i ‘ peer seep rerieey't SDP ARSAMARRAR SORE pesprnees sVyesyasy een sryeevenavert a Dee res # ‘aig Aner eof sor Puyyee eye yeye rey y ayes teapeesni bey ce ! VS eetyyeny ee ashore IS a en ea TYERTE RI SS AS Saree ce en watt oye apaaal eee eeeee en Me seen cease ee vanes x a Hae vO ’ 1 earinn “ REE EED) vee ae pa aa lS Seba? he rene bas Re ee ee Smithsonian Institution Libraries Given in memory of Elisha Hanson by Letitia Armistead Hanson Pe wk eid yt + { va | “ THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE AN ILLUSTRATED MONTHLY Editor GILBERT H. GROSVENOR Assistant Editor JOHN OLIVER LA GORCE Associate Editors A: W. GREELY ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL Arctic Explorer, Major Gen'] U.S. Army Inventor uf the Telephone C HART MERRIAM DAVID T. DAY Chief U.S. Biological Survey U.S. Geological Survey O. H TITTMANN DAVID FAIRCHILD Superintendent of U. S. Coast and Geo- In Charge of Agricultural Explorations, etic Survey Dept. of Agriculture ROBERT HOLLISTER CHAPMAN HUGH M. SMITH U.S. Geological Survey Deputy Commissioner, Bureau of Fisheries G. K. GILBERT N. H. DARTON U. S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY HUBBARD MEMORIAL HALL WASHINGTON, D. C. WASHINGTON, D. C. PRESS OF JUDD & DETWEILER, INC. IQIO CONTENTS The National Geographic Society’s Alaskan Expedition of 1909; by Ratpu S. Tarr, of Cornell University, and LAwrENcE Martin, of the University of Wisconsin, Leaders fatatteopsls este TOM Mee sre i's S's... Soagciste «ah cs ero TE ess wie Cale ck om Photography in Glacial Alaska; by O. D. von EncELN, Photographer of the National Cesetaphic societys Alaskan Expeditiom Of 1000-0. oss0case «sacs swe docu eeneloee Sieewiccoweryrot theNorth Polév, are. en 2s snk cod ee ol ae OR ls ok The Coal-Fields of Alaska: With a Few Notes on the Mineral Wealth of the Territory Rm reaDTISE NN REC TTL TI CS ares 8 Sista nc ch nig sch graee cha ovate tc teh dieicce epee Mes eR DRSee cle tee cues Mec rm > fie ea : Pee Naisoral. Geeamrap hic: SOCIEL.ccaxicecs Code Mier hale ce ee Ralee seh nate kee ere (RS. DN SRIR AY S58 2 o AGT BE i St ee SR EL An IRON ea mM Meee eS nae i esa Pmanecaveler s Notes-on' Javas by FIENRY Gi BRYANTs..o. odes 0s. aleued Coda cea. leek. we. An Ancient Capital; by IsaseL F. Dopp, Professor of Art and Archeology in the Ameri- eimmGollege. tor Ginls,,Constantinople.. 551s ‘a. arene ces OL Re oh oie vee The International Millionth Map of the World; by Bamry Wiis, U. S. Geological RS Ia eate Se retoieceyd recent Tn Pr Nc nee es Me ese Rr ta net etch cc ager Rae ay Ren ear ag. theneaticdrot the Crossbow, by GEORGE HORREST.o5 -asmie conine « «cette nee. The Great Natural Bridges of Utah; by Byron Cummines, University of Utah......... ipomSOntteleOlarmeliscped iiOms. cess fy caters choo or sine onde OIE Oe ee ee Wilkes’ and D’Urville’s Discoveries in Wilkes Land; by Rear Admiral Joun E. Piits- FECES, Wl Siar NIE ia Camere pee eeierear setter eres CRRA ae Sous RRMA TA A AUR ee UD oa SifemGreavelce, Barner: byzscleENRY (GANNETT... ocrcticoc.:cietelew csroreterele ere a /aintetareieie atelovareve stale Peentaeo.or the: Nile: by Dav ALLEN WaInLEY . 20. Gia ic aces «a seminvaledine oe Oe ee ene Niguel. Gere raaraifa) ne Soret lain aber totes iat eres 0s cic pi EID COR aaa IOS Are re ea SN emCCMTOGEEINe SOU OLE tet ncersy a crete cutie) theaters satuc aie" sisi oeacy Miaioeeie oxeiaia bea na oo elre lee ees Romantic pain, by CHARTES) Upson CLARK: of Yale (University: ...4.-..-.--+--e os A New National Park; by Guy Etiiotr MitcHert, U. S. Geological Survey............ The Most Curious Craft Afloat. The Compass in Navigation and the Work of the Non-Magnetic Yacht “Carnegie”; by L. A. Bauer, Director of Department of Research in Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington........... Meeeolcratithe Abtuzzi in the Himalayas....¢...ce5c. > sean eee ee scctuoae sesh ss eee. MCHC MIO OUTSE NMEURRAY: = .'/<.<2ocare.0:h arene ciclaca lol's c euay ove: os! Gale Scots aualal/s/e te 0 seer Uaesiomeeetieoine ee COMTI SUE Zetland) 022s. 5). sb sim visio teidla BE bine wie a Aelesberes Sick bed Roa eee Bene rmmnomne the United States. 22s spusrvdierss sic cra sieve elapala sleds) coe ie-aih © nicl Ser eibereee eageoe Me MMREE CC TIP ili Cm GOCICLY & 25s aa: sacs sca aucteteaald arereie wianeterevecpiage teens ecclete s) joy IMDNrataNy JBNURESS 556 nce ocac consonance nso sce- 883 Glimpses of Korea and China; by Wittiam W. CuHaptn, of Rochester.................. 805 A New Source of Power. Billions of Tons of Lignite, Previously Thought Too Poor Coal for Commercial Use, Are Made Easily Available; by Guy E1niiorr MrtcHEtL.. 935 Kboo;ia Liberian, Games by. GoiNi Commins sis sas esse come eee ens een 044 Mine IRSse Oi arlhish Sjperrrowrs® lo IN, IDSA occ 0 coc cc oon occ Dos goo Dus Dod ODS COS 948 Mir Roosevelt’s=-cAiieai lGarield rail Sim ngewe sole eive e caicies Sota ein cutee aie oe eee 953 HSE MIVEISEICEO @ eer ea ean a as GS ce as ok eae aaa ea eae teach lta aah ai ee ee rr 905 Orie Colored: Picture sm sete Aik hens shane te rate tae eieuehnre a miele acumen ete avert eaten Shere a eee 965 eS Vian Wath uit? Hale hOeH wor em icaseuslore « ctteose pce healer nees eecis keen ames eae. ieee ee Cre eee 907 NimongrthesCannihalseot Ss cletanmongonnmne ae oe ance eee ei eeee 969 NationaloGeograplicu Society: oye aie ese atuis chee ital olan er ey enantio atistu sae tare er 972 Race Prejudice in the Far East; by Metvinne E. Strong, General Manager of the Asso- CLAEE CRESS) fs eS akaey eta cwath testlon sce ar ce sate as soelietea dh ed jenn pcr ac Seep eetta ecient ae 973 Some Mexican Transportation Scenes; by WALTER W. BRADLEY......................-- ~ 985 The Isthmus of Tehuantepec, “The Bridge of the World’s Commerce”; by HELEN OPSSON? SERRE RD aoee cnet MN SRE AL Ala el ck ae Ria carta, sn eRUN AteB doen OC a a QO Hewers of Stone; by JEREMIAH ZIMMERMAN, D.D., LL..D......................------- 1002 Agricultural Possibilities in Tropical Mexico; by Dr PéHr Orsson-Serreér, Late Com- missioner of Tropical Agriculture to the Mexican Government..................... 1021 An Interesting Visit to the Ancient Pyramids of San Juan Teotihuacan; by A. C. (CAL TOWIAS A Sauce ecole ems foo eve ciara eRe Ge AS TNC eg ape er eo ea IO4I - A North Holland Cheese Market; by Hucu M. Smrru, Deputy Commissioner, U. S. Bure att lo fecE USIGReS Se ae Pe ccs hw eae ac CI eo ame IO51 An Ideal Fuel Manufactured Out of Waste Products; by Guy Exniorr MitcHery...... 1067 — National "Geographic Society. cc. sis walerele ns jeter o asi teeletehe sie. chelated one Me ert cea) «eee 1074 INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS AFRICA: Andorobos of the Rift Valley............. Ant-heap in Sisal hemp plantation: Mozam- PACULG aires satel on Pu Siacehe hee e © eet Migie: else's njeis oleic As the lion fell he gripped a spear-head in his jaws with such tremendous force fat tues bent. 1t double... <).c:cic. cei a Bankutu cannibal of the Belgian Kongo.... Batetela drummer of the Belgian Kongo sending a message by a wooden gong.. Batetela of the Belgian Kongo........... 5 Beak-faced woman in the Musgun country of French Nigeria, near Lake Tchad.. Boat-shaped board used in the Liberian PAT Cm ICD OO werersrcnenermitereis|chevee eyeiels/s iene le rereret ete Camel with load of date offshoots presented by the people of the oases to the United SiEeSMOOMERMMIC Ite ci) oie eistererel oie cleierelar ee Celebrating a holiday on the streets of Accra, the capital of the Gold Coast RECHLOT) Waa taiet heal «fo -ovs io" on sis; eves aie) ay svelicr ei enere(eiere Ceremonial bows used in the war dance by the M’Chopi natives of southern Mo- ATARI UIUC ie wie aya) s, 8s ya bla ei eysi Ses('ava\ isis) eves) ey'etel'e Children of the date gardens: Beled el ligiial -odijes Baden Sec amiaimocanpra oes Christian family of Loanda, the capital of NOAM (oh arise aiciereta ene wi etane eine sosee's elelers Coke’s hartebeest in inland Britisn Fast PANT G Muatayfehene avers: scsvajevaisha Suspects srs seed ehevere Cow and calf square-nosed rhino under the tree after being disturbed by the click OF (iliG> Cam Eihle aoie aaa cee See Oe OOT Date grove, showing method of growth.... Dates are exchanged for wheat and barley. Desert scenery: Helwan, Egypt........... Dr Ernest Lyon, for six years American Minister to Liberia,~and his youngest Eight sons of one native king in the [Lu- theran mission school at Muhlenburg, LLAIDEEIELS Si Beto OR Ste Crete CRORE RC Re REIS ERRORS Entering cne of the gardens, we found it a Manele Tot date palms... .-e..es sess Expert workman, known as the ‘“‘getaa’’: BeleUmmeleeyetiG! c).vsisitis.ciecansiele svsaiarevs seal Female baboon from the Semliki Forest... Filed teeth of the M’Chopi native: Mozam- ERGY Topsy s cheese sense Settee ey essveversteue Flashlight picture of the king of beasts.... Fording a branch of the slugzish, miry mmermenear the Zambesi... +... ... > Fountain in the alabaster mosque of Mo- htammeds Ali; Cairo, Brypt.......-.«-.+ Gardens are divided into small plats by means of low dikes of earth to facili- tate irrigation: Beled el Jerid......... Gathering the date harvest: Beled el Jerid. Giraffe at home Golah ‘‘Headman,” a skillful kboo player and anmniiveterate pamblet. .avc.. sce ce sre Golah men playing kboo............ Ac Page 367 809 AFRICA (continued): Granite columns, Temple of the Ghizeh, Egypt Grass and palm-leaf costumes worn by the newly initiated boys in a M’Chopi cir- cumcision camp: Mozambique Sphinx, Great orchard of date palms at Nefta, IBeledMeliaieridgy scrncr aye creisietertorsvetorereseietene Group of buffalo resting among dense lira neoscchooemonnaaGoog nes oOo COUL Group of officials on the occasion of the visit of the Governor-General of French West Africa’ tor Wiberiaw 26 500% 250s 5 Hand-drum orchestra of three players in thes Zamibesimdelitaree crete sist) eietate te : Herd of giraffe photographed at a distance Ol abot 375. cyanate rise erertareeek Home of the American Legation in Mon- LOVIalsh wt Deiia). users steheees ceetes tetany soho House at Tozer in which the author roomed FOTs SIX: WEEKS. Cetcieaiet mies shstercnate oxererer azote How sudd blocks the Nile channel: a steamer held “api Sissi: < i cteversesyssic o erers tice clone Husky hammock carriers: Mozambique..... Immature hippopotamus and a_ crocodile: ania IRAVEE cso, aeterces eusects ety aseeetoe cians ; Impalla buck killed by Kermit Roosevelt at Lake Hannington, showing the broken horn of another ram imbedded in its ALEC Keon pe) cits: ois) =i siioliciiocicorokene leks vetsparer ote ae Inside the compound walls of a cocoanut estate of the Compagnie du Madal in LAT ESIAD ve eiersieie on elioiet Weraus ee eoienes Mer essaas 5 Irrigating canal in a date orchard: Beled el Aials Bieeno CoG ober corer OO pce Kafir boat made from midribs of palm leaves bound together: Mozambique... Kafir corn as grown by Kafirs in southern IN KoyAneal ykaible) Gag bonooecGnddgnoeCoGGDeS Kafir drums and rattles, which can be heard tens smiles) : DJOKAKARTA Following our native guide, we descend into the crater and make our way over the treacherous ground, which is very hot in places. We wonder at the stoi- cism of our guide, who wears no shoes on his feet. We make our way over the A TRAVELER’S NOTES ON JAVA GROUP OF DANCERS AT A NATIVE FESTIVAL: DJOKAKARTA (SEE PAGE 104) broken surface amid hot vapors, past many mud springs and vent holes whence malodorous gases come forth. In a way the place recalls the Devil’s Kitchen in the Yellowstone National Park, although the Javanese name Papandajan, meaning “smithy,” ‘is just as descriptive in its way. THE BOTANICAL i “me fone tess aoe whe ¥ < yes ion L_-_ 109 Photo and Copyright by C. H. Graves GARDEN AT BUITENZORG With many regrets we leave Garoet, with its cool airs and homelike hotel, a 110 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 5 Sb is a PSAP EE Res WOMEN CARRYING RICE: GAROET Photos by H. G. Bryant VICTORIA REGIA LILIES: BOTANICAL GARDEN, BUITENZORG ANC ANCIENT CAPITAL, for Buitenzorg, passing on our way the celebrated plain of Leles, which fur- nishes an example of the elaborate sys- tem of land cultivation which prevails in Java. Buitenzorg (“without care’) has a charming situation 870 feet above sea- level, and contains the residence of the Governor General and the famous botan- ical garden. First impressions count for much, and in this instance the view from our hotel window of the river valley sweeping down from the slopes of Salak mountain was one worth remembering. A short walk brings us to the Botanical Garden, which we enter by a noble ave- nue of Kanari trees, whose overarching branches form a vault of living green. The garden, which comprises 90 acres, was established by the German natural- ist, Reinwardt, in 1817. An annual grant LEE of $50, 000 is made by the government for its maintenance. After visiting other celebrated gardens at Kew, Calcutta, Peradeniya, and the Castleton Gardens, of Jamaica, I cheer- fully award the palm of excellence to this one, where man has done much but nature more to develop a veritable para- dise of the horticulturist. Wherever one turns charming vistas meet the eye, and we were especially interested in searching out the useful bread-fruit tree and the curious sausage and candle trees. The atrangement of the specimens in family groups adds much to the educational value of the garden. In the retrospect of travel in this favored isle, the memory of.this lovely spot will always stand for what was best “in that enchanted garden men call hava.” AN ANCIENT CAPITAL By Isaspet F. Dopp PROFESSOR OF ART AND ARCHEOLOGY IN THE AMERICAN COLLEGE FOR GIRLS, CONSTANTINOPLE No archeological discowvcries of recent times are more interesting than those made in the last three years of the ancient Hittite civilization in Asia Minor. There are references to the Hittites in the Old Testament (Genesis xxii, I Kings xi, IT Kings vii), but little has been known of them-until very recently. tions at Boghaz Keouy,and elsewhere in Asia Minor prove The CVCAVA- that the Hittites were a powerful and civilized race who ruled practically all of Asia Minor 4,000 years ago. Hittite warriors overthrew the first Babylonian dynasty about r8oo Boace and they also checked the victorious advance of the Egyptian kings in Syria and Palestine. =: HE traveler who has taken the strenuous. journey of eight or more days from Constantinople to Boghaz Keouy will thank his lucky stars that he persevered; that he surmounted the obstacles of bad roads and worse inns and reached that marvelous place. Of late years the whole reading world has become interested in the Hittites, and, though the sculptures of Boghaz Keouy and the fact that it was an ancient Hittite center have been known for many years, it was not until the excavations were begun there, in 1906, and carried on in 1907, by Professor Winckler and Macridy Bey, that any one realized what a place of wonders it is. Boghaz Keouy means the “village of the throat,” for it is at the end of a deep valley that the modern Turkish village lies, in northern Cappadocia, and the Hittites of the sixteenth and fifteenth THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE alt (£11 FOvd AAS) ANOMM ZVHOOd JO WTLNAO AHL NI THAVLIO IVAN THY UOT}NI4SUT URIUOSYIIWIS UWOI OJOYg AN ANCIENT CAPITAL, centuries B. C. built their great fortified city on the rocky hill- sides above the mouth of this valley. Whether it was Subbi Luliuma or some other musically named gentleman who laid out this city of many great buildings and strong fortifications, he certainly possessed an appreciation of nat- ural beauty as well as statesman- ship, for, as one climbs from point to point—from the palace up to the great citadel; from one rock, crowned with massive Ttuins, to another still more stupendous—one hardly knows which to wonder over and ad- mire more, the strength and skill displayed in these three or four thousand year old remains or the glorious views that greet one’s eyes at every turn. From one corner of the citadel, by the Temains of a round tower, you look straight down four or five hundred feet of rock into the gloom of a narrow gorge, at the bottom of which a stream flows darkly, and you can see little but the rock over which you lean, and the swallows that flash in and out of the gorge, and the eagles that sail to their nests on the opposite crags. On another side of the citadel, at the foot of the precipice, the ‘same stream winds softly through trees and grass and flowers, where willows whiten in the breeze and a mill clacks merrily. Here we saw the rare black stork sail proudly through the valley and heard the rock doves cooing in the caves. ~ On the less steep side of the citadel there have been several trenches dug by the excavators. In the earth thrown out of these trenches some peasants have planted their grain, and thus, fertilizing their seed with Hittite remains, they have raised an abundant crop with little labor. All over the flat top of this acropolis, as well as everywhere else in the city, one may pick up any quantity of broken pieces of ancient pottery—brown, black, and every shade of red and every degree of fineness. Much of this pottery is painted, most of it with simple decora- 118 Phcto by Isabel F. Dodd THE HITTITE DOUBLE-HEADED EAGLE tion resembling that on the proto-Corin- thian or geometric vases. Some of it has a beautiful glaze; some is covered with a white slip and painted in three or four colors, while most of it has simply black or dark red markings on red pottery. These pieces are found in the earth be- low the regular wall of the citadel, as well as above it, thus showing their great age. Here and there are pieces of enor- mous pithoi, evidently used by the Hit- tites for storehouses, as by the Greeks. ASSYRIAN CUNEIFORM CLAIMED MORE IMPORTANCE THAN DID LATIN A visit to Boghaz Keouy not only makes one feel quite intimate with the Hittites, but also one sees here that they did many of the things that we associate with much later peoples. Did the Turks first use the star and crescent; or even the Greeks of ancient Byzantium? No, indeed; here at Boghaz Keouy (and in the later Hittite city, newly excavated, near Aintab, in South Turkey) the star and crescent may be seen where it was carved in the rocks a thousand years be- fore Byzantium was founded. Did the Austrians or Russians, or the old Byzantines, or the German Empire, first use the double-headed eagle? None of them. Everywhere in Hittite sculp- tures we find this symbol. The first peo- THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 114 UOTNIYsUy UkIUOSYINUS woIT OOTY (QII NOVd WHS) NIHLIM Wows “LVS ISvVa FHL a Ze AN ANCIENT CAPITAL, ple, probably, who practised the noble sport of falconry were the Hittites—so the sculptures tell us. And in that con- nection it was interesting to hear from the Turkish bey, who is the overlord of all this region, that he and his friends train and use falcons in hunting now, and are very eager in the sport. Was it Rome that first made the proud boast that all roads lead toward her? Professor Ramsay tells us that all the roads of more ancient times met in Boghaz Keouy. Was it only in medieval Europe that there was one writing and language used for general communication between nations, and for learning and literature? Assyrian cuneiform claimed more importance and a greater vogue than did Latin, since for three thousand years and more it was the language of commerce and literature among all the civilized nations of the world. And to these civilized nations belonged the Hittites. Here on the citadel in 1906 the ex- plorers unearthed a library of clay tablets all written in cuneiform characters, some of them in the Hittite language, but more in the Assyrian. All these tablets have been taken to Constantinople; to the Museum, and are awaiting the reading that will give us, we hope, much new light on the lives and thoughts of the Boghaz Keouy Hittites. Of the tablets that have been read, one gives the Assyrian text of the treaty be- tween the great Rameses of Egypt and the powerful Hittite king Khattu-Sil— that treaty of which the Egyptian text was already well known to historians. And another tablet, as Professor Sayce tells us, shows how much women had to do with politics in those far-off days, since it is a letter from Naptere, the wife of Rameses, addressed to the Hittite Queen, and expresses her great satisfac- tion over the conclusion of the treaty. In the summer of 1907 another great library was found in two rooms at the eastern side of the palace. Some of these tablets are very large, 12x8 inches in size; others are but 2 inches long. They are mostly of about the same time as the 115 Tel el Amarna tablets, and so cover the age of Moses. Professor Sayce also tells us that many of these Boghaz Keouy tablets were writ- ten by the same disaffected governors of Syrian provinces, who, in the Tel el Amarna tablets, write to Pharaoh of the difficulties in the way of maintaining the rights of the Egyptian government. in Syria, but tell how nobly they were work- ing in their lord’s interests, while in these newly found writings of Boghaz Keouy the same men tell the Hittite king how they are pretending to be the hum- ble servants of Egypt while really obey- ing the commands of Khattu-Sil, and the political intrigues that are here displayed and the polite sarcasm and meaningless phrases that pass between these old writers might give points to modern diplomatists. NO KEY TO THESE TABLETS HAS YET BEEN FOUND Although all the tablets discovered two or three years ago were carried to the Constantinople Museum, the shepherds, and laborers who wander over these hills pick up occasionally broken pieces of tablets, and, knowing that any writing on clay or stone seems precious in the eyes of “these queer Europeans,” they offer what they find for sale to any passer-by. As one eats one’s dinner a boy appears, and, squatting on his heels, produces a few bits of clay from his girdle, or wrapped in a handkerchief (which chal- lenges comparison in age and in dirt with the Hittite contents); or one is awak- ened in the early dawn by a head stuck between the curtains of the tent and an insinuating voice saying “kyramidi’” (clay tiles), the owner thereof being anxious to strike a bargain quickly, before he takes his sheep up on the hills above. So far, I believe, no bilingual has been found among the tablets; that is, no writ- ing which repeats the same thing in both the Hittite and the Assyrian languages, and which would perform the office for the Hittite which the Rosetta stone per-- formed for the Egyptian hieroglyphics. But the sudden stopping of the history 116 Photo by Isabel F. Dodd THE FIGURE OF THE AMAZON ON THE FKASTERN GATE which the tablets tell, as well as the con- dition of the ruins unearthed, shows us that some time in the thirteenth century B. C. the great city was destroyed, prob- ably by a sweeping down of some bar- barian horde, thus anticipating (long ages before) the story of the destruction of Rome. And this Hittite capital was never again inhabited or rebuilt, for there is apparently no trace of Greek or Roman work or influence in the remains. The Hittite power, however, was not de- stroyed then. Cilicia and the southern part of Cappadocia have numerous mon- uments which show occupancy by Hittite people till about the eighth century B. C. What is considered the latest of known Hittite works is the rock sculpture at Ivriz of the god of the harvest and a worshiping king; and this Ivriz, near the Cilician gates, is one of the most beauti- THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE ful spots in all Asia Minor. The sculp- tured rock rises above a green dell, through which flows such a mountain stream as fills one’s heart with singing. Salmon trout are found in great numbers in its rushing, green waters. These fish the modern Hittites (and - perhaps they learned it from the ancient ones) catch in what any sportsman would declare to be a most iniquitous manner. They use no hook or line, but beat out the juice of a certain milkweed and spread this juice on the water. The trout is intoxicated by it, turns over, and, floating, is picked out by hand. They say that the fish entirely recover in a bowl of fresh water, and that the intoxication does not injure the flesh fer feod. That the salmon trout caught in this Hittite way taste particularly good I can testify. The great Ivriz figures by the moun- tain stream have been known and visited by Europeans for ages, but a replica, much worn and weathered, has lately — been discovered two miles farther up a wonderful gorge, where great rocks like those at Boghaz Keouy nearly meet over- head, and here is shown that persistence of sacred traditions about one place which has often been remarked upon, for here also the ruins of three Christian churches cling to the sides of the gorge. THE AMAZON OF THE EASTERN GATE As we walk away from the citadel in Boghaz Keouy to see the various points of special interest within the five-mile circuit of the ancient walls, we come first to the one place on this site where there has been found any inscription in the Hittite hieroglyphics (those hieroglyphics which are so common all through the more southern Hittite country). This one inscription of Boghaz Keouy is so badly worn by time and weather that it is quite illegible. Further down the hill slope we come to the Eastern gate. Like the other city entrances, this has two parts, with a square room between the outer and inner gate. The posts of the real door curve in toward the top, as if they once formed a pointed arch. This Eastern gate has long been known and is AN ANCIENT CAPITAL LUE THE LION of grand proportions, but it is only since the archeologists left here, in 1907, that the workmen discovered, almost by acci- dent, on the inner side post, a remarkable bas-relief. This is a figure, about ten feet high, of an Amazon, apparently, and bears lit- tle resemblance to the figures found in other distinctively Hittite places. It is carved in high relief. and finished with great care, even to the finger. and toe nails and the delicate metal work of the breast-plate. Having been so recently uncovered, the fineness of its workman- ship is excellently preserved, and we can trace all the details of the curious head- dress, lappets of which fall over each ear and down the back, while the flowing hair shows clearly beneath the long back lappet. This Amazon has a strong, mas- terful face, and the treatment of the eye, as well as other details of the carving, seem to belong to some later period than the rest of the city. She wears what seems like chain armor over breast and shoulders, and a short skirt ornamented GATE with rows of lines and circles.. She car- ries a double-headed axe in her right hand and has a short sword girded to her side. The strongly accented muscles of her legs look like Assyrian work, and her feet are bare instead of being encased in pointed Hittite shoes. SECRET PASSAGES AND TUNNELS We leave this gate and walk over fields and hillocks to where the wall or fortifi- cation forms a high bank, rising eighty feet or more from the fields each side. Here there are two interesting mementos of the Hittites—a tunnel through the fortifications and steps up the bank. There are two flights of these steps, made of limestone, about six feet broad, low and easy, varied by occasional plat- forms. The tunnel is about one hundred and eighty feet long and perhaps ten feet high in the middle. It is formed of unhewn stones of uniform size, and the ceiling is a true pointed arch with key- stone. ‘There are a number of such tun- nels as this to be found in Boghaz Keouy. THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 118 WAMOL DIT HAL tO GNV ‘SNOIT HIIM “ALVS HLAOS YALNO AHS FO MAIA UAH LONV olny Nsuy UerUOSy US wWo1y OJOYT AN ANCIENT CAPITAL 119 THE PICTURED ROCKS AT BOGHAZ KEOUY Of some only the postern appears, and some are filled with débris and can be penetrated but a short distance. It seems to have been a Hittite habit to build such underground passages, and -this habit was continued by their relatives or imitators, the Phrygians. Professor Ramsay tells us of several secret passages connecting different parts of Hittite and Phrygian fortifications, or an acropolis and some more or less distant hill. This tunnel ends on the outside in a post and lintel gate, with grooves for a door and holes for the closing-bar. On the citadel there was one specimen of the ancient Babylonian door-socket, well worn, but worn into a block of limestone squared and cut as perfectly on all sides as if for a modern building. Once more following the wall, we come to the famous Southern gate, which admitted to the city the commerce and travel from Cilicia, and which is still guarded by the lion posts, always pic- tured in every description of Boghaz Keouy. Fine, upstanding lions they are, too, with wide-open jaws and curly hair. From between the lions one looks out- ward and downward to a marvelous stretch of hill and dale, while on the inside we look across the mile and a quarter of the>city limits, sloping down from this point 870 feet to its northern end. Here and there on the slope rise the great rock fortresses, each bearing on its summit more or less of Hittite masonry. Beyond the northern side of the city stretches a wide and fertile plain which must have furnished the greater part of the sustenance of the capital. THE PALACES We also see from this gateway, or on the road to it, a number of palaces whose foundations have been uncovered in the course of the excavations. The largest of these lies on the lower part of the slope and is about 208 feet long by 138 feet wide. It consists of a great central hall and many chambers on each side. On the south side and on the southeast corner there seem to have been splendid entrances with double gates, small courts between, and pillars at each corner. The stones which form these courts, and especially the thresholds, are most beau- tifully worked with a curved and beveled edge. The stone used is largely the lime- stone of the region, but part of the pave- ment of the great hall and many other parts of the building were of imported trachyte. 120 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE THE REAPERS IN THE SMALL GALLERY (SEE PAGE 122) From the lack of any stones which could have formed the upper parts of the building, and from the holes drilled in the upper side of the stones at regular intervals, it has been conjectured that the buildings were of wood, covered within with clay tiles, and were entirely burned at the time of the destruction of the city. This would also be shown by the charred remains found everywhere in the ruins. One cannot but wonder how the Hit- tites kept themselves warm in_ their palaces, what kind of stoves they used, or if they had a central heating plant, and whether it was for hot water or steam. It is a place of very cold winters nowadays. From the great stone bath- tub at one corner of the palace, in a trench, and from the clay receptacle (surely a bath-tub!) in the Hittite room of the Constantinople Museum, we are convinced that the Hittites loved cleanli- ness. The lower end of the palace is built upon terraces to correct the slope of the hill. On the northern side, also, is what has been called a sanctuary, a large room with an especial entrance, and what may be an altar, upon one side, while on the other is a small cistern or basin of rock. The Armenian cook of our expedition was inspired by the atmosphere of in- terest in antiquities, and went over this palace, pacing each room carefully and bringing back in triumph a_ broken wooden spoon and the lower jaw of a dog. As he displayed his Hittite relics he looked with contempt at the pile of broken potsherds which we had gathered. Crestfallen as he was over the lack of appreciation which greeted his finds, he was later the first to discover some real antiquities. It was the evolution of an archeologist. NO MORTAR WAS USED ON THESE GREAT BUILDINGS Time would fail me to tell of all the splendid masonry found on each of the rocky heights of Boghaz Keouy, all made of great stones, one fitted into another by a peculiar sort of curved edge, with- Out mortar Mellow, Rec > (Gs imamc called) has the most of the building re- maining. “Yenije Kaleh” (somewhat new rock) has the most heart-gripping height and extended view. “‘Storehouse Stone” has many rock-hewn chambers, now used by the shepherds. “Curious AN ANCIENT CAPITAL 121 THE LION-BODIED FIGURE IN THE SMALL GALLERY (SEE PAGE 122) Rock” has a great curved niche hollowed in one side, as though for a colossal statue. Another smaller rock is split in two and has hollows carved all over the top, like old dew-ponds, while at one side is a place with three cut steps just like the altars of Cybele in Phrygia. Still farther down we find ‘“Maiden’s Rock,” low and flat. No one knows why it is so named. Perhaps the ancient Hittite maidens used it as a dancing floor. Over on the other bank of the river is another great rock with a similar redoubt on its head. The wall which surrounded the city was of the most solid character; where it remains it is about 14 feet thick, the center a 6-foot core of rubble, while eacli side is a 4-foot thickness cf finely dressed stone. THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE LOOKING TOWARD THE NORTH IN THE GREAT GALLERY AT BOGHAZ KEOUY THE PICTURED ROCKS The real temple of the Hittites of Bo- ghaz Keouy is considered to be found in the so-called “pictured rocks,” a mile and a quarter to the east of the city. Over 500 feet above the valley we find one group of rocks, with no difference in its outward appearance from many another, but distinguished by two galleries, both faces of which show a remarkable series of pictures. The galleries now have no connection, though it is supposed that there was originally a way from one to the other, now filled with fallen stones. The smaller of the two galleries has on one side 12 figures with Phrygian caps and turned-up shoes, carrying reaping hooks over their shoulders. Opposite them is a strange figure, whose head is human and who wears the usual pointed cap and big, round ear- rings, but whose body is formed of lions—the shoulders of two half lions, jaws outward, while below these two other lions, head downward, seem to form legs. We know that Cybele, the earth goddess of Asia, was represented with lions as constantly as St. Jerome was in the early renaissance paintings, and it would seem as if these pictures were connected with her worship, the reapers but adding to the probability. Also, just beyond this weird, lion- bodied goddess is a group of much better workmanship that may be a priest and king, or another god and the king. The god, if it is he, with Hittite cap and shoes and sword, is about six feet high, and is holding his arm about the neck of the smaller figure, who carries the curved lituus, so often seen in Hittite pictures, and who wears a flat cap and long robe. In the large gallery there are many AN ANCIENT CAPITAL, 12: i ~ THE HITTITE GOD AND KING (OR PRIEST ) IN THE SMALL GALLERY AT BOGHAZ KEOUY more figures, about 67, though some have grown indistinct of late years. This gallery is more than 90 feet long— a great hall open to the sky, where the Hittites have united art and skill with the use of all the natural advantages of the spot. The floor in some places is simply leveled rock, in others a pavement so cunningly fitted to this that it seems all natural rock floor. The figures, who march from the open side of the hall toward the opposite closed end, are mostly in panels, and are smaller at the entrance, gradually increasing in size to the middle of the north wall, where the two processions meet face to face. [ think this increase in size relates to the importance of the characters figured rather than to any Hittite idea of per- spective. There is much difference between the figures in regard to the workmanship, whether because of different periods in art, or simply because made by more or less skillful artists, we cannot tell. Some of the figures are partly or quite covered with a very fine brown enamel or thin, hard stucco, and these are, of course, the best preserved. Some are broken—parts gouged out, probably by the vandal boys, of the neighborhood, through mere love of destruction. 124 There are rows of figures—i2 in one place, 13 in another—something like the reapers in the small gallery. Then there are symbols and heraldic signs, and, to- ward the head of the procession, the figures stand on two mountains, or on the double-headed eagle, or on the necks of captives—these things indicating that! here are gods or kings. Sometimes we see the crenelated crown, which, on an- cient coins, indicates that the one who wears it represents the city. Some of the figures are dressed in accordion-pleated skirts and plain waists; one has an over- skirt and a trail under it. A few wear the little flat cap, more the high, pointed Phrygian one. Some have sleeves almost as long as if they lived in the fourteenth century A.D. Some carry flowers, while almost all wear jewelry, either bracelets or ear-rings; but, unlike the Assyrian figures, there is little embroidery on their robes. Many of them (as has the Ama- zon at the Eastern gate) have a horn either on the cap or somewhere about them. They do not have the very large nose and inane expression of the Hittite sculptures of Cilicia. Indeed, the feat- ures are rather intelligent and refined. The meaning of these carvings and of this great rock hall which holds them is still a problem. Was this a sanctuary of the earth goddess, and do these proces- sions show the king of the land coming with his priests and his family and people to devote all that he has to the goddess? Or do they commemorate some special event, or represent some rites of 1 he OE Y 904. EN TAIZ 4 Nj FEIN ES, Ce ENV ZTE RNG RES BAS see SES A Gig eS S Lys () YY ee party of his fellow-creatures to a pole of the earth. “We are not alone concerned with that aspect of Arctic exploration, for, in the course of the many arduous journeys, full of dangers and difficulties, which ex- plorers have made when dragged north- ward by the lodestone of the Pole, a large amount of scientific work has been done and geographical knowledge has been greatly increased. Commander Peary’s expeditions form no exception to this honorable record, and this should not be forgotten, because it has been the policy of the Society not to honor any mere race for the pole.” DR ALBRECHT PENCK, PRESIDENT OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY OF BERLIN, IN PRESENTING THE NACHTIGAIL GOLD MEDAL, OF THE SOCIETY. “The members of this meeting have just stated by their great applause what living interest they take in the speaker’s report of his expedition of the North Pole. This interest is based in the first place on the sentiment which President Roosevelt expressed when giving to our speaker, three and a half years ago, the Hubbard Medal of the National Geo- graphic Society of America. He men- tioned at that time that the firm basis of successful national characters are the fighting qualities of mankind, but that these qualities could not only be demon- strated in war, but also in peace, and that EKUROPEAN TRIBUTES TO PEARY De Oo ~l THE SILVER SHIP WHICH WAS PRESENTED TO ROBERT E. PEARY BY THE ROYAL SCOTTISH GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH, MAY 24, IQIO The ship is made entirely of silver, and weighs over 100 ounces. It stands about two feet in height and is mounted on four wheels. This Society had awarded its silver medal to Commander Peary in 1897 for crossing the ice cap of Greenland, and its gold medal to him in 1903 for his Arctic explorations during the preceding four years (see page 540). THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 538 ‘ATBIT JO Suryy oy} Aq pequesotd sem yoy Or6r 4yst1hdog “SOUILT, YOK MON Aso}1nN0_ “dI9MjU ‘SWUOY ‘AjaI90G Jeorydes80a ‘STessnig ‘Aj9190 V $0 Aja1006 | <) uelyeiy peso S [eorydessoen uerisjeq [eAoy oy} fj “PUTA ‘AJaI90G Jeorydetsoer) 6ast ansiay a a8 SHADY 8 8 Oh ae ANT RIA? Lehi ee Borydetsoexy [ehoy oy} a i FO [Ppa Ploy uelysny [eliodwy ay} FO [Bpey] PlOD ey + JIOqUINE, SuTyy oy, © TEP PIO) eT, “2 5° [BP2TN] POD yy, “1 OdAS MRT ie Z os HUROPEAN TRIBUTES TO PEARY 539 Courtesy New York Times. Copyright, r910 1. The Special Gold Medal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, designed by the wife of Captain Robert F. Scott, R. N., leader of the British South Polar Expeditions of I90I—1904 and IQIO-I012. 2. The Nachtigal Gold Medal of the Gesellschaft fur Erdgunde of Berlin (Geographical Society of Berlin). 3. The Gold Medal of the Hungarian Geographical Society, the first and only gold medal ever awarded by this Society. 540 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE THE SPECIAL GOLD MEDAL OF THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY, PRESENTED TO COMMANDER PEARY DECEMBER 15, 1909 The medal is four inches in diameter it is of a special value to effect such qualities during a time of peace, when naturally a tendency to a weakening of the audacious powers is evident. “We are sure that Commander Peary is one of those heroes disposed to fight, who, with never tiring activity and perse- verance and using all their powers, are pushing forward in order to attain a great and difficult aim. But we feel more than that; we think of the enlargement of our knowledge of the globe, due to his courageous deeds. “The New York Chamber of Com- merce, which appointed him honorary member, was right in saying that the success of his last expedition was based neither on luck nor on bravery nor pa- tience, but on experience, gathered by him during a man’s life of ardent labor devoted to the exploration of the North Pole. Considering these merits, we cele- brate not only the hero who reached the pole, but also the explorer who discovered a great part of the polar regions.” THE SILVER SHIP At Edinburgh, at the conclusion of the address to the Royal Scottish Geograph- ical Society, Lord Balfour of Burleigh presented to Commander Peary a silver model of a ship such as was used by illustrious Arctic navigators in the olden times. The ship is a copy of a three- masted vessel in full sail, such as was in use in the latter part of the sixteenth century. The model is a beautiful speci- men of the silversmith’s art. On one of the sails is engraved the badge of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society, while another bears the inscription in Latin from the pen of Mr W. B. Blaikie, which, translated, is as follows: “This model of a ship, such as was used by John Davis, Henry Hudson, and William Baffin, illustrious Arctic naviga- tors of the olden time, has been pre- sented by the Royal Scottish Geograph- ical Society as an evidence of its con- egratulation, admiration, and recognition to Robert Edwin Peary, American citi- zen, an explorer of the frozen Arctic, not less daring than his daring predecessors, who was the first to attain to that thrice- noble goal so long sought by innumerable bold mariners, the North Pole. Edin- burgh, May 24th, 1910.” liane REVIEW OF BOOKS THAT CAN BE RECOMMENDED BOOK REVIEWS Japanese Goldfish. By Dr Hugh M. Smith, Deputy U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries. Many illustrations and to colored plates. Washington, D. C.: W. F. Roberts & Co. Price, $2.00 net. Dr Smith, well known to the readers of the NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE, is one of the world’s foremost authorities on fishes, and his volume on Japanese Goldfishes is the result of a close study of the subject and will be re- garded as an authority. The plates of the gold- fish are splendid reproductions in natural colors and the book can be recommended in the highest terms. AEG AUS The Gateway to the Sahara. By Charles Wel- lington Furlong. Pp. 300, 61%x8%. 35 illustrations and 3 maps. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. By word and picture the author, a well- known traveler, gives an insight into the most native of the Barbary capitals, its odd and fascinating customs and industries, and a view of those strange and interesting people who inhabit Tripolitania. It was Mr. Furlong who, in 1904, discovered the wrecked hull of the United States frigate Philadelphia below the waters of Tripoli harbor, and the book gives the dramatic episode of the vessel’s destruc- tion and finding a hundred years later. XO lee London Town, Past and Present. By W. W. Hutchins, with a chapter on the Future of London by Ford Madox Hueffer. 2 vols. Pp. 1130, 84% x8%. Several hundred illus- trations. New York: Cassell & Company. Price, $6.00 net. No work of greater importance, or one more likely to hold a permanent place, than “London Town, Past and Present,’ has yet been pub- lished. It is unique, comprehensive, and of marked value. It limits itself to no one period of time or to no one part of the capital, and discusses no abstruse or antiquarian questions. It recounts in vivid language all the important and arresting events from Roman times to the present day. Mr. Ford Madox Hueffer, in a clever and suggestive chapter, essays to lift a corner of the veil behind which is hidden the future of London, and presents, in characteris- tically rich and pregnant diction, some ingen- ious speculations on that theme. JeOsL: Women of All Nations. Edited by T. Athol Joyce and N. W. Thomas. 2 vols. Pp. 772, 81%4x8%. Several hundred illustrations and series of color plates. New York: Cassell & Co. Price, $12.00 net. “Women of All Nations” is an authoritative work by such men as the late Prof O. Mason, Dr Grumberg, Archibald Colquhoun, and others, being a record of the characteristics, habits, manners, customs, and influence ot women ranging from the toilette of the Paris- 541 ienne down to the scanty skirt of the Fijian belle. The volumes give in word and splendid picture the psychological characteristics of the women of every race. You may read how the gentler sex of China, Samoa, India, or Sweden live and work, together with their curious forms of courtship and marriage. The volumes are illustrated with a collection of rare photo- graphs gathered from every part of the world. 0 Fe Hunting In British East Africa. By Percy C. Madeira. Pp. 290, 6%xg9. 130 illustra- tions and 2 maps. Philadelphia: J. B. Lip- pincott Co. A very interesting narrative from the pen of a big game hunter telling of his experience in that sportsman’s paradise, British East Africa. Starting with the initial arrangements for the big game hunt, the reader is taken step by step through the wildness of jungle and plain into the heart of the animal kingdom and hardly realizes the study of natural history he is absorbing so graphic is Mr. Madeira’s story. The illustrations, actual photographs, are very fine and the maps comprehensive. jn Osis Wanderings In the Roman Campagnia. By Rodolfo Lanciani. Pp. 370, 74% x9%. 112 illustrations. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin Co. Camp and Camino in Lower California. By Arthur Walbridge North, with introduc- tion by Rear Admiral Robley D. Evans, U.S.N. Pp. 346, 74x9%. 32 illustra- tions and 2 maps. New York: The Baker & Taylor Co. Price, $3.00 net. A book of adventure and exploration in Lower California, a land of desert and moun- tains. Few regions on the globe are less known than this country at our very door. The volume contains much that is fascinating along the lines of hunting and adventure, at the same time giving valuable description and records of scientific exploration. je Pe) Em The Great Pacific Coast. By C. Reginald L,. Enock. Pp. 356, 64% x9. 63 illustrations and several maps. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. Price, $4.00 net. The book from the pen of this well-known writer on Latin American subjects is rather unique, treating as it does for the first time of the vast region of the Pacific Coast of North and South America as a physical and political entity. Seen from the viewpoint of an experi- enced traveler, the subject is one of great in- terest, and especially fine are the photographic illustrations. JF OME. Soil Fertility and Permanent Agriculture. By Cyril G. Hopkins. Pp. 650, 6x8¥%. Numerous maps and tables. Boston: Ginn & Co. The book is written primarily for American land-owners, who must either think and plan for the preservation of the land or allow its 542 more extended ruin, and secondarily for other students of agriculture and economics, whether in the lecture-room or in the business world. Geographical Essays. By William Morris Davis. Edited by Douglas William John- son. Pp. 777, 8x 5%. + Boston: Ginn & Co. 19009. This is a reprint, in permanent form, of cer- tain of the geographical papers of Professor Davis. As the editor says in his introductory note, they are reprinted without change, ex- cept that a few minor modifications have been made im style, and in a few cases, material modifications have been made to bring the matter into accord with recent discoveries. Of the twenty-six “ssays which are here re- printed, the first tuclve are educational, the remainder being iographic in character. Three of the lat-. ve originally published in this Magazine. Jal, Descriptive Meteorology. By Willis L. Mocre, WDE Sey Ep 3446 x08 = lillustrated: New York and London: D. Appleton & Co. 1910. In his introduction, Professor Moore char- acterizes the raison ‘d’etre for this book as follows: “To provide, as far as possible, the young men entering the service of the U. S. Weather Bureau with a comprehensive introduction te modern meteorology. But to meet their needs in this particular is to provide equally well for all others who are beginning seriously this important science.” The work is divided into fifteen chapters, and a summary of its contents can perhaps best be given by an enumeration of their sub- jects, as follows: The atmospheres of the earth and of the planets. Atmospheric air. : Micro-organisms and dust motes of the air. Physical condition of the sun, and its rela-- tion to the earth’s atmosphere. Heat, light, and temperature. Thermometry. Distribution of insolation and the resulting temperatures of the atmosphere, the land and the water. The isothermal layer. Atmospheric pressure and circulation, winds, clouds. Precipitation. Forecasting the weather. Optical phenomena. Climate. The first four chapters dea? to a large ex- tent with matters only slightly related to me- teorology, and might well be greatly con- densed. To a less extent this is also true of THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE the fifth chapter—that on hear, light, and tem- perature. The chapter on thermometry is devoted to a description of instruments and their installation. The next, on insolation, has a broad scope, including the distribution of temperature on land and water areas, its distribution in depth, both in the soil and water, its vertical distribution in the at- mosphere, its distribution with latitude, ete. The chapter on*the isothermal layer sums up the results from a vast number of sound- ings of the upper atmosphere by means of bal- loons and kites. That on atmospheric pres- sure begins by describing the instruments used in its measurement. This is followed by an account of the general distribution of pressure over the earth, the general air movements, local movements, cyclonic movements, etc. This subject is concluded in the next chapter, that on winds, in which is included a descrip- tion of the instruments used in measuring the direction and velocity of air currents. The chapter on clouds is brief, including their classification, formation, height, ete. Precipitation is treated fully in all its forms, as to cause, distribution in time and space, modifying influences, etc., even to attempts to produce it artificially. The application of much of what precedes is made in the next chapter, that on “Fore- casting the Weather,” being a description of the methods employed in this work in the Weather Bureau. Incidental to this are descriptions and explanations of many different phenomena of weather. Optical phenomena include color of sky, coronas, rainbows, halos, mock suns, etc. The final chapter defines climate as the aver- age weather of a locality. It enumerates the meteorological data which constitute climate and the factors which modify and_ control them, such as latitude, altitude, topography,, ete. Certain typical climates are described and their effects on the human race are char- acterized. In the above attempt to summarize the con- tents of the book it must be understood that it is possible to hit only the high places, as the number of topics discussed is very great. The matter is well arranged and the book is readable, a most excellent, though rare, qual- ity in works on this subject. It is fully illus~ trated with maps and diagrams. At the end of each chapter is a list of books treating on the subject-matter of that chapter. Altogether this is a most comprehensive and excellent text-book on its subject. H.G Across the Sahara from Tripoli to Bornu. By Hanns Vischer, with foreward by Sir Harry Johnston. Pp. 304,6% x9. 45 illustrations and map. New York: Longmans, Green & Co. Price, $3.50 net. ONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES wii NL 3 9088 01 299