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THE

NATIONAL COLLECTION

OF

HEADS AND HORNS

PART I

;NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK

188D STREET AND SOUTHERN BOULEVARD

NEW YORK

MAY 1, 1907

Hcadu and Horn ft

PLATE I

TUSKS OF AN AFRICAN ELEPHANT, (Elephas afriranu.t}

The longest ever known from a living species

Gift of Charles T. Barney, Esq.

THE

NATIONAL COLLECTION

OF

HEADS AND HORNS

PART I

NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK

183i) STREET AND SOUTHERN BOULEVARD
NEW YORK

MAY 1, 1Q07

V

COPYRIGHT, 1907, BY THE
NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

THE KALKHOFF COMPANY
NEW YORK

•IOLOOT

V.IBRART

THE NUCLEUS OF A NATIONAL COLLECTION
OF HEADS AND HORNS*

U'iWam T. Hornaday, Sc.D.

A1ONG nature-lovers, sportsmen, and also the general public, interest in
the horned animals of the world is rapidly increasing. This concentra-
tion of attention upon an order of mammals, which ever has commanded
a large share of public interest, is partly due to the rapid disappearance, and
in many cases the impending extinction, of its numbers and its species. At last
it is realized that without their rightful quota of wild life of the larger species,
the grandest mountains, the finest forests, and the most fertile plains become
dull and commonplace.

To know thoroughly the horn-bearing mammals of the world is to know
the world also. Savage races of men may be, and usually are, easily spoiled by
contact with modern civilization, and the natural edge of native character is
quickly lost by contact with the grinding wheels of modern life and thought.
Hut not so the wild animals. Contact with man only serves to sharpen their
wits, point their perceptive powers, and stimulate new lines of thought and
action making for self-preservation.

It is natural for one who is interested in a special group of animal forms
to desire a collection which in one way or another will represent its members.
Of groups which embrace only small-sized individuals, it is often possible for
one man to possess a large assortment of species and individuals. But in the
gratification of a taste involving individuals of large bulk, the limitations are
many and severe. With such important forms as the large hoofed mammals
of the world, it is not desirable that many men should be animated by the de-
sire for large collections. The undue gratification of too wide-spread a desire
for heads and horns, irrespective of their origin, would mean great and de-
plorable slaughter "for commercial purposes." A collection limited to per-
sonal trophies won by the owner is quite another matter, chiefly because of its
wholesome limitations; and in these days, no sportman or naturalist should
shoot more animals than he preserves.

•Presented to the New York Zoological Society, by the Author, December 19, 1906.

JVJ371592

6 The National Collection

In America, museums generally are treating the Order Ungiilata merely
as an integral part of the great living world, which is not to be unduly exploited
at the expense of other zoological groups of equal scientific importance. In the
zoological parks and gardens, the limitations upon the collections of hoofed
animals are numerous, and it is possible to procure and exhibit only a few rep-
resentative species, which as far as possible must typify the whole vast series.

Nevertheless, the desire to behold complete collections of large-game
specimens springs eternal in the human breast. The wish for a comprehen-
sive and all-embracing exhibit of the world's horn-bearing animals is both
natural and legitimate. To us, the logical sequence of the situation is a na-
tional collection of heads and horns, as fine and as nearly complete as Ameri-
can sportsmen and travelers can make it, located in the New York Zoological
Park, and owned and maintained in perpetuity by the New York Zoological
Society.

A survey of the ways and means that are available for the attainment of
such an end quickly leads to the conclusion that a well-considered plan, properly
inaugurated and diligently pursued, would lead to a successful result. There
is reason for the belief that a collection founded on lines sufficiently broad and
dignified to command the respect of the sportsmen of America, would receive
from them active support sufficient to guarantee its ultimate success. A collec-
tion so large, so rich in fine specimens, and so nearly complete in species as to
command national and international respect, surely would possess sufficient
zoological value to make its existence and its increase well worth while. There
are few, if any, American sportsmen who will not welcome the idea of a great
national collection of ungulate heads and horns which in time will rank with
the best collections of Europe.

Naturally, in the founding of such a collection, the standards must be
fixed high, and the conditions of admission must be reasonably severe. No
specimen should be accepted without a specific reason to justify its presence.
Perhaps the first great object to be sought should be zoological completeness.
That once attained, mediocrity should be weeded out, and the average of excel-
lence should constantly rise.

There should be two series of specimens, both of which eventually should
be made complete. The first should be zoological, the second geographical,
and each should command an abundance of space. The first should be arranged
in accordance with the system of Nature, to show evolution and relationships.
Dull indeed is the imagination which can not foresee the intense interest which

Heads and Ilonm

PLATE II

SKUI.I. AND HORNS OK SIBERIAN ARGAI/I, (Ovi» ammon)
Photographed in the Zoological Park

8 The National Collection

would attach to certain groups, such for example as the Cervidae, when it is
possible for the eye to comprehend at one sweep the long line of forms related
to the Altai Wapiti. Imagine, also, the radiation of the genus Ovis from
western Mongolia southward to India, westward to Sardinia and Morocco,
and northeastward by the grand loop to Kamchatka, Alaska, and Mexico.

The second series naturally would be created to display the ungulate re-
sources of the continents; and herein would maps of the geographical distribu-
tion of families, of genera, and of species be strongly in evidence. In this
series would be shown the centers of distribution and the culminating points of
many species popular with American sportsmen and naturalists. Here would
be displayed or deposited an endless series of maps and pictures illustrating
the haunts and home life of important species. Here would naturally be
gathered together such a collection of photographs of living wild animals,
both in their haunts and in captivity, as never yet has been formed. The
records of big game which naturally would accumulate in the national collec-
tion, soon would represent great zoological value.

There are many reasons why a national collection of heads and horns
should be formed and displayed in New York, rather than elsewhere. The
metropolis of the western continent is the natural home of the greatest edu-
cational collections of America. Hither come, sooner or later, all American
sportsmen and naturalists, and the majority of those who visit our continent
from abroad. New York is truly a pan- American city. Its Zoological So-
ciety is in keen sympathy with the proposition, and offers the guarantee of
space and permanency which is absolutely essential to success. The natural
home of such a collection as that proposed is in the beautifully forested
grounds of the Zoological Park, surrounded by the living representatives of
now sixty-five — but presently a hundred — species of hoofed animals. Further-
more the Zoological Park already enjoys the support and co-operation of a
large number of American sportsmen who are specially interested in the ungu-
lates of the world.

In England practically all British sportsmen pour their finest and rarest
horned trophies into the South Kensington Museum. Very naturally, the re-
sult is a collection of ungulates which is at once the envy and the despair of
Americans. As yet no American museum possesess a collection which is even
second to it; and we greatly fear that, for reasons only too apparent, no
museum on this side of the Atlantic ever will rival that marvelous gathering
of hoofed and horned rarities.

Heads- and Horns 9

'Flint American sportsmen and travelers should unite in forming here a
collection of heads, horns and records worthy of this great continent, surely
is not too much to hope for. For several years past, Mr. Madison Grant,
Secretary of the New York Zoological Society, and the writer have desired
that the Society should possess and exhibit in its Zoological Park a fine col-
lection of heads, horns and records which should be of practical value. That
desire has finally crystali/ed in a plan for a national collection, as herein
briefly described.

As evidence of an interest in the matter, the writer has presented to the
Zoological Society his collection of more than one hundred heads and horns, to
serve as the nucleus of the proposed national collection. In offering a few
notes regarding the "nucleus" itself, an outline of the greater collection is
naturally suggested.

THK MOUNTAIN SHEEP

It is only those who make systematic collections who can realize the keen
pleasure that is derived from the possession of a complete, or nearly complete,
series of important zoological objects.. We have observed that even the most
indifferent observer of animals is aroused by the sight of a group of heads
and horns which embraces fine specimens of the finest species of a given genus,
and that represent localities scattered all over the habitable globe. By way of
illustration, take the mountain sheep in the "nucleus collection."

As many persons are already aware, wherever it is found, a mountain
sheep, no matter what its species, is an intelligent, keen-eyed, bold-hearted
and nimble-footed animal, which is at home only amid the grandest mountains
it can find. Its successful pursuit means great physical exertion and good
marksmanship, amid the grandest aspects of nature as expressed in mountain
forms. To my mind, the pursuit of mountain game is as far above the hunt-
ing to be found in forests and plains as the rifle is above the revolver; and
there are no animals which so powerfully appeal to the hunter's inmost soul as
do the crag-climbing wild sheep, goats, and ibexes.

Of the specimens in the "nucleus collection," the most remarkable is a
colossal pair of horns from the great Siberian Argali, or Ovis ammon (Plate
II) . This animal is the largest of the world's mountain sheep, and its home and
center of distribution is the Altai Mountains of western Mongolia. The fully
adult male Argali stands about 48 inches in shoulder height, but for its body
to be in fair proportion to its enormous horns, it should be five feet high.

Heads and Horns

PLATE III

1 White Mountain Sheep

2 Aoudad

MOUNTAIN SHEEl'

3 Burrhel

4 Black Mountain Sheep

5 Littledale's Sheep

6 Thian Shan Polo Sheep

Heads and Horns 11

An extra large pair of horns of this species is the grandest trophy a sheep-
hunter ever can secure, not even excepting the wide-horned Or in poll, of Tibet.

These horns, now fully dry and shrunken quite two inches, measure 19Vi>
inches in basal circumference, ;>9'/s inches in length on the curve, and the dis-
tance between the tips is 40 inches. This specimen came directly from the Altai
Mountains, with the skin dried down upon the skull, and thus the entire skull
was perfectly preserved. So enormous are these horns, that beside them the
largest horns of our American Big-Horn seem small. In Mr. Rowland
Ward's list of sixty-two ol' the largest heads in the world, this one stands as
number four.*

The Siar Mountains, also of central Asia, have contributed a fine pair of
horns of the very rare Littledale Sheep, — Ovis siarensis (Plate III, Fig. 5),
marked by very many narrow growth-rings, and an open spiral. Of this spe-
cies only ten specimens are recorded, and for one so rare, this specimen is of
very satisfactory size. So far as the records of sport are concerned, its home
is almost a term incognita. These horns are loVi inches in circumference and
47 inches in length.

The other Asiatic sheep represented in the collection are the Kamchatkan
Sheep. (Orin tiiricola) , the Aoudad of northern Africa (Plate III, Fig. 2),
the liurrhel or Blue Wild Sheep of the Himalayas of northern India (Plate
III, Fig. 3), and the small, wide-horned sheep of Tibet, — Ovis karelini
(Plate III, Fig. (>). The horns of the last-named species are like an under-
study of those of the justly famed Ovis poll; but their spread between tips is
only 4.5 inches.

Of the Xew World mountain sheep, which inhabit the western mountains
of this continent from the Arctic coast as far south as the northern states of
Mexico, there are about six well-defined species. The largest is the stately
Big-Horn of the Rockies, — Ovis canadensis (Fig. 1), now very rare in every
portion of the United States and Mexico, and extinct in most of its former
haunts, but still lingering in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia. This
species culminates in southeastern British Columbia, and it is from that region
that the largest horns have come. The nucleus collection contains a very im-
posing mounted head which was obtained at Banff for the writer by Mr. G.
(). Shields, in 1 !><):*. After four years of shrinking the horns now measure ley-
inches in basal circumference, 16 inches when measured 18 inches from the

*" Records of Big Game," fifth edition, iyo6, page 402.

The National Collection

base, and GVi inches at the tip. The length is 401/-. inches, and the weight of the
clean skull and horns, fully dry, is 38 pounds.

Next in rarity, but equaled by few sheep heads in beauty of pelage and
mounting, is a good example of the little-known Black Sheep, — Oris stonei

FIG. 1. — ROCKY MOUNTAIN BIG-HORN
Obtained at Banff', B. C., by Mr. G. O. Shields

(Plate III, Fig. 4), of northern British Columbia. This handsome specimen
was shot in the Schesley Mountains, forty-five miles north of the Stickine
River, by Mr. J. R. Bradley, for the writer's collection, and it was mounted by
Mr. John Murgatroyd. The horns measure 14]/i> inches in circumference,
length 34, and spread 23x/2 inches.

Heads and Horna n

Beside the last-mentioned hangs a mounted head of a White Mountain
Sheep, — On* dalli (Plate III, Fig. 1), from the Kenai Peninsula, the horns
of which are 37 inches in length. The western shore of Bering Sea is repre-
sented hy a head of the rare Kamchatka!! Mountain Sheep (Oris nivicola) , a
species of a uniform gray color, with horns very similar to those of Ovis dalli.

In addition to the above, the collection contains a pair of Black Sheep
horns that are unusually narrow between tips, a pair of horns of a young Oris
poll ram, horns of a female Oris fannini, and the horns of a Big-Horn ram, with
one tip broken and hanging, shot immediately after a prolonged fight with
another ram. which was witnessed by the hunter. The only American forms
not represented in the collection are Oris nehoni, from southern California
and Lower California, and the Mexican Sheep, from Chichuahua, Mexico. In
about one more year this collection would have contained a series of mountain
sheep heads and horns practically complete for the world. One domestic sheep
specimen has been admitted. It comes from Kl Paso, Texas, and each horn
makes two fully complete circles. These are the only sheep horns ever seen
by the author making two perfect turns.

T H K I B K X K S AND GOATS

Of ibex horns, the collection contains some excellent examples. The great
Asiatic Ibex, — Capra sibirica (Plate IV, Fig. 1) is represented by horns from
the Altai Mountains of western Mongolia, which have a length of 45 V4
inches. Quite equal in interest to these are a puzzling pair of large size
studded on the front edge with a perfectly regular row of "bosses" of enorm-
ous size. They were said to have come from "the Caucasus Mountains," but
Mr. Rowland Ward has pointed out the impossibility of that origin. In Mr.
Ward's "Records of Big Game" there is nothing that resembles them, and their
identity is at present involved in doubt. It seems strange that any animal with
horns so very striking and characteristic should not be so well known, as to be
at once recognizable. In length, these horns measure only 26V2 inches, but at
the base each has a circumference of 11 inches. They are figured herewith,
and in Plate IV appear as Fig. 3.

The Nubian Ibex, — Capra nubiana (Plate IV, Fig. 2), from Abyssinia,
is represented by horns 38 inches long, spreading 241/t> inches at the tips. These
are quite slender, and the skull indicates a small animal for an ibex. The more
robust Persian Wild Goat, — Capra hircus aegagrus (Plate IV, Fig. 4) is
represented by a massive pair 39 inches long, with a basal circumference of
9]/2 inches.

i4 The National Collection

Of goats and goat-like species represented in this collection, perhaps the
most remarkable horn-producer is the Suleiman Markhor (Plate IV, Fig. 5),
of Beluchistan, southern Asia. Its head is armed, and also conspicuously

FIG. 14. — WHITE MOUNTAIN GOAT
Mounted by Mr. Homer R. Dill

ornamented, with a huge pair of horn gimlets 27 '/4 inches long, set on the head
like a letter V, 19 inches between tips. The spiral twist of each horn is reg-
ular and perfect, and a pronounced keel runs all the way from base to tip,
making two complete turns. This creature belongs to a group of three remark-

Heads and Horns

PLATE l\

1 Siberian Ibex

2 Nubian Ibex

IBEXES AND GOATS

Siberian Ibex,
Persian Wild

(unidentified)
Goat

5 Suleiman Markhor

6 Takin

16 The National Collection

able wild-goat forms, called markhor ("snake-eater!"), all of which inhabit
the "roof of the world'" in Kashmir and Beluchistan, northwest of India.

In the group of short-horned goats (Rupicaprinac) is found the rare and
almost unknown Takin, — Budorcas taxicolor (Plate IV, Fig. 6), from south-
eastern China, near the Assam frontier. Of this creature, as large as a donkey,
but horned like a gnu, Mr. Rowland Ward has said that, "although living
within sight of Indian territory, it does not appear that Takin ever have been
killed by English sportsmen, and specimens are very rare in collections." Mr.
Ward's "Records" note the existence of only fifteen specimens.

The White Mountain Goat (Oreamnos montanus), which can come from
no other country than northwestern North America, is represented by a very
fine mounted head. By reason of its great bulk and shaggy coat of pure white
hair, this animal is so striking that it does not require, for the sake of appear-
ances, the massive and far-reaching horns of the ibex. On the contrary, the
horns of Oreamnos are small and inconspicuous; but, being very strongly built
and as sharp as skewers, they are exceedingly useful weapons in repelling
the attacks of all predatory animals except man. This specimen owes its place
in the nucleus collection, not to its size, nor the length of its pelage, but to
what the writer regards as the absolute perfection of its mounting. A Sep-
tember head, cut from the animal and placed in the flesh upon a shield would
be no more perfect in form than this head (Fig. 14), which was mounted by
Mr. Homer R. Dill.

THE ANTELOPES

In approaching the true antelopes we behold a great array of species and
a marvelous variety of forms. In size they vary from the tiny Duiker, with
legs no larger than a pencil, up to the gigantic Eland, an animal as large as an
ox. The array of different colors, and the variety of color patterns, is fairly
bewildering. The splendid Sable Antelope is jet black, the Hartebeests are
brown, the Roan Antelopes are red, the Oryxes are harlequin — white and
black, the White-Bearded Gnu is blue-gray, and the Beatrix is snow white. In
some species the males and females are so widely and so permanently different
in color that to a stranger the sexes seem of different species.

The variations in form also are very great. There is every possible range,
from the snake-like Gerenuk, with a neck so amazingly long and thin as to be
unbelievable until seen, to the Harnessed Antelope, with a short, heavy body

Heads and Horns 17

and a neck with the lines of a hison. The hoofs vary in their proportions, from
the tiny, compact legs of the Gazelles to the hroad, caribou-like sand-shoe of
the desert-dwelling Addax.

But it is in the head weapons and ornaments of the antelopes that we find
the greatest diversity. In fashioning these the ingenuity of Nature seems to
have run riot. In glancing over the horns of the antelopes as a whole, it is dif-
ficult to imagine how a greater number of variations could have been produced
in the one hundred and thirty-three species found within the group of ante-
lopes. Starting soberly with the tiny spike of the Duiker, like the terminal half
of a skewer, straight and smooth, straightway there begins, in the Gazelles, a
wild revel of annulations, and curves, bends, twists, and spirals that soon be-
comes fairly bewildering. In our effort to pick out types, and classify, we note
the smooth-and-twisted horns of the Harnessed Antelopes and Elands, the
slender-and-ringed horns of the Gazelles, the thick and grotesquely bent horns
of the Hartebeests, the long, straight, half-ringed horns of the Gemsbok, the
heavily ringed and semicircular leopard-stabbers of the Sable Antelope, and the
grand spirals of the Kudu, most beautiful and most imposing of all.

It is an undeniable fact — and there is no good purpose to be served either
in ignoring or denying it — that in America to-day there are probably not more
than five hundred persons who have had a fair opportunity to know the extent,
the diversity, and inherent zoological interest of the antelopes of Africa, say-
ing nothing of the Asiatic species. And is it not a pity that to the average
American — greedy for knowledge of all beautiful or queer things, both in
nature and in art — these splendid masterpieces of Nature's handiwork
should be almost as obscure and unknown as the inhabitants of Mars. To-day
the partnership of steam and steel have brought Africa almost to our door.
Trains de luxe run to Khartum and Victoria Falls. The English are striving
hard to preserve from senseless slaughter the splendid mammalian fauna that
still remains in East Central Africa; and it is high time for all persons who feel
an interest in the wild creatures still surviving on this gun-cursed globe to
take note of the African antelopes.

Regarding the horns of antelopes to be seen in the "nucleus collection," it
is .unnecessary to go far into particulars. The thirty-five species which make
up this series have been carefully chosen to illustrate, first of all, the different
genera, and after that the most noteworthy and characteristic species. If we
begin with the largest and most conspicuous species, our first specimen must
represent the Eland, giant of antelopes. Its horns are massive, smooth, and

18 The National Collection

strongly twisted, but in length not quite commensurate with the commanding
size of the animal. Were the Eland horned in proportion to. the Sable Ante-
lope, for example, its horns would be seven feet long! Instead of that, how-
ever, they rarely exceed 30 inches ; but the Giant Eland, a species not yet seen
in America, either alive or dead, is said to possess horns that are 39 inches
long and 39 inches between tips. This species is of rare occurrence, and the
very few specimens that have been obtained were taken in Uganda.

There are two species of Kudu (Plate V, Figs. 10 and 3), the Greater
and Lesser. From base to tip, the horns of the first are a succession of beauti-
ful curves. Nature surely was in sportive mood when she fashioned their huge
open spirals, 501/; inches in length on the curve, 41 inches in a straight line
from base to tip, and 11 inches in basal circumference. As to annulations,
they are so free as to be almost smooth, and the keel of the front angle con-
tinues well denned almost to the tip. The horns of all save a very few African
antelopes are black throughout. Those of the Greater Kudu are clear white
at their tips, and dark brown or black for the remainder of their length. In
the opinion of the writer, horns of the Greater Kudu which have open spirals
and are not too far apart at the tips are the most beautiful in form of all horns.

It is a great pity that the Kudu is now so very rare that it is seen in cap-
tivity by comparatively few persons. In the zoological gardens of the world it
is now almost non-existent. It is a short-bodied animal, standing very high on
its legs, and its horns give it a most stately appearance.

The Lesser Kudu (Plate V, Fig. 3) is merely a small understudy of the
preceding species, with horns scarcely longer or larger than those of the Black
Buck, of India.

The Harnessed Antelopes and Bushbucks are small creatures with horns
that in 15 inches of length humbly suggest those of the Eland. But with the
antelopes of the genus Oryx, the case is quite different. The head of the
Gemsbok, — Oryx gazella (Plate V, Fig. 9) — a beautiful white creature with
showy black markings — is surmounted by two great, black spears of bone, of
far-reaching consequence in every duel with young lion, leopard, or wild dog.
Those figured herewith are 40 inches long, and practically straight from base
to tip. The horns of the Beisa (Plate V, Fig. 2) and the Arabian Beatrix
also are straight, but smaller. Those of the Leucoryx are almost as long as
those of the Gemsbok (Plate V, Fig. 9) , and they make a sweeping curve
which gives the animal its alternate name of Sabre-Horned Antelope. The
Leucoryx takes kindly to captivity, and the pair in the New York Zoological
Park breed regularly.

Heads and Horn a

PLATK

1 Baker's Roan Antelope

2 Beisa

3 Lesser Kudu

4 Tora Hartebeest

5 Lichtenstein's Hartebeest

AFRICAN ANTELOPE

6* Springbok

7 Eland

8 Harnessed Antelope

9 Gemsbok Oryx

1 0 Greater Kudu

1 1 Brindled Gnu

12 Sable Antelope

13 Grant's Gazelle
14. Pala

15 Hunter's Antelope

16 Jackson's Hartebeest

20 The National Collection

The Sable Antelope, — Hippotragus niger (Plate V. Fig. 12), is perhaps
the handsomest of all the African antelopes. It has high shoulders, a very
erect neck, and a glossy-black body, emphasized by a few white markings. Its
horns sweep back in a most graceful curve, and from the base nearly to the tip
they are heavily ringed. The fine pair in this collection have the unusual
length of 411/-; inches. After these, as a sort of understudy, come the shorter
horns of Baker's Roan Antelope (Plate V, Fig. 1), a species admirably repre-
sented by a living pair in the Park.

The ten-inch horns of a Springbok (Plate V, Fig. 6) recall the small
antelope that is first seen by travelers in Cape Colony. Its habit of high leap-
ing renders it especially conspicuous. This is the creature that once existed
in hundreds of thousands, and had the habit of migrating en masse, as do the
caribou of the Canadian Barren Grounds. Xow it exists only in very small
numbers.

The horns which represent Soemmerring's Gazelle are exceptionally fine,
being 18 inches in length. They are beautifully formed, and their tips curve
inward until they point directly toward each other.

Leaving aside the factor of size, a well-mounted head of Grant's Gazelle
is an object of surpassing beauty. The upward sweep of the horns as they rise
from the forehead, 24 inches or more, is an exquisite combination of grace and
symmetry. It is a pity that anything less than the entire head and neck of this
animal should be taken, but at present this collection contains only a pair of
horns.

The Defassa Waterbuck, (Cobns de fassa), without his heavily annulated
horns would lack dignity, after the manner of the unfortunate Nilgai of India.
For so large an animal, their length of 24 ^ inches (in this pair) is barely suf-
ficient for show purposes. The Cob Antelope is a smaller species, with smaller
horns, but anywhere else than in antelope-surfeited Africa, it would be re-
garded as a large and important species, and sought accordingly.

We approach the Duikers with diffidence. They are very small, very
plain looking, their salient characters are few, and their horns are about as
diversified and exciting as an assortment of toothpicks. Whenever a collector
of heads and horns comes down to the Duikers, know for a verity that his inter-
est in the African Antelopes is genuine and deeply rooted. But even then, the
man does not live who can find lively entertainment in Klipspringer horns of
3% inches, in Steinbock horns of 4% inches, or horns of Royal Antelope (with
apologies to real royalty, everywhere) , only 21/! inches from base to tip. Kirk's

Heads and Ilorux 21

Dik-l)ik is protected by tiny spikes of 2% inches. The Grysbok's horns run
up to 3\-2 inches, and the Black Wood Duiker and Wood Antelope each boast
4-inch horns.

Livingstone's Suni Antelope also is a tiny short-horn (SV-j inches) , but it is
so very rare it easily claims special attention. While the horns of all the other
.small species mentioned above are practically smooth, those of Livingstone's
Suni are very heavily ringed, quite to their tips, as if they had been turned in a
lathe. There are only fifteen other pairs on record, and the longest measures
under 5 inches.

A pair of horns of the White-Bearded Gnu (Plate V, Fig. 11) represents
a genus of African antelopes almost as odd in form as the okapi. On no
other living creature can be found such a nose and such hips as those of a Gnu.
Fortunately both the existing species take kindly to captivity, and a pair of
each is living contentedly in the Zoological Park. Horns of the White-
Tailed Gnu are more rare in collections than those of the other species, and
in South Africa absurdly high prices are asked for them.

The horns of the Hartebeests (Plate V, Figs. 5 and 16) are nothing less
than grotesque. They suggest broken backs and arrested development. At the
base, they start out from the longest and thinnest of ungulate skulls with size
sufficient to carry them four or five feet. But early in life they change their
course suddenly and curve forward, spreading as they go. Very soon, however,
the Hartebeest says, "No, that will not do, either!" Abruptly and resolutely
they now bend sharply back again, and point out in new lines, aiming almost
anywhere. Presently complete discouragement settles down like a pall, the once
ambitious growth is hastily rounded up and terminated — and that is all. Re-
gretfully we look upon the horns of a Hartebeest, of standard form, and think
what it might have been but for the vascillation and misdirection that left it an
ugly, misshapen thing. The skull, however, is interesting as showing the ex-
treme length and narrowness a ruminant skull can attain without complete seg-
mentation.

THE BISON AND BUFFALOES

Most ponderous of all horned ungulates, yet in my opinion the easiest for
the inexperienced sportsman to vanquish, are the Bison, Buffaloes, and Wild
Cattle. Asia possesses the great Ami, or Indian Buffalo, the Gaur, the Yak,
and the Gayal. Europe has the European Bison ; Africa the Abyssinian Buf-
falo, Cape Buffalo, Senegambian, Tchad, and Congo Buffaloes, and North

22

The National Collection

America the American Bison and Musk-Ox. Considered alive, as zoological-
garden specimens, they are like gold,—

"Heavy to get, and hard to hold."

And this accounts for the great rarity of collections which contain living-
examples of even one-half the species named ahove.

HORNS OF AMEKICAX BISOX

A scries showing progress from the yearling bull to the twenty-year-old "stub-horn"
bull. Collected on the Montana buffalo range in 1886, by W. T. H.

Starting with the species nearest home, the American Bison is repre-
sented in the collection now under consideration by a carefully selected series
of twelve pairs of horns (Figs. 2 to 13, inclusive), representing .all life periods
of the male between the yearling and the aged "stub-horn bull." All these ai'e
from wild animals, and have been in the writer's possession for twenty-one
years, awaiting such an occasion as the present. No attempt has been made to

Heads and Horns

PI..VII. VI

1 Guar

2 Senegambiaii Buffalo

3 Cape Buffalo, female

BUFFALOES, BISON, AX1) MUSK-OX

1 Congo Buffalo
5 Musk-Ox, female

6 Abyssinian Buffalo

7 • Cape Buffalo, male

8 Indian Buffalo

_>4 The National Collection

secure the largest horns, and the series is of zoological value only. We fear
that it will be long ere a similar series can be brought together from wild
sources.

Unfortunately, the horns of our Bison are its least imposing feature. On
a head which is in good pelage, and possessed of all the hair which Xature gave
it, only the terminal half of each horn is visible; and any head which makes a
strong showing of horns does so at the expense of the long and shaggy front-
let— often a foot in length — which is literally the crowning glory of a Buffalo
bull.

The Musk-Ox is represented by a very large skull, with horns much worn
on the tips, of Oribos icardi, from Franz Josef Fiord, east coast of Greenland.
There is also a smaller but very perfect skull and horns from Ellesmere Land
(Plate VI, Fig. 5). Neither of these specimens, however, fitly represents the
species and both must as soon as possible lie replaced by finer examples.

The Gaur, or Indian Bison (Plate VI, Fig. 1), is represented by a very
good pair of horns 26^4 inches in length, spreading 31 ^ inches, with a dis-
tance between tips of 141 2 inches. It is really a pity that an animal of such
grand bulk should have no pelage to speak of. and be finished off with horns
which in size narrowly escape downright insignificance. In looking over a wild
herd for the largest bull, it is not easy to pick out the largest pair of horns : but
in thick jungle, the whiteness of a bison's horns are a great aid in making out
the position of their wearer.

The wild Buffalo of India, called the Arna (Plate VI, Fig. 8). is far
better equipped. His horns are shiny black, conspicuously flattened on their
upper surface, and their wide spread is very striking. In the British Museum
of Natural History there is a pair which seem to have a spread of at least
scrcn feet.' The longest horn has a length on the curve of 773s inches.

Beside such a giant pair as that — the largest known — the specimen in the
"nucleus collection." with a spread of 56 inches, seems small: but there are
many hanging that are smaller. It is worth while to note that the Arna is the
progenitor of the race of domestic Buffaloes in use in India and farther east.
The former is now rare, and is only to be obtained by diligent search. The
"Indian" Buffaloes seen in captivity in this country usually are of the do-
mestic breed. The wild animal always is black, both as to skin and horns, but
its pelage is too scanty to be noticed. The domestic animal is the least beautiful
of all bovine animals.

In eastern Africa there are two species of Buffaloes, which may instantly

Heads and Horns 25

be distinguished by their horns. The horns of the Abyssinian Buffalo, — Bos
eqiiinoctialis (Plate VI, Fig. 6) , are strongly flattened on top, and as they leave
the head they do not drop as low as those of the Cape Buffalo. In bulk, this
spec-ies is big and burly, and quite like the better-known species of the South.
The pair of horns in the collection spread 33:i i inches. They are quite flat on
the upper surface of the basal half, and at their widest point each horn meas-
ures QVi inches across, in a straight line.

The horns of the Cape Buffalo,— Bo* caffer (Plate VI, Figs. 3 and 7)
are rounded on their upper surface, and drop lower and spread much more
widely than those of the Abyssinian species. Like the horns of the musk-ox,
their bases are very wide across, they grow very close together, and drop
abruptly from the top of the skull. Our pair are exactly equal in length on
curve and in spread — 38 inches; and the width across the base is 9 inches.

Like all the true Buffaloes, both the East African species are almost desti-
tute of hair, a fact which seriously detracts from the appearance of mounted
heads. A land mammal which is hairless, or nearly so, should be covered with
compensatory scales, like the pangolin.

The Senegambian (Plate VI, Fig. 2) and Congo Buffaloes (Plate VI,
Fig. 4), of West Africa, are small species with horns of a totally different
type from the Buffaloes of India and eastern Africa. Both these odd-looking,
short-horned species are represented in the collection. Two other species once
in the collection, the wild Yak and the Banting, were lost by exchange, and
never recovered. Thus far good horns of the Gayal have been sought in vain,
but it is hoped that the lines now out in Burma will yield them.

THE DEER FAMILY

Where is the big-game sportsman or mammalogist, young or old, who is
not keenly interested in one or more members of the Deer Family! Hunt where
you will — outside of Africa, Australia, and Polynesia — and if there remains big
game of any species, you surely will find some species of deer. Even the
African antelopes do not embrace as wide a range of variations as we find
within the boundaries of the Cervidae. Consider the zoological family which
includes the colossal Moose, the cold-defying Caribou, the host of round-
horned deer, and the tiny hornless deer of the East Indies, no larger than a
rabbit. One of the most difficult tasks in forming the animal collections of
the New York Zoological Park has been to bring together in one group rep-
resentatives of eight very important but little known species of Asia.

The National Collection

It would have been easy to have devoted my first efforts with horns of the
Deer Family to Xorth American species, especially the Moose; but I elected
to give precedence to the rare and little known foreign species, especially those
of Asia. The result thus far is a list of Asiatic species which may justly be
surveyed with a feeling akin to satisfaction. The horn collections which con-
tain specimens of Pere David's Deer, Schomburgk's, Eld's, the Altai Wapiti,
Pekin Sika Deer, the Marsh Deer, Guemal and Philippine Deer, are not
numerous. In fact, I know of only one other in America which possesses all
the species named above — that of Mr. Robert Gilfort, of Orange, X. J.
Mr. Gilfort has collected with a keenness of zoological perception and a devo-
tion to scientific completeness that is most praiseworthy. As a result, his col-
lection is now very rich in species, and highly valuable.

Of the thirty-one species of the Deer Family represented in the writer's
collection, it is possible to mention here only a few of the most interesting.

There are no horns of American Moose (or "Elk" of European authors) ,
but in lieu thereof we have horns of two Old World species, the European
Moose, — Alces machlis (Plate VII, Fig. 4), and still more important, the rare
and new East Siberian Moose, — Alces machlis bed fordiae (Plate VII, Fig. 1).
The antlers of the latter species develop no palination ichatcrer, and in size and
general appearance they strongly resemble the baby antlers of a three-year-
old American Moose. It seems as if bedfordiae is the parent stock of the Euro-
pean Moose, going westward, and the American Moose, trending eastward.

The most gigantic, aye, even magnificent, of all head weapons now car-
ried by four-footed game are the antlers of the adult bull Moose of Alaska.
Attaining a maximum spread of nearly seven feet (78V-2 inches), a weight of
92 pounds, and a shovel-width of 18 inches, they fairly "stagger the imagina-
tion." Even of all known fossil animals, the so-called Irish elk, which in
reality was a species related to the fallow deer, was the only one with antlers
or horns surpassing those of the Alaskan Moose. Nature was a million years
or more in fashioning Alces americanus; and is it not saddening that despite the
Alaskan game law — as strong a measure as its originators dared submit to Con-
gress— that grand species is now being ruthlessly slaughtered to feed railway
laborers and miners, and idle Indians! The Indian epicures prefer cow Moose,
because their flesh is more tender and delicate than that of bulls. The inhabitants
of Alaska seem determined that the big game of that territory shall be wiped
out; and in the absence of paid game wardens and actual protection, the end
seems very near. In Alaska we are now face to face with this question: Is it

Heads and Horn*

PLATE VII

1 Siberian Moose

2 Kenai Caribou

MOOSE AND CARIBOU

3 Greenland Caribou

4 European Moose

28 The National Collection

possible for the people of the United States to protect the game of Alaska
against -he resident.- of the territory who are determined to annihilate it?

In New Brunswick the Moose will survive. Thanks to efficient protection
— by the residents themselves — the Moose are rapidly increasing; but the con-
tinuous killing of the adult bulls is almost certain to reduce the size of the
individuals of succeeding generations.

The Moose of Scandinavia is a much smaller animal than its American
congener, and its antlers also are proportionately less. The widest pair re-
corded in Mr. Ward's "Records" have a spread of 52 inches only, and the
breadth of the "palmation" is only 9 inches. The pair in the "nucleus collec-
tion" spread 45 inches; they are 31 Va inches in length, 29V» inches between
tips, and the width of palmation is 9 inches. If entered in the list of eighteen
for the world, they would be number seven. The greatest known width of
palmation is I5V-1 inches, and there are five other specimens which exceed 10
inches. Of the record antlers of Alaskan Moose, the greatest palmation is 24
inches, while others are 23, 21, and 18 inches.

In size the Alaskan Moose is to that of Europe as the Woodland Caribou
of Alaska is to the Lapland Reindeer. The Caribou of the Kenai Peninsula,
and southward thereof to the Cassiar Mountains, are the giants of their genus;
and of those it is safe to say that very few, if any, larger antlers ever have come
out of Alaska than the huge pair in the writer's collection (Plate VII, Fig.
2). They came from the Kenai Peninsula, and in Mr. Rowland Ward's list*
of seventy of the largest Rangifer antlers known to him throughout the world
this pair stands number two. They are distinguished by their massiveness and
weight, quite as much as by their great length. The measurements in detail
are as follows:

Length of right antler, on outside curve SS^A inches

Widest outside spread 39V2 inches

Circumference above brow tine 8% inches

Points, 24+16. Weight, fully dry, 33 pounds.

Of the Greenland Caribou, — Rangifer groenlandicus (Plate VII, Fig. 3) ,
the collection contains a specimen which for length is very good. It ranks as
number sixteen in Mr. Ward's list of seventy of the largest of all species. Its
extremejength is 52 inches, but like most very long antlers of Caribou, the

•"Records of Big Game," fifth edition, 1906, page 5.

Heads and Horn ft

main beams are slender, measuring only 5'/i> inches in circumference above the
brow tine. The extreme outside spread is 39'/t> incht , niiJ the |. mils are
10+11.

In the National Collection the round-horned deer are strongly repre-
sented. While the common and easily-accessible species have not as yet been
diligently sought, and several of them are to-day absent, in the rare and little
known species the collection is reasonably well provided. It is possible to men-
tion here only those of special scientific interest, and this will be done without
reference to their zoological sequence.

Of all deer antlers, the rarest and the most eagerly sought by those who
collect on zoological lines are those of the well-nigh extinct Pere David's Deer,
formerly of China, but now of zoological gardens only. There are to-day pre-
cisely twenty-eight living specimens between Elaphurus davidianus (Plate
VIII, Fig. 10), and total extinction. The herd of about two hundred head
formerly maintained in the Imperial Park south of Pekin was totally de-
stroyed during the Boxer war. In China, not even one living specimen exists
to-day; but in Japan there are three or four individuals. On three voyages
Captain Thomas Golding searched diligently through the seaports of China,
distributing pictures, but failed to find even one pair of antlers. Judging \>\
one of the rare occasions wherein a pair of antlers of David's Deer have
changed hands for a definite consideration, the pair now contained in the
nucleus collection is worth $400. The only other pair in America is in the col-
lection of Mr. Robert Gilfort, where they are beyond the reach of purchase
money.

David's Deer, formerly a habitant of northern Manchuria, is a queer look-
ing animal. It is about the size of the English red deer. It has a long tail, and
its antlers are built in reverse order. The main beam quickly bifurcates into a
single tall stem which grows nearly upright, and another strong beam which
thrusts out toward the front, and again bifurcates, half way out, into two long
and strong tines, like a wooden pitchfork. The length of the main beam is 31
inches, and its circumference above the burr is 6 inches. Each antler has three
points. In Mr. Ward's list of only eleven recorded pairs of antlers of this
species, the pair now transferred to the National Collection is number three.
Five of the eleven pairs are in the collection of the Duke of Bedford.

Of the horns of large and important species of round-horned deer, the
next in rarity is unquestionably Schomburgk's Deer (Plate VIII, Fig. 3), of
northern Siam. Mr. Ward records only seven specimens, and had mine been

ead* and Horns

PLAIZ V 1 1 1

1 Japanese Sika Deer

i Siberian Roe

3 Sehomburgk s Deer

ROUND-HORNED DEKR

4 Hog Deer

5 Luzon Sambar

6 Barasinga Deer
I

8 Malar Sambar

9 Altai" Wapiti
10 David's Deer

Heads and Horns :<

ivceivcd in time for entry in its proper place, it would have been number two
in a total of eight. The antlers of this speeies (C'crrntt schomburgki) are the
most numerously branched of all antlers possessed by living deer. They go
far beyond the double bifurcation of the antlers of our Mule Deer, and in
general effect they are decidedly tree-like. They remind one of the branches
of an English oak in winter. The brow tine is long and elk-like.

The fine pair of antlers in this collection have a length on the outside curve
of :50'j inches, with 10 points on the right and 12 on the left. Each antler
branches xeren I i in ex, and the tree-top effect is very marked. They are massive
and heavy, but the shoulder height accredited to the adult animal is the same as
that of our mule deer — 41 inches. These antlers were obtained through the
visit of a friend to Siam. bearing a special request for such a specimen.

The antlers of the Thameng, or Eld's Deer (Plate VIII, Fig. 7), of
Burma, are more common. Occasionally they can be purchased in New York
of Mr. Fred. Sauter; but they are so odd in form they are quite as interesting
as if they were more difficult to obtain. In form, the main beam and the ex-
tremely long brow tine — taken together — describe an almost complete semi-
circle. The animal itself is no larger than a fallow deer, and in proportion
to its size its antlers are the largest of all the deer. Four living specimens
may now be seen in the Zoological Park, and very shortly there will be others.

How many persons are there in North America who could write one thou-
sand words regarding the deer of South America as a group? Possibly
twenty-five ; but probably no more. And, yet, the Cervidae of South America
are well worth knowing. Thus far two representative species, the large Marsh
Deer and the small Swamp Deer, have been brought alive to New York and
exhibited in the Zoological Park. Unfortunately, both those species by na-
ture are ill-adapted to life in captivity, and they do not long survive.

A fine pair of antlers of the Marsh Deer, received from Argentina, ade-
quately represent that interesting species. In form they are absolutely peculiar,
i. e., unlike all other antlers of deer. The antlers of the Chilian Guemal are
only 4r>8 inches in length.

Of the Wapiti group of round-horned deer, the collection includes three
specimens which, taken together, make an important series. The first in inter-
est is a very large pair representing the Altai Wapiti (Plate VIII, Fig. 9),
of central Asia. In size, in form, and general appearance they are so perfect
a counterfeit of the head weapons of our own Wapiti, or American Elk, that
no observer has ever detected their identity! There are absolutely no points of

The National Collection

ifference which have as yet been discovered, save that they are somewhat
mailer than the largest antlers of the Genus canadensis. The Altai and the
Wyoming species are seven thousand miles apart, the latter finding its farthest
north on Vancouver Island, and the twin-like relationship between the two
species — or whatever their exact status may be — is one of the most surprising
facts connected with the genus Cercus. It appears absolutely certain that the
ancestors of the American Elk came hither from western Mongolia, via
Bering Strait. After the migration the chain parted in the middle, and the two
groups drifted seven thousand miles apart. By a queer turn of fortune, the
Russo-Japanese storm-cloud, when just about to burst, blew7 to me for this col-
lection, from Vladivostok, a pair of antlers which represent a small intermedi-
ate species, Luehdorf 's Manchurian Wapiti. Considering its position midway
between the two great Wapiti of Central Asia and the United States, they
are very interesting and valuable.

The measurements of the three specimens referred to above surely will in-
terest those who are specially interested in the Wapiti group :

Altai Wyoming Luehdorf's

Wapiti* Wapiti Wapiti

Length on outside curve 53 58 38V2

Circumference above burr 9 10 7%

Tines 6+8 7+7 6+6

The collection contains horns varying from good to fine of the Indian
Sambar, Barasinga Deer (Plate VIII, Fig. 6), Javan Rusa, Siberian
Roe (Plate VIII, Fig. 2), Hog Deer (Plate VIII, Fig. 4), Luzon Sambar
Deer (Plate VIII, Fig. 5), Sika of Japan, a number from Mexico and Cen-
tral America, and, last and least of all branched antlers, a pair from the rare
Chilian Guemal, only SVs inches in length. A few of the above are so much
below first-class size that they must be replaced by larger and more representa-
tive specimens just as soon as better specimens become available. A list of the
species represented in the collection transferred to the Zoological Society is ap-
pended hereunto.

NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK,
FEBRUARY 1, 1907.

*No. 27, in Mr. Rowland Ward's list of 76. See " Records of Big Game," fifth edition, 1906, page 55.

THE WORLD'S RECORD ELEPHANT TUSKS

TIIK recent studies by Professor Henry Fairfield Osborn of the extinct
elephants, in the course of which he has brought together a collection of
commanding importance, have attracted from paleontologists and others
an unusual amount of attention. The magnificent skeleton of the Columbian
mammoth, which now dominates the main hall of vertebrate paleontology in
the American Museum, certainly is one of the most, remarkable of all
museum specimens of proboscidians.

Through Mr. Charles T. Barney, the Zoological Society has recently
received, as a gift from him, the most remarkable pair of "living" elephant
tusks of which the modern world ever has known. When the existence of this
gigantic pair was first made known to us, their stated length seemed incred-
ible; and as the tusks stand to-day in the Zoological Park, every person who
sees them for the first time, and without previous knowledge, finds it difficult
to believe that they have not come from an extinct mammoth of gigantic size.

Our frontispiece represents the pair of tusks of a living species of East
African elephant, which arrived at the Zoological Park on February 4th,
1907, from Abyssinia, via London. The left tusk, as seen in Plate I, measures
on the curve 11 feet o1/^ inches; the other measures 11 feet, and the net weight
of the two is 293 pounds. The longest tusk exceeds by one inch the length of
the longest tusk of the great Columbian mammoth (Elephas columbi) in the
American Museum, and it is 1 foot 1^2 inches longer than the next longest tusk
of an African elephant. The circumference of the largest tusk of the pair
shown is 18V1> inches.

Usually a very large "living" elephant tusk is very thick and rather
straight. One of the finest features of this matchless pair is their symmetry
and their beautiful curvature. In leaving the skull they curved outward, side-
wise, then when the coast was clear, curved upward in a commanding sweep. In
making the photograph which is reproduced as Plate I, the man, introduced
for the sake of comparison, was 5 feet 9 inches in height to the top of his cap,
and he stood actually between the rear curves of the tusks.

The National Collection

It is reported that these tusks recently were owned by King Menelek,
" Abyssinia, and that he presented them to a European political officer.
Eventually they were offered for sale in the London ivory market, and were
bought by Mr. Rowland Ward, from whom they were purchased by order of
Mr. Barney. They now form a part of the National Collection of Heads
and Horns, and as soon as practicable will be exhibited in the Zoological
Park.

So far as we know, these are the longest tusks ever produced by a living
species of elephant ; and the chances are, as a hundred thousand to one, that they
never will be surpassed. W. T. H.

A LIST OF HEADS, HORNS, AND TUSKS

PRESENTED TO THE NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIKTV

BY W. T. IIORNADAY, AS THE NUCLEUS OF

A NATIONAL COLLECTION*

15ISON. BUFFALOES, AM) OTHERS

GENUS HON.

THE GAUR: INDIAN BISON. — Bos gaums. [Plate VI, Fig. 1.]

AMERICAN BISON. — B. americanus. [Vigs. 2 to 13 inclusive, page 22.]

A scries of fourteen pairs of horns, from wild bison only, including two
female skulls and twelve pairs of male horns of various ages from two
years to twenty.
CAPE AFRICAN BUFFALO. — B. coffer. [Plate VI, Figs. 3 and 7.]

Male horns; skull and horns of female.

ABYSSINIAN BITFFALO. — B. equiiioctialis. [Plate VI, Fig. 6'.]

SENEGAMBIAN BUFFALO. — B. planiceros. [Plate VI, Fig. 2.]

CONGO BUFFALO. — B. nanus. [Plate VI, Fig. •!.]

INDIAN BUFFALO. — B. bubalis. [Plate VI, Fig. 8.]

GENUS OJ'IBOS.

BARREN-GROUND MusK-Ox. — Ovibos moscliatits. Skull and horns. [Plate VI, Fig. !>.]
WARD'S GREENLAND MusK-Ox. — 0. tvardi. Skull and horns.

MOUNTAIN SHEEP

GKNUS Or IK.

SIBERIAN ARGALI. — Ovis ammon. Male and female skulls, with horns. [Plate II.]

LITTLEDALE'S SHEEP. — 0. siarensis. Skull and horns. [Plate III, Fig. 5.]

MARCO POLO SHEEP. — 0. poll. Ram three years old.

THIAN SHAN POLO SHEEP. — O. karclini. Skull and horns. [Plate III, Fig. 6.]

ROCKY MOUNTAIN BIO-HORN. — O. canadensis. Head.

ROCKY MOUNTAIN Bio-HoRN. — 0. canadensis. Fighting horns.

ROCKY MOUNTAIN Bio-HoRN. — O. canadvnsis. Weathered horns.

ROCKY MOUNTAIN BIG-HORN. — 0. canadensis. Polished horn.

ROCKY MOUNTAIN Bic-HoRN. — O. canadensis. Female horns.

ROCKY MOUNTAIN BIG-HORN. — 0. canadensis.

BLACK MOUNTAIN SHEEP. — O. stonei. Head. [Plate III, Fig. 4.]

BLACK MOUNTAIN SHEEP. — 0. stonei. Skull and horns.

FANNIN'S SADDLE-BACKED SHEEP. — O. fannini. Female skull and horns.

WHITE MOUNTAIN SHEEP. — 0. dalli. Head. [Plate III, Fig. 1.]

KAMCHATKAN SHEEP. — 0. nivicola. Head.

AOUDAD. — O. tragelaphus. [Plate III, Fig. 2.]

BURRHEL.— 0. nahura. [Plate III, Fig. 3.]

DOMESTIC SHEEP. — 0. aries. Horns making two complete circles.

*The collection contains 131 specimens representing 108 species.

3v The National Collection

WILD GOATS, IBEXES, AND OTHERS

GENUS CAPRA.

PERSIAN WILD GOAT. — Capra hircus egagrus. [Plate IV, Fig. 4.]

NUBIAN IBEX. — C. nubiana. [Plate IV, Fig. 2.]

SIBERIAN IBEX. — C. sibirica. Skull and horns. | Plate IV, Fig. 1.]

SIBERIAN IBEX? — C. sibirica var.? — Skull and horns. (Unidentified.)

[Plate IV, Fig. 3.]

SULEIMAN MARKHOR. — C. jerdoni. Skull and horns. [Plate IV, Fig. 5.]

GENUS OREAMNOS.

ROCKY MOUNTAIN GOAT. — Oreumnos montanus. Head.

GENUS RUPICAPRA.

CHAMOIS. — Rupicapra tragus.

GENUS BUDORCAS.

TAKIN. — Budorcas taxicolor. [Plate IV, Fig. 6.]

ANTELOPES

GENUS BUBALIS.

TORA HARTEBEEST. — Bubalis tora. [Plate V, Fig. 4.]

SWAYNE'S HARTEBEEST. — B. srvaynei.

JACKSON'S HARTEBEEST. — B. jacksoni. [Plate V, Fig. 16'.]

LICHTENSTEIN'S HARTEBEEST. — B. lichtensteini. [Plate 5, Fig. 5.]

GENUS DAMALISCUS.

HUNTER'S HARTEBEEST. — Damaliscus hunteri. [Plate V, Fig. 15.]

BONTEBOK. — D. pygargus.
BLESBOK. — D. albifrons.

GENUS CONNOCHETES.

WHITE-BEARDED GNU. — Connochetes taurinus. [Plate V, Fig. 11.]

GENUS CEPHALOPHUS.

PHILENTOMBA DUIKER. — Cephalophus maxwelli.
ABYSSINIAN DUIKER. — C. abyssinicus.
YELLOW-BACKED DUIKER. — C. sylvicultrLr.
BLACK WOOD DUIKER. — C. j'entinki.

GENUS RAPHICERUS.

GRYSBOK. — Raphicerus melanotis.
STEINBOK. — R. campestris.

GKNUS OREOTRAGUS.

KLIPSPRINGER. — Oreotragus sail at or.

GENUS NESOTRAGUS.

LIVINGSTONE'S SUNI. — Nesotragus livingstonianus.

Heads and II urn* tf7

NEOTRAGUS.

ROYAL ANTELOPE. — Xi-olnignx pi/gmarux.

GENUS MADOQUA.

KIRK'S DiK-DiK. — Mailoi/iKi kirki.

GENUS COBl'N.

DEFASSA WATICHHUC K.- --('iibnx defatta.
BUFFON'S COB. — C. cob.

GENUS CERI'ICAPRA.

MOUNTAIN REEUBUCK. — Cerrirapra fulvorufula.

GENUS AEPYCEROS.

PALA, or IMPALA. — Aepyceros mclampus. [Plate V, Fig. 14.]

GENTS AXTIDORC.IS.

SPRINGBUCK. — Antidorcas euchore. [Plate V, Fig. O.J

GENUS GAZELLA.

DORCAS GAXKLLK. — Gazt'lla ilorcas.

ARABIAN GAZELLE. — G. arabica.

ISABELLA GAZELLE. — G. Isabella.

HENGLIN'S GAZELLE. — G. tilonura.

GRANT'S GAZELLE.— G. granii. [Plate V, Fig. 13.]

SOEMMEHHING'S GAZELLE. — G. soemmerringi.

RED-NECKED GAZELLE. — G. ruficollis.

GENUS LITIIOCRANIUS.

GERENUK. — Lithocranius rvalleri.

GENUS DORCOTRAGUS.

BEIHA. — Dorcotragus mcgalotis.

GENUS HIPPOTRAGUS.

SABLE ANTELOPE. — Hippotragux niger. [Plate V, Fig. 12.]

BAKER'S ROAN ANTELOPE. — //. equinus bakeri. [Plate V, Fig. 1.]

GKNUS ORYX.

GEMSBOK ORYX.— ()ri,.r «•„-,.//„. [Plate V, Fig. 9-]

BEISA.-O. beua. [Plate V> Fi«' 2''

GENUS BOSELAPHUS.

NILGAI. — Boselaphus tragocamelus.

GENUS TRAGELAPHUS.

HARNESSED ANTELOPE. — Tragelaphus scriptus. [Plate V, tig. 8.]

CAPE BUSHBUCK. — T. sylvaticus.

38

The National Collection

GENUS LIMXOTKAGUS

SPEKE'S SITATUNGA. — Limnotragus spekii.

GENUS STREPSICEROS.

GREATER KUDU. — Strepsiceros capcnsis.
LESSER KUDU. — S. imberbis.

GENUS TAUROTRAGUS.

COMMON ELAND. — Taurotragus oryx.

GENUS ANTILOCAPRA.

PRONG-HORNED ANTELOPE. — Antilocapra americana.

[Plate V, Fig. 10.]
[Plate V, Fig. 3.]

[Plate VII, Fig. 1.]

CARIBOU AND MOOSE

GENUS RANGIFER.

KENAI CARIBOU. — Rangifer stonei.
GREENLAND CARIBOU. — R. groenlandicus.
WOODLAND CARIBOU. — R. caribou.

GENUS ALCES.

EUROPEAN MOOSE. — Alces machlis.

EAST SIBERIAN MOOSE. — A. machlis bedfordiae.

[Plate VII, Fig. 2.]
[Plate VII, Fig. 3.]

[Plate VII, Fig. 1.]
[Plate V, Fig. 11.]

DEER

GENUS CERFUS.

AMERICAN ELK. — Cervus canadensis.

ALTAI WAPITI. — C. canadensis asiaticus.

LUEHDORF'S MANCHURIAN WAPITI. — C. luehdorfi.

PEKIN SIKA. — C. hortulorum.

JAPANESE SIKA. — C. sika typicus.

INDIAN SAMBAR. — C. unicolor.

MALAY SAMBAR. — C. equinus.

LUZON SAMBAR. — C. philippinus.

JAVAN SAMBAR. — C. hippclaphus typicus.

HOG DEER. — C. porcinus.

BARASINGA DEER. — C. duvauceli.

SCHOMBURGK'S DEER. — C. schomburgki.

THAMENG. — C. cldi.

GENUS BLASTOCEROS.

MARSH DEER. — Blastoceros paludosus.

GENUS HIPPOCAMELUS.

CHILIAN GUEMAL. — Ilippocamelus bimilcus.

GENUS CERFULUS.

INDIAN MUNTJAC. — Cervulus muntjac.

[Plate VIII, Fig. 9-]

[Plate VIII, Fig. 1.]

[Plate VIII, Fig. 8.]

[Plate VIII, Fig. 5.]

[Plate VIII, Fig. I.]

[Plate VIII, Fig. 6.]

[Plate VIII, Fig. 3.]

[Plate VIII, Fig. 7.]

Ilctul.s and IIoniN 89

GENUS C.IPHKOLUS.

EUROPEAN ROE. — Capreolu* <•«/>;•<•«.

SIBERIAN ROE. — ('. pi/gargiis. \ Plate VIII, Fig. 2.]

GENUS ELAPIIl'Hl'S.

DAVID'S DEKH. — Eliiftluirim din-idiiinus. [Plate VIII, Fig. 10.]

GENTS ODOCOILEUS.

NOHTIIEUN WHITE-TAILED DEER. — Odocotleut virginianus (Minnesota).

NORTHERN WHITE-TAILED DEKU. — O. virgin ituinx (Texas).

SINALOA WHITE-TAILED DEER. — O. sinaloae (Guadalajara).

YUCATAN WHITE-TAILED DEER. — 0. toltecus.

COUES' WHITE-TAILED DEER. — 0. couesi. (Head; from Sonora, Mexico.)

TRUE'S WHITE-TAILED DEKH. — 0. truei. (Honduras.)

MULE DEER. — O. licniionus. (Arizona.)

SITKA DEER. — O. columhiantis silkensis. Head and pair of antlers. (Ft. Simpson, B. C.)

GENUS MAZAMA.

TUNKAS BROCKET. — Mazama pandora. (Pueblo, Mexico.)

;

MISCELLANEOUS

GENUS RHINOCEROS.

AFRICAN TWO-HORNED RHINOCEROS. — Rhinoceros bicornis.
Horn, \Ql/2 inches. (Rhodesia.)

GENUS ELEPIIAS.

SIBERIAN MAMMOTH. — Elephas primigenius.

Tusk, length, 7 feet 10 inches. (Unalaklik, Alaska.)

GENUS PIIACOCIIAERUS.

WART-HOG. — Pliacochaerus africanus. Tusks, 14 inches.

SUMMARY

BISON, BUFFALOES, AND OTHERS 9 Species 21 Specimens

MOUNTAIN SHEEP 12 19

GOATS AND IBEXES 8

ANTELOPES 44 44

CARIBOU, MOOSE AND DEER 32 36

TUSKS, ETC 3

108 131

THE

NATIONAL COLLECTION

OF

HEADS AND HORNS

PART II

BY W. T. HORNADAY, Sc. D.

NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK
NEW YORK

SEPTEMBER 1, 1908

PLATE IX.— GIANT MOOSE ANTLERS, REED-McMILLIN COLLECTION

THE

NATIONAL COLLECTION

OF

HEADS AND HORNS

PART II

BY W. T. HORNADAY, Sc. D.

NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK

NEW YORK

SEPTEMBER 1, 1908

COPYRIGHT, 1,008, BY THE
NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

CONTENTS

The Year's Record 41

The Reed-McMillin Collection... 43

A Group of Gifts from Three Continents 57

Twenty Trophies from Africa 59

The Norton Gift 61

The Rarest Bison Head 62

A Trophy from the Harren Grounds 64

A Magnificent Big-IIorn Head 66

A New Subspecies of Takin 68

The Kaegebehn Gifts 69

Miscellaneous Gifts 73

Classified List of Gifts to the National Collection from April 1st,

1907, to July 1st, 1908 79

ILLUSTRATIONS

GIANT MOOSE ANTLERS, REED-McMiLLiN COLLECTION Frontispiece

EMERSON McMiLLiN 43

THE REED-McMiLLiN COLLECTION. PART 1 44

THE REED-McMiLLiN COLLECTION. PART II 45

ALASKAN MOOSE HEAD 47

OSBORN CARIBOU HEAD 51

BEAR HEADS 53

THE GREAT ALASKAN BROWN BEAR SKIN 54

PACIFIC WALRUS HEADS 55

GUTS FROM JOHN R. BRADLEY 58

AFRICAN ANTELOPE HEADS 60

WOOD BISON HEAD 63

BARREN GROUNDS MusK-Ox HEAD 65

LOWER CALIFORNIA BIG-HORN HEAD 67

MISCELLANEOUS GIFTS 70

MISCELLANEOUS GIFTS '. 72

REMARKABLE BEAR CLAW 75

PRONG-HORNED ANTELOPE, FROM MEXICO 77

PREFACE

THE National Collection of Heads and Horns represents an effort to build up a collection
that will adequately represent the big game of the world in general, and that of
America in particular. Such an undertaking is now rendered necessary by the rapid
disappearance of large mammalian life, all the world over. In 1906 a definite plan
was formulated by Madison Grant and William T. Hornaday, and laid before the New York
Zoological Society, proposing that a great collection be formed, that it be national in scope
and importance, that it be formed by sportsmen, and that it be owned and maintained perpet-
ually by the Society, in the New York Zoological Park.

This proposal was at once accepted by the Zoological Society, and as a nucleus Mr. Horn-
aday presented his private collection, as described in Part I of this publication. Until a
special building is erected for it, the Society will devote to the heads-and-horns collection the
two picture galleries of the new Administration Building which is now under construction.
These galleries will very well suffice for two or three years, but in the near future a spacious
fire-proof building will be necessary.

As already intimated, the object of this collection is to afford to the sportsman, naturalist,
and every other person interested in animals, a comprehensive and satisfactory view of the
big game of the world, with a wealth of detailed information and illustration. The first effort
will be to bring together materials for two complete series of heads and horns, one zoological,
the other geographical. In addition to these, it is desirable to form collections of horns and
antlers of specially important species, such as the moose, wapiti, mountain sheep and caribou,
to show their status in widely separated localities, and under varying conditions of food and
climate. For example: we now have moose heads from the Kenai Peninsula, the Atlin District
of British Columbia and from Green River, Wyoming, the farthest south of the species. We
must have, also, specimens representing New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, the Ottawa Country,
northern Minnesota and the farthest north of the moose. Such special collections surely will
be of real value to everyone who is interested in the species thus represented; and they will
form an important feature of the National Collection as a whole.

While it is quite essential that every specimen accepted for the National Collection shall
serve some specific purpose, and serve it well, it is not to be expected that each object shown
shall be of an extraordinary character. Of the rare species we must accept small specimens
and make much of them until large ones are offered. The tape measure is not to be the sole
arbiter, but of common species it is necessary that a high standard should be maintained.

Although this collection will be located in America, we hope that all sportsmen and natu-
ralists from abroad will enjoy it with us. The brotherhood to true sportsmanship is universal.
While we do not seek to impose upon foreign sportsmen any burdens in connection with this
undertaking, we do not hesitate to say that world-wide cooperation in the upbuilding of a
world-wide collection will be welcomed as cordially as we would welcome any brother-sports-
man to a seat at our camp-fire in a land of big game.

W. T. HORNADAY,
MADISON GRANT,
Committee in Charge of the Collection.

THE YEAR'S RECORD

THE record of the first year of the National Collection of Heads and
Horns is profoundly gratifying. It shows, beyond the possibility of
doubt, that the idea meets the hearty approval of American sportsmen,
and that they will work it out to a splendid consummation. With rare and
valuable gifts in hand at this moment which have come to us from Victoria,
British Columbia (Warburton Pike) ; from Santa Barbara, California (George
H. Gould) ; from London, (William Jamrach) ; from Chungking, China, 1200
miles up the Yangtse Kiang (Mason Mitchell) and a fine collection from
Philadelphia (George L. Harrison, Jr.), — saying nothing here of the gifts
from New York City, — we may fairly claim that the ultimate success of the
National Collection is assured.

It is indeed a great pleasure to report upon the gifts of a year which has
been so fruitful as that which has elapsed since May 1, 1907. They are so
numerous and so fine that it is impossible to do them justice within the limits
of a single number of this publication. The matchless Reed-McMillin collec-
tion deserves more space than it is possible to bestow upon all the gifts of the
entire year, and nothing less than a double number should be offered for what
must be set forth in Part II of this publication.

A glance at the gifts of the year, as they hang crowded together in what
we call Store Room No. 3 at the Lion House, is most interesting. The wall
space that is thickly covered with heads and horns, omitting the great bear
skins, which for the moment lie upon the floor, would if stretched out be 72 feet
long by 12 feet high. The plastered walls have been solidly covered with
planking, and that in turn has been covered by olive-green burlap, such as is
used in picture galleries. This storeroom — which is in a building absolutely
fire-proof — is now so full that another room has been fitted up for a similar
purpose, in the basement of the large Bird House.

Inasmuch as the construction of the Administration Building will begin
Sept. 1, and be finished in 1909, the Collection will ere long be suitably dis-
played. Pending the erection of a special building for its sole use, it will be
installed in the picture gallery of the new building, where it will be accessible to
all sportsmen, naturalists, and their friends.

42 The National Collection

It is now quite in order for gifts as yet unmade to be hastened somewhat,
in order that when the new building is "inaugurated" the National Collection
of Heads and Horns will constitute its chief feature of interest. With this
number of our annual publication, a circular letter will be sent to all the sports-
men of North America, whose names and addresses are on our list, and to it
their careful attention is earnestly invited.

There is a point on which the Committee in charge of the formation of the
National Collection bespeaks special consideration from all those making gifts.
While we very much desire to secure specimens that are extra large and fine,
and as many as possible that are "records," many others are desirable because
of their rarity, and possibly for other reasons equally good. We must have,
as early as possible, a complete collection as to species,, arranged geograph-
ically, for all the world, and another equally complete, arranged in zoological
sequence. Naturally the consummation of these two grand objects will lead
occasionally to the acceptance of a rare head that is really small for its kind,
with a view to replacing it in after years by another which will more fitly repre-
sent the species. In view of this condition, which really must be met, we ask all
contributors to give the Committee a reasonable amount of discretion in the
placing of their gifts in the two grand series which some day will render this
collection famous. Many specimens will be useful besides those that make
up the two series, for there will naturally be developed a number of special ex-
hibits, to serve special purposes, some of them of very decided importance.
For example, of a species that varies as greatly as does the White-Tailed
Deer, it will be well to illustrate those variations by a special collection of at
least a score of specimens, covering various localities.

Practically all the measurements recorded for the gifts received between
April 1, 1907, and July 1, 1908, were made by Ferdinand Kaegebehn,
Librarian of the New York Zoological Park. There is every reason for the
belief that they are conservative and correct. All dimensions are given in feet
and inches.

THE KEED-McMILLIN COLLECTION

EMERSON McMlLLIN

BY far the most important acces-
sion of the year 1907 was the
splendid collection of heads,
horns and skins of Alaskan big
game (Plates X and XI) made by
Mr. A. S. Reed, of England, and
purchased and presented by Mr.
Kmerson McMillin. of New York.

Ten years ago, the moose, cari-
bou, big brown bears and other game
animals of the Alaskan littoral were
much more numerous than they are
now, — or ever will be again. The
hunters of even less than ten years
ago were able to take their pick of
the huge individuals who had fed fat
and grown colossal in size, without
the dangers and casualties of to-day. In 1900, heads were obtainable by
persistent sportsmen which now are very hard to secure in the wilds. The
period of real moose and caribou slaughter set in about 1900, and since that date
very few sportsmen have collected moose-heads of 70 inches or above.

From 1896 to 1902 A. S. Reed, an Englishman, lived at Victoria, B.
C., and made frequent hunting expeditions to Alaska and northern British
Columbia. It was his practice to hunt the large horned game very late in the
fall or in the early winter, and to seek bears at the earliest possible period in the
spring. The choicest of all the heads and skins taken on these half-dozen ex-
peditions were carefully preserved, and afterward mounted in Victoria. Mr.
Reed's work was done by Fred. Foster, who certainly is one of the best
taxidermists of the whole Pacific coast, and it has been so well executed that
we are able to regard it with genuine satisfaction.

In the most sportsmanlike manner, Mr. Reed finally accumulated a large
collection of exceedingly valuable specimens, all in a fine state of preservation.

Heads and Horns

PLATE X

izi

0

0
0

2;

M

J
— .

u

s

K
E

Heads and Horns

PLATE XI

46 The National Collection

The collection was temporarily deposited in the club house of the Union Club,
Victoria, and for several years was displayed upon its walls. To all sportsmen
and naturalists who visited Victoria, the "Reed Collection" was shown as one
of the notable sights of the city.

Finally, in 1905, Mr. Reed left Victoria, and again took up his residence
in England ; and the final disposal of his collection became a serious question.
It became apparent that because of the impossibility of keeping it with him, or
even near him, it would be best to sell it, provided a satisfactory purchaser
should appear. The price first fixed for it was $10.000.00. Later on that was
reduced to $6,000.00, and at that figure the collection very narrowly escaped
being fatally sold in 1905.

For several years the "Reed Collection," in Victoria, was longingly re-
garded by many persons on this side of America. It was offered to two or
three museums, but fortunately none of them manifested any practical interest
in its purchase. By a strange combination of circumstances, all tending in the
same direction, it was reserved for the National Collection; and furthermore,
the National Collection was founded barely in the nick of time to secure it!

In the spring of 1907, immediately following the issue of Part I of this
publication, Mr. Madison Grant and the writer resolved to put forth as much
effort as might be found necessary to secure by popular subscription a fund
sufficient to purchase the "Reed Collection." Mr. Reed was at once located
and addressed, and an option was asked for, at $5,000.00 for the lot, leaving out
the bear skins. Mr. Reed replied that he would not like to divide the collec-
tion in any way, and in view of the important object for which the collection
was desired, we might have the whole of it for $5,000.00 ! It is unnecessary to
remark, after this statement, that Mr. Reed is unquestionably a true sports-
man.

At this juncture, Mr. Emerson McMillin, of New York, — banker, art
connoisseur, big-game hunter and member of the Camp-Fire Club of America,
intimated to the writer his desire to do something for the National Collection.
When the proposal regarding the purchase of the "Reed Collection" was fully
placed before him, without an instant's hesitation he said, "You buy the collec-
tion, have it brought on to New York, and I will pay both cost and carriage."

It is not only right and just, but also necessary, in accordance with the
eternal fitness of things, that henceforth this matchless collection and gift shall
be known to the world as the REED-McMILLIN COLLECTION.

Heads diid Horns

FIG. 15.— ALASKAN MOOSE HEAD
In the Reed-McMillin Collection

The purchase of the Reed Collection was closed with Mr. Reed on Sep-
tember 6, 1907, and the price paid was $5,000.00. The specimens were turned
over to Fred. Foster, taxidermist, of Victoria, on September 13, 1907.
Mr. Foster renovated everything, packed the collection in six huge cases, and
shipped it from Victoria on September 20, 1907. Hon. Abraham Smith,
American Consul at Victoria, representing the purchasers, inspected and ap-
proved the collection, and it was on his approval that the purchase price was
paid. Mr. Foster rendered the National Collection most excellent service in
the thorough and expeditious manner in which all his work was performed.

The collection arrived at the Lion House in the Zoological Park on Oc-
tober 16, 1907, and by the courtesy of the General Appraiser of the Port of
New York, the cases were not opened for examination until they reached the
Park. The total cost of renovating, packing and shipping the collection was
a trifle under $500.00, all of which was paid by Mr. McMillin.

48 , The National Collection

As a special favor to the Forest, Fish and Game Society of America, a
large portion of this collection was loaned for exhibition at its first Sportsman's
Show, held in the Grand Central Palace; but because of the dangers of fire,
and the impossibility of ever replacing these specimens, if once destroyed, they
never again will be sent away from the Zoological Park for exhibition, or for
any other purpose.

The Moose Heads.— Of all the big animals of Alaska— "big" bear, "big"
caribou and others, the "Giant" Moose, (Alces americanus gigas) appeals
most strongly to the imagination of everybody in general, and to the sports-
man in particular. It is truly the colossus of the North; and if the people of
the United States ever permit it to be even practically exterminated, they will
merit the scorn of all coming generations. Professor Osborn has said that
"Nature has been a million years in developing that wonderful animal; and
man should not ruthlessly destroy it!"

The sight of one fine head of an Alaskan Moose should be enough to in-
duce any good American citizen to support heartily the principle of game pro-
tection in our arctic province.

Thus far the largest Moose and the largest of all Moose antlers have come
from the Kenai Peninsula. It was there that Mr. Reed hunted Moose in Sep-
tember and October, 1900, and shot the six specimens whose heads now form
the most imposing feature of his collection. One only (Figure 15) has been
mounted ; and although the skins of the other five heads are present, in a fine
state of preservation, it seems to be the universal opinion of the animal painters
and sculptors, and horn experts, also, that the antlers look far more imposing
as they are, unmounted. We have been strongly advised by Mr. Carl Run-
gius and others, never to permit the grand-prize 76-inch antlers to be mounted.

It is well, however, to have one mounted head of an Alaskan Moose, in
order that the enormous bulk of the living animal may be appreciated.

The largest pair of Moose antlers (Plate IX) in this collection is, in the
opinion of the writer, the finest pair in the world. Its palmation is far wider,
and it has more points, than the antlers in the Field Museum, at Chicago, which
in spread surpass this pair by 2j inches. When killed, this head had a spread
of 76 inches, but in eight years of drying it has shrunken to 75 inches. All
Moose antlers lose width in about that proportion. Up to this time, Moose
antlers have been ranked by their spread alone; but I think that is a mistake.
In my opinion, area of palmation should be regarded as the leading feature, for
it is that which is most impressive in Moose antlers, — far more so than wide

Head ft tind

49

spread and narrow "shovel." 1 have seen several antlers with great spread
that were not so fine or desirable as others of less spread but better palmation.
The measurements of Mr. Reed's six Moose heads are to-day as shown
below ; but it must be remembered that the measurements of fresh heads are not
to be compared with those taken from heads that are thoroughly dry.

MOOSE HEADS

CATA-

LOGUE

Nl'M-
BKR

INNER RDGE

GREAT-
EST
SPREAD

L/ENGTH ON
OUTSIDE
CURVE

GREATEST
WIDTH OF
PALMATION

CIRCUMFER-
ENCE OF BEAM
ABOVE BURR

NUMBER OP
POINTS

Right

Left

Right

Left

Right

Left

Right

Left

Right

Left

117

41

40

75

41%

40 f6

18

2\%

9

10%

19

23

118

43 %

43

71/i

48

48

17*

16%

9K

9%

18

16

119

45

44 %

64%

47

46%

16%

15%

93A

9ft

12

15

120

44

46%

61^

47

48

18/^

2134

9

9

13

16

121

37%

37

68

41

43%

12

131A

83/4

8H

19

19

122

38%

38%

63tt

4234

42

1334

13%

9%

9%

17

19

The Caribou Heads. — The six mounted heads of Caribou collected by Mr.
Reed represent two species, and also two groups. Fortunately the finest head
in the series is also the rarest. It was killed in the Cassiar Mountains, of
northern British Columbia, in 1896, and represents the Osborn Caribou,—
Rangifcr osborni (Figure 17). In size, in massiveness, length of tines and
general ensemble, this is certainly one of the finest Caribou heads in existence.
A cut of it appears in an elaborate illustrated paper on "The Caribou," by
Madison Grant, published in the Annual Report of the New York Zoological
Society for 1902. This species, named in honor of Prof. Henry Fairfield
Osborn, is one of the largest, and weighs from 550 to 700 pounds. Mr. Grant
states that "K. osborni are found living throughout the year in the high moun-
tains above timber-line, and are the largest and handsomest Caribou known."
It is indeed good fortune to have secured the famous head that is figured here-
with.

The other Caribou heads, five in number, were taken on the western side
of the Alaskan Peninsula, in September and October, 1901. They are Rangifer
granti, and represent a species described in 1902, and named in honor of
Madison Grant, through whose efforts the type specimens were collected.

This species belongs to the Barren Ground group of Caribou, and is a
much smaller animal than the robust Kenai, Osborn and Mountain species,
which are woodlanders. The antlers are longer in the beam, have fewer points,

50

The National Collection

and are also of distinctly lighter build. Formerly Grant Caribou were abun-
dant on the Alaska Peninsula, but so many have been butchered to make an
arctic holiday that few remain. Thanks to the Alaska game laws, the Sec-
retary of Agriculture has absolutely prohibited the killing of both Grant Cari-
bou and the Kenai species, on their respective peninsulas. The following-
table gives the dimensions of the six Caribou heads in this collection:

CARIBOU HEADS

SPECIES

CATA-
LOGUE
NUM-
BER

LENGTH ON
OUTEK CURVE

GREATEST
OUTSIDE
SPREAD

CIRCUMFERENCE
OF BEAM ABOVE
BROWTINE

POINTS

Right

Left

Right

Left

Right

Lefl

Rangifer osborni

123

55?4

56

44

8

8

26

18

Rangifer granti

124

57

59?4

49

11A

9

11

18

i * < t

125

58 J4

62

50

73/8

8^/8

9

15

• ( i (

126

50^

52tt

42^

8^

73/6

13

12

t « t .

127

54

60

43>/2 7*/4

iy&

20

14

< t « »

128

54

55^

50^

7%

11A

18

14

White Mountain Sheep. — On the Kenai Peninsula, in November and
December, 1900, Mr. Reed collected the ten sheep heads now in the collection.
The species which inhabit that locality has been described (by J. A. Allen) as
a sub-species of the original form, the type of which was collected by E. W.
Nelson, in 1884, in the Tanana country.

The Kenai form has been christened Ovis dalli kenaiensis, and it is be-
lieved by some authorities that its horns "nearly always" are developed in a
closer spiral than the horns of White Sheep from the main range of the Rockies.
Be that as it may, we have here a splendid series of heads from the Kenai
country, and when some one else places us in possession of an equally good
series from other portions of the home of the White Sheep, we can have an
opportunity to judge for ourselves regarding the horn architecture of the two
forms.

A great many of the White Sheep now in the halls of sportsmen, and in
museums generally, have been collected either in the summer or early autumn,
when the new pelage was short and scanty, and sometimes stained with earth.
Summer-killed specimens do not fully represent any ruminant species of the
temperate or arctic zones, but often in remote localities they are the only
ones obtainable by the long-distance sportsman.

Heads and 1 1 or us

51

FIG. 17.— OSBORN CARIBOU HEAD

In the winter-killed sheep specimens of Mr. Reed, the pelage is of maxi-
mum length. Indeed, on the three mounted heads it is so long as to almost
mask the form and proportions of the head and face. Often in the mounting
of heads clothed with full-length pelage, the skill of the taxidermist is taxed to
the utmost to turn out a finished head that will not look commonplace, or even
shapeless, by reason of its great mask of long hair.

Inasmuch as the killing of White Sheep on the Kenai Peninsula is now
absolutely prohibited, we may congratulate ourselves upon having secured this

52

The National Collection

surpassingly fine series of mounted heads, skulls and head-skins to match.
The horn measurements of the five largest specimens are as follows :

WHITE SHEEP HEADS

CATA-
LOGUE

NUM-
BER

CIRCUMFERENCE AT
BASE

LENGTH ON OUTER
CURVE

WIDEST OUTSIDE
SPREAD

DISTANCE BETWEEN
TIPS

Right

Left

Right

Left

137

13

13

37 %

383/8

20^8

19#

138

12#

13

36/8

365/8

205/4

20^

134

12&

12 A

34^

34^

23tt

23/8

136

125/8

123/8

343/4

36

21

20/8

135

12#

12#

33^

35^8

20 ^

19H

THE BEAR SKINS AND HEADS

Skins. — It is here that the writer hesitates, and would gladly be excused ;
for the gloom surrounding the classification and individual identity of the
hears of Alaska is at times impenetrable. For example, who can name the
species to which these bears belong (except the Black Bear) without dismount-
ing the heads, and taking out the skulls to examine them?

The largest bear skin is a sad blow to the supremacy of the Kadiak Island
Bear, (Ursus middendorffi) , whose title to fame has rested chiefly upon his
superior size. Here is a skin taken on the western side of the Alaska Peninsula,
in April, 1901, which once was worn by nothing less than an ursine monster.
It does not look stretched beyond its proper limits, and I think it is about as
Nature made it; which, by the way, is a rare thing in big skins of Alaskan
Brown Bears. Usually they are stretched to the limit of possibility, and some-
times extra length is obtained at a loss of width which ruins the true propor-
tions.

The huge skin shown in the accompanying plate (Figure 16) measures 9
ft. 4 in. in length from end of nose to tip of tail ; 8 ft. 2 in. across front paws, to
base of middle claws; and 6 ft. 5 in. in width at the middle of the body, as
trimmed and made into a rug. The head measurements are given in the table
below, its catalogue number being 145.

This skin is precisely similar in color to that of the Kadiak Bear, but its
head seems to be shorter, especially in the muzzle. It will be remembered that
the Kadiak species is marked by an extremely long muzzle, (i. e. the nose, from

Heads and Horn*

PLATE XII

1 Alaskan Brown Bear

2 Alaskan Brown Bear

ALASKAN BEAR HEADS
In the Reed-McMillin Collection

3 Alaskan Brown Bear

4 Alaskan Brown Bear
Skull of an Alaskan Brown Bear

5 Alaskan Brown Bear

6 Alaskan Black Bear

.54

The National Collection

FIG. 16.— THE GREAT ALASKAX BROWN BEAK SKIN
In the Reed-McMillin Collection

the eyes, forward) . Three forms of Alaskan Brown Bears have been described
from the Alaska Peninsula; Ursus merriami, by Allen, Ursus dalli gyas and
kidderi, by Merriam. This giant skin, — which surely is one of the very finest
bear skins in existence, — may represent any one of those forms, or neither of
them; and the observer of it is left to take his choice of names.

There are two other bear skins, smaller, of lighter and more varied colors
than the giant, and it is reasonably safe to believe that they represent imma-
ture specimens of the same species.

Heads. (Plate XII.) — Of mounted heads there are six. Five are of
Alaskan Brown Bears, of various ages and sizes, and one is of a large Black
Bear. All were killed on the w-estern slope of the Alaska Peninsula in April
and May, 1901. Three of the "big Brown Bear" heads are very large, and
each has its own peculiarities. All are in fine pelage, but having been killed

Heads and Horns

I'I.ATK XIII

PACIFIC WALRUS HEADS AND TUSKS
In the Reed-McMillin Collection

56

The National Collection

in the spring, it is almost certain that their colors are lighter than they were in
the late fall and early winter. This seasonal color change is one of the few con-
stant conditions that have marked the four Alaskan Brown Bears (from three
localities) now living in the New York Zoological Park.

The measurements of the four large mounted heads of big Brown Bears,
and the mounted head on the large skin, are as follows:

BEAR HEADS

CATA-
LOGUE
NUM-
BER

EAR TO END
OF NOSE
DIRECT LINE

GREATEST
BREADTH AT JAWS
ACROSS UPPER
CANINES

INNER CIRCUM-
FERENCE OF EYE
TO END OF NOSE

BETWEEN EARS
AT BASE

CIRCUMFERENCE
AROUND JAWS

145

19 Y4

4K

7/8

16#

26^ Open

139

19 7A

4

8

14%

25^ "

140

17%

3%

7tt

13#

23

141

17/8

t%

7H

151/!

18#i Closed

142

14#

3

7

12

19 Open

The Walrus Heads and Tusks. (Plate XIII).— The Reed-McMillin
collection contains two mounted heads of Pacific Walrus, (Odobaenus obcsus)
and seven pairs of Walrus tusks. The heads themselves are very large, and
excellently mounted, but none of the tusks are of unusual size. Their owners
were killed by Mr. Reed, on the west coast of the Alaska Peninsula, in
November, 1901.

The Pacific Walrus is a far larger animal than its Atlantic relative, and
its form is much more remarkable. Its most astonishing feature is the great
height and enormous neck of the adult male, which really is almost incredible
until seen. A specimen measured by Henry W. Elliot on Walrus Island,
Bering Sea, measured 12 ft. 7 in. in length, not including the hind flippers,
and its girth was 14 feet! Naturally, the mounted head of such a marine mon-
ster as this is a remarkable object, and rarely come by, even in a natural history
museum. An adult bull Pacific Walrus which could be induced to live in a
show for one season would be a greater wonder than forty elephants. Unfor-
tunately, however, such an animal never has been kept in captivity, and prob-
ably never will be. The dimensions of the two large mounted heads in the

collection are as follows:

No. 149,
Greatest width .................................................... 15 inches;

Circumference of muzzle ....................... . ............ 45f

Width of muzzle .................................................. 15J 14f

Circumference, at back of head .......................... 59J 52§

No. 150,
15 inches.

A GROUP OF GIFTS FROM THREE CONTINENTS

EARLY in 1907, and immediately following the first announcement of
the founding of the National Collection by the acceptance of the
"nucleus," Mr. John Roger Bradley offered three trophy heads from
his African hunting trip. One was a Coke Hartebeest, — Bubalis cokei (Plate
XIV, Fig. 2), another an Impala Antelope, — Aepyceros melampus (Plate
XIV, Fig. 1), and the third and finest was a Common Waterbuck, — Cobus
cUiLmi pry mints (Plate XIV, Fig. 4). All three were shot by Mr. Bradley in
British East Africa in 1905.

Next in order, Mr. Bradley offered a fine and very valuable mounted
head of a Siberian Argali, — Ovis ammon (Plate XIV, Fig. 5), shot by him
in the Altai Mountains of Central Asia in 1906. This is a great prize. We
know that in this country there are several fine pairs of horns of this matchless
species of wild sheep, the largest pair being already in the National Collec-
tion, but of mounted heads we know of no others in America than those shot by
Mr. Bradley.

The specimen that now is ours was shot in the early autumn, while its
pelage was short, and in fact it shows in a very interesting way the transition
stage, from summer to winter. The horn measurements of this head are as
follows :

Basal circumference, right 19i inches; left, 19 J inches; length on curve,
right 47i inches; left, 47 inches.

Circumference 18 inches from base, right 15 J inches; left, 14J inches.

Circumference one inch from tip, right 4 inches; left, 3f inches.

Distance between tips, 34 inches.

The age of the animal was about 13 years.

Mr. Bradley's last gift was the mounted head of an Atlantic Walrus,
Odobaenus rosmarus (Plate XIV, Fig. 3), shot by him in Smith Sound in
1907. By two fortunate circumstances, we are thus early placed in possession
of mounted heads of both the Atlantic and Pacific Walrus, the only walrus
species now in existence.

Heads and Horns

PLATE XIV

GIFTS FROM JOHN R. BRADLEY

1 Impala Antelope

2 Coke Hartebeeste

3 Atlantic Walrus

4 Common Waterbuck

5 Siberian Argali

TWENTY TROPHIES FROM AFRICA

EARLY in 1907, Mr. George L. Harrison, Jr., of Philadelphia, noted
the founding of the National Collection, and decided to contribute
toward it. His first gift of mounted heads was presently followed by
another, and a little later he added to them a highly desirable shipment, from
London, of unmounted heads and horns.

Mr. Harrison has made two trips to the big-game region of East Africa in
quest of large game, in both of which he was very successful. His collection
contains representations of about sixty species of large mammalia, usually a
pair of each. All the mounted heads presented to us by Mr. Harrison (Plate
XV) were prepared by Rowland Ward, of London, and are admirably
executed. Mr. Ward's men have had so much experience in the mounting of
African Antelopes, and they also have in the London Zoological Gardens such
fine opportunities to study living specimens, their proficiency is no cause for
wonder. Those who are familiar with the group of African antelopes, gazelles,
hartebeests, kudus and other forms will realize that the making of two com-
plete collections of them is a long and toilsome task, and the possession of a
hundred specimens means scarcely more than a beginning.

The collection presented by Mr. Harrison contains several specimens of
prime rarity. The White-Eared Cob, — Cobus leucotis (Plate XV, Fig. 3),
and the Red-Fronted Gazelle, — Gazella rufifrons (Plate XV, Fig. 8), are
so rare in America that it is doubtful whether there are ten men in America who
—not having hunted them — can recognize them at sight. The former is hand-
somely marked in a pattern of black and white. The Grant Gazelle, repre-
sented by a fine pair of heads, is assuredly one of the handsomest of the many
species of Gazella. Of the small species, none is more dainty than the little
Thomson Gazelle, which, with its large display of horns on a very diminutive
head looks proud in the extreme.

The largest mounted specimen in Mr. Harrison's fine group, is the
head of a Common Waterbuck, — Cobus ellipsiprymmis ( Plate XV, Fig. 1 ) .
A complete enumeration of this valuable donation reveals the following:

Heads and Horns

PLATE XV

GEO. L. HARRISON'S GIFT OF AFRICAN ANTELOPE HEADS

1 Common Waterbuck 4 Grant Gazelle $

2 Coke Hartebeeste 5 Dorcas Gazelle

3 White-Eared Cob 6 Thomson Gazelle

10 Addra Gazelle $

11

7 Addra Gazelle 9

8 Red-Fronted Gazelle

9 Grant Gazelle 5
Dorcas Gazelle

Heads and Horns 61

MOUNTED HEADS

(PLATE XV.)

WATERBUCK, (Cobus ellipsiprymnus). $ Dinder River, Sudan, at Abyssinian Border.

February, 1906. (Figure 1.)
WHITE-EARED COB, (Cobus leucotis). $ Bahr-el-Zerafe and White Nile. February, 1906.

(Figure 3.)

ADDRA GAZELLE, (Gasella ruficollis). <J Bara, Kordofan. January, 1907. (Figure 10.)
ADDHA GAZELLE, (Gasella ruficollis). 9 Bara, Kordofan. January, 1907. (Figure 7.)
DORCAS GAZELLE, (Gasella dorcas). $ Kordofan. January, 1908. (Figure 5.)
GRANT GAZELLE, (Gasella granti). $ Lake Naivasha, B. E. A. August, 1904. (Fig. 4.)
GRANT GAZELLE, (Gasella granti). 5 Lake Naivasha, B. E. A. August, 1904. (Fig. Q.)
RED-FRONTED GAZELLE, (Gasella rufifrons). $ Bara, near Kordofan. January, 1907.

(Figure 8.)
THOMSON GAZELLE, (Gasella thomsoni). 3 Nairobi, B. E. Africa. January, 1904.

(Figure 6.)
COKE HARTEBEEST, (Eubalis cokei). $ Nairobi, B. E. A. July, 1904. (Figure 2.)

UNMOUNTED HEADS, ETC.

ABYSSINIAN BUFFALO, (Bos equinoctialis) . Scalp.

ABYSSINIAN BUSHBUCK, (Tragelaphus scriptus decula). Skull and horns.

TORA HARTEBEEST, (Bubalis tora). Skull and horns.

GRANT GAZELLE, (Gasella granti). Horns.

IMPALA, (Aepyceros melampus). Scalp.

DORCAS GAZELLE, (Gasella dorcas). Horns. (Figure 11.)

REEDBUCK, (Cervicapra arundinum). Skull and horns.

SOEMMERRING GAZELLE, (Gasella soemmerringi) . Skull, horns and scalp.

LION. Two skulls.

THE NORTON GIFT

MR. John W. Norton, of New York City and Cazenovia, success-
ful hunter in Africa and in North America, has presented to the Col-
lection a valuable series of horns, skulls and head skins of African
big game, all in a fine state of preservation, and also three mounted heads.
Although the gift was offered with some hesitation, because the African heads
are unmounted, both the rarity and the general excellence of the specimens
justified their acceptance with gratitude. A gift which contains a Greater
Kudu, an Eland, a Baker Roan Antelope and a Crawshay Waterbuck is to be
regai-ded with unqualified appreciation.

Regarding the future of this gift, we are in an unusual dilemma. The
skulls are all in so good a state of preservation that it seems a pity to lose their
zoological value by mounting the head skins over them. On the other hand,
the head skins are entirely too fine to be kept unmounted! If funds become
available, we may yet cut the Gordion knot by having the horns removed from

62 The National Collection

the skulls, and mounting the head skins over cast skulls, thus disproving the
arrogant proverb which says that "You can not have your cake and eat it, too!"
In addition to thirteen specimens collected in Africa in 1906, Mr. Norton's
gift includes three mounted heads from Wyoming, one of which is of a female
Prong-Horned Antelope which hears horns. Few sportsmen, we venture to
say, ever have seen such a specimen. The complete list of Mr. Norton's gift is
as follows:

AMERICAN WAPITI, (Cervus canadensis). 9 Mounted head.
PRONG-HORNED ANTELOPE, (Antilocapra americana). 9 Mounted head.
MULE DEER, (Odocoileus liemionus). 9 Mounted head.
CRAWSHAV WATERBUCK, (Cobus crawshayi). Skull, horns and skin.
COMMON WATERBUCK, (Cobus ellipsiprymnus). Skull, horns and skin.
COMMON WATERBUCK, (Cobus ellipsiprymnus). Skull, horns and skin.
GRANT GAZELLE, (Gazella granti). Skull, horns and skin.
GRANT GAZELLE, (Gazella granti). Skull, horns and skin.
ELAND, (Taurotragus oryx). Skull, horns and skin.
GREATER KUDU, (Strepsiceros kudu). Skull, horns and skin.
-BAKER ROAN ANTELOPE, (Hippotragus bakeri). Skull, horns and skin.
IMPALA, (Aepyceros melampus). Skull, horns and skin.

WARD REDUNCA ANTELOPE, (Cervicapra redunca wardi). Skull, horns and head skin.
WARD REDUNCA ANTELOPE, (Cervicapra redunca mardi). Horns on skull.
IMPALA, (Aepyceros melampus). Horns on skull.
COKE HARTEBEEST, (Bubalis cokei). Horns on skull.

THE RAREST BISON HEAD

MR. Caspar Whitney's gift (Figure 18) of a finely-mounted head of a
Wood Bison constitutes a notable addition. Few indeed are the pre-
served specimens, mounted or unmounted, which represent the very
last important wild remnant of the American Bison species. With the excep-
tion of the pitifully small band of about twenty -five head in the Yellowstone
Park, — reduced from 300 by the murderous attacks of poachers who ought to
be hanged as fast as they can be located, — no other wild Bison remain alive save
the Canadian herd of the far north. In the central portion of the province of
Athabasca, in what is known as the "Peace River Country," there are a number
of small herds of Bison. When Ernest T. Seton penetrated that region
in 1907, he saw three bands, and counted thirty -five head, three of which were
calves. Mr. Seton's estimate of the total number of Bison in that region is
300; and that is also the estimate of the Canadian Mounted Police of that
district.

Heads and Horn*

03

FIG. 18.— WOOD BISON HEAD

For some reason that remains to be fully explained, the herds of that re-
gion are not increasing as they should. In fact, the total seems practically at
a standstill. For this, two causes have been suggested, — poaching, and the
destruction of young stock by gray wolves. For the past six years, the bison
of Athabasca have been protected by the laws of the Canadian government,
and the bounty on gray wolves, taken in that region, has been raised to $20 per

64 The National Collection

head. It is understood that for the future more stringent methods will be
adopted for the prevention of poaching.

Regarding the precise character of the Wood Bison, much remains to be
disclosed, but the cessation of all killing relegates the gathering of more
"material" to the distant future. Judge, then, the zoological value of the
head presented by Mr. Whitney, and of the very, very few other specimens of
the kind which possibly exist elsewhere. So far as we are aware, in the days
when this so-called "Wood" Bison could lawfully be hunted and shot, no
sportsman ever killed one. The only complete specimen known to the writer
is a huge mounted bull in the Government Museum at Ottawa.

The head in the National Collection shows one marked peculiarity. The
hair of the entire head, exclusive of the neck and chin, is remarkably curly,
and of a uniform, deep-black color. The hair of the forehead, muzzle and cheeks
looks as if it had been gone over with curling-irons. The frontlet is rather
short, suggesting a September growth ; but the beard is of good length.

Judging by the horns, the animal was, when killed, about six or seven
years old. The head is in an excellent state of preservation, and in view of
all circumstances it is of really priceless value. The measurements of the
horns are as follows:

Circumference at base 15 inches

Length on outer curve 18^ "

Greatest outside spread 30| "

Distance between tips

A TROPHY FROM THE BARREN GROUNDS

IN the year 1889, Mr. Warburton Pike came from a comfortable London
club to the wilds of Canada, and immediately penetrated the Barren
Grounds north of Great Slave Lake to the home of the Musk-Ox. We
believe he was the first sportsman who ever saw the Barren-Ground Musk-
Ox at home, the first to describe that animal on its native heath, and map the
lake region northeastward of Great Slave Lake. The terrible hardships en-
dured by the daring explorer during his winter trip to the Barren Grounds,
combined with a wealth of valuable observations, are recorded in Mr. Pike's

Heads ami

FIG. 19.— BARREN GROUNDS MUSK-OX HEAD

first book "The Barren Grounds of Northern Canada," (Macmillan, 1892), a
work that now is justly famous, especially among sportsmen and naturalists.
Naturally, the head trophies which it is possible for a hunter to bring out
of the Barren Grounds in midwinter, are few in number. The majority of
those shot and preserved by Mr. Pike were finally abandoned as the party
fled southward to escape death by freezing or starvation. Of the few that

66 The National Collection

were saved, one of the finest appears in Rowland Ward's list of "record"
Musk-Ox heads, for the world, as No. 8 from the top. The trophy (Figure 19)
which Mr. Pike selected to represent him in the National Collection of Heads
and Horns is very nearly equal to that mentioned above.

One glance at the long, wide-sweeping horns and long brown hair of this
specimen is sufficient to convince any sportsman that it is indeed "one of the
finest." It takes on additional interest from the fact that it was mounted by
our old friend, the late John Fannin, formerly curator of the Victoria (B. C.)
Museum, who by many sportsmen and naturalists of the United States as well
as Canada, is affectionately remembered.

The measurements of Mr. Pike's justly famous Musk-Ox head are as
follows :

Length on curve, 26 J inches; widest outside spread, 28 inches; distance
between tips, 26 f inches; width across base, 8^ inches; circumference at base,
20J inches.

A MAGNIFICENT BIG HORN HEAD

THERE is only one English adjective which fitly and adequately describes
the Mountain Sheep head, from Lower California, that has just been
presented to this collection by Mr. George H. Gould, of Santa Bar-
bara. That word is "magnificent." It is not only one of the finest heads ever
taken on the American continent, but I think that it is probably the greatest
trophy of Ovis canadensis that ever fell to the rifle of a gentleman sportsman.
There are three other very fine heads with which the writer is acquainted, but all
of them were taken by mercenaries and sold for what they would bring in coin.
In the great majority of cases it is the local Indian, or "resident" hunter or
guide, who has the time to follow up "the head of heads" until he brings it
down.

As one sees the "Gould head" for the first time (Figure 20), its surpassing
qualities are apparent at a glance. The horns are not only of great size and
length, but they are absolutely perfect in surface and in general preservation,
and their splendid circle and outward spread are everything that could be de-
sired. We had seen illustrations of this head, but it is now clear that not one
of them ever conveyed a more than half adequate impression of the reality.

1 1 ends and Horns

FIG. ->().-LO\\K14 CAI.IFOHMA BIG-HORN HKAD

Already this head is historic, and is known to many American sportsmen
on both sides of the continent. It was exhibited at the first Sportsmen's Show
in New York, in May, 1895, and the judges of the heads shown there by
"amateur sportsmen," reported as follows: "It is, on the whole, the finest
head of which we have any record." Its official measurements were then re-
corded in "Hunting in Many Lands," a "Book of the Boone and Crockett
Club," on page 428, as follows: girth, 16 J inches; length on curve, 42| inches;
spread. 2.5 :f inches. To those we will add two more that are of importance;
circumference 18 inches from base, 13 inches; circumference one inch from tip,
42 inches.

68 The National Collection

In Rowland Ward's "Records of Big Game," this head stands as No.
3 in a list of 55, which has been arranged according to the length on the curve.
The death of this ram is described by Mr. Gould in the "Book of the Boone and
Crockett Club" for 1905, on page 55, under the title "To the Gulf of Cortez."
On the brass plate affixed to the shield of this gift, the donor has caused to be
engraved the following inscription: "Gift of George H. Gould, Santa Bar-
bara, California. Shot December, 1894, in eastern part of Lower California,
about latitude 31°, just north of the northern end of San Pedro Martir
Mountains."

Every sportsman will fully appreciate the generosity of Mr. Gould in
thus bestowing, in this collection, his most valuable trophy. Not only does it
stand for the chief incident of a very severe trip, but its intrinsic value is very
considerable.

A NEW SUB-SPECIES OF TAKIN

FROM the Hon. Mason Mitchell, now American Consul at Chungking,
China, but soon to be transferred to Apia, Samoa, we have received
what is undoubtedly the rarest specimen thus far acquired by the
National Collection. It is the entire skin, skull and horns of a Takin, from
the province of Szechuan, Western China, of a form that is new to science, and
which has very recently been described by Mr. Lydekker and christened
Budorcas taxicolor mitchelli, in honor of its discoverer.

Until very recently, not one specimen of that rare and curious creature,
half goat and half antelope, and larger than a mule deer, ever had been killed
by a white man. The species was known solely by two or three mounted
skins, and perhaps a dozen pairs of horns that had been taken by native hunt-
ers and carried across the border from southern China into northeastern
Assam. The "nucleus collection" contained a pair of horns, as shown in Plate
IV, (Fig. 6), of Part I, but no one looked forward to further accessions from
that species at this early date.

In a case that has been five months in transit, and that looked as if it had
come from the farthest corner of the earth ; closely swathed in many thicknesses
of cloth, sewed up like a mummy and smelling of the most pungent of the pow-
ders that are dealt in by the Chinese apothecary to keep off bugs, mice and rats

Heads and Horns 69

of all sorts, there came to us a whole skin, skull and horns of a full grown male
Takin. It was shot by Mr. Mitchell in the province of Szechuan, western
China ; which is many days hard travel heyond Chungking, which is 1500 miles
up the Yengtse-Kiang River.

Judging from the skin before us, this animal is about the size of a Sable
Antelope (Hippotragus niger) ; and its hair is straight, close and antelope-
like. Budorcas taxicolor is distinguished by the redness of its pelage, but B. t.
initchelli may be described as a yellowish-gray animal, with rufus shoulders, a
black or dark dorsal stripe, and a black face-patch. Mr. Mitchell says that
in Szechuan both the red and the gray Takin are found, the former usually
being found in small herds, the latter solitary. The type of the new subspecies
is believed to be by this date in the British Museum of Natural History at
South Kensington.

Unfortunately, at this moment, it is a practical impossibility to present
an illustration of this unique gift that would adequately portray it. As soon
as the head is mounted, however, the skin will be displayed beneath it, and both
will then be fit subjects for the camera.

GIFTS OF FERDINAND KAEGEBEHN

BECAUSE of Mr. Kaegebehn's special interest in the Wapiti group of the
round-horned deer, in the last years of the Arizona Wapiti of the Santa
Catalina Mountains he secured a fine pair of antlers representing that
species. Although living as late as 1901, the species is now believed to be
(mite extinct; and what is still worse, there now appear to be in existence only
three pairs of its antlers, of which the gift of Mr. Kaegebehn is one. Our
specimen was collected in 1884 by F. W. Heyne, Superintendent of the
Arizona Copper Prince Mines, of Bisbee, Arizona. We are fortunate in
securing this rare and zoologically valuable specimen of an important Ameri-
can species that was not even described until it was "already on the verge of
extinction."* It appears as Fig. 2 in Plate XVI, and its measurements are
as follows : Length on curve, left 40f inches ; right 37} inches ; outside spread 43
inches; circumference of burr, 9j inches, and above burr 9 inches. It will be

* E. W. Nelson, in BULLETIN of the American Museum of Natural History, 1902.

P. 1.

Heads and Horns

PLATE XVI

1 Mule Deer

2 Arizona Wapiti

3 Olympic Wapiti

MISCELLANEOUS GIFTS

4 Desert Mule Deer

5 Maral Deer

6 Tibetan Argali

7 Tibetan Antelope

8 Pacific Walrus Tusks

9 Wild Yak

Nos. I, 2, 3, 4, 5 gift of Ferdinand Kaegebehn; 6, 7, 9 gift of William Jamrach;

8 gift of Madison Grant

and Horn ft 71

noticed that these antlers possess only one pair of brow tines, in which it ap-
pears to he unique among the Wapiti of the world.

While the Olympic Wapiti, of the Olympic Mountains, Washington, is
not entitled to the specific rank that once was accorded to it, it is highly desir-
ahle that that isolated group of Ccrriix ctiiiddcnxift should he represented in this
collection.

The pair of Maral Deer antlers ( Plate XVI, Fig. 5), presented by Mr.
Kaegebelm are without a definite locality, hut their identity seems unmistak-
able. The Mule Deer antlers (Plate XVI. Fig. 1), from Montana, are of
good si/e and symmetry. The single horn of an American Bison is a very
large specimen with a melancholy history. It is from the bull which treach-
erously murdered Dick Rock, the well-known ranchman and wild-animal fan-
cier of Henry's Lake, Idaho.

In addition to the interesting and valuable group of horns listed above,
Mr. Kaegebehn has presented a large series of old line engravings executed by
Johann Elias Ridinger, depicting European red deer, fallow deer and roedeer
in their haunts and in the chase. This may be regarded as the first contribu-
tion to a collection that must be formed as rapidly as possible to illustrate the
rise and progress of wild-animal painting and sculpture.

The full list of Mr. Kaegebehn's gifts is as follows:

ARIZONA WAPITI, (Cervus merriami). Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona. Antlers and skull.
(Plate XVI, Fig. 2.)

OLYMPIC WAPITI, (Cervus canatlensis occidentalis). Olympic Mountains, Washington. Ant-
lers. (Plate XVI, Fig. 3.)

MAHAL DEER, (Cervus elaphas moral). Caucasus Mountains. Antlers and skull. (Plate
XVI, Fig. 5.)

DESERT MULE DEER, (Odocoileus hemionus eremicus). Tiburon Island. Antlers. (Plate
XVI, Fig. 4.)

Mri.E DEER, (Odocoileus hemionus}. Montana. Antlers and skull. (Plate XVI, Fig. 1.)

AMERICAN BISON, (Bos americanus). Idaho. Right horn.

A collection of old copper prints of wild animals, by Johann Elias Ridinger. 1 large print, 25
display-size prints and fifty folio-size. Subjects, principally remarkable specimens of red
deer, fallow deer and roedeer.

Heads and Horns

PLATE XVII

MISCELLANEOUS GIFTS

1 American Wapiti

2 Wild Reindeer

3 Wild Reindeer

4 Greater Kudu

5 South American Marsh Deer

No. 1 gift of Thomas D. Leonard ; 2 gift of Fred. Sauter ; 3 gift of Ruthven W. Pike ;
4 gift of Alexander Brown; 5 gift of Edgar F. Randolph

MISCELLANEOUS GIFTS

From MADISON GRANT, New York City :

PACIFIC WALRUS. Tusks. (Plate XVI, Fig. 8.)

WHITE MOUNTAIN SHEEP, (Or/.v tlalli). Two mounted heads of ft-male and young.

The Walrus tusks (Plate XVI, Fig. 8) presented by Mr. Grant are of
extraordinary length and size, and beyond doubt they are among the largest
on record. Even as they now are, after about 3J inches have been sawn off
from the base of each tusk, they measure 31 J inches in length, and 8£ inches in
greatest circumference. In West Africa they would pass readily as elephant
tusks. They were collected in Bering Sea regions by the late Captain Z. L.
Tanner, for many years on duty in northern Pacific waters on the U. S. S.
Albatross.

The two heads of White Mountain Sheep presented by Mr. Grant are of
special interest because they were obtained at the "farthest north" of their spe-
cies, in the extreme northern end of the Rocky Mountain chain, about forty
miles west of the Mackenzie River and only fifty miles from the Arctic Ocean!
So far as we are aware, the locality represented by these two specimens is the
most northerly outpost of the Genus Oris.

From THOMAS D. LEONARD, New York:

AMERICAN WAPITI. Mounted head. (Plate XVII, Fig. 1.)

Naturally, a National Collection of Heads and Horns formed in America
will be expected to contain several heads of an important species like the Amer-
ican Wapiti. Manifestly it is impossible for one or two specimens adequately
to illustrate the antlers of the largest round-horned deer of the world. There
are antlers of several distinct types, — the massive, the slender, the wide spread-
ers, the antlers that are "cupped" at their extremities, and others.

Mr. Leonard has presented to the collection its first Wapiti head. It was
selected by him in the Jackson Hole Country of Wyoming, because of its very
massive construction. In all their upper tines, these antlers are unusually
heavy, but unfortunately no photograph adequately brings out this feature.
As every sportsman is aware, the antlers of greatest length are almost invari-
ably rather slender; but I think that in the eyes of most hunters, massiveness

74 The National Collection

is regarded quite as desirable as slender length. By some — of whom the
writer is one — the longest horns are not necessarily to he regarded as "the
finest."

From HENRY SAMPSON, JR., and E. H. LITCHFIEI.D, JR., New York:

Bio-HoRN SHEEP, (Oi'is ca n a den sis). From the northeastern portion of Lower Califor-
nia, Mexico. Mounted head.

On November 22, 1907, Mr. Sampson and Mr. Litchfield were hunting on
the eastern slope of the Peninsula of Lower California, 125 miles south of
Calexico. There they killed nine fine mountain sheep rams, representing what
appears to be Ovis canadensis. Incidentally, they were there left in the lurch
by their Cocopah Indians, who took all the horses owned by them and returned
to their homes, leaving the two sportsmen and their guide to pack their equip-
age and trophies on their riding animals, and walk 125 miles back to the rail-
way.

Messrs. Sampson and Litchfield have presented to the National Collection
one of their hard-earned trophies. It is a valuable exhibit, for it represents the
sheep on the western side of the Gulf barrier from the Pinacate Mountains.
Unfortunately its mounting is not yet complete, and an illustration of it must
therefore be deferred until the next issue of this publication.

The horn measurements made in the field by the two sportsmen are as

follows :

Right horn. Left horn.

Circumference at base 14^ 15

Circumference 15 inches from tip lOf Wj,

Circumference 1 inch from tip 3 3j

Length on curve 34i 33]

Ears, 2J inches wide; 4 inches high inside; 41 inches high outside.

In this specimen we see no specific differences from those taken on Pina-
cate during the same week.

From LIEUT. G. T. EMMONS, U. S. N., Princeton, N. J. :

Although it is neither a head nor a horn, the bear claw (Figure 21) pre-
sented by Lieut. Emmons may well find a permanent abiding place in the
National Collection. Of all the claws ever seen by the writer, this is the most
remarkable. Even with its base squared off, it has a length on the curve of

Heads- diid 1 1 (trim 75

10|j inches, hut its greatest width is only •; of an inch. It forms a complete
and perfect circle, and the point overlaps the base for an additional quarter of
a circle. Its color is light brown, with streaks of a lighter shade, and it shows
no wear whatever. Possibly this claw and its mate were developed by a bear
kept in captivity; but that theory seems hardly tenable. The outer surface of

FIG. 21.— REMARKABLE BEAR CLAW
Two-thirds natural size

the claw shows no wear; and it is very unlikely that the Indians of the Nass
River country ever would have kept a live bear in captivity for three or four
years.

Lieut. Emmons has kindly furnished with his gift the following informa-
tion regarding it:

"It came from the "Kiskka" village of "lyaush" on the Nass River, in
British Columbia, which is about 112 miles from Fort Simpson, at the mouth of
Portland Canal. The bear claw is attached to a whale-bone spike ornamentally
carved at the head to represent a bear's head. Both the claw and the spike are
inlaid with haliotis shell. This was worn as a head-dress ornament upon dance
and ceremonial occasions. Two such ornaments were used, one on each side of
the head, above the ear, stuck into a band of fur or birds' down going around
the forehead. These were old family pieces that had been preserved through a
number of generations, and were highly valued. The claw was believed to
have been from an immense frog that lived in a mountain lake in the adjacent
country. The one I have retained measures 9| inches in length."

76 The National Collection

From EDGAR F. RANDOLPH, Morristown, N. J. :

SOUTH AMERICAN MARSH DEER, (Blastoceros paludosus). Antlers. (Plate XVII, Fig. 5.)
SWAMP DEER, (Blastoceros campestris). Antlers.
ADDAX ANTELOPE, (Addax naso-maculatus) . Horns.

By means of a contribution in cash from Mr. Randolph, the three rare
and very desirable specimens mentioned above were purchased for the Collec-
tion, from Fred. Sauter. The antlers of the Swamp Deer came into Mr.
Sauter's hands "by accident, for the first time in many years," and it was a
great satisfaction to be able to secure them. The Marsh Deer antlers (Plate
XVII, Fig. 5) are unusually large, and the horns of the desert -born Addax
are rarely seen in collections.

From ALEXANDER BROWN, Bryn Mawr, Penn.:

GREATER KUDU, (Strepsiceros kudu). Horns. (Plate XVII, Fig. 4.)

With a cash contribution from Mr. Brown, a great bargain in Kudu horns
was secured. It is to be remembered that by reason of the need for two com-
plete series of heads and horns, to be arranged geographically and zoologically,
two specimens of each horned and tusked species are absolutely necessary.
Mr. Brown's gift provides our second specimen of horns of the Greater Kudu ;
but later on we must look for two mounted heads, also.

From WILLIAM JAMRACH, 63 Lordship Road, Stoke Newington, London :

WILD YAK, (Bos grunniens). Horns. (Plate XVI, Fig. 9.)

TIBETAN ARGALI, (Ovis hodgsoni). Horns. (Plate XVI, Fig. 6.)

CHIRU; TIBETAN ANTELOPE, (Pantholops hodgsoni). Horns. (Plate XVI, Fig. 7.)

Mr. Jamrach's gift is the first one from beyond the Atlantic; and it rep-
resents the heart of Asia. For many years Mr. Jamrach has maintained lines
of communication reaching into the home of the Markhor, the Arcal Sheep,
the Tibetan Argali and the Himalayan Ibex. The Takin horns in the
"nucleus collection," representing one of the rarest and least known large ani-
mals of the old world, came from him.

All three of the species represented by this very interesting gift are new
to the Collection, and fill important gaps in the zoological series. The Tibetan
Argali horns are particularly desirable in our Ovis series. They differ from
those of the Siberian Argali by being much shorter, and also smaller at the tip.
But for the rounded front angle, and their many heavy rings, they might
easily be mistaken for the horns of our Rocky Mountain Big-Horn, (O. cana-
densis).

Heads and Horns

77

From JAMES S. MARTIN, New York:

WHITE MOI-NTAIN GOAT, (Oreamnos montanus). 9 Cross River, B. C., 190fi. Mounted head.
YOVNS MOI-XT.UN GOAT, (O. wjon/anu*). Same locality and date. Mounted li< ad.

From RUTHVEN W. PIKE, Strasburg, Virginia:

WILD REINDEER, (Rangifer tarandus). Antlers. (Plate XVII, Fig. 3.)

These antlers were obtained from Fred. Sauter, who also presented an-
other pair, with the statement that they were the largest that ever had come
into his possession.

From FRED. SAUTER, New York:

WILD REINDEER, (R. tarandus). Antlers. (Plate XVII, Fig. 2.)

These two pairs fit in excellently with the antlers of Caribou already in
the collection, and supply both the zoological and geographical needs.

From JOHN M. PHILLIPS, Pittsburg, Pa. :

PHONG-HORNED ANTELOPE, (Antilocapra ameri-
f«Hrt) from the Pinacate Mountains, N. W.
Mexico. Mounted head. (Figure 22.)

This head is of special interest be-
cause of the locality from which it came.
The Antelope of Pinacate, on the eastern
shore of the Gulf of California, represent
one of the southern outposts of the genus
Antilocapra. In the state of Chihuahua
it reaches much farther southward, but at
Pinacate its advance southward is abrupt-
ly halted by the deserts and barren moun-
tains that border the Gulf.

The head shot and presented by
Mr. Phillips is very odd-looking, even for
an Antelope. The horns do not curve
over at the tip, but they are studded with
many small black points, in a manner
never observed bv the writer in northern

FIG. 22.— PRONG-HORNED ANTELOPE

78 The National Collection

specimens. The neck is small, and the hair is short and thin, but the mark-
ings are practically the same as those found on northern specimens. This is
the first head that has been brought out of the Pinacate district, arid it may
also easily happen that it is the last.

From C. WILIJAM BEEBE, New York :

TRINIDAD WHITE-TAILED DEER, (Odocoileus nemorivega). Two skulls, with antlers.

In view of the many American naturalists who have collected on the
Island of Trinidad for various museums, it seems rather strange that Mr.
Beebe's specimens should be the first of their kind ever brought to the United
States! The antlers are remarkable for their similarity in form to those of
the Tunkas Brocket, (Odocoileus rufmus], being only small, straight spikes of
bone, 3 inches in length, and destitute of branches. The skull of this species,
however, is very much larger than that of the Brocket. The heaviest of these
deer weighed, entire, 80 pounds, and the other 77.

From DEXTER M. GLEASON, Woodford, Vermont:

WHITE-TAILED DEER, (Odocoileus virginianus). First antlers.

These horns are remarkable for their length, as "dag" antlers. The right
antler has been broken, but the left measures 11 J inches.

A LIST OF THE HEADS, HORNS

AND OTHER TROPHIES PRESENTED TO

THE NATIONAL COLLECTION OF HEADS AND HORNS,

FROM APRIL 1, 1907, TO JULY 1, 1908.

BISON, BUFFALOES AND OTHERS

GENUS BOS.

ABYSSINIAN BUFFALO. — Bos equinoctialii. George L. Harrison, Jr. Scalp.
WILD \.\K.--H. •frunnu'iis. William Jamrach. Horns. [Plate XVI, Fig. <).]

WOOD BISON. — B. americanus. Caspar Whitney. Mounted head. [Fig. 18.]

AMERICAN BISON. — B. americanus. Ferdinand Kaegebehn. Horn.

GKXUS Ol'IBOS.

BARREN-GROUNDS MusK-Ox. — Oribos moscliatus.
Warburton Pike. Mounted head.

[Fig. 19.]

MOUNTAIN SHEEP

GENUS OJ'IS.

Horns.

SIBERIAN ARGALI. — Ovis ammon. John R. Bradley.

Mounted head.

TIBETAN ARGALI. — 0. liodgsoni. William Jamrach.
BIG-HORN MOUNTAIN SHEEP. — O. canadensis.

George H. Gould. Mounted head.
BIG-HORN MOUNTAIN SHEEP. — O. canadensis.

Henry Sampson, Jr., and E. H. Litchfield, Jr. Mounted head.
WHITE MOUNTAIN SHEEP. — O. dalli kenaiensis. Emerson McMillin.

[Plate XIV, Fig. 5.]

[Plate XVI, Fig. 6.]
[Fig. 20. J

Mounted head.

WHITE MOUNTAIN SHEEP. — O. d. kenaientit.
WHITE MOUNTAIN SHEEP. — O. d. kenaiensis.
WHITE MOUNTAIN SHEEP. — O. d. kenaiensis.
WHITE MOUNTAIN SHEEP. — O. d. kenaiensis.
WHITE MOUNTAIN SHEEP. — O. d. kenaiensis.
WHITE MOUNTAIN SHEEP. — O. d. kenaiensis.
WHITE MOUNTAIN SHEEP. — O. d. kenaiensis.
WHITE MOUNTAIN SHEEP. — O. d. kenaiensis.
WHITE MOUNTAIN SHEEP. — O. d. kenaiensis.
WHITE MOUNTAIN SHEEP. — O. dalli.
WHITE MOUNTAIN SHEEP. — 0. dalli.

Emerson McMillin. Mounted head.

Emerson McMillin. Mounted head.

Emerson McMillin. Horns, skull, sealp.

Emerson McMillin. Horns, skull, scalp.

Emerson McMillin. Horns, skull, scalp.

Emerson McMillin. Horns, skull, scalp.

Emerson McMillin. Horns, skull, scalp.

Emerson McMillin. Horns, skull, scalp.

Emerson McMillin. Horns, skull, scalp.
Madison Grant. Mounted head. 9

Madison Grant. Mounted head. Juv.

WILD GOATS

GENUS OREAMNOS.

WHITE MOUNTAIN GOAT. — Oreamnos montanus. James S. Martin. Mounted head. 9
WHITE MOUNTAIN GOAT. — O. montanus. James S. Martin. Mounted head. Juv.

GENUS BUDORCAS.

TAKIN. — Budorcas taxicolor mitclielli. Hon. Mason Mitchell, Chungking, China.
Skull, horns, skin.

80 The National Collection

ANTELOPES
GENUS BUBALIS.

COKE HARTEBEESTE. — Bubalis cokei. John R. Bradley. [Plate XIV, Fig. 2.]

Mounted head.
COKE HARTEBEESTE. — B. cokei. George L. Harrison, Jr. [Plate XV, Fig. 2.]

Mounted head. $

COKE HARTEBEESTE. — B. cokei. John W. Norton. Horns and skull.
TORA HARTEBEESTE. — B. tora. George L. Harrison, Jr. Horns and skull.

GENUS COBUS.

WHITE-EARED COB. — Cobus leucotis. George L. Harrison, Jr. [Plate XV, Fig. 3.]

Mounted head.
COMMON WATERBUCK. — C. ellipsiprymnus. [Plate XV, Fig. 1.]

George L. Harrison, Jr. Mounted head.
COMMON WATERBUCK. — C. ellipsiprymnus. John R. Bradley. [Plate XIV, Fig. 4.]

Mounted head.

COMMON WATERBUCK. — C. ellipsiprymnus. John W. Norton. Skull, horns and scalp.
COMMON WATERBUCK. — C. ellipsiprymnus. John W. Norton. Skull, horns and scalp.
CRAWSHAY WATERBUCK. — C. crawshayi. John W. Norton. Skull, horns and scalp.

GENUS CERVICAPRA.

REEDBUCK. — Cervicapra arundinum. George L. Harrison, Jr. Skull and horns.
WARD REDUNCA ANTELOPE. — C. redunca wardi. John W. Norton.

Skull, horns and scalp.
WARD REDUNCA ANTELOPE. — C. redunca wardi. John W. Norton. Horns on skull.

GENUS AEPYCEROS.

PALA, OR IMPALA. — Aepyceros melampus . John R. Bradley. [Plate XIV, Fig. 1.]

Mounted head.

PALA, OR IMPALA. — Ae. melampus. George L. Harrison, Jr. Scalp.
PALA, OR IMPALA. — Ae. melampus. John W. Norton. Skull, horns and scalp.
PALA, OR IMPALA. — Ae. melampus. John W. Norton. Horns on skull.

GENUS GAZELLA.

ADDRA GAZELLE. — Gasella ruficollis. George L. Harrison, Jr. [Plate XV, Fig. 10.]

Mounted head. $
ADDHA GAZELLE. — G. ruficollis. George L. Harrison, Jr. [Plate XV, Fig. 7-]

Mounted head. 9
DORCAS GAZELLE. — G. dorcas. George L. Harrison, Jr. [Plate XV, Fig. 5.]

Mounted head. $

DORCAS GAZELLE. — G. dorcas. George L. Harrison, Jr. Horns. [Plate XV, Fig. 1 1.]
RED-FRONTED GAZELLE. — G. rufifrons. George L. Harrison, Jr. [Plate XV, Fig. 8.]

Mounted head. $
THOMSON GAZELLE. — G. thomsoni. George L. Harrison, Jr. [Plate XV, Fig. 6.]

Mounted head. $
SOEMMERRING GAZELLE. — G. soemmerringi. George L. Harrison, Jr.

Skull, horns, scalp.
GRANT GAZELLE. — G. granti. George L. Harrison, Jr. [Plate XV, Fig. 4-.]

Mounted head. $
GRANT GAZELLE. — G. granti. George L. Harrison, Jr. [Plate XV, Fig. 9.]

Mounted head. $

GRANT GAZELLE. — G. granti. George L. Harrison, Jr. Horns.
GRANT GAZELLE. — G. granti. John W. Norton. Skull, horns, scalp.
GRANT GAZELLE. — G. granti. John W. Norton. Skull, horns, scalp.

GENUS HIPPOTRAGUS.

BAKER ROAN ANTELOPE. — Hippotragus bakeri. John W. Norton.
Skull, horns and scalp.

Heads and Horns gj

GENUS TRAGELAPHUS.

ABYSSINIAN BUSHBUCK.— Tragelaplius scriptus decula. George L. Harrison Ir
Skull, horns.

GENUS STREPSICEROS.

GREATER KUDU.— Strepsiceros kudu. Alexander Brown. Horns. [Plate XVII Fig 4 1
GREATER KUDU.— S. kudu. John W. Norton. Skull, horns and scalp.

GENUS TAUROTRAGUS.

COMMON ELAND.— Taurotragus oryx. John \V. Norton. Skull, horns and scalp.
GENUS ADDAX.

AvDAx.—Addax naso-maculatus. Edgar F. Randolph. Horns.
GENUS PANTHALOPS.

CHIRU. — Panthalops hodgsoni. William Jamrach. Horns. [Plate XVI, Fig. 7.]

GENUS ANTILOCAPRA.

PRONG-HORNED ANTELOPE.— Antilocapra americana. John W. Norton.

Mounted head. 9
PRONG-HORNED ANTELOPE. — A. americana. John M. Phillips. [Fig. 22.]

Mounted head.

CARIBOU AND MOOSE
GENUS RANGIFER.

OSBORN CARIBOU. — Rangifer osborni. Emerson McMillin. Mounted head. [Fig. 17.]

GRANT CARIBOU. — R. granti. Emerson McMillin. Mounted head. \

GRANT CARIBOU. — R. granti. Emerson McMillin. Mounted head. / ^ p]

GRANT CARIBOU.— R. granti. Emerson McMillin. Mounted head. >

GRANT CARIBOU. — R. granti. Emerson McMillin. Mounted head. \ X and XI

GRANT CARIBOU. — R. granti. Emerson McMillin. Mounted head. J

WILD REINDEER. — R. tarandus. Ruthven W. Pike. Antlers. [Plate XVII, Fig. 3.]

WILD REINDEER. — R. tarandus. Fred. Sauter. Antlers. [Plate XVII, Fig. 2.]

GENUS ALCES.

ALASKAN MOOSE. — Alces americanus gigas. Emerson McMillin. [Fig- 15-]

Mounted head.

ALASKAN MOOSE. — A. a. gigas. Emerson McMillin. [Plate IX.]

Antlers, skull and scalp.

ALASKAN MOOSE. — A. a. gigas. Emerson McMillin. Antlers, skull and scalp.

ALASKAN MOOSE. — A. a. gigas. Emerson McMillin. Antlers, skull and scalp.

ALASKAN MOOSE. — A. a. gigas. Emerson McMillin. Antlers, skull and scalp.

ALASKAN MOOSE. — A. a. gigas. Emerson McMillin. Antlers, skull and scalp.

DEER
GENUS CERVUS.

ARIZONA WAPITI. — Cervus merriami. Ferdinand Kaegebehn. [Plate XVI, Fig. 2.]

Antlers and skull.
OLYMPIC WAPITI. — C. canadensis occidentalis. [Plate XVI, Fig. S.]

Ferdinand Kaegebehn. Antlers.
AMERICAN WAPITI. — C. canadensis. Thomas D. Leonard. [Plate XVII, Fig. 1.]

Mounted head. $

AMERICAN WAPITI. — C. canadensis. John W. Norton. Mounted head. 9
MARAL DEER. — C. elaphus moral. Ferdinand Kaegebehn. [Plate XVI, Fig. 5.]

Antlers and skull.

82

The National Collection

GENUS BLASTOCEROS.

MARSH DEER. — Blastoceros paludosus.

Antlers.

SWAMP DEER. — B. campestris. Edgar F. Randolph.
GENUS ODOCOILEUS.

MULE DEER. — 0. hemionus. Ferdinand Kaegebehn.
DESERT MULE DEER. — O. hemionus eremicus.

Ferdinand Kaegebehn. Antlers.
MULE DEER. — 0. hemionus. John W. Norton.
WHITE-TAILED DEER. — Odocoileus virginianus.

Skull and "dag" antlers.

TRINIDAD WHITE-TAILED DEER. — 0. nemorivega.
TRINIDAD WHITE-TAILED DEER. — O. nemorivega.

Edgar F. Randolph. [Plate XVII, Fig. ;>.]

Antlers.

Antlers.

[Plate XVI, Fig. 1.]
[Plate XVI, Fig. 4.]

Mounted head. 2
Dexter M. Gleason.

C. William Beebe.
C. William Beebe.

Antlers and skull.
Antlers and skulls.

GENUS FELIS.

EAST AFRICAN LION. — Felis leo.

FELINES

George L. Harrison, Jr. Two skulls.

BEARS

Ursus merriami ?

GENUS URSUS.

ALASKAN BROWN BEAR.

Mounted head.
ALASKAN BROWN BEAR. — U. merriami ?

Mounted head.
ALASKAN BROWN BEAR. — U. merriami ?

Mounted head.
ALASKAN BROWN BEAR. — U. merriami ?

Mounted head.
ALASKAN BROWN BEAR. — U. merriami ?

Mounted head.
ALASKAN BROWN BEAR. — U. merriami ?

Rug; head mounted.
ALASKAN BROWN BEAR. — U. merriami ?

Rug; head mounted.
ALASKAN BROWN BEAR. — L7. merriami ?

Rug; head mounted.

ALASKAN BROWN BEAR. — U. merriami ?
ALASKAN BLACK BEAR. — U. americanus.

Mounted head.
ALASKAN BEAR. — Ursus ? Lieut. G. T. Emmons, U. S. N.

Extraordinary bear claw.

Emerson McMillin. [Plate XII, Fig. 1.]
Emerson McMillin. [Plate XII, Fig. 2.]

Emerson McMillin.

Emerson McMillin.

Emerson McMillin.

Emerson McMillin.

Emerson McMillin.

Emerson McMillin.

Emerson McMillin.

Emerson McMillin.

[Plate XII, Fig. 3.]
[Plate XII, Fig. 4.]
[Plate XII, Fig. 5.]
[Fig- Jti.]

Skull. [Plate XII. 1

[Plate XII, Fig. 6.]

[Fig. 21.]

GENUS ODOBAENUS.

PACIFIC WALRUS. — 0. obesus.
PACIFIC WALRUS. — 0. obesus.

WALRUS

Emerson McMillin.
Emerson McMillin.

Mounted head.
Mounted head.

PACIFIC WALRUS. — 0. obesus. Emerson McMillin. 7 pairs of tusks.
PACIFIC WALRUS. — 0. obesus.

[Plate XIII.]
[Plate XIII. 1
[Plate XIII.]
[Plate XVI, Fig. 8.]
[Plate XIV, Fig. 3.]

Madison Grant. Pair of tusks.

ATLANTIC WALRUS. — Odobaenus rosmarus. John R. Bradley.
Mounted head. $

SUMMARY

BISON, BUFFALOES AND OTHERS ........................................................ 5 Species 5 Specimens

MOUNTAIN SHEEP ............................................................................ 5 Ifi

GOATS ................................................................................................ 2 " 3

ANTELOPES ........................................................................................ 21 38

CARIBOU, MOOSE AND DEER .............................................................. 14 " 27

FELINES .............................................................................................. 1 2

BEARS ................................................................................................ 2 " 11

WALRUS .............................................................. . ............................... 2 11

53

113

S \

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