».»"J-5_, ' A IP IP IB It IE) n TO THE NARRATIVE OF A SECOND VOYAGE IN SEARCH OF A NORTH-WEST PASSAGE, AND OF A RESIDENCE IN THE ARCTIC REGIONS DURING THE YEARS 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832, 1833. BY SIR JOHN ROSS, C.B., K.S.A., K.C.S.&c.&c. CAPTAIN IN THE ROYAL NAVY. COMMANDER, now CAPTAIN, JAMES CLARK ROSS, RN., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c. AND v! LONDON: A. W. WEBSTER, 156, REGENT STREET. 1835. C WHITING, LEAUKOBT HOUSE, STttANB. ^^^^^^-•^^^^^^s^^a^ SS^^a?^^**^ Preface Sketch of the Esquimaux found in the Territory of Boothia Felix Vocabulary of the English, Danish, and Esquimaux Languages The Native Population of Greenland Dialogues in the English, Danish, and Esquimaux Languages Chronometers .... Aurora Borealis .... NATURAL HISTORY. Zoology . . Birds ..... Fish ..... Insects ..... Marine Invertebrate Animals Geology ..... Report on Instruments .... Terrestrial Refraction .... Analysis of Fluids, &c. .... Philosophical Observations .... Surgeon's Report Biography of the Crew Meteorological Observations Meteorological Tables General Abstract of Meteorological Observations Diurnal Variation of the Magnetic Needle Dip, &c. of the Magnetic Needle . Latitudes and Longitudes of Places List of Subscribers .... vn xxv . xlvi . lix lxxxi ci cvii cix cxi cxv cxvii cxxix V XXXV XLI XLIV XLIX LXV LIST OF PLATES FOR THE APPENDIX. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 1 19. 20. Portrait — Frontispiece Nimna Himna, to face page Alictu and Kanguagiu Kawalua, Tiagashu, and Adlurak Illictu and Otoogiu Kunana Hibluna Manellia and Adelik Poyettak, Kakikagiu, and Aknalua Kemig Kannayoke Ooblooria Neweetioke Udlia, Awtigin, and Palurak Arctic Fox Plate A. Hymens Petra Plate B. Plate C. . Refraction Aurora PAGE 1 . 27 29 , 31 33 . 35 37 . 39 41 . 43 45 . 47 49 XI LXI LXXXIII XCIII . CIX 113 PREFACE. The narrative of my late voyage in search of a north-west passage, having been increased in its length far beyond my expectations, it became necessary to reserve for the Appendix every thing which did not actually belong to the work itself. I have to regret, therefore, that matter of much importance to myself has consequently been postponed; among which I may mention the two following letters, which having been already published in the newspapers, for the purpose of showing to the public that I was not ungrateful for the sympathy so universally manifested towards me and my companions. I had, indeed, deemed them an unnecessary addition to the narrative itself, but certainly not without the intention of again gratifying my feelings by publishing them, and some others, a second time, in justice to myself and to those whose humane endeavours cannot be too often or too fully acknowledged. VI PREFACE. To the Committee for the Management of the Affairs of Captain Back's Expedition. Portland Hotel, London, October 26, 1833. Gentlemen, Of the many circumstances of high gratification which have welcomed the delivery of myself and companions from four years' severe suffering, there is nothing (next after a deep sense of the merciful Providence wherewith we have been surrounded in such great perils) which has excited in me so strong a feeling of gratitude, as the humane and generous sympathy of a number of persons who, at the chance of being instrumental in our preser- vation, contributed, with the assistance of his Majesty's government, a sum, ample for the purpose of paying the expense of an expe- dition, which was so promptly and with so much judgment put in motion by your committee, and so wisely confided to the guidance of Captain Back, whose known intelligence and intrepidity gave the committee a certainty that all would be done which a sagacious mind and unflinching perseverance could accomplish. It is my wish and duty to make the earliest acknowledgment, of this instance of wide-extended compassion towards us, and I venture to rely on the favour of the committee, to receive with allowance, this imperfect expression of my feelings towards them, to his Majesty's government, to the contributors to the undertaking- and to the Hudson's Bay Company, for efforts which might have I PREFACE. proved, as designed, the means of snatching myself and my faithful companions from the further sufferings which, almost to the last moment, we seemed doomed to encounter. I have the honour to be, Gentlemen, Your very humble and grateful servant, JOHN ROSS, Capt. R.N. Arctic Land Expedition. — Answer. 21, Regent Street, October 22, 1833. Sir, I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter dated the 20th inst. addressed to the Committee for managing the Arctic Land Expedition, and returning your thanks to its members, to the Hudson's Bay Company, and to all the Subscribers towards the equipment of that expedition, for the exertions made by them in hopes of rescuing you and your brave companions from your perilous situation. In reply, I beg, in the name of the committee and of all the subscribers, to offer you our warmest congratulations on your safe return ; and although the main object of Captain Back's expedi- tion is thus attained without his assistance, yet we feel much gratified that it should have gone, inasmuch as it proves to all future adventurers in a like career, that their country will not be unmindful of them ; while, on the other hand, your return also a2 Vlll PREFACE. shows that no situation should be considered too desperate to be beyond the reach of a similar exertion. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your most obedient servant, CHARLES OGLE, Chairman, To Captain John Ross, Royal Navy. The above correspondence requires no comment, as they must fully convey to the public the feelings of both parties. I have now to introduce the two following letters, which were originally intended to precede the narrative, but which were omitted for reasons already mentioned. Victory Discovery Ship, Union Dock, London, March 28, 1829. Sir, I request you will have the goodness to submit to the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, that I am about to undertake a voyage of discovery at the entire cost of myself and others, and in event of complete success in the discovery of a north- west passage, and subsequently falling in with his Majesty's ships of war, or those belonging to foreign nations, it may be proper and necessary that I should have on board a document to prove that my vessel is navigated, and my expedition undertaken with the approbation and good wishes of the Lords Commissioners PREFACE. of the Admiralty, and feeling assured of their Lordships' encouragement and protection. I have the honour to remain, Sir, Your most obedient servant, JOHN ROSS, Capt. R.N. To the Right Hon. J. W. Croker, &c. &c. &c. Answer. Admiralty Office, March 23, 1829. Sir, Having laid before my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty your letter of this day's date, stating that you are about to undertake a voyage of discovery at the entire cost of yourself and others, and in the event of complete success in the discovery of a north-west passage, and subsequently falling in with his Majesty's ships of war or others belonging to foreign states, it would be desirable that you should possess a document to prove that your vessel is navigated, and your expedition undertaken, with the approbation and good wishes of their Lordships, I have it in command to express their Lordship's approbation and good wishes relative to the expedition in question, and also their authority to you to state the same. I am, Sir, Your obedient servant, J. W. CROKER. To Captain Ross, R.N. Victory Discovery Ship, Union Dock. PREFACE. The next article, which I trust will be read with interest, is an additional Sketch of the Esquimaux, whom we discovered in Boothia Felix, and whom we named Boothians. This is given as an introduction to the biography of the most remarkable, whose portraits are given to represent both their colour, features, and costume, and, I may add, of the inhabitants of the most remote corner of the globe : added to which are a vocabulary and dialogues in the Esquimaux, Danish, and English languages, carefully corrected by my friend, Mr. Kijer, according to the works of Fabricius. The reports on Chronometers, which follow, will be perused with attention by every practical navigator, as well as the reports on the various instruments which accompanied the expe- dition. My new theory of the Aurora is respectfully submitted to the public, as the result of a long series of observations carefully made under very advantageous circumstances, in Scotland, as well as during my late residence of four winters in the Arctic Regions, and have been read at the British Association in Dublin. The Natural History has been compiled by Commander (now Captain) James Clark Ross, whose acquirements in that branch of science are well known and acknowledged ; and it will there be found manifest that something has been done which must interest the naturalist. **«*»*we«&i.^ - PREFACE. XI I have preferred giving my own observations on the Diurnal Variation and Dip of the Magnetic Needle, to those of Commander Ross, understanding that his will appear elsewhere. The Geology is somewhat defective, from the impossibility of bringing home specimens from the most interesting places; but the Meteorological Tables, which have been kept according to the plan suggested by Captain Beaufort, are submitted to the public as the most complete of the kind ever published. The Surgeon's Report, and the Analyses of several Fluids, and the State of the Provisions which we found, require no comment. These, with the Philosophical Observations, will be read with interest. In the Tables of Latitude and Longitude of places on the newly- discovered coast, T have given in italics the names which the natives gave them, for which there was not room in the chart, and which will effectually correct the discrepances and omissions, which have been noticed by the subscribers, but which was occasioned by my unavoidable absence, and by my not being in possession of Commander Ross's narrative until long after the chart was printed and approved of by his Majesty; to whom it was submitted by Commander Ross and myself, on our arrival, with no names affixed. I ought also to observe that Sir Felix Booth, with whose Xll PREFACE. permission it was thus submitted, had, as the owner of the ship, the just and exclusive right of giving names to every place. In justice to the crew, I have added a short Biographical Sketch of each ; and I have concluded this work by giving a List of my generous Subscribers, with my most grateful thanks. ESQUIMAUX FOUND IN THE TERRITORY OF BOOTHIA FELIX. As it has appeared to many of my readers, that the account I have given of the natives of Boothia in the Narrative of my Voyage was more limited than it ought, or would have been, had circum- stances permitted — and that correct portraits displaying their features and dress— which I could not afford to give at greater length in the narrative would be acceptable in this portion of the work, I have commenced it, in the first place with a general sketch, and secondly with the individual description and history to accompany and explain each of the drawings. I need not dwell much on their manners and customs, nor enter into any great details respecting their arts and inven- tions ; since I could add little to what is already well known, and need not repeat what can be found in many books. As to their personal appearance, including, with their stature, forms, SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. and physiognomy, their dresses, it so accurately resembles that of the other tribes of Esquimaux so often described, that I may almost pass it over, while referring to the different plates in this volume, and their accompanying explanations. I had abundant reason, in the first place, to believe that the natives of this spot, uniting with these a few with whom we had but a temporary and slender communication, were entirely unac- quainted with Europeans: while the nearest approach to any knowledge of them was, to have conversed with some one who had conversed with a third person who had seen them at Igloolik, and, possibly, elsewhere. Nor was this contradicted by their possession of a few European knives. Of these, they had indeed but three ; nor did those on which the maker's mark could be traced, permit our believing that they had been obtained from Sir Edward Parry. In reality, they admitted themselves to have possessed those for a " very long time," while unable to explain whence they had been obtained ; so that no conclusions of any kind could be drawn from this circumstance. Thus ignorant of civilized society, they were equally unac- quainted with the warlike tribes of America ; whether those of their own race, or the races which are included under the general term Indians. The peculiar insulation of the tract to which they confine themselves, is not only the cause of this, but is likely to operate henceforward, without interruption. While that tract is sufficient to give room for their summer and winter migrations, it supplies all their wants, and therefore leaves them no tempta- tion to wander eastward, where they might possibly hereafter £AK?«B£SS5£~ - - ' '^WS^i* SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 3 come into contact with Europeans: while the nature of the country surrounding the isthmus which divides them from the larger mass of the continent of America, together with that of the country which must be traversed to reach this, as effectually precludes the visits of the Indians and the western Esquimaux, as it checks any desire on their parts to roam beyond their present limits. Excepting, therefore, the people whom I found in 1818, and whom I termed Arctic Highlanders, the natives of this spot form the narrowest and most insulated tribe of men that has yet been discovered by navigators : a fact which gives interest to whatever their characters may present. Here, if any where, we ought therefore to find how the human mind is developed under the narrowest education, in what manner the " light of nature" as it is termed, operates on the moral character and conduct, and how far human reason can proceed, under the smallest possible quantity of materials to act on, and under a very narrow range of application. If also there are peculiarities of character, whether for good or evil, the moralist and metaphysician may here speculate on what belongs to the original mental constitution of these people, and what is derived from their narrow and limited intercourse with their own species, in a society so restricted in numbers, and so incapable of changing customs or altering habits, where there is nothing beyond themselves to see, and no one to imitate. Whatever species of purity this may imply, the vices which they possess must, like their virtues, be those that originate b2 SKETCH OP THE BOOTHIANS. among themselves : the natural produce of the human passions, acting where there is no control from religion, from the belief of an omnipotent Creator and Governor ; and where checked, subject to none but those checks which the mutual convenience of the society renders necessary. It is at least certain that they had never possessed the opportunity of acquiring the vices of civilization when we first knew them ; but I cannot confidently affirm that they learned no evil from us. If the fondness of the Esquimaux race for their children has been noted by those who have preceded us in these regions, it is a portion of their character which has been amply confirmed by our own observations on the present tribe. The testimonies of this never failed ; nor could they be flattered and gratified more than by the attentions and caresses bestowed by us on their offspring. It equally confirms prior observations to say, that we never saw any chastisement administered, nor ever witnessed even harsh language to them ; while, in return, the children are affectionate, attached, and obedient. To say more on this subject would indeed be but to repeat what has already been noticed by Captain Lyon, in many instances, in his account of other tribes. But there was one material point in which I must differ from my predecessors : though indeed I cannot call this differing, since each of us can but note what he has seen. It only follows, that from some cause, which neither I, nor they, I imagine, can assign, the people of this district differ in a very material point of character from those with whom they were so well acquainted ; as SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. the superiority, in a very high degree, lies with those whose feelings and practices we had occasion to study. The facts, on both sides, were noted ; and though I should not make the deductions myself, they could be made by any reader. It cannot be forgotten, by those who have interested them- selves in the history of the people of Igloo] ik, that the aged parent was neglected, and that the helpless or widowed females in particular, were not simply suffered to starve, but robbed of their little property. We had not the means of studying k very numerous tribe, and, of course, many facts could not have come under our notice ; but, such as they were, they could not have been exceptions, since they seemed consistent with the whole feelings and course of the community, and may, therefore, be safely taken as instances of general character and practice. Not to name mere instances, we found the aged Illiktu drawn on a sledge by his companions, when the old man above alluded to was suffered to walk as he best could ; as was equally the case with Tulluahiu, whom we supplied with a wooden leg to replace his loss. If the ancient wife of the former was as well clothed and fed as any of the rest of the tribe, it was more remarkable to find two old and destitute females in the same good condition, and as well taken care of in every manner as if they were still of use. If this feature of their character removes from these people that charge of most disgusting selfishness and inhumanity which rests with so much justice on those of Igloolik, according to the published accounts, I need but notice, that there exists here the SKETCH OP THE BOOTHIANS. same custom of adoption as in that tribe, with the same conse- quences and practices, on both sides. If there was aught of difference, in any respect, it did not fall under our cognizance. I do not know that there were any differences between the state of the connubial relations and practices in this place and at Igloolik, or wherever else these have been remarked ; while there has been a little obscurity in some of the accounts of this subject. It is my business, at any rate, to relate what came to our knowledge. A state of celibacy is unknown : the mere supposition of such a condition is treated as a chimera, nor did they know how to believe that any of us could be without wives. Every woman therefore finds a husband, as every man procures a wife : but, often, inevitably, under a system of polygamy ; since the sexes cannot always be equal in numbers. The rule also appears to be, if it be not rather a natural arrangement than a law, that the most expert hunters obtain the superfluous women, as best able to maintain them ; though we did not know of any instance of a man possessing more than two wives ; of which the first, or eldest, is the senior in command and respect. In the same way, it is the strongest or most useful woman who most readily obtains a second husband: while, under either mode of this polygamy, or, possibly, only bigamy, the most perfect harmony seems always to subsist among the parties. If, never witnessing any angry word between husband and wife, and seeing each for ever treating the other with indulgence and frankness, we were willing to conclude that these people had attained that perfection *S*fiS£5iKl5£!3&3^ V " *- '• ~ ■* "\ SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 7 of domestic happiness which is so rarely found any where, it is a conclusion, I fear, that reflection would not justify, and that a more intimate experience perhaps would not have confirmed. The forms of matrimony seemed here not to differ from what has been observed in other tribes of the Esquimaux, excepting that the young female must make her choice as soon as she is marriageable— but, the contract, such as it is, is settled between the parents for their children, and often at a very early age: the time of marriage seems to be about the age of fifteen ; and there is no other form but that of the female going to the hut of her destined husband. I believe that the practice of repudiation and change, whether of husbands or wives, has been found in all the Esquimaux who have come under the notice of navigators. Be that as it may, it is the custom in this district, though it was not easy to trace the extent to which it is carried. How far it may depend on satiety or disagreement, we could not discover, or on the desire of change, or on more improper feelings, on either side : but where the morals and the feelings are both so extremely lax on this subject as we found them, it would be an idle and silly defence of this or any other mode of the savage condition, to suppose that vice, or what at least we must consider such, was a frequent source of this practice. It has been the custom, on one side, to overrate the virtues of savage nations, and, on the other, to exaggerate their vices. These things must be left to the novelist, and to the navigator who desires to emulate him, for the sake of producing an effect ; to the false philanthropist and the lover of *JL-.mMJ*Jk~- 8 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. paradox ; and to him whose temper may have been soured by such collision, or who may have commenced with a prejudice distorting all that he saw. But the passions of our nature will strive to break forth, under all the restraints that society and religion can impose ; and how should they not actually reign, where there is neither to check their operation, where there is nothing to say, This is wrong ; still more, where there is no inconvenience contemplated, to balance that which is gratifying, and may also be convenient ? But if there is no vice where there are no religion and no moral law to say, This is disobedience to God, and where custom and admission say that no injury is committed against our fellow- creatures, then is there also no vice in that want of chastity which is as remarkable here as it has been found among all the scat- tered tribes of the Esquimaux on the American shores. Who is there among the moralists to settle this question ? Be it deter- mined as it may, that << moral sense" on this subject, which is so generally diffused, is here deficient; since it is grossly unjust to attribute to selfishness alone, the respect entertained for chastity in the female sex ; in whatever manner the value of this in the other is judged of. The Esquimaux of Igloolik, at least, are proved to be in the last degree selfish : yet the virtue in question is held, by them, in no repute. We at least must speak as we, under civilization, feel. The conduct of the present people, as of all the rest of this race, is not more pure than that of the brute beasts : it is far less so than that of the pairing animals. But I need not dwell on a disgusting JSkS^Swss^^' ' v SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 9 and improper subject : it has been told once ; and it must suffice that it has been once told. If I have already noticed the custom of adoption, I need not dwell on it: the reasons are the expected services from the subsidiary child : and the new attachment, on both sides, is equal to that between the natural parent and progeny. Thus also it is, that the widow with children, most especially if those are boys, becomes a prize, be her age what it may compared to that of the suitor; since these become equally the property of the husband and bound to support both. Respecting their treatment of dead relations, or of the dead in general, we had a good opportunity of judging; as two deaths occurred within our experience. Illictu, the old man, was long left in the hut where he died, and would have been devoured by foxes and bears, had we not interred his remains. The incision found in his abdomen was unquestionably made after death : but we never learned its purpose, and could not conjecture whether it was a superstitious practice. The boy who had been killed by a stone was not found, and we were ignorant what became of him. But as we observed many graves in dif- ferent places, it is evident that those who formerly inhabited this country conformed, in this, to those of other tribes. On his death, there was an appearance of much despair, ending in anger directed toward us : but we had reason to understand that their lamentations for death, though severe, were soon over, nor could we hear of any ceremonies used on this occasion or on that of a funeral. c *At.JUSLLj}i*- 10 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. ■■! That these people are as egregiously conceited as all other savage tribes, can be no matter of surprise, when it is the character, not of nations alone, but of individuals, to be conceited in proportion to their ignorance. The land which they inhabit was, of course, the best of all possible lands; and it was equally matter of course, that those who had been born at one spot should extol its superiority over every other in the same district. But this is the attachment to home : it is what no sound moralist should blame, notwithstanding its occasional inconveniences, political or otherwise; since it is that source of happiness and contentment which has been beneficently given to all mankind, in whatever situation necessity or expediency has placed them. We were quite content, ourselves, that they should prefer a covering of snow to the green face of nature, and should make themselves happy with blubber, oil, and sleep ; nor indeed would it be easy to dispute most of those points with them, when they could travel easier than we, could house themselves with a hundredth part of the labour, could find delights where we experienced only suffering, could outdo us in killing the seal, could regale on abundant food where we should starve because we could not endure it, and found ours as nauseous to them as theirs was to us. That they have never known war, it is perhaps superfluous to state, but it was interesting to discover in what light they consi- dered the crime of murder, to which some punishment has been assigned by every people, in whatever condition. We could only, however, hear of one instance on record ; where, in a quarrel SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 11 about the division of a reindeer, one of the disputants had stabbed the other. What we could understand was, that the murderer's punishment consisted in being banished to perpetual solitude, or shunned by every individual of the tribe ; insomuch that even his sight was avoided by those who might inadvertently meet him. When asked why his life was not taken in return, it was replied that this would be to make themselves equally bad, that the loss of his life would not restore the other ; and that he who should commit such an act would be held equally guilty. To these arguments, I imagine, no reply could easily be made, where there was no positive law to quote, within the compass of their understanding: but it would not be easy to deny that they carried in them an air of reflection and of humanity not undeserving of praise. It could not be conjectured that any one of the tribe possessed authority over the rest, that there was any one in the nature of a patriarch, where there was no chief. If superior age or talents commanded any respect, neither of these appeared to possess any influence. There seemed not the slightest approach, even to that insensible government, which, generally, in some manner, acts so as to unite a tribe in one common pursuit, or to combine them in a single society, so that the conduct of the whole, in their migrations and occupations, is similar and simultaneous. Here, every family decamped and travelled as its own views or capr.ces dictated ; all being as independent as they seemed, since each could soon construct its own habitation without the aid of others, and proceed to procure its own sustenance without the help of society. c2 12 9KETCH OP THE BOOTHIANS. The selfishness of this race, as known to Sir Edward Parry, can- not be more strongly marked than he has done it in his descrip- tion of his intercourse with them. Itadmits of no dispute: yetsuch was not the character of the present tribe. I have already said that they paid as much attention to the aged and destitute as could have been done by any civilized people : and we had opportunities of observing, that so far from seeking the exclusive grabfication of their own hunger or appetites, (the ever ready and most marked test of animal selfishness,) they were always ready to divide their provisions, even where they had not enough for the next day, with those who were in want. The striking and most repulsive want of gratitude in those who came under the cognizance of that observer, was certainly not evinced by the present tribe. So far from this, our expe- rience led us to assign them a „i, s" theI" a character the very reverse- though the virtue of sratitude if it h„ *• ., oianinae, it it be practically esteemed a vntue, as men may safely doubt, is not so very abounding or so much cultivated, even under civilization and the lights of morals and religion, as to have led to any great censure of these people had they been without it. If those against whom the charge of ingratitude has been, and with unques- tionable justice, brought, are what men ought not to be here ,s that to be recollected, which, though not an exculpation, forms a solution of an imagined difficu%; whjch ^ been overlooked: in civilized society, it is acknowledged and admmed that ingratitude is a vice: but it Is a profitable or an advantageous one, and, while practised as such, it becomes SKETCH OP THE BOOTHIANS. 13 necessary to conceal or suppress, as far as that is possible, the open and shameless display. The " children of nature," as they are, customarily, though very idly termed, go direct to the mark which others reach in a more circuitous and hidden manner : there is no check, from opinion, or usage, or morality: it is a convenient or profitable usage, and the shortest road to the desired end is taken. Where the extreme of self-love forms the basis of a character, whether it be that of a whole tribe at Igloolik, or of an individual in England, ingratitude becomes an affair of course : it is a portion of the same virtue, where it is the custom to consider selfishness as the most needful of those, and thus, under such a code of brute morality, the most laudable. Be the fact as it may, however, as far as these general views are concerned, we must have been egregiously deceived, or, possibly, have contributed to our own deception, if the tribe of our acquaintance, here, did not display as much gratitude as could have been expected any where, if they did not impress us with the conviction that this formed a portion of a character which appeared in general so amiable, or, at the very least, so unexceptionable. It is not only, that, far exceeding the usual short and dry form of thanks, so general among this race, they seemed truly sensible of the favours conferred ; but the impression was found to remain. The thanks were renewed long after the services had been rendered, and when, according to the common course of things, these should have been forgotten; while they were often V^!&&4 ^hsiAmmUix2,-,- il!J 14 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. accompanied by a free gift of some kind. It is but a part of the same character, that they were ever ready to confess,a fault, and to make reparation, as they best could, either by apology, or restora- tion, or services; while ever seeming uneasy till they were forgiven and restored to favour. I may indulge in relating one petty history, by which this part of their character will be better illustrated than by any general statements, and I have no right to consider it the exception, rather than the rule, where no similar opportunity offered ; since it seemed to be consistent with their general character; and in other points than this. It had been settled, early in the spring, that Ooblooria and Awack, the son and nephew of Ikmallik, should provide them- selves with a sledge, dogs, and provisions, and accompany Com- mander Ross, who was to furnish his own supplies and carriage, and to proceed to Neitchillee, about fifty miles off, under their guidance. They accordingly came, at the appointed time, which was fixed by counting on the fingers, and by drawing on the snow the appearance which the moon would then present; the stipulated quota of provisions being for five days. On arriving, however, they found that four families, including some relations, were hutted near the ship, and had been unsuccessful in their hunting ; on which they unpacked their sledges, and gave up so much of their stores as only to leave themselves enough for two days. This was barely sufficient to carry them on to Neitchillee, yet not enough to maintain them during their return ; but they had expected to find a deposit of fish at that place. Unluckily, a storm SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 15 of snow detained the whole party; and, in the calculated time, the provisions of the guides were exhausted. The needful supply was therefore given them from our own stores, which they promised to replace on their arrival at Neitchillee. Here, however, when they at length arrived, their deposits could not be found, from the mass of snow by which they had been overwhelmed ; in consequence of which they were again supplied with food enough to enable them to return to the ship. Here they related all that had been done for them, with the strongest expres- sions of gratitude ; adding that their parents would come and thank Commander Ross, when he returned, for the kindness which he had shown. This was done on the next day, by our furnishing the means of that journey after we had accommodated them on board for the night ; when the father and mother arrived with a present of seal-skins of the best quality, and an offer to make them up into the water-proof boots for which they were intended ; while they seemed exceedingly pleased that we accepted them without offering any remuneration. In a few days they returned with the manu- factured articles; nor did their gratitude end even then, since it was often expressed afterwards, and, even at the distance of four months, with a promise of a similar pair when the ship should arrive at Neitchillee. If the Esquimaux race has often been noted for cheerfulness and good temper, we found that confirmed here. Under the latter quality, if kind in their domestic relations, as I formerly noticed, so were they to their dogs ; unlike to many of their fraternity, who have been noticed for their ill-treatment of these useful animals. 'Si I I » ! ii Fit' ;.; SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. That these dogs were in bad training, was a natural consequence. Their cheerfulness was often vivacity, so that we might consider them a lighthearted people; and they seemed to possess great command of temper. The only show of resentment for what was thought an offence, was silence, after which they commonly left us and returned to their homes. The thievish propensities of savage nations are familiar : there is not a voyager's narrative which does not dwell on them ; and such excuses or defences have been made as these narrators could best contrive. I need not repeat the satirical defence which asks, what civilized Europeans, under equal temptations, and no restraints from divine or human laws, would act in a different manner. It seems a very simple question after all. Here, at least, whatever it may be elsewhere, there is no written divine law against theft, nor does there appear to be any moral sense which says that it is, abstract- edly, and universally, wrong. Human laws there are none ; and there can therefore be no check but that of the inconvenience : as some modern pedants write, they are governed by the principle of utility. But while there is much convenience in acquiring the coveted property, there is no counterbalancing evil : the society suffers nothing, while many or all may gain. The case of a wreck on our own shores is not essentially different: the resemblance to an enemy's town subjected to plunder is still more perfect. The thefts of savages are a warfare on property which seems placed in their power; it has been open warfare and bloodshed whenever they have dared ; and when too feeble, it is such plunder as is attainable, without hazard, and by whatever dexterity. That >S- £5>«E«»L'Sg®$t-^V • - SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 17 such is the principle by which they are guided in this case of theft, seems indeed fully proved by the fact that they do not rob each other; the evil in such a case would be felt and remedied. The reasoning of these Esquimaux, however, seemed of a different nature, and of a more " liberal" character : it has often been used in far other lands, and has been considerably acceptable to the multitude, before the days of Wat Tyler and since ; as it is a rule of action for him who pilfers a book from a library or a rare shell from a cabinet. Not only are the sea and the land, with the animals which they bear, the common property of those who want them, but the same is true of every thing which can be found on the face of the earth. It is the want alone, therefore, with the power of using, which constitutes the right to possession : but it is a corollary from the general argument, which might not be so acceptable to those who use it among ourselves, under which they restore the stolen article when they find the original owner to be in want of it. In this manner did they practically conduct themselves toward us. No secret was made of the theft among themselves, so that the knowledge soon came to the owner, to whom the stolen article was returned on demanding it. Nor were the accusation, and the term thief, more than a matter of merriment : though after we had taken some trouble to explain to them that to steal was " bad," very few instances of a similar nature occurred. In one case, the husband, aware of his wife's propensities, always brought back what she had taken away. The extremely envious disposition of some of the Esquimaux has D I 1 18 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. been noticed, among their other faults. I must not be quite sure that we were not inclined to see every thing here in the most favourable light: but while admitting that every man wished to possess, by purchase, whatever his neighbour had obtained, we did not observe any workings of that bad passion in this desire. We did not observe any propensity to falsehood, or disposition to deceive ; and, on every occasion, there seemed a desire to com- municate all the information in their power, while, as far as we examined, this also proved correct. It was on the same principle, that we could always trust their promises ; there was the " point of honour" engaged ; and on the only occasion on which they broke one, in not keeping an appointment as guides, they long after accused themselves of " being very bad" for not giving notice; though, to have done so, would have been to lose a day of their hunting when they were without provisions. Such is the little we could discover or infer respecting the moral character of these people. It ought not to be an unexpected one, considering the mild dispositions of this race in general, and the circumstances in which they are placed in this narrow community and district. May I not say that it is a good one, and that the man of these lands may be considered a " virtuous savage ?" May I ask where are the civilized communities in which there is a more favourable balance of the vices and virtues ? since it is thus, and not by the varied action of either, that this question must be judged. This at least I may say, that the all-wise and beneficent Creator has not neglected this race, and that in giving them the means of animal happiness united to the desires which prefer those means to *. %> SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 19 all others, be has also, in his own way, instilled into them such principles as tend to preserve their moral happiness and order: while it is not for man to say in what manner he will hereafter judge those who have obeyed the impulses to good, and those who have indulged the propensities to evil. But, of Him, they have no knowledge : in this they resemble all their unconverted brethren of the same great tribe ; while I need not repeat the remarks so often made on this subject. Like others, we found nothing that even approximated to this wide-spread piece of knowledge ; and could only conclude that their opinions respect- ing a future state coincided with those which prevail among the Esquimaux at large. If they were influenced by any superstitions which have a reference to a Providence or a future life, we did not discover them : and though possessing an angekok, like all the others, he did not seem to be treated with much deference or any respect. We discovered in them a strong propensity to imitation and to mimicry : a property which they converted to immediate use, in learning to feed themselves in the same manner as we did, and with the same utensils ; and under which also they sometimes amused themselves in aping our gait and manners: above all, in the English custom of uselessly walking up and down under the notion of exercise : a practice which they could as little compre- hend as the Orientals, to whom it is so often a subject of wonder. This principle extended also to drawing, in which, even with our pencils, they were speedily proficients : while further rendering this talent very useful to us, in delineating the geography of the country ; as has been found equally common in the other tribes of d2 .^J^ajLJLt,AJiJMIH^^^^SSi^^B I ■ ,; I I 20 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. these people. All their geographical knowledge seemed very accurate ; and, to every river, hill, bay, or lake, there was a name : while it seemed to give them great pleasure to be able to com- municate this information. Notwithstanding the vanity which made them prefer whatever was there own, despising, or affecting to despise, even our guns, in comparison with their own weapons, they were very desirous to know the name and use of every thing; nor had we any difficulty in making them comprehend the latter, in spite of our ignorance of their language. I must, in reality, consider them as an acute- minded people, who would be ready, after a little while, to receive instruction, and probably to adopt some inventions, and customs also, as far as these could be admissible under the circumstances in which they are placed. Of their intellectual faculties, beyond these points, it is difficult to form any judgment, so limited is the scope for the exertion of those; nor can I refer to aught more than their dexterity in hunting, and the practice of those useful arts which I shall immediately notice. But they are an energetic and active people; and though given to great excess in eating, like all others of their race, never appearing to give way to pure indolence, even when well fed. On the contrary, they seemed always busied in some- thing, even when at home: as some of us were inclined to think that much of their eating arose rather from the necessity of doing something than from appetite. In procuring their food, they seemed also more provident and systematic than the Esquimaux have generally been found. gbes&'wsess! * - . - s SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 21 Nothing can be more regular and orderly than their migrations from one place to another, in pursuit of the different kinds of game; while their system of storing up provisions, and oil for fuel, in different places, to meet future wants, seemed as perfect as possible. These are prepared in advance, at the several stations where the musk ox, the reindeer, and the seal are to be hunted ; and thus they can undertake their furthest migrations with the most perfect security. No one expects to hear that they are a more cleanly people than their fraternity elsewhere, and I need not repeat the dis- gusting details. Man is permitted to be more dirty than the beasts, and he is certainly not slow in taking advantage of this privilege wherever he dares. But, here there is really some excuse, and the people were not unwilling to be clean. They cannot well avoid contamination from the oil which they use as food and fuel; as, in a confined hut, where every thing must be dried at the flame of the lamp, the effects of smoke are equally inevitable. But the excuse, above all, is the want of water ; and it has been resorted to as an excuse for similar neglect where it is not the rare and expensive article which it is here. The ex- penditure of fuel required to thaw what they drink is very great, as the quantity of water which they thus consume is enormous ; very often they cannot procure enough, or suffer severely from thirst should their oil be expended: so that we need not be surprised if they do not wash themselves in winter: while the habit of ten months in every year of life can scarcely be broken through in the two short ones during which water can be procured. Jumm^.jWi'- i iiii f ,'! ' 22 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. Yet they wash their faces at least, by using a piece of wetted bear-skin as a towel ; while they were well pleased to be put into good order on board, even to the act of combing and cutting their hair, and the loss of their beards under the barber's hands. The hair of the men is indeed kept quite short, being an evident improvement of their appearance as compared with the long- haired tribes, as well as a decided peculiarity : it is the women alone who wear it long, and tied into two bundles, or long cues, hanging over the two shoulders. They seem little addicted to ornaments, and were very indifferent to our beads ; it was on the children almost solely that these were placed : while their own consisting of fringes of skin, teeth, and other things, were similar to those which have often been described. Their dresses being shown in plates and described in the ex- planations, I may omit any notice of those, as of many other matters. As elsewhere, the outer dress is always taken off and cleared of snow on entering the huts, altering their appearance in such a manner that they can scarcely be recognised. The snow sofas on which they sleep have no covering of branches, as is common elsewhere : the first layer is that of seal-skins, above which are deer-skins with the hair uppermost, being the sheet or blanket; while a similar skin forms the coverlet. In what manner they sleep, I need not repeat: and the beds are not cold, except in very severe weather, though the temperature of the walls cannot be above the freezing point. The lamp is ever burning ; since it is the fire for cooking when not required as light. as^am^^R^^« ■■ SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 23 Their snow huts have been so particularly described that it is su- perfluous to speak of them again : while I have also noticed their method of proceeding with the construction in the course of the preceding journal. I need only name what has not yet been mentioned, namely, their method of procuring the ice window, which, in this country, is not to be found on the surface of a pond. For this purpose, a seal-skin is laid on the snow, so managed at the edges that it may contain two inches of water in depth, pro- cured by thawing snow before the lamp. This is immediately frozen into a transparent plate : and such, I presume, is esteemed the value of the fuel used for this purpose, that these windows are always removed and carried with them in their migrations. It is already equally known, that when the roofs of the snow huts begin to melt under the influence of the sun, they are removed, and a covering of skins substituted, as the summer tents consist of skins raised into a conical form by means of a central pole, from which lines are extended, and surrounded at the base by circles of stones. The walrus does not frequent these straits : and whether it is that the whale is rare or not, we could not understand that they ever took any, and many had never seen one. The seal, the musk ox, the reindeer, the fox, and the hare, form their quadruped game : they kill but few grouse, which, being considered delicacies, are reserved for the women and children ; but their supplies of fish seem to be very considerable. This last is eaten raw, if often half dried : the flesh of animals seems acceptable in any way, but it is always cooked, if possible, apparently for the sake of the oil soup. ±,h*LMLm^U»Jr-«,JlLJ^i3ri&*mv 24 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. i«!:! J;! !"!!:!' In the method of taking these several animals, there is nothing which has not been often described. The reindeer are generally shot by arrows, in the water, as is usual elsewhere; and, in their canoes, there is nothing to notice, if I except their manner of ferrying the women and children, by stuffing the latter within the skin of the boat, and making the former lie flat behind her husband ; in a rather dangerous position, when the least move- ment would upset the whole crew. Under the great scarcity of wood here, since very little is ever drifted on these shores, and in the want of the walrus and the whale, they are almost limited to the use of the reindeer's horn in the making of their spears and other weapons; but these so nearly resemble those noticed by Crantz and others, that I need not describe them, unless indeed the fish-spear be not different from any of which I have read. The shaft of this, seven or eight feet long, is made of wood, if that can be procured ; if not, of horn ; and is furnished at the end with three points, so as to resemble a trident, of which, the central one is plain, and the two outer barbed, as may be seen by one of the plates. This want of materials compels them also to adopt a method of constructing their sledges, which differs very materially from all others hitherto described. A number of salmon are packed together into a cylinder about seven feet long, and wrapped up in the skins taken from the canoes, which cease to be of use when the frost is arrived. Being then well corded with thongs, two of these cylinders are pressed into the shape of the runners, and, having been left to freeze, are secured by cross [Iff ^»>5&*»P£^&£1- vr«i • SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 25 bars made of the legs of the deer or musk ox, so as to form the bottom of the sledge. This being done, the bottom of the runner is covered with a mixture of mossy earth and water, which soon freezes, to the depth of two inches ; after which comes the final process of plating the surface, that it may run smoothly over the snow. The operator takes some water in his mouth, and, when somewhat mixed with saliva, it is deposited on a bear-skin which is then rubbed over the runner, as by a brush, gradually, till a coating of half an inch thick is produced, when the work is finished ; the ice produced in this manner having an unusual degree of tenacity, and being also more slippery than the ordinary material. These carriages travelled much more lightly than our own, which were shod with iron ; but as they cease to be of use as soon as the thermometer reaches the freezing point, they are taken to pieces; the fish being eaten, and the skins converted into bags, while the bones are reserved for the dogs. In the preceding journal I have noticed the sledges made of ice. In their miserable singing there is nothing which has not often been described ; and this is equally true of their dances, or rather dance which seems intended to imitate the motions of a bear. E ill"' ALTCTU AND KANGUAG1U Alictu and his wife are represented as clothed in seal-skins over deer-skins, and a staff of bone in the hand of the former. This indi- vidual was about seventy years of age, infirm, and bent so that his stature did not exceed five feet ; he was remarkable for being the per- son selected as a sacrifice on the first day of our communication, being placed on a sledge about ten paces in front of the column con- sisting of thirty men, three deep, who being armed with knives were waiting in breathless anxiety to behold the manner in which their aged companion would be treated, and on which depended their conduct towards us. He remained on the sledge with his arms folded, and with a countenance perfectly resigned to his fate, until Commander Ross approached and caressed him: even then he seemed to doubt that he was not destined to be the first to receive the poniard; and it was not until unequivocal proofs of friendship were interchanged with the whole party that he appeared satisfied his last moments had not arrived. He was much pleased to have his sledge drawn to the ship by myself and the sailors, and he was one of those first brought on board to see the wonders of the interior. He never visited the ship after the first day, and his death was announced to us on the second of March by an old woman and his eldest son Tiagashu, who took particular care of him, and who abundantly shed tears e 2 4$ I D *3**rk*. v>J5^-f W^>&£ M£^*tl b£ ! ,11*1 'ill' Ijlj * 28 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. on acquainting us of his demise. He had four sons who all paid him great attention, and he lived to see his great-grand- children. He left a widow about ten years younger than him- self. On examining his corpse a large but not deep incision was found in the abdomen evidently made long after his death, and probably to prove that he was really dead. The whole of the party left the snow huts at North Hendon, where he died, on the following day, leaving a small piece of wood on the top of the hut, and, after the party had gone out of our reach, his remains were interred by us to prevent its being devoured by foxes. Before leaving Felix Harbour the surgeon procured the skull, which I intended for the Phrenological Society, but which was one of the many valuable specimens of natural history which was of necessity left behind when we abandoned the ship at Victoria Harbour his eyes were black and very small ; his hair, of which I have preserved a specimen, was grey approaching to white, when he died he was corpulent, and seemed to have no disease but old age. Kanguagiu, his widow, was afterwards found in possession of Poweytak, whose kindness to her, although helpless from infirmity and old age, will appear hereafter. She was certainly above sixty, about the middle size, and rather corpulent, her hair was grey and her face much wrinkled as well as tatooed. She was triply clothed in reindeer-skins, and was never seen out of the hut within which she is represented to be sitting, excepting when the family were removing to another station. SKETCH OP THE BOOTHIANS. KAWALUA, TIAGASHU, AND ADLURAK. - s. Tiagashu was the eldest son of Alictu, and who took particular care of his father ; he was five feet six inches and five-eighths high, slender and weaker than the rest, his eyes were very small, and he ap- peared to be of a mild disposition. He was extremely industrious, and anxious to support his family, which consisted of a wife, three children of his own, and one of hers by a former husband, besides his father: he was not very successful. In May, 1830, he was reduced to absolute starvation, when he was assisted by Ikmallik's party as long as they could, but afterwards by us, for which he was very grateful, but never had it in his power to make a return. He shed tears on his father's death, and seemed anxious that we should refrain from going to the hut where he was left. Adlurak, his wife, was one of the best looking; she was remarkable for having large eyes, while those of her husband were very small, and she was perfectly aware of the peculiarity she possessed. She was of a lively disposition and was proud of having four children, two of which were still at the breast ; for some time she was a daily visiter, and was one of the most honest. Kawalua was about sixteen years of age, five feet seven inches high, and well made; he had neither father nor mother, but being nephew to Ikmallik, was an inmate with his family. This lad was one of the most inquisitive, and soon became a favourite with us all; ■: ■■^£&SEa&&«i2^aBSPK^*2/5aBi 30 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. I therefore fixed on him to remain on board, with the intention of teaching him to read ; and having on board an Esquimaux bible and the grammar published by Fabricius, I had hoped to make him useful. For this purpose he remained on board, and I began to teach him his letters; but on the second day he came to me and said, that Aglugga had told him that he was not to stay any longer, and nothing could persuade him to remain. My good intentions were therefore completely frustrated, which I had subsequently great reasons to regret. On the second year we met with him several times, and he was always rejoiced to meet us, enumerating at each interview the presents he had received. ^asis^t^s^^^*—^ v "''* ■■* ■*-'*-. SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 31 ILLICTU AND OTOOGIU. Are represented standing at the pool of Shagavoke, where both salmon and reindeer are killed in the autumn ; the piles of stones are erected by the natives, for the purpose of preventing the rein- deer from passing along the shore when they wish to drive them into the pool. A man or a dog being sent among them make all to appear moving, which alarms the animals and causes them to take the water; where they are attacked and killed by men in canoes. Otoogiu was five feet three inches and five-eighths high, inclining to corpulency, his face broad ; he was always clad in deer-skin jacket and seal-skin trousers. He was called an angekok or con- juror, but no one had any faith in his predictions, which were always a subject of merriment. He was among the first to show a disposition to possess himself of what he saw, and his taking out of my cabin the magnifying lens, which he is represented to be holding in his right hand, gave us a good opportunity of con- vincing him and his companions of the danger of meddling with what belonged to us-as related in the Narrative. His wife's name was Kuauga, who had two children ; she was five feet three inches and a quarter high and rather good looking. Illictu, the son of Kunaua was a very fine lad about fifteen years of age, five feet six inches high. He was one who accompanied Commander Ross on his expedition to the north. When two musk 'VM 111 If] I :!|!J!!||| i,||*l!i 32 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. oxen were killed on this occasion, he demonstrated that he was very fond of fresh beef, and that he could eat without being satiated for one whole day. We found him on the following year with his father near Cape Lawrence, and very much improved. He had been successful in hunting both reindeer and seals, and supplied me with skins and oil for fuel on the journey in which the Magnetic Pole was discovered. Otoogiu is represented with the magnifying lens which he had stolen in one hand, and a knife made of bone in the other. Illictu has in one hand a rod made of reindeer's horn, used for probing the depth of the snow, and in the other a fish-hook made of bone, which I purchased of him, and which now is in my possession. When we met him at Padliak, on the following year, he supplied us with about fifteen pounds of excellent venison, for which he was well rewarded. On seeing the surgeon with a swelled face, he ran suddenly to him, blew in his face, and hit him a pat on the face, which we understood afterwards, was a cure for every complaint; and as the surgeon very soon got well after that ceremony, his recovery was entirely attributed to that charm. At that moment he had suspended to his neck a small phial containing an emulsion which the surgeon had given to him six months before, which instead of taking inwardly, as intended, was hung to his neck as a charm. ™^ :>- ,. «*- - - ^ l iJAJI'I,,! ,irl;;!|l|ll If II l.j ■■ Vv!^.^ V.g-^g fcl^JU \}£~~U' .■#£sv*1sLJrr<» 34 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. and kindly directed us to the best route to Cape Isabella and Padliak. His wife Nangiak seldom came to the ship, and never without her husband. As they were the most successful, they were never in want, nor were they at all covetous or inclined to pilfer. Her stature was four feet nine inches and one-eighth, her complexion like that of her husband, lighter than the others, and her ap- pearance healthy. She had two young children besides Illictu, and the family were always thankful for what was given them. Hftftf^SSESKSBki.^ '*'' • SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 35 HIBLUNA. fOwhee.J Hibluna was remarkable for being the plainest-looking woman in the whole tribe, and also for being the most lively ; when a pre- sent was made to her of any useful article, such as a tin preserved meat case, her joy knew no bounds. Above, she is represented in one of her ecstasies on receiving a woman's knife which she holds in her right hand, and in her left a bone knife, while she is jump- ing up and exclaiming, Owhee ! Oivhee ! by which name she was soon known to the sailors. On this occasion, she had brought us a fine piece of a musk ox in a frozen state, and which we found to be most excellent food. She was one of our daily visitors, having with her an infant which she used to produce quite naked, even when the thermometer was 43° below zero of Fahrenheit. Her height was five feet three inches and a quarter, was near forty years of age, and extremely dirty and badly clothed; her face was broad, her nose flat, and the want of her fore teeth, added to her unseemly appearance ; her husband's name was Kunana (2d), and she had two young children ; however she was so good humoured and merry that she was a favourite among the sailors. Eringahriu, Hibluna's sister, was so extremely like her, that when they were apart it was difficult to discern which was which ; but when together it was more easy, as the former was only four f2 I 1 Si"' :.|il; ill! 36 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. feet ten inches high. She had also lost her front teeth, and in habit and appearance was equally disgusting. Her husband's name was Ootoonina, who being as ill-looking as herself was an excellent match. They were both our guides and companions during our journey in 1831 across the lakes to the western sea. She was also of a lively disposition, and the sailors, who could not pronounce her name, christened her Nancy, to which she answered with perfect readiness; and was likewise a favourite with the sailors. Her husband was a very successful fisherman, and they had always plenty ; but she seemed to be a very bad housekeeper, and was not so industrious as the rest, and was never neatly dressed or clean. One of her children was at the breast, and the other was about five years old, which in the summer ran about naked. SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 37 MANELLIA AND ADELIK. Manellu was the wife of Nullungiak, and one of the prethest of the females; her statnre was only four feet seven inches and a half; her features were small and regular, and her hands and feet were in proportion, very little; and she was, notw.thstand- ing her dirtiness, rather interesting. She is represented in the plate with a child on her back, which was born at North Hendon, but which died on the following year. Her manner was much milder than the rest, nor did she appear to covet what she saw. Adelik is an old woman who was a daily visitor to the ship. She appeared to observe with great attention every occurrence which took place, also to mimic or imitate people's actions. She ,s represented in the plate ludicrously imitating one of the officers who used to walk up and down near the ship's side for exercise, of which she could not see the utility. The staff in her hand is one of the spears with which seals are killed. She appeared about fifty-five years of age, and being rather bent was only about four feet seven inches in stature. She was supported by her children, and she was daily employed gleaning at the place where sweepings had been previously deposited on the ice at a little distance from the ship Her face was much weather-beaten, and had in it the delineation of care and anxiety. She was never detected in dishonest practices. SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. Manellia and her husband returned to North Hendon in the fol- lowing or second summer, where there infant died, soon after which they departed and took up their station at Padliak, where we found them living on erkalook, a small sea fish, which has been already described. ^Tf ,,'v .irvs^^zM-^ ^m " -. - , l - - - On Stone byJBT2mdard>fe«mrt>e<>n.gmaJ Dr F O Y E T T A K K A K I K A G I U >v Captain K( A K N A L U A Z^3S»H2S>g}.ig» !■ ««® MOKSS^Jifi^^^^-Sre® SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 39 POYETTAK, KAKIKAGIU, AND AKNALUA, « Kakikagiu is represented standing between her two husbands. She was a native of Akullee, and by far the most robust woman we met with ; her stature was five feet three inches and a quarter ; her face was broad, her eyes, nose, and mouth small, as also her hands and feet, in proportion to her figure which was completely en bon point; her favourite husband was Aknalua, who was decidedly better looking than Poyettak, accordingly the latter was sent out to hunt and procure food whilst the other remained at home, and it was rather surprising to see how cheerfully he would obey from time to time this, which appeared to us, unfair command, of a capricious or partial wife, and bring home the fruits of his labours to be equally divided! On one of these occasions, Poyettak was sent to guide Commander Ross to the Umingmak (musk ox) mountains, and was absent a whole week. It was this woman who had obtained some knowledge of the ships under Sir Edward Parry, and by whose advice the party advanced to communicate with us; when Poweytag had lost his adopted child, the fury of the old man was appeased by her interference, and she was one of the most useful and intelli- gent in giving us information about the coast, rivers, stations, &c. Latterly she was not very honest, and Aknalua made her return a carpenter's rule which she had taken and concealed. She was about twenty-five years of age. .i.i'i; mil 40 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. I|l«'i Poyettak was about twenty-eight years of age, he measured five feet four inches and five-eighths ; his complexion was darker than that of Aknalua, and his features not so pleasing, though small in proportion ; he was however a successful hunter, and very active. Aknalua was about twenty-six years of age, measured five feet eight inches, was strong and well made ; his complexion was not so dark as many of them, and his features were very pleasing; he seemed to have a very good temper, and often came to the ship, but never was accused of taking any thing away. Being his wife's favourite, he generally came to the ship with her, and was neither covetous nor dishonest. We did not see this family after the first year, -^fSSS^L^taf . *-*£%&*£$ SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 41 KEMIG. This young woman, who was the most corpulent of the whole tribe, is represented as sitting on the bed within a snow hut, to have the tatooing delineated ; this consisted of three lines horizontally across each cheek, and three vertically across the chin, a double line round the neck and breast above the shoulder, another below the shoulder, and a third above the elbow ; between each of these lines, which encircled the arms and parallel to each other, there were ornamental devices, but without any meaning ; and all the women were tatooed exactly in the same way. She was five feet four inches and a quarter high, and was about twenty-five years of age. Her husband's name was Konag, who was also young, but they had no children, which is considered a great reproach to both parties. They went to the western sea in the sum- mer of 1830, but returned in 1831 to us at Sheriff's harbour, at which time she had become much more corpulent, and was still without a family. Her skin was a dirty copper colour, her face was broad, her brow very low, her eyes, nose, and mouth small, and her cheeks very red. She seemed very indolent, as well as her husband ; and, at one time, they were so unsuccessful that we had to relieve their wants to keep them from starving. Her mother, whose name was Nimna Himna, but nicknamed by the sailors, Old Greedy, as well as herself, was a constant visitor to the ship, G I 42 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. ■•mi 'H!1 and generally carried off something which she had picked up. On one occasion, when coming up the ladder, she was tumbled off by the surgeon, and falling on her back, pretended to faint ; from which, although all the doctor could do could not recover her, she was restored by the offer of an empty tin case, which had contained preserved meat: a stratagem which she subsequently tried more than once without success. She was about sixty years of age, five feet two inches high, extremely ill-looking, and decidedly the most disgusting of the whole tribe. HI'! aS^fflEWS ^^^"^^g|j^^^ggggkr>^N^"»^~: r ^-^ f^gggsggs^joss! j^^g^^^jfcs^i^ KAN A YOKE Kanayoke came to the ship at Felix harbour, in the spring of 1830; he had wintered at Padliak, and, having crossed the isth- mus, joined a party about six miles to the northward, one of whom guided him to us. It appeared that he was the father of Poyetta, by Kanguagiu, Alictu's widow, now the wife of his brother, Poweytag. He was about sixty-five years of age, was five feet eight inches high, and remarkable for being darker in colour than any of the rest. It appears that he lived to the westward, and had communication with a tribe in that direction where the females were most numerous ; and when a wife was wanted for some of his own party, he transferred to him his own wife, and went for another to himself, a friendly service which we understood he had performed no less than five times ; and he had now brought his sixth spouse, by whom he had three young children, to visit three of his former wives, and we witnessed the whole party living toge- ther in perfect harmony ! The advantages of this, as far as he was concerned, were obvious ; for in each of the five different families he had a son or two, so that in his old age he might, according to custom, claim support from all or any of them, or from the most successful in hunting, as he was entitled to the share of a father. He brought several good specimens of natural history, for which he was well rewarded, and he gave us some valuable information g2 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. respecting the western sea and the nature of the country to the westward. He also informed us, that Kablala, who had a club- foot, and her husband, were to be at Padliak, and that we should see them next year. On the second visit, he brought his present wife and children to see us, whose description will occupy the next page. Mr»^r i-l-aMaEasMj i r>^<5>C :2?'&*-^£...^£-^fJ£: ~>?S^^^:^^^&'.^Z±^^^r^^*^Z4£->, Xj£?&<59L.f :2S* ja4bt.im^uJhwsb4JMi SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 45 OOBLOORIA, PANINGAVOKE, AMINGO, AND NULLINGIAK. Amingo, the sixth wife of Kanayoke, is represented sitting at the table in the cabin of the Victory, between her two children, and an infant on her shoulder whose name was Aknallua. She was extremely well clothed in deer-skins, and so were her children, of whom the parents were very fond. Her complexion was much lighter and paler than the other females, and her behaviour very modest and unassuming. She sat at the table, and viewed the pictures that were set before her with great delight, pointing out to her children every thing she thought wonderful, as soon as it had been explained to herself. Her children were also very pretty, the eldest about four years old, the next two and a half, and the youngest about six months. After remaining some time, she returned to the huts, about six miles off, and we had not an opportunity of seeing her again. We understood that the whole family had gone off, with that of,Kablala, to the westward. Ooblooria, who is represented standing with a whip in one hand and a coil of line in the other, came with them. He was the eldest son of Ikmallik and Apelagliu, about seventeen years of age; his stature was five feet two inches and three-quarters, stout made ; his dress, on this occasion, was rather ornamental as well as useful, having above his deer-skin jacket, a tippet made of the belly part 46 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. rii !i l!::!:|!:!'j of the deer-skin, which being white, had a very pretty, as well as comfortable appearance; he was one of the guides which Com- mander Ross had on his first journey to Neitchillee and Padliak, on which occasion his provisions ran short, and his gratitude, as well as that of his parents, has been dwelt upon already in the Narrative. He was a fine active and intelligent lad, and was, consequently, a great favourite with us. He was married to Shullanina, Tulluahiu's daughter, and his own cousin, his mother, Apellagliu, being Tulluahiu's sister. We had no reason to doubt that he was strictly honest, as also the whole family, who were certainly, and very deservedly, the favourites; and as they showed no disposition even to covet, they were always presented with more of what was useful to them than the rest. ^ ^^^,* ^ M^gg^r^sss^^^^JSiSsSSSJ £££SSS2-5^ ^ ill!! Ill 1 I ■111 [mf on otone by l-Branctard nil KONYAROKLICK MEWEETIOKE S^^^MT^^^^^^^^^4T.^^^^^ jwei*^«^fi.^4!'ijrr SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 47 NEWEETIOKE AND KONYAROKLIK. Neweetioke was brother to Ikmallik, and certainly the tallest of the Boothians, being five feet ten inches high, but he had been described to us much taller before he came to us the second year at Sheriff's harbour ; but when he stood up beside Mr. Abernethy, who was six feet two inches, he looked so much shorter that his brother was quite astonished. He is dressed in a bear-skin jacket with deer-skin sleeves, and his trousers were bear-skin. He had, of course, been told all about us before he came, and his brother having received a great many things, he was led to expect the same; he had, however, very little to give in exchange, and consequently was disappointed, and when nothing else would do he fell on an ingenious stratagem to obtain a piece of wood which he had fixed his mind upon. Having consulted his companions, it was agreed that they were to show us their method of killing seals, accordingly one personated a seal lying on the ice, now and then pretending to sleep, and sometimes holding up his head as if to look around ; while the others, watching his motions, gradually approach by creeping on their bellies, with a spear. Neweetioke, while this farce was going on, and supposing that our attention was entirely engrossed with it, slipped away, and having got the piece of wood, placed it along his spear, and on each end put over a boot, as if to carry them for the purpose of drying them by SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. suspending them across his shoulders; but he did not escape the vigilance of our look-out men, who caught him in the act, which was fatal to his obtaining any thing he wanted, and had he not been Ikmallik's brother, he would have been sent off in disgrace. He had a wife and two children, the eldest of which was one of the performers in the stratagem. The detection, however, caused a hearty laugh. Although his forehead was low, his features were larger than most of them, and he appeared to be about forty-five years of age. Konyaroklik (or Bald-head) came at the same time with Neweetioke, and had one son, called Ulla, of whom he was very proud ; he was still more so of his bald head, which was unique here, being the only instance we saw of it. He was five feet six inches high, about fifty years of age, and rather good-looking. He brought us some skins, for which he was liberally paid, and was delighted when he saw his portrait, which I made of him. His costume was a dark deer-skin jacket and bear-skin trousers. ^*r>c -y>^sgg- ^*<2aFr^feBaBgr^gga^^ ^^ag^-^^^^*^ ^SP^SS^SS^^^-^ i a> — ^'.i hill.,..,,, I ! 1 1 ^^?-^<^a: >^^v ^>w^r ^>"^< >^^4t.-yy^/«: ^^^.^ £fi SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. SHULLANINA, TULLUAHIU, AND TIRIKSHIU. Tulluahiu, his wife Tirikshiu, and his daughter Shullanina, being the most remarkable family we met with ; a plate of them has been given in the book, and their names are so often introduced that little of their history remains to be told. The former, whose name signifies a young raven, was about forty years of age, he measured five feet eight inches, and was rather more corpulent than the rest, probably from being unable to take exercise; his features and costume are well represented, as also those of his wife and daughter. When we approached them on the first day of com- munication, Tulluahiu was stationed in the middle of the column, standing on one leg, and supported between Ikmallik and another, and was armed with a long knife, which he kept behind his back until peace was established. He was one of the first we had on board, and was remarkable for imitating every thing he saw done. It has been already mentioned that the wooden leg which we gave him was the means of establishing friendship between us, and he was always grateful for that signal service which we rendered to him. He was never detected stealing, but his wife was not so honest, and when she did succeed in carrying any thing away, her husband always made her bring it back. In the plate she is represented concealing a piece of wood, in which she was detected. She was sister to Ikmallik, and being five feet five inches and H 2 SKETCH OP THE BOOTHIANS. a quarter high, was one of the tallest of the women ; her name signified an ermine, and she was about thirty-eight years of age. Shullanina, her daughter, was the eldest of three children; she was decidedly the prettiest girl and had the best figure ; her cheeks were rosy, and, when washed with soap and water, she looked very well, and appeared to have every amiable quality. The proof she gave of her obedience, by consenting to be exchanged for a wooden leg, has already been dwelt upon in the Narrative, as well as her subsequent marriage with her cousin Ooblooria, Ikmallik's son. After which I met with the whole family at Lindsay river. At Sheriff's harbour, a very short time after, they paid us a visit. Tulluahiu had damaged the trunk part of his wooden leg; this was repaired by bands of copper, and several spare legs given to him before we parted for the last time, and which excited new demonstrations of their gratitude and regard. r-.v/^v SKETCH OP THE BOOTHIANS. IKMALLIK AND APELLAGLIU. Ikmallik, and his wife Apellagliu, were certainly the best of the whole of the natives, and they seemed most respected by the rest. They are represented in the Narrative as drawing a map of the country; and, from the information which he likewise gave us, he obtained the name of the « Hydrographer," and we always found what he, or his son Ooblooria, told us to be correct. They brought us every thing they could procure, leaving it entirely to us what they were to have in exchange, and were always contented with whatever was given to them; by this kind of conduct they gained our confidence and esteem, and in the end they got best rewarded. They were extremely attached to their children, and for any kind- ness shown to them their gratitude knew no bounds. The mutual desire to oblige each other, and every one else, was at once manifest and delightful. Ikmallik was the first who remained a whole night and slept on board, having been employed by me in building my magnetic observatory of snow, which he did cheerfully and extremely well. His youngest child, about two years old, was called Camuka, and was very pretty; she was clothed in skins so as to resemble a ball, and was often entertained with prints in the cabin. Besides their own three children, two of which were at the breast, they had supported two nephews who had lost their parents ; one of which, Awack, had now grown up, and was the companion 54 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. i ' J..IH.II J mN'Ii iMii and friend of Ooblooria; he was one of the most active and expert hunters, as well as the most successful of the whole, and was one of Commander Ross's guides on the first journey. I met with him afterwards in Thorns bay, and he was the means of our discovering the great Salmon (Lord Lindsay) river. Apellagliu was five feet three inches and a half high, rather corpulent, and by no means good looking; she was sister to Tulluahiu, in whose features there was a family resemblance, and was about thirty-six years of age. Awack was about twenty-two, had a very pleasing countenance, and was five feet eight inches high. Ikmallik had another brother, besides Neweetioke, who was named Atayaraktak, who was an active young man, about thirty, and five feet eight inches and a half high ; his wife was a very delicate person, and they had two children. It was this man and Ookurahiu who first conducted me to Neitchillee, while Com- mander Ross was on a journey to the westward. Ookurachiu was also a nephew to Ikmallik, but lived with his mother Alurak. !l ill iiri! y k^soe ^y ' y^-*&*& r^gre t 1£-^2jl£^^^^^<^>^^^2^iiii^^^22^jgjjgj2g^^r2g2«^2Sh UVSWiMJ*-* SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. AJOUA, AUOWAHRIU, AND NAQUASSIAK. Ajoua was an old woman, the mother of Tulluahiu and Auo- wahriu, who was very much bent, and could not walk without the aid of a staff; she was very covetous, and asked for almost every thing she saw ; at length I proposed that she should carry off the ship on her back, which had the appearance of being bent for re- ceiving a burden, at which her sons were much amused ; we received, however, from her a curious piece of wood which had been given to her by Cablala, and would have been a passport if we had succeeded in getting to the westward. This curiosity I have still in my possession : of course she was well rewarded for it ; but she always put us in mind that her parting with it was a great favour. Auowahriu was her second son, and was also a cripple from accident ; he had been a very powerful man and an excellent hunter, and was remarkable for the nice order in which he kept his spears, bows, and arrows. He was very dexterous at killing salmon, and in the management of a canoe ; we met with him for the last time at the salmon fishery, at the mouth of Lindsay river. He had three children who had lost their mother. Naquassiak, the eldest, was about sixteen years of age, very tall and thin, but not very active ; when he went to show Commander Ross the way to Shagavoke, he was detected in telling a falsehood, and thereby obtained the nickname of Shaglo, which signifies a * 1 56 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. .1 I! HIl lie ; but he never was offended at this appellation, which indeed was a source of merriment whenever it was mentioned. The other two children were infants ; but when Tiagashu died, his widow Alurak became the wife of Auowahriu, and took charge of the children. This family were not covetous nor inclined to pilfer and were therefore always in favour. I I i iiiitiiiii. |tl|*i!| III: mill: ill I1 y*WKJIfi*^4JK SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. NOYENNAK AND IBLUSHE, TIKATAGIU. These young men were brothers of Tiagashu, Poyettak, and Aknallua, by the same mother, but by a different father. Noyen- nak was about twenty-five years of age, five feet four inches and three-eighths high ; his complexion was lighter and more sallow than his brothers, and he seemed very quiet and inoffensive ; he contributed to the support of his aged mother, and when his father Alictu died he was much grieved. Iblushe, his brother, was about thirty years of age, five feet five inches and three-quarters high, and also of a light sallow complexion. He was remarkable for wearing ornaments of foxes' teeth hung round his forehead, and at each temple a bear's tooth ; his countenance bespoke extreme good- nature, which we found completely verified. We understood that this family suffered considerably for want of food after they left us, and we did not meet them again on the second year. Tikatagiu was one of those who did not come to us until late in the first season. He was a very fine young man, about twenty-six years of age, and measured five feet nine inches. His wife, whose name was Kuria, was a very shy delicate woman, and had one infant named Karuktachiu. He was an excellent hunter, and had a very superior dog, of which he was very fond, and could not be bribed to part with him. He came and built a snow hut very near to the ship, and remained until he had exchanged I mmzm ili'lll mill I'll III I III III II iillllKisI li|l li! 1 It 58 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. skins and other articles which he could spare, for wood and iron. I met hirn some time afterwards at Neitchillee, and obtained a supply of fish, which were then in great plenty. x^ts^\ r.N^ sasaa Yi—ri rm-T\ is^sa^ L-JV^-Ofc^-.v/<~"V: SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. MILLUCTU, TOPAKA, AWACK (1), AND ALLINACHRIU Milluctu was one of those who was very much at the ship, and was rather inclined to possess himself of what he saw, and was particularly jealous of any one receiving more than himself; when he perceived the quantity of wood which composed Tulluahiu's wooden leg, he complained that he could not walk on his right leg, and begged that he also might have a wooden one : when he was told that of course his leg, like that of Tulluahiu, must be taken off, he said he had not time, or that it was not convenient now, and promised he would come to-morrow ; but when he came he said that his leg was better. On another occasion when Ikmal- lik was rewarded with a tin meat-case, for dancing like a bear, in a ring formed by the women, he began also to exhibit ; but his per- formance was so much inferior to his predecessor, that he only excited laughter ; but seeing that he was very much disappointed, I gave him a tin case also, which turned the laugh on his side. He was about twenty-five years of age, five feet four inches high, and well made. He had a wife and two children ; and his mother, an old woman named Topaka lived with him. This old lady was the first who committed a theft, by stealing a pair of brass snuffers, which was, however, found out by the rest, and immediately re- turned. She was one of those who gleaned daily on the dunghill. Awack (1) was a man about forty-five years of age, five feet three i2 9 s 60 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. llfiili liM mI.i fill llilll III II inches and three quarters high ; he was very quiet and industrious, and exchanged a great many articles with us honestly. His wife's name was Allenachriu, about his own age, they had a boy named Illiklaptuain and a girl called Beaktakhilla, the former six and the latter seven and a half years old. We met them afterwards in Padliak, in possession of plenty of fish, with which they supplied us; and the lady politely convoyed us several miles on our way home. We did not see them during the last two years. As the rest of the natives have nothing remarkable or peculiar to them, I shall only mention a few of their names, &c. Aunai, an old woman, sixty years of age, five feet three inches and a quarter high. — Auatiu, an old woman, sixty-four years of age, four feet ten inches and seven-eighths high. — Strowok, an old woman, fifty-five years of age, five feet two inches and a half high. — Ugluta, an old woman, fifty years of age, five feet high. — Sheppung, a child, five years of age. — Karaksachiu, a child, six years of age. — Nangiak, a woman, forty years of age, four feet nine inches and a half high. The above will be sufficient to show that the Boothians are generally below the middle size. The first party we met with consisted of ninety-nine souls, viz., thirty-three men, twenty-five of whom had wives ; twelve old men and women, and twenty-nine children. We afterwards met with about sixty more, so that the country is but thinly peopled, the whole population amounting to no more than a hundred and sixty souls. Upon the whole, in the unqualified state of nature in which they were found, they were the happiest of human beings, on whom Providence has kindly and bountifully bestowed every necessary gift, if not every blessing. faaa?1K^afe ^»**^ ^v^^,. ^-^^^ faaaa a asaag fegaas r.^r MM yi^. VOCABULARY OF THE ENGLISH, DANISH, AND ESQUIMAUX LANGUAGES. ^_ , ^.^^-^w-^^vwcMMj^*^ ^~«— ^«_c ^;~—^.-.«. ^ 5®S5f£. *\^z>^^i yj^^r y^^*r -y^;^ , y^r^yy*^**^ z^N^,ryy^^; £3^^E£!3^ PREFACE. In compiling the following vocabulary and dialogues I have adhered to the method of spelling the words which was published by Fabricius, both in the shape of a Grammar and a Dictionary ; the last edition of which was printed at Copenhagen in 1804, and to which I refer my readers for any further explanation than I have thought necessary to give. The pronunciation of the vowels, both in the Danish and Esqui- maux language is as follows : 9 A sounds as A in War. K E . . Cellar I • • • • I . . Line. O O . . Block U U . Full. Oa O . . Load. Ou Oo . . Rood. Ej Y . • Fly. Aj I . . I. PREFACE. The consonants are the same as in the English language, with the following exceptions : G sounds as G in Gay. J Y , . Yesterday. L and R, in the Esquimaux language, never begin a word, ex- cepting in lu (and), which, however, is often a definite termina- tion. Neither does H begin any but a proper name. In the whole narrative I have adhered to the above pronuncia- tion, which to me was perfectly easy, from being acquainted with the Swedish and Danish languages, and which is, indeed, the best method as being the least complicated ; but it will be observed that Commander Ross has not followed this plan, and therefore in reading his narrative this must not be attended to. N.B. — This Vocabulary is extended, that it may be found useful to those who navigate Davis's straits and Baffin's bay, as well as to future Voyages of Discovery, r^^V ~~>^< r»^< w^v ^sm^.vis.^ >m «8%SS«BS2iS5S VOCABULARY ENGLISH, DANISH, AND ESQUIMAUX LANGUAGES ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. Abate Aftage Miklinek. Armour Vaaben Sekkut. Able (I am) Jeg er istand Piginnavonga. Arrive Komme Tikinek. Abode Opholdsted Inne. Arrow Piil Karsok. Accuse Beskylde Passiklernek. Ashes Aske Arsaet. Ache Smerte Anniaut. Ass Asen Siutitok(N.B.) Admonish Formane Okaukriksainek. Assassin Morder Innusersok Adorn Pryde Arsoainek. Assist Hjelpe Ikioi'nek. Advance Komme frem Sasrbsarnek. Attachment Kjerlighed Assennirsusek. Advantage Affirm Fordeel Sige ja Ajungikot. Angernek. Attendant (his) Aunt Hans Ledsager Faster AJPa> v- aJP^t- Aja. Afraid (he is) Han er bange Erksiok. Austral Sydlig Kauangarnitsok. After him or it Efter ham Kingorna. Autumn Host Okiak. Again Air Ale Alien Igjen Luft 61 Fremmed Ama. Silla. lmiak. Tekkornartak. Auk (little) Awakes (he) Awake (he is) Soekonge Han vaagner Han er vaagen Akpalharsuk. Iterpok. fPigarpok, v. er- 1 komavok. Alone Alene Kissime. Baby Barn Nalungiak. Also Ogsaa Ama. Bachelor Pebersvend Nukakpiak. Although Altitude Endskyondt Hbyde Nauk, v. urrini. Portursusek. Back (of a man) Bad Ond Tunno. Ajortok. Always Amiable Allevegne Elskvssrdig Tamatigut. Assanartok. Bag Ball Pose Bold Pok. Arksak. Anchor Anker Kisak. Base Slet Isumaluktok. Ancient Angry (he is) Answer Gammel Han er vred Svar Utokak. Kamakpok. Akke. Bay Beard Beats (he) me Bugt Skjseg Han slaaer mig Kangerdluk. Umik. Unatarpanga Answer (to) Ant At svare Myre Akkinek. Myre (Prov. 6,6). Beauty Bee Skjonhed Bie Pinnersusek. Egytsak. Anxiety Any of them Frygt Nogle Erkse. Illejt or illejsa. Beer Before 61 For Imiak. Siorna. Apple jEble Paurnarsoak. Beg Bede Krenunek. Apprentice Approach Approves (he) it Arm Lserling Naerme sig Han billiger det Arm Ajoksersugak. Padlingnek. Illuara. Tellek. Beggar Behaviour Belief Betler Opfb'rsel Troe Krenursok. f Kannong — il- 1 liorsusek. Opernek. Arm (right) Hoyre Arm Tellerpik. Believe Troe Opernek. i!«*v»iyjfc«r.WL iiiiii fiiii 11 ll i rvin: llll 66 VOCABULARY OF THE ENGLISH, ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. Belly of a man "1 Bug Nsersset. Cabin Kahyt Nalekkaminna. Belly of a fish f Cable Toug Aklunaursak. Bible Bibel Bibelit. Cape, or hood Hue, Haette Nesak. Big (large) Tyk Silliktok. Calf of a reindeer Rhenskalv Norrak. Big with young Frugtsommelig Nartursok. Call Kalde Kakorsinek. Billow Btilge Mallik. Calling Kald Kakorsut. Bird Fugl Tingmiak. Calm (it is) Det er stille Kaitsungavok. Bitch (large) Tfeve f Kremmersoak Candle Lys Nennerout. [ arnak. Candlestick Lysestage Nenneroursivik. Bitch with young- TccvemedHvalpe Sardliak. Canoe Kajak Kajak. Black Sort Kernektok. Cape, head of a] Forbjerg Blankets Lagener Tungit. land f Nouk. Bleed Aarelade AuBersinek. J Captain Captain Nalegak. Bless Velsigne Pidluarkorsinek. Cash Kasse Iklerfik. Bliss Velsignelse Pidluarkorsut. Cautious Forsigtig Missiksortok. Blood Blod Auk. Cave Hule Itersak. Blow Blaese Annordlernek. Cease Ophore Sorarnek. Blue Blaae Tungiortok. Certainly Visselig Illomut. Boast Bryste sig Makkittanek. Chace of reindeer Rhensjagt Auarnek. Body Legem Timme. Chair Stol Ivksiavik. Boil Kaage Iganek. Chalk Kride Aglaut. Bone Bone (back) Been Rygbeen Saurnek. Kremertlok. Chamber Changes (it) Kammer Det forandres Inningoak. Adlangorpok. Ikkerasak. Bounty Godhed Isumagiksusek. Channel Sund Box iEske Mattursartok. Charcoal Steenkul Aumarsoit Bow Bue Pissikse. Chaste Kydsk Petejuitsok. Brain Hjerne Karisak. Cheap Let kjobs Akkikitsok. Brandy Brsendevin Sillakangitsok. Cheerful (he is) Han er glad Nuennarpok. Imuk. Bread Brod Timiursak. Cheese Ost Break Briste Asserornek. Chew Tygge Tamoarnek. Breast(woman's) Bryst Ivienge. Chicken Kylling Piarak. Breeches Buxer Kardleet. Child Barn Merak. Breeches (of "l Buxer Serkinek. Chimney Skorsteen Pyorfik. women) | Bride Brud Nullieksak. Choose (do you) Vildu fPiomavit ? pis- | savit ? Broad Bred Silliktok. Christmas Juuil Jule. Brook Elv fKok v. korsoak Church Kirke Okallukfik. | v. kogejtsiak. Circle Passer Angmaloriksaut. Buoy (sealskin) Burden Blaere Byrde Auatak. Nangmaut. Citizen City Borger Stad Iglorperksoarmio Iglorperksoit. Innuksiarnersok. Burial Begravelse Illinek. Civil Hoflig Burn Breende Ikinek. Claw Kloe Kukkik. Button Knap Attesingoak. Clean (it is) Det er reent Sellisimavok. Butterfly Buy Flue Niviugak. Clock Klokke Naellun'cerkotak. Kjobe Pissiniarnek. Cloth Kleede Annoraksak. y^^ir y>^>- rs^< -s^.-k ^^*r vis^- >^>^^ ■■^^^ifK r^^..r>,<^«i<2 DANISH, AND ESQUIMAUX LANGUAGES. 67 ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. Clothes Klseder Annorarsset. Cruel Grusom Nakitejtsok. Cloud Skye Nuiak. Cruelty Grusomhed Nakitejtsusek. Coach, a sledged Vogn fKamutik ark- Cruise Krydse Arksornek. with wheels J | sakaursuglik. Crush Knuse Serkomitsinek. Coal, charcoal Steenkul Aumarsoi't. Cry Raabe Torklularnek. Coast Kyst Siksak. Cup, teacup Thekop Thetorfik. Coat Kjole Annorak. Cure, medicine Cuur Nekkursaut. Coin, money Penge Anningaurseet. Curtain of a tent Forheeng Umik. Cold Kulde Isse. Custom Vane Illerkok. Cold (get a) Forkjbles Nuangnek. Cuts (he) it Han skjeerevdetaf Kippiva. Colours (a "1 painter's) Farver Kallipautit. Daily, every day Daglig fUdlut nungud- 1 lugit. Comb Kam flllejautit, v. 1 komangniutit. Damage of a ship Damp Leek, Skade Damp Asserornek. Pyok. Comes, he Han kommer Aggerpok. Danger Fare Nauvsersusek. Company Selskab Illegeengnek. Dares, he Han vover Sapepok. Compass Compas Pyorsiut. Dark Mbrk Tartok. Compassion Medlidenhed Nakinnirsusek. Dawning At det dages Kaule.nek. Conceal Skjule Irsertoinek. Day Dag Udlok. Conduct Opfbrsel ("Kannong — illi- 1 orsusek. Dead Deaf Dod Dov Tokorsok . Tussilartok. Confidence Tillid Tette. Deal (to) Dele Augoainek. Conjurer Hexemester Angekok. Deal (a) of it Deel Ilia. Conscience Samvittighed Isuma. Dear Kjser Assarsak. Consume Fortseres Nunguneng, Death Dod Toko. Copper Kobber f Kangusak auk 1 padlartok. Debt Deceit, lie Gjeld Bedragerie Akketsugak. Seglo. Corn to make" groats of Suaurseksset. Deceives (he) me Han narrer mig fSeglokrittar- \ P^nga. Corn to make beer of Korn i Imieksset. Decent Deck of a ship Sommelig Desk Kursegunartok. Ka. Corn to make bread of Timiurseksset. Decree, law Deep Beslutning Dyb Pekkorsut. Itirsok. Corner Hjorne Tekerkok. Deer (rein) Rhensdyr Tukto. Cost Betaling Akke. Defect, want Mangel Ajorsaut. Count, number Tal Kissitse. Defence Beskyttelse Igdlersout. Counting Teelle Kissitsinek. Defend Beskytte Igdlersoinek. Cow Koe Umingmak. Defray, pay Betale Akkillernek. Cowpock Kokoppe Koppe (Danish). Defy Trodse Pilfereenek. Creator Skaber Pingortitsirsok. Delays (he) it Hanopsastter det Kakugorpa. Creatures Skabninger Pingortiteet. Delight Veere glad Nuennarnek. Creep Krybe Kajeksoarnek. Deliver, save Frelse Annaursinek. Crew Mandskab Kivgaet. Demand Bon Krenut. Crowd of men Folkeskare Innui'erkso'it. K Demand 2 Bede Krenunek. I 9 68 VOCABULARY OF THE ENGLISH, I tjiiiit ;. lidiili'i ■ '■lilHni, in ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. Deny Naegte Naggarnek. Duty Pligt Pirseksak. Depth Dybde Itirsusek. Dwell Boe Innekarnek. Desert Orken Innukajuitsok. Dye (to) Farve Kallipangnek. Descend Nedstige Akkarnek. Each Enhver Nungudlune. Design Hensigt Piomarsak. Ear Ore Siut. Desire Onske Kiksaut. Early in the"! morning; | fPiorng-gerutit- Tidlig Udlarallangoak. Destroy Odela?gge J . & 1 sinek. ° J Earn Hoste Kattersoi'nek. Detains (he) it Han opholder det Innerterpa. Earnest Alvorlig Illungersortok. Detects (he) it fHan aaben- ] Nsellunejarpa. Earth Jord Nuna, v. Irbsok. ] barer det J Earthenware Leerkar Marrset. Detests (he) it Han afskyer det Kringara,v.umiga Easy, not difficult Let Ajomangitsok. Devotion. Gudsfrygt fNalengnek Gu- Eat Spise Nerrinek. 1 dimut. Eclipse Formorkelse Tarsinek. Dew Dug Isugutanek. Eel Aal Nimeriak. Dice, cards Tserninger Kort Innukkaet. Elbow Albue Ikusik. Direct Sty re Tessioinek. flppek — plur. Eloquent, agree-] Veltalende Tussarominartok. Dirt Skarn able to hear J 1 ervkit. Embark Gaae ombord Ikarnek. Disease Sygdom Nappaut. Emetic Braekmiddel Meriarsaut. Distance Afstand Ungesiksusek. Eminence of land Hoyde Kingiksusek. Distant Fjern fUngesiksok, v. Emperor Kejser Kejsere(Danish). j auasiksok. Empty Tom Immakangitsok. Distress Nod Pidluejtsusek. End Ende Naggate, v. iso. Dives (it) — a Aglorpok. Endless, eternal Uendelig Isukangitsok. bird, a seal, or - animal Dykker Akkarpok. Ensign, flag Flag f Aukpadlartok ; | propr. the red. Dog Hund Kremmek. Enter Gaae ind Isernek. Door Dor Isertarfik. Entry of a hut Indgang Pak. Down (Eider "| duck) Duun Uvlut. Evade Undslippe Annigoi'nek. Even Endog Aglast. Draught Drik Irnigeksak. Evening Aften Unnuk. Draw Male fAglengnek, v. Event Hsendelse Nellautsartugak. j arsillinek. Evil Ond Ajortok. Dreadful Skraekkelig Erksinartok. Exalted Ophb'yet Kotsiksok. Dream Drom Sinektugak. Excels (he) Han overgaaer Sualungnerrovok Dress Dragt Attirsaet. Exchange Bytte Taursinek. Drink Drikke Imernek. Excite Opmuntre Kajumiksainek. Drum Tromme Krillaut. fPaitsisiksar- Dry Tor Pennertok. Excuse Undskylde 1 siornek. Duck (Eider) Edderfugl Mitek. Exert Anstrsenge sig Aksorornek. Duck (king) Spidsbergens E. [Kringalik, v. Exorbitant Ubillig Sualuktok. 1 arnauiartak. Expect Forvente Nerigungnek. Dust Stov Pyoalak; Expectation Farventning Nerigut. s.^< r^<*A: >:^v >ms.^ yjsi^ yjwa^yg^^ > ^^n^wl. y^« f j DANISH, AND ESQUIMAUX LANGUAGES. ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. Explains (he) it Han forklarer det Sukui'arpa. Fellow Cammerad Ajpak. Exposes (he) it ("Han aaben- "1 1 barer det | Naellunejarpa. Ferryman Fertile Fsergemand Frugtbar Ikaursirsok. Naursoriksok. Express, post v. J Expres Paurtok. Fetches (he) it Henter Ai'a. Extends (he) it ("Han udstreekO 1 ker det ( Udslukkes Tessipa. Fetters Few Laehker Faa Kallimnerit. Ikitut. Extinguishes, a| light J Kammipok. Fickle Field Ubestandig Mark Aulsejarsok. Narksak. Extremely Overmaade fAksut,v. aksur- 1 soak. Foetus (of a seal) Fight (they) Slaaes Iblau. Panikpuk. Extricates (he) it Han udreder det Illejarpa. Fight (a) Slagsmaal Paningnek. Eye Oye Irse. Fills (he) it Fylder Imerpa. Eyebrow Oyenbryn Kablo. Fin of a seal Lalle Tellerrok. Eyelid Oyelaag Irsib mattua. Final Endelig Kingurdlek. Face Ansigt Kenak. Fine (pretty) Smuk Pinnersok. Fact Gjerningssag Sulliak. Finger Finger Aksak. Fades (it), dies Visner Tokovok. Finishes (he) it Ender Naggaserpa. Fagot, flute, pipe Trumpet Kardlortaut. Fire lid Ingnek. Faint Besvime Ounarsinek. Fireside Vramin Kirsseksout. Fair, adj. Smuk Pinnersok. Fish Fisk Aulissegak. Faith Faithful Troe Trofast Opernek. Aulajangersok. Fish-hook Fiskekrog ("Karasursak — I karssursak. 'Ordlonek, nak- Fit Tjenlig Ajungitsok. Fall (to) Falde karnek, ni- vernek, tam- Fix (to) any thing Gjb're fast rAulsejanger- 1 sa'inek. marnek. Flames (it) Luer Ikuellavok. False Famine, hunger Falsk Hunger Opernangitsok. Kangnek. Flannel, or ~) wadmal C Flanel, wadmel ("Annoraksak | merkolik. Famine Hungersnod Pertluk. Flaps (the bird) Feagrer Isarkellavok. Famous Bekjendt Tytsiursok. Flat Fead Manitsok. Far (it is) [Det er langtl 1 borte J ("Ungesikpok, | auasikpok. Flea Flesh Loppe Kjod Piksiksak. Nekkre. Farmer Bonde Naursoriksairsok. Flexible Bbyelig Kretuktok. Farther, again Videre Ama, amalo. Flight Flugt Kremaniarnek. Fat Feed Puellarsok. Flings (he) it Raster Egipa. Father Fader Atatak. Floats (it) Flot (er) Puktavok. Fathom Favn Issagak. Flogs (he) him Pidsker Orpikpa. Fault Fejl Tammartauzek. Flood, high water Flod Ulle (river kok) Fear Frygt (Erkse(Rossvoy- / age, erkshe). Floor Flour Gulv Meel Nettek. Kajursast. Feather Fjer Merkok. Flows (the river) Flyder Kokpok. Fee Belbnning Akke. Flower Blomst Naursok. Fees (he) Betaler Akkiok. Flag (a) Flue Niviugak. Feels (he) it Fbler Saui'pa. Fog Taage Pyok. Feeling Fblelse Missigirsak. Fold (on clothes) Fold Koglungnek. mmzm 70 VOCABULARY OF THE ENGLISH, it* ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. Follows (he) him Fblger Mallikpa. Fume Rbg Issek. Folly Daarskab Siunekangitsusek Fun (to) Bedrage Seglokrittainek. Food Fode Nerrirseksak. Furious Rasende Sekkunersok. Fool Nar Mitartok. Furnace Ovn Kirsarsout. Foot Fod fIsikkaet(plur.of Furnish Meddele Tunnirsinek. 1 isigak, a toe). Fur Foder Illupak. Forbids (he) it Forbyder Pekkongila. Further ! Videre ! Ama ! Forehead Forhoved Kauk. Furthers (he) him Hjelper Ikiorpa. Foreigner Fremmed Tekkornartak. Future Tilkommende Pirsuksak. Forfeits (he) it Forspilder Tammarpa. Gains (he) at play Vinder Immiarsiok (NB) Forge (a) Smedde Saffiorfik. Gale (it is a) Storm f Annordlersor- Fork Gaffel Ajeksautik 1 sovok Forgets (he) Glemmer Puiorpok. Gall Galde Sungak. Forgives (he) it Til giver Isumakserpa. Game, seal, ~| Vildt Nekke. Fortunate Lykkelig Pidluartok. deer, &c. Foul Smudsig Minguktok. Game, birds Vildt Tingmirsaet. Foundation Grundvold Tungavik. Garden Have Nautjevik. Fountain Kilde Puilarsok. Garment Klsedning Annorarsaet. Fowl Fugl Tingmiak. Garrison, soldiers Guarnison Sekkutout. Fox Ra3v Terienniak. Garter Hosebaand Navlokot. Frame Ramme Innerfik. Gather Samle Kattersbinek. Fraternity Broderskab fKattsenguti- Gay Glad Nuennartok. | geengnek. Generous (he is) Hbimodig Ajungilak. Fraud List Pekkosersout. Gently Sagte Kigejtsomik. Free Frie Kivgaungitsok. German, at ~) Freezes (it) (Det) fryser Issekau. Baal's River J Tydsker Nourdlek. Frequent (to) Besdge tit Tikerarajungnek. Ghost Aand Annersak. Frequenter (a) Besbger Tikiukajuktok. [Tarajorningit- ■{ sok (R. v. ta- Holy Ghost Helligaand fAnnersak illu- 1 artok. Fresh, not salt Fersk Giddy Svimmel Uirpsartok. riornityoke.* Gift Gave Tunnirsut. Friend Ven Ikingut. rErdlingnarto- Friendship Venskab Clkingutigeeng- I nek. Gilt Forgyldt. \ mik kajortomik L kallipautilik. Fright From (the fox) Frygt Fra Erkse. JTerienniamit, 1_ from: mit Gilt, subst. Forgyldning fKallipaun erd- | lingnartok. Ginger Ingefaer Kassillitsok. Frugal Tarvelig lbleruktok(N.B.) Girdle Belte Kreterrut. Fruit Frugt Paurnaet. Girl Pige Niviarsiak. Fry Rogn Suak. Gives (he) him Giver Tunnia. Fries (he) it Steger Syeppa. Glass Glas Imertarfik. Fryingpan Stegepande Syetsivik. Glazes (he) it Glaserer Krebleriksarpa. Fulfils (he) it Opfylder Erkorpa. Gloomy of face Mbrk Annuktok. Fully, he fulfils^ Fuldkommen J"Erkordluinarpa, Glory iEre Ussornarsusek. it fully 1 ^lui'narpok: fully | Gloss Glands Kreblersusek. * Tarajomityote, tarajornitsok— salt. Not salt, tarnjorningitsok. *i^?x y^^^*^ r^^^£" DANISH, AND ESQUIMAUX LANGUAGES. ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. Imitates (he) him Efterligner Arsiginiarpa. Ingrafts (he) it Indpoder Ikursorpa. Immense Umaadelig Kiglikangitsok. Ingrave I nd grave Aglengnek(NB.) Immortal Udodelig ("Tokuksaungit- Inhabitant Indbygger Innuk. 1 sok. Ink BhEk Blikke (Dan.) Immovable Urokkelig Aulaejangitsok. Inkhorn Blsekhorn Blikkillivik. Imparts (he) him Meddeler Illalerpa. Inlet Fjord Kangek. Impartial Upartisk ("Nellinginarsi- Inmost Inderst Illupak. 1 ortok. Inn Vsertshuus Siniktarfik. Impatience Impediment Utaalmodighed Hindring Erinnitsengnek. Akkornot. Innocent Uskyldig fPitlsegeksaun- 1 gitsok. Imperfect Ufuldkommen ("Namagluan- Inquire Undersbge Kiglisioinek. 1 gitsok. Inquisitor En Undersbger Kiglisioirsok. Impertinence Impiety Uforskammenhed Ugudelighed Kangusui'tsusek. ("Ajortullioroma- 1 tounek. Insensible Insertion Ufblsom Tilssetning fMissigirsakan- V gitsok. Illaursak. Importance Vigtighed Ange. Insolent Uforskammet. Kangusui'tsok. Imposition Beskyldning Passikliut(N.B.) Instantly Strax Erngeinak. Improbable Improper Usandsynlig Upassende Opernan gitsok. Arksoarnartok. Instead of me Istedetfor mig fSimnerdlunga 1 (a verb). Improve Forbedres Illuarsarnek. Instrument Instrument Sennet. Imprudence Uforstand fSillakangitsu- Insult Forhaane Miteklernek. 1 sek. Intend Have i Sinde Piomanek. Impure Ureen Minguktok. Intention Hensigt Piomarsak. Inch Tomme Kudlo. Interior of it Det Indvendige Illua. Incision Indsnit Kidlek. Internal (in it) Indvortes Illuanetok. Increase Forbges Agdliartornek. Interpret Fortolke Sukuiainek. Incredible Utrolig fOperirseksaun- Inters (he) it Han begraver det Illia. | gitsok. Interrupts (he) it Afbryder(han)det Sorarupa. Incurable Incurabel Mammisuitsok. Interval Mellemrum Akkunek. Indeed Virkelig Illomut. Interview Sammenkomst Nellaunek. Indisposed Upasselig Ikpigosuktok. Intimates (he) it Tilkjendegiver Nasllunserpa. Induces (he) him Beveeger Kajungersipa. Intimidate Forskraekke Erksisainek. Inexhaustible Uudtbmmelig ("Nunguksaun- Intire Heel Illuitsok. Infamous Berygtet 1 gitsok. flytsionerdluk- Intirely Oprigtigen fPekkoserdlun- 1 gitsomik. | tok (N.B.) Into dust Til Stbv Pyoala-mut* Infant Barn Nalungiak. Intreats (he) him Bbnfalde Manigorpa. Infection Smitte Ajtsornartok. Intrenchment Forskandsning Saliakot. Infinite Uendelig Isukangitsok. Invents (he) Opdager Nerpsarpok. Infirm Svag Nukangarsok. Iron Jern Savik. Inflexible Ubbjelig Perkretsok. Irresistible Uimodstaaelig Arktornartok. Infuses (he) it lndgyder Koia. Irritates (he) him Opirre Ningeksarpa. Ingenious Sindrig Isumatok. Island 6e Krikertak. Mut is " into ;" every preposition is affixed to the end of its noun. L X i t t 1 t f S^IS? 74 VOCABULARY OF THE ENGLISH, •Mili| ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. Itch Item Kibe Item Ungilek. Ama. Kitchen Kjbkken fPak,v.pangoak, 1 v. parsoak. fUkalerak, kit- |_ ten erak. Ivory of a wal-1 Elefenbeen Tugak. Kitten of a hare Killing Jacket Trbie Torojo (Dan.) Knapsack Randsel Pok. Jaw Kjaebe Aglerok. Kneepan Knaeskal Serkoak. Jawbone Kjsebebeen Aglerok. Knife Kniv Savik. Jest, lie Spbg Seglo. Knit (a) Strikket Tbi Tessitsuarsok. Just now Just nu Tersa tava. Knock Banke Kassuktoinek. fUjarak erdling- Knot Knude Krelernek. Jewel J uveel | nartok. Knows (he) him Kjender Ilirsara. Joins (he) them Forener Kattitipej . Knowledge Kundskab Ilisimarsusek. Joiner Snedker Sennarsok. Knuckle Knokkel Napparsortak. Jokes (he) upon"! him J Jolly Narrer Seglokrittarpa. Labour Lace Arbejde Snor Sulliornek. Aklunaursak. Glad Nuennartok. Lad Dreng Nukakpiarak. Journey Rejse Ingerdlanek. Ladder Stige Majoartarfik. Joy Glsede Tipejtsungnek. Ladle Slbv Alluksaursoak. Judge (a) Dommer Erkartoursirsok. Lady, woman Dame Arnak. Judgment Dom Erkartout. ("Tessek (large Jug Dunk Marrak. Lake Soe -j tessersoak, sm. Juice of fruits Saft Tungo. Ltessingoak. Jump (to) Springe Pissingnek. Lame (he is) Lam Sefeepok. fAkkinnersidlu- Lamp Lampe Kodlek. Justice Retfaerdighed 1 arsimarsusek. Land Land Nuna. Justly Retfaerdigen Illuartomik. Lane Gyde Akkosiningoak. Just so Just saaledes Tajma ! Sprog fOkauzit (pro- Knee Knae Serkok. Language 1 prie words). Keel Kjbi Kyek. Lanthorn Lygte Nenneroarfik. Keen Skarp Kenariksok. Laps (he) it Svober Imupa. Keeps (he) it Beholder Torkorpa. Larboard * Kernel Kjerne Saurnek. Lards (he) it Speekker Orksorpa. Kettle Kjedel Ounavik. Larder, store- ~| Proviantbod Augoarfik. Key Nbgle Makpersaut. house j Kicks (he) it Sparker Tukerpa. Large Stor Angirsok. Kidney Nyre Tarto. Lashes (he) him Pidsker Ipperartorpa. Kills (he) it Draeber Tokopa. Late (it is) Sildig Unnukpok. Kind Artig flnnuksiarner- 1 sok. flnnuksiarner- 1 susek. Konge (Dan.) Laugh Law Lee Lov Iglarnek. Inneizisit. finneizisit pek- Kindness Artighed Lawful (it is) Lovligt 1 koaet. King Konge Lazy Lad Erkrasjasuktok. Kiss Kys Kunik. Leaches (he) it Sbnderskjeerer Pillekpa. The translation hereof is determined by the position of the ship. ^^r>-c: y>^«: ya^^^sa^-SBWiHBrasii^^ M4&JW*UM DANISH, AND ESQUIMAUX LANGUAGES. ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. Leads (he) him Leaf Leder Blad Tessiorpa. Pillo. Lining (inside) Lie Det Indvendige Lbgn Illo. Seglo. Leakage Laekkage fAngmarnek I (N.B.) Lion Lip Love Laebe Love (Dan.) Kardlo. Leaky (it is) Lean Leans on (he) it Learns (he) it Least, adj. Leek Mager Laener sig Laerer Mindst fAngmarpok t (N.B.)* Selluktok. Egarfiga. Ilipa. Mingnek. Liquid List of contents'] in a book J Listen Little Live Flydende Register Lytte Liden Leve Pui'larsok. Naellunaerut. Siumiksarnek. Mikirsok. Innunek. Leather Laeder Amek. Liver Lever Tingo. Leaves (he) it Leaves (it) Forlader Ophorer Kremekpa. Sorarpok. Load Lock Byrde Laas Nangmeegak. Parnaersaut. Lee Lsee Orkoak. Lodging * Logis Inne. Left side Left hand Venstre side Venstre haand Saumieet tunga. Saumik. Lofty Loin Hoy Lsend Kingiktok. Kretek. Leg Been Nio. Look See Tekkonek. Legal Lovlig flnnertersiman- 1 gitsok. Loose (it is) Loss Lbs Tab Paerpok. Tammarnek. Leisure (he is at) Lends Length Less Ledighed Laaner ud Laengde Mindre fSullieksakan- l gi'ak. Attartortitsiok. Tekkirsusek. Mingnerrursok. Loud Love Lovely Lover Louse Lydelig Kjerlighed Elskelig. Elsker Luus Nipitok. Assennirsusek. Assanartok. Assarse. Komak. Lessens (it) Lesson of a pupil Letter Level land Formindskes Lectie Brev Jevn Mikliok. Ilinisegeksak. Aglegak. Manitsok. Lousy (he is) Low Luncheon Lungs Luset (han er) Lav Et Stykke Mad Lunge Komakpok. Pukitsok. Nerriarut. Puak. Liberty Licks (he) it Life Frihed Slikker Liv Kivgaungitsusek. Allukpa. Innunek. Lustre Life Mad Glimmer Liv Gal Kreblersusek. Innunek. Peblerortok. Lifts (he) it Light, adj. Lbfter Lys Kivikpa. Kaumarsok Maid Mails (he) it Mbe Beklseder Niviarsiak. Kadlerpa. Light, subst. Lys Kau,v. nennefout Makes (he) Gjbr Piok. Light Let Oketsok. Mall, hammer Hammer Kautak. Lightens (he) it Lightens (he) it Oplyser Letter Kaumarsarpa. Okedlia. Malt Man Malt Menneske Imieksak. Innuk. Lightning Like (it is) to it Likeness Limb Lyn Lig Lighed Lem Ingnaglegiak. Arsiga. Arsigeeksusek. Auaet. Man Man of war Manly Manner Mand Orlogsskib Mandig Maade Angut. Sekkutout. Angutauserdlune Illerkok. Limp (to) Line (whale) Halte Line Se fee nek. Allek. Manure (to) Many Gjbde Mange Orksoinek. Kapseet. • Better perhaps " ursingilak." l2 76 VOCABULARY OF THE ENGLISH, [ill !WI, |:|| ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. Map Kort Arsilliak (N.B.) Misfortune Ulykke Pertlout. Mark Masrke Nsellunserkot. Misleads (he) him Forfbrer Asserorpa. Market Torv Pissiniarfik(NB.) Miss Vildfarelse Tammartauzek. Marriage Marrow Bryllup Marv Katternavik. Patek. Mistake Tage fejl fTammardlung- 1 nek. Marsh Mose Pinguit. Mistress, wife Madame Nulliak. Match Lige Nelle. Misty,foggy(it is) Taaget (del er) Pyolirksovok. Matches (he) him Er lige med Nedlerpa. Mixes (he) it Blander Akupa. Mate Styrmand Akkutok. Mocks (he) Spotter Miteklerpok. Mathematics Mathematik Kissitsinek. Moist Fugtig Isugutarsok. Matrimony vEgteskab Nulliareengnek. Moment (in a) I Oyeblikket Tersugo. Matter (what is"] the) ? | Hvad vil du ? Syssavit ? Money Month and moon Penge Maaned, Maane Anningaursaet. Kaumset. Mature Maxim(doctrina) Moden Grundssetning Enersimarsok. Ajoksersut. Moon (it is full) Deterfuld Maane fAnningat imik- 1 siok.* Meadow Eng Pinguit. Morning Morgen Udlak. Meal Meel Kajursset. Mortar Morter Asserorterivik. Mean Ringe Nikkanartok. Moss (lich isl.) Moos Orksursak. Means Middelstand Akkudlek. Mother Moder Ananak. Means Middel Pirsut. Motion Bevsegelse Aulanek. Measles of a skin Narv Ekarte. Mould Skimmel Okok. Measure Maal Oktout. Mountain Fjeld Kakkak. Meat Kjod Nekkriksak. Mouth Mund Kanek. Mediator Midler Sajmarsai'rsok. Moves (it) Beveeges Aulavok. Medium,v. means Mud Mudder Mauvak. Meet Modes Nellaunek. Multitude Msengde Amerdlarsusek. Member of it Lem Ilia. Murder Mord Innueernek. Memory Hukommelse Erkairsut. Musters (he) it Mb'nstre Tekkotipa. Mends (it) Forbedres Ajorungncerpok. Mustard Senep Senepe (Dan.) Mentions (he) it Omtale Okautiga. Mutiny Oprdr Pikititsinek. Mercy Barmhjeitighed Nakinningnek. Mutton Faarekjod Saua. Merit Fortjeneste Piksak. Mystery Mysterium Nsellunartok. Merry Message Moersom Budskab Tivsinartok. Okalluktout. Nail, iron or ~| copper j Nagle Kikiek. Midwife Mile Jordemoder Miil Ernisuksiortok. Mile (Dan.) Nail of fingers "1 or toes J Neegl Kukkik. Milk Melk flmuk; of a wo- 1 man, amamak. Naked Name Nogen Navn Tamakangitsok. Attek. Mill Mind Mblle Sind Asserorterivik. Isuma. What is thy ~) name ? | Hvad hedder du? fKannong, atte- 1 karpit? Minor Mindre Mingnerrursok. Namely Nemlig Imejtok. Mischief Misery Fortred Elendighed Nagliut. Pidluejtsusek. Naps of cloth Luug rMerkut, plural i of merkok. * It is new moon ( " Nye Maane ") " ussi ok ;" it is first quarter I" Fbrste Quarteer") ' anningat igdlokarpok " it is last quarter ( " sidste Quarteer") *' anningat igdlocerupok.' M^> ^^_^^jg^1^j£^g^]^^-<^V:t -l^s,fFC:T >^*^g8»^3 DANISH AND ESQUIMAUX LANGUAGES. 77 tf ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. fAmitsok (Ross North wind Nordenvind "Vuangnak. Narrow Smal 1 voy.amityoke). Oak (a log of) Eeg ("Kressuk man- Nasty Skiden Ippertok. 1 gertok. Naughty Unyts Suksaungitsok. Oar A are Eput. Navel of a child Navle Kallisek. Obedient Lydig Nalektok. Navy Near Marine Naer fUmiarsoarperk- 1 soft. Kannitok. Obeys (he) Oblong Lyder Aflang Nalekpok. rAngmalunga- | jektok (N.B.) Neat Net Kursegunnartok. Obstacle Hindring Akkornot. Necessity (it is a) Nddvendighed Pirsariakarpok. Obstinate Halstarrig Perkretsok. Neck, lat. collum Hals Kongsesek. Obstruction (he") Forstoppelse fTettu'iok (a Neckcloth Halsklsede Kongaeserut. has) J 1 sickness). Need (to) Treenge Ajorsarnek. Obtains (he) it Erholder Angumera. fMerkut, plural Obvious (it is) Tydelig Neellunangilak. Needle Synaal 1 merkutit. Occupies (he) it Besidder Piga. Neglects (he) it Forsb'mmer Assiginnarpa. Occurs (he) him Moder Nellaupa. Neighbour, felO low man | Nseste Innukate. Odd Offence Besynderlig Forbrydelse Tupingnartok. Pinerdlugak. j Nests of birds Reder Innit. Offends (he) him Fornsermer Ningeksarpa. f Pinauvisengi- Office of the "1 Tjeneste Nalegiarnek. ("Aldrig (han "1 lak (piok, he church J Never (he comes) \ kommer) J 1 comes ; nauvi- Often Ofte Kapseennik. [eengilak, never). Oil Olie Olie (Dan.) New Nye Nutak. Ointment Salve Tennirsut. Next to it (it is) Nsest ved (det er) Sennianepok. f(Man) utokak; 1 Nibble Bide Nerritsiarnek. Old Gammel i (thing) nu- Nice (he is) Vanskelig Ajornakau. Ltaungitsok. Nickname Ogenavn Ajtseraut. Omits (he) it Undlader Pingila. Night Nat Unnuak. Once Engang Kanga. Nods (he) Nikker Sikkikpok. Only, adj. Alene Kissime. Noise Tummel Perpallungnek. Open (it is) Aaben Angmarpok. Noon Middag Udlub kerka. Opiate Opiat Siniksaut (N.B.) Nose Nsese Kringak. Oppresses (he) ~1 Undertrykker Kunnutipa. Nostril Nsesebor Kringak. him J Nothing (it is) Intet (det er) Sungilak. Opulent Formuende rPekkoutilirk- Notion Mening Isuma. I soak. Novelty Nyhed Nutaursusek. Orders (he) it Ordner Arkriksorpa. Now Nu Mana. Ore ^Irts Kangusak. Number Tal Kissitsit. Oriental Orientalsk Pauangarnitsak Numberless Utallig Kissiksaungitsok Origin Begyndelse Nseggovik. Nurses (she) it Ammer Milluktipa Ornament Prydelse Arsut. Wet nurse Amme Milluktitsirsok Ostentation Pralerie Ussorsitsaut. Nutmeg Muskatnad Kassilitsok. Otherwise Anderledes Adlamik. fNerrirseksak, v. Oven Ovn Kirkseksout. Nutriment Fdde 1 innutiksak. Over it Ovenpaa Kane. .M hH:l 78 VOCABULARY OF THE ENGLISH, !' ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. Out (it is) Ude Sillamepok. Peasant Bonde Naursoriksairsok- Outlet Aflob Akkut. Peel Skal Kallipak. Outside Ydersiden Kallek. Pen Pen Aglaut. Owe Skylde Akkeetsornek. Penetrates (it) it Gjennemtrsenger Kiblikpa. Owl Ugle Opik. Pensive Tankefuld Isumatok. Own (to) Bekjende Nsellunaernek. People Folk Innui'ejt. Owner (its) Ejer flnnua (prop, its Pepper Peber Kassilitsok. 1 man). Perfect (it is) Fuldkommen Namaksiok. Ox Oxe Umingmak. Performs (he) it Fuldfb'rer Namaksia. Pace Skridt Abloriak. ("It is perhaps Pack Byldt Ersugak. Perhaps Maaskee -j perfect, namak- Paddle, of a] Aare Paurtik, eput. L sinerpok.* canoe,of a boat J Peril Fare Nauvisenartok. Padlock Heengelaas Parnsersaut. Perish in a canoe Omkomme Kajaunek. Page in a book Side Kopernek. Perish in a wo- "] men boat f Permits (he) it Pail Spand Kattak. Umionek. Pain Pine Annernartok. Tillader Akkoera. Paints (he) Afmaler Arsilliok. Perpetual Bestandig Naksaungitsok. Paint (a) Malerie Arsilliak. Personal, self Selv Nangminek. Pair (to) Parres Nulliarnek. Persuades (he)"] him | Palate Gane Krillak. Overtaler Kajumiksarpa. Pale Bleg Asingarsok. Pert Munter Krelarsok. Palpable Fblelig Mallungnartok. Peruses (he) it Gjennemleeser Attuarkriksarpa. Pan (frying) Stegepande Syetsivik. Pestle Stbder Asserorterut. Pane Rude Igalaksak. Pew Kirkestol Ivksiavik. Paper Papiir fPapire (Dan.) Phrase Phrase Okauzek. 1 erruktoriurseet. Picks (the bird) Pikker Ikkuksiok. Parcel Pakke Imutak. Pickles (he) it Salter Tarajorpa. Parchment Pergament Unnek. Picture Malerie Arsilliak. Parsley Petersillie fNaursut, naut- Piece Stykke Asserkoko. Parsnip Pastinak | ieset. ("Nalengnek Gu- Part (to) Adskilles Aumgnek. Piety Gudsfrygt 1 dimut. Pass Gaae Ingerdlanek. Pig Griis Polekerak (N.B.) Path Stie Akkosiningoak. Pigeon Due Due (Dan.) Patience Taalmodighed Illelarnek. Pike of a soldier Spyd Sekko. Paw Kloe Kukkik. fAkit, v. akisin- Pays (he) it Betaler Akkillerpa. Pillow Hovedpude ^ goak. Pay Betaling Akkiksak. jllisimarsok Pea vErt JErte (Dan.) Pilot Lods I (N.B.) Peace Fred Erkriksinek. Pin Naal Kukkilit. Pear, apple Paere, IEb\e Paurnarsoak. Pincers Tang Pyssugutik. Perches (the } bird) J Ssetter sig Mipok. Pinches (he) him Kniber Pyssukpa. : Pines (he) Taeres Uinggerupok. * Perhaps, ' nerpok." itGrr.^r:^^^^: ^ ^<^ >^-«: >^^at v^~t.<*j >m»^* ■■ ^s^sk ^~^. ■ ^g DANISH, AND ESQUIMAUX LANGUAGES. 79 ENGLISH. Pious Pipe for smoking Pit Pitch (to) Pitcher Pity Place Plain Plains (he) it Plank Plants (he) it Plate Play (to) with cards Pleasant Pleases (it) him If thou please Pleasure Plenty Plows (he) it Plum, pear, &c Point of land Poison Polite Pomatum Pond Poop of a ship Poor Pork Port Postpones (he) it Pot Potatoes Pound Pours (he) it Powder Power Practice Prate Pray Prayer Prayer-book Preach DANISH. Gudfrytig Pibe Hul Styrte Leerkrukke Medlidenhed Plads Slette Jevner Planke Planter Plade Spille Fornoyelig Behager Em du behager Fombyelse Maengde Plbyer Blomme, paere Nses Gift Hoflig Pomade Park Bagstavn Fattig Flesk Port Opsaetter Potte Vrartofler Pund Udgyder Krudt Magt Vane Prat Bede Bon Bonnebog Praeke ESQUIMAUX. Gudimut na- lektok. Pyortaut. Itersak. Ordlonek. Marrak. Nakinnirsusek. Inne. Narksak. Manniksarpa. Segliligarsoak. Ikursorpa. Singartugak. Innuarnek. Nuennersok. Nuennera. Piomaguit. Tipejtsut. Kbc. Kreporkarpa. Paurnarsoak. Nouk. Tokonartok. Innuksiarnersok. Tennirsut. Tessingoak. Akko. Peetsok. Poleke. Isertarsirksoak. Kakugorpa. Iga. Nautjeaet. Urssersaut. Koi'a. Paursaet. Pirsaut. Illerkok. Okallektarnek. Tuksiarnek. Tuksiaut. fTuksiautit(plur 1 of tuksiaut). Okallungnek. ENGLISH. Precipice Preface Prefers (he) it Prepare one's self Present (to) Present (a) Present(to give a) Presently Preserves Press Plover, bird Presume Pretence Pretend Pretension Prevalent (it is) Prevents (it) Price Pride Prince DANISH. Bratning Fortale Foretrokke Lave sig til Foraere Foraering Foraere Strax Syltetby Presse Brokfugl Formode Paaskud Foregive Fordring Overlegen Forekommer Priis Stolthed Prinds Prints (he) it Trykker Princess Prindsesse Prison Faengsel Privy, a house Privet Prize Priis Produces (he) it Fremstiller Produce Frugt Progress Fremskridt Promise Lavte Promotes (he) it Fremhjelper Proof Prove Property Eyendom Propriety Egenskab Prosperity Held Protection Beskvttelse Proud Stolt Provokes(he) him Fortorne Prunes Blommer Publican Tolder Puff Er opblaest Pull in a boat Roe. ESQUIMAUX. Imnak. Siulerkot. Ajunginenotipa. Pilersarnek. Tunnirsinek. Tunnirsut. Tunnirsinek. Erngeinak. Torkugak (N.B.) Nakkrittaut. Kajordlek. Isumakarnek. Pajtsisiksak. {Pajtsisiksarsi- ornek. Pekkorsinek. Sualukpok. Akkornotavok. Akke. Makkittarsusek. fRongim ernera, I v. erkardlia. Nakkrittarpa. fRongib pannia, 1 v. erkardlia. Parnsersorfik. Anatarfik. Akke. Nulsipa. Kinguniksak. Agdliartornek. Unnersugak. Ikiorpa. Okattarut. Pigirsak. Kannong esusek. Pidluarnek. Igdlersornek. Makkittarsok. Ningeksarpa. Paurnaet. fTunnirsutinnik I kattersoirsok. Pudlekpok. Epunek. I ft I ■ k ) I " ■ •■ I % I ■; ' ' ■■' I'll 80 VOCABULARY OF THE ENGLISH, ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. Pulpit Prsekestoel Okalluktarfik. Raw (it is) Raa Ajpavok. Pump Pompe Miluartok. Rays (the sun) Straaler Nuersorpok. Punish Straffe Pitlarnek. Razor Ragekniv Ungiaut. Purchase Kjbbe Pissiniarnek. Reach it (Lat.~| Raek hid ! Kai'rsuk ! Pure Reen Errbitok. cedo !) J Purpose Forsset Piomarsak. Reads (he) Leeser Attuarpok. Purses (he) it Renser Ervkrejarpa. Ready (it is) Fserdig Piarserpok. Pursues (he) him Forfolger Mallersorpa. Reason Fornuft Silla. Push (to) Anstrsenge Aksorornek. Receives (he) it Modtager Pia. Put Lsegge lllirsinek. Recently Nyligen Tersa tava. Putrid Raaden Mikiak. Reckon Regne Kissitsinek. Puzzles (it) him Bembyer Erdlokotipa. Reckoning Regning Kissitsisit. Quality Beskaffenhed Kannong-esusek. Recollects (he) it Erindrer Erka'ia. Quantity Stbrrelse Angirsusek. Recovery Helbredelse Piungnsersusek. Quarrel Uenighed Akkerareengnek. Recreation Fornbjelse Nuennarut. Quay, beach Strand Siksak. Rectifies (he) it Berigtiger Illuarsarpa. Queen Dronning Kongib nullia. Red Rod Aukpadlartok. Quenches fire Slukkes Kammipok. Redeemer Forlbser Annaursirsok. Question Spbrgsmaal Apersut. Redemption Forlbsning Annaut. Quick Hurtig Akunit ! Redresses (he) it Retter Ajunginerrotipa. Quiet (to be) Tie stille Nipangernek. Reef Rif Ikkatok. Quires (he) Synger i choret Akpipok. Refreshes (he)*] Vederqveeger Nekkursektipa. Quits (he) him Fori ad er Kremekpa. him Quiver Pilekogger Karksut pogeet. Refreshment Vederqvsegelse Nekkursaut, Race Slsegt Kingueksset. Refuge Tilflugt Kremaviksak. Radish Reedike 1 Nautjeak. Refuses, says no Afslaac Naggarpok. Black Radish Sort Rsedike j Regards (he) if] Ikke agte Suksaringila. Rag Pjalt Annoraminek. not ( Rejects (he) him Rage Raserie Sekkunek. Forstbder Ajektorpa. Rails (he) it Omgiver Ungalorpa. Reigns (he) Hersker Nalegavok. Rain Regn Sielluk. Relates (he) it Beretter Okautiga. Rainbow Regnbue r Krillaungursak \ v. nerigursak. Relation Slsegtskab f Erkardlereeng- 1 nek. Rainy (the wea-1 Relief Trbst Sungersout. I ther is) [ Regnveir Siedleinarpok. Relishes (he) it Finder Smag i Mammara. J Rank Stinkende Tipit6k. Relies (he) on it Stoler paa Tunnara. Rapid (the "] stream is) [ Der er stserk"] Strom | Sarfarkau. Remain Remark Rest Anmserkning Simnek. Narkrigut. J Rascal J Skurk C Isumaluktopi- 1 lurksoak. Remedy, medi-~] cine J Remedium Nekkursaut. Rash Ubesindig Sillserutok. Remembers (he) Erindrer Erkai'ok. Rate (of high) Dyre Akkissok. Remote Fjern Ungesiksok. Ratifies (he) it Stadfeester Narkriksorpa. Removes (he) it Bortbringer Noukpa. Ravages (he) it Odelsegger Piorngserutipa. Renew Fornye Nutangortitsinek Rave Vsere gal Peblerornek. Repairs (he) it Reparerer Illuarsarpa. x«srn^"\ r;^?\ n^*'K r< : ^sxtt^z+Atn y;r**<^*i i ^zj^**2?alj.^ DANISH, AND ESQUIMAUX LANGUAGES. 81 ENGLISH. Repeats (he) it Repents (he) Report Reposes (he) Represents (he)l it J Reproach Request Rescues (he) him Resembles (it)) him C Resides (he) atl Iglolik J Resigns (he) it Resists (he) it Resolves (he) Rests (he) Restore Retains (he) it Returns (he) Revelation of-j St. John | Revenge Reviews (he) it Revokes (he) it Reward Rib Rich Rid Rides (the ship) Rises (the tide) Rigs (he) him Right Right Right hand Ring of the ear Ring of the finger Ripe Rise, get up River Road Roasted Robs (he) him DANISH. Gjentager Fortryder Beretning Ligger Forestiller Bebrejdelse Bon Befrier Li°ner Boer Opgive Modstaaer Beslutter Hviler Give tilbage Beholder Vender tilbage Aabenbaring Hsevne Gjennemseer Tilbagekalder Belonning Ribbeen Riig Befrie Ankrer Vandet voxer Pudser Ret Ret Hb'yre haand Orenring Fingerring Moden Rejse sig Flod Vey Stegt Plyndrer ESQUIMAUX. Utertarpa. Perkriksimiok. Unniut. Innarpok. Neellunejarpa. Arksoardliut. Krenut. Annigortipa. Arsiga. Iglolik nunaga. f Ipperarpa, v. 1 kremekpa. Akkerartorpa. Piomavok. Kassusersarpok. Utertitsinek. Illumioga. fUterpok, v. an- 1 gerdlarpok. Tekkordlogak. Akkiniarnek. Missilingniarpa. Utertipa. Akke. Tullimak. Pissok. Annigoutitsinek. Kisarput. Ullilerpok. Arsorpa. Illuartok. Pirseksak. Tellerpik. Siumio. Aksamio. Enersimarsok. Makkinek. Kok. Akkosinek. Syettak. Pejarpa. ENGLISH. Rock, in the sea Rock, on shore Rod Rogue Roof Room Root Rope Rough Round it Roe, of fish Rubs (he) Rudder Rude (a) man Rue (to) Rug Ruin (to) Rule (to) Ruff", for the neck Rum Rumours (he) it Runs (he) Rust Sabre Sack Safe Sail Sailor Salmon Salt DANISH. Salutation Hilsen Salute Salut Salvation Frelse Sample Prove Sand Sand Sands Sandorkener Sauce Sauce Saucy Neesviis Saviour Frelser Saw Saug Skjaer Fjeld Riis Kjeltring Tag Vaerelse Rod Toug Ujevn Omkring Rogn Gnider Roer Uvidende Angre Uldent Toy Odelaegge Regjere Krave Rum Udspreder Lbber Rust Sabel Ssek Sikker Seil Matros Lax Salt ESQUIMAUX. Ikkardlok. Kakkak. Orpik. Innupiluk. Auvek. Inne. Tungavik. Aklunaursak. Maneetsok. Auatagut. Suak. Aggiaiok. Akkout. Naellursok. Perkriksiminek. Merkolik. f Piorngserutitsi- 1 nek. Nalegaunek. fSaliakot, v.kon- ) geeserut. f Sillakangitsok | aukpadlartok. Tytsiotipa. Akpapok. Mangertornek. Psenna. Pok. Nauviaenangitsok Tingerdlaut. Kivgak. Ekalluk. fTarajok (adject. I tarajornitsok). flnnudluarkorsi- nek. Annaursinek. Missiligut. Siorak. Innu'ilak. Missugutiksak. f Innuksisiman- 1 gitsok. Annaursirsok. Pillektout. 82 VOCABULARY OF THE ENGLISH, llf!llKMI,|li| Ml* WW hr. ii«:i< ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. Says (he) Scale Siger Vsegt Okarpok. Uissersaut. Sennight Uge fSabbatik akku- ) nersek. Scales, on fish Scanty Scar Skjsel Knap Taptaursset. Erdliktok. Sense Sentence Fblelse Dom Missigirsusek. Eikartout. Ar Krelerok. Separates (he) 'it Adskiller Auikpa. Scarce School Sjelden Skole Erdlingnartok. Iliniarfik. Serious Sermon Alvorlig Prsediken Illungersortok. Okalluzek. Schoolfellow Skolekammerat Iliniarkate. Serpent Slange Pullateriarsuk. Science Videnskab Ilisimanartok. Servant Tjener Kivgak. Scissors Sax Krejutik. Sets sail (he) Ssetter Sejl til Tiksiuserpok. Seolds(he)athim Skjsender paa Nauvserpa. "Innuk (a man's Sets (the sun) Solen gaaer ned fSekkrinek tar- 1 rilerpok. Score, 20 En snees 10 fingers and Settle Blive staaende Aulajungnaernek. 10 toes). Sew Sye Mersornek. Scorns (he) it Scorn Bespotter Spot Mitekpa. Miteklernek. Shabby cloth Shade Forreven Skygge Alliksimarsok. Tarrak. Scrapes (he) it Scratches (he) Skraber Kradser Killiorpa. r Kukkillektor- 1 pok. Shakes (he) it Shame Shape Ryster Skam Skikkelse Aulaterpa. Kangusungnek. Arse. Scream Skrige Niblernek. Share of it Deel Ilia. Screens (he) it Bedsekker fPerorpa,v. mat- | torpa. Sharp (it is) Shave Skarp Rage Ipikpok. Ungiarnek. Screw Skrue Skrue (Dan.) Sheath Skede Inne. Scripture Skriften Aglekkset. Sheds (he) it Udgyder Koia. Scurvy Skjorbug Auseluk. Sheep Faar Saua. Sea Hav Imak. Sheet of a table Dug Saliakot. Seafaring man Soefarende Imarsiortok. Shelters (he) him Beskytter Igdlersorpa. Sealingwax. Lak Nakrirsut. Shews (he) it Viser Niptarpa. Seam (a) Som Killuk. , Shield Skjold Erkornauvserkot. Searches (he) Season (summer) Soger Sommer Ujardlerpok. Aursak. Shifts (he) from"] a place j Flytter Noukpok. Seat Ssede Ivksiavik. Shines (it) Skinner Kreblerikpok. Secret Hemmelig Angiortok. Ship Skib Umiarso'it. Secure (he) is Sikker Erkrikpok. Shirt Skjorte Illudlek. Seduces (he) him Forforer fAjoksersornerd- I lukpa. Shoar (shore) Shock (to) Strand Stode Siksak. Aponek. Sees (he) Seer Tekkovok. Shoes Skoe Atteraurscek. Seed Saed Kinguniksak. Shoots (he) Skyder Egipok. Seeks (he) it Soger Ujarpa. Shop Krainbod Niuvertarfik. Seems (he) Synes ("He seems to see, 1 Tekkokokau. Tigua. Short Shoulder Kort Skulder Naitsok. Tue. Seizes (he) him Griber Shudders (he) Skjselver Olikpok Seldom Sjelden Kakutigut. Shuns (he) it Skyer Ingalekpa. Selects (he) it Vaelger Krennerpa. Sheet of paper Ark Erruktoriursak. Sells (he) it Sselger Tunnia. Shy Sky Nyoartok. »>s»iuaar:i ->=£?> ^^^^r^-^:1 y^s-^^^L '. '^g^&^sa^t-^zaBjsaeci^ Sick Side (its) Sieve (a) Sign Silent (he is) Silk (adject.) Silver Sin (to) Since (hereafter) Sincere Sinew Sings (he) Sink Sister, or brother Sits (he) Sidder Situation Beliggenhed Skates (snow) Skier Skate Skojte Sketch Skizze Skill Dygtighed Skin Skind Sky Himmel Sledge Slaede Sleeps (he) Sover Sleepy (he is) Sovnig Sleeve iErme Slices (he) Gjor tynd Slides (he) Glider Slight Tynd Slops (he) it Spilder paa Slope Skak Slow (he is) Langsom Slumbers (he) Slumrer Small Liden Smart Smertefuld Smell Lugt Smiles (he) Smiler Smith Smed Smokes (he) Ryger kangusak erd- lingnartok ka- [ kortok. C Ajortulliornek j (a sin, ajorte). Kingorna. Illungersortok. Yalo. Jvngerpok. Ajtsingnek. Katteengut. lvksiavok, v. in- gipok. Sumesusek. Sissorautik. Sardlirsaut. Arsilliak. Piukursusek. Amek. Krillak. Kamutik. Sinikpok. Uernarpok. Ak. Seglileriok. Sissorarpok. Satok. Ko'ia. Kurksangarsok. Kigeipok. Siniorarpok. Mikirsok. Annernartok. Tipe (its smell, tivka). Kongojukpok. Saffiortok. Pyortarpok. Song Sooths (he) Sore Sorrow Sorry Soul Sound (noise) Sound (it has"] good) J Sound (it has al bad) J Sour Sows (he) it Spade Spares (he) it Sparks (it) Sparrow, Emb.l niv. j Speaks (he) Spectacles Speech Speeds (he) Spells (he) Spice Spirit (brandy) Splendour Splits (it) Spoils (he) it Sport, as a child Spot 2 Spurv Taler Briller Tale Her Bogstaverer Kryderie Spiritus Glands Splitter Spolerer Lege Plet Nipilukpok. Sernartok. Siammartipa. Tuggaut. Iblera. Ikuellekpok. Kopanauarsuk. Okallukpok. Irsaurssek. Okalluzek. Tuoviorpok. Taiorpok. Kassillitsok. Sillakangitsok. Krebleriksusek. Kopivok. Asserorpa. Pingoarnek. Inne. 84 VOCABULARY OF THE ENGLISH, ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. Spout Rende Illulinek. fKapput (where Spreads (it) Spredes Siammarpok. Sting of insects Braad { is thy st. kap- Spring- Foraar Upernak. L putet nau ?) Springtide (at) Spring fSarfariksimet,v. | pet. Stirs (he) him up Stitch, a disease Opmuntrer Sting Kajumiksarpa. Kapportitsinek. Springtide (it is) Sarfariksiok. Stocks (he) it Forvarer Torkorpa. Springtide (it isl not) J Stomach Mave Nak. Kingoartalerpok. Stone Steen Ujarak. Springle Snare Nigak. Stoops (he) Bukker sig Pupok. Spunge Svamp Ermigut. Stop Standse Uningnek. Spurs, of a sledge Opstandere Napparirssek. Store Forraad Koe. Spies (he) it Undersoger Kiglisiorpa, Storm Storm Annorasuak. Square Fiirkantet Koaksuktok. Story Historie Okalluktuak. Squeeze Trykke Nimnernek. Stout Stserk Nekkortok. Stable Staid Nerssutin innaet. Straight Lige Nardlursok. Stair Trappe Majoartarfik. Strains (he) Anstrsenger sig Aksororpok. Upstairs Oppe Kallisenne. Strange Besynderlig Tupingnartok. Downstairs Nede Sammane, Stranger Fremmed Tekkornartak. Stalk Stilk Nseggovik. Strap, belong- "] ingtotheblad- \ Stamp Stampe Tukarnek. Kobberem Aklunak. Star Stjerne Udloriak (N.B.) der of a canoe J Starch Stivelse Kreratakot. Stream Strom Sarfak. Start Forbauses Annilarnek. Strength Styrke Nuke, v. tengek. Starve Lide Nod Pertlungnek. Stretches (he) it Udstrsekker Isuipa. State Tilstand Kannong-esusek. Strikes (he) him Slaaer Unatarpa. States, lands Stater Nuneet. String Snor Aklunaursak. Statues, of men Statuer InnursaH. String (shoe) Skoetvinde Singek. Staves Staver (" Nappariaursset, Strips (he) him Afklseder Mattarpa. | N.B. Strong Staerk Pikkunartok. Stay (to) Blive Uningnek. Struggle (they) Strides Panikput. Steady Stadig Auleejangersok. fTiglingnek (he Stupid Dum J"Sillakardluang- (_ itsok. Steal (to) Stjssle j st. tiglikpok ; Subdues (he) him Undertvinger Kunnutipa. thou st. tig- Subject Undersaat Nalekte. likpotit). Subsist, live Ernsere sig Innunek. Steam Damp Isseriak. Succeeds (it) Fdlger Tugliovok. Steel Staal Sissek. Success Lykke Pidluarnek. Steep Brat Imnarsok. Succours (he)him Hjelper Ikiorpa. Steers (he) Styrer Akkopok. Sucks (the child) Dier Millukpok. Step (a) Trin Abloriak. Sues (he) for it Soger om Krenutiga. Stern of a ship Spejl Akko. Suffers (he) Lider Anniarpok. Stews (he) Stuver, koger Outsiok. Sufficient Tilstreekkelig Namaktok. Sticks (he) him Gjennemborer Kappiva. rSukko (Dan.) Stiff (it is) Stiv Kreratavok. Sugar Sukker \ tungosungnit- Still Endnu Sulle. L sok. U^: >-^"^«-'- DANISH, AND ESQUIMAUX LANGUAGES. ENGLISH. Summer Sun Sun (the) rises Sun (the) sets Sure (to be) Surgeon Surrounds (he) it Surveys (he) it Suspect Swallows (he) it Sweats (he) Sweeps (he) it Swift of foot Swims (he) Swings (he) it Swoons (he) Sword Symptom Syrup Table Tail, of a dog DANISH. Sommer Sol Staaer op Gaaer ned Sikkert Doctor Omringer Beseer det Mistsenkt Svselger det Sveder Fejer det Let Svbmmer Svinger det Besvimer Svaerd Symtom Sirup Bord Hale Takes (he) it Talk Tager det Tale Tall Tallow Tame Tankard Hby Talg Tam Kruus Tar Tarry Task Tjsere Nole Dagvserk Tastes (he) it Taylor Tea Teaches (he) him Smager det Skraeder Thee Underviser ham Tear Teases (he) him Telescope Tell Taare Driller ham Kikkert Sige Tempest (it is) Er Storm Tends (he) him Betjener ham Tender, servant Tjener Tent Telt Esquimaux. Aursak. Sekkinek. Nui'lerpok. Tarrilerpok. Illomut. Nekkursai'rsok, Ungalorpa. fKrennerpa, v j tagusarpa. Passirsak. Ei'a. Kiegukpok. Sengiarpa. Okrillarsok. Nellokpok. Aulapa Ounarsiok. Psenna. Naelluneerkot. Tungasun gn itsok Nekkrivik. fPamiok (not of j a bird). Tigua. Okallungnek. Tekkirsok. Tunno. Nyoitsok. Imertarbik. Uvserut. Mullunek. Sullieksak. Ursserpa. Mersortok. The (Dan). Ajoksersorpa. Kodlilinek. Innukotiga. Kernut. Okarnek. Annordlersor- sovok. Kivgartoupa. Kivgak. Tupek. ENGLISH. Terrible Test Testify Thanks Thaws (it) Thick Thief Thigh Thimble Thing Thin Think Thirst Thirsty Thistle Thorn Thought Thrashes the ox Thread Threatens (he)~| him J Thrives (a plant) Throat Throws (he) it Thumb Thunder Tick (to) Tide (the) rises Tide (the) falls Tie - Tight Till (a) Time (day) Tin Tinder Tinder-box Tires (it) him Tiresome Toe Toil (to) Tolerable Tomb Tongs Tools DANISH. Frygtelig Prove Bevidne Tak Toer Tyk Tyv Laar Fingerbbl Ting Tynd Ta^nke Tbrst Tbrstig Tidsel Torn Tanke Taersker Traad Truer ham ESQUIMAUX. Eiksinartok. Missiligut. Unnipkarnek. Kujanak. Issengiarpok. Irvsortok. Tigliktok. Ukpat. Tikek. Pik. Satok. Erkarsarnek. Imerosungnek. Imerosuktok. Kenariksok. f Kakkidlarnek- 1 otaursak. Erkarsaut. Tukarpok. Yaluksak. Syorasarpa. Vozer Nauvok. Strube det Torkluk. Kaster Nellukpa. Tommelfing'er Kudlo. Torden Iktolarnek. Borge Akkeetsornek. Vandet vozer Ullilerpok. Vandet falder Tinnilerpok. Baand Krelerut. Teet Sukangarsok. Skuffe Amursariak. Tid, v. Dag Udlok. Tin Akkertlursak. Tbnder Arksaligak. Fyrtbnde Ikitsiniut. Plager ham Erdlokopa. Kjedelig Erdlokrinartok. Taae Isigak. Slaebe Aksorornek. Taalelig Arktornangitsok Grav Illivek. Tang Pyssugut. Tby Sennetit. " ' ** X c?%m$m i i i ' ii ill! ill 1 1; i; I 86 VOCABULARY OF THE ENGLISH, ENGLISH. Tooth Torch Torment Touches (he) it Tows (he) Towards the tree Tower Town Traces (he) him Trade Trains(he)them — dogs Train, of a bird Train oil Transfers (he) it Translates (he) it Transmits (he) it Trap (fox) Travels (he) Travellers Treacles (he) it Treason Treasure Treats (he) him Tree Trespasses (he) Trial Tricks (he) him Trifle Triples (he) it Trot Trouble True (he is) Truth Tries (he) it Tub Tumour Tune, of a hymn Turn Turns (he) it Turner Turnip Turnip (Swed.) Twilight (it is) DANISH. Tand Kirkelys Pine Berbrer det Bogserer Mod Trseet Taarn Bye Folger ham Handle Over dem Hale Fugle Tran Stiert Bringer det Overssetter det Oversender det Faelde Rejser Rejsende Troder paa Forrsederie Skat Bevserter En Tree Fejler Fristelse Bedrager ham Smaating Tredobbler Trav Besvserlighed Sandrue (er) Sandhed Prbver det Kar Svulst Melodie Vende sig Drejer det Drejer(en) Roe Tusmbrke (er) ESQUIMAUX. Kigut. Nenneroursoak. Anniaut. Aktorpa. Kallipok. fOrpingmut (to- 1 wards, mut). Kakkalliak. Iglorperksoit. Mallikpa. Pissiniarnek. Sungiursarpej. Pavkit. Orksok. Neksarpa. Nukterpa. Neksiupa. Pudlek. Ingerdlavok. Ingerdlarsok. Tungmarpa. Kiglout. Akkiksaut. Nerdlerpa. Orpik. Kiglornuvok. Urssernartok. Seglokrittarpa. Piungitsok. Pingaseriarpa. Pangalingnek. Erdlokirsut. Seglungilak. Seglungitsusek. Ursserpa. Erkorsivik. Pudlengnek. Erinak. Kavinek. Kavitipa. Kavititsirsok. Nautseiak. Tarsarpok ENGLISH. Twins Twist Type Ugly Ultimately Umbrella Unaccountable Unaffected Unanimous Unavoidable Unbecoming: Unburdens it Unbuttons (he) it Uncertain Uncivil Uncle, father's"! brother [ Undeniable Underneath it Understands (he) Understanding Undertakes(he)it Underwrite Underwriter Undone (I am) Undress Undressed Uneasy (he is) Unequal things Uneven ground Unexpectedly Unfair Unfit Unfolds (he) it Unfortunate Ungrateful Uniform things DANISH. Tvillinger Fletning Sindbilled Hseslig Tilsidst Skjaerm Uforklarlig Ubevaeget Samdrsegtige Uundgaaelig Usommelig Aflaesses Opknapper den Uvis Uhblflig Onkel Unssgtelig Underneden Forstaaer Forstand Forsbger det Skrive under Underskrevne Odelagt Afklsede Afkleedt Urolig Ulige Ujevn Pludselig Uredelig Unyttigt Udbreder det Uheldig Utdknemmelig Eensformige ESQUIMAUX. Mardlullksk. Perdlak. Arssersout, Pinnetsok. Kesa. Ulle. fNaBilunejeksa- ungitsok. fKibligunekan- |_ gitsok. Illegeeglutik. flngaleksaun- | gitsok (N.B.) lnnardluktok. f Ussaerpok (a j sledge). Attesasrpa. Opernangitsok. Innuksiarnetsok. Aka. Missieksaun- gitsok(N.B.) Attane. Sinnekarpok. Silla. Ursserpa. TAttane agleng- | nek (N.B.) Attane agle- gaursok. Nseglingnak- aunga. Mattarnek. Mattarsimarsok. Kollarpok. Arsigeensitsut. Maneetsok. Tersangai'nak. Pekkoserdluktok Attungitsok. Issaekpa. Pidluangitsok. Kujasuitsok. Arsig-eeksut. ii nil1'!'! llll:'!!!!! f% r;^ii% >"s^ »?»^^t ■ yjx/n x* ■ussa^asisxz ■°r**iffrT i a&ssf ^t^j&smmFSSs ■*«3r DANISH, AND ESQUIMAUX LANGUAGES. ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. Union Foreening lllegeengnek. Vault Seiret, Locum Anartarbik. Unknown Ukjendt Ilirsaringitsak. Vegetables Grbnsager Nautseiset. Unlawful Ulovlig Innertigak. Veil Slber Talut. Unlimited Ubegraendset Ki°likan°it.sok. Vein A are Takkak. Unlucky Ulykkelig Pidluejtsok. Venal things Falbuden Nu'isitak. r Pirsariakangit- 1 sok. Ventures (he) Vover Sapepok. Unnecessary Unbdvendig Verbal (with "1 Med Ord Okauzinnik. Unpaid Ubetalt Akkeetsugak. words) r Tipejtsung- nangitsok. Verdict Kjendelse Unnipkarnt. Unpleasant Ufornb'yelig Verse Vers Verse (Dan.) Unreasonable Ufornuftig Sillakangitsok. Very Meget Aksut. Unreserved Aabenhjertig f Pekkoserdlun- ] gitsok. Vessel (whale~| boat) Fartby Umiajtsiak. Unruly Uregjerlig Utereetsok. Vexes (he) him Plager ham Nagleia. Unseen Usynlig f Tekkuksaun- 1 gitsok. Vice Last f Ajortullioroma- 1 tounek. Unsettled Ubestandig Aulaejarsok. Victim Offer C Tunnirsut to- Unshaken Urokkelig Aulsejangersok. 1 koteksak. Unsteady Ustadig Aulaejarsok. Victory Sejer Ajugaunek. Untho ught Upaatsenkt C Erkarsautigir- 1 saungitsok. Vie, at pulling"! (see pull) Kappes r Epukaniunek •j (kaniunek is L vie). Until I die Til min dod Tokytserdlunga. ["Til vi kommel 1 'gJen J Usandsed Views (he) it Beseer det Tekkordlorpa. Until we return Utilerserdluta. Vigour Kraft Nuke. Untruth Seglo. Vinegar Viinaedike Sernartok. Unusual Ussedvanlig Attortangitsok. Violates (he) it"] Krsenker ham Unniorkotipa. Unwieldy Tung Oketsok. — a promise f Upright Retskaffen Illuartok. Violence Voldsomhed f Angutausersou- Urges (he) him Tilskynder Okaukriksarpa. ] nek. Urn Urne Marrak. Virtue Dyd Ajungitsusek.* Use Skik Illerkok. Virtuous Dydig Ajungitsok. Useful Nyttig Attortok. Visible Synlig Tekkuksaursok. Usual Saedvardig Attortartok. Voice Stemme Nipe. Utter (in the sea) Yd erst Anasiksok. Vomit Spye Meriarnek. Vain Forfsengelig Piungitsok. Vow Lbfte Unnersugak. Vain (in) Forjseves Imaglset. Voyage Rejse Ingerdlanek. Valet Tjener Kivgak. Vulnerates (he)"] Saarer ham Ikkilerpa. Valley Dal Korok. him Value Vserd Akke. Wade Vade Nellorarnek. Vanity Forfaengelighed Piungitsusek. Wafer Vaffel Igalaursak, N.B. Vapour Dunst Pyok. Waft Flyde Puktanek. Various Forskjellige Arsigeengitsut. Wages Hyre Kivgartout. Vary 1 Forandre Adlangortitsinek Waggon Vogn Arksakaursolik. * Ajungilak, the primitive of these w ords signifies, he, sh e, it is good, or fit a word for moral j ^oodness is wanting in the Esquimaux lam juage. - VOCABULARY OF THE ENGLISH, I'lll |l|l".».^*. /N^i >^'" >^-^v >-^-tr/4i >^<.^->-j^k ^^>^^. ^^ DANISH, AND ESQUIMAUX LANGUAGES. 89 ENGLISH. Wise Wish Wit Withdraws (he) Withers it Witness Wolf Woman Wonders (he) Wonderful Wood Wool Word Works (he) Work World Worm Worn Worship (at church) Worsted stock- ings Worth Wound Wrecks the ship Wraps (he) it Wreaths DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. Viis Ilisimarsok. Wretch Stakkel Innukuluk. Onske Kiksamek. Wretched Elendig Nagliuktok. Forstand Silla. Wrinkle Rynke Erkrinek. Gaaer bort Audlarpok. Wrist Haandled Arksaut. Visner Tokolerpok. Writ Skrift Aglegak. Vidne Narkrikse. Writes (he) Skriver Aglekpok. Ulv Amarok. Writing-desk Skrivepult Aglektarbik. Quinde Arnak. Wrong Feil Kiglok. Forundres Forunderlig Tupigosukpok. Tupingnartok. Wrong (I am) Jeg feiler f Kiglornuvonga, 1 v. seglovonga. Tree Uld Kressuk. Merkut. Wrong (thou art) Du feiler f Kiglornuvotit, v. seglovotit. Ord Okauzek. Wronged Fornsermet Innardligak. Arbeider Sulliok. Wry Krum Pekkingarsok. Arbeid Sulliak. Yard Alen Urssersaut. Verden Sillarsoak. Yarn Gam Yalursaet. Orm Kopertlok. Yawns (he) Gaber Aitsarpok. C Attanetsengo- Year Aar Okiok. Forslidt 1 akangitsok. Yelk iEggeblomme Tingursak. fSungarpalluk- 1 tok. Gudsdyrkelse Nalegiarnek. Yellow Guul Yet Endnu Sulle. Strbmper Allersik. Yields (he) Giverester Kunnuvok. Vaerd Akke. Yoke Aag Nangmaut. Saar Ikke. Young- Ung Innusuktok. Forliser Asserorput. Youth (a) Ungt menneske Innusuk. Svbber Imupa. Zealous (he is) Nidkiaer Kemakpok. Fletter ' Perdla'iok. Zone Belte Kreterrut. - :l 90 POPULATION TABLE. jH:1:'!!"' ■:! HlHIiil^f ['I'! "Jill Mt»j|| til! ■ Ml ! 'saxeg t[}oq jo jbiox •lB»°X ■SMOpi_\V •papiBj^ -F)°X •sieiioptjYY ■paijjcjy pa o ffi s to pa CD O CO CO V5 OS CM — «3 co o CO «5 CO CM o CO OS CO CO co co — CM CO os CM o CM OS CO CM ■* CO t"*> o CM CO o CM o OS CM OS «5 i— i Tf oo i— l CM Tf co os o CM CO CM O CM CM O CM OS CO CO CO Th CM CM CM — OS OS CO OS ^f CO CO CM I* OS CO CM UO CO co t— 1 1— 1 CO OS Tf CO "O CO rf CM — 1 o CO o CM CO CO CM 10 OS —1 CO CO OS OS ■* t> r- CM CM 1— lO T)1 o t— " CO CO 1— 1 co Tf LO CO CO CO tjh CO OS »o ■— ' cm OS 1> CO CM •O CO Tf CO O CO CO 10 • pezijdcquj^ 'pazijrhsg OS o OS CM 0 ^H «5 rn "tf 0 CO M o 0 — CM CM I> CM 10 CO CO 10 00 ^r1 J> CM CO co co CO 0 CO c-~ Tf p^ O CO i> 10 lO CO O OS CM CM " CM ■o <* t/1 a &3 « S > o o" ^4 t*i < a o, 1 s' ►5 ° a - S -r » 0 c "S.8 2 be e . . a o a r4 as 0. H EQ sS 1 - TJ *s s as J3 < H 0 H ,' :--.nv> ry^i*. r.— is ^i*tfg^->ri,^tfvfiir*ir^' vr. .< .'1 .if f DIALOGUES 1 ENGLISH, DANISH, AND ESQUIMAUX LANGUAGES. S N 2 sa»»ss&«a»'s&®s--- DIALOGUES, &c. ■ ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. Relating to Coasts, Land, &c. Have you seen the land ? Har Du seet Land ? Nuna tekkogalloarpiuk ? How far is the land ? Hvor langt er Landet borte ? Nuna kannong ungesiksiga ? How near is the land ? Hvor nser er Landet ? Nuna kannok kannitiga ? In what direction is the land ? Hvor er Landet ? Nuna nau? Point to the land. Peeg paa Landet. Nuna tikoardlugo. Where is the water ? Hvor er Vandet ? Imak nau ? Point to the water. Peeg paa Vandet. Imak tikoardlugo. What is the name of the land seen What is the water's name ? ? Hvad er Navnet paa Landet, vi see ? Hvad er Vandets Navn? c Kannong-attekarpa nuna tekkur { sarput? Imang una kannong attekarpa ? Do you know the land ? Kjender Du Landet ? Nuna ilirsara'iuk ? Can we sail through this channel ? Kunne vi sejle gjennem dette Sund? Ugona ikkerasakut akkutiksakarpa Is the water deep? How deep ? How shallow ? Is there a river there? Point to the river. Which is the road ? Go before us. When is it high water ? When is it low water ? Can we anchor ? Are you a pilot ? I want a pilot. Are you going on shore ? May we land ? Will you come back ? When will you ? Come to us again. Do you sleep on shore ? Do you come to-morrow ? Come back to-morrow. Come in two days. Is there a good harbour ? Is the harbour bad ? Is the bottom rocky ? Is the bottom mud ? Is the bottom sand? Is the bottom clay ? Er Vandet dybt? Hvor dybt? Hvor grundt ? Er der en Elv? Peeg efter Elven. Hvor er Vejen ? Gaae foran. Naar bliver Vandet hbjt ? Naar lavt Vande ? Kan vi ankre? Er du Lods ? Iegvilde have Lods. Gaaer du i Land? Maae vi lande ? Vil du komme tilbage. Hvor vil du hen? Kom igjen til os. Vil du sove i Land ? Kommer du imorgen ? Kom igjen imorgen. Kom i overmorgen. Er der god Havn ? Er Havnen slet? Er der Steen i Bunden ? Er der Dynd ? Er der Sand? Er der Leer ? #ii? Imak itisimava ? Kannong itirsiga ? Kannong-ikkatiga ? Ouane kogejtsiakarpa? Kok tikoardlugo. Sukut pissaugut? Siulersortigut. Kakugo ullissava? Kakugo tinnissava ? Kisarsinnavogut ? Ilisimarsovit ? Ilisimarsomik piomagalloarponga. Ikaissavit (siksamut) ? Ikarkovisigut, v. aposinnavogut ? Utissavit (tamaunga) ? Sumut pissavit? Uterfigisigut. Nuname sinissavit? Akkago ikaissavit? Akkago ama ikkardlutit. Akkagoane ikarniarit. Ajungitsomik kisarfikarpa ? Kisarfik ajorpa ? Nakka ujarakarpa ? Nakka mauvarnarpa? Nakka syorakarpa ? Nakka marrakarpa? I,ll)ll< ,1 i ii ' 1111' ,: !*•■»! il, ,!| HP |l [Iff III Hip 94 DIALOGUES IN THE ENGLISH, ENGLISH. What mark is that ? Is there a current? Which way does it go ? Is the current strong ? I shall go on shore. I shall not go on shore. I shall sleep on shore. My boat is on shore. A man is on shore. Is the landing good ? Is there reindeer there ? Are foxes there ? Are hares there? Are bears there ? I shall take a rope on shore. Make fast the rope. Cut the rope. Loose the rope. Make fast. Relating to Wind and Weather. What do you think of the weather ? Do you think the wind will continue? Will the wind change ? Shall we have rain ? Shall we have snow ? Shall it be calm ? Shall it blow ? Will it be fair wind ? Will the weather be good ? Has there been snow ? Has there been wind ? Has there been rain ? Has there been frost ? Does it freeze ? It freezes. It did freeze hard. Frostbitten. Are you frostbitten ? Is there ice there ? There is much ice. There is little ice. There is plenty of water. No water. DANISH. Hvad Mserke er dette ? Er der en Strom ? Hvad Vey gaaer den ? Er Strb'mmen stserk ? J eg: vil °;aae i Land. Jeg gaaer ej i Land. Jeg vil sove i Land. Min Baad er i Land. En Maud er i Land. Er Landeplasen god ? Er der Rensdyr ? Er der Rseve ? Er der Harer? Er der Bjorne? Jeg vil fore en Line i Land ? Gjor Touget fast. Kap Touget ! Los! Fast! ESQUIMAUX. Om Vind og Vejr. Hvad taenker du om Vejret? Tsenker du at Vinden vil blive ved ? Vil Vinden forandres ? Vil det regne ? Vil det snee ? Bliver det stille? Vil det bleese? Faae vi god Vind ? Bliver Vej ret godt ? Har det sneet? Har det bleest ? Har det regnet ? Har det frosset ? Fryser det ? Det fryser. Det fros haardt. Som har Frost. Har du Frost ? Er der lis der ? Meget lis. Lidt lis. Vand nok. In gen Vand. Propr. There is way! akkutiksakarpa 1 is there Sunauna nsellunserkotak ? Sarfakarpa ? Sumut sarfarpa? Sarfarkulukpa? Apossaunga. Apossengilanga. Nuname sinissaunga. Umiajtsiara siksamepok. Siksame kivgakarponga. Aponeng ajornangila ? Tuktokarpa ? Terianniakarpa ? Ukadlekarpa ? Nennokarpa? Siksame pittukomarpaka. Pittuta sukaglugo. Pittouta kippivdlugo ! Pittursardlugo ! Pittuglugo ! SlLLAMIK AnNOREMIGLO. Silla kannong — essesugaiuk ? Annore tajmaeginnaissanerpok ? (See, A) Siedlilissaua? Apissaua ? Kaitsyssava ? Annordlilissaua ? Orkomiaissaugut ? Silla ajyssengila? Aputekaralloarpise ? Annordleralloarpa ? Siedleralloarpa? Issekaralloarpa ? Issekarpa ? Issekau. Issekulukalloarkau. Krerisimarsok. Krerisimavit ? Tersane sikkokarpa ? Sikkokarkulukpok. Ingmangoak. Akkutiksakarpok* (pa). Akkutiksakangilak. way? <+■<£' W^'JL '^"^^z*^_^l&^£*£z*^£2^£*Li^£2^££i*L*E2 :*£*£8>5^*SaL'S2®5£_. > '«* ' ' V DANISH, AND ESQUIMAUX LANGUAGES. ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. No ice. Ingen lis. Sikkongilak. Icebergs. Iisfjelde. Illulirsaet. Is the ice broken up ? Er isen brudt ? Sikkoeerupa sikkoeerupok ? Is it frozen over ? Er der lagt til ? Sikkoinangolerpa ? There is no ice. Der er ingen lis. Sikkokangilak. The ice is not broken. Isen er ikke brudt. Sikkoserusimanoilak. There is no water. Der er ingen Vand. Sikkoi'navok, v. akkutiksakangii ak. The weather was bad. Vejret var ondt. Silla ajoralloarpok The weather was good. Vejret var godt. Silla ajungikalloarpok. The weather was foggy. Vejret var taaget. Silla pyolirksovok. The weather was clear. Vejret var klart. Silla alaralloarpok. In thick weather. I tykt Vejr. Silla pyorsorsomet. In bad weather. I ondt Vejr. Silla ajormet. In good weather. I godt Vejr. Silla ajungimet. I think a fog is coming on. Det bliver vist taaget. Pyolissakokau. I think the weather will continue as"| we have it now. Jegtenker Vejret vil blivedetsamme. Silla tajmaeginnaissakokau. It is a fair wind. Det er god Vind. Arkomiarpogut. It is a foul wind. Det er Modvind. Arksorpogut. It is a calm. Det er Stille. Kaitsorpok. A baffling wind. Det er omlbbende. Annore nellinginak. It is a hard gale. Det blasser op. Nektimalerpok. This has been a mild season. Det liar vaaret mildt. Kiekalloarpok. This has been a bad season. Det har vseret uroligt. Annordleinaralloarpok. There has been much wind. Det har blsest meget. Annordleinaralloarpok. There has been much cold. Det har vseret meget koldt. Issekulukalloarkau. Is there ice there west ? Er der lis Vest paa ? Sammane sikkokarpa ? Is there ice there north ? Er der lis Nord paa ? Auane sikkokarpa? Is there ice there south ? Er der lis Syd paa? Kauaue sikkokarpa ? Is there ice there east? Er der lis (Est paa? Pauane sikkokarpa ? The winter was very cold. I Vinter var detkoldt. Okiok issekulukalloarkau. The spring was a bad season. I Foraar var det uroligt Vejr. Upernigavta annordleralloarpok. Arms, &c. Knives. Knive. Saveet (one, savik). Spears. Spyde. Kallugirsaet. Bows. Buer. Pissiksit. Arrows. Pile. Karksut. Guns. Kanoner. Auleirksoit. Muskets. Flinte. Aulejsit. Cutlasses. Sabler. Psennset. Sundries. Adskilligt. Nellinginak. Books. Bbger. Attusekkeet. Compasses. Compasser. Nsellunserkotit. '!| 96 DIALOGUES IN THE ENGLISH, I :!:l ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. Canvas. Sejldug. Tingerdlautiksak. Casks. Huer. Nesset. Shoes. Skoe. Atteraursset. Blankets. Lagener. Tungit. Skin (outer jacket). Yder Pelts. Nejtsek. Skin (inner jacket). Under Pelts. Tingmirsset. Trousers. Buxer. Kardleet. Boots. Stbvler. Kaungit (sing, kamik). Shoes. See before, or isigamset. Scissors. Sax. Krejutik. Razor. Ragekniv. Ungiaut. Needles. Synaale. Merkutit. Thread. Traad. Yalursset. Corks. Propper. Simeet. I wish to sell (it). Jeg vil sselge. Tunniomagalloarpara. I wish to buy (it). Jeg vil kjbbe. Pissiniaromagalloarpara. I wish to exchange (it). Jeg vil bytte. Taursiomagalloarpara . I wont sell (it). Jeg vil ikke sselge. Tunniomangilara. I wont buy (it). Jeg vil ikke kjbbe. Pissiniaromangilara. I wont exchange (it). Jeg vil ikke bytte. Taursiniaromangilara. Various. I want to borrow it. Jeg vilde laane det. Attartoromagalloarpara, Will you lend ? Vil du laane. Attorkoviuk? I will lend it. Jeg vil laane. Attorkoara. I will not lend it. Jeg vil ikke laane. Attorkongilara. How many ? Hvormange ? Kapsit ? Where are you going? Hvorhen vil du ? Sumut pissavit ? When do you come again ? Naar kommer du igjen ? Kakugo utissavit ? Are you going far away 1 Skal du langt bort ? Ungesiksomun audlaissavit ? Are you going north ? Skal du nord paa ? Auonga pissavit ? Are you going south ? Shal du syd paa ? Kauonga pissavit ? Are you going east ? Skal du bster paa ? Pauonga pissavit ? Are you going west ? Skal du vester paa ? Sammunga pissavit ? Do you walk ? Skal du gaae ? Pissyssavit ? Do you take a sledge ? Skal du kjbre? Kremuksissavit ? Are you alone ? Er du allene ? Kissingorpit ? Who is with you ? Hvo er med dig? Kina illegaiuk ? Sumik ? What do you ask for ? Hvad vil du ? « What will you take for ? Hvad vil du have derfor ? Sumik ? What news have you ? Hvad Nyt har du ? Sumik tussaralloarpit ? Very good news. Godt Nyt. Tusseekketin ajungilset. Very bad news. Onde Tidender. Tusssekketin ajorpeet. It is war. Der er Krig. Sekkuaursokarpok . ^'.^^■^/c >-^<2ta: ^.^^-^Ki^ara-sga^w^-^^ g««3gJV- I '~ ^ ->i^S?*£>2&««3S®S£. DANISH, AND ESQUIMAUX LANGUAGES. 97 ENGLISH. It is peace. There is a quarrel. They fight. They have fought. Will fight (they). Are you armed ? I have been attacked. I beat him. I was beaten. He is wounded. He is killed. Where are you come from ? Where do you belong to ? Where are you going ? When are you going ? Where are they going ? Where do they belong to ? When are they going? How far ? Which way ? By water. By land. Stop where you are till I come back Do not wait for me. Wait for me here. Wait for me there. Are you ready to go? When will you be ready ? Do you believe it ? Do you advise ? Why don't you answer ? Have you any thing for me, or any one else? Do you like it? Don't like it. What is the matter ? Where shall we meet ? Will you attempt, or try ? Is that true ? Is that not true. A disturbance has broken out among the — . Send a party of men. I will send men. DANISH. Der er Fred. Der er Strid. De slaaes. De have slaaets. De ville slaaes. Er du bevsebnet ? Jeg blev anfaldt. Jeg slog ham. Jeg blev slaaet. Han er saaret. Han er draebt. Hvorfra er du ? Hvor horer du hjemme ? Hvorhen skal du ? Naar reyser du ? Hvor sklle de hen ? Hvor have de hjemme ? Naar sklle de rejse. Hvor langt ? Hvad Vey ? Til Vands. Over Land. Bie hvor du er til jeg kommer igjen. Bie ikke efter mig. Bie her efter mig. Bie der efter mig. Er du faerdig at gaae ? Naar bliver du fserdig ? Troer du det ? Mener du ? Hvi svarer du ey ? Har du nogettil mig eller nogen anden? Kan du lide det? Kan du ikke lide det. Hvad erder ? Hvor skal vi modes ? Vil du prove det ? Er det sandt? Er det ikke sandt ? Der er kommen Ufred imellem — . Send nogle Folk. Jeg vil sende Folk, o ESQUIMAUX. Sekkuaursokangilak. Sekkolirsarput. Panikput. Panikalloarput. Panissaput. Sekkokarpit. Pan gnekarponga. Ajugavonga. Arktorsartipanga. Ikkilersimavok. Tokotipok. Sumit aggerpit ? Suna nunaga'iuk ? Sumut pissavit ? Kakugo audlaissavit ? Sumut pissapaet ? Suna nunagset ? Kakugo audlaissapaet ? Kannok ungesiksigirsomut ? Sukut ? Imakut. Nunakut. Tersanegit utilerserdlunga. Utakkrissengilarma. Tamane utakkrinianga. Ikane utakkrinianga. Enerpit audlarkudlutit ? Kakugo enissavit? Operaiuk? Isumakarpit ? Saag akkingilatit ? fUamnut kimudloneen adlanmut sumik pekkarpit ? Illuara'iuk ? Illuaringiliuk. Sumik? Sume nellautsomarpogut ? Okataissaviuk ? Illomut ? Seglo ? I kingutigeegungnserpu t. Innu'in illejt kailit. Kivgset audlartissavaka. '" 98 DIALOGUES IN THE ENGLISH, (II-: H, ,| ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. Do not meddle. Bryd dig ikke herom. Syssersok. You ought to change your resolution. Du skulde betaenke dig. Tajma pissengikalloarpotit. I give my consent. Jeg samtykker. Tajmaikile or akkoerara. I will not give consent. Jeg vil ikke samtykke. Ajornakau. I will leave you. Jeg forlader Dig. Kremeissauagit. I can wait no longer. Jeg kan ikke bie. Audlaromarponga. I will detain you. Jeg vil opholde dig. Unnikkogalloarpagit. It is unnecessary. Det behoves ikke. Pirsariakangilak. It is not right. Det er uret. Illuangilak, v. ajorpok. Will you dine ? Vil du spise ? Nerrissavit. I have dined. Jeg har spiist. Nerriraerponga. Bring your friend here. Lad din Ven komme hid. Illet tamaunga pile. Bring here your family. Lad din Familie komme hid. Nulliet krittornetidlo ka'ilit. Do not forget. Glem ikke. Puiorkrennaek. I do not know. Jeg veed ikke. Neelluvonga. I must take time to consider of it. Jeg vil betaenke mig derpaa. Assukiak, erkarsautigiomarpara. A skin under jacket. En Underpelts. Tingmirsaet. A skin upper jacket. En Overpelts. Nejtsek. Skin trousers. Skindbuxer. Kardleet. Boots. Stovler. Kaungit. Shoes. Skoe. Atteraursaet. Stockings. Stromper. Allersit. Gloves. Handsker. Aketit. A wooden or natural leg. Et Been. Neehu — nio (pronounced, neeo). Vessels, &c. Sleep on board. Sove ambord. Umiarsoarne siningnek. Sleep on shore. Sove iland. Nuname siningnek. You must not sleep on board. Du maa ej sove ombord. Umiarsoarne sinissengilatit. I require immediate help. Hjelp mig strax. Ikiorsinga erngrenak. Will you give me help ? Vil du hjelpe mig ? Ikiyssavinga? I will help you. Jeg vil hjelpe dig ?• Ikiyssauagit. I will not help you. Jeg vil ikke hjelpe dig. Ikiyssengilagit. Give me a rope. Giv mig en Line. Aklunaursak kai'rsuk. I will give you a rope. Jeg vil give dig en L. Akklunaursamik tunnissauagit. I cannot. Jeg kan ej. Ajornakau. An anchor, Et Anker. Kisak. A cable. Et Kabeltoug. Aklunaursarsoak. Files. File. Aggiutit. Hammer. Hammer. Kavtak. Axe. 6xe. Ullimaut. Chalk. Kride. Aglaut. Nails. Sbm. Kikitseet. Carpenters' tools. Tommermands Redskab. Sennetit. *?»■' r>v^ r^'K YV ^_^^^ 2£^2£2Li^i£^£ih cZi*M—\ y^! *>U-* ■ DANISH, AND ESQUIMAUX LANGUAGES. 99 ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. Lead. Bly. Akertlok. Harpoon . Harpun. Tukak. Shovel. Skovl. Nivaut. Spade. Spade. Tuggaut. Wooden shovel. Trseskovl. Nivaut. Provisions. Beef (fresh). Faersk Kjod. Nekkre. Beef (salt). Salt Kjod. Nekkre tarajornitsok. Fish (fresh). Faersk Fisk. Nerpik. Fish (salt). Salt Fisk. Nerpik tarajornitsok. Bread. Brod. Timiursak, v. tigek. Pease. iErter. jErteet. Spirits. Spiritus. Sillserunartok. Butter. Smor. Pongnek. Eggs. JEg. Manneet. • Milk. Melk. Imuk. Oil. Olie. Olie. Medicines. Medicin. Nekkursautit. Whiskey. Broendeviin. Sillakangitsok. Rum. Rum. Sillakangitsok aukpadlartok. Beer. 61. Imiak. Water. Vand. Imek. Wine. Viin. Vine. Cheese. Ost. Imuk. Coffee. Caffe. KafFe. Sugar. Sukker. Sukko. Tea. Thee. The. Plums. Svedsker. Kiggutiglit. Raisins. Rosiner. Serkordluktut. Barley. Gryn. Suaursast. Syrup. Syrup. Mamanga. Vinegar (acetum). TEdike. Sernartok. Relating to Health. Are you well ? Er du rask ? Ajungilatit ? Is he well ? Er han rask ? Ajungila ? Are they well ? Ere de raske Ajungilaet ? I am well. Jeg er rask. Ajungilanga. We are well. Vi ere raske. Ajungilagut. They are well. De ere raske. Ajungilaet. I am not well. Jeg er ikke rask. Ajorponga. I am very ill. Jeg er meget daarlig. Napparsimakulukponga. They are ill (unwell). De ere daarlige. o2 Napparsimapnt. - 100 DIALOGUES IN THE ENGLISH, ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. Is your wife well ? Er din Kone rask ? Nulliet ajungila ? Is your family well ? Er din Familie rask ? Krittornetin ajungileet ? Is your husband well ? Er din Mand rask ? Uveen ajungila ? I have been sick. Jeg har veeret syg. Napparsimagalloarponga. You have been sick. Du har veeret syg. N appars im agal 1 oarpotit. Are many sick ? Ere mange syge ? Kapseet napparsimapeet ? How many are sick ? Hvor mange ere syge ? Kapsit napparsimapeet ? What is the sickness? Hvad er den Sygdom ? Suna nappautigast ? Have you a doctor? Have I en Doctor ? Nekkursa'irsokarpise ? I will send you a doctor. Jeg vil sende Jer en Doctor. Nekkursa'irsok kakyssauara. Send for the doctor. Send Bud til Doctoren. Nekkursairsok ka't'le. Is he or she alive ? Er han eller hun levende ? Innuva ? Is he or she dead ? Er han eller hun dod ? Tokosimava ? He or she is alive. Han eller hun lever. Innuvok. He or she is dead. Han eller hun er dod. Tokosivamok. My son is well. Min Son er rask. Ernera ajungilak. My daughter is well. Min Datter er rask- Panniga ajungilak. My son is not well. Min Son er ikke rask Ernera napparsimavok. My daughter is not well. Min Datter er ikke rask. Panniga napparsimavok. Where are the sick ? Hvor ere de Syge ? Napparsimersut nau ? My doctor is sick. Min Doctor er syg. Nekkursairsiga napparsimavok. My doctor is dead. Min Doctor er dod. Nekkursairsiga tokovok. Relating to Vessels, &c. Is the ship large? Er Skibet stort ? Umiarsolt angissimapeet ? How large? Hvor stort ? Kannong aktigaet ? How small ? Hvor lille ? Kannok miktigaet. How many men ? Hvor mange Mand ? Innuee kapsiopeet ? She is large. Det er stort. Angikaut. She is not large. Det er ikke stort. Angingileet. Have you any letters? Har du Breve ? Aglekkeennik pekkarpit ? Send letters. I have letters. I have no letters. The vessel in sight is. A ship. A boat with men. A packet (a launch). Are you on shore ? Is your vessel leaky ? Do you leak much ? We leak much. Are you in distress ? I want assistance. Send Breve. Jeg har Breve. Jeg har ingen Breve. Hvader det Skib i Sigte. Et Skib. En Baad. En Barkasse. Er du paa Land ? Er jert Skib leek ? Leekker I meget ? Vi laekke meget. Er Ti Nod ? Jeg onsker Hjelp. Aglekkeet neksiudlugit. Aglekkeennik pekkarponga. Aglekkeennik pekkangilanga. Kikun okko umiarsoit. Umiarsolt. Umiajtsiait. Umiaitsiarsoit. Tullekpit ? Umiarsoeese asserorpset ? Asserorkulukput ? Asserorkulukput. Nauveerpise ? Ikiorteksarsisukponga. 5^-^^r-^^>r -yasssgg- .^:s*<^>=a«3gara->^^ *k£te. ENGLISH. Jeger i Land. Mil Skiber i Land. Loekken bliver stdrre. Loekken er stoppet. Kom tilbage. Gaae veek. Jeg vil komme. Jeg vil gaae. Jeg vilde have dig til at blive I am on shore. My ship is on shore. The leak increases. The leak is stopped. Come back. Go away. I want to come. I want to go. I want you to stay. Birds. Eagle (vultur albicilla). Falcon (falco islandicus). Snow owl (stryx nictea). Raven (corvus corax). White partridge (tetroa lacopus). Willow partridge (fringilla laponica). Willow partridge (fringilla linaria). Willow partridge (motacilla cenanthe) Snow bunting (emberiza nivalis). Bernacle (anas bernicala). Gold eye (clougala anas). Harlequin (anas histronica). Mallard (anas boschas). King duck (anas spectabilis). Eider duck (anas mollissima). Goosander (mergus merganser). Red-breasted Meganser (mergus-) serrator). J Great Auk (alca impennis). Razor bill (alca torda). Black bill (alca pica). Little auk or rotch (alca alle). Fulmar petrel (procellaria glacialis). Shearwater (procellaria puffinus). North guilemot (colymbus glacialis) Red-throated guilemot (colymbus septentionalis). Great tern (sterna trirundo). Xeme (larus Sabini, larus collaris). Black-backed gull (larus marinus). Kitty wake (larus tridactylus). * Not known. I have seenit in Capt. Ross's First Voyage, and can baptize it KongasemtiUk, viz., « that with the neck-kerchief.' Fugle. Tingmirs;et. Orn. Nektoralik. Falk. Kirsoviarsuk. Hvid Ugle. Opik. Ravn. Tullugak. Rype. Akeiksek. Markspurven. Narksamiutak. Akpamiutak. Steensqvetten. Kussektak. Iisfugl (Sneef). Kopanauarsuk. Radgaas. Nerdlek. Hviinand. Ksertlutorpiarsuk . Strbmand. Tornaviarsuk. Vildand. Kongmuktajok, v. kaertlutok. Pukkelnaebbet Edderf. (femina). Arnauiartak. Edderfugl. Mitek (plur. merkdelineaturit) Guuland. Pararsuk. Fiskeand. Paik, v. nyaliksak. Geyrfugl. Isarokitsok. Klub alke. Akparnak, v. akpartluk. Alke. Akpa. Sbekonge. Akpalliarsuk. Mallemukken. Kakordluk. Enkekone ; Skrabe. Kakordlungnak. Ommer. Tudlik. Loom. Karksauk. Teerne. Imerkotejlak. Kongseserutilik. Svartbaggen. Naiardlurksoak. Krykkie. Tatarak. ...- 4 ' 102 DIALOGUES IN THE ENGLISH, ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. Ivory gull (larus candidus). Den hvide Maage. Najauarsuk. Glaucus gull (larus glaucus). Blaamaagen, Naianak. Cormorant (pelicanus carbo). Skarv. Okaitsok. Crested cormorant(pelicanuscristatus) Topskarven, Tingmik. Gannet (pelicanus bassonus). Havsule. Kuksuk. Snipe (scolopax gallinago). Hossegjog. Sigguktok, Jardreka (scolopax jardreka). Domsneppen. Sargvarsurksoak, Sandpiper (tringa striata). Strandsneppen, Sargvarsuk. Sandpiper (tringa interpres). Tolken. Telligvak. Sandpiper (tringa lobata). Nordvestfugl. Nellonrnirsortok. Sandpiper (tringa alpina). Landsneppe. Tojuk. Plover (charadrius apricurius). Brokfugl. Kajordlek. Ringed plover (char, stiaticula). Pytfugl. Tukavajok. Puffin (alca arctica). Soepapagojen. Killangak. Puffin (uria grylle). Teist. Serfak, v. kernektarsuk. Pintail duck (anas hyemalis). Angletaske. Aglek. Parasitic gull (cataracta parasitica). Struntjager, Meriarsa'irsok, v. isingak. Horned owl (strix otus). Hornugle. Siutitok. Plain falcon (falco rusticolus), Speellet falk. Kirksoviarsuk millakulartok. Eider duck (anas mellissima). Ederfuglehan. Amaulik. King duck (anas spectabilis). Osterboygds Edderf. Kdeliningalik. Animals. PVR, Nerssutjt. Polar bear (ursus maritimus). Bjoru. Nennok. Arctic fox (canis lagopus varietasT nigra). J Rsev. Kernektak. Wolf (canis lupus). Amarok. Hare (cetraria islandus). Hare. Ukalek, Reindeer (cervus tarandus). Rhensdyr. Tukto. Walrus (trichecus rosmaurus). Hvalros. Auvek. Seals (phocse). Sselhunde. Puiisit. Hooded seal (phoca cristata). Klapmyds. Nejtsersoak. Common seal (phoca vitulina). Spraglet Sselhund, Kassigiak. Harp seal (phoca Groenlandica). Svartisden. Atak? Great seal (phoca barbata). Renunessel. Takamugak, v. urksuk. Rough seal (phoca hispida). Fjord sael. (Junior) millaktok. White seal (phoca leporina), Soeharen. Ukalerajek. Small seal (ph. barb, pullus). Un Uksukunge. Terkigluk. Foetus of a seal, or its unborn youag. Iblau ufodt Seel Iblau. Sea unicorn (monodon monoceros). Narhval. Kernektak. Dolphin (delphinis delphis). Marsviin. Nesa. Wolverine (gulo Inscus). Kaeweek. Whales, &c. (cete). Hvalfisk. Arfek. (balena physalus). Finnefisk. Tunnolik, ^rv^^^^—^^^>^ -ya^sgy ^y^aaFT-^Kh^a^-Ta^w^ DANISH, AND ESQUIMAUX LANGUAGES. ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. Whales, &c. (balena musculus). Kreporkamak. (balena rostrata). Sveerdfisk. Tikagulik. (balena mystietus). Bardehvalen. Arfavek, v. sokalik. White whale (delphinus albicans) Hvedfisk, Krelelluak. Fish (salmo rivalis). Beekored. Aunardlek, v. ekallugak. Salmon (salmo scorpio). Krebseriksok. (salmo alpinus). Ivisarok. Codfish (gadus reglesinus). Kuller. Misarkornak. (gadus callarius). Kabliau. Saraudlik. (gadus morpua). Skrijtersk. Sarndlirksoak. (gadus barbatus). Torsk. Ogak. Hallibut(pleuronecteshippoglossus). Helleflynder. Nettarnak. Eel (angulla vulgaris). Aal. Nimeriak. Corriphine (coryphaena rupestris). Borglax. Ingmingoak. Mytilus edulis. Musling. Uidlok. Antique labrus (labrus exoletus). Blaastaal. Kreblernak. Sepia loligo. Blsekspruten. Amikok. Lobster (cancer norvegirus). Hummer. Naularnak. A bee. En Bie. Egytsak. Pike-headed whale (baleena boops). Butskop. Kreporkak. Gunnel blenny (blennius gunnellus). Tangspreh Kurksaunak. Ascaris vermicularis. Barneorm. Koartak. Physeter macrocephalus. Eachelot. Kigutilik. Aranea saceata. Edderkop. Ausiek. Rough seal (phoca hispida). Fjordssel. Nejtsek. Areolated blenny (blenn. lumpenus). Tangspret. Tejarnak. Musca stercoraria. Anariak. Tabanus Groenlandicus. Vandbie. Milu'iak. Musca vivax. "1 Milmarsuk. Volucella lapponica. j Musca vomitoria. Spyflue. Nivingak. Pool salmon (salmo stagnalis). En Ored. Ekallukak . Mya hyssifera. Gaberskjsel. Menningoak. Mya truncata. Sandskjsel Usursak. Avis. Faar. Saua. Capra. Duttn nu ring. Sanaursak. Lernaea. Sililuluk. IVIassimio. Beroe. Uportaanligt. Ippiarsursak. Medusa. Wolf. Nuertlek. Medusa capillata. Nuertlersoak. River bullhead (cottus gobio). Grundling. Ujarangmio. White shark (squalus carcharias). Hay. Ekallurksoak. Lepus timidus. Hare. Ukalek. '■■ ■ t m - * » ■ » *■ ■ ^LJM&k&teJv!^ I 104 DIALOGUES IN THE ENGLISH, &c. ENGLISH. Ice. On salt water On fresh water Iceblink Heavy ice New thin ice On the earth Even ice Blue Bay ice Lain in a kettle to melt Iceberg Small streaming Fast on the beach Moveable by the beach Pieces at sea (drift) Icicle On the inside of a window Produced when water from beneattn goes over the fast ice of a river | DANISH. lis. Paa salt Vand Paa serok Vand Iisblink Storiis Tyndiis Paa Jorden Jevn Blaa Fjordiis Iisfjeld Iisfjor Iistap ESQUIMAUX. Sikko. Sermek. Sermersoak. Sikkorsoak. Sikkoak. Nillersoak. Mannerarsoak. Annardlok. Kaksuk. Imiugak. Illuliak. Kavalerngit. Kaingok. Ivksinek. Navlornerit. Kussugak. Illo. Ssersernek. '^are^w^.^^swr ^^f* ^^^2j^^^i^^2^^^22^^^ Sfi^^^S ifaC ■•■ CHRONOMETERS. Ever since the year 1794, my attention has been much devoted to the practical use of chronometers, both while I belonged to the Honourable East India Company's service, and in the Royal Navy, where I had, when serving under the gallant Lord de Saumarez, the charge of the navigation of both the Channel and the Baltic fleet. On taking command of the expedition fitted out for the discovery of a North-west Passage, my first care was to obtain good chronometers, and also as many of them as possible. My own chronometer was made by the late justly celebrated Earnshaw, and was certainly a very superior one; I therefore took it as the standard for com- parison, with the whole thirteen. Several of these were the property of private persons, who either lent them to the expedition, or sent them on trial : of the latter description were those sent by Messrs. Parkinson and Frodsham, who sent two with a memorandum that their rate would increase to fourteen seconds and then remain steady : a circumstance which actually took place, and which went to prove that they had discovered some new principle, in their regulation or construction, and my report on them could not be but very favourable. Since this every expedition has been furnished by Parkinson and Frodsham with these valuable machines, and the reports on their performance have been uniformly favourable. On this voyage I purchased of them the pocket chronometer 1081, which was distinguished as being that made for Sir E. Parry, on his attempt to reach the North Pole, as well as for its uniform rate. These makers also kindly sent with me a box chro- nometer at their own risk, which could not but be a great acquisition. Both of these performed to admiration; the box chronometer, until we left Victoria harbour, where it was purposely allowed to run down that it might be more easily carried, and the pocket one during the whole time. On our arrival they were both returned to the makers, and being desirous to make public the principle on which these instruments " ■s--™ ,^.-B«iHB^JWBi««ta^-^v ^ ^^~^^t- -. jh1!'! 106 CHRONOMETERS. have been brought to such perfection, and reserving my own observations on it for the conclusion of this article, I shall give their answer to my request in their own words. Sir, 4, Change Alley, May 15, 1834. In compliance with your desire to be furnished with a report of the condition of the two chronometers of our make, which you took with you in your late Expedition to the Arctic Regions, we have examined them with the most careful and minute attention, and find them in an excellent state: indeed, very far more perfect than could have been expected after such a length of time, and the severe trials which they must have undergone. With regard to their peculiar construction, which you at the same time requested us to describe, as you were desirous of publishing it for the benefit of science and navigation generally, we have no hesitation in complying with your wishes ; so far as is consistent with justice to ourselves, and we hope that our communication may prove useful. The peculiar principle which we have discovered is of the highest importance in giving the final adjustment to chronometers, as by it we are enabled, in all cases, to give permanence to their rates, within the limits of exactness requisite in navigation. We beg, in the first place, to disclaim all intention of insinuating that in the mechanical construction of our instruments there is any thing superior to, or materially different from, those made by other respectable makers ; for we are well aware, that all chronometers lately made by intelligent artists, are on the same mechanical principle. But the fact is notorious, that of several instruments made with equal care, reference being had only to their mechanical construction, some are found to perform well, and others indifferently; while nothing can be discovered in the workmanship which will in any way account for the variation. Chronometers in general, as at present constructed, are found progressively to accelerate on their rates, and in many instances this takes place to such an extent, that a new rate is required, rendering them ill suited for long voyages; on the contrary, others have a continual disposition to lose on their rates, and are therefore equally unsuited to the wants of the seaman. But whether the rates of chronometers were accelerated or retarded in use, there existed no recognised or known remedy for the evil, until we made the discovery, which it is one object of this communication to record our claim to. Some artists have trusted to time for its correction; and a writer in a scientific journal* has recently * Nautical Magazine. MW'llitlWt lT^%--<*r-!,^^yT>^-^>|'-r ^-^q^^1^iSS^^^^Sm^^i^)i^&iiiz^*^ 2?&**-Zf*t.:'i- >^r*~c^*L ■ ^i^+g^a^L^cagss^ak^z^ CHRONOMETERS. even assigned the period when the cure might be expected to be completed : but time being no party to the bargain, generally left the instruments thus turned over to its benevolence to pursue their vagaries without interference. The cause, which the writer alluded to has assigned for this acceleration, is the use of tempered balance-springs; now tempered balance-springs have been in use for more than half a century, and forty years ago they were made by ourselves. If time, there- fore, could have cured the defects of the tempered balance-spring, as stated in the paper above alluded to, these old chronometers would now have been excellent instru- ments, which certainly they are not in general found to be. The consequence has been, that the rates of most of the chronometers at this moment in existence, can only be considered constant for short intervals of time. Many years have elapsed since our attention was drawn to this peculiarity, from several mortifying circumstances which occurred in our own experience; and after satisfying ourselves that it was in vain to look for the cause of so perplexing a phe- nomenon in the mechanical construction of the instrument, we resolved to examine the physical condition of the materials of which the balance and its spring are made : and we discovered that the greater part, if not the whole of the discrepances, were owing to circumstances in this physical condition. After many experiments and much investigation, we had the good fortune to discover the means of correcting this physical peculiarity, either completely, or so nearly, that we can now undertake (after ascertaining the tendency) so to alter the physical pro- perties of the balance and its spring, as to make any chronometer, whose mechanical construction is otherwise satisfactory, perform with sufficient exactness for every purpose for which chronometers are generally required. The acceleration of chronometers on their rates, hitherto unexplained in the history of chronometers, is produced by the constant action of winding and unwinding the balance-spring, which, in chronometers beating half seconds, takes place two hundred and forty times in each minute, and it is thereby deprived of a portion of its elasticity. It becomes consequently stifier, stronger, and more stubborn ; and as the motions of the balance (the measurer of time) are regulated by this spring, the vibrations become more rapid, and are performed in less time. The cause of chronometers losing on their rates, is also generally to be traced to the physical imperfection of the balance-and-spring; which, contrary to what takes place in the tempered spring, becomes relaxed by constant action, combined with other causes ; and consequently has less power over the vibrations of the balance. But independently of all accidental circumstances, the chronometer is continually changing its rate, with every alteration of tension in the balance-spring. p 2 ._ ir^-aTv^rf-.Ti^-aiftTr VTi>^^T*i ~* rriir~itfnr fiTj^~jri*> rf^s ' 1 108 CHRONOMETERS. The scientific artist may, indeed, give to this spring the isochronal property, so far that under given and constant circumstances, unequal arcs of vibration in the balance, will be performed in equal time; but this adjustment will in no degree counteract the effect occasioned by change of tension to which we have been adverting. We do not allude in the preceding remarks to defective compensation for change of temperature, but to that gradual deviation from the rate which many chronometers are found to exhibit, and to an extent that often interferes with their usefulness. It is true that all chronometer makers do occasionally produce instruments, which, for a sufficient length of time, keep steady rates ; but they do so only from accidental circumstances, of which the makers themselves are not always aware. They ap- proximate to the correction which we have discovered the means of making in all cases. In our researches on this subject, we have found that the defect in the correction for change of temperature, is amongst the least of the difficulties to be contended with ; and the value of the principle of adjustment which we have discovered has been eminently proved by the accurate performance of our chronometers, which have been exposed to the severities of the arctic winters, in all the Polar voyages. In one of those voyages, eleven out of fifteen chronometers stopped from the cold; whilst four made by us, (all of ours that were sent) maintained the same rates at Melville island that they were found to have in London after the return of the expedition. The chronometrical parts of our chronometers consisting of the compensation balance and the detached escapement, are the same as invented before 1766, by the eminently distinguished artist, M. Le Roy, of Paris, with the important improvement of the detant on a spring instead of on pivots, as made by the late Mr. Earnshaw ; together with some minor but useful alterations in the execution and arrangement suggested by our own experience. We have said before, that chronometers made by the same artist do not always perform equally well, although the same workmen are employed, the same labour is bestowed, and the same attention paid to each. Several modern artists have endeavoured to remedy this defect by means of mechanical contrivances, some of which display con- siderable ingenuity and are apparently very plausible ; but, however beautiful in theory, these contrivances have produced no practical advantage ; no one has yet discovered the seat of the disease, or the cause of so remarkable an effect. We reassert that no mechanical contrivance can remedy the defect : it is only to be remedied by a know- ledge of the principle which we have discovered. Le Roy's original inventions of the balance for compensating for changes of temperature, and the escapement, were entitled, from their beautiful simplicity, to the reward so justly bestowed upon him; and with the improvement above alluded '-<*¥* ^^^^Jl^^^^g^^^^^*^^2i^SiLi^iIi^2^£ite^t^S£l^i2^fiai «b£w • CHRONOMETERS. to, by our countryman Earnshaw, continue unrivalled : in fact they are generally adopted by all intelligent chronometer-makers. We consider that the best balance is that composed of lamina? of brass and steel, when properly proportioned, and worked so that the particles are placed under no par- ticular or partial constraint, which might prevent their free and natural action throughout the whole periphery of the balance. This we consider an important requisite ; for to the want of affinity in the condition of the particles, we attribute some of the irregularities observed in the rates of chronometers, when subject to the rigorous test of daily comparison — more particularly after sudden changes of temperature. There are inherent defects in the shape of the balance, which prevent its affording theoretically the means of a perfect compensation ; but it is doubtful whether other forms, which appear preferable in theory, would be found in practice to answer so well. As evidence of our possessing means peculiar to ourselves, of bringing a chronometer to keep a steady rate, we may mention the fact, amongst numerous other instances, and we do it with much satisfaction, that of the eight chronometers entitled to the prizes for the most accurate performance during the last three annual public trials at the Royal Observatory, at Greenwich, Jive were constructed by us, and adjusted on the principle peculiar to ourselves. We may add, that within the last fifteen years, during which period we have been adjusting our chronometers on this principle, we have had extensive experience of its efficacy, having made and sold more than twice as many marine chronometers as any other maker has done during thirty years ; — the best proof that the public have appreciated our discovery. Attempts have recently been made to introduce glass in the construction of the balance-spring ; and the first performance of some of the instruments in which this alteration was introduced, was very satisfactory. " There is, however, reason to apprehend that this material will not be found to give to the instrument a permanent rate, as one of the very best of them has, in the course of a few months, deviated from its rate to the amount of seven seconds a day : while another chronometer, under the same circumstances, on the usual construction, with a steel balance-spring, and which at the last public trial (1833) was second in per- formance to one. made by us, kept a remarkably steady rate. We may also be allowed to state, that on this trial (1833), sixty chronometers were sent by various makers ; and at the termination, the numbers were reduced to ten, four of which were made by us ; and the extreme variation of each, in the twelve months, was considerably within the limits fixed in 1828 for the reward of Three Hun- dred Pounds. Three of them made less error than our chronometer, No. 1410, in 1828 ; I I I I a ' — tr-mi — «!■> : rf MV^^L-.^^-..-, ^^-^■■-. ^^ I iii no CHRONOMETERS. for which we then received the premium of Three Hundred Pounds. The extreme variation of these five chronometers was as follows : In 1828, No. 1410 in twelvemonths 1.41 actual extreme variation. 679 ditto 0.98 1600 ditto 1.31 460 ditto 1.24 1502 ditto 1.52 1833. In 1830, one of our chronometers was entitled to the second prize, and some others of our making were within the limits. In the trial of 1831, the chronometers made by us obtained the whole of the three prizes, and another was fifth on the trial list. We may be excused for making particular reference to the trials of this year, from the remarkable circumstance, that in all the preceding years, from 1822, when the trials for prizes were first established, a period in which several hundreds of chronometers had been sent for trial, but four had performed within one second of extreme variation in the twelve months ; whilst in this trial the whole of our four chronometers went within less than a second of extreme variation; the following being the extreme variations as published by the Astronomer Royal : No. 311 in twelve months 0.70 actual extreme variation. 2 ditto 0.86 665 ditto 0.89 1 ditto 0.99 In 1832 and 1833, chronometers made by us were entitled to prizes ; and several others of our manufacture have been frequently within the limits prescribed by the Go- vernment, forming a large proportion of the best chronometers submitted to public trial. It has been repeatedly suggested to us, that a principle so important as ours has proved to be, should be imparted to the public, as every thing tending to the improve- ment of chronometers is a matter of national concernment. We are willing to give up to the public the benefit of our knowledge and experience in these matters, on receiving, as others have done, an adequate compensation for the value which the discovery is of to us in our private business; but we hold ourselves justified in with- holding an explanation of the principle, until it either ceases to be of importance to us, or we are adequately remunerated for disclosing it. Government having directed that the public trials of chronometers at Greenwich, for ^-^^l^^^^^L^^^ ^L^^T^K^^ • *T CHRONOMETERS. Ill prizes, shall cease after the present year, a few remarks on the origin of those trials, and on the favourable effect which they have had on the art of chronometer making, may not inappropriately close our observations. Notwithstanding the encouragement which Government had long afforded to the art, by purchasing chronometers largely, and at liberal prices, for the use of the navy ; and the very considerable rewards which had been given to three of the leading artists (3000/. each) for the superior performance of some instruments made by them, yet the general state of the art was much below what was generally believed, and might have been expected. Aware of this fact, and desirous that the art which we exercised should participate in the general improvement, we, in 1818, addressed a letter to J. W. Croker, Esq., at that time Secretary to the Admiralty, respectfully suggesting that Government might further and most essentially aid the progress of the art, by giving frequent and small rewards to ingenious workmen who made instruments that actually performed well, without refer- ence to the principles on which they were constructed. The public trials at the Royal Observatory commenced in 1820, and the performance of the chronometers on the first trial proved the correctness of the opinion which we had formed as to the general state of the art of chronometer making. The prizes of 300/. and 200/. were that year adjudged to chronometers which Government would not at the present time purchase at any price. Several of the chronometers which we sent on trial in the various scientific ex- peditions to the Polar Seas and towards the Equator, having performed satisfactorily, we sent some of our experimental chronometers to Greenwich on trial, a few years after the public trials were first established ; and the opportunity thus afforded us of having the effect of our successive alterations tested by daily observation, enabled us to deter- many minute sources of error, which we should otherwise most probably never have discovered. The opportunity, too, of returning for trial chronometers which, having performed unsatisfactorily we had endeavoured to improve, gradually led us to the discovery of the principle which enables us now to control at pleasure, and to counteract, any general tendency in chronometers to deviate from their rates. We are, Sir, Yours, respectfully, PARKINSON & FRODSHAM. To Capt. Sir John Ross, R.N., Sfc. fyc. fyc. '~ m**^% m\ FJ^^R^J'-ur 112 CHRONOMETERS. Those who have perused the above statement from Messrs. Parkinson and Frodsham, and are at all interested in the improvement of navigation, cannot but be desirous that a fair trial should be given to this important discovery ; and if it is found that chronometers which are the production of respectable artisans, and which from causes hitherto unknown deviate from their rates, so as to be comparatively useless, can be cor- rected by the application of their principle, so as to become sufficiently perfect for the purposes of navigation, by maintaining the uniform rate within the limits prescribed by Government, no one will deny, that this important discovery should be made public, and that such discovery is fully entitled to a liberal compensation ; and I cannot con- clude this article without recommending it to the serious attention of those whose duty it is to inquire into and reward merit. Mr. Murray, a very respectable chronometer-maker of London, being desirous to establish the excellent going of his chronometers, sent No. 620 eight day, 634 two day, and 558 one day, all box chronometers, which could not be a great acquisition to us; and it is but justice to say that they were excellent instruments, for although they all gained at first, they obtained a constant rate, from which they did not deviate whilst in my possession. I regret much that it was not in my power to bring them home, as I have no doubt they would have been found perfect, with the exception of one which met with an accident. In addition to No. 571, box chronometer, and of 1081 for the pocket, of Parkinson and Frodsham I purchased No. 418, pocket chronometer, of Barraud, which I knew to be good, having it formerly in my possession ; but the main spring gave way soon after we sailed, which reduced my number to five. These were under the charge of Commander Ross, until July, 1831, after which they were all under my own care, and the only two that were brought home were those by Parkinson and Frodsham. PtS^^^rs^^r^lK^jr ^a*^caFr^Kfegarer^^<^ j»«gM^B^^Mr^MMBaMaMa«iii^^Yrriri(7ryiiW7ai'^i^Aia^ji^aasaUi^ji «MAJJM^ADlH AURORA BOREALIS. NEW THEORY. Many theories have been proposed during the last century, to account for the nature and appearance of this beautiful pheno- menon, but to each of these, and to all, objections have been made, that I think cannot be justly applied to the following, which has been founded on a long series of observations made carefully by myself on this interesting subject, and under circumstances pecu- liarly advantageous. Before I proceeded on my voyage of 1818, my attention was directed to the phenomenon of the Aurora by the late Dr. Wollaston, who had collected, with great pains, much information on the subject, which he kindly transmitted to me, as well as his own observations, from which, however, he came to no other con- clusion than a supposition that " the Aurora was beyond the atmosphere of the earth." As the expedition which I commanded in 1818 did not winter in the Arctic Regions, my observations during that voyage were confined to the months of September and October, during which time the ships were moving in a southerly direction from the Q ^ - ^,.-^-. ^ w ~ ^O^^^^^g^B^.r-^.^. ^-^~-^r.-L. ■ ^ ^^^^^^^3— *■* AURORA BOREALIS. intervene, either above or below the point of incidence, the pheno- menon will disappear. When the rays of the sun are reflected from a vast plain of icy substance to stationary and to us invisible clouds, it follows that the Aurora will remain a long time without changing, the rays being then reflected as from a circular or globular mirror, the angle of incidence and reflection remaining the same ; but the moment that these rays arrive (by the earth's rotation) at water, or at some non- reflecting substance or surface, the Aurora suddenly disappears, as it does by an intervening cloud, which is a fact I have had con- firmed by many observations. With regard to the action of the Aurora on the magnetic needle, I need only say, that in common with every other kind of light, it has the property of affecting the needle or combining with mag- netism. The effects of the Aurora on the needle were the same as the sudden approach of a naked candle, or when the light of a lamp was concentrated by a lens on the needle delicately suspended at a distance of eighty-four yards : an experiment which I repeatedly tried at Sheriff's harbour. With regard to electricity, it is notorious that there is less in the Arctic Regions than in any other place ; and, during my first voyage, the electrometer was never moved by the electric fluid, although often tried. The position of the Aurora Borealis in the heavens, depends much on the depression of the sun below the horizon of the spec- tator, on its bearings, and on the nature of the surface which first receives the sun's rays, at the point of incidence, which if uneven will produce the capra saltans, or merry dancers; if the surface is ■<4T-. »>^ '< r^-^M yr^^.K >^-^a: yis-i/y. ^wawwyg £d£ AURORA BOREALIS. 117 even it will produce the irabs, or beam, provided the illuminated cloud is tranquil, but if not it will produce the sagitta, or faces (pencil rays, or torch) ; and if the rays are conveyed from thence by a second reflection, which is very often the case, the bothinia, or cave, will appear with the pencil rays ascending ; the corona and pithicB depend also on the shape of the clouds as well as their positive and negative qualities. The colours of the Aurora depend on several circumstances : First, on the colours of the objects which originally receive the sun's rays at the incidental point. Secondly, on the state and qualities of the atmosphere, through which the reflected rays pass before they reach the clouds which they are to illuminate, and thereby render visible to the spectator not only the clouds themselves, but the various colours which the rays have then assumed. Thirdly, by the nature and composition of the cloud itself; however, it is most probable that the colour depends oftener or more materially on the colour of the objects which first receive the sun's rays at the incidental point, from whence they proceed by the laws of reflec- tion, according to the various oblique directions of that surface ; since the observations of Captain Cook, and other antarctic navigators, represent that the Aurora Australis has always " a clear white light," and that no coloured ice has been observed in the antarctic regions ; while, on the contrary, ice of every colour has been observed by myself and others to exist in great abund ance in the Arctic Regions. The reason that the Aurora is not always visible, is evidently because the sky near the pole is often cloudy and foggy, particu- " — • 118 AURORA BOREALIS. larly in the spring and autumn, and when it is considered that the Aurora cannot be visible unless the atmosphere is clear on both sides of the pole in the direction of the sun, it will appear probable that it does not often happen ; and in summer of course the Aurora cannot be seen in latitudes where the sun is then above the horizon below the pole, but I have often observed an appearance in the sky resembling the pencil rays of an aurora, with the exception that the illumination of the clouds was overpowered by the light of the day ; and as the sun was then always in opposition to the north- ward, I can have no doubt but that this phenomenon was an aurora, caused by the rays of the sun reflected from the circumpolar moun- tains of ice to the clouds: and I may add, that this appearance has been noticed by several navigators of the Polar Regions. The noise of the Aurora, described by some as resembling a silken flag exposed to a fresh breeze, and by others as that of a rushing noise like fireworks playing off, was never heard or observed, on any of the recent Arctic voyages, and it may be concluded that such a noise does not take place in these regions : if, however, it is insisted upon to be the fact in more southern latitudes, it may probably be occasioned by the combination of the Aurora with electric matter, which is not found in the north. Since this paper was read at that excellent institution, the British Association for the advancement of Science, I have had the satisfaction of learning that several of its most distinguished members had made observations corroborative of my theory ; among which I may mention those of W. L. Wharton, Esq., of Dryburn, Durham, who has kindly transmitted to me the copy rty^^C ^>^^>< ^^^f< ys^.K y^^iyiN^^-j^^^^^ : ^^r $&Bsim&-w!a?m AURORA BOREALIS. of an article he wrote in the Durham Advertiser, November, 1830. In this case, the Aurora was seen at eleven, p. m., when it was considerably to the westward of north at twelve (midnight), the summit of the luminous arch was due north. He adds, " Those who may have remarked the radiations of the Aurora have probably been struck by their similarity to those beams of light which radiate from the sun when partially observed by a cloudy atmo- sphere. They may also have observed with us that the radiations for the most part appear to proceed from that spot under the horizon in which the sun would be seen, if not concealed by the body of the earth, and that the summits of the accompanying- arches of light are always seen directly above the same spot. Is it not then possible that the phenomena of the Aurora may origi- nate in the light of the sun refracted at an immense elevation above us, after glancing over the nebulous strata of a distant part of the earth's atmosphere ?" — In like manner, the registers of the Aurora in all the recent voyages to the Polar Regions corroborate my theory, although different conclusions, or conjectures, were hazarded respecting its nature and origin, and to which I must refer my readers as they are too numerous for insertion. I may conclude by adding, that my theory has been submitted to the celebrated Professor Schumacher and others, who made no objections to it. JOHN ROSS. ^^^^^.^-viTO^^-. ^.A*l&JMMEjy^JLILia£g^ 120 AURORA BOREALI9. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. A — The sun as at the Equinox. B B — The points of incidence. D D — Positions of the spectators. C C — Clouds rendered visible by the reflected rays. E — The earth as at the Equinox. F F — The rays of the sun. This diagram represents the sun's rays acting on the icy or snow- covered part of the earth, and being reflected over the poles reach clouds which are rendered visible by illumination; and having themselves reflecting qualities, distribute them upwards, down- wards, or in any other direction, and owing to the rotation of the earth, are changing or steadfast according to the nature of the surface at the incidental point which first receives the rays. T^rT" >j i- — in^ r>^«yi >-M»«^gs«E^r ysr i^--.^ *» KBE3ffl^g '' ir~r*h ri-~«ft' . NATURAL HISTORY. " fc-Mnnri rfr» — «T->-'rf-.>— nrrv 4~*—*;l 4i *»—^-h r >^~ia r> r»~in riWaMam* m, iii ii ■ ii Sfctwfatfr^'K^c y^iHsagiL-^ajgstgife-' >sa?s*gsag* »sswH^JiBW9wi»»«w>w*fe* /M\ 2 " ^R^! h'\ 1,1 !!'■'■ ' im mi ;*y*gV^^i^>^^^: *^^-^v vx+sf* »»H^^KL y^^fX ^^^V,,^^*^^^*^*?^^^^ s:^ Vft ■ ZOOLOGY. BY COMMANDER (NOW CAPTAIN) JAMES CLARK ROSS, R.N., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c 1.— URSUS MARITIMUS (Polar Bear). Ursus Maritimus. — Cuv: Reg. An. — vol. i., p. 137. Rich : Faun. Bor. Amer. — p. 30. Fab: Faun. Grand. — p. 22. Is found in greater numbers in the neighbourhood of Port Bowen, and Batty Bay, in Prince Regent's Inlet, than in any other part of the Polar Regions that I have visited in the course of the several expeditions of discovery. This circumstance, pro- bably, arises from Lancaster Sound being but seldom covered by permanently fixed ice ; and therefore affording them means of subsistence during the severity of an Arctic winter ; and also from its being most remote from the usual winter residence of any of the Esquimaux, who alone dispute the sovereignty of the north with this monarch of its ferine inhabitants. During our stay at Fury Beach many of these animals came about us, and several were killed. At that time we were fortunately in no want of provisions, but some of our party, tempted by the fine appearance of the meat, made a hearty meal off the first one that was shot. All that partook of it soon after complained of a violent headache, which, with some, continued two or three days, and was followed by the skin pealing off the face, hands, and arms ; and in some, who had probably partaken more largely, off the whole body. On a former occasion I witnessed a somewhat similar occurrence, when, on Sir Edward Parry's Polar journey, having lived for several days wholly on two bears that were shot, the skin pealed off the feet, legs, and arms of many of the party. It was ~ Sjgjfefetf^^^^ 'I viii NATURAL HISTORY. then attributed rather to the quantity than the quality of the meat, and to our having been for some time previous on very short allowance of provision. The Esquimaux eat its flesh without experiencing any such inconvenience ; but the liver is always given to the dogs, and that may possibly be the noxious part. The Esquimaux of Boothia Felix killed several during their stay in our neighbourhood in 1 830 — all males. The males are considerably larger than the females, as will be seen by the following measurements, being the average of nine males and seven females taken by myself: Male. Female. Length from snout to the end of the tail 94 inches 78.7 inches snout to shoulder 33.5 . . 26.3 snout to occiput 18.4 . . 15.6 Circumference before the eyes 20.4 . . 15.8 at broadest part of the head 32.2 . . 28 at largest part of the abdomen 65.2 . . 57.6 Length of alimentary canal 61 feet . 52 feet Weight 900 lbs. . 700 lbs. The weight vanes very much according to the season and condition of the animal. The largest of the above measured 101.5 inches in length, and weighed 1028 lbs., although in poor condition. 2.— GULO LUSCUS (Wolverene). Gulo Luscus. — Cuv: Reg. An. — vol. i., p. 141. Rich: Faun. Bor. Amer. — p. 41. Sab, in Supp. to Appx. to Parry's ]st Voy. — p. clxxxiv. Ka e week. — Esquimaux of Boothia Felix. Kab le a rioo. — Esquimaux of Melville Peninsula. Some traces of the existence of this animal in the highest northern latitudes were observed on two of the preceding Arctic expeditions ; but none of the animals were seen on either of those occasions : although we now know that it remains throughout the winter as far north as the 70° of latitude, and is not, like some other animals of that rigorous climate, subject to any change of colour from the most intense cold. r^ -^iitr^y: r»> .^jC_^iJi^^^L-Ji^±^£-Jfc^^^L-^l^^ NATURAL HISTORY. A few days previous to the arrival of the Esquimaux near Felix Harbour, in January, 1830, the tracks of this animal were first seen; and soon after, the skins of two old and two young ones were brought to the ship by the natives, who had taken them in traps built of stones. During each of the following winters their tracks were occasionally seen, and at Victoria Harbour they were very numerous. There, in the middle of the winter, two or three months before we abandoned the ship, we were one day surprised by a visit from one, which pressed hard by hunger, had climbed the snow wall that surrounded our vessel, and came boldly on deck, where our crew were walking for exercise. Undis- mayed at the presence of twelve or fourteen men, he seized upon a canister which had some meat in it, and was in so ravenous a state that whilst busily engaged at his feast he suffered me to pass a noose over his head, by which he was immediately secured and strangled. By discharging the contents of two secretory organs, it emitted a most insupportable stench. These secretory vessels are about the size of a walnut, and discharge a fluid of a yellowish-brown colour, and of the consistence of honey, by the rectum, when hard pressed by its enemies. The descriptions of authors are sufficiently accurate ; but the following dimensions may be useful : Length from snout to the insertion of the tail of the tail . of the hair of the tail . Length from snout to shoulder to occiput . Extreme breadth of head .... Circumference at ensiform cartilage at neck .... at broadest part of the head Vertebrae — Cervical 7 Dorsal 15 (10 true and 5 false ribs) Lumbral 5 Sacral 3 (now in one) Caudal 15 It was a female, and weighed 27* lb. " 28.4 inches 9.8 (vertebrae) 6 44.2 inches 11.2 inches 6.5 4.1 14.5 10.6 13 mrer^i »~T«rrrt-- «tti— rf-i ' r^^-jrfTiB" ri-^nri^a NATURAL HISTORY. 3.— MUSTELA ERMTNEA (Ermine). Mustela Erminea. — Cuv : Reg. Anim. — vol. i., p. 145. Rich: Faun. Bor. Amer. — p. 46. These beautiful and elegant little animals were by no means numerous • but their tracks were occasionally seen during the winter, following those of the Lemmings, upon which they chiefly subsist during that inclement part of the year. It is almost impos- sible to tame them, preferring rather to die than live in confinement. One that came on board of our ship and was taken, although treated with the greatest kindness, its restless and vicious nature so completely exhausted it, that it died at the end of a week or ten days. The Ermine assumes its winter dress early in September, and again changes to brown towards the end of May. It is the great enemy of the Lemming, and in its turn is preyed upon by the Fox. It is 18 inches long, and weighs 5-f oz. 4.— CANIS LUPUS OCCIDENTALS (American Wolf). Canis Lupus.— Cuv: Reg. Anim— vol. i., p, 150. Canis Lupus Occidentals. — Rich : Faun. Bor. Amer.— -p. 60. Considerable numbers of this animal were seen on the narrow Isthmus of Boothia where they arrive early in the spring to intercept the Reindeer on their way to the north. None were killed by us during our late voyage, owing to their extreme wanness ; but their tracks were occasionally seen during each of the winters. They are very troublesome to the Esquimaux, robbing their hoards, tearing the skin covering off their canoes, and killing their dogs. It is a remarkable circumstance, that a single wolf will go amongst any number of Esquimaux dogs, and carry off any one from amongst them without the others attempting to attack it. Such is their extreme dread of the Wolf, that they begin to tremble and howl whenever they are aware of its approach. The Wolf will seldom attack a man, except when starving ; but if alone and unarmed, it will not care to get out of his way. «rr r'trrn rr ^^^^^N^ggjjT i^^sta: : •■"-im 1 r«fc - •~r*i"v*r.*~r-*T.*\r- ^n~-vrh • -^^ >^-^T >^^ ^^^— *■ JV*^V ' f i^~rv ir — rn t„ NATURAL HISTORY. xm country which presents an unvaried white surface, they must have extreme difficulty in surprising their prey, and be much more exposed to the persecutions of its enemies. It is somewhat larger in its measurements than the white variety. Male. Length from snout to insertion of the tail . 23.7 inches to end of vertebrae of the tail . . 36.2 of the head measured with callipers 5.7 7.— ARVICOLA HUDSONIA (Hudson's Bay Lemming). Lemmus Httdsonius.— Cuv : Reg. Anim — vol. i., p. 207. Arvicola Htjdsomia. — Rich : Faun. Bor. Amer.—-p. 132. Rich : App. to Parry's 2d Voy.— p. 308. The smallest of the quadrupeds of the Polar Regions, and has been found in the highest latitude that has yet been attained : even on the ice of the Polar Ocean, to the northward of the 82° of latitude, the skeleton of one was found* It has never been met with far in the interior of the country, preferring to congregate during the summer months along the sea-shores, where amongst large loose stones they rear their young, and find shelter from their numerous enemies. In the winter season, each indiv'idual°makes a nest of dried grass, on the surface of the earth, beneath the snow, and has many passages in different directions from its nest, along which it passe's in search of food. It seldom appears during the winter, but its tracks are occa- sionally to be met with even in the coldest weather; but from the whiteness of its fur, and the rapidity with which it burrows beneath the surface of the snow, it is seldom taken at that season of the year. It feeds chiefly on the roots of Polygonum Viviparum, on grasses, vetches, and during the summer on almost every kind of plant the country produces ; but is never- theless fond of animal food, even to devouring its own species ; and the salmon hoards of the Esquimaux frequently furnish provision to numbers of these animals during the winter. * See Appendix to Parry's Polar Journey, p. 190. .. ^— -^^.^^--^^--^-a^^^-^— ^r.^ ^ ^.-^^r-.-w - Am* IHiiiliUi xiv NATURAL HISTORY. It brings forth from four to eight young at various periods of the year: thus one taken by us in March had four young in utero, nearly matured ; and a nest with six young ones, blind, naked, and helpless, was found on 12th July; they abandoned their nest on the 22d. It is easily tamed, and fond of being caressed ; one that had been but a few days confined, escaped during the night, and was found next morning on the ice alongside the ship : on putting down its cage, which it recognised in the servant's hand, it imme- diately went into it. It lived for several months in the cabin ; but finding that, unlike what occurred to our tame hares under similar circumstances, it retained its summer fur, I was induced to try the effect of exposing it for a short time to the winter temperature. It was accordingly placed on deck in a cage, on the 1st of February ; and next morning, after having been exposed to a temperature of 30° below zero, the fur on the cheeks and a patch on each shoulder had become perfectly white. On the following day the patches on each shoulder had extended considerably, and the posterior part of the body and flanks had turned to a dirty white : during the next four days the change continued but slowly, and at the end of a week it was entirely white, with the excep- tion of a dark band across the shoulders, prolonged posteriorly down to the middle of the back, forming a kind of saddle, where the colour of the fur had not changed in the smallest degree. The thermometer continued between 30° and 40° below zero until the 18th, without producing any further change, when the poor little sufferer perished from the severity of the cold. On examining the skin, it appeared that all the white parts of the fur were longer than the unchanged portions ; and that the ends of the fur only were white, so far as they exceeded in length the dark-coloured fur; and by removing these white tips with a pair of scissars, it again appeared in its dark summer dress, but slightly changed in colour, and precisely the same length as before the experiment. 8.— ARVICOLA TRIMUCRONATA (Back's Lemming). Arvicola Trimucronata. — Rich : App. to Parrj/'s 2d Voy. p. 309. Although seen by us on the coast of Boothia Felix in considerable numbers, it is not so generally to be met with in the Arctic Regions as the preceding species. 'ffifr^^rre > *^s irsrifflii rtf**yrc n ui ?>»«^f AL - 1 fi* *&^&m-i jxss^s^ssLi. ^Wfeyjafe^Jiafe NATURAL HISTORY. The individual specimen from which Dr. Richardson's very accurate description was drawn, was taken by Captain Back (in honour of whom it has been named) on Point Lake, in latitude 65° N. It was a female of smaller dimensions than those we have generally met with ; for Dr. Richardson states it to be a little inferior in size to the Hudson's Bay Lemming : whereas a comparison of the average measurements and weight of above twenty of each species is in favour of the latter. No specimens of this species were obtained during the winter; but it is more than probable that, like the preceding species, it is white during that season. The first fur of the young, as in the Hudson's Bay Lemming, is rather more obscure than that of the parents ; and even in this early state the two species are easily distin- guishable by their colour, the trimucronate thumb not being at first so very apparent. xv 9.— ARCTOMYS PARRYI {Parry's Marmot). Arctomys Parryi. — Sab : in App. to Franklin's 1st Journey, Rich : in App. to Parry's 2d Voy. Rich: in Faun. JBor. Amer. — p. 158. None of these animals were seen during our late voyage in the Victory; nor do I believe they have ever been found far north of the Arctic Circle. I notice it here merely to mention that some of the dresses of the Esquimaux who had lately left Repulse Bay were made of its skins. These people told us that it was very numerous in those parts. 10.— LEPUS GLACIALIS (Polar Hare). Leptjs Glacialis. — Rich: Faun. Bor. Amer. — p. 22L Lepus Timidus. — Fab : Faun. Grcenl. — p. 25. There is scarcely a spot in the Arctic Regions, the most desolate and steril that can be conceived, where this animal is not to be found, and that too throughout the winter : % in - rmi — «T-%---rf-.w--s«r.^- dTA'-^v rf.-fc~~.d~rv rr* r~> rw h*JUXU^iL **& iteg-skl W^ZJL.*^ NATURAL HISTORY. nor does it seek to shelter itself from the inclemency of the weather by burrowing in the snow, but is found generally sitting solitary under the lee of a large stone, where the snow-drift as it passes along seems in some measure to afford a protection from the bitterness of the blast that impels it, by collecting around and half burying the animal beneath it. It is accordingly provided with a remarkably fine, thick, woolly fur, admirably calculated to withstand the most intense cold. In summer it is found chiefly at the foot and sides of gentle acclivities, where amongst the large loose stones it finds some secure retreat to bring forth its young. A female killed by one of our party at Sheriff Harbour, on the 7th of June, had four young in ittero, perfectly mature, 5J inches long, and of a dark gray colour. In one shot by us at Igloolik, on the 2d of June, six young were found, not quite so far advanced ; and Fabricius, who states that he has himself seen eight young in utero, says it brings forth many young towards the end of June. One taken by us on the 28th of June a few days after its birth, soon became sufficiently tame to eat from our hands, and was allowed to run loose about the cabin. During the summer, we fed it on such plants as the country produced, and stored up a quantity of grass and astragali for its winter consumption ; but it preferred to share with us whatever our table could afford, and would enjoy pease soup, plum pudding, bread, barley soup, sugar, rice, and even cheese, with us. It could not endure to be caressed, but was exceedingly fond of company, and would sit for hours listening to a conversation, which was no sooner ended than he would retire to his cabin : he was a continual source of amusement by his sagacity and playfulness, until in the middle of winter, when playing some of his pranks, he struck his head against one of the beams, and was ever after subject to fits. He lived and thrived nevertheless throughout the winter, and died in the following summer after fifteen months' confinement. Although constantly in a temperature never much below the freezing point, its fur assumed its white colour as early as those that were running wild, and exposed to the climate; and although it cast its winter coat early in May, it was replaced by a pure white fur; from which, it is probable that the old males are not subject to the same change as the females in summer. Fabricius says, that "the Greenland Hare is white both in summer and winter." Amongst the inhabitants of Greenland, one Esquimaux woman was found who spun some of the beautiful white wool of the Hare into a thread, and knitted several pairs of gloves ; one pair of which, notwithstanding the native filthiness of the Esquimaux, came into my possession beautifully white. It very much resembles the Angola wool, but is still more soft. at'.i j-^its v-^j>'-c^r^ •'•^^..-^ ^.^^ /^-^■^.^-.■ft^, " NATURAL HISTORY. flavour, although the skin smelt strongly of it. The account of the manner in which the natives hunt this animal will be found in the narrative. The Esquimaux informed us, that at Aw-wuk-too-teak the Musk Ox is fre- quently seen in considerable numbers. It is not sq highly valued by them as the Reindeer ; its hide being too thick and hard for clothing, is used only for beds. The dung of the Musk Ox, as well as of the Reindeer, when fresh, is considered a delicacy by the natives. There is an excellent drawing of the Musk Ox in Captain Parry's Narrative of his First Voyage, p. 257, by Lieut. Beechy. The description by Dr. Richardson is most accurate ; and a very fine specimen brought from Melville Island is preserved in the British Museum. 13.— PHOCA FGETIDA (Rough Seal). Phoca Fcettda. — Cuv : R£g. Anim. — vol. i., p. 168. Fab: Faun. Groenl. — p. 13. Rich : App. to Parry's 2d Voy.— p. 332. Rough Seal. — Perm: Quad. — vol. ii., p. 278; and Arctic Zool.— vol. i., p. 160. Inhabits the seas both on the east and west sides of the Isthmus of Boothia, and constitutes the principal means of subsistence to the inhabitants during eight or nine months of every year. In July, August, and September, the Reindeer and Salmon afford to the Esquimaux an agreeable and salutary change. The skins of the Reindeer supply them with beds and clothes ; but it is the Rough Seal on which they wholly depend for their winter's food ; when all other animals have retired to a more temperate climate, the Seal is sought by the Esquimaux, whose dogs are trained to hunt over the extensive floes of level ice, and to scent out the concealed breathing-holes of the Rough Seal. So soon as one is discovered, a snow wall is built round it, to protect the huntsman from the bitterness of the passing breeze ; where, with his spear uplifted, he will sit for hours until his victim rises to breathe, and falls an easy sacrifice to his unerring aim. In this manner, a party of thirty hunters killed 150 of these animals during the first two months they remained in our neighbourhood ; the fishery for ten or twelve miles *c2 -*— «i-v-«n»Tw «r7»^-y.Ti • *,'tir-ar 'ft' rr~ir> r-m . NATURAL HISTORY. round was then completely exhausted ; so they broke up into several smaller parties, and dispersed in various directions. In the month of May, the Rough Seal, with its young, lie basking in the sun, close to holes in the ice, and are at that time very diffi- cult to approach; but the natives imitate both their cry and action so exactly as to deceive the animals until they get sufficiently near to strike them with their spear. Fabricius says, it is the most heedless of all the Seals, as well on the ice as in the water : from our experience, we would certainly give them a very different character, for none of our sportsmen were ever able to get sufficiently near to shoot them. The natives of Boothia say they are not in their prime until the third year; and we never heard them complain of the offensive smell, which their more fastidious brethien in Greenland are said to dislike so extremely. The blood of the Rough Seal answers all the purposes of glue. The Rough Seal resembles our common Seal, P. Vitulina, the principal differences being in the more diminutive size of the P. Fcetida, its being clothed with a more woolly coat, and some slight differences in its colour ; all of which may indeed be fairly attributed to difference of food and climate. The average length from the snout to the extremity of the tail, of twenty measured by me, was 55 inches, the hind flippers extending 9 inches beyond the end of the tail ; and the average weight of the same number was 199 lb. : the circumference imme- diately behind the fore-flippers being 49.7 inches. The females are larger than the males. The average length of the young, when between five and six months old, was 38 inches ; the weight 49 lb. ; circumference as above, 28.6 inches ; length of the alimentary canal, 49 feet 8 inches ; and of the caecum, 3^ inches. It feeds chiefly on the Mysisjluxuosus and other small Cancri. 14.— PHOCA GRCENLANDICA (Harp Seat). Phoca Grcenlandica. — Cuv: Reg. Anim. — vol. i., p. 168. Egede, Grocnl. — p. 62, fig. A. Harp Seal. — Perm: Arct. Zool. — vol. i., p. 163. Kai ro lik. — Esquimaux of Boothia. Unlike the preceding species, it is seldom met with on the fixed ice of the bays and mlets, but prefers the loose floating floes which constitute what is termed by the whale rrvii !■"-«•> r*^'k"k fi vv ^ .-a*— uu _ A*^^5^iyfe NATURAL HISTORY. fishers " the middle ice" of Baffin's Bay and Davis Straits. It is, however, occa- sionally met with near the coast of Greenland. We have never seen it in any part of Prince Regent's Inlet ; but from the natives of Boothia we obtained several skins of this Seal, which they describe as being some- times very numerous on the west side of the Isthmus, but is much more scarce than the preceding species. They have never seen any of this species on the east side of the Isthmus of Boothia. 15.— PHOCA BARBATA (Great Seal). Phoca Barb ata. — Cuv: Re"g. Anim. — vol. i., p. 168. Fab: Faun. Grcenl. — p. 15. Oo ge ook. — Esquimaux. Is the largest of the Seals inhabiting the Polar Seas. It is but seldom sought after by the natives of Boothia, as it approaches the shores only in the summer season, when the salmon fishery wholly engrosses their attention. In winter it seeks those parts of the Arctic Ocean which are seldom, if ever, frozen over for any length of time. No specimens were obtained. 16.— TRICHECHUS ROSMARUS (Walrus). Trichechus Rosmarus. — Cuv: Rhg. Anim. — vol. i., p. 171. Fab: Faun. Grcenl. — p. 11. I we ak. — Esquimaux. Inhabits the west coast of Baffin's Bay, and is occasionally seen in the northern part of Prince Regent's Inlet, but the natives of Boothia have never seen a Walrus ; and wrirtMnim-MiiwTlTiViWi^lfiri^TirfHPi^^ rfl-MT^inTiy d -■HJLLiil, 4 UL dte5k*B^ Jr^^Jb^Ji^ygy^^M^MS xxn NATURAL HISTORY. although we found amongst them several articles made from the tusks of that animal, they were all brought from Repulse Bay, where it abounds. No specimens were obtained. 17.— DELPHINAPTERUS BELUGA (White Whale). Delphinapterus Beluga.— Cuv : RZg. Anim. — vol. i., p. 290. Delphinus Albicans. — Fab: Faun. Grcenl. — p. 50. Scoresbifs Arctic Regions — vol. ii., pi. xiv. Seen abundantly in Prince Regent's Inlet, but none were taken by us. 18.— MONODON MONOCEROS (Narwhal). Monodon Monoceros.-— Cuv :' Reg. Anim. — vol. i., p. 292. Fab: Faun. Grcenl. — p. 29. Scoresby's Arctic Regions — vol. ii., pi. xv. The Narwhal, or Sea Unicorn, though occasionally seen in great numbers in the upper part of Baffin's Bay and Prince Regent's Inlet, are but seldom killed, from the great difficulty of surprising them when sleeping on the surface of the water, and the very short time they remain up when they rise to breathe. The oil produced from its blubber is considered superior to that of the Whale ; and the horn is valuable. Two or three years ago, several hundreds of these animals were found dead along the west coast of Baffin's Bay by the vessels employed in the whale- fishery ; and I was informed by Captain Humphreys, of the Isabella, that of a great many examined by him, the males only have the horn-shaped spiral tooth. Fabricius says, that both male and female have this horn ; and that sometimes, but very seldom, the male has two of equal size. A specimen of this may be seen in the ii rrv\ ii-h-> rr-ii im-*\ ^.v , d.tm i 'aft 1 i Aftr'^rii '• r.-»r~rfiv^ ir.faTT ri» NATURAL HISTORY. 3.— ALAUDA CORNUTA (Shore Lark). ALAUDA CORNUTA.— Rich : Faun. Bor. Amer — vol. ii., p. 245. ALAUDA ALPESTRIS.— Forst : Phil. Trans.— lxii., p. 398. Lat : Ind. 0™.— vol. ii., p. 498. Cuv : Reg. Anim. — vol. p. 400. Temm. — vol. i., p. 279. Rich : App. to Parry's 2d Voyage — p. 343. SHORE LARK.— Penn : Arct. Zool.—vol ii., p. 392. One shot by us, near Felix Harbour, agreed well with the descriptions of authors. Two others were all that were seen by us ; it is therefore but rarely met with above the 70° of latitude. 4.— SYLVIA CENANTHE (Wheatear). nil SYLVIA CENANTHE.— Temm.— vol. i., p. 135. Lath: Ind. Orn.— vol. ii., p. 529. Saline, in Trans. Linn. Soc. — vol. xii., p. 531. MOTACILLA CENANTHE.— Cuv: Reg. Anim.— vol. i., p. 382. Fab: Faun. Gra.nl. — p. 122. WHEATEAR.— Lath : Syn.— vol. iv., p. 465. Arct. Zool.—\o\. ii., p. 420. One of these little birds was observed flying round the ship in Felix Harbour on the 2d of May, 1830, and was found dead alongside, the next morning: having arrived before the ground was sufficiently uncovered to enable it to procure its food, it had perished from want. It is the only instance of this bird having been met with in Arctic America, in the course of our several Expeditions to those regions. I do not find it mentioned by Dr. Richardson, in the " Fauna Boreali Americana." Fabricius found it in Greenland ; and several were seen by us, on our first voyage, off Cape Farewell, in October, 1818. rr-"Ti% r ^i i r i'¥ii i>"gri fivn fi r-> *i» NATURAL HISTORY. xxvi 5.— EMBERIZA NIVALIS (Snow Bunting). EMBERIZA NIVALIS.— Rich : Faun. Bor. Amer.— vol. ii., p. 246. Lath : Ind. Ora.— vol. i., p. 397. Cuv: Reg. Anim. — vol. i., p. 405. Temm. — p. 319. Gmel. — vol. i., p. 866. Fab: Faun. Grwnl. — p. 117. Sabine, in Trans. Linn. Soc. — vol.xii., p. 532. Rich : in App. to Parry's 2d Voyage. — p. 343. SNOW BUNTING.— Brit. ZooL— ml i., p. 444. Arct. ZooL— vol. ii., p. 355. Lath: Syn. — vol. iii., p. 161. Abounds in all parts of the Arctic Regions, between the middle or end of April and the end of September. 6.— PLECTROPHANES LAPPONICA (Lapland Finch). PLECTROPHANES LAPPONICA.— Ross, in App. to Parry's 3d Voyage— -p. 97. Selby, in Trans. Lin. Soc. — vol. xv., p. 156, pi. 1 (young). Rich : Faun. Bor. Amer. — p. 248, pi. 48 (excellent). PLECTROPHANES CALCARATA.— Meyer: Tasch.— vol. iii., p. 176. EMBERIZA CALCARATA.— Temm.— vol. i., p. 322. Rich : in App. to Parry's Id Voyage— p. 345. LAPLAND FINCH.— Arct. ZooL— vol. ii., p. 377. Lath: Syn.—vo]. iii., p. 263. Is by no means numerous in the higher northern latitudes. A nest with five eggs was brought on board early in July, 1830. 9 fi 7.— CORVUS CORAX (Raven). CORVUS CORAX.— Rich : Faun. Bor. Amer. — vol. ii., p. 290. Lath : Ind. Orn.— vol. i., p. 150. Cuv: Reg. Anim. — vol. i., p. 420. — Temm. p. 107. Gmel. — vol. i., p. 364. Fab : Faun. Groenl. — p. 62. Rich: App. to Parry's 2d Voyage—^. 343. Ross, App. to Parry's 3d Voyage — p. 97. RAVEN— Lath : Syn.— vol. i., p. 367. Arct. ZooL— vol. ii., p. 245. This is one of the few birds that are capable of braving the severity of an Arctic *d 2 9 I * f — ^?%- ■ «r. ,~-^-.-v /:>"rf-> ^n — irnir rrmm7! **!tj2^>>;^^ MI XXXIV NATURAL HISTORY. fish, the young bird is scarcely inferior either in delicacy of flavour or colour to the tenderest chicken : the old ones, however, are not quite so palateable, and smell most offensively after being kept a day or two. 22.— LARUS ARGENTATUS {Black-winged Silvery Gull). LARUS ARGENTATUS.— Gmel.— vol. i., p. 600. Temm.— vol. ii., p. 764. Rich : App. to Parry's 2d Voyage — p. 358. -Ross, App. to Parry's 3d Voyage — p. 104. SILVERY GULL— Arct. Zool.— vol. ii., p. 533. Lath : Syn.—vo\. vi., p. 375. HERRING GULL.— Arct. Zool.— vol. ii., p. 527. The individuals of this species obtained during our late voyage, agreed sufficiently with the descriptions above referred to, except perhaps that the markings on the primary quill feathers are not quite so dark as in European specimens. Dr. Richardson has referred the examples of this bird, brought to England on our former voyages from Melville Island and Melville Peninsula, to the Larus Argenta- toides of the Prince of Musignano. (Faun: Bor. Amer.—ip, 417.) fin 23.— LARUS LEUCOPTERUS (White-winged Silvery Gull). LARUS LEUCOPTERUS.— Rich : Faun. Bor. Amer.— vol. ii., p. 418. LARUS ARGENTATUS.— Safe: Trans. Linn. Sot-.— vol. xii., p. 546. LARUS ARCTICUS — M'Gilliyray, Wer. Trans.— vol. v., p. 268. This bird abounds in Greenland and Iceland, and was first described many years ago by Dr. Edmonstone, of Shetland, in the Wernerian Transactions, under the name of the " Less Iceland Gull," from its general resemblance, except in size, to the L. Glaucus, which he had before described under the name of Iceland Gull. Captain Sabine, in his " Memoir on the Birds of Greenland," loc. cit., was disposed to have NATURAL HISTORY. considered this a new and undescribed species ; but in deference to Mr. Temminck, who conceived that the absence of the dark markings on the wings might be occa- sioned by the severity of the climate in which it was found, he classed it with the preceding species. Its distinctive characters are now, however, sufficiently well known : the specimens obtained by us during our late voyage, agreed most exactly with Cap- tain Sabine's description above referred to. It was found breeding on the face of the same precipice with the Glaucous, but at a much less height, and in greater numbers. It is not unfrequently met with at the Shetland Islands in the winter season, and may therefore be added to our catalogue of British Birds. 24.— LARUS EBURNEUS {Ivory Gull). LARUS EBURNEUS.— Rich : Faun. Bor. Amer.— vol. ii., p. 419. Phipps's Voyage, App. — p. 187. Gmel. — vol. i., p. 596. Lath : Ind. Orn. — vol. ii. p. 816. Temm. — vol. ii., p. 769. Sab : in Trans. Linn. Soc. — vol. xii., p. 548. Supp. to Parry's 1st Voyage — p. cciv. LARUS CANDIDUS.— Fab : Faun. Graml.—p. 103, No. 67. IVORY GULL.— Penn : Arct. Zool.—vol. ii., p. 529. Although extremely numerous in Baffin's Bay, and frequently met with during our former voyages in the vicinity of Port Bowen, one of its breeding-places, yet few were seen by us after passing to the southward of that part of Prince Regent's Inlet; and only one specimen was obtained. This beautiful species of Gull has lately visited the western shores of Ireland. i V:t 25.— LARUS TRIDACTYLUS (Kittiwake). LARUS TRIDACTYLUS.— Rich : Faun. Bor. Amer.— vol ii., p. 423. Temm.— vol. ii., p. 774. Fab : Faun. Gra.nl. — p. 98. Lath : Ind. Orn. — vol. ii., p. 817. Sab : Supp. to Parry's 1st Voyage — p. ccv. Rich: App. to Parry's 2d Voyage — p. 359. Ross, in App. to Parry's 3d Voy. — p. 105 ; and Polar Journey — p. 195. KITTIWAKE.— Penn : Arct. Zool.—vo\. ii., p 529. Brit. Zool— vol. ii., p. 186. Lath : Syn. — vol. vi., p. 393. *E2 v-Tr~-» ^-gta ss^^fies^saas^^sass&safflHsaii-^*^ t~»iV ssww *>■ £fs?i XXXVI NATURAL HISTORY. Inhabits all parts of the Arctic Regions, and has been met with in the highest latitudes yet attained by man. It is extremely numerous during the summer season along the west coast of Prince Regent's Inlet ; where, in several places that are pecu- liarly well fitted for breeding stations, they congregate in inconceivable numbers. We killed enough to supply our party with several excellent meals, and found them delicious food, perfectly free from any unpleasant flavour. 26.— LARUS ROSSII (Cuneate-tailed Gull). LARUS ROSSII.— Rich: Faun. Bor. Amer.— vol. ii., p. 427. Rich : App. to Parry's 2d Voyage — p. 359. Ross, App. to Parry's Polar Voyage — p. 195. Wilson's Illust. Zool. — vol. i., pi. 8. LARUS ROSEUS.— Jardine and Selby, Orn. Illust.— p. 1, pi. 14. Was discovered near Igloolik in June, 1 823, where only two specimens were ob- tained, although many others were seen : it has since been found abundantly on the east side of Spitzbergen, and several pairs were observed by Sir Edward Parry's party beyond the 82° of latitude.* It is noticed here as occasionally visiting Boothia, on the authority of Mr. Abernethy, who reported to me that he had seen one fly over the ship in Felix Harbour. He had accompanied Sir Edward Parry on his Polar Journey, during which it was frequently seen ; and, although unsuccessfully, eagerly pursued as an object of more than ordinary interest, from the circumstance of only two specimens of it having reached England : he is therefore not very likely to have been mistaken. Dr. Richardson has accurately described its plumage ; but the measures having been taken from the dried skin, differ triflingly from those taken by me of the recent specimens, ut infra: Extreme length from the tip of the beak to the end of the tail . to the angle of the mouth Length of the tarsus middle toe and nail ....... Extent of wing, 30 inches. Weight, 6 ounces. * See Parry's Narrative of his Polar Journey, p. 81. 13.6 inches 1.3 1.2 1.2 rr* iiir-K-i t m ■ ~+ it *■ ■ wmm -LARUS SABINI {Fork-tailed Gull). LARUS SABINI.— Rich : Faun. Bur. Amer.—\o\. ii., p. 428. Sabine (Mr.), Trans. Linn. Soc.— vol. xii., p. 520, pi. 29 (very good). Sabine (Capt.), Trans. Linn. Soc— vol. xii., p. 551 ; and Supp. to Parry's 1st Voyage — p. ccv. Rich : App. to Parry's 2d Voyage — p. 360. Ross, App. to Parry's Polar Voyage — p. 195. XEMA COLLARIS. — Leach, in Ross's Voyage, oct. edit. — vol. ii., p. 164. Was discovered by Captain Sabine on the three islands of Baffin, during Captain Ross's first voyage to these regions in 1818, and described by Mr. Sabine with minute accuracy in the Transactions of the Linnaean Society, he. cit. Since that period it has been found in many parts of the Arctic Regions ; at Spitz- bergen, Igloolik, and Behring's Straits ; and by our party as we travelled along the coast, a little to the southward of Cape Garry. I have no doubt that the low land where it was met with, is one of its breeding-places. I have lately heard that it has also been found on the west coast of Ireland, so that it has a much more extensive range than was at first supposed ; and it is the more extraordinary that it remained so long unknown to naturalists. Only one specimen was obtained by us at Felix Harbour; it was shot by Dr. M'Diarmid, and was the only one seen during our three years' residence in that quarter. The Esquimaux informed me that it breeds in great numbers on the low land west of Neityelle. Dr. Leach founds its generic distinction on the forcature of the tail : for a similar reason the L. Rossii should also form the type of a new genus, no other known Gull having a cuneiform tail. 28.— LESTRIS POMARINUS (Pomarine Jager). LESTRIS POMARINUS.— Rich : Faun. Bor. Amer.—vo\ ii., p. 427. Temm. vol. ii., p. 793. Sab: Supp. to Parry's 1st Voyage — -p. ccvi. Rich : App. to Parry's 2d Voyage — p. 361. Ross,App.to Parry's 2d Voyage— p. 105 ; and Parry's Polar Voyage— p.196. Is a larger bird and much more scarce than the common Arctic Jager. It varies >VIBS^J^< NATURAL HISTORY. Is so similar in its habits to the preceding species, that the same remarks equally apply to both. This is, however, more generally known as a European bird, and is famous for the beautifully elastic down from which it receives its name. That of the S. Spectabilis is equally excellent, and is collected in great quantities by the inha- bitants of the Danish colonies in Greenland, and fonns a valuable source of revenue to Denmark. Vast quantities of this down is also collected on the coast of Norway, and in some parts of Sweden. 33.— HERALDA GLACIALIS (Long-tailed Duck). HERALDA GLACIALIS.— Rich : Faun. Bor. Amer.—vo\. ii., p. 460. ANAS GLACIALIS.— Temm.— vol. ii., p. 860. Gmel.— vol. i„ p. 529. Lath : Ind. Om.— vol. ii., p. 864. Sab : Trans. Linn. Soc. — vol. xii., p. 555. App. to Parry's 1st Voyage — p. ccviii. Rich : App. to Parry's 2d Voyage — p. 373. ANAS HIEMALIS.— Fab : Faun. Grcenl.— p. 71. LONG-TAILED DUCK.— Penn : Brit. Zool.— vol. ii., p. 268. Arct. ZooL— vol. ii., p. 566. Lath : Syn. — vol. vi., p. 468. The most noisy and most numerous of the ducks that visit the shores of Boothia. Being a quicker diver, and of more rapid and irregular flight, fewer of this species than of the other were shot. Its down is equally valuable with that of the two preceding species, but is of a darker colour. Its flesh is most excellent food. The peculiar structure of the trachea of this and the two preceding birds, are described and figured by Captain Sabine, loc, cit. 34.— ANSER BERNICLA (Brent Goose). ANSER BERNICLA.— Rich : Faun. Bor. Amer.— vol. ii., p. 469. ANAS BERNICLA. — Temm. — vol. ii., p. 825. Gmel. — vol. i., p. 513. Lath : Ind1 Om. — vol. ii., p. 844. Fab: Faun, Grand. — p. 41. Sab : in Franklin's Journey — p. 698. Sab: Supp. to Parry's 1st Voyage — p. 207. Rich : in App. to Parry's 2d Voyage — p. 367. Ross, Parry's Polar Voyage — p. 196. BRENT GOOSE.— Penn : Brit. Zool.— vol. ii., p. 151. Arct. Zool.—\o\. ii., p. 551. Lath : Syn. — vol. vi. p. 467. NATURAL HISTORY. This well-known winter inhabitant of the lochs and friths of the Scottish coast, is found during the summer months in the highest northern latitude that has yet been reached, but in no great numbers. It did not remain in the neighbourhood of Felix Harbour to breed, but several large flocks were seen on their way to the northward, of which only a few were shot. We found them in greater numbers near Fury Point, and along the low line of coast to the southward, which, abounding with extensive fresh-water lakes, is probably one of their breeding stations. 35.— ANSER HUTCHINSII (The Less Canada Goose). ANSER HUTCHINSII.— Rich : Faun. Bor. Amer.— vol. ii.> p. 470. ANAS BERNICLA, (3.— Rich ; App. to Parry's 2d Voyage— p. 368. These birds arrived in flocks about the middle of June, in the neighbourhood of Felix Harbour, and soon after dispersed in pairs to their breeding places. At Igloolik, the only place where we had before met with them, their nests were found in the marshes near the sea; but on this occasion several pairs constructed their nests on a ledge of rock near the foot of a high precipice ; immediately above them the dovekies, looms, several species of gulls, and near its summit the jerfalcon and raven built their nests. From three to four eggs were found in each nest, of a pure white, and of an oval form, measuring 3.1 inches by 2.1, and weighing from 1800 to 2000 grains. The female bird is smaller than the male ; to the measurements given by Dr. Richardson, which are very accurate, we may add that its extent of wing is fifty-two inches, and that it averages about four pounds and a half in weight. Its flesh is of a most exquisite flavour. ~ «c»j— «-yr;y*5«w ^-ir'-yy rii~irfYV rif~rr> r» ***. xlii NATURAL HISTORY. bn 36.— COLYMBUS GLACIALIS (Great Northern Diver). ■itl! I! ill 111 COLYMBUS GLACIALIS.— Rich : Faun. Bor. Amer.—vo). ii., p. 474. Temm. — vol. ii., p. 910. Fab : Faun. Green. — p. 97. Sab : Franklins Journey — p. 703. NORTHERN DIVER.— Penn : Brit. Zoo/.— vol. ii., pp. 165, 167, pi. 30. Arct. Zoo/.— vol. ii., p. 518. Only three specimens of this magnificent bird were obtained, and in each of these a most striking difference was observed in the colour of the bill, from the usual descrip- tions of authors. In our specimens the bill being of a very light horn colour, whilst in the European bird it is described as being black. There are other differences in the relative measurements of our bird, which will be more manifest by comparing the dimensions given by Dr. Richardson, loc. cit., with the mean of the measurements of our three specimens. Extreme length Tail . Bill above to rictus Tarsus 36 inches. Mean of our specimens 3 1.4 inches 4 3.1 4.6 4.4 Extent of wing 48 Weight 10 pounds. 2.7 3.65 5.42 4.2 58 ■■ii Thus it appears that our bird, though four inches and a half shorter, has a bill eight- tenths of an inch longer, and ten inches greater extent of wing than that described by Dr. Richardson. I should have been disposed to agree with Wilson in supposing that there are two species, and have assigned to the Boothian Divers a new specific name ; but on communicating with my friend Joseph Sabine, Esq., whose ornithological expe- rience is only exceeded by the ready assistance he affords to whoever may wish to avail themselves of his high authority, I am now induced to concur with him in the belief that the lighter colour of the bill may be occasioned by age, more especially as no difference of any importance could be detected in the colours of the plumage. *MflmfcfriqjE NATURAL HISTORY. 37.— COLYMBUS ARCTICUS {Black-throated Diver). COLYMBUS ARCTICUS.— Rich : Faun. Bor. Amer.—vo\. ii., p. 475. Temm.— vol. ii., p. 913. Rich .- App. to Parry's 2d Voyage BLACK-THROATED DIVER.— Penn : Arct. Zool.— vol. ii., p. 520. -p. 376. This beautiful species of Diver was but rarely met with by us, and only two spe- cimens were obtained. It is found abundantly in Greenland, which seems to be its chief breeding place. The natives make an inner dress of the richly-coloured velvet-like plumage of the throat of this and the following species, which being worn next to the skin, is the warmest and most luxurious dress that can be made. 38.— COLYMBUS SEPTENTRIONALIS (Red-throated Diver). COLYMBUS SEPTENTRIONALIS, RED-THROATED DIVER. -Rich : Faun. Bor. Amer. — vol. ii., p. 475. Temm. — vol. ii., p. 916. Gmel. — vol. i., p. 586. Lath: Ind. Orn. — vol. ii., p. 801. Fab: Faun. Grant. — p. 94. Sab: Trans. Linn. Soc. — vol. xii., p. 542. Supp. to Parry's 1st Voyage — p. ccix. Rich .- App. to Parry's Id Voyage— -p. 337. Ross, App. to Parry's 3d Voyage — p. 106; and Parry's Polar Voyage — p. 197. -Penn : Brit. Zool.—vo\. ii., p. 169. Arct. Zool.— vol ii., p. 520. Lath : Syn. — vol. vi., p. 344. , Much more abundant in Boothia than either of the two preceding species, and has been found in every part of the Arctic Regions visited by the late expeditions. *f 2 " ~ «T%-"-«r.i~T«T/> y~»i*~rf-it ' rfita — mtiOmiatSm^SttStm^SM ><*.f!S^<: ^>^^V^U^^.J^ xli NATURAL HISTORY. 39.— URIA BRUNNICHII (Brunnichs Guillemot). URIA BRUNNICHII.— Rich .- Faww. Bo?-. Amer.— vol. ii., p. 477. Temm.— vol. ii., p. 924. Sat : Trans. Linn. Soc. — vol.xii., p. 538. Supp. to Parry's \st Voy. — p.ccix. Rich: App. to Parry s Id Voy. — p. 377. Ross, App. to Parry's 3d Voy. — , p. 106; and Parry's Polar Voyage — p. 197. Captain Sabine, in his valuable memoir on the birds of Greenland, was the first to point out the mistaken notions of preceding authors with respect to this bird, and to rescue it from the confusion into which wrong synonyms and imperfect descriptions had involved it ; and in distinguishing it by the name of Brunnich, paid a well-merited tri- bute to the indefatigable research and accuracy in observation of that learned naturalist. It abounds in Baffin's Bay, and is found in most parts of the Arctic Seas. I have also met with it at Unst, the northernmost of the Shetland Islands, and in several parts of Scotland ; but it has ever been confounded by authors, with the Uria Troille, which it so nearly resembles. Captain Sabine and Brunnich* have clearly marked the distinctive specific characters of this species. 40.— URIA GRYLLE (Black Guillemot). URIA GRYLLE. — Rich: Faun. Bor. Amer. — vol. ii., p. 478. Temm. — vol. ii., p. 925. Fab : Faun. Grcenl. — p. 92. Sab : Trans. Linn. Soc. — vol. xii., p. 540. Sab : Supp. to Parry's 1st Voy. — p. ccix. Rich : App. to Parry's 2d Voy. — p. 377. Ross, App. to Parry's 3d Voyage — p. 107; and Polar Voyage — p. 197. BLACK GUILLEMOT.— Perm : Brit. Zool.— vol. ii., p. 163. Arct. Zool.— vol. ii., p. 516. This well-known beautiful little bird is found during the summer months in all parts of the Arctic Seas, and is the only water-fowl that remains in very high northern latitudes throughout the winter. H*"1 * Brunnichii Omithologia Borealis (Uria Troille), No. 109. MM aa mm +■ "h <&&i2&*£*5&£3t2b) • NATURAL HISTORY. xlv Dr. Richardson has already described its plumage, during that season of the year, with minute accuracy, from some specimens that were shot by me near Igloolik, in March, 1823. One individual only was obtained by us during the winter, although several others were seen off Fury Point, in February, 1833. It was subsequently met with in great numbers as we travelled along the high precipitous land between Fury Point and Batty Bay, where they collected in vast quantities during the breeding season, affording to our party many delicious meals, and proving a valuable addition to our then scanty stock of provision. Several thousands were shot by our sportsmen, and by means of this providential supply of fresh food, several of the men, that had been long afflicted with that most dreadful malady, the sea scurvy, were restored to health. It is not equal in flavour to the preceding species, but is much more numerous and more extensively dispersed along the coasts of the Arctic Seas. I'll 41.— URIA ALLE {Little Guillemot). URIA ALLE.— Rich : Faun. Bur. Amer.— vol. ii., p. 479. Temm.— vol. ii., p. 928. Sab : Supp. to Parry's 1st Voyage— p. ccx. Ross, App. to Parry s 3d Voyage — p. 107 ; and Parry's Polar Voyage — p. 197. ALCA ALLE.— Sab : Trans. Linn. Soc— vol. xii., p. 554. Fab : Faun. Grant.— p. 84. LITTLE AUK.— Penn : Arct. Zool.—vo\. ii., p. 512. Lath : Syn.— vol. v., p. 327. Collect during the breeding season in vast numbers along the north and east coast of Baffin's Bay, but are seldom to be met with far to the westward of Lancaster Sound. A few were seen by us near Leopold Island, and two or three specimens were obtained. r..3l ..-r-T.-h ■4T,m~-i*-n ^*^rf.-» • rf-|-hr~«rrh- *t + FISH. 1.— CYCLOPTERUS MINUTUS. CYCLOPTERUS MINUTUS.— Pallas, Spirit. ZooL— sol. vii., p. 12, pi. 3, figs. 7—9. Fab : Faun. Grcenl. — p. 135. Pallas's description of this extraordinary and beautiful little fish is most perfect. It is the Cycloptere Menu of Lacepede,* the Boucher Menu of Bonnaterre,f and probably the small species of this genus, alluded to by Mr. Couch, in his paper on the " Natural History of Fishes found in Cornwall," published in the fourteenth volume of the Transactions of the Linneean Society, p. 87. It is found in many parts of the Atlantic Ocean ; Fabricius observed it in the southern parts of Greenland, and great numbers were taken by us from amongst the extensive floating patches of seaweed that are met with off that coast ; but it has never been seen at any great distance to the northward of the Arctic circle. It rarely much exceeds an inch in length, and is therefore not used by the natives of Greenland as food, but constitutes the chief means of subsistence to the several spe- cies of gulls which are seen hovering over those banks of seaweed in astonishing numbers. * Histoire Naturelle des Poissons — tome ii., p. 60. f Planches de l'Encyclop^die Methodique. 2.— LIPARIS COMMUNIS LIPARIS COMMUNIS.— Sab : in App. to Parry's 1st Voyage— p. ccxii. CYCLOPTERUS LIPARIS.— Laceplde, Hist. Nat. Poissons— vol. ii., p. 69. Fab : Faun. Graenl. — p. 135, var. 1. Block. — pi. 123, fig. 3. Ross, App. to Parry's Polar Voy. — p. 199 CYCLOPTERUS GELATINOSUS ?— Pallas, Spicil. Zool— vol. vii., p. 21, pi 3, fig. 1. Was found in company with the preceding, but less numerous; it extends its range to the highest northern latitudes, having been found at Spitzbergen, Melville Island, Kamschatka, and in almost every part of the Arctic Seas that has been visited by the late Expeditions of Discovery. Several specimens were obtained by us near Felix Harbour, all of which belong to the first variety of this species, noticed by Otho Fabricius, loc. cit., and may eventually prove to be a distinct species, although the descriptions of authors and figures quoted may equally apply to both varieties, except in the size, and in the absence of the two cirrhi in the upper lip, which are wanting in the individual under consideration. The average length of our variety, from the tip of the snout to the insertion of the tail, is somewhat more than three inches, whilst that of the larger variety, mentioned by Fabricius, is often a foot, and by other authors said to attain sixteen to eighteen inches. The sucking apparatus consists of thirteen tubercles, arranged in a circular form, about one-third of an inch in diameter, and placed exactly between the snout and the vent. 3.— OPHIDIUM PARRII. OPHIDIUM PARRII.— Ross, App. to Parry's 3d Voyage— p. 109. Ross, App. to Parry's Polar Voyage — p. 199. This species, which was discovered several years ago in Prince Regent's- Inlet, during Sir Edward Parry's third voyage to the Arctic Seas, belongs to — i lrnnrg'l,1EaTOtrv^-"v ' -^-»^=^--»- - <*■■ ^- xlviii NATURAL HISTORY. Cuvier,* subgenus Les Fierasfers, and for the same reason to the second subgenus of Lacepede,f distinguished by the absence of " barbillons mix machoires:'1 A single individual of this very rare species, not exceeding four inches in length, was ejected from the stomach of a glaucous gull, shot by us near Felix Harbour. It agreed sufficiently well with the description above quoted. Ill ljj.4.. lil; II, HIS! P 4.— OPHIDIUM VIRIDE. OPHIDIUM VIRIDE.— Fab: Faun. Grwnl.—p. 141. Ross, A pp. to Parry s 3d Voyage — p. 110. OPHIDIUM UNERNAK— Lacepede, Hist. Nat. des Poissons— vol. ii., p. 282. Like the preceding species, was but rarely met with by us ; a few individuals were obtained from among the patches of seaweed off the west coast of Greenland, in July, 1829, agreeing very exactly with the excellent description of Otho Fabricius, he. cit. 5.— GADUS MORHUA {Common Codfish). GADUS MORHUA—Cw : Reg. Jnim.-vo\. ii, p. 330. Tite de la Morue-pl. 10. Lacepede, Hist. Nat. des Poissons— vol. ii., p. 369, pi. 10, fig. 1. O-wuk.— Esquimaux of Boothia. Becalmed off the west coast of Greenland, in latitude 6Si° N, a number of very fine codfish were caught by our crew. The bank on which they were found, consists of coarse sand, broken shells, and small stones, with from eighteen to thirty fathoms water over it. ■nil!11 HM" * Rfegne Animal— vol. ii., p. 359. t Histoire Naturelle des Poissons— vol. ii., p. 278. esfet* a* i *■■ .^.^^ -^ d .^tr^^^^SDg^feS^liJ^t NATURAL HISTORY. xl IX There are several other banks of considerable extent along that coast, where the cod- fish assemble in the autumn in astonishing numbers ; and although so near to some of the Danish colonies, but little advantage is derived from those fisheries, which if pro- perly managed would doubtless prove of very great benefit to the inhabitants of that part of the country, as an article of food, and of considerable value to Denmark in a commercial point of view. We observed much difference in the number of the rays of the dorsal fins, from those given by Lacepede. In all those examined by me, without a single exception the second back fin contained a greater number of rays than either the first or third • although there was considerable variation in those of some individuals. The following dimensions are taken from an average of fifteen different fishes varying in length from twenty-nine to forty-six inches, and in weight from eight to thirty-five pounds : Length from the tip of the snout fo the end of the tail . . 36.7 inches of the head to the posterior part of the gill covers . . 9.1 of the tail (from its insertion) ..... 5.2 Depth of the tad ......... 7.4 Average weight, 161b. 2 oz. B 7. P 18. V6. A 19, 20. D 14, 20, 17. C 38 to 40. This fish had never before been found during any of the preceding Arctic expeditions, although frequently sought for ; but on our late voyage we purchased a number of a smaller size, much resembling in colour the rock codling of our coast, from a party of Esquimaux, who were fishing for them through holes in the ice, that covered the inlet on the west side of the peninsula of Boothia, near Cape Isabella, in June, 1831. Those obtained from the natives varied from fourteen to twenty-five inches in length, but we were told by them that those taken in the autumn at a short distance to the westward often exceeded three feet. The alimentary canal of the largest examined by me rather exceeded twice the length of the body, and was furnished with two hundred and fifty simple cylindrical caeca. ; ..^-r^nm^vw^^m****™,*—^.^ - ^-w ^mmm .pgiafiggs-^giate .»*&*$ NATURAL HISTORY. 6.— GADUS CALLARIAS. GADUS CALLARIAS.— Lacepide, Hist. Nat. des Poissons — vol. ii., p. 409. Cuv : Reg. Anbn. — vol. ii., p. 332. Fab : Faun. Grcenl. — p. 144. Il-lit-toke. — Esquimaux of Boothia. This species of codfish is found abundantly in the Baltic, the White Sea, and along the whole of the continental coast line of the north of Europe. Fabricius describes it as being very numerous in many parts of Greenland ; and our having found it on the north coast of the American continent, along the shores of the inlet to the west of the peninsula of Boothia, is an interesting feature in its history. At the same time, the fact that the only four species of fish which were found by us in that inlet, being also common to Davis's Strait and Baffin's Bay, may be considered an additional proof (if any be still wanting) of a water communication between these two seas. It is also worthy of remark, that only two of these four species inhabit the sea on the east side of the isthmus of Boothia. From the middle of May until near the end of June the seal-fishery is very unpro- ductive, and attended with great labour and difficulty ; the salmon do not arrive until the rivers begin to pour their waters into the sea; and during the interval, the Esquimaux assemble along the shores of that inlet, and procure a sure and abundant supply of this fish. At that period of the year it is in very poor condition, and nothing but absolute necessity could induce the natives to seek a kind of food which they dislike so much. Our party had been on very short allowance of provisions pre- vious to meeting the Esquimaux who were engaged in its capture, and this pro- vidential supply of provisions was of essential benefit to us, and we all thought it excellent food. It is not improbable that the three specimens of a species of Merlangus? mentioned by Captain Sabine,* as having been found frozen in the ice that covered Winter Harbour, in Melville Island, belongs to this species, although from the mutilated state of the spe- cimens, he was unable to determine their identity. The number of fin rays given by him agree very nearly with the average of a number examined by me. It seldom much u»* ! Su pp. to Parry's 1st Voyage — p. ccxii. isi^m NATURAL HISTORY. exceeds fourteen inches in length, but some specimens were obtained nearly a foot and a half long, from which the following dimensions are given : Length from the tip of the snout to the end of the tail of the head to the posterior part of the gill covers of the tail (centre rays) .... from the tip of the snout to the vent 17.3 inches 4.5 1.2 8.6 Fin Rays : B 7. P 19. V 6. A 22, 22. D 12, 19, 23. C 40 to 44. Alimentary canal, fourteen inches. Csecal appendages forty-two, varying from an inch and a half to half an inch in length. Cirrhus on the lower jaw 0.7 of an inch long. 7.— MERLANGUS POLARIS. MERLANGUS POLARIS.— Sab : Supp.'to Parry'sist Voyage— p. ccxi. Ross, App. to Parry's Polar Voyage — p. 199. This little fish inhabits the northern seas as far as we have hitherto been able to penetrate towards the pole ; having been found in lat. 82$ ° N, swimming near the surface of the sea, amongst the broken fragments of ice, and affording to the gulls and other seafowl their chief source of subsistence. During our late voyage we found them wherever we went; great numbers were taken by us from between the cracks in the ice, which covered the harbour of Batty Bay, in July, 1833, and contributed greatly to support the strength of our party, when on a very small allowance of provisions. At that period of the year it is much infested with the Lerncza gadina, which attaches itself to the gills of the fish. It does not quit the Arctic Seas during the winter, several having been taken in a net at Felix Harbour during that season. It seldom exceeds ten inches in length. fG 2 T«^v- dTai'-rf-n • <1 — tt ,1m- ^»SS*ii^MfcaM* NATURAL HISTORY. 8.— BLENNIUS POLARIS. BLENNIUS POLARIS.— Sab: Supp. to Parry's 1st Voyage— p. ccxii. Ross, App. to Parry's Polar Voyage — p. 200. B. imberbis,pinnis anali, candali, dorsalique, unitis. (Sabine.) Like the Merlangus Polaris, it well deserves the specific name bestowed on it by Captain Sabine, from its having been found in the highest northern latitudes. It is, however, by no means numerous, and only one specimen was obtained during our late voyage; it was taken from the stomach of a Gadus Callarias, that was caught in the inlet on the west side of the peninsula of Boothia, and agreed, so far as its mutilated state would admit of comparison, with Captain Sabine's de- scription, he. cit. 9.— COTTUS QUADRICORNIS. COTTUS QUADRICORNIS.— Lacepide, Hist. Nat. des Poissons— vol. iii., p. 241. Sab : Supp. to Parry's 1st Voyage — p. ccxiii. Ross, App. to Parry's 3d Voyage — p. 111. Bloch, Ich. — vol. iii., p. 146, pi. 108. COTTUS SCORPOIDES.— Fab -. Faun. Grwnl.—V. 157. Kan-ny-yoke. — Esquimaux of Boothia. Is abundant along the west coast of Greenland, but is more rarely met with in the higher northern latitudes. Two or three individuals were taken in a net in Felix Harbour, and several were captured by the natives on the west side of the peninsula of Boothia, differing in no respect from the excellent description and plate in the Ichthology of Bloch. Fabricius observes of the Cottus Scorpius, that although in daily use, it is the favourite food of the Greenlanders, and is considered wholesome for the sick ; and of the Cottus Scorpoides, that it is less savoury ; the natives of Boothia, however, prize it very highly, preferring it to the codfish or salmon. It is also worthy of remark, that the Esquimaux of Boothia apply the same name to this fish that the Greenlanders do to the C. Scorpius of Fabricius. 355^£S*£^£33P NATURAL HISTORY. 10.— COTTUS POLARIS. COTTUS POLARIS.— Sab : Supp. to Parry's 1st Voyage— p. ccxiii. C. imberbis, capite spinis duabus, operculis spinis quatuor, armatis. (Sabine.) This species of Cottus was found abundantly in pools of water, left by the falling of the tide, near the mouths of rivers, or streams of fresh water, on the east side of the isthmus of Boothia, and particularly so along the low shores of Sheriff Harbour. Those examined by me agreed very nearly with Captain Sabine's description, excepting, only, some slight difference in the number of the fin rays, which from the average of a great many noted by me, but varying considerably with each other, I found to be as follows : P 15. V 5. A 15. D 8, 13. C 12 to 14. It seldom exceeds two inches in length, and from its numbers, affords a supply of food to the gulls, ducks, and other waterfowl that resort to those regions to breed. 11.— PLEURONECTES HIPPOGLOSSUS. PLEUHONECTES HIPPOGLOSSUS.— Lacepede, Hist. Nat.des Poissons— vol. iv.,p. 601. Cuv : Reg. Anim.—vo\. ii., p. 340. Fab : Faun. Grant. — p. 161. PLEURONECTE FLETAN.— Block, Ich.— pi. 47. HALIBUT.— Penn. Brit. Zool.— vol. iii., p. 184. ft The common Halibut of our shores is found abundantly near the west coast of Greenland, but it seldom attains to a very great size. The largest seen by O. Fabricius did not much exceed four feet in length: those taken by us varied in this from thirty-eight to forty-four inches ; and in weight from twenty-two i3§«^':»55S£to^3gS8>S^^ liv NATURAL HISTORY. to forty- one pounds. According to Lacepede, it hag been captured near the coasts of Iceland and Norway, of a most enormous magnitude, rivalling in size some of the smaller species of the whale kind ; and Pennant, who had himself seen one that weighed three hundred pounds, says, that much larger ones are fre- quently taken near Iceland. The following dimensions are the average of ten, that we took off the west coast of Greenland, in July, 1829, from the same bank as the Gadus Morhua of this notice. Length from the tip of the snout to the end of the tail . 43.1 inches of the head to the posterior part of the gill covers 10.7 of the tail (centre ray) . . . . . . 6.0 of the rays of the anal and dorsal fins . . .4.3 Breadth of the tail . . . . - . . . . 13.3 of the body 21.1 Average weight, 34|db. Number of fin rays : B 7. P |f . V 6. D 99, A 77. C 17, 9£rtf^&r^m NATURAL HISTORY. Iv SALMONES, BY JOHN RICHARDSON, M.D., F.R.S., &c. 1:| The following notices of four specimens of trout, brought from Boothia Felix by Captain James Clark Ross, are drawn up in very general terms, that they may not occupy more space than that assigned to the other objects of Natural History, described in the Appendix ; but figures, with the characters of the species in minute detail, will be given in the third volume of the " Fauna Boreali Americana," now preparing for publication. The first species is, as far as we know, peculiar to the inlet in which it was found. It would have been highly interesting to have detected the same species of salmon in Coronation Gulf and Regent's Inlet, but the Salmo Hearnii and Mackenzii, and several species of Coregonus, found in the former, were not seen in the latter ; neither have the S. salar, or common salmon, which frequents the rivers from Labrador to the forty-second parallel of latitude, nor an undescribed species, resembling the Gorbuscha of Kamtschatka, which abounds in New Caledonia, been hitherto detected in the American Polar Seas ; nor does the S. namaycush (Pennant), a gigantic trout, which exists abundantly in all the great American lakes, appear to have been observed in the waters of Boothia Felix. The last species, however, that is mentioned in the following notices, is common in all parts of the fur countries ; and it is probable that S. alipes and nitidus have also an extensive range, though want of more southern specimens have prevented us from ascertaining the fact. **em5Km**ms«*2SK*t j^»=«!ry.^crft>r >»^^ NATURAL HISTORY. SALMO ROSSII (Ross's Arctic Salmon). ICON.— Faun. Bo?: Amer.—p\. 80, and the head pi. 85, fig. 2. This salmon, named Eekalook by the Esquimaux, was found in vast numbers* in the sea near the mouths of rivers, and furnished an agreeable article of diet to the members of the Expedition. It is quite distinct from any species that we have had an opportunity of seeing in other parts of America, and it does not agree with the character of any of those described in the History of Kamtschatka, as quoted in " Arctic Zoology," except perhaps with the Salmo malma (Steller) or Golet of the Russians, which corresponds with it in its comparatively slender cylindrical form, small scales, scarlet spots on the sides, and the colours of some other parts. But the Golet, instead of being found only in the sea, ascends rivers to their very sources, and does not congregate in shoals like the Salmo Rossii. None of the Scandinavian salmons described by Nilsson have any resemblance to S. Rossii. The most remarkable peculiarities of this species, are the truncated form of the upper jaw ; the length of the lower one, which considerably exceeds the distance between the tip of the snout and nape of the neck ; and the smallness and form of its scales. These are imbedded in a mucous skin, which entirely covers them, except their small truncated tips, that project and feel very rough to the touch in the dried specimen. The scales are rather remote, being nowhere tiled. The teeth in the jaws are remarkably obtuse. In addition to the row on each side of the tongue, which exists in all the other Truttce, there are two or more rows of smaller teeth, crowded across the tip of that organ. Two drawings by Captain Ross, with the inspection of the dried skin, enable us to describe the colours as follows : Back, top of the head, dorsal and caudal fins intermediate between oil-green and hair-brown; sides pearl-grey and silvery, with a blush of lilac, marked near the lateral line with scattered round dots of carmine. The belly varies from tile-red to arterial blood-red ■ the sides of the head are nociy. When the fish is out of season, the colour of the lower parts fades to a * Some idea may be formed of the amazing numbers in which the Salmo Rossii visit the rivers of Boothia Felix, by mentioning that from a single haul of a small-sized seine net, we landed 3378 salmon, varying in weight from two to fourteen pounds, and averaging something more than four; the whole rather exceeded six tons weight. A great many more were enclosed in the net, but escaped through some holes that were for some time unobserved, and others by leaping over it. — J. C. Ross. > ■ » > 3^^3^!5^^53^ NATURAL HISTORY. lvii dusky-orange. The flesh is reddish, of different tints in different individuals, being best flavoured when the colour is most intense. The length of the specimen which was brought home is thirty-four inches, of which the head forms one-fifth. The following are the numbers of the rays of the fins : Br. 12, 13. D 13—0. P 14. V 10. All. C 2 If SALMO ALIPES (Long-finned Char), ICON. — Faun. Bor. Amer.—p\. 81, and the head pi. 86, fig. 1. This species, which with several other kinds, is included by the Esquimaux under the general appellation of Eekalook-peedeook, was found in a small lake, whose waters were discharged into the sea by a rivulet about half a mile long. The smallness of its scales, and the vomerine teeth being confined to the anterior knob, characterize it as belonging to the subdivision Salve/i/ri or Chars of Nilsson. Its form is slender, its jaws are of nearly equal length, and it differs from all its congeners, that we have seen, in the great comparative length of its fins. The scales are small and crowded, but not tiled ; they are covered with a thin epidermis, and do not exhibit the projecting naked tips, which give so peculiar a character to the skin of Salmo Rossii. Even in the dried specimen they are perfectly smooth to the touch. No description of the colours of this species was furnished to us, but as far as can be judged from the tints remaining in the prepared skin, the upper parts were hair-brown, the sides paler, with yellowish spots, and the belly white or yellow ; the under fins more or less deeply orange. The length of the specimen is twenty-four inches, of which the head measures one- fifth. Fins: Br. 11, 12. P 15. D 13— 0. V 9. A 10 or 11. C 19$. SALMO NITIDUS (The Angmalook). ICON.— Fawn. Bor. Amer.— pi. 82, fig. 1, and head pi. 86, fig. 2. This fish, which is also to be ranked among the Chars, was found in the same lake with the preceding one, to which it bears much resemblance in the form of the parts of *H - — — — - — 1i-i-rrr«TniTM^r-°^i^»ai^^*«^*«^^^^^'*}-^ j*^*t^a-x y U2S-J Iviii NATURAL HISTORY. the head, and in the size and general character of the scales ; it differs from it, how- ever, in having a thicker body, a ventricose belly, and short fins. Its upper jaw, too, is comparatively shorter, the distance from the tip of the snout to the extremity of the labials, when applied to the top of the head, falling about an inch short of the nape instead of reaching to it as in the preceding species. Its colours are described as follows by Captain J. C. Ross : " The body above the lateral line is of a deep green, softening towards the belly, which, posteriorly to the pectorals, is of a beautiful yel- lowish-red. There are several rows of occellate red spots, confined chiefly to the space between the lateral line and the yellowish-red of the belly, and varying in size, the largest being as big as a pea. The dorsal fins are of the colour of the back. The pectorals, ventrals, and anals, are dusky-red, their first rays white." The length of the specimen is twenty inches, of which the head forms more than one-fifth. Fins: Br. 11, 12. P 17. D 14—0. V 10. A 12. C 21#. SALMO IIOODII {The Masamacush). ICON.— Faun. Bor. Amer.—^l. 82, fig. 2, pi. 83, fig. 2, and head pi. 87, fig. 1. This Char is well known throughout the fur countries, being found in every river and lake. Its Cree name is Masaw-mcecoos. It resembles the two preceding Chars in its scales, but differs from them in the shortness of its jaws, and from the rest of the genus in the peculiar smallness of its head, which forms only one-sixth of the total length. Plate 82, fig. 2, above quoted, is copied from a drawing made from a recent specimen taken at Cumberland House, on the Saskatchewan, lat. 54°, by the lamented officer whose name it bears; while plate 83, fig. 2, is from the dried skin brought home by Captain J. C. Ross. An individual killed at Fort Enterprise, in March, 1821, exhibited the following colours : Back and sides intermediate between olive-green and clove-brown, bestudded with moderately large roundish spots of yellowish-grey, the colour becoming more dilute as it descends on the sides ; the belly and under jaw are white, and there are a few bluish-grey dots in the latter : there are also some small and regular dots on the caudal and dorsal fins; irides honey-yellow, scales having merely a moderate degree of lustre ; there is a row of teeth across the tip of the tongue, and a few scattered ones on its centre, as well as the usual row on each side. The length of the specimen from Boothia Felix is twenty-one inches. Fins: Br. 10, 11. P 15. D 12— 0. V 10. All. C 19 |. s®£to ^^^^^^^^w^B^^^m^m^m^ H J,,i ' :ll lx NATURAL HISTORY. ORDER COLEOPTERA, Fam.— dytiscid^e. Gen. 95.*— COLYMBETES. (Clairv.) 1. Mcestus, narrow, ovate, somewhat piceous, legs castaneous, female very finely shagreened. Length three lines, breadth one line and a half. Antennae yellowish-brown, ochreous at the base, trophi ochreous, palpi black at the apex ; head with two ferruginous spots at the base, and an impressed line and puncture on each side the base of the clypeus ; thorax with an impressed punctured line all round, deepest at the anterior margin, and a large puncture on each side ; elytra very long, slightly convex, piceous and shining, with a violaceous tint in the male, dull greenish and finely shagreened in the female; the lateral margins obscure ochre, a few punctures are scattered over them, forming two or three indistinct lines ; legs castaneous, underside of thighs and posterior tibiae piceous. This is the only beetle contained in the collection, and was found in the lakes not un- commonly ; I believe specimens are also in the cabinets of the Zoological Society, that were brought home by the late Captain Lyon. Two large beetles were captured on the 23d of June, 1831, and another on the 14th of July j they were found under stones, but were obliged to be abandoned with other valuable portions of the collections in Natural History. ORDER DERMAPTERA. Gen. 442.— FORFICULA. (Linn.) An earwig was taken on the 23d of June, 1831, "they were scarce," Commander Ross adds, " but several were found under stones." The numbers of the genera refer to Curtis's Guide to an Arrangement of British Insects. *®«rasSJ>e%^*flEi / _ ■-•^ ^"■~nTHiYTMT-PM^'8««»^^!^ ^"w^wgf-y^*:^^ y^^cir ! ^m^sr^m^^>^^^m^m^^^s^^^m^m^mj^^ in ~~^^™777777^77^g^^ having a transverse black band between the wings, basal half of abdomen yellow, the remainder orange, with a narrow black band across the middle ; wings slightly yellow at the costa, the posterior margin slightly stained with brown, nervures piceous ; basal joint of tarsi clothed inside with bright ferruginous hairs ; spurs, base of claws, and apex of tarsi ochreous. Female, pi. A, fig. 2. Black, a broad margin in front of the thorax, hinder margin of scutellum, and the abdomen, excepting the third segment and the apex, clothed with long yellow-ochreous hairs ; wings yellowish, excepting the posterior margin, the nervures piceous; inside of the tarsi with the pile bright ferruginous ; tips of spurs, apical joint of tarsi, and base of claws subcastaneous. Neuter. Similar to the female but much smaller, the hairs beyond the black band on the abdomen are generally orange, and the whole of the tarsi, excepting the basal joint, is subcastaneous. I have named this bee, which seemed to be the most abundant species, after my esteemed friend the Reverend William Kirby. 7. Polaris. Black, clothed with yellow hairs above, with a black band across the thorax, and an indistinct one across the abdomen. Male 6 lines long, 15 lines broad Female 10 ... 20 Male. Black, clothed with yellow hairs ; head black, with a patch of yellow hairs on the face, and another on the back part of the head, a blackish band across the centre of the thorax, and an indistinct narrow one on the third and fourth segments of the abdomen, the apex orange ; inside of tarsi clothed with yellowish pile. Female. Black, a broad band across the anterior portion of the thorax, the scutellum, and abdomen clothed with long yellow hairs, whitish towards the apex of the abdomen, with a few black hairs on the sides of the third segment, a band of the same colour on the fourth, and a very slight one on the fifth segment ; the tarsi clothed with black pile internally, the outside of the basal joints brownish, the edges ferruginous* " r. • i 1 Vt __ ■^^^—-"^ ^^■^~*»i~re^n8»iS»i^^M™«^^ ^-^-^^ J»^«^,-^:- J^-^-^^-^J mti^ Ixiv NATURAL HISTORY. 3 A pair only of this species was preserved, in size and many respects it resembles B. Kirbiellus, but the indistinct and somewhat double band of black hairs across the ab- domen will distinguish it, and the yellow pile inside of the tarsi in the male and the black in the female, are sufficient characters I think to justify its being separated from the former species. 8. Arcticus. (Kirby in the Supplement to the Appendix of Captain Parry's 1st Voyage, p. ccxvi.) An imperfect male was the only specimen brought home of the species. As Commander Ross's observations embrace the above three species, I shall be under the necessity of imbodying them ; but that is of little importance, as their habits must be very similar. " The largest bee seems to be the earliest insect on the wing ; it is generally seen early in June, but the smaller specimens do not appear until the middle or end of July." It may be observed that the females are the largest, and the next in size the males ; these make their appearance first, and the neuters, or working class, come later, when more flowers probably are out, and their labours are less interrupted by unsettled weather. "The first female was seen on the 7th of June, 1830, they were very abundant on the 2d of July, and on the 14th a neuter was taken ; on the following day they were very numerous, and the females less abundant, but a few were observed as late as the 18th of August, soon after which time they seem in a very weak state." " In 1831 the first bee was seen on the 19th of June, on the 26th two females, and on the 8th of July several were captured ; on the 14th many females, on the succeeding day some neuters, and on the 27th of August, 1832, a large bee was seen." ORDER TRICHOPTERA. Fam.— PHRYGANID.E. Gen. 760.— TINODES? {Leach.) 9. Hirtipes. Slate colour, wings pale fuscous. Length two lines and a half, breadth nine lines. Pale slate colour, sparingly clothed with long whitish hairs ; head small ; eyes pro- .4&§a^?5ffi:iSSBS2^Vi '-" \ NATURAL HISTORY. Ixv minent, as well as two ocelli ; wings pale ochreous fuscous, pubescent and glossy, superior elongated and narrow, gradually narrowed to the base ; cilia short ; inferior wings iridiscent ; tibiae and tarsi dull ochreous, with numerous short black bristles inside, and especially beneath the latter; the four posterior tibiae furnished with ochreous spurs at the apex. This insect has the habit of a Tinodes, but the neuration of the wings does not quite agree with any in my possession, and it has but one pair of spurs to the posterior tibiae; if, therefore, the antennae were not wanting, I should be disposed to give it a generic name. ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. Fam.— PAP1LIONID.E. Gen. 767. — COL I AS. (Fab.) 10. Boothii. Yellow, posterior margins blackish, cilia rosy; a black spot on the superior wings, the disc orange, and a spot of the same colour on the inferior. Expansion of wings two inches. PL A, fig. 3 $,A $,5 underside of $. Male. Antennae crimson, the club beneath ochreous, above brown : thorax and abdomen black, clothed with long whitish hairs, rosy on the collar and head ; wings sulphur colour, freckled with black at the base, and at the posterior margins forming a dentated fimbria, which vanishes before reaching the anal angle ; costa and cilia rosy, the nervures sometimes rather dark in the superior wings, with a large space of orange not approaching the costa or posterior margin ; at the apex of the discoidal cell is a black sublunulate spot ; inferior wings with a large orange spot on the disc, and sometimes a small one above it ; underside thickly freckled with black, especially the inferior wings, but less so at the posterior margins ; the entire edges of the wings are rosy ; superior with a whitish dot on the black spot, which is variously formed ; inferior with a large and small whitish spot on the disc, surrounded with reddish-chestnut colour, forming two tails towards the posterior margin, a spot of the same colour at the base, and frequently a lunate brown spot on the upper edge ; legs rosy. Female. Similar to the male, but the black freckled fimbria to the wings is broader ~ ™i— --— - ^—.^^^ ^^^rere^ar^B^ ^^^MBT-Fg^*^^ J^^j^res- Ixvi NATURAL HISTORY. and ornamented with seven large yellow spots in the superior, and six in the inferior, which are, excepting these spots, entirely freckled with black, and have a greenish tinge ; the underside is darker and brighter than in the male, the inferior wings and the freckled parts of the superior are green, parallel to the posterior margin is a line of sub- trigonate spots, very distinct and black in the superior, and reddish-brown in the inferior wings. A small specimen of the male, I observe, has indistinct yellow spots on the fimbria of the superior wings, and the castaneous comet-shaped spots on the underside of the inferior are very small, and in one female the black spot in the upper, and the orange spots in the inferior wings are very large, and in another female the upperside very much resembles the male. At the request of Commander Ross, I have named this handsome insect after Felix Booth, Esq., the munificent patron of the Expedition. 11. Chione. Male, yellow, superior wings orange on the disc, with an orange spot near the centre of all the wings. Female ? with the nervures and a spot near the disc black, with a broad black fimbria spotted yellow. Expansion one inch eight lines to one inch ten lines. PI. A, fig. 6, $. Male similar to C. Bootkii, but the spot at the apex of the discoidal cell is orange,, and the posterior margins of the wings are very slightly freckled with black ; the under- side in some examples resembles the female rather than the male of the same species. Female, greenish sulphur, superior wings slightly orange on the disc, with the ner- vures and a lunulate spot black, a broad black fimbria bearing six or seven small sul- phureous spots ; inferior with a similar fimbria, but less perfect, and an orange spot on the disc ; underside pale greenish sulphur, similar to C. Boothii, but having only one comet-shaped spot on the under wings. Knowing how variable some species of the genus Colias are,* I have great doubts if this be any more than a variety of C. Boothii. There are other specimens, which I believe are varieties of the female occasioned by age and other circumstances, being much paler, with the black of the nervures very much suffused, so much so in one specimen, as to render nearly the whole of the superior wings of the same colour as the fimbria. " These butterflies generally appear about the middle of July, as well as the two * I need only instance P. Eleclra Linn. (C. Edusa Fab.), which is of a deep orange colour, yet the female is sometimes met with of a pale yellow, and during my visit to the south of France, I took one ©f these females paired with a male of the usual orange colour 4 ," l"i .* ■■;;* saBKBSv. -, -* NATURAL HISTORY. Ixvii following species, they are chiefly found upon the Oxytropis Campestris and O. Arctica, two papilionaceous plants ; they were captured from the 14th of July to the 13th of August, 1830, and on the 19th were in a very wasted state; on the 14th of July, of the following year, one Colias only was taken." Gen. 770.— HIPPARCHIA. {Fab.) 12. Rossii. Brownish-black, antennae ochreous, superior wings with two rufous spots, with a black centre; having a white pupil also on the underside. Expansion of wings two inches. PI. A, fig. 7, underside of male. Male blackish ; palpi rather long and very hairy ; antennae slender and ochreous, the club elongated ; wings rounded, blackish-brown, with a slight bloom of violet, superior with two red spots towards the apex, with a black pupil, the superior one the smaller, cilia dull ochre, indistinctly spotted with brown ; underside with the disc of the superior wings chestnut colour, and two red spots towards the apex, each having a white pupil and black ocellus ; inferior freckled and variegated with ochre, forming several spots towards the base, and an indistinct band beyond the centre, on the external edge of which are four ochreous dots ; inside of four posterior legs pale ochreous. Female blackish, with an ochreous shade, the rufous spots towards the apex paler, with the black pupil more or less distinct, and one or two smaller rufous spots between them and the posterior angle ; the antennae are dotted with black on the upper side, and the club is dark above and very much compressed; underside with the superior wings more rust-coloured, and the two spots ochreous ; the spots and fascia on the inferior wings more distinct, the margins of the latter, especially the hinder one, dentated. This very distinct Papilio, I have the pleasure of dedicating to my friend Com- mander James Clark Ross, F. R. S., &c, whose zeal for natural history is equalled only by that enterprise and energy which have characterized all his undertakings, and carried him so successfully through his various voyages to the Arctic Regions. Five specimens only were brought home, " they were scarce, and frequented the pre- cipitous faces of dark-coloured rocks and loose stones. I never found," says Com- mander Ross, " any of them on flowers of any kind. A few specimens were obtained on the 18th and 25th of July, 1830, and one on the 14th of the same month the year following." *i2 fflfiH ^nrfpi ;w<«J.jqc"">'~ £« Ixviii NATURAL HISTORY. 13. Subhyalina. Wings semitransparent, fuscous, costa freckled with black and white, two small black spots towards the apex with white pupils, most distinct on the underside. Expansion one inch eleven lines. Male black, antennae ochreous, the club elongated; wings semitransparent, pale fuscous, nervures ochreous, costa black, freckled with white ; two indistinct white dots towards the apex with blackish ocelli, cilia whitish, spotted with black ; underside of superior wings similar to the upper, but the ocellated spots are distinct, and the surface, excepting the disc, is mottled with ochre and pale black, brightest at the apex y inferior wings spotted and mottled with black and dirty white, forming a waved and curved pale line beyond the middle, with three or four whitish dots beyond it. A single male was preserved, and probably was taken with the last species, of which, at first sight, I thought it had been only an old and faded specimen, but on examination it proved to be in good condition.. Gen. 775.— MELIT^A. (Fab.) 14. Tarquinius. Wings tawny, spotted with black, inferior wings beneath with several pearly spots edged with black, an irregular pearly line beyond the middle, and seven spots of the same on the margin. Expansion from one inch six lines to one inch ten lines. Black, antennae with a large spoon-shaped club, the tip and underside tawny ; palpi somewhat ochreous beneath, freckled with scarlet outside ; wings tawny orange, black at the base, superior with three long black spots on the discoidal cell, and a waved line across the middle formed of black crescents, beyond is a row of six black spots, and close to the posterior margin a line of a's, alternating with the same number of spots, which variegate the white cilia ; inferior similarly marked ; underside, superior wings paler, sometimes ochreous at the tip, variegated with ferruginous, the spots from the upper side apparent, but smaller and fainter; inferior wings reddish -brown, a little variegated with ochre, with three pearly spots at the base, a v shaped one, and two larger elongate-trigonate spots, margined with black beyond them, across the middle is a row of black a's, with an irregular line of pearly crescents, with six small black spots beyond it, and seven pearly spots on. the margin, edged internally with black a's, the superior margin is also pearly, the cilia pale ochreous spotted with black ; legs dull ochreous, thighs scarlet on the upperside. As this insect does not agree with the P. Tullia of O. Fabricius, and I have reason >\i\\ I |H NATURAL HISTORY to believe that several species have been detected in the Polar Regions, I have care- fully described it and given it a name. M. Tarquinius was an abundant species, and like the Coliades was found feeding on the flowers of Oxytropis Campestris and O. Arctica ; specimens were captured on the 10th of June, and between the 2d and 14th of July, 1830, they were most abundant; in 1831 the first butterfly seen was one of this species; this was the 10th of July, and on the 14th two more were taken. Commander Ross was so fortunate as to discover the caterpillar apparently of this species, from its structure resembling those larvae that are known of the European Melitseae. " I do not know the caterpillar of any of the butterflies, unless it be that of the Melitsea, of which I made the following description. It measured exactly an inch in length, by 0.22 of an inch, it was composed of thirteen segments besides the hind ermost one ; the first and last segments with two, the second and twelfth segments with four, and all the other segments of the body with six prickles or horns, and disposed in rows and equidistant on each side of the back. Colour dark brown, with a line of white spots along each side. Some caterpillars I have seen entirely of a blackish-brown, or rather brownish-black ; one that was found under a stone in the middle of March, and of course perfectly hard frozen, showed symptoms of life in half an hour after being brought into the cabin, and in less than an hour it was walking about the table. It is thus described in my note book, and differs so much from the others, that it probably belongs to another species. Length 0.75 of an inch ; three rows of prickles on each side of the back ; twelve ribs or seg- ments and a white dorsal line along the back ; colour above brownish-black, beneath clove-brown." It possibly may be the same caterpillar in an earlier stage, as the different skins vary considerably. Gen. 779.— POLYOMMATUS. (Lat.) 15. Franklinii. Silvery grey, with a black ocellated dot on the centre of each wing, beneath brown, with numerous white spots, those on the upper wing with large black pupils, in the under wings with only small ones or none. Expansion from eleven to thirteen lines. PI. A, figs. 8 and 9. Black with bluish hairs, palpi bluish white, margins of eyes silvery white ; antennae dotted with white, club orange, excepting the back ; wings greyish powdered with silvery green, especially at the base, the spots on the underside slightly visible, a black spot on the disc on each wing with a whitish margin ; the edges of the wings fuscous, I ■t ™™B»w»s™Mg*«!8Haa',ig,ssgSMa^ « ^m^m^^^^^^^^^^m^^^s^t^mm^^ m.%51 lxx NATURAL HISTORY. the posterior with a line of indistinct whitish ocelli along the margin ; cilia white ; underside, superior wings with a white spot towards the base, and another on the disc with a long black pupil, beyond them is a curved line of six black spots ocellated with white, and near the posterior margin the same number of indistinct kidney-shaped blackish spots margined with white ; inferior wings fuscous freckled with gold, but blue at the base, five whitish spots towards the base, the three outer ones with black pupils, four similar ones in a line beyond the middle, touching a row of eight whitish lunules bearing blackish spots, two towards the centre being the largest, and sometimes crescent-shaped ; legs bluish-white. I have named this pretty species after Sir John Franklin, whose overland expeditions in the Northern Regions have so greatly contributed to our knowledge of the geography and natural history of that part of the world. " Only two individuals of this species were taken; they were feeding on Astragalus Jlpimts near the end of July." Fam.— BOMBYCID.E, or ARCTIIDiE. Gen. 814.— LARIA. (Schr.) 16. Rossii. Transparent grey, superior wings with two blackish waved lines forming a fascia across the middle, with a spot between them, and a similar sinuated line beyond them; inferior wings cream colour, ochreous inside with a blackish fimbria. Expansion .of male one inch eight lines, female one inch ten lines. PI. A, fig. 10. Male yellowish-grey, a spot on each shoulder, and the abdomen darker ; superior wings semitransparent, the costa blackish interrupted with grey, a waved blackish line before and another beyond the middle, with a crescent-shaped spot at the extremity of the discoidal cell, and a very sinuated and dentated line near to the posterior margin ; cilia blackish, spotted with ochre ; inferior wings cream colour, the abdominal margin ochreous, as well as the cilia, with a blackish fimbria. Female apparently paler, but very much injured. I have named this very distinct moth after Captain Ross, who first penetrated these inhospitable regions, and to whom we are indebted for many additions to our zoological collections. It is a very abundant insect, especially in the caterpillar state, for about a hundred u U&iHM^^ NATURAL HISTORY. Ixxi were collected on the 16th of June, 1832, near Fury Beach ; the first that was seen in the previous year was on the 19th of June, and several more on the 23d. The cater- pillar is large and hairy, of a beautiful shining velvety black, the hairs being somewhat ochreous, there are two tufts of black hair on the back, followed by two of orange. A great number of them are destroyed by several kinds of flies and ichneumons, one of which is represented at fig. 1 ; but those that arrive at maturity spin a close web, about the size of the silkworm's, and covered outside with its hairs, the pupa is piceous and shining, and the back thickly clothed with long brownish-ochre hairs its whole length ; the moth appears about the beginning of August. The following interesting experi- ments I have transcribed from Commander Ross's MSS. " About thirty of the caterpillars were put into a box in the middle of September, and after being exposed to the severe winter temperature of the next three months, they were brought into a warm cabin, where in less than two hours, every one of them returned to life, and continued for a whole day walking about ; they were again exposed to the air at a temperature of about 40° below zero, and became immediately hard frozen ; in this state they remained a week, and on being brought again into the cabin, only twenty-three came to life ; these were at the end of four hours put out once more into the air, and again hard frozen ; after another week they were brought in, when only eleven were restored to life ; a fourth time they were exposed to the winter temperature, and only two returned to life on being again brought into the cabin ; these two survived the winter, and in May an imperfect Laria was produced from one, and six flies from the other ; both of them formed cocoons, but that which produced the flies was not so perfect as the other." The caterpillar " feeds mostly on the Saxifraga tricuspidata and :-«-"■-«■•■ ^-- ■v*r-^e7itcF^rr. SSS«SS3":3aaSto »s©g. |*H iJlt., Ixxx NATURAL HISTORY. I have little doubt of this small fly being an Anthomyia, but as neither of the spe- cimens had any setae to the antennae, I cannot determine the genus with certainty. *Gen. 1293.— SCATOPHAGA. (Meig.) 33. Apicalis. Cinereous, very pubescent, face, apex of abdomen, and legs, cas- taneous. Male, four lines two-thirds long, eleven broad ; female, four lines long, nine broad. Male. Cinereous, thickly clothed with fine long brown hairs, especially the abdomen and legs ; antennae blackish, two basal joints rufous, seta slightly pubescent only; lip horny and black ; head with a furcate space before the crown, the face and palpi reddish-orange; thorax with a double ash-coloured line down the middle, and an obscure one on each side ; abdomen elongate-ovate, with the margin of the third seg- ment, and the following joints, entirely ferruginous; wings tinged with yellow, the costa and base of a much deeper and brighter colour, the nervures ochreous, excepting the two transverse ones, which are fuscous, and suffused, as well as the longitudinal ones connecting them ; halteres and legs pale castaneous. Female much less hairy, especially the abdomen and legs, the former being ovate, the second segment sometimes having the margin ferruginous, and a greater portion of the third, as well as the apex, of the same colour. A male and two females of this handsome species were preserved. 34. Fucorum. (Fall.) " Obscure cinereous ; thorax with four black lines; palpi, antennae, and legs, black." — Meig. Male, length three lines, breadth six lines ; female rather smaller. Meig : Syst. BescL— vol. v., p. 253, n. 14; tab. 45, f. 29. This insect is common in Sweden amongst seaweeds, from which circumstance Fallen has named it Fucorum. Commander Ross brought home a pair of flies that agree so well with the above description of Meigen, that I consider them identical. * Curtis's Brit. Ent— vol. ix., fol. 405. ftSrf&fefefflBB MARINE INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS. The following account of the Marine Invertebrate Animals, inhabiting those parts of the Arctic Ocean visited in the course of our late expedition, is very incomplete owing to nearly the whole collection having been necessarily abandoned with the Victory. Some few, however, of those that were considered to be most interesting, as forming the types of new genera, were brought by us to England, and specimens of each have been deposited in the valuable museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. The arrangement and generic characters adopted in this notice, is that of Latreille in the last edition of Cuvier's " Regne Animal." J. C. R. l!» 9 CRUSTACEA — DEC APOD A. 1.— CRANGON BOREAS. CRANGON BOREAS.— Lot. Cuv : Rig. Anim.— vol. iv., p. 94. Lam: Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. — vol. v., p. 201. Sab : Supp. to Parry's 1st Voyage — p. ccxxxv. Ross, App. to Parry's 3d Voyage — p. 120; and Polar Voy. — p. 205. CANCER BOREAS.— P/iipps's Voyage, Appendix— p. 194, plate 11, fig. 1. Zool. Dan. — vol.iv., p. 14, plate 32, fig. 1. Several specimens of this very fine species of Crangon were obtained, by means of * L wm>'*mm.--**~*~z*=***!mxSr^r~=m^n~M~Tt=*an>**mBm—M*2 SSB "ittt fr-i—TirwiwF-. 3SWKKS f%W%& >^Jffl2S»S«MRS«SgS3S^: iiiili Ixxxii NATURAL HISTORY. a dredge, near Felix Harbour. It was also taken at a short distance from the west coast of Greenland, but seems to have entirely escaped the notice of Fabricius. We have in former voyages found it abundantly in various other parts of the Arctic Seas, but nowhere so numerously as near the Low Island (of Phipps), Spitzbergen, where it was first discovered. It has recently been brought from the shores of Kamtschatka and California, by Captain Beechey, as have also several hitherto undescribed species of Crustacea, but of which no account, it is much to be regretted, has yet been published. 2.— SABINEA SEPTEMCARINATA. Char. Gen.— Antennce superiores setis duabus in eadem fere linea horizontali insertis : interiore longiore. Inferiores carport breviores, setaceae, squama ad apicem extern^ unidentatti pedunculo adnexa : articulo primo ad squamse medium non producto. Palpi pedtformes articulis quatuor exsertis ; duobus ultimus longitudine aequalibus. Pedes decern ; par anticum majus compressum subdidactylum par secundum brcvissbnum tenue inunguiculatum, par tertium tenue prascedente longiore subcrassiore ungue simplici instructum; paria 4 et 5 preecedente crassiora unguibus compressis instructa. Chak. Sp. — Sabinea thorace septemcarinato ; carinis serratis. CRANGON SEPTEMCARINATUS.— Sab : Supp. to Parry's 1st Voyage— p. ccxxxvi., pi. 2, fig. 11—13. Ross, App. to Parry's Polar Voyage — p. 205. Owing to the peculiar formation of the second pair of legs, in this singular animal, it has become necessary to establish a new genus, of which it is the only known spe- cies ; and I have much pleasure in dedicating it to my friend, Captain Edward Sabine, of the Royal Artillery, by whom it was discovered in the west coast of Davis's Straits, during Sir Edward Parry's first voyage to those regions. His very accurate descrip- tion is as follows : " Length four inches ; colour varied, red and white above, white beneath ; thorax seven carinate, the three lateral carinas on each side serrate, the middle one with strong spines; rostrum short, curving down between the eyes, grooved in the centre ; the five upper carina? carried on in very faint rudiments along the back ; the terminal setae of the superior antennae inserted nearly in the same horizontal line, the interior one being the longest ; the first joint of the inferior antennae scarcely pro- duced beyond the middle of the squama ; a strong spine in the abdomen directed for- ward between the chelate legs; the last joint of the pediform palpi subacuminate? ■M J^SS^^^^M "Ml ■^"--^"■-^ -■ ^^gllMBHMWI^^r^r^Ma^WBHBW^^V^ y-ng^wc<: j-^««-^ - J^-^.1 m&2Gg»WZ<& ^>^S»^4B««^a2SSfZt®i^SS2SaffigS II I Hi ►*<^= aw, -■> * 4*^£5AB«£W3£V ; -_ .... „ NATURAL HISTORY. lxxxiii rather longer than the preceding; second pair of legs slender, very short, bristled, and unarmed, in which last essential point it differs from the Pontophilus spinosus of Dr. Leach, Mai. Pod. Brit., t. 37, to which in other respects this species bears a near resemblance." It is more rarely met with in the Arctic Seas than the Crangon Boreas, but a few specimens were obtained near Felix Harbour. It was also found in a previous voyage near the island of Igloolik in considerable numbers. 3.— HIPPOLITE ACULEATA. ALPHEUS ACULEATUS.— Sab : Supp. to Parry's 1st Voyage— p. ccxxxvii., pi. 2, figs. 9 & 10. Ross,App. to Parry's 3d Voyage— p. 120; and Polar Voyage — p. 206. CANCER ACULEATUS.— Fab: Faun. Grcenl.—p. 239. A. (H.) thoracis carina dentibus quatuor, margine antico trispinoso, segraentis utrinque aculeatis, palpis pediformibus apice spinulosis. (Sabine.) The Alpheus Aculeatus and A. Polaris of Sabine, belong to the genus Hippolite of Leach (Mai. Pod. Brit.), on account of the second pair of claws being shorter than the first. This arrangement, which appears to be now universally agreed to by naturalists, is adopted by Latreille in the " Regne Animal," and is therefore followed in this notice. It is an abundant species in the Arctic Seas. 4.— HIPPOLITE SOWERBEI. Plate B, fig. 2. HIPPOLITE SOWERBEI.— Leach, Mala. Pod. Brit.—t. 39. GAMMARUS SPINOSUS.— Sowerby, Brit. Mis.— vol. ii,, pi. 21. H. rostro alto obtuso supra multi-serrato, apice emarginato serrulato ; subtus uni-serrato. (Leach.) This species was first described by Mr. George Sowerby, in the "British Mis- *i, 2 -^^~^^^<~-n^~-^^MX^^****Z**B&^^^+^ ^~~^^-V. ^-~«-^.-.^- ->mm&^^%i til! ^§■^^■■1 SB^ Ixxxiv NATURAL HISTORY. cellany," loc. cit. It was taken near the Scottish coast ; and Dr. Leach received an imperfect specimen from the Firth of Forth, but it appears to be of very rare occurrence in those parts. During one of our former voyages, we found it near the island of Igloolik in considerable numbers, associated with the preceding and fol- lowing species. Some specimens were obtained by us, through a hole in the ice, at Felix Harbour, in the very depth of winter. The general form of the rostrum agrees with that figured by Dr. Leach, but many have it simply emarginate at the apex, and not serrulate. It differs from the two following species in the dentations of the carina of the thorax, extending along its whole length ; and in the upper part of the third segment of the body being produced posteriorly in a strong spine. 5.— HIPPOLITE BOREALIS. (n. s.) Plate B, fig. 3. Hipp, thoracis dimidio posteriore laevi, anteriore sub-carinato, margine anteriore utrinque bi-spinoso. The principal differences, as compared with the A. (H.) Polaris of Sabine, consist in the absence of, or very slightly marked, dentations on the thoracic carina; in having only two spines, instead of three, on either side of the anterior margin of the thorax (that at the junction of the lateral margin being wanting in H. Polaris) ; in the superior antenna? being proportionally longer ; and in being of a paler yellow colour, without the red spots and markings of the H. Polaris. As in the specimens of H. Polaris obtained by me, the middle lamella of the tail has from eight to ten minute spines along each side, and is terminated by several strong setse, the margins of the rest of the plates of the tail are beautifully ciliated, excepting on the exterior edge of the lateral plates, which are toothed at their posterior angle. Dr. Leach takes his specific characters from the rostral dentations, but these, as Captain Sabine justly remarks, in his description of Alpheus (Hippolite) Polaris, agree in no two specimens of that species, as to number, nor the rostrum as to shape. H, Borealis was found associated with the preceding species., and was dredged up h^MfrliKU^^ NATURAL HISTORY. I.xxxv from a depth of eighty fathoms off Elizabeth Harbour. It was also found in considerable numbers near the island of Igloolik on a preceding voyage. 6.— HIPPOLITE POLARIS. ALPIIEUS POLARIS.— Sat: Supp. to Parry's 1st Voyage— p. ccxxxviii., pi. 2, figs. 5—8. Boss, App. to Parry's Polar Voyage — p. 206. A. thoracis dimidio posteriore Isevi, anteriore carinato serrate- ; chelis et unguibus apice nigris. {Sabine.) The excellent description and plate referred to above, render any further remark unnecessary, except that the rostral dentations are usually more numerous, both above and beneath. It is an abundant species in the Arctic Seas. \M 7.— MYSIS FLEXUOSUS. MYSIS FLEXUOSUS.— Lam : Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert.— vol. v., p. 200. CANCER FLEXUOSUS.— Mulh : Zool. Dan.— vol. ii., p. 34, pi. 66. CANCER MULTIPES.— Montague, in Trans. Linn. Soc— vol. ix., tab. 5, fig. 3. CANCER OCULATUS.— Fab : Faun. Grasnl.—p. 245, pi. 1, figs. A and B. PRAUNUS FLEXUOSUS.— Leach, in Edin. Encycl.— vol. vii., p. 401. Though but sparingly found in the seas of Europe, it inhabits some parts of the Arctic Ocean in amazing numbers, and constitutes the principal food of the prodigious shoals of salmon, that resort thither in the months of July and August, and upon which the inhabitants of Boothia depend, in a great measure, for their winter store of provisions. It is also the chief food of the whale, by which such a prodigious quantity of fat is produced in the body of that immense animal. During the summer they assemble in vast myriads at the mouths of rivers, but in the winter are more generally distributed along the whole line of coast, and, together with liT.I ^■^mM«««a.gsgCTa.reBra»^^^ j^t^t*.-^ s~n^r*-^*^^ jr^r-^-^ lxxxvi NATURAL HISTORY. the Argonauta Arctica, are to be seen in every crack that opens with the tide, even at the coldest period of the year. It is called by the natives Il-le-ak-kak. AMPHIPODA. 8.— THEMISTO GAUDICHAUDII. Th. corpore elongate, luteo j capite globoso ; antennis inferioribus longioribus ; pedibus inaqualibus, quinto pari longissimo ; caudse appendicibus planis, ciliatis. (Guer.) This singular animal was first described by M. F. E. Guerin, in a paper entitled "Memoire sur le Nouveau Genre Themisto," &c, communicated to the Society of Natural History at Paris, August 29, 1828, and published soon after in the fourth volume of the memoirs of that society. The specific name is in honour of Dr. Gaudichaud, one of the naturalists of the corvette La Ccquille, during a voyage round the world, under the command of Captain Duperrey, by whom it was collected, together with a number of other curious specimens of marine invertebrate animals. M. Guerin's minute and accurate description is exceedingly well illustrated by a lithographic delineation of the various parts that compose this singular and interesting genus. The individual selected for description was smaller than those met with by us during our late voyage to the Arctic Regions, our specimens being as large as M. Guerin's second or magnified figure ; in every other particular they agree with his description, of which the following is an extract : " Corps oblong, compose de douze segmens;* tete occupee entitlement par deux yeux a reseau, arrondie, non prolongee inferieurement en rostre. Quatre antennes, les supeneures plus courtes que la tete, courbees au bout ; les inferieures beaucoup plus longues. Quatorze pieds ; les quatre premiers courts, diriges en avant, couches sur la bouche, et representant les deux demieres paires de pieds-machoires des erustaces superieurs; les quatre suivans beaucoup plus grands, termines par un crochet dirige * Not including the head. ■" NATURAL HISTORY. vers la queue ; la cinquieme paire tres-longue dirigee vers la bouche, ayant l'avant- dernier article grele, fort long, garni d'epines en dedans et termine par un crochet ; les quatre derniers, de moitie plus courts, diriges et conformes de meme, mais sans dents a l'avant-dernier article. Queue terminee par six appendices natatoires longs, aplatis, bifides a. Textremite ; trois paires de filets egalement natatoires sous les trois premiers segmens de la queue." Jt is most nearly allied to Hyperia of Latreille and Phrosina of Risso,* but differs from the former in the great length of the fifth pair of legs, and in the inferior antennae being longer than the superior ; tand from Phrosina, in the greater length of the antennae, and in the head not being prolonged inferiorly en rostre. It is a singular circumstance in the history of this animal, that it has hitherto been found only in the vicinity of the Falkland Islands, and near the west coast of the peninsula of Boothia. 9.— GAMMARUS NUGAX. GAMMARUS NUGAX.— Sab: Supp. to Parry's 1st Voyage— p. ccxxix.1 TALITRUS NUGAX.— Ross, App. to Parry's 3d Voyage— p. 119; and Polar Voyage— p. 205. CANCER NUGAX.— App. to Phipps's Voyage— p. 192, pi. 12, fig. 3. By reason of the small superadded setse on the upper antenna? of the Cancer Nugax (Phipps), I have referred it to the genus Gammarus, although it does not participate in all the characters assigned to that genus by Latreille. The lower antennas being- longer than the upper, it belongs to Lamarck's genus Talitrus. This last character, together with the second pair of feet, being elongate, and terminated by a flattened setose articulation, without a claw, render the establishment of a new genus necessary for its proper arrangement. It is a very numerous inhabitant of the Arctic Seas. * CuTier Rfegne Animal — vol.iv., p. 117j ~1«fc2&KKSSBSSS • NATURAL HISTORY. 10.— CxAMMARUS AMPULLA. GAMMARUS AMPULLA.— Sab : Supp. to Parry's 1st Voyage—?, ccxxix. Ross, App. to Parry's Polar Voyage— -p. 204. CANCER AMPULLA. — Phipps's Voyage, Appendix — p. 192, pi. 12, fi°\ 2. In this species the superior antennae, which have also the superadded seta, are one- half shorter than the inferior ; the second pair of feet are unguiculate, not setose, but the work is very minute. The fifth and sixth pairs have femoral lamina?, but less than those of the seventh pair. It is by no means abundant in the Arctic Seas, excepting near the Low Island (of Phipps), Spitzbergen, where it was first discovered. Some few specimens were obtained near Felix Harbour. 11.— GAMMARUS BOREUS. GAMMARUS BOREUS.-Sat; Supp. to Parry's 1st Voyage-?, ccxxix. Ross, App. to Parry's 3d Voyage—?. 119; and Polar Voyage.—?. 204. SQUILLA PULEX.— Degeer, Ins.— vol. vii., p. 525, pi. 33, figs. 1 and 2. G. caud* dorso spinoso, oculis lunatis, pedibus quatuor anticis chelatis, pari septimo preecedentibus longiore. {Sabine.) Is found abundantly along the shores of the north-east part of the American continent, and its contiguous islands, but especially so near the estuaries of rivers, seeming to prefer the brackish to the salt water of the ocean. %&mt^j5r®feBBR NATURAL HISTORY. lxxxix 12.— GAMMARUS LORICATUS. GAMMARUS LORICATUS.— Sab : Supp. to Parry's 1st Voyage— p. ccxxxi., pi. 1, fig. 7. Ross, App. to Parry's 3d Voyage — p. 118 ; and Polar Voyage — p. 204. G. rostro corniformi deflexo, dorso carinato, segmentis postice et acute productis. (Sabine.) The specimens obtained in Prince Regent's Inlet agreed generally with Captain Sabine's description, but some few, taken at the same time, approached more nearly to Fabricius's * description of Oniscus serratus ; the three posterior pairs of legs being much shorter than those of G. lorkatus, but longer in proportion than those of O. serratus, when compared with the third and fourth pairs. In some specimens the rostrum was so very minute, as hardly to be distinguishable, whilst in others it was very large. It is an abundant species. ■ I 13.— GAMMARUS SABINI. GAMMARUS SABINI.— Leach, Ross's Voyage— oct. ed., vol. ii.,p. 178. Sab: Supp. to Parry's 1st Voyage — p. ccxxxii., pi. 1, figs. 8 — 11. Ross, App. to Parry's 3d Voyage — p. 118; and Polar Voyage — p. 204. G. segmentibus dorsalibus postice falcato productis, capite inter antennas acumine minuto. This species was found abundantly in Prince Regent's Inlet, and near Felix Harbour. * Fauna Granlandica — p. 262. >swsg*rer y*x*^2fit~: ^wg^'i y.«^«=yc - v^^y 3EF=5 ^k^*&J>^i±Mr<*L}># in iiiiiiGi! Ml i I xcn NATURAL HISTORY. this part is white, curved over the head, and directed forward ; the eyes are small and white. The tenth segment of the body has only five spines ; the fourth and fifth caudal segments having three, and the others only two spines. The femora of the three posterior pairs of legs are each armed with two strong spines posteriorly, of which those on the last are the largest and strongest. The two posterior caudal segments are each furnished with a double styliform process, of which the anterior is the longer. The middle plate of the tail is truncate, with two styliform processes, similar to those of the preceding genus. Plate B, fig. 4, represents a large-sized specimen of the Acanthosoma Hystrix. Figs. 5 and 6, a magnified view of the two anterior pairs of legs. Fig. 7, the three posterior segments and middle plate of the tail, together with the lateral and terminal styliform processes. MOLL US CA -CEPHALOPODA. Nov. Gen.— ROSSIA. (Owen.) A single specimen of a small species of Cephalopoda was taken near the beach at Elwin Bay, Prince Regent's Inlet, on the 29th of August, 1832. It was preserved in spirits, and brought to England ; and I am indebted to the friendship of Mr. Owen, Assistant Conservator of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, for the following account of this remarkable animal, accompanied with illustrations of his dis- sections, which have been engraved by Mr. I. Curtis, F.L.S., &c. J. C. R. " The small Cephalopod which you have brought from the Arctic Regions to this country, proves to be the type of a new genus. It differs from Loligo and Sepioteutlm in the form, proportions, and position of its lateral fins, and in the extent of its horny dorsal style, or gladius; * in these respects, it bears a closer affinity to Sepiola (Leach)- it differs, however, from Sepiola generally in having the anterior margin of the mantle free in the whole of its circumference; its natural position is therefore interme- * This is the term by which Aristotle designates the horny plate of the Loligines :-" T,} ^ oiv _,,& ml m rM Kal rS> r«/9W kvr6S e,c r& ereptA «, ri? vpav& T0V au)fiaT0£> & BaWl rb ^ ^ rf & " Sub dorso firma pars sepi* loligini ac lolio continetur ; illius sepium, horum gladium vocant.-ffist. Animal., lib. iv., c. I. 12mo. Ed. Schneider. ^*^«J3« ait^gs^Ba^ia^feiBa^^pvTi .3£«S25S':»aSgto ^^%Z®%&jg^&g^M^m^&^R&^& ■ § NATURAL HISTORY. diate to Sepiola and Sepioteuthis, which it connects together as well by its interme- diate size, as by the peculiarities of its structure. I propose to call the genus Hossia, in honour of the Commander of an Expedition, at once so honourable to the enterprising character of the British seaman, and so interest- ing in its scientific results. Class — Cephalopoda. (Cuvier.) Order — Dibranchiata. Tribe — Decacera. Family — Lo ligi n ! dje. Genus — Rossi a. Char. Gen. — Corpus ventricosum ; duabus pinnis latis rotundatis, subdorsalibus, antrorsum positis ; margine antico pallii libero. Bracliia subbrevia, triedra; acetabulis pedunculatis, pedunculis brevissimis ; ad basin bra- chiorum in duabus seriebus alternantibus, ad apicem in plurimis seriebus aggregatis. Ordo longitu- dinis parium brachiorum, 1, 2, 4, 3. Tentucula longitudine corpus asquantia, ad apicem acetabulis pedunculatis minimis obsita. Gladius, corneus, longitudine lin. ix. aequans ; inferius parum dilatatus. Char. Sp. — Rossia palpebrosa. From the obvious uncertainty of deducing a stable specific character from the only known representative of its genus, I have limited myself to proposing a nomen triviale, taken from the remarkable development of the skin surrounding the eyeball, by means of which this animal evidently possesses the power of defending the eye, as the pulmonated Vertebrata do by means of their more regularly-formed eyelids. The utility of this provision, in seas abounding with fragments of ice, is obvious. Fig. 1, pi. B, from a sketch by Captain Ross, shows the appearance of the eyes while the animal was alive ; fig. 2, pi. C, h. shows the closing of the eyelid after death. The admeasurements of the specimen were as follow, but it must be borne in mind that it had shrunk in all its dimensions in consequence of having been macerated in spirit. Inches. Lines. Length from the end of the visceral sac to the end of the longest tentacle . . . . , . .50 Ditto from the end of the visceral sac to the anterior margin of the mantle 1 9 ^sa^rasre^^rag**^*^^^ r ^.^^^gf.y^^.-* yj v.7£«i2SS":»5B2to ^^^^^^i^^^^i^^am^^^m^^^^^ f*|.ij. XC1V NATURAL HISTORY. Length from the end of the visceral sac to the interspace of the first or middle pair of dorsal brachia . • • • Ditto of the tentacle ...... Breadth of the body (exclusive of the fins) . . .. Ditto of the head, across the eyes .... Inches. Lines. The specimen presented a dull dusky brown colour, over the whole of the dorsal and lateral aspects, and over the exterior of the arms. The pigment producing this hue was disposed in minute close-set points. Captain Ross's drawing of the recent animal exhibits a greenish metallic lustre, reflected from these surfaces, slight remains of which are still perceptible in the specimen. The ventral surface is of a light ash colour. The form of the abdomen or visceral segment of the body is more ventricose than in Sepiola. The anterior margin of the mantle projects slightly forwards at the middle of its dorsal aspect, as in Sepioteuthis, and is reflected downwards for about half an inch before being continued upon the back part of the head. There is a transverse groove on either side of the mantle, about a line behind its anterior margin : this part is colourless anterior to the grooves, as in Sepiola. The fins are short, semicircular, dorsal in their position, but nearer the sides of the body, and placed more forwards than in Septula vulgaris ; the interspace between their origins is to the breadth of the body as 3 to 4, while in Sepiola vulgaris it is as 3 to 5. They project laterally from the body, with a slight inclination forwards. They measure in length one inch, in breadth ten lines. The brachia are proportionately shorter and thicker than in Sepiola, more resembling those of Sepia, but not having the same relative dimensions as in that genus, e. g. the third, and not the fourth pair, is the longest (counting from the dorsal aspect), but the fourth pair is proportionately longer than in Sepiola. They measure, The first pair, one inch. The second pair, one inch three lines. The third pair, one inch nine lines. The fourth pair, one inch five lines. They present the usual three-sided pyramidal form, with the internal facet beset with the suckers or acetabula. These are of a globular figure, supported by very short sub- lateral peduncles. Commencing from the base of the arms, the suckers are arranged in a double alternate series ; this disposition prevails along the whole of the first pair, along 1&£W\ NATURAL HISTORY. xcv three-fourths of the second pair, and along about half of the third and fourth pairs of arms, beyond which the suckers are aggregated into irregular transverse rows of from three to five, diminishing in size to the apex of the arm. In this respect there is an inter- mediate structure between Sepiola, in which the suckers are in a double alternate series along the whole arm ; and Sepia, in which they are aggregated from the com- mencement. The horny cup in each acetabulum has its margins entire : and its diameter is equal to one-third of the fleshy sphere in which it is implanted. The tentacles or proboscides * are round, and slightly dilated at their extremities, which are beset for about nine lines by minute and close-set suckers; these diminish in size towards the extremity of the tentacle, and the largest of them do not exceed one-fiftieth of an inch in diameter. The horny cup of these acetabula is propor- tionately larger than in those of the brachia, and their pedicles are longer. (See b, pi. C.) A narrow membranous expansion is extended along the sides of the dilated extremities of the tentacle. The tentacula emerge from within the membrane extended between the third and fourth pairs of brachia, but this interbrachial fold, though of greater breadth, does not connect the arms together for a greater extent than the membrane between the third and second, or that between the second and first pairs of legs; but there is no corre- sponding fold between the ventral pair of arms. In this respect Rossia resembles Sepiola and Sepia ; in all of which, therefore, the interbrachial membranes have obviously other uses than to protect the tentacles, which can be retracted into a cavity below the base of the arms ; they probably serve, but in a minor degree than in Octopus, as a retropulsive fin. The eyes of the specimen were of large size, forming the usual convexity on each side of the head ; they were, however, as has been before mentioned, almost com- pletely hidden from view by the contraction of the lower eyelid principally, the open- ing of the fold corresponding to the transparent portion of the integument continued over the eyeball (for the animal cannot be said to possess a true cornea), was of a longitudinal figure, and dorsal in its position. In Sepiola there is a slight fold beneath the eye, corresponding to the largely developed eyelid in Rossia, but there is a greater proportionate breadth of the head at this part in Sepiola. The siphon or funnel extends to within a line of the interbrachial membrane of the ventral pair of arms, resembling in this respect Sepiola rather than Sepia, or Sepio- teuthis, where the funnel reaches only half-way between that part and the margin of I . * This superadded pair of elongated arms were termed by Aristotle irpofioaictSat, in contradistinction to the ordinary eight arms, which he calls iroSes. — Hist. Animal., lib. iv., c. 1. ^g^^res*«g^*~s<^^^c^ .v;^^ - ^^^ ^» XCV1 NATURAL HISTORY. l\M the mantle. It is depressed and tapers towards the extremity ; within the tube, and two lines distant from the end, there is the small valve, which exists in all the Cepha- lopods that have locomotive organs adapted for propelling them forwards. On either side of the base of the funnel there is an oblong cartilaginous depression, surrounded by a raised margin, to which a corresponding projection on the inner side of the mantle is adapted. This structure for strengthening the attachment between the mantle and the head is met with in all the Decacera, ■ and in Ocythot, but does not exist in Octopus. The membranous expansions from the sides of the base of the funnel, cor- responding to the 'callottes ' in Octopus, extend in Rossia around the anal aperture. The rudimentary dorsal shell, or gladius, is not more than nine lines in length, and one line and a half in breadth at its lower and dilated half; there is a longitudinal mesial ridge on its external surface, and a corresponding groove with lateral ridges on the opposite side ; it is of a firm texture, and brown colour anteriorly, but becomes thin, soft, white, and cartilaginous at its posterior extremity, The digestive organs of Rossia resemble those of Sepiola, with the exception of the laminated pancreatic caecum being of a simpler form, and the follicles appended to the biliary ducts being more developed ; these are larger, indeed, than in any Cephalopod in which this structure has been found. The horny mandibles, and their surrounding fleshy lips, present no peculiarity worthy of remark. The outer lip, as in Sepiola, is more contracted than in Sepia. The oesophagus descends in the dorsal interspace of the hepatic lobes without dilating to form a crop. The muscular stomach is lined with a cuticle, but is not so strong as in Octopus. The laminated caecum is a simple oval cavity, as in Nautilus, without spiral appendage. The biliary secretion enters it between two of the widest laminae, which are continued onwards some way into the intestine. The gut ascends without any convolution on the opposite side of the liver, and terminates between the two muscles which connect the base of the funnel with the ventral side of the mantle, and which, from their disposition, serve as a sphincter to the intestine. The lower pair of salivary glands are lobulated, and of the usual proportionate size. The liver is bilobed, each lobt notched at its upper end, and expanding towards the lower end. Besides the proper capsule, which has a smooth glistening surface, the liver is contained in a strong peritoneal cavity. The two biliary ducts emerge from the lower end and immediately branch out into a mass of larger and simpler follicles, which are arbo- rescent, and extend their ramifications half an inch from the ducts, forming a mass, which conceals the upper halves of both the stomach and rudimentary pancreas. The ink-bao- is situated between the liver and the muscles which surround the arms, close to which its duct enters the intestine. The ink is black, of the same tint as the china-ink. I i*<" NATURAL HISTORY. The organs of circulation, in the form of the systemic ventricle and of the spongy vence caves, resemble those of Sepioteuthis more than those of Sepiola ; the branchial ventricles are proportionately larger than in any other Cephalopod. The vena cava, after its division, becomes dilated and cellular, but the cells are not produced out- wardly into distinct pendulous follicles, the exterior of the vein presents simply a folded or convoluted appearance. The branchial ventricles are of a transversely oblong figure, four lines in length, and three in breadth : they have the small fleshy appen- dages, as in Sepiola, Sepoteuthis, and other true decapods. The fleshy stem of the branchia, through which the branchial artery passes is very broad. The branchial vein dilates into a sinus or auricle, before terminating in the systemic ventricle. This is of a cylindrical form, tapering at its lateral extremities where the blood enters, and bent upwards at the right side to give off the greater aorta ; the lesser aorta comes off from the middle of the opposite side of the ventricle. The larger aorta ascends with the oesophagus between the lobes of the liver, the smaller one descends to supply the ovary principally. The specimen was a female, and had been taken at the season of reproduction. The ovary occupied the lower half of the dorsal aspect of the abdomen ; it was filled with numerous bodies, varying in size from one line to six in the transverse diameter, and with as various figures, some being spherical, others oval, some pyriform, and a few rendered angular by external pressure, but all having their superfices more or less reticulated, as in Sepia, &c, in consequence of the honeycombed glandular structure of their parietes. These bodies, which are appended by delicate peduncles, of various length, to one point of the mem- branous ovary, are commonly regarded as the ova,* but they are, in fact, the glandular calyces, which secrete the true ova; the analogous parts in the Nautilus I have termed capsulce oviferce : they correspond to the Graafian follicles or ovisacs of the Vertebrata. The ova in these ovisacs exhibited in Rossia various stages of develop- ment indicative of an internal impregnation : many of the reticulate ovisacs were collapsed, having discharged their ova ; nine of the ova so discharged, were situated in the single oviduct. The ova which still remained within the capsules had the smooth transparent cortical membrane perfectly formed, and differed from the ova in the oviduct only in the tenuity of this membrane. The discharged ova measured five lines in the long and four in the short diameters. The oviduct was wide, thin, and membranous; it passed along the ventral aspect of the ovary and pericardium towards the left side : its termination was thickened, and beset with transverse glandular folds, as in Nautilus, and was situated immediately behind the two large superadded * See Grant on the Anatomy of Sepiola, in Zool. Trans. — vol. i., p. 84, pi. 11, fig. 12. m 4 '■»IIIJ»I"I ' ^wg^r^^^l xcvni NATURAL HISTORY. glands. These bodies have been described in Sepiola,* as the oviducts, but they are equally distinct from the true efferent tube in that genus as in Rossia ; the true oviduct being single in Sepiola, as in Sepia, and forming by its termination the crescentic glan- dular organ, which lies between and behind the two large accessory glands above mentioned ; of which the function is to secrete the adhesive substance which connects the ova, after they have passed out of the oviduct, and before they are discharged by the funnel. Filamentary processes of the secretion were hanging from the ducts of the glands in the specimen here described. They are composed of numerous trans- verse laminae, the secretion of which passes into a central longitudinal fissure, where it is moulded into the filamentary form. In Nautilus these glands are united at the mesial plane, and the corresponding organ is single in the pectinibranchiate mollusks. W EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES. Plate B. Fig. 1. Rossia palpebrosa, from the dorsal aspect. Plate C. Fig. 1. Rossia palpebrosa, with the mantle and funnel laid open on the ventral aspect, showing the infundibular valve, the ova in the oviduct, and other viscera in situ. Fig. 2. The same laid open on the dorsal aspect, and the capsule of the liver removed, showing the ovisacs, and the relative position of the viscera on this side of the abdomen. Fig. 3. The digestive canal laid open. Fig. 4. The branchia, and organs of circulation. The same letters indicate the same parts in each figure : — a, the eight brachia ; a', one of the brachial suckers magnified; b, the two tentacula ; V , a tentacular sucker magnified ; c, the fins ; d, the inside of the mantle ; e e, the processes which enter ff, the cavities at the base of the funnel ; g, the infundibular valve ; h, the open- ing of the eyelids ; i, the oesophagus ; k, the muscular stomach ; I, the pancreas ; m, the intestine ; n, the anus ; o, lower salivary glands ; p p, liver ; p p, hepatic ducts ; q, hepatic follicles ; r, ink-bag ; s, vena cava ; s' s, its glandular auricular portions going to t t, the branchial ventricles ; v v, their fleshy appendages ; w w, the branchiae ; * See Grant on the Anatomy of Sepiola, in Zool. Trans. — vol. i., p. 84, pi. 11, fig. 10. NATURAL HISTORY x x, systemic sinuses; y, systemic ventricle; 2, aortae; 1 1, ovisacs in the ovary appended to filamentary pedicles ; 2 2, ova in the oviduct ; 3 3, glands which secrete the nidamentum, or connecting substance of the ova. R. O." PTEROPODA. 2.— CLIO BOREALIS. CLIO BOREALIS.— Cuv : Reg. Anim.—\o\. iii., p. 27. Lamarck— vol. vi., p. 286. CLIO LIMACINA.— Phipps, Ellis Zooph.—p. 15, figs. 9 and 10. Leach, Ross's Voyage — oct. edit., vol. ii. p. 172. Sab : Supp. to Parry's 1st Voyage — p. ccxxxix. Ross, App. to Parry's 3d Voy. — p. 120 ; and Parry's Polar Voy. — p. 206. CLIO RETUSA.— Fab: Faun. Grcenl.—?. 334. CLIONE PAPILIONACEA.— Pallas, Spicil. Zool.— vol. x., p. 37, pi. 1, figs. 18 and 19. Very numerous in most parts of the Arctic Ocean. Less abundant in Regent's Inlet and the Gulf of Boothia. ..,, 3.— LIMACINA ARCTIC A. LIMACINA ARCTICA.— Cuv: Reg. Anim.— vol. iii., p. 28. Lamarck — vol. vi., p. 290. Leach, Ross's Voyage — oct. edit., vol. ii., p. 172. Sab : Supp. to Parry's 1st Voyage — p. ccxxxix. Ross, App. to Parry's 3d Voyage — p. 120. Parry's Polar Voyage— p. 206. ARGONAUTA ARCTICA.— Fab : Faun. Grwnl.—p. 386. A very abundant species ; peopling as it were the Polar Seas, and constituting the chief source of subsistence to the Greenland whale. It is indeed most truly won- derful that so small and apparently insignificant an animal can be made to fulfil the most important purposes ; from the smallest species of Crustacea to the enormous whale, all derive their food directly or indirectly from this little creature. It is in fact *n 2 ^.ms^»< ^.>J-^,VMJ-.T? ?&&)3?ggggg--5g5gte ^ CIV GEOLOGY. land, where this rock has been pointed out to me, though it would be superfluous for me to describe what is well known to every geologist. And if sometimes pure and somewhat marble-like in its texture, so it is argillaceous and dull, when it approaches to those shales into which it gradually passes, and with which it is interstratified. It is in its shales also, as I understand is usual with all limestones, that the organic remains which it contains are chiefly found ; though, as is not uncommon elsewhere, some of these occur only in that compact and almost pure calcareous rock, of which they form a part. If, even, I were better informed on this subject, so as to know the distinctions of rocks which are derivable from shells, I could not pretend to dis- tinguish fragments, nor even the more perfect shells, by their present names in the mo-* dern systems ; since I have had no means of keeping my knowledge up to the level of the improvements in this branch of science. Suffice it to say, that such organic remains, or shells, as I found, consisted of corals, of entrochi, of terebratulae, and of others which I will not, or need not, pretend to name; as of all I may say, that they bore such a general resemblance to those of the " mountain limestone " of England and Scotland, which I have seen in collections, as will doubtless satisfy others respect* ing that in which I am not inclined to take any further concern than may be necessary for allowing others to form those conclusions, which it would be presumptuous in me to draw. To terminate the history of this limestone, I need only remark in addition, that after ceasing at Port Logan, where the primary rocks reach the shore, it recurs at Neitchillee, to the southward of the isthmus of Boothia, and that it was thence traced for about two hundred miles to the westward, towards Cape Franklin, where our knowledge of this coast ends. On this long line, however, no mountains of this rock, such as I have described as occupying so great a range of country, occurred. In general, the shores were barely skirted by low strata of a calcareous stone, frequently schistose, intermixed with shales; as they were often so encumbered with fragments and blocks of the primary rocks, as well as of the limestone in question, that I could not often be sure that the fundamental strata were present. The geological conclusion that I was com- pelled to draw was, nevertheless, the same ; namely, that the primary district of this portion of the American coast was skirted throughout its whole extent, with the excep- tion of that line on which the sea met those rocks, by a series of secondary strata, of which this peculiar limestone was the leading and almost the exclusive member. I ought now, according to the usual doctrines of geology, as I understand them, to have also found the red sandstone, which holds a place between this limestone and the primary srtata. I must, however, observe, that on the whole of the long line which I examined at various times, extending from Northeast Cape to the Western Sea, that "" rock was never found in its position: whether owing to its real absence, or to the difficulty of seeing shores so often, and for such long periods, covered with ice and snow, or to my own negligence of this subject, where there was so much of more im- portance to engage my attention, I cannot now presume to say. Several fragments of a sandstone were however picked up on the shores, at various and distant places ; as, for example, near Batty Bay, at Fury Beach, at Victoria Harbour and at other places which I need not name, proving the existence of sandstone strata in the vicinity, or at least somewhere on this coast. But according to more practised judgments than my own, these specimens are inade- quate to prove whether the rock whence they have been derived belongs to the lowest red sandstone, or to that which is termed red marl. That they are red, brown, and mottled, sometimes soft, and at others very hard, is all that I can say respecting them ; and this diversity of character is, as I am informed, well known to occur in both the sandstones in question. But there is one fact whence I am told I may conclude, that in some parts of this shore, at least, the collected specimens must have been derived from the red marl, what- ever may be the case with respect to the southern part of the same line. This is the occurrence of gypsum in the vicinity of Northeast Cape : a mineral which geologists have hitherto referred to this series. But I must leave that matter to their j udgments, as I have nothing more to suggest on the subject of these rocks, since I am not pos- sessed of any other evidence than that which I have stated. It is only needful to add, that as I saw no strata superior to the limestone, and obtained no specimens likely to have been derived from any series higher than the red marl, as the several friends whom I have consulted admit ; so I may, I presume, conclude that the secondary strata of this shore are limited to the rocks which I have described : a fact which, if I have read sufficiently on this subject, is exactly conformable to what occurs very widely in the northern portion of the North American continent. Having already said of the primary land of this coast, that it forms ridges of hills more interior than those of limestone wherever these occur, I must now observe that it reaches the shore at Port Logan, and occupies the remainder of that coast to the south- ward, together with the valley of lakes that crosses the isthmus, as far as Lake Witter- sted, where it is once more skirted by the flat limestone already described. Of the geography of this class of rocks, I can, of course, give no further description, since the climate and the snow united, prevented all research into the interior, and all minute examination, for the most part, of what was accessible. To say that what I saw and could not touch, consisted of granite, is more than, as I am told, I ought to affirm, since geologists seem agreed that it is difficult to judge of *o <^^—x™^ i^S^iifiTi- CV1 GEOLOGY. *5e1 primary mountains by their physiognomy alone. Even when more near the eye, I will not say how often I may not have mistaken gneiss for granite ; yet this latter rock seemed to me to predominate through all the ridges, as it was also that which I found far most frequently whenever I could obtain actual contact with the rocks. That it presented the usual variety of external character, I need scarcely say, and that it included a great variety of mineral aspect or composition is what I can now but remember, without being able to describe. Only three varieties appear among the very few specimens which I brought home ; namely, one of red felspar, white quartz, and hornblende, one of the same felspar and quartz, with white mica, and a third of pale felspar and quartz, with a dark variety of this mineral. In one place I noted that a large mass of this rock was thickly studded with garnets; but having brought home no specimens, I cannot now describe it more particularly. Having found no specimens of gneiss in this small rescued collection, and having but little recollection of the places where I saw this rock, I can give no account of it. Commander Ross appears to have met with it more extensively than I did, but as this branch of natural history was not under his charge, I cannot derive from his recollec- tion, any facts sufficiently positive to state, either respecting its geography or its mineral characters. I shall only note, that in Felix Harbour, I found hornblende schist, belong- ing to this series, as I am informed, together with that compact green felspar, which is known to be one of its inmates. That I saw common slate, or argillaceous schistus, in Victoria Harbour, and in one or two other places, is all that I can now recollect respect- ing that rock ; while one of the engraved plates represents a part of a stratum asso- ciated with another of gneiss, traversed, as it appears, by a granite vein, and the whole intersected by one of quartz. The last rock which I have to notice is trap. A considerable mass of this occurs at Saumarez River, and it is also represented in one of the plates ; the only other place where I noticed it was near Elizabeth Harbour, where numerous veins traverse the gra- nitic hills which skirt this shore. Of mere minerals, I found agate pebbles in one place, with veins of white, pink, and yellow quartz, near Elizabeth Harbour, and copper ore near Agnew River and Lord Lindsay River. The hills are often covered with granite boulders, offering the usual difficulty so often discussed : but I saw no other alluvia than those which are easily referred to the flow- ing of water during the summer thaws, and to the action of the waves on the shores.. 1 k " " tfc^syrafraggl REPORT ON INSTRUMENTS. My transit instrument was made by Mr.T. Jones, of Charing Cross, for my observatory at North-west Castle, Wigtonshire, where I had it in use four years. Its telescope was thirty-six inches in length, with an object-glass two inches and five-eighths aperture, and was an excellent instrument : it was the whole time under the charge of Com- mander Ross. My theodolite was nine inches in diameter, with double telescope, and was made also by Jones, for the late Captain Bartholomew. The diurnal variation instrument was made by Mr. Dollond, whose instructions I received respecting its use, and was the same which had been made for Sir John Franklin. I had also two altitude instruments made by Jones, which were supplied to me from the Colonial Office, and which I used to determine the height of the Eastern over the Western Sea. I had three dipping-needles, one made by Jones, which was with Sir Edward Parry ; one by Pope, and one of my own construction. We had five sextants; an instrument sent by Mr. Warre, which was the invention of Lieut. Drummond, R.A., being a compass with apparatus for finding the latitude and longitude attached to it, and was a very ingenious invention ; but, as the compass had ceased to traverse where we wintered, it could not be tried. My telescope for occultations was sixty-six inches focal length, with an aperture of three inches and five-eighths; the object-glass by Tully. I had also Barlow's apparatus, and Gilbert's azimuth compass, and six others ; two marine and one mountain barometer. Row- land's and Tyrrel's perspective instruments, the former was found of great value as *o 2 i runt-! .W&8^ZW£*3g%SB?& £»2?5SS^i#^£S*r cvm REPORT ON INSTRUMENTS. the greatest tyro in drawing could not fail to delineate the land correctly with it. The deep sea clamrns, Dr. Marcet's water-bottle, Massey's patent log, and other instruments of minor importance, were, with the exception of Jones's dipping-needle, two sextants, and two spyglasses, left at Victoria harbour, where they were buried on the north side of the bay; but I have no doubt but they would be discovered and destroyed by the natives. :" >l% *V^^4^3Pg? I m % r.-j*-s«trv: ^Tjr^d7,^ ■ r^^i^iin"- aii ■£■«■ .;>S«Sg3S:&S5jgto jxdK&K' li : 'll: *sl ;'S'" /J -dm ^--■^ ™ ^ „ - ^l'f.ZW' i??l?S • ^ $>3LJ45fi$*8®Si®6»M£i23i &$' '% TERRESTRIAL REFRACTION. Those who pass a year northward of the Arctic Circle, during the spring and autumn, are amazed at the extraordinary appearance of the objects around them, which are often changed in shape so totally different from what they really are, that it is quite impossible to take correct sketches, or make any thing like a true estimate of the distance of the land, which, in the course of a few minutes, is often so much changed as not to have any thing like the natural or true outline. Captain Scoresby gives some extraordinary instances of both land and ships seen at an immense distance, and on our first voyage it is recorded, that Cape Clarence was seen from the deck at the distance of one hundred and twenty miles, the ship being at that time two degrees of latitude south of the cape ; and, indeed, it was only in the spring after our arrival at Felix harbour, that we discovered the land to the east-south-east of us, with many intervening islands. But the most remarkable circumstance which occurred during our observations was the uneven current of refraction raising an intermediate body (an iceberg or island) above the more distant land, which at the time of no refraction was considerably higher. This fact at once shows the fallacy of setting up a mark or board at a distance of a few miles to observe a star setting behind it ; and which could be no proof of the inaccuracy of the table of refractions in the Nautical Almanac, which, indeed, I found by all my observations to be wonderfully correct. I cannot omit to mention an extraordinary instance of unusual refraction, which took place on the 22d of September, 1832, when we were at North End Cape, lat. 73° 53' north, long. 90° west. The weather was very clear, and, in an east-north-east bearing, no land could be seen. I .; tf ■: 4 re**^T^P^^^^^^iT~«rrtfr ga :. i m M" ex TERRESTRIAL REFRACTION. m I was watching the rising of the sun, with my eyes fixed to the spot, when I saw the sun emerge; in an instant his lower limb was his full diameter above the horizon, without his figure being changed ; in this position he remained about half a minute, then fell, his lower limb being dipped about one-eighth of the diameter; he then assumed various amorphous forms, continued varying for five minutes, and at length assumed the proper form. The plate is given to show the land in three different states : First, as with no refraction, distant fourteen miles. The second is the same land, with an iceberg four miles distant raised above the land. The third, the same refracted in a different way on the same day. These outlines are taken by Ronald's invaluable instruments which I had fixed on a point of land sixteen feet above the level of the sea, and by which the figure could be traced with the greatest precision, and with which I made above three hundred observations, tending to confirm what I have stated. These observations were taken during the first week in May, 1831. '" fcWfctUUM^M^A&Jfr ANALYSIS OF FLUIDS, &c. I am indebted for the following article to my friend Mr. Thomas Rymer Jones, who, in conjunction with Mr. Hemmings, submitted the articles I gave them to a careful examination, and made the following report, which requires no comment, as the acquire- ments of these gentlemen are known to qualify them highly for such an investigation. 1.— SEA-WATER FROM PADLIAK OR SPENCE BAY. This water was taken from the sea by me on the 4th of June, 1830, and carefully preserved in a bottle with a ground glass stopper, and was never out of my possession, having been carried by me the whole length of our fatiguing journey to Fury beach ; in order to establish the specific gravity and component parts of the water in the sea of King William, or that to the westward of the isthmus of Boothia. The specific gravity of this water was 1.011 at a temperature of sixty-four degrees of Fahrenheit, and a wine pint contains 116,97 grains, of which matter— viz.: GRAINS. Magnesia . . 5.81 Chloride of sodium 92.5 Sulphate of lime . 7.67 Sulphuric acid . 4.39 — besides that contained in the sulphate of lime. Muriatic acid . 5.65— besides that contained in the muriate of soda. :i 1 !■ «M».^«HB^VTM^^-^^ig^>^B«a«BV r^^d-yw- di-f r:> CX1V ANALYSIS OF FLUIDS, &C. proportion of citric acid ; the decomposition being principally in the vegetable matter, seems to imply that citric acid alone is not a check to that dreadful malady the scurvy, 7.— THE MUSTARD Had, as might be expected, lost the greater part of its pungency. STATE OF PROVISIONS. The provisions of which the following account is given, had been lying exposed to the climate for eight years, in the latitude of seventy-three degrees and forty-seven minutes north, and longitude of ninety-one degrees and forty-seven minutes west, and very little above high-water mark. The preserved meats, with few exceptions, were the manufacture of Messrs, Gamble and Co., and being enclosed in tin cases, could not be discovered by animals who depend on the sense of smelling : these were cylinders of various sizes, the ends of each becoming concave or convex, according to the degrees of contraction or expansion caused by the climate, secured them against bursting from its effects, and the contents were found to be in nearly the original state : these consisted of beef, roasted and boiled, veal, mutton, spiced meat of various kinds, turnips, parsnips, and carrots, all of which were found to be in excellent preservation. The soups, which were preserved in quantities, from a quart to a gallon, were excellent, and we left a considerable quantity behind, but no meat of any kind. The flour, which was preserved in iron-bound casks, and had been likewise exposed for eight years to the climate, was found to be in good condition ; for although in many cases the hoops had slackened, so as to admit the moisture into the cask, it penetrated but a short way, while the whole of the interior was perfectly sound. The bread, of which there were many casks, was in a good or bad state, according to the soundness of the cask which contained it, and we employed ourselves in separating the bad from the good, and put all into repaired casks. A part of this, and also of the flour, is sufficient, with the addition of the remaining soup, to sustain the life of twelve men for a year. Owing to the pickles being also in cask, they had suffered much, the vinegar having leaked out of most of them : fifty of these, and twenty-five of lemon juice, are also left, at a little distance south of the house, and covered with coals, as the most effectual way of preserving both. " PHILOSOPHICAL OBSERVATIONS. ON COLD. Having already devoted much in Chapter XIII. of the Narrative on this subject, as it regards the human body, it only remains to publish my experiments on its effect on other substances. I shall begin with those on ice, which were repeated yearly : the thickness of the ice was measured regularly, both on a lake and in the sea, every month, and was found to increase until the end of May, when it had arrived at its maximum thickness, which in the sea was ten feet, and the lake eleven ; the proportion being so much more on fresh than on salt water. In the months of February and March, when the temperature of the air was at fifty degrees below zero, the temperature of the ice gradually diminished between the surface and the water, which was, immediately below the ice, at the temperature of twenty- seven degrees ; showing that to freeze sea-water below the ice (where no air was to be found) required a temperature five degrees lower than the freezing point of Fahrenheit. This was done by excavating a large shaft in the ice, and, as it deepened, a horizontal hole was bored large enough to admit the thermometer at every foot in depth, until we arrived at the water, in which a thermometer was immediately immersed, and the result obtained, the further detail of which need not be presented. ITS EFFECTS ON SNOW. The same experiments were made on snow, with proportional results ; twelve feet depth of snow being equal in the resistance of cold to seven feet of ice. It was from these experiments that I determined on covering our miserable canvas habitation at Fury beach with ice, which was accomplished by watering the snow walls as they were con- structed, and also the roof; the former being made from seven to nine feet thick, and the latter from four to six. This we found effectual against cold until the mercury had *p 2 3&98SS :<&&:<* ^xjggago54B>gg>!Sigi^^ CXV1 PHILOSOPHICAL OBSERVATIONS. frozen ; after which; the frost penetrated more or less according to the force of the wind. The general effects of the cold on the snow as it fell, was to pulverize it, so that when a strong breeze came it rose and filled the air like dust, to a considerable height. On the other hand, the valleys, and every place into which the wind had forced the snow, became so hard as to bear being formed into blocks, like Ashlar work, of large dimensions, and rolled into the sledges without damage, and thus we were enabled to build the walls of our huts with considerable rapidity, our first care on halting being to find a place where the snow was hard. ITS EFFECTS ON MERCURY. The effect of cold on mercury depended materially on its purity, and I observed that the longer or the oftener it was used, it froze the sooner. It was at first imagined that the lead of the trough which is generally used in artificial horizons, amalgamated with the mercury, but I always used a wooden trough, and a glass bottle to keep it in ; notwithstanding which the scum, which was always greatest in cold weather, was equally large, and every year the mercury which had been used, froze at a higher temperature, until it reached to thirty-one degrees, being eight degrees higher than the usual point ; while mercury, which had not been exposed, retained its purity. We went through the usual experiments of freezing it in a pistol-bullet mould, and firing the ball through an inch board ; as also the finest almond oil, which froze at fifteen degrees, and became very hard at thirty degrees, so as to penetrate, when formed into a bullet, through an inch plank at the distance of five yards. The effect of cold on various metals was found to be the same as has been often published ; but perhaps the loss of magnetic power, in no less than twelve needles of compass cards, which were found on Fury beach, may be most properly attributed to cold, as they were found with the needle pointing north, south, east, and west, and all alike deprived of their magnetic property. The effects of cold on the icebergs was the most striking ; as soon after the thermometer had sunk below zero, icebergs were heard renting and tumbling to pieces with tremendous noise ; and in the spring, these immense masses were seen, like as many mountains after the devastation of an earthquake. It has been supposed that the cold also had the effect of giving the green and blue colour to the ice ; but, although these colours were deeper and more general after than before winter, still I do not think the fact to be sufficiently proved, that the cold is the only cause. if! SURGEONS REPORT. July 13, 1829. — Our armourer was on this day attacked with pulmonary inflamma- tion; he had, as we subsequently learned, previously suffered from the same malady, and had not been long discharged from one of the London hospitals, when he proffered his services in this expedition. It had been Sir John Ross's intention, soon after the com- mencement of the voyage, to send him home in one of the whale ships, I having already reported my patient as unfit for further service, but no opportunity presented itself for his return. The poor fellow's case terminated in confirmed consumption, and, although his death was probably in some degree accelerated by the severity of the climate, I think that most likely his disease would have terminated fatally had he remained in England ; and I question whether, had he been at home, he could have received more attention, or met with more kindness, even from his relatives, than he experienced at the hands of his shipmates. One wish of his only remained ungratified — he dreaded havino- his remains deposited in a foreign land, and often expressed vain regrets, that he could not return home to expire on his native soil. July 27, 1829. — On this day, John Wood, seaman, aged twenty-two, a healthy and robust young man, fractured both the bones of his left leg in jumping into the launch. The cure was completed within two months by ordinary means, nature effecting the union, and the doctor getting the credit of it. This man was, nine months after his recovery from this accident, severely afflicted with sea-scurvy, and likewise, subsequently in 1833 ; and as it has been observed, especially by the medical officers attached to Anson's expedition in his Voyage round " i ^g^lSSPSgSSl- SURGEON'S REPORT. CXXl the World, that fractures become disunited under the ravages of this malady, I think it proper to observe, that in this instance nothing of the kind occurred, although scorbutic symptoms made their appearance so soon after the fractured bones had become conso- lidated. The symptoms of his first attack, in 1830, were soon controlled; in 1833, however, the disease assumed a more malignant and violent character, and rapidly attained its worst and most deplorable form : the gums were absorbed almost to the edge of the sockets of the teeth, and had become black and putrid, livid patches appeared on the limbs, the legs became cedematous, and the powers of life were prostrated even to repeated faintings. This melancholy state was rendered still more distressing from the bad quality of the lime juice which we had obtained from the stores of the Fury, and which having become decomposed by time, was almost inefficient ; yet, in spite of the severity of the disease, and its protracted continuance during a period of four months, I never discovered any indications of disunion in the broken limb. It may, however, be observed, that Lord Anson's men were destitute of all kinds of fresh provisions, and, therefore, not only could not cure, but were unable even to mitigate the progress of the horrible malady which raged among them. July 24, 1831.— Anthony Buck, aged twenty-four. As this man's case, blindness after epilepsy, is referred to in the Report of the Committee of the House of Commons, it may be, perhaps, interesting to give a short outline of it. In May of this year, he had suffered from snow blindness, which had probably left a disposition to cerebral disease. On the day above mentioned, when on a fishing party seventeen miles from the ship, he had his first attack of epilepsy, from which he recovered with im- paired vision of the left eye. On the eleventh of October, he had a second attack still more violent, causing nearly total blindness of both eyes. The fits recurred at irregular intervals for two months, and eventually disappeared, leaving him, however, nearly blind. It cannot be of much interest to trace the various remedies used in this case; but it may be reasonably hoped that the sight may be eventually though gradually recovered ; since it is most probable that the blindness depends only on a loss of nervous energy in the retina, from the violence of the fits, a degree of impaired vision being a common consequence of such cases.* * Since writing the above, I have been told that Buck has partially recovered his sight. Such cases are sometimes fairly referred to organic lesion, but are more usually functional diseases simply. * Q ,/ :?! rv*i*ewi*rir*si<«v*-,4~-*'r~*:'\ - ^tm^s^nm • r v^-a-ni * * '■ CXX11 SURGEON'S REPORT. The second fatal case under ray care was one of dropsy (ascites). James Dickson had been on a fishing party two months before the manifestation of dropsical symptoms. He had fallen into the water, and had slept through the night in his wet clothes. His general health from this period was gradually disturbed, and I attribute his malady to the suppressed perspiration consequent upon exposure to damp and cold. On the 20th of October, 1831, he complained of pain and tightness of the abdomen, which, on examination, was found to be swollen and tense. Aperients and diuretics were ordered, as also mercurials to promote the action of the absorbent system, due attention being paid to the function of the skin. I combated the accumulation of fluid with varying success, until the latter end of December, when the tension became extreme, and he was tapped. The operation, as usual, gave him only temporary relief; and, gradually sink- ing, he died on the 10th of January, 1832. It is worth while to notice, that at various times during the course of this complaint, symptoms of scurvy made their appearance. So again in Buck's case (epilepsy) the same disease occasionally manifested itself; again in Henry Eyre's case (the cook), who was affected with rheumatism ; and in short, in nearly all the cases, the same scorbutic symptoms were mixed up with the proper characteristics of each disease. Even con- sumption, absolute as it is in our climate, was modified by the same controlling diathesis. The experienced statistical investigator will, in the history of all atmospheric constitutions, observe the same phenomenon in all parts of the world. The cholera epidemic, which stalked like a malignant giant over a great part of the globe, spreading death and desolation in its course, asserted the same controlling influence over disease in general, as has been remarked by most writers on that disease. So again in districts where ague prevails, most diseases receive some additional intermittent character which in other regions do not properly belong to them. From the experience of former voyagers, and from a consideration of the common causes of scurvy in a northern region, we had sufficiently been taught, that no precau- tion, however strict, no policy, however comprehensive, could ensure a crew from the occasional ravages of this debilitating malady. The absurdity of attributing it to the single cause of salt provisions, would have been inferior to the pathological views even of the earliest investigators of disease ; for the ancients tell us, that not any one cause produces disease, but that is assumed in common parlance as the cause which seems chiefly to have contributed to the effect. Every depressing agent contributes to establish :"■; the scorbutic condition. No wonder, then, that at one period a vexatious confinement with no probable limits, and the most harassing disappointments, hope almost chased away by despair, provisions at times scanty, and a deficiency of all comfortable clothing, should have rendered the constitutions of a great part of our little crew obnoxious to this northern enemy. There were times when the spirits of the crew, like our thermo- meters, were below zero; and such a condition, conjointly with the causes above men- tioned, not only introduced some severe cases, but likewise in a degree baffled our efforts at a cure. The means of prevention were rigidly enforced, and the importance of exer- cise, by walking, and occasionally dancing, was never lost sight of. Humidity was carefully watched as a known enemy ; and to the various ingenious contrivances of former expeditions, an original and successful invention for condensing vapour was superadded. Regular nutritious diet, and plenty of it, should be the rule in serving out the provisions for a northern expedition: we may be disposed to express disgust at witnessing an Esquimaux meal, and indeed nothing can well be more revolting to an European of even ordinary refinement ; but let us recollect that the common dietetic rule in the days of Augustan polity was " semper quamplurimum assumere dummodo hunc con- coquat," and we must leave the savage on a par with the Roman courtier, since they have equally the same limit to the work of refection — the utter impossibility of eating more. Let it be distinctly understood, that I am not advocating gluttony, but merely recording what I believe to be a fact, that very liberal feeding is indispensable to a due generation and preservation of heat in such a climate, and therefore indispensable to the prevention of scurvy. Seventeen of our crew, in all, were more or less sufferers from this complaint : one only fell a victim to it. So long as we had a store of good lime-juice, good clothing, generous diet, and a favourable condition of cheerfulness, it was not difficult to arrest or control the slighter cases which appeared ; but when, in the winter of 1832, and spring of 1833, after deserting the ship, the men had to contend with depression of mind, and a scanty diet (a diet which would have suited a Pythagorean better than a sailor, for we had scarcely any animal food, while our clothing had become almost unserviceable), the development of severe scurvy at once served to heighten our misery, and to show how poor a defence a vegetable regimen (chiefly farinaceous) is, when the causes above named are conjointly exerting their depressing influence. *Q2 [ "™™-" »t^w.J"^»>r«.^ ^^r^--^^--. ^o- m j 1 Here again I may note, that those who were slightly affected at the time they left the ship, were so far benefited by the daily exercise of walking from Victoria harbour to Fury beach, a distance of between two and three hundred miles, that on their arrival at the latter place every man had undergone a spontaneous cure. But it was during our stay at the Fury's stores that the worst form of the disease appeared. Mr. Chimham Thomas was one of those who had been scorbutic on leaving the ship, and also at various times for two years before. Like several others, he had experienced a spontaneous cure during the journey to the stores, and from July, 1832, to November of the same year, had remained free from the disease; but, under the causes above referred to, his symptoms claimed my notice. On the 12th of November, he was so seriously ill, that with a paucity of all means of controlling the disease, I from the first had apprehensions of the result. There was, indeed, lime-juice found among the Fury's provisions, but seven years had sufficed to render it inert. Neither had I much to expect from exercise; for although it were easy from the commencement to place a sentinel over 6uch a patient on board a man-of-war, admonition was all that in our situation could be had recourse to. We had indeed plenty of good flour, carrots, parsnips, vegetable soup, peas, &c; but it was impos- sible to get the men to persist in such food, neither, under the complication of such depressing causes, can it be relied on with any certainty as an antidote. After strug- gling with the usual appalling symptoms for three months, debilitated by recurrent haemorrhage from the nose, and his life prolonged by friction, and such excitants as our limited means allowed, a miserable death closed an existence still more miserable. Another case, previously recited (John Wood), promised to be equally severe ; but, as it did not occur until March of 1833, he had all the benefit of the warm season, and of a change of diet, which our shooting parties afforded us in the summer months, so that by July he was out of danger. The other fifteen cases were of various extent, and all did well : and I may here notice, that in all, a disposition to constipation rather than to diarrhoea characterized the disease. It might be supposed that, as scurvy is as familiar to the natives as the snow by which they are surrounded, some new remedy, either external or internal, might have been learned from them. With the direct causes of the complaint they were as conversant as the most learned of us : they say it follows a want of provisions, &&s&^£?^%^%^%r±£KZ v - .in SURGEON'S REPORT. cxxv and they know well that good living and active exercise are indispensable to the cure. Their sole internal medicine is train oil. This is, in fact, their panacea; and, if it fail, the conjurer is their only refuge. All northern expeditions have furnished cases of frostbite, or, as we call the milder affections in our own temperate region, chilblains, for they differ only in degree. With due care, these accidents ought not to occur, but to be at all times on our guard is almost impossible. Security is mortals'1 chiefest enemy, and a long immunity from suffering renders us negligent of danger. In all, we had about a dozen cases. That of George Taylor, one of the mates, demands distinct observation. This poor fellow had gone out with a travelling party, and was at the time about forty miles from the ship. In the morning, he had put on a wet stocking; when on his journey, he felt his foot cold and benumbed, but imprudently persisted in walking without noticing it. In the evening, when ordered by Captain James Ross to put on the usual night-stockings, he discovered that the whole of his foot was frostbitten up to above the ankle. I did not see the case till his return, three days afterwards; Captain James Ross had judi- ciously ordered the limb to be rubbed with snow, and to be immersed in ice-cold water. On examination I found the foot much swollen, painful, and in a state of incipient gan- grene: anodyne poultices were applied, but it soon became necessary to amputate, a measure which the man urged me to delay till Sir John Ross's return, and which I at length performed with a favourable result. The other cases were of minor importance, and all did well. If the preservation of a uniform temperature by external means be of the highest importance, it must be admitted that the due and vigorous generation of caloric by a proper selection of food is not less so. The natural food of this climate seems well adapted to the purpose. Every one knows that solar caloric, caloric by combustion, and that generated by animal life, are the three chief sources by which our temperature is sustained. Now, it seems but reasonable that in a region where our supply from the two first is so exceedingly limited, the more active evolution from the last source should compensate for the deficiency. It is not so difficult, though certainly far from easy, to explain the laws of heat when exerted on inanimate matter, so as to produce the known vacillations of atmospheric temperature. But to explain these laws as influencing, and influenced by, the laws of vitality — in other words, to show how the affinities of matter irrnTirTrrnmiT~TiT*iniBrT' ^a^^MBT^^^r r^r-^*c-^ .afiggsregsgito .j,>^gg»:&»ggBS«fls? r i CXXVl SURGEON'S REPORT. are antagonized by the power of vitality (or that we may not lead our readers to sup- pose there is any want of harmony in the code of laws by which Divine Providence at once governs the animate and inanimate, we will not say antagonized, but nicely balanced), this indeed has long puzzled, and will still puzzle, philosophers the most acute. There are, however, some facts upon which we can reason with interest and advantage to future navigators ; and we have a theory fairly grounded on those facts, which has now withstood the test of nearly half a century, and which has been indeed modified by the careful process of induction from experiments,* but which has never been altogether refuted. To this I deem it my indispensable duty to direct the atten- tion of any of my medical brethren, who may hereafter chance to visit these regions ; for what is notoriously said of air in all parts of the world, may here also be said of heat, " we must have it or we die." To the physiologist, and the general philosopher, my remarks, perhaps, appear commonplace, and certainly not original, but let him bear in mind that they are re- corded only as a means of directing my successors to the importance of this subject, and to the necessity of adapting the victus ratio accordingly. To proceed then, there are three modes by which heat is probably generated within the body — by the chemical decomposition which takes place in respiration, by the influence of the brain and nervous system, in some degree perhaps analogous to its development by galvanic influence, and by the process of digestion and nutrition. If it be acknowledged that combustion goes on more rapidly in cold weather, and that this is wisely pre-ordained, the same remark applies to respiration, in which the imaginative poet and the cold philosopher alike recognise the resemblance. The heat generated will partly depend on the rapidity of the union of the impurities of the blood and the consequent liberation of caloric. But it will partly depend on the quantity of carbon and hydrogen contained, and taken in with the food. On this ground alone, I expect the patience of my readers ; for it will follow, if this be admitted, that such provisions should be selected for these expeditions as may have been found to contain these elements in the largest possible * Vide Crawford's Experiments, Spalding on the Diving Bell, and the more recent experiments of Brodie, Phillip, and Le Gallois. SURGEON'S REPORT. excess, loosely combined, and in the most favourable state for elimination. We all know that articles of an opposite chemical constitution lower the temperature, such as nitre, acids, mineral and vegetable, and hence the failure of lime juice as an anti- scorbutic, unless aided by nutritious food. On reference to the food destined by nature for the support of the Esquimaux, we find it almost exclusively hydro-carbo- naceous, oil, blubber, fish, and flesh, the two latter of which cannot be too fat for them. Here we see a strong analogy between their process of nutrition and that of combustion ; nearly the same materials, the same play of affinities, the same results, the same change of latent into sensible caloric. That persons of a weakly digestion have no great conservative power with regard to temperature, is a matter beyond doubt ; and the converse seems equally manifest. It is here we have to regard the felicity of an Esquimaux-constitution, for whatsoever improvement our appetites underwent among them, their inherent digestive powers exceeded ours out of all reasonable proportion. If I am rightly understood, my readers must see that I contend that the gross diet of northern tribes is not a matter of chance, but in harmony with the slow but constant changes which are continually going on around them; and intended to enable them to resist cold, and to vigorously generate heat. Thus, as we witnessed, the mother was enabled safely to expose her naked infant, but a few days born, to an atmosphere of seventy-five degrees below our freezing point for several minutes ; the heat being rapidly generated by the one, and as tenaciously retained by the other, for the child during this time was feeding at the breast. The influence of the nervous system in evolving heat is now generally admitted ; its elimination in the process of digestion and nutrition, although not less certain, is still more difficult of explanation. On a review of the journal of all the cases which came under my care, I can scarcely find room, in the limited space allowed me here, to do more than merely state that pneumonia, colds, simple fevers, and some cases of gastric disease, constituted the chief part of them. Duly considering the various difficulties and privations suffered by the crew, our mortality of three individuals will not be deemed either numerous or extraordinary. ,.,.•11.1 I ls» . 'I ■n^^^^^iacai^^^vf^ ^^^ -. ^-^.-< - ^w.-^-,-, j CAPTAIN BACK. iiii Before this sheet was put to the press, this intrepid and persevering officer arrived in London. It will be recollected, that in the spring of 1833, he volunteered his services in the most praiseworthy and disinterested manner to search for me and my companions, who had then been absent nearly four years. Immediately after our providential return, despatches were sent to him, which he received in May, 1834; and at the same time, directions to continue his survey of Great Slave river, the very existence of which was doubtful, principally with the view of uniting the coast between Cape Turnagain and Commander Ross's furthest beacon. The result of this enterprise has proved that the line of coast to the southward of the Isthmus of Boothia had not been completely examined, and that the information received by Commander Ross from the Esquimaux, making into a bay the land between the isthmus and Matty island, was incorrect; and thus opening a new field for conjecture ; but, although it is very probable that the land to the westward of that inlet is an island, I am not of opinion that the western sea joins with Prince Regent's inlet. No one will deny that Captain Back, whose zeal, intelligence, and perseverance, has done so much, will be the fittest person to finish the work he has begun; and I have learnt with peculiar pleasure, that his Majesty, our august sovereign, having dispensed with the term of servitude established by the regulations of the navy to qualify him for the next step, has promoted him to the rank of Captain, as a reward (the most honourable) for his eminent services, and which will render it unnecessary for him to serve on board a ship, before he takes the command of another land expedi- tion, which I hope he will soon undertake by order of government. I cannot conclude without offering my grateful thanks, to the corporations of London, Hull, the Trinity of Hull, Liverpool, Bristol, and Wicklow, who have each conferred their freedom upon me, as also to the sovereigns of Russia, Prussia, Sweden, Den- mark, France, Belgium, and above four thousand individuals, who have presented me with splendid and flattering testimonials of the sense they have entertained of my humble endeavours in the cause of science, but more especially for the kind interest which has been so universally felt for me and my companions. - BIOGRAPHY THE VICTORY'S CREW ■^w.n^^^ ammasBaaaBaassassatSBStBSS;^BiSS^a£iSS^Siiii^aiSSStL yy nmfsu THE VICTORY'S CREW This short Biographical Sketch of the Men, composing the Crew of the Victory, may not be found uninteresting to my Readers. MR. THOMAS BLANKY, Fikst Mate. Mr. Blanky was born at Whitby, in the year 1800; is five feet seven inches high, stout made, has a fair complexion, with light hair : went to sea at eleven years of age, and served an apprenticeship of six years in a collier, between Shields and London, on board two vessels, called the Liberty and the Property, after which he was one year in the coasting trade, and two years in the Greenland fishery, on board the Volunteer, of Whitby, where he filled the situation of line manager. He was twelve months in the Swan, revenue cutter, from which he went second mate of the Latona, for one voyage in the timber trade : after making a voyage as second mate of the Lord Wel- lington to Dantzic, he went two voyages first mate of a collier. In the year 1824 he volunteered to serve on board his Majesty's discovery ship, the Griper, Captain Lyon, and was on board her on that disastrous voyage to Cumberland strait. On her return he entered on board the Navigator, as second mate, and made a voyage to Alexandria ; and then as first mate of the Sprightly, to Riga, and two voyages in the coal trade. In 1827 Sir E. Parry's attempt to reach the North Pole was undertaken, and he volun- teered on board the Hecla as a leading man ; but this attempt being also unsuccessful, he returned to the merchant service, making a voyage to Quebec, and another to St. *r 2 sgAM^^rera^MSJSa^^v rawMw. y -~^.-< ■■ jk^^*- ; -rr^ S$«2SS":3s5j£to *x&ZsSS>*mEGff&£i2£*2<: CXXXll BIOGRAPHY OF THE VICTORY'S CREW. Petersburg, as first mate of the Almira ; after which he joined an uncle as mate, who was master and owner of a schooner, but was wrecked soon after on Flamborough Head. When he joined the Victory as first mate, he had been eighteen years at sea, and had become an excellent seaman, of which he gave several remarkable proofs. I may mention that on the morning of the 12th of August, when his presence of mind and decision saved the ship from being thrown into the breakers of a heavy pack of ice. His education having been neglected in his youth, he attended very diligently to instructions given him on the voyage, and became an excellent navigator. Having been before a shipmate of Com- mander Ross, he naturally attached himself to him, and from whom he received much instruction. Although he was the spokesman on most of the occasions of discontent, particularly on the march from Victoria harbour to Fury beach, I do not blame him so much as those at whose instigation he committed the act of insubordination, and I had no hesitation in giving him my strongest recommendation to A. Chapman, Esq., M.P., who appointed him mate of one of his ships, which led to his obtaining the command of a merchant ship, and which all along seemed to be the sole object of his ambition. Mil MR. THOMAS ABERNETHY, Second Mate. Mr. Abernethy was born at Peterhead, in Scotland, in the year 1802, and was nearly six feet high, straight, and well made ; had a florid complexion, dark eyes and hair, an aquiline nose, and was decidedly the best-looking man in the ship. He went to sea at the early age of ten, and served an apprenticeship of four years in the Friends, of Peterhead, in which he went one voyage to the West Indies, and two to Greenland ; afterwards he went three voyages to Davis's straits, in the Hannibal ; and after which he entered and continued in the coasting, Oporto, and American trade. In 1824 he joined the Fury, Captain Hoppner, and was wrecked in Prince Regent's inlet, sharing the hardships of that unfortunate voyage. After making a voyage in a merchant ship, he volunteered his services in the Polar Expedition of 1827, and was one of the most meritorious of Captain Sir Edward Parry's crew : for this, after serving the necessary time on board a ship of the line, he was promoted to the Blossom sloop of war, as gunner, and married the daughter of Mr. Fiddis, the carpenter who was with me and Sir E. Parry on all the previous voyages to the Arctic Regions. When he volunteered with me in the Victory, he had been seventeen years at sea, and was in my opinion the most steady and BIOGRAPHY OF THE VICTORY'S CHEW. active, as well as the most powerful man in the ship : he was one of those who volunteered to proceed to the westward, on the first journey with Commander Ross. I had no hesita- tion in recommending him strongly to the Admiralty, and he was accordingly promoted to his Majesty's ship Seringapatam, as a reward for his meritorious services. MR. GEORGE TAYLOR, Third Mate. Mr. Taylor was born at Lancaster in the year 1800; is five feet four inches and a half high ; has blue eyes, brown hair, and a good complexion. He served his appren- ticeship of five years to the trade of a ship carpenter, at Ulverston, in Lancashire, in tlie building-yard of James Hart, Esq. A short period after his time was served, he entered as carpenter of a merchant vessel, and served three years as second mate and carpenter of the Six Sisters, of Liverpool, employed in the timber trade, and subsequently in another ship belonging to Hull, before he joined the Victory steam-vessel, where I found him doing duty as master when I purchased her at Liverpool. He volunteered in the first instance to carry the vessel to London, where he was employed while the vessel was fitting out, and behaved himself so well that I made him third mate. In 1830, while on a journey with Commander Ross, he got his right foot frostbitten ; and being in the first instance neglected, ended in the amputation of his foot, two inches above the toes, since which he was unable to do any active duty, but was nevertheless very useful. He could walk very little during the remaining three years, and he had often to be carried on the sledge on our march from Victoria harbour to Fury beach. In 1832, on leaving Batty, on the 1st of October, we attempted to carry him on the substitute for a sledge, which we made from the staves of casks ; but being quite unable, we were obliged to leave him twice, and I myself returned with the empty sledge to bring him, for which he was always grateful. He was one of the most trusty I had of the crew, and was the person who detected William Light, the steward, purloining my allowance of provisions. When he returned home I provided for him a situation in the Dock-yard, but he preferred going to Liverpool, where his wife and family were, and had been supported by Sir Felix Booth in his absence. MR. CHIMHAM THOMAS, Carpenter. Mr. Thomas was born at Devonport in 1792 ; was five feet three inches high, blue eyes,, and sallow complexion. His father was a caulker in his Majesty's Dock-yard at CX XXIV BIOGRAPHY OF THE VICTORY'S CREW. 3 I I . lilfi, Plymouth, and he served his apprenticeship of seven years to a shipwright with Mr. Tucker, the master builder. He was employed in His Majesty's Dock-yard until the year 1814, when he volunteered to serve on the Lakes in America, assisted in the build- ing of the St. Lawrence of one hundred guns, and Psyche frigate, and several small vessels — shared in several actions, and returned to England in 1824, after ten years' arduous service. On his homeward passage he suffered shipwreck in the Mary, of Liver- pool, on the coast of Ayrshire, losing all his hard-earned property. Having entered on board his Majesty's ship Boadicea, Commodore Sir James Brisbane, as carpenter's mate, he sailed to the East Indies, where he served two years, during which time he was chiefly at Rangoon, Arrawadda, &c, on board the flotilla opposed to the Burmese ; was in several storming parties, and was the next man to Captain Dawson when he was killed attacking a large stockade. In 1826 he was appointed carpenter of the Slaney, by Admiral Gage, and from thence to the Eurydice, in which ship he returned to England. He volunteered on board the Victory in 1829, only the day before she left Woolwich, and was promptly granted leave of absence by the Lords of the Admiralty, to enable him to join. Mr. Thomas was a most excellent workman, and could produce very high testimonials of his character and conduct : but his constitution was worn out by his servitude in the East Indies and America, and could not withstand the severe trials which it was now exposed to, and he sunk under the combined effects of cold and fatigue at the age of thirty-nine years, leaving a widow (to whom he had been only a year married), and a daughter, to deplore his loss. ALEXANDER BRUNTON,' Chief Engineer. Alexander Brunton was born at Temple, in Midlothian, is five feet four inches high, blue eyes and brown hair, sallow complexion, having much the appearance of a half-worn tradesman. He served his apprenticeship to Mr. Stevenson, the Engineer, at Edin- burgh, with whom he continued some time afterwards as a workman ; he set up in business for himself at Leith, as a scale-beam and edge-tool maker, but failed, and entered into several steam-vessels as engineer. Having served five years, he came to London; and after working at printing-machine making, for some time, he got into Messrs. Maudslay's manufactory, where he was five years ; from thence he went to Messrs. Braithwaite's, and joined the Victory in 1829 ; having been one of those employed in constructing the engine, I considered him a great acquisition, especially as he had a strong recommendation " BIOGRAPHY OF THE VICTORY'S CREW. from his masters ; he had hard work certainly until the 21st of August, as he had almost daily to repair one part or another of the engine ; but it was then given up, and his place was a complete sinecure for some time : he is an excellent but a very slow workman. At Fury beach, he was employed making tin utensils for the officers and men, and it was calculated that each tin-pot he made (taking his high wages into consideration) cost about 1/. ! He had no less than 617/. 15s. to receive when he returned, yet he was not contented, and was one of those who sent a petition to the Admiralty to recover the value of clothes which had been furnished to him to keep him from perishing with cold. When we aban- doned the ship, he was one of the most useless. Since his arrival, he has married a widow and set up a " Gin Palace," called the " Crown and Cushion," in the Borough ! ALLAN MACINNES, Second Engineer. Alexander Macinnes was born in the year 1808, at the isle of Mull, in Argyllshire; he is five feet seven inches high, stout made, of a swarthy complexion, and marked with the smallpox. He was the son of a farmer, but served his apprenticeship, first to a baker, then to an engineer at Gloucester. He had been five years in steam-vessels before he volunteered to the Victory. His situation would also have been a sinecure, after the steam-engine was given up, but he was wanted in his calling as a baker, and was found very useful while at Fury beach, where he made excellent bread. On our return home, he went to see his friends in the North, he returned in spring last, and applied to me for a recommendation to Messrs. Maudslay and Field, which I readily gave him ; but in a few days after he signed the same petition with Brunton to recover the value of clothes, &c, which had been in like manner furnished to him, although he had received 169/. 18s. 8d. of wages, not more than half of which he was entitled to by law, which was an act of ingratitude I did not expect, and of which he has since repented. JAMES MARSLIN, Armourer. James Marslin was born in 1793, at Bristol; he was five feet seven inches high, sallow complexion, and slight made ; recommended to me by Mr. Blanky, the mate, who had formerly been his shipmate. Until after the ship nad sailed, he managed to keep from us that he was labouring under any comulaint ; but we had no sooner left the land, than it was discovered that he was in a consumption, and he confessed that he had been discharged from an hospital for that complaint only a few months before ; (,; CX XX VI BIOGRAPHY OF THE VICTORY'S CREW. he did scarcely any duty, and I had determined on sending him home by the first whaler I could meet with, but unfortunately for him as well as ourselves, we never met with any, and he continued gradually to sink under his complaint, until the 20th of January, when he died, at Felix harbour, and was buried on M'Diarmid's island. His wages (being claimed by two different parties) were paid into the hands of the Accountant-general of his Majesty's Navy. He seemed to be an inoffensive man, and departed this life quite prepared for the great change. ROBERT SHREEVE, Carpenter's Mate. Robert Shreeve was born in 1806, at Teddington, in Norfolk, is five feet eight inches and a half high, blue eyes, and complexion sallow ; is the son of a farmer, and was never before at sea. After being at school in Bury St. Edmond's, he served seven years' appren- ticeship to a joiner and house carpenter ; he afterwards came to London, and was employed at various places for several years before he came to Mr. Braithwaite's, at New Road ; and from whence he volunteered to serve in the Victory. He was a useful person, but had very indifferent health, and was not well calculated for such a service. Having had quite enough of the sea, he declined entering in his Majesty's service, and having received 166/. 9s. of wages, he set up for himself as carpenter and undertaker. JOSEPH CURTIS, Harpooner. Joseph Curtis was born in the year 1805, at Rotherhithe, is five feet four inches and seven-eighths high, blue eyes, dark complexion, and brown hair ; his father was a tailor, and he went to sea at the early age of ten years, having served his time in the coal trade on board the Flora and Nancy of London. He entered the Davis straits' fishery in the Eliza whaler, and was also a voyage to Greenland in the Everett ; but the most remarkable event of his life, is, his having been on board the Dundee whaler of London, when she was frozen up in Davis's strait, and passed the whole of the winter in the ice, during which, the ship's company had three times abandoned the ship, expecting that she would be crushed to pieces by the ice ; their sufferings also from hunger and cold were great, but they returned in safety after the insurance had been paid to the owner. Since that event, he had been both in the coasting and timber trade, and came from a steam-vessel to the Victory. He was not a powerful man, and therefore not well calculated for such a service as ours, but he was an excellent seaman, and his conduct being uniformly good, I o-ave him a strong recommendation, and he was sent, by Admiralty order, to the Excellent, to prepare for being made a gunner in the royal navy. JOHN PARK, Seaman. John Park was born in 1803, at Bridport, in Dorsetshire, is five feet seven inches high, of a sallow complexion, with light blue eyes. His father, who belonged to the Dock-yard at Portsmouth, had him bound seven years apprentice to a hair-dresser, a trade he did not like, and when his time was out he went to sea in 1821, on board his Majesty's ship Euryalus, in which he served three years, when he was paid off, and immediately joined the Glasgow ; on board of which he also served three years in the Mediterranean. Being asked by me, " What was the most remarkable event in his life ?" he answered, that he " had shaved the Duke of Devonshire in a gale on board the Glasgow." I then asked, "Were you not on board her at the battle of Navarino ?" he replied, " Oh, yes, but that was nothing.11 His father having lost his life in the American lakes, where he had volunteered to serve, his mother married Mr. More, gunner of the Tenodos, who was formerly in the Hecla, and who recommended him to me. He was a very active, willing young man, and useful in his calling as a barber, but too delicate in constitution for this service. Being a good sea- man, and having always conducted himself well, I gave him a strong recommendation, and he was, with Curtis, sent by Admiralty order to the Excellent, to prepare for a gun- ner's warrant in the royal navy. RICHARD WALL, Harpooner. Richard Wall was born at North Shields, in the year 1803; is five feet five inches and a half high, has small features, blue eyes, and a sallow complexion, with dark hair. He served his apprenticeship of seven years to the sea in the Mary and Joseph, in the Madeira. Gibraltar, and coal trade, and after his time was served he went a voyage to Archangel ; he was afterwards both in the East India and West India merchant service. His father was a sailor, and having been twenty-three years in the navy, retired as a pensioner. He is an excellent seaman, though not powerful ; was one of the best men we had; and in consequence of his good conduct he obtained a good situation in his Majesty's Dock-yard at Deptford. Hi I- -fc ' J'!"* A cxl BIOGRAPHY OF THE VICTORY'S CREW. sell ; but he did not succeed, and returned after having lost or spent all, and was at last reduced to sweeping the chimneys of steam-vessels. He entered on board the John as a green hand, and did not join the mutineers, but entered in the Victory after the mutiny. He was one of those whose heart failed him, and after having a severe cold, he fell into a state of despondency, from which he never recovered ; having given himself up in despair he wished to die — and from the circumstances under which we were then reduced it was perhaps better that he did not remain long enough to inculcate that feeling among the rest of the crew — he died on the ]4th of January, 1832: his wages have been paid into the hands of the Accountant-general, but have not yet been claimed. BARNARD LAUGHY, Ordinary Seaman. Barnard Laughy was born at Belfast in the year 1810; he is five feet five inches and a half high, of a sallow complexion, and a little marked with the smallpox ; he has blue eyes, brown hair, and has a strong Irish accent. His father was an Irish labourer, who came to Scotland and settled on the estate of Colonel M'Douall, of Logan. He had never been at sea, except in fishing-vessels, but was recommended by Mr. Gibson, factor to Colonel M'Douall as a hard-working lad, who would do to feed the fire of the steam-boiler • his constitution was, however, not calculated for such a voyage, and he was one of those who generally gave out soonest. His conduct was, nevertheless, good ; and I procured him a situation in the Coast-guard, which was very acceptable to him, as he managed to lose the whole of his money before he got the length of his father's house. HENRY EYRE, Ship's Cook. This man, who was fifty years of age, was an old sailor ; having been formerly cook of the Griper, with Captain Hoppner, he made some money, and set up a public-house, which he called " The North Pole." His story was that he was robbed of the money he had laid by to pay his bills, and therefore failed : but he was so addicted to drinking that he could not keep sober, and the receipt of his wages was fatal to him, as he died from intoxication a few days after. He was carried to the grave by his ship- mates, who subscribed for a monument to his memory. BIOGRAPHY OF THE VICTORY'S CREW. WILLIAM LIGHT, Steward. This man was born in 1800, at Medbury, in Devon; he was five feet seven inches high, and by his account had been fourteen years at sea. Having been in two of the former voyages to the Arctic seas, it was considered that he would be an acquisition, and he was entered as steward, in which capacity he had served before ; but he turned out to be the very worst subject we had. He was always shamming, or complaining of some pain or other which incapacitated him for any thing but washing ; and was therefore excused harder duties, and allowed to wash linen and mend stockings. He was often in the sick list, especially in spring, and was decidedly the most useless person in the ship, as well as the most discontented. This man has been circulating the most scandalous falsehoods, as to my treatment of the crew ; and has been furnishing materials for a narrative of the expedition, with which the public have been attempted to be deluded, in the form of numbers, published weekly, and as he possessed no journal or record of the voyage, the greatest part of his pretended narrative is fabulous, and I suspect that the publisher is a considerable loser by the shilling trash. He attended, for some time, at the Panorama in Leicester Square, and amused his hearers with wonderful adventures, in which he always figured as the chief actor, although he was, of all the men on the expedition, the least fond of fatigue or hard work ; and instead of his lie in carrying me thirty miles, it was he himself that was carried. In consequence of his unfounded calumnies against me he was dismissed by the proprietor : but as, were I to give his previous history, and a true and full account of his conduct during the voyage, I might be supposed to harbour vindictive feelings towards him, I desist in doing so. It was indeed with great pain I was compelled, conscientiously, to except him from my recommendation of the crew to Government for future employment ; but I hope that the good qualities of which he so loudly boasts, will be better appreciated by those with whom he may be hereafter connected. The interest which this expedition created, will be best expressed by my stating that I could have manned my ship with officers of my own rank, while several offered also to bear a part of the expense, if I would take them on any terms ; it was also productive of many curious applications, of which the following is an amusing specimen : cxlii BIOGRAPHY OF THE VICTORY'S CREW. Gosport, March 31, 1829. I I ' (Copy.) Hon. Sir, Singular it will appear, but true ; three nights following, a person appeared to me in a dream, and said, " Go with Captain Ross, he will be crowned with success.'1'' And not having the smallest thought of such things before, and reading of dreams having led to great discoveries, I put some confidence in this, and make bold to offer my services, should a man of my description be wanted. I am thirty-eight years old, good con- stitution, and understand all the undermentioned branches, and have no objection to make myself useful in all to meet satisfaction from my commander : cooking in all its branches ; baking ; butchering ; preserving all kinds of poultry in cases, retaining their proper flavour, dead for any time ; portable soups ; broths ; brawn ; preserved meat of every kind; game; stuffing birds, and setting them up in their skins; preserving, &c. &c. If any of these professions would be of any utility in the voyage, I should be happy to join the expedition. I have been three voyages to the East Indies with one captain now in London, four years and a half in the flag-ship Victory— left four days ago at my own request — can produce discharge and certificates to any gentleman's satisfaction, being all the time as cook to the gentlemen on board ; and should you not have ordered your portable soups, it would be a great saving to let me make them: in fact, we can always renew the stock, when we can obtain fresh meat on the voyage. Honoured Sir, you will confer an honour on me by answering these few lines. Your most humble and obedient servant will be truly thankful, M. L., Castle Inn, Gosport. This application would, of course, have been treated as coming from some one who chose to amuse himself, but having met with an officer of the Victory who actually knew the man, and gave him an excellent character, and being really in search of a cook, I wrote to him that he might join the expedition under my direction, as cook, if he could produce certificates of his discharge, and if the references to his character were found to justify the account he gave of himself, but that he must lose no time. In answer, I re- ceived a note to inform me that I might depend on his joining the ship on Friday ; instead BIOGRAPHY OF THE VICTORY'S CREW. of him, however, a letter came from his wife, of which the following is a copy, and which closed the transaction. Sir, April 9, 1829. I have just found out that my husband has made an engagement with you to join your expedition, through a dream, ivithout consulting me ; I must beg to tell you, sir, that he shall not go — I will not let him have his clothes. He must be mad ever to think of leaving a comfortable home, to be frozen in with ice, or torn to pieces with bears ; therefore, I am determined he shall not leave Gosport, so I hope you will not expect him. Yours, Sir, &c, and so forth, MARY L. The interest which the expedition excited, was indeed intense; but it was nothing compared to the feeling which was every where roused by our arrival. Subscriptions were proposed, and it was believed that 20,000/. might easily have been raised, but Ministers took up the cause so liberally as to induce me to depend solely on them, by, in the first instance, paying the men their double wages until the ship was lost, and full wages up to the day of their arrival — which was far more than they were entitled to by law under any circumstances — and with this they had every reason to be contented, for in fact they were entitled to nothing after the mutiny of the John ; they all agreed by acclamation to run all risks for the promise of double pay if they succeeded, or nothing if not. My nephew Commander Ross, was put on full pay for a year, and then to receive his promo- tion. Mr. Thorn was appointed to the Canopus, and the Surgeon made full Surgeon in the navy. And, although the remuneration which I received was small, compared to what I might have had by a subscription, it was sufficient to cover my losses, and to enable me to recover some of my property which had been sacrificed in my absence ; however, I had an opportunity of refuting calumnies which had been industriously circulated against me for many years, and, above all, I had the honour of receiving valuable testimonials of high approbation from almost every sovereign in Europe, as well as from our most excellent King. &ggggg:5g)8to ^>^SS^miS:^S^^^^^iUf^^'S^^SS^Si^^S'!, a ;■??< cxliv BIOGRAPHY OF THE VICTORY^ CREW. The subscriptions which were begun in various parts of the kingdom, were discoun- tenanced by me ; but, although I did not receive or pocket one farthing of what may have been subscribed, I have reason to believe that the generous public have been im- posed upon by those who pretended they were receiving subscriptions for the survivors of the expedition. ■■■ >*™*mxnm*met^^ APPENDIX METEOROLOGY. " ^t wm '^^^^^^=«*^sm^^^^^^emrM^ ^.^«=gg ,■ ^~-^-. ~^-~—, METEOROLOGY. Meteorology being considered of much importance by the scientific world, great attention was paid to this interesting department, which was undertaken by Mr. Thorn, whose duty led him to be more constantly on board the ship : the excellent form of a register invented and given to me by Captain Beaufort was adopted, and the men were severally instructed to read off the degrees shown by Fahrenheit's thermometer, which was placed on the ice, in a canvas tent, at a convenient distance from the ship. Its altitude was registered every hour, and at the same time the direction and force of the wind, and the state of the weather, in a manner which will be manifest in the following table, to which directions are prefixed. The first column in the table is the day of the month ; the second column is the direction of the wind ; the third column is the force of the wind, denoted by figures in the following manner : 0. Calm. 1. Light air, or just sufficient to give steerage way. 2. Light breeze 1 or that in which a man-of-war with 3. Gentle breeze y all sail set, and clean full, would < 4. Moderate breeze j go in smooth water 5. Fresh breeze or that which a well-conditioned man of war could carry in chase ' full and by. 6. Strong breeze 7. Moderate gale 8. Fresh gale 9. Strong gale 1 to 2 knots. 3 to 4 knots. 5 to 6 knots. Royals. f Single-reefed topsails, i. and topgallant sails. Double-reefed topsails. Triple-reefed topsails. (Close-reefed topsails, *-l and courses. 10. A whole gale, or that which scarcely could bear the close-reefed main topsail and foresail. 11. A storm, or that which would reduce her to storm staysails. 12. A hurricane, or that which no canvas could withstand. a2 ; ■ . a -^^' ^~= — ^A--. :.^°* ■ 1 w^jm. Hi' r»~VT r*s v^SJ^-5^^^2££»t>^Sg^ M IV APPENDIX. Fourth column denotes the state of the weather by the following letters of the alphabet : b — Blue sky ; whether clear or hazy weather. c — Clouds ; detached, passing clouds. d — Drizzling rain — drift snow in winter. f — Foggy, f. — Thick fog. g — Gloomy; dark weather. h— Hail. 1 — Lightning. m — Misty, hazy atmosphere. o — Overcast, or whole sky covered with clouds. p — Passing, temporary showers. q — Squally. r — Rain. r. — Continued rain. s — Snow. t — Thunder. u — Ugly, threatening appearances. v — Visible ; clear atmosphere. w — Wet dew. By the combination of these letters all the ordinary phenomena of the weather may be expressed with facility. Examples : 1st, b cm signifies, " Blue sky, with passing clouds, and hazy atmosphere." 2d, g v, " Gloomy ; dark weather, but distant objects visible." 3d, qq p d 1 tt, " Very hard squalls, with passing showers of drizzle, and accom- panied with lightning, and with very heavy thunder." N.B.— In the following tables the first column expresses the day of the month ; the second the direction of the wind expressed" fractionally, thus ^ : that is, 4 hours at NNW; the numerator expressing the number of hours, and the denominator the direction: in like manner the force of the wind, state of the weather, and temperature, are expressed ; the numerator being always hours beginning after midnight. '" 2 5 1 us: ! ace Cfi APPENDIX. _4j 10 »o ^OOTfii-iQOiOCN^tDCOCOWOHcM^wmvOiOGOr-iOlMX'+^NOCCN + oui q ifl q oo ^ h h q ^ m a o t)h ifl t]- rn co q (N o qo cs o -i »o qo o ^ o h as od i> go" id is tK i— I K h co ^' d aJ ^' 05 d Tti ^' oi ih m m .-I «5 co tj -h 6 (n ■00t>»COOOO H«© (M ^) CD (M O to -h CO O hS-fHc i*»mH|''*H'*'nF1 I" > c> "i" wh „. I-1 J*- «!» J*> wh « Jco ol'O I* |r^ l^» \*# Ol|« h|« + o>|« H° cilo *!"> "i- fl-MS* e»|co h]>o • • . I lH -*U rtto . ' w|w c*|h hj-w . ' • hI«o , • ©>l« + + , ■ """I"5 ■ r* i ■ J» + ' »>> ' «l<° ■ o,|o „|o 0,IN ^h'^+HHlo. IS t- ' H HI CJ CJ 1 _ [H |h |h ft- Ico It- to m! m| ^ '. '. |H • |rt '. . . '. . . . '.^-H '.H^«H^h°'h '.«|„«|<= H rt|n *£ > > > Ih W|h "|rt Ih > rt|n 1h H« H- + ^ h|o! «|o «]a rtjH o.|m «l« l.» 1^ , : r« , • I • l-L r ' ll tJL iZ .i " I ' _u rw "1° „1 .|J _].- _lm Ibl „|J o'H :«c-*|h CM[rt „!„; o>J-* co t- to Us « bj to J« « o ■* o . t- _ co . o . ' L *L *h *G "i. 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I" ,-H" •' lot 0'''° . w|o « . .h|o |h h|.0 I- ,|c o»|oo ilea -*|o> .H« o .cl H°> . »|h Jc Ho I I- |« ^ 1h ' 1^^«|oH*^o, "" coin *u ; ■ J" H* «r 0,|ro |o H-" ■ H« ' Hi • • • «fc Jo H« rfc ' ' . Ho „|« *|H J- M|e; .^ ^ rt[n V ^ «+» «|°> -I- ' '"'I'* In iS i • S ■ , ■ H» "'° h|w «|« «|o h J"* «la . J" ->U _l.: , . -C J° J<= C,H U °>o . . ' . '+ . . H* *ly ^ 01|0 M|„ „ ^" J--' -i «|* h|« Hi*' + . H« • o|-o "|h h|« -p Ct|o h|'0 ^1^ 0t|*o H » -O MM H H Ctlt I I I I I I I + I |* >o|tN t>)|rt |h °!|h *"|« i»|o -*|m h|* «|n ^,|t>i t»|to h|cc ei|o H11- ^P o<|»! h|co I + + + + + 1 C»[C0 IrH r " cijco JH> h|oi |n , ■ i ■ . hIjj ■<|co . • "!■* h|co w Jo. i ■ ' H«-h|i> h|»«:"|h. :Hh«i°h:h>! ira j° . + + + i i H °'W „; "Id _ - — — ;«lei Ho CT|tooi|» w ""« . «■ .«|»3i« ri,d ■Hi -1 . 1°. «ii .;„• cd- *Bh» -id*i ! "rt^ ^ *- Q,lT^li!*'?2Ls ^d 3* 2!- I I I I ;j" -i |* ortsi"jj= o,|J= H[ja Ho e1" ^s :; 45- 5- ^2? - *- -^ H* ■ ^ ^ w"° - ^ ^" ^.j^d «l fci 'cj fei co| d co|o ' -*l si -*l So odd" ■*f? oi« est . '- nigral eo|d *)d oil* H-o Ho *]b- rtl« ccj |C0 «|* oof Ho wjt |o H« h| jt- Hh ■*!« |o 01 [^ l'° ■*|h ; "I" win " . olm , • eo 3 0l|« . H^ . • n H "H ■ "I" l~ e> , . oi|m Ho . . w|m CO "O «|a "I" o oo|h *l° rt|o h|«= „ i-*°hho;|; In H" , • "{•* l< H[» P o, H i > ■*[o •Ih |h ^ Ho hIh . h|o rt|o >o. -1 . us, c'lo . . ■»!■* . H* rtlH , • "° « H-* s H-* . . *>|» wj . h|m c|o , • Hrt HM , • H , »|« . . H<* •* = "|« . . h|o oi ; HH h» * . H" . m|« h|o w «|h CO, Ho C'H n|to Hw ^ n|4 H-* --) C0|lCOTt*lOCDt^QOOiO^HC, Q. OJ Sh ^ £ j J W P ^J ^ 'O CO < him oS mz I? f« Hi? 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J" ' ■*> lo l« i«rK>' «!; CO jh: i* co|co rH In J*5 ' S ' Hl-j . • > J l» J"5 Jo, CO r-4 J- » , o--h>"|ra„|.o- H I H «w '"* 1° to *l"° . p l« > H" *|.o 1M> l^wto h=%c j*1 j*i ~|°= ^ M cH H |W *-SO. I I I I I |rt ' Ol o> "■ CO o, h* -* - I" ' _ I" rt|n ' . |» _]'* Ira I • rl° -i (CO |« W|„ -|w ^ |ra J0' P> ^|co |n «L ' ' . o)[co |o> rt co lo. i 0 JCO < joch i- J1* J* 1= CO 03 »l bU= .. . . h|o» CtlO) h-» '(« I I I I I Jo, |ra Ha "W - I" ItA |«o |0) I'O to Ol 1^ [^ cO CO SO kH CO N# CO 0* Ot I I 1 I I I I I olsi'Sld ^° =^^ H° ^^ ^^ M|^!i^ ■* • *ja ^i° ^o Hi -» - •*.' tO t_| a. ■* T 7 T ^6 ico to It- !■«* H Ol <* COl '. T T '? 3^d . «J? O^O Tje^' ' "7"M O ^ 0D| . In *!» -I«. «l« eo|^ ;»[h C*|o» = HcO -*|ra e>|^» C0]cO - H« ■" •o 1" eo Ol ^ ra •n rtlrn •»|o H "* t- O) rf CO c*fo, CO CO C( O) .H* Oil -<|co c*[oi -1^ *h *l' eo|o' 0) . O, rt' «|h i - 0>|n «|rH NP' colo* > . 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I'o « _. ci|co , P JH JO „ ' > "C ' ■H» , « . rt 00 'He J" J" h*3 -o h j* J" H "* J01 , p-«L° H"1« I-* ' «£ MI^G- l« ■> n* °> i-* °v «j« "|« "|„ «jH ■ j* hI"° -I1 i-*«l i-*h;*l,' > J" J" ,,1" h > |h iHJ: «j i° <»r 'J8 1*0 ^.1°* [°* „lm I*13 lTO l"# '^ l'c I*- I'O N < ""f Cf CO rH Ot rtl i-( t-l CO 1ft1 W1 I w « k k- k k< u mi "U WU ^ "^ I I I I I I I I I I I I )« _ I'O [l- I'-© |t~ |r-l . [TO l-O > 1^. rf|t„ =' -, °'H ?|H w|'0 «|rt "|M o|.o "H "H I 1 I I I I I I I I I I 1 CC[j3 -*1 hD *a 60 i-'|'= OOltO . e,|fl oii i„ ctI-0 OtP ^ to 00| O OI1 S-3 ".IS ^ rtl-° ^.[fl ^lo" '° *6l. IMllO •„"i «r on 'til Wl-O H !U0 c)| si ^'; ^ otj-c e" c ro|d^^ccl6^6ocoU- a|« «|- 1>|« IQJR ' ic|o c»|o ' rtl >o|H -f|^. M|W w|,0 I . • o, - >o|c ^,|rt olol *l° «l^ JO ' . „u oo|h m|0; n|« »|h j^ nee •*;co wlB IS lw ir=S Ih col* '- i- loJ| "J H! loJs •^ , ._■ « 5-C Ife h? 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U rt . ■ 0 h rt 4 . rt^ h J J<" „|e u -<° Hi ^ „« . np ^ H|rt I rH CO O* h|c* '.' r iHno, ' ; ^ > h|: -i» ' ; . H« h|» ji ji ^ --M , c rif» ^ "j H-? " : -+» "° ^ ^ H. ■ ^ c ■ ^ • H« « ' to rt|f , ■ • lH « • h H ° lri 1 • . ' w|o. » » H|« H|M H|H H£ . ■ . ■ ' Ho. _ <° h ' ' I" h "I™ h|h . , ■ rt|H h|^> + . . -I I* !• I" l1 io !.;>> ,. .1. ,jrt|rtHHrtk^H|o=-|°H^H^ ,_.H i^M-ijh^'^^^i H |*«° ' Io"' ' H|H |H rt|« J rt|„ rt|„ U ^ • rtl° J*" "I* oil10 H10 +- |o • It- I Jo. ,nL«l"J* . rtlffl jco . Jt- |«» loj'fi • rtt |H . J" ^ , ■ . |« - M |« . h|»1h I%)0;^h|» Hl* J* J"5 '01 i*1 , • w t- ^'M^HtH^^HM^^Hlp^ •rtU . J™ H It-rtCO .HO • Hi„U, |h J.-* -I . HKO 1 u+ 1 '.„!,; h|o. h h hh. ,.^..^>H-H«HK,|t-H.«|o. o h|« ^K "I; h|« h^ "I- h|^ ^ rt|« ri(^ Hj« ( . h|<0 , „|q «|.o 'H <0|<0 »l|.(5 H|.(J rt|rt w|o J,«5 I-* J,|^» . h* . „ °° lH |rt |h i^ h|^-|h |h"^h^ ^ H|o |m U H^ rt|« rn|o »P In |a "I" . J« ' . |» ' . ' l-o . . . ' . ' . . |« I® J-o |» „ H|t- Hrt "irH 0.|t. H« «!■« |h «|t- W|-H Hrt rt|<0 "rt M|t- ml* B|« «|0. HH 0.|» "|rt rt|rH ^rt H|rt °*|rt "\r* "|rt «|<0 «|« ^rt Jo. + | I I + i + I I I + + + + + +IIII1II1I l . . . rH|l> Cll<0 . rllcC «(o «IS wlc . ^ .«l!iHMHiO ^lOJji-Jl^COlO^^rHlgHp^ . J.-e,lti • - -1%. h* jj H8 ^- j° : ^,^ Hi «,» S!^,, •*- ^ ■»- *-:r-w : r „ .J^iiHS -'--HO ' 'O "iMrtiO^ICJ O^HP l<=H|0 IO . "*lgl0|ri'-'- nlio^gwlo n|o^'o< ICT i oil t3 oip ^ ,h|_0 ^i| si ■*lso H* "*IO M »0|X5 ci|-o :j°> o|co oi|« e«|H ] Hm . . H"' Hi^hHH^^HKH^^*^. h|^H«HhH^"'*H.H%K *|Mnl Hrt H'O . 01 rt t- rt -*P c.|o h[p3 . c. Uo '•O. c.p H|^ h|H|™rt|rt I rt|f ,^ H"*, . «|4 0*14 rt|o W|0' H|» , ■ ,. rtlrt rtlo c.p ^|o 10* ci p «h ;«l« oijo* n|o) ci|>* Hrt ■ ■*t« In" • H CM* • P |«o*ia [a K K nice 01IO «Z . •*(z; -silo "fe Js II ijo HZ •o,^ !h h|& p f is K W |M CMC0^iOCDt»Q005OrH(MW'*OCDt^Q0CSO'-i(MW^OCDNQ00iO HHFHrHrHrHMrHpH^(N(N(NCN(M(N(N(^(N(NirO SSOT2S£:3«i2to .>>&g<&%£BgGBS&2t*&Z: ijji i XII APPENDIX. -J O 33 Q W H en 3 as Q Z > O o O H O 33 Sn O cc Z o > W O o 3 o o ed O w H +(T* O U0 i— J GNj CO r-j CO ilS (N -f O Gi G^^cN(^owai'xr|t>.kCc_5oqc>iQDGOOi'^|a5 ©?OCO_ic6<»vO^^_ir>ir^a6©^C5©Cs -<--"-?|i-IHHHH-Hf-;ig)^B Ol o b> CS »fl « O N w + f-"1 r-i 03 O i— I I + I i— If— I i— I i— <■— If— I r— IP— If— I Ol O* CM Jh a a OOOCflfH0010®OOHiMfHifl^HTt(^co — ' — j i— < (NKl(N(Mf-i — ■ KNfM(N(N(NCOW CO CO H^- h|0> hTo |o « ' o|co r Hj*HH m|.o oh' J01 CO h|°o 01|« I _ I"* 1"° P —ila rt i • n oi rfr H CO rt >H • n u ->|co h» •-W rH H" H "O o rthH» h i * '' i * ' • M P »Hi'Hr P • -b i_; o,P »H|»HJ« P I ' -1° 1 I r* rt p i- |rH \a h -*,> . • «■- H: j- «|™ hH hH hp H" Hp > h|* -!> > h , ■ H H '"'in -Ai HN^M « I • r*l i • hcHJ«"L h k r*1 0*1, j^l r ^ P-4M J° i« J* „!« i« i« o,]° rtl-' rtF "I-; b"1"'*'" I-' , . rth "h rth Mh " i„; io J*> «\Z io i*1 1h .> "U t |m pi o !*• |c_ i rtl* J" |rtJ™ U |rH |« • o' oi . Irt>00 . \-> rtfo. M „ . |rt , . ■ 8_>>Hp ,;1-J» ^'^ W|C0 ciJ'O • '~<''1 C»|0 C0|C0 rt|rtri|*-H|»-*|Hrt|«H|wH|»-' + + + + + + + , I H CO I ^ , ' I ■ . ^ O JOHICOHIO^H^ . "I" h|co ^ • -k '."I" ,- «|4 | ■ rtl^ 'H^lrto0^! Io |oHr ,!■* -«ol"* |«0 |2 i ■ i • _l» j« «: •o C> « > ..> i^ >«l"^" ■ rt|_l , • Oil f«> O H fl rf - 'h lori- h>1h i- u ■ ■ • io |H i» irtH"> H i" ■*i^ «l Io _|-h I . ,■ im ,-...- i* ,rt , • . h^h^p ' ' J"° i^ + i _ -I-' + i|o «!■* m|h rtl° H|r „|.o o,|o h|h ■ ■* J' h|=o "|h I" H-H|oJ= 1*1 Io U I-* HU mL « L m I-, "in Hf* I© ; • i ■ _h ja ; . ■ , ■ , • Ha I H . ■ . irt rtl_i rtl_, ' ' n™ J» o p n . rtp u, I. o «! ^ n| i h d *! ^ SM st- ^ ^ ^ SI- 3> H ti co| g oil ^ oi| c? c( d H'12 *1 o| • H| . V O «l O COL ■ Clp ^,1 cd . bjo ^ to H to col g oil ^ oil c «|t3.H|S«l ' h|*. o,|oi «|o M|ri ' [rt H" "b' : -.In, . i - h co oi[cico|co "I" oi|oi _ , ■ cok "|C! OlU "I™ «|=0 ' . rtlrt rt|-* , • nl'O 0l|» rtOl cjrt oi|co "I 'm< ; «!■* "!•; «|rt -»|^ , ■ oi[-^ ci|oi "°ln ci|co °'lw HK • win "i-' rtH «i« op' , . i • c'|-o I ■ 0l|o ""P rf|^' ' _ oi|:o " Tfjn cijco • rtjo) „i^o>|h "p„|,; °'%p «p . -«l», ,,;t! -P0,|:^p rt|%|^l° rt|ortl"M|%|rt I co|^o 0,|« . _ Hu Hj^ - I . I * I ^ M| ■ j; o,io ^i,; o|H oi|^ rt|^ "^ -P c,|^ «P • . n|n "I-1 0l)c; ^^ «l« _ Cl|,; »p '■o »|h „,c- ^u; .^ rtP HP ^^ ^ ; . „,:, -P . rt|« CIO T ' h|oi 01|rt ,j.|co oi|oi l|o! "Op rt|^ -p ^|o; -»h • ^ o,|« . *i- - "P • oiln . • . • ^1" rtl^ "I" _ • °,|n ■ " *|n • ,i • n|o • io, 1 co|o J- t-|o Ci[^l rt|n «|oj 0>|c0 otko ' . cm ^ 1^ 12 ■ate Ife ^ Ion y ■*!"§ Ha o II "Hi .J lis fe -*I35 i> is*?5 ™feri° ^ y loQ ' Ife cocc , Ife ItJ PS l_ N ^m -JS 1^ -*; o . . 1^ |C0 I . 1^ ^1/2 JS «!,* "g P te P HZ n|^ jsI*1 |tB c^^, 'Men IrjQ oiicj oJS |(H< oil* I*' i w |S ' '? 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XIII CO^lCOmQOOOO'Ti^CMQO^ oo ■v ao o -h o; h o o o w 05 q w f— i — < f-5 05 © oi © oo od >d ad co co id C0:OC0C oq oo os co io © cc m o$ ©i ei oo' oo »n n 6 a cj oo 6 5-i o 6 n t>- cococo^H^iroirooti^TH-y -t< co oo COOONCCCDOOC-oOtNOQOOl C^OaOJO^OJfMCOCOCOCOCO CO Ol (M CO COCOCOCOCOCOCOCQCOCOCOCOCOCO ©Tfm(MHO>OCOC5(MOOOCD cococococo'^iOTr'^fTiHTrTtiTfTti © © GO 00 CO I I co o. ■* » « [o. e,U , I" rt1" b>> lnJ?' In J01 |co '"^o > J; p I . > ' J'° l'° ' I rt T* —I ■ J' . ; J« Jrj- co Jo> "'I10 lc > Jr H J° «!*" w,c° l« ;'|„ \n | —[I i 1" 4 |C0 |lr- |C0 [CO + + + + « J' -1° J° .J-1 cln -1° J° '|« > > H« > M|» + + + + + + > J« it: ev ' rt . H i" - ; "I10 «h > rth > L 'Ojtw ' H, o «i-h S|« <^s S|* o^^J ■*l S «| g S=|.E l«|_g 3j3 0I| ■ m| O . , . • °P hi o ^ . n[ a ai^ . -*l o =1 "lt; rtig'^ig'ia"0"? •da . . °>la "'a ^La . «lo ° "! . h| m rf u , • ■ . ela „^ «l cJ Ja ^ -1 6 ^ h, d "' » ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ g «, U" J "i a ^a*i^ ™u "'* raui >oi« 5L Ho hi d TO|ji n| g, °'ln win co|o , »>l« ' _ "°M c,|o CC|'' ^ ' rtlrt ^1° a'lc^ I ' c'l^ i«l« Oljff H «[o ^(h «J« 1 [ <|0 Hi. o,,^ ife o,i^ r^^ iz-,.- ia ,«a? 6^-TS ^h^ 1-^ ^. .^ g ,-rt« rf_S ta' ^ ,g r* P^IO l1^W,d ■*l^ . . -*|S i • „• -*i^ ■ ^!B Im ^!w 1^; ^ '^ y i-s *-!■"* «| tJ|, -jii fc lzofe .*«€ ^ r y^aS^ 5 iz.o&ho «h '"ccw^-^IS^ Ig y "lu^z^a coi- -0. k |Z-*;« unrf t; ^ . «!* *,£ la «ih ^ «ia riia h| iw^,d »& id §5 >: ' ,s. P^ .L_ pmit" ,k. , • . ■ Cd ^ i rt l> jj ■* la I* r" H(M?3^LOCflNQOfflOHOJmHo MXlOOHlMCO^LOCDMJDmC r-^p-i^—flp^p-iP-i h i-h i— i ^h (M (M N (N (N Ol (M U! C^ (M W © CO o 1> cl> c!=o c.;j= p p « |S ii Jm |co P5 OS o'Ej ci> Ja S!bh «(? ^-,L2to^>-^^^^ ,■■, XIV 05 P o Q W 05 W H o w 05 Q < o H O W < > o o c/2 05 O H O w as H Eh o £; O I—! E- > 05 W c/5 CQ o «s o o o o 05 O w H — t* -^ - £ CO am 3 o.S "o a c4 O APPENDIX. S5 COQOO(NO«iOmOO(M(N«'>*W>-iQOCO'*OiF-WOOaii(5QOC5mOM u: iq ^//j ^ ^ b ^ i> h r-i q 03 c o ^ 5i qo ci -# q q o o co tp o oj h o h O CO' Lfl © JK ■> 1« K • J"* I" ' 1"* lH I CO C» r-l » ■ ~{.n J*- I I"* *L l« ■ »h! W» oi • |o> I" J" J 'J« lo . J" J loo ml 1 r* |-o J» ' rtira i* i - Ira |4 I* H'"° I* rH|'° I* * C» H_u i ' CI i • - H! !■* |-o I"* J-o |« J=» [eo I"* ■ l-'< -o • I™ rtk I • 7*" loo H I CO . -o ■£> ' >>>>>' '■° I. 1"° Jc [00 >>1 I* • I" • J lm rtU l-f |n »H « CJ o Jh U -L > rtlo «L « to , ^4>1HL I™ 1="' I* ' ' i-* -; cv > c,h > im > \rn |o |to j'-o l-o + + + + + + + + 4- + co In co Oi CO r-« CO CO ro co '-■ 1"1" u; i0;rt las lo H^ I"5 CI rt °' i ■ iJ, "= ki 1 ■ J*? 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IW csZ lz H|Z (z ci5 |W i . IZ l& 192 ,15 ild lm iZ -*$' cilo *Z IZ IM NZ iz H«CO^WO^QOC5iO-(M:0^iO COt^OOCTSO'— 'C^ICO-^kOCD pHFH„r-(N01C^05(M^(N CO Ci CN (M CO CO 1> •o rf + CM CO © + • ? ? H W iS iS o-o og I? S W lz ^ MSP om 3S da *g miz °v w|/i "' CO =0 la ih rci^- coco CTIco -*!z |Z fe; Jto @ I • X ua =2 -* i"j la iz -i ja ol J wl3 oLo iz iS ico a T^->«*d uovaxsav Ml APPENDIX. xv ScOOOCOOn^QOr- IN CN O QOOCDNffiOaDOiOQOQOCOCOi-iNOO + *it 05 O N X O l> tD CO 00 CO rf nwmMfHHOOlOCOiOQOQONOCOQO'* r— | 00 -N- l> l> Tt"i OS* OS* OS OS OS 00 OS©OSGs"l>OSi^r^GS»£3(?qoSCO,J>OSOs"Q0aDI> ^COTtTt h ' Ch 1-* "L N CD O0 OS © OS 1— 1 + CO CO + on lO + • In CO rH J" l-l » J* Jo lei J» |o ~\« «[„ > °'[« , 1° I'" > > .-■?. rth -Is Jo. Kb J jco co |cO |W 'Jb olHJ=" |o> |o J° |o CO I CO lo. J10 Ico J"3 Jo rH 0) C( + + + + I I'O Ico [co |o> 0»L ^L* H H— |-v iw |.o |cO |cO |:o |cO + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + [b- to |! C»! CO! Ct H co co j*f ho co |co |co |co |co jeo + + + [CO I'O l« k C,p "Ml"0 CNl-O ^ . . o 0)| l lO , . £ •Cl >a0 Cl ,. -<*» . Cll," els oi . H ° rH|6« O) e| . ■alp rtl° A -+lo 4|?w|,j H|tj ' ■*! . CNlo 41 . ^.j^^j^-OHi '"o,| ^Sico,^ . -*I="J n cmi3 "i cj W|o «[H rt|0 > -l« . h-» *l- • .-+JH'' |h rtl"' -|h hIco ®l° "' ' i '■ I I . "I™ • • CO -O „ r.ilr.1 . 'oho co o) H *)T3T3 oi I3 ■ "Hi? «ofe i HZ Hio5 te ' rtN h'& i I0.-J* . Jfe, ■*l^ o.K ' JZ ^5- is- fz 'mhE HNWTjiiOiONODOSOH O! © SS^SSS'-SSSto ^>^S^S^Si^S^^SJ^^l^^j^. XVI APPENDIX. cd ts O EC Q W Pi W H 02 C w ed Q is <: w o w X Ss O CO cd > O o Pd O H O H Ph O O H > Pd W CO pa o i-i xn>r>»C5O5aGa0COCiai©ai Ot 03 O* CM gj CM Q-1 CM ■— i ■— j Qj Ol CO CM 00 CM 00 C- Ol OS t^ Tfl 00 ^tqq-fCQO^'t O ~P 1> CM CO CO CD' 00 rH i-5 co' Q3 CM OJ Ol O! 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CO rt[C0 CO. , cija M ■ «|« J" • -rth -ti [rt rt « 1 oi|o» 1 H«Hn h t- cop p-t + + + + -4- + + + 4- + + + + + + + + + + j 0»P> # CO (JO* h|0O ih|-H t-J'O c,|th r rt|-0 h[o* rt|.o rtlM |rt rt|0 -|!i n^ W IHJCO H ItH ©tjtO 1hh| . oi|a H|f .Hjo. „|,; *|« rt|o J« H|n h|* rt|^ . |0) rt[Oi t-j'O \r~i rtjt- rt|CT rtJo> + + + + + I + C''D n| ° "*' ° H* c|i * -01 » ^ " co[bjo o . 'rt|.0 0l|^5 1 wl"0 W|50 ■ rt|n Clj^O .1© c»[h , :coK,-h *rtlrtralri ' a,, " «l« ^'%,rt 0 mI01 rtH' c*|o* Ho' ; -*|o rt|rt j a|r-t to|o l^«l«H^ .. .- u . !»h C0|., CO "-0 Ol I - • 1 . ' . fc-*t Ol|^f l«? «|« «h . ■ ■ H* ""l^1 '"|o c|,; rt|co ■ ' ^^rtirtrtu- > (C|'0 sh "l« «|« _^ o|t: * ^^H^rti^ ,. „|rt, _rt|«( ■O rt[cO •rtlc,' rt "^ ' %|», "<4o H-o' ; I '( C0|07 H . . _ eo|co . ■*!•« > . * oil** .«l :l« »|o« OJCO 1 'I"' rt|rf I • I Ojot 1 •*IW «|n , rt|oi ^,|^, , ■»|c0 1 1£ rt!^ 'IS oii^ lM |« rtrt Id Js H j si s' '!> Ifg ofe C0|J3 ' 'is lis >oico rtN If, |25 «l^' lis rt|Z I. I^HW lg . . B5 Her! it: L- °J" JP 0115 1 • « > I '^| I" ^l> fe 'IS ^ci °1z rtl> . 0 " 1° !> J 1 . iz S- iz L; 3 rfii% w^iS col-g too jB 'is . rt W ICO Jg I! '"*ife z; ' ■ *: g«w '^1S ^ 'is I'ca """ ife «|£ l|^^ i"2 ■ejH <*jg 'i- I • IS IH "6 is lis, lis lis cop 'is % if !£J* w Ic/J Ij3 u^S MIS IWrtjS Sis oi> dH ca-s . 2jis ■* |02 rt, cS lj> ng «ld 'W1S is . ife C5 o>l&: 'm HjS lH 'iS "Imoo -d- 1^: 1^ la oil co 'is l> ^ -oilS «H» i> ■ a ltOH!S iS^fe I"5 IhHS. co aW 2 lz 1 02 *|H o,d K is ]t-Hg ISshS I . S IO c'|co , . I . I • ^ H|S ^ Jh wl^ Hzi oils' -0lXi|>-00a5O'-^(NC0 Tf<»OCOJ>00C5©— 1 (N CO Tf* IO CO 1NQ0 OS O 1- 1 ,HrHrtrHMrHOq{N^(Mt^CN(N^CN^CO0: © * -0 ^ ^ 0) m ■5 O 0 hH CD U trt -^ O CO t« QJ rG bi) -*-s ffi 0 o 2 00 is ^ 3 5 °*^ Ira W l« lis 3 ° y hS oi|> iw cC og H« °»2 ns liS Ico W Z iter . • b- IP" co td ^ o'-. Jg 0!S Jg H£ lr? IS ofe t_|fe; rtiH oP ^2 ^'co "ico oijz; F iS ^1> rtk=a It g S CLc] OW 12 Ico Ico 12 "Ij oJfe y H'' COJg — g CO|g rt|Z 12 p Ice H J? rt,^ 10H (2 c* rt -0 0|J3 P "'co |H ■*is.' «!■; "m./ oiaj rt|« C>,;P lo|m lOI12 •iovaxsav *3g«SS8':3£fi2to >>afflS»Si»SSRS^8i^*S^Si^e&t^s*?jgrS XVIJI APPENDIX. gill Pi 0 o a Q w pi H o W Pi Q < U M W H £ O W "31 H PU go Pi W > O o m Pi o H O w in o O H > ai W en P3 O >-} o 3 o o Pi O H «5. B S , « S- iz; Sun cj o .15! +^2°^c5^^^S7cl,co^^^2cr ' - '" i— iCMG^Ji— i(MC [h ' , • J*" ,h i-< h »|<>; "V H* b i ■ rt ^b e* -to< F 0I 0, J°> l" Ho, w|° > • F H J* |o ■ "L rt i " i ■ I F rt oi H f Hi I" I" >J" Hi ■■ . F loij-o J- ,.;> I- l">" TH h|° ln rt1* ™J» t- loi co H» . ■ rt °" J*" • 1h I- > I- isJw ' Hrt > Hi >Hh Hi , ■ rtU |o> , • co [co I _ * L 1« •Q l« ^ fo £ :*■> >hS^h ^Jo H-hI" ': CjcoH« H 1.1° I . -1=" h ?! 1^ "I" H , ■ J" J' •hH-^^in^ (t- Hj - ■ j»rti« •c'!t: . H0* l» ic • , 1 » ■* . .\1 , • »L hP |co «H[<1 ■ . I If- HS . *H l» I01 H» < • "|w jo |„ =o|« HH |rt (« |« |c CT|^ > "jo, J-rtHJ- , c.p J*5 f |-* |n Lp • lo rt'" rtF el|» J* rtl«H"«! J- 4 1 _U • ■ rtF , • rtto l^^rt^J" l-rth .rtlo^rt^ 'hi* . I0* |h i^ H°^ . i ■ ■Ooclo . Kl 6 wy M o1 at oi d^ °-*lo .Ho o H| O HI bi JXl 6 HI'S ^ ° Wl ri °f| 0 . " Ch] [J "I U "^ C!| I I I I I .; Hh rth ^d«[gol .nig ! a|ij ^^ Hj o ^j . ^ 0=1 d mb' Hlw'H" col. ,011.? «| ^c,,bi^i Ice**; °^s ^i° c|* H" ^lci "*°' ^" ^ °"S" ° *• °*° , o °jg g'l d °jl o " Hi Ho-coio «!■§ co|i Hd-l^o h,*H* ,g^ Ho-^ |.«|dio o^-O^ ^o d Hjq'" r; S o B CO o o H J3"C3XJ II rr tO '■* II i •?•■?>- t & . "I* "1^ cn|* "l"» . w[.n h[co w(n . o,|h "•!" ^^ n|t- rtj^ rt'^ »|« . h|o ^b , i ">h rt|rt ^1^ rtl-O ^l1"1 C'|c0 <■* eilt- o'F *lo 05", ■ OJH rt|o , C,[^< 0>[j5 ' rtjcO rtjO rt|c h|-i Hfl • "!~ rtin-»H ; cjo, h|.o "I • c,|n c' F H° , «|n '■'-. hoj ' o'Foin . . I rthh _,• . t-|n "»l« rtjt- ' _ H' "I" ■ H^ n[co b|o? o'l-n "i |o «|H 'o,|= * to|o *|H >o|o in c|h i H|o «, w « h|(0 tplcS oik- e h ■ I--. C0|« rtlo "I" o>|" . • « < win rtlH. h|b rtF H-» *|o h>|o c,o, »p ■*jo, , tfjKf r*]':') i c^Jco , l> o og eld was ^12; H IZ o)la ka to g IB i& I..- ta l« ■*» «IS I* Ij=>«IZ H fe ffl . w N - is is ib id ^Z « B • N >|B "ojg Jg nlrtl -J , < l« ^JiJJt"^ -=!»' Iw J&-* IB !fe I" IB , P^ . '* ^1^ Hte hh HF co|cO I • w I cop . IB ^ rt!5 °'\§ Hfe |cc c'|a a b 1 |o| iz y ,.^^|"S • A to kjj. cmI^ raijg. co|^ . «IW g ^gj i • I hi^ . to i . , wNHi^ A™ to|wl^"^i»ir; ---.'■' .. ; o,i i |„- iw g 1 rti^ csira «Z Oils. te IS, l> to s,|> la JlS rti, - I-Jl cj^ 1(3 olB "li IJ i^ "ito ^•y; «*» PI IZcJB ? . |..-«!Z u i • • ie i ■ • i£ Ife F |to i :Hra-ra • to'^^-Hp ' "]S*P .airi^zi8 ,>«S '>•: . oil? 3^£ IZ |> .pa !o,liS. rt<^i^^ocoi^c»o:ortGico^ocDt^cx)aio © ® ® 2^ =^' JZ "to_ CO B iz" fe- -HI' Z to rig IW > WIS to IB 1^ 12 IB IZ C'^5, o^cr o,ij5 etc |Z IS to IB •j,:>vaisav """ APPENDIX. " 2 ^ ® * ^ ^ ^ © ^ Ci tN* ^ "' W Oi CO O O CD* CD ^ l> -rf rf CO* CO CO* CO i ■— ' !^Lr-'.r±-Ci-(M (M w (ncqi-hi- ic. !CO(MCO(NCDWNHHa5i35CO©CQOO^Om^M^rH(NiONO Qo'i— t (N (N + ^ 0,l0 lo> i • « B|t- * I* C)[C0 h o»|ot i i * ■o ot|*o h ■ i-1 "i-i [B o* rtl« l« k I0* J™ ■*■ 7* M1 ' J« |« H |« fa, «|a. _|0 »|H , |H „|» w|f - C>|t- [r o. -wH" IhJ*' .i : H*- im .k 9^ |«w|oH-o h* >>1 Jfl J« >E-i -i ci |o> » r JO. |« , JH |» "«" -« J" . 01 -*" ..Ho' ,■■ J* 4«« h 4". *« • Jo cc|<* oi co co ' . r-' _J • . ■ l'° 1« l« ' ■ C* C> t- 1 oj |co I •H' H« J" T C J" 0.1- ^H J» J« 0> J- > h I- J» JO J- 0> J" Jo |B l« IB > + I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I | I . |o lo * ,■*• It- « «•! I»« It- sSi« '5 . ,a oil* - . . - ;. .~ -*I^J -5 H^^°^^o - ^ ** ^1^5 J wl d g = e ,|'b > °'k m|b ' o»| «|o ' ^IB*^"!- |o . oo|o . o wl? ^ y ^ -fe ^ ™. ■« i ^ * pE ^ * ^ J sg ^ t i , . *> |. iB,. ,.,. l» l» " .fete J£ . |iS > I"3 hg to ohm ^'u CTiai lz IS 43 r"s"3 ^^co^ocoi>(»a50^i^co^ocDi>GOC50'^c^coTtiiocDt^ooai©'— 5g ^-Hr-lr-lr-lrHrirHrHr-.C 173 gy rH 01 t- C-» t I I I I I I I I I I I I I . H* -(6i)0 H,-a ""t «|,i , .^n—. Hfl « _.| c1 ; H to H|ja . »h|b o.joi ^]^« . oi|o» t-Jrt m|B . eo|w I «|b o.|o el-* . b|-o »<|n ^k • j, ' ' oKo . • -*l™ Jro *l« *ln ctIh =|o ' t-|B , ■ Nk- W|0« 0>l"° . H . . " ... , ■ ""* „i ' «j|m c>l« | • 01 h ;*|« .«i««|o«H' "1° *'° C.'O ■■■■"' . . . «H» h|0D rt|« «k oJ« M S |Z IZ te °# „• « | . , . ]z 3*im w '& y ml . im H 'MX? Blrf3 W [M IS oS^sSffiTi^ftSto >?cj^gSKS4Bt»g«is««^*i^?gi^>ig7S»?«!a»5a- XX APPENDIX. >* i-i o3 £> O as Q m o3 W H CO o p3 Q S3 l 03 w > O o CO Pi O H O a H Oh o CO S3 o > 03 S3 CO 03 o hj © X> *£i *0 — 5 -^ "^ Tf tfl >Q Tf TT* T}< TJH CO CM r-H Ol — I ■ — I . — ■ G CO I . wjo ■ ItP h n.) H I- J"> i* "I* J* .Jro > i* . Oik* .-s I? h> !•" a> J1 h* ■ W 2 .§ *l-o l-°rtU %>hi , ■ i*„« ^g; |a I10 -* -"l*. . ■ lo & .. ' - Ih» .* ;> pi- '>!: o |co i * -*5> ' ■ E>«h in + 0,1°^ ,' . H « »S J ■.>-!' » S r r" r» Him S H JO |C-W Hi • |o« « . • "I" S«|*> JoJ*> * ,; . h . *L j« |« Jo -I" |M "irH J« J* £ [^ 1(0 -toi ' oH-! hJco • ft* ' co |o 01 m o p J** r* is ■ « I to H* -*■ k» , • I : >*|M + I" • rtoiojw 1 1 — I •H:^H>!;i |o> »f «l« Eh Eh Ei E-" J"* H-* h|^* q Q Q q I-* I I I I I I J1^ 1°; |» ^|0 «|t- |H I _ . . <-"| !°; ..c h|« rtlco io|tJ( ^ rt C I I I I I ojco |H ■ «h rtl" i« rt!- nffl "h « : »J* Jo,JH-HiSJ-0 ■ 1«irtrt|rt . h Jm „l° ^l0' • ~k l» I-* h I-1 I"-1 l=> |w • H ^ rtl ri , . '! 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' c ;o '.-; -::-• " — CO -i ='T| '-=' r " CC MOOO'Oi- 1 CO O GO O GO ."I ~<-J —1-1 -4-J ~t-J -4-1 -4-1 . ;.-j -Jim -4m "" " Uu _*m -i-i -*N -*"S * * ■*" ■«! rfry-^TfiTfTf^fTfCVJCQ-'yTti tFCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO WMMCOtNCOfNOJC^KN 'COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCMCMCMCM CN COCOCMCMf-^COCMCMCOCM'— ' (M f-^ ■— j r-j f— ' r** 1* Ho" l« 1 ■ rH1 eo M 1"* i*> !*, ic4 -w H" u1l J* > J"3 1" 1-1 [■* "It |«fl V* [<$ He* Ha oi 1° 1-1 1** l« °*P - '"l** h -*« |-t |l- Ho* [oi |l'J 00 -" [cO -*k Jrt i!ra Jp Jco H|c |» He J'° ri|° Ico I*: I"' o J° > J« |o « . Hc» -te* .h ( |n Hp |o If I* |« J" I"! J* : lo rt P5 ' . » . 1° i** ' -fc'o,Lrtic'' :> KJJ-. h|° Jo rt|° 'rtl° ■HIK Ico |f 11 J« I™ °t 7**- !hFh -* ico ■* "U "L 'rtl*r ' fa Is "h J°° " L Mrtl* rtrtlra |« ^l1- Jo 1^ '^ J • «|* Hl- I ^ r^- a rt 14 ph 1 . 14 I >J- > J HM M r*» -|rl- jrt no) h i" jo 1^ J°° rtl°' ■ -l° J° fa |=4 ' fa H ' 1 • 1= ' •* rt C4 k ) 14 ' f" 1 " I " 4> Oi CO 'O 4 -hJ-j^Ho 1^ k - -+?" -«ji »lx I I I I I <0\ Ml . 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J.Q ; „|„ rt|H „]> H|« n(^ rt|« ^|o- , ;J;rt|««|=oH^4,|o-hH^ h|-0 4l|=4 h|=4 «|. 41JC0 H+ 6 -|H Jm *C j02 ^P5 I2 =4|(j . rtlZ Jco °? esfe =4W Has to -n . rt|02 i • l> • I5*- ^ 1> I • -*Iek a c>|!zl |%^ y«g^ iw MM 1M 1 . rtz lzrt'« T y I-/, . 4>i0 Ito 4,iw ls" te rtfertlo » Ig co;z =4;z fz; fc> , ■ 1% ^ . - i4|0 4,:? 3Z H,S Iffl IZ lm-*iS3 IZ ci-J iz 1Z y ■«£ -*i^ ''OJ 4lZ 4,|Z Ito IZ IZ 4 H ^■94c5 i •*« cc-M |co_ ^' •Hz !Z 1 «|Z IZ K "I- -,0 „| Jj£ «l^ i y w 1i "I ii to Z I' Ico rtlZ rtjZ .id IZ IZ l|rt« r. w "z 5MP3Tj*»n®|>cOfliOpH(NWTt,>0«)t*COO.O f-l^HrHr-ii— If— irt^HHlN f— i CM CO CM CM CM ^lOCS^QOClOfH CM CM CM OJ CM CM CO CO *ft#i — ^iii r "itfi < i i ■ < i i * fc CO f— i CO 1 C5 GO CM CM rtf« GO CD CU s CD H c cd 0) Tl S C G ^ rt 4) an rG -r-» cu c*- !S O O CO f-l o !-> -irt ,o CO t+r; CJ C3 bfi -4-1 o M H SS55 Ei o a c — ■3'C fi ts a s «|o^J2oi I? 1"= w lz ^ £ » e Jlaa o o rti& fcJS pa ^Z ^i* S oS ™Z P n » it? r-g y iz HZ a;2 raf" ^ uovHisav METEOROLOGICAL TABLES. The mountain barometer, from which the following observations were registered, was supplied by the Admiralty, and had been on the former voyage. It was constructed by Mr. Jones, of Charing Cross, and the scale graduated to hundreds, and was regularly observed by Mr. Thorn. »i^~afr I'V L. *\ XXXVI APPENDIX. CO & O l-H H > Pi W CO « O hJ o o o o pi o w H CO >< Pi w 5> o u CO p b H-t t— 1 O Ph T o <1 Ph '*io- aii— icncmooooo^i— i ai k ai a O) oi i- < »— « 00 „ o o CO 05 d CM CO °^ V CM -" o d CO 00 o d CO o C£ ■> d CO CO d CO CO CO -. 05 CO oi CM o, CO CO s a> 00 ai CM CO Ol 00 !M ^ CO -n CO CO d CM Mean Total. Mean Total. Mean Total. Mean Total. Mean Total. Mean Total. 29.682 29.896 29.692 30.116 30.01,5 29.997 aioiooo)0)0)0)oioooo)Oiooocooo!OooiOJfflOio)oo «wcon«N^WN^^r:(NTOnconcoconcNCoa;o(oi(N(S(Nnn 3 Ph' OOTfOlQOrtl0'*(NnoC»C0>0n1010l3'0OOOOt0l0OiQOO C0-C»OrHrHt0«C0oi>ionioncoMCocc)0>ooo «3^t>0(D!cno[on,*o)K'ct,^-fcJoo-i'iiTt(N(Mt^corHfO(xnoon ot^ai!NlinioioiOH^\i-t^OOO>0»OfNO OlOtlO'HOOOlOJNOOTfHjrHCOOCO'OOtOb-BfflODOOIMOt^ COCOOtOlCnOOKSaXOtOCOCCCBOOONfM-'^CONffiO'HIMniN o o fflOlOOOlfflOOOlffiffiOlfflOlffiOOlOOOOOfflOlfflOOOOO c^Wfco3«p'cooii(N(N(Nco«.'oncomcowwMcococonco o co 3 Ph' 'O >OC)lOCI>OWW«nO(NIO«31NOO(M«lOI>rH — iH00»NU)0)^«5O CHDO'*3)H.(MOIOr)CO'*-^tOOOCOtD'^>OD-HOOtDSOOM'Oa) O00OOQffiOOO01(0!DC00)0)OOOH,(NMiH01b0JO-"Hnc4 CO CM offiodd cr° d d d d a. oioioioidodooddrooiaooodo COWCOCO(NCSCOCOCO(N(NC>ICl(NC?COCOCOCOrOCOCNO>C>)COCOnCOCO o CO 3 o(Noio'OcnoiocoM>»iQnoo^nio^oioairo>oo coTfc^xfooaioco-HTfto-ico-nootN^oooofooiaiO-HOfco HOSOiOOO)0:OOlOMOM3)01fflOOHMHHOM»0-Hi-5in o OS O-i oaiCRooo^aicaioo^criaiooooaiooooooooiaiooooo cooiNcocj(N(NwiM^w^(N(N(N«coroconconn(N(Ncoconcoco o CO d CO CO >H Ph <0 ti Pi pa W Ph -a 3 'OOOOOO'OCOOOOOOOt— ■0"*OC)lON,*'-0'- I CM O O O "O ooooiooto O'o -h o — i tc — onio-cNo5iNon-H(Moco-H NoorH(jio)a)i>cocox(Ncooffi^!C^,*'*lo^l-ooot)roon OJOOOCTiOiOOOiCTlO^OlOCTiOOOOOOOOOOaJOlCTsOO (Ncococol^^cNl^lc'(^<(N(^^m(^lcoc^con^3coconcoco(Nl^le^nc^ e5 Ch 'ONoiooo'o'nniQOioo'on'onoB — oo^'ooetsioo !OM(Oi-'OCOt^Tl'a!COHIMO!NOtOCOMS^^lOOCOI>OCDt>'H oiOiooociCTJC^^oaiOOCsoooooooooaiCTiOooo ctWMcocociCTWtNiNoiojcoNcocococorocommcootoicNiccco 3 >OiOlNOOOOifllON>0'OiOCtOiOIN»)lN'*lOOOiOOINC»N OOtO^OCIH/rHCJOOOfflCIINOOO^OttftCMOHO'O^MD t^OOO^OOCDt^l^OOOOO^HOOCOC--CO>Cl-*'^lOlOCOC75t^OOGiC>< oioioooooia aloocSjoooooooooooooooaiaiaiO OIC>)COmcOCOC-> •^ 3 Ph' O'O'OOOOOOi-O'OOOOiC'OiOiOOOOO'OiO'OOOOiCOiOO OCOCO(D'!t,tDOOO'*^0'*"t(OronolOI'*OiH01IN'>D(NlMOO'-'Joc OOOl^COC^^^t^OOCOCM^OOOl^OOltMlOe^COCO-TC^OOC^t^COO) o Ol ooifflfflroojoirooooioioiffioioocooiffiffiioioio/oojoioioioi coa«cOOOOOOIC«0100»COIOOIOIO»OOC»'000000'OOICCO ■0"tcoci-|Tfcoo)oi|oo'*cDiO')'(Da)>ocaiO(00o^oconcoo OOOMOMJS'fllOOMMS^^OlOO'- <.— COt^THCOTFCOOOCOt^COOO o oaicioioiffioioioooiOicTjffioioooioiosoiroojoioirooiffloio) COINCllNOlC^CNCJPOrONNNlNOimCOCJOtOlfJCTWiNOIOIOlO'WtN o co d CM CO tH ?£ w oa 3 H O 5 -a 3 - 3 Ph" CMOOiOOM>>Offlt^01^3)COONOO»0^,lOCOOC»o;'*[N o o> o (NWCN(N«NC)CSIlNWOI!NC>lWC)CNC>ltNCTC'3CN(NC(CN(NCOCOCOnre o CO 3 < Ol OO>0OO'QtCC0l»ni0MO0)10OO'01lOiln«3OOWil5'0(NO l0OH'iDC0NOtD^|T*7iTfonO)0000H/i>irt00mOO00h.'Ht^(Nb o c cioioiffloifflffiojoioiffioioffioiaoiffifflooaraoioiooooo 0!NO)NWNI>)C>)C^WC>lafO'SC>l(NC o 3 3 Ph 000«5iO(N«5iOOOO)OlNtactOOtOiOOiOOiQ CN'OOCMtMOe^lOO"*'— iO"*CO— 't-~COCOCOOCOOCOO '*t^t^coiOOroi>roi>a)xl>coiOnror)'(MtooiC)-"-i OlCjClfflOOlttOJOSffiaOlOlffiOlOJCOlfflOlffiOlOO 0)C«(M0)(N(NClCN(MOC<(NNWINWlN(M(NCSCNC>(nC0 3 lOOifliOffl'HO'Q'OiOntOlOiOOiOiOOOOO'QlNIN TflOlOtNrtOOCOOJrOOt'aiCOOt'O'H/CCOtCvlN^tCDCO ^"H/(OcOMXlCOffibaiCDCOMXl>OncOTfonOcOffirH- C50)00)C:aC!0)Oi05CJ)0)OiC750lffl01C310lO)0)0)00 (N(MC<(NC40)N!MO!(M1NCM!NWCMD1NCOCO > rt n o o 3 rH«M'H/lO©t^COC>0'HC>!COTflOCOt^Xa)0 — NWTHlOvOt^COOO ^rf-rH^MrH-rt-.(SlMOI(MN(MH^INC ■* APPENDIX. XXXVII REGISTER OF THE BAROMETER, CORRECTED FOR TEMPERATURE, CAPACITY, AND NEUTRAL POINT. C CO - CO pa" a co o H U o ^3 3 »0— iflO M- i(D r-i lO CO CO lO - '— lOOOOOOt^COUO — < OO — ilOt^'ClOlC10 (0!Od!Onai'0-iHW«N!OM'l|iOO)OlO!00)(0>(5ncoO-0^lfftlN'H OCOCOl^>OCOCCO)(N-" rHO«BO:l'5010CO(0!OiOlOtOCOC)- ' i— ' CO CO lO «3 co co CM OI co oi CM U3 o o> oi CM ■> CO co oi CM OI CO oi CM CM CM co oi ex ■> 03 - CO oi CM co oi CM C<( co oi CM - OI , oo oi CM CO CO co oi CM ■* CO oo oi CM -1 "* > oo o d CO l> o d 00 (M © CO J 8 1 1 3 I d CO "O CM co ^ . ft 30 ;•' CO Is s ■§ "* L^ co SoS 5 CM 1 "* 3 o> iS CM ■" OI >M oo a oi * CM 3 13 HO ca O is - CM a • 03 O « co <=5 ooioiooioiaioioooooasiraoiooioiffioioiaoioioofflojci COCMCNCMCMCMCNCMCOC^irOC^C^CMC^CMCMrocNCNCMCMCMCMCMC^ 3 Ph «(N>ocortOOco'tooncooccionxiM^i|oo(NO'- 1 « t^ co >o s co XtO'-"-iOI00001^'-'0)a)TfiOI^CCl^OOlTrOOO'MOOOI>tDffl — CO-fH — aioot-'^cocoaxMiM — o^c7)05i>oo — cootvifliocococoo-'Oicoio o'oSoioioio>o!oioooooo)0)Oi(j!OQO)o>raDaiffiOiooao)(S CO(NWNO((NCNNnnnnnO)WC>l(NCOWWir)OOC»Or-(NCOt^'HCO CN~~00COt~00CO00r^OTOTOO00C0ro~C3>CCi-Hi— cCOi— lai-OCt^t^CO-H i-HOCOt^©t^OOO]-IN-OOtNM3)l>001l>MDlOtCI>COOrtOXffl ooo!Oi3ioiO)0)ooooooffiO)0)ooia)00!Oiffjij)GJOooroo) d CO CO iH ps" a 3 r-1 w CO r2 3 0«5 - i O O *C r— i:N''*TFO^O»OOC-OOOOOOOOOCOlOOOOO ^ftNOOOOOCOOOlNCOOOlO^OI-COCOOnjN- .oocococMOcoxt< 1Q CO Ol O (N X3 C» C)Ot^OO)'-00) CO X !DO)Ol^OOin^fM>COO)pH roffioicaiffloioiooioaiocaaiaifficTiOoioffifflooaifflffio NttiNnN«(Nc*nNW«nncNoi'NO)C'icoiN^c(c>iN(N(N(NCNco s O'O'O'OMootsuJC'O'OnniO'.ococoiO'^TfiO'O'O^ococooroN OD CM 5l CO C< to 0)Ooo^OCO'<)'iOCO(OC!0 oioiaoffloioioifflOiooooooioioifflooifflooioiDfflffloio d CO CO oa U 3 CO " O) O) — — — h 00 ■— ' O O — 'OOOOOICOCCN 0)>0 05ih01U5'M050)0)10 — COfflO- 0!l>C!OOOrtOC)fCOK)OOCOMOrtOO(MOOOO- 1 •— i i— 1 t"» ooiooooi^'O^'jccntooioooaiorocoooooMDMNNaiccco'o oKoifflao)3)oiO)0>ffioioocaoo)fflO)00oiO)aooo)ffloio irocMcMCN s 00>OC»COlOOi.O'000000>0>COCOO'OCC>C<)iOlOOc>JOiOCOO COO-COlM'Oai'NtDO)C»0'MTf'*COW(C»OfflCOt»C1010COCOO,*mco OOOlCOMO't^nMlOfflOOOOOOfficOOOHOCICOGlffiCOCOtD 00010)0)010jO)OlOJ3 010000000)0)OOOOOffl0101fflfflO conc^(NW«wwoi(NW«coconnncoN«coKconcc(N(Nc>)0)(NW 3 000>OiOOOiOiOlOOOCOOiOOOiOi— lOCMOlOcocOiOcMOJO'OO TfCOttDO)OaHD«DOOHDOO)(M ^TfOlCOOlOCDCDCNCOroCacolOlO'^O oooicoo3to>0"*^(NcoociQOOoaiOQQO)0-'OHa)a)fflooxco oooifflffloioiojoiooKJioiooofflooioiaooooc?. csoioiaoi ramcoooi'ooioooo«5coo OOlONTfaoiN^iOMNOION^OrtrtffixtOOO^lOOO^frKN CDt»COOWMCOFH.T«t>!OCOt>flOM>C00105010JO)OCOC>THO'- O'CO o fflO)0>ooooooiO!Oiffi i— !CN»0t^C0(r0Cl0l0OOi0U-il0C0'0Ol0l0OOTfOTtlOOOOO'0O (MCX^COCO-HOlOtDOilOroOX^^Ol-i^OlOCDOiaiC^ffil^CMOlOlO tOI>t«0)'-|COmcOt>iQI>MCCC»I>!>L^aiO)0)OOli3101COtD«0100J01 ois'isaoooooifflffiffloioffloffiffloiooaoiffloioidoidoioi WNO)!WOI«NCO«C>IO(WNC)CMC001c^ o CO CO w Z & >-» 3 «3O(MO'0n>0iHTfi-i-HH«--i«O!0OMJiQOfl0NC(l0l)-c0)Ml '*H,)rtlOTl'COn-'-rH-.-.CDO)C>W^,iOCD')"'-0'OCO^(NN011>'* lOHOOrntNTf^COr- ( ■— I i— i O CC fl " t>e~I>t>OC^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOcioOloioioioioioi COreiCOCOlCOrocOCOCOPOroCOOOOOCOCOiCOlC^C^COC^c^COC^CMC^ 3 Ph «5 ltJOOOO'*«l0''5nc0'*_00C001l';(N0llMl0l0C0lQMNO-'OO COlOlO(NOOO(NOiOOCO-iCO^fflOOOCO — "-CMCOi001CCCO.r>0!NOIX HJ(NfflOO(Nnnn(N-H — 0(MCM'-C^^(NCOOC001CO(>Nl>COcOt> OOOlOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOlOlOlOlOlOlOlOlO) coccwcoconracococooicorocococ^coconcocoNoitNWiNNoitNtN 3 < (NnO(NO-"-'OCOCOCOmtDOO-iO-iilO-OCOOIOlQOONOO ^lOOrtlOIOOOttOX-itD'-M^iMN'OCOOlO'Q^aOOlOCHO '0'«,000'-'CO^^O-IMO(NnNCCOnncJCCXKM>»l>M> oooooodoooooo'odododdo'oijioioiffl'oioido nconnncoranconconcocococoncorancoiNWNWottNNiNCN d CO CO >h* < 3 3 t^SIOtOtDtOOO- — i ■— < OI O O O 'O O — ' O lO O — i r— r— lO i— "— '00^*lT> (>l>Xl'*'HCO--i!MaJ(Ni-i(MtDtD^!mtOC7)COCOO!)iMCO—OCOtDO^tsH< oioiaioooooooooooooiooooo'oo'o'o'o'ooo'o'o wwoicoconcoranncocoronccwcocoroconconcocorococococom 3 Ph" "0 CX001>0000>-0 00>OOOiOlO>00>0(NO'OOOOi040C-iOOO-*0 COOOiQOOOXO'O^OOlOINXNOlXOll'tOTf^OlXOXOrHO O CO OI O — (MrtC00INC0(N'-CN-'MO-)cii-ioortn^^ioto>oxi|mrocN--icoio O0303OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC3OOOOOOOOOO oc'NconcocococococococQracorocococococococoncocoKcorocoro ;> 03 Q -a o o 3 f-i(MCOTtlOCOl>00050 — CNCO-*IOCOI>C0050— ' NCO-*lOCONCOOlO-H hi ■IB i& J&**< ■ * l'-P_»« * U»'J \,~ XXXVIII APPENDIX. co O i — i < > Pi W m PQ O ►J O O Pi O H O i— i i REGISTER OF THE BAROMETER, CORRECTED FOR TEMPERATURE, CAPACITY, AND NEUTRAL POINT. CO CO J 2 P-I < s OOOOCOO'OCDOOOOOOCOOOOI'O'OOOCOCD'OtJ'OO'OO ONOrttOniO-ONlOCOm^CO^C^^^CNOtNCvMMtNNollOtO r-^^cocjaioiococot>0)coooo)rtnoBi>oiiHr-i-.r.oo©cooot ooooofflffloioioiffloiooioioddoidddddooiffloidd Mcoconcoo)«(N p OS CN p oi CN "* OS OO oi CM -> CM >, © as CN Oj ts p OS CN to CO p oi CN J CO © CO © CM © CO CN © , CO J oo ., CO ^ © © CO © © cs CO CO 00 o £j co © © CO CO CO o o CO Is o o © CO J Y V V V V Y -■■—■- Mean Total. Mean Total. Mean Total. Mean Total. Mean Total. Mean Total. 30.027 30.083 30.129 29.972 29.903 29.977 EU ooooo aicoooooo-rfoooo cc©©is©cn©t— mooooo «3 CO ** CO _ mt--. 00!0-(N10ConO(NGosn!DOt^''ll!NOCHOCON\f^li* •I n ^| to s:o (D»o><»i>ojooi»ojih ss-" »NooO(NrHosi'oooo)(s o©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©cdas©ai©'ci©©aiaioi<";i<--i raconnnn««CN«(N(N(N«tNronco(N(N(Ncocococo«o««Sco Tt,TtpOOr-iOCOOiOCMOcNOOOO(NcXOOO-^,0'Ocot^o0^lOc^)TO ^«^^oco-*3scoai^a)(Nnco^'i>'ooi!N'tO'*toai-MSwon W«^W(OrtP;^(C)^t08!l3)OOOOOINnoOffl^O)--.OoS?.co" ooooooaoiaiafflffioiroadddoioioiaddddffiaia'n (onnnnro(NiNNiN(N(N«(NN«nncNww(NnnncoSSwn co CO X o p3 < 2 r2 t>Cl©CN^C^©CO©^^COCOCO©CO--'5^GO^CO ^oo»a)«rtq«oqoqqrtHqo)ooi>t»iQioi>oo«NiacBao © as oi © © © ©" as © ©' ©' o" ©' ©' ©' ©' oJ ©' oi os oi as ©' © as oi os ai ai ai N««««nn«!OP5«nnmnn(s«e ^coc»coc>o©coco>— ©©^^©--©oo^cNcocNooTttooooaocNinisr-i '1"*ffiOI>COtDfflfflCO^O'OOOOOt>.lOOOrtai0^oocOlNMONiriN ^oot-.roq-qcoaqqrMqrH^qoiccb.b.iq^NooooNccmcftao £ 2 2 2 2 S 2 2 °i °' °' ® ® o o °" o* °> os os os os os" as' as os" os" as" as" as o' NN(N«nnM(s«eoncoconracow«Ne»«WNN(N(NN««Nrt t=5 i-io~'coo*o>oo«oDt)Doco'OtciO)0BBCO — >HOlOOqqOOONroO)CDt>MD^HDOOOOOOI>i»OOOi ©©©©©©o©©o©©©o©©ai©©ai'aioioioioi©'©.°ai©'ai l)CNWCN OS oo as oi CN CO CO P3 **! K Ph 2 © © — ■* lO p- 0©©10©COCO©10©CNCOIO©©©©©I>.©©© ©©COTt»00000 XIDO'*>OOlN(NlM-C»Ot>>0'^C001cNi-<"NlCO'C|r-COcOO> ©©©©©©©©©©©©©ai©©°©©©©'oioiaiaio°©©oi NOiCOncOCOCOCOCOCO(NKltN«CNcN(NCOCOCO(NC<lSfs»0 Ma3X^CC(Nt?lCN~|eiqO00t0Tt(Dai-itN--0)(D(NMMOno oiooioooooodddo! oJoisioidddaoiarooJddd CNCNO)COCOCOCOCOCOncOCOC)(NO)(NWCOCOCOCM«(NO»!NCOrOm OOCOOOOOOOOTfOlOOOOCOOlOOOCMCOCOCOOOniXl tO-*OlCM!£5lOt>Cno-!t,COT)CO!OC)CD'*CO^r-iCOOOCJ:C>T* pOO.-tfpiq^CNCNCN CN OOOSC£)-^©{Mi— i©|>-^HOt^OSCO)(N(N(N«COW CO CO < Z ioi>a)r-ic)iococ.jcoa)o03t>oo) ©©o©©oo©©©©©'©aiaiaiaioi©©©©©©'©oi©' ©'©'©' as cocomconcococonnNcocowcNcN(N^)0)co(N Ph" KS O^OOnOOOlOOlOOt^OOOOtNOCOOOOCOOOOOCOOOOO OCOlOCOOJ^OOCCOffiMDIM— (MOO-iO)OOOCOO)OCDCD«000 Ppc«^p^ppp^p©co©ppu3i>-oo^cNlocococNoo©ooo© oooooDodddcsdddoioioJdoidddoodcdddaicd concococococococora(Ncocococ>icN)ot CO OS © cd CO 3 < 'On0*0^0i000-C0i0-H1>qp— .©©-- ># oo to ^t"* t> ts t> © © © 2 S 2 S S ° ° °' ° ^ ° °' ffi" ® °" ^ ^' ^ ^ d d ai ai oi oi oi oi oi c7) cd d COCOCOCOCOPS«COCOCOCOCO(N«fO(NWCMWCOn(N(N(N(NOtW«?» M OS CD (Q CO -I P3 rt N ■* "* Kl Q X C}M O) O CO S) «S CD IN ^ ^ '~H. '^ln.'>t. t ® ^ ® t N. O os p as is oo©~-xt<©t^cococot>-i>.©© © O © © © © © © © o" ©' ©' © os ©' as as oi ©' © ©' ©' as oi oi oi oi oi OS OS COCOCOCOMCOCOCOCOMCOCOCONCOcnWCNmCOCOCOOIOlCNCtNNCNtN © CN © ©' CO < Cft 3 TfOSCO^^^^>OCOOCOTt005COCO(?!T«lO(NlOO(NOSCOOCOO Tfroco-'CO>ci>ir)-^cocooococo^,oocoO'*'onoiococNO)ioi>i>o iocor-icNinc)coiC(oa3iocNoroa)Os!>t^ooncowcocoiOM>ooffi ©o©©©o©©o©©©©osososasos©)«NNWCOCOC o ioos-*cNcoi>oo«5-'oo-*r-iooio,ocoaion?tcorHoscocoiocoo iOOOr-it^cNCOCOCDOOO^TjOlOO-r|< cor-iacomoi^^coos^q^co^NOit-ao^^cNcootcNcNi'HCoio ©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©'©©"©©'ci©©'©©'©© CNCOC)C)WCS!W«NW«COCOCOCOCOCNW^COCOCOncOCOCOCOCOCOCO FS3 a," C0O10-H|>00CDOC0r-iC0OOC00©k0^tooar-a)oo"rHat>cDoacorHoocMcM(Doo9coTfcoo^rH C0Or-iTjrtrtTflOC0rHC0CO(NC0C0'*O!>COCr-H^C'(NC0CNlCN(>!'^^ osooosososososoioos03©©©ooosai©©©©'©cdo'o'o©© «conNN«cNC)Nco(NtNcoconco[0(N(Ntocccorancocorawnco G 1 e l°5 — OCOl>00©©— ' (NCOrflOCONCOaOr- 'CNCO-nFiOCOCSOO©© CO 'it Till l ■ * ■ i ■ • APPENDIX. XXXIX t— H O < 05 P £ Q 55 <1 t«" H O Ph <3 O pcf 05 Id H < o5 w H 05 O Ph A H H O W fS 03 O o m s o 05 S3 H O 05 w H CO 3 05 GO CO t-t m p b o a (D(DOO(NnOODMtOHl001010'ClOOOOOOlOtO(DOHlO(OOOlOIO OOM»Om^lOt^rtOOOOO'*'0(NO)0- '00r^CMOlt-^00l>i— . OD M> ft (NO«n.NNniHiH-o(NHC>iMo5io^ ■o - o o CO CO CM o o CO 00 o © o' CO CM ■ CM 00 oi CI — I 00 oi CM CM °°. oi CM c^ oo oi CM O oo oi CM CO CO °°. oi CM - CM ■ 03 oi CM CM CM Ol Oi CM Ol Ol oi CM _ CO - CO Ol oi CM t> Ol oi CM CM Ol oi CM J CD o CO <* © I o CO CO CO © o CO 1=0 .^© go g CO a I 1 a 1 oco _Hoc gOl 2 CM o CM _HOl ' a oi £<^» >M Ol IS a H o 0 o gCO a oooooooooooooooooioioioooioioioooioioiodd nrococ5cocococoocomnrowcon(N^(Ncon«oics(Nc^c<0^CC>0CDOtDOCDC0C0\l<(MC0Tf (Mi— 'CMCOCMCMCM'— '>— 'O-— 'CMCM*— " — < OfflCOOOOOOlOOr- 1 O) CO « E W W ^f ooooooooooooooooaiaioiooaioioooooosoiooo nroncotocococonconconnmniNcNoincow^cowotNCNmcon a < a. 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S" O ^tn rt £- H ^H 3 S — ro ii — k. ro 2 !^>-3 ' "roc . CD id O- e CO B .0 9-S S I oi e - x e •£ be c 9 2 C CD -H r^ Sh ^uJ "° e^-9^ "3 *s 'S § =*.• .9 ho 3 e — s „ 01 s = 0)-C Oh S^ S is 1.2 CO' CD CS CD SO M _ ai co a ^3 E o ff 3" 3 V: o 9 X .2 CO ^ .-^ ^ I ■ ■t^^i ^*M • ABSTRACT OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. XLIII te o ^ P£ W H fe Pi as O H 0 O 0 1 — 1 > H <1 W hJ a H P4 O O pq r/3 « fc Pi Pi O H O PQ O > ►q ^ !>. •<* d CM CO Ci If} CO CO CM CD 11 ™ C1 CO- !>• CO ~ 00 3 s CO 1— 1 CM CM CO CO 1 — 1 + 1 1 1 1 1 1 r-(|C1 f-^W rHjo< S w d CO CM CM t> ^r 00 OO f5 » § CM Tt< -tf -* "* Tf 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 O O X CI O CM HIS C35 as CM CM CM 00 i-t ■■# CM CO ^ + + 1 1 1 1 + -* >0 "* 00 CO ^^ OS Ci ■* O M ■— ' ■ — 1 IC O CO ■* O CD CO co ** t> ai 0 i> r~ T3 © 3 ° a H^ £-, t> f» t~- O CM Tt< ai i~ co — 1 co CO 0 Sc O Tf CM OS OO CO CS CM i-H CM CM CM CM CO t-^t in >> «*h a 0 T3 CO K 3 — ' 0 — < 1-1 01 — 1 co CO CO CO CO CM CO i — 1 3K II II II II II II II 0 -* O tJ< t# CO ■* CM H ■rf CM rf rt< a> ■* CJ t> l> l^ !>• CO !> CO CM CO ^ 00 _ f I— t a s m CO 1— 1 CM O OS CO _l 1—* 0 tO ■* >0 O i> CO CD CO Pi a> co as 0 o~> 00 -* 0 © M CO 1— 1 CO LO CM CM 0 0 H •a 3 a Is P^ CM CO ■^ IO CO O CO CO ,_, ^ CM >— 1 CO CO r— 1 CM ■* CO eg 1—1 00 r^J 0 CM CT) CO 00 Tf O CD Pi P3 1^ 2 CD ^0 LO -* t> CM t> CO co O H O O 1 CO t> CM CO Ci CT> CO 0 X CO CM CO ■— 1 CO Tf CM CO t> t^ *0 t> CO Tf O 0 ■* Tf m ■* i> n l> CM -* i— 1 CO r— 1— 1 T Pi *o 2 ro Ph Ph CM OO O •— 1 CM Tf c~ s 10 ■* 0 co ai a> 1 — t 13 r-l C* 1— 1 t— 1 00 CD Cl CM t> b- 00 CO 01 sJf- ~-i lO CO OO Tjl 00 CM -M CM >-i CM CO Z2 o> 9 & EQ 1-1 iO ^f CO Ob Oi CM CM O — 1 lO CM CO 1— 1 CO 1— 1 p-i CO CO ■S P Tj< O CO 00 0 CO C5 Ol CO O t-H Ol lO C5 °"£ J* CO 00 O CM ^ 0 0 5 a> 9 * 1— 1 CM CM CM CM 1 — 1 '/I 3 ■^ lO r— ( i— 1 ^t4 CO 00 CO CO t> O IC — 1 0 i! CO CM CO "* ■* "* CM CM 0^^. . CM PJ Pi >< 1 a « 9 ^ rt 0 co « S S * "" w pq 3 S < 1= 0 0 W W p pj 2 H > ° 12 M 2 O iz; Q ^ Ph S Zi S3 ^3 (3 CD ni -G ^ -*-J _* S — H-> >-. « h 3 C3 "3 a 0 CJ t4 CS 0 S O-d • ~ p- rri QJ 4) Jsj ^S ^= & 0 3 CD r 1 d 09 ^3 09 ^ u Ph 0 T3 01 a d 3 '§ H-J <1) > -S O 09 3 O 3 3 0 &H r/j CD i- Ph H -. « -O Fh 3 CI cd Q ■c 1 ^3 CD l_ T3 G M -1 09 CD Ph SH «S * Uh s >^. CD S cc . CD Pi. 0) m\i&^JBLB VJ^^dJ ILff-^EJ v.^^ WJsW&k DIURNAL VARIATION OF THE MAGNETIC NEEDLE. The Diurnal Variation of the Magnetic Needle was a subject which attracted the at- tention of scientific men about the year 1759, when many experiments were made. Its motion westward was observed^to commence about 8 a.m., and continue until 2 p.m., when it became stationary for some time, and afterwards moving gradually back until it attained its first position, its utmost extent of variation being 19' 4". It was also ob- served that at the time an Aurora Borealiswas seen, its variation though irregular, was slowly eastward in the morning and westward in the evening, and in the night suddenly both ways in a very short time. These phenomena were attributed to the power of the sun in heating the eastern magnetic properties of the earth in the morning, and those of the western in the evening ; this was demonstrated by placing a strong magnet on each side of a compass, so as to keep the needle in the magnetic meridian, and alter- nately screening the sun from each magnet, it was observed, that when the sun was shining on the eastern magnet only, that the needle moved to the westward. This hypothesis was also corroborated by the fact, that the diurnal variation was observed to be greater in the summer than in the winter at London, as will appear by the following table of the mean diurnal variation for each of the twelve months of the year 1759 : January February March . April May . June 7' 8" 8' 58" 11' 17" 12' 2" 13' 0" 13' 21" July . August . September October . November December 13' 14" 12' 19" 11' 43" 10' 36" 8' 9" 6' 58" Thus the regular The maximum being in June, and the minimum being in December diurnal variation was concluded to be occasioned by the heat of the sun, which, however, »--«.! DIURNAL VARIATION, &c. XLV did not apply to the irregular variation ; it was therefore supposed to be occasioned by some subterraneous heat which was at times unequally diffused. The above account will be sufficient to prove that the discovery of diurnal variation is not of a modern date, but we may pass over the experiments that were made subsequently, since none of them threw any light on the subject, until it attracted the attention of the late Captain Flinders, to whom also the discovery of the deviation of the magnetic needle is due. On my voyage to the Arctic Regions in 1818, the phenomena of the magnet parti- cularly attracted my attention, and although a paper has been published in the Trans- actions of the Royal Society, by Captain E. Sabine, the observations therein given are exclusively mine, that gentleman not having been even on board or present when they were made, but copied out of my note-book to which he had access. In both the editions of my narrative of that voyage, I have given, not only the observations them- selves, and conclusions drawn from them, but rules for the correction for deviation, which are so simple, that any master of a merchant ship can as easily correct his course for the deviation peculiar to his ship as for the variation of the compass. Nor have these rules been superseded ; for although Professor Barlow's ingenious plate has been described as " triumphant," it is by no means infallible, as it must be acknowledged that any alteration in the situation of the iron material on board the ship must affect its accuracy, and it cannot again be rectified without a good opportu- nity when the ship is at anchor ; while it is at any rate a piece of expensive lumber, for which there is not the least necessity, if the easy rules I have given are put in practice. During my late interesting voyage, I have not only had an opportunity of confirming all my former observations, but of adding many important facts, which our actual approach to the magnetic pole has put us in possession of. My first series of observa- tions were made at Felix harbour, in lat. 69° 59', long. 92° west, where the variation was found to be 89° 45' west, and the dip 89° 55'. In order to carry on the observations on diurnal variation, which had been begun to the westward by Sir John Franklin, I was, by the liberality of Sir George Murray, then Colonial Secretary, furnished with several instruments which had been used by that scientific and persevering officer, among them the diurnal variation instrument constructed by Mr. Dolland, from whom I received the necessary instructions to use it. This instrument has already been described by Sir John Franklin, but its microscopes were since altered to make the arc more conveniently read off by them. Nevertheless, it was some time before I could use it to obtain any satisfactory result ; my magnetic observatory was built entirely of snow, 200 yards distant from any metallic substance, and marks were put up for placing it in the true magnetic meridian. I soon found that this instrument, which had '■:i"; 1 1 IfffHrri" if mw***jeLa.-'UA V^-^yj VJ-~*J HA^.J.4. v^ i (1 3 1 ■ N 1 f 1 S" , 1 m 1 vl XLVI DIURNAL VARIATION, &c. never before been put to such a test, required the greatest delicacy in its use. When the needle was nicely suspended by a single fibre of New Zealand flax, I found that it was materially disturbed by the approach of any metallic substance, by any sudden increase or decrease of light, and by alteration in the temperature ; if I had a coat with brass buttons, or a watch in my pocket, I saw it move before I was within two yards of it ; nor could I take five successive readings at each end of the needle, without observing that the increase of temperature caused by my looking through the microscopes had a considerable effect, and observing to a second was impossible, the needle having a con- stant tremulous motion. When too dark to observe without a light, I was obliged to take a paper lantern, and even then, when the lighted candle shining through the paper was held for the purpose of reading off the arc, it produced a horizontal motion in the needle, corresponding to the direction and strength of the light. We were now in a position so near the magnetic pole, that the natural or universal magnetic influence was at right angles with a magnetized needle, traversing on a point horizontally, and it was then at liberty to be acted upon by any other influence or power, without restraint, excepting from its friction on that point which was also materially lessened by the power of suspension already described ; and by inspection of the Tables for April and May, 1830, it will be seen that it followed the sun, although protected from its rays by a snow hut covered with canvass, and had it been at the time immediately in the vicinity of the magnetic pole, there could be no doubt but it would have followed the sun completely round the compass. Again, it was, during the winter, when every thing magnetic is more sluggish, proved, that it was disturbed by and followed the light of a candle ; that it was materially disturbed by a brilliant Aurora Borealis, particularly when that was of a deep red. I have therefore concluded, that light, of whatever kind, has the property of combining with the magnetic influence. Of electricity we had no opportunity of making experiments, there being less electric matter in the Arctic Regions than in any other place, as proved on my first voyage, when the elec- trometer was never affected by it. My second conclusion is, that metal of any kind will become in some degree magnetized, the microscopes became magnetic in June 1830, and after the brass instrument made by Mr. Dolland became affected, I sus- pended the needle through a glass barometer tube, and used a paper graduated card, which gave the observation to half a degree, and which, indeed, was as near as its tremulous motion would permit the eye to observe it on a silver arc. My third con- clusion is, that it is affected by temperature. So that my observations made during the first voyage were, in that respect, fully confirmed. The following table will clearly show the different periods on which the Diurnal Variation was greatest and least, as well as under what circumstances the differences took place. TT t i ~BT ' . J J L f — XLVIII METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS, O i— i H > 03 W O hJ o o CO O H O o Q H p p (z; <; o A !» pa •am;i3rac[ui3x +« • 2 " cm ** ^ ■jaq)B3M jo aj^JS I •paiM fo APOPA I w cm — — CM FF 00 OP GO OP CM CM CM CM GO GO CO CO ** fh Fj< T-l 3JTHBJ3dnisi +« 2 ™ ° •j3H}B3jW jo areis I to to ic tD ■paiA\ jo Xjpoi3A | , 'S wis >qS lm T fe«|^s *«p HlJs1» !S ,s i^^a -IN is is 4 VD I i ^JS' ■*i„ Jw rjoih ,|S FSB , .•^ N |2 ^IW ^M*'z K^r^l ;> c[z is ^ » P oa n ^2; Hg |S . : . ,£ o»|? coi> o^jW r^ COT W U^O CO A — — o CO to *# ■ajn^jaduiax +2co2222cScl2 — ■J3U41B3AV JO aras | ^ -Q ■puiAA. JQ ^IpopA I g °* M — cn •- *H O »— O) « s « ^| as 04 o a b* ■— o o a i-H ■aitqieiDdiuaj, +« 2. 2 2 2 2 OS C> 00 OJ •ian;-eaA\ jo ams 1 •puiM-Jo X^poiaA 1 "" f-H « r-H — -><-" •am^Ejaduiax pH O 1-4 + H0> CN 00 CO *n CO •jail^aM. J° gjg^S ■ bjD 6C bC ■putjW jo AipotaA I g g g *.- «i as go o eft Ql Oi Cl Ci •ajtHBaaduiax j +« 2 2 " ■jameaAY JQ aj'KJS I pniAV JQ XJT3QI3A I « e FJI F- •ajnjBJSduisj, ! +s ■ I3m«3 ,yy jo ajejg ■° *. ■putAV JQ AjpoiaA I GO CO 00 GO ■ amyeiartmax I +- ■joujieaM. JQ 3J«JS I f ° puiM jo XjpoiaA | w co cm CM FH -H 00 GO CO GO 00 00 CM CM f- 1ft « GO 00 GO CO 00 •qjaojM 3\jj jo s&va I G O 111 t ^— m*m DIP, &c. OF THE MAGNETIC NEEDLE. I have already mentioned that I was in possession of three dipping needles: one the construction of Mr. T. Jones, one by Mr. Pope,' and the last by myself on the plan of Mr. Jennings. The two lastmentioned served to prove the accuracy of the first, which was used by me in the month of May, 1830, where I found the dip, by all three dipping needles, to be eighty-nine degrees and fifty-five minutes ; and subsequently, at Padliak or Spence bay, where it was found to be eighty-nine degrees and fifty-six minutes, by six sets of observations taken on the two days which I remained there for the purpose; but the variation of the compass was found to he considerably less, being only sixty- eight degrees and thirty-five minutes west, making a difference of twenty degrees and twenty-five minutes, sufficient to indicate nearly where the Pole must be found. It is, however, but justice to say, that the position assigned to the Magnetic Pole by Commander Ross, was made entirely from his own observations, and if any discre- pancies are found, I conceive that they must have proceeded from damage which the needle sustained while in my possession at Padliak; but which, if I may judge from the subsequent observations, was not so great as I at first apprehended. I had also several observations on the magnetic force during the first year ; but these 1 did not follow up, because it was evident that every winter, the magnetic force of the needle constructed for that purpose, had diminished probably from the severity of the climate : these needles are still in my possession. The observations which I made on Sound, have so nearly the same result as those made on the preceding voyages, that they need not be detailed here ; as also those on the Radiation of Solar Heat, the maximum of which was eighty-four degrees of Fahren- heit, in an ivory-mounted thermometer, suspended between two poles. While opposite to black-painted canvas it rose to ninety degrees. : I '^ ^»-^ B8»»gWB»^«SSgSM»3Bgg^^ 3iB88Si^™ ^yjAK-LJEH I'l^SLB -TULW^iMJ V*BBm^m^B^*a^tJI*l**kL*&& Ml* j« «n I LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES g? K£JJEJ-i±£i *\iZ~&LS UM^li V|JWI«>BJ.,-l.^Bag^gW«t>iUlteWJ^S LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES. FROM THE N.E. CAPE TO GULF OF BOOTHIA AND KING WILLIAM IV. SEA. In the first Alphabetical Table the Latitudes and Longitudes of the new discoveries are given to the nearest minute. The names given by the natives are printed in italics, as are also those for which there was not room in the chart for their insertion. This list will also explain the omissions and the discrepancies between the narrative and the chart, which arose from my unavoidable absence, whilst Commander Ross's narrative was printing; and by the chart having been printed and examined by His Majesty before I had received Commander Ross's narrative. Suffice it to remember, that the names on the chart are correct, and the latitudes and longitudes have been compared by Mr. C. Walker. The second Alphabetical Table contains the Latitudes and Longitudes of Baffin's Bay, as verified by the observations of this voyage, some of which had been unwar- rantably altered in some of the charts subsequently published ; and the banks of the Isabella and Alexander, which had been expunged, have been resurveyed and restored to their places. The third Table contains the Latitudes and Longitudes of the discoveries of Sir E. Parry, Sir John Franklin, and Captain Beechy, carefully abstracted from their charts by Mr. Charles Walker. ^SS^ab2t^Sf8S8S9SS&«^^^^SSS'SS^i^!S9XAl LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES. LIII TABLE.— No. I. N.Lat. W.Long. o / o / Abernethy, Cape . 69.33 96.7 A'Court Bay . . . 71.34 94.40 Adam Island . . 69.16 96.10 Adelaide Bay . . 72.45 92.20 Adelaide, Cape, & Magnetic Pole of William IV. . . 70.5 96.44 Adolphus Island . . 69.56 92.5 Adolphus Island . . 69.52 96.59 Agnew River, (Awatutiak River) 70A2 92.32 Airey, Cape . . . 71.23 94.8 Alexander, Cape . . 70.19 96.54 Allington, Cape . . 70.36 92.0 Arbuthnot Island . . 70.45 92.30 Artist's Bay . . . 69.37 94.34 Astronomical Society's Islands, (Ka- yaktaguwik Island) . 69.50 91.40 Athol Island . . 70.57 93.2 Auckland, Cape . . 69.21 94.10 Augherston, Cape . . 71.27 94.27 Augusta Island . . 69.51 97.38 Augustus Island . . 69.47 96.52 Babbage Bay . . 71.28 94.36 Back's Bay , . 69.33 98.35 Batty Bay . . . 73.17 91.00 Beaufort's Islands, (as changed by his Majesty's command) . 69.45 91.30 Bernard, Cape . . 70. 10 96.47 Best Harbour . . 70.13 91.20 Beverley Island . . 69.19 95.36 Biot Island . Bjornsterna Bay Black's Islands Blair's Islands Blankey Island Bowles Bay Bowles River, (Entrance of) Brown's Island Brunei Inlet . Cambridge, Cape . Carl IV., Cape Christian Monument Christian, Cape Clara, Cape Copeland Islands Coults Lindsey Island Culgruff, Cape Cumberland, Cape Curtis Lake . Cuvier Island Destrove, Cape Dundas, Ann, Island Dundas, Jane, Island Dundas Mountains Eclipse Harbour Eden Bay Edgworth, Cape N. Lat. W.Long. 0 / 0 / 69.40 91.0 71.5 93.35 69.50 91.48 70.47 92.28 69.34 95.17 70.47 92.39 69.26 93.30 72.1 95.21 69.28 91.42 69.34 94.46 69.43 95.45 70.24 92.0 69.36 95.1 72.17 94.24 70.7 91.45 70.11 91.22 69.33 95.53 69.51 95.87 69.26 93.18 69.40 91.1 69.38 91.30 69.18 94.21 69.20 94.20 69.26 93.5 70.30 92.5 70.19 91.38 69.20 96.8 rvu. rsa n?-:■»* y.5~\J. v^y.«g f^uy^ i^^.^i mfc&— LVIII LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES. II N.Lat. W.Long. O ' O / N.Lat. W.Long. O / r\ i Paget, Cape 70.10 75.55 Skene's Island 76.07 63.24 Parry, Cape 77.06 71.23 Smith's Sound 77.55 76.15 Petowack 76.11 69.00 South East Bay 69.00 50.00 Possession Bay 73.33 77.28 Stair, Cape . 77.43 70.55 Pond's Bay 72.38 75.00 St. Clair, Cape 64.15 65.05 Prince Regent's Bay r 76.10 I 75.45 64.50 Suffkowallick 76.00 57.00 66.40 Sugarloaf Island 74.02 57.30 Prince William's Land . 72.30 78.00 Princess Charlotte's Monument 75.36 78.28 Thom Islands 75.40 60.00 Three Islands (of Baffin) 74.01 57.25 Queen Anne's Cape 66.24 53.20 Unknown Island 71.00 53.45 Raleigh Mount 61.14 61.40 Red Head 74.55 53.44 Walker, Cape 75.46 59.54 Reid's Bay 66.48 61.40 Walsingham, Cape 66.00 61.10 Robertson, Cape 77.24 71.36 Walter Bathurst, Cape 73.03 76.22 Raper, Cape 69.54 65.20 Warrender, Cape 74.19 32.40 Rosamond, Cape 74.10 83.17 Waygatt Island, (N. E. Side) . Waygatt Strait, (N. Entrance) 70.24 70.26 Sabine Islands 75.29 60.09 Whale Islands 68.59 63.13 Salmon Islands 70.11 65.30 Whale Sound 77.15 71.20 Savage Islands, or Wild Islands 67.44 53.40 White, Cape 76.35 70.36 Saumarez, Cape 77.30 73.52 Wilcox Point 74.10 57.45 Saunderson's Tower 64.50 63.55 Wollaston Island . 69.25 65.20 Sowallick (or Iron) Mountains 76.10 65.04 Wolstenholme Island 76.24 70.22 Scott's Bay 71.10 70.10 Wolstenholme Sound 76.29 70.00 Shacklelon, Cape 73.36 57.25 Women's Islands 72.45 56.40 Sheffield Bay 65.30 62.40 Siddon, Cape 75.17 59.00 York, Cape 75.55 65.38 ^^m^^t^^^^^^^^^^^m^^^^^m^ij^^, LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES. LIX TABLE— No. III. SIR EDWARD PARRY'S FIRST VOYAGE. N.Lat. W.Long. Cape Fisher . Cape Mudge Point Nias Point Ried Cape Beechy Cape Edwards Bushnan Cove Hooper Island Liddon's Gulf Cape Hoppner Fife Harbour Winter Harbour Point Hearne Hecla and Griper Bay Cape Dundas Cape Hoy Cape Providence Sabine Island Point Griffiths Beverley Inlet Point Palmer Dealy Inlet Bridport Inlet Point Wakeham Cape Gilman Cape Cockburn Allison's Inlet Cape Capel Bedford Bay . Baker Inlet Garrett Island 75.53 75.55 75.38 75.36 75.5 75.8 75.13 75.6 75.5 74.58 74.50 74.48 74.43 74.45 74.28 74.23 74.25 75.45 75.5 107.40 108.8 108.50 109.0 74.48 75.3 75.4 75.2 75.6 75.3 74.58 74.47 111.38 110.8 110.36 110.0 113.3 112.30 111.45 111.55 112.30 112.50 110.38 110.50 110.40 110.30 114.0 113.10 112.30 109.30 106.5 75.0 74.55 75.0 75.0 110.15 104.10 100.26 99.23 97.45 98.30 97.50 98.28 Lowther Island Davy Island . Young Island Cape Walker Cape Bunny Browne Island Somerville Island . Griffith Island Cornwallis Island . Cape Bowden Wellington Channel Cape Martyr . Barlow Inlet Cape Hotham Cape GifFord Cape Rennell Gamier Bay Cunningham Inlet Prince Leopold Island Cape Clarence Cape Seppings Point Innes . Cape Spencer Beechy Island Cape Riley Caswall's Tower Cape Ricketts Rigby Bay . Cape Hurd Cape Eardly Wilmot Gascoyne Inlet h2 N.Lat. W.Long. O ' o / 74.35 97.40 74.32 98.55 74.20 98.50 74.7 97.42 74.8 95.15 74.45 96.36 74.40 96.25 74.35 95.40 75.0 95.0 75.3 92.20 75.0 93.0 74.38 95.10 74.45 93.50 74.40 93.50 74.9 93.50 74.8 93.20 74.5 93.10 74.6 94.0 74.0 90.0 73.59 90.50 73.50 90.20 74.53 92.15 74.47 92.8 74.43 92.0 74.41 91.47 74.45 91.12 74.38 91.10 74.37 90.10 74.33 90.0 74.40 91.20 74.40 91.22 M^fJ M^'J it^klvLsihL LX LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES. • '<■% N.Lat. W.Long. N.Lat. W.Long. o / o i Cape Herschell 74.37 89.12 Cape Warrender 74.28 81.50 Maxwell Bay 74.35 89.0 Cape Osborn 74.40 80.26 Cape Fellfoot 74.33 88.25 Cape Beatrice 74.45 80.20 Sir Benjamin Hobhouse Inlet . 74.27 87.10 Hope's Monument 74.43 80.30 Stratton Inlet 74.27 87.0 Barrow's Strait 74.0 85.0 Burnet Inlet 74.25 86.40 Cape Crawford 73.50 84.10 Powell's Inlet 74.25 85.20 Admiralty Inlet 73.45 83.30 Brooking Inlet 74.25 85.5 Cape Franklin 73.42 83.15 Cape Bullen . 74.23 85.0 Cape Charles Yorke 73.53 82.50 Cape York 73.50 86.55 Wollaston Isles 73.50 80.50 Radstock Bay 74.40 91.0 Navy Board Inlet . 73.45 81.20 Eardly Bay 73.48 87.15 Cape Castlereagh 73.50 80.45 Jackson's Inlet 73.17 89.0 Cape Hay 73.52 80.10 Port Bowden 73.13 89.5 Martin Mountains 73.43 79.20 App Harbour 72.27 89.52 Cape Liverpool 73.40 78.5 Fitzgerald Bay 72.10 89.50 Cape Fanshawe 73.35 77.33 Cape Kater . 71.50 90.10 Possession Bay and Mount 73.30 77.23 Cape Home 74.29 84.5 Cape Byam Martin 73.29 77.10 Cape Rosamond 74.33 84.0 Bathurst Bay 73.26 77.10 Croker's Bay 74.40 83.20 Cape Walter Bathurst 73.23 76.50 Cape Pateshall 74.38 82.45 SIR EDWARD PARRY'S SECOND VOYAGE. Autridge Bay Whyte Inlet . Gifford River Cape Hallowell Cape Englefield Amherst Island Arlagnarigo Siattoke Aggrochiawik Liddon Island Griffith's Creek Crozier River Quilliam Creek Ormond Island Cape Ossory Cape Northeast 70.7 85.25 Bouverie Island 69.38 82.10 70.7 85.0 Mount Sabine 69.38 82.23 70.0 82.0 Halse Creek 69.40 82.42 69.58 85.26 Richards Bay 69.35 82.15 69.51 85.30 Cape Matthew Smith 69.25 82.2 69.48 83.55 Khenr'g 69.25 82.30 69.15 85.15 Coxe Island 69.27 82.30 68.18 87.30 Hooper Inlet . 69.18 82.0 68.5 86.15 Mogg Bay 69.14 82.5 69.47 83.10 Neerlonacto . 69.30 81.40 69.39 83.30 Igloolik Island 69.23 81.45 69.27 83.15 Arlagnuk 69.12 81.25 69.28 83.0 Pingitkalik 69.2 81.15 69.48 82.40 Murray Maxwell Inlet . 69.50 80.40 69.44 82.31 Skeoch Bay 69.36 80.15 69.42 82.33 Cape Elwyn . 69.32 80.20 f" Calthorpe Island Tangle Island Tern Island Cape Konig . Oofflit Island ^mm^^ ^sxsss^se^^&sss^^s&sss&i LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES N.Lat. W.Long. 69.28 80.10 Agwisseowik 69.25 80.17 Ooglit . 69.33 80.52 Amitioke 69.32 79.48 Cape Jermain 68.48 81.4 FROM SIR JOHN FRANKLINS CHART. Point Beechy 70.24 149.35 Point Calton 69.31 138.57 Point Back 70.24 149.20 Point Stokes . 69.24 138.38 Guider Bay 70.21 149.8 Point Kay 69.19 138.10 Return Reef 70.25 148.45 Phillips Bay 69.15 138.15 Prudhoe Bay 70.22 148.35 Babbage River 69.12 138.10 Point Heald 70.21 148.28 Point P. King 69.7 137.44 Yarborough Inlet 70.18 148.20 Point Sabine 69.4 137.32 Point Chandos 70.20 148.8 Mount Conybeare 69.29 140.3 Point Anxiety 70.18 147.45 Mount Robinson . 69.22 140.40 Foggy Island 70.15 147.36 Mountain Indian River 69.30 139.10 Lion and Reliance Reef 70.11 146.52 Mount Sedgwick . 68.58 138.55 Point Bullen 70.10 146.28 Barn Mountain 68.46 137.51 Point Thompson 70.9 146.7 Cupola Mountain 68.44 137.55 Flaxman Island 70.10 145.50 Mount Fitton 68.42 137.55 Point Brovvnlow 70.9 145.40 Mount Davies Gilbert 68.43 136.20 Sir T. Staines River 70.6 145.40 Pitt Island . 69.5 136.12 Canning River 70.4 145.30 Escape Reef 68.56 136.57 Boulder Island . ■ 70.3 144.58 Tent Island . 68.56 136.18 Camden Bay 70.4 144.40 Shoalwater Bay 68.54 136.25 Barter Island 70.5 143.50 Point Pillage 68.53 136.23 Point Manning 70.6 143.35 Pelly Isles 69.32 135.30 Point Sir H. Martin 70.4 143.0 Garry Isles . 69.27 135.36 Point Griffin . . . 70.1 142.42 Kendall Isles 69.24 135.20 Point Humphreys 69.54 142.15 Whale Island 69.12 135.0 Beaufort Bay . . . 69.46 141.50 Ellice Island 69.9 135.40 Mount Huskisson 69.35 142.5 Langley Island 69.0 135.10 Mount Greenough 69.30 143.20 Colville Island 68.50 135.50 Icy Reef 69.45 141.28 Halkett Island 68.30 135.0 Demarcation Point Winter Houses 69.40 141.0 Mount Gifford 68.12 135.24 Clarence River 69.36 140.45 Simpson Island 68.12 134.25 Backhouse River 69.35 140.28 Sacred Island 68.58 134.13 Sir P. Malcolm River 69.35 139.55 Smith Island 68.50 134.30 Herschell Island 69.35 139.0 Harrison Island . 68.30 134.10 «i"Taim JJ1M LXII LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES. i > in N.Lat W.Long. N. Lat. o / W.Long. O ' M'Gillivray Island 68.10 134.0 Point Pierce 69.48 122.30 Williams Island . 68.37 134.10 Point Sir R. G. Keats . 69.49 122.0 Peel River . 67.40 134.30 Mount Colby 69.36 121.55 Red River 67.25 133.30 Point Deas Thompson . 69.45 121.20 Fort Good Hope 67.27 130.51 Palgrave River 69.41 121.10 Richards Island 69.20 133.50 Roscoe River 69.40 121.1 Point Encounter 69.15 133.18 Mount Hooker 69.36 121.33 Point Toker 69.38 132.20 Mount Rennell 69.33 121.3 Refuge Cove 69.28 132.31 Point De Witt Clinton 69.33 120.27 Point Warren 69.45 131.36 Buchanan River 69.23 120.0 Copland Hutchinson Bay 69.45 131.20 Point Tinney 69.20 119.40 Phillips Island 69.50 131.5 Croker Bay . 69.16 119.5 Atkinson Island 69.54 130.43 Mount Sir H. Davy 69.0 118.47 M'Kinley Bay 69.55 130.30 Sir G. Clerk's Island . 69.25 118.35 Browell Cove 70.0 130.20 Point Clifton 69.14 118.30 Cape Brown 70.11 129.50 Inman River 69.8 118.25 Russell Inlet 70.5 129.26 Point Wise 69.3 118.0 Cape Dalhousie . 70.16 129.20 Hoppner River 69.0 117.39 Campbell's Isles 69.30 129.0 Cape Young 68.56 116.55 Nicholson Island . 69.55 128.20 Harding River 68.50 117.3 Liverpool Bay 70.10 128.20 Cape Hope 68.57 116.27 Point Sir P. Maitland 70.7 127.40 South's Bay 68.58 116.0 Harrowby Bay 70.10 127.20 Stapleton's Bay 68.55 116.20 Cape Bathurst 70.35 127.30 Cape Bexley 69.0 115.50 Baillie's Islands 70.34 127.50 Point Cockburn . 68.52 115.0 Trail Point 70.20 126.30 Chantry Island 68.44 114.23 Point Fitton 70.12 126.15 M. Sutton Island 68.57 114.15 Cape Parry 70.5 123.33 Sir R. Liston Island 68.52 114.12 Booth Island 70.3 123.52 Lambert Island 68.37 113.52 Moore Island 70.1 123.23 Bayfield Island 68.29 113.43 W. Horton River 69.56 126.0 Douglass Island . 68.26 113.46 Jardine River 69.42 125.40 Pasley's Cove 68.23 114.0 Burnett River 69.39 125.31 Mount Barrow 68.20 113.54 Franklin Bay 69.40 125.0 Cape Krusenstern 68.22 113.44 Selwood Bay 69.50 124.0 Point Locker 68.12 1 1 3.56 Cracroft Bay 69.46 124.0 Saunders Islands 68.10 113 40 Wright Bay 69.41 124.0 Cape Hearne 68.11 114.51 Point Stivens 69.33 124.16 Basil Hall's Bay 68.15 115.0 Langton Bay 69.23 124.20 Cape Kendall 67.58 115.16 Burrow's Isles 69.48 123.30 Back's Inlet 67.57 115.50 Darnley Bay 69.40 123.10 Point Mackenzie . 67.51 115.30 Clapperton Island 69.41 123.16 Bloody Fall 67.41 116.0 Cape Lyon . 69.48 122.47 Copper Mine River 67.48 115.35 **-*i SIR JOHN FRANKLIN'S FIRST JOURNEY N.Lat. O ' W.Long. O ' Sir G. Moore's Island, (largest) . 67.50 114.15 Tinney Cove Lawford Islands, (centre) 67.52 113.40 Rideout Island Port Epworth 67.43 112.30 Fowler's Bay Gray's Bay 67.47 111.55 Barry's Island Wentzel's River 67.53 111.30 Point Everitt Inman's Harbour 67.58 111.6 Fisher's Island Cape Barrow 68.4 111.0 Buchan Bay Galena Point 67.54 110.40 Cape Croker Detention Harbour 67.50 110.42 Warrender Bay Moore Bay 67.45 110.20 Point Hay Stockport Isles 67.47 110.10 Hurd's Islands Marcet's Island 67.50 109.52 Point Beechy Cheere's Islands 67.42 109.35 Walker's Bay Hood's River 67.20 109.50 Porden's Isles Baillie Bay . 67.20 109.20 Riley's Bay . Point Wollaston . 67.33 109.24 Cape Flinders Back's River 66.30 107.52 Harry Cook's Island Burnside River 66.37 108.16 Sir H. Davy Island Young's Island 66.45 108.30 Point Turnagain Elliot's Islands 66.54 108.45 Point Barrow Elson Bay . Franklin Extreme Cape Smyth Refuge Inlet Peard Bay . Seahorse Islands Point Franklin Wainwright Inlet Cape Collie . Point Marsh Blossom Shoals FROM CAPTAIN BEECHYS CHART 71.12 156.10 Icy Cape 71.22 156.6 Point Lay 71.20 156.4 Cape Beaufort 71.14 156.45 Vein of Coal 71.6 157.0 Cape Sabine 70.52 158.20 Cape Lisburne 70.56 159.0 Cape Lewis 70.58 158.45 Cape Dyer . 70.36 159.45 Point Hope 70.38 159.55 Cape Thompson 70.36 159.58 Cape Seppings 70.23 161.45 Mulgrave Hills 66.55 67.20 67.22 67.30 67.42 67.54 67.54 68.3 68.15 68.15 68.7 68.6 68.12 68.10 68.12 68.13 68.10 68.32 68.33 70.18 161.40 69.52 162.45 69.4 163.35 69.2 163.30 68.54 164.34 68.52 166.8 68.42 166.10 68.38 166.10 68.20 166.40 68.7 165.52 67.58 165.15 67.36 163.40 LXIV LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES. '■ V" N.Lat. W.Long. N.Lat. O 1 W.Long. O ' Cape Kruzenstern O f 67.9 163.37 Kruzenstern Island 65.47 168.52 Deviation Peak 67.5 161.0 Diomede Islands . 65.48 169.0 Hotham Inlet 66.50 162 0 Fairway Rock 65.39 168.43 Cape Blossom 66.44 162.25 Cape Prince of Wales 65.34 168.0 Cape Espenberg . 66.34 163.28 Cape York . 65.24 167.25 Kotzebue Sound 66.30 163.0 King's Island 65.0 168.0 Bay of Good Hope 66.14 163.30 Conical Hill 65.40 167.30 Buckland River 66.10 161.0 King-a-ghee 65.36 167.50 Eschscholtz Bay . 66.20 161.30 Ei-dan-noo . 65.36 168.0 Choris Peninsula 66.20 161.50 Point Jackson 65.22 166.45 Chainisso I. or E-ow-ick 66.14 161.45 Point Spencer 65.16 16650 Spafarief Bay 66.6 161.50 Port Clarence 65.14 166.30 Cape Deceit 66.6 162.36 Grantly Harbour 65.16 166.20 Devil's Mount 66.20 164.25 Kow-e-rok 65.16 165.56 Cape Lowenstern . 66.16 165.35 Tokshook 65.14 165.54 Schischmareff Inlet 66.20 165.30 Cape Douglas 65.0 166.40 Saritscheff Island 66.18 165.45 Cape Woolley 64.49 166.24 Ears 66.0 166.0 Point Rodney 64.38 166.20 False Ears 65.48 163.10 Sledge Island 64.30 166.8 Ass's Ears 65.46 163.5 Behring's Strait 66.6 169.40 Ratmanoff Island 65.50 169.0 LIST UBSCRIBERS TO C APTAI JOHN OSS's &*]$* ■ OF HIS ©resw© TMm YMArni a©^®. a©a©9 1, g„ & a©a PUBLISHED WITH THE APPENDIX. 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Dorset-sq. AUCKLAND, Right Hon. Lord, K.C.B. Audibert, Mrs. 2, Gloucester-terrace Audubon, John J. Esq. F.R.SfL.S. 73, Mar- garet-street, Cavendish-square Austen, H. Esq. Belle Vue, Seven Oaks, Kent Austen, T. Esq. Kippington Park, Seven Oaks, Kent Austin, Morgan, Esq. Redlion-st, Clerkenwell Austria, the Private Library of H.M. the Emperor of Author, Wm. Esq. York-street, Manchester Avison, Thomas, Esq. Cook st. Liverpool AVONMORE, lit. Hon. Lord Viscount Ayerst, R. G. Esq. Batts House, near Taunton Ayre, Hy. Esq. 51, High-street, Manchester Ayres, Captain B- Babbage, C. Esq. K.H. F.R.S. Dorset-street Bacchus, Wm. Esq. 8, Tokenhouse-yard Back, C. Esq. l,Verulam-buildings, Gray's Inn Back, Edward, Esq. St. Peter's, Norwich Backhouse, Rev. J. B. Rector of Deal Backhouse, Rev. R. D. Walmer, Kent Bacon, Mr. John, Russell-street, Bermondsey Bacon, Mr. Joshua B. Sidmouth-st. Regent-sq. Bacon, N. C. Esq. North Walsham, Norfolk Badnell, Rich. Esq. Farm Hill, Isle of Man Bagehot, T. W. Esq. Langport Bagge, E. Esq. Lynn, Norfolk Bagge, Wm. Esq. Stradsett Hall, Norfolk Bagle, Mr. J. 1, Abercrombie-street, Glasgow BAGOT, Right Hon. Lord Bagshaw, John, Esq. Brown-st. Manchester Bagster, Mr. S. Bookseller, Paternoster-row Bague, Lieut. Geo. R.N. 119, Sloane-street Bahia, Book Society of Bahia British Library Bailey, C. H. Esq. Cannon-st. Manchester Bailey, Henry W. Esq. Thetford, Norfolk Bailey, VV. B. Esq. Cannon-st. Manchester Baillee, Charles, Esq. Advocate, 1, Moray-pi. Edinburgh Baillie, Mrs. A. 33, Cavendish -square Baillie, Mrs. Joanna, 33, Cavendish-square Baillie, W. H. Esq. 33, Cavendish-square Baily and Co. Messrs. Booksellers, Cornhill. 2 Copies Baily, Francis, Esq. F.R.S. F.L.S. 37, Tavi- stock-place Baily, Mrs. R. E.41, Albion-st. Hyde-park Bain, Mr. J. Bookslr, 1, Haymarket. 5 Copies Bainbridge, John, Esq. 35, Southampton-row, Russell-square Bainbridge, Thos. Esq. Croydon Lodge Baird, Chas. Esq. St. Petersburgh Baker, A. J.C. Esq. Cresswell, Northumberland Baker, Sir Edwd.Bart.Ranstow,nearBlandford Baker, Rev. Francis, Wylye Rectory, near Salisbury Baker, Geo. Esq. Bewdley, Worcestershire Baker, H. Shenstone, Esq. Exeter Col. Oxford Baker, J. & T. Esqrs. Gibraltar-pl. Chatham Baker, Mr. John, Christchurch, Hants Baker, R. Esq. West Hay, Wrington, Somerset Baker, Samuel, Esq. Rochester Baker, Rear- Admiral Sir Thos. K.C.B. K.W. Walmer, Dover Baker, Lieut.W. H. R.N. Fort Moncrief,Hythe Baker, Mr. W. Academy, Holloway BALCARRES, Right Hon. the Earl of BALCARRES, Right Hon. the Countess of Bald, Hugh, Esq. Brecon Baldock, Mr. D. Frinsbury, Kent Baldock, Rev. R. Kingsnorth, Kent Baldwin & Co. Messrs. Booksllrs. 11 Copies Baldwin, Col. J. Dover Baldwin, J. Esq. Park-square, Leeds Baldwin, Mrs. Preston, Lancashire Baldwin, Wriothesley, Esq. Maidstone BALGRAY, Right Hon. Lord, Edinburgh Ball, Mr. G. Bookseller, Chelsea Ball, John, Esq. 9, Great St. Helen's Balls, Henry, Esq. Cambridge Bally, W. Esq. 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Esq. 19, Church-street, Manchester BARHAM, Right Hon. Lord Barham, Rev. C. II. Banning, near Maidstone Baring, Rev. Frederick, Itchen Stoke Baring, Sir Thomas, Bart. Stratton Park Baring, \V. B. Esq. M.P. 12, Gt. Stanhope-st. Barker, F. D. Esq. Cambridge Barker, J. Esq. Aldborough, Suffolk Barker, James Thos. Esq. St. Saviour's Dock, Southwark Barker, John, Esq. Print-street, Manchester Barker, Thomas II. Esq. Albion-street, Leeds Barker, William, Esq. 50, Mark-lane Barklimore, Arch. Esq. 10, Charlotte-street, Bloomsbury Barkway, Rev. F. Bungay, Suffolk Barkworth, John, Esq. Anlaby, Hull Barlow, J. H. Esq. 11, Angel-court Barlow, J. Pratt, Esq. Godliman-street, Doc- tors Commons Barlow, Jos. T. Esq. Gt. Suffolk-st. Borough Barlow, Mrs. Holybourne, near Alton, Hants Barlow, Rear-Admiral Sir Robert, K.C.B. Canterbury. 2 Copies Barnard, Major-Gen. Sir A. K.C.B. K.G.H. Barnard, Benjamin, Esq. Cornhill Barnard, G. H. Esq. 17, Great St. Helen's Barneby, J. Esq. M.P. Brockhampton, Here- fordshire Barneby, William, Esq. Worcester Barned, J. Esq. 23, Rodney-street, Liverpool Barnes, Dr. F. Master of Peter House College, Cambridge Barnes, F. H. Esq. Counter-slip, Bristol Barnes, Mr.G. King's Anns Library ,Canterbury Barnes, John, Esq. Stock Exchange Barnes, R. Esq. Rustrolme-road, Manchester Barnes, Thos. Esq. George Inn, Cambridge Barnes, W. M. Esq. B.A. Trinity College, Cambridge Barnett, Benj. Esq. Spring Garden Cottage, Stepney Barnett, F. Esq. Seven Oaks, Kent Barnett, Mr. G. Eccleshall. ■ 3 Copies Barnett, John, Esq. 20, Charterhouse-square Barnett, Mrs. R. Ramsgate, Kent Barnett, R.C. Esq. 25, Chester-ter. Regnt's-pk Barnett, R. Esq. Highgate Rise, Kentish-town Barnett, Robt. Esq. Highgate Hill Barnewall, Colonel, Oriental Club. 2 Copies Barnstaple Book Club Baron, George, Esq. Drewton Cave, Yorkshire Baron, John, Esq. Russell-street, Bermondsey Baroth, Chas. Esq. York-street, Manchester Barr, John, Esq. St. Christopher's Barr, William W. Esq. 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St. John's Coll. Cambridge Barton, W. H. Esq. Royal Mint Bassett, Geo. Esq. High Hill, Kentish Town Bassett, N. F. Esq. Mayor of Truro Bastard, T. C. Esq. Charlton Musgrove, near VVincanton, Somerset Batavia Book Club Batcheler, Thos. Horatio, Esq. Grt. Yarmouth Batcheller, W. King's Arms Library, Dover Bate, Edw.Esq.jR.iV. Croom's-hill, Greenwich Bate, Mrs. Frances, Bishopsteignton, Devon Bate, Robert B. Esq. 20, Poultry Bateman, C.Esq. Bertholly House, nr. Caerleon Bateman, T. Esq. Spring-gardens, Manchester Bates, Captain John, R.N. West Cowes Bates, Mr. J. Long-lane, Bermondsey Bateson, J. Esq. Park -square, Leeds. 2 Copies Bateson,T. Esq. High Fields, Worthy, nr. Leeds Bateson, T. jun. Esq. Aspiriing, near Leeds BATH, Most Noble the Marquis of Bath Literary Institution, Walks, Bath Bath, the Corporation of Bathurst, Sir F. Bart. Clarendon Park, Wilts Batley, J. Esq. Armitage Bridge, Huddersfield Batson, Hy. Esq.Rochett's House, Brentwood Batson, T. R. Esq. Higham-place, Newcastle, Northumberland Batten, Edward, Esq. Bank Coffee-house Batten, John, Esq. Penzance Battersby, Captain, Royal Engineers, Hull Battey, Mr. James, Mars Steamer, Liverpool Battley, Richard, Esq. 114, Fore-street Batty, Mr. H. Bookseller, Ware. 2 Copies Battye, R. C. Esq. Leeds Battye,W.W. Esq. Mould-green, Huddersfield Baugh, Mr. W. Bookseller, Ellesmere Baxter, Wm. Esq. Dundee Baxter, Mr. W. Bookseller, Lewes Baylay, Rev. W. F. Canterbury Bayldon, J. Esq. Jesus College, Cambridge Bayley, Mr. Richard, jun. Newmarket Bayley, Thos. K. Esq. Abbott's Leigh, Bristol Baylis, Philip, Esq. Stoke Ash, Suffolk Bayack, S. Esq. Willgate, Dundee Bazely, Lieut. John, R.N. Dover Beach, Col.Wm. Hicks, Oakley Hall, Basing- stoke Beadle, Joseph, Esq. Hull Bead on, Edward, Esq. Taunton Beadon, John, Esq. Gotten, near Taunton Beadon,I.t. R.N. Grove Cottage, near Taunton Beale, Mr. Thomas, Manchester Beale, Mr. Thomas S. Cork Bean, P. Esq. 5, Southampton-court,Queen-sq. Beart, Lt. C. f. R.N. South Town, Yarmouth Beasley, William, Esq. Dublin Beatty, Sir W.Bart. M.D. Physician to Green- wich Hospital BEAUCLERK, Adml. Lord Amelms.K.C.B K.G.H. Beauchamp, Geo. Esq. Ford-place, Thetford Beauchamp, R. F. Esq. Walford House, near Taunton Beaufort, Miss, Dublin Beaufoy, Henry, Esq. South Lambeth Beaumaris Book Society Beaumont, Abraham, Esq. 300, Holborn Beaumont, F. W. Esq. Dunmow, Essex Beaumont, J. Esq. Dalton, near Huddersfield Beaumont, Joseph, Esq. jun. Huddersfield Beaumont, R. II. Esq. 21, Grosvenor-square Beaumont, R. II. Esq. Gravesend Beaver, II. Esq. Cheetharn-hill, Manchester Beaver, J. A. Esq. Oxford-road, Manchester Beazley, Mr. W. Birmingham Steamer, Liverpool Bebb, J. Esq. 20, Great Marlborough-street Beck, S. Adams, Esq. Ironmonger's Hall Beckwith, A. A. H. Esq. Norwich Beckham, Horatio, Esq. Ipswich Beckett, Christopher, Esq. Leeds Beckett, Rev. George, Rector of Epworth Beckett, Wm. Esq. Kirkstall Grange, Yorkshire Beckton, J. Esq. Lower Mosley-st. Manchester Beddome, J. R. Esq. Romsey, Hants BEDFORD, His Grace the Duke of Bedford, Rev. R. G. Devonshire Villa, Clifton Bedford, Mrs. Stonehouse, Devon Bedfordshire, East, Book Society Bedinfeld,J .Esq. Ditchingham Hall, Norfolk Bed well, Bernard, Esq. 9, Canonbury Bedwell, Philip, Esq. St. John's-st. Clrknwell Bee, Messrs. W. & A. Tadcaster. 6 Copies Beecham, W. P. Esq. Hawkhurst, Kent Beecher, R. H. Esq. Cork Beek, S. Adams, Esq. Ironmongers' Hall Beeke, Rev. Henry, Dean of Bristol Beer, Mr. William, Canterbury Behrends, T. G. Esq. 12, Broad-street-bid gs. Behrens, Jacob, Esq. 18, Somers-street, Leeds Behrens, S. L. Esq. Mosley-st. Manchester Beilby,Knot& Co. Mesrs. Bkslrs. Birmingham. Belcher, Wm. Esq. Highgate [3 Copies BELFAST, Right Hon. the Earl of, M.P. Bell, Ben. Esq. 29, St. Andrew's-sq. Edinburgh Bell, Dr. David Wake, Topsham Bell, Fred. B. Esq.VVallington, near Downhatn Market, Norfolk Bell, Captain Geo. R.1V. Belmont, Falmouth. Bell, Mr. Matthew, Bookseller, Richmond Bell, Ramnie & Co. Messrs. Leith Bell, R. Esq. Collector of Customs, South- ampton Bell, Thomas, Esq. F.R.S. F.L.S. F.G.S. 17, New Broad-street Bell, William, Esq. 18, Charterhouse-square Bell, W. Esq. Rochester Bellemois, Hippolite, Esq. Rouen Bellman, E. Esq. Queen's College, Cambridge Bence, H. B. Esq. Thorington Hall, Suffolk Benckausen, Mr. De, Russian Consul-general Bengal Mhow Military Library Bengough, Geo. Esq. Gotham Lodge, Clifton Benbam, Mr. William Archibald, 65, Strand Bennett, Mr. Charles, Redruth Bennett, Edw. Esq. Princes-street, Manchester Bennett, J. Henry, Esq. 6, Cavendish-cres- cent, Bath Bennett, Jas. Esq. Almondbury, Yorkshire Bennett, Wm. Esq. Free Press Office, Glasgow Benson, Rev. A. The Carse, Salisbury Benson, Rev. Christopher, Worcester Bentham, Mr. Bookseller, Manchester Bentley, John, Esq. 130, Cheapside Bentley, John, Esq. 4, Pump-court, Temple Bently, Wm. sen. Esq. 81, Brunswick-street, Glasgow . . . - ■B-T^JE-ilP-J , lri*IW •j vjl^j \.*~ 3 I f E Benyon, Thomas, Esq. Glednow Berbice Reading Association Berbidge, Edward, Esq. Stamford-hill Berbidge, William, Esq. 74, Aldersgate-street Berens, H. Esq. Sidcup, Kent BERESFORD, Right Hon. General, Lord Viscount, K.C.B.K.G.H.K.T.S. K.F.M. and K.F. Beresford, T. B. Esq. Christ Church, Oxford Berger, Samuel, E^q. Upper Ilomerton Berger, Samuel, Esq. Five Houses, Clapton Berkeley, Charles A. Esq. Provost Marshal, St. Christopher's Berkeley, John, Esq. Basseterre, St. Christo- pher's Berkeley, Rev. J. Cothoridge, Worcester Berkeley, R.jun. Esq. Spetchley,Wotcestershire Berlin, the Royal Mining Library of Bernard, J. C. Esq. Cork Bernard, James, Esq. Marble-st. Manchester Bernard, Lady, 1, Bryanston-pl. Bryauston-sq. Bernard, Dr. W.R. Cheltenham Berners, Rev. Henry Denny, Archdeacon of Suffolk, Woolverstone Park, Ipswich Berry, Lady, Ipswich Berryman, Wra. jun. Esq. Wells, Somersetsh. Berwick-upon-Tweed Subscription Library BESSBOROUGH, Right Hon. the Earl of Best, H. Esq. Thetford, Norfolk Best, Lieut-Col. Jas. Rome House, Chatham Best,W. B. Esq. Blackebrooke, Kidderminster Bethell, R. Esq. M.P. 7, Richmond-terrace Bettison, Mr. W. G. Library, Margate Betts, J. T. Esq. Smithfteld-bars Betts, Mr. James, Winchester Bevan, Charles J. Esq. 16, Devonshire-place Bevan, John, Esq. Parade House, Redruth Bevan, Dr. Robert, Monmouth Beverly, C. J. Esq. Bethnal-green Beverley, William, Esq. Commercial-st. Leeds Bevis, Capt. R.N. West Cowes Bewes, Thos. Esq. M.P. Beaumount House, Plymouth BEXLEY, Right Hon. Lord Bickerton, Lady A. H. 15, Circus, Bath Bickley, Benjamin, Esq. Clifton Biddulph, John, Esq. Charing-cross Biddulph, Mrs. Myddleton, Chirk Castle Biddulph, Rev. T. T. St. James's-sq. Bristol Bidgood, Mr. A. M. 6, Vigo-street Bidwell, L. S. Esq. Thetford, Norfolk Bidwell, Mrs. Bury St. Edmund's Biggs, Rich. II. Esq. 19, Small-street, Bristol Bindloss, Wm. Esq. 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Anley House, near Settle Birkett, E. L. Esq. Cains College, Cambridge Birley, J. Esq. Back George-st. Manchester Birt, Rev. Dr. John, Faversham Birtwhistle, Mr. W.illiam, Bookseller, Halifax 3 Copie: Bish, Thos. Esq. M.P. 2, St. James's-square Bishop, George, Esq. South Villa, Regent's-park Bishop, J. Esq. 18, York-place, Regent's-park Bishop, Thos. Esq. Tenterden, Kent Bishop, Lieut. Wm. R.N. Harleston, Norfolk Bishop, Wm. Chatterley, Esq. B.A. St. John's College, Cambridge, and 9, Fitzwilliam-sq. east, Dublin Bishopp, Dr. G. M. 10, Upper Gloucester-st. Dorset-square Bisschop, F. Esq. Rue Kid Dorp, Antwerp Bissett, Capt. RN. Lymington Bisshopp, Dr. Thornley Grange, Northampton Bisshopp, Miss, Richmond, Surrey BJORNSTJERNA, His Excellency the Count Black, J. Esq. 109, Hope-street, Glasgow Black, Mr. James, jun. 28, York-st. Glasgow Black and Armstrong, Messrs. Booksellers, Tavistock-slreet. 50 Copies Blackburn Ladies' Reading Society Blackheath Reading Society Blackmore, E. Esq. Princess-st. Manchester Blackmore, E. Esq. 5, Mitre-court-chambers, Temple Blackmore, Rev. R. Donhead St. Mary, Wilts Blain, Saml. Esq. Brunswick-street, Liverpool Blair, Alex. Esq. 13, Northumberland-street, Edinburgh Blair, — . Esq. 45, Gloucester-place Blair, Col. Thos. Dunskey, Port Patrick Blair, Harrison, Esq. Cross-street, Manchester Blair, Jas. Esq. Penuinghame, Vvigtonshire Blair, Mrs. Lambert, Penninghame,'vVigtonsh. Blair, Mrs. Penninghame, Wigtonshire Blake, E. P. Esq. Redgrave, Suffolk Blake, George, Esq. Kitchen-street, Liverpool Blake, Dr. Malachi, Taunton Blake, Thos. Esq. West Cowes Blakeney, J. H. Esq. 1, Fitzwilliam's-place, Dublin Blakiston, Arthur, Esq. 38, Bedford-row Blarney, Joel, Esq. Pool, near Redruth Bland, Henry, Esq. York Bland, W. Esq. Hartlip Place, Kent Blandford, S. Esq. 20, Dover-street, Piccadilly Blayds, Thomas, Esq. Leeds Blayney,Thos. Esq. Evesham, Worcestershire Bleeck, Alfred, Esq. Redcliff-parade, Bristol Blegborough, R. Esq. Downing Coll. 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Edge-hill, Liverpool Boldero, Rev. G. Ixworth, Suffolk Boldero, J. Esq. Bury St. Edmunds Boles, General, Exmoulh, Devon Bolitho, R. Foster, Esq. The Cliff, Penzance Bolitho, Thomas, Esq. Penzance Bolland, James, Esq. Leeds Bolland, Right Hon. Mr. Baron, 4, Royal- terrace, Adelphi Bolster, Mr. J. Bookseller, Cork. 10 Copies BOLTON, Right Hon. Lord Bolton, J. Esq. Walton's-bldgs. Manchester Bolton, J. Esq. 13, Milburg-terrace, Dorset-sq. Bolton, John, Esq. 92, Duke-street, Liverpool Bolton, Thos. Esq. Brunswick-st. Liverpool Bompass, Dr. George, Fishponds, Bristol Bonar, A. Esq. Castle-crescent, Edinburgh Bond, John, Esq. Grange, near Wareham Bond, Mr. John, King-street, Yarmouth Bond, Robert, Esq. Woodbine Cottage, West- end, Hampstead Bond, Walter, M. Esq. Moy, Ireland Bond, Wm. Henry, Esq. R.N. Falmouth Bone, Mr. Joseph, Canterbury Bonner, Rev. George, Cheltenham Bonnett, Rev. C. S. Rectory, Avington Bonnor, Rev. R. Maurice, Oswestry Boobbyer, David, Esq. Stanhope-street, Strand Booker, John, Esq. St. Petersburgh Booker, J. W. Esq. Veleudra, W. Cardiff Boone, Messrs. T. and W. Booksellers, New Bond-street. 10 Copies Bcoth, Sir Felix, Bart. 43, Portland-place. 10 Copies Booth, Thos. Esq. Park Ironworks, nr Sheffield Booth, Charles, Esq. Roydon Lodge, Essex Booth, Geo. Esq. Brunswick-st. Liverpool Booth, II. W. Esq. Christ College, Cambridge, and Roydon Lodge, Essex Booth, John G. Esq. Crouch Hall, Hornsey. 2 Copies Booth, Mr. J. Bookseller, Duke-street, Port- land-place. 8 Copies Booth, Miss, 43, Portland-place. 2 Copies Booth &Pettit,Mess. 10, Lancaster-pl. Strand Booth, William, Esq. dec. Roydon Lodge, Essex. 2 Copies Borlase, Henry, Esq. Helston Borlase, J. Esq. Mayor of Helston, Cornwall Borlase, J. J. G. Esq. Truro Borlase, John, Esq. Helston Borough, Chas. Esq. St. Peter's-street, Derby Borradaile, W. Esq. 5, Barge-yd. Bucklersbury Bosanquet, Right Hon. Mr. Justice, 12 Mon- tagu-place, Russell-square Boss, Captain, John G. R.N. M.P. Bossange and Co. Messrs. Booksellers, Great Marlborough-street LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Botfield, Wm. Esq. Decker-hill, Shiffnal Bottomley, James, Esq. Huddersfield Bottomley, Mr. John, Bradford, Yorkshire Bott, A. Esq. Berkeley-street west, Edgwr-rd. Boucher, Chas. Esq. VVisbeach, Norfolk Bourchier, Charles, Esq. 66, Wimpole-street Bourchier, Rev. Richard, Brightwalton, Berks Bourdillon, G. Esq. Holybourn, Alton, Hants Bourne, Mr. E. C. 19, Lamb's Conduit-street Bourne, R.Esq. Hilderstone Hall, Staffordshire Bourne, Timothy.Esq.l , Exchatige-al.Liverpool Bouverie, E. Esq. Delapre Abbey Bovill, Edw. Esq. Fairfields, Tiverton Boville, J. W. Esq. Southampton Bow, W. M. Esq. Broughton Bowden, Captain, Falmouth Bowden, J. S. Esq. 66, Aldermanbury Bowen, Rev. P. Sheffield Bower, Dr. Broxholm, near Doncaster Bowerbank, J. S. Esq. 1 9, Critchiil-place, New North-road Bowie, Rev. J. Buona Vista, near Lymington Bowles, Captain, R.N. 8, Hill-street Bowles, Charles, Esq. Shaftesbury Bowley, J. H. Esq. Cheltenham Bowling, John, Esq. Scots Fusilier Guards, Guards' Hospital, Grosvenor-place Bowyer, Miss A. 307, Holborn Box, John, Esq. 68, Charlotte-st. Portland-pl. Boxer, Capt. Edward, R.N. Dover Boyd, Geo. W. Esq. Brunswick-st. Liverpool Boyd, Mr. Isaac, 26, Church-st. Spitalfields Boyd, Walter, Esq. Plaistow, Essex Boyer, Herbert, Esq. Traflbrd-moss, Trafford- place, Manchester Boyle, Right Hon. David, Lord Justice Clerk, 28, Charlotte-square, Edinburgh Boyman, Captain, 1, Grosvenor-pl. Cambervvll Boys, Jacob, Esq. 60, Grand Parade, Brighton Brace, Mr. Joseph, Willow-walk, Bermondsey Brackenbury, Jas. Esq. Brown-st. Manchester Brackenridge, G. W. Esq. University College, Oxford Bradbury, Jas. Esq.20, Marsden-sq. Manchestr Bradby, Rev. Thos. St. Mary's, Southampton Bradfield, J. B. S. Esq. Stoke Ferry, Norfolk Bradford, Rev. Wm. Mussage, Beaconsfield Bradley, Mr. Tho. Gun Tavern, Lambeth-road Bradley, Thomas S. Esq. Huddersfield Braham, John, Esq. The Grange, Brompton Braidley, Benj. Esq. Peel-street, Manchester Braithwaite, Isaac, Esq. 64, Old Broad-st. Braithwaite, J. Esq. 1, Bath-place, Fitzroy-sq. 3 Copies Bramley, Richard, Esq. School Close, Leeds Bramley, William, Esq. 2, Bedford-row Brancker, Jas. Esq. Matthew street, Liverpool Brancker, Sir Thomas, Rodney st. Liverpool Brand, Mr. Robert, 1, Ingram-street, Glasgow Brand, Mrs. Durham Brandling, Chas. John, Esq. Middleton Lodge Brandling, Rev. R: H, Gosforth House, New- castle Brandon, David, Esq. 27 Euston-square Brandt, Robt. Esq. Norfolk-st. Manchester Branen, George, Esq. 7, Gray's-inn-square Branson, Rev. H. JUL .A. Rectory, Armthorp Brass, Wm. Esq. Cumberland-road, Bristol Brawn, Mr. Wm. 9, Moore-place, Glasgow Brawne, Rev. Dr.T. 98, Montrose-st. Glasgow Bray, Joel, Esq. 62, St. Martin's-lane BREAD ALBANE, Most Noble the Marquis of Breffit, G. Esq. 4, Egremont-place, New-road Brentford, Old, Book Society Brenton, Rear Admiral Sir Jahlee., K.C.B. Lieutenant-Governor of Greenwich Hospital Brett, J. Davy, Esq. Caius College, Cambridge Brettle, George, Esq. 119, Wood-street Brewer, John, Esq. 10, Saville-row, Walworth Brewer, Mr. S. K. Bookseller, Brighton Briandon, D. Esq. 27, Euston-sq. New-road Briant, Miss Harriet, Bungay, Suffolk Brice, Samuel, Esq. Frenchay Briddon, Hy. Esq. Deansgate, Manchester Bridge, C. Esq. Weymouth, Dorset Bridge, S. F. Esq. Wellington Bridge, Wm. Esq. Dorchester Bridgeman, Hon. C. O. R.N. Knockin Hall Bridgen, Mrs. Queen's-parade, Bristol Bridges, B. C. Esq. Oriel College, Oxford Bridges, Rev. Dr. T. E. President of Corpus Christi College, Oxford Bridgett, Mr. Jos. Bridge-street, Derby Brien, R. Esq., R.N. Spencer-st. Clerkenwell Briggs, Rawdon, Esq. Wakefield Briggs, Rawdon, jun. Esq. Halifax Bright,B.Esq.Ham-grn. St.George's, nr.Bristol Brighton Brunswick Book Club Book Society Ladies' Book Club Literary & Scientific Institution Brine, Capt. R.N. Boldre-bill, Lymington Brinton, Miss, Speenhamland, Berks Brisbane, Lieut.-Gen. Sir Thomas Macdou- gall, K.C.B. G.C.H. Makerstoun, Kelso BRISTOL, The Most Noble the Marquis of Bristol, The Corporation of 6 Copie: Library Society, King-street Britton, Capt. John, Stratton-place, Falmouth Britton,Dr. S.G. Newport, Barnstaple Broadbent, Samuel, Esq. Bradford, Yorkshire Broadbent,T.Esq.2 Marsden sq. Manchester Broadhurst, Dan. Esq. Manchester Broadley, Mrs. M. 9, Dorset-pl. Clapham-rd. Broad mead, N. Esq. Langport Broadrick, Wm. Esq. University Coll. Oxford Broadwood, Rev. John, Findon, near Worthing Brock, Rev. W. Rectory, Bishop's Waltham Brocklehurst, J. Esq. M.P. Hardsfield House, Macclesfield Brocklehurst, T. Esq. The Fence, Macclesfield Brockman, R. T. Esq. Sandgate Brockman, Rev. J. D. Cheriton, Kent Brockman, Rev. W. Beachborough Hall, Kent Broderip, W. J. Esq. 2, Raymond-buildings Brodie, Sir B. C. Bart. F.R.S. 14, Saville-row Brodie & Co. Messrs. Booksellers, Salisbury. 8 Copies Brodie, J. C. Esq. Coulmony House, bv Forres Brodie, William Bird, Esq. M.P. Salisbury Brodrick, J. B. Esq. Queen's Coll. Cambridge Broke, Sir Philip, Bart. K.C.B. Broke Hall, near Ipswich Bromley, B. Esq. Christ Church Coll. Oxford Bromley, Sir Robert H. Bart. Bromley, C. Esq. Southampton Brook, G. H. Esq. Huddersfield Brook, Richard, Esq. Poultry Brook, Thomas, Esq. King's-arms-yard Brook, Messrs. W. & B. Booksellers, Lincoln Brook, William, Esq. Huddersfield Brooke, E. Esq. Hanson's-court, Manchester Brooke, Edward Basil, Major 67th Regt. St. Christopher's Brooke, J. Esq. Armitage Bridge, Huddersfield Brooke, J. Esq. Shepley Hall Brooke, John, Esq. Stockport Brooke, Lieut-Genl. Wm. 12, Alfred-st. Bath Brooke, P. jun. Esq. North-street, Leeds Brooke, Z. Esq. 8, Arundel-st. Strand Brookes, Robert, Esq. 3, Mount-st. Lambetli Brooks, E. Esq. 26, Spital-square Brooks, F. II. Esq. 25, Chancery-lane Brooks, John, Esq. High-street, Manchester Brooks, Robert, Esq. 80, Old Broad-street Brooksbank, Thomas, Esq. 14, Gray's inn-sq. Brotherton, Joseph, Esq. M. P. Manchester Brough, Mr. A. Kidderminster Brougham, Mrs. Booksr. Burslem. 4 Copies Broughton, Rev. B. S. Foaley Park Brown, Anthony, Esq. Alderman of London Brown & Co. Messrs. Booksellers, Bristol Brown, Mrs. Eliza, 43, Portland-pl. 2 Copies Brown, Fountain, Esq. Park-place, Leeds Brown, George, Esq. 1, Mall, Clifton, Bristol Brown, Geo. Esq. 5, Stanhope-pl. Hyde-park Brown, George, Esq. 101, UpperThames-street Brown, H. Williams, Esq. Leeds Brown, J. Esq. 34, Fountain-st. Manchester Brown, J. Esq. King James's Stairs, Shadwell Brown, Jas. Esq. Dundee Brown, James, Esq. Dundee Brown, James, Esq. Leeds Brown, ■ John, Esq. 26 Chester-terrace, Re- gent's-park. 2 Copies Brown, Mr. J. B. Booksr. Windsor. 5 Copies Brown, Mr. J. Booksr. Penrith. 3 Copies Brown, Mr. J. G. Bookseller, Leicester. 11 Copies Brown, Rev. J. M.A. Trinity Coll. Cambridge Brown, Robert, Esq. F.R.S. F.L.S., Sec. British Museum Brown, Stephen, Esq. Colchester Brown, Stephen, Esq. Jesus Coll. Cambridge Brown, Thos. Esq. Master Attendant, Dock- yard, Woolwich Brown, Mr. Thomas, 36 Wood-st. Cheapside Brown, W. W., Esq. Union Bank, Leeds Brown,Wm. Esq. All Saints-place, Manchester Browne, Alex. Esq. East Shore, Dundee Browne, Alexander, Esq. Port Glasgow Browne, Charles, Esq. Stock Exchange Browne, Mr. C. Bear Inn, Great Yarmouth Browne, F. II. Esq. St. John's College, Cam- bridge Browne, Hon. Lieut.-Col. 5, Marlborough- buildings, Bath Browne, Lieut.-Gen. G. Weymouth, Dorset Browne, Matthew, Esq. Port Glasgow Browne, Rev. Thomas, M.A. Christ's Hospital Browne, William, Esq. Shepton Mallet Browne, W. J. Utten, Esq. Norwich Browning, Mr. Edwin, 36, Little Windmill- street, Golden-square Browning, Henry, Esq. 4, Gloucester-place Browning, James, Esq. 113, St. John's-street Browning, Thos. Esq. 5, South -sq. Gray's Inn. 3 Copies Browning, W. H. Esq. St. John's-street Browning, W. S. Esq. 8, Cumberland terrace, Regent's-park Brownless, A. Esq. Goudhurst, Kent BROWNLOW, Right Hon. the Earl of Bruce, Mrs. Castle Eve Villa, near Poole ' Bruce, Capt. Geo.Union Dockyard, Limehouse Bruce, J. B. Esq. Magistrate, Duffryn, Aben- dam, Glamorganshire Bruce, Rev. J. Westbere,near Canterbury- Bruce, Sir Stuart, Bart. &c. Dublin Castle ■ 1 1 II .*"^«-.-h" rf -fc ' ^i^^m^^tm^^^mim^^m ■ V--HP ,;^«ji v^.'j v^-^yj viw^^j u^+± .^ ■ . ««. «*, H XXXII Bruce, Thomas, Esq. Framlingham, Suffolk Bruce, Thomas, Esq. High-street, Manchester Brundrett, Jonathan, Esq. 10, King's-bench- walk, Temple Brunei, M. J. Esq. 53, Parliament-street Brunei, M. J.jun. Esq. 53, Parliament-street Brunton,Wm. Esq. 12, Park-sq. Regent's-park Bruton Book Society Brutton, Chas. Esq. Northenhay Place, Exeter BUCCLEUGH, His Grace the Duke of Buchan, H. Esq. Southampton Buchanan, John, Esq. 95, Candleriggs, Port Glasgow Buchanan, R. Esq. 109, Fife-place, Glasgow Buchanan, Robertson, Esq. l,Walbrook-bdgs. Buchanan, The Hon. A. H. Hales Hall, Salop Buchanon, Mr. H. 241, Brandon-pl. Glasgow Buck, Jno. Esq. 18, South-street, Finsbury Buck, Lewis Wm. Esq. Hartland Abbey, Devon Buck, S. Esq. Hartest, Suffolk Buck, W. Esq. Bury St. Edmund's BUCKINGHAM, Her Grace the Duchess of Buckle, J. Esq. Wyelands, near Chepstow Buckle, Joshua, Esq. York Buckle, Miss, Britton Ferry, near Neath, Gla- morganshire Bucknell, George, Esq. Bermondsey Buckton, G. Esq. Doctor's Commons Buckton, John, Esq. Canterbury Budd, John, Esq. Willesley, Barnstaple Buenos Ayres, Library of Bulgin, Mr. Bristol Bulkeley, Sir Richard B. Williams, Bart. M.P. Baron-hill, Beaumaris Buller, Sir Jo'.in Yarde, Bait. 10, New-street, Spring-gardens Bullin, Rear-Admiral, 13, Raby-place, Bath Bullmore,W.H. Esq. Truro .Bullock, Geo. Esq. B.A. St. John's College, Cambridge Bullock, H. Esq. Christ's College, Cambridge Bullock, St. Geo. Esq. Clare Hall, Cambridge Bulman, Harrison, Esq. Ellison-place, New- castle-upon-Tyne Bulmer, George, Esq. Crown-street, Leeds BULOW, His Excellency the Baron, Prussian Embassy Bumpus, Mr. Bookseller, 6, Holborn-bars. 7 Copies •Bund, T. H. Esq. Wick House, Worcester Bunny, Edw. B. Esq. Speenhamland, Berks Bunny, Jer. Esq. Northcote-slreet, Newbury Bunting, J. P. Esq. King-street, Manchester Bunyard, Mr. Thomas, Maidstone Bunyon, R. J. Esq. New Bridge-st. Blackfriars Burbidge, Mr. J. J. 130, Fleet-street Burbidge, Thomas, Esq. Leicester Burcham, C. Esq. Lynn Regis, Norfolk Burcham, Rev. T. B. Trinity Coll. Cambridge Burd, John, Esq. Gt. Chatham-st. Broughton Burdikin, E. Esq. Market-street, Manchester Burge, Mr. George, Heme Bay, Kent Burgess and Hunt, Messrs. Ramsgate Burgess, John Hy. Esq. Mayor of Glastonbury Burgess, R. Esq. St. John's Coll. Cambridge Burke, C. G. Esq. Christ's College, Cambridge Burke, W. W. E. Esq. 3, Furnivals Inn BURLINGTON, Right Hon. the Earl of Burman, H. T. Esq. Caius College, Cambridge Burn, J. G. Esq. Wenkworth Burnell, Miss, 29, Queen-street, Brompton Burnett, J. F. Esq. Crayford, Kent Burnett, J.H. Esq. 21,Charlotte-sq. Edinburg LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Burney, H. Esq. Exeter College, Oxford Burnie, John, Esq. 124, Bishopsgate-street Burningham, Miss, Froyle, Alton, Hants Burningham, T. Esq. Froyle, Alton, Hants Burr, J. H. S. Esq. Christ Church, Oxford Burrard, Capt.SirChas. Bart. R.N. Lyndhurst Burrard, Rev. G. per Mr.Galpine, Lymington Burrell, James F. Esq. Belvoir House, Fareham Burrell, John, Esq. Durham Burrill, Mr. H. Booksr. Chatham. 5 Copies Burrough, Sir James, 16, Bedford-square Burroughs, G. F. Esq. Shepton Mallet Burrows, Dr. Samuel, Bath House, Bideford Burslem Book Society Burt, Thos. C. Esq. Somerfield-court, Sel- linge, Kent Burt James, Esq. Bond-street, Manchester Burt, William, Esq. St. Giles's, Norwich Burton, J. & J. Messrs. Leeds Burton, Jas. Esq. Biidgewater-pl. Manchester Bury St. Edmund's Public Library Bury, Thos. Esq. Adelphi, Salford Bush, J. Esq. 36, St. James's-pl. Kingsdown Bush, Henry, Esq. Litfieda House, Clifton Bushby, Capt.Thos. RJV. Greenhithe, Kent Bushby, W. P. Esq. 9, Exchange-al. Liverpool Bushe, Right Hon. Charles Kendal, Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench, Dublin Bushe, T. Esq. 5. Fitzwilliam's-square, Dublin Bushell, Wm. Esq. Portland-square, Bristol Buston, Roger, Esq. Buston Butcher, Lieut. R.N. Commander of the Redbreast Cutter Butcher, William, Esq. Norwich BUTE, Most Noble the Marquis of Butler, D. Esq. Dunford House, near Wilton Butler, G. S. Esq. Hill-place, Alton, Hants Butler, R. Esq. 2, Kent-terrace, Regent's-park Butler, T. D. Esq. 47, Castle-street, Liverpool Butler, Thomas, Esq. 42,Trinity-sq. Tower-hill Butler, Mr. W. T. Bookseller, Beaconsfield. 4 Copies Butt, Rev. J. W. Bromley, Kent Buttemur, Robert, Esq. Butterfield, Mr. John, Bradford, Yorkshire Butterworth, J. A. Esq. Cannon-st. Manchester Buxton, J. M. Esq. Oxford-st. Manchester By, Lieut-Col. Shernfold Park, Frant, Sussex Byerley, Nicholas, Esq. 105, Holborn-hill Byng, Mr. John, jun. Osmaston-road, Derby Byrne, Mr. Thomas, Beaumaris. 3 Copies Byrom, Miss, Eleanor, Quay-st. Manchester Bywater, Dawson, & Co. Messrs. Pool-lane, Liverpool Byzantium Book Club, Constantinople c. Cable, Samuel, Esq. St. Christopher's Cadbury, William, Esq. Wellington Caddell, David, Esq. Salisbury-square Cadell, Mr. Thomas, Bookseller, Strand Cadman, John, Esq. Leeds Cagan, Hugh, Esq. Brunswick-st. Glasgow Cain, James, Esq. Douglas, Isle of Man Calcott, Captain B. Caynham Court, Salop CALCUTTA, Right Hon. the Lord Bishop of Calcutta Book Club CALEDON,Right Hon. the Earl of. 2 Copies Calkin & Budd, Messrs.Bksllrs.il 8, Pall-mall. 4 Copies Call, Mr. G. New Cross, Wolverhampton Callan, Captain Thos. Ship Bland, Liverpool Callender, Thos. P. Esq. Peel-st. . Manchester Callender, VV.R. Esq. High-street, Manchester Callicut, W. B. Esq. 4, York-place, Brompton Callum, Mr. Charles, 48, Queen-st. Glasgow Caiman, Mr. John, Dundee CALTHORPE, Right Hon. Lord Calver, William, Esq. Ipswich Calvert, Edmond, Esq. Calvert, Mr. Edward, Rotten-row, Derby Calvert, Dr. J. W. Blandford-pl. Regent's-pk Calvert, Thomas, Esq. Kirstall-road, Leeds Calvesche, — . Buchhandlung, Prague Cambourne (Cornwall) Literary and Scientific Institution Cambridge Book Society, Bull Inn, Cambridge Caius College Library Catherine Hall Library Clare Hall Book Club — Corpus Christi College Library Emanuel College Library Jesus College Book Society King's College Library Magdalen College Library — Pembroke Hall Book Club Queen's College Library — St. John's College Book Society ' Cameron, Lieutenant-General,ll, Circus, Bath Cameron, Patrick, Esq. Seagate, Scotland Campbell, A. Esq. Blythewood, Glasgow Campbell, Sir Arch. Bart, of Succoth/i, Park- place, Edinburgh Campbell, F.W.Esq.Birkfield Lodge, Ipswich Campbell, J. Esq. 43, Buchanan-st. Glasgow Campbell, J. C. Esq. Guernsey Campbell, John, Esq. Budleigh, Devon Campbell, Major H. C, Northend House,Ports- mouth Campbell, R. Esq. 127, Brunswick-st. Glasgow Campbell, Rich. Esq. 11, Northumberland- street, Edinburgh Campbell, W. Esq. 34, Candleriggs, Glasgow CAMPERDOWN, Right Hon. the Earl of Campion, Mr. Thomas, Cork Camplin, Alderman Thomas, Bristol Cancellor, Ellis, Esq. 15, Prince's-st. Lambeth Cannan, D. Esq. Sambrook-ct. Basinghall-st. Cannells, Mr. F. Liverpool Canning, Right Hon. Sir Stratford, M.P. G.C.B. 29, Grosvenor-square Cannon, Alexander, Esq. R.N. West Cowes CANTERBURY. His Grace the Archbishop of Canton Book Club Cantwell, Uobert, Esq. 25, Wim pole-street Canwell, Mr. F. Liverpool Capel, Captain, R.N. Swanage Capel, John, Esq 32, Russell-square Capes, — , Esq. North-terrace, Camberwell Capes, William, Esq. King-street, Manchester Capper, Joseph, Esq. 4, Union-street, Bristol Capper, Kobert, Esq. Cheltenham Carbis, Mr. John, Redruth Carden, Thomas, Esq. Worcester Cardwell, — . Esq. Cockpit-hill, Manchester Carew, Admiral SirB. Hallowell, G.C-B. dec. 2 Copies Carew, Capt. Thos. R.N. Beckford House, Southampton Carfrae, Colonel, Oriental Club Carfrae, J. Esq. 19, Holloway-place, Holloway Cargill, Thomas, Esq. Newcastle-upon-Tyne Caikeet, William, Esq. Falmouth CARLISLE, Right Hon. the Earl of LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. lxxiii Carlisle, Sir Anthony, F.R.S. Langham -place Carlisle, Thomas, Esq. Nelson Villa, Clifton Carnac, Major, East India House Carne, Edw. C. Esq. Kimberley-pl. Falmouth Carne, John, Esq. Cottage, Falmouth Came, John, Esq. Lariggan, Penzance Carne, William, Esq. Falmouth Carnegue, James, Esq. Cork Carpenter & Son, Messrs. Bookrs. Old Bond-st. Carpenter, John, Esq. Mount Tavy, Tavistock Carpenter, Mr. John, 1 1, King-street,Whitehall Carpenter,Rev. J. Phillips, Grenofen,Tavistock Carpenter, Rev.Lant, LL.D. Great George-st. Bristol Carr, John, Esq. 39, Bedford-row Carr, John, Esq. Walker, Northumberland Carr, Mr. Wm. 15, Aston-place, Islington Carrington, H. Esq. Caius College, Cambridge Carter, Mr. C. 1, Chapel-road, Worthing Carter, Dr. II. W. Canterbury Carter, J. B. Esq. M.P. 21, Duke-st. Westmr. Carter, T. W. Esq. Maidstone Carter, Major, Great Malvern, Worcestershire Carter, Miss, Library, Worthing Carter, Capt. T. W. R.N. Ryde, Isle of Wight Carter, Rev. W. D. Wye, Kent Carthew, Edmund, Esq. Liskeard, Cornwall Cartwell, Rev. J. B.A. Christ Coll. Cambridge Cartwright, Mr. Francis, 62, Lr. Grosvenor-st. Cartwright, Henry, Esq. Torquay, Devon Cartwright, Major, Brackley,Northamptonshire Cartwright, R. Esq. 35, Bloomsbury-square Cartwright, Wm. Esq. Teignmouth, Devon Cams, Rev. W. M.A. Trinity Coll. Cambridge Carvick, Thomas, Esq. Hendon, Middlesex Cary, Clarence Horatio, Esq. Bangor Casacubertas, A. Esq. Plymouth Grove, Man- chester Casbolt,- Henry, Esq. Diamond Estate, St. Christopher's Case, J. Deane Esq. Abercrombie-sq. Lvrpool Case, R. Edward, Esq. Clifton, Gloucestershire Case, Rev. T. Bishops Caundle, Sherbourne Cash, James, Esq. Piccadilly, Manchester Caslon, Henry, Esq. Chiswell-street Casson, William, Esq. Brown-st. Manchester Castle, M. H. Esq. 1, Rodney-place, Clifton Cathcart, John, Esq. Genoch, Glenluce Cator, Captain B. R.N. Bexley, Kent Cattermoul, Everet, Esq. Norwich Cattley, S. W. Esq. 14, Queenhithe Caulfield, Lieut.-Col. Oriental Club Caulfield, William, Esq. Dublin Cawood, John, Esq. Leeds Cazalet, P. C. Esq. Kemp Town, Brighton Cazinove, James, Esq. 6, Great Winchester-st. Chadwell, Mr. Thomas, Bksllr. Peterborough. 2 Copies Chadwick, W. Esq. Ackey, near Doncaster Chaffey, Mr. H. T. Chard, Somersetshire Chainley, Mr. Newcastle. Mr. Rankins Challenger, Richard, Esq. St. Christopher's Chalon, A. E. Esq. 42, Great Marlborough-st. Challoner, Robert, Esq. Dublin Chamberlayne, T. Esq. Cranbury Park, Hants Chamberlin, Henry, jun. Esq. Norwich Chamberlin, Robert, Esq. Norwich Chambers, Sir Samuel, R.N. Bredgar, Kent Champante, J. J. Esq. Belmont House,Taunton Champernowne, H. Esq. Christ Church Coll. Oxford Chandler, J. Esq. 7, Charles-st. Manchester- square Chandler, L. Esq. 133, St. John's street Chanter, T. B. Esq. Bidefbrd Chaplin, E. J. Esq. Magdalen Coll. Oxford Chaplin, Frederick, Esq. Harlow, Essex Chapman, David, Esq. 39, Miller-st. Glasgow Chapman, E. Esq. Cains College, Cambridge Chapman, J. Esq. 16, Grosvenor-st. Chorlton, Manchester Chapman, Mr. John, 49, Albemarle-street Chapman, Thos. Esq. Marshal of the King's Bench Chapman, Wm. Francis, Esq. Hampstead Chappel, W. T. Esq. Lemon-street, Truro Chappell, Mr. J. 56, Skinner-street, Snow-hill Charge, John, Esq. Chesterfield Charlton, Edwin, Esq. 42, New Bridge-street Charlton, J. Esq. 42, New Bridge-st. Blackfrs. Charlton, W. Esq. Rochester Charnley, Mr. Newcastle Charnock, John, Esq. Woodhouse-lane, Leeds Charter, T. M. Esq. Lynchfield House, near Taunton Chatfield, Rev. R. LL.D. Vicar of Chatteris Chatham and Rochester Philosophical, &c. In- stitution Chatham Library Chaytor, W. R. C. Esq. M.P. Witton Castle, Witton le Wear, Durham Cheam School Library Chenery, C. Esq.Warner's-yard, Mincing-lane Cheney, E. II. Esq. Christ Church Coll. Oxford Chennell, Mr. Thomas, Crown Inn, Guildford Chepstow Reading Society Chester Reading Society CHEWTON, Right Hon. Lord Viscount CHICHESTER, Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of Chilcott, T. Esq. Pembroke House, Clifton Child, George, Esq. Stony-street, Borough Child, Mr. R. Store-street, Bedford-square Child, Stephen, Esq. Stony-street, Borough. 2 Copies Child, Stephen, jun. Esq. Stony-st. Borough Children, John George, Esq. F.R.S. British Museum, Secretary of the Royal Society Childs, John, Esq. Bungay, Suffolk Chinchen & White, Messrs. Swanage Chippendall, J. Esq. Mosley-rd. Manchester Chisholm, Rev. Charles, Eastwell, Kent Chisholm, Dr. R. Canterbury Chitty, Joseph, jun. Esq. 6, Pump-ct. Temple CHOLMONDELEY, Most Noble the Mar- quis of Chorley, Henry, Esq. Calls, Leeds Chorley, Miss E. Park-lane, Leeds Christian, John, Esq. First Deemster, Milne- town, Isle of Man Christophers, J. Esq. 12, New Broad-street Church, Mr. S. 10, Gray's-place, Brompton CHURCHILL, Captain Lord John Spencer, R.N. Kensington Palace CHURCHILL, Hon. Lady Henrietta, Ches- terfield Churchill, James, Esq. Poole, Dorset Churchill, Mr. John, Bookseller, 16, Princes- street, Leicester-square Churchyard, Thomas, Esq. Melton, Suffolk Clair, Capt. D. L. H. R.N. Staverton Court, Gloucester Clapham, Messrs. J. & J. Leeds Clapham, Thomas, Esq. Woodhouse, Leeds Clare, J. Esq. 19, St. John's-sq. Clerkenwell Clark, Andrew, Esq. Bear Garden, Southwark Clark, Cyrus, Esq. Street, near Glastonbury Clark, Ebr. Esq. 127, St. James's-st. Brighton Clark, Mr. G. Bookseller, Dorchester Clark, J. Esq. 3, Keppel-st. Russell-square Clark, J. Esq. Trowbridge, Wilts Clark, Jos. jun. Esq. Pollard-st. Manchester Clark, J. P. Esq. 5, Sackville-st, Piccadilly Clark, Rev. J. Grove House, Folkestone Clark, Matthew, Esq. 9, Hanover-terrace, Regent's-park Clark, Mr. Bookseller, Finch-lane Clark, Mr. William, 80, St. John's-street-road Clark, W. Esq. 74, St. John's-street Clarke, A. Esq. 57, Brooke-street, Grosvenor- square Clarke, Alexander, Esq. Academy, Newport, Isle of Wight Clarke, Chas. M. Esq. 40, Norfolk-st. Strand Clarke, Charles, Esq. Lincoln's-inn-fields, and Grove-road, St. John's-wood Clarke, Sir Charles M. Bart. M.D. F.R.S. 10, Saville-row Clarke, Mr. Edward, 144, Queen-st. Glasgow Clarke, General, 48, Charlotte-st. Fitzroy-sq. Clarke, George, Esq. Mosley-st. Manchester Clarke, John, Esq. Fort Pitt, Chatham Clarke, Mr. John, Booksllr. Horsham. 8 Copies Clarke, Lieut. Pickering, R.N. Perrymead, Widcomb, Bath Clarke, Rev. W. B. A.M. F.G.S. Stanley- Green, Longfleet, Dorset Clarke, Saml. Esq. Church-street, Manchester Clarke, Thomas, Esq. F.A.S. Highgate Hill, Kentish Town Clarke, W. R. Esq. Wymondham, Norfolk Clarkson, W. G. Esq. 7, Bell yard, Doctors'- commons Clavin, Miss Jane, S. York Claxson, Rev. Dr. Gloucester Claxton, Lieut. C. P. R.N. 10, St. Vincent- parade, Bristol Claxton, Robt. Esq. H. M. Solicitor-general, St. Christopher's Clay, John, Esq. Huddersfield Clay, Miss, Tenant-street, Derby Clay, Richard, Esq. Rose Villa, Huddersfield Clay, Samuel, Esq. St. John's-street, West Smith field Clay, Mr. William, 50, West Smithfield Claydon, Charles, Esq. Cambridge Claye, Mr. Thomas, Bookseller, Stockport Claye, Richard, Esq. King-street, Manchester Clayette, Louis, Esq. Queen-st. Manchester Claypon, Joseph, Esq. Hampstead Heath Clayson, Capt. John, R.N. Deal Clayton, Michael, Esq. Lincoln's Inn Clayton, Mr. John, Bradford, Yorkshire Clayton, Wm. Esq. LangclifFPlace, near Settle, Yorkshire Cleasby, Stephen, jun. Esq. 3 Cornwall-ter- race, Regent's-park Clegg, Benjamin, Esq. Cromford Court, near Manchester Clegg, J. Esq. 5, Back Marsden-st. Manchester Clegg, J. jun. Esq. Hodgson-sq. Manchester Clegg, W. Esq. Cromford Court, near Man- chester Cleghorn, R. B. Esq. St. Kitt's,West Indies Cleiland, Col. St. Germain's-place, Blackheath Cleland, J. Esq. 130, Upper Mill-st. Glasgow Clements, Mr. R.Rochester Clent, Mrs. Sarah, 37, Back, Bristol CLEVELAND, His Grace the Duke of .■ lihj „ um I 1 i 3 1 M...;. ; K" LXXIV Cliff, Thomas, Esq. Downend Cliffe, Rev. L. A. Bishops Hull, near Taunton Clifford,Capt. SirAugustus, C.B. 86,Eaton-sq. Clifford, Hon. C. Tmham Hall, Lincolnshire Cliffoi'd, James, Esq. Shardlow, Derby Clinton, John, Esq. St. Christopher's. 2 Copies Clive, Theophilus, Esq. Ryde, Isle of Wight CLIVE, Right Hon. Lord Viscount, M.P. CLONCURRY, Right Hon. Lord Close, Wm. Esq. Rotherham, Yorkshire Clowes, Rev. J. Broughton, Manchester Coape, James, Esq. Christ's Coll. Cambridge Coates, Henry, Esq. Colchester Coates, Richard, Esq. Brown-st. Manchester Coates, T. Esq. 42, Spring-gdns. Manchester Coates, Mr. Boolcsr. 139, Cheapside. 3 Copies Coates, Miss Walker, Drurnseech, Edinburgh Cobb, J. Esq. Hawkburst, Kent Cobbett, Mr. William, 106, St. Martin's-lane Cobbold, Charles, Esq. Rose-hill, Ipswich Cobden, R. Esq. Mosley-street, Manchester Cochet, Vice-Admiral James, Bideford, Devon Cock, Simon, Esq. 1, New Bank-buildings Cockburn, Vice-Aduiital Sir Geo. G.C.B. 4, Whitehall Cockburn, Miss, Stratton-terrace, Falmouth Cockburn, Lieut.-Gen. Sir Wm. Bart. D.C.L 4, Lansdown-crescent, Bath Cocker, Jonathan, Esq. Salford, Lancashire Cockerell, Hon. Lady, Seizincot, Worcestersh. Cockerell, James, Esq. Blackman-st. Boiou°h Cockerill, R. M. Esq. RJV. Oswestry Cocking, Thomas, Esq. 19, Great Portland-st. Codd, George, Esq. Town Clerk, Hull Coe, Captain Thomas, R.N. Cambridge Coffin, Richard Pine, Esq. Poitledge, Devon Cohen, B.Esq. l,Wyndham-pl.Bryanston-sq. Cohen, J. C. Esq. Stock Exchange Cohen, Solomon, Esq. Pope's-head-alley COIGNE, Le Due de Colby, Capt. David, R.N. Tichfield Colchester Castle Society Cole, G. C. Esq. Sevenoaks, Kent Cole, Martin, Esq. Ipswich Cole, Thos. Esq. 46, Fountain-st, Manchester Coles, James, Esq. Old Change Coles, Rev. T. II. Honington, Lincolnshire Collett, B. Esq. Matlion Lodge, Worcestershire Collier, John, Esq. M.P. Plymouth Collier, Wm. Esq. Greengate, Manchester Colling, John, Esq. Stock Exchange Coliingwood, H. J. W. Esq. Lilburn Tower, Northumberland Collins, It. Esq. R.N. Christchurch, Hants Collins, Charles, Esq. Stamford-hill Collins, Mr. James, 115, Regent-street Collins, Mr. Jones, Richmond, Surrey Collins, Mrs. Charlton, Kent Collins, P.H. Esq. Hatcb/Beauchamp, Somst. Collins, Robert, Esq. Redcliff-parade, Bristol Collins, Mr. William, V.R.JV. Harwich Collinson, Mr. R. Booksr. Mansfield. 4 Copies Colls, Charles, Esq. Huddersfield Collyns, William, Esq. Kenton, Devon Colman, G. Esq. 10, Holland-place, Brixton Colmer, R.Esq. Abbot's Lodge, Sibton, Suffolk Colpoys, Rev. J. Rectory, Droxford, Hants Colquitt, S. M. Esq. R.N. Neptune Hotel, Liverpool Colridge, Wm. Esq. 40, Dunlop-st. Glasgow Colson, Rev. W. Piddlehinton,nr. Dorchester Colston, E. F, Esq. Weymouth, Dorset LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. COLVILLE, Right Hon. Vice-Admiral Lord Colville,Chas. Esq. Christ Church Coll. Oxford Colyer, J. Esq. St. John's Cottage, Sevenoaks Combe, Geo. Esq. 23, Charlotte-sq. Edinburgh Comings, Richard, Esq. Cambridge COMPTON, Right Hon. the Earl Compton, II. Esq. Eddington, Berks Comyn, Richard, Esq. 1, Queen-street-place Comyns, Rev. J. Woodhouse, Bishopsteign- ton, Devon Conlan, John, Esq. Dublin Conn, Henry, Esq. Truro Connell, James, Esq. Irving Academy Connop, Rev. J. Bradfield Hall, Berks Connor, Daniel, Esq. Bally Bricken, Cork Conroy, Sir John, K.C.H. Kensington Palace Considine, H. Esq. Trinity Coll. Cambridge Consterdine, J. Esq. NewCannon-st. Manchestr Conway, F. W. Esq. Dublin Cook, James, Esq. New Mosley-st. Manchester Cook, James, Esq. North-terrace, Camberwell Cook, Rev. James, Newton Hall Cook, John, Esq. Goodman's-yard, Minories Cook, Mrs. Greenock, N.B. Cook, Robt. K. Esq. Corpus Coll. Cambridge Cook, Wm. Esq. 22, St. Paul's Churchyard Cooke, Charles, Esq. 45, Doughty-street Cooke, Isaac, Esq. Clifton, Bristol Cooke, P. Davies, Esq. Awston, nr. Doncaster Cooke, Samuel G. Esq. Colchester Cooke, Sir W. B. Bt. Wheatley, nr. Doncaster Cookes, Mrs. Woodhampton House, Worces- tershire Cookson, Capt. J. Royal Artillery, St. Chris- topher's Cookson, J. Esq. York -crescent, Clifton Cookson, Rev. Edward, Park-square, Leeds Cooper, Sir Astley, Bart.JF,.iJ.yl.iS'.Conduit-st. Cooper, Col. F. G. Barton Grange, nr.Taunton Cooper, Frdk.Esq.7, Richmond-ter. Brighton Cooper, Rev. G. F. Yetminster, Dorset Cooper, E. J. Esq. M.P. Martree, Collooney, Ireland Cooper, Rev. Mark, Barnsbury Park, Islington Cooper, Richard, Esq. Monument-yard Cooper, Rev. Sir W. H. 57, Portland-place Cooper, Mr. Thomas, Stockport Cooper, T. W. Esq. Old-street & Tottenham Cooper, Thos. Esq. Bedford Hotel, Brighton Cooper, William, Esq. Norwich Coote, R. E. P. Esq. 19, York-crescent, Clifton Coote, R. H. Esq . 1, Stone-bdgs. Lincoln's Inn Coote, William, Esq. St. Ives, Huntingdon Cope, Richard, Esq. Exchange-st. Manchester Cope, W. Wadham, Esq. Old Bailey Copeland, Thomas, Esq. M.P. Alderman of London. Copenhagen, the Athenaeum of Classinian Library of 57 Copi Copenhagen, Union of Students of Copland, John, Esq. Surrey-street, Strand Copling, John, Esq. H.E.I.C.S. Upper Tulse Hill, Surrey. 2 Copies Coppin, Mr. Wm. Queen Adelaide Steamer, Liverpool Coppinger, Wm. Esq. Cork Corbett, Mr. William,"25, Bath-street, Glasgow Corbould, Henry, Esq. 5, Crescent-place, Burton-crescent Corfe, John D. Esq. 16, College-stTeet, Bristol Cornish, F. S. Esq. South Molton, Devon Cornish, James, Esq. Falmouth Cornish, William, Esq. Marazion, Cornwall Cornwall Library, Truro Corral], P. Esq. Maidstone Cortazzi, John, Esq. 22, Brunswick-square Cosens, Captain E. S. Woolwich-road Coste, T. Esq. Lower Mosley-st. Manchester Costendiech, John, Esq. Lloyd's Coffee-house Cotesworth, R. Esq. St. Helen's-place Cottingham, George, Esq. Kersley House, near Bolton, Lancashire Cotton, Benjamin, Esq. Cambridge Cotton, C. R. Esq. Lewisham-road Cotton, Mr. Edward, Rochester Coulman, R.J. Esq. Wradworth Hall, Yorkshire Coulman,Thos. Esq. Whitgift Hall, Yorkshire Coulthurst, J. N. Esq.Gargrave House, Skipton Court, Mr. Wm. Tolton Mill, Worcestershire Courtauld, Samuel, Esq.Bocking, Essex Courteney, Chas. Leslie, Esq. Christ Church College, Oxford Courtis, Richard J. Esq. Mayor of Falmouth Cousen, Mr. William, Bradford, Yorkshire Cove, John, Esq. Bishopsteignton, Devon Cove, Richard, Esq. Milford, near Salisbury COVENTRY, Right Hon. the Earl of Coventry, Charles, Esq.71, Dean-street, Soho square Coward, Noah, Esq. Treleigh, Redruth Coward, W. Esq. Haberdashers-place, Hoxlon Cowie, Benj.G. Esq. Hill House, Esher, Surry Cowing, Mr. J. James, Library, Barnet. 7 Copies Cowling, John, Esq. Garden-court, Temple Cowper, Henry, Esq. Tewin Water, Herts Cowper, Dr. William, Glasgow College Cowper, W. Esq. 193, Athol-place, Glasgow Cox, Edw. S. Esq. Brailsford, near Derby Cox, Henry, Esq. Park Fields, near Derby Cox,J. Esq. Leazes-terrace,Newcastle-on-Tyne Cox, John, Esq. Wrington, Somerset Cox, Mrs. 3, Grove, Clapham Common Cox, Thomas, Esq. Friar-gate, Derby Coyney, W. Hill, Esq. Weston Coyney, near Newcastle-under-Lyne Cozens, John, Esq. Sprowston Lodge, Norfolk Craden, Mr. James, Bromley, PCent Cragg, W. Esq. Threekingham, Lincolnshire Craggs, Mr. Bookseller, Hull. 7 Copies Cramer, Rev. Dr. Principal of New Inn Hall, Oxford Cramer, J. T. Esq. Rathmore, Cork Crane, John C. Esq. Bewdley Crane, Mr. James, Cerne Abbas, Dorset Crary, Mr. Liverpool Crastie, Shafto, Esq. Crastie Hall Craufurd, G. W. Esq. King's Coll. Cambridge CRAVEN, Right Hon. the Earl of Crawford, Colonel, Goodrich, near Ross Crawford, W. II . Esq. Dublin Crawley, Ad ml. 7, Green Park -buildings, Bath Crawshaw, Thomas B. Esq. Huddersfield Crawshay, R.Esq. George-yard, Up.Thames-st. Crawshay, Wm. jun. Esq. George-yard, Up- per Thames-street Cresswell, John, B. Esq. New-court, Topsham Cresswell, Mr. J. 121, Crawford-street Crewdson, T. Esq. Longsight, Manchester Crewe,' Sir G. Bart. M.P. Calke Abbey, near Melbourne Crewe, Rev. Henry, Breadsall, Derby Crickitt, J. G. Esq. Doctors'-commons Cringle, Capt. W. Smack Luna of Carron, Liverpool Cririe, William, Esq. Mosley-st. Manchester i* * * LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. LXXV Cristie, C. N. Esq. of Durie, 20, York-place, Edinburgh Critchell, Wm. Esq. Ringwood, Hants Critchley, T. Esq. 35, Mosley-st. Manchester Crocker, Edward, Esq. King's-arms-yard Crocker, P. Esq. Stourton, Wilts Croft, James llobins, Esq. Liverpool Croft, Venerable Archdeacon, Saltwood, Kent Crofts, Mr. W. Bookseller, 19, Chancery-lane Crofton, G. Esq. 61, St. Bartholomew's-close Cronstadt, the Naval Library of Crompton, Benjamin, Esq. Bury, Lancashire Crompton, James, Esq. Kearsley, Lancashire Crompton, John W. Esq. Leeds Crook, James, Esq. Skinner-street, Snow-hill Crook, JohnCh.is. Esq. 32, Mecklenburg-sq. Crookes, J. F. Esq. St. Bartholomew's Hospital Croose, A. Esq. Fine Court, Bloomfield, Somst. Crop, Jas. Esq. Gringley, near Gainsborough Cropper, Edward, Esq. Liverpool Cross, F. Esq. Great Duryard, near Exeter- Cross, Henry, Esq. Gainsborough Cross, James, Esq. 8, Staple's Inn Cross, John Brent, Esq. 4, Somerset-st. Bristol Cross, Mr. J. Bookseller, Leeds. 4 Copies Cross, Dr. Robert, Wisbeach Cross, W. S. Esq. B.A. St. John's College, Cambridge Crossfield, Abm. Esq. 91, Whitechapel-road Crossfield, J. Esq. Abraham's-ct. Edinburgh Crossland, James, Esq. Fenny, Huddersfield Crossley, T. Esq. Cromford court, Manchester Crossley, William, 2, York-street, Manchester Crowder, R. B. Esq. 11, Pall-mall East Crowley, Henry, Esq. Alton, Hants Crowley, Mr. John, Wolverhampton Crowther, Caleb, Esq. M.P.Wakefield Crowther, Robert, Esq. Quay-st. Manchester Croxon, Richard, Esq. Oswestry Cruikshank, William, Esq. Furnival's Inn Crum, Mr. John, 51, Cochran-street, Glasgow Cryke, Capt.R.-R. N. Albemarle Cottage, Stoke, Devon Cudworth, John, Esq. Briggate, Leeds Cuff, J. Esq. Freemasons' Tavern, Gt. Queen st. Culme, Mrs. Wellington Court, Wellington Culledge, Charles, Esq. March, Cambridge Cumber. C. Esq. 13, Dickenson-st. Manchester Cuming, J. Esq. Grey's Wood, Haslemere Cummin, William, Esq. Kilmarnock Cumming, Miss, Hill House, Taplow, near Maidenhead Cundall, B. Esq. Norwich Cunliffe, Col. Sir R. Bart. Acton, Denbighshire Cunliffe, Thos.Esq. Church-st. Manchester Cunningham, Capt. R.N. Battramsley Lodge, Lymington Cunningham, J. Esq. 24, Upper Harley-street Cunningham, J. Esq. Rodney-place, Clifton Cunningham, R.Esq.01dSwan-wharf,Tower-st. Cunningham, Mr. Thomas, Bookseller, Ashton- under-Lyne. 18 Copies Cunow, Rev. G. A. Dukinfield Curling, Daniel, Esq. Canonbury, Islington Curling, Joseph, Esq. Heme Hill Curling, Wm. Esq. Denmark-hill Curling, Rev. William, 44, Trinity-square Curling, Wm. Esq. Grove, Blackheath Currar, Miss, Eshton Hall, near Skipton, York- shire Currie & Bowman, Messrs. Bksllrs. Newcastle- upon-Tyne. 19 Copies Currey, G. Esq. St. John's College, Cambridge Currey, Robt. Esq. 106, Fleet-street Curry, Mr. W. jun. & Co. Booksellers, 9, Up- per Sackville-street, Dublin. 2 Copies Curteis, Rev. Thomas, Seven Oaks, Kent Curtis, Mr. Richard, Basingstoke Curtis, A. T. Esq. St. John's Coll. Cambridge Curtis, Richard, Esq. Acre-lane, Brixton Curtis, Captain Timothy, _R.IV. Exmouth Curtis, T. A. Esq. 8, Tokenhouse-yard Curtis, William, Esq. Alton, Hants Curtois, Rev. R. G. Chaplain to the Forces, Chatham Cust, Richard, Esq. Carlisle Cutbush, Mr. R. J. Maidstone Cutler, Henry, Esq. Sidmouth, Devon Cuttell, Josiah, Esq. Holmefirth, Huddersfield Cutten, Charles, Esq. Clapham Rise Cutto, A.W. Esq. 38, Canterbury-sq. Southwrk D. Dakins, Rev. Dr. Dean's-yard, Westminster Dale, John, Esq. North Shields Dalgleish, Andrew, Esq. Ingram-st. Glasgow Dalgleish, Mr. G. 8.5, St. Vincent-st. Glasgow DALHOUSIE, Right Hon. the Earl of Dallas, Lieut.-Gen. Sir T. G.C.B. 36, Brock- street, Bath Dallaway,J. Esq. R. N. Buckland, near Dover Dahymple,Lady Frances, 23, Up. Wimpole-st. 2 Copies Dalrymple, Lieut.-Col. Sir Adolphus, J. Bart. 129, Park-street Dalston, John, jun. Esq. The Grange, nr.York Dalton, Francis B. Esq. Huddersfield Dalton, Jas. E. Esq. B.A. Queen's College, Cambridge Dalton, Mr. W. H. Booksr. 28, Cockspur-st. Dal way, Lieut. N.-R.JV. Sutherland Fort,Hythe Daly, Mr. Denis, Lime-street, Liverpool Damer, Hon. H. D. Milton Abbey, Blandford Dancie, George Robert, Esq. 2, Mountjoy- street east, Dublin Dando, Josh. Esq. Horfield Lodge Daniel, Mr. Geo. Abergavenny Daniel, Henry, Esq. 16, York -place, Clifton Daniel, Thos. sen. Esq. Alderman of Bristol Daniell, Edward, Esq. Colchester Daniell, J. S. Esq. Blandford, Dorset Danks, Mr. S. Bookseller, Bewdley. 7 Copies Dansey, John, Esq. Blandford, Dorset Dansey, Rev. Wm. Downhead St. Andrew's, Wilts Danson, Edw. B. Esq. 2, New Broad-street Dan son, Miss, Preston, Lancashire Darby, J. Esq. 10, Gt. George-st. Westminster D'Arcy, Lt.-Col. Milford House, Lymington Darell, E. Esq.Cale Hill, Charing, Kent Darell, John, Esq. Jersey Darlot, J. Esq. 39, East Cliff, Brighton Darley, A. FI. Esq. Christ Coll. Cambridge Darling, Mr. Jas. Booksr. 22, Little Queen-st. DARNLEY, late Right Hon. Earl of Darter, Wm. Silver, Esq. Reading DARTMOUTtI, Right Hon. the Earl of Darwell, Thos. Esq. Ridgefield, Manchester Dashmen, Mr. Feltham, Middlesex Dashwood, H. Esq. Corpus Christi College, Oxford Dashwood, M. Esq. Downing Coll. Cambridge Daubeny, E. Esq. Magdalen College, Oxford Daubuz, L. C. Esq. Truro k2 Davenport, C. Esq. Tunstall, Staffordshire Davenport, Mr. D. A., Robert Napier steamer, Liverpool Davey, Francis, Esq. Topsham, Devon Davey, William, Esq. Redruth Davids, J. Esq. \Y.est Cowes Davidson, Mr. Rt. Brig Catherine, Liverpool Davidson, Robt. Esq. 28, York-pl. Edinburgh Davidson, Wm. Esq. 1, South Frederick-st. Glasgow Davies, Rev. D. Studland, Dorset Davies, Rev. G. Rochester Davies, Henry, Esq. Monmouth Davies, Mr. Jas. North and South American Coffee-house, Threadneedle-street Davies, Mr. Js. Booksr. Holywell. 2 Copies Davies, Miss, Oswestry Davies, Mr. James, Bookseller, Holywell Davies, Capt. Richard L. R.N. Penzance Davies, Mr. R. Post-office, Merthyr Tydvil Davies, R. Esq. 126, Holborn-hill Davies, S. Esq. Wye, near Ashford, Kent Davies, Wm. Esq. Merthyr Tydvil Davis, Mr. A. J. Bull's-head-ct. Newgate-st. Davis, Benj. Esq. 33, Cannon-st. Manchester Davis, Dr. David, Park-st. Bristol Davis, Mr. D. Allen-st. Goswell-street Davis, Geo. jun. Esq. Mill-lane, Tooley-street Davis, Gideon, Esq. Hamond Hill, Chatham Davis, Horatio Nelson, Esq. Fenchurch-st. Davis, Major H.J. 1, Devonshire-bldgs. Bath Davis, Jas. Esq. Bradford, Dorset Davis, W. Esq. Gravesend Davy, Rev. C. W. Parkstone, Dorset Davy, Rev. Dr. Martin, F.R. & A.S. Master of Caius College, Cambridge Davy, John, Esq. St. Christop.ier's Davys, Mr. John, Ashby-de-ia-Zouch Davys, Mr. Thomas, Ashby-de-la-Zouch Dawes, FI. Esq.5,Cambridge-ter.Regent's-pk Dawkins, Henry, Esq. Sandgate, Kent Dawson, Dr. Jas. Mount-pleasant, Liverpool Dawson, John, Esq. 9, Billiter-square Dawson, J. Esq. Walton's-bldgs. Manchester Dawson, John, Esq. Newcastle-upon-Tyne Dawson, Mr. John, 25, Albemarle-street Dawson, W. A. Esq. Abercrombie-terrace, Liverpool Day, D. J. Esq. Rochester Day, Mr. Frederick, Hemel Hempstead Day, Hon. Judge, Dublin Day, J. Esq. 3, Water-lane, Tower-street Day, John, Esq. Beccles, Suffolk Day, T. Esq. 9, Three-crown-sq. Southwark Day, T. H. Esq. Boley Hill, Rochester Day, Wm. Stuart, Esq. West Cowes Day, W. W. Esq. Rochester Day, William, Esq. Daynes, Mr. John, Norwich Deacon, Charles, E Esq. Southampton Deacon, H. Esq. Portsmouth Deacon, J. Esq. Mabledon, Tunbridge Wells Deacon, Saml. Esq. 3, Walbrook Deake, Chas. Esq. Lama-pl. New Cut, Bristol Deakin, Miss Jane, Wera. Deakin, Thomas, Esq. Adbaston House, near Eccleshall Deakins, Wm. Esq. Stafford-row, Bucking- ham-gate Dealy, Jas. Esq. Stock Exchange Dean, G. Esq. Goswell-road Dean, Thos. Esq. King-street, Manchester Deane, Rev. H. Gillingham, near Shaftesbury S*"" ■. V_*»i -V^!-* Vf-.'.J M^PJ %>l*r*3J KJ^1± V^^c XXXVI LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. iuih ' 1 De Burgh, Hubert, Esq. West Drayton Deck, Isaiah, Esq. Cambridge Deedes, Wm. Esq. Sandling, Kent Deedes, Rev. C. Hinxhill, Kent DE GREY, Right Hon. the Earl De Henry, Spencer, Esq. 8, Upper Grosvenor- street, and West Cowes Deighton & Moxon, Messrs. Booksellers, York. 2 Copies Deighton, Messrs. J. & J. W. Booksellers, Cambridge Deighton, Mr. H. Bookr. Worcester. 44 Copies De Jersey & Co. Messrs. Lower Mosley-street, Manchester De Jersey, Dr. Romford, Essex Delafosse, Rev. Danl. A.M. Richmond -green De-la-Motte, Col. Peter, Fern Acres, Gerrard's- cross De Lannoy, Richard, Esq. George-st. Manchstr Delavaud, G. Esq. 18, Marlboro'-bldgs. Bath De Leon, D. M. Esq. Throgmorton-street De Lisle, Consul-General of Rio de la Plata, Antwerp i Delmar,W. B. Esq. St. John's Coll. Cambridge Delves, William, Esq. St. Christopher's Dempster, R. Esq. 6, Marlboro'-pl. Brighton Dempster, Mr. James, 6, South Hanover-st. DENBIGH, Right Hon. the Earl of Dench, L. Esq. Ely, Cambridge Dendy, S. Esq. 16, Montagu-st. Russell-sq. Denman, Thos. Esq. 23, Harley-street Denmark, Dr. Alexander, Torquay, Devon Denniston, Wm. Esq. Kelvin-grove, Glasgow Dent, William, Esq. Worcester Derby Permanent Library Derby Philosophical Society Dei-ham, Robt. Esq. Leeds Dering, Sir E. Bart. Surrenden-Dering, Kent Desanges, F. Esq. Weaver-st. Spitalfields DE SAUMAREZ, Right Hon. Admiral Lord, G.C.B. Des Granges, Peter, Esq. 33, Cockspur-street De Teissier, Mrs. Epsom, Surrey Devas, Wm. Esq. Lawrence-lane Devizes Literary Institution Devon and Exeter Institution, Exeter DEVONSHIRE, His Grace the Duke of D'Ew, Djer, Esq. Acre-lane Dewe, Rev. S. Rochester Dewer, Messrs. E. & R. 16, Old-street Dewson, Mr. Francis, Packet Ship, C. Bran- don, Liverpool Dibsdall, Silas, Esq. Brunsvvick-sq. Bristol Dickins, Thos. Esq. Vale Lodge, Leatherhead Dickenson, Mr. George, Bucklar.d, near Dover Dickinson, Harvey, Esq. East India House Dickinson, John, Esq. Lower-st. Islington Dickinson, Miss, Farley Hill, Berks Dickinson, Wm. Esq. East India House Dickinson, J. Esq. BartleyLodge,Southampton Dickinson, Jonathan, Esq. Water-lane, Leeds Dickinson, W. J. Esq. 5, Brunswick-pl. Leeds Dickson, R. Esq. 3, Charlotte-row, Mansion House Dighton, Major-Gen. J. Newland, Glostershire Dillon, Col. 6, Chester-ter. Regent's-park Dimsdale, J. Esq. Brunswick-pl. Regent's-pk. Dimsdale, W. J. Esq. Brunswick-place, Regent's-park Dinning, Henry, Esq. Newlands Disbrowe, Sir Edward C.,K.G.H. Envoy Ex- traordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Sweden Dithelm, John, Esq. Pool-st. Manchester Dix, Mr. John, Wellington Dix, Robt. Esq. Ely, Cambridge Dixon, Benjamin, Esq. Wakefield Dixon, D. G. Esq. Maidenhead Dixon, Dixon, Esq. Benton, Northumberland Dixon, Geo. R..Esq. 15, King's-arms-yard Dixon, John, Esq. Carlisle Dixon, Peter, Esq. Carlisle Dixon, Rev. W. H. Sutton-on-fhe-Forest, near York Dixon, W. S. Esq. Manchester Basin, Liverpool Dixon, Wm. Esq. 25, Chancery-lane Dobbin, Captain, Milford Dobbs and Co. Messrs. 134, Fleet-street Dobie, Wm. Hy. Esq. 4, Queen Ann-street, Liverpool Dobinson, Wm. Esq. Carlisle Dobree, Augustus, Esq. Guernsey Dobree, Rev. J. G. M.A. Holton, Suffolk Dobson, A. H. Fsq. 52, Fore-st. Cripplegale Dobson, Benj. Esq. Park-place, Leeds Dobson, John, Esq. New Bridge-street, New- castle-upon-Tyne Dobson, John, Esq. Secretary to Lloyd's Dobson, Lieut.-Col. Mortimer, Berks Dobson, Rev. John, Cornisbro' Vicarage, Doncaster Dobson, Vice-Admiral Man, North Kilworth Dodd, Mr. Postmaster, Woburn Dodington, W. M. Esq. Horsington, Somerset Dods, Dr. R. G. Rochester Dodsleys, John, Esq. Skegby, Notts Dodsworth, George, Esq. Gate Fulford, near York Dodsworth, Rev. William, 3, Clarence-terrace, Regent's-park Donaldson, Mr. J. 17, Exchange-sq. Glasgow Donaldson, Mr. J. 105, St. Vincent-st. Glasgow Doncaster Subscription Library Donkin, Bryan, Esq. 6, Paragon, New Kent-rd. Donkin, Henry, Es |. Durham Dorehill, W. A. Esq. Chalk, near Gravesend Dorliiig & Son, Messrs. Booksellers, Epsom. 17 Copies Dorrington, W. Esq. St. Ann's-sq. Manchester Dosseter, Mr. Thomas, 13, Poultry Doughty, Ed. Esq. Upton House, near Poole Douglas,Adml. J. E.34,Charles-st. Berkley-sq. Douglas, Henry Alex. Esq. Broad-street Douglas, Jas. Esq. Great Yarmouth, Norfolk Douglas, Jas. Esq. 7, Norfolk-st. Manchester Douglas, Rev. P. II. Epsom, Surrey Douglass, J. A. Esq, 1, Verulam-buildings, Gray's-inn Douglass, J. H. Esq. Back-square, Manchester Douglas, Mr. R. of Tain Dove, Mrs. Lower Hill House, Ipswich Dover, Jas. Esq. Boscombe Lodge, Hants Dover,.). Esq. ThreeCranes-whf.Southwk.-brdg. Dover Philosophical Institution Dowell, John, Eiq. Wine-street, Bristol Downes, John Fox, Esq. Ashford House, Salop Downey, Lieut. John, R.N. Commander of H. M. Packet Bnseis, Falmouth Downs Messrs. Wm. & Co. Castletown, Isle of Man DOWNSHIRE, Most Noble the Marquis of Dowson, C. Esq. Litnehouse Bridge Dock Doyle, Captain John, Ship Omrod Doyle, Genl. Sir John, Bart. K.C.B. 4, Somer- set-street Doyle, Uev. Thomas, London-road, Southwark Drake, John, Esq. Back Hall, Bristol Drake, Sir Thomas Trayton Fuller Eliott, Bart. Nutwell Court, near Exeter Drax, J. M. S. E. Esq. Charboro' Park, near Blandford, Dorset. 2 Copies Dreury, Jno.jun. Esq. Ashbourne-road, Derby Drew, Benjamin, Esq. Bermondsey Drew, Henry, Esq. 6, Nelson-square Drew, J. W. Esq. Southampton Drew, Simcoe, Esq. the Grange, Devon Drew, Thomas, Esq. St. Christopher's Dring & Fage, Messrs. 20, Tooley-street Drinkald, John, Esq. Trinity-square, Tower Driver, Mr. R. Southampton Driver, Richard, Esq. Leeds Driver, S. W. Esq. Ferncombe, Godalming Drummond, H. Home, Esq. of Blair Drum- mond, 128, Prince's-street, Edinburgh Drury, Mr. J. Bookseller, Gainsboro'. 5 Copies Diyden, — , Esq. Leith Drysdale, Mr. A. Vulcan Steamer, Liverpool Drysdale, Wm.C.Esq. 102, Leadenhall-st. Dubbins, Mr. Edw. Regent Cottage, Brighton DUBLIN, Right Hon. the Lord Mayor of (Arthur Perrin, Esq.) Dublin, Royal Society of Duboulay, Thos. Esq. Charlton, near Don-, head, Wilts Duckworth, Ellice, Esq. 42, Spring-gardens, Manchester Dudman, Capt. Jos. H.C.S. Charlton, Kent Duff, J. Gordon, Esq. 13, Harley-street Duff, A. Esq. Advocate, 25, Charlotte-square, Edinburgh Duff, T. A. Esq. 25, Melville-st. Edinburgh Duge, C. J. Esq. 43, Princes-st. Rotherhithe Duke, Dr. Patrick, 13, Great George-street Dumaresq, Wm. Esq. Pelham-place, Alton Dumbleton,Thos. Esq. 13, UpperWimpole-st. Dumernil fils, P. Esq. 66, Rue de la Vicomte Rouen Dumfries Subscription Library Dunbar, John, Esq. Limehouse DUNCAN, Right Hon. the Lord Viscount Duncan, Captain, R.]V. Park-terrace, Black- heath Duncan, George, Esq. Dundee Duncan, Henry, Esq. 9, Cornwall-terrace Duncan, Mr. James, Bookseller, Paternoster- row. 2 Copies Duncan, Mr. Matthew, 50, Gordon-st. Glasgow Duncan, Peter, Esq. Peter-st. Dundee Dunckner & Humblot, Messrs. Booksellers, Berlin. 6 Copies Duncombe, Lady Louisa, 23, Cavendish-sq. Duncombe, Thomas Slingsby, Esq. 3,1. P . 13, Arlington-street, Piccadilly Duncombe, Hon. Wm. M.P. 23, Cavendish- square Dundas, Hon. Robert, Somerset House Dundas, Rear-Adm. Sir Thos. K.C.B. Albion- place, Reading Dunlop,C. Esq. M.P. Talcross,Port Glasgow Dunlop, Henry, Esq. Craigton, Glasgow Dunlop, J. Esq. M. P. Dumfries Dunlop, James, Esq. Port Glasgow Dunn, Mr.G. Eldon-sq. Newcastle-upon-Tyne Dunn, Mr. T. 6, Saville-place, Newcastle- upon-Tyne Dunnett, Wm. Esq. King-street, Manchester Dunston, John, Esq. Karsfield, Devon Durance, Mr. Wm. 1, Norfolk-place Durand, P. Esq. Taunton LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. LXXVII D' Urban, Capt. W. J. 25th Regt. Newport, near Exeter D'Urban, Capt. W. D. R.N. Warminster DURHAM, Right Hon. the Earl of DURHAM, Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of Durham Rev. the Dean and Chapter of — Subscription Library Dun-ant, George, Esq. Norwich Dyke, Rev. H. Hinton Rectory, near Brackley Dyke, P. H. Esq. Lullingstone Dykes, James, Esq. Port Glasgow Dysart, Wm. Esq. Mile End Hall, near Stock- port Dyson, Rev. Erancis, Tidworth, Wilts Dyson, Colonel T. F. Manchester-square Dyson, Thos. Esq. Diss, Norfolk Dyson, Thos. Esq. Downham-market, Norfolk E. Eade, Mr. Matthew H. Redruth Eadson, Saml. Esq. 16, Newmarket-buildings, Manchester Eagle, Thomas, Esq. Redcross-street Eagle, William, Esq. Block House, Gravesend Earnshaw, John, Esq. Hull EAST INDIES, Honourable COMPANY of Merchants Trading to. 40 Copies Easton, Mr. John, Brunswick Dock-master;. Liverpool Eastwood, Joshua, Esq. Meltham Eastwood, Samuel, jun. Esq. Huddersfield Ebsworth, G.T. Esq. Clare Hall, Cambridge Eccles, Mr. W. Bookseller, Woodstock Echam, Thomas, Esq. Cork Eckstein & Son, Messrs. 13, High Holborn Ecroyd, Mr. Benjamin, Bradford, Yorkshire Eddowes, Mr. John, Bookseller, Shrewsbury. 4 Copies Ede, Mr. R. B. Bookseller, Dorking. 4 Copies Eden, J. Esq. Mount Pleasant, Liverpool Eden, Rev. John, 8, Gloucester-place, Clifton Eden, Ralph, Esq. Clerk to the Pnvy Seal, 26, Abingdon-street Eden, Hon. & Rev. W. Beaksbourne, Kent Edgell, H. Esq. 13, South-square, Gray's Inn. EDINBURGH, Rt.Hon. the Lord Provost of EDINBURGH, Rt. Hon. the Lord President of the Court of Session ■ , Solicitors Library of Edleston, Mr. Thomas, Cambridge Edmeades, W. Esq. Nursted, Kent Edmed, James, Esq. Gravesend Edmeed, Jedediah Kerie, Esq. St. Christo- pher's Edmonds, Charles, Esq. Change-alley Edmonds, Christ. Esq. Bridge-st. Southwark Edmonds, Mr. A. Booksllr. Shiffnal. 3 Copies Edmonds, Mr. W. Sittingbourne, Kent Edmonstone, C. Esq. Trinity Coll. Cambridge Edwards, Capt. Richd. R.N. Ringwood, Hants Edwards, Mr. E. Oswestry Edwards, G. Esq. Halifax Edwards, H. Esq. 53, Tavistock-square Edwards, J. Esq. 36, Portman-pl.Edgeware-rd. Edwards, J. B. Esq. Southwold, Suffolk Edwards, James, Esq. Oswestry Edwards, Mrs. M. Rhuabon Edwards, Sam. C. Esq. Long Ashton, Bristol Edwards, T. G. Esq. 8, York-ter. Regent's-pk. Edwards, Mr. Thos. H .M. Steam Packet Office Edwards, T. L. Esq. Trinity Coll. Cambridge Edwards, Mr. Wm. Bookseller, Ave Maria-la. 2 Copies Egan, Rev. J. Cork Egan, T. S. Esq. Caius College, Cambridge Egerton, F. T. Esq. Roche Court, VVilts Egerton, Mr. Thos. Bookseller, Charing-cross Egginton, John, Esq. Hull Ekins, Vice-Adm. Sir C. K.C.B. Bishop- steignton, Devon Elderton, Edward, M. Esq. 40, Queen-square Eldrid, Edward, Esq. Fore-street, City Elkins, Alfred, Esq. Eoley-pl. Portland-place Elkins, John, Esq. 59, Newman-street Elkins, Mr.W. H. Bookseller, 85, Lombard-st. 2 Copies Ellerman, Charles F. Esq. Consul-General for Hanover, Antwerp Ellice,Capt. A. R.N. H.M.S. Ocean,Sheerness Ellice, Rt. Hon. Edw. M.P. 3, Cleveland-sq. Ellin, Thomas, Esq. Sheffield Eliinthorpe, J. S.Esq. 65, Brook-st. Chorlton- on-Medlock, Manchester Elliot, Hon. Captain George, R.N. Elliot, Hon. Henry, Trinity Coll. Cambridge Elliot, Lieut. -Col. Barley House, Plymouth Elliott, Rev. John, Minister, Peebles Elliott, Mr. Ashford Elliott, Mr. William, Speenhamland, Berks Ellis, Charles, Esq. 25, Sbho-square Ellis, Mr. Henry, Exeter- Ellis, J. Esq. Barming, near Maidstone Ellis, J. Esq. Wateringbury, Kent Ellis, Mrs. 52, Connaught-terrace Ellis, R. Esq. 4, Fitzwilliam's-square, Dublin Ellis, Samuel, Esq. Stock Exchange Ellis, Mr. William, 34, Old Steyne, Brighton Ellis, Wynn, Esq. M.P. 30, Cadogan-place Ellison, J. Esq. 2, Four Yards, Manchester Ellison, Michael, Esq. Sheffield Ellswood, A. Esq. Bungay, Suffolk Elmslie, Mrs. Epsom, Surrey Elrington, Major J. H. Tower of London Elson, John, Esq. Bodmin Elton, Chas. A. Esq. 6, Prince's-bdgs. Clifton Elton, Capt. H.R.]V. Lower-crescent, Clifton Elton, John, Esq. Redland, Bristol Elton, M. E. Esq. Widworthy Court, Devon Elwes, Dudley, C. C. Esq. Stoke Bishop, Glos. Elwes, J. H. Esq. Christ Church, Oxford EUvin, W. Esq. Caius College, Cambridge Emery, Miss Sarah, Glastonbury Emery, Mr. St. Neots Emly, Henry, Esq. 2, Middle-Temple-lane Enderby, Mrs. Charles, Blackheath. 2 Copies England, Rev. Dr. Stafford, Dorset Ensor, Edmund, Esq. 125, Oxford -street ERROLL, Right Hon. the D. Countess of ERSKINE, Rt.Hon. Lady Augusta. 2 Copies Erskine, Mrs. Bromley, Kent Erskine, Right Hon. Thos, 1, Cumberland-pl. Essell, George, Esq. Rochester Essington, Wm. Esq. Malvern, Worcestershire Estcourt, Rev. E. W. Newnton Rectory, near Tetbury Estcourt, T. H. S. B. Esq. New Park, Devizes ESTERHAZY, His Highness the Prince Estridge, George, Esq. St. Christopher's Etty, Walter, Esq. 31, Lombard-street Euston, Mr. William, Rochester Evans, Capt. Geo. R.N. 2, Wilton-crescent Evans, Charles, Esq. Brown-street, Manchester Evans, David, Esq. Bank, Merthyr Tydvil Evans, Edw.jun.Esq.Basseterre,St.Christphr's Evans, H. P. Esq. Noyadd Evans, Hugh Robert, Esq. Ely, Cambridge Evans, J, Esq. 13,Tooke's-court, Chancery-la. Evans, Mr. John, Mortimer-st. Cavendish-sq. Evans, Mr. Josiah, Aberystwith . 2 Copies Evans, Rev. John, A.M. Whitchurch, Salop Evans, John M. Esq. St. Christopher's Evans, Mr. M. Booksllr. Newport, Monmouth Evans, Samuel, Esq. Mary's-gate, Derby Evans, Thomas, Esq. Glastonbury Evans, Thos. Esq. 60, Cannon-st. Manchester Evans, William, Esq. 41, Grosvenor-place Evans, Wm. Esq. M.P. Allestree, near Derby Eveleigh, Samuel, Esq. 1, Plymouth-grove, Manchester Everard, James, Esq. Lowestoft, Suffolk Everard, Rev. Edw. D.D. the Wick, Brighton Everest, J. B. Esq. Bodmin Everett, B. Esq. Warminster, Wilts Everington, William, Esq. 10, Ludgate-hill Everitt, William,. Esq. Catton, Norfolk Every, Sir H. Bart. Egginton Hall, near Derby Every, J. Esq. Old Park, near Dover Ewart, John, Esq. Exchange-alley, Liverpool Evving, Sir K. Wm. Blylhewood-sq. Glasgow Ewing, Mr. R.John-Wood Steamer, Liverpool EXETER, Most Noble the D. Marchioness of Ladies' Book Club Public Select Library Eyles, Mr. George, Speenhamland, Berks Eyres, W. Esq. Leeds Eyson, P.B.Esq. 5, Ardwick-green, Manchster F. Faber, Chas. W. Esq. 89, Chancery-lane Fagg, Thomas, Esq. 14, Wilmington-square Fagg, R. Esq. Wilmington-square Fairbain, P. Esq. Park-square, Leeds Fairbairn, John, P2sq. Newcastle-upon-Tyne Fairbarn, Win. Esq. Manchester Fairbroiher, P. Esq. 17, Gracechurch-street Fairclough, Wm. Esq. Tabley-st. Liverpool Fairrie, John, Esq. Church-lane, Whitechapel Faith, G. Esq. 36, Mincing-lane Faithful, Hy. Esq. Ship-streel, Brighton Faithfull, E.C. Esq. 5, King's-rd. Bedford-rw. Falconer, A. Esq. Falconer Hall, Edinburgh Falconer, Arch. Esq. Provost of Port Glasgow Fallows, John, Esq. Stone, Staffordshire FALMOUTH, Right Hon. the Earl of Falmouth Public Library Fancourt, Major, M.P. 1, Old Palace-yard Fane, Capt. J . H. R.N. Green Park-buildings, Bath Faraday, Mr. Robt. 114, Wardour-street, Soho Farebrother, Chas. Esq. Alderman of London Farmer, Thos. W. Esq. 79, Borough Farnabv, Rev. Sir C.Bart. Wickham Court, Kent FARNBOROUGH, Right Hon. Lord Farquhar, James, Esq. Woburn-place Farr, Fred. Wm. Esq. Beccles, Suffolk Farr, W. Esq. Carno, Montgomeryshire Farrand, F. Esq. Almonbury, Huddersfield Farrand, Robt. Esq. 3, Park-street. 2 Copies Farrer, Jas. Wm. Esq. 7, John-st.Berkeley-sq. Farrer, Wm. Esq. Saham, Norfolk Farrer, Wm. L. Esq. 66, Lincoln's-inn-fields Farrow, Samuel, Esq. Diss, Norfolk Fauke, W. Esq. Great Winchestei-street, Tor- rington-square Faulkner, Mr. B. Anglesea Hotel, Gosport saTISTB fiUfel-1" -■ fcJIJI' KtMMKM VA8~!UI MW^JJ-.iligmUH.mWAAaJfeJ !jl 1 SI It J : I IK! U ii LXXVIII Fauntleroy, R- Esq. 2, Paragon, New Kent-rd. Fauntleroy, Mr. Robt. Bookslr. Leadenhall-st. Favell, Edward, Esq. Cambridge Fawcett, R. M. Esq. Cambridge Fayle, Rev. R. Wareham, Dorset Fearnall, Wm. Esq. Union Dock, Limehouse. 3 Copies Fearne, Joseph, Esq. Angel-court Fearns, Miss, Acorn Bank, Westmorland Featherstone, W. Esq. 17, Vere-street Fector, J. M. Esq. M.P. Kersney Abbey, near Dover Fedden, Olgar, Esq. Merrywood Hall, Bristol Feilden, Rev. — , Langley, near Derby Fell, M. E. Esq. Mitcham, Surrey Fell, Rev. H. F. Cloudesley Parsonage, Is- lington Fell, Jacob, Esq. Huddersfield Fell, M. E. Esq. Mitcham, Surrey Fellowes, Capt. Thos. R.N. Bradford Leigh, Wilts Fellowes, Hon. Newton, M.P. Bryanston-sq. Fenn, Joseph, Esq. Newgate-street Fenn, Mr. Rob. Bookr. Charing Cross. 4 Copies Fennell, Rev. Samuel, B.D. Queen's College, Cambridge Fenton, Captain Thomas Charles, Chepstow Fenton, Jas. C. Esq. Huddersfield Femvick, John, Esq. North Shields Ferguson, Col. 48, Wilton-crescent Ferguson, Captain James, Ship Henry Hoyle, Liverpool Ferguson, J. Esq. Carlisle Ferguson, John, Esq. 10, Cooper-st. Manchstr Ferguson, Gen. Sir R. C. M.P. G.C.B. 5, Bolton-row Ferguson, Joseph, Esq. Abbey-street, Carlisle Fergusson, David, Esq. 15, Hutchinson-street, Glasgow Fergusson, Right Hon. R. Cutlar, M.P. 17, Great Cumberland-street Fernie, Joseph, Esq. Leadenhall-street Ferrand, W.Esq. Harden Grange, near Bingley FERRARD, Right Hon. Lord Viscount Ferrier, J. Esq. Port Glasgow Ferrier, R. E. Esq. 18, Park-ter. Regency-pk. Ferris, John, Esq. Pydar-street, Truro Ferris, Rich. Esq. 10, Richmond Hill, Clifton Festing, Capt. H. Parkstone, near Poole, Dorset FEVERSHAM, Right Hon. Lord Few, Chas. Esq. Henrietta-st. Covent-garden Few, Robert, Esq. Doughty-street Ficklin, T. T. Esq. Cambridge Field, John, Esq. Throgmorton-street Fielden, J. Esq. M.P. 5, Peel-st. Manchester Fielding, Messrs. George & G. H. Hull Fielding, Rev. Hy. George-street, Manchester Fielding, James, Esq. 6, New Cannon-street, Manchester Fiftieth Regiment of Foot, Library of Figgins, Vincent, Esq. West-st. Smithfield Filmer, Sir E. Bart. East Sutton Park, Kent Finch, Chas. jun. Esq. Cambridge Finch, Mr. W. Rochester Finch, W. Esq. Corpus Christi Coll. Cambridge Findlay, R. S. Esq. Virginia-bldgs. Glasgow Finlay, Alex. S. Esq. 8, St. Helen's-place Finlay & Co. Messrs. 2 Copies Finlay, Kirkman, Esq. Queen-street, Glasgow Finnie, Archibald, Esq. Kilmarnock Finnis, T. Q. Esq. 79, Great Tower-street Firmin, Mr. P. V. 153, Strand I LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Firth, James F. Esq. Guildhall Fisher, D. Esq. O.S.C. 15, Forth-st. Edinb. Fisher, Edw. Esq. Longxoyd Bridge, Hud- dersfield Fisher, Francis, Esq. Jesus Coll. Cambridge Fisher, Capt. J. R.N. Harbour-master's-office, St. Catherine's Fisher, J. T. Esq. Otto Wells, Huddersfield Fisher, Jas. Esq. Great Yarmouth Fisher, John, Esq. Park Villa, Charlotte-street, Bristol Fisher, Rev. G. J. Winfrith Rectory, Dorset Fisher, Mr. T. M. 22, Tib-lane, Manchester F1TZCLARENCE, Lord Frederick Fitzgerald, Rear Admiral, 26, Park-st. Bath Fitz Gibbon, Hon. Col. R. H. M.P. 44, Bel- grave-square FITZMAURICE, Lord Henry P. Trinity College, Cambridge FITZWILLIAM, Right Hon. the Earl of. 2 Copies Fitzwilliam, Hon. George Wentworth, Trinity College, Cambridge Fitzwilliam, Hon. W. T. S. Wentworth, Trinity College, Cambridge Flack, C. J. Esq. Cavendish-bridge, Derby Flack, Edward, Esq. Fall-street, Derby Fleck, Hugh, Esq. Basseterre, St. Christopher's Fleischmann, Mr. C. A. Bookseller, Munich Fleeming, Vice- Admiral, Hon.C. E. Sheerness Fleming, Jas. P. Esq. 62, Miller-st. Glasgow Fleming, Thos. Esq. Broughton View, Man- chester Flesham, P. F. Esq. Kent-street, Manchester Fletcher, A. Esq. 6, Blythewood-sq. Glasgow Fletcher, Mr. A. Redbridge, near Southampton Fletcher and Co. Messrs. Paternoster-row Fletcher, Chas. Esq. Gloucester Fletcher, Captain, E. C. 1st Life Guards, 18, Sussex-place, Regent's-park Fletcher, J . Esq. 6, New Broad-st. Manchester Fletcher, Jas. Esq. 6, New Brown-street Fletcher, John, Esq. Shiffnal Fletcher, John Henry, Esq. Surveyor-General, Post Office, York Fletcher, Jos. Esq. Union Dock, Limehouse. 3 Copies ■ Fletcher, Robt. Esq. Ashley Lodge, Mont- pelier, Bristol Flew, John, Esq. Clear Mount, Weymouth Flood, C. Esq. Bramble Hill, Honiton, Devon Flood, John, Esq. Grace-street, Leeds Flood, J. D. Esq. 42, Tothill-st. Westminster Flooks, J. H. Esq. The Mount, near Wilton, Wilts Flower, Henry, Esq. 4, King's-arms-yard Flower, Rev. Mr. York FOLEY, Right Hon. Lord Fooks, T. B. Esq. Dartford, Kent Footner, Wm. Esq. Romsey, Hants Forbes, Sir Chas. Bart. 9, Fitzroy-square Forbes, David, Esq. Douglas, Isle of Man Forbes, G. Esq. 2, Mansion-house-place Forbes, George, Esq. West Coates, Edinburgh Forbes, J. H. Esq. Golder's Hill, Hampstead Forbes, Sir J. Stuart, Bart, of Pitsligo, Green- hill, Edinburgh Ford, Mr. W. Wolverhampton Ford, Rich. Esq. Heavitree House, near Exeter Forder, Robt. Esq. 4, Bugle-st. Southampton Forester, Dr. Rich. F. Abbott's Hill, Derby Formby, Rev. J. Frinsbury, Kent Forrest, Sir Digory, Exmouth, Devon Forrest, Mr. James, 23, Old Burlington-street Forrester, G. Esq. Vauxhall Foundry, Livrpool Forshall, Rev. J. F.R.S. British Museum Forster, G. Esq. Alderman, Forth, Newcastle- upon-Tyne Forster, James, Esq. 64, Old Broad-street Forster, Rev. J. Crescent, Leicester Fort, Lawrence, Esq. High-st. Manchester Fortescue, Hon. Geo. WeareGifFord, Devon Fortescue, T. Esq. Exeter College, Oxford Fortescue, Wm. Esq. Smithfield-bars Fortescue, W. Esq. Christ Church Coll. Oxford Forth, Henry, Esq. Bridgewater-buildings Foster, Aug. Esq. Warmwell House, Dorset Foster, Rev. A. Kingston, near Taunton Foster, Lieut. G. Commander H. M. Packet Lapwing, Falmouth Foster, John, Esq. Town Hall, Liverpool Foster, Mr. James, 10, Culver-street, Bristol Foster, Mr. John, Kirby Lonsdale. 7 Copies Foster, Rich. Esq. 3, Bedford-square Foster, Richard, jun. Esq. Cambridge Foster, Thos. Esq. Town Hall, Liverpool Foster, Capt. W. Schooner Tampico, Liverpool Foster, William, Esq. Lanwithan, Cornwall Foulkes, Edw. Esq. Star-yard, Manchester Fowler, Jas. Esq. 3, Lincoln's-inn-fields Fox, Alfred, Esq. Falmouth Fox, B. Esq. Chestnut Lodge, near Horsham Fox-, Dr. Brislington, near Bristol Fox, Dr. Edw. Long, Brislington, Somerset Fox, E. Berkley, Esq. 33, Montague-place, Bedford-square Fox, George C. Esq. Falmouth Fox, Mr. Hy.57, Falkner-street, Manchester Fox J. Elliott, Esq. 40, Finsbary-crescent Fox, Rev. Dr. John, Provost of Queen's Col- lege, Oxford Fox, Lieut.-Col.ilf.P. Addison-rd. Kensington Fox, Mr. Richard Gott, Bradford, Yorkshire Fox, Robert Weare, Esq. Falmouth Fox, Rev.Thos. H. L. Hinton St. Mary, Dorset Fraland, Mr. James, 56, Wilson-st. Glasgow Francis, Charles L. Esq. Wandsworth-road Francis, Henry, Esq. Monument-yard Francis, Robert, Esq. Canterbury Francis, Samuel, Esq. Norwich Frankland, Sir Robt. Bart. Thirkleby Park, Yorkshire Franks, John, Esq. 16, Warwick- ct. Holborn Fraser, Rev. Wm. St. Christopher's Fraser, J. F. Esq. 15, Eaton-pl. Belgrave-sq. Fraser, Gen. Sir John, K.G.H. Campdenllill Fraser, Mr. Thos. 63, New Bond-street Fraser, W. R. Esq. Trinity Coll. Cambridge Frazer, Alex. Esq. Plymouth Frederick, Lieut.-Col. 52, Berkeley-square Freeling, Sir Francis, Bart. F.R.S. Post Office Freeman, H. L. Esq. R.N. Dublin Castle Freeman, John, Esq. Leamington-priors Freeman, John, Esq. Gaines, near Worcester Freeman, Spencer, Esq. Stowmarket, Suffolk Frend, Richard, Esq. Mayor of Canterbury Frend, Wm. Esq. 31, Upper Bedford-place, Russell-square French, G. Esq . Hawkhurst, Kent French, J. M. Esq. F.R.A.S. Friend, John, Esq. Birchington, Kent Fripp, W. Esq. Alderman, Cote House, Bristol Frolich & Besch, Messrs. 11, Hanover-street, Hanover-square Froost & Sons, Messrs. Nemarwket-lane, Manchester LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. LXXIX Frost, John, Esq. 11, Wood-street, Cheapside Frost, Messrs. Jos. & Isaac, 62, St. John's- square, Clerkenwell Fry, Edmund and Son, Messrs. 4, Bishops- gate-st. within Fry, Joseph James, Esq. Gloucester Fry, Mr. Bookseller, Tunbridge Frye, Rev. Dr. descent House, Brorapton Fryer, Chas. Esq. Cattistoke, Dorset Fryer, F. W. Esq. Wimbourne, Dorset Fryer, John, Esq. Chatteris, Cambridge Fryer, Mr. Thomas, Northwich Fryer, Thos. Chatteris, Cambridge Fulcher, Rich. Esq. Bungay, Suffolk Fuller, T. Esq. Stony Knolls, near Manchester Fuller, Captain W. S. R.N. Brighton Fuller, Mr. John, Dunmow, Essex Fullerton, John, jun. Esq.Wellesbourne, War- wickshire FULLORTON, Right Hon. Lord John, Edin- burgh Fullwood, B. Esq. 24, Somerset-place, Hoxton New Town Funge, Mr. John, York-pl. City-road Furley, R. Esq. Ashford, Kent Furley, Robt. Esq. 17, Vere-street Fyfe, Captain, R.N. 7, Albany-st. Edinburgh G. Gaddum, F. E. Esq. Pool-street, Manchester Gadsby, John, Esq. Water-la. Manchester GAGE, Right Hon. the Lord Viscount Gage, Hon. W. Westbury House, Alton Gaitskell, Lt.-Col. 29, Regency-sq. Brighton Galbraith, H. A. Esq. Surgeon, Royal Asylum, Glasgow Gale, E.Morant,Esq.Upham,Bishop'sWaltham Gale, John Pariah, Esq. Bouverie-st. Fleet-st. Galley, Thomas, Esq. Back-square, Mancheser Galioway, Alexander, Esq. West-street, West Smithfield Galpine, Mr. Lymington, Hants Galton, J. II. Esq. Hadzor House, Worcestrsh. Gandell, Edward, Esq. 10, Lombard-street Gandell, George, Esq. 10, Lombard-street Ganthony, R. P. Esq. Kennington Common Garden, Mr. R. 302, St. Vincent-st. Glasgow Gardiner, C. W. Esq. Coombe Lodge, Oxon Gardiner, Rev. Dr. 10, Paragon-buildings, Bath Gardiner, L. Esq. High-street, Manchester Gardiner, R. Esq. Pall-mall, Manchester Gardner, Rev. Dr. Lawrence, Sansaw, near Shrewsbury Gardner, Mr. Henry, Sandwich Gardner, Mr. Hereford Gardner, Robert, Esq. Pall-mall, Manchester Gare, Mr. Samuel, Chard, Somersetshire Garey^E. B. Esq. G, Upper Islington-terrace, Pentonville Garland, Captain J. G. R.N. Leeson House, Isle of Purbeck, Dorset Garland, Major John, K.H. Quatre-Bras Cot- tage, Muckleford, Dorset Garland, N. Esq. Epsom, Surrey Garlick, Joseph Prince, Esq. Leeds Garmeson, Mr. J. Bookseller, 9, Temple-st. Whilcfriars Garnett, Mr. W. Bradford, Yorkshire Garnett, Robt. Esq. St. James-sq. Manchester Gamier, Rev. Thos. Close, Winchester Garniss, Mr. John, Queen's Dock, Liverpool Garrard, Thomas, Esq. Chamberlain of Bristol Garratt, John, Esq. Bishop's-court, near Exeter Garratt, Mrs. 23, Royal-crescent, Bath Garrett, P. Esq. Douglas, Isle of Man Garry, Nicholas, Esq. 14, Stratton-st. Piccadilly Garwood, Thomas, Esq. Wells, Norfolk Garwood, William, Esq. York Gaselee, Right Hon. Mr. Justice, Montagu-pl. Gaskin, Rev. T. M.A. Jesus Coll. Cambridge Gates, R. Esq. Bramley, Surrey Gatliff, William, Esq. Leeds Gatton, J. Howard, Esq. Hadgor House, Wor- cester. High Sheriff Gavaron, Theodore, Esq. 27, Tavistock-square Gay, J. Esq. 2, Queen-street, South wark-bridge Gaywood & Longworth, Messrs. 13, Grafton- street, Fitzroy-square Gee, Joseph, Esq. Cottingham, near Hull Gee, Robert, Esq. Hollywood, near Stockport Gell, Philip, Esq. Hopton Hall, near Wirk- worth, Derbyshire Geltenes,J. Esq. Pembroke Coll. Cambridge Geneste, Rev. Max. West Cowes George, Alfred, Esq. Kingston Villa, Clifton George, Mrs. Ann, Chepstow. 6 Copies George, Chris. Esq. Abbott's Leigh, Bristol George, John, jun. Esq. 192, Regent-street George, Spark, Esq. Kirkstall, Leeds Gerber, Wm. Esq. At Messrs. Rhomer, Bro- thers, & Co. Back George-street, Manchester Ceroid, Mr. C. Bookseller, Vienna Gerrard, J.H. Esq. D.C.L. Principal of Bristol College GEYMULLOR, Baron Henry V. Gibb, Mr. II. W. Crown-street, Liverpool Gibbes, Charles, Esq. 66, South Audley-street Gibbins, B. Esq. Neath, Glamorganshire Gibbins, Mr. John, Settle,Yorkshire. 5 Copies Gibbons, J. Esq. 19, Goree Piazzas, Liverpool Gibbons, Sir J. Bart. Stan well-pl. Middlesex Gibbs, Edward, Esq. 32, Fenchurch-street Gibbs, G. H. Esq. 11, Bedford-square Gibbs, James, Esq. Bath Cottage, Clifton Gibson, Sir A. C. Maitland, Bart. Charlotte- square, Edinburgh Gibson, Mr. Charles, Royal Oak, Ashford Gibson, Edw. Esq. Mayor of Hull Gibson, Mr. Francis, Saffron Walden Gibson, J. Esq. Leazes-ter. Newcastle-on-Tyne Gibson, John, Esq. Laboratory, Stratford Gibson, N. Esq. 13, Saville-row, Newcastle- upon-Tyne Gibson, R. Esq. Beckenham, Kent Gibson, Thomas, Esq. Theberton House Gibson, Mr. W. G. Saffron Walden Gibson, Wood, Esq. Pool fold, Manchester Giddy, Captain Charles, R.N. Penzance Gidoin, Rev. J. L. 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Rose Hill, Bolton Hicks, Benjamin, Esq. Bolton, Lancashire Hicks, Francis, Esq. 25, St. John's Wood-rd. Hicks, Mr. George, Wilson-street, Glasgow Hicks, Mr. W. R. Bodmin Hickson, R. Esq. Christ Church, Oxford Higginbotham, Mosley W. Esq. Stockport Higginbottom,Joseph, Esq. Ashton-under-Lyne Higgins, J. G. Esq. Worcester Coll. Oxford Higgins, W. Esq. Mount Pleasant-square, Manchester Higginson,E.B. Esq. Saltmarshe, Herefordshire Higgs, Mr. Samuel, Penzance Higham, Geo. Esq. Huddersfield Higham, Mr. L. J. Booksllr. 58, Chiswell-st. Highbury Book Society Highmore, N. Esq. Sherborne, Dorset Hignett, Mrs. Ruth, Lambert-st. Liverpool Hiley, Chs. Esq. Planefield, nr. Poole, Dorset HILL, Right Hon. Gen. Lord, G.C.B. G.C.H. Hill, Edward, Esq. Water-street, Manchester Hill, Henry, Esq. St. James's-place Hill, Jas. Esq. Wisbeach, Norfolk Hill, Capt. Jno. Smack Greyhound, Liverpool Hill, Mr. John, Hill's Hotel, Charing-cross Hill, Sir Rowland, Bart.M.P. Hawkstone Hill, Capt. Thos. R.N. Greenhithe, Kent Hill, Capt. Thomas, Ship Home, of Glasgow, Liverpool Hill, Mr. Wm. Ship Corinthian, Liverpool Hill, William, Esq. Guild ford -street, Leeds Hillary, SirWm. Bait. Fort Ann, Isle of Man Hillhouse, George, Esq. Alderman of Bristol Hillier, T. S. Esq.Woodhouse,Wolverhampton Hills, E. Esq. Angel-terrace, Islington Hills, Mr. Osborne, Bow, Middlesex Hills, R. R. Esq. Norwich Hills, Walter, Esq. Chatham Hillyar, Sir James, 17, Montagu-square Hillyer, Mr. P. Thos. Royal Marine Library, Ryde Hilton, Thos. Esq. Bank-st. Manchester Hinde, John, Esq. Sittingbourne, Kent Hindle, Rev. Joseph, Gravesend Hindley, Charles, Esq. M.P. Dukinfield Hindley, Robt. Esq. Salford, Lancashire Hindmarsh, Luke, Esq. Treasurer of Alnwick Library Hird,Capt. R.N. Park -row, Greenwich Hislop, Lt.-Gen. Sir T. Bart. G.C.B. Charlton Hitchcock, G. Esq. 8, Watling-street Hitchcock, H. W. Esq. Stock Exchange Hitchcock, Mr. John, 13, Cork-street, Bur- lington-gardens Hitchcock, Samuel, Esq.Brown-st. Manchester Hoare, Chas. Esq. Luscombe, Dawlish Hoare, Henry Arthur, Esq. Fleet-street Hoare, Peter Richard, Esq. 37, Fleet-street Hobbs, Wm. Esq. Church-st. Manchester Hoblyn, Thos. Esq. F. R.S. Treasury Hobson, C. Esq. 1, Gordon-pl. Tavistock-sq. Hobson, J. Esq. Trinity College, Cambridge Hobson, J. Esq. Royal Exchange-sq. Glasgow Hobson, Jos. T. 11, Church-street, Liverpool Hobson, Dr. Richard, Leeds Hobson, R. Esq. St. James's-sq. Manchester Hocking, Richard, Esq. Penzance Hockings, Capt. Robert, R.N. Lymington Hodge, Joseph, Esq. Truro Hodge, R. M. Esq- Bosvigo Cottage, Truro Hodges, Benj. G. Esq. Distillery, Church- street, Lambeth Hodges, C. O. Esq. Lower Harley-pl. Clifton Hodges, Thos. Law, Esq. M.P. Hempsted Park, Kent Hodgkinson, Jno. Esq. 213, Upper Thames-st. Hodgson, Mr. J. Bookseller, Belfast. 5 Copies Hodgson, Mr. H.Bksllr. Wimpole-st. 6 Copies Hodgson, Rich. Esq. 10, Salisbury-st. Strand Hodgson, Samuel, Esq. Print-st. Manchester Hodgson, Mr. Thos. Prince's Dock Master, Liverpool Hodgson, T. Esq. Trinity College, Cambridge Llodgson, W. N. Esq. Carlisle Hodnett, W. Esq. St. Christopher's Hoffman, Mr. Robert, 426, Strand Hogarth, Rev. J. H. D.C.L. 52, Brompton-row Holam, Mr. Henry, Ship Great Britain Holchief, H. Esq. Geo. Washington, Liverpool Holden, Mr. Preston, Lancashire Holden, Mr. John, Ogle, Bolton Holditch, Rev.H. M.A. CaiusColl. Cambridge Holdridge,Capt. John, Ship General Williams, Liverpool Hole, Richard, Esq. Daisy Bank, Manchester Holehouse, S. Esq. F.R.A.S. 3, Chailton-cres. Islington IIoll, John, M. Esq. Kenwith Lodge, Devon HOLLAND, Right Hon. Lord Vassall Holland, C. D. Esq. Caius Coll. Cambridge Holland, E. B. Esq. Marsden-sq. Manchester Holliday, Rev. E. Chaplain of Plymouth Yard Hollier, Mr. Hy. Bookseller, 62, Judd-st. Hollingsdale, Mr. R. Stroud, Kent Hollingworth, John, Esq. Bexley, Kent Hollingworth, John, Esq. Maidstone Holman, John, Esq. Folkestone Holman, Joseph, Esq. Folkestone Holman, Thomas, Esq. Folkestone Holmes, Henry, Esq. Everton, Liverpool Holmes, John, Esq. High Bailiff of Southwark Holmes, Wm. Esq. 3, Lyon's-inn, Strand Holmes, W. Esq. West Grove, Halifax Holroyd, J. jun. Esq. Ripponden, Huddersfield Holroyd, Rev. John, Leeds Holroyd, Joseph, Esq. Grove House, Leeds Holroyd, R. Esq. Bridgewater-pl. Manchester Holroyde, E. Esq. Lower Millgate, Manchester Holt, John, Esq. Back Mosley-st. Manchester Holy, George, Esq. Sheffield Holyland, T. Esq. 32, Cannon-st. Manchester LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Lxxxnr HOME, Right Hon. the Countess of Homersham, Mr. George, Canterbury Honridge, Sam. G. Esq. 1, Middle Temple-la. HOOD, Right Hon. Lord Viscount Hood, Jacomb, Esq. BardonPark,Leicestershr. Hookey, Francis, P. Esq. Hookh'am, Mr. T. Bookseller, 15, OldBond-st. Hoonden, J. D.Esq. Messrs. Hoare's, Fleet-st. Hooper, Jas. Esq. 168, Upper Thames-street Hooper, John, Esq. Poole, Dorset Hope, Dr. Charles, Moray-place, Edinburgh Hope, H.T. Esq. M.P. Duchess-st.Portlnd-pl. Hope, R. W. Esq. Maize Hill Hopes, William, Esq. Bank, Macclesfield Hoperaft,Mr. P.Croughton-flds.nearBrackley Hopkinson, James, Esq. Halifax Hopps, J. Esq. 11, Brunswick-place, Leeds Hordern, A. Esq. OxleyIIouse,Wolverhampton Hordern, H. Esq. Dunstall, Wolverhampton Horn, II. G. Esq. 7, Heathcote-street, Meck- lenburgh-square Horn, Mr. Jonathan, Barnard Castle Home, — ■ Esq. St. Ann's-square, Manchester Home, Edw. Esq. Mersey Hotel, Liverpool Home, Geo.L. H. Esq. 2, Lincoln's-inn-fields Hornidge, Sam. G. Esq. 1, Middle Temple-la. Horsfall, Chas. Esq. Everton, Liverpool Horsfall, John, Esq. Hanover-square, Leeds Horsman, VV. Esq. 2, Anslie-pl. Edinburgh Hose, Mr. J. C. True Sun Office, Strand Hosking, Wm. Esq. F.S.A. Berner's-street Hoskins, James, Esq. Gosport Hoskyns, Sir Hungerford, Bart. Weymouth Hough,Mr.C.Bookseller, Monmouth. 9 Copies Houghton, George, Esq. London-rd, Leicester Houghton, J. R. Esq. 2, Eavl-st. Blackfriars Houldsworth, Hy. Esq. Nevvton-st. Manchestr Hovel, C. Esq. Canterbury Hovell, Thos. Esq. 5 Houses, Upper Homert on Howard, C. Esq. Albion-bldgs. Manchester Howard, D. Esq. Portsea Howard, F. Esq. Portsmouth Howard, Mr. Hen. Falcon Inn, Waltham-cross Howard, John William, Esq. 5, Mincing-lane Howard, John, Esq. Leeds Howard, Mr. T. St. Martin's-ct. Leicester-sq. Howard, T. Esq. Granchester, near Cambridge Howard, Thos. Esq. Heme Hill Howard, Wm. Esq. Portwood, Stockport, near Manchester Howarth, Mr. T. Booksllr. Knutsford. 3 Copies HOWE, Right Hon. the Earl Howe, Joseph, Esq. Coventry Howe, J. A. Esq. St. Christopher's Howe, Randal, Esq. Howell, J. Esq. 10, Charles-st. St. James's Howell, John, Esq. Queenhithe Howell, Mrs. Sophia, Neath. 4 Copies Howes, H. Esq. Caius College, Cambridge Howman, Mrs. Beccles, Suffolk Howman,Rev.A.E.Shiplake,Henley-on-Tbms. Howse, G. Esq.Upper North-pl. Gray's-inn-rd. Hoyle, Jas. Esq. 21, Fountain-st. Manchester Hubbard, James, Esq. Leeds Hubbersty,J.L. Esq. Queen's Coll. Cambridge Hudson, Mr. Hy. Wheeler-street, Cambridge Hudson & Nicholson, Messrs. Booksellers, Kendall. 4 Copies Hudson, Joseph, Esq. 132, Oxford-street Hudson, T. Esq. Camilla Lacy, near Dorking- Hudson, W. B. Esq. 27, Haymarket Hudson's Bay Company, Fenchurch-street. 6 Copies Hughes, Horatio, Esq. Aberystwith Hughes, Mrs. Acton House Hughes, Mr. Robert, Bookseller, Richmond, Surrey. 3 Copies Hughes, Robt. jun. Esq. 46, Fountain-street, Manchester Hughes, Thos. Esq. Musselburgh Hughes, VV. II.Esq. M.P. Ryde, Isleof Wight Hughes, Wm. Esq. 35, Queen-square Hugo, Samuel, Esq. Truro Hulbert, Robt. S. Esq. Basingstoke Hulkes, J. Esq. Hermitage, near Rochester Hull, Col. William, Wimbledon. 6 Copies Hull, Miss Hannah, Uxbridge Hull, The Corporation of Mayor and Bur- gesses of. 2 Copies Corporation of the Trinity House of Lyceum Library Mechanics' Institute Subscription Library Hulle, Jacob, Esq. 28, Lawrence Poultney-la. Hulme, Wm. Esq. 25, Market-st. Manchester Hulton, A. E. Esq. Trinity Coll. Cambridge Hulton, F. Esq. Runcton, near Lynn, Norfolk Hulton, Mrs. Preston, Barnfield, Southampton Humble, Francis, Esq. Durham. 15 Copies Humble, Mr. Michael, Woodside, Liverpool HUMBOLDT, Baron Alex. Prussian Embassy Hume, Rev. C.J. Meonstoke Rectory, Hants. 2 Copies Hume, Gilbert Langdon, Esq. Corpus Christi College, Cambridge Hume, Dr. John Robert, 9, Curzon-street Hume, J. Esq. Seagate Hume, J. D. Esq. 15, Russell-square Hume, John, Esq. Dublin Humphrey, R. P. Esq. Thorpe Mandeville, near Banbury Humphrey, Captain, Hull Humphreys, J. Esq. Market-st. Manchester Humphreys, R. Esq. Ivy House, Chippenham 3 Copies Humphris, Wrm. Esq. 51, Leather-la. Holborn Hungerford, R. B. Esq. Cork Hunt, George, Esq. Southampton Hunt, John, Esq. Ducie-place, Manchester Hunt, Joseph, Esq. Newcasile-under-Lyne Hunt, T. H. Esq. Mam head Parsonage, Devon Hunt, Rev. Thos. Felton, Oswestry Hunt, Wm. Esq. jun. 23, Blenheim-ter. Leeds Hunt, Wm. Andrews, Esq. East India House Hunter, A. Esq. 5, North David-street, Edinburgh Hunter, Adam, Esq. Leeds Hunter, David, Esq. Blackness, Dundee Hunter, Mr. David, Dundee Hunter, Jameson, Esq- 110, Fenchurch-street Hunter, Dr. R. North Hanover-st. Glasgow Hunter, Mr. Rowland, Bookseller, St. Paul's Churchyard Hunter, Samuel, Esq. Herald Office, Glasgow Hunter, Thos. Esq. Wrearmouth Walk, Bishop Wearmouth Hunter,William, Esq. 14, Exchange-st.-East, Liverpool Huntingford, G. W. Esq. New Coll. Oxford Huntington, Miss, Hull Hurle, J. Esq. King's Parade Cottage, Clifton Hurst, John, Esq. Clapham-road Hurst, J. C. Esq. Dartford, Kent Hurst, Robert Henry, Esq. M.P. Horsham Hurt, C. jun. Esq. Wirksworth, Derbyshire Husenbeth, Chas. Fredk. Esq. St. James's-sq. Huskisson, Capt. R.N. Governor of Greenwich Asylum 12 Hustler, Wm. Esq. Verulam-bldgs. Gray's-inn Hutchings, Charles, Esq. Sherborne, Dorset Hutchins, E. J. Esq. Dowlais, Merthyr Tydvil Ilutchins, Rev. Wm. Winnifred House, Bath Hutchins, Wm. Esq. Battersea Hutchinson, Captain 'E.R.N. 7, Grove-road, Lisson-grove Hutchinson, Dr. Francis, Westgate-street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hutchinson, Richard, Esq. Leeds Huth, Frederick, Esq. Hutt, William, Esq. M.P. 54, Conduit-street Hutton, John, Esq. Maske, Yorkshire Hutton, William, Esq. Gate Bruton, near Gainsborough Hutton, W. M . Esq. 5, Larkhall-lane, Clapham Hyde, C. J. Esq. 3, Southampton-pl. New-rd. Hyde,Geo. Esq. 3, Melburg-terrace,Dorset-sq. Hyde, George, Esq. Norwich Hyde, Mr. W. H. Bookseller, Newcastle, Staf- fordshire. 4 Copies Hyder, W. Esq. Canterbury Hyndman,J. B. Esq. Trinity Coll. Cambridge. 2 Copies I. Ibbetson, Mrs. 37, Wilton-crescent Ichuster, Leo, Esq. 50, Spring-gardens, Man- chester Iggulden, John, Esq. Doctors'-commons Ilbert, Wrm. Roope, Esq. Horswell House, near Kingsbridge, Devon Hey, Mr. M. Bookseller, Somerset-st. Port- man-square. 2 Copies Ilderton, Robert, Esq. Lemington Hall Ilderton, Sanderson, Esq. Lemington Hall [ Ing, Mrs. Martha, Mount Pleasant Ingham, Robert, Esq. M.P. Westoe Ingle, John, Esq. Stonehouse, Devon Ingle, Thomas, Esq. Lynn Regis, Norfolk Ingleby.C.Esq. Anstwick, nr.Settle,Yorkshire Inglis, Henry, Esq. Edinburgh Ingpen, E. Esq. 27,Burton-st. Burton-crescent Ingram, E. Esq. Town Mailing, Kent Ingram, G. Esq. Cranbrook, Kent Ingram, Rev. Dr. James, President of Trinity College, Oxford Ingram, Mr. John, 29, City-road Innes, Captain, Mill-hill, Middlesex Ipswich literary Institution IRELA;.D,RightHon.theLordChiefJusticeof Ireland, W. Esq. Aldermanbury Irving, John, jun. Esq. New Broad-street Irving, W. R. Esq. Trinity College, Cambridge Isaacs, Elias, Esq. 51, St. Mary Axe Isaacson, Harvest, Esq. Monmouth Isaacson, Mr. J. 23, Bury-st. St. Mary Axe Isaacson, Rev. J. M.A. St. John's College, Cambridge Isherwood,John, Esq. Irwell-place, Broughton, near Manchester Islington Literary and Scientific Society Ismay, Mr. Wigton Ivalt, Mr. Thomas, jun. George Inn, Cotten- ham, near Cambridge Ives, Mrs. Catton, Norfolk. J. Jack, Rev. Archibald, Tynemouth Jackson, Captain, R.N. Milford Jackson, Charles, Esq. Doncaster Ill Jackson, Mrs. Eliz. 4, Regent's-pl. Regent-sq. Jackson, Mr. G. Booksllr. Hastings. 2 Copies Jackson, J. S. Esq. District Bank, Manchester Jackson, J. P. Esq. 1, Auburn-st. Manchester Jackson, Messrs. J. & J. Booksellers, Louth. 5 Copies Jackson, Rich. Esq. Parliament-st. Hull Jackson, Robt. Esq. Burmantofts Grove, Leeds Jackson, Win. Esq. 8, Church-lane, Liverpool Jackson, William G. Esq. Wisbeach, Norfoik Jackson &Co. Messrs. Booksellers, St. Paul's Church-yard, 2 Copies Jacob, Ebenezer, Esq. M.P. 14, Manchester- buildings Jameeson,Mr. R. 186, St.Vincent-st. Glasgow James, Rev. Edward, Vicarage, Alton James, Mr. F. Duke's Head,"ltochester James, Henry, Esq. Trinity Coll. Cambridge. James, Hoskin, Esq. Town Clerk of Truro James, Captain Joseph, R.N. Exeter James, James, Esq. Stroud, Kent James, Mr. Jameson, Leith James, Lieut. R. B. R.N. Commander of H.M. Packet Spey, Falmouth James, Robert, Esq. Glastonbury James,W.B. Esq. 3, Gloucester-place, New-rd. James, W. B. Esq. Brunswick-square, Bristol James, Wm. Tice, Esq. Glastonbury James, W. T. Esq. R.N. John's Coffee-house James, William, Esq. Maidstone Jameson, John, Esq. Edinburgh Jameson, James, Esq. Leith Jamieson, R. Esq. 32, Argyle-street, Glasgow Janes, John, Esq. Stock Exchange Janson, U. H. Esq. PennsylvaniaPark, Exeter Jardine, Sir Henry, Knt. 123, Prince's-street, Edinburgh Jarrold & Son, Messrs. Booksellers, Norwich. 2 Copies Jarvis,L. W. Esq. Lynn Regis, Norfolk Jaulerry, Gerard, Esq. 15, King's-arms-yard Java Sourabaya Book Club Jebb, R. Esq. Chirk, Denbighshire Jefferson, W. B. Esq. Ballaholt, Isle of Man JEFFERY, Right Hon. Lord, Edinburgh Jeffery & Son, Messrs. Booksellers, 4, Pall-mall Jeffrey, Mr. W. R. Ashford, Kent Jemmett, William, Esq. Ashford, Kent Jenkins, Alfred, Esq. Trewergie, Redruth Jenkins, C. E. Esq. 13, Great Prescot-street Jenkins, George, Esq. Thames Ditton Jenkins, James, Esq. Chepstow Jenkins, Rev. William, Vicar of Sidmouth Jenkins, Henry, Esq. Sidmouth, Devon Jennard, William, Esq. Kemp Town, Brighton Jenner, H. Esq. 1, Chesterfield-street Jennett, Mr. T. Bookseller, Stockton-on-Tees Jenney, W. Esq. Newton Hall, King's Newton, Derby Jennings, G. Esq. Dover Jennings, George, sen. Esq. Buckland Jennings, J. Esq. Evershot, Dorset Jephson, C. D. O.Esq. M.P. Mallow Castle, Mallow Jerningham,Hon.E.S.Esq.9,SouthAudley-st Jermngham, Hon. H. V. S. M.P. 11, Gros- venor-street Jervis, Edward, Esq. Christ Church, Oxford Jesse, Jos. Abbott, Esq. Princess-st. Manchester Jessop, E. Esq. Storekeeper, Royal Dock-yard, Devonport Jessopp, Francis, Esq. Wardwick, Derby Jevons, Thcs. Esq. Tabley-street, Liverpool Jew, Mr. Thos. Booksllr. Gloucester. 3 Copies LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Jewsbury, T. Esq. Market-street, Manchester Jobling, John, Esq. 4, Eldon-pl. Newcastle- on-Tyne Johnes, J. Esq. Dolecothy, Carmarthenshire Johns, Edward, Esq. Penryn, Cornwall Johnson, Mr. Edward, Croydon Johnson, George, Esq. Addenbrock's Hospital, Cambridge Johnson, Henry, Esq. 39, Crutched-friars Johnson, J. Esq. Liverpool Johnson, Mr. J. Bksllr. Sidney-st. Cambridge Johnson, Dr. Jas. Physician Extraordinary to the King, 8, Suflblk-pl. Pall-mall Johnson, James, Esq. High-street, Manchester Johnson, Mr. James, Tudor-stieet Johnson, Mr. James, Skylark Revenue Cruiser, Milford station Johnson, Prior, Esq. Aldborough, Suffolk Johnson, R. Esq. Bute Iron Works, Merthyr Tydvil Johnson, S.Esq. Downing College, Cambridge Johnson, Thos. Esq. St. Ann's-sq. Manchester Johnson, Thomas, Esq. Alderman of London Johnston, Dr. N.J. Suffolk-place Johnston, James, Esq. of Straiton Johnston, R. Esq. 10, Upper Thames-street Jolifife, C. Esq. Alderney Cottage, near Poole, Dorset Jolliffe, W. E. Esq. Southampton Jones, A. Esq. Kirk Ella, Hull Jones, Arthur, Esq. 13, Judd-place, East Jones, C. Chadwicke, Esq. Mitre-ct. Temple Jones, C. K. Esq. Downing Coll. Cambridge Jones, D. E. Esq. 46, S;ilisbury-sq. Fleet-street Jones, Eden Thos. Esq.ThorntonVilla, Clifton Jones, Edw. Esq. 3, Dale-street, Manchester Jones, Mr. Edward, Pendre, Holywell Jones, Mr. Edward, 157, Strand Jones, Francis, Esq. 5, Ludgate-hill Jones, II. Esq.York-st. Cheetham, Manchester Jones, Mr. Hugh, Beaumaris Jones, Rev. H. Wynne, Llansantfraid Jones, Rev. H. A. M.A. Magdalen College, Cambridge Jones, Col. Sir J. T. Bart. Royal Engineers Brighton Jones, J. Esq. Friar-gate, Derby Jones, J. Esq. New Cross, Wolverhampton Jones, James, Esq. Bradford-st. Birmingham Jones, Mr. Jasper, Bookseller, Shrewsbury Jones, John, Esq. Stock Exchange Jones, John, Esq. 44, Portland-place Jones, John, Esq. Oswestry Jones, John, Esq. Brecon Jones, Mr. John, Portsea Jones, Rev. M. W. Ospringe, Kent Jones, W. Esq. Great Russell-st. Bloomsbury Jones, Rich. Esq. 17, Juvenal-street, Liverpool Jones, Capt. Theobald, R. N. Jones, Captain Thomas, Liverpool Jones, Lieut. Thomas, R. N. 2, Duchess-street Jones, Mr. T. Saville place, Leicester-square Jones, Thos. Esq. F.R. A.S. Charing-cross Jones, Thomas Carr, Esq. 15, Cooper's-rovv Jones, W. Esq. Hayle-place, near Maidstone Jones, Mr. Walter, 15, High-street, Islington Jones, Warren Willar, Esq. B.A. Caius Coll. Cambridge Jones, Mr. William, Rhayader, South Wales. 2 Copies Jones, William, Esq. Market-st. Manchester Jones, William, Esq. Cardiff Jones, William, Esq. Oldham Jones, William, Esq. Crosby-square Jortin, J. Esq. Charlotte-street, Bedford-square Joule, Benjamin, Esq. Salford Jowett, J. Esq. Mayor of Ashton-under-Lyne Jowett, Miss, Biadfbrd, Yorkshire Joy, H. II. Esq. 11, Gt. Queen-st.Westminster Joy, John, Esq. Cheam, Surrey Joy, William, Esq. Northwold, Norfolk Joyce, Mr. F. Southampton Joyce, Miss Helen, Hampstead Judd, William, Esq. Curzon Lodge, Old Brompton Judge, James Bourne, Esq. Ramsgate K. Kalm, Mr. Von, Gentleman of the Chase, Court of Brunswick KAROLYE, Count George, Vienna KAROLYE, Count Stephen, Vienna Kaslake, J .W. Esq. Magdalen Coll . Cambridge Kay, Alexander, Esq. Provost of Dundee Kay, Charles, Esq. Woodhouse-lane, Leeds Kay, Robt. B. Esq. Friars Hill, Sussex Kay, Samuel, Esq. Ashton Kearney, J. Cuthbert, Esq. Garrett's Town Kearney, Major, Queen's Bays, Norwich Keasberry, Edward II. Esq. Fifehead, Dorset Keay, James, Esq. 130, Prince's-st. Edinburgh Keeling, Wm. Esq. M.A. St. John's College, Cambridge Keeling, G. Esq. 6,NewCannon-st. Manchester Keen, W. Esq. Canterbury Keene, Charles, Esq. 102, New Bond-street Keene, S. B. Esq. 7, Great Coram -street Keene, Thomas, Esq. 6, Garlick-hill Kekewich, Samuel Trehawke, Esq. Peamore, near Exeter Kelland, P. Esq. Queen's College, Cambridge Kelly, Thomas, Esq. Alderman of London Kelly, Wm. Esq. Monte Cassino, Isle of Man Kelsey, F. J. Esq. 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Adelphi Keppel, Hon.T. R. R.N. 1, James-st. Adelphi Keppel, Lieut. J&s.R.N. 1, James-st. Adelphi Ker, John Bellenden, Esq. Southampton Ker, John, Esq. 127, Brunswick-st. Glasgow LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. IXXXV Ker, Thos. C. Esq. 11, Furnival's-inn Ker, W. jun. Esq. 5, Covent-garden, Liverpool Kerfoot, Tho. II. Esq. 9, Bread-st. Cheapside Kernot, Price, & Co. Messrs. Commercial-road, Limehouse. 2 Copies Kerr, Arch. Esq. 18, Glassford-street, Glasgow Kerr, John, Esq. 2, Uoyal-cres. Edinburgh KERR, Hon. Lord Mark Kerr, Mr. W. Bookseller, Duke-st. Manches- ter-sq. 2 Copies Kerr, Niven, Esq. 4, Great Winchester-street Kerr, P. Esq. Marsden-square, Manchester Kerrick, Richard Edward, Esq. Cambridge Kerry, Mr. Richard, 20, Cork-street Kerschner, J. Esq. 16, Wilmington-square Kershaw, E. N. Esq. Catton Hall, Lichfield Kershaw, James, Esq. High-street, Manchester Kershaw, Rev. John, Maidstone Kershaw, Mrs. Park-place, Leeds Kettlewell, W. Esq. Clapham, Surrey Key, Jonathan H. Esq. 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Glasgow Lang, David, Esq. 37, Virginia-street, Glasgow Lang, Owen, Esq. Woolwich Dock-yard Langdale, C. Esq. 9, Newton-ter. Kennington Langdale,Hon. C. M.P. 20, Sackville-street Langley, H.Esq. Dover Langston, J. H. Esq. M.P. 143, Piccadilly Langton,Capt. E. Gore, St. George's, Bristol Langton, Col. Gore, M.P. Grosvenor-square Langton, John Bicknell, Esq. Ilerne-hiU Langton, Zachary, Esq. 6, Bedford-row Lankester, Thomas, Esq. Bewdley Lapworth, Mr. R. Bookseller, Stratford-on- Avon. 8 Copies Large, Mr. W. H. 12, Castle-square, Brighton Larkins, Capt. Thomas, Quendon, Essex Lascelles, Hon. Henry, 14, Hanover-square Latham, W. Esq. 8, St. Ann's-street, Liverpool La Touche, David Charles, Esq. Dublin Latter, Edwd. A. Esq. 51, Ship-st. Brighton Latter, R. B. Esq. Bromley, Kent Launceston Public Subscription Library Laurie, Sir Peter, Knt. Alderman of London Laurie, Mr. R. H. Bookseller, 53, Fleet-street. 3 Copies Lavender, Mr. Barton House, Ropley, Hants Laver, Mr. C. 38, Speldhurst-st. 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Melville-place, Glasgow Leeds Literary Institution New Subscription Library Philosophical and Literary Society Leefe, J. E. Esq. Trinity College, Cambridge Lees, Adam, Esq. Aid wick, Manchester Lees, J. Esq. Stamford-crescent, Ashton- undei-Lyne Leescombe, E. R. Esq. Christ Church, Oxford Leese, Jos. jun. Esq. Aidwick, Manchester Leeson, Robert, Esq. Dawlish, Devon Le-Feuvre, W. Esq. Mayor of Southampton Lefevre, Chas. S. Esq. M.P. 35, Eaton-place Le Geyt, Mr. Ceorge Wm. Jersey. 4 Copies Legg, S. Esq. 2, Great Knight Ryder-street Legg, Thomas, sen. Esq. 230, Bermondsey Legg, Thos. Esq. Abbey House, Bermondsey Leggatt,H. Esq. Oakfield House, Worth, Sussex Legge, Hon. Admiral, Sir A, K. K.C.B. Blackheath Legge, Hon. Captain, Blackheath Legge, George, Esq. Ely, Cambridge Legge, Rev. Geo. 7, Kington-buildings, Bristol Legge, Hon. H. Dartmouth Grove, Blackheath Legge, Hon. and Rev. Henry, Blackheath Le Hunte, G. Esq. Trinity College, Cambridge Leigh, C. Esq. 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Sand- hill Park, near Taunton Lett, John, Esq. Brixton Rise Lett, Mrs. Mary, Mosley-street," Manchester Letton,Mr. George, White Lion Inn, Wisbeach Letts, Messrs. Booksellers, Royal Exchange. 13 Copies Levesque, P. Esq. 29, Guildford-street Levien, Edward, Esq. Stock Exchange Levien, John, Esq. Stock Exchange Levy, Mr. Charles, Rochester LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Lewin, R. H. Esq. March, Cambridge Lewin, Thomas, Esq. Bexley, Kent Lewis, D. Esq. 28, Artillery-pl.West Finsbury Lewis, D. B. Esq. Rochester Lewis, Frances R. Esq. 227, Gt. Ancoats-st. Manchester Lewis, Mr. J. 58, Gt. Russell-st. Bloomsbury Lewis, James, Esq. 27, Great Russell-street Lewis, Mr. Robert Lewis, Capt. T. Locke, R.E. Exeter Lewis, Mr. Thomas, J. Milford-haven Lewis, Rev. Thos. 15, Compton-ter. Islington Lewis, Thos. Esq. Foxdown,near Wellington Lewis, Thomas, Esq. 70, Baker-street Lewis, Thomas, Esq. 23, Park-street, Bristol Ley, Rev. Carrington, Bere Regis, Dorset Ley, James S. Esq. Durant House, Devon Leyland, Rd. 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The Lord Mayor (H, Winchester, Esq.) The Sheriffs of, and of Middlesex, (Mr. Alderman Harmer, and Mr. Alderman Wilson) The Recorder of (Hon. C. Ewan Law) The Chamberlain of (Sir James Shaw, Bart.) The Town Clerk of (H. Wood- thorpe, Esq. LL.D. F.S.A.) The Common Sergeant (J. Mire- house, Esq.) The Remembrancer of (Edward Tyrrell, Esq.) The City Solicitor (W. L. New- man, Esq.) Royal College of Surgeons of Assurance Company Institution King's College of Long, Peter B. Esq. Ipswich Long, Miss Tylney, Holmwood, Surrey Long, Walter, Esq. Preshaw House, Alresford Longdon, Robert, Esq. 32, Friar-gate, Derby Longlands, Henry, Esq. Charlton, Kent Longman & Co.- Messrs. Paternoster-row. 112 Copies Longe, Rev. Robert, Coddenham, Suffolk Loraine, W. Esq. Eldon-st. Newcastle-on-Tyne Lord, Mr. John, Church-row, Hampstead Losack, Mr. R. West Mailing, Kent Loswenborg, P. C. S. 1st Lieutenant Swedish Royal Navy, Carlskrona Lothian, T. Esq. 8, Chester-ter. Regent's-park LOVAINE, Right Hon. Lord Love, W. A. Esq. Downing Coll. Cambridge Loveday, Major-Gen. 13, Grosvenor-pl. Bath. Lovejoy, M». G. Bookseller, Reading. 5 Copies Lovejoy's Subscription Library, Reading Lovelace, Mr. John, Bookseller, 10, Munster- street, Regent's-park. 3 Copies Lovett, T. Esq. Fernhill Hall, Oswestry Low, — . Esq. Lyndhurst, Hants Low, Archibald, Esq. Portsea Low, Mr. S. Bookseller, Lamb's Conduit-st. 3 Copies Lowe, Rev. Thos. Hill, Precentor of Exeter Lowndes, J. H. Esq. 46, Pall-mall, Manchester Loyd, Edward, Esq. Bank, Manchester LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. LXXXVII Lucas, Charles, Esq. 21, Fenchurch-street Lucas, Matthew Prime, Esq. Alderman of London Lucas, R. G. Esq. University College, Oxford Lucas, Robert, Esq. 53, Lincoln's-inn-fields Luck, Richard, Esq. Rutland-street, Leicester Lukyn, R. Esq. Faversbam, Kent Lumb, Henry, Esq. Wakefield Lunnon, Mr. William Lupton, Thomas, Esq. Leeds Luscombe, S. Esq. Exeter Lushington, E. S. Esq. Trinity Coll. Cambridge Luxmoore, C. J. Esq. Rose-mount, Alphington Lyall, George, Esq. M.P. 17, Park-crescent Lyde, Lionel, Esq. 291, Regent-street Lyle,W. G. Esq. 10, Gt. James-st. Bedford-rw Lynch, John, jun. Esq. Tralee, Ireland Lynch, Nicholas J. Esq. St. Christopher's LYNDOCH, Right IIon.Genl. Lord, G.C.B. Lyne, L. S. Esq. 4, Old Broad-street Lyne, Thomas, Esq. Sevenoaks, Kent Lynn, Rev. James, Gad's-hill House, near Rochester Lynn, Watt, Esq. Sheffield Lynn, Wm. Esq. Waterloo Hotel, Liverpool Lyon, Rev. R. Sherborne, Dorset Lys, M. Esq. Ridgway, near Lymington LYTTELTON, Right Hon. Lord LYTTELTON, Right Hon. the Dowager Lady, Great Malvern, Worcestershire. 2 Copies M. Maaivil, Jas. Esq. Crown and Anchor, Fins- bury-pavement Mac Allister, Alex. Esq. 50, Brunswick-street, Glasgow Macallister, Mr. J. Queen's Court, Glasgow Mac Bride, Mr. Hugh, Master of Clarence Dock, Liverpool MACCLESFIELD, Right Hon. the Earl of Macclesfield, Library of Mac Culloch, James, Esq. Guernsey Macdonald J. Esq. Secretary to the Highlands' Society Macdonalds, — , Esq. 33, Abchurch-lane Mac Dougal, Monteith and Co. Messrs. Mexi- co, South America Mace, J. Ellis, Esq. Tenterden, Kent Macfarlane, Rev. Dr. Principal of Glasgow College Macfarlane, Major J. Frant, Sussex Mac Gibbon, Walter, Esq. 26, Glassford-street, Glasgow Macgowan, Dr. Edward, Exeter Macgregor, Walter, F. Esq, VauxhallFoundery, Liverpool MacHaffie, Wm. Esq.Tibb-street, Manchester Mac Haffies, Mr. Jas. 21, St. Andrew's-sq. Glasgow Mac Ilafries, Mr. Robt. 42, West George-st. Glasgow Machin, J. M. Esq. York Club, Waterloo-pl. Machkechnie, A. Esq. Hythe, Kent Mac Indoe, A. Esq. 125, Virginia-st. Glasgow Mac Intosh, C. Esq. Cross Basket, Glasgow Mac Intyre, D. Esq. 40, Dunlop-st. Glasgow Mackay, Captain, 6th Dragoons Mackay, T. H. Esq. St. John's Coll. Cambridge Mac Kay, Thos. G. Esq . 10, Walker-street Edinburgh MACKENZIE, Right Hon. Lord, Edinburgh Mackenzie, J. J. R. Esq. Trin. Col. Cambridge Mackenzie James A. Stewart, Esq. 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Peover Hall, Cheshire Mainwaring, Rev. Jas. BramboroPark, Cheshire Mair, John, Esq. 17, \ ere-street Maitland, Adam, Esq. of Dundrennan, Kirk- cudbright Maitland, Sir A. C. Gibson, Bart.Charlotte-sq. Edinburgh Maitland, E. F. Esq. 11, Bryanstone-square. 2 Copies Maitland, Rear-Admiral, Sir F. L. K.C.B. Portsmouth Dock-yard Maitland, Rev. Garlies, Monigaff, Newton Stewart Maitland, J. Esq. of Dundrennan, Kircudbright Major, Jas. Esq. Mayor of Folkstone, Kent Major, Wm. Esq. 266, Whitechapel-road Majoribanks, E. Esq. 34, Wimpole-street Makin, J. Esq. Broughton Mills, Manchester Makins, Charles, Esq. Woodhouse-la. Leeds Makinson, J. Esq. Market-street, Manchester Malbon, Jas. Esq. 3, Newcastle-st. Strand Malcolm, Jesse, Esq. 22, High-street, Hull Male, W. II. Esq. Comptroller of His Ma- jesty's Customs, St. Christopher's Malin, R. Esq. 80, Deansgate, Manchester Mallalieu, Mr. Wm. Bookseller, Merthyr Tydvil. 18 Copies Mallard, Peter, Esq. Stock Exchange Mallard, Wm. Esq. Clarence-pl. Kingdown, Bristol Mallcott, John, Esq. 12, Newgate-street M' Alpine, James, Esq. Leith, N.B. Mammatt, John, Esq. Ashby-de-la-Zouch Manbey, Wm. Esq. Stratford Manchester, Bloomsbury Reading-rooms ■ — ■ Exchange-street Library Newell's-bldgs, Reading Societ" • Peel-street, Book Society Portico Library, Mosley-street Subscription Library Mandell, Rev. B. D. Queen's Coll. Cambridge Manico, P. Esq. 11, Southampton-st. Covent- garden Manley, J. H. E. Esq. R.N. Brompton, Kent Mann, Jas. Esq. Norwich Mann, John Esq. 173, Aldersgate-street Mann, M. Esq. Church-st. Manchester Mann, Robt. Esq Great Bridgewater-street, Manchester Manning, Edward B. Esq. Lynn, Norfolk Manning, John, Esq. 2, Dyer's-bldgs. Holborn Manning, W. M. Esq. 11, King's-bench-walk, Temple Manning, Wm. Esq. 7, One Stone,Mile-end-rd. Manningford, Jno. Esq. Britol Mansell, Captain, R.N. Mansell, Capt. Thos. R.N. Guernsey Mansfield Subscription Library Manson, Dr. Alex. F.R.S. Nottingham Manton, Edward, Esq. Cheltenham MANVERS, Rt. Hon. the Earl of March, Joseph Ogden. Esq. Water-lane, Leeds Marchant, Mrs. Eliz. Gray's-place, Fulham-rd. Marcus, H. J. Esq. Leeds Mares, John, Esq. Mayor of Maidstone Markham, Rev. D. F. Canon of Windsor Markham, William, Esq. Col. 2d West York Militia, Becca Hall Markland, Capt. John Duff, R.N. Handley House, Woodcots, Dorset Marks, Mr. John, King's Cross, Gray's-inn-rd. Markwell, Mr. John, Long's Hotel, Bond-st. Marlborough Book Society Marmont, J. Esq. Horfield, Bristol Marples, Messrs. D. and Co. 65, Lord-street, Liverpool Marr, Jas. Esq. Surgeon, Saville-place, North Shields Marr, John Marshall, Esq. 43, Portland-place Marriott, J. C. Esq. Narborough, Norfolk Marriott, Mrs. Horsham, Sussex Marriott, Rev. W. M. S. Horsemanden, Kent Marryat, Mrs. Wimbledon House, Wimbledon Marsh, G. H. Esq. St. John's Coll. Cambridge Marsh, Mr. Bookseller, York. 2 Copies Marsh, Mr. Thos. Bookseller, York Marshall, Benjamin A. Esq. St. Peter's Coll. Cambridge" Marshall, Sir Chapman, Knt. Alderman of London Marshall, H. C. Esq. M.C. Cheltenham Marshall, Captain, J. R.N. Upnor, Kent Marshall, J. Esq. Water-lane, Leeds Marshall, J. jun. Esq. Water-lane, Leeds Marshall, J. G. Esq. Water-lane, Leeds Marshall, J. S. Esq. 11, New Brown-st. Man- chester Marshall, John, Esq. Elm, Cambridge Marshall, Lady, 43, Russell-square Marshall, Mr.M.H. 121, Princes-st. Edinburgh Marshall, P. Esq. Surgeon, Shepton Mallett Marshall, Mr. R. Alton, Hants Marshall, Thos. Esq. Fenny, Huddersfield Marshall, Capt. W. 20, Circus, Greenwich Marshall, Mr. Wm. 11, Green-ter. New River Head Marshall, Wm. Esq. Ely, Cambridge MARSHAM, Right Hon. Lord Viscount Marsham, Rev. G. Allington, Kent Marsham, Joseph, Esq. Fig-court, Temple Marsland, Henry, Esq. M.P. Stockport Marsland, Thomas, Esq. M.P. Stockport Marten, William, Esq. Bradford, Yoikshire M'Arthur, D. Esq. Park street, Bristol": Martin, Dr.A. Chatham Martin, Chas. Esq. 81, Rue Aux Ours, Rouen Martin, Ad ml. Sir G. G.C.B. 51, Berkeley-sq. Martin, Rev. George, Chancellor of the Dio- cese of Exeter XT V^JJEJ^ES »Y^« Vg~^g VJEiM^ -JHBULg ,1AL^hJL ^ in., !l. £ LXXXVIII Martin, J. A. Esq. Sidbrook, near Taunton Martin, R. Esq. 13, Bank Parade, Manchester Martin, Simon, Esq. Norwich Martin, Sir Roger, Bart. Burnham, Norfolk Martin, Ad ml. Sir Thomas Byam, G.C. B. K.S. Wimpole-street Martin, W. Esq. Norwich Martyn, Rev. Thos. W. Li ft on Rectory, Devon Martyr, James, Esq. Union Dk.-yd. Limehouse Marx, G. Esq. 81, Eaton-square Maskell, J. Esq. 34, Fore-street Mason, Hon. Mrs. Eastland Villa, Ryde, Isle of Wight Massey, Edward, Esq. Norwich Massingbend, Mrs. Beckingham, nr.Gainsboro' Masson, Jno. Esq. 5 Lime-street-square Master, Lieut. Col. W. E. Knowle Park, near Bristol Mather, Capt. R. Clayton-street, Liverpool Mather, Dr. 112, Irongate, Glasgow Mather, Mr. 99, Glassford-st. Glasgow Mathew, Dan. Byam, Esq. St. Christopher's Mathew, Nathaniel, Esq. Ixworth, Suffolk Matley, Richd . Esq. High-street, Manchester Matthews, J . Esq. Gravesend Matthews, Saml. Esq. 46, Cheapside Matthewson, Wm. Esq. 31, Rose-st. Glasgow Mauchant, Mrs. Elizabeth, 4, Gray's-place Maude, Edmund, Esq. 4, Harcourt-buildings, Temple. 2 Copies Maude, Hon. Capt. J. Ashley, R.N. C.B. 22, Arundel-st. Strand Maude, James, Esq. Kirkgate, Leeds Maude, J. M. Esq. 32, Gt. Winchester-street Maude, Captain William, R.N. 30, Abingdon- street, Westminster Maudslay & Co. Messrs. Westminster-road Maughan, Capt. W. Cheltenham Maul, G. Esq, University College, Oxford Maunsell, T. P. Esq. Thorpe Malsor, North- amptonshire Maus, J. jun. Esq. Huddersfield Maw, R. Stovin, Esq. R.N. Horton Lodge, Colnbrook, Bucks Maxwell, Rev. Geo. Ower Moigne, Dorset Maxwell, Marmaduke Constable, Esq. Terregles, near Dumfries Maxwell, Mrs. Kirkconnel, near Dumfries Maxwell, Peter, Esq. Beckford, Gloucestershire Maxwell, Robert, Esq. Charleville Maxwell, Sir W. Bart. Monreith, Wigton May, Mr. Thos. 49. Conduit-st. Bond-street May, Mr. W. 8, Prospect Cottage, Islington Maynard, ■ — . Esq. 32, Sackville-street MAYNARD, Rt. Hon. Lady, Easton Lodge Mayne.Capt. Charles Otway, R.N. 19, Hano- ver-terrace Mayne, Col. J. C.B. 31, Melville-st. Edinburgh Mayne, R. Esq. 42, Melville-st. Edinburgh Mayor, George, Esq. 2, Little Distaff-lane Mayor, Henry, Esq. 115, Upper-st. Islington Maze, Peter, Esq. Rownham Lodge, Bristol Maze, Peter, jun. Esq. Sheriff of Bristol M'Bean, Mr. Duncan, 187, Athol-pl. Glasgow M'Carthy, Alex. Esq. 4, Mountjoy-square East Dublin M'Clure, Mr. Jno. Peel-st. Manchester M'Coll, Dougald, Esq. St. Christopher's M'Culloch, A. Esq. Dumfries M'Culloch, J. Esq. Pierre Percee, Guernsey M'Culloch, Walter, Esq. 139, George-st. Edin M'Diarmid, Mr. J. Courier Office, Dumfries. 3 Copies M'Donald, Mr. James, 164,Hope-st. Glasgow LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. M'Donald, Capt. John, R.N. Lewisham M'Donald, Mr. Wm. 43, Miller-st. Glasgow M'Donnell, Capt. T. 8, Dorset-pl. Dorset-sq. M'Douall, Col. Robert, C.B. Stranraer, N.B. M'Dougald, Colonel, St. Christopher's M'Gregor, Alex. Esq. St. Christopher's Meadows, Dan. R. Esq. Burghersh House, Witnisham, Suffolk Mears, Thomas, Esq. Whitechapel Mears, Rev. Thos. Southampton Meares, George G. Esq. Cornwallis House, Clifton Mecham, Capt. Rodwell, Weymouth, Dorset Medcalf, Wm. Esq. 17, Hanging Ditch, Man- chester Medd, John, Esq. Stockport MEDWYN, Rt. Hon. Lord, Edinburgh ' Meek, James, Esq. Comptroller of Victualling Meeking, Charles, Esq. 62, Holborn-hill Meeson, Richd. Jas. Esq. Stratford Meeson, W. Esq. Stone, Staffordshire Meggs, Capt. G. Hyde Vale, Greenwich Meheux, John, Esq. 52, Hans-pi. Sloane-st. Meiklam, W. Esq. Corpus Christi College, Oxford Meikleham, Wm. Esq. 6, Maxwelton-place, Glasgow Mein, Mr. Alex. 42, Miller-st. Glasgow Meir, Mr. Henry, Bugle Inn, Newport, Isle of Wight Melander, F. Command er R.S. N. Carlskrona Mellburn, George, Esq. 13, Milman-street, Bedford-row Mellor, Edwin, Esq. Ashton Mellor, John, Esq. Ashton Mellor, J. Esq. 2, Hilton-street, Manchester Melmoth, J. P. Esq. Sherborne, Dorse Melvil, Robt. A. Esq. 110, Fenchurch-street MELVILLE, Rt. Hon. Lord Viscount Mendelsohn, J. Esq. Berlin Menzies, J. Esq. of Pitfodles, 24, York-place, Edinburgh Menzies, Sir Niel, Bart. Castle Menzies, Edinburgh Mercer, John, Esq. Maidstone Mercer, John, jun. Esq. Ramsgate Mercier, Francis, Esq. Stock Exchange Mercer, John, jun. Esq. Ramsgate Meredith, James B. Esq. 1, Heathcote-street, Mecklenburgh-square Mereweather, Sam. Esq. Corn-street, Bristol Merivale, J. H. Esq. 15, Woburn-place Merridew, Mr. H. Library, Coventry Merridew, Mr. J. Booksllr. Warwick. lOCopies Mestayer, Mrs. Reading, Berks Mester, C. H. Esq. St. John's Coll. Cambridge Metcalfe, William, Esq. Jesus Coll. Cambridge Metevier, C. Esq. 2, Richmond-hill, Clifton METTERNICH, His Highness the Prince Meux, Sir H. Bart. 19, Great Russell-street Mew, Mr. Henry, Newport, Isle of Wight Meyrick, Wm. Esq. Merthyr Tydvil M'Farlane, John, Esq. George-st. Manchester M'Gillivray, S. Esq. Hudson's Bay Company M'Gregor, Alex. Esq. Oxford-st. Liverpool M'Grigor, Sir J. Bart. M.D. F.R.S. 5, Berkeley-street Micklethwait, J. R. Esq. Rofherham, Yorksh. Mickleburgh, James, and Son, Messrs. Thanet House, Margate Michan, Mr. A. J. 51, Quadrant Michel, Rev. James, Sturminster Newton, Dorset Michell, Capt. J. Fred. R.N, Totness, Devon Michell, Edward, Esq. Truro M1DDLETON, Rt. Hon. Lord Middleton, Charles, Esq. Crawley Middleton,J. Esq. 6, Gloucester-row, Clifton Middleton, Mr. Wm. 168, George-st. Glasgow Miers, Capel, Esq. Neath Mildmay, Paulet St. John, Esq. M.P. East Gate House, Winchester Miles, Miss Eliza, Clifton, Gloucestershire Miles, Hy. Esq. 2, Middle Temple-lane Miles, Philip John, Esq. M.P. Leigh Court, Bristol Miles, Roger, Esq. Leicester Miles, Wm. Esq. M.P. 7, Hamilton-place Miles, Wm. Esq. 10, Dix's Field, Exeter Milward, George, Esq. Manor House, Lech- lade, Gloucester Milford, Samuel, Esq. Truro Mill. Sir Charles, Bart. Bury, Southampton. Mill, J. Esq. Lloyd's Coffee-house Millar, Robt. Esq. Cowgate Miller and Co. Messrs. 4, Broad-st. Bloomsb. Miller, Gorrell House, Barnstaple Miller, Horatio, Esq. Market-st. Manchester- Miller, Mr. John, jun. Library, Portsmouth Miller, John, Esq. F.L.Z. and H.S. Nursery Villa, Chfton Miller, John, Esq. Furnival's-inn Miller, Jos. Esq. 6, Brunswick-ter. Com- mercial-road Miller and Son, Messrs. Yarmouth, Norfolk Miller, Mr. Robt. George Inn, Southampton Miller, W. H. Commander of H. M. Revenue Cutter Active, Falmouth Millett, Chas.Esq.Bramdean House, Alresford Millett, John, N. R. Esq. Penzance Millett, Richard, Esq. Penzance Milliken, Messrs. Andrew & Son, Booksellers, Dublin. 34 Copies Millner, Mr. Gainsborough Mills, W. Esq. Cross-street, Manchester Mills, John, Esq. 12, Park-st. Grosvenor-sq. Mills, John, Esq. 14, Euston-square Mills, Lieut.-Col. Willington, near Durham Mills, Markham, Esq. Christ Church College, Oxford, and 36, Pulteney-street, Bath Mills, M. Thomas, Esq. Taunton Milne, II . C. Esq. Harcourt-buildings Milner, H. Esq. 3, Hysley Cross Milnes, Mr. Edward, Bradford, Yorkshire Milthorp Book Society MILLTOYVN, Right Hon. the Earl of Milward, Geo. Esq. Manor House, Lechlade, Gloucestershire Minet, Capt. Lewis, Delvidere, Frant, Sussex M'Innes, G. E. Esq. 4, Water-lane, Tower-st. MINTO, Right Hon. the Earl of M'lntosh. David, Esq 39, Bloomsbury-square M'lntyre, John, Esq. Brovvn-st. Manchester Mirehouse, John, Esq. Common Serjeant of London Missing, Richard, Esq. Tichfield, Hants Mitchel, Mr. John, Bookseller, 33, Old Bond- street. 4 Copies Mitchell, Mrs.JTusmore House, near Brackley Mitchell, Mr. Richard, Leicester Mitchell, Mr. Thomas, Bradford, Yorkshire Mitford, Robt. Esq. 34, Russell-square Mittis, 'ihomas, Esq. King's-road, Chelsea M'lver, D. Esq. 33, Water-street, Liverpool M'Kenzie, Miss C. 1, Castle-st. Edinburgh M'Laren, Mr. Hamilton, 20,Miller-st.Glasgow M'Leod, James, Esq. 75, Argyle-st. Glasgow M'Millan, Dr. Quinton, Milford M'Millan, Mr. T. 7, Stegman's-row, Islington M'Murdo, Colonel Bryce, Dumfries M'Murdo, Chas. Esq. High-street, Liverpool M'Murdo, D. Esq. Provan-place, Glasgow M'Naghten, Capt. R.N. 10, Bedford-row M'Namara, Hon. Mrs. Richmond, Surrey Moad, John, Esq. Grange, Wareham Moat, Thos. Esq. 1, Hamilton-pi. New-road Mocatta, Moses, Esq. Russell-square Moffat, Corn. Esq. Merton College, Oxford Moffat, John, Esq. Settle. Yorkshire Mqgg, John Jenner, Esq. West Park, Bristol Mohr, Mr. J. C. B. Bookseller, Heidelberg Moises, Hugh, Esq. Amble House, Alnwick Moleswoi'th,T. P. Esq. St. Austin's, Lymington Moline, R. Esq. 42, Lime-street Molineaux, Ths. Esq. Ancoats-cr. Manchester Molineux, C. Esq. Wolverhampton Molini, Mr. C. F. Bookseller, 14, Paternos- ter-row. 3 Copies Molini, Mr. Jos. Florence Molloy, James Scott, Esq. Dublin Molyneux, Edmund, Esq. Newsham House, Liverpool MONCRIEFF, Rt. Hon. Lord, Edinburgh Moncrieff, Hugh, Esq. Exchange-ct. Glasgow Money penny, Capt. T.Frezingham House, Kent Monins, R.E. Esq. St. John's Coll. Cambridge Monkhouse, Cyril J. Esq. 3, Craven-street MONSON, Rt. Hon. Lord Montagu, H. S. Esq. Somerset House Montefiore, H. J. Esq. Stock Exchange Monteith, C. G. Stewart, Esq. Abercromby- place, Edinburgh Monteith, Capt. Wm. Liverpool Monteith, Wm. Esq. 15, Hutchinson-st. Port Glasgow, N. B. Montgomery, Robert, Esq. Dublin Montgomery, William, Esq. Annick Lodge, Ayrshire Moody, Miss, Newmarket Moon, J. Esq. Cromford-court, Manchester Moor, Lieut. Philip, R. N. Collumpton, Devon Moore, John, Esq. Mayor of Plymouth Moore, — , Esq. Queen's College, Cambridge Moore, Ambrose, Esq. Milk-street Moore, Capt. Chas. RN. Aldburgh, Suffolk Moore, Charles, Esq. Yarmouth, Norfolk Moore, Rev. Charles, Penzance Moore, Jas. Esq. Bridge-street, Manchester Moore, Wm. Esq. Grimeshill, Westmorland Moore, James, Esq. Montague House, Bristol Moore, Mr. Jno. jun. Leicester Moore, Lieut. J. R.AT. Swanage Moore, Mr. Robt. Castle-street, Cambridge Moore, Rev. R. St. Giles's, Woodyates, Dorset Moore, Richard, Esq. Marine Parade Hotel Moore, Mr. Wm. Agent to the Londonderry Steam Packet Company Moore, Rev. William, Truro Moore, W. Esq. W'ychton Lodge, Staffordshire Moorhouse and Brown, Messrs. Hull Morcoin, Wm. Esq. Redruth Mordan, Mr. J. S.22£, City-road Mordaunt, Mr. A. Southampton More, Richard, Esq. Norwich Morgan, Chas. Esq. Ruperra, near Newport, Monmouth Morgan, David, Esq. Stratford Green, Essex Morgan, G. J. Esq. Ashford, Kent Morgan, H. M. Esq. Houghton Lodge, Hants Morgan, Richard, Esq. Old Market-st. Bristol Morgan, Thos. Esq. 1, Upper Seymour-street Morgan, Wm. Esq. 38, Princes-st. Bristol LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Morice, John, Esq. F.S.A. Upper Gower-st. Morland, W. A. Esq. Lamberhurst, Kent MORLEY, Rt. Hon. the Earl of ' Morley, Francis, Esq. Huddersfield MORPETH, Rt. Hon. Lord Viscount, M.P. Morphew, William, Esq. Sevenoaks, Kent Morrice, Wm. Esq. Eling, near Southampton Morris, Dr. Trevor-square, Chepstow Morris and Goulding, Messrs. Princes-street, Manchester Morris, Joseph, Esq. Bradford, Yorkshire Morris, James, Esq. 10, Portman-square Morris, Lady, Thames Bank, Great Marlow Morris, S. C. Esq. Burton- on -Trent Morris, T. Esq. Collector of Customs, Bristol Morris, V. Esq. Retreat, Battersea Morrison, Rev. A. A.M. Romsey, Hants Morrison, Mr. Duncan, 95, Hutchison-st. Glasgow Morrison, John, Esq. 76, Cheapside Morrison, J. W. Esq. F.R.S. Royal Mint Morrison, Capt. R. Liverpool Mortimer, Wm. Esq. Richmond-ter. Clifton Mortlock, Wm. Esq. Cambridge Morton, Colonel J. W. Ryde, Isle of Wight Morton, J. Esq. 23, Deansgate, Manchester Morton, John, Esq. Worcester Coll. Oxford Morton, Thos. Esq. Morton-pl. Kilmarnock Mosedale, Mr. Richard, Wrexham. 6 Copies Mosley, Charles, Esq. 63, Mount-pleasant. Liverpool Mosley, EliasJos. Esq. 5, Lord-st. Liverpool Mosley, Lewin, Esq. 62, Mount-pleasant, Liverpool Mosley, Richard, Esq. Piccadilly Mosman, Adam, Esq. 7, Prince Edwin-st. Liverpool Moss, John, Esq. Derby. Moss, George, Esq. St. Katharine's Mossop, Rev. Isaac, Smarden, Kent Mostyn, Sir Edw. Bart. Talacre, Flintshire Mott, Wm. Esq. Christ Church Coll. Oxford Mottershead, Mr. John, 8, Nile-st. Liverpool Moult, Thos. Esq. Bowker Bank, Manchester Mount, T. Esq. Saltwood, Kent Mountcastle, W. Esq. Market-st. Manchester MOUNT EDGECUMBE, Right Hon. the Earl of Mountford, Rich. Esq. Park House, Shiffnal Mountfort, Henry, Esq. Beamhurst Hall Mountain, Wm. Esq. Saracen's Head Inn, Skinner-street Mower, Geo. Esq. Woodseats, nr. Chesterfield Mowle, J. Esq. Earl of Roden Steamer, Liver- pool Moyse, Walter, Esq. Lynn, Norfolk M'Queen, Mr. W. H. 184, Tottenham-ct.-rd. M'Taggart, J. Esq. M.P. 22, Manchester-sq. M;Tear, Thos. Esq. 55,Falconer-st. Liverpool Muckleston, Mr. J". 44, Piccadilly Muir, Wrm. Esq. Leith Muirdie, Mr. Robt. 13, Montrose-st. Glasgow Muirl, Thomas, Esq. Ingram-st. Glasgow Mule, Mr. Secretary to the King of Denmark Muller, C. H. Esq. Norwich Miiller, Mrs. E. Farras, near Wimborne, Dorset Munday, Mr. R. Rochester Munday, Admiral George, Grosvenor-place Mundell, A. Esq. 37, George-st. Westminster .Vlunro, Mrs. Robert, 14, Bridge-st. Blackfrs. Munt, Mr. R. P. 36, Wood-street Murdock, Thos. Esq. F.R. and A.S. 8, Port- land-place IU LXXXIX Murdock, Wm. Esq. Port Dundas, Glasgow Murgatroyd, Mr. William, Bradford, Yorkshire Muriel, C. Esq. Wellington-street, Southvvark Muriel, John, Esq. Ely, Cambridge Murly, G. B. Esq. Langport, Somersetshire Murphy, Wm. Esq. Cork P^Iurray, J. Esq. jun. Ancot's-lane, Manchester Murray, James A. Esq. 13, Mecklenburg-sq. Murray, P. A. Esq. Virginia-street, Glasgow Murray, Robert, Esq. Port Glasgow, N. B. Musgrave, Thos. jun. Esq. Monkgate, York Musgrove, Miss Jane, Library, Manchester Muskett, Henry, Esq. Clippesby, Norfolk M'Vicar, John, Esq. Mosley-st. Manchester M'William, Robt. Esq. 12, Torrington-square Mylius, Henry, Esq. 3, Token-house-yard Nadin, J. jun. Esq. St. John's-st. Manchester Nairne, Rev. C. Great Chart, Kent Naish, H. B. Esq. Glastonbury Nail, Mr. George, Bookseller, Leek Napier, Professor Macrery, 39,Castle-st. Edin. Nares, Rev. Dr. Biddenden, Kent Nash, Dr. Worcester Nash, Mr. James, Cow-cross, West Smithfield Nash, Mrs. Slade, Worcester Nash & Son, Messrs. Booksellers, Tunbridge W'ells. 11 Copies Nason, Mr. Nuneaton Nattriss, Mr. Thomas, Wine-street, Bristol Naylor, George P. Esq. Sheffield Naysmith, Mr. Alex. 47, York-place, Edinb. Neale, F. J. Esq. Trinity College, Cambridge Neale, J. P. Esq. 26, Norfolk-street, Strand Neale, Mrs. Stoke, near Guildford Neale, T. T. M. Esq. L.L.B. Ipswich Neave, John, Esq. Dix's-fields, Exeter Neave, Mr.J.Fordingbridge, near Southampton Need, Mr. George, Nottingham Needham, C. jun. Esq. Mdk-st. Manchester Needham, John, Esq. Mdk-st. Manchester Needham, John, Esq. George-st. Manchester Neill, Mr. John, 25, Queen-street, Glasgow Nell, Wm. Esq. Bank Top, Manchester Nelthorp, J. T. Esq. Nuthurst Lodge, Sussex Nevill, Hon. and Rev. W. Birling, Kent Neville, Wm. Henry, Esq. Esher, Surrey New, Rev. Francis Thomas, Shepton Mallett Newall, — , jun. Market-st. Manchester Nevvall, Captain David Rae, H.E.I.C.S. 84 Gloucester-place, Portman-square Newall, Walter, Esq. Seagate Newark Clinton Arms Book Society ■ — Stock Library Newbould, Henry, Esq. Sheffield Newcastle-under-Lyneand Pottery Permanent Library Newcastle-upon-Tyne Literary and Philoso- phical Society Religious Book Club Trinity House of Newcombe, Capt. iJ.JV. 12, Queen-Chariotte road, New-road Newcombe, Mrs. Bloomsbury-square. 2 Copies Newdigate, F. Esq. Blackheath Newell, G.W. Esq. Holy port Green, near Mai- denhead Newenham, R.C.O. Esq. Dundanion House, Cork. 13 Copies Newhouse, J. Esq. Brunswick House, Huddrsfld Newington, S. Esq. Worcester Coll. Oxford ■'>^SSl* VJU5JJ VX^J .WPAA^i,llgWsfeA»ikfe^w^ 9 i! )J YM - ■ fiiif xc Newman, Henry Wenman, Esq. Thornbury- pavk, Gloucestershire Newman, Robert W. Esq. Mamliead, Devon Newman, Wm. Esq. Darley-hall, near Barns- ley, Yorkshire Newman, W. L. Esq. Guildhall Newman, and Co. Messrs. Booksellers, 32, Leadenhall-street. 2 Copies Newmarsh, George B. Esq. Hull Newnham, H. Esq. Farnham, Surrey Newton, Edmund, Esq. Norwich Newton,J.P.Esq.Stagwood-hill,Huddersfield Newton, James, Esq. Stockport Newton, John, Esq. South Lambeth Newton, W. Esq. 13, Chester-ter. Regent's-pk. Niccolls, R. Esq. Crumpwell, Oswestry Nicholas, Francis, Esq. Ealing, Middlesex Nicholl, J. jun.Esq.Z, X.D. Doctors '-commns Nicholls, Rev. R. Dimland House, Cowbridge Nicholls, N. Esq. 36, Harleyford-place, Ken- nington Nicholson, J. C. Esq. 1, Catharine-st. Liverpl. Nicholson, Robert, Esq. Bradford, Yorkshire Nicolle, P. C. Esq. Southampton Nielson, A. Esq. Port Glasgow, N. B. Nightingale, J. Esq. Rochester Nightingale, Miss, Bryan House, Blackheath, Nightingale, Peter, Esq. Upper Brook-street Manchester Nisbet, Mr. J. W. 39, Wigmore-street, Caven- dish-square Nixon, Capt. Edgerton-road, Blackheath Nixon, J. Lycns, Esq. Lieut .-Governor of St. Christopher's Nixon, H. Esq. 6, Watling-street, Manchester Nixon, John, Esq. Trinity-square, Tower-hill Noad,G. F. Esq. Worcester College, Oxford Noble, Thomas, Esq. 24, Park -row, Leeds Noel,C. II. Esq. Wellingorellall, Lincolnshire Noel, Hon. and Rev. F. J. Teston, Kent Nooth, Major Henry, Stonehouse, Devon Norcliffe, Major N. York NORDENSKIOLD, Baron, Captain Royal Swedish Navy Nordenskiold, Rear-Adm. O. G. Swedish Navy NORFOLK, His Grace the Duke of Norfolk and Norwich Literary Institution Norman, George, Esq. 1, Circus, Bath Norreys, R.J. Esq. Dawg Holme, Cheshire Norrie, J. W. Esq. Albany-st. Regent's-park Norris & Son, Messrs. Booksellers, Uttoxeter. 6 Copies North, Frederick, Esq. M.P. Hastings NORTHAMPTON, Most Noble the Mar- chioness of Northcote, Sir II. Stafford, Bart. Pynes, near Exeter Northey, Colonel, Cheltenham Northey, E. R. Esq. Epsom, Surrey Northey, Captain, W. B. Hawkhursf. Kent Norton, Charles, Esq. 30, Mecklenburg-sq. Norton, J. E. Esq. Saville Cottage, Clifton Norton, Mr. Joseph, Wolverhampton Norton, S. Esq. Town Mailing, Kent Norton, W. J . Esq. New-street, Bishopsgate Norwich Book Society Public Library Norwood, Rev. G. Willesborough, Kent Norwood, Weller, Esq. Charing, Kent Nott, Thomas, Esq. Bere Regis, Dorset Nottidge, George, jun. Esq. Booking, Essex Nottingham Subscription Library Novelli, J. Esq. Cheetham-hill, Manchester Novelli, Lewis, Esq, 21, York-st. Manchester LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Novossilzoff, — , President of the Imperial Council, St. Petersburg Nowell, Alex. Esq.Underlry-park,Westmorlnd Nugent, Sir Charles Edmund, K.G.H. Admi- ral of the Fleet Nugent, Dr. Cork, Ireland Nun, Mrs. St. Margaret's, Ireland Nunn, Roger, Esq. Colchester Nurse, W. Esq. Trinity College, Cambridge Nuttall, ■ — , Esq. Newport-place, Bolton Nuttall, Rob. Esq. Kempsey House, Worcestrs. Oakey, Jno. Esq. London-wall Oakley, Mr. John, Frinsbury, Kent Oakley, Mr. North Parade, Derby Oakes, O. R. Esq. Newton Cottage Oakes, Rev. Charles, Tastock Observer Sunday Newspaper Occleshaw, Wm. Esq. Piccadilly, Manchester Occleston, Mrs. 81, Fountain-st. Manchester O'Connell, Daniel, Esq. M.P. 5, Park-street, Westminster Odling, George, Esq. 159, High-street, Boro' Ody, R. S. Esq. 292, Strand Officers of the Chatham Division of Royal Marines Ogde.n, Robert, Esq. London-rd. Manchester Ogden, Thos. Esq. Brook-street, Manchester Ogle, Sir Charles, Bart. 4, Belgrave-square Oldershaw, R. Esq. Mansion-house, Islington Oldfield, B. Esq. White Bear Inn, Manchester Oliphant, Capt. W. K. Ship Mary Catherine, Liverpool Olivant, Thomas, E?q. Polygon, Manchester Oliver, Alex. Esq. St. James's-sq. Manchester Oliver & Boyd, Messrs. Booksrs. 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James and Sons, Booksel- lers, 169, Piccadilly Ridley, Mr. E. 8, St. James's-pl. Clerkenwell Ridsdale, J. H. Esq. 5, Albion-street, Leeds Ridyard, Wm. Esq. Brunswick-st. Liverpool Ried, P. R. Esq. 26, Buchanan-st. Glasgow Rigby, Ed. Esq. 29, York-bldgs. Manchester Riley, Lieut. J. W. Commander of H. M. Packet L'Espoir, Falmouth Rinton, Jas. Esq. 15, Queen-street, Edinburgh Rio de Janeiro British Subscription Society Ripley, Richard, Esq. Mill Garth, Leeds Ripley, W. II. Esq. University Coll. Oxford RIPON, Right Hon. the Earl of Rippon, Cuthbert, Esq.M.P. Manchest.-blgs. Risley, T. H. Esq. New College, Oxford Rivers, Mr. E. Southampton Rivers, Sir H. Bart. Martyr Worthy, Winchester Rivington &Co. Messrs. Waterloo-pl. 6 Copies Robartes, T. J. Agar, Esq. Lanhydrock, near Bodmin Robarts,A.W.Esq. M.P.Hill-st.Berkeley-sq. Robbins, Mr. M. G. Wisbeach, Norfolk Robbins, Lieut. Col. SirWm. Castle Malwood, . near Siony Cross, Herts Roberts, Lieut.-Col. II. Milford,nr. Lymington Roberts, Major C. Everton, Lymington Roberts, Miss II. Oswestry Roberts, Rev. Henry, Stourbridge, Worcester Roberts, J. Esq. 34, Oxford-terrace Roberts, John, Esq. 13, St. James's-pl. Bristol Roberts, John, Esq. Bangor Roberts, Rev. N. Cefn, near Wrexham Roberts, T. Esq. West End Lodge, Esher Roberts, T. Esq. Royal Dock-yard, Devonport Roberts, Mr. Wm. Milford Roberts, Mr. Bookseller, Chesterfield Robertson, Archd. E'-q. 5, Kent-sq. Liverpool Robertson, Dr. A. Northampton Robertson, B. Esq. 5, Brompton-square Robertson, Duncan, Esq. St. Christopher's Robertson, Mr. J. Hampden, Bucks Robertson, Jas. Esq. Exchange-bgs. Liverpool Robertson, Mr. John, 24, Miller-st. Glasgow Robertson, Mr. John, 74, Buchanan-st. Glasgow Robertson, Mr. John, Bookseller, 35, Lower Sackville-street, Dublin Robertson, W. Esq. 16, Clapham-road-place Robeson, Wm. Henry, Esq. Bromsgrove Robin, Jas. Esq. Jersey Robins & Son, Messrs. Booksllrs. Tooley-st. Robins, Rev. S. Up. Gloucester-st. Dorset-sq. Robins, Thomas, Esq. Liskeard, Cornwall Robinson, Charles, Esq. York Robinson, C. S. Esq. Caversham Robinson, Chas. Shackleford, Esq. Caversham House, Reading Robinson, Dr. Doncaster Robinson, Rev. Francis, M.A. Rector of Stonesfield, Oxon Robinson, G. Esq. 22, Swan-st. Manchester Robinson, George, Esq. Doncaster Robinson, Mssrs. G.& J . Liverpool. 1 1 Copies Robinson, H. jun. Esq. 5,Henrietta-st. Cov-gn. Robinson, Mr. John, Bookseller, Putney Robinson, Jas. Esq. Huddersfield Robinson, John E. Esq. Cambridge Robinson, John, Esq. Eccleshill Hall, near Bradford Robinson, Lieut. L. A. R.]V. HM. Packet Viper, Falmouth Robinson, Matt. A. Esq. 25, Cumberland-ter- race, Regent's-park Robinson, Capt. M. 3,UpperNewington, Livpl. Robinson, Miss Mary, Leeds. 2 Copies Robinson, It. Esq. Richmond Cottage, Clifton Robinson, Robert, Esq. Hoddesdon Robley, Rev. I. Islington, Salford Robson, Thos. Esq. Aylesford, Kent Roch, Nicholas, Esq. Alderman of Bristol ROCHESTER, RightRev.the Lord Bishop of Rodd, Rev. C. Northill Parsonage, Cornwall Rodd, Francis Hearle, Esq. Trebartha Hall, Northill, Cornwall Rodd, Richard, Esq. Devonport Rodgers, R. W. J. Esq. 5, Burton-street Rodwell, Christ. B. Esq. 33, North Bank, Regent's-prrk Rodwell, Henry, Esq. 41, Finsbury-square Rodwell, Mr. J. Bookseller, 4, New Bond-st.' 3 Copies Roe, George, Esq. Dublin Roe, Major John, Launceston Roe, Miss L. Springfield, Liverpool Roe, Mr. W. Bookseller, Newbury. 4 Copies Roger, James D. Esq. Tortola Rogers, Arthur, Esq. 29, Leazes-terrace, Newcastle-on-Tyne Rogers, Rev. J. Canon Residentiary of Exeter Rogers, John, Esq. Jesus College, Cambridge Rogers, Mr. Rt. Bksllr. Newmarket. 4 Copies Rogers, Thomas, E^q. Helston, Cornwall Roget, Dr. P. M. Sec. R.S. 39, Bernard-street Roke & Varty, Messrs. Booksllrs. 31, Strand J Rolandi, Mr. P. Bookseller, 20, Berners-st. Rolfe, G. Esq. Thornbury, Gloucestershire Rolfes, W. G. Esq. Walcot-place, Lambeth ROLLE, Right Hon. Lady Rolles, Vice-Admiral Robert, Brighton Rolls, John E. W. Esq. The Hendre, near Monmouth Romsey Reading Society Rooke, Capt. L.C.i?.iV.28,RoyalCrescent,Batb Rooke, Rev. G. Yardley Hastings, Northampt. Rooke, Jno. Esq. York-st. Cheetham, Lancash . Rooke, Jos. Esq. York-st. Cheetham, Lancash. Room, James, Esq. Queen's-square, Bristol Roome, Col. Henry, 23, Sloane-street Rose, Right Hon. Sir G H. 7, Old Palace-yd. Rose, H. John, Esq. B.D. Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge Rose, Jos. F. Esq. 11, Great Surrey-street ROSEBERRY, Right Hon. the Earl of Ross, Alexander, Esq. Inspector General, Custom-house, Liverpool Ross, Chas. Esq. Inverleith-row, Edinburgh Ross, Capt. Charles, R.N. Superintendent Royal Dock-yard, Devonport Ross, Dan. Esq. Perth-road, Dundee Ross, Edward, Esq. Dublin Ross, F.W. L. Esq. Broad wayHouse, Topsham Ross, G. Esq. 20, Chapel-st. Grosvenor-pl. Ross, Major G. 20, Alexander-sq. Brompton Ross, Capt. Horatio, M.P. 112, Sloane-street Ross, Colonel Sir Hew Dairy mple, K.C.B K.T.S. 129, Park-street Ross, Mr. John, 8, John-street, Glasgow Ross, Mr. John, jun. 22, Ingram-st. Glasgow Ross,Miss, St. Cuthbert's Lodge,Kirkcudbright Ross, Thos. B. Esq. St. Clement's, Ipswich Ross, Thomas, Esq. Wakefield Ross, Major Wm. 23d Royal Welch Fusiliers Ross, W. Esq. Belmour House, Bishop's Waltham, Hants Ross, Wm. Esq. Cannon-street, Manchester Ross, Wm. Esq. 12, Lambridge, Bath Rosseter, James, Esq. 4, Kennington-terrac Rossi, R. Esq. 22, Harp-lane, Tower-street 1 7 V-FJL'gL? . t. .11 ■■■ .Lg^&g -M-g^M y^URJI. .-,»iBK!UgJJ>i»UILLbALteM 111 =8 ■ "C. , H XCIV Bosson, J. Esq. 5, Bouverie-st. Fleet-st. Bosson, J. Esq. 11, King's-bench-wlk. Temple Bostron, John, Esq. Eaglesfield, Southampton Bostron, L. Esq. Sussex-street, Manchester Eotch, B. Esq. M .P. Lowland's, Harrow-on- the-Hill Eothery, Wm. Esq. Doctors-commons Eothwell, P. Esq. Bolton, Lancashire Bothwell, Peter, Esq. Sunning Hill Eougemont, Francis, Esq. Broad-st.-buildings Eoughssdge, Hornby, Esq. Bentham House, near Settle, Yorkshire Eoughton, Miss, Bel voir- street, Leicester Eourman Si Schweigerd, Messrs. Booksellers, Vienna. 7 Copies Bouse, B. Esq. Wellington-street, Borough Eouse, Rolla, Esq. Woodbridge, Suffolk Eouse, Mr. Wm. jun. Bradford, Yorkshire Eouth, William, Esq. Routledge.Rt. Esq. 13, Hamilton-pl. New-road Eowand, Michael, Esq. Glasgow Eowden, J. Esq. Heytesbury, Wilts Eowden, Mr. Heytesbury, Wilts Eowe, Mr. F. Bookseller, Plymouth Eowell, John, Esq. 5, Peel-st. Manchester Eowland, Messrs. A. Si Son, 20, Hatlon-grdn. Eowland, Capt.C. Harbour Master, Greenwich Eowland, Dan. Esq. Saxonbury, Frant, Sussex Eowland, J. Esq. B.A. Queen's Col. Cambr. Eowlands, D. Esq. Chatham Dock-yard Bowles, Byron George, Esq. Eowlett, W. Esq. White Bayes, Burton, Dorset Eowley, Alex. Esq. Burlington-st. Manchester Eowley, Vice-Admiral Sir Charles, K.C.B. K.M.T. Fern Cottage, Winkfield Eowley, R. C. Esq. Holbecks, Suffolk Rowley, Mr. Thomas, 37, Liquorpond-street Roxbourg, Adam, Esq. Tibb-st. Manchester ROXBURGHE, His Grace the Duke of Roxby, R. B. Esq. 46, Lime-street Roy, Richard, Esq. Fulham Lodge Roy, Rev. Robert, Burlington House, Fulham Roy, Bev. William, DD. Skirbeck Boy, Wm. Esq. 8, Church-lane, Liverpool Eoyal Exchange Assurance Company Eoylance, P. Esq. 35, Hanging Ditch, Manchr. Buck, Benj. Esq. Maidstone Eudderforth, Mr. T. 52,Newington Causeway Eudge, Mr. A. J. 29, St. Martin's-le-Grand Budge, Edw. Esq. F.R.S. F.S.A. F.L.S. St- F.H.S. 44, Wimpole-street Eudkin, John, Esq. Peasenhall, Suffolk Eumley, Lieut. Gen. C. Sidmouth Bump, Robert, Esq. Wells, Norfolk Rumsey, N. Esq. Beaconsfield Eushbridger, G. 'Esq. Stone, Staffordshire Eushbrooke, Col. M. P. Rushbrooke Park Rusher, Messrs. J. Si Co. Booksellers, Beading. 10 Copies Rusher, Mr. J. G. Banbury Bushout, Flon. Ann, Wanstead Grove, Essex Eushton, Jos. Esq. Albion-bldgs. Manchester Buskin, J. J. Esq. Heme Hill Eussel, John, Esq. Heriot-place, Edinburgh Russell, A. Esq. Dartford, Kent Russell, C. Esq. Queen's Coll. Cambridge Eussell, Mr. Edward, Maidstone Eussell, George, Esq. Merthyr Tidvil Eussell Institution, Great Coram street Eussell, J. Esq. Goulden-terrace, Islington Eussell, Wm. Congreve, Esq. M.P. King's Heath, Birmingham EUSSIA, Scientific Committee of the Impe- rial Navy LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Bussia, Imperial Academy of Sciences Rust, J. Edgar, Esq. Abbot's Hall, Stowmrkt. RUTLAND, His Grace the Duke of Rutter, Dr. Liverpool Rutter, J. C. Esq. 4, Ely-place Ryan, Major Thos. 50th Regiment, Chatham Ryde, Isle of Wight, Marine Library of Ryder, Mr. James, Jersey Ryle, J. Esq. M.P. Park House, Macclesfield Ryle, J. C. Esq. Christ Church Coll. Oxford s. Sabb, John, Esq. Epsom, Surrey Sabine, H. S. Esq. Bradford Peverell, Dorset Sabine, J. S. Esq. Muckleford House, Dorset Sack, F. Esq. 4, Foukes-buildings, Tower-st. Sackin, Benj. Esq. Frederick-street, Bishop Wearmouth Sadleir, Bev. Dr. Fellow of Trin. Col. Dublin Sadler, Mr. Francis, 1, Fore-st. Cripplegate Saffron, Hy. Esq. Huddersfield Sainsbury, Miss, 40, York-place, Portman-sq. SALISBURY, Rt. Rev. the Lord Bishop of Salisbury and Wiltshire Library and Beading- Society Salomons, D. Esq. Throgmorton-street Salomons, P. J. Esq. 2, Magdalen-row, Good- man's-fields Salt, Thos. Esq. Weeping Cross, Stafford Salte, Wm. Geary, Esq. Artillery-pl. London Salvin, A. Esq. F.S.A. Somerset-st. Porlm.-sq. Salvin, Bryan J. Esq. Burn Hall, near Durham Salvin, W. T.Esq. Croxdale Hall, nr. Durham Salwey, Miss Elizabeth, The Lodge, Ludlow Sampson, Benj. Esq. Tullimaar, near Truro Sampson, Edward, Esq. Henbury Sampson, Mr. George, Ipswich Sams, Miss H. Bookseller, Hoddesdon Sams, Mr. Booksllr. St. James's-st. 4 Copies Sams, Wm. Hy. Esq. Ixworth, Suffolk Samson, Miss, 48, Hunter-st. Brunswick-sq. Samson, S. Esq. Smeeth, Kent Samuel, D. M.Esq. 17, Hanover-terrace Samuel, Mr. Lewis, Lord-street, Liverpool Samuels, John, jun. Esq. Tibb-st. Manchester Samwell,W. L.W. Esq. Upton Hall, Northamp. Sandbach, Dan. Esq. Lloyd-st. Manchester Sandell, John, Esq. 87, Hatton-garden Sandeman, D. G. Esq. Melville-st. Edinburgh Sanders, J. Esq. Whitstable, Canterbury Sanders, E. Lloyd, Esq. Stoke Hill House, near Exeter Sanders, G. Esq. Clifton-hill House, Bristol Sanders, H. Esq. 36, Lower Crescent, Clifton Sandeis, John Naish, Esq. 3, Beaufort-build- ings, Clifton, Bristol Sanders, T. R. Esq. Bidgeway Villa, Bristol Sanderson, Jabez, Esq. Newmarket-buildings, Manchester Sandilands, Hon. John, Calder House, Mid Calder, near Edinburgh Sandle, Mr. Bardfield, Essex SANDON, Lord Viscount, M.P. Sandon, Mr. Charles, Newcastle Wharf, New North-road., Hoxton Sands, Mr. Alex. Beepham Library, Norfolk Sandwich Book Society Sandwith, Colonel, Oriental Club, Hanover-sq. Sandys, Bev. John, 8, Canonbury-pl. Islington Sandys, Chas. Esq. Canterbury Sanford, E. A. Esq. M.P. 4, Richmond-terrace Sankey, R. Esq. Canterbury Sankey, Mr. B. Ludlow. 7 Copies Sanxay, Mrs. Epsom, Surrey Sargon, Mr. G. 65, Gt. Queen-st. Lincoln's inn-fields Sartoris, Ed. T. Esq. Trinity Coll. Cambridge Saull, W. D. Esq. 15, Aldersgale-street Saumarez, Lieut.-General Sir Thos. Guernsey Saunders, Mr. B. Booksr. Nassau-st. Dublin Saunders, John, Esq. 57, Cannon-street Saunders, R. Esq. H.M. Customs, St. Christo- pher's Saunders and Ottley, Messrs. Booksellers, 50, Conduit-street. 11 Copies Saunders, T. B. Esq. 19, Lincoln's-inn-fields Saunders, T. Esq. F.S.A. 34, York-terrace, Begent's-park Saunderson, Mr. Eobt. Bala, Wales. 2 Copies Savage, F. Esq. Springfield, Westbury, Bristol Savage, John, Esq. Alderman of Bristol Savage, Col. Sir John B. K.G.H. 6, Torring- ton-square Savage, Thos. Esq. Cloisters, Temple Savery, Frederick, Esq. 6, John-street, Adelphi Savile, Hon. C. S. Queen's Coll. Cambridge Sawbridge, S. E. Esq. Olantigh, Kent Sayer, Bobt. Esq. Sibton Park, Suffolk Scale, Hy. Esq. Penydarron, Merthyr Tydvil SCARBOROUGH,!!!. Hon. the D.Countessof Scarborough Agricultural Library , General Library of Scard, Mr. B. Eling, Southampton SCARSDALE, Right Hon. Lord Scarth, T. Esq. Barnard Castle Scarth, W. Gilyard & Sons, Messrs. Mill Garth, Leeds Schaumburg Si Co. Messrs. Booksllrs. Vienna. 4 Copies Schenk'scbeBuchhandlung,Brunswick. 2 copies Scheviz, George, Esq. 20, Brandon-pl. Glasgow Schofield, G. Sc I. Esqrs. Baistuck, Yorkshire Scholefield, Bev. James, Every-st. Manchester Scholefield,Rich. B.Esq. St. John's Coll. Cam. Scholes, Jos. Esq. 10, Broken Bank, Salford Scholey, George, Esq. Alderman of London Scholey, J. B.Esq. 21, Grove hill-ter. Cambwl. Schoolbred and Cook, Messrs. Tottenham- court-road Schrieber, J. N. Esq. Melton, Suffolk Schubothe, Mr. G. II. Bookseller, Copenhagen Schiinemann, Mr. C. Bookseller, Bremen Schunck, Martin, Esq. Cooper-st. Manchester Schwann, Fred. Esq. Huddersfield Seole, Suffolk, Book Club Scoresby, Rev.Wm.B.D F.R.S. &, Mem. Inst. of France, Exeter Scott, Andrew, Esq. 39, London-st. Edinburgh Scott, David, Esq. Cannon-street, Manchester Scott, Right Bev. Dr. 34, Gt. Ayer-st. Glasgow Scott, Major-General Edw. 8, Sion-hill, Bath Scott, Francis Caterch, Esq. 39, Charlotte-st. Edinburgh Scott, Mr. Hudson, Booksllr. Carlisle. 4 Copies Scott, J. Esq. Darlford, Kent Scott, J. Esq. Winfrith, Dorset Scott, Jeremiah, Esq. Watei loo-street, Leeds Scott, John, Esq. Calls, Leeds Scott, John, Esq. Bishop Wearmouth Scott, J. W. Esq.M.P. Rotherfield Park, Alton Scott, Mr. John, Mosley-street, Manchester Scott, Jos. Esq. Halfmoon-st. Manchester Scott, Page Nicol, Esq. Norwich Scott, William, Esq. Hall-place Scott, Wm. Esq. St. Christopher's Scovell, Mr. Chas. Southampton LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Scovell, Mr. George, 29, Clerkenwell-close Scudamore,G.A;Esq.Back King-st. Manchester Scurlock, J. Trevor, Esq. Doctors'-commons Scurr, Rev. It. W. Vicarage, Aldburgh, Suffolk Seacombe, Mr. J. Bookllr. Chester. 2 Copies Seager, James, Esq. Poole, Dorset Seagrim, Chas. Esq. Winchester Seale, Lieut. Col. M.P. 102, Gloucester-place Searle, Thos. Esq. 56, Gower-st. Bedford-sq. Seddon, Peter, Esq. Broughton, Manchester Seddon, Wm. Esq. Ardwick-st. Manchester Sedgwick, Miss, Homerton, Middlesex Sedgwick, Mr. Wm. 9, Regent- street Seeley, Mr. B. Bookseller, Kingston, Surrey Seeley & Sons, Messrs. Booksellers, Ileet-st. SEGRAVE, Right Hon. Lord Selby, Hy. Coll. Esq. Swainsfield Selby, Jas. Esq. Otford, Kent Semper, Hugh llyley, Esq. St. Christopher's Sencombe, Mr. I. Bookseller, Chester Senior, Jas. Esq. Lascellas Hall, Huddersfleld Senior, Jos. Esq. Dalton Lodge, Huddersfleld Serrell, Rev. S. Langton Matravers, Dorset Seton, Robert, Esq. 72, Upper Norton-street Sewell & Cross, Messrs. Reading-room at Sewell, G. D. Esq. Frith-street, Soho Sewell, John, Esq. 23, Upper Thames-street Sewell, Mr. Jos. Newcastle & Carlisle Steamer, Liverpool Sewell, Rev. Wm. A.M. Exeter Coll. Oxford Seymer, Rev. G. A. Iwerne Courtney, alias Shroton, near Blandford, Dorset Seymer, H. Esq. Knoyle, Wilts Seymer, H. K. Esq. Handford, Dorset Seymour, Hon. Capt. Sir Geo. 17,Whitehall-pl. Seymour, Fred. Esq. Kemp Town, Brighton Seymour, Wm. Esq. -27, Brunswick-square Shackell, Wm. Esq. Hammersmith Shackleford, Jas. Shuckburgh, Esq. Lutter- worth, Leicestershire Shafto, S. D. Esq.' University Coll. Oxford Shand, Wm. Jno. Esq. 28, Miller-st. Glasgow Shann, Thomas, Esq. Leeds Sharp, Jas. Esq. 16, Bread-street Sharp, James, Esq. 13, Hatton-garden Sharp, R. C. Esq. 50, Mosley-st. Manchester Sharpe, Js. Esq. 68, liutcbinson-st. Glasgow Sharpe, Mr. Richard, Maidstone Sharpe, W.C Esq. St John's Coil. Cambridge Shaw, Mr. Fred. Bookseller, Dundee. 2 Copies Shaw, David, Esq. Huddersfleld Shaw, George, Esq. Holloway Villa, Bath Shaw, George, Esq. Swan-st. Briggate, Leeds Shaw, Mr. J. C. City of Dublin Company's Works, Clarence Dock Shaw, Mrs. J. F. Bookseller, 18, Southamp- ton-row, Russel square. Shaw, Sir James, Bart. Chamberlain of London Shaw, Lieut. Col. 10,Widcombe-crescent,Bath Shawc, Robt. Newton, Esq. Kesgrave Hall, Woodbridge, Suffolk Shearcroft, Mr. J. F. Bookseller, Braintree, Essex. 6 Copies Shears, D. T. Esq. Lawn, South Lambeth Sheerness Book Society Sheffield, Jos. James, Esq. Wellington-pl. Commercial-road Sheldon & Sons, Messrs. Mason-st. Manchstr. Shelley, J. N. Esq. Epsom, Surrey Shelmerdine, H. Esq. King-st. Manchester Shelton, Thomas, Esq. Edinburgh Shepheard, J. Esq. Chartmarle, Dorset Shepherd, J. Esq. Yeardon House, near Leeds Shepherd, Capt. John, R.N. 37, Dorset-square ; Sheppartl, Captain, Granby-street, Leicester Sheppard, Rev. Jo\m,M.A. Blackheath Sheppard, Jos. Fran. Esq. Clevedon, Somerset Shepherd, Mr. R. A. Bookseller, Newman- street, Oxford-street SHERBORNE, Right Hon. Lord Sherbrooke, Mrs. Oxton Hall, Southwell, Notts Sherer, J. W. Esq. Leamington Priors Sheridan, Mr. Gloster Hotel, Ryde Sherratt, Thos. Esq. Salford Sherwin, Frank, Esq. 9, Burton-street Sherwood and Co. Messrs. Booksellers, Pater- noster-row. 7 Copies Sherwood, Ccl. 10, Great Cumberland-street Sherwood, Richard, Esq. Chaddleworth, Berks Sherwood, Thos. Esq. 4, Mecklenburg-square Shewell, John, Esq. Stock Exchange Shilleto, Wm. Esq; Langboura Chambers, Fenchurch-street Shirley, Rear-Admiral G. J. 35, Gay-st. Bath Shirley,Rev. W. A. Shirley-vicarge.nr. Ashbourne Shirley, W. P. Esq. Debtling, near Maidstone Shone, Mr. W. Bookseller, Bangor. 7 Copies Shore, J. Esq. 23, Guildford-street Short, Mr. E.W. Booksr. Nuneaton. 2 Copies Shortland,Rev. H. V. A.M. Tilehurst, Berks Shother, Mr. John, Rotherhithe Shotter, Jas. Esq. Farnham, Flants Shrewsbury Subscription Library Shuckard, Mr. L. Old Ship Hotel, Brighton Shute, Arthur W. Esq. Gloucester Shultleworth, G. E. Esq. Poultry Shuttleworth, J. Esq. Bishop's Tawton, Devon Sidebotham, J. Esq. Church-st. Manchester Sidebottom, Mrs. Ann, St. Mary's Manchester Sidebottom, Henry, Esq. 52, Spring-gardens, Manchester Sidebottom,W. Esq. Cleveland-bldgs. Manchr. Sidgwick, Mr. James, Skipton SIDMOUTH, Rt. Hon. Lord Viscount Siely, B. C. Esq. Beech Grove, North Walsham Sikes, Capt. li.N. Arundel-street, Strand Silvertop, Colonel, 55, Lower Grosvenor-street Silvester, Mr. H. P. Bookseller, Newport, Salop. 3 Copies Silvester, Mr. S. Bookseller, Market Drayton. 3 Copies Sim, Rev. Henry, Longford, near Ashbourn Sim, Robt. Esq. Murray Gate Simkin, Edw. Esq. 2, New Cavendish-street, Portland-place Simms, Mr. G. Booksr. Manchester. 40 Copies Simmons, Wm. Esq. 10, Ring's-bench-walk, Temple Simpkin & Marshall, Messrs. Stationers'-court. 90 Copies Simpson, Edwin, Esq. Albion-street, Leeds Simpson, II. H. Esq. 12, Camden-place, Bath Simpson, John, Esq. Simpson, John, Esq. Alderman of York Simpson, Joseph, Esq. Woodhouse-la. Leeds Simpson, Joseph, Esq. St. Petersburg Simpson, Mrs. Heme hill Simpson, R.VV. Esq. Commercial-street, Leeds Simpson, Mr. Thos. Bksellr. Wolverhampton. 12 Copies Simpson, Wm. W. Esq. 8, Montague-place, Russell-"quare Simpson, Dr. York Sims, James, Esq. Chasewater, near Truro Sims, Robt. Esq. 36, Compton-street Sims, Mr. William, 51, Great Queen-street Simson, Mr. G. Bookseller, Hertford. 3 Copies Simson, Capt. Thos. Brig Rapier, Liverpool Sinclair, Mr. J. Dumfries Singleton, Cuthbert, Esq. 1,' New-inn Singleton, John, Esq. Pittswood, Sheffield Singleton, Jonathan, Esq. Briggate, Leeds Singleton, W. Esq. Dock-street, Leeds Skelton, John, Esq. Calls, Leeds Skinner, Samuel, Esq. 23, Portland-place Skurry, Rev. Benj. Hornington, Wiltshire Slade, Hy. Esq. Frome, Somerset Slade, Lieut. Gen. Sir John, Bart. Mansell House, North Petherton Slade, Robt. Esq. Poole, Dorset Slade, T. jun. Esq. Poole, Dorset Sladen, Jos. Esq. jun. 2, Grove-end-road, Regent's -park Sladen, John, Esq. Fennel!-st. Manchester Slater, A. B. Esq. 10, Sackville-street Slater, Francis, Esq. 1, Montague-place, Clapham-road Slater, Mrs. Spa, Gloucester Slater, Wm. Esq. Princess-st. Manchester Slatter, Mr. H. Bookseller, Oxford. 2 Copies Slatter, Rev. Wm. Iffley, near Oxford Sleigh, Lieut. J. R.N. Folkestone, Kent Sleigh, Captain Wm. Niagara Cottage, Staple- ford, near Nottingham Sleight, Rob. P. Esq. Lougate, Hull Slingsby, Rev. H. Stour Provost, Dorset' Sloane, James, Esq. 113, Brunswick street, Glasgow Slocock, Chas. Esq. Donninton, Berks Slocock, E. Esq. West Mills, Newbury, Berks Sly, Mr. James, Ship Forfield, Liverpool Smail, Lieut. W. A. R. N. 18, Dublin-street, Edinburgh Smalley, C. Esq. St. John's Coll. Cambridge Smallpiece, John, Esq. Guildford Smallpiece, Mark, Esq. Guildford Smallwood, Mr. J. J. Northampton Smart, John, Esq. Highbury-park Smerdon, Chas. Esq. 1, Portland-pl. Clifton Smith, A. Bridges, Esq. Abbey Villa, Bath Smith, A. H. Esq. Queen's Coll. Cambridge Smith, Abel, Esq. M.P. 39, Berkeley-square Smith, Anwick, Esq. Langley Grove, near Durham Smith, Archd. Esq. 204, St. Vincent-st. Glsgw Smith, Mrs. Asheton, Vaenol, near Bangor Smith, C. Esq. East Mailing, Kent Smith, Charles, Esq. 12, Paper-buildings Smith, C. J. Esq. 2, King's-arms-yard Smith, Chas. Esq. High-street, Manchester Smith, Rev. C. Lessingham, Cheltenham Smith, E. T. Esq. 3, Alfred-pl. North Brixton Smith, Edwin, Esq. 4, Gray's-inn-square Smith, Elder and Co. Messrs. Booksellers, Cornhill. 16 Copies Smith, Gustavus, Esq. Sidbury Castle, Devon Smith, Capt. H. John of Newfoundland, Li verpool Smith, Henry, Esq. Fell-street, Wood-streetj Smith, J. Esq. Pitt Press, Cambridge Smith, J. G. Esq. Ashley Down Smith, Jas. Esq. Mount Pleasant-sq. Manchr. Smith, Captain John, Erin Lodge, Falmouth Smith, John, Esq. Ashbourne-road, Derby Smith, John, Esq. High-street, Manchester Smith, John, Esq. 22, Grosvenor-square Smith, John, Esq. Claremont-pl. Brixton-rd. Smith, Mr. J. Booksllr. Maidstone. 2 Copies Smith, Mr. John, Clarence Dock, Liverpool Smith, Rev. Dr. John Pye, Homerton Smith, Rev. J. J. M.A. Caius Coll. Cambridge Smith, Milton, Esq. High-st. Manchester y V VA~Vim - kZ TS& T& VAbAl*3Bg&AJi. l,^Z*L >^^ XCVI LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. i> III I Ml '•'» Smith, Miss, Bookseller, Staines. 3 Copies Smith, M. E. Esq. 1 King's Bench-wk. Temple Smith, Mr. M. Alnwick Smith, Mrs. Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Smith, N. B. Esq. Brockenhurst, Hants Smith, P. J. Esq. Wood-st. Cheapside Smith, P. P. Esq. St. John's Coll. Cambridge Smith, Mr. It. English Hotel, Rue Ramasse, Rouen Smith, Robt. Esq. Critchill-place Smith &Son, Messrs. Bkrs. Glasgow. 22 Copies Smith, Stephen, Esq. Peel-street, Manchester Smith, T. Hogan, Esq. Forberry-grove, near Newbury Smith, Thos. Esq. Church-st. Manchester Smith, Thos. Esq. Old Brentford Smith, Thos. H. Esq. St. Mary Cray Smith, Thos. Esq. South Hill, Liverpool Smith, Messrs. Wm. & Co. Marsden-square, Manchester Smith, Mr. William, Stockport, Cheshire Smith, W. Masters, Esq. Camer, Gravesend Smith, W. Esq. Exchange-st. West, Liverpool Smith, Wm. Esq. Whitborne-court Smith, Wm. Esq. of Carbeth, 112, Hope-st. Glasgow Smith, Wm. Esq. Hemel Hempstead Smith, Wm. Esq. Reddish House, Stockport Smith, William, Esq. Leeds Smithson, Robert, Esq. York Smyth, Edmund, Esq. Horsham Smyth, Sir John, Bart. Ashton-court, Bristol Smyth, W.T. Esq. Little Houghton, Northamp Smyth, Miss, Innage House, Shiffnal Smythe, Rev. E. Snell, John, Esq. Edmonton Snell, Wm. Esq. 20, Ingram-street, Glasgow Snoad, Mr. E. H. Ashford, Kent Snoulton, O. jun. Esq. Canterbury Snow, P. Duveluz, Esq. Queen's Coll. Camb. Snowden, T. H. G. Esq. Ramsgate Soames, Mrs. Mary, Pinner Lodge, Middlesex Sole, Wm. Esq. St. Neot's, Huntingdon Solly, R. H. Esq. 48, Gt. Ormond-st. Blooms - bury Solly, Joseph, Esq. Dyer's-ct. Aldermanbury SOMERSET, His Grace the Duke of Somerset, Rev. P. H.Villiers,Rector of Honiton Somerville, Henry, Esq. Stafford Somerville, Jas. Somerville, Esq. Dinder House, near Wells, Somerset Somerville, John, Esq. 63,Candleriggs, Glasg. Somes, Mrs. S. Stratford Soot, Jas. Esq. Seagate Soper, Richd. Esq. Mayor of Totness, Devon Sorby, James, Esq. Sheffield Sotheby, Mr. E. S. 13, Lower Grosvenor-st. Sctheby, Rev. T. H. North Mymms, Herts Sotheran, Mr. Henry, Bookseller, York Sotheron, Admiral Frank, 58, Grosvenor-street South, Sir James, Astronomer Royal, Obser- vatory, Kensington South, John F. Esq. 7, Upper Stamford-street South, Lancelot, Esq. 9, Cunningham-place, St. John's Wood SOUTHAMPTON, Right Hon. Lord Southby, Miss, Chieveley Southcomb, Lewis, Esq. South Molton, Devon Southerne, E. V. Esq. Woodhouse-lane, Leeds Southgate, F. Esq. Gravesend South wark Book Society of Friends ■ Literary Society SOUTHWELL, Right Hon. Lord Viscount Sowerby, Jas. Esq. 2, Albion-bldgs. Manchstr. Soy, Mr. J. Britannia Steamer, Liverpool Spankie, Mr. Sergeant, M.P. Russell-square Sparkes, Henry, Esq. Pensylvania, Exeter Sparkes, Joseph, Esq. Exeter Sparkes, Thomas, Esq. Exeter Sparrow, J. E. Esq. Ipswich Sparrow, N. Esq. Feversham Spence, Capt. Henry Hume, 11. N. 25, Devon- shire-street, Portland-place Spence, W. Esq. 32, Alfred-place, Bedford-sq. SPENCER, Right Hon. the Earl Spencer, Mr. R. K.Maidstone Spencer, Robt. Esq. Holyhead Spencer, T. Esq. 53, St. John-streel-road Spens, Colonel, Mussleburgh, N.B. Sperling, J. M. Esq. Halstead, Essex Spicer, David, Esq. Portsea Spicer, J. Esq. Somerford Grange, Dorset Spicer, J. W. Esq. Esher place, Surrey Spicer, W. J. Esq. Royal College, Chelsea Spiers, B. Esq. New Brown-street, Manchester Spode, Mrs. the Mount, Newcastle-under-Lyne Spooner, Ralph, Esq. Bolton, Lancashire Spooner, Mr. Thos. Ely, Cambridge Spragg, Chas. H. Esq. Exeter College, Oxford Springett, R. Esq. Finchcocks, Goudhurst Spry, J. H. Esq. 5, Charter-house-square Spurdens, Rev. W. T. North Walsham, Norf. Spurgeon, C. Wm. Esq. Lynn Regis, Norfolk Spurgin, Thos. Esq. Saffron VValden Spurrell, Charles, Esq. Spurway, Lieut. John, R.N. Milverton Spyers, Mr. Thos. 6, Main-street, Glasgow Stables, H. Esq. Crossland Mills, Huddersfield Stacy, Mr. John, Norwich Stafford, Mr. C. Bookseller, Shefford, Bedford- shire. 2 Copies Stafford, Mrs. M. Marine Library, Worthing. 3 Copies Stainbank, Jas. Esq. 58, Marsden street, Manchester Stainton, Henry, Esq. Carron-wharf, Upper Thames-street STAIR, Right Hon. the Earl of ST. ALBAN'S, Her Grace the Duchess of Stamp, Capt. T. R N. Bowness, Westmorland St. Andre, Mr. Durant, Consul General de France, 44, Montague-square Stanfield, Clarkson, Esq. A.R.A. 36, Morning- ton-crescent, Hampstead-road Stanfield, Mr. J. Bookseller, Wakefield, York- shire. 21 Copies Stanfield, Mr. John, Bookseller, Bradford, Yorkshire. 8 Copies Stanger, Joshua, Esq. Wandsworth Staniforth, Samuel, Esq. Liverpool STANLEY, Rt. Hon. Lord, M.P. Stanning, Mr. Oxford Stanser, Mr. Cob-hill Cottage, Fulham Stansfield, Thos. W. Esq. Burley Wood, Leeds Stanton, Joseph, Esq. Brighton Starie, Wm. Esq. 11, Dorset-place, North, Clapham-road Staik, Mr. A. Booksr. Gainsborough. 4 Copies Starkey, J. Esq. Spy Park, near Devizes Stalling, Alfred, Esq. Yarmouth, Norfolk Starling, John, Esq. Lynn Regis, Norfolk Starr, Thos. Esq. Canterbury St.Christopher's,Private Subscription Rooms,at St. Clair, Capt. D. L. R.N. Staverton Court, Gloucestershire Steadman, Mrs. — , Enfield Steavenson, A. T. Esq. 14, Great Carter-lane, Doctors'-commons Steddy, Lieut. Jno. R.N. Charing, Kent Stedman, — /Esq. Eltham Stedman, F. Esq. Stedman, Mr. R. Bksllr. Godalming. 6 Copies Steel, VV.S. Esq. York-street, Manchester Steere, C. Esq. Southampton, Hants Steet,G.Esq. 25, Gt. Ormond-st. Bloomsbury Steggall, Dr. John, Ely-place Stem, J. Esq. Chalmington. House, Dorchester Steinsthal, L. 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Norwich Stevenson, Mr. Thos. Bookseller, Cambridge 2 Copies Steward, A. H. Esq. Stock Park, Ipswich Steward, Henry, Esq. Cambridge Steward, Lieut. -Colonel, Nottington, Dorset Steward, Timothy, Esq. Norwich Steward, Wm. Esq. Great Yarmouth Stewart, A. Campbell, Esq. of Castle Stewart, and St. Fort, Dundee Stewart, A. R. Esq. Dublin Stewart, Alex. Esq. Belvue Crescent, Edinb. Stewart, Capt. R.N. Mussleburgh, N.B. Stewart, Chas. Alex. Esq. Aldburgh, Suffolk Stewart, D. Esq, Pool-ct. Pool-la. Liverpool Stewart, E. B. Esq. R.N. Blackhetah Park Stewart, Edward, Esq. M.P. Bryanston-square Stewart, J. Shaw, Esq. 12, Shadwick-pl. Edin. Stewart, John, Esq. 5, Mersey Chambers, Liverpool Stewart, Mr. James, 11, Old Broad-street Stewart, R. Esq. Old Post-office-ct. Glasgow St. George, A. F. Esq. Dublin Stirling, J.F.Esq. 7?.Ar.WoburnFarm,Chertsey Stiven, John, Esq. 63, Miller-street, Glasgow Stiven,Robt. Esq. 49, Miller-street, Glasgow Stock, Thos. Esq. Henbui-y-crescent Stocken, Fred. Esq. 28, Little Queen-street Stockley, Mr. G. Bookseller, 44, Holywell- street, Strand STOCKMAR, Baron, Claremont, Surrey Stocks, B. & Sons, Messrs. Trinity-st. I^eeds Stocks, Saml. Esq. Mosley-street, Manchester! Stodart, R. Esq. 20, Athcle-crescent, Edinb. Stoddart, E. Esq. Ashford, Kent Stoker, Robt. Esq. Holt, Norfolk Stokes, A. J. Esq. St. Botolph's, near Milford Stokes, Chas. Scott, Esq. Cateaton-street Stokes, Hy. Esq. Fakenham, Norfolk LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. XCVII Stokes, J. Esq. Oakover, near Asliborne Stolterforth, Dr. Sigismund, Dover Stone, Edw. Esq. Pall-mall East Stone, George, jun. Esq. Lombard-street Stone, Henry, Esq. Lombard-street Stone, Miss, Dartmouth-row, Blackheath Stone, Mrs. Beccles, Suffolk Stone, Webb, Esq. Deputy-Lieut. Trull, near Taunton Stopford, Capt. R.N. 45, Gloucester-place Storer, C. Esq. St. John's Coll. Cambridge Storks, T. T. Esq. Jesus College, Cambridge Storr, Mr. R. Bookseller, Grantham. 3 Copies Stott, J. Esq. Bank-street, Leeds Stow, Mr. David, 85, Buchanan-st. Glasgow Stow, W. F. Esq. Hanover-square, Leeds Stowell, Rev. Hugh, Salford, Lancashire St. Paul, Horace, Esq. Ewart Park, Wooler, Northumberland St. Petersburg, Naval Academy of Straford, J. C. Esq. Cheltenham Strange, Thos. Esq. 65, Hounsditch STRATHALLAN, Right Hon. Lord Viscount Strather, Wm. Esq. Alnwick Stratton Literary Institution Stretton.W. B. Esq. Dan-y-Park, Crickhowell, Brecon Stride, Messrs. and Co. Redbridge,near South- ampton Stringer, Miles, Esq. 39, Russell-square Strong, Mr. William, Bristol Strother, Thomas, Esq. Briggate, Leeds Struthers, Jas. Esq. 40, Guildford-st. Glasgow Struthers, Robt. Esq. Grun Head, Glasgow Strutt, Josh. Esq. St. Peter's-street, Derby Strutt, Miss, St. Helen's House, Derby Stuart, Daniel, Esq. Upper Harley-street Stuart, Jas. Esq. Jersey Villa, Cheltenham Stuart, Hon. Major-General P. Commander-in- chief, Edinburgh Stuart, R. Esq. 26, Pall-mall, Manchester Stuart, Rear-Admiral, 52, Upper Brook-street Stuart, Robt. Esq. 26, Pall-mall, Manchester Stubbs, Mr. John, 5, Ann's-sq. Manchester Stuckey, J. Esq. Hill House, Langport Stuckey, Mrs. George, M. ditto Stuckey, Vincent, Esq. ditto Sturgeon, J. Kemp, Esq. Dorking Sturmy, Herbert, Esq. 8, Wellington-st.Boro' Styleman, H.L.S. Esq. Christ Churehj Oxford Styles, Mr. Frederick, Market, Cambridge Sudlow, John, Esq. Princess-st. Manchester Suett, John, Esq. Doncaster SUFFIELD, Right Hon. Dowager Lady Sugden, J. Esq. Woodsome Lees, Huddersfield Sullivan, Capt. Sir Chas. Bart. R.N. Thames Ditton Sully, Dr. Henry, Taunton Summers, James, Esq. Haverfordwest Sumpton, Capt. P. Ship Cceur-de-Lion, Livpl. Surmon, Mr. H. Red Lion-yard, Aldersgate-st. Surplice, S. H. Esq. Nottingham SUTHERLAND, His Grace the Duke of Sutherland, Dr. A. R. F.R.S. F.G.S. 1, Par- liament-street Sutherland, J. Esq. A.M. Southwold, Suffolk Sutherland, Jas. Esq. 5, Fen-ct. Fenchurch-st. Sutherland, Robert, Esq. His Majesty's Consul, Maracaybo Sutton, Capt. H. F. Brig Sisters, Liverpool Sutton, H. Manners, Esq.Trinity Coll. Camb . Sutton, Jas. Esq. Shardlow Hall, near Derby Sutton, James, Esq. Stock Exchange Sutton, Miss, Regent- street, Cambridge Sutton, Robt. Esq. Stock Exchange Sutton, Rev. S. Northfleet Sutton, Rev. T. Manners, Great Chart, Kent Swaffham Book Club Swain, Chas. Esq. Fennel-st. Manchester Swaisland, C. Esq. Crayford, Kent Swallow, Luke, Esq. Huddersfield Swallow, Thos. Esq. Fennell-st. Manchester Swan, Alex. Esq. Hythe, Kent Swan, John, Esq. Burwall House, Kent Swann, George, Esq. York Swann, William, Esq. Works, near Sheffield Swanston, Thos. Esq. M.D. St. Christopher's Swanston, Wm. Esq. St. Christopher's Sweet, S. W. Esq. Dorset-square Sweetland, John, Esq. Teignmouth, Devon Sweetland, Wm. Esq. Star Cross, Devon Swete, J. Beaumont, Esq. Oxton House, Exeter Swift, Mr. C. H. 78, Fleet-street Swindell, Mr. John, Aldburgh, Suffolk Swiney, Dr. Arlington-street, Camden-town Swinnerton, Mr. Jas. Bookseller, Macclesfield. 5 Copies Sword, Jas. jun. Esq. 43, Hutchinson-st. Glasg. Swyer, Mr. R. York Hotel, Manchester Sykes, Capt. R.N. 11, Royal Crescent, Bath Sykes, John, Esq. Beech Grove, Leeds Sykes, John, Esq. Sheffield Sykes, Lieut.-Col. W. H. F.R.S. 47, Albion- street, Hyde-paik Sykes, Rev. W. Vicar of Collumpton, Devon Sylvester, Mr. John, 85, Great Russell-street Syms, Fredk. George, Esq. 29, Craven-street Symes, Wm. Esq. 3, Tavistock-square Symins, George, Esq. Murray Gate Symonds, Capt. R.N. East End Cottage, Lymington Symonds, Major, H. W. Chaddlewood, Devon Symons, Samuel, Esq. Gonvens, near Wade- bridge, Cornwall Sympson, Rev. Chas. J. Peversal, Notts Synnot, R. W. Esq. Clapham-common Tabor, John, Esq. 25, Finsbury-square Tadman, William, Esq. Norwich Tagg, Mr. William, Bookseller, Maidenhead. 5 Copies Tahourdin, G. Esq. Carlton Chambers, Re- gent-street Tait, Capt. J. H. 6, Bellevue-crescent, Edinb. TALBOT, Right Hon. Earl Talbot, C. R. M. Esq. M.P. 63, St. James's- street Talbot, Hon. & Rev. Gustavus, Ingistrie Talbot, John,H. Esq.M.P. Bettwille,Wexford TALLEYRAND, His Excellency le Prince de Tandy, Capt. Danl. R.JV. Topsham, Devon Tanner, Hy. Esq. Wearmouth Walk, Bishop Wearmouth Tanner, Wm. Esq. Devizes, Wilts Tanqueray, Edw. Esq. Vine-st. Bloomsbury Tapp, Benjamin, Esq. Lougate, Hull Taprell,W. Esq. 8, Caroline-pl. Mecklenburg- square Tapson, John, Esq. 1, Little Love-la. Wood-st. Tarleton, Dr. Penley Hall, near Ellesmere Tarrence, G. M. Mikee, Esq. 28, George-st. Edinburgh Tasker, Mr. Jno. Bookseller, Skipton. 7 Copies Tassell, Robt. Esq. Maidstone Tassell, Thos. jun, Esq. Maidstone n 1 Tasswell, G. M. Esq. Canterbury Tastet, Fermin de, Esq. Bishopsgate-church- yard. 2 Copies Tate, Rev. F. B. Charing, Kent Tate, Wm. Esq. St. Ann's-street, Manchester Tatem, Jas. George, Esq. High Wycombe Tattersall, Mrs. Church-hill, Doddington, Sittingbourne Tattershall, E. B. Esq. 9, Great James-street, Bedford-row Tatton, T. W. Esq. Christ Church, Oxford Taunton and Somerset Institution, Taunton Tawes, Andrew, Esq. 11, Royal-ter. Edinburgh Tayler, George, Esq. Fleathar Tayler, Captain, J. N. R.N. C.B. Belle Vue House, Devizes, Wilts Tayler, Mrs. Wimbourne, Dorset Tayler, Thomas, R. Esq. Portsea Tayleur, W. Esq. M.P. 22, Mount-street Tayleur, W. H. Esq. Seel-street, Liverpool Tayleur, Dr. W. E. Teignmouth, Devon Taylor, Admiral, Maize-hill, Greenwich Taylor, Beaumont, Esq. Huddersfield Taylor, Chas. Esq. Christ Church, Oxford Taylor, David, Esq. 148, Gallongate, Glasgow Taylor, Mr. David, Bookseller, Rye Taylor, Rev. Dr. Dedham, Essex Taylor, Ed. Joseph, Esq. Water-lane, Leeds Taylor, Dr. Geo. Weymouth, Dorset Taylor, George, Esq. Adelphi-st. Salford Taylor, Guth. J. Esq. Assistant Surgeon, R.N. Sea Gull Packet, Falmouth Taylor, Lieut-Gen. Sir Herbert, K.G.H. St. James's Palace Taylor, J. Esq. 6, Berkeley-square, Bristol Taylor, J. A. Esq. Worcester College, Oxford Taylor, Jas. Esq. 82, Hutchinson-st. Glasgow Tajlor, James, Esq. 15, Furnival's-inn Taylor, John, Esq. Bridge-street, Manchester Taylor, John, Esq. Mosley-st. Manchester Taylor, John, Esq. Newsome, Huddersfield Taylor, Mr. J. Bookseller, Upper Gower-st. Taylor, Mr. John, Leicester Taylor, P. A. Esq. 5, Euston-square Taylor, Richd. Esq. Perran-wharf, near Truro- Taylor, Saml. Esq. 30, Cooper-st. Manchester Taylor, Mr. Thomas, Cranbrook Taylor, Thos. L. Esq. Diss, Norfolk Taylor, William H. Esq. Great Yarmouth Taylor, Wm. Esq. Huddersfield Taylor, Wm. Esq. Ashbourne-road, Derby Teal, Henry, Esq. Albion-street, Leeds Teale, Edward, Esq. Leeds Teale, T. P. Esq. Leeds Tebbutt, J. R. Esq. Deansgate, Manchester Tebbutt, John, Esq. Pall-mall, Manchester- Telford, Thos. Esq. F.R.S. Abingdon-street Tempest, Miss M.C. Broughton Hall, Yorksh. Temple Book Club Temple, G. Esq. Heytesbury, Wilts Temple, Inner, the Hon. Society of Templeman, J. Esq. 33, Pulteney-street, Bath Templeman, Rev. N. Cranbourne, Dorset Templer, Henry, Esq. Templer, J. Esq. 23, Great Tower-street Tenby Reading Society Tennant, Alex. Esq. 46, Miller-st. Glasgow Tennant, C. J. Esq. Cochrane-st. Glasgow Tennant, John, Esq. St. Rollox-street, Glasgow Tennant, Thos. Esq. Little Woodhouse, Leeds Tennant, W. Esq. Kemp-town, Brighton Tennent, J. E. Esq. M.P. The Lodge, Belfast Tennent, Lieut.-Col. H. 18, Russell-place, Fitzroy-square p -J I li i (iiif XCVIII Tennent, Mr. John Robert, Dunchatten TENTERDEN, Right Hon. Lord Tetlow, John, Esq. Cannon-st. Manchester Thackery, Rev. Geo. D.D. Provost of King's College, Cambridge THANET, Right Hon. the Earl of Thelwell, Richd. Esq. St. Ann's-square, Man- chester Thesiger, Frederick, Esq. 9, Montagu e-place, Bedford-square Thick, Mr. Charles James, 3, Copthall-hdgs. Thirkill, F. Esq. Thiselton, Mr. J. Faversham Thistlethwayte, Thos. Esq. Connaught-place Thomas, Capt. White Ladies, Worcester Thomas, Mr. C. J. Bungay, Suffolk Thomas, Mr. David, R. Union-street, Dundee Thomas, George, Esq. Truro Thomas, J. C. Esq. Redcliff-street, Bristol Thomas, John, Esq. 48, Upper, Harley-street Thomas, R. G. Esq. 21, Lombard-street Thomason, W. Esq. 15, Church-st. Manchester Thompson, C. J. Esq. 9, Upper Phillimore- place, Kensington Thompson, Chas. Esq. Huddersfield Thompson, Fredk. Esq. 5, Brick-court, Temple Thompson, Mr. George, Bookseller, Bury St. Edmund's. 15 Copies Thompson, James, Esq. 22, George-street Hanover-square. 2 Copies Thompson, Jas. Esq. 9, George-st. Miuories Thompson, John T. Esq. Paul's-wharf, Upper Thames-street Thompson, Jonathan, Esq. 29, Church-street, Manchester Thompson, P. B. E^q.M.P. 29, Berkeley, sq. Thompson, Rev. Wm. 5, Canonbury-place, Islington Thompson, Thos. Esq. Fawcet House, Bishop Wearmouth Thompson, Mr. W. 14, Old Eurlington-street Thompson,W. Esq. M.P. Alderman of London Thomson, Jas. T. Esq. Ravensdale, Isle of Man Thomson, John, Esq. 33, Back King-street, Manchester Thomson, Dr. John, F.L.S. Hermitsge-place, St. John's-street-road Thomson, Edmund, Esq. 92, Cannon-street, Manchester Thomson, J. R. Esq. Clarence Club Thomson, Robert, Esq. Edinburgh Thorman, J. Esq. 8, Lawrence-pountney-hill Thornborough, Captain, R.N. Clifton Thornton, H. Esq. Lastington, Barnard Castle Thornton, Robert, T. Esq. Barbadoes Thornton, R. Esq. Beccles, Suffolk Thornton, It. Esq. Old Swan, London-bridge Thorold, II. Esq. Cuxwold, Lincolnshire Thorowgood, W. Esq. Acre-lane, Brixton Thorp, Rev. Mr. A.M. Topsham, Devon Thorp, Saml. Esq. Cannon-street, Manchester Thorp, Rev. Thos. M.A. Trinity College, Cambridge Thorp, George, Esq. 10, Pinners' Hall Threlfall, John, Esq. 6, New Market-street Manchester Thring, John, Esq. Warminster Thrower, S. Esq. Cambridge Thurling, Mr. C. Bookseller, Carlisle Thurnall, A. W. Esq. Cambridge Thurnam, Mr. C. Bookseller, Carlisle. 2 Copies Thurston, Simon, Esq. 9, Southampton-street, Bloomsbury-square LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Thwaites, Henry, Esq. 32, Euston-square Thwaites, Jos. Esq. Staples Tice, W. Esq. Sopley, nr. Christchurch, Hants Tichborne, Sir H. J. Bart. Tichborne Park, Hants Tickner, Edward, Esq. Bride-lane, Fleet-street Tielans, J. E. Esq. 147, Fenchurch-street Tillard, R. H. Esq. St. John's College, Gam- bridge Tillett, Mr. Alexander, York-terrace, York-road Tilley, T. Harry, Esq. Falmouth Tilson, Thomas, sen. Esq. Brixton-hill Tilson, Tho. jun. Esq. 12, Finsbury-pl. South Times Newspaper Timothy, Mr. D. 31, Barbican Tims, Mr. R. Moore, 85, Grafton-st. Dublin Tinley, J. Esq. Dockray-square, Tynemoutli Tinling, Rear-Admiral Charles, Southampton Tippet, Edward, Esq. Cambourne, Cornwall Tippet, John, Esq. Pydar-street, Truro Titley, Anthony, Esq. Leeds Titley, Mr. Edward, Fountain-st. Manchester Tobin, Capt. Geo. R.N. 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