male, July 4.

Tachysphex mundus Fox. Bismarck; one female, July 8, on Sium
cicutaefolium.

Tachysphex tenuipunctus Fox. Fargo; one female, August 26, on
Solidago canadensts.

Tachytes pepticus (Say). Williston, Minot; three, August 15 and
22, on Kuhnistera oligophylla. on

Family BrMBICIDAE.

Stictiella emarginata (Cress). Williston; one female, August 15,
on Kuhnistera oligophylla.

Bicyrtes ventralis (Say). Medora, Williston; four, August 8 and
30, on Helianthus petiolaris, Solidago rigida and SS. serotina.

Bembix sayi Cress. Dickinson, July 28 (C. H. Waldron); Sheldon,
Aug. 12, on Kuhnistera villosa.

Bembix spinolae Lep. Fargo, Sheldon, Mott (J. R. Campbell);
July 11 to Sept. 15, on Aster multiflorus, A. paniculatus, Centaurea
jacea, Grindelia squarrosa, Solidago canadensis, S. rigida. Also
from Lake Park, Minnesota (C. H. Waldron), on Eupatorium
perfoliatum.

Microbembex monodonta (Say). Sheldon; three females, Aug. 12.

Vol. xxviii | ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 423

Family PsENIDAE.

Mimesa mixta (Fox.) (det. Regan.) Lisbon; one male, June 5, on
Hydrophyllum virginicum.

Mimesa pauper Pack. (det. Regan.) Knox, two, July 13, on
Simm cicutaefolium.

Xylocelia striata Mickel. Dickinson; one female, July 4.

Cemonus inornatus (Say). Fargo; three males, June 13 and 15, on
Zisia aurea.

Family CRABRONIDAE.

Thyreopus tenuiglossis (Pack.). Fargo; two females, August 15,
on Aster paniculatus.

Thyreopus knoxensis Mickel. Knox; one male, July 13, on Sium
cicutaefolium.

Crabro rufifemur Pack. Fargo, Monango; several, July 3 to Sep-
tember 1, on Lactuca pulchella, Melilotus alba, Solidago canaden-
sis and Symphoricarpos occidentalis.

Crabro dilectus Cress. Mott (J. R. Campbell); three, August 20,
on Solidago mollis.

Crabro gracilissimus Pack. Fargo; one male, June 13, on Zizia
aurea.

Crabro sexmaculatus Say. Fargo, Lisbon; four, June 5 and 13, on
Zizia aurea.

Crabro heraclei Rohwer. Lisbon; one male, June 5, on Hydro-
phyllum virginicum.

Crabro protelarius Mickel. Lisbon; one male, June 5, on Hydro-
phyllum virginicum.
Crabro chrysargyrus Lep. Fargo; several, June 19 to August 13,
on Aster multiflorus, Solidago canadensis and Zizita aurea.
Crabro maculatus (Fab.). Fargo; several, June 29 to August 1, on
Clematis virginiana and Solidago serotina.

Crabro montanus Cress. Fargo, Lisbon; two females, June 5 and
20, on Heracleum lanatum and Zizia aurea.

Crabro producticollis Pack. Fargo; a female, July 29, on Clematis
virginiana; two males July 31, on Solidago serotina.

Crabro- interruptus (Lep.). Fargo, Mylo; many, July 7 to Sep-
tember 6, on Melilotus alba, Solidago canadensis, S. rigida, S.
serotina, Symphoricarpos occidentalis and Zizia aurea.

Family OXxyYBELIDAE.

Notoglossa emarginata (Say). Pleasant Lake; a pair, August 11,
on Solidago canadensis.

Oxybelus subulatus Rob. Monango, Granville; four, July 3 and 8,
on Amorpha canescens and Kuhnistera oligophylla. Two from
Fargo (Nos. 2068 and 2083) are tentatively referred here; also
one from Minot (9337).

Oxybelus quadrinotatus Rob. Fargo, Valley City, Lisbon, Pleasant
Lake, Dickinson; many, June 5 to August 19, on Apocynum hyper-
icifolium, Helianthus petiolaris, Melilotus alba, Solidago cana-
densis, S. rigida and Zizia aurea.

Oxybelus quadrinotatus montanus Rob. Medora; one _ female,
August 30, on Solidago rigida.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS.

PHILADELPHIA, PA., NOVEMBER, IQI7.

The News for 1918.

The flag of the News has been kept flying during the year
1917 as our editorial for January last announced that it would
be. In spite of the increased costs we shall issue twenty-eight
plates for 1917, as compared with 25 in 1916, 20 in 1915 and
t8 in 1914. That this has been accomplished is, of course, in
large measure due to the co-operation of authors who have
borne part of the expense. The present number and that for
December will comprise the usual number of pages, bringing
the total for the year to 480, exclusive of the index, title-page,
etc.

It would be idle, however, to pretend that the News can
remain unaffected by the present great economic changes of
the world, or that it can be independent of the increasing costs
of production of almost all things. We therefore find ourselves
temporarily compelled to reduce our pages to 40 per issue for
1918 and to bear the expense of but one plate of line-engrav-
ings per month. [Illustrations requiring half-tone reproduc-
tion, or more than one plate of line-engravings per article, can
only be published at the author’s expense and the costs of such
have already become greater than those announced for 1917
on the second page of our cover. Articles accompanied by
single plates of line-engravings reproduced at the expense of
the News will in consequence “wait their turn’ to appear in
order of acceptance.

As soon as conditions improve sufficiently we will restore
the News to its present dimensions. The subscription price
for 1918 will be as at present.

We bespeak the continued support of all our old friends and
the financial aid of those who, associated with institutions sub-
scribing to the News, are not themselves subscribers, although
cften enjoying the hospitality of our pages.

424

Vol. xxviii | ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 425

Notes and News.
ENTOMOLOGICAL GLEANINGS FROM ALL QUARTERS
OF THE GLOBE.

Abundance of the Fall Web Worm. (Lepid.)

In June [1917], members of the entomological force at Audubon
Park, New Orleans, noticed many webs and larvae of the fall web
worm (Hyphantria textor) on willows, mulberries, osage oranges and
other trees in the vicinity of the city—across the Mississippi River
southwest of Marerro (formerly Amesville) on the road to Shell
Beach, near Hahnville and other points on the Texas and Pacific Ry.,
and on the road to West End. During the latter part of the week of
July 8th, the business section of New Orleans was invaded by myriads
of the small white moths of this species. On the morning of Friday,
July 13th, when they were most numerous, they were observed in
great numbers resting on buildings and telephone poles. The appear-
ance of poles and other objects in the early morning was as if they
had received a thorough coat of whitewash. The tops of several large
hotels and department store buildings in New Orleans are illuminated
nightly by rows of electric lights, and these, together with the street
lights and electric signs of the business section, produce a radiance
against the sky which can be seen for a long distance. It is evident
that a large proportion of the moths flew past or above hundreds of
ordinary street lights to reach the brilliant illumination of Canal Street.
Eggs have since been taken on sycamore, and extraordinary numbers
of larvae were observed on August 7 on mulberry, willow, palms, rose
bushes and bananas in the city, as well as crawling over a house.—
T. E. Hottoway, in Reps. Nos. 4 and 5, Emergency Entom. Service,
U. S. Dept. Agr., Aug. 1 and Sept. 1, 1917.

The Entomological Collections of the University of Michigan.

The report of the Director of the Museum of Zoology of the
University for July 1, 1916, to June 30, 1917, dated October, 1917,
has just appeared. Special prominence is given to the report on the
Division of Entomology by F. M. Gaige, Scientific Assistant in Charge
of Insects. To meet its relations to the public, the department of zool-
ogy of the University, other institutions and independent scientific
workers, the Division is endeavoring to acquire with the greatest ex-
pedition an elaborate collection of Michigan insects for general refer-
ence, for public exhibition, for loan to educational institutions and
for intensive study. Co-operation with naturalists in Michigan and
neighboring States has been sought; Dr. W. W. Newcomb has been
made Honorary Curator of Lepidoptera, Mr. E. B. Williamson, Honor-
ary Curator of Odonata and Mr. A. W. Andrews, Associate Curator

426 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. | Nov., ’17

of Coleoptera. Considerable assistance has also been received from
Messrs. A. F. Combs and W. MacAlpine. The most noteworthy recent
additions to the collections are: Very large collections of Michigan
Coleoptera; large numbers of Michigan Lepidoptera, Odonata and Dip-
tera; of Formicidae (which Mr. Gaige is studying intensively) from
Colombia, British Guiana, the Windward Islands, Michigan, Texas and
Nevada; some 50,000 Philippine insects of nearly all orders from
Prof. E. M. Ledyard, but little of this last material has been determined
except the Lepidoptera. The mounted collection is in 220 Schmidt
boxes (in metal cabinets of the Skinner type) and 125 Comstock boxes
(in whitewood cabinets).

Entomological Literature.

COMPILED BY E. T. CRESSON, JR., AND J. A. G. REHN.

Under the above head it is intended to note papers received at the
Academy of Natural Sciences, of Philadelphia, pertaining to the En-
tomology of the Americas (North and South), including Arachnida and
Myriopoda. Articles irrelevant to American entomology will not be noted;
but contributions to anatomy, physiology and embryology of insects, how-
ever, whether relating to American or exotic species. will be recorded.

The numbers in Heavy-Faced Type refer to the journals, as numbered
in the following list, in which the papers are published.

All continued papers, with few exceptions, are recorded ie at their
first installments.

The records of papers containing new species are all grouped at the
end of each Order of which they treat. Unless mentioned in the title,
the number of the new species occurring north of Mexico is given at
end of title, within brackets.

For records of Economic Literature, see the Experiment Station Record,
Office of Experiment Stations, Washington. Also Review of Applied En-
tomology, Series A, London. For records of papers on Medical Ento-
mology, see Review of Applied Entomology, Serigs B.

4—The Canadian Entomologist. 5—Psyche. 6—Journal, New
York Entomological Society. 8—The Entomologist’s Monthly
Magazine, London. 9—The Entomologist, London. 10—Nature,
London. 12—Comptes Rendus, L’Academie des Sciences, Paris.
21—The Entomologist’s Record, London. 50—Proceedings, U. S.
National Museum. 68—Science, New York. 75—Annual Report,
Entomological Society of Ontario, Toronto. 181—Proceedings,
South London Entomological and Natural History Society. 179—
Journal of Economic Entomology. 180—Annals, Entomological
Society of America. 181—Guide to Nature, Sound Beach, Conn.
184—Journal of Experimental Zoology, Philadelphia. 206—The
Scottish Naturalist, Edinburgh. 217—Bulletin, Societe Entomolo-
gique d’Egypte. 288—Anales, Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, Bue-
nos Aires. 240—Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono.
259—Publications, Carnegie Institution of Washington. 285—Na-
ture Study Review, Ithaca, N. Y. 822—Journal of Morphology,
Philadelphia. 344—U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington,
D. C. 406—Boletin del Museo Nacional de Chile, Santiago de Chile.

te

.

Vol. xxviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 427

407—Journal of Genetics, Cambridge, England. 447—Journal of
Agricultural Research, Washington. 480—The Annals of Applied
Biology. 531—Boletin, Direccion de Estudios Biologicos, Mexico.
532—Proceedings, National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America, Washington. 540—The Lepidopterist. Official
Bulletin, Boston Entomological Club. 543—Genetics, Princeton,
N. J. 550—Occasional Papers, Boston Society of Natural History.

GENERAL SUBJECT. Brown, T. N.—Personal notice by R. C.
Miller, 181, x, 153-5. Burge, W. E.—The catalase content of lumi-
nous and non-luminous insects compared, 68, xlvi, 295. Chapman,
T. A—An instance of a double pupal skin; Injury to pupa and mal-
formation of imago, 8, 1917, 196-7; 216. Doane, R. W.—Effect of
smelter gases on insects, 68, xlvi, 295-6. Gates, F. C—Synchronism
in the flashing of fire flies, 68, xlvi, 314. Harvey, E. N.—The chem-
istry of light-production in luminous organisms, 259, No. 251, 171-
234. Herrera, M.—Insectos homocromicos y mimeticos mexicanos,
531, 11, 83-91. Huie, L. H.—Some notes on the microscopical prep-
aration of insects, 206, 1917, 219-229. Lyle, G. T.—On the cocoon
colour of various insects, 9, 1917, 153-4. Silva, F—Informe del jefe
de la secion de Aracnalojia e insectos daninos, 406, vii, 158-93.
Slosson, A. T.—A few memories. II, 6, xxv, 93-7.

PHYSIOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY. Holt, C. M.—Multiple
complexes in the alimentary tract of Culex pipiens, 322, xxix, 607-27.
Lankester, E. R—The terminology of parthenogenesis, 10, cix,
504-5. Lecaillon, A.—Sur la signification des changements de cou-
leur qui se produisent normalement dans certains oeufs non fe-
condes de Bombyx mori . . .12, 1917, 192-4. Lockhead, W.—
Insects as material for studies in heredity, 75, 1916, 66-72. Mc-
Clung, C. E—The multiple chromosomes of Hesperottetix and
Mermiria, 322, xxix, 519-608. May, H. G.—The appearance of re-
verse mutations in the bar-eyed race of Drosophila under experi-
mental control, 532, iii, 544-5. Plough, H. H.—The effect of tem-
perature on linkage in the second chromosome of Drosophila, 582,
iii, 553-5. Shull, A. F—Sex determination in Anthothrips verbasci,
543, ii, 480-8. Sturtevant, A. H.—Genetic factors affecting the
strength of linkage in Drosophila, 532, i11, 555-58. Wenrich, D. H.
—Synapsis and chromosome organization in Chorthippus curtipennis
and Trimerotropis suffusa, 322, xxix, 471-518.

MEDICAL. Howard, L. O.—The relation of insects to disease
in man and animals, 75, 1916, 57-62.

ARACHNIDA, ETC. Aragas, H. de B.—Ixodidas. Commissao
de Linhas Telegraphicas Estrategicas de Matto-Grosso ao Ama,
zonas (Pub. No. 36, 19 pp.). Eales, N. B.—The life history and

428 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [ Nov., ’17

economy of the cheese mites, 480, iv, 28-35. Herms, W. B.—Con-
tribution to the life-history and habits of the spinose ear-tick, Orni-
thodoros megnini, 179, x, 407-11.

NEUROPTERA, ETC. Folsom, J. W.—North American col-
lembolous insects of the subfamily Onychiurinae [many new], 50,
iii, 637-59. McGregor, E. A.—Eight new Mallophaga of the genus
Lipeurus from N. American birds [8 new], 5, 1917, 106-17.

HEMIPTERA. Barber, H. G.—Synoptic key to the Lygaeidae
of the U. S., 5, 1917, 128-35. Dickerson, E. L.—Notes on Lepto-
byrsa rhododendri, 6, xxv, 105-12. Fenton, F. A——Observations on
Lecanium corni and Physokermes piceae, 4, 1917, 309-20. Green, .
E. E.—A list of Coccidae affecting various genera of plants, 480,
iv, 75-89 (cont.). Hollinger, A. H.—Taxonomic value of antennal
segments of certain Coccidae, 180, x, 264-78. Hungerford, H. G—
Life history of a boatman, 6, xxv, 112-22. Parshley, H. M.—Fauna
of New England, XIV.—List of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera, 550,
vii, 119 pp.

Baker, D. C.—Eastern aphids, new or little known [6 new], 179,
x, 420-33. Patch, E. M.—Eastern aphids, new or little known, Part
I [4 new], 179, x, 416-20.

LEPIDOPTERA. Adkin, R.—The resting habits of white but-
terflies, 9, 1917, 191. Ocneria dispar in Britain, 131, 1916-17, 1-6.
Baird, A. B.—An historical account of the forest-tent-caterpillar
and of the fall-webworm in N. America, 75, 1916, 73-87. Braun,
A. F.—Observations on the pupal wings of Nepticula, with com-
parative notes on other genera, 180, x, 233-9. Chapman, T. A.—
The genus Hesperia, 21, 1917, 141-5 (cont.). Comstock, A. B.—
The common butterflies, 285, xili, 217-243. Dolley, W. L.—The rate
of locomotion in Vanessa antiopa in . . different illuminations,
184, xxiii, 507-18. Figuero, C. S—Algunas observaciones sobre la
variacion entre los L. Chilenos, 406, ix, 54-64. Fountaine, M. E.—
List of butterflies taken in the neighbourhood of Los Angeles, Cal.,
9, 1917, 154-6. Hall, A——New butterflies of the family Nymphalidae,
9, 1917, 161-3 (cont.). Harrison, J. W. H.—Studies in the hybrid
Bistoninae, II, 407, vi, 269-313. Hess, H. M.—Color key to the
common butterflies, 285, xiii, 244-51. Mosher, E.—Pupae of some
Maine species of Notodontoidea, 240, Bul. 259. Reiff & Cassino—
Two weeks at Rockledge, Fla., 540, i, 75-8 (cont.). Shufeldt, R. W.
—Some familiar’ butterflies, 285, xiii, 255-60. Tarbat, J. E—Prepon-
derance of the female sex in L., 9, 1917, 190. Turner, H. J.—The
genus Pararge, 181, 1916-17, 7-17. Wickwire, H. A—Some dis-
guises of the mourning-cloak, 285, xiii, 252-3. Willcocks, F. C-—A

Vol. xxviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 429

sound produced by the larva of the death’s-head moth, 217, 1916,
100-1.

Barnes & McDunnough—A new Canadian Noctuid, 4, 1917, 320-1.
Cassino, S. E.—A new form of Catocala ultronia, 540, i, 79-80.
Swett, L. W.—Geometrid notes [1 n. name], 540, i, 78-9. Wright,
W. S.—Notes and descriptions of Geometridae [3 new], 6, xxv,
123-5.

DIPTERA. Figueroa, C. S.—Contribucion al conocimento de la
familia Phoridae en Chile, 406, ix, 5-21. Townsend, C. H. T.—The
head and throat bots of American game animals, 6, xxv, 98-105.

Banks, N.—Notes on some n. sps. of the genus Dioctria [6 new].
5, 1917, 117-19. Greene, C. T.—Two new cambium miners, 447, x,
313-17.

COLEOPTERA. Brethes, J.—Description d’un nouveau genre
et d'une nouvelle espece de Ptiliidae du Chili, 406, vii, 278-9. Bur-
gess & Collins—The genus Calosoma: including studies of seasonal
habits, etc., 344, Bul. 417. Davis, W. T—Ammodonus fossor on
Staten Island, 6, xxv, 126-7. Harvey, E. N.—What substance is
the source of the light in the firefly, 68, xlvi, 241-3. Hyslop, J.
A.—The phylogeny of the Elateridae based on larval characters,
180, x, 241-63. Leng, C. W.—Syncalypta spinosa in N. America,
6, xxv, 128-9. Main, H.—On rearing beetles of the genus Geo-
trupes, 131, 1916-17, 18-22. Winn, A. F.—Note on Physonota uni-
puncta, 75, 1916, 50-1.

Chamberlin, W. J.—An annotated list of the scolytid beetles of
Oregon [2 new], 4, 1917, 321-28. Schaeffer, C—On some N. Amer-
ican Cleridae [6 new], 6, xxv, 129-34.

HYMENOPTERA. Allard, H. A.—A unique hornet’s nest, 68,
xlvi, 313-4. Bruch, C.—Costumbres y nidos de hormigas, 238,
Ixxxiii, 302-16. Cockerell, T. D. A—New social bees, 5, 1917, 120-8.
Frison, T. H.—Notes on Bombidae, and on the life history of
Bombus auricomus, 180, x, 277-86. Gahan & Rohwer—Lectotypes
of the species of H. described by Abbe Provancher, 4, 1917, 298-308
(cont.). Nelson, J. A—The relation of the malpighian tubules of the
hind intestine in the honeybee larva, 68, xlvi, 343-5. Rockwood,
L. P.—An aphis parasite feeding at puncture holes made by the
Ovipositor, 179, x, 415.

Cushman, R. A.—Eight new sps. of reared ichneumon flies with
notes on some others; A revision of hymenopterous insects of the
tribe Cremastini of America, north of Mexico [many new], 50, liii,
457-469, 503-51. Girault, A. A.—Notes and descriptions of miscel-
laneous chalcid-flies [12 new], 50, lili, 445-50.

430 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [ Nov., ’17

THE BLATTIDAE OF NorTH AMERICA NORTH OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY.
By Morcan Heparp. Memoirs of the American Entomological
Society, No. 2, pp. 284, pls. x.

For many years systematic knowledge of our cockroaches has been
a reproach to American entomologists, a condition which has been
due largely to scantiness and random character of material, unattrac-
tiveness of subject and lack of economic importance except of a few
species. This work by Mr. Hebard will go far to remedy this condition.

Over 5350 specimens, in large part of original gathering, and com-
prising also the historical material from the largest American collec-
tions, has been studied in preparation of this paper, which, through
its careful and critical treatment, supplies a firm basis for further
work. It was inevitable, under the preceding chaotic conditions, the
relation of winged and wingless forms often being unknown, that
many names should be synonymous. Platamodes, Temnopteryx and
Ischnoptera have long proved stumbling-blocks to the would-be identi-
fier of our native wild roaches. At last some of the doubtful points
of identity and nomenclature relating to these genera may be considered
settled.

Not only have large series of native species been studied but also
extensive extra-limital and exotic collections for their bearing on the
forms and characters presented by our own; and several short papers
on portions of the group have been published during the preparation of
this work. Attention is wisely directed herein, both under generic
and specific heads, primarily to those features proved to be of real diag-
nostic value, their comparative importance differing in different groups;
also to the range of variation presented in each species. The genitalia
of the male, relatively inaccessible and in consequence long negelcted,
have been examined and proved to possess valuable specific characters.
Keys for the identification of both males and females of the native
and the established exotic species are furnished; as these will doubf-
less be used by novices as well as by experienced entomologists, an
additional one for distinguishing the sexes might well have been added.

Forty-three species and one geographic race are treated, of which
ten are probably established exotic adventives of domiciliary charac-
ter. A supplementary section is devoted to a discussion of adventive
material: this treats of I4I specimens representing 3I species of acci-
dental occurrence beyond the normal limits of their range. Of these
8 are native to the southern United States. Probably the importation
of tropical fruit is responsible for the great majority of the occur-
rences, which are recorded from as far inland as Ontario, Wisconsin,
Towa, Nebraska, Idaho and Utah. An interesting question is raised in
reference to the possible parthenogenetic character in America of one
of these, Pycnoscelus surinamensis, of which nearly 400 females have
been captured but no males.

rete pes mart =i

Vol. xxviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 431

The paper is well illustrated by a text figure explanatory of venation,
and 190 pen drawings on ten plates representing dorsal aspects and
diagnostic details.

We congratulate Mr. Hebard and the American Entomological So-
ciety on the high quality of this second number of the Memoirs and
hope for many more.—A. P. Morse.

Doings of Societies.

Entomological Section of The Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia.

Meeting of May 24, 1917, Director Philip Laurent presiding. Ten
persons present. Mr. C. W. Frost was elected a member.

Hymenoptera.—Mr. Cushman made a few remarks on his work
in the Ichneumonidae, especially the Pimplini, citing instances of the
multiplicity of names given to generically doubtful species.

Orthoptera.—Some remarks were given on Mermaria_ bivittata
Serville, by Mr. Rehn, showing how he established that species as dis-
tinct from a very closely allied form.

Lepidoptera.—Mr. Laurent commented on the several recent
checklists of the Lepidoptera, especially on the difficulty of finding the
same species in each. He called attention to the excellent list by the
Ornithologists’ Union and cited instances of its superiority over those
in Lepidoptera in the method used in referring to the order lists. Mr.
Williams spoke of the number of species in the Rhopalocera which
have been placed in the synonymy, evidently showing that the inter-
mediates of many species have been described as distinct species —
E. T. Cresson, Jr., Recorder.

The Entomological Society of Nova Scotia.

The Entomological Society of Nova Scotia is now in the second
vear of its existence and has issued its second annual report. The
Society solicits the support of the nature student, the farmer, the fruit
grower, the health officer and all those interested in any phase of in-
sect life. If the proper support is forthcoming, we will be able to
publish a larger, better and more comprehensive report, that will appeal
to all classes of citizens. At present the entire cost of publication is
met by the government, but hereafter all funds not otherwise utilized
will be applied to the printing of suitable illustrations in order to make
the report more attractive and valuable to the general reader. The
subscription fee, payable to the undersigned, is $1.00 per year. This
entitles the member to the annual report of this society, to the annual

432 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [ Nov., ’17

report of the Entomological Society of Ontario and to the entomologi-
cal publications of the provincial and Dominion Departments of Agri-
culture. There is also available to professional entomologists or to
all who desire it, the “Canadian Entomologist,” a technical publication
of interest to entomologists only. New members should state whether
or not they desire this monthly. All those who wish to receive copies
of entomological bulletins, kindly inform the undersigned, and those
whose address is incomplete or incorrect will confer a favor by inform-
ing us of the same—W. H. Brittain, Secretary-Treasurer,-Dept. of
Agriculture, Truro, Nova Scctia.

Entomological Section of the Lorquin Natural History Club.

Several enthusiastic Entomologists of the Lorquin Natural History
‘Club, of Los Angeles, California, realizing the need of an organized
association for the promotion of Entomology in Southern California,
have recently formed an Entomological section of the club. The first
meeting was held in the public library on September 15th, 1917. Plans
for the section were discussed, and as the several speakers gave their
views on the subject it became more and more apparent that an enor-
mous amount of work is still to be done in this section of the country.
In fact, Southern California is still a virgin field for the study and
classification of insects. The life of Pierre Joseph Lorquin, a pioneer
California naturalist, in whose honor the Club is named, was read.
Dr. J. A. Comstock was elected Chairman of the section and Mr. Raoul
M. May was elected Secretary. Fourteen persons were present at the
first meeting. The section meets the third Saturday evening of each
month in the public library. All entomologists are invited to be present.
—Raour M. May, Secretary, 2202 W. toth St., Los Angeles, California.

The Florida Entomological Society and its New Organ.

This Society, organized January 5, 1916, as noticed in the News,
volume xxvii, page 133, decided at its April, 1917, meeting to publish
a quarterly, entitled “The Florida Buggist,” two numbers of which
have now appeared dated June 21 and September 21, respectively. The
Editor is Prof J. R. Watson, Dr. E. W. Berger is Associate Editor
and K. E. Bragdon, Business Manager. The Society and the Buggist
are located at Gainesville. Sixty-one members are enrolled. No richer
field for the cultivation of entomology than the Southeastern States
exists and such a society as that of Florida ought to flourish as the
White-fly, the Sweet Potato Root Weevil and the Anopheles Mosquito,
which its members discuss in their new journal. May they succeed in
eradicating these insect pests and their Society and Buggist widen our
knowledge for many years to come!

advertisements of goods for sale.
ing three lines free to subscribers.

EXCHANGES.

This column is intended only for wants and exchanges, not for

Notices not exceed-

Aas These notices are continued as long as our limited space wiil allow; the new
ones are added at the end of the column, and only when necessary those at the top
(being longest in) are discontinued.

Farmers’ Bulletins wanted—Nos. 61,
Greene, 2) ©) Box 51, East Falls Church, Va.

Wanted—roth Illinois Entomological Report; Coleoptera of Southern
California, By H. C. Fall; Notes on Lachnosterna of Temperate North

America, by J.

189 and 191—Geo. M.

B. Smith; Works of Thos. Say, LeConte edition.—

Joe S. Wane, U. S. Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C.
Limited number of specimens of Dinapate wrightii to exchange for
most advantageous trade in Tribe Julodini (Sternocera preferred) or

Acmaeodera of Buprestidae.

Trades must be good. First come, first

served.—RicHarD T. GARNETT, 36000 Broadway, Oakland, California.

COLEOPTERA

CARABIDAE

PRICE $1.00

Leistus

_ferrugineus Zinn.
Elaphrus

aureus Mull.
Lorocera

pilicornis Fabr.
Broscosoma

baldense Pufz.
Bembidium

fasciolatum Dz/t.

articulatum Gy//.
Cillenus

lateralis Sam.
Thalassophilus

longicornis Sturm.

Trechus
discus Fadr.
Anophthalmus
hirtus Sturm.
v. rostratus Mo/s.
Pterostichus
lepidus Leske.
cupreus Linn.

Vol. |, No. 3
CONTENTS

Pterostichus
infuscatus Dez.
puncticollis Dez.
crenatus De.
barbarus De7.
carbonicolor So/s.
macer Marsh.
aterrimus Ayésf¢.
elongatus Duft.

oblongopunctatus Fabr.

angustatus Du/ft.
melanoscelis Chaud.
niger Schad/,
vulgaris Linn.
nigritus Fadr.
minor Gy//.
interstinctus Sturm.
negligens Sturm.
subsinuatus De7.
brevis Du/t.
caspius Jen.
cognatus De7.
aethiops Panz.

ILLUSTRATA

CARABIDAE
PRICE $1.00

Pterostichus
globosus Faér.
cylindricus AH/résé,
melas Creutz.

Abax
ater Vill,
ovalis Duff.
schuppelii Pa/Z,
v. rendschmidtii Germ.
corsicus De7.

Myas
chalybaeus FPad/,

Amara
ingenua Du/t.

Zabrus
chalceus Fa/d,
heros Fadd,
seidlitzii Schaum,
graecus De.
blapoides Creutz.

Anisodactylus
binotatus De.
signatus Panz.

Accurate Enlarged Pen Drawings, Uniform in Size,

One to a Page, Svo.

Coleoptera Illustrata will be mailed upon receipt of price.
Vol. I, Nos. 1 and 2, $1 each.

HOWARD NOTMAN

136 Joralemon St., Brooklyn, N. Y., U. S. A.

RECENT LITERATURE

FOR SALE BY

THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Please check the items you desire of this list and return it

with your remittance.

NOVEMBER, 1917.
HYMENOPTERA.

2065.—_Crosby & Leonard.—An egg parasite of the sumac flea
beetle) [at newl: ~CEnt) News, 285 368. 17) 7.2.22.
2076.—Cockerell (T. D. A.).—A second Colletes with spotted
Mahia eel GovtraiNie sear eiSGE. Aly) eon Sones gaa ececk

HEMIPTERA.

2063.—de la Torre Bueno (J. R.).—Life History of the northern
microvelia, Microvelia borealis. (Ent. News, 28, 354-
YA! Wie Mae) Dieaads ree US Wd Si epee ae A ah

DIPTERA.

765.—Hine (J. S.)—Costa Rican Diptera. Paper 2. Tabani-
dae and: Asilidae [dnasp.|> 5 (435-294-2995 i) ene ee
2061.—Cresson (E. T. Jr.) Descriptions of new genera and
species of the dipterous family Ephydridae—lIV. [3
newll CEnt:; News1285940-54:10 217) ee eee ee eee
2062.—Seamans (H. L.).—A new species of Tropidia from Mon-
tania. (CE ne News 28 34on CT) ea eae eer here eee
2066.—Felt (E. P.).—Indian gall midges. [2 new]. (Ent.
INGWS S285 SOO Sais iAits) ee cic sore tie oy sy oe rotevoher stints adele

COLEOPTERA.

LEPIDOPTERA.
2060.—Skinner (H.).—New species of Lepidoptera. [4 new.].
GEnt.oNews2S8;, 328-329.) al ie ise wie io ie cle eee
ORTHOPTERA.

767.—Hebard (M.).—The Blattidae of North America, north
of the Mexican Boundary. [5 n. gen., 7 n. sps ]. (Mem.
2) 284-sn px 10) pisces ec icteteccceisee 5 as inte nc ee eee
766.—Hebard (M.).—A contribution to the knowledge of the
Dermaptera of Panama. [5 n. g., 6 n. sps.]. (48, 301-
S94. 4: pb: Wiese tee ac he oie ne
768.—Rehn (J. A. G.)—On Orthoptera from the vicinity of
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. [1 n.g.,3 n. sps.]. (48, 335-
363, 1: pli. Peis aonek Gone EE sien toe

FOR SALE

NEW ENGLAND ENTOMOLOGICAL COMPANY
366 Arborway, Jamaica Plain, Mass.

10

10

10

.10

10

.10

4.50

54

Historical collection of over tooo North American moths
in over 350 species and mostly Noctuidae, no Catocalae
nor Geometridae ; all identified and with locality labels.
were made by A. Grote, Wm. and Hy Edwards.
tation expenses. For further items write to

The identifications
Price $80.00 and transpor-

1 cnc

: The Celebrated Original Dust and Pest-Proof
METAL CABINETS

FOR SCHMITT BOXES

These cabinets have a specially constructed groove or trough around the front,
lined with a material of onr own design, which is adjustable to the pressure of the front
eover. The cover, when in place, is made fast by spring wire locks or clasps, causing a
constant pressure on the lining in the groove. The cabinet, in addition to being abso-
lutely dust, moth and dermestes proof, is impervious to fire, smoke, water and atmos-
pherie changes Obviously, these cabinets are far superior to any constructed o' pon-
metallic material. -
The interior is made of metal, with upright partition in center. On the sides
are metal supports to hold 28 boxes. Tne regular size is 424 in. high, 13 in. deep, 183
in. wide, inside dimensions; usually enameled green outside. For details of Dr. Skin-
ner’s construction ofsthis cabinet, see Entomologica] News, Vol. XV, page 177.
i= METAL INSECT BOX has all the essential merits of the cabinet, having a
groove, clasps, etc. Bottom inside lined with cork; the outside enameled any color
desired. The regular dimensions, outside, are 9x 13x 24 in. deep, but can be furnished
any size.

WOOD INSECT BOX.—We do not assert that this wooden box has all the quali-
ties of the metal box, especially in regard to safety from smoke, fire, water and damp-
ness, but the chemically prepared materia] fastened to the under edge of the lid makes
a hox, we think, superior to any other wood insect box. The bottom is cork lined.
Outside varnished, For catalogue and prices inquire of

BROCK BROS., Harvard Square, Cambridge, Mass.
ae WARD’S
— Natural Science Establishment
ce 84-102 COLLEGE AVENUE, ROCHESTER, N. Y.

We are the ‘“‘Headquarters” for Entomological supplies
-and specimens.

es (ae

The only genuine Schmitt insect boxes and American
Entomological Company’s insect pins are manufactured

_by us. Best service in getting spreading boards, breed-
ing cages, Riker mounts and botanical presses.

= lo Over 200 different life histories of insects of economic
; and other importance furnished by us.

- Collections of mimicry and color protection, seasonal and
sexual dimorphism.

Pe ; e : Send for list 129b with many desirable chances of Lepi-
atk ope doptera from Peru.

__ Ward’s Natural Science Establishment
a FOUNDED 1862 INCORPORATED 1890

When Writing Please Mention ‘‘ Entomnlogical News.”

Morpho cypris ie ie ae gree amath
5 sulkowskyi , ~ ro fe ee tS oe SPP
i: From Cuba : vidoe agra Sis
1500 BUTTERFLIES AND ‘MOTHS, INCLUDING _ 3
Papilio columbus _ Urania boisduva ‘.
“ andraemon eae a one guttalaris
“ celadon Sas ad rege eas br
* devilliersi

From Venezuela : = From New ain
Over 5000 Lepidoptera _ a 2000. Coleoptera —
200 Dynastes hercules a . 200. Orne

From Assam, India: :
1200 BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS, INCLUDING - :
Papilio arcturus a2 ‘Kallima inach

“* * philoxentig £m ¢tae os _ Brahmaea_ wall .
And Many Other Showy Species

From Tibet (Bhutan)

_Armandia lidderdalii

7

Department of Natural Science ; a
G. Lagai, Ph.D. SETS