at vere aers pert ves fevers yee AR i vase OI TERE! Uo: THREE : oa Oey J ry) ; v4 ae o eee yay M Veae eee varryevegages PRR ann ‘yevedagee we serene erase yyy yee TH t ‘ Site em sedan ere A Smithsonian Institution Libraries Given in memory of Elisha Hanson by Letitia Armistead Hanson hy Bi Tea EB Df iran AHN Ta f j f ‘ ‘ ; ‘ : Wey < i oa \ ) uy herny ; y y } hs 4 Way ya ay epee er {\ neti as it a ae Re Yo we S e Nis THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE. AN ILLUSTRATED MONTHLY Editor GILBERT H. GROSVENOR Assistant Editor JOHN OLIVER LA GORCE Associate Editors _ A. W. GREELY Arctic Explorer, Major Gen’! U. S. Army C. HART MERRIAM Chief U. S. Biological Survey O. H. TITTMANN Superintendent of U. S. Coast and Geo- detic Survey ROBERT HOLLISTER CHAPMAN U.S. Geological Survey WALTER T. SWINGLE ELIZA R. SCIDMORE ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL Inventor of the Telephene DAVID G. FAIRCHILD In Charge of Agricultural Explorations, Dept. of Agriculture. HUGH M. SMITH Deputy Commissioner, Bureau of Fisheries N. H. DARTON FRANK M. CHAPMAN FRANK EDWARD JOHNSON Vol. XXII—Year 1912 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY ( HUBBARD MEMORIAL HALL \ NOV 0 1981 |. } WASHINGTON, D. C. SAT ASON A LIBRARIES__ \ oh } WASHINGTON, D. C. PRESS OF JUDD & DETWEILER, INC. 1912 CONTENTS Page hee Sea=Kangs) on Crete; by Rev. JAMES: BATRIE 4 isc een: eas cibdcs oo. bee Sbactiel oe; I bres @uillsvon a Porcupine; by PREDERICK Vi COovIEUh soo.) o. li ek ee oa oe Bo IN@teseonmtierMkoiabypaes Ate SAT BOTs ans ciet.taassccthe. Pee G RES a sae aorta ei ean nba athe seh ee 33 Our Immigration Laws from the Viewpoint of National Eugenics; by Prof. Robert DEVEENVARD co feleviat: Gd, OMIVverSity Weg s.cieea coo sete tees che se ec tossely lle he aae 38 fihemMoung Lurk; by Rear Admiral Corpy M. Custer, U.S: Navy.s....s.2.-.2..secae 43 “he Greek Bronzes of*Tunisia; by FRANK EDWARD JOHNSON.........i.eccsccdececcucs 89 Wine “Cire TEitOnzeS oie 5 BOs oat ea nae ae rR ee NE SRE, SNR Pens chy Ua a 104 NiapHope Vite diternanedtte Ves tO Sy eis fects actos ile oes wees ceeseny soditee sw Pee MARS he aed bees 104 National Geog rapliiGesOClety ace as Arter tin olan liye ct ia toe aie (UMW 2 Arle each say aer ra AAN |) Sh 104 Adamse second Edens by ELIZA RUBAMAH SCIDMORE. ;.... 0.4 cele) desc beh ets cess ceun 105 The Pearl Fisheries of Ceylon; by HucH M. Smiru, United States Deputy Commis- SOME ION PEMSINCTICS My ccd ence ee ace es yea. ale wi Wrersa QesYe, Woes oa Mok databTuui ake cede einer so tboep tee MAG una 173 sbheskanama-CanaljbyeNVILGTAM JOSEPH SHOWALTER ..¢<.c. cic ctyoneschccie oe cee 195 PMIMIMMGSenS AtiaImie nt Ometie tS OUthmlOlE.. cei sc fanpeickcet Galley) ot sh) Shekhr sye.ccjjevecisie aero 1277 V VI INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS AFRICA: German East—Continued Page Jumper, the champion high, of Africa....... 387 Nima pai oh byara, Wiatssicrs.1< jeer er-tacrs stejensicie 386 Kividschwi Island, in Lake Kiwu: Tree-ferns Lebel svat O1m! LOTS severe siete. ler slatencietacevencaaie te 379 Lip ornament, considered very beautiful by EWS TAtiVieS store, oteitueioeieutten el eaten ccotere otavenene are 372 Ruanda, caravan on the march in........... 370 Ruanda, Sultan Msinga of, arrives, borne on his) palanquin Ons litters, jst ee eecles ete 374 Ruanda, Sultan of, and Captain von Grawert, thesresidentvovacnertvs yceris tera ticker ee eee 373 Scarrings, ornamental, which are popular.... 367 Semliki, Duke of Mecklenburg with the tusks of the elephant killed on the..<,0..06 2. 376 Semliki River, pygmies of the great forest, TRC AM: ovis Wee econ cweytre clei nelctov stain, ouStaans ceiaeellelatee 380, 381 WIA TLISSI,-/aeitrece ch avenonicisca ers” exces leyehetalieteus a. scsceleceree 368 NIGERIA: Bebo house varradlig tigi ties. srerarceusraie olevere tus sone 35 Ekoi coiffure, one of the many modes of.... 36 Ekoi girl attendant on juju “‘image”’........ 33 Ekoi girl with nsibidi writing on face........ 36 Ekoi girls in ‘‘fatting-house”’ costume........ 32 EV Oee ira Gi OA pili epee ea repeds) ox tlane ie Sehahch anencteereue.ava 35 EOOT MEV PO Obiscu el chensever sles sue sauauseessudetus lend cts SSeneelione 33 MienSaralCaniiitsw OMe \O teretencickcests -chevsheyiey 94 Mahdia: Dwarf dancing the cakewalk, statu- ebtewOLmapimallenscyGisschaeccuscs:-tetsrenasslonsvorslie’s;sce O07 Mahdia: Eros, attributed to Praxiteles....... QI Mahdia: Eros playing on his lyre, statuette of 98 Mahdia: Hermes of Dionysos, by Boethos the @halcedomiarimpey prices 761 SEA CLOT ee peasy DUS me ee nU un aaMte one vous dutculta ets 690 Ants repairing a rent in the nest of the red- Boundary peaks from a triangulation station. 686 ETES AMEE 6 oops s oiete ee lele clea Fal wie GS we Hie 764 Boundary Peak “‘5300,’’ surveyors ascending.. 692 Ant which hoards the eggs of the corn-root Boundary Peak ‘‘5300,’”’ surveyors near the louse in its nests over winter, colony of ASEM O Ler CAC ee ee Reto n CN Gna he euceatals Gis 601 Pes ees wor suace she yonetelie ape aerosol eneiisce in lenciiael= eo athsas Boundary Peak ‘6900,’ view from summit of 687 Ant which pastures and guards plant-lice, Boutellier summit on the road to Lake Kluane 695 workers and cocoons of........-+++++++- 743 ‘Crevasse, climbing a, on a snow bridge while Aphaenogaster picea, colony of........-+.++++ 756 AS CEM Cit patae' 3 OOmme reuters ieiaisicie) ele>snehs se ia etee 692 Aphaenogaster picea, workers of a colony of. 757 De Blondeau Glacier, preparing to cross the: Camponotus americanus, major and minor Working on the coast boundary........ 689 workers of.... Salevehanseeusverees cist ae esicinirieiniers 737 Dogs are utilized for packing in summer by Camponotus americanus, portion of colony tie IbnGbaigonoacosaobd oslo oduooeoee 707 OLE eee nisi lstoretetsneleiioyelot= bones sates 738, 739 Donjek River, following the banks of........ 607 Camponotus americanus, portion ot a colony Edmonds Island, fumigating on............-- 711 of, at the height of the breeding season.. 735 Edmonds Island, smallpox camp on........-. 711 Camponotus americanus, portion of a colony Edmonds Island: Smith, Dr., on the way to of, with workers and, virgin queens.....- 734 visit smallpox patients.......-.-++eeeee 711 Formica subsericea in various stages of pig- Inspection for smallpox daily: Vaccinating MenitAtiOm|| | tehleraere eve a deapeshooe RCD om 740 Ta AT SU ener ore eel erar el cleleh au stesdeyener 710 Gardens of a fungus-growing ant of the Kluane, mudhole, a bad, on the way to..... . 604 Southern States........0..esceeseeceeee 750 VIII INDEX T@O-ILLUSTRATIONS ANTS—Continued Page Tloney ant, whose stomach is developed into a food reservoir for the rest of the ant COLO Tyee stay sae cnses Reetanie ce letter Sieeloneyecena eceseuerecsine Larve of the Texan agricultural ant........ Lasius (Acanthomyops) claviger, colony of, a common subterranean ant in the Eastern SEAteSPe aks Sis. becre eee late orate seater ete okene Mound of the thatching ant of Colorado..... Nest-chamber of a small Texan fungus-grow- UT ee Tiitaeestantsse kay site tole teges leh evenagousy onal ekeneete’s iehsiror ere Nest, large, of the mound-building ant....... Nest of. an arboreal Brazilian ant....'..-..... Nest of a small Texan fungus-growing ant, SECH ONO LAL: searcher ar aearctsteredede eis terse ners Nestiot ativiery- cedar of sisi... we Fes ee ROE 72 Man-=(Mohammedan)? ia holywcc.. 2.000 sees peas} Shoesstorestind the @riemtiaeicete siererererattns cre tecs 66 Stone, the biggest piece ever blocked out in URC UT ey toner netessncdedeue mies ieterc apescken onenetsisico caret este 83 Syrian Desert, in the, east of the Lebanon.. 80 CENTRAL AMERICA: Costa Rica: Banana wlorestiacty picalicc. cine eran siccsteretnion ete 716 Bananas awaiting transportation by raft down Stream to the railway... .3c. 0. Uievoraten stein 72 0) Bananas a Cutting eves scviiy esis Beeieysts eian7eLO= 7.251 Bananas covered with the leaves of the plant forsprotection’ fromthe) sumi.jes)st eins, snes a7. Bananas, loading aboard a fruit-train........ 725 Flower of the banana grows at the tip of the Stem beyond the truttisscis overs cst a eee 71 Firwit, -finst-erade\cn sts cece Be deh eit tuna ite (eestecene 72 Guineo, the Chinese dwarf, often planted in the gardens and plazas of the towns as ATMA OGM AI Cuts rensyorseceanctessuchate cue keye sete vetebeos eysusie 714 Jezero, sometimes called the Bosnian Venice. .1183 Konjica, 40 miles from the Montenegrin PrOMGIE Tyee 6 cde hraevsied dienale, valance Sede tel oe 1182 Mangers, asvicradles simi cessed oscars ree neers II7I Opium poppy; raising) the). 4 s4!s1.40 se wis Semele 1180 Scene, rural: 22 cjin 2 wae aeew ae eae eee 1178 Budapest: Hungarian gentlemen in procession.1217 Canalesi women ‘in national dress........... 1169 Croatia: Agram,. market-place witnesses scr sicioierstorscieters 1186 Croatian children returning from school 1186, 1187 Csardas;. dancing ithes. c.s.ncnscrs cesudeeste cnet nosesiereioe 1187 Fleiresses; , villages cc iatecere, sic arsvstciercls cactenone eieronere 1188 Dalmatia: Cattaro, group, prosperous; inva... tse esse 1166 Perasto, perched on a ledge at the foot of a great. mountaiiswalle cys iia snecsacie eeeeiietee 1160 Ragusa? Constitutional, /a family.3 aec2 1167 Ragusa: Turkish children returning from isalthOdale nisin n Ooh oC Sha antaepaeeast heen ee Rees 1167 Ragusan. womanvand loads. c.. 3 iiciesi.cts enone 1168 Scene; » typically acs cessscte sistas taneke cstaremsaerueeusieneees 1165 Lava, Citizens; PROMAINENtA \Of\. 4 os sees el ccele lets 1163 Herzegovina: Pallconerss) the sisdiecypsheveusvecscav eels 2 tesco porece eet 1162 Herzegovinian, South, woman and Ragusans..1164 Mostar: Turk on the main thoroughfare..... 1168 Narenta Gorge, Moslem boys, native, in......1179 Wrater Carrier layedeiccscsrstaterie ciusecn sce torrets onte ek LOW Woman, veiled Mohammedan................ 1184 Salzburg: Pass) Lie eis svcieaiatdtinata shave whaceusnenshieler sua oleae Sesuepenenes 1208 Salzburg, (Old ta abitvObie. cyreciemesse Re erroretet 1200 Salzkammergut, near Salzburg: Traunkirchen and Spitzelstein (Peake iii. dere csleellenersisteverstens 1102 Steiermark, costume of a man from...... FeELSO Tyrol: ‘Bozenw \Calvarteysiba tree istsrteonoxsieley reid srokevenetuenorolts 1190 Crossw at way Sid elayscctecsrrsterotrenenetch CEH Ray Oke 1196 Dolomutes:wamorsy thelye ois tes ole shana tocar erstensnets weLrO3 Grodner Joch? cattle: on the fajeeiopitey-rclee cherstoxe 1195 Motels wav ipalatialtcyye savsrsietens st oesetereitecenennsterees 1197 Innsbruck: Guard, the bronze, around km- petror Maximulian’s tomb): 2)... 23 cca 1206 Innsbruck: King Arthur of Britain, the match- Jessy gure vob Wor story cceusccue ete or snsoleneverersiomekens 1207 Innsbruck, streets of, one of the main....... 1204 Lamb, bringing home the strayed............ 1199 Wandeck <7 oe — {x} ee eI a ) ‘S) a O Ay =< (x Oo WM i 4 THE Q SRS), OR AZINE os\ 2 HIC’ MAC >) Al G O =\ E ; G NATIONAL =) NODWNO “LSHMOT IVNOLILVN VMOTIVM !3NNLSVd wOOMd-1L0A09 - oe AHL JO HONAT AHL AaIstao ayTITst STIVWINV AYOLVGHUd AWOUVT AHL FO AWOS AO SNIMS MAA V VNIMOHS ‘AWOH LV “Waaduvo ‘{ WLNOH AOTAMHS-LS%1 DIAIOG JSoIOWT “CS "Q) Wo1y OJOYg x (a LOv THE QUILLS OF A PORCUPINE 31 pain by rolling it between the thumb and finger as it is pulled. ‘To use his ex- pression, the barbed point would “un- screw... A minute examination -of a quill-point did not show any spiral ar- rangement of the barbs, but it did show that the barbs are not rigid, but flexible, and I have no doubt that by twisting as described the barbs would be bent to one side and the quill be much more easily withdrawn. The dogs varied in the manner in which they took their punishment. The yellow pup and the young foxhound had only a few quills, and they howled when these were pulled. The old fox- hound was hard to hold and was inclined to be ugly. Jule complained, but allowed the pulling to proceed, although her jaws were reeking with blood and _ saliva. Drum, the brindle pup, showed his bull- dog stock by submitting to the long or- deal with barely a whimper. The two big dogs—Tige; the blood- hound, and Ranger, the staghound— were a problem. Ejither was strong enough, if he was so inclined, to break Carper’s hold, and the staghound, fur- thermore, Fad offered to bite his master. He was in by far the most serious con- dition of any of the dogs. He had more quills in his face than any other, and some were near, though fortunately not in, his eyes. They were liable at any time to work there, however, through his agonized pawing. We considered shoot- ing him to end his misery, but Carper hated to do it. We concluded to go back to camp, get something to eat, and decide the dog’s fate afterward. On the way back I asked Carper whether the dogs would not learn to let a porcupine alone. He replied that they would not; that the older dogs had been through the experience repeatedly, though he had never seen a pack quite so thoroughly done up, and that if they ran across a porcupine the next day they Evi- would undoubtedly tackle him. dently dogs of this fighting quality are no more deterred by such an experience than is a bulldog deterred from fighting a second time because he has once be- fore been bitten in a fight. After our meal we took the remaining quills out of Tige. ‘Those on the outside of his head Carper pulled alone. ‘The great bloodhound wagged his tail after each pull; I could not tell whether out of gratitude to his master, or because he thought the two were engaged in some sort of game, rough and painful, but nevertheless to be treated good-naturedly. The quills within his mouth were taken out with a pair of steel pliers while two men held him, a stout stick of wood be- tween his jaws as a precaution against biting. The staghound we decided to give a chance for his life, though neither of us relished the prospect of lacerating his head to do it. His face was beginning to swell and he was dozy until we stirred him up. He was ready to fight us all. We tied him down under a log, and one man held his body, the other his head, while I pulled the quills with the steel pliers. By actual count we took 568 quills out of that staghound. Ejighty-one of these were inside the line of his teeth, in his gums, the roof of his mouth, and his tongue. At least 30 had been pulled out at odd times before the count began, and during the following cays over 20 more worked out of his misshapen head at various points. It was not a nice or a pleasant task, and the repulsive details of quill-pulling have already been suffi- ciently explicit. The staghound lived and fortunately lost neither eye. It was a curious and a fearful weapon that nature had given to this otherwise weak and peaceable porcupine, with which in defense of his liberty and his. life he dealt a terrible retribution to: seven powerful enemies, hzif of whom he would have killed had not still greater: odds been matched against him. THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 32 ANNALSOD ,ASQOH-ONILLVG,, uopuo’y Jo [eusmnof [eorydessoox) oy} wWosz “Joqiey, “y “q Aq sojoyg NI S’THID IOMA NOTES ON By P. A. HE Ekoi, of extreme southern Nigeria, on the Equator, should be, and probably are, among the happiest people on earth, for they have no taxes to pay, no wearisome restric- tions to undergo, and so fruitful is the land that a few weeks’ labor is enough to supply them with food, home, and clothes for a whole year. The Ekoi are devoted parents, but it will take years of patient teaching be- fore they grasp the importance of fresh air and the simplest sanitary measures for the health of their little ones. They have curious beliefs as to the advent and death of their babes. One charming superstition forbids all quar- THE EKOI TALBOT reling in a house where there are little children. The latter, so they say, love sweet words, kind looks, and gentle voices, and if these are not to be found in the family into which they have rein- carnated, they will close their eyes and -forsake the earth till.a chance offers to return again amid less quarrelsome sur- roundings. At the new year, and on all great festivals, the chief “societies” of men, women, and children come up to the sta- tion to give a series of dances. To the Ekoi, dancing is one of the main occu- pations of life. With them the dance provides an outlet both for the dramatic instinct and for religious fervor. In all Photos by P. A. Talbot, from the Geographical Journal of London EKOI GIRL ATTENDANT ON JUJU “IMAGE” TYPE OF EKOI (SEE PAGE 34) o4 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE “Eebo plays’ the chief character, or “image,” as it is called, is dressed to represent the “Egbo”’ itself. It is the habit of the Egbo Club, at certain times of the year, to take the sacred images and other paraphernalia to a part of the bush where a little hut of green boughs has been built to receive them. Sentries are then posted to keep all intruders from coming within a mile of this spot. On one occasion two young girls, sisters, happened to have missed the patrol and have trespassed unwit- tingly within the sacred precincts, proba- bly in search of nuts or bush fruits, which abound everywhere. They were caught by the sentries, brought before the “Egbo,” condemned to death, and hanged almost immediately. Their brother, who was a member of the highest grade of the society, was al- lowed, as a great favor, to be present at their death and afterwards to carry home the bodies to his family. Of re- dress, in such a case, there could be nei- ther hope nor even thought. The E'gbo “image,” of which each com- pany has at least one, is a figure robed from crown to heel in a long garment pierced with eye-holes (see page 35). It usually bears on its head a wooden framework covered with skin and shaped like a human head, often with two eyes, looking both ways—into the future and back to the past—the symbol of the om- niscience of the deity. This curious apparition runs up and down, generally accompanied by two attendants clothed in gorgeous close - fitting knitted gar- ments, usually of red, yellow, and white. Soon after my arrival information was brought that something of an unusual nature was happening in Oban. On in- vestigation it appeared that a certain chief had fallen under the suspicion of having, in the guise of a were-leopard, killed several cows and goats. Prepara- tions were on foot for ridding the town of him in a summary manner when the arrival of the “white man” put an end to the proceedings of the ex tempore tri- bunal. Chief Agbashan, a splendid hun- ter, is believed to have the power of transforming himself into an elephant— an accomplishment that would certainly be of great use to him when out after these creatures. An old woman of Oban, named Awaw Ita, was suspected of a still more sinister familiar. Her husband had a sore on his ankle. Somehow or other the idea got about that this could not heal be- cause a snake came out of her mouth to lick the wound every night while they slept. The case came into court, as the “Egbo Society” had tried and sentenced the woman, which of course they had no right to do. Curiously enough, as in similar cases in our own country © 1ring the Middle Ages, she herself firmly be- lieved: in the ‘truth of ‘the story, and owned to it when she thought that such a confession might cost her her life. At a small place nestling at the base of beautiful purple hilis, on one occasion the children gave a particularly charm- ing series of games, singing all the while in the pretty lilting way usual among them. Nothing could be more graceful than the waving arms and swaying limbs of the little brown forms as they bent and moved, always in perfect time to their song. The musical faculty of this people is certainly wonderful, though developed along peculiar lines. During the whole period spent among them | have never heard a false note nor found a dancer or accompanist one fraction of a second out of time. At the little village of Niaji the only attempt at portrait modeling known in this part of the world is to be seen. it represents Maia, priestess of Nimm. The figure, modeled, rudely enough, in mud on a framework of sticks, is seated above the grave of the woman it com- memorates. Over her the frame of a tiny hut has been built, and round this are hung most of the things used by the dead woman in her life—all broken, ac- cording to the funeral custom of the race. No man is allowed to share in the mysteries of Nimm, though a woman iS sometimes, though rarely, chosen as the head of “Jujus,” in which both sexes share. Not even the fear of death would in- duce a male Ekoi to intrude at the cele- bration of the women’s rites. Should a woman think that she has any cause of Gs. Or NOTES ON, THE EKO! EGBO HOUSE AND JUJU TREES (SEE PAGES 34 AND 37) Photos by P. A. Talbot, from the Geographical Journal of London AN EKOI HUNTING JUJU This is the great “hunting Juju” of the Ekoi. arid has never before appeared to a Euro- pean. The “image” was supposed to be deaf to human voices, and to hear only those of the bush beasts, save when awakened by the call of the trumpet. It is the Juju that is supposed to have the power of “smelling out” all others, and carries an axe in its jaws as a sign of its special fierceness. Powerful as it is. however. it was not proof against the very human weakness of wishing to have its photograph taken, and appeared, on this inducement. among its less exclusive brothers. THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 36 AVATAIOD IOMH AZO SHGOW ANVW HHL FO 4NO MOV NO ONILINM IGIGISN HIM ‘THID ION : uopuo’y jo [eurnof peoryde1s0a5 ay} worj OqTeL ‘V ‘d Aq sojoyg NOTES ON THE EKOI 87 complaint against a man, she brings her grievance before the head-woman of her ‘society, who is usually a priestess of Nimm. ‘The latter then calls a meeting, and, if the complaint is thought justified, steps are taken to bring the offender to a sense of his duty. The Ekoi are a polygamous people, but the chief wife, not the husband, is the head of the house. Each wife has control over her children, who almost invariably go with ‘her if she leaves her husband, and her rights as to property are most strictly safeguarded by native law. In an article such as this there is neces- sarily no room to give an idea of the richness and beauty of folklore among _ this people, who have legends to explain practically all their customs and beliefs. Perhaps, however, it is allowable to quote one short story, which, though far below the level of Ekoi legends in point of style, explains more clearly than would be possible in any other way the position ~ which woman holds in this country. “At the beginning of things,” so the legend runs, “the world was peopled by women only. One day the earth-god, Awbassi Nsi, happened by accident to kill a woman. On hearing this, the rest gathered together and prayed that, if he meant to slay them, he would bring de- struction on all together, rather than kill them one by one. Awbassi was sorry for the grief that he had caused; so he offered to give them anything they should choose out of all his possessions to make up to them for their fellow-woman, whom he had slain. They begged him to mention what he had to give, and said that they would all cry ‘Yes’ when he named the thing which they wished to have. Awbassi began and mentioned one by one all his fruits, fowls, and beasts, but at each they shouted ‘No.’ “At length the list was nearly ended; only one thing remained to offer. ‘Will you, then, take a man? asked Awbassi, at last. ““Yes,’ they roared, in a great shout, and, catching hold of one another, started dancing for joy at the thought of the gift which Awbassi was sending. “They took man, therefore, as com- pensation for the fellow-woman whom they had lost. Thus men became the servants of women, and have to work for them up to this day, for though a woman comes under the influence of her husband on marriage, yet she is his pro- prietor, and has a right to ask any serv- ice and expect him to do whatever she chooses.” The religious observances of the Ekoi are altogether a fascinating study. Be- neath many modern corruptions and dis- figurements are yet to be found traces of an older, purer form of worship— traces which carry us back to the oldest- known Minoan civilization and link the belief of the modern Ekoi with that of the ancient Phcenician, the Egyptian, the Roman, and the Greek. In some ways, indeed, the Ekoi form may be termed the most ancient of all, for whereas in the oldest-known representations of Mi- noan bird and tree worship the tree has become almost entirely conventionalized into pillar shape, and later on becomes a mere pedestal to support the bird, among the Ekoi it still keeps its original form— that of the actual living tree. The smallest town has its juju tree. There are many varieties of these, but each stands alone, usually in the open space before the Egbo house. ‘They are generally bound round with tie-tie or surrounded by a little fence festooned with linked rings of the same. On the branches of these trees hang countless nests of one kind or another of the weaver bird. Even the smallest child knows that these are sacred, for on them depends the prosperity of the town. Should the birds be injured or driven away, the women would become barren and even the cattle cease to bear. Surely in this form we have the oldest picturing of the wedding of earth and sky—sky father and earth mother—for of all created things the bird is most akin to air and sky, while the tree, with its roots in the dark ground, is the best and oldest personification of mother earth. In the course of ages, strangely enough, mother earth has become father earth for the Ekoi, whose two principal deities are now Awbassi Awsaw, the sky god, and the earth god, Awbassi Nsi. Enough legends and fragments of ritual, 38 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE however, have been collected to show that the older idea has not yet died out. Everywhere in the bush grow giant trees, often over 200 feet in height and from 80 to 100 feet in girth. Perhaps the most noticeable of these are the cot- ton trees, the smooth bark and straight shafts of which give them the appear- ance of giant columns, on which the blue sky rests like a dome. These forest giants are objects of veneration among Efik and Ekoi alike, and well it is to propiti- ate the genii of the trees, lest the latter open and imprison the unwary wayfarer, like Ariel on the island of Prospero. In the whole country there are no open spaces, save those which have been cleared as sites for villages or farms. The Ekoi spend their whole lives in the twilight of the beautiful, mysterious bush, peopled to their fancy not by wild animals alone, of which they have no fear, but by were-lopards and all kinds of terrible half-human shapes, and by the genit of trees, rocks, and rivers. Here more truly even than in old Greece the terror of Pan is everywhere. This atmosphere of twilight and mystery ex- plains the grafting of juju and fetish worship onto the purer and more an- cient forms of religion. So far as can be traced, the Ekoi have steadily trekked down from the north, for the site of each new town is to the south of the former one. One hears from certain sources of the hardships entailed on the natives in the making of the splendid roads, by means of which the British administration is opening up their tropical and luxuriant “bush” district. No one, however, is quicker than the natives themselves to see the advantages to be gained from such improved means of communication, whether as regards personal safety or trading facilities. On several occasions towns have offered, of their own free will, to do more than had been asked of them. In some cases they have even made a new piece of road on their own initiative as a surprise for my next visit to their part of the country. | Another point often raised by those who have no practical experience of na- tives is the hardship entailed on the latter by engaging them as carriers. Perhaps I may mention here that it is a usual thing for bands of men to come in from a distance of 40 to 50 miles, a month beforehand, in order to make sure of being taken on as carriers for the next bush tour, OUR IMMIGRATION LAWS FROM THE VIEW- POINT OF NATIONAL EUGENICS By Pror. Ropert DEC. Warp, or Harvarp UNIVERSITY OW far do our present immigra- H tion laws enable us to exclude those aliens who are physically, mentally, and morally undesirable for parenthood; those whose coming here will tend to produce an inferior rather than a superior American race; those who, in other words, are eugenically un- fit for race culture? We, in the United States, have an opportunity which is unique in history for the practice of eugenic principles. Our country was founded and developed by picked men and women, and today, by selecting our immigrants through proper legislation, we have the power to pick out the best specimens of each race to be the parents of our future citizens. The social responsibility which rests upon this country in this matter is over- whelming. We may decide upon what merits—physical, intellectual, or moral— the fathers and mothers of American children shall be selected; but we have left the choice almost altogether to the selfish interests, which do not care whether we want the immigrants they bring, or whether the immigrants will OUR IMMIGRATION LAWS AND NATIONAL EUGENICS 3y be the better for coming. Steamship agents and brokers all over Europe and eastern Asia are today deciding for us the character of the American race of the future. It is no argument against practicing eugenic ideas, in the selection of our alien immigrants, to say that the New England country towns are full of hope- lessly degenerate native Americans, who are inferior, mentally, morally, physi- cally, to the sturdy peasants of Europe. The degeneracy of our country native stock is probably chiefly due to the draw- ing off of the stronger and more capable men and women to the cities; to pro- longed inbreeding, and to the continued reproduction of feeble-mindedness, which is rife in many of our country districts. It will not help to reduce the number of our native degenerates if we admit alien degenerates. National eugenics, for us, means the prevention of the breeding of the unfit native, as well as the prevention of the immigration and of the breeding after admission of the unfit alien. CAREFUL ABOUT IMPORTING CATTLE, CARELESS ABOUT IMPORTING MAN Should we not exercise at least the same care in admitting human beings that we are now exercising in relation to animals, to insect pests, or to disease germs? Yet it is actually true that we are today taking more pains to see that a Hereford bull or a Southdown ewe, imported for the improvement of our cattle, are sound and free from disease than we take in the admission of an alien man or woman who will be the father and mother of American children. We do not hesitate to prohibit the importa- tion of cattle from a foreign country where a serious cattle disease is preva- lent. It is only in very extreme cases, indeed, that we have ever taken such a step in connection with the importation of aliens. Yet there are certain parts of Europe from which no aliens should be allowed to enter this country, for rea- sons which are eugenically of the first importance. Our present laws aim to exclude some twenty-one classes of mentally, physi- cally, morally, and economically unde- sirable aliens. On paper the list of the excluded classes is long and formidable, and seems more than sufficient to accom- plish our eugenic purposes; but the fact is that careful and unprejudiced students of immigration agree that these laws do act keep out the unfit so as to preserve the status quo, to say nothing of promot- ing eugenic improvement. We already have an army of probably not less than 150,000 feeble- minded in the United States, of whom only about ro per cent are in institutions, the rest being free to propagate their kind. And of those in institutions, the large proportion are kept there only temporarily, being at liberty for much of the time during their repro- duction period. The same is true of thousands of criminals, whom we shut up for varying periods of time, but allow, in the inter- vals when they are out of prison, to populate the world with children, much of whose inheritance is criminal. We are today legalizing the begetting of ' criminal children by failing to give per- manent custodial care to habitual crimi- nals. Further, there are over 150,000 insane in the institutions of the United States alone, and of these many have already left offspring to perpetuate their insanity. In spite of this appalling situation— appalling from the standpoint of mere sentiment and of mere philanthropy— doubly appalling from the standpoint of eugenics, we have been admitting alien insane and alien imbeciles, and alien epi- leptics and alien criminals, partly because of a lax administration of the law under former administrations, partly because the law is incapable, under existing con- ditions, of effective enforcement. The disproportionate increase of alien insane, of alien imbeciles, of alien criminals, and many other facts which may be ascer- tained by any person who is interested in this question, shows that, as just stated, our immigration laws do not now enable us to preserve the status quo. Sir Francis Galton has clearly shown that “each married degenerate produces on the average one child who is as de- generate as himself or herself, and others in whom the taint is latent, but liable to appear in a succeeding generation.” 40 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Further, it is well known that imbe- ciles have larger families than normal persons, and that they also have a large number of illegitimate children. Parent- hood on the part of all these classes of persons, native or alien, is a crime against the future. To admit to this country the feeble-minded, the insane, the epileptic, the habitual criminal, those afflicted with hereditary diseases, is no less a crime against the future. ‘The ideal selection of our immigrants would be possible only if we could have a fairly complete history, running back a few generations, showing the heredi- tary tendencies of each alien. This is impracticable, so far as the immediate future is concerned. But there are some things we can do. We can insist that each alien, on landing here, should undergo a very thorough mental and physical ex- amination at the hands of our Public Health and Marine Hospital Service sur- geons. These examinations would in- volve the stripping to the skin of each alien; the usual physical examination for physical defects; mental tests; tests for syphilis, and similar precautions. Is this too much to demand when the welfare of the human race is at stake? I have seen thousands of aliens landed, and I have marveled at the skill with which our surgeons are now able, by the most superficial examination as the aliens file by, at the rate of several a minute, to detect some of the physical and even some of the mental defects which put these aliens into one or another of the classes which may be excluded. But such a superficial examination is all wrong. It is nothing short of a crime to admit people, as often happens in a rush sea- son, at the rate of 3,000, 4,000, or 5,000 in one day at Ellis Island. On April 11, 1910, 7,931 immigrants were inspected by the medical officers. Think of that! And these medical officers were supposed to detect any mental and physical defect which might exclude! I believe that we ought to limit the number of aliens who shall be landed in one day to a certain number which could reasonably well be carefully inspected. We ought largely to increase the number of the surgeons detailed for that most important work of inspecting arriving aliens. We ought to enlarge the accom- modations at some of our immigrant sta- tions, in order that this work might be properly carried out. Again, we can go a long way toward the accomplishment of our object by in- creasing the fines which the steamship companies now pay when they bring over an alien who is found, on our own examination here, to be an idiot, imbe- cile, epileptic, or suffering from a loath- some or dangerous contagious disease which could have been detected at the port of departure. The fine is now only $100. ‘The steamship companies pay lit- tle attention to the provision. They run their chances of having such aliens de- tected on landing, and in some cases they insure themselves against possible loss by obliging the alien to deposit $100 when he buys his ticket. Now if we increased this fine to $500—and that is none too large—the steamship companies. would themselves, without expense to. us, make a much more thorough exami- nation abroad before sailing. Further, for the more effective detec- tion of aliens who are physically, men- tally, and morally undesirable, and who are already enumerated in our list of classes excluded by existing law, we should put immigrant inspectors and our own surgeons on board of all immigrant- carrying vessels. These officials, ming- ling with the immigrants on the voyage over, should see that they are properly treated and cared for; that they are not overcrowded, and that they receive ade- quate medical attention. But, of far greater importance than that, these officials would be able to de- tect a great many cases of physical and of mental defect which we could not possibly detect in our necessarily hurried examination when these people land, and in this way we should be able to exclude and to send back far larger numbers of undesirable aliens than is at present pos- sible, however strictly we ney try to en- force the law. In addition to these steps which we should take, and take instantly, to ac- complish the more effective exclusion of the insane, the imbecile, the idiot, the tuberculous, and those afflicted with loathsome or dangerous contagious dis- OUR IMMIGRATION LAWS AND NATIONAL EUGENICS 4] eases, we ought to amend our laws so that it will be possible to exclude more aliens of such low vitality and poor phy- sique that they are eugenically undesira- ble for parenthood. The law of 1907 excludes persons “who are found to be and are certified by the examining sur- geon as being mentally or physically de- fective, such mental or physical defect being of a nature which may affect the ability of such alien to earn a living.” This clause has been found to be rather ineffective, partly because it has been taken to be an economic test and not a physical one; partly because of other provisions in the same act which largely nullify this section by making it possible to admit on bonds aliens who fall into the group here named. Now aliens of such low vitality, poor physique, or suffering from such mental or physical defect that their ability to earn a living is thereby interfered with are, in the majority of cases, highly un- desirable persons. They are not only themselves weaklings and unlikely to re- sist disease, but they are likely to have defective and degenerate children. Bonds will not prevent them from breeding. We constantly speak of the need of more “hands” to do our labor. We for- get that we are importing, not “hands” alone, but bodies, also. The vast ma- jority of incoming alien immigrants are potential fathers and mothers, and the character of the race that is to be born depends upon the kind of alien bodies which we are allowing to have landed on our shores day by day. It is a tre- mendous responsibility which rests upon us. Conservation of our natural resources: how much we hear about that. Conser- vation of American forests is important. So is conservation of American coal, and oil, and natural gas, and water supply, and fisheries. But the conservation and improvement of the American race is vastly more important than all other conservation. The real wealth of a na- tion is the quality of its people. Of what value are endless acres of forests, mil- lions of tons of coal, and billions of gallons of water if the race is not virile, and sane, and sound? Fearfully misguided has been most of our so-called philanthropy. We have housed and clothed and fed the defec- tive, the degenerate, the delinquent, to such an extent that we have encouraged them to reproduce their kind in ever- growing numbers. We have spent in- creasing sums for asylums, almshouses, prisons, and hospitals, in which we have temporarily confined the insane, the pau- per, the habitual criminal, the imbecile, leaving them free, during most of their lives, to: propagate their’ kind. It is -a fact, disguise it as we will, that we have taxed ourselves to support institutions which have resulted in increasing and not decreasing the number of the unfit. We have before us an immediate duty of tremendous importance in caring for our own unfit; in seeing to it, by ade- quate legislation, that the insane, the habitual criminal, the feeble-minded, and similar classes are permanently segre- gated, so that they cannot reproduce their kind to be a further burden upon the nation, and in enacting laws which shall prevent the marriage of those whose offspring will be unfit. But, in addition to our own very heavy burden of those who are defective or de- generate, we are adding every year, by immigration, many hundreds if not thou- sands of aliens whose presence here will inevitably result, because of their own defects or those of their offspring, in lowering the physical and mental and moral standards of the American race. Biologists admit that they have much to learn about heredity. But of some things we are already sure. Enough is known to make it absolutely essential, if the quality of the American race is to be preserved, that there should be a far more careful selection of our incoming alien immigrants, on eugenic grounds, than we have ever attempted. The need is imperative for applying eugenic principles in much of our legis- lation. But the greatest, the most logical, the most effective step that we can take is to begin with a proper eugenic selec- tion of the incoming alien millions. If we, in our generation, take these steps, we shall earn the gratitude of millions of those who will come after us, for wé shall have begun the real conservation of the American race. TIC MAGAZINE E EKOGRAP ~ IT THE NATIONAL CG NI | i: | ; AdOUNA AO ALIO NHXNG AHL LI AMVW ALIS SLI JO SHOVINVAGV ‘IVYNLIVN HHL WIdONILNVLISNOD JO MIA THE YOUNG TURK* By Rrear-ADMIRAL CoLspy M. CueEster, U.S. Navy URING the better part of the past four years I have resided in Constantinople, making trips to the interior of Turkey, the islands of the fFigean Sea, Egypt, and several of the lost colonies of the Empire. I have dined in the palace of that arch- fiend the recent noted ruler of the Turk- ish Empire, Abdul Hamid; also in some of the homes of prominent Turks, and I feel warranted, therefore, in speaking of them from the standpoint of one who has known them at close range. During the early part of the year 1908 the growing discontent with the existing régime in the Ottoman Empire on the part of all the different races of this very cosmopolitan country—Turks, Greeks, Armenians, Bulgarians, and Arabs— aroused a cry of distress that was heard throughout all christendom. From out- side the boundaries of Turkey, among the western nations of Europe, Christian people pressed their administrators for a declaration that should either put an end to the despotic rule of Abdul Hamid— the Nero of the age—or drive the Turk out of Europe. Suddenly from Saloniki, in the south of Macedonia, Enver Bey and Niazi Bey, two young Turkish army officers of never-dying fame, raised the standard of revolution, and a wave of reform was started from within the Empire itself that spread from border to border with light- ning rapidity. It was on July 4, 1908, the birthday of the United States of America and of republican government, that a new era was inaugurated in Turkey. It took a number of days to organize the rebel- lious subjects of the Sultan, after these young officers had lighted the fuse which was eventually to blow this des- potic ruler from his throne; so that it was not until an ultimatum wired to Constantinople demanding the proclama- tion of the constitution was received and acted upon that it was finally granted to the people. On July 24, however, Abdul Hamid, learning that his last remaining support, the Albanian troops, whom he had for many years bribed to sustain his totter- ing power, had deserted him, and that the threat to march on Constantinople with 200,000 men was to be literally car- ried into effect, submitted to the inevita- ble and signed the iradé that was to make him a figure-head in governmental ad- ministration. WHO ARE THE YOUNG TURKS? The term “Young Turk” is applied to that vast class of Moslem subjects who were disaffected by the growing burdens placed upon them by the despotic action of the ruling power. This term applies alike to young and old, male or female; those who lived in Turkey or were spread broadcast over the face of the earth by expatriation or the fear of death by residence in the fatherland. This so- called Young Turk party comprised Christians and Jews, as well as Turks, and embraced parts of all the various races which go to make up the nation. The * ‘Committee of Union and Prog- ress” was a secret society organized within the kingdom, the ranks of which “were dgeetign oom the Young Turk party. Members were obliged to take a most sacred oath to devote their whole energies to the redemption of the coun- try, to obey every order given through the channels of the society, never to re- veal its secrets, and to kill any person, however near and dear to them, whom the committee might condemn to suffer death. The harshness of this creed was due to the necessity of fighting with fire the devil who ruled the nation, and who had organized the most diabolical espion- age system ever conceived—a system that created suspicion between man and wife, brother and sister, or even mother * An address to the National Geographic Society, December 8, 1911. INE Ss Se RAPHIC MAGA yHOG THE NATIONAL ¢ 44 eae a Sees hemes -UB}SUO,) AG e[GOuT}URJSUO,) OF LYGjod JysHoig SPM 4] “OdOINY FO JNO SUBISIa9q 24} VAOIP FEY} Solo Yoose) [ePIOUILUL dy} JO sowvU dy} Poqiiosur ote PE uod~y, “TYdjeq ye oCTody 0} poyesipep pue “CD “_ O4V) exye[q Je sopsoy URISIOg ot} poywefap OYM syseIH oY} Aq poyonsysuOS SVM j[ “9UI}SEX9 UT S}JUaWINUOU IIIOJSTY SOU 9Yy} Fo VU PUR “ToY}O Yee punoie pourm} sjuedios sseiq oe14} Jo Sunysisuod ,“tydjaq Jo Juodisg,, snowley oY} SI SIyy, ‘punoiss10f yYySit IY} UL [IVI & YIM pasopue UUINJOS JesIds dy} 9JON ‘“S}eIVUTLU XIS Burssassod “Bodo Je Vquey ot} ydooxo ‘anbsow AyTUO 9st J, VICONIDNVISNOD LV I LHNHOV NVJ/INS JO ANOSOW j 5 ee ve - ) EEE eViO RING TURK 45 ike the classic , they have sought to make iny iest desti d loft With a care which they have never expended on kiosk inspiration an MOST BEAUTIFUL MOSQUES IN CONSTANTINOPLE INTERIOR OF THE MOSQUE OF SULTAN ACHMET I, THE “The mosques are the noblest, worthiest monuments of the Ottomans. or palace, and with an art which found in such constructions its deepest Greeks, they have consecrated their best to the service of their faith.’—Edwin A. Grosvenor in “Constantinople.” their mosques as sublime and lasting as the human mind could devise and the human hand could execute. ZINE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGA x 4 4 Atal 46 YWM Ppasuoiy} oie onbsow puris sty} jo I LHNHOV Ss LSS Seas = udIpIya JO spuesnoy} SJINOD 9Y} (SuTjsey JO) uvzeWeY UepotUe YOY 24} MoTOY NVWLINS JO HNOSOW AH AO LANOD YOIMALNI YOIYM sjseof 9} FV THE YOUNG TURK and child, lest an indiscreet word should bring death from the edict of the despot whose bloody sword was ever suspended over his trembling subjects. No member of this committee was ever permitted to know more than four others. Five was the maximum num- ber allowed to meet together in a single group; but the secret chain leading up to the central figure or group, which was all supreme, was so carefully concealed that no one to this day has been able to dis- cover the ultimate source of that won- derful power. No one who has not been an eye-. witness to the effect of both the old and new régimes in Turkey upon its people can realize the change that now took place. RETURN OF THE EXILES The announcement that constitutional government had been granted to Turkey soon spread to all parts of the world; aged exiles and those who had fled from the dread machinations of Abdul Hamid returned and filled the capital to its ut- most capacity ; and as they were all mem- bers of the Young Turk party, the power that this remarkable secret organization wielded over the people became the prime factor in the administration of the gov- ernment. The people of the nation, who were at first stunned by the suddenness of the change, began to shout the new word “liberty,” which had just entered their vocabulary, with all the changes that could be played upon it, and in every quarter of the Empire celebrations took place, the inhabitants simply going wild with joy for their deliverance from slavery. Addresses were made by Moham- medan and Christian speakers in streets, in squares, in mosques, and in churches. Fraternity became for the first time the sentiment which seemed to bind all creeds, races, and tongues together in harmonious accord. Moslem and Chris- tian leaders embraced and kissed each other in public, while tears rolled down the cheeks of thousands as they took part in the festivities. Burial services were performed for 47 the Armenian martyrs of 1896, which were taken part in by Mohammedans and Christians alike. Crowds of former conflicting religious sects formed vast parades, led .by their priests; and, al- though the followers of Islam greatly exceeded all other sects in numbers, Christian fathers were invariably given the seat of honor in the carriages which accompanied them. All looked to the Committee of Union and Progress for guidance, and these men worked with great circumspection. Abdul Hamid was distinctly told that as long as he ruled according to the consti- tution his life would be spared, but that he would be held to a strict accounta- bility for his actions. He was, neverthe- less, promptly put under surveillance to insure his good behavior. Naval vessels, which had been left to rot in the port, because this wily ruler feared that some one might do as he had done with the fleet, in making it the means to drive his own brother off the throne of Turkey, were put in commission and moved to an anchorage in the Bosphorus, where the guns bore directly on Yildiz, and thus the Sultan became practically a prisoner in his own palace. PROMINENT PART PERFORMED BY AMERICANS Americans little realize what an im- portant influence their countrymen and countrywomen have exerted in bringing about constitutional government in ‘Tur- key. Talcott Williams, LL.D., in an ad- dress in Brooklyn, N. Y., October 15, 1908, stated: “Many causes havé com- bined, many factors are present, many influences have turned the hearts of men in that Empire; but, if we ask ourselves what the governing and final factor is which has brought about the first of the world’s bloodless revolutions, which has seen a people divided and dissevered by creed, by race, by language, by every conceivable difference which can sepa- rate the sons and daughters of men, suddenly act together, we do ill if we forget that for 80 years the American missionaries have been laying the foun- dations and preaching the doctrine which makes free government possible.” THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 48 suueNsUs yy Ty Ub yo DIF LH4LU Ajourtu 10 AyyBr0 IO} uo sopys yyuraAge, SuIAry oy} OG “WedIP SNOLI[op & UL Ff SB SUIAOU UlaesS [[e pue ‘Asvysoa JO uorsse1dxo ue SUMEP dOUvUd}UNOD & AULUI UG “poeul1OFsuvI} WlodS S}O[BIZ ay} JO Soovy pred oyf, © ° ° “pueYy YUM oprjoo puey sou ‘aqos azeis aqol savop JoAou ‘AueUT oe sjuedpiysed oy} pue [yews st soeds oY} YSncr} ‘oR ‘Ja1e9M Jy} OF So[Sue JYSII Je pues jsv] 3e pue ‘uoljour pider oy} Aq puojsip A]TMOTS “JooF IY} 0} SuISuLY ‘soqor 9PYM Suoj oy], ‘TY ey} JnoysSno1y} e8ueyd yuejsuoo ur st yoea JO UOIISOd aANLIIT oY} PUL ‘d]IIIO 9PCOTAJUT UL SSUTMS dJIIK “JSet OY} [JB pUNcIe ynq “Fjesumy uodn AyTUO jou saajoaAor yoe'y,, VIGONIINVISNOO :SHHSIAYHYC ONITAYIAN AM TO HONVa UdIP[IYS toy} pue ‘seuerzns ‘sueyns Jo sonbjeyezeo gS sureyuoo yaqin} oy, (1S a0vd HAS) INV{G HACIIVA INHA 10 MAOSOW AHL OL GAHOVLLV ‘NOWIOSAVW YO ‘HAdUNL AHL JO YOIMALNI SPO oS a Ae: M ~ i) al O Za 2) ©) H [aay a I > Co ‘Topunog [POT oY} FO Je} SB UOAvoY UF SoUTYs ‘sUeINS oy} jou pure, ‘oweU ds[quUNY say Jey} arepoop ASopooy} uewypnssnyy FO ssopop oy} [PP Joy OAS MOPIM oY} IMM “oojtyose sty poyuTys Aysnors0j}0U ‘onbsoul 9y} JO JoppInq oy} ‘pozekeg UvINS oy} SY “SuIplinq sv onbsour oy} effyM poyqisju0s MoptA ood e& yor sted o[Burs ve wos; poepusosap a1v ‘s9}e43 UOTTIpPesY ‘SaAOp osoy} [JY ‘oenbsour ay} Jo Auues. puke YOou A1IAV UT poor JY} S9AOP JO spuesnoy} sy} Jo Vsned0q anDsop 2A0Q ey} payyeo st yy Il GUZVAVA NVJ/INS JO ANOSOW AHL YO ANSSOW MAOG AHL \ZINE, i APTHIC; VAG OGR 4 4 i THE NATIONAL GI 0 ) THE SPLENDID MOSQUE OF YENI VALIDEH DJAMI, “THE MOST ELEGANT MOSQUE WHICH EXISTS AT CONSTANTINOPLE” It is built of white marble. Its interior is profusely decorated with intricate mosaics, mother of pearl, and precious tiles. “The scores of columns which sustain the galleries within were brought from the plain of Troy, and may have once been set up in temples named by Homer. One column, of such peculiar rose as is rarely seen, was brought as a trophy from Crete, in 1645, by the victorious Kapoudan Pasha Yousouf. ‘This pasha was counted the handsomest man of his time. His beauty and the roseate marble could not save him; or, rather, they caused his death. A jealous rival accused him of having brought a worthless colored stone to the Sultan, while keeping a column of solid gold for himself. The luckless admiral was speedily deposed from office, and shortly sent to execution. ’— Edwin A. Grosvenor, in “Constantinople.” AZIN NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAG: 4 4 y AP EE IMPERIAIL BANK: CONSTANTINOPLE 4 4 Ly ARIeE r T GUARD THE YOUNG TURK The great educational system founded by these Americans comprises at present more than 300 common schools in the Empire, 44 high schools, 8 colleges, 1 normal school, and 5 divinity schools. This scholastic work is spread out all over this former “garden spot of the world,’ and has leavened the masses with high ideals of living, knowledge of free institutions, and longings for better government. Such an authority as Gladstone has placed upon record a statement that “American missionaries in Turkey have done more good to the inhabitants of that country than has all Europe com- bined. And Mr. James Bryce, the British Ambassador to Washington, goes even further, and states: “I cannot mention the American missionaries without a tribute to the admirable work they have done. ‘They have been the only good influence that has worked from abroad upon the Turkish Empire.” THE “UNSPEAKABLE TURK” NO LONGER EXISTS It should not be forgotten that Turkey of today is not the Turkey depicted in our child’s history, nor is it in fact the same country that it was three years ago. The people of Turkey as a body have long since passed from the pale of the “unspeakable Turk,” and many of them stand out as the peers of any people in the world in general intelligence, char- acter, and all the qualities that go to make good citizens; but of course as yet they are wanting in sufficient experience to guide without assistance the ship of state to the high plane at which they are aiming. ‘This experience they are fast acquiring, and are already as far ad- vanced in the practices of government by the people as were those of the Wnited= States.at- the; end ofthe: first decade in our history, having had our example to guide them. During my stay among these people I have found men of sterling character and unswerving integrity—men well fitted to lead their country through crises similar to those through which our own nation passed in its struggle for birth. Or Gwe While we Americans have done much toward the enlightenment of the Turk, I should say in all fairness to them that they have earnestly sought education through following the precepts of the Koran (their Bible), in which is com- bined the tenets cf both religion and legislation. A short selection from this book, so often misinterpreted, will illus- trate its teachings. It reads: “The duty of every Mussulman is to acquire science. Science is the life of the heart. The learned shine in the world like stars in the sky. Knowledge is the immortal soul of man.” THE TURKS ARE APT SCHOLARS And that the Turks are apt scholars no one can doubt who has lived among them. One of the younger classmen of the Beirut American University pre- sented me, when I was last there, with a copy of a speech made by Dr. Bliss, its president, on the responsibilities of popular government, which this young student had taken down stenographically and typewritten himself. ‘This young man, a Syrian by birth, spoke English well, and more than a dozen other lan- guages. Yet he was but an average scholar in the college. At Constantinople on more than one occasion I have witnessed the presenta- tion of some of Shakespeare’s plays by the young women of the American Col- lege for Girls that would compare favor- ably with any similar representation in our own country. Many of the girls who took part in the plays were but 16 or 17 years of age, and had not studied the English language, in which the dramas were given, more than one year. There was no self-consciousness or stage fright among these girls, because they were actuated by a common desire to acquit themselves well without any regard to the effect made upon others. The Turkish people are reaching out to other civilizations for help to recover from the tyranny and stagnation that has bound them so long in slavery. They look to America particularly as the one nation of the West that has no political ambition to subserve in its action toward 54 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE The man next to him has a basket of grapes : CONSTANTINOPLE SELLERS OF VEGETABLES Note the man on the left with a basket full of melons on his back. RK YOUNG -TU TE Ant A JOA oe pue Joye pue INOG JO ope WwW o1v UL HIAONILNVALS NAS ore Cony ei mente ‘ 6 sassepo [je Suowe sejndod ‘s[ozjoid 99 J[qUlesel popeo] s1B spueys dy} YOIYM Y}IM NOO : SLIWIS,, JO SHH’ITHS | ' (syns) sSurt to sdooy punos oy], TE APHIG MAGAZ I 9) X x] 1C)( FE 1 NATIONAL G alte 56 Jseiy IY} UI S}YSIS OATS -Soi1duli JSOU 9Y} FO oUO AJ9}OULID SITY} 9YVU SooJ} ssoidAd [vatouny ‘Sso[UOT}OUW qe} JO spuevsnoy} oy} pue squio} JO SSOUIOp[IM oJ, GIIOM HHL NI AYALANAO NVWIASSAW LSISVA AHL A’IAVAONd ‘SNNOdSOd AHL NO. ‘“TAVIOOS NI AWAIAWTO HSU IVAW) AHL NI ANHOS V 3 Wy A 3 ae THE YOUNG. TURK snwodsod THI NO “INVIAOS AO AVALHY WHO HSIN PIS AHL NI FNWOS WHLONV ahve i ee NOTE THE RICH AND ELABORATE DECORATION, i (SEE PAGES 49 AND 51) = SO CHARACTERISTIC: OF OTTOMAN ARCHITECTUR A CORNER IN THE TURBEH, OR MAUSOLEUM, OF YENI VALIDEH DJAMI en) tHe YOUNG; TURK oy} Joy our soliduia Moiqay{ pue ‘uvruojAqeg ‘ueliAssy ‘oH ‘UeapreyD ‘ueoUT;, ay} JO eas oy} sem J se “YsISojowyoIe ssojjsneyxe ue st oidwy UeUIO}Q) SY, “Ose SivoA Auvlu ‘Appy “AQ AJCUOISSIUT URSLIOUIW Ue Aq UOpIs 3e PetsAOSSIP SEM IT TIGONILNVISNOO LV WOHSAW HHL-NI MON ‘LVHNO FHL YACNVXAIV JO ENOL AZINE APHIC MAG rR FOC 4 7 NATIONAL ( 4 4 THE 60 IVA SNVIIAS AHL THE YOUNG, TURK 61 them, and we should help them to work out their natural destiny for which we have already helped lay the foundation. Sir William Ramsay has said: ‘‘Con- stantinople is the center about which the world’s history revolves. It is the bridge that binds the East to the West, the old to the new civilization, which must be brought into harmony before the culmi- nation of all civilization can appear, bringing ‘Peace on earth and good-will toward men.’ ”’ Sir William also says, in derogation of his own people: “The heated struggle between the English and Germans for influence in Constantinople has much im- peded the establishment of peace and order in Turkey.” Nothing truer has been said of the “near eastern question.” THE YOUNG TURKS HAVE ACCOMPLISHED MUCH We have been told that the Young Turks have made a failure of constitu- tional government. Let us see how these abused people have acquitted themselves during the past three and one-half years, since the formation of democratic gov- ernment in Turkey, as compared with the work of other nations. A brief summary of the events occur- ring in this eventful epoch is necessary for a full understanding of the subject. The storm of 1908 came so unex- pectedly upon the political horizon of Europe that the powers were stunned for the moment. The sudden change of policy in the Turkish Empire, however, was too good an opportunity not to be taken advantage of, and on October 3, 1908, Austria-Hungary announced her annexation of the Turkish provinces, Bosnia and Herzegovina. ‘This aggres- Sive measure, being in absolute contra- vention of the Treaty of Berlin, made in 1878, at the end of the Russo-Turkish War, by the united powers of Europe, was the entering wedge for the despolia- tion of the Turkish Empire, which had long been threatened. A mild protest was made to this act, as being a stab to the very heart of uni- versal peace measures, in which the world at large was interested; but, as the leading protesting powers had been guilty of practically the same offense in times past, the effort to stay the act was with- out cohesion or force; and, as Austria- Hungary held the nine points of the law in her possession of the territory, over which that country had been granted suzerain powers under the Treaty of Berlin, and having, through an alliance with Germany, her great army at her back, the political conscience of the dis- gruntled parties was quickly healed by the bare hope of something good out of the wreckage coming to them. Bulgaria now declared, and secured, her independence from ‘Turkish rule, and thus the Empire was shorn of another considerable portion of its EKuro- pean territory. The Young Turks pro- tested against this arbitrary move on the part of their now grown-up son, but the threatening attitude of the powers, coup- led with a hope that this sacrifice would enable them to bind the remaining states of the Empire into a more cohesive union, led them to peaceably accept this decla- ration of Bulgaria’s independence. Russia, foreseeing no end to the carv- ing of Turkey for other interests, thus begun, put in a claim for some of the spoils, which might have been hers but for. the action of the “‘disintérested”’ powers in signing the Peace of Berlin. Greece then claimed the island of Crete, over which she had been granted and held suzerain powers for 30 years, on the identical ground put forward by Austria - Hungary upon taking Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Young Turks now rose up in their might and vowed that Turkey would fight to the death any further at- tempt to despoil her of territory, and so strongly was this threat, which was practically an ultimatum, backed by the sentiment of the whole Moslem race, that England, fearing for the peace of Eu- rope, used her influence to postpone ac- tion on the claims of Russia and Greece. She practically promised, however, that their claim should be favorably consid- ered at an opportune time in the near future. This stopped for a while aggressive measures against Turkish territory and permitted the Young Turk party to take ~: ~ t THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE A TURKISH PEASANT “It should not be forgotten that Turkey of today is not the Turkey depicted in our child’s history, nor is it in fact the same country that it was three years ago. The people of Turkey as a body have long since passed from the pale of the ‘unspeakable Turk,’ and many of them stand out as the peers of any people in the world in general intelligence, character, and all the qualities that go to make good citizens; but of course as yet they are wanting in sufficient experience to guide without assistance the ship of state to the high plane at which they are aiming” (see page 53). 63 (peal ee gos =) 5 a2 nS ~ Y eso S26 Sau v0 Aa & 4 0 6) 2 _—_ mo aq U cre wes cS 3) : eis a oes Oy wi & Oo °CF<4 Z Oe fea! k ete na A Rice = g Syed r q - i) Ho So 7 soe oO Oo ao + 1S) Cae yet a 7, Yar =) Sens je i rOnon . io 2) OF a 's) B.Y 8 Oe FI oped dete ag Ee sc o a Be KA Ls Loe suse es) 2H@ H (e) ES isto} Ae els Rear Sou 5M Seid) eae 2 a8 sega gag Cyn “= One Buh ava Os Oo nN EO WITH NO SdvO'T WONM AYNVD OHM ‘SIVNVH XO ‘SUMLYOd AUV NAW SHH, | AIGONILNVISNOD NI dav> H mua, Vv AZINE 4 TL \ M, C RAPE 4 I O¢ = 4 xk ALC TION \ Nz 4 4 4 Bese ( ET] T o THE YOUNG TURK 65 up the prosecution of reforms, so ur- gently needed in the Empire. A REVOLUTION SPEEDILY CRUSHED But for a few months only was peace allowed to reign in the near East. From out of a clear sky, on April. 13, 1900, burst a war cloud that threatened to throw the country back into anarchy. Abdul Hamid had, with his character- istic cunning and a liberal supply of money, taken advantage of a mild dis- sension among the delegates in Parlia- ment which had met in December of the preceding year, to instigate a mutiny in the army and navy stationed at the capi- tal against constitutional authority. At the same time he sent emissaries to the interior of the country to appeal to the religious fanaticism of the poorer classes, and inaugurated a racial warfare be- tween the Turks and Armenians that at once put constitutional government in jeopardy. It was evident that Abdul Hamid’s main purpose in bringing about intestine strife was to show the powers that Turkey could only be ruled by his strong right arm and that he alone could put a stop to the conflict. So near to success did he come in his nefarious aim that on April 24 the Lon- don Times published an article to the effect that constitutional government was dead, and that England should at once recognize Abdul Hamid as the supreme ruler of the land. This conviction was so general among foreigners that a commission from Par- liament was prevailed upon to warn the commander-in-chief of the Macedonian army, Mohammed Shefket Pasha, whose troops were then marching on the capi- tal, that if his army entered the city it would bring about a massacre of Chris- tians, and then would follow European intervention. “Go back,’ said this Oliver Cromwell of his country to the parlia- mentary committee sent to communicate this information, “and attend to your parliamentary duties. There is no power under heaven that can keep my army out of the city.” And so it proved. All military authorities unite in saying that the taking of Constantinople by the constitutional army, April 26, 1909, was one of the most brilliant and successful campaigns in history. It is not necessary to describe it here; but, as far as the safety of Christians, the bugbear of Tur- key s-toes, 1s. concerned, | cam state that ladies of my party traversed the streets of Constantinople while the conflict was raging with as little danger and less fear than they would have had in crossing Broadway, in New York city, during an election day excitement. The ‘spectacle .of Sheiket. Pasha’s grand army of 30,000 as fine a body of men as ever crossed a parade ground, augmented by a contingent of volunteers, containing among the private soldiers peers of the realm and officers of high rank, both of the army and the navy, for whom there were not suitable commands, taking possession of Constantinople was an inspiration long to be remembered. [It was an evidence of patriotism rarely seen elsewhere, and which bodes ill for the enemies of such a people. The greatest factor in this example of discipline was the absence of intoxicating liquors among both officers and men, and we could but contrast it with the stories of other battles in the east between Mo- hammedan and Christian troops, where a barrel of whiskey was regarded by the former as an equivalent to a reinforce- ment of one hundred men, for by rolling the barrel of whiskey before an advance guard of the enemy it was sure to be greedily attacked, to the advantage of the abstemious Turk. This counter revolution in ‘Turkey, which Shefket Pasha did everything in his power to make as “bloodless” as was the revolution of 1908, was so quickly and completely suppressed that constitu- tional government was placed upon a higher and firmer basis than before, and on the day the London Times (to which I have referred) was read in Constanti- nople, Abdul Hamid was the nation’s prisoner, never again to use his weapons of bloody intrigue. His impeachment was done in strict accordance with the constitution and the religious law of the land, and his shameful reign came to a final ending by the selection of his illus- trious successor, Mohammed V, who had NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 4 4 4 ANTE 6 6 UNAIMO AHL NI SHYOLS AOHS < YOUNG TURE = ey =~) Dest MVVZVA HSIMUNL V NI ANAS Zo . 2 = Co THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 68 «¢ SOOYSS AYLULAIP § pue ‘[ooyos [BUIOU T ‘soso][oo g ‘sooyps Yysiy th ‘OAIdUAT OY} UL sfOoYyds UOWHUOD OOF UY} V1OUL Juasoid ye sasiidwiod suvotioury oaseyz Aq Popunoy UWojsks [euovonps JwosS oy, © e1qissod JUuouUIIA0S 9a1y sayeur YStYM eulsop oy} Suryovesd pue suoyrpunos oy} Survey Tod SAY SOLIVUOISSIL UVITIOUTY oY} steak Og 40q, °° ‘AOYANT, UL JUsWIUIIAOS [PUOTIN}SUOD JHOGL SUISUIIG UL pojJJoxo ACY UaWOMAIJUNOD PUL UOWAIUNOD troy} soVaNyUL JULzIOdU Ue yeyM ezt[Bot 9]}}I] SUBdLIaUY,, “SNVOISHNV Ad CHANQOd “HOeTIOO LU dou SOUOdSOd AHL NO ‘UYVSSIH INWAOUM Lv WILSV) AHL, aN 69 THE. YOUNG TURK sawodsomg AHL NO ‘HAHOLHOVA VWIOd :SNVLIOS ANVW JO HOVIVd SNONIdNWNAS GNV ZLIMOAVA AHL SLVOI ANOSAMNLOId SSHT LOG “ATAVAOTANMAS AMOI ‘NMAGOW WAONW AG GAOVIdSIGC LSOW IV NAAD SVH AONVAHANOOD YNOSHANLIId SIH :SNYOdSOT AHL NO ANOIVD GAUVO-OML V < y SZ DTT x 2 ROGRAPHIC MAGAZINE + I NATIONAL 4 =A = (tad Il LHe YOUNGsTURK (pk been confined in a palace on the bos- porus for 33 years of his life, the period of his predecessor’s reign, and who is now the beloved ruler of his people. TROUBLES IN ALBANIA No country in the world ever gained the priceless blessing of freedom without some trials. In October, 1910, the prov- ince of Albania, one of the western colo- nies of Turkey bordering on the Adriatic Sea, began to give trouble, and as a mat- ter of course it was announced by Euro- pean news-gatherers, who by the way give us all our information regarding Turkey, that this was due to the undying hatred of the followers of Islam for all Christians, and that it was for the pur- pose of exterminating them that this con- flict was inaugurated by the Turk. It should be remembered that during the last years of Abdul Hamid’s. reign the Albanians were his most trusted ad- herents in the army. In order to main tain their loyalty to his person he had re- leased the colony from the payment of taxes and cajoled them into doing his bidding by many acts of favoritism not accorded to the troops recruited in other parts of the country. In this way he kept ithe fealty. But when the new order of things was established and lib- erty and equality became the watchwords of the nation, the Albanians accepted all that was coming to them of the first, but declined to give up any of their former privileges in the interests of equal rights They demanded that only the Albanian language should be used in the schools and that the dominant race—the Turks— who had acquired possession of the coun try by conquest—the strongest claim tha any people can set up—should have noth ing to do with the internal policy of thei land. Naturally the ruling powers of the Empire could not agree to any such con- ditions, and an Albanian revolt against constitutional authority followed. The Albanians are a hardy mountainous race of men, who have kept themselves poor and their land barren by internecine wars ever since they, as a part of the Mohammedan race, conquered the coun- try. It was declared by the numerous inter- ested sympathizers with the revolution- ists in Europe that the Turks could never conquer Albania. But in spite of this widely dispersed impression, Mohammed Shefket Pasha, who had now become Minister of War in the Cabinet, went with a portion of the army to the scene of the revolt, and in less than six weeks the Albanians were suing for peace by presenting him with the usual ceremo- nious bowl of milk as a token of sub- mission. Like General Grant, Shefket Pasha was called a “butcher” for the drastic and energetic measures used by him in putting down the rebellion, and a cry of “foul massacre of the Christians” went up from all over Europe. No attention was paid to the fact that the majority of the inhabitants of Albania are of Mo- hammedan persuasion, and that the con- flict was due neither to religion nor race, but to politics. Hardly had the Albanian revolution been put down before another broke out in the Yemen, the southeastern part of Turkey in Asia. The Bedouin tribes in the Arabian desert attacked the outlying military stations there, very much as our own Indian races have repeatedly done in the United States. This outbreak was of such proportions as to necessitate re- inforcements from all parts of the Turk- ish Empire, and the European military posts were depleted of troops in conse- quence. The Albanians, still smarting under the condign punishment inflicted upon them during the late uprising, at once took advantage of this situation to again take up arms, such as they could command—and there were many willing sympathizers to bring them supplies— but this outbreak was so short-lived as to hardly warrant newspaper mention. UNITED IN TRIPOLI The outcome of the Yemen insurrec- tion is best told in a statement made by Hilme Pasha, a former Grand Vizier of Turkey, as recently published in a letter from Constantinople. He says: “Tur- key’s ex-enemy in Yemen, the Imam Yahra, who concluded peace and friend- ship with the Sultan, is declared to have 2, THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE A CEDAR OF LEBANON, IN SYRIA The cedars of Lebanon have been famous from early times. The original groves men- tioned in the Bible have become greatly reduced, and the largest grove now known contains only about 400 trees, some of which are evidently of great age. The trees are noted for the size of their trunks rather than for their height. They differ from most conifers in that their branches are wide-spreading. The cones and leaves resemble those of the larch more than any other tree, except that the leaves are persistent. It thrives in the United States only in the South and in California. a tw RK = ) THE YOUNG: T OF SYRIA ’ ) N (MOHAMMEDA A HOLY MAN \GAZINE, OGRAPHIC M 4 iz S) ~ I NATIONAL ¢€ = 4 4 THI CNS ARI 1A SN RCS RAY Ja a boehE we yb i ‘JIS yonur soonpoid Jorsjsip sulpunosins oy} se ‘Ayitodsoid 19W1OF S}I FO YONUL Youd SuLsuLiq st AvMIILY oddoajy-snoseumed ay} FO uOT}ONAYSUOD WT, ‘IULISIP 94} UL [IY oy} UO Uses oq ACW Jo] 9Y4} JO SUM oY T, ‘[epe}o suosjs v pue S]]BM Shopusttet} YM ‘VLIAG UL Sdl}ID JSoSIL] oY} JO 9U0 HI peu squiy IY], ‘“SosomeY JO SUI} OY} WOLF So]}eq IHSPALS JO QUIS 94} UII SLY APUTIIA S}T JO UMO} OYJ, “AdT[BA SayUoIEG ay} Aq snoseuleq pur ‘ounsojed ‘jdAsy Wolf peoy YON Jeol) ot} S}NIUUOD jE SB ‘stead JO spuRKsnoy} JO} uUMO} Juejy1odwr ue useaq sey SWOT] VINAS :AVM’1IVA Oddi’IV-SQOSVNVG AHL NO ‘SWOH JO M4AIA 75 N ake YOUNG I UIR-E SWOH LV AVM'TIVA AHL OL LVAHM INIONING ~~, SO NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE =X Ly THE es VINAS NI ‘NOWWVOMOVEI AO TNVO ——— eee THe YOUNG. TURK rey spontaneously promised to render solid assistance to his Moslem comrades in Tripoli.” Another newspaper dispatch refers to the “solid assistance’ as an armed force of 10,000 men from this ttibesscontributed. to. .the defense -of Tripoli. This would seem to prove the truth of what has frequently been stated by Turkish sympathizers: that it is only necessary for foreigners to strike a blow at the integrity of Turkey to bring about a coalition of Mussulmen in defense of the Empire. During these internal trials of the new Turkish government, Greece again de- manded that the promise made by Eng- land, that she should be put in possession of the beautiful island of Crete, should be fulfilled, and took advantage of Turkish misfortunes in Yemen to press her claim. But the Young Turk party promptly informed the British authori- ties that not another inch of territory would be given up to any power. They announced that Turkey would fight to the death to maintain her sovereignty in Crete, and that England herself would surely be brought into the conflict with disastrous results to the peace of Europe if this claim was pushed. With such an alternative staring her in the face, Eng- land was forced to disavow her promise to Greece, and the Ottoman flag still floats over Crete. It is too soon to predict the outcome of the present conflict in Tripoli, but if it results in a holy war, as is-not unlikely, it would seem that there can be but one result in the issue. Emperor William II, a few years ago, made a speech in Jerusalem, in which he said, in effect: “Allied as I am with my good friend Abdul Hamid, the Padishah of 225,000,000 Mohammedan subjects, Tur- key, in combination with my grand army, need have no fear if the whole world combines against us.” Emperor William, by this appeal for Moslem support, was but inviting in ad- vance the very danger to western civili- zation that now threatens. But what nation is there that does not appeal to the divine power that rules its destiny when the stress of war comes? “God favor our righteous cause,” is the cry on the lips of every believer, whether he be Moslem, Jew, or Gentile; or, to quote from an inscription found upon the walls of the imprisoned British troops at Delhi during the Indian insurrection: “When war is rife and strife is nigh, God and the soldier is all the cry; When war is o’er and peace requited, God and the soldier is always slighted.” CORRUPTION IS AT AN END I have thus attempted to give a brief account of Turkish history during the past three and one-half years, which is a record of stupendous trials that have beset the Young Turk party in their ef- forts to help the country in its way to- ward reforms and a new national life. The ‘question is:: Have the Young Turks fulfilled, as far as might be ex- pected under the prevailing difficulties, promises made when they took office? The answer may be summarized as fol- lows: It is only necessary to note the happy, smiling faces of the inhabitants in Tur- key today to realize that despotism is a thing of the past. Order in the Empire has been kept under the most trying cir- cumstances. Fraternization of the dif- ferent races, which at first might have been interpreted as the exuberance of the freedom of action permitted by the constitution, has continued. Fear has been banished, ambition for knowledge strengthened, and thought enlivened. Corruption, which, under the old régime, was rampant, is now speedily brought to justice, so that today there is no more honest administration of governmental affairs in the world than in Turkey. The strength of the foreign policy of the gov- ernment is demonstrated by the stand it took against England in the case of the island of Crete, while the stability of the internal program of the Young Turks is shown in the frequent successful rapid- transit movements against revolutionists. If we would but “look for the good that is in the worst of us instead of the bad that is in the best of us,” we would find some characteristics of the Turkish race that we might emulate to advantage. I do not except from these many of their ATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE N THE ike ind * “Seo puUe JIIP S}r 1OF SNOItoOJOU st pul’ ‘oooO‘F uey} ssey yo woreindod & sey Aepoy uMO} oY, ‘toy poype Sureq pnuryey, weyesnief oy} ‘surusesy SIUIqqeY FO Jou Joyo oy} atuvooq jE Weyesntof FO [BF IY} JoR¥e nq “jE UT SAT] OF pasnfot Smof oy ‘JID 9Y} JOZ WoOOI oyeUT 0} pleAQACIS JUSTIOUR UP qinjsIp 0} prey Polof] SY “SNIoqy, Jotodury oy} JO JouOY UE polueu seM pure “q “Yy Zz pue OI UdaMyoq polo Aq YInq sem seLioqry, AONVSIG AHL NI NYAS ag AVIN SVINWEIL FO NMOL AHL JO LiVd :SVINAEIL AO AMVI AHL GHTIVO MON ‘“ANIVIVD JO VHS AHL NO NAWWIHSIA TEs -VvOuUNG TURK 79 \ THE i THE HILL FROM WHICH JESUS CHRIST IS BELIEVED TO HAVE PREACHED THE SERMON O THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 80 Le WZ 7 ‘LYASIG NVIMAS FHL NI - oe = tie YOUNG: LURK 81 religious forms. The total abstinence from intoxicating liquors among the Moslems is due to a strict tenet of their religious creed. The Mohammedans. worship the same ‘God as do the Christians, with a devo- tion that is inspiring to any one devoutly inclined; and even in their reverence of the great Head of the Christian church they set an example worthy of emulation. If one would visit the Church of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem and see the devotional attitude of the Moslem guard the government of Turkey is forced to maintain there to keep the peace—not between the Mohammedan and Christian, but between the Christian sects themselves, who there worship at the shrine of our Saviour—he will be forced to blush for his own religion while he pays a tribute of respect to Islamism. That detestable subject of polygamy among Mohammedans of today is not fully understood by us. While plurality of wives is permitted by the Koran, its practice is unquestionably dying out in Turkey. THE LEADING WOMAN OF TURKEY One of the finest women I have ever met, who is of the Mohammedan faith, is now engaged in Constantinople in a propaganda for the education of the women of Turkey, which is full of prom- ise for the social status of the mothers of the country. To this grand woman I cannot refrain from paying a tribute of greatest re- spect. Helideh Salih, a graduate of the American College for Girls, is the lead- ing woman in Turkey in popularity and imtiuence. sohevis at the head of this organization for the redemption and up- lift of her countrywomen. Already has the government, at her instigation, of- ficially installed five Young Turkish women at this magnificent American school of learning, in céoperation with her work. I am sure that American women could not read the pathetic cry of this Turkish woman to more civilized womanhood for their support and sympathy without a heart pang that would shake their very souls. I wish I might give it in full. “Come,” she says, ‘to this land where the most terrible want of knowledge ex- ists. .Come and help us to disperse the dark clouds of ignorance.” ‘That grand American woman, Miss Helen Gould, has already answered her appeal with munificent aid through the American College for Girls, which now has hun- dreds of young women students of pure Turkish blood, where during the Hamid- ian reign it had but one. I have stated that Turkey is as far advanced in popular government today as were the American people at the end of the first decade of its constitutional history. This is no idle statement, and, as a matter for comparison, I would like to recall a brief outline of the events oc- curring in our own country during this period: In the heyday of our prosperity, we are apt to forget the mistakes made by our forefathers in their efforts to estab- lish popular government, only remember- ing the grand things accruing from their endeavors, after a long experience in handling the Ship of State. Three years after the Treaty of Peace established between the revolting Ameri- can colonies and the Mother Country, 1783 (the same period of time that has elapsed since the constitution was pro- claimed in Turkey), we find, according to history, that the citizens of the various States in the American Union discovered, by experience, the disabilities to which they were subject from a want of proper system, and began to clamor for reform. Commissioners, called together at a weak-hearted convention in Annapolis, announced that “the crisis is arrived, at which the people of America are to de- cide the solemn uestions, whether they will reap the fruits of independence and of union, or whether, giving away to unmanly jealousies and prejudices, or to partial and transitory interests, they will renounce the blessings prepared for them by the Revolution.” During seven or eight years, in fact, after the War for Independence ceased, the nation was humiliated to the quick NE AZI AL GEOGRAPHIC MAG EK NATION H a0 ‘(quouajddns e se poaysiyqnd St yotyM deur oy} 90s) ABMIICY SnOSeue(] oy} JO YoUeIq & UO pervenyis SI yoqyerg ‘“ssurpyinq [nj1spuom oso} uodn ssosoduro ueWwoYy oy} Aq poysraey o19M sainseosy esuomy =“ “VW 00% ynoge sniaaog snuiydag Aq poyeorpep Suleq ‘vio uensyd oy} ur A[Iea surM0y oy} Aq YING stom Yoqrerg 4e sajduroy SHOMO]S sy yf, ‘summit s}r jo Jopuads ay} Jo] AJUO snore} st jr Avpoy, ‘SJUSUIMUOLL [HFyNvaq pue ‘suTeyUNOF ‘sooeped Jo [NZ ‘sar UBIIAG JO JUSYIUSeU sour ay} 90U0 sear AH@IVVA LV SNIONY WIdWAL LVAYD AHL GNV SI’IOdOYOV AHI JO MAIA ‘IVYANHD sequel 85 G TURK N BV YOU abel YOO] ous sry} sv ssrey se jsowye syzypesour so1y} sureyuod ssytdnf yo afdway, sy, ‘“Yoqreeq Jo sums oy} woz a[IU B J[eYy-oUO Jnoqge ‘sot IIe nb oy} UL poq S}I 0} peyoeR}ye [[YS st YOO] ey, suo} OOS‘T Jnoqe sysiam pue ysty jooaf FI Aq Suo] Joo} AMUVNOG V NI LAO GHMOO'IA WHAT ANOLS AO AOAIRd LSHOOIG WAL 39 Stary. 84 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE SCENE AMID THE RUINS AT BAALBEK: NOTE THE MAN The history of Baalbek before the Roman era is involved in darkness, but it is certain that from very distant times it was one of the principal seats of sun worship THE YOUNG TURK 85 THE GREAT TEMPLE OF JUPITER, OR OF THE SUN: BAALBEK This was the largest and most famous of the temples. It was sacred to Jupiter (Baal), with whom were associated Venus and Mercury. This magnificent building formerly boasted 54 columns, of which these 6 remain. The pillars are formed of three blocks and are 60 feet high. Note the man standing beside the pillar. AL, GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE IN THE NATI( 86 CYAVAS Ad WiLL SI aGNVv WitidaAl 1O AWIdWaAL AHL NVHL wWaTIVINS SI TIdNaL SIAL LALTVVA € SQOHOOVA JO AIAN, AHL THE YOUNG TURK 87 GREAT GATE TO THE TEMPLE OF JUPITER: BAALBEK Legend states that the Temple of Jupiter contained a golden statue of Apollo, or of Zeus, which at annual festivals was borne on the shoulders of the chief citizens through the streets of the town, which was then called Heliopolis. 88 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE KK AALB B THE INTERIOR OF THE TEMPLE OF JUPITER 1c =doeu Sa 5 Oo = a yn Gs a5 oD) oO = mw . a, ox fe) Gsligm ch Ago a gos 2 2 eae sO Om sao Soe nN Oo oS Sie Cees eS aw Se s.2 9 ai) Ha} Sa ee) oO 5 fo) an church. into a fortress and constructed lar 1risti adually reduced the build r the sake of the iron wh y for ty the temple became a Cl , and Crusaders, and earthquakes gr Oo =I v & MO; S 2 q Bie Uy 59 p Boao es 2 te 1S) Oo ORG D om) Po : Oh Ge POHS ‘reese = > SF a, SS a os ae OVO ae Ds ee Sry Gea SSH So oi) ol 55 = a -48 “7 OOS any oe Sa Ou eee © n O m2 > aad fo RSH TES |e OF ea See mes ©. eo pom Tih GREEK BRONZE Ss OF TUNISIA 89 by the defeat of our armies in conflict with Indian tribes, similar, in some re- spects, to the races that have made trouble for the Turks; and as late as 1798 a strong party—the Federalists— under the leadership of Alexander Ham- ilton, were contemplating an alliance with England, and the cry “Let us have a king!” was quite as frequently heard as “Support the President!’’ and such re- action against constitutional government finally led to the perfidy of Aaron Burr. America, as a Christian nation, now well advanced in years, bearing a history replete with unselfish action towards weaker nations, can well afford to con- tinue the practice of the Golden Rule in its attitude with respect to these people of the “Near East,’ who are the pio- neers, among Mohammedan races, in the struggle for government “of the people, for the people, by the people;” and, if upheld by Christian sympathy, will surely spread the doctrine of freedom which came down to us as a birthright from our forefathers, who purchased it THE GREEK BRONZES for us at a fearful cost of blood and treasure. This spirit, set up here in Turkey, has been carried like a tidal wave through Persia, the States of Central Asia, right into the very heart of the great Empire of China, where is begun an irrepressible conflict for liberty, toward which the whole world is marching. To America, the first-born child of political and religious liberty, this Kastern civilization turns in its hour of trial for the sympathy and encouragement which we so naturally should give, as the one power that can help them in their battle against despotism and oppression. Per- sia is now struggling in the throes of political reform, and is knocking at our door for a kind word to aid her in her efforts to secure freedom. Shall we not, then, in the name of Him who died to make men free, ex- tend to the regenerated people the hand of fellowship, as we watch, with sym- pathy and hope, their struggles for this divine right bequeathed mankind? OF TUNISIA By FRANK Epwarp JOHNSON With Photographs by Courtesy of Monsieur A. Merlin, Directeur des Antiquities et Arts of Tunisia, North Africa HE, picturesque little Arab town of Mahdia (Mahadia) lies be- tween Sotsse (Susa) and Sfax (Sfaks), on the coast of Tunis. The honk-honk of a tourist automobile sel- dom breaks the silence of this small town, and the coast steamers usually pass during the night, so that the beautiful skyline of the minarets and flat-roofed Moorish houses outlined against a sun- set sky are rarely seen by European eyes. Roman ruins dot the foreground, running almost into the sea, and on top of the hill are the remains of an old Spanish fortress that reminds one of the Spanish Invasion. In June, 1907, Greek sponge-divers were busy bringing up sponges out of a sapphire-colored sea, streaked here and there with emerald green, when one of the divers came up greatly excited, say- ing that he had seen what looked like cannon lying in the sand. He was laughed at by the members of the crew; but the captain of the ship went down to investi- gate, and found the remains of a Greek galley filled with building materials and bronzes and marbles for the erection of a villa at Rome. The discovery was immediately reported to Monsieur A. Merlin, Director of Antiquities and Fine Arts in Tunisia, a man of great knowl- edge and experience, whom the French government had sent out to take charge 90 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Copyright, 1912, by the National Geographic Magazine THE LITTLE DIVERS’ BOAT, USED IN RECOVERING THE BRONZES (SEE PAGE IOI) For location of Mahdia, see map published as a supplement to this number of the museums and the excavations of the Protectorate of Tunisia in northern Africa. Monsieur Merlin went immediately to Mahdia to investigate for himself, and found that the Greek galley carried on its deck 40 or 50 huge marble columns, the weight of which prevented the divers from getting at the lower decks. Unfortunately, funds for excavating purposes were at a very low ebb at this time, and the French government very unwisely did not codperate in its various departments ; so that, in spite of the fact that there were in the marvelous naval harbor of Bizerta, near Tunis, lying idly at anchor, huge French dreadnaughts and men-o’-war, with crews numbering from 800 to 1200, and carrying complete diving equipments not being used, noth- ing was done by them to advance this work, when at a word from the Minister of Marine any of these vessels could have been sent down to Mahdia and, at no extra cost or expense to the French government, have placed a large equip- ment of divers at the disposal of the Director of Antiquities and Fine Arts, thus accomplishing the work of bringing to the surface all these wonderful treas- ures. On the contrary, Monsieur Merlin had to hire local Greek divers from the port of Mahdia, and these curious marine ex- cavations have been carried on with but a few thousand francs a year. The sunken galley lies about five kilo- meters off. the coast,-in- rather deep water. The exact spot is hard to mark, because the sea runs in very heavily, and there are numerous currents that fre- quently carry away the large buoys that are archored there to mark the spot. Sallust, the Roman writer, has already described the Mediterranean on this part of the coast of Africa as being “terri- ble,’ and it has not changed since he wrote about it. The Greek bronzes and marbles which have been recovered from the galley dur- ing the past four years are of most in- terest tous. The bronzes are of two cate- Copyright, 1912, by the National Geographic Magazine NO. I. EROS: ATTRIBUTED TO PRAXITELES The bronze is almost life-size, and stands 1 meter 40 centimeters high. This god has just alighted from flight. His wings seem to beat the air. His right arm points to a crown of laurels, and in his left hand he held a bow, which was never found. Eros has just won the laurel wreath at archery, 92 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Copyright, 1912, by the National Geographic Magazine NO. 2. STATUETTE OF A SATYR ABOUT TO RUN: HEIGHT, 35 CENTIMETERS The expression and action in this bronze are remarkable, as well as the scowl on the brow, the slightly opened lips, and the dilated nostrils. One cannot help thinking of the “Dying Gaul” in the Museum of the Capitol at Rome. Pliny informs us that the Gauls wore long hair, which made them resemble Pan or Satyrs. THE GREEK BRONZES OF TUNISIA 93 gories—bronzes for decorative purposes and statutes. When they were taken out of the water they were covered with thick deposits of seashells and mud. Curiously enough, the bronzes withstood their 2,000 years’ sea-bath better than the marbles. In this short article we shall speak especially of the eight following bronzes: No. 1 is the god Eros, attributed to Praxiteles. He stands one meter 40 centimeters high, almost life-size. This god has just alighted from flying; his wings seem to fan the air. In his left hand he holds a bow (which is now missing). His right hand ts lifted to his head and points to a crown of laurels, which has evidently just been won at archery. ‘This statue when found had its legs badly battered in. The wings were missing, and only last year was his right arm found. Because of the size of this bronze, it is one of the most impor- tant works of Greek art. To whom must it be attributed? It is incontestably an original and is probably by Praxiteles, because a Greek authority named Calus- tige left behind the description of a bronze statue of the god Eros by Prax- iteles which resembles in a most marvel- ous way this bronze. The following 1s a translation of Calustige’s description: “Tt is an Eros, a work of art by Prax- iteles—Eros himself, in the adolescent flower of his youth, with wings, carrying a bow, affixed to a base from which he cannot move. He gives us the illusion that he is going to fly away. He bends back his right arm toward the top of his head, and in his left hand he holds a bow. The weight of his body is carried on his left leg.’ Whoever this unknown sculptor was, the bronze not being signed, it is certain that we have an Eros here worthy of the famous sculptor. No. 2 is the statue of a satyr, starting to run. It stands 35 centimeters high. The movement is marvelous. The power and grace of his figure, crouched ready to spring, his arms outspread like a runner starting in a race, the frown on his face, his dilated nostrils, and his slightly opened mouth—all make him seem almost alive. The movements of his most realistic attitude are remark- able, resembling the school of Pergam towards the end of the third century B. C.. This statue reminds one of the Gauls, especially the monument of At- tele I and the Dying Gaul in the museum of the Capitol at Rome, for “Diodore of Sicily” writes that the Gauls had hair which made them resemble a Pan, or satyr. No. 3 shows the cakewalk of the Gre- cians 2,000 years ago. ‘This little statu- ette, 30 centimeters high, proves that the hobble skirt was not the creation of Paris dressmakers in 1911, but of some great modiste of Athens. These statuettes are extremely rare in Greek art, as they represent dwarfs with abnormally large heads and grotesque figures. Greek sculptors admired form in line so much that one rarely found ugly or comical works of art among them. The Romans at the time these figures were made en- joyed watching the antics of dwarfs, male and female, and grotesque jesters during their banquets, and these three statuettes (pages 94, 95 and 97) were doubtless lifelike copies of some well- known public entertainers. No. 4 is a pendant to the cakewalk dancer, 32 centimeters high:. Her eyes are of ivory. She is swinging her foot behind her, whereas the foot of the danc- ing figure is in front, with her head turned to the left. The former figure has her head turned to the right, and is crowned with a laurel wreath. No. 5 is a buffoon, or jester—height, 32 centimeters—which completes the series of three statuettes. He is repul- sively ugly. He walks forward a la cake- walk, with a twisted body and grimacing face: “Hie had only.one eye the leit, and the round ball which forms his eye is in silver. This brilliant polished metal forms a curious contrast to the greenish bronze of his body, and gives him a devilish took. No. 6 is a small Eros, 42 centimeters high, advancing toward one, dancing and singing to the accompaniment of his lyre. He has a number of bracelets on his wrists and on his left thigh. His charm- ing grace and elegance make one think of certain terra-cottas; for example, those of Myrima. 94. THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE oc a Sees Copyright, 1912, by the National Geographic Magazine NO. 3. STATUETTE SHOWING THE CAKEWALK OF THE GRECIANS 2,000 YEARS AGO AND THE HOBBLE-SKIRT OF ANCIENT ATHENS, REVIVED BY THE PARISIAN DRESSMAKERS IN IQII “These statuettes are extremely rare in Greek art, as they represent dwarfs with abnormally large heads and grotesque figures. Greek sculptors admired form in line so much that one rarely found ugly or comical works of art among them.” THE GREEK BRONZES OF TUNISIA 95 UES TS, Oo MS Copyright, 1912, by the National Geographic Magazine NO. 4. PENDANT TO THE CAKEWALK DANCER: HEIGHT OF THIS STATUETTE, 32 CENTIMETERS Her head is crowned with a wreath. Her eyes are made of ivory, which adds to the realistic effect. “The Romans at the time these figures were made enjoyed watching the antics of dwarfs, male and female, and grotesque jesters during their banquets, and these three statuettes were doubtless life-like copies of some well-known public entertainers.” 96 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE No, 7 is a Hermes of Dionysos. The tace has a classical nobility, and the beard and hair remind one of early Babylonian sculptures seen in the Louvre or the British Museum. On gazing at this statue the question arises: Is this a Greek work of art? Rather an antiquity handed down from Babylonia; but the treatment of the beard and the hair, which latter is arranged in three rows and the curls falling in spirals down the back, are too detailed and conventional- ized to be of an older date. The artist has evidently in a moment of caprice given this head a Babylonian resem- blance. Fortunately we are able to state the exact date of the Hermes, for on his right arm we find an inscription in Greek in very small characters: Bénos Kady ddros ‘emolev (‘‘ Boéthos the Chal- cedonian made it’’). Boéthos lived toward the end of the third century and the first part of the second century B. C. Fortunately we know who he is. Pliny quotes him among the most noted designers of Greek coins, and he is also well known as hav- ing made the statue of “A Child Strang- ling a Goose,” of which several museums possess replicas, one being in the Louvre. This artist, during the lifetime of Antioch IV, King of Syria, between the years i75 to 164,,Bi Cs executedvat: Delos. a statue of this prince. The Hermes of Mahdia dates, therefore, during the first half of the second century B. C. No. 8 is a horse’s head in bronze. The treatment of its mane is remarkably lifelike. No. 9 is the head and bust of Aphro- dite in marble. The breast and hair have been much damaged by the water, but fortunately the face and profile have been spared. It has most noble and beau- tiful features. It is doubtless a copy of an original of the fourth century B.C. It is only a fragment of a heroic statue, which was made in several pieces. Proba- bly the other pieces of the statue arrived in ccurse of time at Rome. WHITHER WAS THE GALLEY GOING? The question naturally arises: Where were these Grecian galleys going, and where had they come from? Fortunately manuscripts have been preserved that tell the story of how a galley, ladened with art treasures, was sent to Rome from Greece by Sylla after he had conquered Athens. Sylla had already sent great numbers of marble columns to be used in rebuilding the Capitol at Rome, which was burned during the civil war in the year 83 B.C. Lucien describes a Greek vessel filled with art treasures that was sent to Rome by Sylla after he had conquered Athens, and this vessel sank in the neighborhood of Cape Malia, near a place called Laco- nie (extreme southeast cape of Greece). Is not this example particularly signifi- cant and curious when compared to the Mahdia galley? But the following is also of interest: Atticus, a great friend of Cicero, was at Athens-in the years 67 10.66 -Bis@y that is to say, at about the date the Greek galley was supposed to have sunk. Cicero wrote him a number of letters, which, fortunately, have been preserved, and in them we read the following: “T am most delighted to learn that thou hast bought me a Hermes in mar- ble, with the head of an antique (Arian), and other art treasures. Send them to me as soon as possible, for I would have them immediately.” And again: “I have received the statues in marble from Me- gare that thou hast sent me. They have given me the greatest pleasure. I shall have them transported to my villa at Tusculum. If thou findest any statues that thou thinkest would please me, do not hesitate to buy them for me.” Several years later he wished to pro- cure some marble columns for a tomb that he intended erecting to his daughter, Tullia D’Athenes. For many years past, shipments of statues, columns, and precious ornaments had been sent from Greece to Italy for use in the erection of public monuments or private dwellings, or for the ornamen- tation of private pleasure villas or great Roman palaces, or for the beautifying of Roman gardens or the huge Triclinium, or banqueting halls. In the galley of Mahdia huge marble columns were found that would have supported a superb edifice; bronze and eee THE GREEK BRONZES OF TUNISIA 97 Copyright, 1912, by the National Geographic Magazine NO. 5. STATUETTE OF A MALE DWARF DANCING THE CAKEWALK: HEIGHT, 32 CENTIMETERS His repulsive ugliness is increased by his being given but one eye, which is made of pol- ished silver. He advances, twisting and contorting his body and making faces. All three Statuettes seem to be dancing to the sounds of a sort of castanet that they hold in their hands. 98 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE pom te Hace ea aes ) : | Copyright, 1912, by the National Geographic Magazine NOs:6, A STATUETTE OF EROS PLAYING ON HIS LYRE: HEIGHT, 42 CENTIMETERS Notice the ornamental bracelets around his ankles, arms, and thigh. His graceful form reminds one of certain well-known terra-cottas by Myrima © THE GREEK BRONZES- OF TUNISIA ide) AA Copyright, 1912, by the National Geographic Magazine NO. 7. HERMES OF DIONYSOS, BY BOETHOS THE CHAICEDONIAN Who lived toward the end of the third century B. C., and is known to all numismatists as a celebrated designer of Greek coins (see page 96) 100 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Reena a aeeee NO. 8. BRONZE HEAD OF A HORSE, USED FOR DECORATION THE GREEK BRONZES FROM TUNISIA marble statues to beautify the interior; bronze candelabra that would have har- moniously lighted the great entrance; statuettes that would give joy to the eye of the beholder, or smiles and laughter by their grotesque appearance; furniture that would give ease and comfort to the luxurious Romans; inscriptions that would be the pride of a man of letters for his library. Are we not right, therefore, in sup- posing that the sunken Greek galley of Mahdia was one of those engaged in transferring the trophies of war, con- quered by the Romans at Athens in the year 86 B. C., and that the entire cargo was composed of the spoils which Sylla was taking back with him, just as Mum- mius had taken years before, when he took for himself, his friends, and for the temples at Rome the spoils of Corinth? Those old Romans who counted on the safe arrival of this Greek galley with their art treasures did not take into con- sideration “Poseidon,” the Greek god of the sea, or “Boreas,” the Greek god of the north winds. The treacherous Mediterranean claimed this-galley for its own. Driven out of its course by wind and sea, too heavily laden to be seaworthy, the galley was hard to steer. Heavy seas washing over her opened up a seam, and down she sank, with her priceless art treasures, to be found almost 2,000 years later. Who knows but that it was the anger of the gods of Greece for having had their temples desecrated by the Romans that caused the Greek galley to sink, thus saving for generations yet unthought of the wonderful Greek works of art that today grace the Museum of the Bardo, about three kilometers outside the walls of Tunis? Great changes have taken place in Tunis during the past 25 years. As a boy I remember the Palace of the Bardo as the residence of the Bey of Tunis. Now about half the palace, formerly the harem, has been turned into a remark- able museum for Phcenician, Roman, and Greek antiquities found at the countless Roman, Byzantine, and Phoenician ruins dotted all over the country. The ex- LOL quisite collection of mosaics surpasses any other museum, and is, alas, not well known. Even the Louvre and the Brit- ish Museum cannot be compared to the Museum of the Bardo for its Roman and Phoenician collections. Curiously enough, the land of Dido is coming to its own once more. A great empire is springing up in northern Africa. France, of all countries in the world, ranks first in her admiration for art and all things beautiful. It is therefore doubly fitting that within a few miles of the site of ancient Carthage is to be found under the French flag this mar- velous museum. It is impossible to adequately describe the great difficulties in raising these bronzes and marbles from the sunken galley. The little sakoléve, or divers’ boat, in which the divers work, was hardly larger than a Gloucester seine- boat, and the columns were exceedingly heavy. The divers had to work at a depth of 39 meters, or about 120 feet. The objects, when brought to the sur- face, had to be cleaned, for they were covered with a thick coat of mud, dirt, and seashells. It was impossible to tell whether an object was a bronze statue of human shape or a broken bit of a marble column. The missing parts had to be found and put together, and the greatest credit is due to Monsieur A. Merlin for his tireless energy and perse- verance in spite of every sort of obstacle, not the least of which was the absence of funds with which to continue the work. The French government is to be com- plimented on having a man like Monsieur Merlin as Director of Antiquities and Fine Arts in Tunisia. He is one of the great authorities on Roman and Greek inscriptions and has already done nota- ble work in France. The thanks of the author are due to Monsieur Merlin for his kindness and courtesy in giving him the photographs published with this article, and for much valuable information. Many of the above statements are quoted from his work, “Les Fouilles Sous-Marines de Mahdia.” Copyright, 1912, by the National Geographic Magazine NO. 9. A HEROIC MARBLE BUST OF APHRODITE The hair and breast have been badly damaged by boring sponges during its 2,000 years’ submersion in the Mediterranean. The profile is of great beauty, especially the right profile, of which, unfortunately, no photograph exists (see page 96). 103 THE GREEK BRONZES OF TUNISIA oy} SI ISI sy} Je oInsy sy] Jo] OY} 1@ Sprepueys UO saxe a]qnop oY} 9J0N ‘asd109 UOIssa001d [eIOUNF & s}uasaidat }[ ‘a}JoA Ul PUNO} JsoyD USpooM ze fo apis pojured oy} sMoys sinjord siyy, (QI OL £1 SHOvd AHS) OOV SUVA OOS*E ALAND NI SHWNLSOD pueing eueq “qf w01} OJ0 1g 104 THE GREEK BRONZES SS MANY requests are being received from members desiring original pho- tographs of the wonderful Greek bronzes illustrated in this number that a special arrangement has been inade wits. the Museum of Antiquities of Tunis to sup- ply a very limited number of photo- graphs on special paper; size, 9 by 12 inches. ‘The price for the complete set of nine photographs, mounted, is $20; for single pictures, $3. Orders should be sent to the National Geographic Soci- ety. The proceeds will be forwarded to the Museum at Tunis to further its work of exploration. MAP OF MEDITERRANEAN REGIONS HE readers of this Magazine will find the map published as a supple- ment to this number exceedingly useful during the coming months, owing to the growing interest in Morocco, Tunis, and Tripoli, and in all sections of the Medi- terranean Sea. Many articles will be published in the Magazine during the present year on this region, so that the map will be a convenient form of refer- ence to these articles. Members desiring extra copies can obtain them by address- ing the National Geographic Society and enclosing 50 cents for each extra copy desired. Early numbers of the NaTionaL GEo- GRAPHIC Macazing will contain a splen- did map of China in colors, 16 by 22 inches; a bird’s-eye view of the Panama Canal in colors, 9 by 18 inches, and sev- eral beautiful panorarnas. NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY ‘ i ‘HE National Geographic Society has been advised by the trustees of the late Miss Jane M. Smith, who re- cently died in Pittsburgh, that the Soci- ety has been bequeathed the sum of $5,000 by Miss Smith. It was directed by Miss Smith that the said sum be in- vested and the net income thereof be used for the purpose of creating life members of the organization in cases where worthy and competent persons are not able to pay for such memberships. THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE She left a very large estate, of which more than $100,000 is bequeathed to 15 educational and religious institutions. Miss Smith was a life member of the National Geographic Society, and was always interested in scientific work. During her lifetime, with her sister, she gave the University of Pittsburgh a splendid collection of minerals, known as the Smith collection. Mrs. William FE. Curtis has given to the National Geographic Society the rich collection of lantern slides made by her late husband, the well-known author and traveler, William Eleroy Curtis. Mr. Curtis had been a member of the Society from its organization. He had always shown a keen appreciation of the Na- tional Geographic Society, and in many ways had contributed to its work and welfare. The American Government. By Frederick J. Haskin. 305 pages. With illustrations. J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia. $1.00. This book gives :: delightful description of the many branches cf the Federal Government. Its chapter on the work of the President has been approved by President Taft, and the de- scriptions of the other departments have each been read and approved by the head of the department, so that the reader may be abso- lutely sure that every fact contained in the book is correct. Members of the National Geo- graphic Society will be especially interested in reading those chapters which describe what the American Government is doing in practical science for the health and wealth of the Ameri- can people. ‘The scientific bureaus of the government form the greatest academy of science man has ever known. The many branches of their activities are very graphically described by Mr. Haskin, and with a breadth of understanding that enables every one to appreciate the real value of this work, to which hundreds of the world’s brainiest men are proud to give their lives and _ talents. Mr. Haskin has done a great service in writing and publishing “The American Government.” A work of this kind has long been needed by the people, and they are to be congratulated that a man of his experience and understanding has written it. “The American Government” should be in the library of every American citizen, that he may have a comprehensive knowledge of the stupendous work that is being done for him, and should also be used as a text book in every school, where it will stimulate a patriotic pride and deep interest in the heart and mind of the coming generation. ,. a PANAMA -<, ae v: REAKWATER © | — _ - ck’ GA TnL. sales a ATLANTIC OCEAN BIRD’S-EYE VIEW OF THE PANAMA CANAL VOL. XXIII, No. 2 WASHINGTON FEBRUARY, 1912 GEOGIRAIPISNIC MAGA ZIONIE, ADAM’S SECOND EDEN By Eriza RuHAMAH SCIDMORE AUTHOR OF “JAVA—THE GARDEN OF THE East,” “CHINA THE LONG LAVED EMPIRE,” “WINTER INpDIA,” “JINRIKISHA Days IN JAPAN,” ETC. EYLON, the second Paradise, to (| which Adam fled after the expul- sion, is literally one of the ‘“‘sum- mer isles of Eden lying in dark purple spheres of sea.” Its softly blue moun- tains rise up out of the sea and belt themselves round with a broad band of level, green lowlands, where crooked cocoa palms, with trunks aslant at every angle, reel on swollen feet to the very beaches of yellow sand and bend their tufted heads to the voice of the sea, without which, it is said, they cannot live. One always comes into Colombo har- bor at daybreak, from whichever quarter the ship sails, and the dawn’s freshness adds to the beauty of the setting and the clearness of every impression. Native catamarans, rude dugout canoes, each with an outrigger log which keeps it level or afloat in any sea or surf, pursue each mail steamer into the protected harbor, and brown boys with their in- numerable black and yellow brothers are ready to dive for coins until their cheeks bulge with the accumulated small change of all nations. Then Arab boys climb straight up the iron side of the ship with FEurope’s and Colombo’s latest newspapers, and a steam-launch puts one beside the model landing-stage, where England’s might in the person of a pink-faced British con- stable maintains law and order in the crowds of chattering natives of every hue, clad in cottons of every strong color that can dare the tropic sun, A hard red roadway stretches away in far perspective, lined with white build- ings, and the tableaux and motion pic- tures begin. Big thatched carts drawn by. splendid white bullocks and little carts drawn by tiny white bullocks, that trot like ponies, transport the brown folk and their families off to their quarter of the town, and, if the deep verandas of the “G. O. H.” (Grand Oriental Hotel) be- side the jetty do not engulf one on the spot, the most modern jinrikishas, with fat pneumatic tires, waft one across the neck of land to the other great hotel and center of interest at the edge of the sea. The pad-pad-pad of the runner’s bare feet on the hard red roads are the only sounds, and there is no more motion felt than in a floating balloon. The jinrikisha speeds past the clock tower and the old fort and the new bar- racks over to the great greensward of Galle Face, where the blue, blue sea stretches away unbroken clear to the Antarctic Continent, and the long, lazy surf of the Indian Ocean rolls in soft, 106 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE e ponies, < il ” te bullocks, that trot 1 a St o) ~ oO a = _— YS Su ia 20 ey et oO 25 aches ess a Yu +t ise Oo as ao oe (Sh 05 A 25 a BNA C ei. @ Gat. a) rex! (o} y nw ra ~ uh a as ce iS) ‘Zi wn BOS a oS (Gee Ose —_— o UO Se SO SA AD AMS shine and against the intense green foli- age, one has moving pictures of color and light. The Sinhalese women, with their bril- liant eyes, nice teeth, gentle manners and smiles, are most attractive, and with the tight comboy they wear a tight-fit- ting basque, lace-bordered and décolleté, evidently of Dutch ancestry, which gives them a festive dinner-party air from sun- rise to midnight. They wear necklaces by the dozen, gold beads for first choice, or beads that look like gold, and Vene- tian glass beads like unto all the gems that go well with bronze skins (p. 113). It is the Tamil women who are loaded with nose rings and anklets, with rings on their fingers and rings on their toes. The Tamil dancing girls, loaded with real jewels, are matched by the Tamil pickers in the tea fields in tinsel and brass and glass gewgaws. THE SACRED TOOTH Chief object of interest at Kandy is the temple or palace of the Sacred Tooth, a relic of the body of the Buddha, which, after many wanderings in India, was sent to Ceylon for safe-keeping early in the ath century. It was the prize of many wars, and once carried off by ma- rauding Malabars, was recaptured and brought back to Ceylon in the 15th cen- tury. The Portuguese seized the tooth in the 16th century, took it to Goa, burned it, pounded the fragments in a mortar. and scattered the dust to. the winds from a boat at sea. That tooth ceased to exist, but the king had a new one made of ivory, large and strong, 20 times the size of any tooth any mortal saint ever had in his head, and built this Dalada Malagawa, or Palace of the Sacred Tooth, up in the hills, where neither marauding ‘Tamils nor white buccaneers could get the molar away. Again and again, as wars were waged with Portuguese, Dutch, and Eng- lish, the tooth was spirited from its pal- ace and hidden, but since 1815 it has reposed in peace and safety under the British flag. It is taken out once a year, at the time of the great festival and ele- phant parade at the full moon of August, and is shown to crown princes and visit- ing potentates with great ceremony. SECOND EDEN 117 There is an imposing white entrance beside the lake, and from the first drum- beat at sunrise until the last service at sunset, one sees priests and people cross- ing the bridged moat and disappearing in the white archway. A cloister surrounds the large stone-paved court which holds the real shrine, a two-story building lav- ishly carved and gilded and surrounded as with a picket fence with spiked irons for the votive candles. Trays and bas- kets of flowers overflow at the entrance, where the flower-sellers sit all day dis- posing of their heavily scented jasmin, frangipanni, gardenia, and oleander gar- lands and loose blossoms. IMMENSE STORES OF JEWELS The worshiper, having cleansed heart and hands and feet at a fountain in a corner of the cloister, brings his candles and his trays of flowers and waits until the priests swing open the heavy silver doors, set in a triple frame of beaten silver, gold, and carved ivory. These precious gates admit to a cool white vault, from which priests and _ people crowd up a narrow stairway to another small anteroom, and thence through another silver door. This inner sanctum has a silver floor, and silver tables stand before the great jeweled bell of a reli- quary which 1s protected by a glass par- tition reaching to the ceiling. This golden dagoba covering the sacred tooth is but the seventh outer covering, each one more richly jeweled than the others and festooned with strings of pre- cious stones. A peacock spreads a tail of rubies and emeralds, and from it hangs the great Kandyan emerald, three inches long and two inches deep. Below that hangs an amethyst two inches long, and the rest of the casket is thick with gems. The innermost cover is almost solidly crusted with rubies. Besides these in sight, the temple owns great stores of precios “stones, and among the elephant caparisons there is one great headpiece for the Tooth’s own animal which holds a cat’s-eye of heroic size, the largest known. The breath of many people, the heavily scented air, and the smoke of myriad candles keep the glass partition so dimmed and clouded that one gets slight 118 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE | Photo from Dr. Alexander Graham Bell A BABY ELEPHANT AT LUNCH TIME ju) ADAM’S SECOND EDEN AGN V MT MV? TN 6 V INV 2») I If » ¥ I l MAY TV IN a HL NI ESS 7 <2 Ss a) NIA V a al a I 3) N V Ad NV a. V wO S Hd Ta OGRAPHIC MAGAZINE, = 4 af AG THE, NAELIO EC ‘(Zor o8ed 90S) ..41 sossoreo Ay[nyored 1am018 oy} se sofa suo s10F9q SuNUNOUT [IHS SoAvo] SUTTISNI YIY? YIM JuRjd Sy} S9es QUO ‘punoID 94} WOIZ YSIY JOAOD oy} poysnd pue umoIS sey yt usyM ‘pue ‘yjopD FO Iq & Japun poss Osuvur & szuL]d Jo[sont }xoU oY} I[IYM “Surplus sodsoua Aoq oy} pue pozyt] SI Pl] ey, JoYseq oy} Ysnosyy pue Ysnor1y} PIOMs sysnsy} Jopssnf oy} pue sodo1 ym sey OpeUL S] Pl] OY} pue “pYsy sty syonp ‘jayseq e OUT JyosuTY sofqnop Aoq ws y,, JAMNSVG AHL HONOWHL ATGUIVAdHN NOM NU SVH GNOMS AHL NAV AOP ONIMOHS “WHTIOONL MORIL-LAMSVa AHL TPeg Weyer Iopuexspy “Iq Woz OJON ADAM’S SECOND EDEN aA Photo and Copyright by Underwood & Under SINHALESE CHILDREN: CEYLON L22 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE PANDANUS, OR SCREW PAI,M: CEYLON Notice the curious prop roots of the two palms shown in this picture The main stem forms these stout roots which grow obliquely downward to the soil. Often the main stem decays near the ground and the tree is then supported entirely by these prop-like roots. ADAM’S SECOND EDEN 123 THE JACK-FRUIT TREE The jack tree is a large East Indian tree somewhat similar but inferior to the bread-fruit. The large fruit is from 12 to 18 inches long by 6 to 8 inches in diameter; often weighing 30 pounds or more. The whole fruit is eaten by the natives, the seeds being roasted. Its chief value, however, rests in its wood, which has a grain very similar to that of mahogany, and although at first very light-colored, it gradually assumes the appearance of that wood. 124 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Photo from Eliza R. Scidmore THE CANDLE TREE, OR PARMENTIERA Its original name in India is candle tree, for its peculiar fruit resembles candles and contains 60 per cent of very fat oil, used by natives for lamps and also as candles. They have trifoliolate leaves and rather large greenish flowers with a sheathing calyx. ADAM’S SECOND EDEN 125 Photo from Eliza R. Scidmore TALIPOT PALM TREE, ON WIOSE DRIED LEAVES, OR OLAS, THE BUDDHIST SCRIPTURES WERE WRITTEN It bears this blossom after the age of 40 years—a splendid spike of white flowers 4o feet high. When the flowers fade the tree dies 126 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Photo from Eliza R. Scidmore THE SAUSAGE TREE: CEYLON This is purely a shade and ornamental tree. It is one of the toughest trees known; the fruit is never eaten ADAM’S SECOND EDEN 127 impression of the surpassing splendor of this jewel show. While the strangers gape at the treasure heap, the guardians, dressed in old Kandyan costumes— bunchy skirts, short jackets, and flaring turbans—have swept away the offerings of the last ceremony, and the worshipers advance ecstatic and kneel to lay their heaps of white flowers on the silver tables until they overflow and the silver floor is piled deep with blossoms and garlands. The grandest guardian of them all extends a gold tray as large as a table top, on which the alien’s offering of a silver rupee looks no larger than an anna Or a pice. In the octagonal library overlooking tle lake there” is. a great collection of sacred books, old Pali texts written on strips of palm leaves and bound in covers of carved ivory, ebony, and sandalwood, beaten silver, and gold. There is also a great literature of modern Buddhism by western writers. Buddhist priests from Burma, Siam, and Japan come to study in this library, and all those strange Occi- dentals who have adopted the Buddhist faith—Colonel Olcott, Madame Blavat- sky, Allan McGregor, and Mrs. Besant— have left their names and taken instruc- tion here, although these rather intelli- gent and scholarly Kandyan priests smile and shake their heads at the mention of mahatmas, yogis, and all the hocus-pocus of the theosophist offshoots of the north- ern school. There is preaching in the temple and chanting of the sacred books on each night of the full moon. On the full- moon nights of June, July, and August— the anniversaries of the chief events in the life of Gautama Buddha, the Great Renunciation, the Great Enlightenment, and the entry into Nirvana—there are greater services, the August festival last- ing for a fortnight, with elephant pro- cessions every night. I went one full-moon night to the services in a new temple deep in a dell off Lady McCarthy’s Road, at the far end of Kandy. ‘The people were coming and going all night long, and there were stalls for the sale of fruits, rice, and drinks at the gate. Children ran about and played in the temple courts or slept on their mothers’ knees. Muscitcle OL priests sat in jan inner sanctuary and between dark and dawn chanted the whole text of the Tripitakas, or “Three Baskets” (of wisdom), relays of yellow-robed celebrants succeeding one another every two hours. They chanted in deep, resounding voices, as steady and continuous as the roar of the surf, without break, quaver, or pause, sitting motionless for each two hours’ turn. In this same way Buddhist priests have repeated the sacred texts every full- moon night for 25 centuries, the oral ver- sion passed on and kept pure in this way. The drives and walks around Kandy are enough to occupy one for weeks. One drives to far temples on picturesque hills and pinnacle rocks, to tea estates, to the Botanical Garden, and to the river bank every afternoon to watch the tem- ple elephants enjoy their bath and a water carnival. New roads are always being made, and Lady McCarthy’s Road, Lady Gordon’s Road, Lady Longden’s Drive, and Lady Blake’s Drive are named for as many chatelaines of Gov- ernment House, who interested them- selves in developing the beauties of Kandy. Lady Horton’s Walk is more fascinating than them all, and strikes straight up the forested hillside back of the King’s Pavilion into an enchanted jungle, winding far around on the hills, with views out and down on the lake and the town. The Peradeniya Gardens, four miles away, present every beautiful and useful tree, plant, and flower that will grow in this ideal climate of eternal June. One walks in wonderland down one avenue of giant rubber trees, along another of royal palms, past groups of talipot, pal- myra, and soaring areca palms, gigantic fans of travelers’ palms, clumps of giant bamboo soaring a hundred feet in air, groves of nutmeg and cinnamon trees, ponds of victoria regia, thickets of tree ferns, mats of blue iridescent ferns, and long borders of sensitive plants. The orchid-house delights one, with all its hundreds of baskets and pieces of mossy branches hanging in the open air, only mat awnings sheltering the treas- RAPHIC MAGAZINE 4 =f NATIONAL GEOC = Py a ASTERE 128 | ER SEO Photo from Dr. Alexander Graham Bell AMIL GIRL OF CEYLON AT! ESE, We Co er a SSN SUNT - Vo Photo from Dr. Alexander Graham Bell Sy LH A YOUNG TAMIL OF CEYLON Za jaa la aay fa Z © O eal op) a2 = a a)