EX LIBRIS William Healey Dall Division of Mollusks Sectional Library Sectiona) library Win » poz ie bs de | Mat ty el ee fee if a) rit oy vA ade pied ct a i an rn iis ae ¥ SENS) eee oe Se ee 7 on a 7 aye 7 Ole> ve = ae noe oy ce J mi ; i) itd ae ai | ee ‘A, Ween wr AB nS : = 7.’ j ' aa PAs a , hati AL oe ha Ronee al md ies i ele ur... # Shee Ai; At TY i me oe » > oe — ant Ce wae oe oe ~ a) 7 4 Ws Cage ry ¥ ae nk = On ee be - AIP PBN DIU NARRATIVE OF A SECOND VOYAGE IN SEARCH OF A NORTH-WEST PASSAGE, AND OF A ort RESIDENCE IN THE ARCTIC REGIONS DURING THE YEARS 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832, 1833. BY SIR JOHN ROSS, C.B. K.S.4., K.C.S. &e. &c. CAPTAIN IN THE ROYAL NAVY. INCLUDING THE REPORTS OF COMMANDER, now CAPTAIN, JAMES CLARK ROSS, B.LN., F.R.S., FLL.S., &c. AND The Discovery of the Porthern Magnetic Bole. LONDON: A. W. WEBSTER, 156, REGENT STREET. 1835. ——_—_———————— Cc. WHITING, BEAUFORT HOUSE, STRAND. CONTENTS. PREFACE Sketch of the Esquimaux found in the Territory of Boothia Felix Vocabulary of the English, Danish, and Esquimaux Languages The Native Population of Greenland ; Dialogues in the English, Danish, and Esquimaux Languages Chronometers Aurora Borealis NATURAL HISTORY. Zoology Birds Fish Insects Marine Invertebrate Animals Geology Report on Instruments. : Terrestrial Refraction Analysis of Fluids, &c. Philosophical Observations Surgeon’s Report Biography of the Crew Meteorological Observations Meteorological Tables : General Abstract of Meteorological Observations Diurnal Variation of the Magnetic Needle Dip, &c. of the Magnetic Needle. Latitudes and Longitudes of Places List of Subscribers : : . LIST OF PLATES FOR THE APPENDIX. PAGE 1. Portrait—Frontispiece 2. Nimna Himna, to face page. : J A : ] 3. Alictu and Kanguagiu : ; ; ; a PY) 4. Kawalua, Tiagashu, and Adlurak ; ; : : 29 5. Illictu and Otoogiu : . ; : : 5 iil 6. Kunana_. : ; E : , ; 33 7. Hibluna : : : : : : 5) oe 8. Manellia and Adelik P : F 5 F 37 9. Poyettak, Kakikagiu, and Aknalua 5 : ; y al) 10. Kemig , ; A 5 : : : 41 11. Kannayoke. : ; : P P ua 848 12. Ooblooria ’ : : ; ; : 45 13. Neweetioke . ; . : fk Ly 14. Udlia, Awtigin, and Palurak : : d ; 49 15. Arctic Fox : : 4 ‘ F : Sele 16. Plate A. Hymens Petra : : . . A LXI 17. Plate B. : : ‘ : : ‘ LXXXIII 18. PlateC. . ‘ : : : : : XC 19. Refraction ; : F : : : RChX 20. Aurora : A : : , : : 113 PREFACE. Tue narrative of my late voyage in search of a north-west passage, having been increased in its length far beyond my expectations, it became necessary to reserve for the Appendix every thing which did not actually belong to the work itself. I have to regret, therefore, that matter of much importance to myself has consequently been postponed; among which I may mention the two following letters, which having been already published in the newspapers, for the purpose of showing to the public that I was not ungrateful for the sympathy so universally manifested towards me and my companions. I had, indeed, deemed them an unnecessary addition to the narrative itself, but certainly not without the intention of again gratifying my feelings by publishing them, and some others, a second time, in justice to myself and to those whose humane endeavours cannot be too often or too fully acknowledged. A al PREFACE. To the Committee for the Management of the Affairs of Captain Back’s Expedition. Portland Hotel, London, October 26, 1833. GENTLEMEN, Of the many circumstances of high gratification which have welcomed the delivery of myself and companions from four years’ severe suffering, there is nothing (next after a deep sense of the merciful Providence wherewith we have been surrounded in such great perils) which has excited in me so strong.a feeling of gratitude, as the humane and generous sympathy of a number of persons who, at the chance of being instrumental in our preser- vation, contributed, with the assistance of his Majesty’s government, a sum, ample for the purpose of paying the expense of an expe- dition, which was so promptly and with so much judgment put in motion by your committee, and so wisely confided to the guidance of Captai Back, whose known intelligence and intrepidity gave the committee a certainty that all would be done which a sagacious mind and unflinching perseverance could accomplish. It is my wish and duty to make the earliest acknowledgment, of this instance of wide-extended compassion towards us, and I venture to rely on the favour of the committee, to receive with allowance, this imperfect expression of my feelings towards them, to his Majesty’s government, to the contributors to the undertaking, and to the Hudson’s Bay Company, for efforts which might have PREFACE. vil proved, as designed, the means of snatching myself and my faithful companions from the further sufferings which, almost to the last moment, we seemed doomed to encounter. I have the honour to be, Gentlemen, Your very humble and grateful servant, JOHN ROSS, Capt. R.N. Arctic Land Expedition Answer. 21, Regent Street, October 22, 1833. Sir, I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter dated the 20th inst. addressed to the Committee for managing the Arctic Land Expedition, and returning your thanks to its members, to the Hudson’s Bay Company, and to all the Subscribers towards the equipment of that expedition, for the exertions made by them in hopes of rescuing you and your brave companions from your perilous situation. In reply, I beg, in the name of the committee and of all the subscribers, to offer you our warmest congratulations on your safe return; and although themain object of Captain Back’s expedi- tion is thus attained without his assistance, yet we feel much gratified that it should have gone, inasmuch as it proves to all future adventurers in a like career, that their country will not be unmindful of them; while, on the other hand, your return also A2 Vill PREFACE. shows that no situation should be considered too desperate to be beyond the reach of a similar exertion. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your most obedient servant, CHARLES OGLE, CHArrMman. To Captain John Ross, Royal Navy. The above correspondence requires no comment, as they must fully convey to the public the feelings of both parties. I have now to introduce the two following letters, which were originally intended to precede the narrative, but which were omitted for reasons already mentioned. Victory Discovery Ship, Union Dock, London, March 28, 1829. SIR, I request you will have the goodness to submit to the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, that I am about to undertake a voyage of discovery at the entire cost of myself and others, and in event of complete success in the discovery of a north- west passage, and subsequently falling in with his Majesty’s ships of war, or those belonging to foreign nations, it may be proper and necessary that I should have on board a document to prove that my vessel is navigated, and my expedition undertaken with the approbation and good wishes of the Lords Commissioners PREFACE. 1X of the Admiralty, and feeling assured of their Lordships’ encouragement and protection. I have the honour to remain, Sir, Your most obedient servant, JOHN ROSS, Capt. R.N. To the Right Hon. J. W. Croker, &c. &c. &c. Answer. Admiralty Office, March 23, 1829. SIR, Having laid before my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty your letter of this day’s date, stating that you are about to undertake a voyage of discovery at the entire cost of yourself and others, and in the event of complete success in the discovery of a north-west passage, and subsequently falling in with his Majesty’s ships of war or others belonging to foreign states, it would be desirable that you should possess a document to prove that your vessel is navigated, and your expedition undertaken, with the approbation and good wishes of their Lordships, I have it in command to express their Lordship’s approbation and good wishes relative to the expedition in question, and also their authority to you to state the same. I am, Sir, Your obedient servant, J. W. CROKER. To Captain Ross, R.N. Victory Discovery Ship, Union Dock. x PREFACE. The next article, which I trust will be read with interest, is an additional Sketch of the Esquimaux, whom we discovered in Boothia Felix, and whom we named Boothians. This is given as an introduction to the biography of the most remarkable, whose portraits are given to represent both their colour, features, and costume, and, I may add, of the inhabitants of the most remote corner of the globe: added to which area vocabulary and dialogues in the Esquimaux, Danish, and English languages, carefully corrected by my friend, Mr. Kijer, according to the works of Fabricius. The reports on Chronometers, which follow, will be perused with attention by every practical navigator, as well as the reports on the various instruments which accompanied the expe- dition. My new theory of the Aurora is respectfully submitted to the public, as the result of a long series of observations carefully made under very advantageous circumstances, in Scotland, as well as during my late residence of four winters in the Arctic Regions, and have been read at the British Association in Dublin. The Natural History has been compiled by Commander (now Captain) James Clark Ross, whose acquirements in that branch of science are well known and acknowledged; and it will there be found manifest that something has been done which must interest the naturalist, PREFACE. x1 I have preferred giving my own observations on the Diurnal Variation and Dip of the Magnetic Needle, to those of Commander Ross, understanding that his will appear elsewhere. The Geology is somewhat defective, from the impossibility of bringing home specimens from the most interesting places; but the Meteorological Tables, which have been kept according to the plan suggested by Captain Beaufort, are submitted to the public as the most complete of the kind ever published. The Surgeon’s Report, and the Analyses of several Fluids, and the State of the Provisions which we found, require no comment. These, with the Philosophical Observations, will be read with interest. In the Tables of Latitude and Longitude of places on the newly- discovered coast, I have given in téalics the names which the natives gave them, for which there was not room in the chart, and which will effectually correct the discrepances and omissions, which have been noticed by the subscribers, but which was occasioned by my unavoidable absence, and by my not being in possession of Commander Ross’s narrative until long after the chart was printed and approved of by his Majesty; to whom it was submitted by Commander Ross and myself, on our arrival, with no names affixed. I ought also to observe that Sir Felix Booth, with whose Xl PREFACE. permission it was thus submitted, had, as the owner of the ship, the just and exclusive right of giving names to every place. In justice to the crew, I have added a short Biographical Sketch of each; and I have concluded this work by giving a List of my generous Subscribers, with my most grateful thanks. NIMNA HIM NA called by the Men Old Greedy 5 KB Co OF THE ESQUIMAUX FOUND IN THE TERRITORY OF BOOTHIA FELIX. AS it has appeared to many of my readers, that the account I have given of the natives of Boothia in the Narrative of my Voyage was more limited than it ought, or would have been, had circum- stances permitted and that correct portraits displaying their features and dress—which I could not afford to give at greater length in the narrative would be acceptable in this portion of the work, I have commenced it, in the first place with a general sketch, and secondly with the individual description and_ history to accompany and explain each of the drawings. I need not dwell much on their manners and customs, nor enter into any great details respecting their arts and inven- tions; since I could add little to what is already well known, and need not repeat what can be found in many books. As to their personal appearance, including, with their stature, forms, B 2 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. and physiognomy, their dresses, it so accurately resembles that of the other tribes of Esquimaux so often described, that I may almost pass it over, while referring to the different plates in this volume, and their accompanying explanations. I had abundant reason, in the first place, to believe that the natives of this spot, uniting with these a few with whom we had but a temporary and slender communication, were entirely unac- quainted with Europeans: while the nearest approach to any knowledge of them was, to have conversed with some one who had conversed with a third person who had seen them at Igloolik, and, possibly, elsewhere. Nor was this contradicted by their possession of afew European knives. Of these, they had indeed but three: nor did those on which the maker’s mark could be traced, permit our believing that they had been obtained from Sir Edward Parry. In reality, they admitted themselves to have possessed those for a “ very long time,” while unable to explain whence they had been obtained ; so that no conclusions of any kind could be drawn from this circumstance. Thus ignorant of civilized society, they were equally unac- quainted with the warlike tribes of America; whether those of their own race, or the races which are included under the general term Indians. The peculiar insulation of the tract to which they confine themselves, is not only the cause of this, but is likely to operate henceforward, without interruption. While that tract is sufficient to give room for their summer and winter migrations, it supplies all their wants, and therefore leaves them no tempta- tion to wander eastward, where they might possibly hereafter SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 3 come into contact with Europeans: while the nature of the country surrounding the isthmus which divides them from the larger mass of the continent of America, together with that of the country which must be traversed to reach this, as effectually precludes the visits of the Indians and the western Esquimaux, as it checks any desire on their parts to roam beyond their present limits. Excepting, therefore, the people whom I found in 1818, and whom I termed Arctic Highlanders, the natives of this spot form the narrowest and most insulated tribe of men that has yet been discovered by navigators: a fact which gives interest to whatever their characters may present. Here, if any where, we ought therefore to find how the human mind is developed under the narrowest education, in what manner the “ light of nature” as it is termed, operates on the moral character and conduct, and how far human reason can proceed, under the smallest possible quantity of materials to act on, and under a very narrow range of application. If also there are peculiarities of character, whether for good or evil, the moralist and metaphysician may here speculate on what belongs to the original mental constitution of these people, and what is derived from their narrow and limited intercourse with their own species, in a society so restricted in numbers, and so incapable of changing customs or altering habits, where there is nothing beyond themselves to see, and no one to imitate. Whatever species of purity this may imply, the vices which they possess must, like their virtues, be those that originate B2 4 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. among themselves: the natural produce of the human passions, acting where there is no control from religion, from the belief of an omnipotent Creator and Governor ; and where checked, subject to none but those checks which the mutual convenience of the society renders necessary. It is at least certain that they had never possessed the opportunity of acquiring the vices of civilization when we first knew them; but I cannot confidently affirm that they learned no evil from us. If the fondness of the Esquimaux race for their children has been noted by those who have preceded us in these regions, it is a portion of their character which has been amply confirmed by our own observations on the present tribe. The testimonies of this never failed ; nor could they be flattered and gratified more than by the attentions and caresses bestowed by us on their offspring. It equally confirms prior observations to say, that we never saw any chastisement administered, nor ever witnessed even harsh language to them; while, in return, the children are affectionate, attached, and obedient. To say more on this subject would indeed be but to repeat what has already been noticed by Captain Lyon, in many instances, in his account of other tribes. . , But there was one material point in which I must differ from my predecessors: though indeed I cannot call this differing, since each of us can but note what he has seen. It only follows, that from some cause, which neither I, nor they, I imagine, can assign, the people of this district differ in a very material point of character from those with whom they were so well acquainted ; as SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. o the superiority, in a very high degree, lies with those whose feelings and practices we had occasion to study. The facts, on both sides, were noted; and though I should not make the deductions myself, they could be made by any reader. It cannot be forgotten, by those who have interested them- selves in the history of the people of Igloolik, that the aged parent was neglected, and that the helpless or widowed females in particular, were not simply suffered to starve, but robbed of their little property. We had not the means of studying a very numerous tribe, and, of course, many facts could not have come under our notice; but, such as they were, they could not have been exceptions, since they seemed consistent with the whole feelings and course of the community, and may, therefore, be safely taken as instances of general character and practice. Not to name mere instances, we found the aged Illiktu drawn on a sledge by his companions, when the old man above alluded to was suffered to walk as he best could; as was equally the case with Talluahiu, whom we supplied with a wooden leg to replace his loss. If the ancient wife of the former was as well clothed and fed as any of the rest of the tribe, it was more remarkable to find two old and destitute females in the same good condition, and as well taken care of in every manner as if they were still of use. If this feature of their character removes from these people that charge of most disgusting selfishness and inhumanity which rests with so much justice on those of Igloolik, according to the published accounts, I need but notice, that there exists here the 6 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. same custom of adoption as in that tribe, with the same conse- quences and practices, on both sides. If there was aught of difference, in any respect, it did not fall under our cognizance. I do not know that there were any differences between the state of the connubial relations and practices in this place and at Tgloolik, or wherever else these have been remarked; while there has been a little obscurity in some of the accounts of this subject. It is my business, at any rate, to relate what came to our knowledge. A state of celibacy is unknown: the mere supposition of such a condition is treated as a chimera, nor did they know how to believe that any of us could be without wives. Every woman therefore finds a husband, as every man procures a wife: but, often, inevitably, under a system of polygamy; since the sexes cannot always be equal in numbers. The rule also appears to be, if it be not rather a natural arrangement than a law, that the most expert hunters obtain the superfluous women, as best able to maintain them; though we did not know of any instance of aman possessing more than two wives; of which the first, or eldest, is the senior in command and respect. In the same way, it is the strongest or most useful woman who most readily obtains a second husband: while, under either mode of this polygamy, or, possibly, only bigamy, the most perfect harmony seems always to subsist among the parties. If, never witnessing any angry word between husband and wife, and seeing each for ever treatmg the other with indulgence and frankness, we were willing to conclude that these people had attained that perfection SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. Ch of domestic happiness which is so rarely found any where, it is a conclusion, I fear, that reflection would not justify, and that a more intimate experience perhaps would not have confirmed. The forms of matrimony seemed here not to differ from what has been observed in other tribes of the Esquimaux, excepting that the young female must make her choice as soon as she is marriageable—but, the contract, such as it is, is settled between the parents for their children, and often at a very early age: the time of marriage seems to be about the age of fifteen; and there is no other form but that of the female going to the hut of her destined husband. I believe that the practice of repudiation and change, whether of husbands or wives, has been found in all the Esquimaux who have come under the notice of navigators. Be that as it may, it is the custom in this district, though it was not easy to trace the extent to which it is carried. How far it may depend on satiety or disagreement, we could not discover, or on the desire of change, or on more improper feelings, on either side : but where the morals and the feelings are both so extremely lax on this subject as we found them, it would be an idle and silly defence of this or any other mode of the savage condition, to suppose that vice, or what at least we must consider such, was a frequent source of this practice. It has been the custom, on one side, to overrate the virtues of savage nations, and, on the other, to exaggerate their vices. These things must be left to the novelist, and to the navigator who desires to emulate him, for the sake of producing an effect ; to the false philanthropist and the lover of 8 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. paradox ; and to him whose temper may have been soured by such collision, or who may have commenced with a prejudice distorting all that he saw. But the passions of our nature will strive to break forth, under all the restraints that society and religion can impose; and how should they not actually reign, where there is neither to check their operation, where there is nothing to say, This is wrong; still more, where there is no inconvenience contemplated, to balance that which is gratifying, and may also be convenient ? But if there is no vice where there are no religion and no moral law to say, This is disobedience to God, and where custom and admission say that no injury is committed against our fellow- creatures, then is there also no vice in that want of chastity which is as remarkable here as it has been found among all the scat- tered tribes of the Esquimaux on the American shores. Who is there among the moralists to settle this question? Be it deter- mined as it may, that ‘“‘ moral sense” on this subject, which is so generally diffused, is here deficient; since it is grossly unjust to attribute to selfishness alone, the respect entertained for chastity im the female sex ; in whatever manner the value of this in the other is judged of. The Esquimaux of Igloolik, at least, are proved to be in the last degree selfish: yet the virtue in question is held, by them, in no repute. We at least must speak as we, under civilization, feel. The conduct of the present people, as of al! the rest of this race, is not more pure than that of the brute beasts: it is far less so than that of the pairing animals. But I need not dwell on a disgusting SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 9 and improper subject : it has been told once; and it must suffice that it has been once told. . If I have already noticed the custom of adoption, I need not dwell on it: the reasons are the expected services from the subsidiary child: and the new attachment, on both sides, is equal to that between the natura] parent and progeny. Thus also it is, that the widow with children, most especially if those are boys, becomes a prize, be her age what it may compared to that of the suitor; since these become equally the property of the husband and bound to support both. Respecting their treatment of dead relations, or of the dead in general, we had a good opportunity of judging ; as two deaths occurred within our experience. Illictu, the old man, was long left in the hut where he died, and would have been devoured by foxes and bears, had we not interred his remains. The incision found in his abdomen was unquestionably made after death: but we never learned its purpose, and could not conjecture whether it was a superstitious practice. The boy who had been killed by a stone was not found, and we were ignorant what became of him. But as we observed many graves in dif- ferent places, it is evident that those who formerly inhabited this country conformed, in this, to those of other tribes. On his death, there was an appearance of much despair, ending in anger directed toward us: but we had reason to understand that their lamentations for death, though severe, were soon over, nor could we hear of any ceremonies used on this occasion or on that of a funeral. 10 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. That these people are as egregiously conceited as all other savage tribes, can be no matter of surprise, when it is the character, not of nations alone, but of individuals, to be conceited in proportion to their ignorance. The land which they inhabit was, of course, the best of all possible lands; and it was equally matter of course, that those who had been born at one spot should extol its superiority over every other in the same district. But this is the attachment to home: it is what no sound moralist should blame, notwithstanding its occasional inconveniences, political or otherwise; since it is that source of happiness and contentment which has been beneficently given to all mankind, in whatever situation necessity or expediency has placed them. We were quite content, ourselves, that they should prefer a covering of snow to the green face of nature, and should make themselves happy with blubber, oil, and sleep ; nor indeed would it be easy to dispute most of those points with them, when they could travel easier than we, could house themselves with a hundredth part of the labour, could find delights where we experienced only suffering, could outdo us in killing the seal, could regale on abundant food where we should starve because we could not endure it, and found ours as nauseous to them as theirs was to us. That they have never known war, it is perhaps superfluous to state, but it was interesting to discover in what light they consi- dered the crime of murder, to which some punishment has been assigned by every people, in whatever condition. Wecould only, however, hear of one instance on record; where, in a quarrel SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 1] about the division ef a reindeer, one of the disputants had stabbed the other. What we could understand was, that the murderer’s punishment consisted in being banished to perpetual solitude, or shunned by every individual of the tribe; insomuch that even his sight was avoided by those who might inadvertently meet him. When asked why his life was not taken in return, it was replied that this would be to make themselves equally bad, that the loss of his life would not restore the other; and that he who should commit such an act would be held equally guilty. To these arguments, I imagine, no reply could easily be made, where there was no positive law to quote, within the compass of their understanding: but it would not be easy to deny that they carried in them an air of reflection and of humanity not undeserving of praise. It could not be conjectured that any one of the tribe possessed authority over the rest, that there was any one in the nature of a patriarch, where there was no chief. If superior age or talents commanded any respect, neither of these appeared to possess any influence. There seemed not the slightest approach, even to that insensible government, which, generally, in some manner, acts so as to unite a tribe in one common pursuit, or to combine them in asingle society, so that the conduct of the whole, in their migrations and occupations, is similar and simultaneous. Here, every family decamped and travelled as its own views or caprices dictated ; all being as independent as they seemed, since each could soon construct its own habitation without the aid of others, and proceed to procure its own sustenance without the help of society. c2 12 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. The selfishness of this race, as known to Sir Edward Parry, can- not be more strongly marked than he has done it in his deserip- tion of his intercourse with them. Itadmits of no dispute : yet such was not the character of the present tribe. I have already said that they paid as much attention to the aged and destitute as could have been done by any civilized people: and we had opportunities of observing, that so far from seeking the exclusive gratification of their own hunger or appetites, (the ever ready and most marked test of animal selfishness,) they were always ready to divide their provisions, even where they had not enough for the next day, with those who were in want. The striking and most repulsive want of gratitude im those who came under the cognizance of that observer, was certainly not evinced by the present tribe. So far from this, our expe- rience led us to assign them a character the very reverse: though the virtue of gratitude, if it be practically esteemed a virtue, as men may safely doubt, is not so very abounding or so much cultivated, even under civilization and the lghts of morals and religion, as to have led to any great censure of these people had they been without it. If those against whom the charge of ingratitude has been, and with unques- tionable justice, brought, are what men ought not to be, there is that to be recollected, which, though not an excul pation, forms a solution of an imagined difficulty, which has possibly been overlooked: in civilized society, it is acknowledged and admitted that ingratitude is a vice: but it is a profitable or an advantageous one, and, while practised as such, it becomes SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 13 necessary to conceal or suppress, as far as that is possible, the open and shameless display. The “ children of nature,” as they are, customarily, though very idly termed, go direct to the mark which others reach in a more circuitous and hidden manner : there is no check, from opinion, or usage, or morality: it 1s a convenient or profitable usage, and the shortest road to the desired end is taken. Where the extreme of self-love forms the basis of a character, whether it be that of a whole tribe at Igloolik, or of an individual in England, ingratitude becomes an affair of course: it is a portion of the same virtue, where it is the custom to consider selfishness as the most needful of those, and thus, under such a code of brate morality, the most laudable. Be the fact as it may, however, as far as these general views are concerned, we must have been egregiously deceived, or, possibly, have contributed to our own deception, if the tribe of our acquaintance, here, did not display as much gratitude as could have been expected any where, if they did not impress us with the conviction that this formed a portion of a character which appeared in general so amiable, or, at the very least, so unexceptionable. It is not only, that, far exceeding the usual short and dry form of thanks, so general among this race, they seemed truly sensible of the favours conferred ; but the impression was found to remain. The thanks were renewed long after the services had been rendered, and when, according to the common course of things, these should have been forgotten; while they were often 14 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. accompanied by a free gift of some kind. It is but a part of the same character, that they were ever ready to confess a fault, and to make reparation, as they best could, either by apology, or restora- tion, or services; while ever seeming uneasy till they were forgiven and restored to favour. I may indulge in relating one petty history, by which this part of their character will be better illustrated than by any general statements, and I have no right to consider it the exception, rather than the rule, where no similar opportunity offered ; since it seemed to be consistent with their general character; and in other points than this. It had been settied, early in the spring, that Ooblooria and Awack, the son and nephew of I[kmallik, should provide them- selves with a sledge, dogs, and provisions, and accompany Com- mander Ross, who was to furnish his own supplies and carriage, and to proceed to Neitchillee, about fifty miles off, under their guidance. They accordingly came, at the appointed time, which was fixed by counting on the fingers, and by drawing on the snow the appearance which the moon would then present ; the stipulated quota of provisions being for five days. On arriving, however, they found that four families, including some relations, were hutted near the ship, and had been unsuccessful in their hunting; on which they unpacked their sledges, and gave up so much of their stores as only to leave themselves enough for two days. This was barely sufficient to carry them on to Neitchillee, yet not enough to maintain them during their return ; but they had expected to find a deposit of fish at that place. Unluckily, a storm SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 15 of snow detained the whole party; and, in the calculated time, the provisions of the guides were exhausted. The needful supply was therefore given them from our own stores, which they promised to replace on their arrival at Neitchillee. Here, however, when they at length arrived, their deposits could not be found, from the mass ef snow by which they had been overwhelmed ; in consequence of which they were again supplied with food enough to enable them to return to the ship. Here they related all that had been done for them, with the strongest expres- sions of gratitude; adding that their parents would come and thank Commander Ross, when he returned, for the kindness which he had shown. ‘This was done on the next day, by our furnishing the means of that journey after we had accommodated them on board for the night; when the father and mother arrived with a present of seal-skins of the best quality, and an offer to make them up into the water-proof boots for which they were intended; while they seemed exceedingly pleased that we accepted them without offering any remuneration. In a few days they returned with the manu- factured articles; nor did their gratitude end even then, since it was often expressed afterwards, and, even at the distance of four months, with a promise of a similar pair when the ship should arrive at Neitchillee. If the Esquimaux race has often been noted for cheerfulness and good temper, we found that confirmed here. Under the latter quality, if kind in their domestic relations, as I formerly noticed, so were they to their dogs; unlike to many of their fraternity, who have been noticed for their ill-treatment of these useful animals. 16 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. That these dogs were in bad training, was a natural consequence. Their cheerfulness was often vivacity, so that we might consider them a lighthearted people; and they seemed to possess great command of temper. The only show of resentment for what was thought an offence, was silence, after which they commonly left us and returned to their homes. The thievish propensities of savage nations are familiar: there is not a voyager’s narrative which does not dwell on them; and such excuses or defences have been made as these narrators could best contrive. I need not repeat the satirical defence which asks, what civilized Europeans, under equal temptations, and no restraints from divine or human laws, would act in a different manner. It seems a very simple question after all. Here, at least, whatever it may be elsewhere, there is no written divine law against theft, nor does there appear to be any moral sense which says that it is, abstract- edly, and universally, wrong. Human laws there are none; and there can therefore be no check but that of the inconvenience : as some modern pedants write, they are governed by the principle of utility. But while there is much convenience in acquiring the coveted property, there is no counterbalancing evil: the society suffers nothing, while many or all may gain. The case of a wreck on our own shores is not essentially different: the resemblance to an enemy’s town subjected to plunder is still more perfect. The thefts of savages are a warfare on property which seems placed in their power; it has been open warfare and bloodshed whenever they have dared; and when too feeble, it is such plunder as is attamable, without hazard, and by whatever dexterity. That SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 17 such is the principle by which they are guided in this case of theft, seems indeed fully proved by the fact that they do not rob each other; the evil in such a case would be felt and remedied. The reasoning of these Esquimaux, however, seemed of a different nature, and of a more “ liberal” character: it has often been used in far other lands, and has been considerably acceptable to the multitude, before the days of Wat Tyler and since; as it is a rule of action for him who pilfers a book from a library or a rare shell from a cabinet. Not only are the sea and the land, with the animals which they bear, the common property of those who want them, but the same is true of every thing which can be found on the face of the earth. It is the want alone, therefore, with the power of using, which constitutes the right to possession : but it is a corollary trom the general argument, which might not be so acceptable to those who use it among ourselves, under which they restore the stolen article when they find the original owner to be in want of it. In this manner did they practically conduct themselves toward us. No secret was made of the theft among themselves, so that the knowledge soon came to the owner, to whom the stolen article was retarned on demanding it. Nor were the accusation, and the term thief, more than a matter of merriment: though after we had taken some trouble to explain to them that to steal was ‘ bad,” very few instances of a similar nature occurred. In one case, the husband, aware of his wife’s propensities, always brought back what she had taken away. The extremely envious disposition of some of the Esquimaux has D 18 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. been noticed, among their other faults. Imust not be quite sure that we were not inclined to see every thing here in the most favourable light: but while admitting that every man wished to possess, by purchase, whatever his neighbour had obtained, we did not observe any workings of that bad passion in this desire. We did not observe any propensity to falsehood, or disposition to deceive; and, on every occasion, there seemed a desire to com- municate all the information in their power, while, as far as we examined, this also proved correct. It was on the same principle, that we could always trust their promises ; there was the “ point of honour” engaged; and on the only occasion on which they broke one, in not keeping an appomtment as guides, they long after accused themselves of ‘‘ being very bad” for not giving notice ; though, to have done so, would have been to lose a day of their hunting when they were without provisions. Such is the little we could discover or infer respecting the moral character of these people. It ought not to be an unexpected one, considering the mild dispositions of this race in general, and the circumstances in which they are placed in this narrow community and district. May I not say that it is a good one, and that the man of these lands may be considered a “ virtuous savage >” May I ask where are the civilized communities in which there is a more favourable balance of the vices and virtues? since it is thus, and not by the varied action of either, that this question must be judged. This at least I may say, that the all-wise and beneficent Creator has not neglected this race, and that in giving them the means of animal happiness united to the desires which prefer those means to SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 19 all others, he has also, in his own way, instilled into them such principles as tend to preserve their moral happiness and order: while it is not for man to say in what manner he will hereafter judge those who have obeyed the impulses to good, and those who have indulged the propensities to evil. But, of Him, they have no knowledge: in this they resemble all their unconverted brethren of the same great tribe; while I need not repeat the remarks so often made on this subject. Like others, we found nothing that even approximated to this wide-spread piece of knowledge; and could only conclude that their opinions respect- ing a future state coincided with those which prevail among the Esquimaux at large. If they were influenced by any superstitions which have a reference to a Providence or a future life, we did not discoverthem : and though possessing an angekok, hke all the others, he did not seem to be treated with much deference or any respect. We discovered in them a strong propensity to imitation and to mimicry: a property which they converted to immediate use, m learning to feed themselves in the same manner as we did, and with the same utensils; and under which also they sometimes amused themselves in aping our gait and manners: above all, in the English custom of uselessly walking up and down under the notion of exercise: a practice which they could as little compre- hend as the Orientals, to whom it is so often a subject of wonder. This principle extended also to drawing, in which, even with our pencils, they were speedily proficients: while further rendering this talent very useful to us, in delineating the geography of the country ; as has been found equally common in the other tribes of d2 20 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. these people. All their geographical knowledge seemed very accurate ; and, to every river, hill, bay, or lake, there was a name: while it seemed to give them great pleasure to be able to com- municate this information. Notwithstanding the vanity which made them prefer whatever was there own, despising, or affecting to despise, even our guns, im comparison with their own weapons, they were very desirous to know the name and use of every thing; nor had we any difficulty m making them comprehend the latter, im spite of our ignorance of their language. I must, in reality, consider them as an acute- minded people, who would be ready, after a little while, to receive instruction, and probably to adopt some inventions, and customs also, as far as these could be admissible under the circumstances in which they are placed. Of their intellectual faculties, beyond these points, it is difficult to form any judgment, so limited is the scope for the exertion of those; nor can I refer to aught more than their dexterity in hunting, and the practice of those useful arts which I shall immediately notice. But they are an energetic and active people ; and though given to great excess in eating, like all others of their race, never appearing to give way to pure indolence, even when well fed. On the contrary, they seemed always busied in some- thing, even when at home: as some of us were inclined to think that much of their eating arose rather from the necessity of doing something than from appetite. In procuring their food, they seemed also more provident and systematic than the Esquimaux have generally been found. SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 21 Nothing can be more regular and orderly than their migrations from one place to another, in pursuit of the different kinds of game; while their system of storing up provisions, and oil for fuel, in different places, to meet future wants, seemed as perfect as possible. These are prepared in advance, at the several stations where the musk ox, the reindeer, and the seal are to be hunted ; and thus they can undertake their furthest migrations with the most perfect security. No one expects to hear that they are a more cleanly people than their fraternity elsewhere, and I need not repeat the dis- gusting details. Man is permitted to be more dirty than the beasts, and he is certainly not slow in taking advantage of this privilege wherever he dares. But, here there is really some excuse, and the people were not unwilling to be clean. They cannot well avoid contamination from the oil which they use as food and fuel; as, in a confined hut, where every thing must be dried at the flame of the lamp, the effects of smoke are equally inevitable. But the excuse, above all, is the want of water: and it has been resorted to as an excuse for similar neglect where it is not the rare and expensive article which it is here. The ex- penditure of fuel required to thaw what they drink is very great, as the quantity of water which they thus consume is enormous ; very often they cannot procure enough, or suffer severely from thirst should their oil be expended: so that we need not be surprised if they do not wash themselves in winter: while the habit of ten months in every year of life can scarcely be broken through in the two short ones during which water can be procured, 22 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. Yet they wash their faces at least, by using a piece of wetted bear-skin as a towel; while they were well pleased to be put into good order on board, even to the act of combing and cutting their hair, and the loss of their beards under the barber’s hands. The hair of the men is indeed kept quite short, being an evident improvement of their appearance as compared with the long- haired tribes, as well as a decided peculiarity : it is the women alone who wear it long, and tied into two bundles, or long cues, hanging over the two shoulders, They seem little addicted to ornaments, and were very indifferent to our beads; it was on the children almost solely that these were placed: while their own consisting of fringes of skin, teeth, and other things, were similar to those which have often been described. Their dresses being shown in plates and described in the ex- planations, I may omit any notice of those, as of many other matters. As elsewhere, the outer dress is always taken off and cleared of snow on entering the huts, altering their appearance in such a manner that they can scarcely be recognised. The snow sofas on which they sleep have no covering of branches, as is common elsewhere: the first layer is that of seal-skins, above which are deer-skins with the hair uppermost, being the sheet or blanket; while a similar skin forms the coverlet. In what manner they sleep, I need not repeat: and the beds are not cold, except in very severe weather, though the temperature of the walls cannot be above the freezing point. The lamp is ever burning ; since it is the fire for cooking when not required as light. SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 23 Their snow huts have been so particularly described that it is su- perfluous to speak of them again: while I have also noticed their method of proceeding with the construction in the course of the preceding journal. I need only name what has not yet been mentioned, namely, their method of procuring the ice window, which, in this country, is not to be found on the surface of a pond. For this purpose, a seal-skin is laid on the snow, so managed at the edges that it may contain two inches of water in depth, pro- cured by thawing snow before the lamp. This is immediately frozen into a transparent plate: and such, I presume, is esteemed the value of the fuel used for this purpose, that these windows are always removed and carried with them in their migrations. It is already equally known, that when the roofs of the snow huts begin to melt under the influence of the sun, they are removed, and a covering of skins substituted, as the summer tents consist of skins raised into a conical form by means of a central pole, from which lines are extended, and surrounded at the base by circles of stones. The walrus does not frequent these straits: and whether it is that the whale is rare or not, we could not understand that they ever took any, and many had never seen one. The seal, the musk ox, the reindeer, the fox, and the hare, form their quadruped game: they kill but few grouse, which, being considered delicacies, are reserved for the women and children; but their supplies of fish seem to be very considerable. This last is eaten raw, if often half dried: the flesh of animals seems acceptable in any way, but it is always cooked, if possible, apparently for the sake of the oil soup. 24 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. In the method of taking these several animals, there is nothing which has not been often described. The reindeer are generally shot by arrows, in the water,, as is usual elsewhere; and, in their canoes, there is nething to notice, if I except their manner of ferrying the women and children, by stuffing the latter within the skin of the boat, and making the former lie flat behind her husband; in a rather dangerous position, when the least move- ment would upset the whole crew. Under the great scarcity of wood here, since very little is ever drifted on these shores, and in the want of the walrus and the whale, they are almost limited to the use of the reimdeer’s horn in the making of their spears and other weapons; but these so nearly resemble those noticed by Crantz and others, that I need not describe them, unless indeed the fish-spear be not different from any of which I have read. The shaft of this, seven or eight feet long, is made of wood, if that can be procured ; if not, of horn; and is furnished at the end with three points, so as to resemble a trident, of which, the central one is plain, and the two outer barbed, as may be seen by one of the plates. This want of materials compels them also to adopt a method of constructing their sledges, which differs very materially from all others hitherto described. A number of salmon are packed together into a cylinder about seven feet long, and wrapped up in the skins taken from the canoes, which cease to be of use when the frost is arrived. Being then well corded with thongs, two of these cylinders are pressed into the shape of the runners, and, having been left to freeze, are secured by cross SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 95 bars made of the legs of the deer or musk ox, so as to form the bottom of the sledge. This being done, the bottom of the runner is covered with a mixture of mossy earth and water, which soon freezes, to the depth of two inches; after which comes the final process of plating the surface, that it may run smoothly over the snow. The operator takes some water in his mouth, and, when somewhat mixed with saliva, it is deposited on a bear-skin which is then rubbed over the runner, as by a brush, gradually, till a coating of half an inch thick is produced, when the work is finished; the ice produced in this manner -having an unusual degree of tenacity, and being also more slippery than the ordinary material. These carriages travelled much more lightly than our own, which were shod with iron; but as they cease to be of use as soon as the thermometer reaches the freezing point, they are taken to pieces; the fish being eaten, and the skins converted into bags, while the bones are reserved for the dogs. In the preceding journal I have noticed the sledges made of ice. In their miserable singing there is nothing which has not often been described ; and this is equally true of their dances, or rather dance, which seems intended to imitate the motions of a bear. A ; — : 4 7 - 7 ; : : at ; iW i ; 7 a L ry ¢ . 7 o : iq e “te : ; Ne a a Pa. - S&S ATP OUOR Int 4o WYP Ae : . ; 7 : : ae i — vs : } i | ‘ly. Same — : > | | C. “Uriel 4 ES WL Sor ah 1 shea wigal | : ' + * ae i he eel . Pin a ‘ ) ¥ ails te Beith, Sih ee UR | eee iitind ual . weil cents 4 rs irir Spit ire ai bie ‘ : mare! Waive hits Pore pedi to ae iin ae Devivey ei vain: ri ' n" r) mm avis! xACP ae re ’ 5 i ght. Autviavy MONTE. TiS | tay] wet it? et att oO Bae! iu» ; OF, ris ees year’ tire Vie i OTL ways iit : aT SHA TE; r Aas vir i, iil : 7 4 , 7 i ies St beae eed ey ak Meee Dad , nnd } ‘Wits MDG. aieh ne LONE OR ESAGY, Seo, ATE | roel —. an i Lat ‘. “icy : Soa : ores a 4 .97eor ‘ ie nah 7 ; ree ‘) ee: r ms ae eo) Se Tee 7 Nt a a ahieaety® th ‘nn r) a VICK dtig a Tr aut yey, Hist we _ : : ; a. abteniitte , Pore 8 wit 7 Patti Eee ee Se a AN ME ak ae. . a + & = pratt Fig TS shi ayers vaya. fy cuit, wold YE tial ; ; = : ey? oi) oy ee barntee) ot seal Ay ra ae cafe ln’ @ Wy ond 7 Be 7 Sty i Bids Hint) : oft i) ld { . ay gs “hit a! q iy 16 H i} ; * e a La! ! - = ‘ 4 ‘ - : 7 Jon 244i a BIEL TBs TIPITG 1 ‘t A a 5 un} ys S5i teal aTeagheratt? WE a righ) ol Pale Sears pe eee ye hoe : — P fet fa { a if) Th" SLES * yyy id May Cel ape Tees oe el apet lis paris’, ‘ i ih at 9 wy Powe: aa . es ee 2 — i f i ; : - : roe? : ™ in us tobe homeless a “4 tes Tih thu ; ‘ip £53 f Ah i, ee " at ‘pw 4 . 7 +94 4 i we is ft PR SIGE MONEE ENP Ty), See OPT ty teed y : : ; : a 7 S Se Lalla i } ae ‘ be ene 7 as i tk ee « a) *” = 12 P ~ ; : ee A I Pairs itv CF Tanrip waive | GH Ne Mois ye ; & ; ; wi : ; vie ue pea ed pi ands eee fe : er f bat ven a wt a aR rit S 1d, Pe SY an urRestfty ia oll Bi a 7 s in Lo? c én a ‘ a it Tenant anaes 4 | <. a : } > ANTS le OER Ra ey eed ‘yf aa : : - , - T Atay Tien o “ : ¥ . Fi ae ’ a 7 eis 7 é : fe - . i> | ‘S. o ‘a ite rH, reyie “Oi nes rt, wie) ivi 4 ; _. ; : * . v 4 Ab er - af, e ‘ v. L ’ . i PO: x AL + be Tis Sik no ee blee 3 baggthrieiks saact ; i A i : ¢ , a : ; are ee f aR Ww were afi Ts | a4 iythiay D hie 1) STIs iy taro Anite ear a : ; i ' : ‘" » & 7 = a wi Jt om i f B : j Wy j : | . : Y 5 : , | / 7 5 ] ; : ; j ; ‘ - ; : i ~,§ ‘ . e 5 A, i y A ; . i i 7 4 2 “a: f i) 2 * oT 7 > 7 a 7 _ 7 ; 4 7 : 7 ‘ t 7 f = —— , - ‘ i Vy 7 — » ot ‘ f a : ; . : a 5 - ~ : € Dn : i nv) 7 ’ — - ie : a ; - : - - — + ; . = : : ; ; * ; : af : “ oa re : f : mg . ‘ ; ‘ 3 on P w i 7 i r , - e Sad 7 %% q ; 7 s J Brandard Stone by On from the original Drawing by Captain Ross KANGUAGIU. [osm wh U) AND A SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. i ALICTU AND KANGUAGIU. Autcru and his wife are represented as clothed in seal-skins over deer-skins, and a staff of bone in the hand of the former. This indi- vidual was about seventy years of age, infirm, and bent so that his stature did not exceed five feet ; he was remarkable for being the per- son selected as a sacrifice on the first day of our communication, being placed on a sledge about ten paces in front of the column con- sisting of thirty men, three deep, who being armed with knives were waiting in breathless anxiety to behold the manner in which their aged companion would be treated, and on which depended their conduct towards us. He remained on the sledge with his arms folded, and with a countenance perfectly resigned to his fate, until Commander Ross approached and caressed him: even then he seemed to doubt that he was not destined to be the first to receive the poniard; and it was not until unequivocal proofs of friendship were interchanged with the whole party that he appeared satisfied his last moments had not arrived. He was much pleased to have his sledge drawn to the ship by myself and the sailors, and he was one of those first brought on board to see the wonders of the interior. He never visited the ship after the first day, and his death was announced to us on the second of March by an old woman and his eldest son Tiagashu, who took particular care of him, and who abundantly shed tears E 2 28 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. on acquainting us of his demise. He had four ‘sons who all paid him great attention, and he lived to see his great-grand- children, He left a widow about ten years younger than him- self. On examining his corpse a large but not deep incision was found in the abdomen evidently made long after his death, and probably to prove that he was really dead. The whole of the party left the snow huts at North Hendon, where he died, on the following day, leaving a small piece of wood on the top of the hut, and, after the party had gone out of our reach, his remains were interred by us to prevent its being devoured by foxes. Before leaving Felix Harbour the surgeon procured the skull, which I intended for the Phrenological Society, but which was one of the many valuable specimens of natural history which was of necessity left behind when we abandoned the ship at Victoria Harbour—his eyes were black and very small; his hair, of which I have preserved a specimen, was grey approaching to white, when he died he was corpulent, and seemed to have no disease but old age. Kanguagiu, his widow, was afterwards found in possession of Poweytak, whose kindness to her, although helpless from infirmity and old age, will appear hereafter. She was certainly above sixty, about the middle size, and rather corpulent, her hair was grey and her face much wrinkled as well as tatooed. She was triply clothed in reindeer-skins, and was never seen out of the hut within which she is represented to be sitting, excepting when the family were removing to another station. a ; ,- a : ” on . ' | #¥A1HDCOM BHT 1O HOTHHE a va é A. ee - _ fia odM 2a0e TWO bed YH sainmb eid Yo eo gaitainnpon re 5 a shieta-tivrs il a9 of bovil of bas .notiestty iesra nid bing a wnt asi) isganoy May ast Ajnods, wohive &. 1 ie vH .ithfide wienat qaeb toa Sud ogial 0 veqios vid wilaiannes nO the 7 Aiueh ail setts guol dba yWashivs isnmbds: ott wi bast wow io slodw ofT bush iby flava aera tialt averq ot yidedurg ban wor \betbead oader gohaell diel te tod wona silt fel vting ot alt le qo! sift. 00 boow to sooig Tente s ymivasl gah aoivolle ods : ances 2th, ifoeee wo to te smog bail: viteg od} hin bee nl +. so vit zexet yd beiwersb yuisd ati daoverg uf an yd bens rave VE thesibay ale: add bamony woggne Sif swodinkh ails yaivesl a, gilt do suo ae doulye tod epoioge iravgolowont peliot Lobuetor + my ae etiam doidhw Gunter Verwiank te acanmingye sidinwilics ‘vat eos 3 | nV do que Jit ban dbitade av ashy fitidsd fst ‘an besrie9iq sous X daishe oyake ail = Utate yer baw afoul sires : : ao. sae oth bait oda’ aint it anidohage (pe yar men see i . \s foam a { sg6°blo: fis) waaboniy os aver! fe stg tog anion de -f : ; 2 rea woviemsncdtey iti bicacik abyawryitn \wanve: cvebive aid) tied 2. ’ aE Cee ptt zeolqt out dyuoutle? gant oF weonbiniad york Merge Saale ; . ay, eee ° Geena ‘etriniies eaw ade aaftasirsdl weayqe low spa ibe fini ~ a phewetiodd wank durbbiqvons deerr Hone. ee vy _ nua vik es 106 96d vvod aw bit voit Mioaeae tif ried ihe od tabetha dy aiifar galalyy an aed eth gle jou oo oltnine eadsonn ot | Biviviogsr ve eo 4) ere ee ee aly OW p a ee | A Mie io ak wk ite ated bin shite Fe iF etawe bia, aks ie rai _ = On Stone by J.Brandard, fromthe original Drawing by Captam Rass KAWALUA. TIAGASHUL. ADLURAK.,. Printed by Grafh Soree SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 29 , KAWALUA, TIAGASHU, AND ADLURAK. Tiacasuu was the eldest son of Alictu, and who took particular care of his father; he was five feet six inches and five-eighths high, slender and weaker than the rest, his eyes were very small, and he ap- peared to be ofa mild disposition. He was extremely industrious, and anxious to support his family, which consisted of a wife, three children of his own, and one of hers by a former husband, besides his father: he was not very successful. In May, 1830, he was reduced to absolute starvation, when he was assisted by Ikmallik’s party as long as they could, but afterwards by us, for which he was very erateful, but never had it in his power to make areturn. He shed tears on his father’s death, and seemed anxious that we should refrain from going to the hut where he was left. Adlurak, his wife, was one of the best looking; she was remarkable for having large eyes, while those of her husband were very small, and she was perfectly aware of the peculiarity she possessed. She was of a lively disposition and was proud of having four children, two of which were still at the breast; for some time she was a daily visiter, and was one of the most honest. Kawalua was about sixteen years of age, five feet seven inches high, and well made; he had neither father nor mother, but being nephew to Ikmallik, was an inmate with his family. This lad was one of the most inquisitive, and soon became a favourite with us all: 30 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. I therefore fixed on him to remain on board, with the intention of teaching him to read; and having on board an Esquimaux bible and the grammar published by Fabricius, I had hoped to make him useful. For this purpose he remained on board, and I began ‘to teach him his letters; but on the second day he came to me and said, that Aglugga had told him that he was not to stay any longer, and nothing could persuade him to remain. My good intentions were therefore completely frustrated, which I had subsequently great reasons to regret. On the second year we met with him several times, and he was always rejoiced to meet us, enumerating at each interview the presents he had received. a = “o : _ rv ¥ : * ee - : _ a 7 : = _ ‘ : ef _ a - ' 7 : a 7 a - <_ 7 7 f gs 7 : se ™ y 6 ine - : i. = ae : ’ — : 7 i. = 5 : i, : » _ ° e 7 7 a ' - a - ra (ste 7 = ; ~ > Pa ins mY nan une 08 Bu sand 2d wore, ae ms, e 3 D Fil ; } 7 : Am : - : ; noite a alt rw Ara mt oo mvt no be vale intern nt i nS : lid vsaniiny >: aT ie Ira a ak pad sits bo ri Hae ion ‘i ue _ a Ae i : i nla slant, qu vii but 1 sins bn 1} famat nT oul on , ~ 7 —— a a 2 Pw mn > 7 Le Sar wh _ a = al m aud it Tha ah brand “ Pao teoniserst oil weap ry adh wr five vo ai L 7 NM bo an a oh a m wits ad eal ioe a 4 wil as epiltel cit ait (a oi > You wo ie d ton aon allt ie ied hia bot x ria ht iy bine aie a } eae aw iar oa vil” see Hever i L seb thaw 7 im - a : Te . — "7 7 : 7 a h rat ito, ily lw “# bostarttaartt A, jobaly _— oad a ew p Saw Landa 7 i _ : mo") 3 -\ ee faa pe nae ti ier ol O- bergen od wnoeE \ 1 dvr a the - ms ular: - =~ : Ce: o - sit ‘ ot ds ~—_* ayer , ln a wen iat Sn a ate wil. Irae awl siti : - ne bs overeat 4 Ki lo oh eonaes ue 7 weit sve Ne wertiesme asig’ ; 7 7 oat , 7 are or ye fd . ‘Wes ria » ¥ 7, . {ee eS 2 : co ee OF, ' .- wal 7 : “a _ ye Z 7 ee oe 2 2. ‘ 7 = * Ap | _ * , 8 U 7 co y @ePen & - = as © & > =f ‘ — 7 7 7 _ wa i 7 see - ; - : z ; ie : 7 ] i) 7 , i i we : meh, - 7 — : : ' : : rn) eee Gres 7 i 7 : 7 7 7 % Wy 4 “alt ; al : 5 : ' : - - i . : os 7 7 = — = : : 7 7 oa i 7 : 1 - 7) : i 7 | oie ; : _ Preuss pee. a one a -_ : > _- 7 ee ; 2 2 > 7 7 aa = = : ; i) : a . : : : a a a ® om a : | va —_ 7 ; > - " ™ = ; J . 7 7 , _ & 7 : 7 - 7 oe > = _ : ) - . — . - . i 7 -, ’ ‘ »% . 7 7 - : : - ” 7 — _ wee ee 6 }. ‘ ‘ < ; : 7 - 7 — wv =. i . o oF ; - 7 t — > 7 ’ - > - ' : 1 ; , - - - . ; _ 7 ] - ~ ; ie i ai bts ma : ! os - a i! an } | 7 7 : | 7 7 . in a | '» ee ao ee ee . = 3 Qn Stone by J Brandard, from the original Drawing by Captain R TOV Wu). OOTOOGIA. Preatted. by Graf & Sores SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 31 ILLICTU AND OTOOGIU. Are represented standing at the pool of Shagavoke, where both salmon and reindeer are killed in the autumn ; the piles of stones are erected by the natives, for the purpose of preventing the reim- deer from passing along the shore when they wish to drive them into the pool. A man or a dog being sent among them make all to appear moving, which alarms the animals and causes them to take the water; where they are attacked and killed by men in canoes. Otoogiu was five feet three inches and five-eighths high, inclming to corpulency, his face broad; he was always clad im deer-skin jacket and seal-skin trousers. He was called an angekok or con- juror, but no one had any faith in his predictions, which were always a subject of merriment. He was among the first to show a disposition to possess himself of what he saw, and his taking out of my cabin the magnifying lens, which he is represented to be holding in his right hand, gave us a good opportunity of con- vincing him and his companions of the danger of meddling with what belonged to us—as related in the Narrative. His wife’s name was Kuauga, who had two children; she was five feet three inches and a quarter high and rather good looking. Hlictu, the son of Kunaua was a very fine lad about fifteen years of age, five feet six inches high. He was one who accompanied Commander Ross on his expedition to the north. When two musk 32 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. oxen were killed on this occasion, he demonstrated that he was very fond of fresh beef, and that he could eat without being satiated for one whole day. We found him on the following year with his father near Cape Lawrence, and very much improved. He had been successful in hunting both reimdeer and seals, and supplied me with skins and oil for fuel on the journey in which the Magnetic Pole was discovered. Otoogiu is represented with the magnifying lens which he had stolen in one hand, and a knife made of bone in the other. Tlictu has in one hand a rod made of reindeer’s horn, used for probing the depth of the snow, and in the other a fish-hook made of bone, which I purchased of him, and which now is in my possession. When we met him at Padiiak, on the following year, he supplied us with about fifteen pounds of excellent venison, for which he was well rewarded. On seeing the surgeon with a swelled face, he ran suddenly to him, blew in his face, and hit him a pat on the face, which we understood afterwards, was a cure for every complaint ; and as the surgeon very soon got well after that ceremony, his recovery was entirely attributed to that charm. At that moment he had suspended to his neck a small phial containing an emulsion which the surgeon had given to him six months before, which instead of taking inwardly, as intended, was hung to his neck as a charm. -” ¥ t- a HRTEUMS *. — i - Nas 7 oo ‘os : —. ; [. = as ane 7 wel ti walt Headey oititee my il allen 7 wil) by po treltbal anvawe wn oT - - : _- ; i owt doste iethe senso sence abies i i ers te iy de cs rah te er tus a ran 7 -_ io at ne - ot oat at > al dig wf ti cheat Wwe ees j a 7 ‘\ “a> 3 * ta ah te sities a Maer “prt tite aS. Dd vere eles = 5 : » han dog all 4 bana ia ne teas ’ ahs fine ive set erve| ' a t tee ‘ ore ree! at vii salle elt abvemt Tagen itt ons | tna ns her Arie ore Ss 4 orev a i. ; isthe = “Ebene pnw tv itv ns vemeeh|vagn Fiennes ohh ttc hema witty j : | i lt , on bite ater 1 fin at io abet a : At gain eH a resi Not? eh be dtonat eaten sit : eb he eesieal TA rine wy ‘wl om ‘po coven 1D iy yh _ sens mony rie hi onl ower Vir aan: ca Mea alien 9 "Least ten Mop a ‘my ‘esteottts a wil tb nA So “~ aarer .. : eather oni chute ne ore trib ore) teria wine ny Tr tabi rer * ; | Cae dani, on vy wales thie ee A rb th ter rer hin vty i. Tg: sare 1% ie iy liad ye wh alk nt aot ae orn tone a. i i etsy mn reer Nrwrr's: ne Soli revs trot hal ban ics : Nu -_ wl cqonere: ae ait tea’ i Ve teen at tte wer ‘wrcrsegnne ally i : a _ » aor ‘ieemnoen' sith en! vane alts 64 9 ratred Ho obvi aawatites wr oad | TE mab 08 tra vier | ee tas i bar's Phin eye 1H "hal iy an ‘ | oS ats rt vt ay wa AM te wit pat oan it healt. Fos ‘_—n ‘4 ie staat! a ce aad Hui» Ce walt iF wt Hite: 5 om “uti! Ror, ae eee, a iy ie Se me Ne “SW is : | cae s. So? Fo ii} ers 1 ee 3 ee " : : “¢ i ae sat = KOUSNTASNIGAT SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 33 KUNAWNA. Tuts native, both in features and character, differed considerably from the rest; he measured five feet eight inches and five-eighths, was of a robust and healthy appearance; his forehead appeared lower than it really was, from his eyebrows being very much arched; he was the most successful of all the hunters, particularly in killing bears, and he was constantly clad in bear-skins. Tlictu, before mentioned, was his son by a first wife, which he had probably spared to a friend. By his second wife, which we saw at Cape Lawrence, he had two young children. His hut was almost entirely covered with snow at that time, but he had a large store of seal-oil, reindeer flesh, and salmon, buried under the snow, also skins of every kind; and from him I bought a very large deer-skin, which was my bed during my fatiguing journey from Victoria harbour to Fury beach, and is now in possession of Sir Felix Booth. He informed us that Kablala (a woman who had a club foot, and who was highly respected by all on that account) had been with him, and had departed only a few days before with Tulooah, her husband. Kunana was one of those who gave us many supplies, consequently he was well stored with knives, spear-heads, hooks, &e., which he had received in exchange. On my return from Artists’ bay, he convoyed us several miles, pointing out the names of the various capes, rivers, and stations, which we passed, and F 34 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. and kindly directed us to the best route to Cape Isabella and Padliak. His wife Nangiak seldom came to the ship, and never without her husband. As they were the most successful, they were never in want, nor were they at all covetous or inclined to pilfer. Her stature was four feet nine inches and one-eighth, her complexion like that of her husband, lighter than the others, and her ap- pearance healthy. She had two young children besides [llictu, and the family were always thankful for what was given them. AEM DEYS AS ITA; +a tary ints t le af ‘ave Rene 9 4a. Dorel dbs wil rae Wai ogtal - “se gin) _— re Mra . drittyt - « ae 7 Fi 7 J] i fae = alae 7 a on. ~*~ é we 1 = ‘ i, , 7 1 - - _ ‘oot = ” » 7 7 : _ - “ - - * a — Ly "y a oo ; a - ~ - 7 : ee VL _ vw & i to - i : 7 On Stone by J. Brandard from the Onyrnal Drwinging by Captain K SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 35 HIBLUNA. (Owhee.) Hie.una was remarkable for being the plainest-looking woman in the whole tribe, and also for being the most lively ; when a pre- sent was made to her of any useful article, such as a tin preserved meat case, her joy knew no bounds. Above, she is represented in one of her ecstasies on receiving a woman’s knife which she holds in her right hand, and in her left a bone knife, while she is jump- ing up and exclaiming, Owhee! Owhee? by which name she was soon known to the sailors. On this occasion, she had brought us a fine piece of a musk ox in a frozen state, and which we found to be most excellent food. She was one of our daily visitors, having with her an infant which she used to produce quite naked, even when the thermometer was 43° below zero of Fahrenheit. Her height was five feet three inches and a quarter, was near forty years of age, and extremely dirty and badly clothed; her face was broad, her nose flat, and the want of her fore teeth, added to her unseemly appearance ; her husband’s name was Kunana (2d), and she had two young children ; however she was so good humoured and merry that she was a favourite among the sailors. Eringahriu, Hibluna’s sister, was so extremely like her, that when they were apart it was difficult to discern which was which; but when together it was more easy, as the former was only four F2 36 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. feet ten inches high. She had also lost her front teeth, and im habit and appearance was equally disgusting. Her husband's name was Ootoonina, who being as ill-looking as herself was an excellent match. They were both our guides and companions during our journey in 1831 across the lakes to the western sea. She was also of a lively disposition, and the sailors, who could not pronounce her name, christened her Nancy, to which she answered with perfect readiness; and was likewise a favourite with the sailors. Her husband was a very successful fisherman, and they had always plenty ; but she seemed to be a very bad housekeeper, and was not so industrious as the rest, and was never neatly dressed or clean. One of her children was at the breast, and the other was about five years old, which in the summer ran about naked. In Stone by J Brandard,from the Original Drawing by Captain Ross MANELLIA ADELIK SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 37 MANELLIA AND ADELIK. MANELLIA was the wife of Nullungiak, and one of the prettiest of the females; her stature was only four feet seven inches and a half; her features were small and regular, and her hands and feet were in proportion, very little; and she was, notwithstand- ing her dirtiness, rather interesting. She is represented in the plate with a child on her back, which was born at North Hendon, but which died on the following year. Her manner was much milder than the rest, nor did she appear to covet what she saw. Adelik is an old woman who was a daily visitor to the ship. She appeared te observe with great attention every occurrence which took place, also to mimic or imitate people’s actions. She is represented in the plate ludicrously imitating one of the officers who used to walk up and down near the ship’s side for exercise, of which she could not see the utility. The staff in her hand is one of the spears with which seals are killed. She appeared about fifty-five years of age, and being rather bent was only about four feet seven inches in stature. She was supported by her children, and she was daily employed gleaning at the place where sweepings had been previously deposited on the ice at a little distance from the ship. Her face was much weather-beaten, and had in it the delineation of care and anxiety. She was never detected in dishonest practices. 38 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. Manellia and her husband returned to North Hendon in the fol- lowing or second summer, where there infant died, soon after which they departed and took up their station at Padliak, where we found them living on erkalook, a small sea fish, which has been already described. Capiany Ro: by g randard, tow the Orinnal Drawn NALUA Ak AKIMAGIU K SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 39 POYETTAK, KAKIKAGIU, AND AKNALUA. KAKIKAGIU is represented standing between her two husbands. She was a native of Akullee, and by far the most robust woman we met with; her stature was five feet three inches and a quarter; her face was broad, her eyes, nose, and mouth small, as also her hands and feet, in proportion to her figure which was completely en bon point; her favourite husband was Aknalua, who was decidedly better looking than Poyettak, accordingly the latter was sent out to hunt and procure food whilst the other remained at home, and it was rather surprising to see how cheerfully he would obey from time to time this, which appeared to us, unfair command, of a capricious or partial wife, and bring home the fruits of his labours to be equally divided! On one of these occasions, Poyettak was sent to guide Commander Ross to the Umingmak (musk ox) mountains, and was absent a whole week. It was this woman who had obtained some knowledge of the ships under Sir Edward Parry, and by whose advice the party advanced to communicate with us; when Poweytag had lost his adopted child, the fury of the old man was appeased by her interference, and she was one of the most useful and intelli- gent in giving us information about the coast, rivers, stations, &c. Latterly she was not very honest, and Aknalua made her return a carpenter’s rule which she had taken and concealed. She was about twenty-five years of age. AO SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. Poyettak was about twenty-eight years of age, he measured five feet four inches and five-eighths; his complexion was darker than that of Aknalua, and his features not so pleasing, though small in proportion; he was however a successful hunter, and very active. Aknalua was about twenty-six years of age, measured five feet eight inches, was strong and well made; his complexion was not so dark as many of them, and his features were very pleasing ; he seemed to have a very good temper, and often came to the ship, but never was accused of taking any thing away. Being his wife’s favourite, he generally came to the ship with her, and was neither covetous nor dishonest. We did not see this family after the first year. AM, aaa ’ an tn a se ee ee! ee lel : va “a = 7 7 aes _—s : = 7 18° i nl a - { ; - - yila a : : - ye yay 7 \ : _ * \- 4 — 7 a ; e a 22 Pe ae 7 i a 7 j as We ‘ w > a [ ; ? A, 7 we ; = f » - ae ; -_ a 7 7? i 7 ye. w : =" a _ a ey - 7 o - a " ccm 7 7 = \ -_ — ap 7 7 : 7 —- = _ . 7 >) t ce ey ‘SF I . a ; - —- aaron miieeso weraae ta 0 a ©; nS : —— 7 Sb, al’ S48 Po SE ee errno es OL ee ve - < ey ry yh res : 4 7 eo _ at > avi | erTiress 3 Mit a gn he boinc, * — tnowi tiods ascw datiayoh oe a = 7 ait — ae e - - ann 2 aha _ nk I walveh aw nwixslgen saves sl a dlariyeo—s7ih bas “ carol . a i ~ 7 ae es '* 7 nt tha fii slay eth (gies ly tones west aid b as wulsyalh te tes 4 . iw ) ” io NAOT al qi vid gob wut, 1 luw Aha agin write id etioat td ‘6 ae oe é — ! oe es ve —-e EE A wee > A afi ye 7 ee even ey Wier snow esimias i sel acer iV ho ‘i ame he om : oe cgay bor : : La ir a wap ie is ape myssiot b ‘bree? ow — " ov cal or bvac we a : os. u -_ a ae : Pa P} a As 7 7 ee nes Yon gu te rion ew soesen find fap) . ‘ a ete «ee oe -— ) : 2 ‘ah steroid te + it Le weet ohio el nail a . > ae ue _ nw ts ae sn ihe alt ob osttare yl 4 7 7 - nn tm - we ,. : 7 7 : i 4 - : =e +h be - wy : 9 ee mae . it AT oe A : - 7 7 iy = Tt aa aw. oy : 7 * ° 2. ; ‘ a ' an 7 r ] , . o : 7 » 7 7 25 “A 7 7 _ ; 7 he Py a ea] 7 = a. , a. - = om 7 aig an) =e yo 3% onan i 7 6 7 — Sy aoa = Tee 7 7 ie ia wo > - : .s — a a a ~'| " — > —, eo a 7 2 TWA aN | a a = n — ad sy elt ail f wo ; ee ao > ’ ae «+ cal 1 ‘os fh i an Lore a wf > x SS A 7 ee aly path te ey . - 7 Mu ae > _ _— — oe a * - - - a : a a 7 7 sal ‘ ‘ 7 5 * a i: => i ae i _ aR. we bis a r av > & id i. — * a =e) rae - 7 - 7 ys a ee... a ; 7 ar a 7 _ - - 5 i. > a a ihe. 7 7 : ie , _ : » a 7 a - i a a a eal oe ag et, —— —— oo a 4 7 _ ’ 7 ‘és oe : 7 ae oe —s a > 7 P p aed > 7 _ a oe 7 e « 7 z 2 7 ee ee ie ep. = - Tai! a) ; » Lunt <6 = * aoe e» s' ied i an a 7 4 fi 7 sa : : vP) a 4 » _ c.f Toe i ac * § A iy a a y rap = = wee ry a . = ' _ a % oF na = @ wai - : - - “¢ Je - 7 7 : ." i 7 - id Pi 7 7 a = : a _ oe > a* =. _ e 4 ; 7 _ 7 ; i 7 e a ee rn 14 ; 7 7 a’ 7 < - aN a0 a all a x rid _ — 7; e _ (_t ¥ Ae - = = a ‘os aes @ a - ; rape oh > Ser) Te - 7 ai x —_—e me ; - a Fal i a > a = 7 - i = = 7 “a a > , . _ a Uy TL sod =) » > : ¥. ~ ) 7 a ‘ ia - \ a 7 > i : ° a ; q v1 7 f VS : 7 _ o 1 i>) ae if a paar - > = s _ so ee 7 i . a 7 1 > 7 > 7 ~ = 7 - 7 7 - se? - au oa : a: a ae es ce: ’ ' ay - aw . a Py ; +) re OS: . "© oe - = - : %. Se 7 + a 7 fa nes eo _ aaa? ; in iz : 7 ‘ a : 7 - 7 : P : - 7 7 _ .~ wee w.- = ’ 7 ine a —_ a _ > - = a a ,<. a 7 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHTIANS. 4] KEMIG. Turis young woman, who was the most corpulent of the whole tribe, is represented as sitting on the bed within a snow hut, to have the tatooing delineated ; this consisted of three lines horizontally across each cheek, and three vertically across the chin, a double line round the neck and breast above the shoulder, another below the shoulder, and a third above the elbow; between each of these lines, which encircled the arms and parallel to each other, there were ornamental devices, but without any meaning; and all the women were tatooed exactly in the same way, She was five feet four inches and a quarter high, and was about twenty-five years of age. Her husband’s name was Konag, who was also young, but they had no children, which is considered a great reproach to both parties. They went to the western sea in the sum- mer of 1830, but returned in 1831 to us at Sheriff’s harbour, at which time she had become much more corpulent, and was still without a family. Her skin was a dirty copper colour, her face was broad, her brow very low, her eyes, nose, and mouth small, and her cheeks very red. She seemed very indolent, as well as her - husband; and, at one time, they were so unsuccessful that we had to relieve their wants to keep them from starving. Her mother, whose name was Nimna Himna, but nicknamed by the sailors, Old Greedy, as well as herself, was a constant visitor to the ship, G 42 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. and generally carried off something which she had picked up. On one occasion, when coming up the ladder, she was tumbled off by the surgeon, and falling on her back, pretended to faint; from which, although all the doctor could do could not recover her, she was restored by the offer of an empty tin case, which had contained preserved meat: a stratagem which she subsequently tried more than once without success. She was about sixty years of age, five feet two inches high, extremely ill-looking, and decidedly the most disgusting of the whole tribe. tain Re Jrawing by Cay g rH ndard K AUN AGY?0; Kee . SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 43 KANAYOKE. KANAYOKE came to the ship at Felix harbour, in the spring of 1830; he had wintered at Padliak, and, having crossed the isth- mus, joined a party about six miles to the northward, one of whom guided him to us. It appeared that he was the father of Poyetta, by Kanguagiu, Alictu’s widow, now the wife of his brother, Poweytag. He was about sixty-five years of age, was five feet eight inches high, and remarkable for being darker in colour than any of the rest. It appears that he lived to the westward, and had communication with a tribe in that direction where the females were most numerous; and when a wife was wanted for some of his own party, he transferred to him his own wife, and went for another to himself, a friendly service which we understood he had performed no less than five times; and he had now brought his sixth spouse, by whom he had three young children, to visit three of his former wives, and we witnessed the whole party living toge- ther in perfect harmony! The advantages of this, as far as he was concerned, were obvious; for in each of the five different families he had a son or two, so that in his old age he might, according to custom, claim support from all or any of them, or from the most successful in hunting, as he was entitled to the share of a father. He brought several good specimens of natural history, for which he was well rewarded, and he gave us some valuable information GE 4A SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. respecting the western sea and the nature of the country to the westward. He also informed us, that Kablala, who had a club- foot, and her husband, were to be at Padliak, and that we should see them next year. On the second visit, he brought his present wife and children to see us, whose description will occupy the next page. “MVIONITINN * SANAVONINVd vViyooi9s00 sso wy Urey [ Teutstio oy) wor prepurig auozd SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 45 OOBLOORIA, PANINGAVOKE, AMINGO, AND NULLINGIAK. Aminoo, the sixth wife of Kanayoke, is represented sitting at the table in the cabin of the Victory, between her two children, and an infant on her shoulder whose name was Aknallua. She was extremely well clothed in deer-skins, and so were her children, ot whom the parents were very fond. Her complexion was much lighter and paler than the other females, and her behaviour very modest and unassuming. She sat at the table, and viewed the pictures that were set before her with great delight, pointing out to her children every thing she thought wonderful, as soon as it had been explained to herself. Her children were also very pretty, the eldest about four years old, the next two and a half, and the youngest about six months. After remaining some time, she returned to the huts, about six miles off, and we had not an opportunity of seeing her again. We understood that the whole family had gone off, with that of Kablala, to the westward. Ooblooria, who is represented standing with a whip in one hand and a coil of line in the other, came with them. He was the eldest son of Ikmallik and Apelagliu, about seventeen years of age; his stature was five feet two inches and three-quarters, stout made ; his dress, on this occasion, was rather ornamental as well as useful, having above his deer-skin jacket, a tippet made of the belly part 46 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. ot the deer-skin, which being white, had a very pretty, as well as comfortable appearance; he was one of the guides which Com- mander Ross had on his first journey to Neitchillee and Padlhiak, on which occasion his provisions ran short, and his gratitude, as well as that of his parents, has been dwelt upon already in the Narrative. He was a fine active and intelligent lad, and was, consequently, a great favourite with us. He was married to Shullanina, Tulluahiu’s daughter, and his own cousin, his mother, Apellagliu, being Tulluahiu’s sister. We had no reason to doubt that he was strictly honest, as also the whole family, who were certainly, and very deservedly, the favourites ; and as they showed no disposition even to covet, they were always presented with more of what was useful to them than the rest. fy | anh ot os ees eee : one ; nit ic , r - i « ' : : : AD Oy . 3 7 - . - : 7 i Le . 2 : - i ‘ re : i 5 f) n ee © 7 a : 7 " 7 val” ’ - ; | ® 7 7 7 - : a .? - i ‘} . : } 7 7 : 7 or : i . = z ' ~ [ 7 ee : =~ . fF > _ 7 Pes, ansiegrey a : ie. o rae a ~ ry n J er = 5) a 7 7 7 ; , 7 7 ee : ry _ y res ma co @ in Dolrate He wig Ce tial iw avisdl doidive sai 7 pried 2 ar * i eae , foie : obiog Shae or st cae sar ta ret Opie : : ff oe awe it «i f 1 ‘yale be a3 ’ a Aaithatt 1 bas saltidorioWs Fe] ame " ght ti Spd eh ey 4 ut sg tin) | me _ ni a ee ry a. init i t fiw. svode om | aviary oer the i L ao } | y a ‘ 7 (few a : 7 *)) dh Ubon: ogy Aw sel po De as aes ce = Seal? 0a | er | amad bute ak Nr at i baud —* oat) a oe ees man: 7 a i” a ‘ roads mt i , ” (eit ager A Mad dive git ity i he ma LJ “ nae rot ' ui ri . ee ¥ ij a i AB - F : a iu A vshyout wi wire zz =r sdk die Leshan: ais ifioul Wt va — : v, 7 > t ns 7 7) i rt ti. > ¥ i - we “adivoly oF reeme seeton } ial @ Wt: soian 4 ‘a wntabvete| uit ; series a Nu ave ap | - ‘ Y ; rr Ie, “1 : ion : te di ew eer al a. Jeon, oy a ‘oe ie - : ae ‘ _ “vera eyois abs Ba baw ies sir vas ieee ‘bow ae : :y19% Ho aie — “at dti ive brahteaeiny wale 9 ek il Fits oes ue * 7 7 - : vies: . : hi ae a iat test wal ie a fia, te We sue Ww - ~~ = —_ - - a - na : : 4 in & _ - - ; -_ : » =: Alain. : @ al =" : ws oe ag? + Se © i and “a a Po ee ae a 7 oi 7 a - 7 q rh i ma ao - = 1 r ; at . - - ; 7 ne - ae hs oR iN a Bi; an . a =) oan) 7 _ _ ’ 7 = 7 - a) ve . Ls oe - ; bd a ad : 7 7 : i a af : 5) ees ss : — " 7 ; 7 7 a] kway i, an - a 7 y & F i 7 : a a) ph ' > oe is 7 ee a . - a ~~ 7 : : 7 7 ; ae a - - - : ni . A - _ - . a ; . a ~ ; an S 7 i > : i a? ! . fn iter Py 7 : 7 i = 7 ~ 7 a’ = - - 7 7 7 7 - a - ' — 7 7 - 1: 7 _ 7 = 7 a _ a ee! \- _ - aL aT) 1) arn % me " « - yy a “we ee 7 oy 7 7 7 . ; a ; 7 a _ : 7 - \> 9 ; : ; ie : : = 7 - : in ae re a - n ; A fo ae fi —- oak 7 v7 ’ 7 } . | oa, a ij lp i - a a 4 - vir | _—— a iA i. ee gold & m @ 6 Se: vient wit Ree] « F ; =~ es a i : - ‘ ' y es t . - : | >: . - 7 1 eo : 7 a . ; . ¥ -_ ‘ 7 : 4 > - _ - : > : : ' 7 “S ap mn 2 1s : : * : 7 We) fo oT oS ; ‘ " 7 a > ¢ 7 any iv : ; 7 _ Ww 7 i _ On Stone by J.Brandard from the original Drawing by Captain Ross KONYAROKLICK . NEWEETIOKE. OR BALO HEAD. Printed by Graf k Soret SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 47 NEWEETIOKE AND KONYAROKLIK. NEWEETIOKE was brother to Ikmallik, and certainly the tallest of the Boothians, being five feet ten inches high, but he had been described to us much taller before he came to us the second year at Sheriff's harbour; but when he stood up beside Mr. Abernethy, who was six feet two inches, he looked so much shorter that his brother was quite astonished. He is dressed in a bear-skin jacket with deer-skin sleeves, and his trousers were bear-skin. He had, of course, been told all about us before he came, and his brother having received a great many things, he was led to expect the same; he had, however, very little to give in exchange, and consequently was disappointed, and when nothing else would do he fell on an ingenious stratagem to obtain a piece of wood which he had fixed his mind upon. Having consulted his companions, it was agreed that they were to show us their method of killing seals, accordingly one personated a seal lying on the ice, now and then pretending to sleep, and sometimes holding up his head as if to look around; while the others, watching his motions, gradually approach by creeping on their bellies, with a spear. Neweetioke, while this farce was going on, and supposing that our attention was entirely engrossed with it, slipped away, and having got the piece of wood, placed it along his spear, and on each end put over a boot, as if to carry them for the purpose of drying them by 48 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. suspending them across his shoulders; but he did not escape the vigilance of our look-out men, who caught him in the act, which was fatal to his obtaining any thing he wanted, and had he not been Ikmallik’s brother, he would have been sent off in disgrace. He had a wife and two children, the eldest of which was one,of the performers in the stratagem. The detection, however, caused a hearty laugh. Although his forehead was low, his features were larger than most of them, and he appeared to be about forty-five years of age. Konyaroklik (or Bald-head) came at the same time with Neweetioke, and had one son, called Ulla, of whom he was very proud; he was still more so of his bald head, which was unique here, being the only instance we saw of it. He was five feet six inches high, about fifty years of age, and rather good-looking. He brought us some skins, for which he was liberally paid, and was delighted when he saw his portrait, which I made of him. His costume was a dark deer-skin jacket and bear-skin trousers. = | 7 77 ) = a = > as a _- ee 7 7 ' " A - -_ a ; 7 Y 20 4 , - 7 A ae 7 . 7 : - n - _ - a | en 7 : 7 ay - 7 —— +e am oe 7 : re ous z a Wa - — ; . i 7 rs - — Ss Se ay : a 7 a ¥ ~ ye i 6 : rs ae > (ee ss > : e 7 7 - fam } 9 : - ne 7 - : 7 . ie : . 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AWTIGIN is represented in the engraving standing between his two wives. This family came to us at Sheriff’s harbour in the spring of 1831, having learnt of our position from our former friends. His jacket is of reindeer-skin, as also those of his wives; his trousers are of bear-skin, and his wives’ seal-skin, as also their boots. They had several good skins to dispose of, and left us well pleased with what they had in exchange. It appeared that he had first taken Udlia for a wife, and, in consequence of her having no child, he took Palurak in addition, by whom he has a son; not- withstanding this, the two wives appeared on perfect good terms with each other, and were equally beloved (if I may so call it) by their husband. Awtigin was five feet six inches high, stout made, but had rather a stupid look. He was very desirous to possess many things which he saw, but was not detected in pilfering. Udlia was five feet one inch and a half high, and rather delicately made; she could not be above twenty-five years of age, while her copartner was two inches shorter, and about two years younger. The child’s name was Karuktachiu, and was about two years old. These females were delighted with the presents which we gave them, and showed no disposition to covet or to steal. After remain- ing with us about a week they departed to fish on one of the lakes. H 50 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. Like the rest, they promised to return, but our departure would disappomt them, as we left Sheriff’s harbour in the August following. SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 51 SHULLANINA, TULLUAHIU, AND TIRIKSHIU. Tuxtvaut, his wife Tirikshiu, and his daughter Shullanina, being the most remarkable family we met with; a plate of them has been given in the book, and their names are so often introduced that little of their history remains to be told. The former, whose name signifies a young raven, was about forty years of age, he measured five feet eight inches, and was rather more corpulent than the rest, probably from being unable to take exercise; his features and costume are well represented, as also those of his wife and daughter. When we approached them on the first day of com- munication, Tulluahiu was stationed in the middle of the column, standing on one leg, and supported between Ikmallik and another, and was armed with a long knife, which he kept behind his back until peace was established. He was one of the first we had on board, and was remarkable for imitating every thing he saw done. It has been already mentioned that the wooden leg which we gave him was the means of establishing friendship between us, and he was always grateful for that signal service which we rendered to him. He was never detected stealing, but his wife was not so honest, and when she did succeed in carrying any thing away, ber husband always made her bring it back. In the plate she is represented concealing a piece of wood, in which she was detected. She was sister to [kmallik, and being five feet five inches and H 2 32 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. a quarter high, was one of the tallest of the women; her name signified an ermine, and she was about thirty-eight years of age. Shullanina, her daughter, was the eldest of three children; she was decidedly the prettiest girl and had the best figure ; her cheeks were rosy, and, when washed with soap and water, she looked very well, and appeared to have every amiable quality. The proof she gave of her obedience, by consenting to be exchanged for a wooden leg, has already been dwelt upon m the Narrative, as well as her subsequent marriage with her cousin Ooblooria, Ikmallik’s son. After which I met with the whole family at Lindsay river. At Sheriff's harbour, a very short time after, they paid us a visit. Tulluahiu had damaged the trunk part of his wooden leg; this was repaired by bands of copper, and several spare legs given to him before we parted for the last time, and which excited new demonstrations of their gratitude and regard. SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 53 IKMALLIK AND APELLAGLIU. IKMALLIK, and his wife Apellagliu, were certainly the best of the whole of the natives, and they seemed most respected by the rest. They are represented in the Narrative as drawing a map of the country; and, from the information which he likewise gave us, he obtained the name of the “ Hydrographer,” and we always found what he, or his son Ooblooria, told us to be correct. They brought us every thing they could procure, leaving it entirely to us what they were to have in exchange, and were always contented with whatever was given to them; by this kind of conduct they gained our confidence and esteem, and in the end they got best rewarded. They were extremely attached to their children, and for any kind- ness shown to them their gratitude knew no bounds. The mutual desire to oblige each other, and every one else, was at once manifest and delightful. Ikmallik was the first who remained a whole night and slept on board, having been employed by me in building my magnetic observatory of snow, which he did cheerfully and extremely well. His youngest child, about two years old, was called Camuka, and was very pretty; she was clothed in skins so as to resemble a ball, and was often entertained with prints in the cabin. Besides their own three children, two of which were at the breast, they had supported two nephews who had lost their parents ; one of which, Awack, had now grown up, and was the companion 34 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. and friend of Ooblooria; he was one of the most active and expert hunters, as well as the most successful of the whole, and was one of Commander Ross’s guides on the first journey. I met with him afterwards in Thoms bay, and he was the means of our discovering the great Salmon (Lord Lindsay) river. Apellagliu was five feet three inches and a half high, rather corpulent, and by no means good looking; she was sister to Tulluahiu, in whose features there was a family resemblance, and was about thirty-six years of age. Awack was about twenty-two, had a very pleasing countenance, and was five feet eight inches high. Ikmallik had another brother, besides Neweetioke, who was named Atayaraktak, who was an active young man, about thirty, and five feet eight inches and a half high; his wife was a very delicate person, and they had two children. It was this man and Ookurahiu who first conducted me to Neitchillee, while Com- mander Ross was on a journey to the westward. Ookurachiu was also a nephew to Ikmallik, but lived with his mother Alurak. SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. vo AJOUA, AUOWAHRIU, AND NAQUASSIAK. Asovua was an old woman, the mother of Tulluahiu and Auo- wahriu, who was very much bent, and could not walk without the aid of a staff; she was very covetous, and asked for almost every thing she saw ; at length I proposed that she should carry off the ship on her back, which had the appearance of being bent for re- ceiving a burden, at which her sons were much amused; We received, however, from her a curious piece of wood which had been given to her by Cablala, and would have been a passport if we had succeeded in getting to the westward. This curiosity I have still in my possession : of course she was well rewarded for it; but she always put us in mind that her parting with it was a great favour. Auowahriu was her second son, and was also a cripple from accident; he had been a very powerful man and an excellent hunter, and was remarkable for the nice order in which he kept his spears, bows, and arrows. He was very dexterous at killing salmon, and in the management of a canoe; we met with him for the last time at the salmon fishery, at the mouth of Lindsay river. He had three children who had lost their mother. Naquassiak, the eldest, was about sixteen years of age, very tall and thin, but not very active; when he went to show Commander Ross the way to Shagavoke, he was detected in telling a falsehood, and thereby obtained the nickname of Shag/o, which signifies a 56 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. lie; but he never was offended at this appellation, which indeed was a source of merriment whenever it was mentioned. The other two children were infants; but when Tiagashu died, his widow Alurak became the wife of Auowahriu, and took charge of the children. This family were not covetous nor inclined to pilfer, and were therefore always in favour. Gu “tI SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. NOYENNAK AND IBLUSHE, TIKATAGIU. THESE young men were brothers of Tiagashu, Poyettak, and Aknallua, by the same mother, but by a different father. Noyen- nak was about twenty-five years of age, five feet four inches and three-eighths high; his complexion was lighter and more sallow than his brothers, and he seemed very quiet and inoffensive; he contributed to the support of his aged mother, and when his father Alictu died he was much grieved. Iblushe, his brother, was about thirty years of age, five feet five mches and three-quarters high, and also of a light sallow complexion. He was remarkable for wearing ornaments of foxes’ teeth hung round his forehead, and at each temple a bear’s tooth; his countenance bespoke extreme good- nature, which we found completely verified. We understood that this family suffered considerably for want of food after they left us, and we did not meet them again on the second year. Tikatagiu was one of those who did not come to us until late m the first season. He was a very fine young man, about twenty-six years of age, and measured five feet nine inches. His wife, whose name was Kuria, was a very shy delicate woman, and had one infant named Karuktachiu. He was an excellent hunter, and had a very superior dog, of which he was very fond, and could not be bribed to part with him. He came and built a snow hut very near to the ship, and remained until he had exchanged 08 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. skins and other articles which he could spare, for wood and iron. I met him some time afterwards at Neitchillee, and obtained a supply of fish, which were then in great plenty. SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 59 MILLUCTU, TOPAKA, AWACK (1), AND ALLINACHRIU. Mix.ucrv was one of those who was very much at the ship, and was rather inclined to possess himself of what he saw, and was particularly jealous of any one receiving more than himself; when he perceived the quantity of wood which composed Tulluahiu’s wooden leg, he complained that he could not walk on his right leg, and begged that he also might have a wooden one: when he was told that of course his leg, like that of Tulluahiu, must be taken off, he said he had not time, or that it was not convenient now, and promised he would come to-morrow ; but when he came he said that his leg was better. On another occasion when Ikmal- lik was rewarded with a tin meat-case, for dancing like a bear, ina ring formed by the women, he began also to exhibit; but his per- formance was so much inferior to his predecessor, that he only excited laughter ; but seeing that he w s very much disappointed, I gave him a tin case also, which turned the laugh on his side. He was about twenty-five years of age, five feet four inches high, and well made. He had a wife and two children; and his mother, an old woman named Topaka lived with him. This old lady was the first who committed a theft, by stealing a pair of brass snuffers, which was, however, found out by the rest, and immediately re- turned. She was one of those who gleaned daily on the dunghill. Awack (1) was a man about forty-five years of age, five feet three 12 60 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. inches and three quarters high; he was very quiet and industrious, and exchanged a great many articles with us honestly. His wife’s name was Allenachriu, about his own age, they had a boy named Hliklaptuain and a girl called Beaktakhilla, the former six and the latter seven and a half years old. We met them afterwards in Padhak, in possession of plenty of fish, with which they supplied us; and the lady politely convoyed us several miles on our way home. We did not see them during the last two years. As the rest of the natives have nothing remarkab'e or peculiar to them, I shall only mention a few of their names, &c. Aunai, an old woman, sixty years of age, five feet three inches and a quarter high.—Auatiu, an old woman, sixty-four years of age, four feet ten inches and seven-eighths high.—Strowok, an old woman, fifty-five years of age, five feet two inches and a half high.—Ugluta, an old woman, fifty years of age, five feet high.— Sheppung, a child, five years of age——Karaksachiu, a child, six years of age —Nangiak, a woman, forty years of age, four feet nine inches and a half high. The above will be sufficient to show that the Boothians are generally below the middle size. The first party we met with consisted of ninety-nine souls, viz., thirty-three men, twenty-five of whom had wives; twelve old men and women, and twenty-nine children. We afterwards met with about sixty more, so that the country is but thinly peopled, the whole population amounting to no more than a hundred and sixty souls. Upon the whole, in the unqualified state of nature in which they were found, they were the happiest of human beings, on whom Providence has kindly and bountifully bestowed every necessary gift, if not every blessing. VOCABULARY OF THE ENGLISH, DANISH, AND ESQUIMAUX LANGUAGES. al atin ae x5 eee eal i d a Shit peite — neg ee Or pc Sn a = aa wt whi x Te Pi idy aie Wena pet i ed oe 7 | a. a = weysss wel ne, tm a ae - iat 1¢ @ - ye a 7 , Zz = _ ‘tes ,— . oa 7 of ad Oye wer af ts wd oc? To 5 ; ae ey, yi ~ n ¢ , 5 Fat ey PREFACE. In compiling the following vocabulary and dialogues I have adhered to the method of spelling the words which was published by Fabricius, both in the shape of a Grammar and a Dictionary ; the last edition of which was printed at Copenhagen in 1804, and to which I refer my readers for any further explanation than I have thought necessary to give. The pronunciation of the vowels, both in the Danish and Esqui- maux language is as follows: A sounds as +++(ApieT) UAB por) (parjs] aey A) purpAg suespurduory gape cus: uerecebvdesesescee=s-esTABUBC ODE? HO emer reece nrerenseseesoreseeees uavysneyd Witeteeeereeeeseeeeeceseoes aBDUSUBISHYS seeeeeees (purys] s,80q) purely spuny seco (qlaisny “1D) apulusapasy (Jopiewy “15 “ysrp ay) S1oquiais[oy tereeereeees (Mosque A, “U)) doyrayyNG “NYULIP] NIN ‘WOIsst pL UBIAVLOP] OY} sapisog “*(YNON “ID “OAIY syeeg) qeeyipoy ‘SULIARIOTA, OY} JO UOISSIP, QUO" st B1dFT **+(yersyfaosieyroylry *U) yoss@uaysiy “SUBIALIOYA] OY} JO UOISSIPT OU SI LOTT FOI sreveeeooeee CntmBd “IX)) qeeysyMapaly “UOISSIT, OU PUL JUAWI}}}Ag OU st aap] 0% L8 ‘sees yraruzady pure ‘yuaruary “nsry “SUOISSIP{] URIARIOTA, OMY sapisog 90@| L81 LOT) SPI see (yOWOYRLY “[UserDy) qeeysauvlne sina | *savak “sapad | *sanad ot 6t 6L oT Mojaq |puosag Molaq | puosaq IV “partie “pore yy “SULLON ‘SINGAWATLLAS FHL “STOMOPTAA * pelo) * pataieua /) *pezndeg *“saxeg 130q JO [B10], *pozndequy “NONOM “NGIN ‘ONVINAAYD AO NOIEVTNdOd DALLVN AHL DIALOGUES IN THE ENGLISH, DANISH, AND ESQUIMAUX LANGUAGES. ——. ar oe 2 oe roa @ Aa TOOL = = ie a as ’ . : ; ve 7 ad - Pao a a oN hts : a tee | i & . ' eet i vara at ae epee eet 9 oe ees ji? 7 <9 ae See Cee ee P >... & > 4 K _ ; ee eas eee tab) >), as © :. pe PRGA ae ‘eel eels Bo . - rw ae a 7 ' a} <_—" “' DIALOGUES, &e. ENGLISH. Revatine ro Coasts, Lanp, &c. Have you seen the land ? How far is the land? How near is the land ? In what direction is the land ? Point to the land. Where is the water ? Point to the water. What is the name of the land seen ? What is the water’s name ? Do you know the land ? Can we sail through this channel ? Is the water deep? How deep? How shallow ? Is there a river there? Point to the river. Which is the road ? Go before us. When is it high water? When is it low water ? Can we anchor? Are you a pilot? I want a pilot. Are you going on shore ? May we land ? Will you come back ? hen will you? Come to us again, a Do you sleep on shore ? Do you come to-morrow ? Come back to-morrow. Come in two days. Is there a good harbour ? Is the harbour bad ? Is the bottom rocky ? Is the bottom mud ? Is the bottom sand? Is the bottom clay? DANISH. Har Du seet Land? Hvor langt er Landet borte ? Hvor neer er Landet ? Hvor er Landet ? Peeg paa Landet. Hvor er Vandet ? Peeg paa Vandet. Hvad er Navnet paa Landet, vi see? Hvad er Vandets Navn? Kjender Du Landet ? Kunne vi sejle gjennem dette Sund ? Er Vandet dybt ? Hvor dybt? Hyvor grundt ? Er der en Ely? Peeg efter Elven. Hyvor er Vejen ? Gaae foran. Naar bliver Vandet hojt ? Naar lavt Vande ? Kan vi ankre? Er du Lods ? Tegvilde have Lods. Gaaer du i Land? Maae vi lande ? Vil du komme tilbage. Hyvor vil du hen? Kom igjen til os. Vil du sove i Land ? Kommer du imorgen ? Kom igjen imorgen. Kom 1 overmorgen. Er der god Havn ? Er Havnen slet? Er der Steen i Bunden ? Er der Dynd ? Er der Sand? Er der Leer? ESQUIMAUX. Nuna tekkogalloarpiuk ? Nuna kannong ungesiksiga ? Nuna kannok kannitiga ? Nuna nau? Nuna tikoardlugo. Imak nau ? Imak tikoardlugo. Kannong-attekarpa nuna tekkur- ; sarput ? Imang una kannong attekarpa 7 Nuna ilirsaraiuk ¢ Ugona ikkerasakut akkutiksakarpa ? Imak itisimava ? Kannong itirsiga ? Kannong-ikkatiga ? Ouane kogejtsiakarpa ? Kok tikoardlugo. Sukut pissaugut ? Siulersortigut. Kakugo ullissava ? Kakugo tinnissava ? Kisarsinnayogut ? Ilisimarsovit ? Ilisimarsomik piomagalloarponga. Ikaissavit (siksamut) ? Ikarkovisigut, v. aposinnavogut ? Utissavit (tamaunga) ? Sumut pissavit ? Uterfigisigut. Nuname sinissavit ? Akkago ikaissavit ? Akkago ama ikkardlutit. Akkagoane ikarniarit, Ajungitsomik kisarfikarpa 7 Kisarfik ajorpa ? Nakka ujarakarpa? Nakka mauvarnarpa? Nakka syorakarpa ? Nakka marrakarpa? 94 ENGLISH, What mark is that ? Ts there a current ? Which way does it go ? {s the current strong ? I shall go on shore. I shall not go on shore. I shall sleep on shore. My boat is on shore. A man is on shore. Is the landing good ? Is there reindeer there ? Are foxes there ? Are hares there? Are bears there ? I shall take a rope on shore. Make fast the rope. Cut the rope. Loose the rope. Make fast. RELATING TO WIND AND WEATHER. What do you think of the weather ? Do you think the wind will continue? Will the wind change ? Shall we have rain ? Shall we have snow ? Shall it be calm ? Shall it blow ? Will it be fair wind ? Will the weather be good ? Has there been snow ? Has there been wind ? Has there been rain ? Has there been frost ? Does it freeze ? It freezes. It did freeze hard. Frostbitten. Are you frostbitten 7 Is there ice there ? There is much ice. There is little ice. There is plenty of water. No water. DIALOGUES IN 'THE ENGLISH, DANISH. Hvad Meerke er dette ? Er der en Strom ? Hvad Vey gaaer den ? Er Strommen steerk ? Jeg vil gaae i Land. Jeg gaaer ej i Land. Jeg vil sove i Land. Min Baad er i Land. En Mand eri Land. Er Landeplasen god ? Er der Rensdyr ? Er der Reeve? Er der Harer ? Er der Bjorne? Jeg vil fore en Line i Land? Gjor Touget fast. Kap Touget ! Los! Fast ! Om Vinpn 0G VEgR. Hvad teenker du om Vejret? Teenker du at Vinden vil blive ved ? Vil Vinden forandres ? Vil det regne ? Vil det snee ? Bliver det stille? Vil det bleese? Faae vi god Vind ? Bliver Vej ret godt ? Har det sneet ? Har det blest ? Har det regnet ? Har det frosset ? Fryser det ? Det fryser. Det fros haardt. Som har Frost. Har du Frost ? Er der lis der ? Meget lis. Lidt lis. Vand nok. ; Ingen Vand. ESQUIMAUX. Sunauna nelluneerkotak ? Sarfakarpa? Sumut sarfarpa ? Sarfarkulukpa? Apossaunga. Apossengilanga. Nuname sinissaunga. Umiajtsiara siksamepok. Siksame kiygakarponga. Aponeng ajornangila ? Tuktokarpa ? Terianniakarpa ? Ukadlekarpa ? Nennokarpa ? Siksame pittukomarpaka. Pittuta sukaglugo. Pittouta kippivdlugo ! Pittursardlugo ! Pittuglugo ! SILLAMIK ANNOREMIGLO. Silla kannong—éssesugaiuk ? Annore tajmaeginnaissanerpok ? (See, A) Siedlilissaua ? Apissaua ? Kaitsyssava ? Annordlilissaua ? Orkomiaissaugut ? Silla ajyssengila ? Aputekaralloarpise ? Annordleralloarpa ? Siedleralloarpa ? Issekaralloarpa ? Issekarpa ? Issekau. Issekulukalloarkau. Krerisimarsok, Krerisimavit ? Tersane sikkokarpa ? Sikkokarkulukpok. Ingmangoak. Akkutiksakarpok* (pa). Akkutiksakangilak. * Propr. There is way! akkutiksakarpa? is there way? DANISH, AND ESQUIMAUX LANGUAGES. ENGLISH. No ice. Icebergs. Is the ice broken up? Is it frozen over ? There is no ice. The ice is not broken. There is no water. The weather was bad. The weather was good. The weather was foggy. The weather was clear. In thick weather. In bad weather. In good weather. I think a fog is coming on. I think the weather will continue as we have it now. It is a fair wind. It is a foul wind. It is acalm. A baffling wind. It is a hard gale. This has been a mild season. This has been a bad season. There has been much wind. There has been much cold. Is there ice there west ? Is there ice there north ? Is there ice there south ? Is there ice there east? The winter was very cold. The spring was a bad season. Arms, &c. Knives. Spears. Bows. Arrows. Guns. Muskets. Cutlasses, SuNDRIEs. Books. Compasses. DANISH. Ingen lis. lisfjelde. Er isen brudt ? Er der lagt til? Der er ingen lis. Isen er ikke brudt. Der er ingen Vand. Vejret var ondt. Vejret var godt. Vejret var taaget. Vejret var klart. I tykt Vejr. I ondt Vejr. I godt Vejr. Det bliver vist taaget. Jeg teenker Vejret vil blive detsamme. Det er god Vind. Det er Modyind. Det er Stille. Det er omlobende. Det bleeser op. Det har veeret mildt. Det har veeret uroligt. Det har blest meget. Det har veeret meget koldt. Er der lis Vest paa? Er der lis Nord paa? Er der lis Syd paa? Er der lis GEst paa ? I Vinter var detkoldt. I Foraar var det uroligt Vejr. Knive. Spyde. Buer. Pile. Kanoner. Flinte. Sabler. ADSKILLIGT. Boger. Compasser. ESQUIMAUX. Sikkongilak. Illulirseet. Sikkozrupa sikkozrupok ? Sikkoinangolerpa ? Sikkokangilak. Sikkoeerusimangilak. Sikkoinavok, v. akkutiksakangilak Silla ajoralloarpok Silla ajungikalloarpok. Silla pyolirksovok. Silla alaralloarpok, Silla pyorsorsomet. Silla ajormet. Silla ajungimet. Pyolissakokau. Silla tajmaeginnaissakokau. Arkomiarpogut. Arksorpogut. Kaitsorpok. Annoré nellinginak. Nektimalerpok. Kiekalloarpok. Annordleinaralloarpok. Annordleinaralloarpok, Issekulukalloarkau. Sammane sikkokarpa ? Auane sikkokarpa ? Kauane sikkokarpa ? Pauane sikkokarpa ? Okiok issekulukalloarkau. Upernigavta annordleralloarpok. Saveet (one, savik). Kallugirszet. Pissiksit. Karksut. Auleirksoit. Aulejsit. Pennet. NELLINGINAK. Attuekkeet. Neelluneerkotit. 96 DIALOGUES IN THE ENGLISH, ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. Canvas. Sejldug. Tingerdlautiksak,. Casks. Huer. Nesvet. Shoes. Skoe. Atteraurszet. Blankets. Lagener. Tungit. Skin (outer jacket). Yder Pelts. Nejtsek. Skin (inner jacket). Under Pelts. Tingmirseet. Trousers. Buxer. Kardleet. Boots. Stovler. Kaungit (sing. kamik). Shoes. See before, or isigamet. Scissors. Sax. Krejutik. Razor. Ragekniv. Ungiaut. Needles. Synaale. Merkutit. Thread. Traad. Yalurset. Corks. Propper. Simeet. I wish to sell (it). I wish to buy (it). I wish to exchange (it). I wont sell (it). I wont buy (it). I wont exchange (it). VaRIoUs. I want to borrow it. Will you lend ? I will lend it. I will not lend it. How many ? Where are you going ? When do you come again ? Are you going far away ? Are you going north ? Are you going south ? Are you going east ? Are you going west ? Do you walk ? Do you take a sledge ? Are you alone ? Who is with you ? What do you ask for ? What will you take for ? What news have you ? Very good news. Very bad news. It is war. Jeg vil selge. Jeg vil kjobe. Jeg vil bytte. Jeg vil ikke seelge. Jeg vil ikke kjobe. Jeg vil ikke bytte. Jeg vilde laane det. Vil du laane. Jeg vil laane. Jeg vil ikke laane. Hvormange ? Hyorhen vil du ? Naar kommer du igyen ? Skal du langt bort ? Skal du nord paa? Shal du syd paa? Skal du oster paa ? Skal du vester paa ? Skal du gaae? Skal du kjére ? Er du allene ? Hvo er med dig? Hvad vil du? Hyad vil du have derfor ? Hvad Nyt har du ? Godt Nyt. Onde Tidender. Der er Krig. Tunniomagalloarpara. Pissiniaromagalloarpara. Taursiomagalloarpara. Tunniomangilara. Pissiniaromangilara. Taursiniaromangilara. Attartoromagalloarpara. Attorkoviuk ? Attorkoara. Attorkongilara. Kapsit ? Sumut pissavit ? Kakugo utissavit ? Ungesiksomun audlaissavit ? Auonga pissavit ? Kauonga pissavit ? Pauonga pissavit ? Sammunga pissavit ? Pissyssavit ? Kremuksissavit ? Kissingorpit ? Kina illegaiuk ? Sumik ? Sumik ? Sumik tussaralloarpit ? Tusseekketin ajungilet. Tusseekketin ajorpet. Sekkuaursokarpok. DANISH, AND ESQUIMAUX LANGUAGES. ENGLISH. It is peace. There is a quarrel. They fight. They have fought. Will fight (they). Are you armed ? I have been attacked. I beat him. I was beaten. He is wounded. He is killed. Where are you come from? Where do you belong to? Where are you going ? When are you going ? Where are they going ? Where do they belong to ? When are they going ? How far ? Which way ? By water. By land. Stop where you are till I come back. Do not wait for me. Wait for me here. Wait for me there. Are you ready to go? When will you be ready ? Do you believe it ? Do you advise ? Why don’t you answer? Have you any thing for me, or any one else? } Do you like it ? Don’t like it. What is the matter ? Where shall we meet ? Will you attempt, or try ? Is that true? Is that not true. A disturbance has broken out among the —. } Send a party of men. I will send men. DANISH. ESQUIMADUX. Der er Fred. Sekkuaursokangilak. Der er Strid. Sekkolirsarput. De slaaes. Panikput. De have slaaets. De ville slaaes. Er du bevebnet ? Jeg bley anfaldt. Jeg slog ham. Jeg blev slaaet. Han er saaret. Han er drebt. Hvorfra er du? Hyvor horer du hjemme ? Hvorhen skal du ? Naar reyser du? Hyor sklle de hen ? Hvor have de hjemme ? Naar sklle de rejse. Hyor langt ? Hyvad Vey ? Til Vands. Over Land. Bie hyor du er til jeg kommer igjen. Bie ikke efter mig. Bie her efter mig. Bie der efter mig. Er du ferdig at gaae ? Naar bliver du feerdig ? Troer du det ? Mener du? Hvi svarer du ey ? Har dunogettil mig ellernogen anden? Kan du lide det? Kan du ikke lide det. Hvad erder ? Hvor skal vi modes ? Vil du prove det ? Er det sandt ? Er det ikke sandt ? Der er kommen Ufred imellem —. Send nogle Folk. Jeg vil sende Folk. 0 Panikalloarput. Panissaput. Sekkokarpit. Pangnekarponga. Ajugavonga. Arktorsartipanga. Ikkilersimavok. Tokotipok. Sumit aggerpit ? Suna nunagaiuk ? Sumut pissavit ? Kakugo audlaissavit ? Sumut pissapet ? Suna nunageet ? Kakugo audlaissapet ? Kannok ungesiksigirsomut ¢ Sukut ? Imakut. Nunakut. Tersanégit utilerserdlunga. Utakkrissengilarma. Tamane utakkrinianga. Ikane utakkrinianga. Enerpit audlarkudlutit ? Kakugo enissavit ? Operaiuk ? Tsumakarpit ? Saag akkingilatit ? Uamnut kimudloneen adlanmut { sumik pekkarpit ? Illuaraiuk ? Illuaringiliuk. Sumik ? Sume nellautsomarpogut ? Okataissayviuk ? Illomut ¢ Seglo? Ikingutigeegungneerput. Innuin illejt kailit. Kivgeet audlartissavaka. 98 DIALOGUES IN THE ENGLISH, ENGLISH. Do not meddle. You ought to change your resolution. I give my consent. I will not give consent. I will leave you. I can wait no longer. 1 will detain you. It is unnecessary. It is not right. Will you dine ? I have dined. Bring your friend here. Bring here your family. Do not forget. I do not know. J must take time to consider of it. A skin under jacket. A skin upper jacket. Skin trousers. Boots. Shoes. Stockings. Gloves. A wooden or natural leg. VESSELS, &c. Sleep on board. Sleep on shore. You must not sleep on board. I require immediate help. Will you give me help # I will help you. I will not help you. Give me a rope. I will give you a rope. 1 cannot. An anchor, A cable. Files. Hammer. Axe. Chalk. Nails, Carpenters’ tools. DANISH. Bryd dig ikke herom. Du skulde betenke dig. Jeg samtykker. Jeg vil ikke samtykke. Jeg forlader Dig. Jeg kan ikke bie. Jeg vil opholde dig. Det behoves ikke. Det er uret. Vil du spise ? Jeg har spiist. Lad din Ven komme hid. Lad din Familie komme hid. Glem ikke. Jeg veed ikke. Jeg vil beteenke mig derpaa. En Underpelts. En Overpelts. Skindbuxer. Stovler. Skoe. Stromper. Handsker. Et Been. Sove ambord. Sove iland. Du maa ej sove ombord. Hjelp mig strax. Vil du hjelpe mig ? Jeg vil hjelpe dig ? Jeg vil ikke hjelpe dig. Giy mig en Line. Jeg vil give dig en L. Jeg kan ej. Et Anker. Et Kabeltoug. File. Hammer. Oxe. Kride. Som. Tommermands Redskab. ESQUIMAUX. Syssersok. Tajma pissengikalloarpotit. Tajmaikile or akkoerara. Ajornakau. Kremeissauagit. Audlaromarponga. Unnikkogalloarpagit. Pirsariakangilak. Illuangilak, v. ajorpok. Nerrissavit. Nerrireerponga. Illet tamaunga pile. Nulliet krittornetidlo kailit. Puiorkrenneek. Neelluvonga. Assukiak, erkarsautigiomarpara. Tingmirset. Nejtsek. Kardleet. Kaungit. Atteraurset. Allersit. Aketit. Neehu—nio (pronounced, neeo). Umiarsoarne siningnek. Nuname siningnek. Umiarsoarne sinissengilatit. Ikiorsinga erngrenak. Ikiyssavinga ? Ikiyssauagit. Ikiyssengilagit. Aklunaursak kairsuk. Akklunaursamik tunnissauagit. Ajornakau. Kisak. Aklunaursarsoak. Aggiutit. Kavtak. Ullimaut. Aglaut. Kikitseet. Sennetit. DANISH, AND ESQUIMAUX LANGUAGES. 99 ENGLISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX, Lead. Bly. Akertlok. Harpoon. Harpun. Tukak. Shovel. Skovl. Nivaut. Spade. Spade. Tuggaut. Wooden shovel. Treeskovl. Nivaut. Provisions. Beef (fresh). Feersk Kjod. Nekkre. Beef (salt). Salt Kjéd. Nekkre tarajornitsok, Fish (fresh). Fersk Fisk. Nerpik. Fish (salt). Salt Fisk, Nerpik tarajornitsok. Bread. Brod. Timiursak, v. tigek. Pease. fErter. JErtet. Spirits. Spiritus. Silleerunartok. Butter. | Smor. Pongnek. Eggs. fEg. Manneet. Milk. Melk. Imuk. Oil. Olie. Olie. Medicines. Medicin. Nekkursautit. Whiskey. Broendeviin. Sillakangitsok. Rum. Rum. Sillakangitsok aukpadlartok. Beer. Ol. Imiak. Water. Vand. Imek. Wine. Viin. Vine. Cheese. Ost. Imuk. Coffee. Caffe. Kaffe. Sugar. Sukker. Sukko. Tea. Thee. The. Plums. Svedsker. Kiggutiglit. Raisins. Rosiner. Serkordluktut. Barley. Gryn. Suaurset, Syrup. Syrup. Mamanga. Vinegar (acetum). AEdike. Sernartok. Revatine to HEattu. Are you well ? Er du rask ? Ajungilatit ? Is he well? Er han rask 2 Ajungila ? Are they well ? Ere de raske Ajungileet ? I am well. Jeg er rask. Ajungilanga. We are well. Vi ere raske. Ajungilagut. They are well. De ere raske. Ajungilet. I am not well. Jeg er ikke rask. Ajorponga, I am very ill. _ | Jeg er meget daarlig. Napparsimakulukponga. They are ill (unwell). De ere daarlige. Napparsimaput. 02 100 ENGLISH. Is your wife well ? Is your family well ? Is your husband well ? I have been sick. You have been sick. Are many sick ? How many are sick ? What is the sickness? Have you a doctor? I will send you a doctor. Send for the doctor. Is he or she alive? Is he or she dead ? He or she is alive. He or she is dead. My son is well. My daughter is well. My son is not well. My daughter is not well. Where are the sick ? My doctor is sick. My doctor is dead. Revatine To VEsseEts, &c, Is the ship large? How large? How small ? How many men ? She is large. She is not large. Have you any letters ? Send letters. I have letters. I have no letters. The vessel in sight is. A ship. A boat with men. A packet (a launch). Are you on shore ? Is your vessel leaky ? Do you leak much ? We leak much. Are you in distress ¢ 1 want assistance. DIALOGUES IN THE ENGLISH, DANISH. Er din Kone rask ? Er din Familie rask ? Er din Mand rask ? Jeg har veret syg. Du har veret syg. Ere mange syge ? Hvor mange ere syge ? Hvad er den Sygdom ? Have I en Doctor? Jeg vil sende Jer en Doctor. Send Bud til Doctoren. Er han eller hun levende ? Er han eller hun dod ? Han eller hun lever. Han eller hun er dod. Min Son er rask. Min Datter er rask. Min Son er ikke rask Min Datter er ikke rask- Hvor ere de Syge ? Min Doctor er syg. Min Doctor er dod. Er Skibet stort ? Hvor stort ? Hvor lille ? Hyor mange Mand ? Det er stort. Det er ikke stort. Har du Breve ? Send Breve. Jeg har Breve. Jeg har ingen Breve. Hvader det Skib 1 Sigte. Et Skib. En Baad. En Barkasse. Er du paa Land ? Er jert Skib leek ? Leekker I meget ? Vi lekke meget. Er Ti Nod ? Jeg onsker Hjelp. ESQUIMAUX. Nulliet ajungila ? Krittornetin ajungilet ? Uveen ajungila ? Napparsimagalloarponga. Napparsimagalloarpotit. Kapseet napparsimapet ? Kapsit napparsimapet ? Suna nappautiget ? Nekkursairsokarpise ? Nekkursairsok kakyssauara. Nekkursairsok kaile. Innuva ? Tokosimava ? Innuvok. Tokosivamok. Ernera ajungilak. Panniga ajungilak. Emera napparsimavok. Panniga napparsimavok. Napparsimersut nau ? Nekkursairsiga napparsimavok. Nekkursairsiga tokovok. Umiarsoit angissimapet ? Kannong aktiget ? Kannok miktigeet. Innuee kapsiopet ? Angikaut. Angingilet. Aglekkeennik pekkarpit ? Aglekkeet neksiudlugit. Aglekkennik pekkarponga. Aglekkeennik pekkangilanga. Kikun okko umiarsoit. Umiarsoit. Umiajtsiait. Umiaitsiarsoit. Tullekpit ? Umiarsozse asserorpeet ? Asserorkulukput ? Asserorkulukput. Nauveerpise ? Ikiorteksarsisuk ponga. ENGLISH. i am on shore. My ship is on shore. The leak increases. The leak is stopped. Come back. Go away. I want to come. I want to go. I want you to stay. Birps. Eagle (vultur albicilla). Falcon (falco islandicus). Snow owl (stryx nictea). Rayen (corvus corax). White partridge (tetroa lacopus). Willow partridge (fringilla laponica). Willow partridge (fringilla linaria). Willow partridge (motacilla cenanthe) Snow bunting (emberiza nivalis). Bernacle (anas bernicala). Gold eye (clougala anas). Harlequin (anas histronica). Mallard (anas boschas). King duck (auas spectabilis). Eider duck (anas mollissima). Goosander (mergus merganser). Red-breasted Meganser (mergus serrator). Great Auk (alca impennis). Razor bill (alea torda). Black bill (alea pica). Little auk or rotch (alca alle). Fulmar petrel (procellaria glacialis). Shearwater (procellaria puffinus). North guilemot (colymbus glacialis). Red-throated guilemot (colymbus | septentionalis). Great tern (sterna trirundo). Xeme (larus Sabini, larus. collaris).* Black-backed gull (larus marinus). Kittywake (larus tridactylus). * Notknown. I have seenit in Capt. Ross’s First Voyage, and can baptize it Konga@serutilik, viz., ‘that with the neck-kerchiet.”’ DANISH. Jeger i Land. Mil Skiber i Land. Leekken bliver storre. Leekken er stoppet. Kom tilbage. Gaae vek. Jeg vil komme. Jeg vil gaae. Jeg vilde have dig til at blive. FUGLE. Orn. Falk. Hyvid Ugle. Rayn. Rype. Markspurven. Steensqvetten. lisfugl (Sneef). Radgaas. Hviinand. Stromand. Vildand. Pukkelnzbbet Edderf. (femina). Edderfugl. Guuland. Fiskeand. Geyrfugl. Klub alke. Alke. Soekonge. Mallemukken. Enkekone; Skrabe. Ommer. Loom. Teerne. Svartbaggen. Krykkie. DANISH, AND ESQUIMAUX LANGUAGES. ESQUIMAUX. Apoponga, Umiarsoaka nunaliput. Asserornerrogiartorput. Asserorungnerput. Uterit. Arvseerit,.v. audlarit. Aggissaunga, Audlaissaunga, Tersanékoagit. TING MIRS&T. Nektoralik, Kirsoviarsuk. Opik. Tullugak. Akeiksek. Narksamiutak. Akpamiutak. Kussektak. Kopanauarsuk. Nerdlek. Kertlutorpiarsuk. Tornaviarsuk. Kongmuktajok, v. keertlutok. Arnauiartak. Mitek (plur. merkdelineaturit). Pararsuk. Paik, v. nyaliksak. Isarokitsok. Akparnak, v. akpartluk. Akpa. Akpalliarsuk. Kakordluk. Kakordlungnak. Tudlik. Karksauk. Imerkotejlak. Kongeeserutilik. Naiardlurksoak. Tatarak. 102 DIALOGUES IN THE ENGLISH, ENGLISH. Ivory gull (larus candidus). Glaucus gull (larus glaucus). Cormorant (pelicanus carbo). Crested cormorant(pelicanuscristatus) Gannet (pelicanus bassonus). Snipe (scolopax gallinago). Jardreka (scolopax jardreka). Sandpiper (tringa striata). Sandpiper (tringa interpres). Sandpiper (tringa lobata). Sandpiper (tringa alpina). Plover (charadrius apricurius). Ringed plover (char. stiaticula), Puffin (alca arctica). Puffin (uria grylle). Pintail duck (anas hyemalis). Parasitic gull (cataracta parasitica). Horned owl (strix otus). Plain falcon (falco rusticolus), Eider duck (anas mellissima). King duck (anas spectabilis). ANIMALS. Polar bear (ursus maritimus). Arctic fox (canis lagopus yarietas) nigra). J Wolf (canis lupus). Hare (cetraria islandus). Reindeer (cervus tarandus). Walrus (trichecus rosmaurus). Seals (phoce). Hooded seal (phoca cristata). Common seal (phoca vitulina), Harp seal (phoca Greenlandica). Great seal (phoca barbata). Rough seal (phoca hispida). White seal (phoca leporina). Small seal (ph. barb, pullus). Foetus of a seal, or its unborn youag. Sea unicorn (monodon monoceros). Dolphin (delphinis delphis). Wolverine (gulo Inscus), Whales, &c. (cete). (balena physalus). DANISH. Den hvide Maage. Blaamaagen. Skarv. Topskarven. Havsule. Hossegjog. Domsneppen. Strandsneppen. Tolken. Nordvestfugl. Landsneppe. Brokfugl. Pytfugl. Soepapagojen. Teist. Angletaske. Struntjager. Hornugle. Speellet falk. Ederfuglehan. Osterboygds Edderf. Dyr. Bjoru. Rev. Hare. Rhensdyr. Hvalros. Selhunde. Klapmyds. Spraglet Selhund. Svartisden. Remmeszl. Fjord seel. Soeharen. Un Uksukunge. [blau ufodt Sel Narhval. Marsyiin. Hvalfisk. Finnefisk. ESQUIMAUX. Najauarsuk. Naianak, Okaitsok. Tingmik. Kuksuk. Siggukték. Sargvarsurksoak, Sargvarsuk. Telligvak. Nellonmirsortok. Tojuk. Kajordlek. Tukavajok. Killangak. Serfak, vy. kernektarsuk. Aglek. Meriarsairsok, v. isingak. Siutitok. Kirksoviarsuk millakulartok. Amaulik. Kdeliningalik. NERSSUTIT, Nennok. Kernektak. Amarok. Ukalek. Tukto. Auvek. Puirsit. Nejtsersoak, Kassigiak. Atak. Takamugak, v. urksuk. (Junior) millakték. Ukalerajek. Terkigluk. Iblau. Kernektak. Nesa. Kaeweek. Artek. Tunnolik. DANISH, AND. ESQUIMAUX LANGUAGES. ENGLISH, Whales, &c. (balena musculus). (balena rostrata). (balena mystietus). White whale (delphinus albicans) Fish (salmo rivalis). Salmon (salmo scorpio). (salmo alpinus). Codfish (gadus reglesinus). (gadus callarius). (gadus morpua). (gadus barbatus). Hallibut(pleuronectes hippoglossus). Eel (angulla vulgaris). Corriphine (coryphzena rupestris). Mytilus edulis. Antique labrus (labrus exoletus). Sepia loligo. Lobster (cancer norvegirus). A bee. Pike-headed whale (baleena boops). Gunnel blenny (blennius gunnellus). Ascaris vermicularis. Physeter macrocephalus. Aranea saccata. Rough seal (phoca hispida). Areolated blenny (blenn. lumpenus). Musca stercoraria. Tabanus Greenlandicus. Musca vivax. Volucella lapponica. Sa Musca vomitoria. Pool salmon (salmo stagnalis). Mya hyssifera. Mya truncata. Avis. Capra. Lernea. Beroe. Medusa. Medusa capillata. River bullhead (cottus gobio). White shark (squalus carcharias). Lepus timidus. Sveerdfisk. Bardehvalen. Hvedfisk. Bekored. Kuller. Kabliau. Skrijtersk. Torsk. Helleflynder. Aal. Borglax. Musling. Blaastaal. Bleekspruten. Hummer. En Bie. Butskop. Tangsprel. Barneorm. Eachelot. Edderkop. Fjordsel, Tangspret. Vandbie. Spyflue. En Ored. Gaberskjel. Sandskjel Faar. Duttn nu ring. Sililuluk. Uportaanligt. Wolf. Grundling. Hay. Hare. 103 ESQUIMAUX. Kreporkarnak. Tikagulik. Arfavek, v. sokalik. Krelelluak. Aunardlek, vy. ekallugak. Krebseriksok. Ivisarok. Misarkornak. Saraudlik. Sarndlirksoak. Ogak. Nettarnak. Nimeriak. Ingmingoak. Uidlok. Kreblernak. Amikok. Naularnak. Egytsak. Kreporkk. Kurksaunak. Koartak. Kigutilik. Ausiek. Nejtsek. Tejarnak. Anariak. Miluiak. Milmarsuk. Nivingak. Ekallukak. Menningeak. Usursak. Saua. Sanaursak. Massimio. Ippiarsursak. | Nuertlek. Nuertlersoak. Ujarangmio. Ekallurksoak. Ukalek. 104 DIALOGUES IN THE ENGLISH, &c. ENGLISH. Icz. On salt water On fresh water Iceblink Heavy ice New thin ice On the earth Even ice Blue Bay ice Lain in a kettle to melt Iceberg Small streaming Fast on the beach Moveable by the beach Pieces at sea (drift) Icicle On the inside of a window Produced when water from beneath goes over the fast ice of a river } DANISH. Its. Paa salt Vand Paa serok Vand lisblink Storiis Tyndiis Paa Jorden Jeyn Blaa Fjordiis lisfjeld lisfjor listap ESQUIMAUX. Sikko. Sermek. Sermersoak. Sikkorsoak. Sikkoak. Nillersoak. Mannerarsoak. Annardlok. Kaksuk. Imiugak. Iluliak. Kavalerngit. Kaingok. Ivksinek. Navlornerit. Kussugak. Illo. Sersernek. CHRONOMETERS. Ever since the year 1794, my attention has been much devoted to the practical use of chronometers, both while I belonged to the Honourable East India Company’s service, and in the Royal Navy, where I had, when serving under the gallant Lord de Saumarez, the charge of the navigation of both the Channel and the Baltic fleet. On taking command of the expedition fitted out for the discovery of a North-west Passage, my first care was to obtain good chronometers, and also as many of them as possible. My own chronometer was made by the late justly celebrated Earnshaw, and was certainly a very superior one; I therefore took it as the standard for com- parison, with the whole thirteen. Several of these were the property of private persons, who either lent them to the expedition, or sent them on trial: of the latter description were those sent by Messrs. Parkinson and Frodsham, who sent two with a memorandum that their rate would increase to fourteen seconds and then remain steady : a circumstance which actually took place, and which went to prove that they had discovered some new principle, in their regulation or construction, and my report on them could not be but very favourable. Since this every expedition has been furnished by Parkinson and Frodsham with these valuable machines, and the reports on their performance have been uniformly favourable. On this voyage I purchased of them the pocket chronometer 1081, which was distinguished as being that made for Sir E. Parry, on his attempt to reach the North Pole, as well as for its uniform rate. These makers also kindly sent with me a box chro- nometer at their own risk, which could not but be a great acquisition. Both of these performed to admiration; the box chronometer, until we left Victoria harbour, where it was purposely allowed to run down that it might be more easily carried, and the pocket one during the whole time. On our arrival they were both returned to the makers, and being desirous to make public the principle on which these instruments 1) 106 CHRONOMETERS. have been brought to such perfection, and reserving my own observations on it for the conclusion of this article, I shall give their answer to my request in their own words. 4, Change Alley, May 15, 1834. Stir, In compliance with your desire to be furnished with a report of the condition of the two chronometers of our make, which you took with you in your late Expedition to the Arctic Regions, we have examined them with the most careful and minute attention, and find them in an excellent state: indeed, very far more perfect than could have been expected after such a length of time, and the severe trials which they must have undergone. With regard to their peculiar construction, which you at the same time requested us to describe, as you were desirous of publishing it for the benefit of science and navigation generally, we have no hesitation in complying with your wishes; so far as is consistent with justice to ourselves, and we hope that our communication may prove useful. The peculiar principle which we have discovered is of the highest importance in giving the final adjustment to chronometers, as by it we are enabled, i all cases, to give permanence to their rates, within the limits of exactness requisite in navigation. We beg, in the first place, to disclaim all intention of insinuating that in the mechanical construction of our instruments there is any thing superior to, or materially different from, those made by other respectable makers; for we are well aware, that all chronometers lately made by intelligent artists, are on the same mechanical principle. But the fact is notorious, that of several instruments made with equal care, reference being had only to their mechanical construction, some are found to perform well, and others indifferently; while nothing can be discovered in the workmanship which will in any way account for the variation. Chronometers in general, as at present constructed, are found progressively to accelerate on their rates, and in many instances this takes place to such an extent, that a new rate is required, rendering them ill suited for long voyages; on the contrary, others have a continual disposition to lose on their rates, and are therefore equally unsuited to the wants of the seaman. But whether the rates of chronometers were accelerated or retarded in use, there existed no recognised or known remedy for the evil, UNTIL WE MADE THE DISCOVERY, which it is one object of this communication to record our claim to. Some artists have trusted to time for its correction; and a writer in a scientific journal* has recently - * Nautical Magazine. CHRONOMETERS. 107 even assigned the period when the cure might be expected to be completed: but time being no party to the bargain, generally left the instruments thus turned over to its benevolence to pursue their vagaries without interference. The cause, which the writer alluded to has assigned for this acceleration, is the use of tempered balance-springs; now tempered balance-springs have been in use for more than half a century, and forty years ago they were made by ourselves. If time, there- fore, could have cured the defects of the tempered balance-spring, as stated in the paper above alluded to, these old chronometers would now have been excellent instru- ments, which certainly they are not in general found to be. The consequence has been, that the rates of most of the chronometers at this moment in existence, can only be considered constant for short intervals of time. Many years have elapsed since our attention was drawn to this peculiarity, from several mortifying circumstances which occurred in our own experience; and after satisfying ourselves that it was in vain to look for the cause of so perplexing a phe- nomenon in the mechanical construction of the instrument, we resolved to examine the physical condition of the materials of which the balance and its spring are made: and we discovered that the greater part, if not the whole of the discrepances, were owing to circumstances in this physical condition. After many experiments and much investigation, we had the good fortune to discover the means of correcting this physical peculiarity, either completely, or so nearly, that we can now undertake (after ascertaining the tendency) so to alter the physical pro- perties of the balance and its spring, as to make any chronometer, whose mechanical construction is otherwise satisfactory, perform with sufficient exactness for every purpose for which chronometers are generally required. The acceleration of chronometers on their rates, hitherto unexplained in the history of chronometers, is produced by the constant action of winding and unwinding the balance-spring, which, in chronometers beating half seconds, takes place two hundred and forty times in each minute, and it is thereby deprived of a portion of its elasticity. It becomes consequently stiffer, stronger, and more stubborn ; and as the motions of the balance (the measurer of time) are regulated by this spring, the vibrations become more rapid, and are performed in less time. The cause of chronometers losing on their rates, is also generally to be traced to the physical imperfection of the balance-and-spring; which, contrary to what takes place in the tempered spring, becomes relaxed by constant action, combined with other causes ; and consequently has less power over the vibrations of the balance. But independently of all accidental circumstances, the chronometer is continually changing its rate, with every alteration of tension in the balance-spring. p 2 “ 108 CHRONOMETERS. The scientific artist may, indeed, give to this spring the isochronal property, so far that under given and constant circumstances, unequal ares of vibration in the balance, will be performed in equal time; but this adjustment will in no degree counteract the effect occasioned by change of tension to which we have been adverting. We do not allude in the preceding remarks to defective compensation for change of temperature, but to that gradual deviation from the rate which many chronometers are found to exhibit, and to an extent that often interferes with their usefulness. It is true that all chronometer makers do occasionally produce instruments, which, for a sufficient length of time, keep steady rates ; but they do so only from accidental circumstances, of which the makers themselves are not always aware. They ap- proximate to the correction which we have discovered the means of making 7 all cases. In our researches on this subject, we have found that the defect in the correction for change of temperature, is amongst the least of the difficulties to be contended with ; and the value of the principle of adjustment which we have discovered has been eminently proved by the accurate performance of our chronometers, which have been exposed to the severities of the arctic winters, in all the Polar voyages. In one of those voyages, eleven out of fifteen chronometers stopped from the cold; whilst Four made by us, (all of ours that were sent) maintained the same rates at Melville island that they were found to have in London after the return of the expedition. The chronometrical parts of our chronometers consisting of the compensation balance and the detached escapement, are the same as invented before 1766, by the eminently distinguished artist, M. Le Roy, of Paris, with the important improvement of the detant on a spring instead of on pivots, as made by the late Mr. Earnshaw; together with some minor but useful alterations in the execution and arrangement suggested by our own experience. We have said before, that chronometers made by the same artist do not always perform equally well, although the same workmen are employed, the same labour is bestowed, and the same attention paid toeach. Several modern artists have endeavoured to remedy this defect by means of mechanical contrivances, some of which display con- siderable ingenuity and are apparently very plausible ; but, however beautiful in theory, these contrivances have produced no practical advantage; no one has yet discovered the seat of the disease, or the cause of so remarkable an effect. We reassert that no mechanical contrivance can remedy the defect: it is only to be remedied by a know- ledge of the principle which we have discovered. Le Roy’s original inventions of the balance for compensating for changes of temperature, and the escapement, were entitled, from their beautiful simplicity, to the reward so justly bestowed upon him; and with the improvement above alluded CHRONOMETERS. 109 to, by our countryman Earnshaw, continue unrivalled: in fact they are generally adopted by all intelligent chronometer-makers. We consider that the best balance is that composed of lamin of brass and steel, when properly proportioned, and worked so that the particles are placed under no par- ticular or partial constraint, which might prevent their free and natural action througiout the whole periphery of the balance. This we consider an important requisite; for to the want of affinity in the condition of the particles, we attribute some of the irregularities observed in the rates of chronometers, when subject to the rigorous test of daily comparison—more particularly after sudden changes of temperature. There are inherent defects in the shape of the balance, which prevent its affording theoretically the means of a perfect compensation ; but it is doubtful whether other forms, which appear preferable in theory, would be found in practice to answer so well. As evidence of our possessing means peculiar to ourselves, of bringing a chronometer to keepa steady rate, we may mention the fact, amongst numerous other instances, and we do it with much satisfaction, that of the e7ght chronometers entitled to the prizes for the most accurate performance during the last three annual public trials at the Royal Observatory, at Greenwich, five were constructed by us, and adjusted on the principle peculiar to ourselves. We may add, that within the last fifteen years, during which period we have been adjusting our chronometers on THIS PRINCIPLE, we have had extensive experience of its efficacy, having made and sold more than twice as many marine chronometers as any other maker has done during thirty years;—the best proof that the public have appreciated our discovery. Attempts have recently been made to introduce glass in the construction of the balance-spring ; and the first performance of some of the instruments in which this alteration was introduced, was very satisfactory. There is, however, reason to apprehend that this material will not be found to give to the instrument a permanent rate, as one of the very best of them has, in the course of a few months, deviated from its rate to the amount of seven seconds a day: while another chronometer, under the same circumstances, on the usual construction, with a steel balance-spring, and which at the last public trial (1833) was second in per- formance to one made by us, kept a remarkably steady rate. We may also be allowed to state, that on this trial (1833), sixty chronometers were sent by various makers; and at the termination, the numbers were reduced to ten, four of which were made by us; and the extreme variation of each, in the twelve months, was considerably within the limits fixed in 1828 for the reward of Three Hun- dred Pounds. Three of them made less error than our chronometer, No. 1410, in 1828 ; 110 CHRONOMETERS. for which we then received the premium of Three Hundred Pounds. The extreme variation of these five chronometers was as follows : oom In 1828, No. 1410 in twelve months 1.41 actual extreme variation. 679 ditto 0.98 1600 ditto 1.31 woe 460 ditto 1.24 1502 ditto 1.52 In 1830, one of our chronometers was entitled to the second prize, and some others of our making were within the limits, In the trial of 1831, the chronometers made by us obtained the whole of the three prizes, and another was fifth on the trial list. We may be excused for making particular reference to the trials of this year, from the remarkable circumstance, that in all the preceding years, from 1822, when the trials for prizes were first established, a period in which several hundreds of chronometers had been sent for trial, but four had performed within one second of extreme variation in the twelve months; whilst in this trial the WHOLE of our four chronometers went within less than a second of extreme variation; the following being the extreme variations as published by the Astronomer Royal: “wow No. 311 in twelve months 0.70 actual extreme variation. 2 ditto 0.86 665 ditto 0.89 1 ditto 0.99 In 1832 and 1833, chronometers made by us were entitled to prizes; and several others of our manufacture have been frequently within the limits prescribed by:the Go- vernment, forming a large proportion of the best chronometers submitted to public trial. It has been repeatedly suggested to us, that a PRINCIPLE so important as ours has proved to be, should be imparted to the public, as every thing tending to the improve- ment of chronometers is a matter of national concernment. We are willing to give up to the public the benefit of our knowledge and experience in these matters, on receiving, as others have done, an adequate compensation for the value which the discovery is of to us in our private business; but we hold ourselves justified in with- holding an explanation of the principle, until it either ceases to be of importance to us, or we are adequately remunerated for disclosing it. Government having directed that the public trials of chronometers at Greenwich, for CHRONOMETERS. 11] prizes, shall cease after the present year, a few remarks on the origin of those trials, and on the favourable effect which they have had on the art of chronometer making, may not inappropriately close our observations. Notwithstanding the encouragement which Government had long afforded to the art, by purchasing chronometers largely, and at liberal prices, for the use of the navy; and the very considerable rewards which had been given to three of the leading artists (30002. each) for the superior performance of some instruments made by them, yet the general state of the art was much below what was generally believed, and might have been expected. Aware of this fact, and desirous that the art which we exercised should participate in the general improvement, we, in 1818, addressed a letter to J. W. Croker, Esq., at that time Secretary to the Admiralty, respectfully suggesting that Government might further and most essentially aid the progress of the art, by giving frequent and small rewards to ingenious workmen who made instruments that actually performed well, without refer- ence to the principles on which they were constructed. The public trials at the Royal Observatory commenced in 1820, and the performance of the chronometers on the first trial proved the correctness of the opinion which we had formed as to the general state of the art of chronometer making. The prizes of 300/. and 200/. were that year adjudged to chronometers which Government would not at the present time purchase at any price. Several of the chronometers which we sent on trial in the various scientific ex- peditions to the Polar Seas and towards the Equator, having performed satisfactorily, we sent some of our experimental chronometers to Greenwich on trial, a few years after the public trials were first established ; and the opportunity thus afforded us of having the effect of our successive alterations tested by daily observation, enabled us to detect many minute sources of error, which we should otherwise most probably never have discovered. The opportunity, too, of returning for trial chronometers which, having performed unsatisfactorily we had endeavoured to improve, gradually led us to the discovery of the principle which enables us now to control at pleasure, and to counteract, any general tendency in chronometers to deviate from their rates, We are, Sir, Yours, respectfully, PARKINSON & FRODSHAM. To Capt. Sir John Ross, R.N., &c. &c. Se. 112 CHRONOMETERS, Those who have perused the above statement from Messrs. Parkinson and Frodsham, and are at all interested in the improvement of navigation, cannot but be desirous that a fair trial should be given to this important discovery ; and if it is found that chronometers which are the production of respectable artisans, and which from causes hitherto unknown deviate from their rates, so as to be comparatively useless, can be cor- rected by the application of their principle, so as to become sufficiently perfect for the purposes of navigation, by maintaining the uniform rate within the limits prescribed by Government, no one will deny, that this important discovery should be made public, and that such discovery is fully entitled to a liberal compensation ; and I cannot con- clude this article without recommending it to the serious attention of those whose duty it is to inquire into and reward merit. Mr. Murray, a very respectable chronometer-maker of London, being desirous to establish the excellent going of his chronometers, sent No. 620 eight day, 634 two day, and 558 one day, all box chronometers, which could not be a great acquisition to us; and it is but justice to say that they were excellent instruments, for although they all gained at first, they obtained a constant rate, from which they did not deviate whilst in my possession. I regret much that it was not in my power to bring them home, as I have no doubt they would have been found perfect, with the exception of one which met with an accident, In addition to No. 571, box chronometer, and of 1081 for the pocket, of Parkinson and Frodsham I purchased No. 418, pocket chronometer, of Barraud, which I knew to be good, having it formerly in my possession ; but the main spring gave way soon after we sailed, which reduced my number to five. These were under the charge of Commander Ross, until July, 1831, after which they were all under my own care, and the only two that were brought home were those by Parkinson and Frodsham, Gi ae ores SPSiOFe) NIHIOnn wes a@‘vuounv FHL JO AYOBZHL MIN AURORA BOREALIS. NEW THEORY. Many theories have been proposed during the last century, to account for the nature and appearance of this beautiful pheno- menon, but to each of these, and to all, objections have been made, that I think cannot be justly applied to the following, which has been founded on a long series of observations made carefully by myself on this interesting subject, and under circumstances pecu- harly advantageous. Before I proceeded on my voyage of 1818, my attention was directed to the phenomenon of the Aurora by the late Dr. Wollaston, who had collected, with great pains, much information on the subject, which he kindly transmitted to me, as well as his own observations, from which, however, he came to no other con- clusion than a supposition that “the Aurora was beyond the atmosphere of the earth.” As the expedition which I commanded in 1818 did not winter in the Arctic Regions, my observations during that voyage were confined to the months of September and October, during which time the ships were moving in a southerly direction from the Q 114 AURORA BOREALIS. latitude of 74° to 58° north, when it was observed that from the latitude of 74 until 66°, the phenomenon was seen to the south- ward, particularly at midnight; but when the ship had passed to the southward of the latitude of 66°, it was seen to the northward. In several instances the Aurora was distinctly observed to be between the two ships, and also between the ships and _ the icebergs; proving unquestionably that it could not be at that time beyond the atmosphere of the earth. This indeed was the only fact which I completely established during that voyage, but which was a conclusion that led me to inquire how its proximity to the earth was to be accounted for. Both at my observatory in Scotland, and during my late and _ long-pro- tracted residence in the Arctic Regions, my attention has been particularly directed to this interesting subject, and my conclusions are, that the splendid phenomenon, called the Aurora, is entirely occasioned by the action of the sun’s rays upon the vast body of icy and of snowy plains and mountains which surround the poles. The rays of the sun, in the first instance, are reflected, from uneven, plain, or variegated surfaces, of the coloured, icy, or snow- clad substances, which are presented to them at the point of incidence by the rotation of the earth, and passing over the poles reach and illuminate clouds which are only rendered visible to us by such illumination, these clouds having positive, negative, and reflecting qualities, possess the power of producing all the sur- prising effects which have been observed by distributing the rays they have received, and as they receive them, in every direction ; and according to the state of the atmosphere, give additional AURORA BOREALIS. 115 variety to the original colours as reflected from the point of incidence; and further, if due regard is paid to the properties of light, its connexion both with magnetism and electricity may be satisfactorily explained. IN suppoRT oF THIS THEORY—In the first place, we have the fact, that when the spectator’s position on the earth is to the north- ward of the 69° of north latitude, the Aurora is generally observed to bear to the southward, very seldom to the northward of east or west, and never in that direction or in the north, unless the sun is in opposition, or a region of icy or snowy substance is between the spectator and the bearings of the sun; although the illuminated clouds which I have mentioned might there, as in a lower latitude, very possibly reflect the rays they have received in every horizontal, as well as vertical direction. Secondly. The atmosphere between the sun and the spectator is always clear, whether he is to the southward or northward of the Aurora. When he is looking at the Aurora from a high latitude, towards it in the south, the sun is then at his back to the north; and if the sky becomes cloudy in that (the northern) direction it is fatal, the Aurora immediately disappears, because the rays are inter- cepted by an impenetrable cloud. In like manner, when the spectator observes the Aurora bearing to the eastward or westward, if a cloud or fog intervenes between his position and the sun, it immediately disappears. Thirdly. When the spectator sees the Aurora to the northward, he is always to the southward of the icy regions, and at that time the sky in the direction of the sun is always clear; should a cloud Q 2 116 AURORA BOREALIS. intervene, either above or below the point of incidence, the pheno- menon will disappear. When the rays of the sun are reflected from a vast plain of icy substance to stationary and to us invisible clouds, it follows that the Aurora will remain a long time without changing, the rays bemg then reflected as from a circular or globular mirror, the angle of incidence and reflection remaining the same; but the moment that these rays arrive (by the earth’s rotation) at water, or at some non- reflecting substance or surface, the Aurora suddenly disappears, as it does by an intervening cloud, which is a fact I have had con- firmed by many observations. With regard to the action of the Aurora on the magnetic needle, I need only say, that in common with every other kind of light, it has the property of affecting the needle or combining with mag- netism. The effects of the Aurora on the needle were the same as the sudden approach of a naked candle, or when the light of a lamp was concentrated by a lens on the needle delicately suspended at a distance of eighty-four yards: an experiment which I repeatedly tried at Sheriff’s harbour. With regard to electricity, it is notorious that there is less in the Arctic Regions than in any other place; and, during my first voyage, the electrometer was never moved by the electric fluid, although often tried. The position of the Aurora Borealis in the heavens, depends much on the depression of the sun below the horizon of the spec- tator, on its bearings, and on the nature of the surface which first receives the sun’s rays, at the point of incidence, which if uneven will produce the capra saltans, or merry dancers; if the surface is AURORA BOREALIS. 117 even it will produce the arabs, or beam, provided the illuminated cloud is tranquil, but if not it will produce the sagitta, or faces (pencil rays, or torch); and if the rays are conveyed from thence by a second reflection, which is very often the case, the bothinia, or cave, will appear with the pencil rays ascending; the corona and pithie depend also on the shape of the clouds as well as their positive and negative qualities. The colours of the Aurora depend on several circumstances: First, on the colours of the objects which originally receive the sun’s rays at the incidental pomt. Secondly, on the state and qualities of the atmosphere, through which the reflected rays pass before they reach the clouds which they are to illuminate, and thereby render visible to the spectator not only the clouds themselves, but the various colours which the rays have then assumed. Thirdly, by the nature and composition of the cloud itself; however, it is most probable that the colour depends oftener or more materially on the colour of the objects which first receive the sun’s rays at the incidental point, from whence they proceed by the laws of reflec- tion, according to the various oblique directions of that surface ; since the observations of Captain Cook, and other antarctic navigators, represent that the Aurora Australis has always “a clear white light,” and that no coloured ice has been observed in the antaretic regions; while, on the contrary, ice of every colour has been observed by myself and others to exist in great abundance in the Arctic Regions. The reason that the Aurora is not always visible, is evidently because the sky near the pole is often cloudy and foggy, particu- 118 AURORA BOREALIS. larly in the spring and autumn, and when it is considered that the Aurora cannot be visible unless the atmosphere is clear on both sides of the pole in the direction of the sun, it will appear probable that it does not often happen; and in summer of course the Aurora cannot be seen in latitudes where the sun is then above the horizon below the pole, but I have often observed an appearance in the sky resembling the pencil rays of an aurora, with the exception that the illumination of the clouds was overpowered by the light of the day ; and as the sun was then always in opposition to the north- ward, I can have no doubt but that this phenomenon was an aurora, caused by the rays of the sun reflected from the circumpolar moun- tains of ice to the clouds: and I may add, that this appearance has been noticed by several navigators of the Polar Regions. The noise of the Aurora, described by some as resembling a silken flag exposed to a fresh breeze, and by others as that of a rushing noise like fireworks playing off, was never heard or observed, on any of the recent Arctic voyages, and it may be concluded that such a noise does not take place in these regions: if, however, it is insisted upon to be the fact in more southern latitudes, it may probably be occasioned by the combination of the Aurora with electric matter, which is not found in the north. Since this paper was read at that excellent institution, the British Association for the advancement of Science, I have had the satisfaction of learning that several of its most distinguished members had made observations corroborative of my theory ; among which I may mention those of W. L. Wharton, Esq., of Dryburn, Durham, who has kindly transmitted to me the copy AURORA BOREALIS. 119 of an article he wrote in the Durham Advertiser, November, 1830. In this case, the Aurora was seen at eleven, Pp. M., when it was considerably to the westward of north at twelve (midnight), the summit of the luminous arch was due north. He adds, “ Those who may have remarked the radiations of the Aurora have probably been struck by their similarity to those beams of light which radiate from the sun when partially observed by a cloudy atmo- sphere. They may also have observed with us that the radiations for the most part appear to proceed from that spot under the horizon in which the sun would be seen, if not concealed by the body of the earth, and that the summits of the accompanying arches of light are always seen directly above the same spot. Is it not then possible that the phenomena of the Aurora may origi- nate in the light of the sun refracted at an immense elevation above us, after glancing over the nebulous strata of a distant part of the earth’s atmosphere ?’—In like manner, the registers of the Aurora in all the recent voyages to the Polar Regions corroborate my theory, although different conclusions, or conjectures, were hazarded respecting its nature and origin, and to which I must refer my readers as they are too numerous for insertion. I may conclude by adding, that my theory has been submitted to the celebrated Professor Schumacher and others, who made no objections to it. JOHN ROss. 120 AURORA BOREALIS. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. A—The sun as at the Equinox. B B—The points of incidence. D D—Positions of the spectators. C C—Clouds rendered visible by the reflected rays. E—The earth as at the Equinox. F F—The rays of the sun. This diagram represents the sun’s rays acting on the icy or snow- covered part of the earth, and being reflected over the poles reach clouds which are rendered visible by illumination; and having themselves reflecting qualities, distribute them upwards, down- wards, or in any other direction, and owing to the rotation of the earth, are changing or steadfast according to the nature of the surface at the incidental point which first receives the rays. NVA SU RAS Hho OR ey, 44 a 7 © ; = a ee ’ . 7 r a oe 7 . . i, : , = > 7 * 7 : , i - a -E ‘ = 7 ’ ’ x = a : : is _ . - - 7 : = om =. 7 7 : : P : be -_ (7a | iG - - —_~, i we . 7 Le _ 7 > . - : rer _ =a) c 7 : fad — 7 7 cam - 7 —- tog é 4 D - : 7 ¥ - iv ee nn . F 7, ts ih ore (etme a ee ~» a. rine orn ace | ise aan : - 1s 7 7 7) en ; 7 oan ay = 7 = = ' io 2 , i in’ pty > ; ’ : - o . : - 7 a Se, See a Ally. . 7 2 OreemryaRe efi ces at 4 OH daanly ie 4 : —_ on 7 — 7 2 a _ Wy 7 7 x _ on - - i THe © a : wf f re f GF a i | ig : Ty}; —" a are ; i i 7 ” : es 7 7 - Pree a Wa ae wigs S atx : er | e Gai ys ‘ Jaye si 4 ® 7 ) - 4 my =“ » i. vo . — . % TY bs 4 » + a 5 a . ids Lavy > 7 a ” lal Le A wh \ aé a > ~ : 7 ont ahican mee a >» ; i ra ; " 7 7? ‘a ye 7 tha - — a - y " 7 oe ; 44 - . Th ns e 7 ag () be _— Las fu ef le a Ad \ ia i Deal . 7 +‘ 7 P iy > 7 am al a - F a, ia ; Publ : ys re hanes ai as ' ah. Mf a vlbley, i ; - 7 : 4 ? ere 4 a - — vs " fi : oA) D . - in j : Lae a Re m a =\ A aa wk od, ly) Agh ie ofan Fei la - bo : Mi ‘ ral, a : r : a Mey v' if. " seaple as xl, wstiend, Joghe aa se a ae on, 7 : ' oo a 7 Pwd L degils aig ost nf, mths TT BLP hh es a. bh 2 pow - he ; ) 7 om ' - . "y y ae ogg” ; Lan “44 ove wh} ms 4 ult: wa wy id bh aif we ‘a wy mA 4 ae tte hi ° 7 7; 7 . > a me. wa) “ge indy eg : mts pa i dite lh a mv wha mh as —— af Po as ' - a LP aint, > ‘ ~ = a High Abatter oil al aude, or af ys sn ih, hemes : ~~. 7 ae “th aq wil y i ; : 2 Gn : its 7 @ a - 7 . : t? et — - - = — i. ¢& _ - a | See : i a " : : a a ia lend " 7 » a af 7 7 7 - iss tind od - a < = - a -_ ‘ n i. 5 ae ~~ —_ ; 7 —2 ' i: 7 : “G4 . He i a = pie — y= an — : mi . ‘ - a - ‘\ mee a 7 —- - ,? “ [ ¥ aa P al it , = , - i |e _ “o ‘a a ; ee re ee Di / . ad : ; 7 os : 7 ” r. 7 a a : . : : : ian oe Vee 7 : 7 7 = i - wee —_ a ‘ t 7 7 ’ 7 a 7 : : vy. - 7 7 ; ae) i 7 a e i gle ome | , a : mw, - "7 wo. 7 7 e : en : a 9 _ : 7 7 ’ : bd 7 ; _ “ : : . F a € 2 a 7 — 7’) ' a a = a, SO a Vaek a a 1 7 = —- @ : a" - = es, 7 la* Gee ee a " > : = - at . 7 7 ' = a @; > es ' _ i / : = 7 : ; _ i 7. - a SG —_ - — Be jo : oe , p>”. 7 —— j F 7 ; z ; Vow 4 _ 44 = a 7 7) _ - ACCOUNT OF THE OBJECTS IN THE SEVERAL DEPARTMENTS OF NATURAL HISTORY, SEEN AND DISCOVERED DURING THE PRESENT EXPEDITION. BY CAPTAIN JAMES CLARK ROSS, R.N., F.R.S., F.R.AS., F.LS., &c. Havine placed the department of Natural History under the exclusive charge of my Nephew, Captain J. C. Ross, whose ac- quirements in this branch of knowledge have been long known to the public, from the results of the former voyages in which he was engaged, I am indebted to him for the following pages; which have been drawn up by himself, with the assistance of those friends whom he has noticed in his own Preface. JOHN ROSS. 7 _ > A : : ae ‘| as = dice dp ; Wrqorer. TAROT Aw a t ate oe ni bot aye te bh dh rT ot) ein "i Ha o > opt ee we en cinsieth hits nnn : pes hes ot —_ “ fl 4 = at’ i i = usd 7 alin nee nel = a pel . wit & rare rr Pty ipbee ae Ns vias’ fowii % 7 van ps same’ wt : 268 311. Nouhan yy ga aby A =i od Wa —_tn ae oe s' a rr Ps Lp Pie. ava veers ree se Swot ral seca ehits a6 ied a, oo a 473 tae oe a ya * we a ew | 7 oth sri = Bi A oat : ahr sity cal oni : : 7 : at 4 ad sini 1 dib * tanke eben ) hae je4 a J “ —_ {e" aT ™ aad cae =. ete ee va ai. FB: ju re ‘he dif sil iyytaas 4 4 Ried phen ye bas. a abe A obaida 4 te 6 gt maak “uinadieny ise aus ‘he Bhi WV esa bal one ai tbl ald ie ant, Suave His dety wnesatl sola. geras, “fl sag ioy ene Lisi? ‘batdeba ee | peel eet apa afi atl baltie cll ei aul. on Paes pilin ae ‘~ soni LG imei, ih yoda agalait soawiay ; rn @ (ye-es v4 =) aay ei 4 we i artes oh : = n ee Lie dew — 5 _- .* = a oo MietaE og WYO) Circumference before the eyes ate 204 OLS at broadest part of the head . 32.2 . . 28 at largest part of the abdomen. 65.2 . . 57.6 Length of alimentary canal : 5 - 61 feet . 52 feet Weight : : ; . 900 Ibs. . 700 Ibs. The weight varies very much according to the season and condition of the animal. The largest of the above measured 101.5 inches in length, and weighed 1028 Ibs., although in poor condition. 2.—GULO LUSCUS (Wolverene). Guto Luscus.—Cuv: Reg. An.—vol.i., p. 141. Rich: Faun. Bor. Amer.—p. 41. Sab. in Supp. to Appx. to Parry’s 1st Voy.—p. clxxxiv. Ka & weék.—Esquimaux of Boothia Felix. Kab le a rioo.—Esquimaux of Melville Peninsula. Some traces of the existence of this animal in the highest northern latitudes were observed on two of the preceding Arctic expeditions; but none of the animals were seen on either of those occasions: although we now know that it remains throughout the winter as far north as the 70° of latitude, and is not, like some other animals of that ngorous climate, subject to any change of colour from the most intense cold. NATURAL HISTORY. ix A few days previous to the arrival of the Esquimaux near Felix Harbour, in January, 1830, the tracks of this animal were first seen; and soon after, the skins of two old and two young ones were brought to the ship by the natives, who had taken them in traps built of stones. During each of the following winters their tracks were occasionally seen, and at Victoria Harbour they were very numerous. There, in the middle of the winter, two or three months before we abandoned the ship, we were one day surprised by a visit from one, which pressed hard by hunger, had climbed the snow wall that surrounded our vessel, and came boldly on deck, where our crew were walking for exercise. Undis- mayed at the presence of twelve or fourteen men, he seized upon a canister which had some meat in it, and was in so ravenous a state that whilst busily engaged at his feast he suffered me to pass a noose over his head, by which he was immediately secured and strangled. By discharging the contents of two secretory organs, it emitted a most insupportable stench. These secretory vessels are about the size of a walnut, and discharge a fluid of a yellowish-brown colour, and of the consistence of honey, by the rectum, when hard pressed by its enemies. The descriptions of authors are sufficiently accurate; but the following dimensions may be useful : Length from snout to the insertion of the tail. 28.4 inches of the tail : : : : . . 9.8 (vertebree) of the hair of the tail. : : 5 44,2 inches Length from snout to shoulder. - - 11.2 inches to occiput . : é SHS Extreme breadth of head. : 5 Bde, EI Circumference at ensiform cartilage . - 14.5 at neck ; . : Gn CHS at broadest part of the head. 13 Vertebra—Cervical 7 Dorsal 15 (10 true and 5 false ribs) Lumbral 5 Sacral 3 (now in one) Caudal 15 It was a female, and weighed 27¢ lb. *p x NATURAL HISTORY. 3.—MUSTELA ERMINEA (Ermine). Musrexa Erminea.—Cuv: Reg. Anim.—vol. i., p. 146. Rich: Faun. Bor. Amer.—p. 46. These beautiful and elegant little animals were by no means numerous; but their tracks were occasionally seen during the winter, following those of the Lemmings, upon which they chiefly subsist during that inclement part of the year. It is almost impos- sible to tame them, preferring rather to die than live in confinement. One that came on board of our ship and was taken, although treated with the greatest kindness, its restless and vicious nature so completely exhausted it, that it died at the end of a week or ten days. The Ermine assumes its winter dress early in September, and again changes to brown towards the end of May. It is the great enemy of the Lemming, and in its turn is preyed upon by the Fox. It is 18 inches long, and weighs 5} oz. 4,—CANIS LUPUS OCCIDENTALIS (American Wolf). Canis Lupus.—Cuv: Reg. Anim.—vol. 1., p. 150. Canis Lupus Occiprentauis.—Rich: Faun. Bor, Amer.—p. 60. Considerable numbers of this animal were seen on the narrow Isthmus of Boothia, where they arrive early in the spring to intercept the Reindeer on their way to the north. None were killed by us during our late voyage, owing to their extreme wariness ; but their tracks were occasionally seen during each of the winters. They are very troublesome to the Esquimaux, robbing their hoards, tearmg the skin covering off their canoes, and killing their dogs. It is a remarkable circumstance, that a single wolf will go amongst any number of Esquimaux dogs, and carry off any one from amongst them without the others attempting to attack it. Such is their extreme dread of the Wolf, that they begin to tremble and howl whenever they are aware of its approach. The Wolf will seldom attack a man, except when starving; but if alone and unarmed, it will not care to get out of his way. 7 a oo a) 7 Ps . i — 20 : 7 7 i a as -) > J ? : i : vi , 7 - a v , = _ i - i . _ - imp 7 - + - 7 P vy n r) a =e Se - . ° 2a 7 a + > es a 6 he 8 7 - ee og ae - hi % a 7 e - Po : 7 : DP earn St a 4 : ; : 1 - i 7 Wu. - 4 a - ; 1 an _. ion PEL S60 0% rs = — : s _ ; Oe io" s er eG 7 - a ‘ oe 7 - : © iD _ : 7 7 7 Ph -_ $ i - - i a 7 7 : 7 «~ +f ny 7 ' > ' =o 7 Ss a | h 2 fomen =» ce ; 7 ee. i a ta akan 4 7 . -—_ a —- 7 - : : P _ ; 7 as y yore AsAye : a ;: na : = 7 7 7 & - ~ a Aaa a a a - eek oa ars _ - a0 - : ce- 7 j : ~ Svar PY) ' ~~ >= : i - [e. 7 a) : R ~~ eS n jah gg naa _ _ o - io | Siam « . : ue << : 7 Ay 7 )~ nh yup ab 1 .) 1 : _ a ae - \ a oe 4 ongeeaeeteabt ”~ Sy Meee, 9 Vs am : : - : 7 = 7 aed 4 we "Ts ~~ 7 WD \, a = ; 5 7 Y 2% 9 ivgod ‘sy vet _ i oe - A 7. -« ’ “a a= aid Ars : G ne
  • ~ a ad r atl mt ‘bin, le pk: wl i ar ; ‘aa S - —_ : 7 mye al eae oh pase a, we *, “ns . Aeuan b ” - es “a Jae oe an one al aS “x or a a) | Ce ee 4 r e — a . ue nye ya e id fis ‘. ~~ te tem -_ an! aia, ay daly salah se weld adds - 7 ~ - - az ee ae ete ae ay sii 3 i x AlN iret Se uber ch abd 7 SA a ca oe a Lae 7 te i oe wil ait nie ah us - i — : i ye Mai _ Sk oa na “F of el ag Ne wed ay Avast ty oa a BP Pais eu 7 + Oe n= pga mat es he ite It wae sae ete ia ae ta, . oe “4 - a Ae by nih Sone 2050 Bath id ols ae a gle . = _ a oa ip ‘.0h3) i Li & ‘ 7 = _ & sit re dt iy i aks apiece ei bl ites Bloat dy’ vat “9 ole : rs a = _ " a a doh iin Poe on okt: aa 4 2 i — ie 7 a ae ide q .. i aul ay ate oct saree at eee se ipl “ B yo wy 7 a i y _ - ee ee ¥ . ha be Ti ah on = i oe . me a wor oF - 7 ; i > 4 2M 5 oi Bs a ae aed: ae, Loe i, ae enor) Eee 2 re he Ab ln re CAMP as, x eee: | 7s = 7 = 7 a” ihe + ro “°c sat 7 Po. fon = , a " hg , bd a a | vy, Soe tine. Fe i fe gid =" ; ul of laa ¥ pr atl gh rie co a _ —— a Seed kd owt, 7 _ = ane 4 no ys 7 i a — : ; — 7 : A ; ogi sil Tig = - ‘e er eG oe _ ie : "7 : me 7 : et = oe : ae : m 7 _ : ; - i — - - ve fy an ar ul - = m py o : ? — =. - (“ea H = a 7 = > ; 7 Sed . “she -_ ) ; Sale ae i 7 - =. a a = , : 7 Pease ss mi | a i) - - ry . ete awe os Ss “= 4 7 rip ts: 7 ad aad. hate ' a. ho: ps Scleideves aN Ne > on. — : : + ap, he : ire POLAK - i . he a as = a a ist y est Pa meni : sah i : ‘ i a Tr a . io 7 AD od - — ‘a a bts, ss c af yen Me a> i nad. : : : a i oie par eeek. xara } neat) 4 had oe a : " 1 a ahs ony = ae _ ey Si ap a es > Lasiqeey} r. phy Pikes "i “i ee es. _ i. a: oe ahs es a ies re divil, . UF , VU v2 ‘Ss led ane “ Depp om aie amy ie viol a ” ‘¥ os i nie: es, apie, a athe fh “ 7 . *. ao ae iv putes uj i. a r dy a a 7 #, % nd by tit a — _- ty - aL Oh ng asia hs oa 7 = = vs : Ya aj r _ ae nn a, _ ~ —— ia a —_— 7 > dae oe ore & : <) 7 (i ; WONG ’ os 5 a6 hyrtiss hee aw It easy ty 7 Le ; om ad awe ad we rhe auie - ) TP eo toys oyu x ri , — - . ~ Be i pt kya ae paver 7 7 TS —— e ,- ~ =e aA* he » - Le. a a han Ye 2 s 7 = 7 : 7 ‘ A — - 7 , - is A Dy ‘ : - F > a ri _ a: ' _ Ts 7 7 _ as a : 7 : is = . a i ae 7 a — 7= - = , = _ 7 , _ - = are - ; a : ,¥ > im > ¥ - SJ a 7 -_ : - a » . a - = _ | : : oe ‘ a = Pe nad pres ” - > = 7 ae : aaeoae eth - ; = > -) 7 7 ; oa 7 m + = > _ vi a : - ' pe ¢ 7 ol — s. = . es) wi . - 7 iv x a oy 5 > ~~ a . _ 7 : > : =) . _ > i‘ = : > ws pie 4 - re = ; 7 = a ; MS =a - " =e - = : ~>* 7 - a a i = = as ’ jie, Aj - “t - re - - - - a — 7 i ot cs _ 7 ) an, ‘ - - ~~ ; - 7 { E a Oly a> 7 a 7 ® 7 7 r : — - _ a m 5 ) = At 3 = _ Pern Tan . — os a eS a. ye - an ‘ 7 a a ae ii 2 | a °° ARCT NATURAL HISTORY. Al 5.—CANIS LAGOPUS (Arctic Fox). Canis Lacopus.—Cuv: Reg. Anim.—vol. i., p. 153. Rich: Faun. Bor, Amer.—p. 83. Sabine, in Franklin’s 1st Journey—p. 658. Rich: Appendix to Parry’s 2d Voy.—p. 299. Inhabits the highest northern latitudes throughout the winter, and is provided with the finest and thickest fur, to enable it to withstand the intense cold of those regions. The young generally migrate to the southward late in the autumn, and collect in vast multitudes on the shores of Hudson Bay: they return early the following spring along the sea-coast to the northward, and seldom again leave the spot they select as a breeding place. The summer fur of this beautiful animal is admirably described by Mr. Sabine, oc. cit.; and the winter dress by Dr. Richardson, ut supra, where an interesting detail of its habits is given. In most of the individuals taken in February we observed that the long hairs on the back and loins are tipped with black, to the extent which they project beyond the rest of the fur: this is particularly the case in the females. It brings forth from six to eight young early in June. In July, 1831, one of their burrows was discovered on the sandy margin of a lake; it had_ several passages, each opening ito a common cell, beyond which was an inner cell, where the young, six in number, were taken. They were precisely of the same colour as the old ones at that season of the year. Hearne says, that “the young are all over of a sooty black ;” this probably refers to the following variety of the Arctic Fox. In the outer cell, and in the several passages leading to it, we found great numbers of the two species of Lemming, several Ermine, and the bones of hares, fish, and ducks, in great quantities. Pour of the young foxes were kept alive till the end of the following winter, and were a great amusement to our crew by their playfulness, as they soon became very tame. They never attained the pure white of the old Fox, a dusky lead colour remaining about the face and sides of the body. There is a remarkable difference in the disposition of these animals, some being easily tamed, whilst others remain savage and untractable, notwithstanding the kindest treatment. The females are much more vicious than the males. A Dog Fox that lived several months became so tame in a short time, that he regularly attended our dinner-table like a dog, and was always allowed to go at large about the cabin. ABE XA NATURAL HISTORY. A pair kept for the purpose of watching the changes of their fur, threw off their winter dress during the first week in June; the female a few days earlier than the male. Towards the end of September the brown fur of summer gradually became of an ash colour, and by the middle of October was perfectly white: from that period it con- tinued rapidly to increase in thickness until the end of November, when the last of the two died, having lived in confinement nearly ten months. ’ The flesh of the young Fox is white, and well flavoured. Dr. Richardson says, “ Captain Franklin’s party agreed with Hearne in comparing the flavour of a young Arctic Fox to that of the American Hare.” Captain Lyon considered it to “resemble the flesh of the kid ;” whilst those of our party, who were the first to taste them, named them “lambs,” from their resemblance in flavour to very young lamb. The flesh of the old Fox is by no means so palatable ; and the water it is boiled in becomes so acrid as to excoriate the mouth and tongue. During our late expedition, they constituted one of the principal luxuries of our table, and were always reserved for holidays and great occasions. We ate them boiled—or more frequently after being parboiled, roasted in a pitch kettle. They were taken by us in considerable numbers, and formed a valuable addition to our provisions when meat was very scarce. The females are somewhat smaller than the males, and generally in poorer condition. The average weight of twenty males being 7 lb. 40z.; of twenty females, 5 1b. 11 oz. Males. Females. Length from snout to insertion of tail. 22.4 inches : 21.8 inches to end of vertebre of tail 35 . 33.5 Length of fur in each 2.7 inches beyond the vertebre of the tail. Length of the head measured with callipers 5.5 inches Mean length of the alimentary canal. : 86.7 of the intestinum cecum ; 4.5 6.—CANIS LAGOPUS (Var. g. Fuliginosus). Canis Lacorus Furiainosus.— Rich: Faun. Bor. Amer.—p. 89. This variety of the Arctic Fox is much more rare than the preceding, only three individuals having been captured out of fifty of the pure white kind. Indeed in a NATURAL HISTORY. xii country which presents an unvaried white surface, they must have extreme difficulty in surprising their prey, and be much more exposed to the persecutions of its enemies. lt is somewhat larger in its measurements than the white variety. Male. Length from snout to insertion of the tail. 23.7 inches to end of vertebrew of the tail . . 36.2 of the head measured with callipers 5.7 7.—ARVICOLA HUDSONIA (Hudson’s Bay Lemming). Lemmus Hupsonius.—Cuv: Reg. Anim.—vol. i., p. 207. Arvicora Hupsonta.—Rich: Faun. Bor. Amer.—p. 132. Rich: App. to Parry’s 2d Voy.—p. 308. The smallest of the quadrupeds of the Polar Regions, and has been found in the highest latitude that has yet been attained : even on the ice of the Polar Ocean, to the northward of the 82° of latitude, the skeleton of one was found.* It has never been met with far in the interior of the country, preferring to congregate during the summer months along the sea-shores, where amongst large loose stones they rear their young, and find shelter from their numerous enemies. In the winter season, each individual makes a nest of dried grass, on the surface of the earth, beneath the snow, and has many passages in different directions from its nest, along which it passes in search of food. It seldom appears during the winter, but its tracks are occa- sionally to be met with even in the coldest weather; but from the whiteness of its fur, and the rapidity with which it burrows beneath the surface of the snow, it is seldom taken at that season of the year, It feeds chiefly on the roots of Polygonum Viviparum, on grasses, vetches, and during the summer on almost every kind of plant the country produces ; but is never- theless fond of animal food, even to devouring its own species ; and the salmon hoards of the Esquimaux frequently furnish provision to numbers of these animals during the winter. * See Appendix to Parry’s Polar Journey, p. 190. xiv NATURAL HISTORY. It brings forth from four to eight young at various periods of the year: thus one taken by us in March had four young in utero, nearly matured; and a nest with six young ones, blind, naked, and helpless, was found on 12th July; they abandoned their nest on the 22d. It is easily tamed, and fond of being caressed; one that had been but a few days confined, escaped durmg the night, and was found next morning on the ice alongside the ship: on putting down its cage, which it recognised in the servant’s hand, it imme- diately went into it. It lived for several months in the cabin; but finding that, unlike what occurred to our tame hares under similar circumstances, it retained its summer fur, I was induced to try the effect of exposing it for a short time to the winter temperature. . It was accordingly placed on deck in a cage, on the Ist of February ; and next morning, after having been exposed to a temperature of 30° below zero, the fur on the cheeks and a patch on each shoulder had become perfectly white. On the following day the patches on each shoulder had extended considerably, and the posterior part of the body and flanks had turned to a dirty white: during the next four days the change continued but slowly, and at the end of a week it was entirely white, with the excep- tion of a dark band across the shoulders, prolonged posteriorly down to the middle of the back, forming a kind of saddle, where the colour of the fur had not changed in the smallest degree. The thermometer continued between 30° and 40° below zero until the 18th, without producing any further change, when the poor little sufferer perished from the severity of the cold. On examining the skin, it appeared that all the white parts of the fur were longer than the unchanged portions ; and that the ends of the fur only were white, so far as they exceeded in length the dark-coloured fur; and by removing these white tips with a pair of scissars, it again appeared in its dark summer dress, but slightly changed in colour, and precisely the same length as before the experiment. 8—ARVICOLA TRIMUCRONATA (Back’s Lemming). ArvicoLta Trimucronata.—Rich: App. to Parry’s 2d Voy.—p. 309. Although seen by us on the coast of Boothia Felix in considerable numbers, it is not so generally to be met with in the Arctic Regions as the preceding species. NATURAL HISTORY. XV The individual specimen from which Dr. Richardson’s very accurate description was drawn, was taken by Captain Back (in honour of whom it has been named) on Point Lake, in latitude 65° N. It was a female of smaller dimensions than those we have generally met with; for Dr. Richardson states it to be a little inferior in size to the Hudson’s Bay Lemming: whereas a comparison of the average measurements and weight of above twenty of each species is in favour of the latter. No specimens of this species were obtained during the winter; but it is more than probable that, like the preceding species, it is white during that season. The first fur of the young, as in the Hudson’s Bay Lemming, is rather more obscure than that of the parents; and even in this early state the two species are easily distin- guishable by their colour, the trimucronate thumb not being at first so very apparent. 9.—ARCTOMYS PARRYI (Parry’s Marmot). Arcromys Parryt.—Sab: in App. to Franklin’s 1st Journey. Rich: in App. to Parry’s 2d Voy. Rich: in Faun. Bor. Amer.—p. 158. None of these animals were seen during our late voyage in the Victory; nor do I believe they have ever been found far north of the Arctic Circle. I notice it here merely to mention that some of the dresses of the Esquimaux who had lately left Repulse Bay were made of its skins. These people told us that it was very numerous in those parts. 10.—LEPUS GLACIALIS (Polar Hare). Lepus Graciauis.— Rich: Faun. Bor. Amer.—p. 221. Lepus Timipus.—Lub: Faun. Grenl—p. 25. There is scarcely a spot in the Arctic Regions, the most desolate and steril that can be conceived, where this animal is not to be found, and that too throughout the winter : XV1 NATURAL HISTORY. nor does it seek to shelter itself from the inclemency of the weather by burrowing in the snow, but is found generally sitting solitary under the lee of a large stone, where the snow-drift as it passes along seems in some measure to afford a protection from the bitterness of the blast that impels it, by collecting around and half burying the animal beneath it. It is accordingly provided with a remarkably fine, thick, woolly fur, admirably calculated to withstand the most intense cold. Jn summer it is found chiefly at the foot and sides of gentle acclivities, where amongst the large loose stones it finds some secure retreat to bring forth its young. A female killed by one of our party at Sheriff Harbour, on the 7th of June, had four young m utero, perfectly mature, 53 inches long, and of a dark gray colour. In one shot by us at Igloolik, on the 2d of June, six young were found, not quite so far advanced ; and Fabricius, who states that he has himself seen eight young in utero, says it brings forth many young towards the end of June. One taken by us on the 28th of June a few days after its birth, soon became sufficiently tame to eat from our hands, and was allowed to run loose about the cabin. During the summer, we fed it on such plants as the country produced, and stored up a quantity of grass and astragali for its winter consumption; but it preferred to share with us whatever our table could afford, and would enjoy pease soup, plum pudding, bread, barley soup, sugar, rice, and even cheese, with us. It could not endure to be caressed, but was exceedingly fond of company, and would sit for hours listening to a conversation, which was no sooner ended than he would retire to his cabin: he was a continual source of amusement by his sagacity and playfulness, until in the middle of winter, when playing some of his pranks, he struck his head against one of the beams, and was ever after subject to fits. He lived and thrived nevertheless throughout the winter, and died in the following summer after fifteen months’ confinement. . Although constantly in a temperature never much below the freezing point, its fur assumed its white colour as early as those that were running wild, and exposed to the climate ; and although it cast its winter coat early in May, it was replaced by a pure white fur; from which, it is probable that the old males are not subject to the same change as the females in summer. Fabricius says, that “the Greenland Hare is white both in summer and winter.” Amongst the inhabitants of Greenland, one Esquimaux woman was found who spun some of the beautiful white wool of the Hare into a thread, and knitted several pairs of gloves; one pair of which, notwithstanding the native filthiness of the Esquimaux, came into my possession beautifully white. It very much resembles the Angola wool, but is still more soft. NATURAL HISTORY. xvil 11—CERVUS TARANDUS (Reindeer). Cervus Taranpus.—Cuv: Reg. Anim.—vol. i., p. 261. Rich: Faun. Bor. Amer.—p. 238. Rich: App. Parry’s 2d Voy.—p. 326. Although this animal was seen in great numbers on the Isthmus of Boothia, only one individual was killed in the course of our late voyage. It was a fine buck, of larger size than ordinary, and weighed 250 lb.; the average of those killed at Spitz- bergen and Melville Island did not exceed half that weight. The does arrived about the middle of April, the bucks nearly a month later; and herds of several hundreds were seen about the Isthmus towards the end of May. Numbers of the fawns, which at that period are in a very weak state, are killed by the natives, who hunt them with their dogs; and the does themselves often fall victims to their attachment to their offspring. The natives of Boothia depend chiefly on the skins of these animals for their beds and clothing ; their bows and spears are principally made from their horns, which being softened by steeping in water are easily cut into shape, even with their rude knives; and the sinews of the Reindeer make the best thread. The paunch, termed by them ner-rook-kah, is esteemed a great delicacy ; and its contents is the only vegetable food which the natives ever taste. It feeds on the usnez, alectorie, cetrariz, and other lichens in the early part of spring ; but as the summer advances, the young and tender grass fattens it so quickly, that in August they have been killed with several inches thick of fat on their haunches. In this state the meat is equal to the finest English venison; but is most tasteless and insipid when in poor condition. Dr. Richardson Joc. cit. has given a most detailed and interesting account of the several uses to which every part of this animal is put, and the various ways by which it is captured or killed in different parts of the American continent. The natives of Boothia seldom hunt it in the spring, and then the bow and arrow is their only mode of killing it ; but in the autumn, as the animal returns from the north in fine condition, they are destroyed in great numbers by parties of the natives driving them into the water, whilst others in canoes kill them with spears at their leisure. Although they migrate, towards the middle of September, to milder climes, yet stragglers are occasionally seen in the winter. *C xvii NATURAL HISTORY. Length from snout to insertion of tail c 70 inches length of tail. ae ose hair of the tail é 2 Extreme length . . 77.2 Height at fore shoulder . : ¢ 51 inches hind quarter 3 : : . 53 Girth behind the fore legs , é anya gOS 12.—OVIBOS MUSCHATUS (Musk Oz). Ovisos Muscuatus.—Rich: Faun. Bor. Amer.—p. 271. Bos Muscuatus.—Cuv: Reg. Anim.—p. 281. Sabine, in App. to Franklin’s \st Journey—vol. 1., p. 668. Rich: in App. to Parry’s 2d Voy.—p. 331. Musk Ox.—Hearne’s Journey—p. 137. Pennant, Arctic Zool.—vol. i., p. 9. Oo ming mak.—Esquimaux. The circumstance of this animal and the Reindeer having been found in Melville Island, led to the belief that a chain of islands, at no great distance from each other, connected Melville Island with the shores of the continent. The recent discovery of the Isthmus of Boothia, and the fact that the continent of America extends to the 74th degree of north latitude, affords an easy solution of the route by which this animal visits the North Georgian Islands. They are said by the natives to be very numerous between the Isthmus of Boothia and Repulse Bay; but are not found to the westward, the whole country being of low limestone formation, whilst the rugged granite hills are the favourite resort of the Musk Ox. On one of my surveying excursions from the ship, in April, 1830, we were fortunate in meeting with two of these animals, which we killed; they were both males, in very fine condition. We found the meat most excellent food, and quite free from any musky NATURAL HISTORY. xIX flavour, although the skin smelt strongly of it. The account of the manner in which the natives hunt this animal will be found in the narrative. The Esquimaux informed us, that at Aw-wuk-too-teak the Musk Ox is fre- quently seen in considerable numbers. It is not so highly valued by them as the Reindeer ; its hide being too thick and hard for clothing, is used only for beds. The dung of the Musk Ox, as well as of the Reindeer, when fresh, is considered a delicacy by the natives. There is an excellent drawing of the Musk Ox in Captain Parry’s Narrative of his First Voyage, p. 257, by Lieut. Beechy. The description by Dr. Richardson is most accurate ; and a very fine specimen brought from Melville Island is preserved in the Bnitish Museum. 13.—PHOCA FQETIDA (Rough Seal). Puoca Fatipa.—Cuv: Reg. Anim.—vol.i., p. 168. Fab: Faun. Grenl.—p. 13. Rich: App. to Parry’s 2d Voy.—p. 332. Rove Szar.—Penn: Quad.—vol. ii., p. 278; and Arctic Zool.—vol. i., p. 160. Inhabits the seas both on the east and west sides of the Isthmus of Boothia, and constitutes the principal means of subsistence to the inhabitants during eight or nine months of every year. In July, August, and September, the Reindeer and Salmon afford to the Esquimaux an agreeable and salutary change. The skins of the Reindeer supply them with beds and clothes; but it is the Rough Seal on which they wholly depend for their winter’s food; when all other animals have retired to a more temperate climate, the Seal is sought by the Esquimaux, whose dogs are trained to hunt over the extensive floes of level ice, and to scent out the concealed breathing-holes of the Rough Seal. So soon as one is discovered, a snow wall is built round it, to protect the huntsman trom the bitterness of the passing breeze ; where, with his spear uplifted, he will sit for hours until his victim rises to breathe, and falls an easy sacrifice to his unerring aim. In this manner, a party of thirty hunters killed 150 of these animals during the first two months they remained in our neighbourhood ; the fishery for ten or twelve miles i XX NATURAL HISTORY. round was then completely exhausted ; so they broke up into several smaller parties, and dispersed in various directions. In the month of May, the Rough Seal, with its young, lie basking in the sun, close to holes in the ice, and are at that time very diffi- cult to approach; but the natives imitate both their cry and action so exactly as to deceive the animals until they get sufficiently near to strike them with their spear. Fabricius says, it is the most heedless of all the Seals, as well on the ice as in the water: from our experience, we would certainly give them a very different character, for none of our sportsmen were ever able to get sufliciently near to shoot them. The natives of Boothia say they are not in their prime until the third year; and we never heard them complain of the offensive smell, which their more fastidious brethren in Greenland are said to dislike so extremely. The blood of the Rough Seal answers all the purposes of glue. The Rough Seal resembles our common Seal, P. Vitulina, the principal differences being in the more diminutive size of the P. Fetida, its being clothed with a more woolly coat, and some slight differences in its colour; all of which may indeed be fairly attributed to difference of food and climate. The average length from the snout to the extremity of the tail, of twenty measured by me, was 55 inches, the hind flippers extending 9 inches beyond the end of the tail ; and the average weight of the same number was 199 lb.: the circumference imme- diately behind the fore-flippers being 49.7 inches. The females are larger than the males. The average length of the young, when between five and six months old, was 38 inches; the weight 491b.; circumference as above, 28.6 inches; length of the alimentary canal, 49 feet 8 inches ; and of the cecum, 34 inches. It feeds chiefly on the Mysis furuosus and other small Caneri. 14.—PHOCA GRGENLANDICA (Harp Seal). Puoca Granianpica.—Cuv: Reg. Anim.—vol. i., p. 168. Egede, Granl.—p. 62, fig. A. Harp Seat.—Penn: Arct. Zool.—vol. i., p. 163. Kai ro lik.—Esquimaux of Boothia. Unlike the preceding species, it is seldom met with on the fixed ice of the bays and inlets, but prefers the loose floating floes which constitute what is termed by the whale NATURAL HISTORY. XXxI fishers “the middle ice” of Baffin’s Bay and Davis Straits. It is, however, occa- sionally met with near the coast of Greenland. We have never seen it in any part of Prince Regent’s Inlet ; but from the natives of Boothia we obtained several skins of this Seal, which they describe as being some- times very numerous on the west side of the Isthmus, but is much more scarce than the preceding species. They have never seen any of this species on the east side of the Isthmus of Boothia. 15—PHOCA BARBATA (Great Seal). Puoca Barsata.—Cuv: Reg. Anim.—vol. 1., p. 168. Fab: Faun. Grenl.—p. 15. Oo ge ook.—Esquimaux. Is the largest of the Seals inhabiting the Polar Seas. It is but seldom sought after by the natives of Boothia, as it approaches the shores only in the summer season, when the salmon fishery wholly engrosses their attention. In winter it seeks those parts of the Arctic Ocean which are seldom, if ever, frozen over for any length of time. No specimens were obtained. 16.—TRICHECHUS ROSMARUS (Walrus). Tricuecnus Rosmarus.—Cuv: Reg. Anim.—vol. i., p. 171. Fab: Faun. Grenl.—p. 11. I we ak.—Esquimaux. Inhabits the west coast of Baffin’s Bay, and is occasionally seen in the northern part of Prince Regent’s Inlet, but the natives of Boothia have never seen a Walrus; and XXil NATURAL HISTORY. although we found amongst them several articles made from the tusks of that animal, they were all brought from Repulse Bay, where it abounds. No specimens were obtained. 17.—DELPHINAPTERUS BELUGA (White Whale). Devpainartervs Betvea.—Cuv: Reg. Anim.—vol. i., p. 290. Deveuinus Axusicans.—Fab: Faun. Grenl.—p. 60. Scoresby’s Arctic Regions—vol. ii., pl. xiv. Seen abundantly in Prince Regent’s Inlet, but none were taken by us. 18—MONODON MONOCEROS (Narwhal). Monopon Monoceros.—Cuv: Reg. Anim.—vol. i., p. 292. Fab: Faun. Grenl.—p. 29. Scoresby’s Arctic Regions—vol. u1., pl. xv. The Narwhal, or Sea Unicorn, though occasionally seen in great numbers in the upper part of Baflin’s Bay and Prince Regent’s Inlet, are but seldom killed, from the great difficulty of surprismg them when sleeping on the surface of the water, and the very short time they remain up when they rise to breathe. The oil produced from its blubber is considered superior to that of the Whale; and the horn is valuable. Two or three years ago, several hundreds of these animals were found dead along the west coast of Baftin’s Bay by the vessels employed in the whale- fishery ; and I was informed by Captain Humphreys, of the Isabella, that of a great many examined by him, the males only have the horn-shaped spiral tooth. Fabricius says, that both male and female have this horn; and that sometimes, but very seldom, the male has two of equal size. A specimen of this may be seen in the NATURAL HISTORY. XXil] valuable museum of the Royal College of Surgeons; and an account of a female Narwhal, which had a horn similar to the male, is given in the 13th volume of the Transactions of the Linnean Society, p. 620; but both these cases are of rare occurrence. The largest horn I have seen measured 8} feet. In all the males the rudiments of a second horn or tooth is present ; and in the female are two such rudimental teeth, each about 8 inches in length. A female killed in June had one young in utero, nearly matured, of a bluish-brown colour, nearly 5 feet long. Several skeletons of this animal were seen by us as we travelled along the eastern coast of the Peninsula of Boothia, but only one horn was found amongst them ; it mea- sured 7 feet in length, 94 inches in circumference at its insertion, and weighed 141b. 602. 19.—BAL/ENA MYSTICETUS (Black Whale). Batazna Mysticetus.—Cuv: Reg. Anim.—vol.1., p. 296. Fab: Faun. Graenl.—p. 32. Scoresby’s Arctic Regions—vol. ii., pl. xu. The capture of the Whale, which gives employment to several thousands of our seamen, and has annually produced, on an average of the last twenty years, between eleven and twelve thousand tons of oil, and from five to six hundred tons of whalebone ; has of late years greatly declined, owing to the increasing difficulties attending the fishery. Wearied by the incessant persecutions of man, the Whale has lately aban- doned all the accessible parts of the Spitzbergen Sea, where it was by no means unusual to see sixty or seventy sail of British vessels engaged in its capture. On the east side of Baffin’s Bay, as far as the 72° of latitude, abundance of Whales of a large size were to be found, some few years ago; but, like the fishery in the Spitz- bergen Sea, this also was deserted. The Whales retired to the westward of the then considered impenetrable barrier of ice that occupies the middle of Baffin’s Bay. In 1818 that barrier was passed by the first Expedition of Discovery, sent by the go- vernment to those regions ; where the haunts of the Whale and the nursery for its young were laid open to the fishermen, whose daring enterprise and perseverance in following XX1V NATURAL HISTORY. the track of the discoverers, were amply rewarded for the first few years by most abundant success; since the produce that in any one year has been brought to England from those newly-discovered portions of the Arctic Seas, is more than sufficient to cover the whole expenses of all the Expeditions of Discovery that have been sent, during the last twenty years, to those regions: and yet people, not aware of this circumstance, are perpetually asking what benefit can result to this country from such undertakings ! The Whale, however, still continues to retire from the persecutions of man; and the numbers of its young which are annually destroyed without remorse by the avaricious but imprudent fishermen, must soon exhaust the fishery; and search must then be made far to the westward of Baffin’s Bay, and to the eastward of Spitzbergen, for their places of retreat. We found them in considerable numbers as low as the latitude of 71° N, along the western shore of Prince Regent’s Inlet; and the whole line of coast is crowded with the remains of Esquimaux winter huts, which had been chiefly constructed of the crown bones of the young Whale. The natives of the Isthmus of Boothia say, that it is but rarely seen either on the east or west side of the Isthmus; and they, not being sufficiently well prepared, or in sufficient numbers, never venture to attack it. Only two were seen by us during the three years we were frozen up in that neighbourhood. A most interesting account of the Whale fishery is given by Captain Scoresby, loc. cit., where its importance to Great Britain, as a nursery for seamen, employment of capital, and as a source of national wealth, is made sufficiently manifest, BIRDS. 1.—FALCO ISLANDICUS (Jerfalcon). FALCO ISLANDICUS.—Rich: Faun. Bor. Amer.—vol. ii., p. 27. Lath: Ind. Orn.—vol. i., p. 32. Cuv: Rég. Anim.—vol. i., p. 323. Sab: Greenl. Birds, in Trans. Lin. Soc.—vol. xii., p. 528. Temm.—vol. i., p. 17. WHITE JERFALCON.—Lath: Syn.—vol.i., p. 83; and Supp.—p. 21. Several were seen about Victoria Harbour, pursuing the packs of young Grouse, in August and September, 1832; and a pair built their nest a short distance to the south of Felix Harbour. No specimens, however, were obtained by us. 2.—STRIX NYCTEA (Snowy Owl). STRIX NYCTEA.—Rich: Faun, Bor. Amer.—vol.ii., p. 88. Lath : Ind. Orn,—vol. i., p. 57. Cuv: Reg. Anim.—vol.i., p. 345. Temm.—vol. i., p. 82. Fab: Faun. Grenl.—p. 60; and in Appendices to Parry’s 1st, 2d, and 3d Voyages. SNOWY OWL AND WHITE OWL.— < : 5 : Se eel Billabove . 3.1 . : C : 5 9 SHS tomictus: . 4:6). - : : : . 6.42 Parsus:., 3 4a : : . : a oe Extent of wing 48 : : , : : 5 Be Weight. : . 10 pounds. Thus it appears that our bird, though four inches and a half shorter, has a bill eight- tenths of an inch longer, and ten inches greater extent of wing than that described by Dr. Richardson. I should have been disposed to agree with Wilson in supposing that there are two species, and have assigned to the Boothian Divers a new specific name ; but on communicating with my friend Joseph Sabine, Esq., whose ornithological expe- rience is only exceeded by the ready assistance he affords to whoever may wish to avail themselves of his high authority, I am now induced to concur with him in the belief that the lighter colour of the bill may be occasioned by age, more especially as no difference of any importance could be detected in the colours of the plumage. NATURAL HISTORY. xlii 37.—COLYMBUS ARCTICUS (Black-throated Diver). COLYMBUS ARCTICUS.—Rich: Faun. Bor. Amer.—vol. ii., p. 475. Temm.—vol. ii., p.913. Rich: App.to Parry’s 2d Voyage—p. 376. BLACK-THROATED DIVER.—Penn: Arct. Zool—vol. ii., p. 520. This beautiful species of Diver was but rarely met with by us, and only two spe- cimens were obtained. It is found abundantly in Greenland, which seems to be its chief breeding place. The natives make an inner dress of the richly-coloured velvet-like plumage of the throat of this and the following species, which being worn next to the skin, is the warmest and most luxurious dress that can be made. 38.—COLYMBUS SEPTENTRIONALIS (Red-throated Diver). COLYMBUS SEPTENTRIONALIS.—Rich: Faun. Bor. Amer.—vol. ii., p- 475. Temm.—vol, ii., p. 916. Gmel.—vol. i., p. 586. Lath: Ind. Orn.—vol. ii., p. 801. Fab: Faun. Grenl.—p. 94. Sab: Trans. Linn. Soc.—yvol. xii., Pp. 542. Supp. to Parry’s 1st Voyage—p. ccix. Rich: App. to Parry's 2d Voyage—p. 337. Ross, App. to Parry's 3d Voyage—p. 106; and Parry’s Polar Voyage—p. 197. RED-THROATED DIVER.—Penn : Brit. Zool.—vol. il., p. 169. Arct. Zool.—vol, ii., p. 520. Lath : Syn.—vol. vi., p. 344. Much more abundant in Boothia than either of the two preceding species, and has been found in every part of the Arctic Regions visited by the late expeditions. *p wo xliv NATURAL HISTORY. 39.—URIA BRUNNICHII (Brunnichs Guillemot). URIA BRUNNICHH.—Rich : Faun. Bor. Amer.—vol. ii., p.477. Temm.—vol. ii., p. 924. Sab: Trans. Linn. Soc.—vol. xii., p. 538. Supp. to Parry’s 1st Voy—p. ccix- Rich: App. to Parry’s 2d Voy.—p. 377. Ross, App. to Parry’s 3d Voy.— p- 106; and Parry’s Polar Voyage—p. 197. Captain Sabine, in his valuable memoir on the birds of Greenland, was the first to point out the mistaken notions of preceding authors with respect to this bird, and to rescue it from the confusion into which wrong synonyms and imperfect descriptions had involved it; and in distinguishing it by the name of Brunnich, paid a well-merited tri- bute to the indefatigable research and accuracy in observation of that learned naturalist. It abounds in Baffin’s Bay, and is found in most parts of the Arctic Seas. I have also met with it at Unst, the northernmost of the Shetland Islands, and in several parts of Scotland; but it has ever been confounded by authors, with the Unia Troille, which it so nearly resembles. Captain Sabine and Brunnich* have clearly marked the distinctive specific characters of this species. 40.—URIA GRYLLE (Black Guillemot). URIA GRYLLE—Rich: Faun. Bor. Amer.—vol. ii., p. 478. Temm.—vol. ii., p. 925. Fab : Faun. Grenl.—p.92. Sab: Trans. Linn. Soc.—vol. xii., p. 540. Sab : Supp. to Parry’s 1st Voy.—p. ccix. Rich: App. to Parry's 2d Voy.—p. 377. Ross, App. to Parry’s 3d Voyage—p. 107 ; and Polar Voyage—p. 197. BLACK GUILLEMOT.—Penn : Brit. Zool.—vol. ii., p. 163. Arct. Zool.—vol. i1., p. 516. This well-known beautiful little bird is found during the summer months in all parts. of the Arctic Seas, and is the only water-fowl that remains in very high northern latitudes throughout the winter. * Brunnichii Ornithologia Borealis (Uria Troille), No, 109. NATURAL HISTORY. xlv Dr. Richardson has already described its plumage, during that season of the year, with minute accuracy, from some specimens that were shot by me near I[gloolik, in March, 1823. One individual only was obtained by us during the winter, although several others were seen off Fury Point, in February, 1833. It was subsequently met with in great numbers as we travelled along the high precipitous land between Fury Point and Batty Bay, where they collected in vast quantities during the breeding season, affording to our party many delicious meals, and proving a valuable addition to our then scanty stock of provision. Several thousands were shot by our sportsmen, and by means of this providential supply of fresh food, several of the men, that had been long afflicted with that most dreadful malady, the sea scurvy, were restored to health. It is not equal in flavour to the preceding species, but is much more numerous and more extensively dispersed aiong the coasts of the Arctic Seas. 41.—URIA ALLE (Little Guillemot). URIA ALLE—Rich: Faun. Bor. Amer.—vol. ii., p. 479. Temm.—vol. ii., p. 928. Sab: Supp. to Parry’s 1st Voyage—p. ccx. Ross, App. to Parry’s 3d Voyage— p- 107; and Parry’s Polar Voyage—p. 197. ALCA ALLE.—Sab: Trans. Linn. Soc.—vol. xii., p. 554. Fab: Faun. Grenl—p. 84. LITTLE AUK.—Penn: Arct. Zool—vol. ii., p- 512. Lath: Bi V., p. 327. Collect. during the breeding season in vast numbers along the north and east coast of Baffin’s Bay, but are seldom to be met with far to the westward of Lancaster Sound. A few were seen by us near Leopold Island, and two or three specimens were obtained. ies ictoyede 1.—CYCLOPTERUS MINUTUS. CYCLOPTERUS MINUTUS.—Pallas, Spicil. Zool.—vol. vii., p. 12, pl. 3, figs. 7—9. Fab: Faun. Grenl.—p, 135.” Pallas’s description of this extraordinary and beautiful little fish is most perfect. It is the Cycloptére Menu of Lacepéde,* the Bouclier Menu of Bonnaterre,+ and probably the small species of this genus, alluded to by Mr. Couch, in his paper on the “ Natural History of Fishes found in Cornwall,” published in the fourteenth volume of the Transactions of the Linnean Society, p. 87. It is found m many parts of the Atlantic Ocean; Fabricius observed it in the southern parts of Greenland, and great numbers were taken by us from amongst the extensive floating patches of seaweed that are met with off that coast; but it has never been seen at any great distance to the northward of the Arctic circle. {t rarely much exceeds an inch in length, and is therefore not used by the natives of Greenland as food, but constitutes the chief means of subsistence to the several spe- cies of gulls which are seen hovering over those banks of seaweed in astonishing numbers. 8 * Histoire Naturelle des Poissons—tome ii., p. 60. + Planches de l’Encyclopédie Méthodique. NATURAL HISTORY. xl vii 2.—LIPARIS COMMUNIS. LIPARIS COMMUNIS.—Sab : in App. to Parry's 1st Voyage—p. cexii. CYCLOPTERUS LIPARIS.—Lacepéde, Hist. Nat. Poissons—vol. ii., p- 69. Fab : Faun, Grenl.—p. 135, var. 1. Bloch.—pl. 123, fig. 3. Ross, App. to Parry's Polar Voy.—p.199 CYCLOPTERUS GELATINOSUS ?— Pallas, Spicil. Zool—vol. Vil., p. 21, pl 3, fig. 1. Was found in company with the preceding, but less numerous; it extends its range to the highest northern latitudes, having been found at Spitzbergen, Melville Island, Kamschatka, and in almost every part of the Arctic Seas that has been visited by the late Expeditions of Discovery. Several specimens were obtained by us near Felix Harbour, all of which belong to the first variety of this species, noticed by Otho Fabricius, oc. cit., and may eventually prove to be a distinct species, although the descriptions of authors and figures quoted may equally apply to both varieties, except in the size, and in the absence of the two cirrhi in the upper lip, which are wanting in the individual under consideration. The average length of our variety, from the tip ef the snout to the insertion of the tail, is somewhat more than three inches, whilst that of the larger variety, mentioned by Fabricius, is often a foot, and by other authors said to attain sixteen to eighteen inches. The sucking apparatus consists of thirteen tubercles, arranged in a circular form, about one-third of an inch in diameter, and placed exactly between the snout and the vent. 3.—OPHIDIUM PARRIL. OPHIDIUM PARRII—Ross, App. to Parry's 3d Voyage—p. 109. Ross, App. to Parry's Polar Voyage—p. 199. This species, which was discovered several years ago in Prince Regent's {nlet, during Sir Edward Parry’s third voyage to the Arctic Seas, belongs to xIvili NATURAL HISTORY. Cuvier,* subgenus Les IMerasfers, and for the same reason to the second subgenus of Lacepede,} distinguished by the absence of “ darbillons aux machoires.” A single individual of this. very rare species, not exceeding four inches in length, was ejected from the stomach of a glaucous gull, shot by us near Felix Harbour. It agreed sufliciently well with the description above quoted. 4—_OPHIDIUM VIRIDE. OPHIDIUM VIRIDE.—Fab: Faun. Grenl.—p. 141. Ross, App. to Parry’s 3d Voyage—p. 110. OPHIDIUM UNERNAK.— Lacepeéde, Hist. Nut. des Poissons—vol. ii., p. 282. Like the preceding species, was but rarely met with by us ; a few individuals were obtained from among the patches of seaweed off the west coast of Greenland, in July, 1825, agreeing very exactly with the excellent description of Otho Fabricius, loc. cit. 5.—GADUS MORHUA (Common Codfish). GADUS MORHUA.—Cuv: Rég. Anim.—vok. ii., p. 330. Téte de la Morue—p\. 10. Lacepéde, Hist. Nat. des Poissons—vol. ii., p. 369, pl. 10, fig. 1. O-wuk.—Esquimaux of Boothia. Becalmed off the west coast of Greenland, in latitude 663° N, a number of very fine codfish were caught by our crew. The bank on which they were found, consists of coarse sand, broken shells, and small stones, with from eighteen to thirty fathoms water over it. * Regne Animal—vol. ii., p. 359. + Histoire Naturelle des Poissons—vol. ii., p- 278. NATURAL HISTORY. xlix There are several other banks of considerable extent along that coast, where the cod- fish assemble in the autumn in astonishing numbers ; and although so near to some of the Danish colonies, but little advantage is derived from those fisheries, which if pro- perly managed would doubtless prove of very great benefit to the inhabitants of that part of the country, as an article of food, and of considerable value to Denmark in a commercial point of view. We observed much difference in the number of the rays of the dorsal fins, from those given by Lacepéde. In all those examined by me, without a single exception, the second back fin contained a greater number of rays than either the first or third ; although there was considerable variation in those of some individuals. The following dimensions are taken from an average of fifteen different tishes, varying in length from twenty-nine to forty-six inches, and in weight from eight to thirty-five pounds: Length from the tip of the snout to the end of the tail. . 36.7 inches of the head to the posterior part of the gill covers . . 9,1 of the tail (from its insertion) —. ; c : OSS Depth of the tail 3 : 0 5 : é EG. erase: Average weight, 16 Ib. 2 oz. B7. P18. V6. A19,20. D 14, 20,17. C38 to 40. This fish had never before been found during any of the preceding Arctic expeditions, although frequently sought for; but on our late voyage we purchased a number of a smaller size, much resembling in colour the rock codling of our coast, from a party of Esquimaux, who were fishing for them through holes in the ice, that covered the inlet on the west side of the peninsula of Boothia, near Cape Isabella, in June, 1831. Those obtained from the natives varied from fourteen to twenty-five inches in length, but we were told by them that those taken in the autumn at a short distance to the westward often exceeded three feet. The alimentary canal of the largest examined by me rather exceeded twice the length of the body, and was furnished with two hundred and fifty simple cylindrical czea. 1 NATURAL HISTORY. 6.—GADUS CALLARIAS. GADUS CALLARIAS.— Lacepéde, Hist. Nat. des Poissons—vol. ii., p. 409. Cw: Rég. Anim.—vol. ii., p. 332. Fab: Faun. Greenl.—p, 144. Il-lit-toke,—Esquimaux of Boothia. This species of codfish is found abundantly in the Baltic, the White Sea, and along the whole of the continental coast line of the north of Europe. Fabricius describes it as being very numerous in many parts of Greenland; and our having found it on the north coast of the American continent, along the shores of the inlet to the west of the peninsula of Boothia, is an interesting feature in its history. At the same time, the fact that the only four species of fish which were found by us in that inlet, being also common to Davis’s Strait and Baffin’s Bay, may be considered an additional proof (if any be still wanting) of a water communication between these two seas. It is also worthy of remark, that only two of these four species inhabit the sea on the east side of the isthmus of Boothia. From the middle of May until near the end of June the seal-fishery is very unpro- ductive, and attended with great labour and difficulty; the salmon do not arrive until the rivers begin to pour their waters into the sea; and during the interval, the Esquimaux assemble along the shores of that inlet, and procure a sure and abundant supply of this fish. At that period of the year it is in very poor condition, and nothing but absolute necessity could induce the natives to seek a kind of food which they dishke so much. Our party had been on very short allowance of provisions pre- vious to meeting the Esquimaux who were engaged in its capture, and this pro- vidential supply of provisions was of essential benefit to us, and we all thought it excellent food. It is not improbable that the three specimens of a species of Merlangus ? mentioned by Captain Sabine,* as having been found frozen in the ice that covered Winter Harbour, in Melville Island, belongs to this species, although from the mutilated state of the spe- cimens, he was unable to determine their identity. The number of fin rays given by him agree very nearly with the average of a number examined by me. It seldom much * Supp. to Parry’s 1st Voyage—p. cexii. NATURAL HISTORY. li exceeds fourteen inches in length, but some specimens were obtained nearly a foot and a half long, from which the following dimensions are given : Length from the tip of the snout to the end of the tail . 17.3 inches of the head to the posterior part of the gill covers . 4.5 of the tail (centre rays) F : ¢ : 5 ee from the tip of the snout to the vent : 5m SHO) Fin Rays: B7. P19. V6. A 22,22. D 12,19, 23. C 40 to 44. Alimentary canal, fourteen inches. Cecal appendages forty-two, varying from an inch and a half to half aninch in length. Cirrhus on the lower jaw 0.7 of an inch long. 7.—MERLANGUS POLARIS. MERLANGUS POLARIS.—Sub : Supp. to Parry’s 1st Voyage—p. ccxi. Ross, App. to Parry's Polar Voyage—p. 199. This little fish inhabits the northern seas as far as we have hitherto been able to penetrate towards the pole; having been found in lat. 823° N, swimming near the surface of the sea, amongst the broken fragments of ice, and affording to the gulls and other seafowl their chief source of subsistence. During our late voyage we found them wherever we went; great numbers were taken by us from between the cracks in the ice, which covered the harbour of Batty Bay, in July, 1833, and contributed greatly to support the strength of our party, when on a very small allowance of provisions. At that period of the year it is much infested with the Lernea gadina, which attaches itself to the gills of the fish. It does not quit the Arctic Seas during the winter, several having been taken in a net at Felix Harbour during that season. It seldom exceeds ten inches in length. to *G li NATURAL HISTORY. 8.—BLENNIUS POLARIS. BLENNIUS POLARIS.—Sab: Supp. to Parry's 1st Voyage—p. cexii. Ross, App. to Parry's Polar Voyage—p. 200. B. imberbis, pinnis anali, candali, dorsalique, unitis. (Sabine.) Like the Merlangus Polaris, it well deserves the specific name bestowed on it by Captain Sabine, from its having been found in the highest northern latitudes. It is, however, by no means numerous, and only one specimen was obtained during our late voyage; it was taken from the stomach of a Gadus Callarias, that was caught in the inlet on the west side of the peninsula of Boothia, and agreed, so far as its mutilated state would admit of comparison, with Captain Sabine’s de- scription, loc. cit. 9—COTTUS QUADRICORNIS. COTTUS QUADRICORNIS.—Lacepéde, Hist. Nat. des Poissons—vol. iii., p. 241. Sab: Supp. to Parry’s 1st Voyage—p. cexiii. Ross, App. to Parry’s 3d Voyage—p. 111. Bloch, Ich.—vol. iii., p. 146, pl. 108. COTTUS SCORPOIDES.—Fab : Faun. Grenl.—p. 157. Kan-ny-~yoke,—Esquimaux of Boothia. Is abundant along the west coast of Greenland, but is more rarely met with in the higher northern latitudes. Two or three individuals were taken in a net in Felix Harbour, and several were captured by the natives on the west side of the peninsula of Boothia, differing in no respect from the excellent description and plate in the Ichthology of Bloch. Fabricius observes of the Cottus Scorpius, that although in daily use, it is the favourite food of the Greenlanders, and is considered wholesome for the sick; and of the Cottus Scorpoides, that it is less savoury; the natives of Boothia, however, prize it very highly, preferring it to the codfish or salmon. It is also worthy of remark, that the Esquimaux of Boothia apply the same name to this fish that the Greenlanders do to the C. Scorpius of Fabricius. NATURAL HISTORY. ji 10.—COTTUS POLARIS. COTTUS POLARIS.—Sab : Supp. to Parry's 1st Voyage—p. cexiii. C. imberbis, cupite spinis duabus, operculis spinis quatuor, armatis. (Sabine.) This species of Cottus was found abundantly in pools of water, left by the falling of the tide, near the mouths of rivers, or streams of fresh water, on the east side of the isthmus of Boothia, and particularly so along the low shores of Sheriff Harbour. Those examined by me agreed very nearly with Captain Sabine’s description, excepting, only, some slight difference in the number of the fin rays, which from the average of a great many noted by me, but varying considerably with each other, I found to be as follows: P15. V5. Al5S. D8, 13. C12 to 14. It seldom exceeds two inches in length, and from its numbers, affords a supply of food to the gulls, ducks, and other waterfowl that resort to those regions to breed. 11—PLEURONECTES HIPPOGLOSSUS. PLEURONECTES HIPPOGLOSSUS.—Luacepéde, Hist, Nat. des Poissons—vol. 1v., p. 601. Cuv: Rég. Anim.—vol. ii., p. 340. Fab: Faun. Grenl.—p. 161. PLEURONECTE FLETAN.— Bloch, Ich.—pl. 47. HALIBUT.—Penn, Brit. Zool.—vol, ili., p. 184. The common Halibut of our shores is found abundantly near the west coast of Greenland, but it seldom attains to a very great size. The largest seen by O. Fabricius did not much exceed four feet in length: those taken by us varied in this from thirty-eight to forty-four inches; and in weight from twenty-two liv NATURAL HISTORY. to forty-one pounds. According to Lacepéde, it has been captured near the coasts of Iceland and Norway, of a most enormous magnitude, rivalling in size some of the smaller species of the whale kind; and Pennant, who had himself seen one that weighed three hundred pounds, says, that much larger ones are fre- quently taken near Iceland. The following dimensions are the average of ten, that we took off the west coast of Greenland, in July, 1829, from the same bank as the Gadus Morhua of this notice. Length from the tip of the snout to the end of the tail . 43.1 inches of the head to the posterior part of the gill covers 10.7 of the tail (centre ray) 3 : : . ee 0:0 of the rays of the anal and dorsal fins. : ve geo Breadth of the tail ‘ i : ; : : onal3s.o of the body 21.1 Average weight, 343 lb. Number of finrays: B7. P74. V6. D99, A77. Ci7, NATURAL HISTORY. lv SALMONES, BY JOHN RICHARDSON, M.D., F.R.S., &ec. The following notices of four specimens of trout, brought from Boothia Felix by Captain James Crark Ross, are drawn up in very general terms, that they may not occupy more space than that assigned to the other objects of Natural History, described in the Appendix ; but figures, with the characters of the species in minute detail, will be given in the third volume of the “ Fauna Boreali Americana,” now preparing for publication. The first species is, as far as we know, peculiar to the inlet in which it was found. It would have been highly interesting to have detected the same species of salmon in Coronation Gulf and Regent’s Inlet, but the Salmo Hearnii and Mackenzu, and several species of Coregonus, found in the former, were not seen in the latter ; neither have the §. salar, or common salmon, which frequents the rivers from Labrador to the forty-second parallel of latitude, nor an undescribed species, resembling the Gorbuscha of Kamtschatka, which abounds in New Caledonia, been hitherto detected in the American Polar Seas ; nor does the §. namaycush (Pennant), a gigantic trout, which exists abundantly in all the great American lakes, appear to have been observed in the waters of Boothia Felix. The last species, however, that is mentioned in the following notices, is common in all parts of the fur countries ; and it is probable that S. alipes and nitidus have also an extensive range, though want of more southern specimens have prevented us from ascertaining the fact. lvi NATURAL HISTORY. SALMO ROSSII (Ross’s Arctic Salmon). ICON.— Faun. Bor. Amer.—pl. 80, and the head pl. 85, fig. 2. This salmon, named Eekalook by the Esquimaux, was found in vast numbers* in the sea near the mouths of rivers, and furnished an agreeable article of diet to the members of the Expedition. It is quite distinct from any species that we have had an opportunity of seeing in other parts of America, and it does not agree with the character of any of those described in the History of Kamtschatka, as quoted in “ Arctic Zoology,” except perhaps with the Salmo malma (Steller) or Golet of the Russians, which corresponds with it in its comparatively slender cylindrical form, small scales, scarlet spots on the sides, and the colours of some other parts. But the Golet, instead of being found only in the sea, ascends rivers to their very sources, and does not congregate in shoals like the Sadmo Rossii. None of the Scandinavian salmons described by Nilsson have any resemblance to S. Rossiz. The most remarkable peculiarities of this species, are the truncated form of the upper jaw; the length of the lower one, which considerably exceeds the distance between the tip of the snout and nape of the neck; and the smallness and form of its scales. These are imbedded in a mucous skin, which entirely covers them, except their small truncated tips, that project and feel very rough to the touch in the dried specimen. The scales are rather remote, being nowhere tiled. The teeth in the jaws are remarkably obtuse. In addition to the row on each side of the tongue, which exists in all the other Truti@, there are two or more rows of smaller teeth, crowded across the tip of that organ. Two drawings by Captain Ross, with the inspection of the dried skin, enable us to describe the colours as follows: Back, top of the head, dorsal and caudal fins intermediate between oil-green and hair-brown; sides pearl-grey and silvery, with a blush of lilac, marked near the lateral line with scattered round dots of carmine. The belly varies from tile-red to arterial blood-red ; the sides of the head are nacry. When the fish is out of season, the colour of the lower parts fades to a * Some idea may be formed of the amazing numbers in which the Salmo Rossi visit the rivers of Boothia Felix, by mentioning that from a single haul of a small-sized seine net, we landed 3378 salmon, varying in weight from two to fourteen pounds, and averaging something more than four; the whole rather exceeded six tons weight. A great many more were enclosed in the net, but escaped through some holes that were for some time unobserved, and others by leaping over it—J. C, Ross, NATURAL HISTORY. lvii dusky-orange. The flesh is reddish, of different tints in different individuals, being best flavoured when the colour is most intense. The length of the specimen which was brought home is thirty-four inches, of which the head forms one-fifth. The following are the numbers of the rays of the fins: Bri i2,13. Dils—07 “Pla Vv 105 All. ('CQ1s: SALMO ALIPES (Long-finned Char) ICON.— Faun. Bor. Amer.—pl. 81, and the head pl. 86, fig. 1. This species, which with several other kinds, is included by the Esquimaux under the general appellation of Eekalook-peedeook, was found in a small lake, whose waters were discharged into the sea by a rivulet about half a mile long. The smallness of its scales, and the vomerine teeth being confined to the anterior knob, characterize it as belonging to the subdivision Salvelini or Chars of Nilsson, Its form is slender, its jaws are of nearly equal length, and it differs from all its congeners, that we have seen, in the great comparative length of its fins. The scales are small and crowded, but not tiled ; they are covered with a thin epidermis, and do not exhibit the projecting naked tips, which give so peculiar a character to the skin of Salmo Rossii. Even in the dried specimen they are perfectly smooth to the touch. No description of the colours of this species was furnished to us, but as far as can be judged from the tints remaining in the prepared skin, the upper parts were hair-brown, the sides paler, with yellowish spots, and the belly white or yellow; the under fins more or less deeply orange. The length of the specimen is twenty-four inches, of which the head measures one- fifth. Fins: Br. 11,12. P15. D13—0. V9. AlOorll. C19€. SALMO NITIDUS (The Angmalooh). ICON.— Faun. Bor. Amer.—pl. 82, fig. 1, and head pl. 86, fig. 2. This fish, which is also to be ranked among the Chars, was found in the same lake with the preceding one, to which it bears much resemblance in the form of the parts of * lyiii NATURAL HISTORY. the head, and in the size and general character of the scales; it differs from it, how- ever, in having a thicker body, a ventricose belly, and short fins. Its upper jaw, too, is comparatively shorter, the distance from the tip of the snout to the extremity of the labials, when applied to the top of the head, falling about an inch short of the nape instead of reaching to it as in the preceding species. Its colours are described as follows by Captain J. C. Ross: “The body above the lateral line is of a deep green, softening towards the belly, which, posteriorly to the pectorals, is of a beautiful yel- lowish-red. There are several rows of occellate red spots, confined chietly to the space between the lateral line and the yellowish-red of the belly, and varying in size, the largest being as big as a pea. The dorsal fins are of the colour of the back. The pectorals, ventrals, and anals, are dusky-red, their first rays white.” The length of the specimen is twenty inches, of which the head forms more than one-fifth. Ems; Br ti2. Ris ) DAS=08F WVelos FAI. “Cri SALMO HLOODIL (The Masamacush). ICON.— Faun. Bor. Amer.—p). 82, fig. 2, pl. 83, fig. 2, and head pl. 87, fig. 1. This Char is well known throughout the fur countries, being found in every river and lake. Its Cree name is Masdw-mecoos. It resembles the two preceding Chars in its scales, but differs from them in the shortness of its jaws, and from the rest of the genus in the peculiar smallness of its head, which forms only one-sixth of the total length. Plate 82, fig. 2, above quoted, is copied from a drawing made from a recent specimen taken at Cumberland House, on the Saskatchewan, lat. 54°, by the lamented officer whose name it bears; while plate 83, fig. 2, is from the dried skin brought home by Captain J. C. Ross. An individual killed at Fort Enterprise, in March, 1821, exhibited the following colours: Back and sides intermediate between olive-green and clove-brown, bestudded with moderately large roundish spots of yellowish-grey, the colour becoming more dilute as it descends on the sides; the belly and under jaw are white, and there are a few bluish-grey dots in the latter: there are also some small and regular dots on the caudal and dorsal fins; irides honey-yellow, scales having merely a moderate degree of lustre; there is a row of teeth across the tip of the tongue, and a few scattered ones on its centre, as well as the usual row on each side. The length of the specimen from Boothia Felix is twenty-one inches. Fins: Br.J0,,11,. P15. D12—0, V 10. All. C193. INSECTS. DESCRIPTIONS, &e. OF THE INSECTS BROUGHT HOME BY COMMANDER JAMES CLARK ROSS, B.N., FoR.) &e. BY JOHN CURTIS, ESQ, F.LS., &c. However delighted the naturalist may be with the productions of his native soil, he cannot fail to take a deep interest in objects that are transported from distant regions, possessing, as they do, the charms of novelty, and frequently presenting to him new types of form, or at least species, that he has never before had the opportunity of investigating. The little collection of Insects lately brought from the Arctic Regions by Com- mander Ross, is consequently highly interesting, and the observations interspersed through the following pages, from his notes, contain data and information that are very important to the entomologist. I may here briefly observe, that all the forms in the collection of Insects are strictly European, and the greatest variety, as well as number, was found amongst the Lepi- doptera, but this might arise from the insects of that order being larger and more con- spicuous, and consequently more likely to attract the attention, than smaller and sometimes almost inanimate objects. I think it very probable, however, that the Coleoptera are less abundant in the Polar Regions than the Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera. *n 2 Ix NATURAL HISTORY. ORDER COLEOPTERA. Fam.—DY TISCID &. Gen. 95.*—COLYMBETES. (Clairv.) 1. Mestus, narrow, ovate, somewhat piceous, legs castaneous, female very finely shagreened. Length three lines, breadth one line and a half. Antenne yellowish-brown, ochreous at the base, trophi ochreous, palpi black at the apex; head with two ferruginous spots at the base, and an impressed line and puncture on each side the base of the clypeus; thorax with an impressed punctured line all round, deepest at the anterior margin, and a large puncture on each side ; elytra very long, slightly convex, piceous and shining, with a violaceous tint in the male, dull greenish and finely shagreened in the female; the lateral margins obscure ochre, a few punctures are scattered over them, forming two or three indistinct lines ; legs castaneous, underside of thighs and posterior tibiz piceous. This is the only beetle contained in the collection, and was found in the lakes not un- commonly ; I believe specimens are also in the cabinets of the Zoological Society, that were brought home by the late Captain Lyon. Two large beetles were captured on the 23d of June, 1831, and another on the 14th of July; they were found under stones, but were obliged to be abandoned with other valuable portions of the collections in Natural History. ORDER DERMAPTERA. GEN. 442.—FORFICULA. ( Linn.) An earwig was taken on the 23d of June, 1831, “they were scarce,” Commander > Ross adds, “ but several were found under stones.’ * The numbers of the genera refer to Curtis’s Guide to an Arrangement of British Insects. ROTI PRIyTY : a mr | ee f) -F #15 i i a A chin A? wea Py ofl r a : wn ea Sia hah 90 + <= NATURAL HISTORY. \xi ORDER HYMENOPTERA. Fam.—_ICHNEUMONID. Gen. 484.—ICHNEUMON. (Linn.) 2. Larie. Antenne curled ; rufous, tips of antennae, head, underside of the trunk, with the coxe, and a spot and a broad stripe on the abdomen black. Plate A, fig. 1. Length five lines, breadth ten lines. Clothed with very short brownish pubescence, pale castaneous, minutely punctured ; antenne and head black, the former filiform, the basal joint rufous, third and four following joints paler red; trunk black, the upper surface of the mesothorax and scutellum rufous and shining, metathorax dull and darker above, with a black furcate stripe down the back; abdomen ovate, very thickly punctured, a black dot at the base of the second segment, the third with a broad black stripe down the middle, concave on each side, the remainder black with a rufous spot on each side at the base of the fourth segment, petiole rather short, narrowed at the base; wings tinged with yellowish fuscous, nervures and stigma ferruginous ochre, areolet quinquangular ; legs rather stout, coxe and trochanters black, the former with a red spot on the upper side in the hinder pair. This Ichnewmon infested the larve of the Laria Rossii, from which it was bred early in July, another was taken on the 8th of the same month, but they were not very numerous. Grn. 516—EPHIALTES. (Grav.) A fragment only of a female was preserved, but from the existence of the specimen it might be inferred that fir trees or stumps were in the neighbourhood. The meta- thorax, abdomen, sheaths of the oviduct, and posterior coxe and trochanters are black, the remainder of the legs red, the tarsi dusky at the apex; oviduct ochreous ; inferior wings transparent, nervures piceous. [tis similar in form to E. Carbonarius (Chris:.), but considerably smaller I believe. 1xil NATURAL HISTORY. Gen. 529.—CAMPOPLEX? (Grav.) 3. Arcticus. Black, legs fulvous. Length four lines, breadth seven lines and a half. Black and pubescent; antenna as long as the insect, subsetaceous and not very slender ; head and thorax thickly but minutely punctured, the former short, the latter subglobose, abdomen shining, clavate, and slightly compressed at the apex, peduncle rather short ; wings transparent, areolet very small, subtrigonate, with the base angu- lated, and the nervures uniting at the apex before they reach the marginal cell ; nervures and stigma piceous, the latter narrow ; legs fulvous, cox, trochanters, and tips of tarsi black; the spurs to the four posterior tibiz rather long and slender. Gen. 554.—MICROGASTER. (Lat.) 4. Unicolor. Black, wings nearly colourless. Length one line one-third, breadth three lines. Black, thickly and minutely punctured, base of the tibiz dirty ochre, spurs at the apex brighter ; wings transparent but stained with black, nervures and stigma ochreous brown, areolet imperfect.* A male was bred from a cluster of cocoons, enveloped in a silky ball, resembling those containing the eggs of some spiders. Fam.—FORMICID#. Gen. 661.—MYRMICA. (Lat.) 5. Rubra. (Linn.) “Tn great numbers under stones.” Fam.—APIDA. Gen. 723.—BOMBUS. (Lat.) 6. Kirbiellus. Black, anterior and posterior margins of the thorax and base and apex of abdomen clothed with yellowish hairs. * Vide Curtis’s British Entomology—vol. vii., folio and plate 321. NATURAL HISTORY. Ixili Male 7 lines long, 16 lines broad Iemale 10 Bee 20 Neuter sven Ge ald Male. Black, antenne as long as the thorax, compressed at the apex; face and crown of head clothed with long yellow and black hairs; thorax yellow with hairs, having a transverse black band between the wings, basal half of abdomen yellow, the remainder orange, with a narrow black band across the middle ; wings slightly yellow at the costa, the posterior margin slightly stained with brown, nervures piceous ; basal joint of tarsi clothed inside with bright ferruginous hairs ; spurs, base of claws, and apex of tarsi ochreous. Female, pl. A, fig. 2. Black, a broad margin in front of the thorax, hinder margin of scutellum, and the abdomen, excepting the third segment and the apex, clothed with long yellow-ochreous hairs ; wings yellowish, excepting the posterior margin, the nervures piceous ; inside of the tarsi with the pile bright ferruginous ; tips of spurs, apical joint of tarsi, and base of claws subcastaneous. Neuter. Similar to the female but much smaller, the hairs beyond the black band on the abdomen are generally orange, and the whole of the tarsi, excepting the basal joint, is subcastaneous. I have named this bee, which seemed to be the most abundant species, after my esteemed friend the Reverend William Kirby. 7. Polaris. Black, clothed with yellow hairs above, with a black band across the thorax, and an indistinct one across the abdomen. Male 6G lines long, 15 lines broad Female10 . . . 20 Male. Black, clothed with yellow hairs ; head black, with a patch of yellow hairs on the face, and another on the back part of the head, a blackish band across the centre of the thorax, and an indistinct narrow one on the third and fourth segments of the abdomen, the apex orange ; inside of tarsi clothed with yellowish pile. Female. Black, a broad band across the anterior portion of the thorax, the seutellum, and abdomen clothed with long yellow hairs, whitish towards the apex of the abdomen, with a few black hairs on the sides of the third segment, a band of the same colour on the fourth, and a very slight one on the fifth segment; the tarsi clothed with black pile internally, the outside of the basal joints brownish, the edges ferruginous. Ixiv NATURAL HISTORY, A pair only of this species was preserved, in size and many respects it resembles B. Kirbiellus, but the indistinct and somewhat double band of black hairs across the ab- domen will distinguish it, and the yellow pile inside of the tarsi in the male and the black in the female, are sufficient characters I think to justify its bemg separated from the former species. : 8. Arcticus. (Kirby in the Supplement to the Appendix of Captain Parry’s 1st Voyage, p. ccxvi.) An imperfect male was the only specimen brought home of the species. As Commander Ross’s observations embrace the above three species, I shall be under the necessity of imbodying them ; but that is of little importance, as their habits must be very similar. “The largest bee seems to be the earliest insect on the wing ; it is generally seen early in June, but the smaller specimens do not appear until the middle or end of July.’’ It may be observed that the females are the largest, and the next in size the males; these make their appearance first, and the neuters, or working class, come later, when more flowers probably are out, and their labours are less interrupted by unsettled weather. “The first female was seen on the 7th of June, 1830, they were very abundant on the 2d of July, and on the 14th a neuter was taken; on the following day they were very numerous, and the females less abundant, but a few were observed as late as the 18th of August, soon after which time they seem in a very weak state.” “In 1831 the first bee was seen on the 19th of June, on the 26th two females, and on the 8th of July several were captured; on the 14th many females, on the succeeding day some neuters, and on the 27th of August, 1832, a large bee was seen.” ORDER TRICHOPTERA, Fam.—_PHRYGANID&. Gen. 760.—-TINODES ? (Leach.) 9. Hirtipes. Slate colour, wmgs pale fuscous. Length two lines and a half, breadth nine lines. Pale slate colour, sparingly clothed with long whitish hairs; head small; eyes pro- NATURAL HISTORY. Ixv minent, as well as two ocelli; wings pale ochreous fuscous, pubescent and glossy, superior elongated and narrow, gradually narrowed to the base; cilia short ; inferior wings iridiscent ; tibie and tarsi dull ochreous, with numerous short black bristles inside, and especially beneath the latter; the four posterior tibia furnished with ochreous spurs at the apex. This insect has the habit of a Tinodes, but the neuration of the wings does not quite agree with any in my possession, and it has but one pair of spurs to the posterior tibiz ; if, therefore, the antenna were not wanting, I should be disposed to give it a generic name. ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. Fam.—PAPILIONID#. Gen. 767.—COLIAS. (Fab.) 10. Boothi. Yellow, posterior margins blackish, cilia rosy; a black spot on the superior wings, the disc orange, and a spot of the same colour on the inferior. Expansion of wings two inches. PL A, fig. 3 $,4 %,5 underside of ¢. Male. Antenne crimson, the club beneath ochreous, above brown: thorax and abdomen black, clothed with long whitish hairs, rosy on the collar and head; wings sulphur colour, freckled with black at the base, and at the posterior margins forming a dentated fimbnia, which vanishes before reaching the anal angle; costa and cilia rosy, the nervures sometimes rather dark in the superior wings, with a large space of orange not approaching the costa or posterior margin; at the apex of the discoidal cell is a black sublunulate spot; inferior wings with a large orange spot on the disc, and sometimes a small one above it ; underside thickly freckled with black, especially the inferior wings, but less so at the posterior margins; the entire edges of the wings are rosy ; superior with a whitish dot on the black spot, which is variously formed ; inferior with a large and small whitish spot on the disc, surrounded with reddish-chestnut colour, forming two tails towards the posterior margin, a spot of the same colour at the base, and frequently a lunate brown spot on the upper edge ; legs rosy. Female. Similar to the male, but the black freckled fimbria to the wings is broader se Ixvi NATURAL HISTORY. and ornamented with seven large yellow spots in the superior, and six in the inferior, which are, excepting these spots, entirely freckled with black, and have a greenish tinge ; the underside is darker and brighter than in the male, the inferior wings and the freckled parts of the superior are green, parallel to the posterior margin is a line of sub- trigonate spots, very distinct and black in the superior, and reddish-brown in the inferior wings. A small specimen of the male, I observe, has indistinct yellow spots on the fimbria of the superior wings, and the castaneous comet-shaped spots on the underside of the inferior are very small, and in one female the black spot in the upper, and the orange spots in the inferior wings are very large, and in another female the upperside very much resembles the male. At the request of Commander Ross, I have named this handsome insect after Felix Booth, Esq., the munificent patron of the Expedition. 11. Chione. Male, yellow, superior wings orange on the disc, with an orange spot near the centre of all the wings. emale? with the nervures and a spot near the dise black, with a broad black fimbria spotted yellow. Expansion one inch eight lines to one inch ten lines. Pl. A, fig. 6, 3. Male similar to C. Boothii, but the spot at the apex of the discoidal cell is orange, and the posterior margins of the wings are very slightly freckled with black ; the under- side in some examples resembles the female rather than the male of the same species. Female, greenish sulphur, superior wings slightly orange on the disc, with the ner- vures and a lunulate spot black, a broad black fimbria bearing six or seven small sul- phureous spots ; inferior with a similar fimbria, but less perfect, and an orange spot on the disc ; underside pale greenish sulphur, similar to C. Boothii, but having only one comet-shaped spot on the under wings. Knowing how variable some species of the genus Colias are,* I have great doubts if this be any more than a variety of C. Boothii. There are other specimens, which I believe are varieties of the female occasioned by age and other circumstances, being much paler, with the black of the nervures very much suffused, so much so in one specimen, as to render nearly the whole of the superior wings of the same colour as the fimbria. “ These butterflies generally appear about the middle of July, as well as the two * I need only instance P. Electra Linn. (C. Edusa Fab.), which is of a deep orange colour, yet the female is sometimes met with of a pale yellow, and during my visit to the south of France, I took one of these females paired with a male of the usual orange colour NATURAL HISTORY. Ixvil following species, they are chiefly found upon the Oxytropis Campestris and O. Arctica, two papilionaceous plants ; they were captured from the 14th of July to the 13th of August, 1830, and on the 19th were in a very wasted state; on the 14th of July, of the following year, one Colias only was taken.” Gry. 770.—HIPPARCHIA. (Fub.) 12. Rossi. Brownish-black, antenne ochreous, superior wings with two rufous spots, with a black centre; having a white pupil also on the underside. Expansion of wings two inches. Pl. A, fig. 7, underside of male. Maile blackish ; palpi rather long and very hairy ; antenne slender and ochreous, the club elongated; wings rounded, blackish-brown, with a slight bloom of violet, superior with two red spots towards the apex, with a black pupil, the superior one the smaller, cilia dull ochre, indistinctly spotted with brown ; underside with the disc of the superior wings chestnut colour, and two red spots towards the apex, each having a white pupil and black ocellus; inferior freckled and variegated with ochre, forming several spots towards the base, and an indistinct band beyond the centre, on the external edge of which are four ochreous dots; inside of four posterior legs pale ochreous. Female blackish, with an ochreous shade, the rufous spots towards the apex paler, with the black pupil more or less distinct, and one or two smaller rufous spots between them and the posterior angle; the antenne are dotted with black on the upper side, and the club is dark above and very much compressed; underside with the superior wings more rust-coloured, and the two spots ochreous; the spots and fascia on the inferior wings more distinct, the margins of the latter, especially the hinder one, dentated. This very distinct Papilio, I have the pleasure of dedicating to my friend Com- mander James Clark Ross, F.R.S., &c., whose zeal for natural history is equalled only by that enterprise and energy which have characterized all his undertakings, and carried him so successfully through his various voyages to the Arctic Regions. Five specimens only were brought home, “ they were scarce, and frequented the pre- cipitous faces of dark-coloured rocks and loose stones. I never found,’ says Com- mander Ross, ‘any of them on flowers of any kind. A few specimens were obtained on the 18th and 25th of July, 1830, and one on the 14th of the same month the year following.” *T 2 Ixviil NATURAL HISTORY. 13, Subhyalina. Wings semitransparent, fuscous, costa freckled with black and white, two small black spots towards the apex with white pupils, most distinct on the underside. Expansion one inch eleven lines. Male black, antenne ochreous, the club elongated ; wings semitransparent, pale fuscous, nervures ochreous, costa black, freckled with white ; two indistinct white dots towards the apex with blackish ocelli, cilia whitish, spotted with black; underside of superior wings similar to the upper, but the ocellated spots are distinct, and the surface, excepting the dise, is mottled with ochre and pale black, brightest at the apex ; inferior wings spotted and mottled with black and dirty white, forming a waved and curved pale line beyond the middle, with three or four whitish dots beyond it. A single male was preserved, and probably was taken with the last species, of which, at first sight, I thought it had been only an old and faded specimen, but on examination it proved to be in good condition. Gen. 775.—MELITZA. (Fab.) 14. Tarquinius. Wings tawny, spotted with black, inferior wings beneath with several pearly spots edged with black, an irregular pearly line beyond the middle, and seven spots of the same on the margin. "Expansion from one inch six lines to one inch ten lines. Black, antenne with a large spoon-shaped club, the tip and underside tawny ; palpi somewhat ochreous beneath, freckled with scarlet outside; wings tawny orange, black at the base, superior with three long black spots on the discoidal cell, and a waved line across the middle formed of black crescents, beyond is a row of six black spots, and close to the posterior margin a line of 4’s, alternating with the same number of spots, which variegate the white cilia ; inferior similarly marked ; underside, superior wings paler, sometimes ochreous at the tip, variegated with ferruginous, the spots from the upper side apparent, but smaller and fainter; inferior wings reddish-brown, a little variegated with ochre, with three pearly spots at the base, a v shaped one, and two larger elongate-trigonate spots, margined with black beyond them, across the middle is a row of black a’s, with an irregular line of pearly crescents, with six small black spots beyond it, and seven pearly spots on the margin, edged internally with black «’s, the superior margin is also pearly, the cilia pale ochreous spotted with black ; legs dull ochreous, thighs scarlet on the upperside. As this insect does not agree with the P. Tullia of O. Fabricius, and I have reason NATURAL HISTORY. Ixix to believe that several species have been detected in the Polar Regions, I have care- fully described it and given it a name. M. Tarquinius was an abundant species, and like the Coliades was found feeding on the flowers of Oxytropis Campestris and O. Arctica; specimens were captured on the 10th of June, and between the 2d and 14th of July, 1830, they were most abundant ; in 1831 the first butterfly seen was one of this species ; this was the 10th of July, and on the 14th two more were taken. Commander Ross was so fortunate as to discover the caterpillar apparently of this species, from its structure resembling those larvee that are known of the European Melita. “I do not know the caterpillar of any of the butterflies, unless it be that of the Melitea, of which I made the following description. It measured exactly an inch in length, by 0.22 of an inch, it was composed of thirteen segments besides the hindermost one ; the first and last segments with two, the second and twelfth segments with four, and all the other segments of the body with six prickles or horns, and disposed in rows and equidistant on each side of the back. Colour dark brown, with a line of white spots along each side. Some caterpillars I have seen entirely of a blackish-brown, or rather brownish-black ; one that was found under a stone in the middle of March, and of course perfectly hard frozen, showed symptoms of life in half an hour after being brought into the cabin, and in less than an hour it was walking about the table. It is thus described in my note book, and differs so much from the others, that it probably belongs to another species. Length 0.75 of an inch; three rows of prickles on each side of the back ; twelve ribs or seg- ments and a white dorsal line along the back ; colour above brownish-black, beneath clove-brown.” It possibly may be the same caterpillar in an earlier stage, as the different skins vary considerably. Gen. 779.—POLYOMMATUS. (Lat.) 15. Franklinii. Silvery grey, with a black ocellated dot on the centre of each wing, beneath brown, with numerous white spots, those on the upper wing with large black pupils, in the under wings with only small ones or none. Expansion from eleven to thirteen lines. Pl. A, figs. 8 and 9. Black with bluish hairs, palpi bluish white, margins of eyes silvery white ; antennz dotted with white, club orange, excepting the back; wings greyish powdered with silvery green, especially at the base, the spots on the underside slightly visible, a black spot on the dise on each wing with a whitish margin ; the edges of the wings fuscous, Ixx NATURAL HISTORY. the posterior with a line of indistinct whitish ocelli along the margin; cilia white ; underside, superior wings with a white spot towards the base, and another on the disc with a long black pupil, beyond them is a curved line of six black spots ocellated with white, and near the posterior margin the same number of indistinct kidney-shaped blackish spots margined with white; inferior wings fuscous freckled with gold, but blue at the base, five whitish spots towards the base, the three outer ones with black pupils, four similar ones in a line beyond the middle, touching a row of eight whitish lunules bearing blackish spots, two towards the centre being the largest, and sometimes crescent-shaped ; legs bluish-white. I have named this pretty species after Sir John Franklin, whose overland expeditions in the Northern Regions have so greatly contributed to our knowledge of the geography and natural history of that part of the world. “ Only two individuals of this species were taken; they were feeding on Astragalus Alpinus near the end of July.” Fam.—BOMBYCID®, or ARCTIIDA. Gen. 814.—LARIA. (Schr.) 16. Rossii. Transparent grey, superior wings with two blackish waved lines forming a fascia across the middle, with a spot between them, and a similar sinuated line beyond them; inferior wings cream colour, ochreous inside with a blackish fimbria. Expansion of male one inch eight lines, female one inch ten lines. Pl. A, fig. 10. Male yellowish-grey, a spot on each shoulder, and the abdomen darker ; superior wings semitransparent, the costa blackish interrupted with grey, a waved blackish line before and another beyond the middle, with a crescent-shaped spot at the extremity of the discoidal cell, and a very sinuated and dentated line near to the posterior margin ; cilia blackish, spotted with ochre ; inferior wings cream colour, the abdominal margin ochreous, as well as the cilia, with a blackish fimbria. Female apparently paler, but very much injured. I have named this very distinct moth after Captain Ross, who first penetrated these inhospitable regions, and to whom we are indebted for many additions to our zoological collections. {t is a very abundant inseet, especially in the caterpillar state, for about a hundred NATURAL HISTORY. Ixxi were collected on the 16th of June, 1832, near Fury Beach; the first that was seen in the previous year was on the 19th of June, and several more on the 23d. The cater- pillar is large and hairy, of a beautiful shining velvety black, the hairs being somewhat ochreous, there are two tufts of black hair on the back, followed by two of orange. A great number of them are destroyed by several kinds of flies and ichneumons, one of which is represented at fig. 1; but those that arrive at maturity spin a close web, about the size of the silkworm’s, and covered outside with its hairs, the pupa is piceous and shining, and the back thickly clothed with long brownish-ochre hairs its whole length ; the moth appears about the beginning of August. The following interesting experi- ments I have transcribed from Commander Ross’s MSS. “ About thirty of the caterpillars were put into a box in the middle of September, and after being exposed to the severe winter temperature of the next three months, they were brought into a warm cabin, where in less than two hours, every one of them returned to life, and continued for a whole day walking about ; they were again exposed to the air at a temperature of about 40° below zero, and became immediately hard frozen; in this state they remained a week, and on being brought again into the cabin, only twenty-three came to life ; these were at the end of four hours put out once more into the air, and again hard frozen ; after another week they were brought in, when only eleven were restored to life; a fourth time they were exposed to the winter temperature, and only two returned to life on being again brought into the cabin ; these two survived the winter, and in May an imperfect Laria was produced from one, and six flies from the other ; both of them formed cocoons, but that which produced the flies was not so perfect as the other.” The caterpillar “feeds mostly on the Saxifraga tricuspidata and S. oppositifolia. Gen. 820.—EYPREPIA. (Ochs.) 17. Hyperboreus. Castaneous brown, superior wings with a spot on the costa, and an interrupted stripe towards the hinder margin cream colour ; inferior wings with an orange band across the middle, bearing a brown spot; the margin orange also. Expansion one inch eleyen lines. Male castaneous brown, antenne black, the rays short ; the superior wings with a cream coloured spot at the middle of the costa, and a waved stripe of the same colour near the posterior margin, nearly divided in the middle ; inferior wings ochreous freckled with scarlet, castaneous brown at the base, an elongated spot at the middle, and a sinuated fascia beyond it of the same colour ; margin of the abdomen, upper side of Ixxn NATURAL HISTORY. the thighs, and underside of wings vermilion, variegated with the ochre and brown of the upper surface. On the 8th of August, this splendid moth was brought on board by one of the men, it was the only one seen, and too much injured for drawing. In a former voyage a similar insect was brought home by Captain Lyon, this may therefore be only a remarkable variety. Fam.—NOCTUIDA. Gen. 849.—HADENA.* = (ScAr-.) 18. Richardsoni. Brown and pale grey, the upper wings with an ear-shaped and two other spots on the disc, and two denticulated strige beyond them; inferior, dirty white, the base and a fimbria fuscous. ‘ Expansion one inch five lines. Pl Attics las Male pale grey, palpi and antenne black, the latter ciated beneath ;+ head and thorax variegated with black; abdomen fuscous; superior wings brown, the costa spotted with grey and black, two grey waved strige near the base edged with black, with a small black oval attached to the second, above it is a small black ring united to a larger ear-shaped spot, beyond them is a curved denticulated grey striga edged inside with black, and a darker one near to the posterior margin; cilia whitish, spotted with black ; inferior wings ochreous white, a lunulate spot on the disc, the base and fimbria pale black; legs spotted with black; wings beneath yellowish-white, with a fuscous lunulate spot on the dise of each, and a fimbria of the same colour. 1 have named this very distinct moth after Dr. Richardson, the friend and companion of Sir John Franklin. Two males only were brought home, they were captured on the 25th of July, 1830, and it was by no means a numerous species. It considerably resembles the Noctua Lappo of Godart, but is at once distinguished by the white on the under wings, and it is worthy of remark, that the only specimen I have seen of that. moth was captured in Forfarshire, Scotland, and presented to me by Charles Lyell, Esq. * For the character of this genus, see Curtis’s Brit. Ent.—fol. 308. + The tips are represented as in the specimen ; they appear to be broken off. . NATURAL HISTORY. Ixxili Fam.—_PHALENID EE. Gren.—PSYCHOPHORA. (Kirby.) Antenne rather short and setaceous, bipectinated in the male, simple in the female; the rays very short at the base, and vanishing towards the apex ; each joint producing two, which are clavate and pubescent (fig. 7a); maxill@ long and spiral; palpi por- rected horizontally, short and very hairy, projecting a little beyond the head ; head and eyes rather small ; thorax subglobose and hairy ; abdomen short subcylindric, tufted at the apex in the male with a pair of horney incurved spoon-shaped forceps ; wings, superior subtrigonate, the apex a little angulated in the female ; /egs, posterior a little the longest ; tibiw, anterior short, with an internal spine, the others longer, with a pair of spurs at the apex, the posterior with a pair also below the middle; claws simple and distinct. 19. Sabini. (Kirby.) Cinereous, superior wings with an obscure dark patch at the base, and a slightly angulated fascia across the middle narrowed at the interior margin, the edges sinuated, with a dot on the disc; infenor wings paler, with two obscure transverse lines; underside whitish-cinereous, with a fuscous spot on the costa; the cilia spotted fuscous. Expansion from one inch to one inch and two lines. Plate A, fig. 12, male; fig. 7, the head in profile. Mr. Kirby’s description being incomplete, from his want of perfect specimens, | have endeavoured to supply the deficiency by giving the generic characters. When I published the genus Psodos (T’eit.*), I thought, from the observations of Mr, Kirby, that P. trepidaria might be allied to his genus Psycophora, if not synonymous, but I am now satisfied that it is considerably removed from it. It bears considerable resem- blance to the genus Thera (S/e), but is most probably allied to Zerynthia.+ Gen. 915.—OPORABIA. (Ste?) 20. Punctipes. Cinereous, superior wings with an oblique fascia, and several pale waved strigee; legs spotted with white. * Curtis’s Brit. Ent.—vyol. ix., pl. 424. + Ib.—vol. vii., pl. 296. *K Ixxiv¥ NATURAL HISTORY. Expansion one inch and two lines. Antenne blackish, setaceous, pubescent beneath; maxillze long and spiral ; palpi short, not very thickly clothed with scales; superior wings cinereous, with a darker patch at the base, a faint oblique fascia across the middle; narrowed towards the interior margin, the edges crenated, with two very waved pale lines between it and the base, and three beyond it, and a dot on the disc; cilia spotted ; legs fuscous, tips of all the joints of the tarsi, of the tibiae, and a spot on the centre of the latter, white ; the middle tibize are spurred at the apex. An imperfect specimen, wanting the body and under wings, was brought home. Fam.—TORTRICIDE. *GEN. 960.—ORTHOTAINIA. (Ste.) 21. Bentleyana. (Don.) Ochreous brown, superior wings variegated with numerous whitish silvery spots, forming irregular lines, with a distinct round one at the centre, the costa spotted brown and white, each of the white dots bearing a brown one; inferior wings pale fuscous. Expansion from ten to twelve lines. Bentleyana. Don: Brit. Ins.—vol. x., pl. 357, fig. 1. Pinetana. Hub: Tort.—pl. 10, fig. 57? I believe several specimens were taken the 2d of July, 1830, and the 14th of the same month the following year. This is an interesting discovery, as it shows the dis- tribution and times of appearance of a small moth. In ascending Schichallien in company with my friend Mr. Dale, on the 11th of July, 1825, we met with this insect in great abundance on the north side, near and at the top, upon the turf amongst the rocks; we found it in a subsequent year amongst heath, at an elevation of about 1000 feet, on mountains in the neighbourhood of Ambleside in the middle of June, and afterwards at Trafford, near Manchester. 22. Septentrionana. Dark brown, superior wings with a darker oblique fascia, the costa spotted with white ; inferior wings fuscous white. Expansion seven lines. Blackish-brown, superior wings somewhat variegated with grey, with an indistinct oblique band across the middle, narrowest at the costa, which is marked with six or * Curtis's Brit. Ent.—vol. viii., fol. 364. NATURAL HISTORY. Ixxv seven silvery white rays, several of them divided by a darker line; cilia ochreous white, spotted at the base with brown; inferior wings, legs, and underside, pale fuscous white. The box contained two specimens of this small Tortrix, which resembles a little the T. hybridana of Hiibner, pl. 38, fig. 258. Gen. 964.—ARGYROTOSA? (Sve.) 23. Parryana. Grey, superior wings with an angulated brown band near the base, an incomplete one across the middle, and the apex of the same colour. Expansion eight lines. Pl. A, fig. 13. Brown, head and sides of thorax inclining to ferruginous, apex of abdomen ochreous; superior wings pale grey, with a lilac tinge, and delicately tessellated with brown, an angulated brown band near the base, indistinct at the costa, and another at the middle, vanishing at the interior margin, very narrow at the costa, and angulated and dilated outside at the disc, a round spot of the same colour at the tip, and three smaller ones approaching it on the costa; inferior wings a little paler, the margin and cilia ochreous- fuscous. The antennz were broken off of the only specimen preserved of this very distinct Tortrix, which I have named after Sir William Edward Parry. ORDER XIIIL—HEMIPTERA. Fam.—ACANTHID&. Gen. 1094.—ACANTHIA. (Lat.) / 24. Stellata. Blackish sericeous, elytra with a pale spot at the centre, and several at the apex ; legs ochreous. Length three lines. Black, clothed with very short shining hairs ; thorax transverse; the edges beneath subochreous, as well as the centre of the antepectus; scutellum rather large ; elytra with the costa reflexed at the base, a semitransparent spot at the base, another on the salle OE Ixxvi NATURAL HISTORY. disc, and eight or nine arranged in a circle on the submembranous apex; margins of abdominal segments beneath ochreous, and forming a row of dots down each side ; legs dirty ochre somewhat freckled with piceous. The head is wanting to the only specimen I have seen; it most resembles A. Zoster of Fabricius, but is very distinct from my examples of that insect; as some of its larve or pup were found, it is probably not uncommon in the Polar Regions. Gen. 1094a.—PEDETICUS? (Lap.) 25. Variegatus. Black, sides of thorax and numerous spots on the elytra whitish ochre ; legs spotted with white and ochre. Length two lines and one-third. Black, clothed with shing pubescence and black hairs; eyes large, very globose and prominent, subferruginous striped with black, the clypeus, excepting a stripe down the middle, apex of the labrum, internal margin of the eyes, and a triangular spot on each side beneath, ochreous; thorax trapezate, gibbose on the back, with a fovea at the centre, the base very concave, the sides pale ochreous; elytra with a pale ochreous patch near the base, another beyond the middle, and a semiorbicular one at the apex, divided into several spots by the black nervures, each bearing a blackish dot ; legs hairy ; antepectus, coxe, trochanters, and base of thighs, excepting the anterior, whitish ochre, the thighs striped beneath with black ; the tips, two broad bands on the tibiz, excepting the posterior, and the apical portion of the basal joint of the tarsi, ochreous. ORDER XV.—DIPTERA. Fam.—CULICID. Gen. 11837—CULEX. (Lunn.) 26. Caspius. (Pall.) Black, head and thorax griseous, abdomen with seven white bands. From two to three lines long, from four to six broad. C. Pipiens. Fab: Faun. Grenl.—p. 209, n. 171. Several females, but not one male, were brought home ; this may be accounted for, NATURAL HISTORY. Ixxvii either from the males appearing earlier or later, or from their not being sanguinary; I have frequently for a week together found the females of Culex annulatus con- gregated in summer-houses in gardens, without being able to discover a single male.* Commander Ross remarks, “ Of this genus only one species was observed. It first appeared about the 10th of July, on the 15th it became very numerous, and on the 22d so extremely troublesome, as to prevent the necessary duties of the ship. They were in perfect clouds over the marshes, and their larve constitute the principal food of the trout that inhabit the lakes. It was only in the beautiful summer of 1830 that we found them so very numerous. On the 15th of August of that year they came out again after the rain, but were no longer very troublesome, being apparently nipped by the frost at night ; indeed soon after this time the ground was again covered with snow, and all entomological observations were terminated.” Fam.—TIPULIDA. +Gen. 1140.—CHIRONOMUS. (Meig.) 27. Polaris. (Kirb.) Black hairy, wings lacteous, iridescent, the costa fuscous, with the nervures darker, halteres dirty ochre. Length three lines and three-fourths, breadth six lines. Ch. Polaris. Kirby in Supp. to App. of Capt. Parry’s 1st Voyage—p. cexviii. Pl. A, fig. 14, female ; fig. 2, head of same in profile. No males of this species were brought home, and only three females, none of which retained their first pair of legs, which are therefore merely sketched in the plate to show their situation. 28. Borealis. Black, thorax grey, abdomen with seven whitish rings ; costa fuscous ; legs lund. Length three lines, breadth six lines. Black, basal jomt of antenne ochreous; thorax hoary ; abdomen clothed with long subdepressed yellowish hairs, the margins of the segments shining whitish or silvery ; wings lacteous, opalescent, the costa fuscous, the nervures darker; halteres yellowish ; legs dull castaneous ochre, tips of the thighs and tarsi fuscous. Only one specimen has come under my observation, and that had lost its antenne and some of its legs. * Curtis’s Brit. Ent.—vol. xii., fol. 537. t Ib.—vol, ii., fol. 90. Ixxvili NATURAL HISTORY. Gen. 1160.—TIPULA. (Linn.) Division A with the fourth cell of the wings peduncled. 29. Arctica. Cinereous, wings clouded with brown; legs subferruginous, tarsi fuscous. Length ten lines and a half or eleven lines, breadth one inch and seven to eight lines. Pl. A, fig. 15, female; fig. 4, underside of apex of abdomen of the same. Silky slate colour; thorax with a brown line down the centre, a stripe of the same colour on each side, furcate at the base ; abdomen more cinereous, the incisures slightly ochreous, the apex horny, with a large oval piceous and shining shield above, ter- minated by two moveable, lanceolate, serrated, and ferruginous lobes, curved at the apex, the penultimate joint furnished with two long slender spines beneath (fig. 4) ; wings clouded with brown, forming a spot on the stigma and another behind it, and leaving several large transparent and irregularly-formed spots along the disc, the costa and base are ochreous, the nervures dark brown; halteres dull and pale ochreous, fuscous at the tip; legs dull ferruginous, tips of thighs, tibie, and tarsi, black. Specimens only of the female were preserved, and none of them had antenna, or the anterior feet. “ They appeared,” says Commander Ross, ‘‘ about the same time as the Culex, and were equally numerous. Their larve are the principal food of the plover and other birds that seek their prey in the marshes, as was proved on the 27th of June, when great numbers of the larve of the Tipula? were taken from the stomach of a gull that had been feeding in the marshes.” This fine species of Tipula is remarkable for the singular termination to the apex of the abdomen, being, I imagine, an extraordinary development of the sexual organs. I have never seen any other species like it in this respect, excepting one lately described under the name of J. montana,* which has the same horny shield and broad serrated forceps, and it is worthy to be observed that this species is attached to elevated dis- tricts in the north, having only been found on Skiddaw and mountains of Scotland in July, by Mr. Dale and myself. Fam.—SYRPHIDA. +Gen. 1245._HELOPHILUS. (Meig.) 39. Bilineatus. Black, pubescent, two pale lines on the thorax, six lunulate spots on the abdomen, the first two yellow, as well as the base of the tibie. * Curtis's Brit. Ent.vol. xi., fol. 493, no. 9 a. + Ib.—vol. ix., fol. 429. NATURAL HISTORY. Ixxix Length four lines and a half to six lines, breadth nine to ten lines and a half. Black, clothed with short yellowish pubescence ; face yellow or white with very short hairs, excepting a black shining space down the middle; antenne brown except at the base, the seta ochreous ; thorax with two narrow yellow lines down the fore part of the back ; scutellum dull ochreous ; abdomen with a rather large bright ochreous trigonate- lunate spot on each side at the base, and colouring the sides of the first segment beneath, the two following with a transverse yellow lunate spot on each side, the first pair sometimes being bright ochreous outside ; base of wings and costa tinged witli dull yellow, stigmatic spot fuscous, nervures black, alule and halteres ochreous; base of the tibie, and sometimes the apex of the thighs, ochreous. The box contains three specimens. _ Fam.—MUSCIDE. Gen. 1276.—TACHINA. (il.) 31. Hirta, Black, very bristly, face silvery, hairs on back of head grey, scutellum subochreous. Length six lines, breadth ten lines. Black, pubescent, and covered with long bristles, especially the abdomen ; head tri- gonate, silvery-white, excepting the crown, the hairs behind the eyes grey; eyes naked ; antenne with the third joint long and elliptical, seta stout at the base; thorax with four indistinct whitish lines before; scutellum tawny except at the base ; wings similar to fig. 23, tab. 41, of Meigen, yellowish-brown at the base; squamul ochreous. A single specimen was preserved, which I beheve was bred from the Laria. Gen. 1287.—ANTHOMYIA. (Meig. ?) 32. Dubia. Cinereous, eyes margined with white, thorax with three fuscous stripes. Two lines long, three lines and a half broad. Grey-ash colour, sparingly pilose ; antennze with the basal jot minute, the second subtrigonate, third scarcely larger and oblong ; eyes reddish-brown, face dull shining white, crown of head ash colour; thorax with three fuscous stripes down the back, and an indistinct one on each side; wings rather broad, iridescent, the neryures and legs black. Ixxx NATURAL HISTORY. I have little doubt of this small fly being an Anthomyia, but as neither of the spe- cimens had any setz to the antenne, I cannot determine the genus with certainty. *Gen. 1293.—SCATOPHAGA. (Meig.) 33. Apicalis. Cinereous, very pubescent, face, apex of abdomen, and legs, cas- taneous. Maile, four lines two-thirds long, eleven broad ; female, four lines long, nine broad. Male. Cinereous, thickly clothed with fine long brown hairs, especially the abdomen and legs ; antennz blackish, two basal joints rufous, seta slightly pubescent only; lip horny and black; head with a fureate space before the crown, the face and palpi reddish-orange; thorax with a double ash-coloured line down the middle, and an obscure one on each side ; abdomen elongate-ovate, with the margin of the third seg- ment, and the following joints, entirely ferruginous; wings tinged with yellow, the costa and base of a much deeper and brighter colour, the nervures ochreous, excepting the two transverse ones, which are fuscous, and suffused, as well as the longitudinal ones connecting them ; halteres and legs pale castaneous. Female much less hairy, especially the abdomen and legs, the former being ovate, the second segment sometimes having the margin ferruginous, and a greater portion of the third, as well as the apex, of the same colour. A male and two females of this handsome species were preserved. 34. Fucorum. (Fall.) “ Obscure cinereous ; thorax with four black lines; palpi, antenne, and legs, black.” — Meg. Male, length three lines, breadth six lines; female rather smaller. Meig: Syst. Besch.—vol. v., p. 253,n. 14; tab. 45, f. 29. This insect is common in Sweden amongst seaweeds, from which circumstance Fallen has named it Fucorum. Commander Ross brought home a pair of flies that agree so well with the above description of Meigen, that I consider them identical. * Curtis’s Brit. Ent.— vol. ix., fol. 405. MARINE INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS. Tue following account of the Marine Invertebrate Animals, inhabiting those parts of the Arctic Ocean visited in the course of our late expedition, is very incomplete owing to nearly the whole collection having been necessarily abandoned with the Victory. Some few, however, of those that were considered to be most interesting, as forming the types of new genera, were brought by us to England, and specimens of ‘each have been deposited in the valuable museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. The arrangement and generic characters adopted in this notice, is that of Latreille in the last edition of Cuvier’s “ Régne Animal.” Mau lOp alin CRUSTACEA—DECAPODA. 1.—CRANGON BOREAS. CRANGON BOREAS.—Lat, Cuv: Rég. Anim.—vol. iv., p. 94. Lam: Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert.—vol. v., p. 201. Sab: Supp. to Parry's 1st Voyage—p. ccxxxv. Ross, App. to Parry’s 3d Voyage—p- 120; and Polar Voy.—p. 205. CANCER BOREAS.—Phipps’s Voyage, Appendir—p. 194, plate 11, fig, 1. Zool. Dan.—vol. iv., p. 14, plate 32, fig. 1. Several specimens of this very fine species of Crangon were obtained, by means of # L xxx NATURAL HISTORY. a dredge, near Felix Harbour. It was also taken at a short distance from the west coast of Greenland, but seems to have entirely escaped the notice of Fabricius. We have in former voyages found it abundantly in various other parts of the Arctic Seas, but nowhere so numerously as near the Low Island (of Phipps), Spitzbergen, where it was first discovered. It has recently been brought from the shores of Kamtschatka and California, by Captain Beechey, as have also several hitherto undescribed species of Crustacea, but of which no account, it is much to be regretted, has yet been published. 2.—SABINEA SEPTEMCARINATA. Cur. Gen.—-Antenne superiores setis duabus in efdem feré linea horizontali insertis: interiore longiore. Inferiores corporé breviores, setacex, squam& ad apicem externé unidentaté pedunculo adnexa: articulo primo ad squame medium non producto. Palpi pediformes articulis quatuor exsertis ; duobus ultimus longitudine equalibus. Pedes decem ; par anticum majus compressum subdidactylum par secundum brevissimum tenue tmunguiculatum, par tertium tenue precedente longiore subcrassiore ungue simplici instructum ; paria 4 et 5 precedente crassiora unguibus compressis instructa. Cuar. Sp.—Sabinea thorace septemearinato ; carinis serratis. CRANGON SEPTEMCARINATUS.—Sab : Supp. to Parry’s 1st Voyage—p. cexxxvi., pl. 2, fig. 11—13. Ross, App. to Parry’s Polar Voyage—p. 205. Owing to the peculiar formation of the second pair of legs, in this singular animal, it has become necessary to establish a new genus, of which it is the only known spe- cies ; and I have much pleasure in dedicating it to my friend, Captain Edward Sabine, of the Royal Artillery, by whom it was discovered in the west coast of Davis’s Straits, during Sir Edward Parry’s first voyage to those regions. His very accurate descrip- tion is as follows: “ Length four inches; colour varied, red and white above, white beneath; thorax seven carinate, the three lateral carine on each side serrate, the middle one with strong spines ; rostrum short, curving down between the eyes, grooved in the centre ; the five upper carine carried on in very faint rudiments along the back ; the terminal sete of the superior antenne inserted nearly in the same horizontal line, the interior one being the longest ; the first joint of the inferior antenne scarcely pro- duced beyond the middle of the squama ; a strong spine in the abdomen directed for- ward between the chelate legs; the last joint of the pediform palpi subacuminate, wy itis As oo ie 7th A ve OES ; ck aii. i aye J ‘ Ry Aan ee AR ng, fs mi en . ’ i , . ¥ — Us ees <= <~o> + ee tpg ae : a? = a a a oat a ~ - : A Soi 7 iy 7 * n > 7 ot 1b a oe Adee | + i Giger. 7" - i . aeetti Wi ago ? : wand Ai ra 4 are wha gap hn ul iia: rey Lashed al wh pine 7 ' ayn) YY i G, Str yp aay dang h i .n “A Puli aa aah 9 igual ap id y vn gw li 4 i sige? al \y a i (a Fiephit’ ole ih foal nih 1} jn 7 uni oh wi ayn roe, “ean? “a — i tL a7 we nit Dine a GH ti fen ‘alt W oo soa 4 or sal Pere ie OA Se, au Ta OF sib tows sari fyi a fs yall mi (itil git ae 4B or be i wis ie 18 % f levee wid, oi ‘ait | Fat = » 3 97 i? - 5 : 4 1 = 7 POs it'd ry 11 ay; * Fie | a pice iv is nas i F ire i pir a al ; iy) % seed) seentnligh eens Wii alta ar > vagal «9 ; _ : a ae ; 7 7 Vite od x) Que ha i vii a : - epe baeeh oy 7 7 - 7 ; 7? - eee ae vialiia 1 db * , sn a= aint * 2h beid © sales 7 : ae 7 r - 7 ee, 7 - > poe lis te ae ar an Pir yD. ee S of qinern : 7 cai eau cee a“ Wd = = sien AVA Diy, Bio in 7 ? 2 6 ? 7” : ma ne @ ar a) - al 0 ti ai ;, v se rat” ! 7 hry ane ener iMie? : a ios we . hal Tee er | ae at f= $s Van, = & “UOE 7 a 7 5 ; ad : ay ea DY i - L - i _ . inet & - : - : : S 7 ne : i aa ru 7 ou PEG PUL Ty YUL P0P OL Vk C : Did. C L NATURAL HISTORY. xciit diate to Sepiola and Sepioteuthis, which it connects together as well by its interme- diate size, as by the peculiarities of its structure. I propose to call the genus Rossia, in honour of the Commander of an Expedition, at once so honourable to the enterprising character of the British seaman, and so interest- ing in its scientific results. Class—Cernaroropa. (Cuvier.) Order—DiBraNcuiata. Tnbe—Dercacera. Family—Loicinip#. Genus—Rossta. Cuan. Gen.—Corpus ventricosum ; duabus pinnis latis rotundatis, subdorsalibus, antrorsum positis ; margine antico palli libero. Brachia subbrevia, triedra; acetabulis pedunculatis, pedunculis brevissimis ; ad basin bra- chiorum in duabus seriebus alternantibus, ad apicem in plurimis seriebus aggregatis. Ordo longitu- dinis parium brachiorum, 1, 2, 4, 3. Tentacula longitudine corpus equantia, ad apicem acetabulis pedunculatis minimis obsita. Gladius, corneus, longitudine lin, ix. equans ; inferius parum dilatatus. Cuar. Se.—Rossia palpebrosa, From the obvious uncertainty of deducing a stable specific character from the only known representative of its genus, I have hmited myself to proposing a nomen triviale, taken from the remarkable development of the skin surrounding the eyeball, by means of which this animal evidently possesses the power of defending the eye, as the pulmonated Vertebrata do by means of their more regularly-formed eyelids. The utility of this provision, in seas abounding with fragments of ice, is obvious. Fig. 1, pl. B, from a sketch by Captain Ross, shows the appearance of the eyes while the animal was alive; fig. 2, pl. C, 2. shows the closing of the eyelid after death. The admeasurements of the specimen were as follow, but it must be borne in mind that it had shrunk in all its dimensions in consequence of having been macerated in spirit. Inches. Lines. Length from the end of the visceral sac to the end of the longest : . and 0 Ditto from the end of the visceral sac to the anterior margin of the mantle ] g tentacle . XCiV NATURAL HISTORY. Inches. Lines. Length from the end of the visceral sac to the interspace of the first or middle pair of dorsal brachia : ‘ 3 2 Ditto of the tentacle { 1 F ! . 4 2 Breadth of the body (exclusive of the fins). : yumisaind 8 Ditto of the head, across the eyes 1 3 The specimen presented a dull dusky brown colour, over the whole of the dorsal and lateral aspects, and over the exterior of the arms. The pigment producing this hue was disposed in minute close-set points. Captain Ross’s drawing of the recent animal exhibits a greenish metallic lustre, reflected from these surfaces, slight remains of which are still perceptible in the specimen. The ventral surface is of a light ash colour. The form of the abdomen or visceral segment of the body is more ventricose than in Sepiola. The anterior margin of the mantle projects slightly forwards at the middle of its dorsal aspect, as in Sepioteuthis, and is reflected downwards for about half an inch before being continued upon the back part of the head. There is a transverse groove on either side of the mantle, about a line behind its anterior margin: this part is colourless anterior to the grooves, as in Sepiola. The fins are short, semicircular, dorsal in their position, but nearer the sides of the body, and placed more forwards than in Sepiola vulgaris; the interspace between their origins is to the breadth of the body as 3 to 4, while in Sepiola vulgaris it is as 3 to 5. They project lateraily from the body, with a slight inclination forwards. They measure in length one inch, in breadth ten lines. The brachia are proportionately shorter and thicker than in Sepio/a, more resembling those of Sepia, but not having the same relative dimensions as in that genus, e. g. the third, and not the fourth pair, is the longest (counting from the dorsal aspect), but the fourth pair is proportionately longer than in Sepio/a. They measure, The first pair, one inch. The second pair, one inch three lines. The third pair, one inch nine lines. The fourth pair, one inch five lines. They present the usual three-sided pyramidal form, with the internal facet beset with the suckers or acetabula. These are of a globular figure, supported by very short sub- lateral peduncles. Commencing from the base of the arms, the suckers are arranged in a double alternate series; this disposition prevails along the whole of the first pair, along NATURAL HISTORY. x¢ev three-fourths of the second pair, and along about half of the third and fourth pairs of arms, beyond which the suckers are aggregated into irregular transverse rows of from three to five, diminishing in size to the apex of the arm. In this respect there is an inter- mediate structure between Sepiola, in which the suckers are in a double alternate series along the whole arm; and Sepia, in which they are aggregated from the com- mencement. ‘The horny cup in each acetabulum has tis margins entire: and its diameter is equal to one-third of the fleshy sphere in which it is implanted. The tentacles or proboscides* are round, and slightly dilated at their extremities, which are beset for about nine lines by minute and close-set suckers; these diminish in size towards the extremity of the tentacle, and the largest of them do not exceed one-fiftieth of an inch in diameter. The horny cup of these acetabula is propor- tionately larger than in those of the brachia, and their pedicles are longer. (See 6, pl. C.) A narrow membranous expansion is extended along the sides of the dilated extremities of the tentacle. The tentacula emerge from within the membrane extended between the third and fourth pairs of brachia, but this interbrachial fold, though of greater breadth, does not connect the arms together for a greater extent than the membrane between the third and second, or that between the second and first pairs of legs; but there is no corre- sponding fold between the ventral pair of arms. In this respect Rossia resembles Sepiola and Sepia; in all of which, therefore, the interbrachial membranes have obviously other uses than to protect the tentacles, which can be retracted into a cavity below the base of the arms; they probably serve, but in a minor degree than in Octopus, as a retropulsive fin. The eyes of the specimen were of large size, forming the usual convexity on each side of the head; they were, however, as has been before mentioned, almost com- pletely hidden from view by the contraction of the lower eyelid principally, the open- ing of the fold corresponding to the transparent portion of the integument continued over the eyeball (for the animal cannot be said to possess a true cornea), was of a longitudinal figure, and dorsal in its position. In Sepio/a there is a slight fold beneath the eye, corresponding to the largely developed eyelid in Rossia, but there is a greater proportionate breadth of the head at this part in Sepiola. The siphon or funnel extends to within a line of the interbrachial membrane of the ventral pair of arms, resembling in this respect Sepiola rather than Sepia, or Sepio- teuthis, where the funnel reaches only half-way between that part and the margin of * This superadded pair of elongated arms were termed by Aristotle tpoGoce:dat, in contradistinction to P P 8 y the ordinary eight arms, which he calls +6de¢.— Hist. Animal., lib. iy., c. 1. XCVI NATURAL HISTORY. the mantle. It is depressed and tapers towards the extremity; within the tube, and two lines distant from the end, there is the small valve, which exists in all the Cepha- lopods that have locomotive organs adapted for propellmg them forwards. On either side of the base of the funnel there is an oblong cartilagmous depression, surrounded by a raised margin, to which a corresponding projection on the inner side of the mantle is adapted. This structure for strengthening the attachment between the mantle and the head is met with in all the Decacera, and in Ocythoé, but does not exist in Octopus. The membranous expansions from the sides of the base of the funnel, cor- responding to the ‘cadlottes’ in Octopus, extend in Rossia around the anal aperture. The rudimentary dorsal shell, or gladius, is not more than nine lines in length, and one line and a half in breadth at its lower and dilated half; there is a longitudinal mesial ridge on its external surface, and a corresponding groove with lateral ridges on the opposite side; it is of a firm texture, and brown colour anteriorly, but becomes thin, soft, white, and cartilaginous at its posterior extremity. The digestive organs of Rossta resemble those of Sepiola, with the exception of the laminated pancreatic ceecum being of a simpler form, and the follicles appended to the biliary ducts being more developed ; these are larger, indeed, than in any Cephalopod in which this structure has been found. The horny mandibles, and their surrounding fieshy lips, present no peculiarity worthy of remark. The outer lip, as in Sepiola, is more contracted than in Sepia. The cesophagus descends in the dorsal interspace of the hepatic lobes without dilating to form a crop. The muscular stomach is lined with a cuticle, but is not so strong as in Octopus. The laminated czecum is a simple oval cavity, as in Nautilus, without spiral appendage. The biliary secretion enters it between two of the widest laminae, which are continued onwards some way into the intestine. The gut ascends without any convolution on the opposite side of the liver, and terminates between the two muscles which connect the base of the funnel with the ventral side of the mantle, and which, from their disposition, serve as a sphincter to the intestine. The lower pair of salivary glands are lobulated, and of the usual proportionate size. The liver is bilobed, each lobe notched at its upper end, and expanding towards the lower end. Besides the proper capsule, which has a smooth glistening surface, the liver is contained in a strong peritoneal cavity. The two biliary ducts emerge from the lower end and immediately branch out into a mass of larger and simpler follicles, which are arbo- rescent, and extend their ramifications half an inch from the ducts, forming a mass, which conceals the upper halves of both the stomach and rudimentary pancreas. The ink-bag is situated between the liver and the muscles which surround the arms, close to which its duct enters the intestine. ‘I'he ink is black, of the same tint as the china-ink. NATURAL HISTORY. xcvil The organs of circulation, in the form of the systemic ventricle and of the spongy ven@ cave, resemble those of Sepioteuthis more than those of Sepiola; the branchial ventricles are proportionately larger than in any other Cephalopod. The vena cava, after its division, becomes dilated and cellular, but the cells are not produced out- wardly into distinct pendulous follicles, the exterior of the vein presents simply a folded or convoluted appearance. The branchial ventricles are of a transversely oblong figure, four lines in Jength, and three in breadth: they have the small fleshy appen- dages, as in Sepiola, Sepoteuthis, and other true decapods. The fleshy stem of the branchia, through which the branchial artery passes is very broad. The branchial vein dilates into a sinus or auricle, before terminating in the systemic ventricle. This is of a cylindrical form, tapering at its lateral extremities where the blood enters, and bent upwards at the right side to give off the greater aorta; the lesser aorta comes off from the middle of the opposite side of the ventricle. The larger aorta ascends with the cesophagus between the lobes of the liver, the smaller one descends to supply the ovary principally. The specimen was a female, and had been taken at the season of reproduction. The ovary occupied the lower half of the dorsal aspect of the abdomen; it was filled with numerous bodies, varying in size from one line to six in the transverse diameter, and with as various figures, some being spherical, others oval, some pyriform, and a few rendered angular by external pressure, but all having their superfices more or less reticulated, as in Sepia, &c., in consequence of the honeycombed glandular structure of their parietes. These bodies, which are appended by delicate peduncles, of various length, to one point of the mem- branous ovary, are commonly regarded as the ova,* but they are, in fact, the glandular calyces, which secrete the true ova; the analogous parts in the Nautilus I have termed capsule ovifere@: they correspond to the Graafian follicles or ovisacs of the Vertebrata. The ova in these ovisacs exhibited in Rossta various stages of develop- ment indicative of an internal impregnation: many of the reticulate ovisacs were collapsed, having discharged their ova; nine of the ova so discharged, were situated in the single oviduct. The ova which still remained within the capsules had the smooth transparent cortical membrane perfectly formed, and differed from the ova in the oviduct only in the tenuity of this membrane. The discharged ova measured five lines in the long and four in the short diameters. The oviduct was wide, thin, and membranous; it passed along the ventral aspect of the ovary and pericardium towards the left side: its termination was thickened, and beset with transverse glandular folds, as in Nautilus, and was situated immediately behind the two large superadded * See Grant on the Anatomy of Sepiola, in Zool. Trans.—vol. i., p. 84, pl. 11, fig. 12. ¥*N XeVviii NATURAL HISTORY. glands. ‘These bodies have been described in Sepiola,* as the oviducts, but they are equally distinct from the true efferent tube in that genus as in Rossva; the true oviduct being single in Sepzola, as in Sepia, and forming by its termination the crescentic glan- dular organ, which les between and behind the two large accessory glands above mentioned ; of which the function is to secrete the adhesive substance which connects the ova, after they have passed out of the oviduct, and before they are discharged by the funnel. Filamentary processes of the secretion were hanging from the ducts of the glands in the specimen here described. They are composed of numerous trans- verse lamine, the secretion of which passes into a central longitudinal fissure, where it is moulded into the filamentary form. In Nautilus these glands are united at the mesial plane, and the corresponding organ is single in the pectinibranchiate mollusks. EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES. Plate B. Fig. 1. Rossta palpebrosa, from the dorsal aspect. Plate C. Fig. 1. Rossta palpebrosa, with the mantle and funnel laid open on the ventral aspect, showing the infundibular valve, the ova in the oviduct, and other viscera m situ. Fig. 2. The same laid open on the dorsal aspect, and the capsule of the liver removed, showing the ovisacs, and the relative position of the viscera on this side of the abdomen. Fig. 3. The digestive canal laid open. Fig. 4. The branchia, and organs of circulation. The same letters indicate the same parts in each figure :—a, the eight brachia ; a, one of the brachial suckers magnified; 6, the two tentacula; 6’, a tentacular sucker magnified ; c, the fins; d, the inside of the mantle; ee, the processes which enter f f, the cavities at the base of the funnel; g, the infundibular valve ; /, the open- ing of the eyelids; i, the cesophagus; ’, the muscular stomach; /, the pancreas ; m, the intestine ; n, the anus; 0, lower salivary glands; p p, liver; p’ p’, hepatic ducts; q, hepatic follicles; 7, ink-bag; s, vena cava; s’s’, its glandular auricular portions going to ¢ ¢, the branchial ventricles ; v v, their fleshy appendages ; w w, the branchie ; * See Grant on the Anatomy of Sepiola, in Zool. Trans.—vol. i., p. 84, pl. 11, fig. 10. NATURAL HISTORY. XCiX ® #, systemic smuses; y, systemic ventricle; z, aorte; 1 1, ovisacs in the ovary appended to filamentary pedicles ; 2 2, ova in the cviduct; 3 3, glands which secrete the nidamentum, or connecting substance of the ova. REO. PTEROPODA. 2.—CLIO BOREALIS. CLIO BOREALIS.—Cuwv: Rég. Anim.—vol. iii., p. 27. Lamarck—vol. vi., p. 286. CLIO LIMACINA.—Phipps, Ellis Zooph.—p. 15, figs. 9 and 10. Leach, Ross’s Voyage—oct. edit., vol. ii. p. 172. Sab: Supp. to Parry’s 1st Voyage—p. ccxxxix. Ross, App. to Parry's 3d Voy.—p. 120; and Parry's Polar Voy.—p. 206. CLIO RETUSA— Fab: Faun. Grenl.—p. 334. CLIONE PAPILIONACEA.— Pallas, Spicil. Zool.—vol. x., p. 37, pl. 1, figs. 18 and 19. Very numerous in most parts of the Arctic Ocean. Less abundant in Regent’s Inlet and the Gulf of Boothia. 3.—LIMACINA ARCTICA. LIMACINA ARCTICA.—Cw: Reg. Anim.—vol. iii., p. 28. Lamarck—vol. vi., p. 290. Leach, Ross’s Voyage—oct. edit., vol. ii., p, 172. Sab: Supp. to Parry’s 1st Voyage—p. ccxxxix. Ross, App. to Parry's 3d Voyage—p. 120. Parry’s Polar Voyage—p. 206. ARGONAUTA ARCTICA.—Fab: Faun. Grenl.—p. 386. A very abundant species; peopling as it were the Polar Seas, and constituting the chief source of subsistence to the Greenland whale. It is indeed most truly won- derful that so small and apparently insignificant an animal can be made to fulfil the most important purposes; from the smallest species of crustacea to the enormous whale, all derive their food directly or indirectly from this little creature. ¥n 2 It is in fact c NATURAL HISTORY. to the inhabitants of the Arctic Ocean, what the vegetable kingdom is to the inhabitants of the land—the foundation of animal existence. ACEPHALA. 4.—BOLTENIA RENIFORMIS. BOLTENIA RENIFORMIS.— Mac Leay, Trans. Linn. Soc.—vol. xiv., p. 536, pl. 18. ASCIDIA GLOBIFERA.—Sab: Supp. to Parry's 1st Voyage— ASCIDIA CLAVATA.—Fab: Faun. Grenl.—p. 303. Cuar. Sp.—B. obscura scabriuscula, corpore subreniformi, orificiis subprominentibus, pedunculo ter- minali. (Mac Leay.) A single specimen of this extraordinary animal was dredged up from a depth of seventy fathoms, near Elizabeth Harbour. I can add nothing to Mr. Mac Leay’s admirable description, except that the colour of the body is a very light brown, that of the pedicle darker. 5.—CYSTINGIA GRIFFITHSII. CYSTINGIA GRIFFITHSII.—Mac Leay, Trans. Linn. Soc.—vol. xiv., p. 540, pl. 19. C. ovata globosa cineracea glabra semipellucida, pedunculo vix longitudine corporis. (Mac Leay.) This interesting species is of very rare occurrence, even in those seas where it was first discovered ; a single specimen, taken in Fox’s Channel, during Sir Edward Parry’s third voyage to the Arctic Regions, fortunately for science came under the notice of Mr. Mac Leay, and, together with two other species of Ascidia from the same place, was the occasion of his learned memoir on the “ Anatomy of the Natural Group of Tunicata,” loc. cit. ‘Two specimens were obtained by us near Felix Harbour, but as these were aban- doned with the rest of our collection, it is probable that the individual from which Mr. Mac Leay’s description and drawings were taken, is the only specimen ever brought to England. GEOLOGY. BY CAPTAIN SIR JOHN ROSS, C.B., K.S.A., K.C.S., &c. GEOLOGICAL NOTICE RESPECTING THAT PART OF THE AMERICAN LAND VISITED DURING OUR VOYAGE. I may commence with James’s Island, of which Sir E. Parry examined the southern and eastern coasts; my observations which are peculiarly scanty for this part of our voyage, are limited to the northern shore, to which the name of North Devon has been given. I must at the same time say, that under my previous familiarity with the neighbouring and opposed shore of America, I formed the conclusions here drawn, more from a comparison of the physiognomy of the little known with that which had been far better studied, than from observations which our very brief intimacy with this coast afforded me no means of making. My acquaintance with the shore in question begins at Cape York, and extends to Possession Bay. The whole of this line presented that succession of limestone, which from its similarity, in every particular, of picturesque forms, positions, and mineral cha- racters, I had determined, when on the American shore, and with ample opportunities of examination, to be a “ deposit ” or “ series,” so resembling that which the geologists of England term mountain limestone, that it must be discriminated by this name, unless, as I do not yet know, the American philosophers have applied another term to their great calcareous formations. Of the interior country on this shore, I must speak with more reserve; yet drawing such inferences as I here give, from the same source, namely, the exceeding similarity cli GEOLOGY. of character in the forms of the land on the two sides of the passage which includes Barrow’s Strait and Prince Regent’s Inlet. It will immediately be seen, that on the American shore, the limestone skirts the bases of chains of hills which consist chiefly, or, to our observation at least, most conspicuously of granite, including some portions of the primary stratified rocks, which might have been more extensive than I had the means of ascertaining. Now, the same exact character of outline and general aspect pervaded the interior of James’s Island, as far as that was visible; where a range of mountains possessing the same conical irregular forms as those on the American shore, rose at the back of the assignable limestone hills. I could not but conclude that their geological nature was the same; while some specimens of gneiss, of green compact felspar, and of granite, picked up on the beaches where our boats landed, served to confirm this conclusion: and the more so, from their absolute identity with the ana- logous rocks which I had collected along the shore from Fury Beach to the isthmus of Boothia. If I have thus referred to my first and far more detailed observations on the geolo- gical structure of the American shore, I may commence at Cape Northeast, being the north-eastern part of America, sufficiently noted in the chart appended to this work. At this place, the forms of the land alone might, to a practised eye, have disclosed the nature of the fundamental rocks; since the hills present those out- lines, so well known, by which this limestone is characterized; the stratification equally indicating the mineral constitutions of the rock, in those cliffs and ravines, where it is peculiarly exposed ; as the examination of specimens at more leisure, with the long continued contact which I could command throughout a space of many miles, could leave no doubt of the truth of these conclusions, from the point in question, as far as Fury Beach. © I must now observe, that from Northeast Cape onwards to Adelaide Bay, I could obtain no sight of any interior hills, of the same conical and irregular character as I had become so well acquainted with on the more southern parts of this shore. Every visible hill was flat-topped, so as to convince me that it was a part of the same cal- careous range. But at the bottom of Cresswell Bay, I first began to see a range of interior hills, of a very different character: and subsequent observation, accompanied by a long experience of the nature of the rocks, which I could examine at hand, having taught me that the hills of this character consisted of primary rocks, and far most extensively, of granite, it is at this point that I must first note my assurance of the existence of a range of granitic and its associated rocks, on this coast; forming the fundamental structure of this country, and covered, or rather skirted, as is usual, by a range of the secondary, and, for the most part, calcareous series. GEOLOGY. cliL As well as I could estimate, the distance of this primary interior range of mountains, from the sea-shore, judging at least by that of their summits, is about thirty miles. But from that, somewhat indeterminate point, of course, the ridge, if ndge it be, which appears so to the eye, inclines towards the sea line, and, in its progress thence, reaches the shore at Port Logan. The limestone which I have already mentioned, disappears in consequence, and I met with it no more on this eastern coast ; recovering it only to the westward of the isthmus of Boothia, near Neitchillee. I must now, therefore, note as much of its peculiarities as may enable geologists to form that judgment of its analogy to the rocks they have defined on which I have no right to decide, from my very imperfect acquaintance with this subject. I presume, of course, that they will call it “the mountain limestone,” because this is the name which I have seen applied to rocks resembling it in character, and, as far as I under- stand those subjects, in position: but this however I must leave to the more com- petent. From Northeast Cape to Adelaide Bay, it presents those forms which distinguish the limestone district of Yorkshire, but with far more decided shapes in some parts of this line, of which the analogies and resemblances may be seen in Derbyshire, though in the most remarkable places, these are very like to some scenery which I remember seeing in a French picturesque work, representing the scenery and antiquities of Pola, in Istria. It would be to repeat what must be well known to every one interested in this sub- ject, to say, that the fractures which the precipices of this rock present, are frequently such as to display the appearance of castles and towers, as the smaller ones are apt to exhibit the appearances of niches and statues, so as to confer on them a singular and striking variety of architectural effect, which, under peculiar circumstances, is even very deceptive. Of these apings of the works of art, we had an abundant and various display ; that I could not make pictures of what I saw, from the extreme severity of the weather, and the difficult circumstances in which [ was almost invariably placed, might possibly be regretted on the score of art, but can be of no moment for the present end, where the general fact and its bearings are so well understood by all whom geology can interest. If this leading and striking character is not sufficient to satisfy geologists respecting the precise nature of this limestone, as it regards the systems of the earth which they have adopted, I suppose that this presumed character will be confirmed by its mineral nature, and by that of the organic remains which it contains. In diflerent places, the former exhibits all those various characters, in texture and colour, which I have seen in collections of specimens of this particular limestone, as well as in several parts of Scot- wiv GEOLOGY. land, where this rock has been pointed out to me, though it would be superfluous for me to describe what is well known to every geologist. And if sometimes pure and somewhat marble-like in its texture, so it is argillaceous and dull, when it approaches to those shales into which it gradually passes, and with which it is interstratified. It is in its shales also, as I understand is usual with all limestones, that the organic remains which it contains are chiefly found; though, as is not uncommon elsewhere, some of these occur only in that compact and almost pure calcareous rock, of which they form a part. If, even, I were better informed on this subject, so as to know the distinctions of rocks which are derivable from shells, I could not pretend to dis- tinguish fragments, nor even the more perfect shells, by their present names in the mo- dern systems; since I have had no means of keeping my knowledge up to the level of the improvements in this branch of science. Suffice it to say, that such organic remains, or shells, as I found, consisted of corals, of entrochi, of terebratule, and of others which I will not, or need not, pretend to name; as of all I may say, that they bore such a general resemblance to those of the “mountain limestone ” of England and Scotland, which I have seen in collections, as will doubtless satisfy others respect- ing that in which I am not inclined to take any further concern than may be necessary for allowing others to form those conclusions, which it would be presumptuous in me to draw. To terminate the history of this limestone, I need only remark in addition, that after ceasing at Port Logan, where the primary rocks reach the shore, it recurs at Neitchillee, to the southward of the isthmus of Boothia, and that it was thence traced for about two hundred miles to the westward, towards Cape Franklin, where our knowledge of this coast ends. On this long line, however, no mountains of this rock, such as I have described as occupying so great a range of country, occurred. In general, the shores were barely skirted by low strata of a calcareous stone, frequently schistose, intermixed with shales; as they were often so encumbered with fragments and blocks of the primary rocks, as well as of the limestone in question, that I could not often be sure that the fundamental strata were present. The geological conclusion that I was com- pelled to draw was, nevertheless, the same; namely, that the primary district of this portion of the American coast was skirted throughout its whole extent, with the excep- tion of that line on which the sea met those rocks, by a series of secondary strata, of which this peculiar limestone was the leading and almost the exclusive member. T ought now, according to the usual doctrines of geology, as I understand them, to have also found the red sandstone, which holds a place between this limestone and the primary srtata. I must, however, observe, that on the whole of the long line which I examined at various times, extending from Northeast Cape to the Western Sea, that GEOLOGY. # rock was never found in its position: whether owing to its real absence, or to the difficulty of seeing shores so often, and for such long periods, covered with ice and snow, or to my own negligence of this subject, where there was so much of more im- portance to engage my attention, I cannot now presume to say. Several fragments of a sandstone were however picked up on the shores, at various and distant places; as, for example, near Batty Bay, at Fury Beach, at Victoria Harbour and at other places which I need not name, proving the existence of sandstone strata in the vicinity, or at least somewhere on this coast. But according to more practised judgments than my own, these specimens are inade- quate to prove whether the rock whence they have been derived belongs to the lowest red sandstone, or to that which is termed red marl. That they are red, brown, and mottled, sometimes soft, and at others very hard, is all that I can say respecting them ; and this diversity of character is, as I am informed, wel] known to occur in both the sandstones in question. But there is one fact whence I am told I may conclude, that in some parts of this shore, at least, the collected specimens must have been derived from the red marl, what- ever may be the case with respect to the southern part of the same line. ‘This is the occurrence of gypsum in the vicinity of Northeast Cape: a mineral which geologists have hitherto referred to this series. But I must leave that matter to their judgments, as I have nothing more to suggest on the subject of these rocks, since I am not pos- sessed of any other evidence than that which I have stated. It is only needful to add, that as I saw no strata superior to the limestone, and obtained no specimens likely to have been derived from any series higher than the red marl, as the several friends whom I have consulted admit; so I may, I presume, conclude that the secondary strata of this shore are limited to the rocks which J have described: a fact which, if I have read sufficiently on this subject, is exactly conformable to what occurs very widely in the northern portion of the North American continent. Having already said of the primary land of this coast, that it forms ridges of bills more interior than those of limestone wherever these occur, I must now observe that it reaches the shore at Port Logan, and occupies the remainder of that coast to the south- ward, together with the valley of lakes that crosses the isthmus, as far as Lake Witter- sted, where it is once more skirted by the flat limestone already described. Of the geography of this class of rocks, I can, of course, give no further description, since the climate and the snow united, prevented all research into the interior, and all minute examination, for the most part, of what was accessible. To say that what I saw and could not touch, consisted of granite, is more than, as I am told, I ought to affirm, since geologists seem agreed that it is difficult to judge of 60) evi GEOLOGY. primary mountains by their physiognomy alone. Even when more near the eye, I will not say how often I may not have mistaken gneiss for granite; yet this latter rock seemed to me to predominate through all the ridges, as it was also that which I found far most frequently whenever I could obtain actual contact with the rocks. That it presented the usual variety of external character, I need scarcely say, and that it included a great variety of mineral aspect or composition is what I can now but remember, without being able to describe. Only three varieties appear among the very few specimens which I brought home; namely, one of red felspar, white quartz, and hornblende, one of the same felspar and quartz, with white mica, and a third of pale felspar and quartz, with a dark variety of this mineral. In one place I noted that a large mass of this rock was thickly studded with garnets; but having brought home no specimens, I cannot now describe it more particularly. Having found no specimens of gneiss in this small rescued collection, and having but little recollection of the places where I saw this rock, I can give no account of it. Commander Ross appears to have met with it more extensively than I did, but as this branch of natural history was not under his charge, I cannot derive from his recollec- tion, any facts sufficiently positive to state, either respecting its geography or its mineral characters. I shall only note, that in Felix Harbour, I found hornblende schist, belong- ing to this series, as I am informed, together with that compact green felspar, which is known to be one of its inmates. That I saw common slate, or argillaceous schistus, in Victoria Harbour, and in one or two other places, is all that I can now recollect respect- ing that rock ; while one of the engraved plates represents a part of a stratum asso- ciated with another of gneiss, traversed, as it appears, by a granite vein, and the whole intersected by one of quartz. The last rock which I have to notice is trap. A considerable mass of this occurs at Saumarez River, and it is also represented in one of the plates; the only other place where I noticed it was near Elizabeth Harbour, where numerous veins traverse the gra- nitie hills which skirt this shore. Of mere minerals, I found agate pebbles in one place, with veins of white, pink, and yellow quartz, near Elizabeth Harbour, and copper ore near Agnew River and Lord Lindsay River. The hills are often covered with granite boulders, offering the usual difficulty so often discussed: but I saw no other alluvia than those which are easily referred to the flow- ing of water during the summer thaws, and to the action of the waves on the shores. REPORT ON INSTRUMENTS. My transit instrument was made by Mr.T. Jones, of Charing Cross, for my observatory at North-west Castle, Wigtonshire, where I had it in use four years. Its telescope was thirty-six inches in length, with an object-glass two inches and five-eighths aperture, and was an excellent instrument: it was the whole time under the charge of Com- mander Ross. My theodolite was nine inches in diameter, with double telescope, and was made also by Jones, for the late Captain Bartholomew. The diurnal variation instrument was made by Mr. Dollond, whose instructions I received respecting its use, and was the same which had been made for Sir John Franklin. I had also two altitude instruments made by Jones, which were supplied to me from the Colonial Office, and which I used to determine the height of the Eastern over the Western Sea. I had three dipping-needles, one made by Jones, which was with Sir Edward Parry; one by Pope, and one of my own construction. We had five sextants; an instrument sent by Mr. Warre, which was the invention of Lieut. Drummond, R.A., being a compass with apparatus for finding the latitude and longitude attached to it, and was a very ingenious invention; but, as the compass had ceased to traverse where we wintered, it could not be tried. My telescope for occultations was sixty-six inches focal length, with an aperture of three inches and five-eighths ; the object-glass by Tully. I had also Barlow’s apparatus, and Gilbert’s azimuth compass, and six others; two marine and one mountain barometer. Row- land’s and Tyrrel’s perspective instruments, the former was found of great value as ¥o 2 evil REPORT ON INSTRUMENTS. the greatest tyro in drawing could not fail to delineate the land correctly with it. The deep sea clamms, Dr. Marcet’s water-bottle, Massey’s patent log, and other instruments of minor importance, were, with the exception of Jones’s dipping-needle, two sextants, and two spyglasses, left at Victoria harbour, where they were buried on the north side of the bay; but I have no doubt but they would be discovered and destroyed by the natives. EF) ‘oOsidVvas TasLoOVudae GNVI AaWVS 3HL SS a2 SSONT Sil oN "NO1LOVUSABY ON TERRESTRIAL REFRACTION. Tuose who pass a year northward of the Arctic Circle, during the spring and autumn, are amazed at the extraordinary appearance of the objects around them, which are often changed in shape so totally different from what they really are, that it is quite impossible to take correct sketches, or make any thing like a true estimate of the distance of the land, which, in the course of a few minutes, is often so much changed as not to have any thing like the natural or true outline. Captain Scoresby gives some extraordinary instances of both land and ships seen at an immense distance, and on our first voyage it is recorded, that Cape Clarence was seen from the deck at the distance of one hundred and twenty miles, the ship being at that time two degrees of latitude south of the cape; and, indeed, it was only in the spring after our arrival at Felix harbour, that we discovered the land to the east-south-east of us, with many intervening islands. But the most remarkable circumstance which occurred during our observations was the uneven current of refraction raising an intermediate body (an iceberg or island) above the more distant land, which at the time of no refraction was considerably higher. This fact at once shows the fallacy of setting up a mark or board at a distance of a few miles to observe a star setting behind it ; and which could be no proof of the inaccuracy of the table of refractions in the Nautical Almanac, which, indeed, I found by all my observations to be wonderfully correct. I cannot omit to mention an extraordinary instance of unusual refraction, which took place on the 22d of September, 1832, when we were at North End Cape, lat. 73° 53’ north, long. 90° west. The weather was very clear, and, in an east-north-east bearing, no land could be seen. cx TERRESTRIAL REFRACTION. I was watching the rising of the sun, with my eyes fixed to the spot, when I saw the sun emerge; in an instant his lower limb was his full diameter above the horizon, without his figure being changed ; in this position he remained about half a minute, then fell, his lower limb being dipped about one-eighth of the diameter; he then assumed various amorphous forms, continued varying for five minutes, and at length assumed the proper form. The plate is given to show the land in three different states : First, as with no refraction, distant fourteen miles. The second is the same land, with an iceberg four miles distant raised above the land, The third, the same refracted in a different way on the same day, These outlines are taken by Ronald’s invaluable instruments which I had fixed on a point of land sixteen feet above the level of the sea, and by which the figure could be traced with the greatest precision, and with which I made above three hundred observations, tending to confirm what I have stated. These observations were taken during the first week in May, 1831, ANALYSIS OF FLUIDS, &c. I am indebted for the following article to my friend Mr. Thomas Rymer Jones, who, in conjunction with Mr. Hemmings, submitted the articles I gave them to a careful examination, and made the following report, which requires no comment, as the acquire- ments of these gentlemen are known to qualify them highly for such an investigation. 1.—SEA-WATER FROM PADLIAK OR SPENCE BAY. This water was taken from the sea by me on the 4th of June, 1830, and carefully preserved in a bottle with a ground glass stopper, and was never out of my possession, having been carried by me the whole length of our fatiguing journey to Fury beach ; in order to establish the specific gravity and component parts of the water in the sea of King William, or that to the westward of the isthmus of Boothia. The specific gravity of this water was 1.011] at a temperature of sixty-four degrees of Fahrenheit, and a wine pint contains 116,97 grains, of which matter—viz. : GRAINS. Magnesia. 5 Opel Chloride of sodium 92.5 Sulphate of lime . 7.67 Sulphuric acid . 4.39—besides that contained in the sulphate of lime. Muriatic acid . §.65—besides that contained in the muriate of soda. CX ANALYSIS OF FLUIDS, &c. The salts therefore contained in the water are most probably— GRAINS. Muriate of magnesia. : ; > thd Sulphate of magnesia : : A 8.26 Chloride of sodium (dry salt) 3 1 9125 Sulphate of lime ; ‘ : : 7.47 116.98 2.—BRINE FROM FURY BEACH. Having found this fluid in a beef-cask at Fury beach on our return to winter there, and still in a fluid state while the temperature was below zero, I made use of it as an artificial horizon; and as it was subsequently exposed to a temperature of forty degrees below zero (at which point the finest mercury freezes) without being frozen, I thought it worth while to preserve some for analysis, and the following is Mr. Jones’s report : The specific gravity of this brine was 1.171 at a temperature of sixty-four degrees of Fahrenheit. Two fluid drachms contained thirty-one grains and a quarter of solid matter, of which twenty-eight grains were pure chloride of sodium, the remainder contained traces of sulphates of magnesia and lime, and a small quantity of animal matter; a portion placed in a thin glass tube was submitted in succession to the action of some of the most powerful freezing mixtures without undergoing congelation. 3.—WATER FROM THE RIVER SAUMAREZ. This river, which is in the latitude of seventy degrees north, was found flowing and unfrozen by us early in May, 1830, and, according to the account of the natives, never freezes. As the cause of this phenomenon was unexplained, and might be attributed to the nature of the water, I took some carefully out of the river and found its temperature then at thirty-three degrees of Fahrenheit; since which it was, like that of the western sea, never out of my possession, but kept in a bottle with a ground glass stopper, and carried by me from the time the Victory was abandoned until our return, when it was handed to Mr. Jones, and the following is his report : ANALYSIS OF FLUIDS, &c. cxill Specific gravity of the water from this river is 1.004 at sixty-four degrees of Fahrenheit. This was found to contain a minute portion of the chloride of sodium, and traces of the sulphate of lime. From this it must appear that the nature or component parts of the water could not be the reason that it did not freeze, and it must therefore be attributed to springs in the bottom of the Great Lake, out of which it flows, and which we estimated to be about three hundred feet above the level of the sea. This chain of lakes was about fifteen miles long, and in some places, three miles wide. 4.—WINE FROM FURY BEACH. This wine had been lying four years in cask on the beach before we arrived, when we took it on board, and bottled it, after which it was four years in my possession, Sherry—specific gravity 0.991 at temperature 64 degrees of Fahrenheit. Port wine—ditto ditto 0.981 ditto ditto. 5.—RUM FROM FURY BEACH. This is under the same circumstances as the last. Specific gravity : : 0.910. These articles had undergone no change, except, probably, a diminution of strength sufficiently indicated by the specific gravity. The same may be also said of a bottle of brandy cherries which were brought home, without being opened, the fruit not having been in the least decomposed. In addition to this, I may mention a bottle of the cordial called « Parfaite Amour,” which, although exposed to the severest test, had lost neither colour nor flavour. 6.—LEMON JUICE. This had been exposed in casks for eight years in Fury beach, and we were of opinion that it had lost much of its antiscorbutic qualities, from its want of the expected effect on those who were afflicted with scurvy ; and our opinions seem “to have been well founded, according to the following report : The lemon juice has undergone a partial decomposition, but still contains a considerable *p eXiV ANALYSIS OF FLUIDS, &e. proportion of citric acid; the decomposition being principally in the vegetable matter, seems to imply that citric acid alone is not a check to that dreadful malady the scurvy. 7.—THE MUSTARD Had, as might be expected, lost the greater part of its pungency. STATE OF PROVISIONS. The provisions of which the following account is given, had been lying exposed to the climate for eight years, in the latitude of seventy-three degrees and forty-seven minutes north, and longitude of ninety-one degrees and forty-seven minutes west, and very little above high-water mark. The preserved meats, with few exceptions, were the manufacture of Messrs. Gamble and Co., and being enclosed in tin cases, could not be discovered by animals who depend on the sense of smelling: these were cylinders of various sizes, the ends of each becoming concave or convex, according to the degrees of contraction or expansion caused by the climate, secured them against bursting from its effects, and the contents were found to be in nearly the original state: these consisted of beef, roasted and boiled, veal, mutton, spiced meat of various kinds, turnips, parsnips, and carrots, all of which were found to be in excellent preservation. The soups, which were preserved in quantities, from a quart to a gallon, were excellent, and we left a considerable quantity behind, but no meat of any kind. The flour, which was preserved in iron-bound casks, and had been likewise exposed for eight years to the climate, was found to be in good condition ; for although in many cases the hoops had slackened, so as to admit the moisture into the cask, it penetrated but a short way, while the whole of the interior was perfectly sound. The bread, of which there were many casks, was in a good or bad state, according to the soundness of the cask which contained it, and we employed ourselves in separating the bad from the good, and put all into repaired casks. A part of this, and also of the flour, is sufficient, with the addition of the remaining soup, to sustain the life of twelve men for a year. Owing to the pickles being also in cask, they had suffered much, the vinegar having leaked out of most of them: fifty of these, and twenty-five of lemon juice, are also left, at a little distance south of the house, and covered with coals, as the most effectual way of preserving both. PHILOSOPHICAL OBSERVATIONS. ON C.O0L D: Havine already devoted much in Chapter XIII. of the Narrative on this subject, as it regards the human body, it only remains to publish my experiments on its effect on other substances, I shall begin with those on ice, which were repeated yearly : the thickness of the ice was measured regularly, both on a lake and in the sea, every month, and was found to increase until the end of May, when it had arrived at its maximum thickness, which in the sea was ten feet, and the lake eleven; the proportion being so much more on fresh than on salt water. Inthe months of February and March, when the temperature of the air was at fifty degrees below zero, the temperature of the ice gradually diminished between the surface and the water, which was, immediately below the ice, at the temperature of twenty- seven degrees: showing that to freeze sea-water below the ice (where no air was to be found) required a temperature five degrees lower than the freezing point of Fahrenheit. This was done by excavating a large shaft in the ice, and, as it deepened, a horizontal hole was bored large enough to admit the thermometer at every foot in depth, until we arrived at the water, in which a thermometer was immediately immersed, and the result obtained, the further detail of which need not be presented. ITS EFFECTS ON SNOW. The same experiments were made on snow, with proportional results; twelve feet depth of snow being equal in the resistance of cold to seven feet of ice. It was from these experiments that I determined on covering our miserable canvas habitation at Fury beach with ice, which was accomplished by watering the snow walls as they were con- structed, and also the roof; the former being made from seven to nine feet thick, and the latter from four to six. This we found effectual against cold until the mercury had ¥p 2 CXV1 PHILOSOPHICAL OBSERVATIONS. frozen ; after which, the frost penetrated more or less according to the force of the wind. The general effects of the cold on the snow as it fell, was to pulverize it, so that when a strong breeze came it rose and filled the air like dust, to a considerable height. On the other hand, the valleys, and every place into which the wind had forced the snow, became so hard as to bear being formed into blocks, like Ashlar work, of large dimensions, and rolled into the sledges without damage, and thus we were enabled to build the walls of our huts with considerable rapidity, our first care on halting being to find a place where the snow was hard. ITS EFFECTS ON MERCURY. The effect of cold on mercury depended materially on its purity, and I observed that the longer or the oftener it was used, it froze the sooner. It was at first imagined that the lead of the trough which is generally used in artificial horizons, amalgamated with the mercury, but I always used a wooden trough, and a glass bottle to keep it in; notwithstanding which the scum, which was always greatest in cold weather, was equally large, and every year the mercury which had been used, froze at a higher temperature, until it reached to thirty-one degrees, being eight degrees higher than the usual point; while mercury, which had not been exposed, retained its purity. We went through the usual experiments of freezing it in a pistol-bullet mould, and firmg the ball through an inch board ; as also the finest almond oil, which froze at fifteen degrees, and became very hard at thirty degrees, so as to penetrate, when formed into a bullet, through an inch plank at the distance of five yards. The effect of cold on various metals was found to be the same as has been often published; but perhaps the loss of magnetic power, in no less than twelve needles of compass cards, which were found on Fury beach, may be most properly attributed to cold, as they were found with the needle pointing north, south, east, and west, and all alike deprived of their magnetic property. The effects of cold on the icebergs was the most striking; as soon after the thermometer had sunk below zero, icebergs were heard renting and tumbling to pieces with tremendous noise ; and in the spring, these immense masses were seen, like as many mountains after the devastation of an earthquake. It has been supposed that the cold also had the effect of giving the green and blue colour to the ice; but, although these colours were deeper and more general after than before winter, still I do not think the fact to be sufficiently proved, that the cold is the only cause. SURGEON’S REPORT. ii | i ( © 4 i 1 ia 7] . ia; 5 Pen! elie a ‘ A 1 u ' re H Ni as y i an) , . - 4 ’ ’ ' : Ke - 6 l 4 Ae m i os 7 mn iy ‘ i 5 N f Aan (apew mt tor (tie! 1 Wer & & iwhvd, Meader & p ahh 4 orate ee Me SINSS 1-@qint qed gh ? i . Pa a | ‘ y, - | << wv ‘ fl ' ve » | ji), @ t . ' y i ia eh in iL revit tig ” ve? i 7 1 1 i G eh eo We 4 s ~ eg aa inked 11¥e } 7 AN PND EeS wth mega je Gently y oy - : ¥ i 7 a ® 7) oe Oe : i] ¢ ‘ f a) Ae ; adie! oe “ ' i i ; a : i ‘ os A ayer ' ’ b titi : iF yp Yi 3 34 . it a! ' , e - i mA : , PT , e i Ae | a oo i i"; i ~ ‘ a a ee cae c — ea : aed 4 Sen , ES fs ola Fe enincy « oti a & i 4 ‘ve rv Se r) te un 4 5 i ' ’ , a ‘> “9 wy ‘ pont ‘ ‘ : 4 i w eT pil A » b) iewhs » GINOAESSS Sal ier aryl met doniad bora FM ad " a q email) it? ter abril - aie = 7 . aig weet hey mw 1 , 7 : _ Virtue Oe whi ih ane * : - | 7 , - Par w- i= a : - Lr a J Vip! 7 i ’ é i aa) i . ; 7 = . ~ I - ’ 7 : , i 7 = Pe ‘ - = . es 2 ; ; : - 7 iD | i 7 = 7 as REPORT DR. GEORGE M‘DIARMID, SURGEON OF THE VICTORY, ON THE SICK OF THE CREW. Tue following interesting Report of the Sick on board the Victory, was intended for the Narrative; but Dr. M‘Diarmid, to whom I am now indebted for it, was unexpectedly appointed to a vessel which was ordered suddenly to India, and sailed before he could prepare it for publication; and he has only returned in time for its insertion in the Ap- pendix. The Report may appear short, as that of so great a length of time, but it is Dr. M‘Diarmid’s intention to give to the public a fuller account than the prescribed limits of this Appendix could admit of. It has always given me great pleasure to do justice to his uniform zeal and attention, both as regards his profession and other duties ; and it has also affcrded me much gratification that his conduct has been duly appre- ciated by the Lords of the Admiralty, who, having dispensed with the usual term of servitude in the Royal Navy, promoted him to the rank, successively, of Assistant- Surgeon and full Surgeon in his Majesty’s naval service soon after his return. JOHN ROSS. SURGEON’S REPORT. July 13, 1829.—Our armourer was on this day attacked with pulmonary inflamma- tion; he had, as we subsequently learned, previously suffered from the same malady, and had not been long discharged from one of the London hospitals, when he proftered his services in this expedition. It had been Sir John Ross’s intention, soon after the com- mencement of the voyage, to send him home in one of the whale ships, I having already reported my patient as unfit for further service, but no opportunity presented itself for his return. The poor fellow’s case terminated in confirmed consumption, and, although his death was probably in some degree accelerated by the severity of the climate, I think that most likely his disease would have terminated fatally had he remained in England ; and I question whether, had he been at home, he could have received more attention, or met with more kindness, even from his relatives, than he experienced at the hands of his shipmates. One wish of his only remained ungratified—he dreaded having his remains deposited in a foreign land, and often expressed vain regrets, that he could not return home to expire on his native soil, July 27, 1829.—On this day, John Wood, seaman, aged twenty-two, a healthy and robust young man, fractured both the bones of his left leg in jumping into the launch. The cure was completed within two months by ordinary means, nature effecting the union, and the doctor getting the credit of it. This man was, nine months after his recovery from this accident, severely afflicted with sea-scurvy, and likewise, subsequently in 1833; and as it has been observed, especially by the medical officers attached to Anson’s expedition in his Voyage round SURGEON’S REPORT. CXX1 the World, that fractures become disunited under the ravages of this malady, I think it proper to observe, that in this instance nothing of the kind occurred, although scorbutic symptoms made their appearance so soon after the fractured bones had become conso- lidated. The symptoms of his first attack, in 1830, were soon controlled; in 1833, however, the disease assumed a more malignant and violent character, and rapidly attained its worst and most deplorable form: the gums were absorbed almost to the edge of the sockets of the teeth, and had become black and putrid, livid patches appeared on the limbs, the legs became cedematous, and the powers of life were prostrated even to repeated faintings. This melancholy state was rendered still more distressing from the bad quality of the lime juice which we had obtained from the stores of the Fury, and which having become decomposed by time, was almost inefficient ; yet, in spite of the severity of the disease, and its protracted continuance during a period of four months, I never discovered any indications of disunion in the broken limb. It may, however, be observed, that Lord Anson’s men were destitute of all kinds of fresh provisions, and, therefore, not only could not cure, but were unable even to mitigate the progress of the horrible malady which raged among them. July 24, 1831.—Anthony Buck, aged twenty-four. As this man’s case, blindness after epilepsy, is referred to in the Report of the Committee of the House of Commons, it may be, perhaps, interesting to give a short outline of it, In May of this year, he had suffered from snow blindness, which had probably left a disposition to cerebral disease. On the day above mentioned, when on a fishing party seventeen miles from the ship, he had his first attack of epilepsy, from which he recovered with im- paired vision of the left eye. On the eleventh of October, he had a second attack still more violent, causing nearly total blindness of both eyes. The fits recurred at irregular intervals for two months, and eventually disappeared, leaving him, however, nearly blind. It cannot be of much interest to trace the various remedies used in this case; but it may be reasonably hoped that the sight may be eventually though gradually recovered ; since it is most probable that the blindness depends only on a loss of nervous energy in the retina, from the violence of the fits, a degree of impaired vision being a common consequence of such cases.* * Since writing the above, [ have been told that Buck has partially recovered his sight. Such cases are sometimes fairly referred to organic lesion, but are more usually functional diseases simply. 4a) CXxil SURGEON’S REPORT. The second fatal case under my care was one of dropsy (ascites). James Dickson had been on a fishing party two months before the manifestation of dropsical symptoms. He had fallen into the water, and had slept through the night in his wet clothes. His general health from this period was gradually disturbed, and I attnbute his malady to the suppressed perspiration consequent upon exposure to damp and cold. On the 20th of October, 1831, he complained of pain and tightness of the abdomen, which, on examination, was found to be swollen and tense. Aperients and diuretics were ordered, as also mercurials to promote the action of the absorbent system, due attention being paid to the function of the skin. I combated the accumulation of fluid with varying success, until the latter end of December, when the tension became extreme, and he was tapped. The operation, as usual, gave him only temporary relief; and, gradually sink- ing, he died on the 10th of January, 1832. It is worth while to notice, that at various times during the course of this complaint, symptoms of scurvy made their appearance. So again in Buck’s case (epilepsy) the same disease occasionally manifested itself; again in Henry Eyre’s case, (the cook), who was affected with rheumatism; and in short, in nearly all the cases, the same scorbutic symptoms were mixed up with the proper characteristics of each disease. Even con- sumption, absolute as it is in our climate, was modified by the same controlling diathesis. The experienced statistical investigator will, in the history of all atmospheric constitutions, observe the same phenomenon in all parts of the world. The cholera epidemic, which stalked like a malignant giant over a great part of the globe, spreading death and desolation in its course, asserted the same controlling influence over disease in general, as has been remarked by most writers on that disease. So again in districts where ague prevails, most diseases receive some additional intermittent character which in other regions do not properly belong to them. From the experience of former voyagers, and from a consideration of the common causes of scurvy in a northern region, we had sufficiently been taught, that no precau- tion, however strict, no policy, however comprehensive, could ensure a crew from the occasional ravages of this debilitating malady. The absurdity of attributing it to the single cause of salt provisions, would have been inferior to the pathological views even of the earliest investigators of disease; for the ancients tell us, that not any one cause produces disease, but that isassumed in common parlance as the cause which seems chiefly to have contributed to the effect. Every depressing agent contributes to establish SURGEON’S REPORT. eXxxill the scorbutic condition. No wonder, then, that at one period a vexatious confinement with no probable limits, and the most harassing disappointments, hope almost chased away by despair, provisions at times scanty, and a deficiency of all comfortable clothing, should have rendered the constitutions of a great part of our little crew obnoxious to this northern enemy. There were times when the spirits of the crew, like our thermo- meters, were below zero; and such a condition, conjointly with the causes above men- tioned, not only introduced some severe cases, but likewise in a degree baffled our efforts at acure. The means of prevention were rigidly enforced, and the importance of exer- cise, by walking, and occasionally dancing, was never lost sight of. Humidity was carefully watched as a known enemy ; and to the various ingenious contrivances of former expeditions, an original and successful invention for condensing vapour was superadded. Regular nutritious diet, and plenty of it, should be the rule in serving out the provisions for a northern expedition: we may be disposed to express disgust at witnessing an Esquimaux meal, and indeed nothing can well be more revoltimg to an European of even ordinary refinement; but let us recollect that the common dietetic rule in the days of Augustan polity was “semper quamplurimum assumere dummodo hune con- coquat,’’ and we must leave the savage on a par with the Roman courtier, since they have equally the same limit to the work of refection—the utter impossibility of eating more. Let it be distinctly understood, that I am not advocating gluttony, but merely recording what I believe to be a fact, that very liberal feeding is indispensable to a due generation and preservation of heat in such a climate, and therefore indispensable to the prevention of scurvy. Seventeen of our crew, in all, were more or less sufferers from this complaint: one only fell a victim to it. So long as we had a store of good lime-juice, good clothing, generous diet, and a favourable condition of cheerfulness, it was not difficult to arrest or control the slighter cases which appeared ; but when, in the winter of 1832, and spring of 1833, after deserting the ship, the men had to contend with depression of mind, and a scanty diet (a diet which would have suited a Pythagorean better than a sailor, for we had scarcely any animal food, while our clothing had become almost unserviceable), the development of severe scurvy at once served to heighten our misery, and to show how poor a defence a vegetable regimen (chiefly farinaceous) is, when the causes above named are conjointly exerting their depressing influence. *Q 2 CXX1V SURGEON’S REPORT. Here again I may note, that those who were slightly affected at the time they left the ship, were so far benefited by the daily exercise of walking from Victoria harbour to Fury beach, a distance of between two and three hundred miles, that on their arrival at the latter place every man had undergone a spontaneous cure. But it was during our stay at the Fury’s stores that the worst form of the disease appeared. Mr. Chimham Thomas was one of those who had been scorbutie on leaving the ship, and also at various times for two years before. Like several others, he had experienced a spontaneous cure during the journey to the stores, and from July, 1832, to November of the same year, had remained free from the disease ; but, under the causes above referred to, his symptoms claimed my notice. On the 12th of November, he was so seriously ill, that with a paucity of all means of controlling the disease, I from the first had apprehensions of the result. There was, indeed, lime-juice found among the Fury’s provisions, but seven years had sufficed to render it inert. Neither had I much to expect from exercise; for although it were easy from the commencement to place a sentinel over such a patient on board a man-of-war, admonition was all that in our situation could be had recourse to. We had indeed plenty of good flour, carrots, parsnips, vegetable soup, peas, &c.; but it was impos- sible to get the men to persist in such food, neither, under the complication of such depressing causes, can it be relied on with any certainty as an antidote. After strug- gling with the usual appalling symptoms for three months, debilitated by recurrent hemorrhage from the nose, and his life prolonged by friction, and such excitants as our limited means allowed, a miserable death closed an existence still more miserable. Another case, previously recited (John Wood), promised to be equally severe; but, as it did not occur until March of 1833, he had all the benefit of the warm season, and of a change of diet, which our shooting parties afforded us in the summer months, so that by July he was out of danger. The other fifteen cases were of various extent, and all did well: and I may here notice, that in all, a disposition to constipation rather than to diarrhcea characterized the disease. It might be supposed that, as scurvy is as familiar to the natives as the snow by which they are surrounded, some new remedy, either external or internal, might have been learned from them. With the direct causes of the complaint they were as conversant as the most learned of us: they say it follows a want of provisions, SURGEON’S REPORT. CXXV and they know well that good living and active exercise are indispensable to the cure. Their sole internal medicine is train oil. This is, in fact, their panacea; and, if it fail, the conjurer is their only refuge. All northern expeditions have furnished cases of frostbite, or, as we call the milder affections in our own temperate region, chilblains, for they differ only in degree. With due care, these accidents ought not to occur, but to be at all times on our guard is almost impossible. Security is mortals’ chiefest enemy, and a long immunity from suffering renders us negligent of danger. In all, we had about a dozen cases. That of George Taylor, one of the mates, demands distinct observation. This poor fellow had gone out with a travelling party, and was at the time about forty miles from the ship. In the morning, he had put on a wet stocking; when on his journey, he felt his foot cold and benumbed, but imprudently persisted in walking without noticing it. In the evening, when ordered by Captain James Ross to put on the usual night-stockings, he discovered that the whole of his foot was frostbitten up to above the ankle. I did not see the case till his return, three days afterwards; Captain James Ross had judi- ciously ordered the limb to be rubbed with snow, and to be immersed in ice-cold water. On examination I found the foot much swollen, painful, and in a state of incipient gan- grene: anodyne poultices were applied, but it soon became necessary to amputate, a measure which the man urged me to delay till Sir John Ross’s return, and which I at length performed with a favourable result. The other cases were of minor importance, and all did well. If the preservation of a uniform temperature by external means be of the highest importance, it must be admitted that the due and vigorous generation of caloric by a proper selection of food is not less so. The natural food of this climate seems well adapted to the purpose. Every one knows that solar caloric, caloric by combustion, and that generated by animal life, are the three chief sources by which our temperature is sustained. Now, it seems but reasonable that in a region where our supply from the two first is so exceedingly limited, the more active evolution from the last source should compensate for the deficiency. It is not so difficult, though certainly far from easy, to explain the laws of heat when exerted on inanimate matter, so as to produce the known vacillations of atmospheric temperature. But to explain these laws as influencing, and influenced by, the laws of vitality—in other words, to show how the affinities of matter CXXV1 SURGEON’S REPORT. are antagonized by the power of vitality (or that we may not lead our readers to sup- pose there is any want of harmony in the code of laws by which Divine Providence at once governs the animate and inanimate, we will not say antagonized, but nicely balanced), this indeed has long puzzled, and will still puzzle, philosophers the most acute. There are, however, some facts upon which we can reason with interest and advantage to future navigators; and we have a theory fairly grounded on those facts, which has now withstood the test of nearly half a century, and which has been indeed modified by the careful process of induction from experiments,* but which has never been altogether refuted. To this I deem it my indispensable duty to direct the atten- tion of any of my medical brethren, who may hereafter chance to visit these regions ; for what is notoriously said of air in all parts of the world, may here also be said of heat, “ we must have it or we die.” To the physiologist, and the general philosopher, my remarks, perhaps, appear commonplace, and certainly not original, but let him bear in mind that they are re- corded only as a means of directing my successors to the importance of this subject, and to the necessity of adapting the victds ratio accordingly. To proceed then, there are three modes by which heat is probably generated within the body—by the chemical decomposition which takes place in respiration, by the influence of the brain and nervous system, in some degree perhaps analogous to its development by galvanic influence, and by the process of digestion and nutrition. If it be acknowledged that combustion goes on more rapidly in cold weather, and that this is wisely pre-ordained, the same remark applies to respiration, in which the imaginative poet and the cold philosopher alike recognise the resemblance. The heat generated will partly depend on the rapidity of the union of the impurities of the blood and the consequent liberation of caloric. But it will partly depend on the quantity of carbon and hydrogen contained, and taken in with the food. On this ground alone, I expect the patience of my readers; for it will follow, if this be admitted, that such provisions should be selected for these expeditions as may have been found to contain these elements in the largest possible * Vide Crawford’s Experiments, Spalding on the Diving Bell, and the more recent experiments of Brodie, Phillip, and Le Gallois. SURGEON’S REPORT. CXxvil excess, loosely combined, and in the most favourable state for elimination. We all know that articles of an opposite chemical constitution lower the temperature, such as nitre, acids, mineral and vegetable, and hence the failure of lime juice as an anti- scorbutic, unless aided by nutritious food. On reference to the food destined by nature for the support of the Esquimaux, we find it almost exclusively hydro-carbo- naceous, oil, blubber, fish, and flesh, the two latter of which cannot be too fat for them. Here we see a strong analogy between their process of nutrition and that of combustion; nearly the same materials, the same play of affinities, the same results, the same change of latent into sensible caloric. That persons of a weakly digestion have no great conservative power with regard to temperature, is a matter beyond doubt ; and the converse seems equally manifest. It is here we have to regard the felicity of an Esquimaux-constitution, for whatsoever improvement our appetites underwent among them, their inherent digestive powers exceeded ours out of all reasonable proportion. If I am rightly understood, my readers must see that I contend that the gross diet of northern tribes is not a matter of chance, but in harmony with the slow but constant changes which are continually going on around them; and intended to enable them to resist cold, and to vigorously generate heat. Thus, as we witnessed, the mother was enabled safely to expose her naked infant, but a few days born, to an atmosphere of seventy-five degrees below our freezing point for several minutes ; the heat being rapidly generated by the one, and as tenaciously retained by the other, for the child during this time was feeding at the breast. The influence of the nervous system in evolving heat is now generally admitted ; its elimination in the process of digestion and nutrition, although not less certain, is still more difficult of explanation. On a review of the journal of all the cases which came under my care, I can scarcely find room, in the limited space allowed me here, to do more than merely state that pneumonia, colds, simple fevers, and some cases of gastric disease, constituted the chief part of them. Duly considering the various difficulties and privations suffered by the crew, our mortality of three individuals will not be deemed either numerous or extraordinary. CAPT ATTN’ BA GK: Berore this sheet was put to the press, this intrepid and persevering officer arrived in London. It will be recollected, that in the spring of 1833, he volunteered his services in the most praiseworthy and disinterested manner to search for me and my companions, who had then been absent nearly four years. Immediately after our providential return, despatches were sent to him, which he received in May, 1834; and at the same time, directions to continue his survey of Great Slave river, the very existence of which was doubtful, principally with the view of uniting the coast between Cape Turnagain and Commander Ross’s furthest beacon. The result of this enterprise has proved that the line of coast to the southward of the Isthmus of Boothia had not been completely examined, and that the information received by Commander Ross from the Esquimaux, making into a bay the land between the isthmus and Matty island, was incorrect; and thus opening a new field for conjecture ; but, although it is very probable that the land to the westward of that inlet is an island, I am not of opinion that the western sea joins with Prince Regent’s inlet. No one will deny that Captain Back, whose zeal, intelligence, and perseverance, has done so much, will be the fittest person to finish the work he has begun; and I have learnt with peculiar pleasure, that his Majesty, our august sovereign, having dispensed with the term of servitude established by the regulations of the navy to qualify him for the next step, has promoted him to the rank of Captain, as a reward (the most honourable) for his eminent services, and which will render it unnecessary for him to serve on board a ship, before he takes the command of another land expedi- tion, which I hope he will soon undertake by order of government. I cannot conclude without offering my grateful thanks, to the corporations of London, Hull, the Trinity of Hull, Liverpool, Bristol, and Wicklow, who have each conferred their freedom upon me, as also to the sovereigns of Russia, Prussia, Sweden, Den- mark, France, Belgium, and above four thousand individuals, who have presented me with splendid and flattering testimonials of the sense they have entertained of my humble endeavours in the cause of science, but more especially for the kind interest which has been so universally felt for me and my companions. BIOGRAPHY or TBE ViiLCT.O.R.¥'8« CR EW: * ' 4 : q j : \ ' € ete ‘ ; * - “a : he , ; v . / ; , i cake ; a ey i a ae in Pe | i os a 4 : : ayn Ce es) | a i y dh hi bla ME Wi bts 4 ; , j 7 ’ , Pia : Fi ; é ’ F 7 f : ie % er ; id 1 hy lip Fra yay y at r ; f 1 7 : | ks | : 4 4 : . ' Tree, : uw 1 ‘ : ; ‘ | | w MED TN Love ot Pe 1 P iM S eo ne 0 3 ee ee Aras ee 8 ; eirie' ore * a alt af 1) tery a ¥ v wi. : o% " 7 ‘I ays a A 5 5 on i ‘ ‘ By 4A ‘da d q : we 7 J ayy 7 . : 7 ; 1 ‘ P a ’ } MP) yo . , ¢ 1 N t - J ’ . ' a : ~ ~ oe nes . ~ ; De | os J te! i : ‘ rl i : ; : ‘ ee in| ‘ ' a : : , 7 i 4 Wy ino) Peay - ; \ 4 : : . ; 2 « 7 ' i BIOGRAPHY OF THE VICTORY’S CREW. Tuts short Biographical Sketch of the Men, composing the Crew of the Victory, may not be found uninteresting to my Readers. MR. THOMAS BLANKY, First Mare. Me. Branxy was born at Whitby, in the year 1800; is five feet seven inches high, stout made, has a fair complexion, with light hair: went to sea at eleven years of age, and served an apprenticeship of six years in a collier, between Shields and London, on board two vessels, called the Liberty and the Property, after which he was one year in the coasting trade, and two years in the Greenland fishery, on board the Volunteer, of Whitby, where he filled the situation of line manager. He was twelve months in the Swan, revenue cutter, from which he went second mate of the Latona, for one voyage in the timber trade: after making a voyage as second mate of the Lord Wel- lington to Dantzic, he went two voyages first mate of a collier. In the year 1824 he volunteered to serve on board his Majesty’s discovery ship, the Griper, Captain Lyon, and was on board her on that disastrous voyage to Cumberland strait. On her return he entered on board the Navigator, as second mate, and made a voyage to Alexandria ; and then as first mate of the Sprightly, to Riga, and two voyages in the coal trade. In 1827 Sir E. Parry’s attempt to reach the North Pole was undertaken, and he volun- teered on board the Hecla as a leading man; but this attempt being also unsuccessful, he returned to the merchant service, making a voyage to Quebec, and another to St. *r 2 CXXxXil BIOGRAPHY OF THE VICTORY’S CREW. Petersburg, as first mate of the Almira; after which he joined an uncle as mate, who was master and owner of a schooner, but was wrecked soon after on Flamborough Head. When he joined the Victory as first mate, he had been eighteen years at sea, and had become an excellent seaman, of which he gave several remarkable proofs. I may mention that on the morning of the 12th of August, when his presence of mind and decision saved the ship from being thrown into the breakers of a heavy pack of ice. His education having been neglected in his youth, he attended very diligently to instructions given him on the voyage, and became an excellent navigator. Having been before a shipmate of Com- mander Ross, he naturally attached himself to him, and from whom he received much instruction. Although he was the spokesman on most of the occasions of discontent, particularly on the march from Victoria harbour to Fury beach, I do not blame him so much as those at whose instigation he committed the act of msubordination, and I had no hesitation in giving him my strongest recommendation to A. Chapman, Esq., M.P., who appointed him mate of one of his ships, which led to his obtaining the command of 2 merchant ship, and which all along seemed to be the sole object of his ambition. MR. THOMAS ABERNETHY, Seconp Mate. Mr. AserNetnHy was born at Peterhead, in Scotland, in the year 1802, and was nearly six feet high, straight, and well made; had a florid complexion, dark eyes and hair, an aquiline nose, and was decidedly the best-looking man in the ship. He went to sea at the early age of ten, and served an apprenticeship of four years in the Friends, of Peterhead, in which he went one voyage to the West Indies, and two to Greenland ; afterwards he went three voyages to Davis’s straits, in the Hannibal; and after which he entered and continued in the coasting, Oporto, and American trade. In 1824 he joined the Fury, Captain Hoppner, and was wrecked in Prince Regent’s inlet, sharing the hardships of that unfortunate voyage. After making a voyage in a merchant ship, he volunteered his services in the Polar Expedition of 1827, and was one of the most meritorious of Captain Sir Edward Parry’s crew: for this, after serving the necessary time on board a ship of the line, he was promoted to the Blossom sloop of war, as gunner, and married the daughter of Mr. Fiddis, the carpenter who was with me and Sir E. Parry on all the previous voyages to the Arctic Regions. When he volunteered with me in the Victory, he had been seventeen years at sea, and was in my opinion the most steady and BIOGRAPHY OF THE VICTORY’S CREW. CXXxiil active, as well as the most powerful man in the ship: he was one of those who volunteered to proceed to the westward, on the first journey with Commander Ross. I had no hesita- tion in recommending him strongly to the Admiralty, and he was accordingly promoted to his Majesty’s ship Seringapatam, as a reward for his meritorious services. MR. GEORGE TAYLOR, Turrp Mare. Mr. Taytor was born at Lancaster in the year 1800; is five feet four inches and a half high ; has blue eyes, brown hair, and a good complexion. He served his appren- ticeship of five years to the trade of a ship carpenter, at Ulverston, in Lancashire, in the building-yard of James Hart, Esq. A short period after his time was served, he entered as carpenter of a merchant vessel, and served three years as second mate and carpenter of the Six Sisters, of Liverpool, employed in the timber trade, and subsequently in another ship belonging to Hull, before he joined the Victory steam-vessel, where I found him doing duty as master when I purchased her at Liverpool. He volunteered in the first instance to carry the vessel to London, where he was employed while the vessel was fitting out, and behaved himself so well that I made him third mate. In 1830, while on a journey with Commander Ross, he got his right foot frostbitten ; and being in the first instance neglected, ended in the amputation of his foot, two inches above the toes, since which he was unable to do any active duty, but was nevertheless very useful. He could walk very little during the remaining three years, and he had often to be carried on the sledge on our march from Victoria harbour to Fury beach. In 1832, on leaving Batty, on the Ist of October, we attempted to carry him on the substitute for a sledge, which we made from the staves of casks; but being quite unable, we were obliged to leave him twice, and I myself returned with the empty sledge to bring him, for which he was always grateful. He was one of the most trusty I had of the crew, and was the person who detected William Light, the steward, purloining my allowance of provisions. When he returned home I provided for him a situation in the Dock-yard, but he preferred going to Liverpool, where his wife and family were, and had been supported by Sir Felix Booth in his absence. MR. CHIMHAM THOMAS, Carrenrer. Mr. Tuomas was born at Devonport in 1792; was five feet three inches high, blue eyes, and sallow complexion, His father was a caulker in his Majesty's Dock-yard at CXXXiV BIOGRAPHY OF THE VICTORY’S CREW. Plymouth, and he served his apprenticeship of seven years to a shipwright with Mr. ‘Tucker, the master builder. He was employed in His Majesty’s Dock-yard until the year 1814, when he volunteered to serve on the Lakes in America, assisted in the build- ing of the St. Lawrence of one hundred guns, and Psyche frigate, and several small vessels—shared in several actions, and returned to England in 1824, after ten years’ arduous service. On his homeward passage he suffered shipwreck in the Mary, of Liver- pool, on the coast of Ayrshire, losing all his hard-earned property. Having entered on board his Majesty’s ship Boadicea, Commodore Sir James Brisbane, as carpenter’s mate, he sailed to the East Indies, where he served two years, during which time he was chiefly at Rangoon, Arrawadda, &c., on board the flotilla opposed to the Burmese ; was in several storming parties, and was the next man to Captain Dawson when he was killed attacking a large stockade. In 1826 he was appointed carpenter of the Slaney, by Admiral Gage, and trom thence to the Eurydice, in which ship he returned to England. He volunteered on board the Victory in 1829, only the day before she left Woolwich, and was promptly granted leave of absence by the Lords of the Admiralty, to enable him to join. Mr. Thomas was a most excellent workman, and could produce very high testimonials of his character and conduct: but his constitution was worn out by his servitude in the East Indies and America, and could not withstand the severe trials which it was now exposed to, and he sunk under the combined effects of cold and fatigue at the age of thirty-nine years, leaving a widow (to whom he had been only a year married), and a daughter, to deplore his loss. ALEXANDER BRUNTON, Cuter ENGINEER. ALEXANDER Brunton was born at Temple, in Midlothian, is five feet four inches high, blue eyes and brown hair, sallow complexion, having much the appearance of a half-worn tradesman. He served his apprenticeship to Mr. Stevenson, the Engineer, at Edin- burgh, with whom he continued some time afterwards as a workman ; he set up in business for himself at Leith, as a scale-beam and edge-tool maker, but failed, and entered into several steam-vessels as engineer. Having served five years, he came to London; and after working at printing-machine making, for some time, he got into Messrs. Maudslay’s manufactory, where he was five years; from thence he went to Messrs. Braithwaite’s, and joined the Victory in 1829; having been one of those employed in constructing the engine, I considered him a great acquisition, especially as he had a strong recommendation BIOGRAPHY OF THE VICTORY’S CREW. CXXXV from his masters; he had hard work certainly until the 21st of August, as he had almost daily to repair one part or another of the engine; but it was then given up, and his place was a complete sinecure for some time: he is an excellent but a very slow workman. At Fury beach, he was employed making tin utensils for the officers and men, and it was calculated that each tin-pot he made (taking his high wages into consideration) cost about 1/.! He had no less than 617/. 15s. to receive when he returned, yet he was not contented, and was one of those who sent a petition to the Admiralty to recover the value of clothes which had been furnished to him to keep him from perishing with cold. When we aban- doned the ship, he was one of the most useless. Since his arrival, he has married a widow and set up a ‘¢ Gin Palace,” called the “ Crown and Cushion,” in the Borough + ALLAN MACINNES, Seconp ENGINEER. ALEXANDER Maciynes was born in the year 1808, at the isle of Mull, in Argyllshire; he is five feet seven inches high, stout made, of a swarthy complexion, and marked with the smallpox. He was the son of a farmer, but served his apprenticeship, first to a baker, then to an engineer at Gloucester. He had been five years in steam-vessels before he volunteered to the Victory. His situation would also have been a sinecure, after the steam-engine was given up, but he was wanted in his calling as a baker, and was found very useful while at Fury beach, where he made excellent bread. On our return home, he went to see his friends in the North, he returned in spring last, and applied to me for a recommendation to Messrs. Maudslay and Field, which I readily gave him; but in a few days after he signed the same petition with Brunton to recover the value of clothes, &e., which had been in like manner furnished to him, although he had received 169/. 18s. 8d. of wages, not more than half of which he was entitled to by law. which was an act of ingratitude I did not expect, and of which he has since repented. JAMES MARSLIN, Armovurer, James Marstix was born in 1793, at Bristol; he was five feet seven inches high, sallow complexion, and slight made; recommended to me by Mr. Blanky, the mate, who had formerly been his shipmate. Until after the ship had sailed, he managed to keep from us that he was labouring under any complaint ; but we had no sooner left the land, than it was discovered that he was in a consumption, and he confessed that he had been discharged from an hospital for that complaint only a few months before ; CXXXvi BIOGRAPHY OF THE VICTORY’S CREW. he did scarcely any duty, and I had determined on sending him home by the first whaler I could meet with, but unfortunately for him as well as ourselves, we never met with any; and he continued gradually to sink under his complaint, until the 20th of January, when he died, at Felix harbour, and was buried on M‘Diarmid’s island. His wages (being claimed by two different parties) were paid into the hands of the Accountant-general of his Majesty’s Navy. He seemed to be an inoffensive man, and departed this life quite prepared for the great change. ROBERT SHREEVE, Carrenter’s Mare. Rosert SureEVE was born in 1806, at Teddington, in Norfolk, is five feet eight inches and a half high, blue eyes, and complexion sallow ; is the son of a farmer, and was never before at sea. After being at school in Bury St. Edmond’s, he served seven years’ appren- ticeship to a jomer and house carpenter ; he afterwards came to London, and was employed at various places for several years before he came to Mr. Braithwaite’s, at New Road; and from whence he volunteered to serve in the Victory. He was a useful person, but had very indifferent health, and was not well calculated for such a service. Having had quite enough of the sea, he declined entering in his Majesty’s service, and having received 1662. 9s. of wages, he set up for himself as carpenter and undertaker. JOSEPH CURTIS, Harrooner. Josreru Curtis was born in the year 1805, at Rotherhithe, is five feet four inches and seven-eighths high, blue eyes, dark complexion, and brown hair; his father was a tailor, and he went to sea at the early age of ten years, having served his time in the coal trade on board the Flora and Nancy of London. He entered the Davis straits’ fishery in the Eliza whaler, and was also a voyage to Greenland in the Everett ; but the most remarkable event of his life, is, his having been on board the Dundee whaler of London, when she was frozen up in Davis’s strait, and passed the whole of the winter in the ice, during which, the ship’s company had three times abandoned the ship, expecting that she would be crushed to pieces by the ice; their sufferings also from hunger and cold were great, but they returned in safety after the insurance had been paid to the owner. Since that event, he had been both in the coasting and timber trade, and came from a steam-vessel to the Victory. He was not a powerful man, and therefore not well calculated for such a service BIOGRAPHY OF THE VICTORY’S CREW. CXXXVIi as ours, but he was an excellent seaman, and his conduct being uniformly good, I gave him ) a strong recommendation, and he was sent, by Admiralty order, to the Excellent, to prepare for being made a gunner in the royal navy. JOHN PARK, Seaman. Joun Park was born in 1803, at Bridport, in Dorsetshire, is five feet seven inches high, of a sallow complexion, with light blue eyes. His father, who belonged to the Dock-yard at Portsmouth, had him bound seven years apprentice to a hair-dresser, a trade he did not like, and when his time was out he went to sea in 1821, on board his Majesty’s ship Euryalus, in which he served three years, when he was paid off, and immediately joined the Glasgow ; on board of which he also served three years in the Mediterranean. Being asked by me, ‘* What was the most remarkable event in his life ?’’ he answered, that he ‘“ had 5 shaved the Duke of Devonshire in a gale on board the Glasgow.” I then asked, ‘* Were you not on board her at the battle of Navarino ?” he replied, ‘* Oh, yes, but that was nothing.” His father having lost his life in the American lakes, where he had volunteered to serve, his mother married Mr. More, gunner of the Tenodos, who was formerly in the Hecla, and who recommended him to me. He was a very active, willing young man, and useful in his calling as a barber, but too delicate in constitution for this service. Being a good sea- man, and having always conducted himself well, I gave him a strong recommendation, and he was, with Curtis, sent by Admiralty order to the Excellent, to prepare for a gun- ner’s warrant in the royal navy. RICHARD WALL, Harrooner. Ricuarp Watt was born at North Shields, in the year 1803; is five feet five inches and a half high, has small features, blue eyes, and a sallow complexion, with dark hair. He served his apprenticeship of seven years to the sea in the Mary and Joseph, in the Madeira. Gibraltar, and coal trade, and after his time was served he went a voyage to Archangel; he was afterwards both in the East India and West India merchant service. His father was a sailor, and having been twenty-three years in the navy, retired as a pensioner. He is an excellent seaman, though not powerful; was one of the best men we had; and in consequence of his good conduct he obtained a good situation in his Majesty’s Dock-yard at Deptford. CXXXxViil BIOGRAPHY OF THE VICTORY’S CREW. ANTHONY BUCK, Seaman. Antuony Buck was born in 1807, at Whitby; is five feet seven inches and three- eighths high, slenderly made, strong features, with dark eyes, complexion, and hair. He had been at sea eleven years before he joined the Victory in 1829: he was seven voyages in the whale fishery, but latterly in the Manchester to the Mediterranean. This man, when he entered, appeared to be in perfect health ; but in 1531, while at the river Lind- say, he was seized with epilepsy, and it turned out that he had been at the hospital of Malta for the same complaint. His entering with us was therefore an act of folly to him- self and cruelty to us, which was as unaccountable as inexcusable; he was of course a burden to us ever since he was seized with the first fit, and was very near being numbered among the dead. His father was a sailor in the merchant service, but we did not know of any other relations. He became latterly nearly blind, and he was one of those we had to carry on a sledge after leaving Fury beach. Besides his wages, he received a share of a small subscription; but under the circumstances the Admiralty did not entertain his petition for additional remuneration, and he returned to his parish. JOHN WOOD, Seaman. Joun Woop was born in 1809, at East Wemyss, in Fifeshire: he is five feet seven inches high, stout made, his complexion and hair fair, with blue eyes, and flat broad face. He served four years to the sea in the American trade, sailing from Kirkaldy ; he was afterwards several voyages in the West India and Quebec trade, and joined the Victory in 1829. In July the same year he broke his leg, by jumping from the ship to the launch to secure her while towing, and we were therefore deprived of his services during the remainder of the outward voyage; and he was never a useful man. He was attacked with scurvy every winter, and was nearly perishing from the effects of that malignant disease at Fury beach, from whence we had to carry him on a sledge to Batty bay. His constitution was not calculated for such an expedition, or indeed for the sea service; and he retired, after receiving his wages, for which he had done so little, to his friends in the North. BIOGRAPHY OF THE VICTORY’S CREW. CXXXIX DAVID WOOD, Seamay. Daviv Woop was born in 1805, in Midlothian; is only five feet two inches and a half high, has a fair and freckled complexion, with light blue eyes. His father was a sailor, who had served long in the navy, and lost his life in his Majesty’s service. He served four years apprenticeship out of Kirkaldy, in the Davis straits’ trade, on board the Dryad whaler, and went afterwards in the Baltic trade, having been twelve years at sea before he joined the John, where he was in the situation of Schemer, the person who has charge of the hold. He did not join the mutineers of that ship, but volunteered for the Victory after it took place, in a very handsome manner, His constitution was delicate, but he was nevertheless a very useful person. He was one of the two who were on the topgallant-yard when the foremast-head gave way, but got down just in time; the other was John Park, who was also saved. David Wood returned to recruit his health in his native climate, and has not since been heard of. GEORGE BAXTER, Orpinary SEAMAN. Georcr Baxter was born in 1806, at Kinghorn, in Scotland, where his father kept a public garden; he is five feet six inches and a half high, fair complexion, blue eyes, and light hair. He had never been at sea, and entered on board the John as what is called a green hand: he did not join the mutineers of the John, and entered after the mutiny, for which I gave him the rating of an ordinary seaman. His constitution was rather delicate, but latterly he held out well; and on our arrival, after receiving his pay, he returned to his friends, since which he has not made to me any application for em- ployment, which I should consider him entitled to, in consequence of his good conduct. JAMES DIXON, Orpinary SEAMAN. James Dixon was born in 1807, at Tamery, parish of Clanduff, in the county Down ; he was five feet eight inches high, and the stoutest man in the ship; he had a florid complexion, with blue eyes and rather dark hair. His father was a sixty-acre farmer, and brought his son up to labour. When about eighteen he went to England as a pack~ man, and the whole substance of the family was laid out in Irish linen, which he was to ¥s 2 exl BIOGRAPHY OF THE VICTORY’S CREW. sell; but he did not succeed, and returned after having lost or spent all, and was at last reduced to sweeping the chimneys of steam-vessels. He entered on board the John as a green hand, and did not join the mutineers, but entered in the Victory after the mutiny. He was one of those whose heart failed him, and after having a severe cold, he fell into a state of despondency, from which he never recovered; having given himself up in despair he wished to die—and from the circumstances under which we were then reduced it was perhaps better that he did not remain long enough to inculcate that feeling among the rest of the crew—he died on the 14th of January, 1832: his wages have been paid into the hands of the Accountant-general, but have not yet been claimed. BARNARD LAUGHY, Ornpinary Seaman. Barnarp Laveny was born at Belfast in the year 1810; he is five feet five inches and a half high, of a sallow complexion, and a little marked with the smallpox; he has blue eyes, brown hair, and has a strong Irish accent. His father was an Irish labourer, who came to Scotland and settled on the estate of Colonel M‘Douall, of Logan. He had never been at sea, except in fishing-vessels, but was recommended by Mr. Gibson, factor to Colonel M‘Douall as a hard-working lad, whe would do to feed the fire of the steam-boiler: his constitution was, however, not calculated for such a voyage, and he was one of those who generally gave out soonest. His conduct was, nevertheless, good ; and I procured him a situation in the Coast-guard, which was very acceptable to him, as he managed to lose the whole of his money before he got the length of his father’s house. HENRY EYRE, Suip’s Cook. Tuts man, who was fifty years of age, was an old sailor; having been formerly cook of the Griper, with Captain Hoppner, he made some money, and set up a public-house, which he called “* The North Pole.” His story was that he was robbed of the money he had laid by to pay his bills, and therefore failed: but he was so addicted to drinking that he could not keep sober, and the receipt of his wages was fatal to him, as he died from intoxication a few days after. He was carried to the grave by his ship- mates, who subscribed for a monument to his memory. BIOGRAPHY OF THE VICTORY’S CREW. exli WILLIAM LIGHT, Srewarp. Tuts. man was born in 1800, at Medbury, in Devon; he was five feet seven inches high, and by his account had been fourteen years at sea. Having been in two of the former voyages to the Arctic seas, it was considered that he would be an acquisition, and he was entered as steward, in which capacity he had served before; but he turned out to be the very worst subject we had. He was always shamming, or complaining of some pain or other which incapacitated him for any thing but washing; and was therefore excused harder duties, and allowed to wash linen and mend stockings. He was often in the sick list, especially in spring, and was decidedly the most useless person in the ship, as well as the most discontented. This man has been circulating the most scandalous falsehoods, as to my treatment of the crew; and has been furnishing materials for a narrative of the expedition, with which the public have been attempted to be deluded, in the form of numbers, published weekly, and as he possessed no journal or record of the voyage, the greatest part of his pretended narrative is fabulous, and I suspect that the publisher is a considerable loser by the shilling trash. He attended, for some time, at the Panorama in Leicester Square, and amused his hearers with wonderful adventures, in which he always figured as the chief actor, although he was, of all the men on the expedition, the least fond of fatigue or hard work ; and instead of his lie in carrying me thirty miles, it was he himself that was carried. In consequence of his unfounded calumnies against me he was dismissed by the proprietor: but as, were I to give his previous history, and a true and full account of his conduct during the voyage, I might be supposed to harbour vindictive feelings towards him, I desist in doing so. It was indeed with great pain I was compelled, conscientiously, to except him from my recommendation of the crew to Government for future employment; but I hope that the good qualities of which he so loudly boasts, will be better appreciated by those with whom he may be hereafter connected. The interest which this expedition created, will be best expressed by my stating that I could have manned my ship with officers of my own rank, while several offered also to bear a part of the expense, if 1 would take them on any terms; it was also productive of many curious applications, of which the following is an amusing specimen : exhi BIOGRAPHY OF THE VICTORY’S CREW. (Copy,) Gosport, March 31, 1829. Hon. Sir, Singular it will appear, but true; three nights following, a person appeared to me in a dream, and said, “‘ Go with Captain Ross, he will be crowned with success.” And not having the smallest thought of such things before, and reading of dreams having led to great discoveries, I put some confidence in this, and make bold to offer my services, should a man of my description be wanted, I am thirty-eight years old, good con- stitution, and understand all the undermentioned branches, and have no objection to make myself useful im all to meet satisfaction from my commander: cooking in all its branches; baking; butchering; preserving all kinds of poultry in cases, retaining their proper flavour, dead for any time; portable soups; broths; brawn; preserved meat of every kind; game; stuffing birds, and setting them up in their skins; preserving, &c. &e. If any of these professions would be of any utility in the voyage, I should be happy to join the expedition. I have been three voyages to the East Indies with one captain now in London, four years and a half in the flag-ship Victory—left four days ago at my own request—can produce discharge and certificates to any gentleman’s satisfaction, being all the time as cook to the gentlemen on board; and should you not have ordered your portable soups, it would be a great saving to let me make them: in fact, we can always renew the stock, when we can obtain fresh meat on the voyage. Honoured Sir, you will confer an honour on me by answering these few lines. Your most humble and obedient servant will be truly thankful, M. L., Castle Inn, Gosport. This application would, of course, have been treated as coming from some one who chose to amuse himself, but having met with an officer of the Victory who actually knew the man, and gave him an excellent character, and being really in search of a cook, I wrote to him that he might join the expedition under my direction, as cook, if he could produce certificates of his discharge, and if the references to his character were found to Justify the account he gave of himself, but that he must lose no time. In answer, I re- ceived a note to inform me that I might depend on his joining the ship on Friday ; instead BIOGRAPHY OF THE VICTORY’S CREW. exliii of him, however, a letter came from his wife, of which the following is a copy, and which closed the transaction. April 9, 13829. Sir, I have just found out that my husband has made an engagement with you to jo your expedition, through a dream, without consulting me; I must beg to tell you, sir, that he shall not go—I will not let him have his clothes. He must be mad ever to think of leaving a comfortable home, to be frozen in with ice, or torn to pieces with bears; therefore, I am determined he shall not leave Gosport, so I hope you will not expect him. Yours, Sir, &c., and so forth, MARY L. The interest which the expedition excited, was indeed intense; but it was nothing compared to the feeling which was every where roused by our arrival. Subscriptions were proposed, and it was believed that 20,000/. might easily have been raised, but Ministers took up the cause so liberally as to induce me to depend solely on them, by, in the first instance, paying the men their dowb/e wages until the ship was lost, and fudd wages up to the day of their arrival—which was far more than they were entitled to by law under any circumstances—and with this they had every reason to be contented, for in fact they were entitled to nothing after the mutiny of the John; they all agreed by acclamation to run all risks for the promise of double pay if they succeeded, or nothing if not. My nephew Commander Ross, was put on full pay for a year, and then to receive his prome- tion. Mr. Thom was appointed to the Canopus, and the Surgeon made full Surgeon in the navy. And, although the remuneration which I received was small, compared to what I might have had by a subscription, it was sufficient to cover my losses, and to enable me to recover some of my property which had been sacrificed in my absence ; however, I had an opportunity of refuting calumnies which had been industriously circulated against me for many years, and, above all, I had the honour of receiving valuable testimonials of high approbation from almost every sovereign in Europe, as well as from our most excellent King. exliv BIOGRAPHY OF THE VICTORY’S CREW. The subscriptions which were begun in various parts of the kingdom, were discoun- tenanced by me; but, although I did not receive or pocket one farthing of what may have been subscribed, I have reason to believe that the generous public have been im- posed upon by those who pretended they were receiving subscriptions for the survivors of the expedition, jsvad weg geal Seg ID erie Oe METEOROLOGY. 7 ve ae é a aia I - e 4 heey or A rye td 2 oe Sei ® " > as ih, mama 2 4 t us a At SS : a : = 4 - | owe | (oo! eg fie eo id 7 eg rw ‘ a ‘ aa pee = cba SS ‘a5 7 i —— ome. i ui { % Hs ¥-l4 © 7 “— ‘ : " m4 ; , j > ee ig at aS a ‘ . on OUT -05! Viv 7s) @ : : ( ‘ § ey _ — i - RR TE hey WM i ie-@ ost Pj Hoe ; ; 7 a) \ Trer' i WEQTORORTS US aes 1 Nee yt ny She a4 eset : pree-4 7 Liem “_cxtenl® Yi a ye) car Ms ol ia v tag ; DT CE) Ee sit ewe pr (init a i 7 \ 7 ae tis hay pote “4 ert , : ” a! Lac | . Sears =: = , hom Genter 14 of. sim eas By coal An pete a = (Os \wenky ; ‘ it may a ton ae Ateg METEOROLOGY. Meteoro.ocy being considered of much importance by the scientific world, great attention was paid to this interesting department, which was undertaken by Mr. Thom, whose duty led him to be more constantly on board the ship: the excellent form of a register invented and given to me by Captain Beaufort was adopted, and the men were severally instructed to read off the degrees shown by Fahrenheit’s thermometer, which was placed on the ice, in a canvas tent, at a convenient distance from the ship. Its altitude was registered every hour, and at the same time the direction and force of the wind, and the state of the weather, ina manner which will be manifest in the following table, to which directions are prefixed. The first column in the table is the day of the month; the second column is the direction of the wind; the third column is the force of the wind, denoted by figures in the following manner: 0. Calm. 1. Light air, or just sufficient to give steerage way. 2. Light breeze | or that in which a man-of-war with { 1 to 2 knots. 3. Gentle breeze all sail set, and clean full, would ~ 3 to 4 knots. 4. Moderate breeze J go in smooth water. ls to 6 knots. Royals. or that which a well-conditioned | ¢Single-reefed _ topsails, man of war could carry in chase \ and topgallant sails. 5. Fresh breeze 6. Strong breeze 7. Moderate gale full and by. Double-reefed topsails. 8. Fresh gale Triple-reefed topsails. Sng or 10. A whole gale, or that which scarcely could bear the close-reefed main topsail and foresail. 11. A storm, or that which would reduce her to storm staysails. 12. A hurricane, or that which no canvas could withstand. a2 1V APPENDIX. Fourth column denotes the state of the weather by the following letters of the alphabet : b—Blue sky; whether clear or hazy weather. c—Clouds; detached, passing clouds. d—Drizzling rain—drift snow in winter. f—Foggy. f.—Thick fog. eg—Gloomy; dark weather. h—Hail. 1—Lightning. m—Misty, hazy atmosphere. o—Overcast, or whole sky covered with clouds. p—Passing, temporary showers. q—Squally. r—Rain. r.—Continued rain. s—Snow. t—Thunder. u—Ugly, threatening appearances. v—Visible ; clear atmosphere. w—Wet dew. By the combination of these letters all the ordinary phenomena of the weather may be expressed with facility. Examples: Ist, bcm signifies, “ Blue sky, with passing clouds, and hazy atmosphere.” 2d, g v, “Gloomy; dark weather, but distant objects visible.” 3d, qq pd 1 tt,“ Very hard squalls, with passing showers of drizzle, and accom- panied with lightning, and with very heavy thunder.” N.B.—In the following tables the first column expresses the day of the month; the second the direction of the wind expressed fractionally, thus .gy : that is, 4 hours at NNW; the numerator expressing the number of hours, and the denominator the direction: in like manner the force of the wind, state of the weather, and temperature, are expressed ; the numerator being always hours beginning after midnight. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS OF THE VICTORY DISCOVERY SHIP, TAKEN ON THE ICE, AND REGISTERED HOURLY. APPENDIX. Vv - a Ne) 15 © : Tote DNONKRODMMOHANMMINMNDAOK = t~ a: * 2 * - ~~ g LLARADRAMOMHARSWMATAMAAASHSS 2 = ADM ODMKnAAAHRAINANDAHGOAAAN RS Seo ~ SS SS SSN RS eS RR Re eS al | + -[> F ° — | +I~DDAINANAIANASH | Le I ce Be ce Be Bc ee ce ae 3 C 2 as + [4ONr Oroowtads 2 = 5 2. - = 3) ~ a No 3s +? ale o ne} et . ol 4 g S mm bd iS “ eins 42 a ee 3 elle ef er od ro) ° a 4 & | Seas ed el? iC D ~ 2 Ne Leal ? o Cag rey a be! z Q s a bodes [mec = ~ a C.. Pom oO ze PS albacn Ea ol ie : = s) Sis a = 2s . : “i Sse aay Brel cumic: : 8 oo Qos Bis PY alee he DS man oo) ale = ee oes i poled ete a o 56 | Pee a = aa re ° a ee 5 o > StS ae aes! z Rel ee base Fi il Le! . to ie in ofr 3 ie ale le Ca ES ee | : he = 4 ee ES dee s ast Slo ale Lo ass ll Ua eal : 23|= cS fal? esabiles ry & Ee) 87 |2 TA a 1 lee TP fra Lad sn co a Sis : Ze2eece wl? [2 2 = = Cc) | healed x Sig! sy are: Or ay ar = E 2 2 ens 2 2 oS Ss 2 > a 28 #242 ees i} 5 5 i} £°R Zana an & Oe ape - = ele a Wz oa S24 r2 n _ Zz : = . aes as 1 719 Sa = Sb ae che oy ofc ae jn dH4 Eas vero & [a 2 oo ein > oS Bes is et Sia ne HESS Es ars sus Io og a Se ole as az = « oa) 5 eet oe a i ole al | ol Le al = G +) zee 3 < 5 ne | = ou z Pa I ° Ia It lo n of ina IZ © "2 1g ie # i= 12 oe oe coms) ons as Bog tele Gee Saar iB Fl a aa ie aa) Rh oz Ls RS Cats . Hg ea ale = 3 oat 5 ; a me hee ar | ee pel Kec oel|= aa-slles ea lbs ae Z| = - Sse] 4 Ez oe SE SS a | 92 cae: im s MAEM | Se = a= | as = eats > og Ka Bi Es Ss rm oF Ie = ] IF nz, — | “| Be8 | AON HISONDAOAAMHOOrAD | SHS ee ¢ z | “LOVULSAV ® B Ce) Vir Gtnty (Ge g 5s 16. 2 134.13 6 Wraps £35 moto ao Wo 4 aie ofr olen LAs hy PTS Temperature in Shade 2 2G hE ) NOVEMBER, 1829. 1 ighest, Lowest,and Mean Temperature + 26 —37 —3.58 13. 1 Total force of the Wind ees atic Taye 1 16. T 6. 1 iby fc Total. 599 hours. 121 do. calm. 720 = 30 days. 7 KT aineche etic Ee Ge EaGr Gilat | cet CO Te - Hat alsa We Naz ~ ym bo ae Pe Bai cls ay eg 1S BOS ofa OS OE Shc boi) Z| Oye HS ey. WS A : ~ Ol 2 ls pyle ors a= ta) Aechmea d HS GS ao ajay aan Han Oo eo eo oe bo a be : sdigds oe : 5 C ee cy OW OF inl af oa lo 1.0 * no ay 2 | cy SUC bn -, RW Wa eran Mo ot | poe por poe oO RUC s, see cA 5H FS Hg HS AC an S ea.d yO VOT Cyan Sets aes 1B ig Mb ond Vs MS HS yd BE as og S aie 2 = a z 80'€6— LE § — arnyzetac Woy, Uva, pue “ysoMO'T “4SOlLorfy TOL wy ‘ONGM Te Na ALN *£08° ANN Lb way ‘ser \ 3 6tG—= 4119989 YION i) "6 TOs’ T 0 TaRLGRe C™6L. Ce mae ETUFe ie F | 1 . . x CL 6% re re 06 eb [ 6 5 sg “MN S'N ‘uITRD 66 POOF Bae oe ea NG | OU og 2 M MS MSS WE iB mA ‘ul | 06 FS aa = 92 96°31 £ 2 x oz |B PCy mes [LSI ia ps TS \@ Iz'sI 7 ink jal € | > hv aled “uyeg “S ‘AIS ‘aIqIVA % ELS s Te Ss ay oe ST GG ZO'LI eae: Spo ENN aN | 1 | [2:02 aw See 08 4 180'0G ey. “aN. | 6L . 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Sie sae 5.44. hy sik wl 15 1 21201941 z a 1 826942 Al il 14-193-18-0)7-8 6.0 3.0 401 30 2 1 1 219.1401 2.11.10. 1-19.17-15.1 1 2 4 1 1420 1 o 1 Silay Su alesleO sale es dgha Duo 3.8.6. 1 1 4.23 2 al D 225081 7 5) 1 g 1 1 2 Ls 2 3 0.25-24-92.1 8.1 -17.14-1 5) 1 7) 1 1 2 1 3 3 4.3 2.3 3$.35-3 0-3 4.30 1 1 1 -15.10.12.8.6.4. ih at ih ako at at 1 26 1 1 D -26.24.23.22. 2 1 cl Solical iared- coe Oy Rt 1 0-1 84 1 1 1 15-13 1 D 1 720.2 1.20.18 1 1 1 04. +2 4%.25.24.22.1 901 8.1 6-1 43.15. 1 +1 84.1 74. 1 6. 1 1 1 8.25. 1 15-14-61 2.10.8.7.3.1.0. 1 2 ae 1 0 1 0.2 14. 1 1 1 1 1 Sil Gaile RIS La aaa ae | 1 3 17-1 1 4.32.31.30-2 94.29 1 Shade. 8. &} 1 1 1 28.298.29.97.24.2 in it 1 1 1 1 0.30% 30.294. 29. MAY, 1831. ‘Temperature 25 1 3 1 1 1 1 +1 93.2 13.94.95.27.26. 1 3.3 4.33.3 24.3 1 3 1 1 ighest, Lowest, and Mean Temperature +36 —16 +16.02 1 1 $30432323313029 1 114%.154.1 8.1 94 1 -14.18.19.2 1 1 3 1 84. 244. 24. 2 1 3 AB 1 eal S'. 109). 240 e/ 2 ales Ole Gales |i dedic 1.229.23.94.2 34.2 2%. 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SW. 9 2 ial aba prb ste hapa Lesa seed) igo Sees Onto mel mel 5-4.5.4.3.4.3 4 Q 1.3.5. 5) 3 7 1 5 3 IU Sy Pei oe b WSW. SW. SbW. Sly. NNW. NbW. SW. Vbie. WSW. SW. 6 ESE. J g ESE 4 W. SE. . Ei bs. B at . NE. EbS. Highest, Lowest, and Mean Temperature +36 + 6 +23.4 Total force of the Wind Total, 661 hours. 25 do. wind variable. 34 do. calm. 720 = 30 days, | North Westerly =354 South Westerly =101 South Easterly=101 North Easterly—105 = “LOVULSAV METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS OF THE VICTORY DISCOVERY SHIP, TAKEN ON THE ICE, AND REGISTERED HOURLY. OCTOBER, 1831. Temperature in Shade. State of Weather. Direction 11.25 22.21 We 19.54 6.42 4 |] 16.21 18.10 18.08 15.60 10.97 2_.|15° ~|29 |13 6 13 4 ie 15-14.-13.16 2.21.23.24.25.26. 1 1 Er) Ip + 7” + 4 ° 9 dt a2 3} 10 bq. 0. be. b. be. o. be. 20 |1 4 f. fg. 210 b 1 Of.ict.. Cc: 4 Avideg DC.) ‘C.4bCe, Tdi Weak Doh LO, Tie DBs 1 18. 6. pal 20 | 8 LETis 3: pl 1. oq. 0. 24/8 ke ta arg Les 3 Od 7 sk0. al 1 t-'8'5 10% 0) 19 |16: 16 |12: 13 | 8 cu NW. WNW. C. 9 4 N. 5 a C. 4_ Sw. 6 Ss _ 8 Sbw. ee SE. Sly. se SW. ee SSW. 8 | 4 5.33 6.73 10.94 f. of. b. of. of. 144 1 2 ® ® rN Ris, 1 Bar 13.13 48 APPENDIX. 16.56 17.63 22.90 25.09 23.33 10.63 9.17 3.60 40 8 8 6. 5 2 2 iS 0. OS, 0. Of. O. of. Of. Of. Oo. 3 9 & 1 2 {13 {18 187) 9 2 1 3 4 +19. 20. 20%. 19 |10 22 | 8 9 9 22 4 0. of. 0. OS. O. 0 4 b. 24 |22 26 |24 a ald 3 oO, of. 0. os. be. oO. os, [+4 4 3 25 |21 22 |-2 0. & 4 Gd: oOo. 0. os. od. ed. qd. od. 0. OS. 0. OS. Sot & () 3 4 10 7 Oo. os. be. 112 pf Ego ett 2 | 6 |-3.85 6 |14 +2 9 (23 |17 ive 10. i 9. 5 see » osd.J— c. 0, Os. be. 0. q. 3 . b. bd. ed 4 4 4 8 osd. od, bd. 4 A 1S) aS wall i024 8 bd. oO. C. WSW. S. SSW. 9 . NNW 4 NE. NbW. 4 2° SSW. W. SSW. SSE. ws. NNW.E _3 .WSW. 4 s. 2 i Nt bed SSE. Ae | SE. 7 Cc. =O Nbw. 16_ orth. ot Ne a eo J ++Vble. C.North} ai NbwW. 1 4 4_ W. S. SSW. Sly. +Vbie. S ly. C. i) NbW.N 9 = 9 4 3. |NbW.c.N 2 21 22 3 | 24 2 B) 2 4 ae | bd.gd, bd.od é. whe 1 8 NE. 18 2) easrie 3 N. NNW. SE. ES 26 . 27 + 8 + N. NNE. N. N -~ rth. 6 NNE. 28 24_ North. 29 pit J 2 . OS, of. of: Os, 1 oO b. 2 Ww. SSE. S§ 2 Highest, Lowest,and MeanTemperature +29-23 +8.3 Total force of the Wind Total, 664 hours. 24 do. wind variable, 56 do, calm. 44 <31 days. 7 | North Westerly =334 South Easterly «152 North Easterly — 63 South Westerly=115 V.0. WN =O) 18_ NEDN.o. NNE.60. 0 0 ry : NW.is. NWob¥ 0 98_ 83 bW.545.NNW.306, NWDN.o. 4 26. XXX APPENDIX. + + [20° [14,9 177.13 14 | 0 1 LiyGie geo «dee 19318 aeO}e 6 Ls 1 Tio 13. 1 1 17201 941 841 il 14. i] 1 5) 3 1 1 3 15. 73 1 i Shade. 3 2 HS Oye Ow O. 2 OF.0 9.0 Sud Ts 16- + 1. O.—14 1 in 2 6 1 Temperature 1 2 5) 2 2.110.918.1021 5-1 Led 1. 17. 1 1 NOVEMBER, 1831. g Highest, Lowest, and Mean Temperature +20 —42- 1.23 Total force of the Wind Ee ee Bee ep ee po 3 I 1 LV SigL Eas Sis Wig edd de de iSite ayy ae 2 1 NE ae Bune Tt aln ig es (aay Net 1,83. 1). 1:8. 1 1 2. 2 ee Slag ol atl Total. 564 hours. oO SPC wah y pov be Tos ety ee Touhy acm ans) o 1 1 =O; a Ole alOle nial ie —29.294.30.283.27.26.28.29.9 96.5 08 —is 4 siot.6 7 2806 15 do. wind variable. 141 do. calm. +3. 720 = 30 days. | Weather. he melonape 5 ye WS H ro oy : iS . 5d 1a OF0 aya | AZ ey . bb : ad WES pe yg VO 5 2 ee aO ao Ag HS MS aS IF oe oe ae : ° F Wo *S road Noith Westerly =235 South Westerly — 54 South Easterly —248 North Easterly = 27 0 3.5.4. g NbE.o. 1 W.73. 4_ ESE.4. Bie De De Die De 9. 3 0. WNW.5. 17 0 Nwobv 0 SWbS.0. SS 1.0.1. iY os) SL &b Sb a AU GY Ae Tal _0 140. SEbE.0. 0.3.2.6.7.8.5.4.5.6.4. Bs Tan car, TWh 1 is, ¢ 8 2 43 SWbw.o. Sw.is. 109. NN W.144. NWbN.o. NW.83. 8 Ss Cc. fy . South 0 bS.2. C= C. SE. 0 z SSE, al 6 _ North. SI 1 . NW. NNW. 4, N. 9 2 Ss. 2 2 North. W. NbwW. = 527 Calm. E. ~N 36 SU .N. W.SW. ly Direction SSE. SE 3 ,W coe NW. Sly. . C. WN al E SA 6 rth, 33_ bW. N.NW.N.S 4A Cc. SE. 2 METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS OF THE VICTORY DISCOVERY SHIP, TAKEN ON THE ICE, AND REGISTERED HOURLY. XXXI APPENDIX. COSI LL’GS| I€ OF OP 8% SFT 00'S 6L OL LUIG E8'8% PEG 09°E% POST OO TT IS él 06°LT paUlAy ayy jo IOLOF [BIOL ainqeroduay, Uap pue 4Ysamory 4Soystpy =tFL | 9 — Ap10}seq YON “myBd "Op ZS *9[QA PUM “OP OF *samoy goo *sfep lg = O0L= Ap1o4seq™ YQNOg £6 = A[19}89.M ANOS 1Z6= A4[19489.M IION g ANN ‘wASH Ps 0 NAN. “OAdTS 0 ‘OMSS “O'SIMS 0 ae “OMNM 0 ‘LAN L “19'S £¢ “08° MS ‘Oo MIMS AO AASANN ° 180° N *O'AGAN, uv 0's4 OUNT ‘ONG i) i} U ‘ “or7gas dps ay S 1S “EAS AN “BSAN U SAN 6811" Rick ‘6a “ANI * 661 iF uf “0 “LOVULSHY “os mais ate) "D “q ® tT 3 2 ‘0 “sO ‘q pied og f *so. 19 +r ye So "SE “FLe ‘ee “Le t o : ; q £ ¥o 86:8) "1926. 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Qe oO 45 FA ce ° hi = iZ x ae 2d egies cles al be IB Sage ere ie =e HO S Bites 2 le ee te ys jaa oe 2 ; o ST iaas ihe eae Ls : Senies = in. 1G os | os ee Ee eee eM eEE ee pHa ee 8 |e eb s SZ a Wo He af tig 2 Wes Is laa ey + ai EO ain ow Id | neon 82 3 iS | en = Z. ; aS Zi ah wa 22 35 WZ A Ie | ween te 2 (Ae a ee Ee tHe mo IS 2 AZ AZ cols agg 4 aE Me HS 2, OD Ni OZ i ; e ln | i ja ald af oles be oto lua coe el ane Ee oe be OS % |e az, Bye ae | iz : 2 bee wa eyes Mea . zene * 2 = | lds ae eae | mA hg ai Ze ae |e Nase Sles j ne ere A a IPH ‘si A as Ses Be 19) So ko eesiee ke z AS ; Zz Ne F A AZ me PMpee ky alee ao aa S Z S S ia ms > ts 3 ao 1 la oD of oe oo a SB ae v0 Secs of : Zen ie = zz a2 Is) ae 4 gj a &§ Zz A Ha] ZA o : : mee | SOD Pants : eo eo SF so I oD SH uD et Bee (=) = Sr DOOANM®D ai, riz oF BA SA SPashos oe sy PICNSoy pole Men Stas ANG Cone EOS = —_,—_Y SZSRAANNANAAMa | cae AIGIGI AI AI 93 LOVULSAY METEOROLOGICAL TABLES. Tue mountain barometer, from which the following observations were registered, was supplied by the Admiralty, and had been on the former voyage. It was constructed by Mr. Jones, of Charing Cross, and the scale graduated to hundreds, and was regularly observed by Mr. Thom. APPENDIX. 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"Wes AMM, pur vpoop{ UL paraysea oy 04 Sutuuns punoy Aueg ‘A UG yor qussnd Suoys ayy IoJ UNOdDR puK UOIseI90 A;JUNbosuod ys “Br OUI SaATasMdY) OTABYOsIP YIIYA Saal 9Fav_ puw snosouNU ayy “Yorn 07 pappe SBIYJOOY JO J[NE) dy} OF LOJVM puL ddI JO XNYUT JULISUOD dy} pazynqiyye aq JsNW S9ULISUIND.ALO dso} OF pu ‘SyJUOW JouLLUNS ay} 07 afquoydde si yreULat OWS auL *PABMYIAOU dy} WIZ S9}PVALG YORU SBA PULA OY} JO ASRAIAV [BIO] OY) FY} pue “Ysayxvaa ynq yuayeaard ysevay ATUO jou alam Spur A[saysva-ynos yey) pue ‘Aj1a}sva -YMou yxou pue Ap1oysaMm-YIIOU aaa spurm Suyreaoid ayy yeyy ysaztuvur oq |[IM IW YOM UL ‘syyuCUT JoyUIA OJ SuIMOT[O} xis ay) U9y¥Ry aavYy am *GzZgT “19q019Q) JO IST 94) J SuluUMSeg —*pooysrapun AyIpeat aq [[IM JRUSGY siyy ‘a[qey [BoSo[oLoajafY ot} Jo Suruuisoq oy ye uoreurjdxsy ay oy Sussayas K¢—'suavway o9'8S || 68901 oP 60% O&L LIZ L869 ; OES] szomung ESI=CHEF] ELE 8% 6POl PEP 688 6291 [e107 yNsay or L4ot+| ot] er+ll gz'z8 || ee92 a pee 80% YIP 2991 ne eee O€=00L || LI L £6 901 Lg) Ore peste Ea L8°0r+| ee+] so+ll F'F9 || 9661 GB 683 601 961 LLEI Ov i Lae IS=PPrL || 6% 91 66 el L8 ag PSI OTUN/ Lo'PP+| ce+] OL+I eo'sr | coer 8 G1 69 181 OFS Ties ae, 1€=rPz || 201 ¢ LOI 0g £6 L2e oe QL'9E+] OV] GIF] GSiLh || SsPFI ore ze [tg 062 ee Loe oe=00L | IL £9% Pr O1Z eel HE LOSI+] I—| LE+l gz'sr || s1S1 oI¢ ISI 608 BES Ae.) 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Hal 1 ot ~ ER at alle i HT we Ae oo: “i i J i i § a Hy 2 4h soll ttle mh lit ba ones ee | at ah bean iat Pe berms ae - i 7 ! 7 Ms 7 q \; ade 7 >. Ten: CC ek Rta £ SPs ) ° .sgtertiae Sines ey sit vlna im od ee Mm, eal wh foriegine eae ionhh: demmgyy ay jibe mate isnt thee = 7 7 ? ; = gam Sein Yeap in! te he “ae > @ tal “1 t es Biiiny ss ean ‘ANH ‘Hoseiyes Ws Laine i ena bs we wall alt ws ae oa } a oe a i daleit ayy at ghd iin sbi ue i ahavrame wel a ae re - 7 \ a” 4 7 ive i a] oe i ?. 7 UP ee «| eS (eet i i inh anes Wings | de au bid tay Sa ce _ a ane hy are 4 . i) or [pave a on Sl a ty } 7 a 7 — - ah ie _ - : oe yt an - > ce ire 7. a af » - ‘. +45 a) a at an : : j 7? b i f j ~—— Py a 7 by 2 eae ‘o ce 7 2 r 7 nd e pa a - a _ v ie i = 7 7) ey , 7 = e+ ~ « & - i ha ty a8 oe iS j ‘4 gn ti, Aen aime ee, ee a i Nae eet ta oy ) lea * Spek weed) Sage ae ae oo miele eae 5 P aa vay) >. GUE, oie ae ee pe rs en > Bee Be) ee RG Oe ee ae u ait E eins wed * 29" aw Si: ry oe ire g a ro ae " Ee ae ee a : 7 ; ~— 7 7 “ te 1s’ cf i el le oe ee ee ee ie , ' 7 7 a 1 -. _ es | a : if P 7 oe 7 _ —— « ‘ af, “7 mee oe ee Oe : rat i a <= et Sip ) 4 Ob papas! > 4 ~~) pee 3 7 a i one. aria oN a ry ae is a a t - & c) fa : i ¢ , ia 5 a 7 f > *¢ 7 - a “e - 7 7 2 iY Pa 2. « Ry 4. a i. a : aim = 5 i Pon 7 7 i . ee -_ & | ee 7 vi ~ ne 7 i} a ian 7 7 U » « a > wr 7 | an / - rd aa iL _ ¥ oy _ P LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES. LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES. FROM THE N.E, CAPE TO GULF OF BOOTHIA AND KING WILLIAM IV. SEA. Iy the first Alphabetical Table the Latitudes and Longitudes of the new discoveries are given to the nearest minute. The names given by the natives are printed in italics, as are also those for which there was not room in the chart for their insertion. This list will also explain the omissions and the discrepancies between the narrative and the chart, which arose from my unavoidable absence, whilst Commander Ross’s narrative was printing; and by the chart having been printed and examined by His Majesty before I had received Commander Ross’s narrative. Suffice it to remember, that the names on the chart are correct, and the latitudes and longitudes have been compared by Mr. C. Walker. The second Alphabetical Table contains the Latitudes and Longitudes of Baffin’s Bay, as verified by the observations of this voyage, some of which had been unwar- rantably altered in some of the charts subsequently published ; and the banks of the Isabella and Alexander, which had been expunged, have been resurveyed and restored to their places. The third Table contains the Latitudes and Longitudes of the discoveries of Sir E. Parry, Sir John Franklin, and Captain Beechy, carefully abstracted from their charts by Mr. Charles Walker. LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES. ABERNETHY, Cape A’Court Bay . Adam Island Adelaide Bay 5 Adelaide, Cape, & Magnetic Pole of William IV . Adolphus Island Adolphus Island Agnew River, (Awatutiak River) Airey, Cape Alexander, Cape Allington, Cape Arbuthnot Island Artist’s Bay Astronomical Society’s islands; (Ka- yaktaguwik Island) Athol Island Auckland, Cape Augherston, Cape . Augusta Island Augustus Island Babbage Bay Back’s Bay Batty Bay Beaufort’s Islands, (as Chine by his Majesty’s command) Bernard, Cape Best Harbour Beverley Island TABLE—No. 1. N. Lar. W. Lona. o 7 69.33 71.34 69.16 72.45 70.5 69.56 69.52 70.42 71.23 70.19 70.36 70.45 69.37 69.50 70.57 69.21 71.27 69.51 69.47 71.28 69.33 73.17 69.45 70.10 70.13 69.19 Os 96.7 94.40 96.10 92.20 96.44 92.5 96.59 92.32 94.8 96.54 92.0 92.30 94.34 91.40 93.2 94.10 94,27 97.38 96.52 94.36 98.35 91.00 91.30 96.47 91.20 95.36 Biot Island Bjornsterna Bay Black’s Islands Blair’s Islands Blankey Island Bowles Bay Bowles River, (Entrance of ) Brown’s Island Brunel Inlet . Cambridge, Cape Carl IV., Cape Christian Monument Christian, Cape Clara, Cape Copeland Islands Coults Lindsey Island Culgruff, Cape Cumberland, Cape Curtis Lake Cuvier Island Destrove, Cape Dundas, Ann, Island Dundas, Jane, Island Dundas Mountains Eclipse Harbour Eden Bay Edgworth, Cape Lill N. Lat. W. Lon. One 69.40 71.5 69.50 70.47 69.34 70.47 69.26 72.1 69.28 69.34 69.43 70.24 69.36 72.17 70.7 70.11 69.33 69.51 69.26 69.40 69.38 69.18 69.20 69.26 70.30 70.19 69.20 o 7 91.0 93.35 91.48 92.28 95.17 92.39 93.30 95.21 91.42 94.46 95.45 92.0 95.1 94.24 91.45 91.22 95.53 95.87 93.18 91.1 91.30 94.21 94.20 93.5 92.5 91.38 96.8 LIV Elizabeth Harbour . Elliot Island Elwyn Bay Errol Island . Erskine Island Esterhazy Bay Esther, Cape Fairbrother Island Falkland Island Faro Lina Bay, (Caro Lina) Farrand, Cape Faulkner, Cape Fearnall Bay Felix, Cape Felix Harbour, (Téngerahia) : Ferguson, Cutlar, Island Fox Island Francis II., Cape Franklin, Jane, Cape Franklin Point Frederick Island Frederick IV., Cape Frederick William III., Cape . Garry, Cape . Goudy Island George, Prince, River Glasgow, Cape Gloucester, Cape Grimble Islands Hardy Bay Hardy, Cape Harriet, Cape Hansteen Lake Hay, Dalrymple, Cape . Hazard Island Hecla and Fury Islands . Hendon, North Heytesbury, Cape Hughes Hughes, Cape Hull Bay LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES. N. Lar. W. Lona. o 7 70.38 70.58 73.29 69.48 69.53 70.12 72.15 69.39 69.55 69.4 71.47 69.37 72.16 69.55 70.0 LINE 69.50 70.14 69.36 69.30 69.49 69.38 69.22 72.19 70.12 69.34 69.42 69.48 71.54 69.30 69.24 69.6 69.45 71.10 72.4 70.4 70.1 71.33 69.30 69.21 o 7 92.8 93.10 90.45 96.39 96.50 96.50 94.31 93.1 96.51 94.32 95.4 94.37 94.30 97.55 91.53 93.30 96.43 96.51 98.36 99.5 96.59 95.6 93.54 94.19 91.18 96.37 97.19 95.52 95.20 91.41 95.22 94.30 94.10 93.45 95.11 90.38 91.58 94.35 95.18 93.45 Jane River, (Amitioke River) Jekyll Lake Jones, Mary, Bay . Josephine Bay Isabella, Cape Kent, Duchess of, Bay . Keppel, Cape Kjer, Cape, ( Tikipoke R.) Knight Island Kall, Cape, (Ornatioke R.) Lambert, Cape Landon, Cape Landseer, Cape, (Padliak Cape) Lang River Lawrence, Cape Lax Harbour Lax Island, Gimarioowioe®) Leiven Bay Leopold Island Lindsey, Lord, River, (Titchib) Logan Port Louis-Philippe, Cape Manson, Cape Margaret, Cape Maria Gloria, Cape Marjory Island Maria Louisa, Cape Martin’s Islands Mary, Cape Matty Island M‘Culloch Island M‘Diarmid’s Island M‘Dowall, Cape Melbourne Island Melville, Lady, Lake, (Neitchillee Lake) Menchikoff Bay Mildred Lake, (Entrance of) Modina, Cape Molke Bay Moore, Carrick, Cape N. Lat. W.Lono. © f 69.21 69.45 70.22 69.36 69.26 69.58 69.52 69.43 70.51 69.37 69.36 69.5 69.30 72.11 69.36 70.22 70.23 70.16 74.1 70.9 71.17 69.34 70.41 70.9 69.40 70.56 69.47 70.12 69.46 69.25 69.26 70.0 71.23 69.15 69.26 71.38 69.4 69.35 71.8 71.12 o 7 93.10 93.25 91.55 94.40 93.55 96.10 92.15 90.45 92.46 90.5 95.27 95.27 94,22 94.52 94.30 91.30 91.30 96.51 89.57 92.23 94.41 96.8 92.22 91.28 95.17 92.56 98.23 91.24 97.25 95.40 94.0 91.53 94.6 95.45 93.0 94.46 94.30 96.30 93.45 93.50 LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES. Mundy Harbour Munster Island, (formerly Beaufort 8 Island) . Murray Bay Nicholas I., Cape, (Commander Ross's Surthest N.W.) Nordenskjold, Cape Norfolk Bay Norton, Cape Oakley Island Old Man of Hoy Oliver Mount Oscar Bay Owen Lake Palmerston, Cape Palmerston, Point . Parry, Isabella Louisa, or rade Parry Island Parry Port, (Entrance of) Pearson Island Peel Inlet Porter, Cape Pouncet Island Purcell Bay Ramage Island Rodd Bay Rodwell Bay Ross, Andrew, Island Rowley, Cape St. Catherine, Cape, (Akwennok) St, Mary’s Mount Saumarez River, (Koguloktok) N. Lar. W.Lons. ° ‘ 70.14 69.58 71.48 70.25 71.14 69.33 69.14 70.54 71.1 72.8 69.44 70.30 70.50 69.24 70.9 69.40 69.47 69.13 69.11 70.33 71.41 69.42 73.54 71.44 70.13 69.4 70.23 71.15 70.4 ov 91.37 96.56 95.12 96.56 94.52 91.58 96.0 92.49 93.18 94.51 95.30 92.33 92.42 93.41 90.50 97.17 91.27 96.7 94.30 91.55 94.52 91.10 90.10 94.57 91.27 95.25 91.35 94.10 92.25 Schumacher Island Scoresby, Cape Selkirk, Cape Seppings, Cape Shee, Cape Sheridan, Cape Sherriff Harbour Slater Island Somerset House Sophia, Cape South Island Spence Bay, (Entrance of), (Padliak Bay) Stanly E. River Stillwell Bay Sullivan Bay, (Entrance of) Susanna Island Sussex, Cape Sydney, Sophia, Cape Taylor, H., Cape Thompson’s Islands Tilson’s Islands Troughton Island Union River, (Entrance of) Victoria Harbour Victory Point Wall’s Bay Wellington Strait, coe of) Willersted Lake Wilson’s Bay Will. of Wirt., Cape York, Cape LV N. Lat. W. Lone. o 7 69.55 71.43 69.56 73.46 69.34 69.4 70.2 69.37 72.48 69.36 69.50 69.25 70.15 71.24 69.32 70.31 69.43 69.48 69.40 69.45 69.45 69.54 72.35 70.9 69.38 69.49 69.34 69.19 71.50 69.39 73.50 Ont 91.37 94.46 96.9 90.12 94.28 95.11 91.52 92.7 91.45 96.47 91.26 93.45 92.15 94.20 94.25 91.50 95.30 97.30 91.28 92.18 92.30 91.43 95.00 91.34 98.36 98.14 96.0 93.25 95.25 97.2 86.30 LVI LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES. TABLEW—No. II. LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES OF PLACES IN BAFFIN’S BAY, DETERMINED 1818, 1833. Adair, Cape Agnes Monument Rock Agnew, Cape Alexander, Cape Bank Allison Bay Antrobus, Cape Arabella Rock Ardrossan Bay Aston, Cape Athol, Cape Baffin’s Islands Bank’s Bay Barnard’s Mountains Bathurst Bay Beatrice, Cape Bell’s Isle Beverley Cliffs Bisson, Cape Black Hook, Cape Booth’s Sound Borthwick Bowen, Cape . Brodie Bay Broughton, Cape Browne’s Islands Bruce Bay Bushnan’s Island Bute Island Byam Martin, Cape N. Lat. W. Lone. o 7 71.24 70.37 71.24 77.43 69.9 74.40 71.57 76.35 70,37 70.10 76.23 74.41 74.46 75.55 73.33 74,32 71.27 75.40 69.10 71.27 76.49 65.54 72.25 68.00 67.47 75.29 70.28 76.04 70.26 73.33 Ou 70.00 67.30 71.45 75.30 65.00 57.56 73.50 70.34 68.40 65.25 69.41 57.25 76.08 81.00 76.24 80.30 72.00 67.30 65.20 55.31 70.50 61.10 74.40 64.05 63.30 60.09 67.32 65.26 67.30 77.10 Caledon, Cape Campbell, Cape Cargenholm, Cape Carey’s Islands Catherine’s Bay Charlotte, Cape Charles's Island Chidley, Cape Christian, Cape Clarence, Cape Clephane, Cape Clyde River Cobourg Bay Cockburn, Cape Coquin Sound Coutt’s, Cape Inlet Cranstoun, Cape Crimson Cliffs, (Beverley) Croker’s Mountains Cumberland Strait Cunningham, Cape Dacre’s, Cape Dalrymple Rock Darkhead, Cape Desolation, Cape Devil’s Thumb Disco, N. End - S. End | Duck Islands N. Lar. W. Lone. o 7 76.16 64.06 71.32 64.06 73.30 74.32 63.00 68.37 70.35 76.45 65.45 70.21 75.35 74.49 53.00 72.00 71.58 71.15 76.00 73.58 74.40 65.36 76.28 72.10 74.16 70.12 69.11 68.49 oO 79.22 65.12 72.36 73.10 81.50 79.30 64.50 53.33 67.37 77.45 61.00 67.30 78.40 73.45 65,37 74.10 74.12 54.20 68.30 90.00 96.02 61.5 70.42 56.00 57.56 59.12 56.30 53.42 Dudley Digges, Cape Duneira Bay Durham, Cape Dyer’s, Cape Edward’s Bay Eglinton, Cape Elizabeth’s Bay Enderby, Cape Exeter Bay Fanshawe, Cape Four-Island Point Frances, Cape Fry, Cape Gilbert Sound Graham Moore, Cape Gamble Bay Hackluit Island Haig’s Island Hamilton’s Bay Hardwicke, Cape Hathorn, Cape Hay, Cape Hope’s Monument Hewett, Cape Hingston Bay Hoare Bay Home Bay Hooper, Cape Hoppner, Cape Horse’s Head Horsburgh, Cape Hurd, Cape Hynd’s Bay Inglis Bay Inmallick Iron Mountains Isabella, Cape LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES. N. Lar. W. Lone. o 7 76.05 75.27 65.59 66.42 76.38 70.49 73.30 63.45 66.30 73.40 70.46 76.28 65.06 67.42 72.54 77.20 70.29 71.25 76.30 71.30 73.35 72.26 70.27 73.48 65.18 68.40 68.06 76.56 74.49 74.35 77.49 66.33 65.47 76.00 76.10 77.48 o 7 68.54 53.30 61.54 h Isabella’s Bank Jacob's Bay, (or N.E. Bay) Jameson, Cape Jones’s Sound Kater, Cape Lady Ann Bay Lancaster Sound Lawson, Cape Leifle Bay, (or Love Bay, or Goo Haven) Leopold, Cape Lewis, Cape Lindsay, Cape Loch Ryan Mackintosh, Cape . Martin Mountains Mary Ann Island, or Cape M‘Culloch, Cape M‘Douall, Cape M‘Leay, Cape Meikleham, Cape . Melyille Bay, Lat. 76° 5’ to 75° 12’ Long. 60° to 64°. Melville, Cape Melville’s Monument Merchant's Bay Miller’s Island Morris, Cape Mouat, Cape Murdoch, Cape Nius, Cape North Ayr North Bay Islands . North Galloway Operniwick Osborne, Cape LVII N. Lar. W. Lone. oj. 69.31 \ 69.28 71.00 71.45 76.20 69.39 75.54 74.19 71.45 69.10 75.40 75.31 76.06 65.06 67.00 73.25 71.25 72.13 71.24 70.15 65.18 76.05 75.33 67.38 65.12 76.09 77.29 76.08 63.38 70.00 68.19 71.00 73.25 74.24 °o ‘ 65.20 64.40 53.00 73.30 78.10 65.40 80.00 83.50 55.36 54.40 78.12 59.0 79.24 65.55 62.10 80.00 71.35 74,24 70.58 66.35 63.00 64.30 59.18 €4.20 63.18 62.08 78.00 61.28 65.58 72.10 53.47 73.00 57.26 81.42 LVIII Paget, Cape Parry, Cape Petowack Possession Bay Pond’s Bay Prince Regent's Bay Prince William’s Land . Princess Charlotte’s Monument Queen Anne’s Cape Raleigh Mount Red Head Reid’s Bay Robertson, Cape Raper, Cape Rosamond, Cape Sabine Islands Salmon Islands Savage Islands, or Wild Islands Saumarez, Cape Saunderson’s Tower Sowallick (or Iron) Mountains Scott’s Bay Shackleton, Cape Sheffield Bay Siddon, Cape LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES. N.Lart. W. Lone. on 70.10 77.06 76.11 73.33 72.38 76.10 175.45 72.30 75.36 66.24 61.14 74.55 66.48 77.24 69.54 74.10 75.29 70.11 67.44 77.30 64.50 76.10 71.10 73.36 65.30 75.17 Oo. 75.55 71.23 69.00 77.28 75.00 64.50 66.40 78.00 78.28 53.20 61.40 53.44 61.40 71.36 65.20 83.17 60.09 65.30 53.40 73.52 63.55 65.04 70.10 57.25 62.40 59.00 Skene’s Island Smith’s Sound South East Bay Stair, Cape St. Clair, Cape Suffkowallick Sugarloaf Island Thom Islands ; Three Islands (of Baffin) Unknown Island Walker, Cape Walsingham, Cape Walter Bathurst, Cape Warrender, Cape Waygatt Island, (N. E. Side) . Waygatt Strait, (N. Entrance) Whale Islands Whale Sound White, Cape Wilcox Point Wollaston Island Wolstenholme Island Wolstenholme Sound Women’s Islands York, Cape N. Lat. W.Lonc. o 7 76.07 77.55 69.00 77.43 64.15 76.00 74.02 75.40 74.01 71.00 75.46 66.00 73.03 74.19 70.24 70.26 68.59 77.15 76.35 74.10 69.25 76.24 76.29 72.45 75.55 o 7 63.24 76.15 50.00 70.55 65.05 57.00 57.30 60.00 57.25 53.45 59.54 61.10 76.22 32.40 63.13 71.20 70.36 57.45 65.20 70.22 70.00 56.40 65.38 Cape Fisher Cape Mudge Point Nias Point Ried Cape Beechy Cape Edwards Bushnan Cove Hooper Island Liddon’s Gulf Cape Hoppner Fife Harbour Winter Harbour Point Hearne Hecla and Griper Bay Cape Dundas Cape Hoy Cape Providence Sabine Island Point Griffiths Beverley Inlet Point Palmer Dealy Inlet Bridport Inlet Point Wakeham Cape Gilman Cape Cockburn Allison’s Inlet Cape Capel Bedford Bay . Baker Inlet Garrett Island LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES. TABLE—No. UI. SIR EDWARD PARRY’S FIRST VOYAGE. N.Lar, W. Lone. ° ‘ 75.53 75.55 75.38 75.36 75.5 75.8 75.13 75.6 75.5 74.58 74.50 74.48 74.43 74.45 74.28 74.23 74.25 75.45 75.5 107.40 108.8 108.50 109.0 74.48 75.3 75.4 75.2 75.6 75.3 74.58 74.47 onee 111.38 110.8 110.36 110.0 113.3 112.30 111.45 111.55 112.30 112.50 110.38 110.50 110.40 110.30 114.0 113.10 112.30 109.30 106.5 75.0 74.55 75.0 75.0 110.15 104.10 100.26 99.23 97.45 98.30 97.50 98.28 h 2 Lowther Island Davy Island . Young Island Cape Walker Cape Bunny Browne Island Somerville Island Griffith Island Cornwallis Island Cape Bowden Wellington Channel Cape Martyr . Barlow Inlet Cape Hotham Cape Gifford Cape Rennell Garnier Bay Cunningham Inlet Prince Leopold Island Cape Clarence Cape Seppings Point Innes Cape Spencer Beechy Island Cape Riley Caswall’s Tower Cape Ricketts Rigby Bay Cape Hurd Cape Eardly Wilmot Gascoyne Inlet 1.1X N. Lat. W. Lone. o 7 74.35 74,32 74.20 74.7 74.8 74.45 74.40 74.35 75.0 75.3 75.0 74.38 74.45 74.40 74.9 74.8 74.5 74.6 74.0 73.59 73.50 74.53 74.47 74.43 74.41 74.45 74.38 74.37 74.33 74.40 74.40 o.: 97.40 98.55 98.50 97.42 95.15 96.36 96.25 95.40 95.0 92.20 93.0 95.10 93.50 93.50 93.50 93.20 93.10 94.0 90.0 90.50 90.20 92.15 92.8 92.0 91.47 91.12 91.10 90.10 90.0 91.20 91.22 LX LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES. N, Lar. W. Lone. oO / fe} ‘ Cape Herschell : 5 74.37 89.12 Maxwell Bay : 6 74.35 89.0 Cape Fellfoot 5 : 74.33 88.25 Sir Benjamin Hobhouse Inlet . 74.27 87.10 Stratton Inlet : : 74.27 87.0 Burnet Inlet : : 74.25 86.40 Powell’s Inlet : 4 74.25 85.20 Brooking Inlet : 74.25 85.5 Cape Bullen . : 3 74.23 85.0 Cape York 5 : 73.50 86.55 Radstock Bay : : 74.40 91.0 Eardly Bay : : 73.48 87.15 Jackson’s Inlet : ‘ 73.17 89.0 Port Bowden . : 73.13 89.5 App Harbour “ : 72.27 89.52 Fitzgerald Bay : : 72.10 89.50 Cape Kater . : : 71.50 90.10 Cape Horne : 3 74.29 84.5 Cape Rosamond : 3 74.33 84.0 Croker’s Bay . 3 74.40 83.20 Cape Pateshall : 4 74.38 82.45 SIR EDWARD PARRY’S SECOND VOYAGE. Autridge Bay ; 5 70.7 | 85.26 Whyte Inlet . ; ; 70.7 ~—- 85.0 Gifford River 5 A 70.0 82.0 Cape Hallowell : : 69.58 85.26 Cape Englefield. : 69.51 85.30 Amherst Island . : 69.48 83.55 Arlagnarigo : : 69.15 85.15 Siattoke : 5 . 68.18 87.30 Aggrochiawik ; ; 68.5 86.15 Liddon Island ; : 69.47 83.10 Griffith’s Creek : : 69.39 83.30 Crozier River ! 6 69.27 83.15 Quilliam Creek , ; 69.28 83.0 Ormond Island . : 69.48 82.40 Cape Ossory ; : 69.44 82.31 Cape Northeast : : 69.42 82.33 Cape Warrender Cape Osborn Cape Beatrice Hope's Monument Barrow’s Strait Cape Crawford Admiralty Inlet Cape Franklin Cape Charles Yorke Wollaston Isles Navy Board Inlet Cape Castlereagh Cape Hay Martin Mountains Cape Liverpool Cape Fanshawe Cape Byam Martin Bathurst Bay Cape Walter Bathurst Bouverie Island Mount Sabine Halse Creek Richards Bay Cape Matthew Smith Khemig Coxe Island Hooper Inlet . Mogg Bay Neerlonacto Igloolik Island Arlagnuk Pingitkalik | Murray Maxwell Inlet Skeoch Bay | Cape Elwyn . Possession Bay and Mount N. Lat. W. Lone. ° Ul Le} 74.28 81.50 74.40 80.26 74.45 80.20 74.43 80.30 74.0 85.0 73.50 84.10 73.45 83.30 73.42 83.15 73.53 82.50 73.50 80.50 73.45 81.20 73.50 80.45 73.52 80.10 73.43 79.20 73.40 78.5 73.35 77.33 73.30 77.23 73.29 77.10 73.26 77.10 73.23 76.50 69.38 82.10 69.38 82.23 69.40 82.42 69.35 82.15 69.25 82.2 69.25 82.30 69.27 82.30 69.18 82.0 69.14 82.5 69.30 81.40 69.23 81.45 (RD SH D5 69°25) Ses 69.50 80.40 69.36 80.15 69.32 80.20 Calthorpe Island Tangle Island Tern Island Cape Konig Ooglit Island FROM SIR JOHN FRANKLIN’S CHART. Point Beechy Point Back Guider Bay Return Reef Prudhoe Bay Point Heald ; Yarborough Inlet Point Chandos Point Anxiety Foggy Island Lion and Reliance Reef Point Bullen Point Thompson Flaxman Island Point Brownlow Sir T. Staines River Canning River Boulder Island Camden Bay Barter Island Point Manning Point Sir H. Martin Point Griffin Point Humphreys Beaufort Bay Mount Huskisson Mount Greenough Icy Reef : Demarcation Point Winter Houses Clarence River Backhouse River Sir P. Malcolm River Herschell Island LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES. N. Lat. W, Lone. o 7 69.28 69.25 69.33 69.32 68.48 70.24 70.24 70.21 70.25 70.22 70.21 70.18 70.20 70.18 70.15 70.11 70.10 70.9 70.10 70.9 70.6 70.4 70.3 70.4 70.5 70.6 70.4 70.1 69.54 69.46 69.35 69.30 69.45 69.40 69.36 69.35 69.35 69.35 o7 80.10 80.17 80.52 79.48 81.4 149.35 149.20 149.8 148.45 148.35 148.28 148.20 148.8 147.45 147.36 146.52 146.28 146.7 145.50 145.40 145.40 145.30 144.58 144.40 143.50 143.35 143.0 142.42 142.15 141.50 142.5 143.20 141.28 141.0 140.45 140.28 139.55 139.0 Agwisseowik . Ooglit Amitioke Cape Jermain Point Calton Point Stokes Point Kay Phillips Bay Babbage River Point P. King Point Sabine Mount Conybeare Mount Robinson . Mountain Indian River Mount Sedgwick . Barn Mountain Cupola Mountain Mount Fitton Mount Davies Gilbert Pitt Island Escape Reef Tent Island . Shoalwater Bay Point Pillage Pelly Isles Garry Isles . Kendall Isles Whale Island Ellice Island Langley Island Colville Island Halkett Island Mount Gifford Simpson Island Sacred Island Smith Island Harrison Island LXI N. Lar. W. Lonc. o 7 68.3] 68.23 68.15 67.47 69.31 69.24 69.19 69.15 69.12 69.7 69.4 69.29 69.22 69.30 68.58 68.46 68.44 68.42 68.43 69.5 68.56 68.56 68.54 68.53 69.32 69.27 69.24 69.12 69.9 69.0 68.50 68.30 68.12 68.12 68.58 68.50 68.30 o: 81.45 81.32 82.20 81.58 138,57 138.38 138.10 138.15 138.10 137.44 137.32 140.3 140.40 139.10 138.55 137.51 137.55 137.55 136.20 136.12 136.57 136.18 136.25 136.23 135.30 135.36 135.20 135.0 135.40 135.10 135.50 135.0 135.24 134.25 134.13 134,30 134.10 LXIl M‘Gillivray Island Williams Island Peel River Red River Fort Good Hope Richards Island Point Encounter Point Toker Refuge Cove Point Warren Copland Hutchinson Bay Phillips Island Atkinson Island M‘Kinley Bay Browell Cove Cape Brown Russell Inlet Cape Dalhousie Campbell’s Isles Nicholson Island . Liverpool Bay Point Sir P. Maitland Harrowby Bay Cape Bathurst Baillie’s Islands Trail Point Point Fitton Cape Parry Booth Island Moore Island W. Horton River Jardine River Burnett River Franklin Bay Selwood Bay Cracroft Bay Wright Bay Point Stivens Langton Bay Burrow’s Isles Darnley Bay Clapperton Island Cape Lyon . LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES. N. Lar. W. Lone. one 68.10 68.37 67.40 67.25 67.27 69.20 69.15 69.38 69.28 69.45 69.45 69.50 69.54 69.55 70.0 70.11 70.5 70.16 69.30 69.55 70.10 70.7 70.10 70.35 70.34 70.20 70.12 70.5 70.3 70.1 69.56 69.42 69.39 69.40 69.50 69.46 69.41 69.33 69.23 69.48 69.40 69.41 69.48 @ 0 134.0 134.10 134.30 133.30 130.51 133.50 133.18 132.20 132.31 131.36 131.20 131.5 130.43 130.30 130.20 129.50 129.26 129.20 129.0 128.20 128.20 127.40 127.20 127.30 127.50 126.30 126.15 123.33 123.52 123.23 126.0 125.40 125.31 125.0 124.0 124.0 124.0 124.16 124.20 123.30 123.10 123.16 122.47 Point Pierce Point Sir R. G. Keats . Mount Colby Point Deas Thompson . Palgrave River Roscoe River Mount Hooker Mount Rennell Point De Witt Clinton Buchanan River Point Tinney Croker Bay . Mount Sir H. Davy Sir G. Clerk’s Island Point Clifton Inman River Point Wise Hoppner River Cape Young Harding River Cape Hope South’s Bay Stapleton’s Bay Cape Bexley Point Cockburn Chantry Island M. Sutton Island Sir R. Liston Island Lambert Island Bayfield Island Douglass Island Pasley’s Cove Mount Barrow Cape Krusenstern Point Locker Saunders Islands Cape Hearne Basil Hall’s Bay Cape Kendall Back’s Inlet Point Mackenzie . Bloody Fall Copper Mine River N. Lar. W. Lone. Oo 69.48 69.49 69.36 69.45 69.41 69.40 69.36 69.33 69.33 69.23 69.20 69.16 69.0 69.25 69.14 69.8 69.3 69.0 68.56 68.50 68.57 68.58 68.55 69.0 68.52 68.44 68.57 68.52 68.37 68.29 68.26 68.23 68.20 68.22 68.12 68.10 68.11 68.15 67.58 67.57 67.51 67.41 67.48 oF 122.30 122.0 121.55 121.20 121.10 121.1 121.33 121.3 120.27 120.0 119.40 119.5 118.47 118.35 118.30 118.25 118.0 117.39 116.55 117.3 116.27 116.0 116.20 115.50 115.0 114.23 114.15 114.12 113.52 113.43 113.46 114.0 113.54 113.44 113.56 113.40 114.51 115.0 115.16 115.50 115.30 116.0 115.35 LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES. LXII SIR JOHN FRANKLIN’S FIRST JOURNEY. N.Lat. W. Lone. N. Lat. W. Lone. °o ‘ fe} Uy ° ‘ ° ‘ Sir G. Moore’s Island, (largest) . 67.50 114.15 |} Tinney Cove : ; 66.55 108.6 Lawford Islands, (centre). 67.52 113.40 |} Rideout Island. : 67.20 108.30 Port Epworth : : 67.43 112.30 || Fowler’s Bay , : 67.22 108.20 Gray’s Bay : : 67.47 111.55 || Barry’s Island : : 67.30 108.55 Wentzel’s River : ; 67.53 111.30 || Point Everitt : : 67.42 108.42 Inman’s Harbour ‘ 67.58 111.6 Fisher’s Island. : 67.54 108.30 Cape Barrow : : 68.4 111.0 Buchan Bay : : 67.54 108.20 Galena Point : : 67.54 110.40 || Cape Croker : : 68.3 108.24 Detention Harbour : : 67.50 110.42 || Warrender Bay : : 68.15 107.25 Moore Bay ; 5, 67.45 110.20 |} Point Hay : 3 68.15 107.40 Stockport Isles : j 67.47 110.10 || Hurd’s Islands - . 68.7 108.7 Marcet’s Island. : 67.50 109.52 || Point Beechy : 2 68.6 108.16 Cheere’s Islands : Q 67.42 109.35 || Walker’s Bay : , 68.12 109.10 Hood’s River F E 67.20 109.50 |} Porden’s Isles : : 68.10 109.20 Baillie Bay . : : 67.20 109.20 }} Riley’s Bay . : 68.12 109.22 Point Wollaston . : 67.33 109.24 || Cape Flinders : . 68.13 109.30 Back’s River : : 66.30 107.52 || Harry Cook’s Island. < 68.10 109.48 Burnside River. 2 66.37 108.16 |} Sir H. Davy Island 68.32 109.40 Young's Island : : 66.45 108.30 || Point Turnagain : : 68.33 109.10 Elliot’s Islands. : 66.54 108.45 FROM CAPTAIN BEECHY’S CHART. Point Barrow : : 71.12 156.10 |) Icy Cape - ; 70.18 161.40 Elson Bay . 5 : 71.22 156.6 Point Lay . , : 69.52 162.45 Franklin Extreme : 71.20 156.4 Cape Beaufort. : 69.4 163.35 Cape Smyth ; é 71.14 156.45 || Vein of Coal : : 69.2 163.30 Refuge Inlet : : 716) 9 157.0 Cape Sabine : j 68.54 164.34 Peard Bay . : 5 70.52 158.20 || Cape Lisburne : : 68.52 166.8 Seahorse Islands . : 70.56 159.0 Cape Lewis : : 68.42 166.10 Point Franklin : : 70.58 158.45 | Cape Dyer . : : 68.38 166.10 Wainwright Inlet . : 70.36 159.45 || Point Hope ; . 68.20 166.40 Cape Collie . : , 70.38 159.55 || Cape Thompson : ; 68.7 165.52 Point Marsh : : 70.36 159.58 |} Cape Seppings . . 67.58 165.15 Blossom Shoals é ; 70.23 161.45 || Mulgrave Hills é : 67.36 163.40 LXIV Cape Kruzenstern Deviation Peak Hotham Inlet Cape Blossom Cape Espenberg Kotzebue Sound Bay of Good Hope Buckland River Eschscholtz Bay Choris Peninsula Chamisso I. or E-ow-ick Spafarief Bay Cape Deceit Devil’s Mount Cape Lowenstern . Schischmareff Inlet Saritscheff Island Ears False Ears Ass’s Ears Ratmanoff Island LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES. N. Lar. W. Lone. fe} , 67.9 _ 67.5 66.50 66.44 66.34 66.30 66.14 66.10 66.20 66.20 66.14 66.6 66.6 66.20 66.16 66.20 66.18 66.0 65.48 65.46 65,50 Oo: 163.37 161.0 162 0 162.25 163.28 163.0 163.30 161.0 161.30 161.50 161.45 161.50 162.36 164.25 165.35 165.30 165.45 166.0 163.10 163.5 169.0 Kruzenstern Island Diomede Islands . Fairway Rock Cape Prince of Wales Cape York King’s Island Conical Hill King-a-ghee Ei-dan-noo . Point Jackson Point Spencer Port Clarence Grantly Harbour Kow-e-rok Tokshook Cape Douglas Cape Woolley Point Rodney Sledge Island Behring’s Strait N. Lat. W. Lone. oF 65.47 65.48 65.39 65.34 65.24 65.0 65.40 65.36 65.36 65.22 65.16 65.14 65.16 65.16 65.14 65.0 64.49 64.38 64,30 66.6 One: 168.52 169.0 168.43 168.0 167.25 168.0 167.30 167.50 168.0 166.45 166.50 166.30 166.20 165.56 165.54 166.40 166.24 166.20 166.8 169.40 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS TO CAPTAIN SIR JOHN ROSS'S Harvative OF HIS aesldeure dw the Aretic wWegtons, PUBLISHED WITH THE APPENDIX. His Mosr Excettent Masestry Her Most Gracious Masrsty Her Roya Hicuness Her Roya Hiauness His Royat Hicuness His Royat Hicuness His Royau Hicuness His Royat Hicuyess His Royau Hicuness His Imprertan Masesty His Imperrtat Masesty His Imprertan Masesty Her Imperrat Masesty His Masesty .. . His Masesty 20. 7: tas WaAvEsmy: <9. ' His MAsesty <. . « ts MWaAyESTY ~~. 5. obey Wie 5 4 ee its Masesty, < . -: Roval Family of Great GBritatn. . His Imprrran Higuness . Her Impertat Higuness THE KING : : THE QUEEN : 4 : : Tue Ducuess or Kent. Tue Princess Victoria. Tar Duxe or CUMBERLAND. Tne DuKE oF Sussex. Tue DuKE oF CAMBRIDGE. Prince GEORGE OF CAMBRIDGE. Tue LATE DuKE OF GLOUCESTER. Foretan Wriuees. Frerpinanp Il... . iRancrseliie. | ser. ae. . . Batron. Z : 5 Copies. Emperor or Austria. LATE EMPEROR OF AUSTRIA. Nicnoras I. . . . . Emperor oF Ai THE Russias, 4 Copies . ALEXANDRA - « « . Empress or Russia. . His Royau anp SERENE Hicuness His Royau HicHness His Royau Hiaguness His Roya HigHness His Royat HicHness His Royaut Hicuness His Roya HigHness His Royau Hicuness Lovis PuittippeE . . . Kinc or THE FRENCH. Freperick Wixutam III. Kine or Prussia Freperick VI. .. Cart XIV. Jowan . . Kine or SweDeEn. AnTHoNY ; . . . . . Kine of Saxony. WILLIAM... - . 2 Copies. Kine or DENMARK. Kina or WIRTEMBERG. Leoponp I. . . . . . Kine or THE BELGIANS. Micuaet Pavuovirscu . Granp Duxe or Russta. HELENA. . woe tel 16 Granp DucueEss or Russta. Leopotp II. . . . . Granp Duxz or Tuscany. Grano Duke or MeckLensurG GEORGEMVs, Se. ea eet STRELITz. Freperick Witt1am~ . Prince Royar or Prussia. Josepn Francis Oscar . Crown PRINCE OF SWEDEN. Curistian Freperick . Crown Prince or DENMARK. Wiitam Lovis . . . Prince or Prussia. CHAmuEs . 9. . . . . PRIncE or Proussra. ADELBERT < . . . ~. PRINCE OF Prussia . .) . 3) Copies: ALPHABETICAL LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Aarons, E. L. Esq. St. James’s-place, Aldgate Abbey, John, Esq., Huddersfield Abbott, Alex. S. Esq. Cambridge Abbott, Jno. Esq. 10, Charlotte-st. Bedford-sq. Abbott, Joseph, Esq. Solicitor, Middle Glou- cester-street, Dublin a’Beckett, Thos. T. Esq. 10, Staples Inn Aberdein, Hy. Rt. Esq. Portreeve of Honiton ABERGAVENNY, Rt. Hon. the Earl of Aberystwith Book Society Ablett, J. Esq. Llanbedr Hall, Denbighshire Abraham, C. J. Esq. King’s Coll. Cambridge Abraham, Mrs. 10, Liverpool-street, New-road Abraham, T. Esq. Taunton Acherley, H. John, Esq. 5, Johnstone-st. Bath’ Ackers, George, Esq. Moreton Hall, Cheshire Ackroyd, Joseph, Esq. & Son, Halifax Acland, Capt. J. P. Barnstaple Acland, Sir Thos. D. Bart. Killerton, Devon Acraman, Alfred, Esq. Gt. George-st. Bristol Acraman, D. W. Esq. Low-crescent, Clifton Acton, Mrs, Caroline, Southwold, Suffolk Acton, Samuel, Esq. 32, Finsbury-square Acton, William, Esq. Wolverton, Worcester Adair, A. Esq. Heatherton-pk. near Wellington Adair, J. Esq., Balkail, Glenluce Adair, Rt. Shafto, Esq. Flexton Hall, Suffolk Adam, Rear-Adml. Sir Chas. M.P. 14, Berke- ley-square Adam, J.G. Esq. 51, Cochran-street, Glasgow Adam, Mr. Robert, 144, Queen-street Glasgow Adams, Capt. Rd. Wainsfords, near Lymington Adams, James, Esq. 4, Regent-ter. Edinburgh Adams, John, Esq. King-street, Manchester Adams, John, jun. Esq. Christ Church College, Oxford Adams, Mr. S. jun. Ware Adams, Rev. Wm. D.D. Halstead, Essex Adams, W. Esq. 32, Trafalgar st. Walworth Adamson, James, Esq. Ely-place Adamson, Mr. Thomas, Seagate, Scotland Adcock, 8S. Esq. Cambridge Addington, Mr. L. 105, St. Martin’s-lane Addison, Mr. George, Bradford, Yorkshire Addison, Joseph, Esq. King’s-bench-walk Addison, Ralph, Esq. Fleet-street Adlam, Horatio, Esq. St. Christopher's Adshead, Aaron, Esq. Stalybridge, Lancashire Adshead, Josh. Esq. Mosley-st. Manchester Adshead, Wm. Esq. Manchester Agnew, Sir A. Bart. M.P.14, Manchstr-bldgs Agnew, Col. of Barnbarrow, 39, Devonshire-st. Ainslie, Mrs.Colonel, Melville-st. Edinburgh Ainslie, Mrs. Gilbert, Pembroke CollegeLodge, Cambridge Ainslie, John, Esq. Waverton, near Liverpool Aird, D. Esq. Clapton AIRLIE, Right Hon. the Earl of Aitchison, Captain, R.N., Linkfield, Mussel- burgh, N. B. Aitchison, George, Esq. Leith Aitchison, Wm. Esq. Linkfield, Musselburgh Albanellis, C. Esq. 21, York-st. Manchester ALBEMARLE, Right Hon. the Earl of Alcock, Thomas, Esq. Kingswood, Surrey Aldem, W. Esq. Warmsworth, near Doncaster Aldersey, Robt. Esq. Chester Aldridge, G. Esq. Christchurch, Hants Alduit, Robert Dawes, Esq. J?..N., H.M.S. Medea Alexander, Boyd, Esq. 15, Hanover-terrace, Regent’s-park Alexander, Edward, Esq. 16, Sussex-place Alexander, Edward, Esq. F'.S.A. Halifax Alexander, Henry, Esq. 6, Cork-street Alexander, J. Esq. Upnor, Kent Alexander, J. Esq. Newbury, Berks Alexander, Mr. James, 42, Queen-st. Glasgow Alexander, Lesley, Esq. 6, York-ter. Regnt’s-pk Alfry, Mr. Gloster-place, Brighton Alington, Henry, Esq. Bayley Hall, Hertford Alington, Rev. John, Littke Barford, Beds, 4 Copies Alington, Miss, Twywell, Northamptonshire. 4 Copies Allan, T. Esq. 4, Hillside Crescent, Edinburgh Allan, Wm. Esq. 30, Mosley-st. Manchester Allason, Mr.W. Booksr.Nw Bond-st. 10 Copies Alleock, J. J. Esq. Halesworth, Suffolk Allcott, Mr. John, Bradford, Yorkshire Allen, Mr. Daniel, 42, New Bond-street Allen, Mr. George, Louth Allen, Henry, Esq. the Lodge near the Hay, Brecknockshire Allen, John, Esq. Cheltenham Allen, John, Esq. Tovil, near Maidstone Allen, Messrs. John and William, Falmouth Allen, Miss, Talbot Inn, Market-st. Manchestr Allen, Mr. Robert, 62, Buchanan-st. Glasgow Allen, T, Esq. R.N.1, Adam-place, Woolwich Allen, Thos. Esq. Maidstone Allen, William, Esq. 12, Lower Thames-street Allen, Wm. Esq. Marsden-sq. Manchester Allenby, Samuel, Esq. Maidenwell, near Louth 12 Allercot, Wm. Esq. St. Christopher’s Allin, T. M. Esq. Queen’s College, Cambridge Allingham, Mr. William, Bookseller, Reigate. 2 Copies Allinson, Sam. Esq. 26, Lloyd-sq. Pentonville Allport, Wm. Esq. Manchester Allsopp, Samuel, Esq. Burton-on-Trent Allman, Mr.Thos. Bookseller, 42, Holborn-hill Alstone, T, Esq. 46, Claremont-pl. Glasgow Alston, R. D. Esq. 126, Queen-st. Glasgow Alt, Rev. Just Henry, M.A. Christ’s Hospital AMERICA, Library of the Congress of Ames, George, Esq. Stoke Bishop, Bristol Ames, Levi, Esq. 14, Hereford-street, London Ammerschuber, C. Esq. Claremont, Surrey Amory, William, Esq. 37, Devonshire-place Amos, John, Esq. Fountain-st. Manchester Amphlett, Richard, Esq. Monmouth Amys, Jobn Hewitt, Esq. Rickinghall, Suffolk Anderdon, J. P. Esq. 2.8. Farley Hill, Berks Anderson, Adam, Esq. Huddersfield Anderson, Alex. Esq. 21, Brompton-row Anderson, Rev. Sir Charles, Bart. Lea, near Gainsborough Anderson, Capt. D. A. Indian Navy, Trinity- street, Edinburgh Anderson, Dr. 159, Vincent-street, Glasgow Anderson, Francis, Esq. Westbury, Bristol Anderson, Geo. Esq. Westgate-st, Newcastle- upon-Tyne Anderson, Jno. Esq. Huddersfield Anderson, John, Esq. 4 Gordon-st. Glasgow Anderson, John, Esq. 2, Upper Bedford-place Anderson, Mrs. Dennell Hill, Chepstow Anderson, Philip, Esq. Corpus Christi College, Cambridge Anderson, Robert, Esq. Alnwick. 17 Copies. Anderson, Robt. Esq. 68, Glasford-st. Glasgow Anderson, Rodney, Esq. Ludlow Anderson, Thomas, Esq. Clapham-common Anderson, Wm. Esq. Bedford Villa, Clifton Anderson, Wm. Esq. Cobham, Surrey Anderson, Wm. Esq. Cambridge Andrew, E. Esq. 60, Church-st. Manchester Andrew, John, Esq. Provost of Kilmarnock Andrew, Wm. Esq. Mayor of Stockport Andrews, Hy. Esq. Post Office, Manchester Andrews, Jas. Esq. Bridewell, Liverpool Andrews, Messrs. J.and Co. Booksellers, New Bond-street. 8 Copies Andrews, Mrs. 7, Arlington-street. 2 Copies Andrews, Mrs, Churcli-street, Manchester _ LXVIII Andrews, Mr. R. W. Dorchester Angerstien, J. Esq. M.P. 23, St. James’s-sq. Annan, Mr. W. Booksllr, Croydon. 3 Copies Ansell, Thomas, Esq. Harley-place, Bow Antrobus, Sir Edmund, Bart. 146, Piccadilly Antrobus, Gibbs W. Crawford, Esq. Eaton Hall, Macclesfield Apothecaries, The Society of Appleby, Mrs. Buston Vale, Northumberland Applegarth, Mr. A. Crayford, Kent Appleton, Mr. Hy. 26, Burton-st. Burton-cres. Appleton, J. Esq. Fountain-street, Manchester Appteyard, James, Esq. Warehouse-hill, Leeds ARBUTHNOT, Right Hon. Lord Viscount Arbuthnot, George, Esq. 25, Up. Wimpole-st. Arch, Messrs. J. & A. 61, Cornhill. 15 Copies Archbell, John, Esq. Huddersfield Archdall, E. M. Esq. 69, Chancery-lane Archdeacon, J. Esq. H.M.S. Excellent, Ports- mouth Harbour Archer, Thos. Esq. Cannon-st. Manchester Archer, W. Esq. /2.N. 22, Arundel-street ARGYLE, His Grace the Duke of Ariel, Myles, Esq. Ashley-place, near Bristol Arkwright, Josh. Esq. Mark Hall, Harlow, Essex Arlett, Henry, Esq. Pembroke College. a Book Society Armfield, Mr. W. Northampton Armistead, Messrs. J. & J. Water-lane, Leeds Armitage, E. Esq. 4,Bank Buildgs. Manchester Armstrong, G.W. Esq. Redlion-st. Clerkenwell Armstrong, R. Esq. 92, George-st. Manchester Armytage, John, C. Esq. 1, Upper-st. Islington Arnold, Mr. H. Bookseller, 45, Marchmont-st. Arnold, Col. James R. Royal Engineers, Dover Arnold, Mr. W. Seven Oaks, Kent Arnold’sche, —. Buchhandlung, Dresden Arrow, Mr. Hensy, Seven Oaks, Kent Arrowsmith, Jno. Esq. 33, East-st. Redlion-sq. 2 Copies Artaria & Fortaine, Messrs. Booksellers, Mann- heim, Germany. 2 Copies Arthur, Capt. Jno. Brig Eleanor, Liverpool Artillery, Royal, Woolwich, Library of Artillery, Royal, Library of Non-commissioned Officers, at Woolwich Arundell, W. A. H. Esq. Lifton Park, Devon Ash, Richard, Esq. Cotham House, Bristol ASHBURTON, Right Hon. Lord Ashby-de-la-Zouch Permanent Library Ashcroft, Wm. jun. Esq. 12, Butcher-row, Ratcliff Ashe, Lieutenant-General, 162, Albany-street, Regent’s-park Asher, Mr. A. Bookseller, 90, Bartholomew- close. 2 Copies Ashford Book Society ASHLEY, Lord Viscount, M.P. Ashley, Mr. James, Booksr. 22, Jermyn-street Ashley, Mrs. Epsom, Surrey Ashlin, John Meyson, Esq. Ashton, Capt. Ship Cabotia, Liverpool Ashton, Geo. Esq. Cannon-street, Manchester Ashton, James, Esq. Bank-street, Manchester Ashton, John, Esq. 15, New Cannon-street, Manchester Ashton, John, Esq. St. Ives, Huntingdon Ashton, Samuel, Esq. Pole Bank, Manchester Ashton, Mr. Thomas, Torrington Ashton, Wm. Esq. St. Ives, Hunts Askew, John, Esq. Harbour Master, Seel-street, Liverpool For LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Askew, R. C. Esq. Arcade, Newcastle-upon- Tyne NaS Ee: James, Esq. Duke-street, Liverpool Aspland, Mr.Wm. Bookseller, Waltham-cross. 3 Copies Astbury, John, Esq. Mosley-st. Manchester Aston, Charles G. Esq. Bridge-st. Manchester Aston, Henry, Esq. 2, New Broad-street Atheneum Journal Atherley, Rev. A. Ileavitree, near Exeter Atlee, Falconer, Esq. Wandsworth Atkins, J. Petty, Esq. Walbrook Atkins, John, Esq. Alderman of London Atkins, Capt. Robert, Nimrod, Liverpool Atkinson, Christ. Esq. Ewart, Northumberland Atkinson, Capt. Geo. Gt. Homer-st. Liverpool Atkinson, George, Esq. Inner Temp!e-lane Atkinson, J. R. Esq. Elmwood House, Leeds Atkinson, T. W. Esq. St. John’s College, Cambridge, and Yorkshire Gateside, near Sedbergh Atkinson, John, Esq. 2, Exeter-street, Strand Atkinson, Mr. John, Bookseller, Bradford, Yorkshire. 27 Copies Atkinson, Rev. J. B. West Cowes Atkinson, T. Esq. Bedford-st. North Shields Atkinson, T. Esq. RW. Rodwell, Weymouth Atkinson, T. Esq. Charlton, near Salisbury Atkinson, Wm. Esq. Pall-mall, Manchester Attwood, Edward, Esq. Villiers-street, Bishop Wearmouth, Sunderland Attwood, Rev. P. Wandsworth, Surrey Aubertin, Miss, Banstead, Surrey Aubrey, C. W. Esq. 22, Dorset-pl. Dorset-sq. AUCKLAND, Right Hon. Lord, K.C.B. Audibert, Mrs. 2, Gloucester-terrace Audubon, John J. Esq. FR. § L.S. 73, Mar- garet-street, Cavendish-square Austen, H. Esq. Belle Vue, Seven Oaks, Kent Austen, T. Esq. Kippington Park, Seven Oaks, Kent Austin, Morgan, Esq. Redlion-st, Clerkenwell Austria, the Private Library of H.M. the Emperor of Author, Wm. Esq. York-street, Manchester Avison, Thomas, Esq. Cook st. Liverpool AVONMORE, Rt. Hon. Lord Viscount Ayerst, R.G. Esq. Batts House, near Taunton Ayre, Hy. Esq. 51, High-street, Manchester Ayres, Captain B. Babbage, C. Esq. K.H. F.R.S. Dorset-street Bacchus, Wm. sq. 8, Tokenhouse-yard Back, C. Esq. 1, Verulam-buildings, Gray’s Inn Back, Edward, Esq. St. Peter’s, Norwich Backhouse, Rev. J. B. Rector of Deal Backhouse, Rey. R. D. Walmer, Kent Bacon, Mr. John, Russell-street, Bermondsey Bacon, Mr, Joshua B. Sidmouth-st. Regent-sq. Bacon, N. C. Esq. North Walsham, Norfolk Badnell, Rich. Esq. Farm Hill, Isle of Man Bagehot, T. W. Esq. Langport Bagge, E. Esq. Lynn, Norfolk Bagge, Wm. Lsq. Stradsett Hall, Norfolk Bagle, Mr. J. 1, Abercrombie-street, Glasgow BAGOT, Right Hon. Lord Bagshaw, John, Esq. Brown-st. Manchester Bagster, Mr. S. Bookseller, Paternoster-row Bague, Lieut. Geo. #.N. 119, Sloane-street Bahia, Book Society of Bahia British Library Bailey, C. H. Esq. Cannon-st. Manchester Bailey, Henry W. Esq. Thetford, Norfolk Bailey, W. B. Esq. Cannon-st. Manchester Baillee, Charles, Esq. Advocate, 1, Moray-pl. Edinburgh Baillie, Mrs. A, 33, Cavendish-square Baillie, Mrs. Joanna, 33, Cavendish-square Baillie, W. H. Esq. 33, Cavendish-square Baily and Co. Messrs. Booksellers, Cornhill. 2 Copies Baily, Francis, Esq. F.R.S. F.L.S. 37, Tavi- stock-place Baily, Mrs. R. E. 41, Albion-st. Hyde-park Bain, Mr. J. Bookslr, 1, Haymarket. 5 Copies Bainbridge, John, Esq. 35, Southampton-row, Russell-square Bainbridge, Thos. Esq. Croydon Lodge Baird, Chas. Esq. St. Petersburgh Baker, A. J.C. Esq. Cresswell, Northumberland Baker, Sir Edwd. Bart. Ranstow, near Blandford Baker, Rev. Francis, Wylye Rectory, near Salisbury Baker, Geo. Esq. Bewdley, Worcestershire Baker, H. Shenstone, Esq. Exeter Col. Oxford Baker, J. & T. Esqrs. Gibraltar-pl. Chatham Baker, Mr. John, Christchurch, Hants Baker, R. Esq. West Hay, Wrington, Somerset Baker, Samuel, Esq. Rochester Baker, Rear-Admiral Sir Thos, K.C.B. K.W. Walmer, Dover Baker, Lieut.W. H. R.N. Fort Moncrief,Hythe Baker, Mr. W. Academy, Holloway BALCARRES, Right Hon. the Earl of BALCARRES, Right Hon. the Countess of Bald, Hugh, Esq. Brecon Baldock, Mr. D. Frinsbury, Kent Baldock, Rev. R. Kingsnorth, Kent Baldwin & Co. Messrs. Booksllrs. 11 Copies Baldwin, Col. J. Dover Baldwin, J. Esq. Park-square, Leeds Baldwin, Mrs. Preston, Lancashire Baldwin, Wriothesley, Esq. Maidstone BALGRAY, Right Hon. Lord, Edinburgh Ball, Mr. G. Bookseller, Chelsea Ball, John, Esq. 9, Great St. Helen's Balls, Henry, Esq. Cambridge Bally, W. Esq. Sion-hill, Bath Balmanno, Dr. 37, St. Vincent-st. Glasgow Balston, W. Esq. Maidstone Bancks, Hayward, & Fletcher, Messrs. Book- sellers, Manchester. 8 Copies Bandinel, Rev. Dr. Bulkeley, Bodleian Li- brary, Oxford BANDON, Right Hon. the Earl of Banger, Thomas, Esq. Piddletown, Dorset Bankes, Rev. E. Rectory,CorfeCastle, Wareham Banks, D. Esq. Sheerness, Kent Banks, George, Esq. Leeds Banks, John, Esq. Halling, near Rochester Banmgartner, Mr. Bookseller, Leipzig Bannerman, A. Esq. Market-street, Manchester Bannerman Mr. W. 25, Cochran-st. Glasgow Baratty, Miss, Petersham Barber, G. IE. Esq. 13, York-road, Cheetham, Manchester Barber, Joseph, Esq. Clapham-road Barber, William, Esq. 2, Regent-square Barclay, C. Esq. M.P. F.S.A.43, Grosvnor-pl. Barclay, D. Esq. 12, Austin-friars Barclay, John, Esq. Stock Exchange Barclay, Mr. James, 95, Farringdon-street Bardsley, Dr. Jas. L.. Piccadilly, Manchester Barge, G. Esq. 19, Church-street, Manchester BARHAM, Right Hon. Lord Barham, Rey. C. H. Barming, near Maidstone Baring, Rev. Frederick, Itchen Stoke Baring, Sir Thomas, Bart. Swatton Park Baring, W. B. Esq. M.P. 12, Gt. Stanhope-st. Barker, F, D. Esq. Cambridge Barker, J. Esq. Aldborough, Suffolk Barker, James Thos. Esq. St. Saviour’s Dock, Southwark ' Barker, John, Esq. Print-street, Manchester Barker, Thomas II. Esq. Albion-street, Leeds Barker, William, Esq. 50, Mark-lane Barklimore, Arch. Esq. 10, Charlotte-street, Bloomsbury Barkway, Rev. F. Bungay, Suffolk Barkworth, John, Esq. Anlaby, Hull Barlow, J. HW. Esq. 11, Angel-court Barlow, J. Pratt, Esq. Godliman-street, Doc- tors Commons : Barlow, Jos. T. Esq. Gt. Suffolk-st. Borough Barlow, Mrs. Holybourne, near Alton, Hants Barlow, Rear-Admiral Sir Robert, K.C.B. Canterbury. 2 Copies Barnard, Major-Gen. Sir A. K.C.B. K.G.H. Barnard, Benjamin, Esq. Cornhill Barnard, G. H. Esq. 17, Great St. Helen’s Barneby, J. Esq. M.P. Brockhampton, Here- fordshire Barneby, William, Esq. Worcester Bamed, J. Esq. 23, Rodney-street, Liverpool Barnes, Dr. I’. Master of Peter House College, Cambridge Barnes, F’. Hf. Esq. Counter-slip, Bristol Barnes, Mr.G. King’s Arms Library,Canterbury Barnes, John, Esq. Stock Exchange Barnes, It. Esq. Rustrolme-road, Manchester Barnes, Thos. Esq. George Inn, Cambridge Barnes, W. M. Esq. B.A. “Trinity College, Cambridge Barnett, Benj. Esq. Spring Garden Cottage, Stepney Barnett, F. Esq. Seven Oaks, Kent Barnett, Mr. G. Eccleshall. 3 Copies Barnett, John, Esq. 20, Charterhouse-square Barnett, Mrs. R. Ramsgate, Kent Bamett, R.C. Esq. 25, Chester-ter. Regnt’s-pk Bamett, R. Esq. Highgate Rise, Kentish-town Barnett, Robt. Esq. Highgate Hill Barnewall, Colonel, Oriental Club. 2 Copies Barnstaple Book Club Baron, George, Esq. Drewton Cave, Yorkshire Baron, Jobn, Esq. Russell-street, Bermondsey Baroth, Chas. Esq. York-street, Manchester Barr, John, Esq. St. Christopher's Barr, William W. Esq. Leeds Barraclough, Mr. Geo. Bookseller, Cambridge Barras, Mrs. Latcham, Middlesex Barratt, Thomas, Esq. Leicester Barratt, Messrs. John & Sons, Cannon-street, Manchester Barratty, Miss, Petersham Barrett, Major C. R. Cheriton, Hants Barrett, Mr. J. Bookseller, Brackley. 5 Copies Barron, Mr. George William, 88, Oxford-street Barrow, Simon, Esq. Lansdown-grove, Bath Barrow, Capt. Thos. Wm. H. E. I. C.S. En-| field Chase Barrowclough, Rich. Esq. Devonshire-place, Everton, Liverpool Barry, John Smith, Esq. Foaty, County Cork Bartells, Thomas, Esq. Distillery, Lambeth Barter, Rey. R. 5. College, Winchester LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Bartholomew, John, Esq. 18, Brunswick-st. Glasgow Bartholomew, R. Esq.18, Brunswick-st. Glasgw Bartholomew, W. Esq. Redlion-st. Clerkenwell Bartlett, Thos. C. Esq. Wareham Bartlett, Josiah, Esq. Lower Clapton, Middlx Barton, Bernard, Esq. Woodbridge, Suffolk Barton, Rey. J. East Church, Sheerness Barton, R. W. Esq. Springwood, Manchester Barton, Samuel, Esq. Manchester Barton, T. Esq. St. John’s Coll. Cambridge Barton, W. H. Esq. Royal Mint Bassett, Geo. Esq. High Hill, Kentish Town Bassett, N. F. Esq. Mayor of Truro Bastard, T. C. Esq. Charlton Musgrove, near Wincanton, Somerset Batavia Book Club Batcheler, Thos. Horatio, Esq. Grt. Yarmouth Batcheller, W. King’s Arms Library, Dover Bate, Edw. Esq. R..N. Croom’s-hill, Greenwich Bate, Mrs. Frances, Bishopsteignton, Devon Bate, Robert B. Esq. 20, Poultry Bateman, C.Esq. Bertholly House, nr. Caerleon Bateman, T. Esq. Spring-gardens, Manchester Bates, Captain John, R.N. West Cowes Bates, Mr. J. Long-lane, Bermondsey Bateson, J. Esq. Park-square, Leeds. 2 Copies Bateson, T. Esq. High Fields, Worthy, nr. Leeds Bateson, T. jun. Esq. Aspining, near Leeds BATH, Most Noble the Marquis of Bath Literary Institution, Walks, Bath Bath, the Corporation of Bathurst, Sir ’. Bart. Clarendon Park, Wilts Batley, J. Esq. Armitage Bridge, Huddersfield Batson, Hy. Esq. Rochett’s House, Brentwood Batson, T. R. Esq. Higham-place, Newcastle, Northumberland Batten, Edward, Esq. Bank Coffee-house Batten, John, Esq. Penzance Battersby, Captain, Royal Engineers, Hull Battey, Mr. James, Mars Steamer, Liverpool Battley, Richard, Esq. 114, Fore-street Batty, Mr. H. Bookseller, Ware. 2 Copies Battye, R. C. Esq. Leeds Battye,W.W. Esq. Mould-green, Huddersfield Baugh, Mr. W. Bookseller, Ellesmere Baxter, Wm. Esq. Dundee Baxter, Mr. W. Bookseller, Lewes Baylay, Rev. W. F. Canterbury Bayldon, J. Esq. Jesus College, Cambridge Bayley, Mr. Richard, jun. Newmarket Bayley, Thos. K. Esq. Abbott's Leigh, Bristol Baylis, Philip, Esq. Stoke Ash, Suffolk Bayack, 8S. Esq. Willgate, Dundee Bazely, Lieut. John, 2.N. Dover Beach, Col.Wm. 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Rectory, Armthorp Brass, Wm. Esq. Cumberland-road, Bristol Brawn, Mr. Wim. 9, Moore-place, Glasgow Brawne, Rev. Dr. T. 98, Montrose-st. Glasgow Bray, Joel, Esq. 62, St. Martin’s-lane BREADALBANE, Most Noble the Marquis of Breffit, G. Esq. 4, Egremont-place, New-road LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Brentford, Old, Book Society Brenton, Rear Admiral Sir Jahlee, K.C.B. Lieutenant-Governor of Greenwich Hospital Brett, J. Davy, Esq. Caius College, Cambridge Brettle, George, Esq. 119, Wood-street Brewer, John, Esq. 10, Saville-row, Walworth Brewer, Mr. 8. K. Bookseller, Brighton Briandon, D. Esq. 27, Euston-sq. New-road Briant, Miss Harriet, Bungay, Suffolk Brice, Samuel, Esq. Frenchay Briddon, Hy. Esq. Deansgate, Manchester Bridge, C. Esq. Weymouth, Dorset Bridge, S. F. Esq. Wellington Bridge, Wm. Esq. Dorchester | Bridgeman, Hon. C. O. R.N. Knockin Hall | Bridgen, Mrs. Queen’s-parade, Bristol Bridges, B. C. Esq. Oriel College, Oxford Bridges, Rev. Dr. T. E.. 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Market-street, Manchester Burge, Mr. George, Herne Bay, Kent Burgess and Hunt, Messrs. Ramsgate Burgess, John Hy. Esq. Mayor of Glastonbury Burgess, R. Esq. St. John’s Coll. Cambridge Burke, C. G. Esq. Christ's College, Cambridge Burke, W. W. E. Esq. 3, Furnivals Inn BURLINGTON, Right Hon. the Earl of Burman, H. T. Esq. Caius College, Cambridge Burn, J. G. Esq. Wenkworth Burnell, Miss, 29, Queen-street, Brompton Burnett, J. F. Esq. Crayford, Kent Burnett, JH. Esq. 21, Charlotte-sq. Edinburg LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Burney, H. Esq. Exeter College, Oxford Burnie, John, Esq. 124, Bishopsgate-street Burningham, Miss, Froyle, Alton, Hants Burningham, T. Esq. Froyle, Alton, Hants Burr, J. H. S. Esq. Christ Church, Oxford Burrard, Capt. Sir Chas. Bart. R.N. Lyndhurst Burrard, Rev. G. per Mr.Galpine, Lymington Burrell, James I’. Esq. Belvoir House, Fareham Burrell, John, Esq. Durham Burrill, Mr. H. Booksr. Chatham. 5 Copies Burrough, Sir James, 16, Bedford-square Burroughs, G. F. Esq. 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Esq. 47, Castle-street, Liverpool Butler, Thomas, Esq. 42,Trinity-sq. Tower-hill Butler, Mr. W. T. Bookseller, Beaconsfield. 4 Copies Butt, Rev. J. W. Bromley, Kent Buttemur, Robert, Esq. Butterfield, Mr. John, Bradford, Yorkshire Butterworth, J. A. Esq. Cannon-st. Manchester Buxton, J. M. Esq. Oxford-st. Manchester By, Lieut-Col. Shernfold Park, Frant, Sussex Byerley, Nicholas, Esq. 105, Holborn-hill Byng, Mr. John, jun. Osmaston-road, Derby Byrne, Mr. Thomas, Beaumaris. 3 Copies Byrom, Miss, Eleanor, Quay-st. Manchester Bywater, Dawson, & Co. Messrs. Pool-lane, Liverpool Byzantium Book Club, Constantinople C. Cable, Samuel, Esq. St. Christopher's Cadbury, William, Esq. Wellington Caddell, David, Esq. ‘Salisbury-square Cadell, Mr. Thomas, Bookseller, Strand Cadman, John, Esq. Leeds Cagan, Hugh, Esq. Brunswick-st. Glasgow Cain, James, Esq. Douglas, Isle of Man Calcott, Captain B. Caynham Court, Salop CALCUTTA, Right Hon. the Lord Bishop of Calcutta Book Club Callan, Captain Thos. 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Bookrs. Old Bond-st. Carpenter, John, Esq. Mount Tavy,. Tavistock Carpenter, Mr. John, 11, King-street, Whitehall Carpenter, Rev. J. Phillips, Grenofen, Tavistock Carpenter, Rev. Lant, LL.D. Great George-st. Bristol Carr, John, Esq. 39, Bedford-row Carr, John, Esq. Walker, Northumberland Carr, Mr. Wm. 15, Aston-place, Islington Carrington, H. Esq. Caius College, Cambridge Carter, Mr. C. 1, Chapel-road, Worthing Carter, Dr. II. W. Canterbury Carter, J. B. Esq. M.P.21, Duke-st. Westmr. Carter, T. W. Esq. Maidstone Carter, Major, Great Malvern, Worcestershire Carter, Miss, Library, Worthing Carter, Capt. T. W. R.N. Ryde, Isle of Wight Carter, Rev. W. D. Wye, Kent Carthew, Edmund, Esq. Liskeard, Cornwall Cartwell, Rev. J. B.A. Christ Coll. Cambridge Cartwright, Mr. Francis, 62, Lr. Grosvenor-st. Cartwright, Henry, Esq. Torquay, Devon Cartwright, Major, Brackley, Northamptonshire Cartwright, R. Esq. 35, Bloomsbury-square Cartwright, Wm. Esq. Teignmouth, Devon Carus, Rey. W. M.A. Trinity Coll. Cambridge Carvick, Thomas, Esq. Hendon, Middlesex Cary, Clarence Horatio, Esq. Bangor Casacubertas, A. Esq. Plymouth Grove, Man- chester Casbolt, Henry, Esq. Diamond Estate, St. Christopher’s Case, J. Deane Esq. Abercrombie-sq. Lyrpool Case, R. Edward, Esq. Clifton, Gloucestershire Case, Rev. T. Bishops Caundle, Sherbourne Cash, James, Esq. Piccadilly, Manchester Caslon, Henry, Esq. Chiswell-street Casson, William, Esq. Brown-st. Manchester Castle, M. H. Esq. 1, Rodney-place, Clifton Cathcart, John, Esq. Genoch, Glenluce Cator, Captain B. R.N. Bexley, Kent Cattermoul, Everet, Esq. Norwich Cattley, S. W. Esq. 14, Queenhithe Caulfield, Lieut.-Col. Oriental Club Caulfield, William, Esq. Dublin Cawood, John, Esq. Leeds Cazalet, P. C. Esq. Kemp Town, Brighton Cazinove, James, Esq. 6, Great Winchester-st. Chadwell, Mr. Thomas, Bksllr. Peterborough. 2 Copies Chadwick, W. Esq. Ackey, near Doncaster Chaffey, Mr. H. T. Chard, Somersetshire Chainley, Mr. Newcastle. Mr. Rankins Challenger, Richard, Esq. St. Christopher's Chalon, A. E. Esq. 42, Great Marlborough-st. Challoner, Robert, Esq. Dublin Chamberlayne, T. Esq. Cranbury Park, Hants Chamberlin, Henry, jun. Esq. Norwich Chamberlin, Robert, Esq. Norwich Chambers, Sir Samuel, 7?.2V. Bredgar, Kent Champaaté, J. J. Esq. Belmont House, Taunton Champernowne, H. Esq. Christ Church Coll. Oxford Chandler, J. Esq. 7, Charles-st. Manchester- square LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Chandler, L. Esq. 133, St. John’s street Chanter, T. B. Esq. Bideford Chaplin, E. J. Esq. Magdalen Coll. Oxford Chaplin, Frederick, Esq. Harlow, Essex Chapman, David, Esq. 39, Miller-st. Glasgow Chapman, E. Esq. Caius College, Cambridge Chapman, J. Esq. 16, Grosvenor-st. Chorlton, Manchester Chapman, Mr. John, 49, Albemarle-street Chapman, Thos. Esq. Marshal of the King’s Bench Chapman, Wm. Francis, Esq. Hampstead Chappel, W. T. Esq. Lemon-street, Truro Chappell, Mr. J. 56, Skinner-street, Snow-hill Charge, John, Esq. Chesterfield Charlton, Edwin, Esq. 42, New Bridge-street Charlton, J. Esq. 42, New Bridge-st. Blackfrs. Charlton, W. Esq. Rochester Charnley, Mr. Newcastle Charnock, John, Esq. Woodhouse-lane, Leeds Charter, ‘T. M. Esq. Lynchfield House, near Taunton Chatfield, Rev. R. LL.D. Vicar of Chatteris Chatham and Rochester Philosophical, &c. In- stitution Chatham Library Chaytor, W. R. C. Esq. M.P, Witton Castle, Witton le Wear, Durham Cheam School Library Chenery, C. Esq.Warner’s-yard, Mincing-lane Cheney, E. H. Esq. Christ Church Coll. Oxford Chennell, Mr. Thomas, Crown Inn, Guildford Chepstow Reading Society Chester Reading Society CHEWTON, Right Hon. Lord Viscount CHICHESTER, Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of Chilcott, T. Esq. Pembroke House, Clifton Child, George, Esq. Stony-street, Borough Child, Mr. R. Store-street, Bedford-square Child, Stephen, Esq. Stony-street, Borough. 2 Copies Child, Stephen, jun. Esq. Stony-st. Borough Children, John George, Esq. F.2.S. British Museum, Secretary of the Royal Society Childs, John, Esq. Bungay, Suffolk Chinchen & White, Messrs. Swanage Chippendall, J. Esq. Mosley-rd. Manchester Chisholm, Rev. Charles, Eastwell, Kent Chisholm, Dr. R. Canterbury Chitty, Joseph, jun. Esq. 6, Pump-ct. Temple CHOLMONDELEY, Most Noble the Mar- quis of Chorley, Henry, Esq. Calls, Leeds Chorley, Miss E. Park-lane, Leeds Christian, John, Esq. First Deemster, Milne- town, Isle of Man Christophers, J. Esq. 12, New Broad-street Chureh, Mr. 8S. 10, Gray’s-place, Brompton CHURCHILL, Captain Lord John Spencer, R.N. Kensington Palace CHURCHILL, Hon. Lady Henrietta, Ches- terfield Churchill, James, Esq. Poole, Dorset Churchill, Mr. John, Bookseller, 16, Princes- street, Leicester-square Churchyard, Thomas, Esq. Melton, Suffolk Clair, Capt. D. L. I. #.N. Staverton Court, Gloucester Clapham, Messrs. J. & J. Leeds Clapham, Thomas, Esq. Woodhouse, Leeds Clare, J. Esq. 19, St.John’s-sq. Clerkenwell Clark, Andrew, Esq. Bear Garden, Southwark k LXXIIT Clark, Cyrus, Esq. Street, near Glastonbury Clark, Ebr, Esq. 127, St. James’s-st. Brighton Clark, Mr. G. Bookseller, Dorchester Clark, J. Esq. 3, Keppel-st. Russell-square Clark, J. Esq. Trowbridge, Wilts Clark, Jos. jun. Esq. Pollard-st. Manchester Clark, J. P. Esq. 5, Sackville-st, Piccadilly Clark, Rev. J. Grove House, Folkestone Clark, Matthew, Esq. 9, Hanover-terrace, Regent’s-park Clark, Mr. Bookseller, Finch-lane Clark, Mr. William, 80, St. John’s-street-road Clark, W. Esq. 74, St. John’s-street Clarke, A. Esq. 57, Brooke-street, Grosvenor- square Clarke, Alexander, Esq. Academy, Newport, Isle of Wight Clarke, Chas. M. Esq. 40, Norfolk-st. Strand Clarke, Charles, Esq. Lincoln’s-inn-fields, and Grove-road, St. John’s-wood Clarke, Sir Charles M. Bart. M.D. F.R.S.10, Saville-row Clarke, Mr. Edward, 144, Queen-st. Glasgow Clarke, General, 48, Charlotte-st. Fitzroy-sq. Clarke, George, Esq. Mosley-st. Manchester Clarke, John, Esq. Fort Pitt, Chatham Clarke, Mr. John, Booksllr. Horsham. 8 Copies Clarke, Lieut. Pickering, R.N. Perrymead, Widcomb, Bath Clarke, Rev. W. B. A.M. F.G.S. Stanley Green, Longfleet, Dorset Clarke, Saml. Esq. Church-street, Manchester Clarke, Thomas, Esq. F.A.S. Highgate Hill, Kentish Town Clarke, W. R. Esq. Wymondham, Norfolk Clarkson, W. G. Esq. 7, Bell yard, Doctors’- commons Clavin, Miss Jane, S. York Claxson, Rev. Dr. Gloucester Claxton, Lieut. C. P. R.N. 10, St. Vincent- parade, Bristol Claxton, Robt. Esq. H. M. Solicitor-general, St. Christopher's Clay, John, Esq. Huddersfield Clay, Miss, Tenant-street, Derby Clay, Richard, Esq. Rose Villa, Huddersfield Clay, Samuel, Esq. St. John’s-street, West Smithfield Clay, Mr. William, 50, West Smithfield Claydon, Charles, Esq. Cambridge Claye, Mr. Thomas, Bookseller, Stockport Claye, Richard, Esq. King-street, Manchester Clayette, Louis, Esq. Queen-st. Manchester Claypon, Joseph, Esq. Hampstead Heath Clayson, Capt. John, R.NV. Deal Clayton, Michael, Esq. Lincoln’s Inn Clayton, Mr. John, Bradford, Yorkshire Clayton, Wm. Esq. Langcliff Place, near Settle, Yorkshire Cleasby, Stephen, jun. Esq. 3 Cornwall-ter- race, Regent’s-park Clegg, Benjamin, Esq. Cromford Court, near Manchester Clegg, J. Esq. 5, Back Marsden-st. Manchester Clegg, J. jun. Esq. Hodgson-sq. Manchester Clegg, W. Esq. Cromford Court, near Man- chester Cleghorn, R. B. Esq. St. Kitt’s, West Indies Cleiland, Col. St. Germain’s-place, Blackheath Cleland, J. Esq. 130, Upper Mill-st. Glasgow Clements, Mr. R. Rochester Clent, Mrs. Sarah, 37, Back, Bristol CLEVELAND, His Grace the Duke of LXXIV Cliff, Thomas, Esq. Downend Cliffe, Rev. L. A. Bishops Hull, near Taunton Clifford,Capt. SirAugustus, C. B. 86,Eaton-sq. Clifford, Hon. C. Trubam Hall, Lincolnshire Clifford, James, Esq. Shardlow, Derby Clinton, John, Esq. St. Christopher’s. 2 Copies Clive, Theophilus, Esq. Ryde, Isle of Wight CLIVE, Right Hon. Lord Viscount, M.P. CLONCURRY, Right Hon. Lord Close, Wm. Esq. Rotherham, Yorkshire Clowes, Rev. J. Broughton, Manchester Coape, James, Esq. Christ's Coll. Cambridge Coates, Henry, Esq. Colchester Coates, Richard, Esq. Brown-st. Manchester Coates, T. Esq. 42, Spring-gdns. Manchester Coates, Mr. Booksr. 139, Cheapside. 3 Copies Coates, Miss Walker, Drumseech, Edinburgh Cobb, J. Esq. Hawkhurst, Kent Cobbett, Mr. William, 106, St. Martin’s-lane Cobbold, Charles, Esq. Rose-hill, Ipswich Cobden, R. Esq. Mosley-street, Manchester Cochet, Vice-Admiral James, Bideford, Devon Cock, Simon, Esq. 1, New Bank-buildings Cockburn, Vice-Admiral Sir Geo. G.C.B. 4, Whitehall Cockburn, Miss, Stratton-terrace, Falmouth Cockburn, Lieut.-Gen. Sir Wm. Bart. D.C.L 4, Lansdown-crescent, Bath Cocker, Jonathan, Esq. Salford, Lancashire Cockerell, Hon. Lady, Seizincot, Worcestersh. Cockerell, James, Esq. Blackman-st. Borough Cockerill, R. M. Esq. R.2V. Oswestry Cocking, Thomas, Esq. 19, Great Portland-st. Codd, George, Esq. Town Clerk, Hull Coe, Captain Thomas, R.N. Cambridge Coffin, Richard Pine, Esq. Portledge, Devon Cohen, B. Esq. 1,Wyndham-pl.Bryanston-sq. Cohen, J. C. Esq. Stock Exchange Cohen, Solomon, Esq. Pope’s-head-alley COIGNE, Le Duce de Colby, Capt. David, R.NV. Tichfield Colchester Castle Society Cole, G. C. Esq. Sevenoaks, Kent Cole, Martin, Esq. Ipswich Cole, Thos. Esq. 46, Fountain-st, Manchester Coles, James, Esq. Old Change Coles, Rev. T. H. Honington, Lincolnshire Collett, B. Esq. Mathon Lodge, Worcestershire Collier, John, Esq. M.P. Plymouth Collier, Wm. Esq. Greengate, Manchester Colling, John, Esq. Stock Exchange Collingwood, H. J. W. Esq. Lilburn Tower, Northumberland Collins, R. Esq. #.N. Christchurch, Hants Collins, Charles, Esq. Stamford-hill Collins, Mr. James, 115, Regent-street Collins, Mr. Jones, Richmond, Surrey Collins, Mrs. Charlton, Kent Collins, P.H. Esq. Hatch, Beauchamp, Somst. Collins, Robert, Esq. Redcliff-pavade, Bristol Collins, Mr. William, V. R.N. Harwich Collinson, Mr. R. Booksr. Mansfield, 4 Copies Colls, Charles, Esq. Huddersfield Collyns, William, Esq. Kenton, Devon Colman, G. Esq. 10, Holland-place, Brixton Colmer, R.Esq. Abbot’s Lodge, Sibton, Suffolk Colpoys, Rev. J. Rectory, Droxford, Hants Colquitt, S. M. Esq. R.N. Neptune Hotel, Liverpool Colvidge, Wm. Esq. 40, Dunlop-st. Glasgow Colson, Rev. W. Piddlehinton, nr. Dorchester Colston, E, F, Esq. Weymouth, Dorset LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. COLVILLE, Right Hon. Vice-Admiral Lord Colville,Chas. Esq. Christ Church Coll. Oxford Colyer, J. Esq. St. John’s Cottage, Sevenoaks Combe, Geo. Esq. 23, Charlotte-sq. Edinburgh Comings, Richard, Esq. Cambridge COMPTON, Right Hon. the Earl Compton, H. Esq. Eddington, Berks Comyn, Richard, Esq. 1, Queen-street-place Comyns, Rev. J. Woodhouse, Bishopsteign- ton, Devon Conlan, John, Esq. Dublin Conn, Henry, Esq. Truro Connell, James, Esq. Irving Academy Connop, Rev. J. Bradfield Hall, Berks Connor, Daniel, Esq. Bally Bricken, Cork Conroy, Sir John, k.C. H. Kensington Palace Considine, H. Esq. Trinity Coll. Cambridge Consterdine, J.Esq. NewCannon-st. Manchestr Conway, I’. W. Esq. Dublin Cook, James, Esq. New Mosley-st. Manchester Cook, James, Esq. North-terrace, Camberwell Cook, Rev. James, Newton Hall Cook, John, Esq. Goodman’s-yard, Minories Cook, Mrs. Greenock, N.B. Cook, Robt. K. Esq. Corpus Coll. Cambridge Cook, Wm. Esq. 22, St. Paul’s Churchyard Cooke, Charles, Esq. 45, Doughty-street Cooke, Isaac, Esq. Clifton, Bristol Cooke, P. Davies, Esq. Awston, nr. Doncaster Cooke, Samuel G. Esq. Colchester Cooke, Sir W.B. Bt. Wheatley, nr. Doncaster Cookes, Mrs. Woodhampton House, Worces- tershire Cookson, Capt. J. Royal Artillery, St. Chris- topher’s Cookson, J. Esq. York-crescent, Clifton Cookson, Rev. Edward, Park-square, Leeds Cooper, Sir Astley, Bart. /.R.4.S. Conduit-st. Cooper, Col. F. G. Barton Grange, nr.Taunton Cooper, Frdk. Esq.7, Richmond-ter. Brighton Cooper, Rey. G. F. Yetminster, Dorset Cooper, E. J. Esq. M.P. Martree, Collooney, Ireland Cooper, Rev. Mark, Barnsbury Park, Islington Cooper, Richard, Esq. Monument-yard Cooper, Rev. Sir W. H. 57, Portland-place Cooper, Mr. Thomas, Stockport Cooper, T. W. Esq. Old-street & Tottenham Cooper, Thos. Esq. Bedford Hotel, Brighton Cooper, William, Esq. Norwich Coote, R. E. P. Esq. 19,York-crescent, Clifton Coote, R. H. Esq. 1, Stone-bdgs. Lincoln’s Inn Coote, William, Esq. St. Ives, Huntingdon Cope, Richard, Esq. Exchange-st. Manchester Cope, W. Wadham, Esq. Old Bailey Cornwall Library, Truro Corrall, P. Esq. Maidstone Cortazzi, John, Esq. 22, Brunswick-square Cosens, Captain E. 8. Woolwich-road Coste, T. Esq. Lower Mosley-st. Manchester Costendiech, John, Esq. Lloyd’s Coffee-house Cotesworth, R. Esq. St. Helen’s-place Cottingham, George, Esq. Kersley House, near Bolton, Lancashire Cotton, Benjamin, Esq. Cambridge Cotton, C. R. Esq. Lewisham-road Cotton, Mr. Edward, Rochester Coulman, R.J. Esq. Wadworth Hall, Yorkshire Coulman, Thos. Esq. Whitgift Hall, Yorkshire Coulthurst, J. N. Esq.Gargrave House, Skipton Court, Mr. Wm. Tolton Mill, Worcestershire Courtauld, Samuel, Esq.Bocking, Essex Courteney, Chas. Leslie, Esq. Christ Church College, Oxford Courtis, Richard J. Esq. Mayor of Falmouth Cousen, Mr. William, Bradford, Yorkshire Cove, John, Esq. Bishopsteignton, Devon Cove, Richard, Esq. Milford, near Salisbury COVENTRY, Right Hon. the Earl of Coventry, Charles, Esq. 71, Dean-street, Soho square Coward, Noah, Esq. Treleigh, Redruth Coward, W. Esq. Haberdashers-place, Hoxton Cowie, Benj.G. Esq. Hill House, Esher, Surry Cowing, Mr. J. James, Library, Barnet. 7 Copies Cowling, John, Esq. Garden-court, Temple Cowper, Henry, Esq. Tewin Water, Herts | Cowper, Dr. William, Glasgow College Cowper, W. Esq. 193, Athol-place, Glasgow Cox, Edw. 8. Esq. Brailsford, near Derby Cox, Henry, Esq. Park Fields, near Derby Cox,J. Esq. Leazes-terrace, Newcastle-on-Tyne Cox, John, Esq. Wrington, Somerset Cox, Mrs. 3, Grove, Clapham Common Cox, Thomas, Esq. Friar-gate, Derby Coyney, W. Hill, Esq. Weston Coyney, near Newcastle-under-Lyne Cozens, John, Esq. Sprowston Lodge, Norfolk Craden, Mr. James, Bromley, Kent Cragg, W. Esq. Threekingham, Lincolnshire Craggs, Mr. Bookseller, Hull. 7 Copies Cramer, Rev. Dr. Principal of New Inn Hall, Oxford Cramer, J. T. Esq. Rathmore, Cork Crane, John C. Esq. Bewdley Crane, Mr. James, Cerne Abbas, Dorset Crary, Mr. Liverpool Crastie, Shafto, Esq. Crastie Hall Craufurd, G. W. Esq. King’s Coll. Cambridge Copeland, Thomas, Esq. M.P. Alderman of| CRAVEN, Right Hon. the Earl of London. Copenhagen, the Athenzeum of Classinian Library of Copenhagen, Union of Students of Copland, John, Esq. Surrey-street, Strand Copling, John, Esq. H.E.£.C.S. Upper Tulse Hill, Surrey. 2 Copies Coppin, Mr. Wm. Queen Adelaide Steamer, Liverpool Coppinger, Wm. Esq. 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Kelvin-grove, Glasgow Dent, William, Esq. Worcester Derby Permanent Library Derby Philosophical Society Derham, Robt. Esq. Leeds Dering, Sir E. Bart. Surrenden-Dering, Kent Desanges, F. Esq. Weaver-st. Spitalfields DE SAUMAREZ, Right Hon. Admiral Lord, G.C.B. Des Granges, Peter, Esq. 33, Cockspur-street De Teissier, Mrs. Epsom, Surrey Devas, Wm. Esq. Lawrence-lane Devizes Literary Institution Devon and Exeter Institution, Exeter DEVONSHIRE, His Grace the Duke of D’Ew, Dyer, Esq. Acre-Jane Dewe, Rev. S. Rochester Dewer, Messrs. E. & R. 16, Old-street Dewson, Mr. Francis, Packet Ship, C. Bran- don, Liverpool Dibsdall, Silas, Esq. Brunswick-sq. Bristol Dickins, Thos. Esq. Vale Lodge, Leatherhead Dickenson, Mr. George, Buckland, near Dover Dickinson, Harvey, Esq. East India House Dickinson, John, Esq. Lower-st. Islington Dickinson, Miss, Farley Hill, Berks Dickinson, Wm. Esq. East India House Dickinson, J. Esq. Bartley Lodge,Southampton Dickinson, Jonathan, Esq. 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Marchioness of ——_—-— Ladies’ Book Club Public Select Library Eyles, Mr. George, Speenhamland, Berks Eyres, W. Esq. Leeds Eyson, P. B. Esq. 5, Ardwick-green, Manchster F. Faber, Chas. W. Esq. 89, Chancery-lane Fagg, Thomas, Esq. 14, Wilmington-square Fagg, R. Esq. Wilmington-square Fairbain, P. Esq. Park-square, Leeds Fairbairn, John, Esq. Newcastle-upon-Tyne Fairbarn, Wm. Esq. Manchester Fairbrother, P. Esq. 17, Gracechurch-street Fairclough, Wm. Esq. Tabley-st. Liverpool Fairrie, John, Esq. Church-lane, Whitechapel Faith, G. Esq. 36, Mincing-lane Faithful, Hy. Esq. Ship-street, Brighton Faithfull, E.C. Esq. 5, King’s-rd. Bedford-rw. Falconer, A. Esq. Falconer Hall, Edinburgh Falconer, Arch. Esq. Provost of Port Glasgow Fallows, John, Esq. Stone, Staffordshire FALMOUTH, Right Hon. the Earl of Falmouth Public Library Fancourt, Major, 17.P. 1, Old Palace-yard Fane, Capt. J. H. R.N. Green Park-buildings, Bath Faraday, Mr. Robt. 114, Wardour-street, Soho Farebrother, Chas. Esq. Alderman of London Farmer, Thos. W. Esq. 79, Borough Farnaby, Rey. Sir C. Bart. Wickham Court, Kent: FARNBOROUGH, Right Hon. Lord Farquhar, James, Esq. Woburn-place Farr, Fred. Wm. Esq. Beccles, Suffolk Farr, W. Esq. Carno, Montgomeryshire Farrand, F. Esq. Almonbury, Nuddersfield Farrand, Robt. Esq. 3, Park-street. 2 Copies Farrer, Jas. Wm. Esq. 7, John-st. Berkeley-sq. Farrer, Wm. Esq. Saham, Norfolk Farrer, Wm. L. Esq. 66, Lincoln’s-inn-fields Farrow, Samuel, Esq. Diss, Norfolk Fauke, W. Esq. Great Winchester-street, Tor- rington-square Faulkner, Mr. B. Anglesea Hotel, Gosport LXXxVIII Fauntleroy, R. Esq. 2, Paragon, New Kent-rd. Fauntleroy, Mr. Robt. Bookslr. Leadenhall-st. Fayell, Edward, Esq. Cambridge Faweett, R. M. Esq. Cambridge Fayle, Rev. R. Wareham, Dorset Fearnall, Wm. Esq. Union Dock, Limehouse. Fearne, Joseph, Esq. Angel-court Fearns, Miss, Acorn Bank, Westmorland Featherstone, W. Esq. 17, Vere-street Fector, J. M. Esq. M.P. Kersney Abbey, near Dover Fedden, Olgar, Esq. 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Queen-street, Glasgow Finnie, Archibald, Esq. Kilmarnock Finnis, T. Q. Esq. 79, Great Tower-street Firmin, Mr. P. V. 153, Strand 3 Copies |IFITZMAURICE, Lord Henry P. Trinity) | Fleck, Hugh, Esq. Basseterre, St. Christopher's | Fleischmann, Mr. C. A. Bookseller, Munich | Forbes, David, Esq. Douglas, Isle of Man | Forester, Dr. Rich. F. Abbott's Hill, Derby LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Forrest, Mr. James, 23, Old Burlington-street Forrester, G. Esq. Vauxhall Foundry, Livrpool Forshall, Rev. J. #.R.S. British Museum Forster, G. Esq. Alderman, Forth, Newcastle- upon-Tyne Forster, James, Esq. 64, Old Broad-street Forster, Rey. J. Crescent, Leicester Tort, Lawrence, Esq. High-st. Manchester Fortescue, Hon. Geo. Weare Gifford, Devon Fortescue, T. Esq. Exeter College, Oxford Fortescue, Wm. Esq. Smithfield-bars Fortescue, W. Esq. Christ Chureb Coll. Oxford Forth, Henry, Esq. Bridgewater-buildings Foster, Aug. Esq. Warmwell House, Dorset Foster, Rev. A. Kingston, near Taunton Foster, Lieut. G. Commander H. M. Packet Lapwing, Falmouth Foster, John, Esq. Town Hall, Liverpool Foster, Mr. James, 10, Culver-street, Bristol Foster, Mr. John, Kirby Lonsdale. 7 Copies Foster, Rich. Esq. 3, Bedford-square Foster, Richard, jun. Esq. Cambridge Foster, Thos. Esq. Town Hall, Liverpool Foster, Capt. W. Schooner Tampico, Liverpool Foster, William, Esq. Lanwithan, Cornwall Foulkes, Edw. Esq. Star-yard, Manchester Fowler, Jas. Esq. 3, Lincoln’s-inn-fields Fox, Alfred, Esq. Falmouth Fox, B. Esq. Chestnut Lodge, near Horsham Fox, Dr. Brislington, near Bristol Fox, Dr. Edw. Long, Brislington, Somerset Fox, E. Berkley, Esq. 33, Montague-place, Bedford-square Fox, George C. Esq. Falmouth Fox, Mr. Hy.57, Falkner-street, Manchester Fox J. Elliott, Esq. 40, Finsbury-crescent Fox, Rev. Dr. John, Provost of Queen's Col- lege, Oxford Fox, Lieut.-Col. M.P. Addison-rd. Kensington Fox, Mr. Richard Gott, Bradford, Yorkshire Fox, Robert Weare, Esq. Falmouth Fox, Rev.Thos. H. L. Hinton St. Mary, Dorset Fraland, Mr. James, 56, Wilson-st. Glasgow Francis, Charles L. Esq. Wandsworth-road ~ Francis, Henry, Esq. Monument-yard Francis, Robert, Esq. Canterbury Francis, Samuel, Esq. Norwich Frankland, Sir Robt. Bart. Thirkleby Park, Yorkshire Franks, John, Esq. 16, Warwick-ct. Holborn Fraser, Rev. Wm. St. Christopher’s Fraser, J. F. Esq. 15, Eaton-pl. Belgrave-sq. Fraser, Gen. Sir John, K.G.H. CampdenHill Fraser, Mr. Thos. 63, New Bond-street Fraser, W. R. Esq. Trinity Coll. Cambridge Frazer, Alex. Esq. Plymouth Frederick, Lieut.-Col. 52, Berkeley-square Freeling, Sir Francis, Bart. 7.R.S. Post Office Freeman, H. L. Esq. R.N. Dublin Castle Freeman, John, Esq. Leamington-priors Freeman, John, Esq. Gaines, near Worcester Freeman, Spencer, Esq. Stowmarket, Suffolk Frend, Richard, Esq. Mayor of Canterbury Frend, Wm. Esq. 31, Upper Bedford-place, Russell-square French, G. Esq. Hawkhurst, Kent French, J. M. Esq. F.R.A.S. Friend, John, Esq. Birchington, Kent Fripp, W. Esq. Alderman, Cote House, Bristol Frolich & Besch, Messrs. 11, Hanover-street, Hanover-square Froost & Sons, Messrs. Nemarwket-lane, Manchester Firth, James F, Esq. Guildhall Fisher, D. Esq. O.S.C. 15, Forth-st. Edinb. Fisher, Edw. Esq. Longroyd Bridge, Hud- dersfield Fisher, Francis, Esq. Jesus Coll. Cambridge Fisher, Capt. J... Harbour-master’s-office, St. Catherine’s Fisher, J. T. Esq. Otto Wells, Huddersfield Fisher, Jas. Esq. Great Yarmouth Fisher, John, Esq. Park Villa, Charlotte-street, Bristol Fisher, Rev. G. J. Winfrith Rectory, Dorset Fisher, Mr. T. M. 22, Tib-lane, Manchester FITZCLARENCE, Lord Frederick Fitzgerald, Rear Admiral, 26, Park-st. Bath Fitz Gibbon, Hon, Col. R. H. MP. 44, Bel- grave-square College, Cambridge i FITZWILLIAM, Right Hon. the Earl of. 2 Copies Fitzwilliam, Hon. George Wentworth, Trinity, College, Cambridge Fitzwilliam, Hon. W. T.S. Wentworth, Trinity College, Cambridge Flack, C. J. Esq. Cavendish-bridge, Derby Flack, Edward, Esq. Fall-street, Derby Fleeming, Vice-Admiral, Hon. C. E. Sheerness Fleming, Jas. P. Esq. 62, Miller-st. Glasgow Fleming, Thos. Esq. Broughton View, Man- chester Flesham, P. F. Esq. Kent-street, Manchester Fletcher, A. Esq. 6, Blythewood-sq. Glasgow Fletcher, Mr. A. Redbridge, near Southampton Fletcher and Co. Messrs. Paternoster-row Fletcher, Chas. Esq. Gloucester Fletcher, Captain, E. C. 1st Life Guards, 18, Sussex-place, Regent’s-park Fletcher, J. Esq. 6, New Broad-st. Manchester Fletcher, Jas. Esq. 6, New Brown-street Fletcher, John, Esq. Shiffnal Fletcher, John Henry, Esq. Surveyor-General, Post Office, York Fletcher, Jos. Esq. Union Dock, Limehouse. 3 Copies Fletcher, Robt. Esq. Ashley Lodge, Mont- pelier, Bristol Flew, John, Esq. Clear Mount, Weymouth Flood, C. Esq. Bramble Hill, Honiton, Devon Flood, John, Esq. Grace-street, Leeds Fload, J. D. Esq. 42, Tothill-st. Westminster Flooks, J. H. Esq. The Mount, near Wilton, Wilts Flower, Henry, Esq. 4, King’s-arms-yard Flower, Rev. Mr. York FOLEY, Right Hon. Lord Fooks, T. B. Esq. Dartford, Kent Footner, Wm. Esq. Romsey, Hants Forbes, Sir Chas. Bart. 9, Fitzroy-square Forbes, G. Esq. 2, Mansion-house-place Forbes, George, Esq. West Coates, Edinburgh Forbes, J. H. Esq. Golder’s Hill, Hampstead Forbes, Sir J. Stuart, Bart. of Pitsligo, Green- hill, Edinburgh Ford, Mr. W. Wolverhampton Ford, Rich. Esq. Heavitree House, near Exeter Forder, Robt. Esq. 4, Bugle-st. Southampton Formby, Rev. J. Frinsbury, Kent Forrest, Sir Digory, Exmouth, Devon LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Garrard, Thomas, Esq. Chamberlain of Bristol Garratt, John, Esq. Bishop’s-court, near Exeter Garratt, Mrs. 23, Royal-crescent, Bath Garrett, P. Esq. Douglas, Isle of Man Garry, Nicholas, Esq. 14, Stratton-st. Piccadilly Garwood, Thomas, Esq. Wells, Norfolk Garwood, William, Esq. York Gaselee, Right Hon. Mr. Justice, Montagu-pl. Gaskin, Rev. T. M.A. Jesus Coll. Cambridge Gates, R. Esq. Bramley, Surrey Gatliff, William, Esq. Leeds Gatton, J. Iloward, Esq. Hadgor House, Wor- cester. High Sheriff Gavaron, Theodore, Esq. 27, Tavistock-square Gay, J. Esq. 2,Queen-street, Southwark-bridge Gaywood & Longworth, Messrs. 13, Grafton- street, Fitzroy-square Gee, Joseph, Esq. Cottingham, near Hull Gee, Robert, Esq. Hollywood, near Stockport Gell, Philip, Esq. Hopton Hall, near Wirk- worth, Derbyshire Geltenes, J. Esq. Pembroke Coll. Cambridge Geneste, Rev. Max. West Cowes George, Alfred, Esq. Kingston Villa, Clifton George, Mrs. Ann, Chepstow. 6 Copies George, Chris. Esq. Abbott’s Leigh, Bristol George, Jubn, jun. Esq. 192, Regent-street Geerge, Spark, Esq. Kirkstall, Leeds Gerber, Wm. Esq. At Messrs. Rhomer, Bro- thers, & Co. Back George-street, Manchester Gerold, Mr. C. Bookseller, Vienna Gerrard, J.H. Esq. D.C.£. Principal of Bristol College GEYMULLOR, Baron Henry V. Gibb, Mr. H. W. Crown-street, Liverpool Gibbes, Charles, Esq. 66, South Audley-street Gibbins, B. Esq. Neath, Glamorganshire Gibbins, Mr. John, Settle, Yorkshire, 5 Copies Gibbons, J. Esq. 19, Goree Piazzas, Liverpool Gibbons, Sir J. Bart. Stanwell-pl. Middlesex Gibbs, Edward, Esq. 32, Fenchurch-street Gibbs, G. H. Esq. 11, Bedford-square Gibbs, James, Esq. Bath Cottage, Clifton Gibson, Sir A. C. Maitland, Bart. Charlotte- square, Edinburgh Gibson, Mr. Charles, Royal Oak, Ashford Gibson, Edw. Esq. Mayor of Hull Gibson, Mr. Francis, Saffron Walden Gibson, J. Esq. Leazes-ter. Newcastle-on-Tyne Gibson, John, Esq. Laboratory, Stratford Gibson, N. Esq. 13, Saville-row, Newcastle- upon-Tyne Gibson, R. Esq. Beckenham, Kent Gibson, Thomas, Esq. Theberton House Gibson, Mr. W. G. Saffron Walden Gibson, Wood, Esq. Poolfold, Manchester Giddy, Captain Charles, R.N. Penzance Gidoin, Rev. J. L. Lympstone, Devon Gilbert, A. Esq. Caius College, Cambridge Gilbert, H. Esq. Pickshipton, near Devizes Gilbert, Col. W. R. Cheltenham Giles, John .C Esq. R.N. Woodside Cottage, Lymington Giles, Captain Joseph, Wells Giles, R. B. Esq. 52, York-crescent, Clifton Gilfillan, Jas. Esq. 2, Rodney-st. Liverpool Gilkison, David, Esq. Port Glasgow Gill, Captain J. B. Brig Thetis, Liverpool Gill, T. Esq. 1, Great Ormond-st. Bloomsbury GILLES, Right Hon. Lord, Edinburgh Gillespie, Alex. jun. Esq. 13, America-square Gillespie, R. Esq. 33, York-place, Baker-street Gillett, John, Esq. Street, near Glastonbury Frost, John, Esq. 11, Wood-street, Cheapside Frost, Messrs. Jos. & Isaac, 62, St. John’s- square, Clerkenwell Fry, Edmund and Son, Messrs. 4, Bishops- gate-st. within Fry, Joseph James, Esq. Gloucester Fry, Mr. Bookseller, Tunbridge Frye, Rev. Dr. Crescent House, Brompton Fryer, Chas. Esq. Cattistoke, Dorset Fryer, F. W. Esq. Wimbourne, Dorset Fryer, John, Esq. Chatteris, Cambridge Fryer, Mr. Thomas, Northwich Fryer, Thos. Chatteris, Cambridge Fulcher, Rich. Esq. Bungay, Suffolk Fuller, T. Esq. Stony Knolls, near Manchester Fuller, Captain W. 8. R.N. Brighton Fuller, Mr. John, Dunmow, Essex Fullerton, John, jun. Esq.Wellesbourne, War- wickshire FULLORTON, Right Hon. Lord John, Edin- burgh Fullwood, B. Esq. 24, Somerset-place, Hoxton New Town Funge, Mr. John, York-pl. City-road Furley, R. Esq. Ashford, Kent Furley, Robt. Esq. 17, Vere-street Fyfe, Captain, R.N. 7, Albany-st. Edinburgh G,. Gaddum, F. E. Esq. Pool-street, Manchester Gadsby, John, Esq. Water-la. Manchester GAGE, Right Hon. the Lord Viscount Gage, Hon. W. Westbury House, Alton Gaitskell, Lt--Col. 29, Regeney-sq. Brighton Galbraith, H. A. Esq.Surgeon, Royal Asylum, Glasgow Gale, E.Morant,Esq.U pham, Bishop’sWaltham Gale, John Parrah, Esq. Bouverie-st. Fleet-st. Galley, Thomas, F'sq.Back-square, Mancheser Galloway, Alexander, Esq. West-street, West Smithfield Galpine, Mr. Lymington, Hants Galton, J. U. Esq. tadzor House, Worcestrsh. Gandell, Edward, Esq. 10, Lombard-street Gandell, George, Esq. 10, Lombard-street Ganthony, Rt. P. Esq. Kennington Common Garden, Mr. R. 302, St. Vincent-st. Glasgow Gardiner, C. W. Esq. Coombe Lodge, Oxon Gardiner, Rev. Dr. 10,Paragon-buildings, Bath Gardiner, L. Esq. High-street, Manchester Gardiner, R. Esq. Pall-mall, Manchester Gardner, Rev. Dr. Lawrence, Sansaw, near Shrewsbury Gardner, Mr. Henry, Sandwich Gardner, Mr. Hereford Gardner, Robert, Esq. Palt-mall, Manchester Gare, Mr. Samuel, Chard, Somersetshire Garey, E. B. Esq. 6, Upper Islington-terrace, Pentonville Garland, Captain J.G. R.N. Leeson House, Isle of Purbeck, Dorset Garland, Major John, K.1/. Quatre-Bras Cot- tage, Muckleford, Dorset Garland, N. Esq. Epsom, Surrey Garlick, Joseph Prince, sq. Leeds Garmeson, Mr. J. Bookseller, 9, Temple-st. Whitefriars Garnett, Mr. W. Bradford, Yorkshire Garnett, Robt. Esq. St. James-sq. Manchester Garnier, Rev. Thos. Close, Winchester Garniss, Mr. John, Queen’s Dock, Liverpool LXXIX Gillett, W. E. Esq. Fairwater House, near Taunton Gillient, W. Esq. Commerce-court, Lord- street, Liverpool Gillott, Mr. George, 36, Strand Gipps, T. M. Esq. St. John’s Coll. Cambridge Girardot, J.C. Esq. Little Bookham, Surrey Girdleston, 8. Esq. Wisbeach, Norfolk Girling, Captain T. A. Grove, Holt, Norfolk Girton, Mr. J. F. Booksellr, Hemel Hempstead. 11 Copies Gladdish, W. Esq. Cliff Cottage, Gravesend Gladstone, R. Esq. Abercromby-sq. Liverpool Gladstone, T.S. Esq. Chatham-st. Abercrom- by-square, Liverpool Glaister, Wm. Esq. M.A University College, Oxford Glasgow Port Libra Public Library Glennie, Rev. J.D. A.M. Sandgate, Kent Glover, Rev. William S. Cumberland Villa Glover, W. H. Esq. University Coll. Oxford Goadsby, John, Esq. Water-lane, Manchester Goadsby, Francis, jun. Esq. Salford Goddard & Brown, Messrs. Booksellers, Hull. 9 Copies Goddard, Mr. R. Rose and Crown, Wisbeach Gedden, Henry, Esq. Maidstone Goding, James, Esq. 2, Belgrave-square Goding, Thomas, Esq. Knightsbridge Godson, Edward, Esq. 72, Aldersgate-street Godwin, Richard, B. Esq. Mary’s-gate, Derby Godwin, Mr. Shadrach, Hemel Hempstead Goffe, William, Esq. Falmouth Golightly, Rev. C. P. Godalming Gomersall, near Leeds, Book Society Gompertz, Ben. Esq. #.R.S. Alliance Office Goodenough, Dr. E. Dean of Wells Goodhall, Rev. Dr. Provost of Eton Goodhall, H. H. Esq. 55, Crutched-friars Goodier, William, Esq. North Central Bank, Manchester Gooding, John, Esq. Southwold, Suffolk Goodman, George, Esq. Leeds Goodman, John, Esq. Leeds Goodman, John, Esq. Roundhay, near Leeds Goodman, T. R. Esq. Trinity Coll. Cambridge. Goodrich, R. Esq. 35, Amwell-st. Pentonville Goodridge, J.Esq.Sturminster, Newton, Dorset Goodsir, David, Esq. 71, Queen-st. Glasgow Goodwin, Edm. Esq. Mosley-st. Manchester Goodwin, William, Esq. Royal Mews Goodyear, Mr. Thomas, 6, Aldersgate-street Goold, Mr. John, Wimborne, Dorset Goolden, John, Esq. Maesbury, Oswestry Gordon, A. D. Esq. Rainbow-hill, Worcester Gordon, Lt.-Col. Arthur, Port Hill, Bideford Gordon, C. Esq. Wiscombe Park, near Honiton Gordon, C. Esq. 40, Gower-st. Bedford-square Gordon, H. M. Esq. 4, Lincoln’s-inn-fields Gordon, Dr. T. 5, Duchess-st. Gt. Wimpole-st. Gore, Henry Jas. Esq. Merton College, Oxford Gore, Thomas, Esq. Piccadilly, Manchester Gore, Rev. William Charles, Barrow, Somerset Gore, William Ormsby, Esq. M.P. Porkington Hall, Oswestry Gosling, Robert, Esq. Dover-street, Piccadilly Goss, James, Esq. Dawlish Goss, Jno. Wm. Esq. Bull-wharf, Queenhithe Gosse, Henry, Esq. Epsom, Surre Gosselin, M. H. Esq.Christ’s Coll. Cambridge Gossier, L’Abbé F. Rouen, Faubourg Beau- yoisine, Rue du Nord, No, 1 TXxx Gott, Benjamin, Esq. Armley House, Leeds Gott, John, Esq. Leeds Gotelee, Mr. John, Bookseller, Hounslow Goulburn, Edward, Esq. M.P. 21, Park-st Grosvenor-square Gould, Rev.G. Fleet House, Weymouth, Dorset Gould, John, Esq. Leigh-place, Ardwick, near Manchester Gould, Mr. J. 20, Broad-st. Golden-square Gouldsborough, John, Esq. 92, Market-street, Manchester Gowan, P. Esq. 46, Lime-street Gowan, Wm. Esq. St. Christopher's. 2 Copies Gower, A. A. Esq. 14, Great Carter-lane, Doc- tors-commons Gower, A. Lewis, Esq. 31, Finsbury-square Gower, Edwin, Esq. 28, Coleman-street Gower, R. F. Esq. 31, Finsbury-square Grace, Capt. R. W. Castle House, Hampstead Graeff, Edward John, Esq. Trafalgar-square Graeff, John George, Esq. 4, Furnivat’s-inn Grafton, J. S. Esq. Dover-street, Manchester Graham, F. J. Esq. Carlisle Graham, F. J. Esq. Postmr. Carlisle. 9 Copies Graham, George, Esq. Dublin Graham, Lady, 46, Grosvenor-place Graham, Lieut.-Colonel, Mosknow, Carlisle Graham, Sir Sandford, Bart. 1, Portland-place Graham, Thomas, Esq. Turnham-green. 2 Copies Graham, Rey. William, Arthurst, Longtown Graham, W. Esq. jun. 70, Miller-st. Glasgow GRANBY, Most Noble the Marquis of Grange, Mr. Stephen, 126, Oxford-street Granger, Edmund, Esq. Exeter Grant, Alexander, Esq. 12, Arlington-street Grant, Rev. Andrew, 68, Great King-street, Manchester Grant, D. Esq. Cannon-street, Manchester Grant, D. Esq. 37, York-place, Edinburgh Grant, F. A. Esq. 1, Ulster-ter. Regent’s-park Grant, Rev. I’. B. Dartford, Kent Grant, George, Esq. 15, Rodney-st. Liverpool Grant, Dr. George, Richmond-hill Grant, M. Esq. 9, George-street, Edinburgh Grant, Miss, Clifton Hill Grant, Robert, Esq. 49, Melville-st. Edinburgh Grant, Sir Thomas, 20, Leicester-square Grant & Son, Messrs. Booksellers, 82, Prince’s- street, Edinburgh Grant, T. Esq. Collector of H. M. Customs, Bideford Grant, W.Esq. Spring Side, nr.Bury, Lancashire Grapel, Mr. W. Booksr, Liverpool. 8 Copies Grave, John, Esq. Isle of Man. 14 Copies Grave, Jos. Esq. Fountain-street, Manchester Graves, John, Esq. 51, Call-lane, Leeds Gray, Benj. Esq. Pollard-street, Manchester Gray, John, Esq. Sherborne, Dorset Gray, John, Esq. Wheatfield, near Bolton Gray, Jonathan, Esq. York Gray, Lieut.-Colonel, Lieut.-Governor of Pen- dennis Castle, Falmouth Gray, Mrs. B. 95, Great Portland-street Gray, Mr. Robert, 15, Gordon-street, Glasgow Gray, Mrs. King-street, Manchester Gray, Robert Alexander, Esq. Peckham Rye Gray, W. Esq. 10, Brandon-place, Glasgow Gray, Wm. jun. Esq. York Gray, W. Esq. St. Christopher’s Greatheed, A. H. Esq. Christ’sColl.Cambridge Greaves, Capt. John, Barque Golden Fleece, Liverpool LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Greaves, John, Esq. Crescent, Salford Greaves, Mrs. 8. King’s Newton Greaves, R. D. Esq. Leeds Green, C. Esq. Wakefield Green, Mr. I’. High-street, Stoke Newington Green, Mr. F. O. Market-street, Manchester Green, H. C. jun. Esq. 94, Hatton-garden Green, James, Esq. 22, Barbican Green, Mr. James, Green’s Hotel, Serle-street, Lincoln’s-inn-fields Green, Joseph H. Esq. 46, Lincoln’s-inn-fields Green, Mr. Bookseller, Knutsford Green, Mr. T. St. Patrick Steam-packet Office, Clarence Dock, Liverpool Green, Thomas, Esq. Huddersfield Green, W. Esq. F.C. Worcester Coll. Oxford Greene, Benjamin A. St. Ives, Huntingdon Greene, Captain, B. R.N, Wickham, Hants Greenhill, Mr. R. Ashford, Kent Greenhow, Mr. Thomas, jun. Kendal Greenland and Co. Messrs. Booksellers, 38, Poultry. 3 Copies Greenshields,J. Esq.15,Percy-street, Liverpool Greenshields, John B. Esq. 125, Princes- street, Edinburgh Greenslade, Mr. J. Booksr. Guernsey. 6 Copies Greenup, Richard, Esq. M.B. Salisbury Greenway, J. Commander R.N, St. Thomas’s, Exeter Greenwell, Colonel Sir Leonard, Commandant of the Garrison of Chatham Greenwell, Rich, Esq. Fawcet-street, Bishop Wearmonth Greenwell, Smith, Esq. 54, Great Surrey-street Greenwich Reading Society Greenwood, Rev. Dr. John, Christ’s Hospital Greenwood, R. Esq. Brookwood, Winchester Greg, Robt. Hyde, Esq. Norcliffe, Cheshire Greig, Admiral, Imperial Russian Navy, St. Petersburg Gregor, Mrs. Ockley, Surrey Gregory, G. Esq. Willesborough, Kent Gregory, J. Esq. Clement’s-inn Greig, James, jun. Esq. W.S. 23, Forti-street, Edinburgh Greig, Thomas, Esq. 10, Duke-st. Manchester Greig, Woronzow, Esq. 2,Mitre-court, Temple Grenade, Captain Gullen, R.N. Carlskrona Gresham, John, Esq. Hull Greville, Charles, Esq. Bristol GREY, Right Hon. the Earl Grey, Hon. W. B. 43, Charles-st. Berkeley-sq. Grey, Sir George, M.P. 14, Eaton-place Griffin, Mr. John, Hemel Hempstead Griffin, Lieut. R.N. Stratton-place, Falmouth Griffin, Mr. Robert, White Lion, Ely Griffin, N. Esq. Portsea Griffith, R. Esq. Fitzwilliam’s-place, Dublin Griffith, Rev. T, Llanfechan, Montgomeryshire Griffiths, Lieut. 8. 2.N. Commander of H. M. Packet Swallow, Falmouth Grimble,William, Esq. Cow-cross. 2 Copies Grimsdell, Samuel, Esq. Sun-st. Bishopsgate Grindlay, R.M.Esq. 8, St, Martin’s-pl. Charing Cross. 2 Copies Grisdale, Rev. L. Bolton, near Manchester GROEBEN, Count de Groombridge, Mr. R. Bookseller, 6, Panyer- alley. 2 Copies Groos, Mr. C. T. Bookseller, Carlsruhe GROSVENOR, Lord Robert, M.P. Grote, Francis, Esq. 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Stalybridge, Yorkshire Hall, Mr. James, St. James’s, Barton, Bristol Hall, Jno. jun. Esq. Bloomsbury Reading- rooms, Manchester Hall, John, Esq. High-street, Winchester Hall, John, Esq. St. Mary Axe Hall, John, Esq. 1, Sussex-street, Manchester Hall, Mr. John, Bookseller, Cambridge Hall, Sir J. K.C.H. St. Catherine's Dockhouse Hall & Marsh, Messrs. Booksellers, Speen- hamland. 14 Copies Hall, Robert, Esq. Leeds Hall, Samuel G. Esq. 130, London Wall Hall, Thos. Esq. Romsey, Hants Hall, Dr. William, Leatherhead, Surrey Hallett, F. Esq. 12, North-st. road, Brighton Halliburton, Mr. J. Bksller, Coldstream, N.B. Halliday, Rev. E.T. Yard House, Taunton Halliday, Rev. Walter, St. Glenthorne, near Minehead, Somerset Halsey, Thos. P. Esq. Christ Church, Oxford Halsted, Admiral Sir L. W. A.C.B. Pheenix Lodge, Alton Hamer, D. Esq. Glanyrafon Hamilton, Major Gen. A. Kerr, Innyerwick Lodge, Edinburgh Hamilton, H. A. Esq. The Retreat, Topsham Hamilton, Capt. H.M. Packet Service, Dover Hamilton & Co. Messrs. Booksellers, London. 12 Copies Hamilton. Jas, Esq. Woodland-ter. Falmouth Hamilton, Rev. J. Canterbury Hamilton, Hon. Robert, 2, Abercrombie-place, Edinburgh Hamilton, Mr. Robt. Ship Dryope, Liverpool Hamilton, Rev. R. W. East-parade, Leeds Hamilton, Capt. W.A.B. R.N. DublinCastle Hamilton, W.C. Esq. of Claighlan Hamley, Joseph Esq. Bodmin Hammersley, Chas. Esq. 25, Park-crescent Hammett, James,Esq. 18, Lansdown-crescent, Bath Hammond, Anthony, Esq. Stock Exchange Hammond, George, sq. Leeds Hammond, William, Esq. 3, Russell-square Hampton, J. Lewis, Esq. Hartlys, Beaumaris Hanbury, Robt. Esq. Brick-lane, Spitalfields Hancock, Jas. Esq. 58, Garside-st. Manchester Hancock, Lieut. John, R.NV. Swanage, Hants Hanham, Rev. Sir J. Bart. Dean’s-court, Wimborne Hannaford, J. Esq. Christchurch, Hants Hanley, W. L. Esq. 16, Ely-place Hanmer,Latham,Esq.Everton Brow, Liverpool Hanna, Captain John, Brig Rapier, Liverpool Hannay, Dr. Port Patrick, North Britain Hannay, Dr. J. If. 65, St. Vincent-st. Glasgow Hannay, William, Esq. Nottingham Hansard, James, Esq. 7, Southampton-street, Bloomsbury. 2 Copies Hansard, Luke, Esq. 10, Bedford-square Hansell, Thomas I. Esq. Hull LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Hanson, Chas. jun. Esq. York, Hanson, John, Esq. Watling-st. Manchester Hanson, Rev. W. H. M.A. Caius College, Cambridge Hanwell, Vice-Adml. Joseph, Wareham Marbottle, Thos. Esq. Fountain-st. Manchester Harcourt, John, Esq. Artillery-st. Bermondsey Mardacre, G. Esq. 12, Billiter-square Harding, John, Esq. Waltham-cross Harding, 8.T. Esq. Cheetham Hill, Manchester Harding, Rev. T, Bexley, Kent Harding, W. Esq. Merchant’s-sq. Manchester Hardman, Thos. Esq. Broughton Hardwick, P. Esq. F’.R.S. I’.S.A.60, Russell- square HARDWICKE, Right Hon. the Earl of. 2 Copies Hardy, Dr. J. Doncaster Hardy, J. Esq. Charminster, Dorset Hardy, Jno. Esq. M.P. 7, Portland-place Hardy, Thos, D. Esq. Record Office, Tower Hardy, Rear-Adml. Sir T. M. Bart. G.C.B. Hare, Chas. Esq. 19, Berkeley-square, Bristol Hare, George, Esq. Huddersfield Hare, Henry, Esq. Huddersfield Hare, John, jun. Esq. Bristol Hare, Hon. L. H. Lymington, Hants Harford, J. Scandret, Esq. F.R.S. D.C.L. Blaise Castle, Bristol Hargood, Adm. Sir William, G.C.B., K.G.H Harley-street Hargrave, William, Esq. Woodhouse-la. Leeds Hargreave, John, jun. Esq. Bolton, Lancashire Hargreave, James & Sons, Messrs. Mill Garth, Leeds Hargreaves, Mr. James, Farnhill Hall, Skipton Hargreaves, John, Esq. Marsden’s-square, Manchester Hargreaves, Mr. William, Bradford, Yorkshire Hargreaves, W. Esq. Woodhouse-lane, Leeds Harington, Capt. 22.N. Kelston House, Ryde, Isle of Wight Harland, Sir Robt. Bart. Orwell Park, Ipswich Harlock, Jno. Esq. Ely, Cambridge Harlock, Wm. Esq. Ely, Cambridge Harman, Edw. Esq. Adam’s-ct. Old Broad-st. Harman, Henry, Esq. Tonbridge Harman, Henry, Esq.Adam’s-ct. Old Broad-st. Harman, Jerh. Esq. Adam’s-ct. Old Broad-st Harman, John, Esq. Harman, T. Esq. Wombwell Hall, Northfleet Harmer, James, Esq. Alderman of London Harper, Edward, Esq. York Harper, Moses, Esq. Barbourne Lodge, Wor- cester Harper, W. jun. Esq. Trinity Coll. Cambridge Harper, Wm. Esq. Harpin, John, Esq. Burnlee, Huddersfield Harries, Rev.Canon, Letterston, Pembrokeshire Harrington, Thos. Esq. Old Steyne, Brighton Harris, Chas. Pestell, Esq. Cambridge Harris, Hy. Hemington, Esq. Cambridge Harris, John, Esq. Surgeon, F.L.S. Exeter Harris, Joseph, Esq. Chapel Villa, Foxteth Park, Liverpool Harris, Quarles, jun. Esq. 9, Billiter-street Harris, R. H. Esq. Botesdale, Suffolk Harris, Samuel, Esq. Leicester Harris, T. Esq. Sevenoaks, Kent Harris, Wm. Esq. Corfe Mullen, Wimborne, Dorset Harris, William, Esq. Worthing Harrison, Abraham, Esq. Green Gate, Salford 1 IXXXI. Marrison, David, Esq. Stalybridge Harrison, H. A. 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Stock Exchange Harvey, J. H. Esq. Newcastle-under-Lyne Harvey, Lt.-Col. J.10, Picardy-pl. Edinburgh Ilarvey, John, Esq. Trinity Coll. Cambridge Harvey, Thos. Esq. Northwold, Norfolk Harvey, Thomas, Esq. Falmouth Harvey, W. Esq. 40, Oldfield-rd. Manchester Harwood, Rev. J. Deane, near Overton, Hants Haslett, Mr. Jas. Chain Pier, Brighton Hassall, Jos. Esq. 3, Pritchard-st. Bristol Haster, Alex. Esq. 60, Ingram-street, Glasgow Hastie, H. H. Esq. Pembroke Coll. Cambridge HASTINGS, Most Noble the Marquis of Hatchard, Messrs. J. and Son, 187, Piccadilly 7 Copies Hatchett, C. Esq. Belle Vue House, Chelsea Hatfield, George, Esq. Manchester HATHERTON, Right Hon. Lord Hathorn, George, Esq. 40, Brunswick-square Hathorn, Hugh, Esq. Castlewig, N. B. Haugh, Mrs. Doncaster Hawker, Mrs. Pounsford House, near Taunton Hawker, Lt.-Col. Peter, 2,Dorset-p!.Dorset-sq. Hawkey, Joseph H. Esq. Penryn, Cornwall Hawkin, Wm. Esq. Rockingham-st. Shefield Hawkings, James, Esq. Albion-pl. Blackfriars Hawkins, Rey. 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Vicar of Portsmouth Herbert, H.A. Esq. Trinity Coll. Cambridge Herbert, Mr. Hy. Bookslr. Wimborne, Dorset Herbert, Mr. Janes, Sheerness Herbert, Wm. Esq. Tottenham Tleritage, Capt. W. R.N. Cranbrock, Kent Heron, Jos. Esq. Essex-street, Manchester Herries, Rt. Hon. J.C. M.P. Herries, Wm. Young, Esq. Edinburgh HERVEY, Rt. Hon. Lord Alfred HERVEY, Rt. Hon. Lord Charles Heseltine, 8. R. Esq. Stock Exchange Heseltine, Wm. Esq. Turret House, South Lambeth Tlessing, W. A. G, Esq. 135, Regent-street LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Heubner, Mr. J.G. Bookseller, Vienna Heughan, Robt. Esq. North Shields Hewett, Rt. Hon. Sir George, Bart. Freemantle Park, Southampton Hewit —, Esq. Abingdon-street, Westminster Hewitt, Capt. R.N. Lee Grove, Blackheath Hewitt, Mr. J. Old Hummums, Covent-grdn. Hewitt, Mr. Jos. Packlington-walk, Leicester Hewitt, Thomas, Esq. Dublin Hewlett, J. Esq. Fareham Hewsworth, Hy. H. Esq. New Inn Hall,Oxford Hext, Wm. Esq. Commander, R.N. Bodmin Hey, Richard, Esq. York Hey, Rev. 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Esq. 1, Middle Temple-la. HOOD, Right Hon. Lord Viscount Hood, Jacomb, Esq. Bardon Park, Leicestershr. Hookey, Francis, P. Esq. Hookham, Mr. T. Bookseller, 15, OldBond-st. Hoonden, J. D. Esq. Messrs. Hoare’s, I'leet-st. Hooper, Jas. Esq. 168, Upper Thames-street Hooper, John, Esq. Poole, Dorset Hope, Dr. Charles, Moray-place, Edinburgh Hope, H.T. Esq. M. P. Duchess-st.Portind-pl. Hope, R. W. Esq. Maize Hill Hopes, William, Esq. Bank, Macclesfield Hoperaft, Mr. P. Croughton-flds. near Brackley Hopkinson, James, Esq. Halifax Hopps, J. Esq. 11, Brunswick-place, Leeds Hordern, A. Esq. Oxley House, Wolverhampton Hordern, H. Esq. Dunstall, Wolverhampton Horn, H. G. Esq. 7, Heathcote-street, Meck- lenburgh-square Horn, Mr. Jonathan, Barnard Castle Horne, — Esq. St. Ann’s-square, Manchester Horne, Edw. Esq. Mersey Hotel, Liverpool Horne, Geo. L. H. Esq. 2, Lincoln’s-inn-fields Hornidge, Sam. G. Esq. 1, Middle Temple-la. Horsfall, Chas. Esq. Everton, Liverpool Horsfall, John, Esq. Hanover-sqnare, Leeds Horsman, W. Esq. 2, Anslie-pl. Edinburgh Hose, Mr. J. C. True Sun Office, Strand Hosking, Wm. Esq. F.S.d. Berner’s-street Hoskins, James, Esq. Gosport Tloskyns, Sir Hungerford, Bart. Weymouth Hough, Mr.C. Bookseller, Monmouth. 9 Copies Houghton, George, Esq. London-rd, Leicester Houghton, J. R. Esq. 2, Earl-st. Blackfriars Houldsworth, Hy. Esq. Newton-st. Manchestr Hovel, C. Esq. Canterbury Hovell, Thos. Esq. 5 Houses, Upper Homerton Howard, C. Esq. Albion-bldgs. Manchester Howard, D. Esq. Portsea Howard, F. Esq. Portsmouth Howard, Mr. Hen. Falcon Inn, Waltham-eross Howard, John William, Esq. 5, Mincing-lane Howard, John, Esq. Leeds Howard, Mr. T. St. Martin’s-ct. Leicester-sq. Howard, T. Esq. Granchester, uear Cambridge Howard, Thos. Esq. Herne Hill Howard, Wm. Esq. Portwood, Stockport, near Manchester Howarth, Mr. T. Booksllr. Knutsford. 3 Copies HOWE, Right Hon. the Earl Howe, Joseph, Esq. Coventry Howe, J. A. Esq. St. Christopher's Howe, Randal, Esq. Howell, J. Esq. 10, Charles-st. St. James’s Howell, John, Esq. Queenhithe Howell, Mrs. Sophia, Neath. 4 Copies Howes, H. Esq. Caius College, Cambridge Howman, Mrs. Beccles, Suffolk Howman,Rev.A.E.Shiplake, Wenley-on-Thms. Howse, G. Esq.Upper North-pl. Gray’s-inn-rd. Hoyle, Jas. Esq. 21, Fountain-st. Manchester Hubbard, James, Esq. Leeds Hubbersty, J. L. Esq. Queen's Coll. Cambridge Hudson, Mr. Hy. Wheeler-street, Cambridge Hudson & Nicholson, Messrs. Booksellers, Kendall. 4 Copies Hudson, Joseph, Esq. 132, Oxford-street — Hudson, T. Esq. Camilla Lacy, near Dorking Hudson, W. B. Esq. 27, Haymarket Hudson’s Bay Company, Fenchurch-street. 6 Copies Hughes, Horatio, Esq. Aberystwith —— Lyceum Library LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. LXxXxut Hughes, Mrs. Acton House Hughes, Mr. Robert, Bookseller, Richmond, Surrey. 3 Copies Hughes, Robt. jun. Esq. 46, Fountain-street, Manchester Hughes, Thos. Esq. Musselbureh Hughes, W. H.Esq. M.P. Ryde, Isle of Wight Hughes, Wm. Esq. 35, Queen-square Hugo, Samuel, Esq. Truro Hulbert, Robt. S. Esq. Basingstoke Hulkes, J. Esq. Uermitage, near Rochester Hull, Col. William, Wimbledon. 6 Copies ilull, Miss Hannah, Uxbridge Hull, The Corporation of Mayor and Bur- gesses of. 2 Copies Corporation of the Trinity House of Hustler, Wm. Esq. Verulam-bldgs. Gray’s-inn Hutchings, Charles, Esq. Sherborne, Dorset Hutchins, E. J. Esq. Dowlais, Merthyr Tydvil Hutchins, Rev. Wm. Winnifred louse, Bath Hutchins, Wm. Esq. Battersea Hutchinson, Captain E. R.N. 7, Groye-road, Lisson-grove Hutchinson, Dr. Francis, Westgate-street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hutchinson, Richard, Esq. Leeds Huth, Frederick, Esq. Hutt, William, Esq. 47.P. 54, Conduit-street Hutton, John, Esq. Maske, Yorkshire Hutton, William, Esq. Gate Bruton, near Gainsborough Hutton, W. M. Esq. 5, Larkhall-lane, Clapham Hyde, C. J. Esq. 3, Southampton-pl. New-rd. Hyde,Geo. Esq. 3, Melburg-terrace, Dorset-sq. Hyde, George, Esq. Norwich Hyde, Mr. W. H. Bookseller, Newcastle, Staf- fordshire. 4 Copies Hyder, W. Esq. Canterbury Hyndman,J. B. Esq. Trinity Coll. Cambridge. 2 Copies —— Mechanics’ Institute Subscription Library TIullé, Jacob, Esq. 28, Lawrence Poultney-la. Hulme, Wm. Esq. 25, Market-st. Manchester Hulton, A. E. Esq. Trinity Coll. Cambridge Hulton, F. Esq. Runcton, near Lynn, Norfolk Hulton, Mrs. Preston, Barnfield, Southampton Humble, Francis, Esq. Durham. 15 Copies Humble, Mr. Michael, Woodside, Liverpool HUMBOLDT, Baron Alex. Prussian Embassy Hume, Rey. C. J. Meonstoke Rectory, Hants. 2 Copies Hume, Gilbert Langdon, Esq. Corpus Christi College, Cambridge TIume, Dr. John Robert, 9, Curzon-street Hume, J. Esq. Seagate Hume, J. D. Esq. 15, Russell-square Hume, John, Esq. Dublin Humphrey, R. P. Esq. Thorpe Mandeville, near Banbury Humphrey, Captain, Hull Humphreys, J. Esq. Market-st. Manchester Humphreys, R. Esq. Ivy House, Chippenham 3 Copies Humphris, Wm. Esq. 51, Leather-la. Holborn Hungerford, R. B. Esq. Cork Tlunt, George, Esq. Southampton Hunt, John, Esq. Ducie-place, Manchester Hunt, Joseph, Esq. Newcastle-under-Lyne Hunt, T. H. Esq. Mamhead Parsonage, Devon Hunt, Rev. Thos. Felton, Oswestry Hunt, Wm. Esq. jun. 23, Blenheim-ter. Leeds Hunt, Wm. Andrews, Esq. East India House Hunter, A. Esq. 5, North David-street, Edinburgh Hunter, Adam, Esq. Leeds Hunter, David, Esq. Blackness, Dundee Hunter, Mr. David, Dundee Hunter, Jameson, Esq. 110, Fenchurch-street Hunter, Dr. R. North Hanover-st. Glasgow Hunter, Mr. Rowland, Bookseller, St. Paul’s Churehyard Ilunter, Samuel, Esq. Herald Office, Glasgow Hunter, Thos. Esq. Wearmouth Walk, Bishop Wearmouth Hunter, William, Esq. 14, Exchange-st.-East, Liverpool Huntingford, G. W. Esq. New Coll. Oxford Huntington, Miss, Hull Hurle, J. Esq. King’s Parade Cottage, Clifton Hurst, John, Esq. Clapham-road Hurst, J. C. Esq. Dartford, Kent Hurst, Robert Henry, Esq. M.P. Horsham Hurt, C. jun. Esq. Wirksworth, Derbyshire Husenbeth, Chas. Fredk. Esq. St. James’s-sq. Huskisson, Capt. #.N. Governor of Greenwich Asylum le rE Ibbetson, Mrs. 37, Wilton-crescent Ichuster, Leo, Esq. 50, Spring-gardens, Man- chester Tgculden, John, Esq. Doctors’-commons Ilbert, Wm. Roope, Esq. Horswell House, near Kingsbridge, Devon Iley, Mr. M. Bookseller, Somerset-st. Port- man-square. 2 Copies Iiderton, Robert, Esq. Lemington Hall Ilderton, Sanderson, Esq. Lemington Hall Ing, Mrs. Martha, Mount Pleasant Ingham, Robert, Esq. MM. P. Westoe Ingle, John, Esq. Stonehouse, Devon Ingle, Thomas, Esq. Lynn Regis, Norfolk Ingleby,C. Esq. Anstwick, nr. Settle, Yorkshire Inglis, Henry, Esq. Edinburgh Ingpen, E. Esq. 27, Burton-st. Burton-crescent Ingram, E. Esq. Town Malling, Kent Ingram, G. Esq. Cranbrook, Kent Ingram, Rev. Dr. James, President of Trinity College, Oxford Ingram, Mr. John, 29, City-road Innes, Captain, Mill-hill, Middlesex Ipswich Literary Institution [RELAND,Right Hon.theLordChiefJusticeof Ireland, W. Esq. Aldermanbury Irving, John, jun. Esq. New Broad-street Irving, W.R. Esq. Trinity College, Cambridge Isaacs, Elias, Esq. 51, St. Mary Axe Isaacson, Harvest, Esq. Monmouth Isaacson, Mr. J. 23, Bury-st. St. Mary Axe Isaacson, Rev. J. MA. St. John’s College, Cambridge Isherwood,J ohn, Esq. Irwell-place, Broughton, near Manchester Islington Literary and Scientific Society Ismay, Mr. Wigton Ivatt, Mr. Thomas, jun. George Inn, Cotten- ham, near Cambridge Ives, Mrs. Catton, Norfolk Jz Jack, Rev. Archibald, Tynemouth Jackson, Captain, #.N. Milford Jackson, Charles, Esq. Doncaster LXXXIV Jackson, Mrs. Eliz. 4, Regent’s-pl. Regent-sq. Jackson, Mr. G. Booksllr. Hastings. 2 Copies Jackson, J. S. Esq. District Bank, Manchester Jackson, J. P. Esq. 1, Auburn-st. Manchester Jackson, Messrs. J. & J. Booksellers, Louth. 5 Copies Jackson, Rich. Esq. Parliament-st. Hull Jackson, Robt. Esq. Burmantofts Grove, Leeds Jackson, Win. Esq. 8, Church-lane, Liverpool Jackson, William G. Esq. Wisbeach, Norfolk Jackson & Co. Messrs. Booksellers, St. Paul’s Church-yard., 2 Copies Jacob, Ebenezer, Esq. M.P. 14, Manchester- buildings Jameeson,Mr. R. 186, St.Vincent-st. Glasgow James, Rev. Edward, Vicarage, Alton James, Mr. F. Duke’s Head, Rochester James, Henry, Esq. Trinity Coll. Cambridge. James, Hoskin, Esq. Town Clerk of Truro James, Captain Joseph, R.N. Exeter James, James, Esq. Stroud, Kent James, Mr. Jameson, Leith James, Lieut. R. B. R.N. Commander of H.M. Packet Spey, Falmouth James, Robert, Esq. Glastonbury James, W.B. Esq. 3, Gloucester-place, New-rd. James, W. B. Esq. Brunswick-square, Bristol James, Wm. Tice, Esq. Glastonbury James, W. T. Esq. R.N. John’s Coffee-house James, William, Esq. Maidstone Jameson, John, Esq. Edinburgh Jameson, James, Esq. Leith Jamieson, R. Esq. 32, Argyle-street, Glasgow Janes, John, Esq. Stock Exchange Janson, U. H. Esq. Pennsylvania Park, Exeter Jardine, Sir Henry, Knt. 123, Prince’s-street, Edinburgh Jarrold & Son, Messrs. Booksellers, Norwich. 2 Copies Jarvis, L. W. Esq. Lynn Regis, Norfolk Jaulerry, Gerard, Esq. 15, King’s-arms-yard Java Sourabaya Book Club Jebb, R. Esq. Chirk, Denbighshire Jefferson, W. B. Esq. Ballaholt, Isle of Man JEFFERY, Right Hon. Lord, Edinburgh Jeffery & Son, Messrs. Booksellers, 4, Pall-mall Jefirey, Mr. W. R. Ashford, Kent Jemmett, William, Esq. Ashford, Kent Jenkins, Alfred, Esq. Trewergie, Redruth Jenkins, C. E. Esq. 13, Great Prescot-street Jenkins, George, Esq. Thames Ditton Jenkins, James, Esq. Chepstow Jenkins, Rev. William, Vicar of Sidmouth Jenkins, Henry, Esq. Sidmouth, Devon Jennard, William, Esq. Kemp Town, Brighton Jenner, H. Esq. 1, Chesterfield-street Jennett, Mr. T. Bookseller, Stockton-on-Tees Jennys W. Esq. Newton Hall, King’s Newton, erby Jennings, G. Esq. Dover Jennings, George, sen. Esq. Buckland Jennings, J. Esq. Evershot, Dorset Jephson, C. D. O. Esq. M.P. Mallow Castle, Mallow ; Jerningham, Hon. E.S.Esq. 9, South Audley-st. Jerningham, Hon. H. V. S. M.P. 11, Gros- venor-street Jervis, Edward, Esq. Christ Church, Oxford Jesse, Jos. Abbott, Esq. Princess-st. Manchester Jessop, E. Esq. Storekeeper, Royal Dock-yard, Devonport Jessopp, Francis, Esq. Wardwick, Derby Jevons, Thos. Esq. Tabley-street, Liverpool Jew, Mr, Thos. Booksllr, Gloucester, 3 Copies LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Jewsbury, T. Esq. Market-street, Manchester Jobling, John, Esq. 4, Eldon-pl. Neweastle- on-Tyne Johnes, J. Esq. Dolecothy, Carmarthenshire Johns, Edward, Esq. Penryn, Cornwall Johnson, Mr. Edward, Croydon Johnson, George, Esq. Addenbrock’s Hospital, Cambridge Johnson, Henry, Esq. 39, Crutched-friars Johnson, J. Esq. Liverpool Johnson, Mr. J. Bksllr. Sidney-st. Cambridge Johnson, Dr. Jas. Physician Extraordinary to the King, 8, Suffolk-pl. Pall-mall Johnson, James, Esq. High-street, Manchester Johnson, Mr. James, Tudor-stieet Johnson, Mr. James, Skylark Revenue Cruiser, Milford station Johnson, Prior, Esq. Aldborough, Suffolk Johnson, R. Esq. Bute Iron Works, Merthyr Tydvil Johnson, 8S. Esq. Downing College, Cambridge Johnson, Thos. Esq. St. Ann’s-sq. Manchester Johnson, Thomas, Esq. Alderman of London Johnston, Dr. N. J. Suffolk-place Johnston, James, Esq. of Straiton Johnston, R. Esq. 10, Upper Thames-street Jolifle, C. Esq. Alderney Cottage, near Poole, Dorset Jollifie, W. E. Esq. Southampton Jones, A. Esq. Kirk Ella, Hull Jones, Arthur, Esq. 13, Judd-place, East Jones, C. Chadwicke, Esq. Mitre-ct. Temple Jones, C. K. Esq. Downing Coll. Cambridge Jones, D. E. Esq. 46, Salisbury-sq. Fleet-street Jones, Eden Thos. Esq.Thornton Villa, Clifton Jones, Edw. Esq. 3, Dale-street, Manchester Jones, Mr. Edward, Pendre, Holywell Jones, Mr. Edward, 157, Strand Jones, Francis, Esq. 5, Ludgate-hill Jones, H. Esq. York-st. Cheetham, Manchester Jones, Mr. Hugh, Beaumaris Jones, Rev. H. Wynne, Llansantfraid Jones, Rev. H. A. M.A. Magdalen College, Cambridge Jones, Col. Sir J. T. Bart. Royal Engineers Brighton Jones, J. Esq. Friar-gate, Derby Jones, J. Esq. New Cross, Wolverhampton Jones, James, Esq. Bradford-st. Birmingham Jones, Mr. Jasper, Bookseller, Shrewsbury Jones, John, Esq. Stock Exchange Jones, John, Esq. 44, Portland-place Jones, John, Esq. Oswestry Jones, John, Esq. Brecon Jones, Mr. John, Portsea Jones, Rey. M. W. Ospringe, Kent Jones, W. Esq. Great Russell-st. Bloomsbury Jones, Rich. Esq.17, Juyenal-street, Liverpool Jones, Capt. Theobald, R.N. Jones, Captain Thomas, Liverpool Jones, Lieut. Thomas, R.N.2, Duchess-street Jones, Mr. T. Saville place, Leicester-square Jones, Thos. Esq. E.R. AS. Charing-cross Jones, Thomas Carr, Esq. 15, Cooper’s-row Jones, W. Esq. Hayle-place, near Maidstone Jones, Mr. Walter, 15, High-street, Islington Jones, Warren Willar, Esq. B.A. Caius Coll. Cambridge Jones, Mr. William, Rhayader, South Wales. 2 Copies Jones, William, Esq. Market-st. Manchester Jones, William, Esq. Cardiff Jones, William, Esq. Oldham Jones, William, Esq. Crosby-square Jortin, J. Esq. Charlotte-street, Bedford-square Joule, Benjamin, Esq. Salford Jowett, J. Esq. Mayor of Ashton-under-Lyne Jowett, Miss, Bradford, Yorkshire Joy, H. I. Esq. 11, Gt. Queen-st. Westminster Joy, John, Esq. Cheam, Surrey Joy, William, Esq. Northwold, Norfolk Joyce, Mr. F. Southampton Joyce, Miss Helen, Hampstead Judd, William, Esq. Curzon Lodge, Old Brompton Judge, James Bourne, Esq. Ramsgate IG Kalm, Mr. Von, Gentleman of the Chase, Court of Brunswick KAROLYE, Count George, Vienna KAROLYE, Count Stephen, Vienna Kaslake, J.W. Esq. Magdalen Coll. Cambridge Kay, Alexander, Esq. Provost of Dundee Kay, Charles, Esq. Woodhouse-lane, Leeds Kay, Robt. B. Esq. Friars Hill, Sussex Kay, Samuel, Esq. Ashton Kearney, J. Cuthbert, Esq. Garrett’s Town Kearney, Major, Queen’s Bays, Norwich Keasberry, Edward H. Esq. Fifehead, Dorset Keay, James, Esq. 130, Prince’s-st. Edinburgh Keeling, Wm. Esq. M.A. St. John’s College, Cambridge Keeling, G. Esq. 6,NewCannon-st. Manchester Keen, W. Esq. Canterbury Keene, Charles, Esq. 102, New Bond-street Keene, S. B. Esq. 7, Great Coram-street Keene, Thomas, Esq. 6, Garlick-hill Kekewich, Samuel Trehawke, Esq. Peamore, near Exeter Kelland, P. Esq. Queen’s College, Cambridge Kelly, Thomas, Esq. Alderman of London Kelly, Wm. Esq. Monte Cassino, Isle of Man Kelsey, F. J. Esq. Harnham Cliff, Salisbury Kemball, Lieut. W. H. R.N. 33, Queen-sq. Bristol Kemp, Captain, Fort Pitt, Chatham Kempson, Mr. Robert, Bookseller, 51, Lower Sackville-street, Dublin Kendal, Friends’ Book Society Kendra, Wm. Esq, 33, Mill-street, Leeds Kendrick, Mrs. Clovelly, Devon Kendrick, Wm. Esq. 63, Stockwell, Glasgow KENMURE, Right Hon. Lord Viscount Kennaway, Mark, Esq. Exeter Kennedy, Hon. J. 24, Bryanston-square Kennedy, Mr. Rebert, 59, Stockwell, Glasgow Kennedy, Thomas, Esq. Havannah-st. Glasgow Kennedy, W. Esq. 9, Duke-st. Manchester Kennett, Mr. R. J. Bookseller, York-street Kenrick, Miss, Peterborough Kensington Book Society Kensington, Edw. Esq. 17, St. Dunstan's-hill Kent, B. Goolden, Esq. Levant Lodge, near Upton-upon-Severn Kent, George, Esq. Falcon-street, London Kent, John K. Esq. 33, Craven-street, Strand Kent, William, Esq. Bathwick-hill, Bath Kenworthy, J. Esq. Byrom-st. Manchester Kenyon, Hon. Thomas, Pradoe Keppel, Hon. Capt. Henry, &.N.1, James-st, Adelphi Keppel, Hon. T. R. R.N.1, James-st. Adelphi Keppel, Lieut. Jas. R.N. 1, James-st. Adelphi Ker, John Bellenden, Esq. Southampton Ker, John, Esq. 127, Brunswick-st. Glasgow Ker, Thos. C. Esq. 11, Furnival’s-inn Ker, W. jun. Esq. 5, Cevent-garden, Liverpool Kerfoot, Tho. H. Esq. 9, Bread-st. Cheapside Kernot, Price, & Co. Messrs.Commercial-road, Limehouse. 2 Copies Kerr, Arch. Esq. 18, Glassford-street, Glaszow Kerr, John, Esq. 2, Royal-cres. Edinburgh KERR, Hon. Lord Mark Kerr, Mr. W. Bookseller, Duke-st. Manches- ter-sq. 2 Copies Kerr, Niven, Esq. 4, Great Winchester-street Kerr, P. Esq. Marsden-square, Manchester Kerrick, Richard Edward, Esq. Cambridge Kerry, Mr. Richard, 20, Cork-street Kerschner, J. Esq. 16, Wilmington-square Kershaw, E. N. Bsq. Catton Hall, Lichfield Kershaw, James, Esq. High-street, Manchester Kershaw, Rey. John, Maidstone Kershaw, Mrs. Park-place, Leeds Kettlewell, W. Esq. Clapham, Surrey Key, Jonathan I. Esq. Hampstead Key, Sir John, Bart. Bedford-square Key, Lady, Bedford-square Key, Mrs. 8. Stone, Stafford. 3 Copies Kibble, Mr. J. 30, South Hanover-st. Glasgow Kibblewhite, James, Esq. Gray’s-inn-place KILDARE, Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of Kilmarnock, Tradesmen’s Library of KILMOREY, Right Hon. the Earl of Kinchant, R. H. Esq. Park Hall, Oswestry Kinder, Mr. Wm. 25, John-st. Bedford-row King, Capt. Andrew, #.V. Superintendent of Packets, Falmouth King, Benj. Esq. Stowmarket, Suffolk King, Mr. E. Bookseller, Wycombe King, George, Esq. Redbridge, Southampton King, Capt. Hon. J.W. R.N. Cranbrook, Kent King, Captain J. H.M.P.V. Messenger King, James, Esq. 4, Tavistock-place King, Commander John, R.N. Portskewitt, near Chepstow King, John, Esq. Corhampton House, near Droxford, Hants King, John, Esq. 27, King-street, Portsea King, Rev. Joshua, D. D. Presidentof Queen’s College, Cambridge King, Knowles, Esq. Maidstone King, Matthew, Esq. Port Glasgow King, Mr. Bookseller, Leamington King, R. M. Esq. Pyrland Hall, near Taunton King, Samuel, Esq. Acorn-terrace, Limehouse King, Mr. Thomas, Bookseller, Southampton King, Thomas, Esq. Alvesdiston, Wilts King, Messrs. W. & T. New-ct. Broad-street King, Rev. Walker, Archdeacon of Rochester KINGSBOROUGH, Rt. Hon. Lord Viscount Kingsbury, M. B. Esq. Bungay, Suffolk Kingsford, Alfred, Esq. Buckland, near Dover Kingsford, Edward, Esq. Canterbury Kingston, Thomas, Esq. 13, Crescent, Clifton Kinnmard, A. Esq. St. Andrew’s-st. Dundee Kinsey, Rev. W. M. Cheltenham Kinsman, Capt. R. J. Green Bank, Falmouth Kinsman, Major, 22... Stonehouse, Devon Kipling, Mr. Robert, Barnard Castle. 4 Copies Kirby, William, Esq. York Kirk, Henry, Esq. Parrs House, Heaton Nor- ris, Stock port Kirk, Thomas, Esq. 10, Symonds-inn Kirkley, Edward, Esq. Kirkness, Capt. W. Stratton-place, Falmouth Kirkman, J. Esq. 21, Mosley-st. Manchester Kirkpatrick, G. Esq. Keston Kirwan, E. Esq. King’s College, Cambridge LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Klage, Mr. C, Bookseller, Berlin. .5 Copies Knatchbull, Rev. Dr. Wyndham, Smeeth, Kent Knatchbull, Right Hon. Sir Edward, Bart. M.P. Merstham, Kent Kneeshaw, Captain, R. N. Rochester Knight, Charles, Esq. 22, Ludgate-street Knight, Edward, jun. Esq. Chawton House, Alton, Hants Knight, George Andrew, Esq. Truro Knight, Mr. H. Poole, Dorset Knight, I. Esq. 1, Greenwood-st. Manchester Knight, J. Esq. New Walk, Leicester Knight, Mr. James Young, Kirkgate, Leeds. 2 Copies Knight, James, Esq. Southampton Knight, James, Esq. Pall-mall, Manchester Knight, Capt. James, jun. 9, Gloucester-sq. Southampton Knight, John, Esq. Farnham, Hants Knight, Mr. John,Crawley, Sussex. 4 Copies Knight, Stephen, Esq. Portreath, near Redruth Knight, T. Esq. Alton, Hants Knight, Rev. W. Steventon Rectory, Hants Knight, William, Esq. 1, Canonbury-place Knill, J. Esq. 20, Addington-pl. Camberwell Knowles, John, Esq. Crawley Knowles, Josh. Esq. Church-street, Manchester Knowles, W. Esq. Clifton, Gioucestershire Knowles & Brown, Messrs. Rotherham,Yorksh. Knox, George, Esq. Barnard Castle Knox, Hon. Thos. St. John’s Coll. Cambridge, and Barham House, Elstree Knox, Mr. Robert, 13, Exchange-pl. Glasgow Kray & Ruttray, Messrs. Dock-street, Dundee Kruse, Mr. Peter, Chelsea Krusenstern, Vice-Admiral, St. Petersburg Krusenstierna, Capt. 2..N. Carlskrona, Sweden Kuller, Mr. James, Seagate, Dundee Kusteman, Mjr.W.B. Brews House, Milverton Kynaston, John, Esq. Poole, Dorset Kyrke, James, Esq. Glascoed, near Wrexham L. Labouchere, Henry, Esq. M.P. Labrey, Thos. Esq. Market-street, Manchester Lace, F. J. Esq. Ingthorpe Grange, Yorkshire Lachlan, J. Esq. Great Alie-street Lacy, HW. C. Esq. Kinyon Hall, Manchester Lade, James, Esq. Port Glasgow, N.B. Ladell, William, Esq. Braconsdale, Norfolk Laen, Mr.T.R.N. Blackauten, near Dartmouth Lafargue, Peter Augustus, Esq. Husband’s Bosworth, Leicestershire Laforest, William, Esq. 8, Bedford-row Lagerstrale, Admiral, P. G. Carlskrona Lahee, Chas. Esq. 32, Cheyne-walk, Chelsea Laid, Thomas, Esq. Port Glasgow, N.B. Laing, Mrs. C. 38,Gt.Coram-st. Brunswick-sq. Laing & Forbes, Messrs. Booksellers,Glasgow. 5 Copies Lake, Rev. A. West Walton, near Wisbeach Lake, R. Esq. 29, Keppel-street, Russell-sq. Lake, Mr. Wm. Bookseller, Uxbridge. 3Copies La Marche, J. B. Esq. High-st. Hull Lambe, H. Y. Esq. Truro Lambert, A. B. Esq. 26, Grosvenor-street Lambert, C. Esq. Blendon Hall, Bexley, Kent Lambert, J. Esq. Hawkhurst, Kent Lamond, It. Esq. 60, Ingram-street, Glasgow Lampeel, C. W. Esq. Clare Hall, Cambridge Lancashire, Mr.T. G. Booksller, Huddersfield. 64 Copies LXXxv Lander,D.O.Esq.Custom House, Poole, Dorset Lane, Rev. Charlton, 4.12, Eltham-place Kennington Lane, Fred. Esq. Lynn, Norfolk Lane, J. Esq. 30, Canonbury-square, Islington Lane, John, Esq. Goldsmiths’ Hall Lane, Joseph, Esq. Cheadle, near Stockport Lane, Michael, Esq. Braintree Lane, William, Esq. Stockport Lang, A. G. Esq. 62, Buchanan-st. Glasgow Lang, David, Esq. 37,Virginia-street, Glasgow Lang, Owen, Esq. Woolwich Dock-yard Langdale, C. Esq. 9, Newton-ter. Kennington Langdale, Hon. C. M.P. 20, Sackville-street Langley, H. Esq. Dover Langston, J. H. Esq. MP. 143, Piccadilly Langton, Capt. E, Gore, St. George’s, Bristol Langton, Col. Gore, M.P. Grosvenor-square Langton, Jolin Bicknell, Esq. Herne-hill Langton, Zachary, Esq. 6, Bedford-row Lankester, Thomas, Esq. Bewdley Lapworth, Mr. Rt. Bookseller, Stratford-on- Avon. 8 Copies Large, Mr. W. H. 12, Castle-square, Brighton Larkins, Capt. Thomas, Quendon, Essex Lascelles, Hon. Henry, 14, Hanover-square Latham, W. Esq. 8, St. Ann’s-street, Liverpool La Touche, David Charles, Esq. Dublin Latter, Edwd. A. Esq. 51, Ship-st. Brighton Latter, R. B. Esq. Bromley, Kent Launceston Public Subscription Library Laurie, Sir Peter, Knt. Alderman of London Laurie, Mr. R. UH. Bookseller, 53, Fleet-street. 3 Copies Lavender, Mr. Barton House, Ropley, Hants Laver, Mr. C. 38, Speldhurst-st. Burton-cres. Lavine, W.G. Esq. 16, Princess-st. Manchester Law, G. Esq. 10, New-square, Lincoln’s-inn Law, James, Esq. Seagate, N.B. Lawday, Thos. Esq. Avenue-de-Caen, Rouen Lawdown, John, Esq. Aibany-place, Glasgow Lawford, Edward, Esq. Drapers’ Hall Lawford, Admiral John, Arundel-street,Strand Lawford, John, Esq. Drapers’ Hall Lawrence, Isaac, Esq. Watling-street Lawrie, John, Esq. 1, Robert-st. Adelphi Lawrie, Patrick, Esq. West End, Hampstead Laws, James E. Esq. Yarmouth, Norfolk Lawson, Arch. Esq. 86, Miller-st. Glasgow Lawson, De C. I. Esq. 6, Woodland-pl. Bath Lawson, William, Esq. 39, St. Mary-at-hill Lax, Charles, Esq. Wells, Somersetshire Lax, Joseph, Esq. Bristol. 4 Copies Layton Ladies’ Book Society Lea, Mr. J. E. Bksllr. Gloucester. 2 Copies Leach, George, Esq. Stoke Leach, Henry, Esq. Collector of H. M. Cus- toms, Milford. 2 Copies Leadbetter, Mr. J. 77, Queen-street, Glasgow Leadbitter, Join, Esq. York Leaf, Edwin, Esq. East Dulwich. Leaf, Mrs. East Dulwich Leaf, William, Esq. Old Change Leahy, Daniel, Esq. Shananeil, Cork Leake, John, Esq. Stock Exchange Lean, John Stuckey, Esq. South-hill, Shep- ton Mallet Leather, J. W. Esq. Leeds Le Blane, T. Esq. 65, Paper-bldgs. Temple Lecesne, L.C. Esq. 11, Fenchurch-buildings Ledgard, G. Esq. Poole, Dorset Lee, Chas. Esq. 20, Golden-square Lee, Charles, I'sq. leeds Lee, Daniel, Esq. 24, Cannon-st. Manchester 2 Copies LXXXVI Lee, F.Valentine, Esq. Calthorpe-street, Meck- lenburgh-square Lee, G. Esq. 71, Lombard-street Lee, Henry, jun. Esq. Chiswell-street Lee, J. L. Esq.Bradford, Yorkshire Lee, Dr. John, 31, Bedford-place, Russell-sq. Lee, Mr. John, Booksr. Cheltenham. 2 Copies Lee, Mr. John, Bradford, Yorkshire Lee, L. L. Esq. 17, Old Broad-street Lee, Lieut.-Col.Elford Breton, Topsham, Devon Lee, Robert, Esq. Welton, Hull Lee, Wm. Esq. Prospect House, Montpellier Lee, William, Esq. St. Sidwell’s, Exeter Leechman, Jas. Esq. Melville-place, Glasgow Leeds Literary Institution ——— New Subscription Library — — Philosophical and Literary Society Leefe, J. E. Esq. Trinity College, Cambridge Lees, Adam, Esq. Ardwick, Manchester Lees, J. Esq. Stamford-crescent, Ashton- under-Lyne Leescombe, E. R. Esq. Christ Church, Oxford Leese, Jos. jun. Esq. Ardwick, Manchester Leeson, Robert, Esq. Dawlish, Devon Le-Feuvie, W. Esq. Mayor of Southampton Lefevre, Chas. 8. Esq. MW.P. 35, Eaton-place Le Geyt, Mr. George Wm. Jersey. 4 Copies Leog, S. Esq. 2, Great Knight Ryder-street Legg, Thomas, sen. Esq. 230, Bermondsey Lege, Thos. Esq. Abbey House, Bermondsey Legeatt, H. Esq.Oakfield House, Worth, Sussex Leege, Hon. Admiral, Sir A, K. 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Esq. 46, Pall-mall, Manchester Loyd, Edward, Esq. Bank, Manchester LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. LXXXVII Lucas, Charles, Esq. 21, Fenchurch-street Lucas, Matthew Prime, Esq. Alderman of London Lucas, R. G. Esq. University College, Oxford Lucas, Robert, Esq. 53, Lincoln’s-inn-fields Luck, Richard, Esq. Rutland-street, Leicester Lukyn, Rt. Esq. Faversham, Kent Lumb, Henry, Esq. Wakefield Lunnon, Mr. William Lupton, Thomas, Esq. Leeds Luscombe, 8. Esq. Exeter Lushington, E. S. Esq. Trinity Coll-Cambridge Luxmoore, C. J. Esq. Rose-mount, Alphington Lyall, George, Esq. @.P. 17, Park-crescent Lyde, Lionel, Esq. 291, Regent-street Lyle, W. G. Esq. 10, Gt. James-st. Bedford-rw Lynch, John, jun. Esq. Tralee, Ireland Lynch, Nicholas J. Esq. St. Christopher’s LYNDOCH, Right Hon. Genl. Lord, G.C.B. Lyne, L. 8. Esq. 4, Old Broad-street Lyne, Thomas, Esq. Sevenoaks, Kent Lynn, Rey. James, Gad’s-hill House, near Rochester Lynn, Watt, Esq. Sheffield Lynn, Wm. Esq. Waterloo Hotel, Liverpool Lyon, Rev. R. 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Islington Maze, Peter, Esq. Rownham Lodge, Bristol Maze, Peter, jun. Esq. Sheriff of Bristol M‘Bean, Mr. Duncan, 187, Athol-pl. Glasgow M‘Carthy, Alex. Esq. 4, Mountjoy-square East Dublin M‘Clure, Mr. Jno. Peel-st. Manchester M‘Coll, Dougald, Esq. St. Christopher’s M‘Culloch, A. Esq. Dumfties M‘Culloch, J. Esq. Pierre Percée, Guernsey M‘Culloch, Walter, Esq. 139, George-st. Edin M‘Diarmid, Mr. J. Courier Office, Dumfries. 3 Copies M‘Donald, Mr. James, 164, Hope-st. Glasgow LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. M‘Donald, Capt. John, R.N. Lewisham M‘Donald, Mr. Wm. 43, Miller-st. Glasgow M‘Donnell, Capt. T. 8, Dorset-pl. Dorset-sq. M‘Douall, Col. Robert, C.B. Stranraer, N.B. M‘Dougald, Colonel, St. Christopher's M‘Gregor, Alex. Esq. St. Christopher’s Meadows, Dan. R. Esq. Burghersh House, Witnisham, Suffolk Mears, Thomas, Esq. Whitechapel Mears, Rev. Thos. Southampton Meares, George G. Esq. Cornwallis House, Clifton Mecham, Capt. Rodwell, Weymouth, Dorset Medcalf, Wm. Esq. 17, Hanging Ditch, Man- chester Medd, John, Esq. Stockport MEDWYN, Rt. Hon. Lord, Edinburgh ° Meek, James, Esq. Comptroller of Victualling Meeking, Charles, Esq. 62, Holborn-hill Meeson, Richd. Jas. Esq. Stratford Meeson, W. Esq. Stone, Staffordshire Meggs, Capt. G. Hyde Vale, Greenwich Meheux, John, Esq. 52, Hans-pl. Sloane-st. Meiklam, W. Esq. Corpus Christi College, Oxford Meikleham, Wm. Esq. 6, Maxwelton-place, Glasgow Mein, Mr. Alex. 42, Miller-st. Glasgow Meir, Mr. Henry, Bugle Inn, Newport, Isle of Wight Melander, F.Commander R.S.N. Carlskrona Mellburn, George, Esq. 13, Milman-street, Bed ford-row Mellor, Edwin, Esq. Ashton Mellor, John, Esq. Ashton Mellor, J. Esq. 2, Hilton-street, Manchester Melmoth, J. P. Esq. Sherborne, Dorse Melvil, Robt. A. Esq. 110, Fenchurch-street MELVILLE, Rt. Mon. Lord Viscount Mendelsohn, J. Esq. Berlin Menzies, J. Esq. of Pitfodles, 24, York-place, Edinburgh Menzies, Sir Niel, Bart. Castle Menzies, Edinburgh Mercer, John, Esq. Maidstone Mercer, John, jun. Esq. Ramsgate Mercier, Francis, Esq. Stock Exchange Mercer, John, jun. Esq. Ramsgate Meredith, James B. Esq. 1, Heathcote-street, Mecklenburgh-square Mereweather, Sam. Esq. Corn-street, Bristol Merivale, J. H. Esq. 15, Woburn-place Merridew, Mr. H. Library, Coventry Merridew, Mr. J. Booksllr. Warwick. 10 Copies Mestayer, Mrs. Reading, Berks Mester, C. H. Esq. St. John’s Coll. Cambridge Metealfe, William, Esq. Jesus Coll.Cambridge Metevier, C. Esq. 2, Richmond-hill, Clifton METTERNICH, His Highness the Prince Meux, Sir H. Bart. 19, Great Russell-street Mew, Mr. Henry, Newport, Isle of Wight Meyrick, Wm. sq. Merthyr Tydvil M‘Farlane, John, Esq..George-st. Manchester M‘Gillivray, S. Esq. Hudson’s Bay Company M‘Gregor, Alex. Esq. Oxford-st. Liverpool M‘Grigor, Sir J. Bart. M.D. F.RS. 5, Berkeley-street Micklethwait, J. R. Esq. Rotherham, Yorksh. Mickleburgh, James, and Son, Messrs. Thanet House, Margate Michan, Mr. A. J.51, Quadrant Michel, Rev. James, Sturminster Newton, Dorset Michell, Capt. J. Fred. #.2V. Totness, Devon Michell, Edward, Esq. Truro MIDDLETON, Rt. Hon. Lord Middleton, Charles, Esq. Crawley Middleton, J. Esq. 6, Gloucester-row, Clifton Middleton, Mr. Wm. 168, George-st. Glasgow Miers, Capel, Esq. Neath Mildmay, Paulet St. John, Esq. M.P. East Gate House, Winchester Miles, Miss Eliza, Clifton, Gloucestershire Miles, Hy. Esq. 2, Middle Temple-lane Miles, Philip John, Esq. M.P. Leigh Court, Bristol Miles, Roger, Esq. Leicester Miles, Wm. Esq. M.P. 7, Hamilton-place Miles, Wm. Esq. 10, Dix’s Field, Exeter Milward, George, Esq. Manor House, Lech= lade, Gloucester Milford, Samuel, Esq. Truro Mill, Sir Charles, Bart. Bury, Southampton Mill, J. Esq. Lloyd’s Coffee-house Millar, Robt. Esq. Cowgate Miller and Co. Messrs. 4, Broad-st. Bloomsb. Miller, Gorrell House, Barnstaple Miller, Horatio, Esq. Market-st. Manchester Miller, Mr. John, jun. Library, Portsmouth Miller, John, Esq. F.£.Z. and H.S. 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