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NARRATIVE OF THE VOYAGE
4
)
OF
H.M.S. RATTLESNAKH,
COMMANDED BY THE LATE
CAPTAIN OWEN STANLEY, R.N., F.R.S. &e.
DURING THE YEARS 1846-1850.
INCLUDING DISCOVERIES AND SURVEYS IN
NEW GUINEA, THE LOUISIADE ARCHIPELAGO,
ETC.
TO WHICH IS ADDED THE ACCOUNT OF
MR. E. B. KENNEDY’S EXPEDITION
FOR THE EXPLORATION OF THE CAPE YORK PENINSULA.
BY JOHN MACGILLIVRAY, F.R.G.S.
NATURALIST TO THE EXPEDITION.
PUBLISHED UNDER THE
Sanction of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty.
IN TWO VOLUMES.
NOL.
LON DON :
T. & W. BOONE, 29, NEW BOND
1852.
a
STREET, “*—~———""
Aaa)
fn fa sa
CONTENTS OF VOL. II. *8 >. _
‘ era
Nel ‘
CHAPTER I. vig:
DistRiBuTION of Aboriginal tribes of Cape York and Torres Strait—
Mode of warfare illustrated—Their social condition—Treatment of the
women— Prevalence of infanticide—Education of a child—Mode of
searifying the body—Initiation to manhood—Their canoes, weapons,
and huts—Dress of the women—Food of the natives—Mode of fishing
—Capture of the turtle and dugeng described—Yams and mode of
culture—Edible roots, fruits, &c.—No recognised chieftainship—
Laws regarding property in land—Belief in transmigration of souls—
Their traditions—Diseases and modes of treatment—Burial cere-
monies
CHAPTER II.
Sail from Cape York—Mount Ernest described—Find Kulkalega tribe
on Sue Island—Friendly reception at Darnley Island, and proceedings
there—Bramble Cay and its turtle—Stay at Redscar Bay—Further
description of the natives, their canoes, &c.—Pass along the South-east
coast of New Guinea—Call at Duchateau Islands—Passage to Sydney
— Observations on Geology and Ethnology—Origin of the Australians
considered
CHAPTER III.
Death of Captain Stanley—Sail for England—Arrive at the Bay of
Islands—Kororareka—Falls of the Keri-Keri—Passage across the
South Pacific—Oceanic birds—Stay at the Falkland Islands—Settle-
ment of Stanley—Call at Berkeley Sound—Lassoing cattle—Resume
our homeward voyage—Call at Horta in the Azores—The caldeira of
Fayal—Arrive in England .
* * * * *
ye
he oJ VU
99053
33
84
lV CONTENTS.
ACCOUNT OF MR. E. B. KENNEDY’S EXPEDITION.
PAGE
Narrative of Mr. W. Carron—Statement of Jackey-Jackey—Dr. Vallack’s
statement— Extracts from Mr, T. B. Simpson’s Log : = Eng
APPENDIX.
ComMPARATIVE VOCABULARY of two of the Languages of the Neigh-
bourhood of Cape York. : : : > hd
ComMPaARATIVE VOCABULARY of three of the Languages of the South-
East Coast of New Guinea and the Louisiade Archipelago . - 317
REMARKS on the Vocabularies of the Voyage of the Rattlesnake, by R.
G. Laruam, M.D. : : > A - pol
Caratocue of the Birds of the North-East Coast of Australia and
Torres Strait . c : . : - 355
On the Mollusca collected by Mr. Macgillivray during the Voyage of the
Rattlesnake, by Professor Epwarp Forsss, F.R.S. 4 - 360
Descriptions of some new species of Annulosa collected by Mr.
Macgillivray during the Voyage of H.M.S. Rattlesnake, by ADAM
Waite, Esgq., F.L.S. : n : é peter
EST OF PEATE Ss:
VOL. If
Natives of Redscar Bay, New Guinea. : - Frontispiece
Funeral Screen, Mount Ernest . ‘ : : to face p. 37
Interior of Darnley Island Hut . : : : = 2 AT
New Shells : ‘ ; : ; : to face p. 375
New Shells ; c . : ; : C . 381
New Insects : “ : : : : : . 387
New Crabs : : : ; “ . 5 . 391
Cuarvt of Torres Strait, New Guinea, and Louisiade Archipelago.
VOYAGE
H. M.S. RATTLESNAKE.
CHAPTER I.
DISTRIBUTION OF ABORIGINAL TRIBES OF CAPE YORK AND
TORRES STRAIT—MODE OF WARFARE ILLUSTRATED—THEIR
SOCIAL CONDITION—-TREATMENT OF THE WOMEN—PREVA-
LENCE OF INFANTICIDE— EDUCATION OF A CHILD—MODE OF
SCARIFYING THE BODY—INITIATION TO MANHOOD—THEIR
CANOES, WEAPONS, AND HUTS—DRESS OF THE WOMEN—
FOOD OF THE NATIVES—MODE OF FISHING—CAPTURE OF
THE TURTLE AND DUGONG DESCRIBED—YAMS AND MODE
OF CULTURE—EDIBLE ROOTS, FRUITS, ETC.—NO RECOG-
NISED CHIEFTAINSHIP—LAWS REGARDING PROPERTY IN
LAND—BELIEF IN TRANSMIGRATION OF SOULS—THEIR
TRADITIONS—DISEASES AND MODES OF TREATMENT—BURIAL
CEREMONIES.
THERE are at least five distinct tribes of natives
inhabiting the neighbourhood of Cape York. The
Giadang: people possess the immediate vicinity of the
Cape: the Yagulles* stretch along the coast to the
* This is the tribe concerned in the murder of the unfortunate
Kennedy. The circumstances were related by some of the
Yagulles to an old woman at Cape York of the name of Baki,
who, when questioned upon the subject through Gi’om, partially
VOL. II. B
2 DISTRIBUTION OF TRIBES OF CAPE YORK
southward and eastward beyond Escape River : the
Katchialaigas and Induyamos (or Yarudolaigas as
the latter are sometimes called) habit the coun-
try behind Cape York, but I am not acquainted
with the precise localities: lastly, the Gomokudins
are located on the 8. W. shores of Endeavour Strait,
and extend a short distance down the Gulph of
Carpentaria. These all belong to the Australian
race as unquestionably as the aborigines of Western
or South Australia, or the S. E. coast of New South
Wales; they exhibit precisely the same physical
characteristics which have been elsewhere so often
described as to render further repetition unnecessary.
On the other hand, the tribes inhabiting the
islands of Torres Strait differ from those of the
mainland in belonging (with the exception of the
first) to the Papuan or frizzled-haired race. Besides,
probably, a few others of which I cannot speak with
certainty, these tribes are distributed in the follow-
ing manner. The Kowraregas inhabit the Prince of
Wales’ group: the Mauralegas and Italegas divide
between them Banks Island: the Badilegas pos-
sess Mulgrave Island, and the Guimilegas the
islands between the last and New Guinea: the Kul-
kalegas have Mount Ernest and the Three Sisters:
corroborated the statement of Jackey Jackey. She further stated
that a few years ago a Yagulle woman and child had been shot
by some white men in a small vessel near Albany Island, and that
the tribe were anxious to revenge their death. Whether this was
a story got up as a palliative for the murder, or not, I cannot say.
AND TORRES STRAIT. 3
the Massilegras* reside on the York Isles and others
adjacent: and the Miriamf tribe hold the north-
easternmost islands of Torres Strait, including Mur-
ray and Darnley Islands.
The junction between the two races, or the Papuan
from the north and the Australian from the south,
is effected at Cape York by the Kowraregas, whom
I believe to be a Papuanized colony of Australians,
as will elsewhere be shewn. In fact, one might
hesitate whether to consider the Kowraregas{ as
Papuans or Australians, so complete is the fusion
* I do not know what name is given to the tribe or tribes
inhabiting the space between the Miriam and the KAlkalaig.
Dzam (a Darnley islander) told me of a tribe called Gamle
inhabiting Owrid, Uta, Zogarid, Sirreb, Mékek, and Wurber; at
all events the natives of Massid belong to a distinct tribe, judging
from their language, and are known as the Massilegas by the Kow-
raregas. They occasionally (as in 1848) come down to Cape
York on a visit to the Australians there, often extending their
voyage far to the southward, visiting the various sandy islets in
search of turtle and remaining away for a month or more.
+ Is sonamed from a place in Murray Island. The possessions
of this tribe are Mér, Dowar, Wayer, Errib, Ugar, Zapker, and
Edugor, all, except the two last, permanently inhabited.
{ Dr. Latham informs me that the Kowrarega language is
undeniably Australian, and has clearly shewn such to be the case :
and although the Miriam language does not show any obvious
affinity with the continental Australian dialects, yet the number of
words common to it and the Kowrarega, I find by comparison of my
vocabularies to be very considerable, and possibly, were we at all
acquainted with the grammar of the former, other and stronger
affinities would appear.
B 2
4 THE KOWRAREGAS.
of the two races. Still the natives of the Prince
of Wales’ Islands rank themselves with the
islanders and exhibit a degree of conscious supe-
riority over their neighbours on the main land and
with some show of reason; although themselves
inferior to all the other islanders, they have at least
made with them the great advance in civilization of
having learned to cultivate the ground, a process
which is practised by none of the Australian abo-
rigines. |
The Kowraregas speak of New Guinea under the
name of Mugev (little) Dowdai, while to New Hol-
land they apply the term of Ker (large) Dowdai.
Their knowledge of the former island has been
acquired indirectly through the medium of inter-
vening tribes. The New Guinea people are said to
live chiefly on pig's and sag‘o ; from them are obtained
the cassowary feathers used in their dances, and
stone-headed clubs. They trade with the Gumi-
legas, who exchange commodities with the Badi-
leoas, from whom the Kowrarega people receive
them. These last barter away to their northern
neighbours spears, throwing-sticks, and. mother-of-
pearl shells for bows, arrows, bamboo pipes, and
knives, and small shell ornaments called dibi-dibi.
They have friendly relations with the other islanders
of Torres Strait, but are at enmity with all the
mainland tribes except the Gudang.
Occasionally hostilities, frequently caused by the
most trivial circumstances, arise between two neigh-
MODE OF WARFARE ILLUSTRATED. 5
bouring tribes, when incursions are made into each
other’s territories, and reprisals follow. Although
timely notice is usually given prior to an aggression
being made by one tribe upon another, yet the most
profound secrecy is afterwards practised by the in-
vaders. As an illustration of their mode of warfare,
in which treachery is considered meritorious in pro-
portion to its success, and no prisoners are made,
except occasionally, when a woman is carried off,—
consisting chiefly in a sudden and unexpected attack,
a short encounter, the flight of one party and the
triumphant rejoicing of the other on their return—
I may state the following on the authority of Gi’om.
About the end of 1848, an old Kowrarega man
went by himself in a small canoe to the neighbour-
hood of Cape Cornwall, while the men of the tribe
were absent turtling at the eastern end of IJndea-
vour Strait. He was watched by a party of Gomo-
kudin blacks or Yigeiles, who, guided by his fire,
surprised and speared him. Immediately returnmg
to the mainland, the perpetrators of this savage
deed made a great fire by way of exultation. Mean-
while the turtling party returned, and when it became
known that the old man had been missing for seve-
ral days, they were induced by his two sons to search
for him, and found the body horribly mutilated, with
many spears stuck into it to shew who had been the
murderers. ‘This explained the fire, so another was
lit in reply to the challenge, and at night a party of
Kowraregas in six canoes, containing all the men
6 CANNIBALISM.
and lads of the tribe, crossed over to the main. They
came upon a small camp of Yigeiles who had not
been at all concerned in the murder, and enticed one
of them to come out of the thicket where he had con-
cealed himself by the offer of a fillet of cassowary
feathers for information regarding the real mur-
derers. As soon as the man stepped out, he was
shot down with an arrow, his head cut off, and pur-
suit made after the rest. Towards morning their
second camping place was discovered and surrounded,
when three men, one woman, and a girl were but-
ehered. The heads of the victims were cut off with
the hépi, or bamboo knife, and secured by the sring?,
or cane loop, both of which are carried slung on the
back by the Torres Strait islanders and the New
Guinea men of the adjacent shores, when on a ma-
rauding excursion;* these Papuans preserve the
skulls of their enemies as trophies, while the Aus-
tralian tribes merely mutilate the bodies of the slain,
and leave them where they fall. The Kowraregas
returned to their island with much _ exultation,
announcing’ their approach by great shouting and
blowing on conchs. ‘The heads were placed on an
oven and partially cooked, when the eyes were
scooped out and eaten with portions of flesh cut from
the cheek ;| only those, however, who had been pre-
* See Jukes’ Voyage of the Fly, Vol. i. p. 277.
+ The eyes and cheeks of the survivors from the wreck of the
Charles Eaton (in Aug. 1834) were eaten by their murderers,—a
party consisting of different tribes from the eastern part of Torres
Strait. See Nautical Magazine, 1837, p. 799.
SIGNALS BY SMOKE. 7
sent at the murder were allowed to partake of this ;
the morsel was supposed to make them more brave.
A dance was then commenced, during which the
heads were kicked along the ground, and the savage
excitement of the dancers almost amounted to
frenzy. The skulls were ultimately hung up on
two cross sticks near the camp, and allowed to
remain there undisturbed.
In the beginning of 1849 a party of Badilegas
who had spent two months on a friendly visit to the
natives of Muralug treacherously killed an old Ita-
leza woman, married to one of their hosts. Two of
her brothers from Banks Island were staying with
her at the time, and one was killed, but the other
managed to escape. The heads were carried off to
Badu as trophies. This treacherous violation of the
laws of hospitality was in revenge for some petty
injury which one of the Badu men received from an
Ita black several years before.
When a large fire is made by one tribe it is often
intended as a signal of defiance to some neighbour-
ing one—an invitation to fight—and may be con-
tinued daily for weeks before hostilities commence ;
it is answered by asimilar one. Many other signals
by smoke are in use: for example, the presence of
an enemy upon the coast—a wish to communicate
with another party at a distance—or the want of
assistance—may be denoted by making a small fire,
which, as soon as it has given out a little column of
smoke, is suddenly extinguished by heaping sand
8 POLYGAMY.
uponit. If not answered immediately it is repeated ;
if still unanswered, a large fire is got up and allowed
to burn until an answer is returned.
Polygamy is practised both on the mainland and
throughout the islands of Torres Strait. ive is the
greatest number of wives which I was credibly
informed had been possessed by one man,— but this
was an extraordinary instance, one, two, or three,
being the usual complement, leaving of course many
men who are never provided with wives. The posses-
sion of several wives ensures to the husband a certain
amount of influence in his tribe as the owner of so
much valuable property, also from the nature and
extent of his connections by marriage. In most cases
females are betrothed im infancy, according to the
will of the father, and without regard to disparity of
age, thus the future husband may be and often is
an old man with several wives. When the man
thinks proper he takes his wife to live with him
without any further ceremony, but before this she has
probably had promiscuous intercourse with the young
men, such, if conducted with a moderate degree of
secrecy, not being considered as an offence, although
if continued after marriage it would be visited by
the husband (if powerful enough) upon both the
offendin @ parties wit the severest punishment.
Occasionally there are instances of strong mutual
attachment and courtship, when, if the damsel is not
betrothed, a small present made to the father is
sufficient to procure his consent; at the Prince of
CONDITION OF THE WOMEN. 9
Wales Islands a knife or glass bottle are considered
as a sufficient price for the hand of a “lady fair,”
and are the articles mostly used for that purpose.
According to Gi’om puberty in girls takes place
from the tenth to the twelfth year, but few become
mothers at a very early age. When parturition is
about to take place the woman retires to a little
distance in the bush, and is attended by an expe-
rienced matron. Delivery is usually very easy, and
the mother is almost always able on the following
day to attend to her usual occupations. The infant
is laid upon a small soft mat which the mother has
taken care to prepare beforehand, and which is used
for no other purpose.
The life of a married women among the Kow-
raregra and Gidang blacks is a hard one. She has
to procure nearly all the food for herself and hus-
band, except durmg the turtling season, and on
other occasions when the men are astir. If she
fails to return with a sufficiency of food, she is pro-
bably severely beaten,—indeed the most savage acts
of cruelty are often inflicted upon the women for the
most trivial offence. Considering the degraded posi-
tion assigned by the Australian savages to their
women, it is not surprising’ that the Prince of Wales
Islanders should, by imitating their neighbours in
this respect, afford a strong contrast to the inhabi-
tants of Darnley and other islands of the N.E.
part of Torres Strait, who always appeared to me
to treat ther females with much _ consideration
10 THEIR TREATMENT BY THE MEN.
and kindness. Several instances of this kind of
barbarity came under my own notice. Piaquai
(before mentioned) when spoken to about his wife
whom he had killed a fortnight before in a fit of
passion, seemed much amused at the idea of having
got rid of her unborn child at the same time. One
morning at Cape York, Paida did not keep his
appointment with me as usual; on making inquiry,
I found that he had been squabbling with one of his
wives a few minutes before, about some trifle, and
had speared her through the hip and grom. On
expressing my disapproval of what he had done,
adding that white men never acted in that manner,
he turned it off by jocularly observing that although
I had only one wife, he had two, and could easily
spare one of them. As a further proof of the low
condition of the women, I may state that it is upon
them that the only restrictions in eating particular
sorts of food are imposed. Many kinds of fish,
including some of the best, are forbidden on the
pretence of their causing disease in women, although
not injurious to the men. The hawksbill turtle and
its eggs are forbidden to women suckling, and no
female, until beyond child bearing, is permitted to
eat of the Torres Strait pigeon.
Among other pieces of etiquette to be practised
after marriage among both the Kowraregas and
Gudangs, a man must carefully avoid speaking to
or even mentioning the name of his mother-in-law,
and his wife acts similarly with regard to her
NAMING OF CHILDREN. bial
father-in-law. Thus the mother of a person called
Naki—which means water —1is obliged to call water
by another name; in like manner as the names of
the dead are never mentioned without great reluc-
tance so, after the death of a man named Us, or
quartz, that stone had its name changed into nattam
tire, or the thing which is a namesake, although the
original will gradually return to common use.
The population of Muralug is kept always about
the same numerical standard by the small number of
births, and the occasional practice of infanticide.
Few women rear more than three children, and
besides, most of those born before marriage are
doomed to be killed immediately after birth, unless
the father—which is seldom the case—is desirous of
saving the child—if not, he gives the order marama
teio (throw it into the hole) and it is buried alive
accordingly. ven of other infants some, especially
females, are made away with in a similar manner
when the mother is disinclined to support it.
An infant is named immediately after birth :—
and, on Muralue,, these names for the last few years
have been chosen by a very old man named Guigwi.
Many of these names have a meaning attached to
them: thus, two people are named respectively
Wapada and Passel, signifying particular trees, one
woman is called Kuki, or the rainy season, and her
son Ras, or the driving cloud. Most people have
several names, for instance, old Guigwi was also
called Salgai, or the firesticks, and Mrs. Thomson
12 COMPRESSION OF THE SKULL.
was addressed as Késigu, or Taomai, by her
(adopted) relatives, but as Gi(a)om by all others.
Children are usually suckled for about two years,
but are soon able, in a great measure, to procure
their own food, especially shell fish, and when strong
enough to use the stick employed in digging up
roots, they are supposed to be able to shift for
themselves. A peculiar form of head, which both
the Kowrarega and Gidang blacks consider as the
beau ideal of beauty, is produced by artificial com-
pression during infancy. Pressure is made by the
mother with her hands—as I have seen practised
on more than one occasion at Cape York—- one being
applied to the forehead and the other to the occiput,
both of which are thereby flattened, while the skull
is rendered proportionally broader and longer than
it would naturally have been.*
When the child is about a fortnight old the
perforation in the septum of the nose is made by
drilling it with a sharp pointed piece of tortoise-
shell, but the raised artificial scars, regarded as
personal ornaments by the Australians and Torres
Strait Islanders, are not made until long afterwards.
According to Giom, who states that among the
Kowraregas this scarification is purely voluntary,
the patient is laid upon the ground and held there,
while the incisions are made with a piece of glass
* Precisely the same form of skull as that alluded to at p. 189,
vol.i.: hence it is not unreasonable to suppose that the latter might
have been artificially produced.
RAISED CICATRICES ON THE BODY. 18
by some old man famous for his skill in performing
the operation. The chewed leaf of a certain plant
(which, however, I could not identify) is introduced
into the wound to prevent the edges from uniting,
and a daub of wet clav is then placed over all, and
kept there until the necessary effect has been pro-
duced. The principal scarifications among women
at Cape York and Muralug are in the form of long
limes across the hips. Among the men, however,
there is considerable variety.
The characteristic mode of dressing the hair
among the Torres Strait Islanders is to have it
twisted up into long pipe-like ringlets, and wigs im
imitation of this are also worn. Sometimes the head
is shaved, leaving a transverse crest—a practice
seldom seen among the men but not uncommon
among women and children, from Darnley Island
down to Cape York. At the last place and Mua-
ralug the hair is almost always kept short,—still
caprice or fashion have their sway, for at Cape York
I have at times for a week together seen all the men
and lads with the hair twisted into little strands well
daubed over with red ochre and turtle fat.
The Torres Strait Islanders are distinguished by
a large complicated oval scar, only slightly raised,
and of neat construction. This, which I have been
told has some connection with a turtle, occupies the
right shoulder, and is occasionally repeated on the
left. At Cape York, however, the cicatrices were
so varied, that I could not connect any particular
14 INITIATION TO RIGHTS OF MANHOOD.
style with an individual tribe,—at the same time
something like uniformity was noticed among the
Katchialaigas, nearly all of whom had, in addition
to the horned breast mark, two or three long trans-
verse scars on the chest, which the other tribes did
not possess. In the remaining people the variety
of marking was such that it appeared fair to con-
sider it as beine regulated more by individual
caprice than by any fixed custom. Many had a
simple two-horned mark on each breast, and we
sometimes saw among them a clumsy imitation of
the elaborate shoulder mark of the islanders.
The custom of undergoing a certain mysterious
ceremony prior to being admitted to the privileges
of manhood, supposed to be an institution peculiar
to the Australians, is found among the Kowraregas,
but whether it extends throughout Torres Strait is
uncertain. This initiation is not at Cape York and
Moralug accompanied by the performance either
of circumcision or the knocking out of a tooth, as in
many parts of Australia. The boys, usually three
or four in number, are chased about in the bush
during the day by some of the men decked out with
feathers and other ornaments, and at night retire to
the men’s camp, for, during the whole time of their
novitiate—or about a month—they must on no
account be seen by a woman; in fact, as Giom
informed me, a woman coming’ upon these hernéle
—as they are called—no matter how accidentally,
would be immediately put to death. When all is
CANOES OF TORRES STRAIT. 15
over the lads return to their parents, decorated with
a profusion of ornaments which are worn until they
drop off, and wearing in front a small triangular
piece of shell as a distinguishing mark.
The same kind of canoe which is found through-
out Torres Strait has been seen to extend from Cape
York along the eastern coast as far south as Fitzroy
Island,* a distance of 500 miles. It essentially
consists of a hollowed-out log, a central platform,
and an outrigger on each side. The largest canoes
which I have seen are those of the Murray and
Darnley Islanders, occasionally as much as sixty
feet long ; those of the Australians are small, vary-
ing at Cape York between fifteen and thirty feet in
* At the latter place we found a small canoe with two out-
riggers concealed on shore among some bushes. The bark canoes
of Rockingham Bay have already been described. About Whit-
sunday Passage the canoes, also of bark, are larger and of neater
construction : one which I examined at the Cumberland Isles was
made of three pieces of bark neatly sewn together ; it was six feet
long and two and a half feet wide, sharp at each end, witha
wooden thwart near the stem and stern, and a cord amidships to
keep the sides from stretching. In the creeks and bays of the
now settled districts of New South Wales another kind of canoe
was once in general use. At Broken Bay, in August, 1847, a
singular couple of aborigines whom I met upon a fishing excur-
sion had a small canoe formed of a single sheet of bark tied up
at each end; on the floor of this they were squatted, with the
gunwale not more than six inches above the water’s edge. Yet
this frail bark contained a fire, numbers of spears, fishing lines
and other gear. The woman was a character well known in Syd-
ney—Old Gooseberry—said to be old enough to have remembered
Cook’s first visit, to these shores.
16 MODE OF CONSTRUCTING
length. yen the Kowraregas have much finer
canoes than their neighbours on the mainland ; one
which I measured alongside the ship was forty-five
feet long and three and a half in greatest width, and
could carry with ease twenty-five people. The con-
struction of a canoe im the neighbourhood of Cape
York is still looked upon as a great undertaking,
although the labour has been much lessened by the
introduction of iron axes, which have completely
superseded those of stone formerly in use. »
178 KENNEDY’S EXPEDITION.
water, but from which we soon obtamed some by
digeinge a hole about two feet deep. We after-
wards found there was plenty of water in the creek
higher up to the eastward.
Aug. 29th.—We were obliged to leave another
horse behind us this morning as he was quite
unable to travel. We camped by the sandy bed of
a very broad river, with water only in reaches and
holes. ‘There is, however, evidently a great deal of
water running here occasionally, as the bed of the
river was six or seven hundred yards wide, with two
or three channels. The flood marks on the trees
were fifteen feet high; it has a north-easterly
course; its bed was composed in places of large
blocks of granite and trap rock, which was very
difficult to walk upon, being very slippery. ime
melaleucas were growing on each side, which with
their long pendulous shoots, and narrow silvery
leaves, afforded a fine shade from the heat of the
sun. ‘There was plenty both of grass and water
for the horses, but most of them continued to grow
weaker.
Aug. 30th and 31st.—The country was very
mountainous, and so full of deep gullies, that we
were frequently obliged to follow the course of a
rocky creek, the turnings of which were very
intricate; to add to our difficulties, many of the
hills were covered with scrub so thickly that it was
with much difficulty that we could pursue our
course through it. We had intended to have kept
NARRATIVE OF MR. CARRON. 179
along the bank of the river, thinking it might lead
us to Princess Charlotte’s Bay, and although unable
to do so, we did not as yet lose sight of the river
altogether.
Sept. 1st.—All this day we continued travelling
over very uneven country, full of precipitous rocks
and gullies, until we came to a bend of the river:
we now followed it in its tortuous course through
the rocks, till we came to a flat country where
its channels were divided by high green banks,
on which were growing large drooping tea-trees
(melaleucas); growing on these I found a beautiful
species of Loranthus, with large fascicles of orange-
coloured flowers, the leaves cordate, and clasping
the stem. On the hills I found a Brachychiton,
with crimson flowers; the tree had a stunted growth,
with deciduous leaves. I collected as much of
the gum as I could, and advised the others to do the
same; we ate it with the roasted seeds, but were
unable to find much of the gum or of the seeds.
Sept. 2nd.—We travelled over uneven rocky
ground, and crossed several gullies, and camped by
the bed of a river, at a spot where there were fine
reaches of water, full of Nymphea and Villarsia.
There was plenty of good grass in the valley of the
river, which was not very wide here, but on the
hills many parts had been recently burned, and the
erass was just springing up.
Sept. 8rd.—Sunday. We had prayers at eleven
o'clock, and afterwards, during the day, we shot
N 2
180 KENNEDY’S EXPEDITION.
asmallemu and a kangaroo. Being camped by
the side of the river, we were able to catch a few
fish, which were a most acceptable change to us.
The country through which we had passed for
the last two days consisted of a good stiff soil, well
covered with grass, openly timbered and well
watered.
Sept. 4th and 5th.— The country continued
much the same, making travelling most difficult
and laborious. We were now in the vicinity of
Cape Tribulation. While traversing the bed of
the river, in which we were in many places obliged
to travel, we passed two very high peaked hills to
the westward.
Sept. 6th.— We now found the river beginning
to run in all directions through the hills, over which
it was impossible to travel. We were consequently
forced to keep in the bed of the river, our horses
falling’ every few minutes, in consequence of the
slippery surface of the rocks over which they were
obliged to pass—consisting of dark granite.
The sterility of the hills here is much relieved
by the bunches of beautiful large yellow flowers of
the Cochlospermum Gossypium, interspersed with
the large balls of white cotton, just bursting from
the seed-vessels. I collected a bag full of this
cotton, wherewith to stuff our pack-saddles, as our
sheep did not supply us with wool enough for that
purpose. On these hills, too, I saw a_ beautiful
Calythrix, with pink flowers, and two or three very
NARRATIVE OF MR. CARRON. 181
pretty dwarf acacias. As Mr. Kennedy and myself
were walking first of the party, looking out for the best
path for the horses to travel in, I fell with violence,
and unfortunately broke Mr. Kennedy’s mountain
barometer, which I carried. I also bruised one of
my fingers very much, by crushing it with my gun.
Sept. 7th and 8th.—We continued following the
river during its westward course, through a very
mountaious country. On the hills I saw a very
handsome Bauhinia, a tree about twenty feet
high, with spreading branches covered with axillary
fascicles of red flowers, long broad flat legumes,
pinnate leaves, leaflets oval, about one inch long’;
an Hrythrina, with fine racemes of orang‘e-coloured
flowers, with long narrow keel, and broad vexillum,
leaves palmate, and three to five lunate leaflets,
long’, round, painted lezumes, red seeds ; also a rose-
coloured Brachychiton, with rather small flowers, a
deciduous tree of stunted habit, about twenty feet
high. We also passed narrow belts of low sandy
loam, covered with Banksias, broad-leafed Mela-
leucas, and the orange-coloured Grevillea I have
before spoken of. On these flats we again met
with large ant-hills, six to ten feet high, and eight
feet in circumference ; the land at the base was of a
reddish colour.
Sept. 9th.—We had a fine view of the surrounding
country from the top of a high hill, in the midst of
a range over which we passed. ‘To the west and
round to the south the country appeared to be fine
182 KENNEDY’S EXPEDITION.
undulating forest land, intersected by numerous
creeks and small rivers falling considerably to the
westward, as in fact all the water had been
running for some days past. Doubtless there must
be plenty of water in the holes and reaches of these
rivers and creeks at all seasons, but in the ramy
season many of them must be deep and rapid
streams, as the flood marks on the trees were from
fifteen to twenty feet high. The river along the
course of which we had been so long travelling
varied in width from two hundred to eight hundred
yards. It has two, or, im some places, three distinct
channels, and in the flat country through which
it passes these are divided by large drooping mela-
leucas.
It is singular that the country here should be so
destitute of game; we had seen a few wallabies and
some ducks, but were seldom able to shoot any
of them; we had not seen more than four or five
emus altogether since we started; a few brown
hawks which we occasionally shot, were almost the
only addition we were enabled to make to our small
ration. To-day we got an iguana and two ducks,
which, with the water in which our mutton was
boiled, would have made us a good pot of soup, had
there been any substance in the mutton. Hven
thin as it was, we were very glad to get it. The rivers
also seemed to contain but few fish, as we only
caught a few of two different kinds, one of which
without scales, resembled the cat-fish caught near
NARRATIVE OF MR. CARRON. 183
Sydney ;* the other was a dark thick fish with
scales.
Sept. 10¢h.—Finding that the river continued
running to the westward, and not as we had hoped
towards Princess Charlotte’s Bay, we left it and
turned im a northerly direction, travelling over very
rocky ridges covered with cochlospermums and aca-
cias, interspersed with occasional patches of open
forest land, and strewed with isolated blocks of
coarse granite containing crystals of quartz and
laminee of white mica. Prayers as usual at eleven
o'clock.
We had not seen natives for several days, but
this night, whilst one of the party was keeping
watch, a short distance from the fire, about eleven
o’clock, he heard the chattermg of the blacks.
Three spears were almost immediately thrown into
the camp and fell near the fire, but fortunately
without injuring any of the party. We fired a few
shots in the direction from which the spears came ;
the night being so dark that we could not see them.
We entertained fears that some of our horses might
be speared, as they were at some distance from the
camp, but fortunately the blacks offered us no
further molestation.
Sept. 11th and 12th.—We pursued our northern
course, the ground becoming very rotten; by the
sides of small creeks in sandy flats were belts of
broad-leafed Melaleucas and Grevilleas. We met
* Plotosus macrocephalus.
184 KENNEDY’S EXPEDITION.
with scrubs of Leptospermum, Fabricia, and Do-
donea. By the creeks, when the ground was sandy,
we saw Abrus precatorius, and a small tree about
fifteen feet high, with bi-pinnate leaves, the leaflets
very small, with long flat legumes containimg: ten
or twelve black and red seeds, like those of Abrus
precatorius, but rather larger.
Sept. 18th and 14th.—Most part of these days we
travelled over a country of stiff soil, covered with
iron-bark, and divided at intervals by belts of sandy
eround, on which grew Banksias, Callitris, and a
very pretty Lophostemon, about twenty feet high,
with long narrow lanceolate leaves, and a very round
bushy top. By the side of the small streams
running through the flat ground, I saw a curious
herbaceous plant, with large pitchers at the end of
the leaves, like those of the common pitcher-plant
(Nepenthes destillatoria). It was too late in the
season to find flowers, but the flower-stems were
about eighteen inches high, and the pitchers would
hold about a wine-glass full of water. This in-
teresting and singular plant very much attracted
the attention of all our party.
We here fell in with a camp of natives. Imme-
diately on seeing us they ran away from their camp,
leaving behind them some haltf-cooked food, con-
sisting of the meal of some seeds, (most likely
Moreton Bay chesnuts), which had been moistened,
and lzid in small irregular pieces on a flat stone
with a small fire beneath it. We took a part of
NARRATIVE OF MR. CARRON. 185
this baked meal, leaving behind some fish hooks as
payment. In the camp we also found a consider-
able quantity of Pandanus fruit, which grows very
plentifully here. Although, however, it is sweet
and pleasant to the taste, I found that the natives
did not eat largely of it, as it possessed very re-
laxing qualities, and caused violent headache, with
swelling beneath the eyes.
Some narrow belts of land we passed here be-
trayed indications of having been frequently mun-
dated by fresh water. The ground was very uneven,
full of small hillocks which were hidden by lone
erass, which caused our weak horses to fall very
frequently.
Sept. 15th.—This day we had better travelling,
the soil becoming a strong greyish loam ; the forest
land open and free from scrub, the trees principally
consisting of iron-bark, box, and the leguminous
tree, with bi-pimnate leaves, and dark fissured bark
I have before alluded to. We saw here a great
many pigeons of various kinds; Mr. Wall shot one
pair of Geophaps plumifera, which he preserved ;
also a pair of small pigeons of a greyish colour,
with red round the eyes, which he considered new.
I also saw a large tree and obtained specimens of it,
belonging to the natural order Bignoniacee, with
terminal spikes of yellow flowers, and rough cordate
leaves ; and a Proteaceous plant with long compound
racemes of white flowers, and deeply cut leaves,
resembling a tree with true pmnate leaves. The
186 KENNEDY’S EXPEDITION.
large seeded Angophora mentioned by me before,
also grew in this district.
About ten o’clock we came upon the banks of a
very fine river, with a very broad bed, and steep
banks on both sides. No doubt this was the river
we had seen to the eastward from our camp on the
9th instant. Mr. Kennedy considered this stream to
rise somewhere near Cape Tribulation, and after
running northward about thirty miles, to turn to
the south-west, the way it was running when we
came upon it. In this place it appeared a fine deep
river, and we followed it in its south-west course,
at a short distance from its banks, for six or seven
miles. The south-east bank was, for the last three
or four miles we traced it, covered with a narrow
belt of scrub, composed of /lagellaria, Jasminum,
Phyllanthus, and a rambling plant, belonging to
the natural order Verbenacee, with terminal spikes
of white, sweet-scented flowers. The trees were
principally Castanospermum, Melia, Rulingia, and
Sarcocephalus, and a beautiful tree belonging to the
natural order Bombacee, probably to the genus
Eriodendron, with large spreading branches, which,
as well as the trunk, were covered with spines.
These trees are from thirty to fifty feet in height,
and produce large crimson campanulate flowers,
composed of five large stiff petals, about two inches
long; stamens numerous, all joiming at the base,
and divided again into five parcels; the filaments
are the same length as the petals; five cleft stigma ;
NARRATIVE OF MR. CARRON. 187
large five-celled capsule, many seeded cells, the seeds
bemg wrapped in a white silky cotton. ‘This tree
was deciduous, the leaves being palmate, and grew
on stiff soil: its large crimson flowers attracted
universal admiration.
We crossed the river at a spot where its banks
were not so steep, and where there was but from
one to three feet of water ; in some places the bottom
was sandy and in others rocky, but we could see
rock only im the bed of the river. We camped on
the side of the river, on some recently burned grass ;
five of the party went fishing a short distance up
the river, and caught a few fish. The country here
to the west and the south-west was open undulating
forest land, which had been burned some short time
before, and the grass just growing again, formed
beautiful feed for our horses and sheep.
Towards evening about six or eight natives made
their appearance, on the same side of the river as
our camp; when about two hundred yards from us
they shipped their spears in their throwing-sticks,
and with other warlike gestures gradually drew
near to us, making a great noise, doubtless thinking
to frighten us. There being a wide deep gully
between the natives and our camp, we drew up
along the edge of it, with our fire-arms all ready to
give them a warm reception should they endeavour
to approach to closer hostilities. We endeavoured
to make them understand that our intentions were
friendly, and that we wished them to be peaceable ;
188 KENNEDY’S EXPEDITION.
but they seemed to construe our signals to make
them comprehend this, into indications of fear on
our part ; this increased their courage, and streneth-
ened their determination to drive us away if possible,
although they would not come within reach of our
guns. We however fired at them, and although
none were hurt, they appeared much frightened at
the report of the fire-arms. They left us and went
in the direction taken by the five of our party who
had gone fishing, and for the safety of whom we
began to be alarmed; our fears were increased, by
hearing the report of a gun a few minutes after-
wards. It seemed they had seen our party fishing
by the side of the river, and instantly ran at them,
to attack them ; but one of the party placed on the
bank as a look-out, fired at them as they came up,
just as they were preparing to throw their spears,
on which they turned their backs, and took to flight
as fast as they could.
Sept. 16th.— This morning after breakfast,
Mitchell and myself took two horses and re-crossed
the river. We went about two miles back to a spot
where I had seen some Portulaca, intending to bring
some of it back to the camp to boil as a vegetable,
it being the only description of food of the kind that
we had been able to obtain throughout our journey.
We filled a bag with it and returned to the camp,
when I found half a damper, one meal’s bread, had
been stolen from the stores durmg my absence.
This was not the first theft of the kind that had
NARRATIVE OF MR. CARRON. 189
been committed, and it was found necessary to watch
the provisions night and day. Mr. Kennedy was
anxious to discover the thief in this instance, as it
was stolen in open daylight while Mr. Kennedy
himself was keeping a look-out in his tent, not
twenty yards from where the provisions were stolen ;
every man’s load was searched, but in vain, and Mr.
Kennedy, knowing that a party left the camp for
the purpose of fishing a short distance up the river,
and another party a few yards down the river to
wash some clothes—took Jackey with him, who,
by detecting some crumbs on the ground, discovered
that the damper had been eaten at the place where
the clothes were washed. ©
So careless were some of the party of the fatal
consequences of our provisions beine consumed
before we arrived at Cape York, that as soon as we
camped and the horses were unpacked, it was
necessary that all the provisions should be deposited
together on a tarpaulin, and that I should be near
them by day and by night, so that I could not leave
the camp at all, unless Mr. Kennedy and Mr. Wall
undertook to watch the stores. I was obliged to
watch the food whilst cooking ; it was taken out of
the boiler in the presence of myself and two or three
others, and placed in the stores till morning.
It was seldom that I could go to bed before nine
or ten o’clock at night, and I had to be up at four
in the morning to see our tea made and sweetened,
and our breakfast served out by daylight. The
190 KENNEDY’S EXPEDITION.
meals we cut up into thirteen parts, as nearly equal
as possible, and one person touched each part in
succession, whilst another person, with his back
turned, called out the names of the party, the person
named taking the part touched. The scrupulous
exactness we were obliged to practise with respect
to our provisions was increased by our misfortune in
getting next to nothing to assist our scanty ration ;
while the extreme labour to which we were subjected
increased our appetites. Two of the party always
went out at daylight to fetch the horses in, and it
was necessary we should start at early morning on
account of the great heat in the middle of the day.
We always endeavoured to make a fair stage by
ten o’clock, and then, if in a convenient place, to
halt: sometimes we were obliged to halt at nine
o'clock, but we started again generally about three
or four o’clock P.M., and travelled on till six.
Twelve or fourteen natives made their appearance
at the camp this evening, from the same direction as
on the previous day. Hach one was armed with a
large bundle of spears, and with boomerang's. Their
bodies were painted with a yellowish earth, which,
with their warlike gestures, made them look very
ferocious. The grass in the position they had taken
up was very long and very dry, quite up to the edge
of the gully; they set it on fire in three or four
places, and the wind blowing from them to us, it
burned very rapidly. Thinking we should be
frightened at this display they followed the fire
NARRATIVE OF MR. CARRON. 191
with their spears shipped, making a most hideous
noise, and with the most savage gestures. Know-
ing the fire could not reach us, as there was nothing
to burn on our side the gully, we drew up towards
them with our fire-arms prepared. They approached
near enough to throw three spears into our camp,
one of which went quite through one of our tents.
No one was hurt, but a few of our party fired at
them; we could not tell whether any were wounded,
as they disappeared almost immediately. We kept
three on watch this night for fear of the natives.
Sept. 17th to 21st.—Leaving the river, we turned
north-west, and had occasionally fair travelling
over stiff soil, intersected by many creeks, most of
them dry, but were every where able to find water
at intervals of a few miles. We passed over some
ironstone ridges, and rocky hills, covered with
Callitris, Cochlospermum, and Sterculias. On the
stiff soil the trees were iron-bark, box, apple-gum,
and some large acacias, with long lanceolate
phyllodia, and large spikes of golden-coloured
flowers. The grass here in the valleys between the
hills had been burned, and was grown up again
about eight or ten inches high.
Sept. 22nd.—We crossed a creek running east-
ward, overhung by melaleucas and arborescent
ceallistemons, with plenty of grass on both sides ; the
soil appeared to become more sandy than that over
which we had hitherto passed.
Sept. 23rd.—We proceeded on our course, tra-
192 KENNEDY’S EXPEDITION.
velling over sandy ridges covered with Hugenia,
Haxocarpus, and a very pretty Eucalyptus, with
rose-coloured flowers and obcordate leaves, and
yellow soft bark; also a dwarfish tree with dark
ereen leaves, and axillary racemes of round mono-
spermons, fruit of a purple colour, with a thin rind
of a bitter flavour; also a great many trees of
moderate size, from fifteen to twenty feet high, of
rather pendulous habit, oval lanceolate exstipulate
leaves, loaded with an oblong’ yellow fruit, having
a rough stone inside; the part covering the stone
has, when ripe, a mealy appearance, and very good
flavour. I considered from its appearance it was the
fruit which Leichhardt called the “ nonda,” which
we always afterwards called it ; we all ate plentifully
of it.
The weather for the last few days had been very
hot, the thermometer ranging’ in the shade from 95°
to 100° at noon; still there was generally a breeze
in the morning from the eastward, and in the
evening from the west. We camped by the same
creek as on the previous day, but in our present
position it was running §8.W. with several lagoons
in the valley, full of Nymphea and Villarsia; our
latitude here was 15° 83’ south.
Sept. 24th.—We crossed the creek and proceeded
northward, till we camped by a dry creek, from the
bed of which we obtained water by digging. Dur-
ing the day’s journey, we passed over some flats of
rotten honeycomb ground, on which nothing was
NARRATIVE OF MR. CARRON. 193
erowing but a few stunted shrubs, and a blue
herbaceous plant belonging to the order Boraginee.
We also passed over other sandy flats covered with
broad-leafed Melaleucas and Grevillias, and a few
Banksias. On these flats ant-hills occurred, and in
their vicinity there was seldom much grass. The
grasses generally growing there were annual kinds.
It was Mr. Kennedy’s opinion that the creek we
crossed this morning joined the river we left on the
16th, and formed the Mitchell, although the country,
hereabouts did not resemble the banks of the
Mitchell, as described by Leichhardt; but the
appearance of the country varies so much every few
miles, particularly to the westward, that it is
impossible to support an opposite opinion on this
ground.
Sept. 25th.—As three of the horses could not be
found this morning’, four men were left behind to
search for them while the rest of the party travelled
on. They had not come up with us at about four
o'clock, and being anxious to find water before dark,
we proceeded along a narrow open valley covered
with long grass and large pandanus trees, skirted
on each side by rather scrubby forest land. At
dark we reached a large water hole. One of the
men left behind shortly arrived, and stated that the
rest had halted for the night. Mr. Kennedy being
anxious to bring all the horses to water, and to have
the party together, sent me back to conduct them
to the camp, which I very soon did, even though it
VOL. II. Oo
194 KENNEDY’S EXPEDITION.
was dark, the track being very plain. We collected
a great many nondas to-day and baked some of
them with our bread, which was the only way we
could eat them cooked; they were much _ better
fresh from the trees, but we found them rather
astringent. Spring, our best kangaroo dog, was
unable to come up to the camp this day, being
overpowered by the heat of the sun, a circumstance
we all regretted, as he was a most excellent watch
dog.
Sept. 26th.—We travelled a good stage this
morning before we found water,—in a sandy creek,
where the country seemed to fall slightly to the
north-east. We still hoped to find a river running
into Princess Charlotte’s Bay.
Sept. 27th.—We proceeded N.E. over alternating
sandy ridges and marshy flats; the latter, though
dry where we passed over them, presented the
appearance of being generally imundated. We
camped by the side of a rocky creek, containing
very little water.
Sept. 28th.—Just as we were about to start this
morning’, two natives, carrying a bundle of reeds
and a basket, passed within a short distance of our
camp, and seemed to take no notice of us. Our
sheep were not to be found, having rambled to a
distance ; although without a sheepfold, this was
the first instance in which the sheep had strayed ;
they generally remained by the fire, towards which
they were driven at night, till morning.
NARRATIVE OF MR. CARRON. 195
We had never seen a wild native dog during the
journey. Our dog that we had left behind came
into the camp to-night, very much exhausted,
having travelled about thirty miles; he must have
subsisted on nondas, as it was impossible he could
have caught anything, and we had seen him eat
them before. He died the following morning.
Sept. 80th. — After travellmg a short distance we
crossed a small river running eastward: for some
distance down it, the water was brackish, and at
spring tide the salt water came up to our camp;
but we obtained good water from a small lagoon
near the camp. We proceeded over a large plain
well covered with good grass, the soil stiff clay.
We proceeded about five or six miles on this plain,
turning westward towards a lagoon surrounded by
Stravadiums and a few very large palms. We
hoped to find water in it, but it was dry, and
fearmg we should not be able to reach water before
dark if we proceeded in this direction, we thought
it better to return to our camp,
Oct. 1st.-—We had prayers this day as usual on
Sundays, at eleven o’clock. We saw native fires at
a distance to the north-east of our camp, but the
natives did not come near us. I went up what we
fancied was the river by which we had, camped, but
found it only a creek; but it had plenty of water in
it at this season. ‘There were several small lagoons
near it. There were large drooping tea-trees
(Melaleucas) growing on its banks, and large palm
02
196 KENNEDY’S EXPEDITION.
trees, of the same kind as those I had seen in the
plain the day before, and which were by far the finest
palms I had ever seen; the trunks were not very
high, from fifteen to thirty feet in height, but very
large in bulk, varymg from six to eight feet in
circumference; they had large fan-shaped leaves,
with slightly curved spines on the footstalk. It is
a dicecious palm, the female plants bearmg an
immense quantity of round fruit, about the size of a
greengage plum, of a purple colour, and rather
disagreeable flavour ; the pulp covering the seed was
very oily, and not a leaf to be seen on any of the
fruit-bearmg plants; the whole top consists of
branches full of ripe and unripe seeds. Bushels of
seeds were lying beneath some of the trees, it seem-
ing that but few were eaten by birds or small
animals. One of our party suffered severely from
eating too freely of them, as they brought on
diarrhoea. I measured two or three of the leaves
of the male plants, and those not of the largest size,
and found them to measure six feet in the widest
part, and four feet and half in the narrowest. These
leaves were split by the wind into segments of
various widths. The grass growing to the west-
ward of our camp was not so high as that to the
eastward, and appeared to consist of a larger
proportion of annual grasses, the perennial grass
growing only in tufts; near the river it was covered
with an annual [pomaa, of very strong growth,—
the leaves and blossoms were withered, but I ob-
NARRATIVE OF MR. CARRON. 197
tained seeds. We shot three ducks to-day, and
Wall killed a wallaby of a light grey colour, long
soft fur, and rather bushy tail; he thought it new,
and preserved the skin. I also obtained specimens
of a beautiful plant, a shrub about two feet high,
with white sweet-scented blossoms, belonging to the
natural order Rubiacee, and several other interesting
plants. Lately, however, my specimens had been
very much spoiled,—being torn from the horse’s
back so frequently, that I grew disheartened to see
all the efforts I had made, made in vain, although I
still took every method to preserve them from
injury.
Oct. 2nd.—This morning we proceeded across
the plain, and when we had advanced about two
miles upon it, we discovered that the natives had set
the grass on fire behind us, and the wind blowing
from the eastward, and the grass growing thick and
high, it rapidly gained upon us; we made all
possible haste to some burned ground which we had
seen on Saturday, and reached it only a few minutes
before the fire. We were enveloped in smoke and
ashes, but fortunately no one was burned. The
natives did not come near us, although no doubt
they watched us, and saw us proceeding to the part
of the plain that was burned. The plain extended
a great distance to the westward, and in crossing it
one of our horses knocked up and could travel no
longer; Mr. Kennedy ordered him to be bled, and
we not liking to lose the blood, boiled it as a blood-
198 KENNEDY’s EXPEDITION.
pudding with a little flour, and im the situation we
were, we enjoyed it very much.
Oct. 8rd.—We killed the horse this morning as
he was not able to stand, and dried the meat to
earry with us; we made a small stage of saplings
on which to dry the meat, which was cut off close to
the bone as clean as possible, and then cut in thin
slices, and laid on the stage in the sun to dry, and
the sun being very hot, it dried well; the heart,
liver, and kidneys were parboiled, and cut up fine,
and mixed with the blood of the horse and about
three pounds of flour; they made four puddings,
with which, after they had boiled about four hours,
we satisfied our appetites better than we had been
able to do for some time: it was served up in the
same manner as our usual rations, in equal parts,
and each man had a right to reserve a portion of
his mess till the next day—but very little was saved.
Mr. Kennedy found that it was even necessary to
have the horse flesh watched whilst drying, finding
that two or three of the party had secreted small
quantities amongst their clothes; such precautions
were quite necessary,—as well in justice to the whole
of the party, as to keep up the strength of all, which
seemed to be very fast declining. At night we
made a fire to smoke the meat, and to destroy the
maggots, which were very numerous in it; we
packed the meat in empty flour bag's.
Oct. 4th—We proceeded northward over small
sandy plains, covered with annual grass, which was
Ee EE
NARRATIVE OF MR. CARRON. 199
now very much withered, and through belts of dwarf
bushy Melaleucas and Banksias. We were not far
from Princess Charlotte’s Bay, Jane’s Table Land
being in sight. We came to the side of a salt
lagoon, very nearly dry; we found it covered with
salt, of which we took about 20 lbs., which was as
much as we could carry, but even this was a very
seasonable help ; we rubbed about two pounds of it
into our meat. We encamped by a small creek, but
the water was brackish, and not being able to find
any other we were obliged to make use of it. One
of our horses was slightly hurt by the stump of a
manerove tree. All we got from the horse we last
killed was sixty-five pounds of meat.
Oct. 5th and 6th.—We travelled over sandy soil,
but with little grass, meeting frequently with salt
lagoons, surrounded by various salsolaceous plants.
Near the edge of a salt water creek we found a
native camp, composed of about seven or eight huts,
curiously and neatly built of a conical form; all
were nearly of the same size, about five and a half
feet in diameter at the base, and six and a half feet
high. They were made by placing saplings in the
ground in a slanting position, which were tied
together at the top and woven inside like wicker
work, with strips of small bamboo canes. The
whole was then covered with palm leaves, over
which was a coating of tea-tree bark, very neatly
fastened by strips of cane. They were substantially
built, and would no doubt keep out the wet effec-
200 KENNEDY’S EXPEDITION.
tually. They seemed to be occupied by the natives
only in the rainy season, as, from their appearance,
they had not been inhabited for some time. I
entered one of them through a small arched opening
of about twenty inches or two feet high, and found
three or four nets, made with thin strips of cane,
about five feet lone, with an opening of about eight
inches in diameter at one end, gettme gradually
smaller for about four feet, where there was a small
opening into a large round sort of basket. These
nets were laid by the natives m narrow channels to
catch fish, as well as in the tracks of small animals,
such as rats and bandicoots, for the purpose of
trapping them. ‘There were also some pieces of
glass bottle in the hut, carefully wrapped in bark
and placed in a very neat basket, made in the shape
of a lady’s reticule. The glass is used by the
natives in marking themselves: all of them being
scarred on the arms and breast, while some were
marked on the cheeks and forehead.
In the camp we thus discovered were small stone
ovens, similar to those we had found in the camp at
Rockingham Bay, as well as one with a large flat
stone raised six or eight imches from the ground,
and a fire-place of loose stones beneath. Near to
one of the tents was a large stone hollowed out in
the middle, and two or three round pebbles for
pounding dried seeds, &c.
Oct. 7th and 8th.—Flat sandy ground, with oc-
easional patches of scrub, composed of bushy
NARRATIVE OF MR. CARRON. 201
Melaleucas, Hibiscus, Banksia, and several rambling
plants, with a few large palms scattered in places ;
there was not much grass, except at intervals.
Oct. 9th.—This morning’ we came to a river,
running into Princess Charlotte’s Bay, m lat. 14°
30'8., long. 143° 56". It was deep, and about 100
yards wide, the water salt, and the tide was flowing
up fast, and the banks were high. ote,
NARRATIVE OF MR. CARRON. 219
into a yellowish oil, when boiled for a few minutes.
I gave them a few fish-hooks, but found it very
difficult to get them to leave the camp.
Dee. 13th.—This morning Mitchell was found
dead by the side of the creek, with his feet in the
water. He must have gone down at night to get
water, but too much exhausted to perform his task,
had sat down and died there. None of us beige
strong enough to dig a grave for him, we sewed the
body in a blanket, with a few stones to sink it, and
then put it into the brackish water.
Dee. 15th.—The thermometer fell this morning
and was broken. It was raining heavily all day,
and two bags of my seeds, and several other little
thines, were washed out of the tent by the water
which ran down the hill. We were all very ill and
weak.
Dec. 16th.—It was raining this morning, and we
remained in the tent. Hearing one of our dog's
barking, however, | went out and saw several na-
tives with pieces of fish and turtle, which I took
from them, when they left us. The natives also
brought us some roasted nympheea roots, which they
call “ dilli.” During the last few days we shot
seven pigeons. Wall and Goddard used to go into
the scrub and sit beneath a tree, to which they used
to come for berries to feed their young, and watch-
ing their opportunity, shoot them.
Dee. 21st.—Our kangaroo dog being very weak,
and unable to catch anything, we killed, and lived
220 KENNEDY’S EXPEDITION.
on him for two days. There was very little flesh
on his bones, but our dried meat was so bad, that
we very much enjoyed the remains of our old com-
panion, and drank the water in which we boiled
him.
Dec. 24th.—The natives took a tin case from
Wall whilst he was talking to them, he not being
able to resist them. My legs had swelled very
much, and I was able to walk but a very short dis-
tance.
Dee. 26th.—The natives brought us a few pieces
of fish and turtle, but both were almost rotten ; they
also gave us a blue-tongued lizard, which I opened
and took out eleven young ones, which we roasted
and ate. There was nothing but scales on the old
one, except in its tail.
We always equally divided whatever we got from
the natives, be it what it might; but they brought
us very little that was eatable. I could easily per-
ceive that their pretended good feeling towards us
was assumed for the sake of fulfilling their own
designs upon us. Although they tried to make us
believe they were doing all in their power to benefit
us, their object was to obtain an opportunity of
coming upon us by surprise and destroying us.
They had at many times seen the fatal effects of
our fire-arms, and I believe that it was only the
dread of these, that prevented them from falling
upon us at once, and murdering us. They were a
much finer race of men than the natives we had
NARRATIVE OF MR. CARRON. Dis |
seen at Rockingham Bay, most of the men being
from five feet ten to six feet high. The general
characteristics of the race were different from those
of the other aborigines I had ever seen, and I
imagined that they might be an admixture of the
Australian tribes and the Malays, or Murray Is-
landers. Some of them had large bushy whiskers,
with no hair on their chins or upper lips, having: the
appearance of being regularly shaved. It would
be almost impossible for any class of men to excel
these fellows in the scheming and versatile cunning
with which they strove to disguise their meditated
treachery. In fine weather I always had our fire-
arms standing out for them to see, and once or
twice every night I fired off a pistol, to let them
know we were on the look-out by night as well as
by day.
Dec. 28th.—Niblett and Wall both died this
morning ; Niblett was quite dead when I got up,
and Wall, though alive, was unable to speak ; they
were neither of them up the day previous. I had
been talkmg with them both, endeavouring to
encourage them to hope on to the last, but sickness,
privation, and fatigue had overcome them, and they
abandoned themselves to a calm and listless despair.
We had got two pigeons the day before, which in
the evening were boiled and divided between us, as
well as the water they were boiled in. Niblett had
eaten his pigeon, and drank the water, but Wall had
999 KENNEDY’S EXPEDITION.
only drank the water and eaten part of his half pigeon.
—About eleven o’clock, as many as fifty natives,
armed with spears, and some of them painted with
a yellowish earth, made their appearance in the
vicinity of our camp. There were natives of several
strange tribes amongst them. They were well
aware that neither Niblett nor Wall was able to
resist them, if they did not know they were dead.
They also knew that we were very weak, although
I always endeavoured as much as possible to keep
that fact from them. This morning when I made
signs to them to lay down their spears they paid
no attention, with the exception of two, who had
been in the habit of coming very frequently to the
camp. These two came running up quite close to
us, without their spears, and endeavoured to per-
suade one of us to go across a small dry creek, for a
fish which another of the rascals was holding up to
tempt us. They tried various methods to draw our
attention from the rest, who were trailing their spears
along the ground, with their feet, closing gradually
round us, and running from tree to tree, to hide
their spears behind them. Others lay on their
backs on the long grass, and were working their
way towards us, unnoticed as they supposed. God-
dard and myself stood with our guns in readiness
and our pistols by our sides for about two hours,
when I fell from excessive weakness. When I got
up we thought it best to send them away at once,
NARRATIVE OF MR. CARRON. 993
or stand our chance of being speared in the attempt,
both of us being unable to stand any longer. We
presented our guns at the two by our side, making
signs to them to send the others away, or we would
shoot them immediately. This they did, and they
ran off in all directions without a spear being thrown
or a shot fired. We had many times tried to catch
fish in the creek during our stay at Weymouth Bay,
with our fishing lines, but never could get as much
as a bite at the bait.
As the evening came on, there came with it the
painful task of removing the bodies of our unfor-
tunate companions who had died in the morning.
We had not strength to make the smallest hole in
the ground as a grave; but after great exertion we
succeeded in removing’ the bodies to a small patch
of phyllanthus scrub, about four feet high, and
eighty yards from the tent. We then laid them
side by side, and covered them with a few small
branches, and this was all the burial we were
enabled to give them.
Dec. 29th.— Goddard went into the scrub, and
shot three pigeons. We ate one of them at night,
and the others we reserved till next day. Our
bowels were greatly relaxed, which was partly
stayed by eating a few nondas, which we got
occasionally.
The six weeks having expired, which Mr. Ken-
nedy had led me to expect would be the longest
period we should have to wait, I now begran to fear
204 KENNEDY’S EXPEDITION.
the rainy season had set in, and filled the creeks to
the northward, so that his party had been unable to
cross them, or that some untoward accident had
happened, which prevented us being relieved.
I did not quite despair, but I knew that we could
not live long. Our shot was almost consumed, not
having more than eight or ten charges left, and
although we had plenty of ball, we were too weak
to attempt to form any plan to make shot. Our
sole remaining companion, the sheep dog, I intended
to kill in a day or two, but he would not last long,
as he was nothing but skin and bone.
Dec. 80th.—LHarly this morning we ate the two
pigeons left yesterday, and boiled each a quart of
tea, from the leaves we had left; but we had not
had any fresh tea to put into the pot for some time.
Goddard then went into the bush, to try to get
another pigeon or two, and if the natives made their
appearance, I was to fire a pistol to recall him to the
camp. After he had been gone, I saw natives
coming toward the camp, and I immediately fired
a pistol; but before Goddard could return they
came into the camp, and handed me a piece of paper,
very much dirtied and torn. I was sure, from the
first, by their manner, that there was a vessel in
the Bay. The paper was a note to me from Captain
Dobson, of the schooner Ariel, but it was so dirtied
and torn that I could only read part of it.
For a minute or two I was almost senseless with
the joy which the hope of our deliverance inspired.
NARRATIVE OF MR. CARRON. 995
1 made the natives a few presents, and gave them a
note to Captain Dobson, which I made them easily
understand I wanted them to take to that gentleman.
I was in hopes they would then have gone, but I
soon found they had other intentions.
bo
to
bo
bo
po wow Ww Ww wv
to bw we Ww bv
APPENDIX.
3
oo 09
(J)
wo wo Ww w
Actitis empusa
Glottis Glottoides
Strepsilas Interpres .
Numenius Australis .
uropygialis
minutus
Threskiornis — stricti-
pennis
Grus Australasianus .
Mycteria Australis
Ardea Pacifica
Nove Hollandize
Herodias jugularis
Greyul
—— plumifera
syrmatophora
Nycticorax Caledoni-
cus :
Ardetta flavicollis
stagnatilis
Porphyrio melanota .
Rallus pectoralis
Porzana leucophrys .
Tadorna Radjah
Anas superciliosa
punctata .
Xema Jamesonii?
Sylochelidon stren-
nuus F ,
Thalasseus _ Peleca-
noides .
Sterna gracilis .
melanauchen
Sternula Nereis
a
1
1
—
pow w Ww ww Ww W
to bk b&b bo
bo
bo te w& Ww
oo 0 OF 09
(SS) uw Oo oo OO
oO Oo W Ww
Hydrochelidon fluvia- |
tilis
Onychoprion fuligino-
sus
Panaya
Anous stolidus .
leucocapillus
Puffinus sphenurus
Phalacrocorax Carboi-
des
PE
y |
bw bw bo
APPENDIX.
Phalacrocorax mela-
noleucus
3 | Attagen Ariel .
| Phaeton phoenicurus . |
'3 | Pelecanus conspicilla-
3 tus
3 | Sula personata
3 fusca
piscator .
359
Ss)
360 APPENDIX.
No. V.
ON THE MOLLUSCA
COLLECTED BY MR. MACGILLIVRAY DURING THE
VOYAGE OF THE RATTLESNAKE.
By PROFESSOR EDWARD FORBES, F.R.S.
I. On tHe BatuymerricaL Distripution oF MARINE
TESTACEA ON THE EASTERN coast OF AUSTRALIA.
As in every instance the exact locality, depth and
character of habitat of each species of Mollusk taken
were carefully noted at the time of capture, much more
valuable information elucidating the distribution of shell-
fish im the Australian seas has been collected durmg this
expedition than was ever before obtamed. Whilst new
species are usually sought after by collectors with eager-
ness, the habits and range of the commoner or less
conspicuous forms are passed over without observation.*
* An extensive collection of landshells was made at Madeira. They proved
on examination to be all known species, including several of the rarer forms, and
nota few of those discovered by the Rev. Mr. Lowe. They were compared
with Madeiran specimens by Mr. Vernon Wollaston. When the Rattle-
snake touched at the Azores on the return voyage, a few landshells were col-
lected at Fayal. Among them was the Helix barbula, an Asturian species,
Helix pauperata, and Bulimus variatus, Madeiran or Canarian forms. A
considerable number of .marine and terrestrial Testacea were procured at Rio
de Janeiro, not a few of them new and of great interest. Terebratula rosea
was dredged off Rio in thirteen fathoms water, on a coarse sandy bottom.
Collections were also made at the Cape of Good Hope, at Mauritius and in
APPENDIX, 361
Hence every note on the habitat and mode of life of
marine creatures from the southern hemisphere becomes
of no small value. Indeed, there is no information more
desirable at this time for the illustration of geological
phenomena, than such as may throw light on the distri-
bution in range and depth of the creatures inhabiting the
seas of the Tropics, and those living around the coasts of
Australia and New Zealand. The following notes will
serve to record the more prominent facts bearing upon the
Bathymetrical distribution of the Testacea collected on
the northern coast of Australia, at Port Essington, and on
the eastern coast from Cape York to Bass’ Strait,
including the northern ports of Van Diemen’s Land.
It may here be remarked that the Molluscan fauna of
the seas of North Australia and of the north-east coast
from Cape York southwards to Sandy Cape, belongs to
the great Indo-Pacific province, a zoological region
extending from the east coast of Africa (from Port Natal
or a little above, northwards to Suez) to Easter Island in
the Pacific. But south of Sandy Cape and onwards to
Van Diemen’s Land (and apparently including New
Zealand), we have a distinct (Kast) Australian province,
marked by a peculiar fauna in many respects, representa-
tive of the Senegal, and perhaps also Lusitanian regions
of the North Atlantic.
Proceeding in descending order we may first remark on
the
Shells of Salt Marshes. Asin the Northern hemisphere,
Melampus or Conovulus is the genus represented in such
localities. Thus “ Auricula Australis” prevails in salt
marshes at Brisbane Water, and an allied species in
similar places in New Zealand. In both instances
the Falkland Isles. The Radiata were gathered with as much care and their
habitats recorded with as much attention as the Mollusca.
362 APPENDIX.
we find this form accompanied by members of a curious
genus characteristic of the Australian province, —
Ampullacera, the Ampullacera Quoyana being the Bris-
bane Water species, and A. avellana, that of New Zealand.
In the latter case an Assiminea is its companion. A very
curious fact noted during the expedition was the presence
of a Unio living within the influence of salt water, in the
River Brisbane.
Shells inhabiting mud, §c. among mangroves.
These belong to the Indo-Pacific province. Some are
found on the mangroves themselves. Such are the
Littorina scabra, on the trunks and branches of mangroves
among islets in Trinity Bay; a Phasianella inhabiting the
trunks and branches of /thizophora at the Percy Isles ;
a Littorina on the leaves of Aigeceras fragrans at Port
Curtis, Auricula angulata, and rugulata on the trunks of
mangroves at Port Essington, and Monodonta viridis on their
roots at Night Island ; a new and very beautiful Ostrea was
found on the roots of mangroves among Low Islets in
Trinity Bay. In the last named locality a Cytherea inhabited
the mud around their roots. At the Three Islets several new
species of Melampus, a Nerita and a Cyrena lived in a
like habitat, and at Port Essington Cerithium Kieneri,
was found in the same situation. The fine Cyrena
cyrenoides lives among the roots of mangroves in the
Louisiade Archipelago.
LirroraL Zone.—Of the many living Gasteropoda taken
in this region, very few are new species. Of Patelloid
forms we have a new Fissurella and Parmophorus convexus
at Port Dalrymple, accompanied by Haliotis nevosa, and
species of Patella and Siphonaria. In the more tropical
regions, Haliotis asinina and varia, another and distinct
Patella, two Fissurelle and a Scutella were collected. Of
conyvolute shells the littoral species gathered were all Indo-
APPENDIX. 363
Pacific and inhabitants of mostly the coral-reef region,
such as Cyprea arabica, annulus. isabella, errones and
oryza, Conus magus, arenatus, achatinus, §c. Oliva cruen-
tata, tremulina and ericinus, those of the last named genus
often living in sand. Bulla cylindrica occurred in sandy
pools on the reef at Claremont Isles. Of Volutes, V.
Turneri lives on coral blocks at Port Essington, and V.
undulata partially buried m sand banks at Port Dalrymple.
Conus maculosus is an inhabitant of the last-named loca-
lity. The Mitras found in the Littoral zone were all on
the north-east coast, and well known Indo-Pacific forms.
A new Murex was taken on mud at Port Curtis. Fascio-
laria coronata, Fusus alveolatus, and Triton verrucosus were
found on the reefs at Port Dalrymple. Many species of
Nassa, all known forms, were collected, mostly on mud in
the Littoral zone, chiefly im the north-eastern province.
Phos cyanostoma lives on muddy sand in the Trinity Bay
islets, where also in similar situations is Terebra maculata
and Pyramidella maculosa. Pyramidella auriscati is a
littoral shell among the reefs of the Claremont Isles.
Several Purpure were taken on reefs and rocks at low
water; among them was P. textiliosa, a Port Dalrymple
species. A Quoya lives on rocks about high-water mark
in Lizard Island. Several Terebre, including 7. crenulata,
dimidiata and affinis, inhabit muddy sand among Pipon’s
Islets. The well-known Strombus luhuanus lives on sand
among the reefs at Eagle Island. A Certithium inhabits
mud-flats at Port Molle and Pipon’s Islets. Of the holos-
tomatous gasteropods inhabiting the Littoral zone, the
Natice, mostly well-known species, were taken in sandy
localities on the north-east coast, and the Nerite@ in the
same province, mostly on rocks or reefs. Litéorina pyra-
midalis and mauritiana are inhabitants of the rocky head-
lands of Broken Bay; other forms were collected at Port
364 APPENDIX.
Curtis and at Port Dalrymple. At the last-named locality,
Turbo undulatus, a new Risella, Monodonta constricta and
buccata, and Trochus reticularis were taken on reefs.
Littoral species of the same genera occurred on the
north-east coast. A new Aissoa was found under stones
at Night Island. TZurbo squamosus and Trochus lenti-
ginosus are inhabitants of the shore at Port Essington.
In Broken Bay species of Bankivia and Scalaria were
collected, cast dead on the shore.
The Acephala found living im the Littoral zone of the
south-east Australian province were Cleidotherus chamoides,
under rocks at low water in Port Jackson; Mytilus erosus
on the mud of zostera flats at Port Dalrymple, several
species of Venus, Tapes, Cytherea in similar localities;
Arca globata in the same habitat at Brisbane; Arca fus-
cata in reefs at Port Dalrymple; a new 7ellina on mud
at Port Phillip; another with Donax epidermia in sand at
Broken Bay, and Clavagella australis on rocks at low-
water, Port Jackson. Species of Pectunculus, Nucula,
Pandora, Anatinella, Venus, Tellina (decussata and del-
toidalis) and Mesodesma are thrown dead on the shores.
In the north and north-east Australian province the
living littoral Acephala are Solens of which two new species
were taken at Port Essington, Anomia australis, Anatina
olerina, and another, new, in the same locality; species of
Mytilus, Meleagrina and Pinna, Ostrea and Pecten (pyx-
idatus) Lima fragilis and squamosa, Hippopus and Tridacna
the former detached on coral reefs, the latter imbedded in
the coral, Corbis fimbriatus in sand among coral reefs ;
species of Venus, Cytherea, Circe, and Tapes im mud,
Artemis sculpta at Port Essington on sand, Lucine on sand
or reefs, Crassatella on mud flats at Port Curtis, where
Cypricardia vellicata occupies the fissures of rocks with
Cardite ; several species of Cardium im mud or sand, in-
APPENDIX. 365
luding C. fragum, C. subrugosum, and C, unedo; San-
guinolaria rugosa at Dunk Island; species of Mesodesma
in sand, and Mactre and Telline in mud; anew Psam-
mobia at Port Essington as also a new Pholas that bores
into coral. Other species, members of the same genera,
are cast on shore dead.
Recion or WEEDS equivalent to the Laminartan
Reeron of the European Seas. Some seventeen or eighteen
localities in this Bathymetrical province were explored by
means of the dredge, varying in depth from one to seven-
teen fathoms. In the south-east Australian province the
principal Gasteropoda procured were Bulla brevis, at Port
Jackson, in 6 fathoms ; Cyprea oryza, at Port Phillip, in 5
fathoms ; Calyptrea connata, in 6 fathoms, Port Jackson,
with WVassa suturalis, and another, a new Terebra, Mono-
tigma casta, Mitra sordida, a Marginella, a Columbella, and
Struthiolaria oblita. A Phasianella was dredged in from
3 to 5 fathoms on sandy mud, at Port Phillip, with Elenchus
rutilus, Marginella fornicata, and Cerithium granarium.
In the North-east Australian province, a different set of
shells was dredged in similar depths, such as a Sigaretus,
possibly new, Fissurella calyculata, Mitra obeliscus, a Tur-
ritella, a Murex, Columbella versicolor, and a new species
off Cape York, Aanella pulchella, new, several Nasse,
Phos senticosa and Blainvillet, and sculptilis, in 3 and
5 fathoms, off Cape York ; Strombus Campbelli, in mud off
Cape Upstart; Certthium obeliscus, and a new species of the
genus Obeliscus. In the deeper localities Cyprea fimbriata
occurred, dead, off Cape Capricorn; and two species of
Ranella, one being R. pusilla, in 17 fathoms, off the Percy
Isles. The univalves dredged among the Louisiade Islands
in this region of depth were mostly known forms, such as
Conus betulinus, Oliva sanguinolenta, Mitra exasperata,
Terebra maculata, consors and labiata; these were all
taken in less than six fathoms water.
366 APPENDIX.
The bivalves of this region were but few. In the South
Australian province species of Mactra, Psammobia, Venus,
Tapes and Pecten, all peculiar, were taken. This is the
region of the peculiar genus Myadora, of which five species
were dredged on sand in 6 fathoms at Port Jackson,
along with Myochama anomioides, Trigonia margaritacea,
Lima bullata, and Cardium radiatum. In the North-east
Australian province we have species of Donar, Mactra and
Corbula, all apparently new, from the shallower localities ;
Corbula tunicata, Pectunculus tenuicostatus, and another,
from 8 to 11 fathoms, off Cumberland Islands; species of
Arca, Pectunculus, Avicula, Pecten, Venus, Circe, Cardium
Cardita, and Erycina, mostly new, from 15 to 17 fathoms
in a sandy and shelly bottom-off Cape Capricorn.
CoRALLINE Zonz. Some dredgings in both North and
South-eastern provinces, in depths between twenty-seven
and forty-five fathoms, give a slight idea of the fauna of
this important region. In the South-eastern province we
find in forty and forty-five fathoms on a muddy bottom
in Bass’s Strait, Turritella sinuata, Trochus nebulosus, a
Pleurotoma, an Emarginula, a Dentalium, two species of
Cardita, a Cypricardia, a Venus, a Nucula, and Pectun-
culus holosericeus. In the North-eastern province we
find off Cumberland Island in 27 fathoms, also on a
muddy bottom, species of Murex, Nassa, Turritella,
Ranella pusilla, a Fusus, Cancellaria antiquata, a Terebra,
two Dentalia, a Natica, a Tercbellum, a Scalaria, a Car-
dium, a Venus, a Nucula, a Pecten, and a Spondylus.
It is evident from the comparative paucity of undeseribed
species procured in the Littoral zone and the large pro-
portion of new or doubtful forms among those taken by
the dredge, that a rich harvest has yet to be reaped in the
deeper regions of the southern seas. In the lower zones,
however, just as much as in the upper, the distinctions of
province are maintained. The explanation of this com-
APPENDIX. 367
plete separation of the South-eastern marine fauna of
Australia from that of the North-eastern or Indo-Pacific
portion, may be explained by reference to the distribution
of currents along the Australian shores. In both, as in
the Bathymetrical regions of the South Atlantic, the
Testacea of the depths are generally smaller and less
brightly coloured than those inhabiting the shallows.
During this voyage notes of the habitats of considerably
more than a thousand species of Mollusca and Echinoder-
mata were carefully registered.
II. Enumeration or TERRESTRIAL PutmMontirerous Mot-
LUSCA AS YET NOTICED IN AUSTRALIA.
The following Catalogue is founded on the Monograph
of Helicide by Dr. Pfeiffer. To the species therein de-
scribed are added certain new ones, announced by Pfeiffer
since the publication of his work, and others, recorded for
the first time in this volume. It will be seen that a great
part of the Australian land-shells is as yet unfigured. The
exact localities of not a few have to be determined; a
precise record was kept of the place and circumstances
under which each was found during the voyage of the
Rattlesnake. From all we yet know the genus Helix is
fairly represented in New Holland, and presents some
very remarkable and peculiar forms; Bulimus has but few,
and those (with the sole exception of 6. atomatus) not
remarkable Australian members; a single Pupa, closely
resembling one of our commonest European species, is the
only recorded Australian one; and a very remarkable
addition to the terrestrial conchology of the southern
hemisphere has been made in a Balea of a type unlike
any other member of the genus.
368 APPENDIX.
Herrx.
1. H. Falconari, Reeve. (Conch. Syst. t. 163, f. 4).
Loc. Bellingen River, in the brushes (Macgillivray).
. H. irradiata, Gould.
Loc. New South Wales.
3. H. Australis, Menke.
Loc. Swan River.
iS)
4. Hf. Georgiana, Quoy and Gaimard.
Loc. King George’s Sound.
5. H. Nove Hollandia, Gray.
Loc. Macquarie River.
6. H. Jervisensis, Quoy and Gaimard. (Voy. Astr. 1.
t. 10, f. 26-30).
Loc. Jervis Bay (Quoy and Gaimard). Brisbane
Water, under logs in dry, stony, and scrubby ground
(Macgillivray).
7. H. subgranosa, Le Guillou.
Loc. North Australia.
8. H. capillacea, Ferussac. (Hist. t. 82, f. 5).
Loc. Port Jackson (Ferussac).
9. H. Jacksoniensis, Gray.
Loc. Port Jackson. May not this be H. nitida
introduced ?
10. H. Walkeri, Gray.
Loc. New Holland.
11. H. Gilberti, Pfeiffer.
Loc. Darling Downs, East Australia (Gilbert). Bris-
bane Water, under logs in the brushes (Macgillivray).
12. H. splendidula, Pfeiffer. (Chemnitz, ed. 2nd, t. 85,
f. 1-3.)
Loc. Eastern Australia, near Torres Strait (Ince).
Blackwood Bay, and Restoration Island (Brit. Mus.)
13. H. ziczac, Gould.
Loc. New South Wales.
APPENDIX. 369
14, H. Grayi, Pfeiffer.
Loc. East Australia.
15. H. macrodon, Menke. (Fer.as M@. Duclosiana. Hist.
t. 51 A, f. 6).
Loc. New Holland.
16. H. vitracea, Ferussac. (Hist. t. 64, f. 5).
Loc. New Holland? (Beck).
17. Hl. Lessoni, Pfeiffer.
Loc. Under barkof Eucalypti, coming out after ram,
at Port Curtis (Macgillivray).
18. H. tortulus, Ferussac. (Hist. t. 27, f. 3, 4).
Loc. New Holland. Port Essington and N.W. coast
_ of Australia (Brit. Mus.)
19. H. Dringi, Pfeiffer.
Loc. East Coast of Australia, near Torres Strait
(Dring).
20. H. Sinclairi, Pfeiffer.
Loc. Van Diemen’s Land (Sinclair).
21. H. semicastanea, Pfeiffer. (Chemnitz, Ed. 2nd, t. 56,
f.:3-5),.
Loc. “ Unknown, probably New Holland,” Pfeiffer.
92. H. bipartita, Ferussac. (Hist. t. 75 A, f. 1).
Loc. At the roots of trees and bushes in Lizard Island,
and at Cape York (Macgillivray). Restoration Island
(Brit. Mus.)
23. H. pomum, Pfeiffer. (Phil. Icon. Helix, t: 2. £..8).
Loe. Port Essington, about roots of trees (Macgilliv-
ray). This appears to be H. spheroidea, Le Guillou
(H. Urvillei, Homb. et Jacq. Voy. au Pole Sud. Moll.
t. 3, f. 1-3), of which Pfeiffer remarks, “an varietas
preecedentis ?”
24. FH. Janellei, Le Guillou.
Loc. North Australia.
25. H. leptogramma, Pfeiffer.
VOL. II. 2B
370 APPENDIX.
Loc. Cygnet Bay, in North Australia (Ince).
26. H. Incei, Pfeiffer. (Phil. Icon. Helix, t. 7, f. 3).
Loc. Percy Isles, under bark ; Port Molle, and Kep-
pel’s Isles, in hollow trees (Macgillivray).
27. H. prunum, Ferussac. (Hist. t. 26, f. 7, 8).
Loc. Australia ?
28. HI. pelodes, Pfeiffer. (Chemnitz, Ed. 2nd, t. 58,
£167).
Loc. Port Essington, on trunks of melaleuca trees
(Macgillivray).
29. H. pedestris, Gould.
Loc. New South Wales.
30. H. similaris, Ferussac. (Hist. t. 25 B, f. 1-4).
Loc. Under decaying logs in the Frankland Isles,
chiefly dead (Macgillivray). This species appears to be
most widely diffused. It is recorded from the West
Indies and Brazil, Java, the Seychelles and Mauritius,
and Bengal and China! This is the first announcement
of it as an Australian shell. Does it make its way about
on floating timber ?
31. H. Delessertiana, Le Guillou (H. Torresii, Homb.
et Jacq. Voy. au Pole Sud. Moll. t. 4, f. 24-27).
Loc. Warrior Island, Torres Strait (Le Guillou, &c.)
Nogo Island, Endeavour Strait, at roots of grass (Mac-
gillivray).
32. H. gulosa, Gould.
Loc. New South Wales.
33. H. Tuckeri, Pfeiffer. (Chemnitz, Ed. 2nd, Helix,
t. 79, f. 10-12).
Loc. Under dead leaves at roots of trees in Sunday
Island (Macgillivray). The original recorded habitat
was Sir Charles Hardy’s Islands, where also Mr. Mac-
gillivray found it in 1844. As Pfeiffer suspects, H.
cyclostomata of Le Guillou (H. strangulata, Homb. et
APPENDIX. 371
Jacq. Voy. au Pole Sud. Moll. t. 6, f. 1-4), is this spe-
cies ; from Warrior Island, Torres Strait.
34. H. Cunninghami, Gray. (Griffith, An. Kingd. t. 36,
f. 4).
Loc. Darling Downs, New South Wales (Macgil-
livray); brushes near Wide Bay (Strange).
35. H. Taranaki, Gray. (Chemnitz, Ed. 2,t. 75, f. 4, 5).
Loc. Possession Island, Torres Strait (Ince).
The followimg are not enumerated as Australian in
the first edition of Pfeiffer’s Monograph :—
36. H. Strangei, Pfeiffer.
Loc. At Brisbane Water, New South Wales, under
logs in the brushes (Macgillivray).
37. H. Dupuyana, Pfeiffer. (Chemnitz, Ed. 2nd, Helix,
t. 124, f. 15, 16).
Loc. Bellingen River, in the brushes (Macgillivray).
38. H. pachystyla, Pfeiffer.
Loc. Facing Island, Port Curtis; Dunk Island; Cape
Upstart, at roots of bushes; Wide Bay, under bark of
Eucalyptus resinifera (Macgillivray). This fine species
was originally recorded as a native of New Zealand ;
was not the supposed habitat a mistake ?
39. H. Yulei, Forbes. (Voy. Rattlesnake, t. 2, f. 6).
Loc. Port Molle (Macgillivray).
40. H. iuloidea, Forbes. (Voy. Rattlesnake, t. 2, f. 4).
Loc. Port Molle (Macgillivray).
Al. H. ptycomphala, Pfeiffer.
Loc. Roots of trees among dead leaves at Cape Up-
start (Macgillivray).
42, H.*Dunkiensis, Forbes. (Voy. Rattlesnake, t. 2, f. 7.)
Loc. Dunk Island (Macgillivray).
43. H. Macgillivrayi, Forbes. (Voy. Rattlesnake, t. 3,
f1).
Loc. Frankland Isles (Macgillivray).
Dias
372 APPENDIX,
44, H. Franklandiensis, Forbes. (Voy. Rattlesnake, t. 2,
f. 2).
Loc. Frankland Isles and Lizard Island (Macgil-
livray).
45. H. inconspicua, Forbes. (Voy. Rattlesnake, t. 2, f. 3).
Loc. Islet in Trinity Bay (Macgillivray).
46. H. brevipila, Pfeiffer. (Chemnitz, Ed. 2, Helix t. 124,
f, 28—30).
Loc. Under dead leaves at roots of trees in Sunday
Island (Macgillivray).
AY. H. Fraseri, Gray. (Beechey’s Voy. Zool. t. 38, f. 6).
Loc. Wide Bay and Clarence River, New South
Wales, in the scrubs (Macgillivray). The true locality
of this species—first given by Beck—is thus verified.
48. H. Gerineriana, Pfeiffer.
Loc. Night Island, on trunks and branches of a Bom-
bax (Macgillivray).
49. H. sericatula, Pfeiffer.
Loc. Port Jackson (Strange).
BuLIMus.
1. B. faba, Martyn. (Reeve Conch. Syst. t. 175, f. 13,
14).
Loc. Australian Isles? A Polynesian species.
2. B. Tuckeri, Pfeifer.
Loc. Inhabits most of the islands on the N.E. coast
of Australia. Among dead leaves at the roots of trees
and bushes in Fitzroy, Sunday, and Lizard Islands, and
at roots of grass in Sir Charles Hardy’s Islands (Mac-
gillivray).
3. B. Dufresnii, Leach. (Fer. Hist. t. m. f. 1—3).
Loc. Van Diemen’s Land. Under logs and stones
(Macgillivray ).
APPENDIX. 373
4, B. atomatus, Gray. (Reeve Conch. Icon. Bulimus, t. 30,
f, 184).
Loc. New South Wales (Macgillivray). Western
Australia (Brit. Mus.)
5. B. Kingii, Gray. (Wood, Suppl. t. 7, f. 27).
Loc. Bald Head, King George’s Sound (King).
6. B. trilineatus, Quoy and Gaimard. (Voy. Astr. ii. t. 9,
f. 1—3).
Loc. Bald Head, King George’s Sound (Quoy and
Gaimard). “ Varietas precedentis esse videtur.”
Pfeiffer.
7. B. rhodostomus, Gray.
Loc. New Holland?
8. B. indutus, Menke.
Loc. Darling Range and Mount Eliza, Swan River
(Priess).
9. B. melo, Quoy and Gaimard. Voy. Astr. i. t. 9, f. 4—
7)
Loc. Bald Head, King George’s Sound (Quoy and
Gaimard).
10. B. bulla, Menke.
Loc. Darling Range, Western Australia (Priess.)
11. B. inflatus, Lamarck. (Delessert Recueil. t. 28, f. 1).
Loc. New Holland (Lamarck.) New Zealand (Beck).
12. B. obtusus, Reeve. (Conch. Icon. t. 79, f. 583).
Loc. Australia.
Pura.
1. P. pacifica, Pfeiffer.
Loc. “Sir Charles Hardy’s Islands (Tucker), ”
Pfeiffer—where Mr. Macgillivray also found it about
roots of grass and bushes in 1844. Under dead leaves
at roots of trees in Sunday Island, and Lizard Island
(Macgillivray).
374 APPENDIX.
BALE.
1. B. Australis, Forbes. (Voy. Rattlesnake, t. 2, f. 9).
Loc. Port Molle (Macgillivray).
VITRINA.
1. V. Cuviert, Ferussac. (Hist. t. 9, f. 8, and t.9 A,
1p ae By
Loc. Australia.
2. V. Freycineti, Ferussac. (Hist. t.9 A, f. 3, 4, 9, and
t. 9 B, f. 2).
Loc. Port Jackson.
3. V. robusta, Gould.
Loc. East coast of New Holland.
4. V. nigra, Quoy and Gaimard. (Voy. Astr. ui. t.11,
f. 8, 9).
Loc. Port Western and King George’s Sound (Quoy
and Gaimard).
5. V. Strangei, Pfeiffer.
Loc. Under logs in the brushes at Brisbane Water,
New South Wales (Macgillivray).
6. V. Verreauxii, Pfeiffer.
Loc. Australia (Verreaux).
SUCCINEA.
1. S. Australis, Ferussac. (Hist. t. 11, f. 11).
Loc. Australian Isles. Van Diemen’s Land (Quoy
and Giamard). Mount Eliza, Swan River (Priess, apud
Menke).
HELICINA.
1. H. Gouldiana, Forbes. (Voy. Rattlesnake, t. 3, f. 3).
Loc. In the “ Two Isles” on the N.E. coast of
Australia (Macgillivray).
it
ss
Ai
Oy tf
je aie
i" AES
WE Baily. Printed by Hullmandel & Walton.
T.& W. Boone, Publishers, London, 1652.
APPENDIX. 375
PUuPINA.
1. P. bilinguis, Pfeiffer.
Loc. About roots of trees among leaves at Cape
York (Macgillivray). Blackwood Bay, and Restoration
Island (Brit. Mus.)
2. P. Thomsoni, Forbes. (Voy. Rattlesnake, t. 3, f. 2).
Loc. Fitzroy Island (Macgillivray).
CYCLOSTOMA.
1. C. Australe, Gray.
Loc. New Holland.
2. C. vitreum, Less. (Sowerby, Thes. Conch. t. 30, f. 252).
Loc. Dunk Island; Frankland Isles; Green Island ;
on leaves and trunks of trees (Macgillivray). New
Ireland (Hinds).
3. C. bilabre, Menke.
Loc. East coast of New Holland (Lehmann).
4, C. fimbriatum, Lamarck. (Delessert Receuil. t. 29,
£,.,.42).
Loc. New Holland.
5. C. multilabris, Lamarck. (Delessert Receuil. t. 29,
f. 14). :
Loc. New Holland. Sowerby considers this to be a
monstrosity— (of what ?)
III. Descriptions oF SOME NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS,
DISCOVERED DURING THE VOYAGE OF THE RATTLESNAKE.
Hewix Brumeriensis. Tab. u. fig. 1. a, b.
Testa imperforata, globosa-conoidea, crassa, levigata
(sub lente granulato-striata) alba, ad aperturam nigra ;
376 APPENDIX.
spira obtusa, conoidea; anfractus 4, convexiusculi, rapide
accrescentes, ultimus basi subcompressus; apertura per-
obliqua, oblonga, intus alba; peristoma late reflexum,
nigrum. Diam. maj. 28, min. 23, alt. 23, millem. (Mus.
Brit.)
This remarkable shell resembles a dwarf H. hemastoma
in shape; it is of a porcelain white except at the aperture,
which has a broad reflexed lip of a deep brown-black hue,
both within and without. It is a very interesting species,
indicative of the Indian affinities of the New Guinea
fauna. A single specimen was taken in August 1849, on
a bread-fruit tree in Brumer Island, S.E. coast of New
Guinea.
Heurx pivisa. Tab. ii. fig. 5. a, b.
Testa obtecte perforata, lenticulari-depressa, orbicularis,
carinata, crassiuscula, superne fulva, radiato-striata, mimu-
tissime granulata, carina acuta, superne subcrenulata, basi
convexa, nitidissima, griseo-albida, radiatim substriata ad
umbilicum declivens; spira convexiuscula; anfractus 5,
planulati; apertura angulato-lunaris, intus margaritacea ;
peristoma simplex, basi incrassatum, ad columellam ex-
pansiusculum. Diam. maj. 23, min. 20, alt. 1), mill.
(Mus. Brit.)
A Helix of the Caracolla section, allied to the C. pa-
nayensis of Broderip. Found on the ground at the roots
of trees, in the South-East Island of the Louisiade Archi-
pelago.
Hexrx Lovistapensis. Tab. 1. fig. 8. a, b.
Testa imperforata, globoso-turbinata, solidiuscula, sub
lente rugosa, albida, fasciis varlis purpureo-fuscis ornata ;
spira conoidea, rubescens ; anfrac. 5 convexiusculi, ultimus
magnus, paululum deflexus; apertura ovata, intus nitide
APPENDIX. 377
livida, peristoma expansum, reflexum, sordide violaceum,
margine externo sinuato, columellari incrassato, dilatato,
subsulcato. Diam. maj. 26, min. 21, alt. 20, mill, (Mus.
Brit.)
This remarkable snail has a tendency towards a trochi-
form contour. The ground colour appears as a white
band on the body whorl marking its most prominent
portion just below the centre. The sinuation of the
outer lip and impression of the whorl behind the peristome,
give a slightly ringent aspect to the mouth. It is very
distinct from any known species; its affinities are more
with Australian than with Philippine forms. It was
taken on a tree in the South-East Island of the Louisiade
Archipelago.
Herx Yuuer. Tab. ii. fig. 6. a, b.
Testa profunde umbilicata, depresso-globosa, solida,
striata, sub epidermide fulvo-alba, fasciis castaneis cingu-
lata; spira sub-depressa, obtusa; anfractus 6 con-
vexiusculi; apertura subcircularis; peristoma nigrum,
expansum, margine basali reflexo, columellari dilatato,
umbilicum subtegente. Diam. maj. 37, min. 27, alt. 25,
mill. (Mus. Brit.)
This handsome species is of a rich fulvous hue, with
dark chestnut bands and a deep chestnut umbilicus, partly
covered by the reflexion of the nearly black lip. It is
allied to the H. Jncei, a well known north-east Australian
species. It was found in hollow trees, and under logs
and stones at Port Molle, in the same region.
Hexix Maceinuivrayi. Tab. iii. fig. 1.
Testa imperforata, trochiformis, carinata, striis minutis
spiralibus ornata, pallide fusco-carnea, punctis nigris albo-
occellatis sparsa; spira conica; anfractus 6 planati,
378 APPENDIX.
ultimus carinatus, basi subplanatus; apertura oblique
oblonga, intus brunnea, margine externo bisinuato ; peris-
toma album, incrassatum, infra reflexum ; columella basi
rufescens. Diam. maj. 23, min. 19, alt. 21, mill. (Mus.
Brit. and Geol.)
Of all Australian Helices, this is perhaps the most
curious. Its outline and aspect are singularly like those
of a Trochus of the Ziziphinus group. The colour is also
very singular, being a yellowish flesh hue deepening on
the base to rich brownish-yellow, and speckled irregularly
with minute black dots which are areolated with white,
the white rmmg being largest on the side towards the
mouth. The fine striz that encircle the body are also
very curious. The outer lip of the aperture seems as if it
had been dented in two places. Behind the white
thickened peristome, internally is a dark brown band,
which is seen through the shell as a dark blackish green
stripe. The edge of the outer lip declines to join the body
whorl a little below the keel. It was found on trunks and
branches of trees in the Frankland Isles.
Hex Dunxiensis. Tab. u., fig. 7. a, b.
Testa umbilicata, depresso-globosa, subcarinata, solida,
radiato striata et subtilissime granulata, flavida; spira late
depressa, convexiuscula, apice obtusa; anfractus 6 con-
vexiusculi, ultimo obsolete carinato; apertura lunaris,
intus alba; peristoma superne rectum, margine basali
margine columellarique sub-reflexis, umbilicus profundus,
conspicuus, vix obtectus. Diam. maj. 24, min. 21, alt. 16,
mill. (Mus. Brit.)
This snail strikingly resembles some Illyrian forms. It
has affinities with HZ. coriaria, a species said to be from
Ceylon. It was taken under stones and about roots of
trees in Dunk Island, on the N.E. coast of Australia.
APPENDIX. 379
Hewix Franxianpiensis. Tab. ii. fig. 2. a, b.
Testa aperte-umbilicata, tumido-depressa, nitidissima,
superne radiatim striata, cornea, fasciis angustis transversis
distantibus fulvis ; spira angusta; anfractus 5 planiusculi,
ultimus rotundatus, antice vix descendentes ; apertura ro-
tundata; peristoma simplex, vix acutum, rectum, margine
columellari non reflexo. Diam. maj. 26, min. 21, alt.
14 mill. (Mus. Brit.)
This beautiful snail is of a brightly shining yellowish or
greenish horn colour. The whorls of its spire are small,
but the body whorl, whilst preserving a wide diameter
throughout, gradually increases in trumpet-like manner to
the round mouth. It belongs to the same group with H.
olivetorum and H. nitida, and is allied to the Australian
HI. ptycomphala. It occurs about the roots of trees in the
Frankland and Lizard Islands.
Heix ruLtomeEa. Tab. ii. fig. 4. a, b, c, d.
Testa late et perspective umbilicata, orbicularis, superne
depressa seu subconcava, rufo-cornea, regulariter costulata ;
anfractus 44 convexiusculi, ultimus tumidus, rotundatus ;
apertura lunaris ; peristoma simplex, acutum. Diam. maj.
44, min. 4, alt. 3 mill. (Mus. Brit. & Geol.)
This curious little snail, resembling a rolled-up Zulus,
and reminding us of our own J. rotundata and its allies,
was found under a stone at Port Molle.
Hewrx inconspicua. Tab. u. fig. 3. a, b, c.
Testa perforata, depresso-convexa, levigata, nitidiuscula,
pallide cornea, basi subcompressa; anfractus 6, planius-
culi; spira obtusa; apertura lunaris; peristoma rectum,
simplex, margine columellari reflexo: umbilicus minutus,
subobtectus. Diam. maj. 8—min. 7—alt. 5 mill, (Mus.
Brit.)
380 APPENDIX.
A very inconspicuous ordinary-looking little shell, its
upper surface recalling the aspect of H. alliaria but with
more convexity and no lustre, and its base that of A. crys-
tallina. It was found, apparently gregarious, under dead
leaves in an islet in Trinity Bay.
Bates austrauis. Tab. ui. fig. 9. a, b.
Testa dextrorsa, rimata, subcylindracea, turrita, decollata,
dense capillaceo-costulata, corneo-lutea, maculis obscuris
flavidis ; sutura impressa; anfractus 11, convexiusculi;
apertura pyriformis, columella triplicata, plica inferior
maxima, conspicua, elevata, acuta, spiralis; peristoma con-
tinuum, solutum. Long. 18—~Diam. 4—Apert 4 mill.
(Mus. Brit. & Geol.)
This very remarkable shell, the first of its genus dis-
covered in Australia, differs from all its congeners. It has
exactly the aspect of a Clausilia, but the mouth is not
furnished with a clausium. It was found under stones at
Port Molle.
Purina Granpis. Tab. u. fig. 10. a, b, c, d.
Testa ovato-subcylindrica, superne levigata, inferne
rugulosa, sordide-rufa ; spira obtusa; anfractus 6, secundus
tumidus, obliquus, ultimus super aperturam planatus;
apertura rotundata ; peristoma lete aurantiacum, rimatum,
crassum, dorsaliter canaliculatum, infra columellari, pro-
funde sinuatum et im canali contorto excavatum; canalis
alter minutus ad partem superiorem et externam aperture ;
callus columellaris expansus, appressus. Long. 30, Diam.
15, Apert. 7 mill. (Mus. Brit. & Geol.)
This, the giant of its genus, is perhaps the most remark-
able land shell discovered durmg the voyage. It differs
from all other Pupine in having an unpolished surface.
It was found in the South-East Island of the Louisiade
Walton
Printed by Hollmandel
T. & W. Boone, Publishers, London, 1852.
APPENDIX. 381
Archipelago, under dead leaves chiefly about the roots of
trees.
Purina Tuomsoni. Tab. ii. fig. 2. a, b.
Testa ovata, polita, nitidissima, translucens, hyalina,
solidiuscula ; spira obtusa ; anfractus 5, duo ultimi majores ;
apertura orbicularis; peristoma album, crassum, solutum,
canalibus duobus interruptum ; canalis superior ad partem
superiorem et externam aperture, mferior major, basalis,
marginibus disjunctis et in dorsum anfractus prolongatis. —
Long. 74, diam. 44, apert. 2 mill. (Mus. Brit.)
This remarkable and beautiful little Pupina is most
nearly allied to the P. bilinguis of Cape York. From
that species (which is larger) it differs, however, very ma-
terially, most especially in the position of the inferior or
basal canal of the aperture which is here placed like the
canal of a whelk, but n P. bclinguis is very small and
placed high up, cutting as it were the columella. The
curious manner in which the margins of the canals are
prolonged on the back of the body whorl! like parallel and
somewhat diverging walls is also a singular feature of this
species, which is dedicated to Dr. Thomson, surgeon of the
Rattlesnake, and an excellent botanist. It was found among
dead leaves at the roots of trees in Fitzroy Island.
Hexricina Stanteyi. Tab. ui. fig. 4. a, b.
Testa lenticularis, superne inferneque convexa, orbicu-
laris, acute carinata, fusco-carnea, spiraliter striata; spira
obtusa; anfractus 43 leviter convexiusculi; basis imper-
forata, centraliter levigata, alba; apertura oblique sublu-
nata, angulata; peristoma simplex, tenue. Diam. maj.
63, min. 6, alt. 5 mill. (Maus. Brit.)
Found on the leaves and trunks of trees and bushes
(especially Scevola Kenigii) in the Duchatean Isles,
382 APPENDIX.
Louisiade Archipelago. Dedicated to the late Captain
Owen Stanley, R.N.
Hexicina Lovtstapensis. Tab. iii. fig. 5. a, b.
Testa depresso-globosa, superne inferneque convexa,
orbicularis, obsolete sub-angulata, pallide aurantiaca, sub
lente spiraliter striata; spira obtusa; anfractus 44, vix
convexiusculi ; basis imperforata, centraliter sub-impressa ;
apertura lunata, inferne subangulata; peristoma incras-
satum, aurantiacum, reflexum. Diam. maj. ‘44, min. 4,
alt. 3 mill. (Mus. Brit.)
On Round Island in Coral Haven, Louisiade Archipelago,
under stones. This pretty little Helicina is nearly allied
to some Philippine species.
Hewicina Goutprana. Tab. iii. fig. 3. a, b.
Testa depresso-globosa, superne sub-conica, orbicularis,
obsolete subangulata, flava seu rufa, spiraliter striata;
spira prominens ; anfractus 5, planati; basis imperforata ;
apertura sub-lunata, inferne angulata; peristoma incras-
satum, subreflexum, album. Diam. maj. 6, min. 5}, alt.
44 mill. (Mus. Brit.)
Under the bark of Mimusops Kaukii, in the “Two
Isles,” on the N.E. coast of Australia. Dedicated to the
indefatigable illustrator of Australian ornithology.
RANELLA PULCHELLA. Tab. ii. fig. 6. a, b.
Testa turrita, utroque alata, acute-caudata, alba; an-
fractus tumidi, spiraliter striati, longitudinaliter noduloso-
costati, costis crebris, lateraliter varicosi, varices compressi,
aliformes, crenulati, striati, ad margines crenati; apertura
ovato-rotunda, inferne longe-caudata; peristoma solutum.
Long. 20, diam. 14, apert.4 mill. (Mus. Brit.)
This beautiful shell was dredged in from 8 to 11 fathoms
water, on a bottom of sand and shells between Cumberland
Island 1.i, and Point Slade (Lat. 21° S. Long. 149° 20’ E).
APPENDIX. 383
The spiral striz that cross its whorls are grouped in pairs ;
their interstices are raised, and more or less finely crenu-
lated; as they pass out on the expanded and wing-like
varices they diverge, and the lobe-like projections that
scallop the margins of the wings are separated from each
other by each pair of diverging striz. The fine ribs that
cross the whorls are not present on the wings, nor on the
back; they are nodulated at their decussation with the
raised strie. The wing-like varices of the whorls overlap
each other alternately on each side of the shell. The only
species to which it has affinity is the R. pulchra.
ScauaRia JuKESIANA. Tab. iil. fig. 7.
Testa lanceolato-turrita, gracilis, alba, levis, nitida, lon-
gitudinaliter costata, costis lamellosis, reflexis, simplicibus,
numerosis (in ult. anfrac. 20); anfractus 11, tumidi;
sutura profunde impressa; varices nulli; apertura orbi-
cularis, margine levi. Long. 13, Diam. max. 14, apert
3 mill. (Mus. Brit.)
This beautiful little Scalaria is deserving of particular
notice on account of the analogy and representation which
it exhibits with the S. clathratulus of the seas of the
Northern Hemisphere. It is dedicated to the author of
the Voyage of the Fly.
New Genus—MaceitiivrayiA, Forbes.
Shell spiral, dextral, globular, thin, corneous, transparent,
(im the only known species smooth or marked by obscure
lines of growth) imperforate; spire not produced (with a
sinistral nucleus?). Aperture oblong, entire, angulated
below ; peristome incomplete, thin, even-edged.
Operculum semicircular, horny, thin, composed of con-
centric layers with faint traces of a spiral structure at
the centro-lateral nucleus, which is on the columellar
384 APPENDIX.
side; from it there runs a strait rib or process contimued
nearly to the outer margin, and indicated externally by a
depression or groove.
Animal ample, provided with four very long and rather
broad linear rugose (or ciliated?) tentacula; mantle pro-
duced into a long siphon; foot very large, expanded, trun-
cate in front, bearing the operculum near its posterior
extremity, but not accompanied by filamentous processes
or lobes. Bip a C. Possession
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